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Lea diagrammes suivants iilustrant la m^thode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 S 6 ■■:*-- "■ PROPLKTV OF MAIN LIBRARY. DEPARTVKNT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA Li'iil lu Dale ^ I'lKASF. RETURN PROVINCE OF QUEBEC DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ^ ^ $ CURING-ROOMS IN CHEESE-FACTORIES PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO ENCOURAGE THEIR IMPROVEMENT. O. H. M. S. MAIN LIBRARY DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE OTTAWA FOWM A I 11 IN I 71 DUS8AULT A PROULX, PRINICRS 189B 437.3 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RULES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OR IMPROVEMENT OF CHEESE FACTORIES The experience of the past few years has clearly demonstrated that one of the great obstacles to the improvement of the cheese of the Province of Quebec and to the enhancement of its price consists in the want of good curing rooms and in the putting upon the market of unripe or badly cured cheese, whereby we lose in part the benefit of the efforts made to secure care- ful manufacture. Further, the English market offers much better prices for properly ri- pened cheese, while it shows a tendency to refuse all cheese which does not possess a mild flavor and a rich body. As competition is daily becoming keener in all the markets upon which the cheese of the province is offered for sale, the evil results of these defects are constantly manifesting themselves with ever increasing iutensity. To remedy this state of things, the Honorable Commissioner of Agri- culture at Quebec has decided to make a grant to all associations or individuals owning or desiring to erect cheese factories, who, having applied for the same, consent to submit to the conditions hereinafter mentioned. These conditions are divided into four categories : 1 Conditions relative to the construction of the factory and to that of the curing room in particular ; 2 Those relating to the ventilation of these rooms, to their cooling in summer and their warming in the spring and fall ; 3 Those which concern the .general laying out of the factory ; 4 Those which relate to the manufacture and to other questions. The grant in question shall be payable in two instalments. The first when the conditions of the two first categories shall have been fulfilled, and the second when the conditions specified ni the two last categories shall have been equally complied with. The object of the grant is not to secure a mere half measure of improve- ment in the factories, but the establishment, in different parts of the prov- ince, of factories that may, as far as possible, in all respects be regarded as models and that may be able to supply to all engaged in the cheese-making industrv reliable information in regard to the cost, working and advantages of such installations I.-CONDITIONS RKLATIVE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OV THE FACTORY AND THAT OF THE CURING ROOM IN PARTICULAR. As a grant may be given to existing factories as well as to factories in course of construction, we shall consider the two cases separately. I.— EXISTING FACTORIES GENERAL AIM OF THE IMPROVEMENTS All the improvements must be made wnth the view especially of rendering the curing room as impervious as possible to heat and air. LCKATION OF THE CURING ROOM As far as possible, it .should be located on the groinid floor or first story. No grant will be given for a curing room placed immediately under the roof. As far as possible, too, its ends should face the north and south and its sides the east aiiu west. . ; Its size should be at least 400 square floor space, feet or the equivalent of 20 X 20 feet, while the quantity of milk received should not exceed 5,000 lbs per dav in the heij^ht of the summer. ^^SK^'S^ Fig.l Outer surface of the walls of the cv.ring room. For a quantity of milk ranging between 5,000 ft)s and 8,000 fts, the floor space should be at least 700 square feet and for a quantitj- ranging be- tween 8,000 and 12,000 ibs, its floor space should cover at least 1,000 square feet. ^ WALLS— (/vV- /• -', / aficf ^) The walls of an existing factory may be constructed of either of timber, deals or studding. In all cases, if not already so, the deals or the studding should be first lined, inside and outside and reciprocally, with a double thickness of rough one inch boards m well nailed and well jointed together Preferentially, these boards should be nailed on obliquely (fi,<r. i) to the direction of the studding or the deals. Over the double outer lining of boards, two lajers of first qualit\- felt or building paper should be well laid n (fig. i) in broken joint fashion and without creases, while over the paper there should be another double clap- boarding/ carefully placed and nailed. Over the double inner lining of rough boards {a, fig. 2) one la\er of felt, paper should be first applied and, on the paper, furrings or strips {/) twa inches wide and one inch thick should be nailed parallel to each other at a distance apart not exceeding one foot and a half to two feet. Transversely to these strips and in the spaces or hollows between them, others (/) should be laid at intervals of three feet (fig. 2) so as to tonn over the entire surface of the wall a series of hollows of i inch deep, i % foot to 2 feet wide and 3 feet high. When the spaces between the furrings are not cut in this manner and extend without breaks from the bottom to the top of the building, the air in them, under the influence of the heat passing through the wall, has a greater tendency to whirl and to thus increase by convection the conductivity of the wall as regards heat. The second series of strips will also be useful in holding the paper bet- ter to the surface of the wall. If desired, the strips may be nailed on obliquely so as to form spaces in diagonal shape. Over the strips, a double thickness of one inch rough boards (c) should be nailed (fig. 2) ; they should be well joined and over them again should be laid two layers of felt paper r, finishing up with a double thickness of planed boards, well grooved-and-tongued, and carefully nailed and put on. This mode of construction will be also required as well in the case of the inner walls separating the curing from the working and other rooms in the factory as in that of the outer walls. it rests equal i laid at FLOOR — {Fig. 5) The floor of the curing room must have no tendency to sag or sink in the long run under the weight of the cheese. The beams s (fig 3) upon which If ed witl abo\'e t ig. i) to the iialit}- felt or t fashion and double clap- la\er of felt, rips (/) two 1 other at a insverseh- to ') should be i surface of le and 3 feet manner and ng, the air wall, has a •onductivity • paper bet- lu spaces in. (r) should 1 should be 3s of plaued n. ;he case of r rooms in it rests should be strengthened and supported so as to give to it a resistance equal at least to that of a floor constructed with beams of 8" x 3 inches, laid at iS inches apart from centre to centre and having a length of 10 feet. sink in the )on which Fig. 2 Surface of the iimer walls of the curinj; room. If it consi.sts only of one thickness r of boards, it should be sheath- ed with two layers, t/y, of felt paper laid on carefully as on the walls and above that there should be placed a thickness / oi i /^ inch boards, grooved and tongued and planed, well put together and nailed, boards ma>' be laid diagonally to the beams. The first linina- of The floor of the working room must be water-tight, so that the waste water may in no case soak throngh nnder the building and engender and spread bad smells. i CEILING— (/v^, j) If the joists carrying the ceiling are not strong enough becau.se thev are too far apart or too slight, the whole should be first strengthened b^• inserting between them other joists of the same size and, if necessary, of greater thick ness. The ceiling may also be supported by a crossbeam. This ceiling should in all cases have a resistance equal at least to that of one carried on joists of lo X 2 inches, 2 yi feet apart from centre to centre and of a ma.xiinum length 01 12 reet. * If the nnder face of the joists be not already lined with i inch boards ;t (fig. 5), this boarding should be put on at once, only grouved-and-tongued boards being used and these may be laid on obliquelv to the direction of the joists, If preferred. But the boards must be thoroughly well joined together. On this lining, furrings or strips z> of i inch in thickness and 2 in width as in the case of the walls, should be nailed at intervals of 1% feet to 2 feet apart. It is needless to cut these, as in the case of the walls, by other strips as in this ca.se the empty spaces are horizontal and the air has not the same tendency to whirl in them. Under the strips, a layer of paper .^ should be placed supported by" a hning of I inch boards./ grooved, tongued and planed, well joined and nailed On the upper face of the joists, when the factory is to have no upper storv' It IS not necessary to lay down a floor, but between the joists and on the eeiV ing a layer of sawdust (hemlock or spruce) or of very dry fine sand, at least 2 inches deep should be spread. To exclude vermin, slaked lime is some- times mixed with the sawdust ; but this mixture is dangerous, as it mav cause fire. ^ Several instances of fires occasioned by the use of mixed lime and saw- dust are known. Instead of lime, ashes may be used. This mixture is le.^ dangerous. I; walls, rst lining of at the waste tiijender and LAYING THE PAPER The paper used slior.!'-' b? first quality felt paper. use they are by inserting reater thick- iling should on joists of mum length -h boards u md-tongued ction of the sd together. I 2 in width, it to 2 feet )ther strips, )t the same arted by' a and nailed, pper story, )n the ceil- tid, at least e is some- as it may e and saw- ure is less CO .^ O It should never be cut at the angles and according to the edges of the walls, but folded or lapped over without breaking the continuity of the walls tliat tlie latter shall he liermeticallv sheathed oom, so in. pT.d::rj"u::,r "°''^ " "-^ "^"^'' '"='- ^'■°""' "^ — > '»■ ■■»"■ 1IOI.I.OU- spAciis IN r\ir. walls The liollow spaces i„ the walls sho„kl not he filled with siwd.ist A layer of ,,,,// a,t is the best i„s„htor against heat. At ciTe o„ a tj,,;^ g,ves proo ,-es„lts, but i„ the Ion,. t„„ .. packs and fonns into 1,1 J^, s ainc becon,es n.nch in.paircd. It hasalso.he drawback of attracSg ve close pntlii that t .i.e ™r,,„ „,„„, w,.h n,inera. woo, or fine dn. sand ,„ a deplhif Irct DOOR AM> PORCH (Fig. 7) om t he i^it. on,: ;; '""""" '"""" '"' '■""" <"'•'■ '-»■ ■■ ''-"'i °i- uom uie inside ot the curing room outward. i-^i.' ":i:':::i: '^^r - -t,3^- ;* %,, ■- p-^d :irt uud The door of this , orch may he of a single thick :ncss of hoards, but should 'i'l .wood ( of tlie ; room, so n-ered hv nail- sawdust. A iitset, sawdust lumps, when ttracting ver- these spaces 11 all aroutid of six inches 3f the curin}^»^ lards separat- tudding may oved boards, d-tongued. shut heruiet- should open otig, placed 2 feet apart jrooved-and J close well. It should open into the curing room, so that when the maker is putting in the cheese, he will oub have to push it before him. Th.'se two doors should be supplied with weights or hung in such a way that the\- will l)e always self-closing. but .should The (l(H,r frame should l)e carefully put in with tight joints between the .\^ood ..I the wall aiul in order that the air may not penetrate either into the WINDOWS— (/v^r. 6 ami 7,) "on, is lo,„, i. „,av J T' f ' °' "" ''°°'" 'P""^^ "' "« -<""• "•'-™ <1h- 15' .ilatio,, ,„ b alwlv t„, t ,7 """""* "'^ ""* "f "■»n„fac,„re. \en- scribed. '^'' "'"'''''"' ''^- '"^■""'^ "' ""= ventilator hereinafter de- sh„t do^, t™'', .eir oZ;":;;'; ,7""'r ^"".""-^ ' ■ '"*■'■ -> "■»' ■- '"-■ or les., ob,,c„rity rdeTred ftbl * ,""'"' '""" " '"» "''-' "■»■-' 'he ray., of .„e s^„ f™' n^ ra L TI if T^ r" ",' ':, "^'T"' '" P'""'' from outside at,d, as far as r^ssU 3 '""-''" '''°"'"' ''^ -™'-k«l ■a, as far as possible, the windows should face the iwrtli. withthet-rtleTcarff'/'r"-'''™"""''''^- -""o- should be p„e i„ around them %";''«'!">•■'» Po'^".''!--- to prevent all cirenlation of the air room. ""■ "'" P°"" " "■-' ""P-'-t for the proper insulation of the \ \ WOOD TO UK iiSKi, o-r sueh as heinloe., bass-wood, ^^^^Z^^^:,;^^ PAINTING reveal; advatit wall a II 1 the frame, the window space ooiii. Wlien the to the inaiute- aced as to close dino admission nended. n tlie room is ifacture. Ven- fiereinafter de- ) that nia\- l)e is wlieii more !■>■ to prevent lid be worked le north. M he put in woodwork of •n of the air Illation of the strong--snielI- •iit injurious mployed. side and out- ind at once Fig, fl Ceiling and floor reveals the want of cleanliness in the factory, hut it has the further immense advantage of partly preventing the outer radiatinj; heat from penetrating the wall and radiatinj-; towards the interior of the room. 12 BANKING UP The curing, room should be thoroughly banked up with earth all around. In the banking up, however, care must be taken to leave openings or air ^]^:7^V'' T' ''''-'''' the flooring from timetotimeTsLm Knt most ot the tune these openings must be hermetically closed so as to ;Sr ''^r'^^'f -^ -^ ^'^ -^-^'"^^ of the air underneath the Lr^ug ^^l"ch would quicken the transmission of heat in one way or the other bJ c<.n^■ect,on and b>- condt,cti^•it^■, through the latter. ' ' snnnr'l'ni'Trf'"'"?' ''%""" '' "^""^^ *^^^" ^^^ outside as in XMii not onh help to cool the room, but to preserve the flooring. 2. FACTORIES TO BE BUILT CfciNKRAI, OBJKCT AIMKU AT The entire structure should be built so as to render the curing rnnr« LOCATION OF THE CURING ROOM niMKN.SlON.S Kver>- factor> to be constructed hereafter, for which a grant n.ay be asked eaitli all around. 2 openings or air time in summer. ' closed so as to til the flooring, r the other, by le outside as in advantageously ablished which ring. ;unng room as oom should be difficulty even floor and the ■ sides of the o the north of may be asked, md a working f such factory 13 be less than 24 feet. No grant shall be made to an>- factor^• of less dimen- sions built after the publication of this bulletin. When, in the height of the summer, the factory receives upwards of Socx^ lbs of milk per day, the curing room must have a floor space of at least 1000 square feet with a minimum width of 28 feet for the factor)-. The height of the curing room must be at least 10 feet between floor and ceiling. In the case of all new factories applying for the grant, it is ad\ised that the boiler should be placed in a separate room of at least 12 feet x 12 feet attached to the main building. WALLS The factory walls ma\- be constructed of timber, deals or balloon- framing. When timber is used, the deals should not be less than three inches thick When studding is used, pieces of 2" x 4" may be emploved so long as the square of the building does not exceed 12 feet in height and 40 in length. If the square be more than 12 feet high or more than 40 feet long, studs of 2" X 6" must be used. These studs should be spaced 2 to ? feet apart at the furthest. A thickness of r incli rough boards well joined should be first laid on the deals or studs, both inside and outside, and the walls should be finished as in the case of already existing factories' (p'ig. r, 2, 4, 5.) This method of construction should applv to the inside walls sepaiating the curing from the working and other rooms, as well as to the outer walls but for the partition wall.s, studs of 2"x4" may be u.sed in all cases. For the walls of the working room or for those of the other rooms, as for the boiler building, it will not be required to lav on ti.o studs or deals, inside, more than one thickness of boards grooved-and-tongued and planed and on the outside more than one thickness of clap-boardiiig. 14 ll KI^OORS lu gth b> a longitudnml beam /'(fig. 6 and 8) of lo" x 8 inches well sun- po ed o carr>- the sleepers of the floor, while the extremities rest on the wall sill around the hnildin<- ;^,J;^epers of 8" x 3 inches laid at i8 inches apart from the centre line .should be used tor a building of 24 to 26 feet in width and of 10" x 3 inches len^^thof'tr r''"''^'^^^^^^^^ '' ^° 30 feet in width, t'he re cngtho these ,o,sts on account of the beam in the centre thus not exce- dnig 13 teet ,u the first case and 15 in the second. The floors to be constructed as in the case of already existing cheese factories (see preceding fig. 3 and 4). ^ CRir.INC, For the ceiling as for the floor, the building .should be divided in the direction of its length by a longitudinal beam -S" (fig. 8 and 6) of 10' x 8 .nches, resting on the walls at its extremities and on posts in the n^Srior of he building, this beam being intended to .support the joists of the ceiling h the middle and to shorten their bearing. «-"img in For the ceiling joists, timbers of 10" x 2 inches .should in all cases be .ed for lactones 34 to 30 feet wide. They should be laid at intervals of 3^ fee apart from centre to centre for a factory 24 feet wide, of 2 feet for a - h of 24 to 28 to 30 feet. The ceiling should be constructed ^rectdy a n. the case of already existing factories (.see fig. 5 above). FLOOR AND CEILING OF WORKING ROOM the in '^h'"""^-"^' 'T' "'' ^°^' ""^ ^^i''"g«l'ould be carried on joists of the .same dimensions and set in the same way as in the curing room. For the floor, a double thickness of i y, inch boards, planed and grooved do b fu: • r ^'T- '\ ^'T'' '^ P"'^^^^>' water-tight and for the^ceiling a double thickness of i inch planed and grooved-and-tongned boards should A slope of a; least i ,)< to 2 inches per 10 feet should be given to the floor of the working room towards a gutter to carry off the waste water The ;he direction of its inches well sup- lities rest on the 1 the centre line )f lo" X 3 inches width, the real e thus not exce- ■ existing- cheese be divided in the id 6) of lo" X 8 1 the interior of of the ceiling in d in all cases be intervals of 2;^ of 2 feet for a :ted precisely as ried on joists of ? room. ed and grooved i for the ceiling I boards should be given to the ste water. The 15 bottom of this gutter should have a slope of at least 2 inches per 10 feet towards its extremity and this gutter should in no case be placed against a a wall. For the location and construction of the door of the curing room and of the porch inside this door, for the location, construction and putting in of the windows and shutters, for the laying of the paper, for the sawdust and mineral wool at the bottom of the walls, for the kind of wood to be used, for the painting and for the banking up, the rules laid down with respect to existing factories should be strictly followed (see figures 4, 6, 7 and 8 above). r>ut, in the case of new factories the earthing or banking up should be done as well around the working as around the curing room. il.-VENTILATION COOI.INC. AND HHATIN(U)I- THKCURIXd ROOM. MAINTENANCE OF HUMIDITY When a curing room is well constructed, air sliould not be able to pene- trate into it to any appreciable extent any more than heat : the room is then said to be completeK- insulated. This is the end which should he first sought and, until it is completely attained, it is very difficult to regulate its tempera- ture while renewing the air in it and maintaining a suitable degree of humid- ity. To attain it, a large quantity of ice is requisite. With well constructed walls and an air-tight room, on the other hand, the quantity of ice needful is much smaller. But, in ripening, the cheese in the room emits certain odors and certain gases, which may prevent the curing from proceeding in normal fashion. Provision must therefore be made for renewing the air. As in summer the air outside is warmer than it is inside, the introduction into the room of a certain vohnne of the outer air, which has not been cooled, would warm it on hot days and cool it on cool days and during the cold weather in the spring and fall, it is essential to provide the curing room with apparatus intended : i t il! !i ij iniif ^ I 16 1. To introduce air into it ; 2. To expel the foul air ; the roo J; "'' '''" '" ^"'"'""' "'^"^ ^^ " ^°" ^^'''^"" - t« ^'-ectly cool 4. To warm the room ; 5- To maintain in it the desired degree of humidity. r. APPARATUS FOR INTRODUCING AIR (Ficr. 6) The air should not find admission through auN- opening or fissure .t the base of the room or around ^he door comnaunicating with the wo k nVroom or around the windows, through the door or the windows themlel"^ X The air should be derived from a chimnev or shaft C. (fig 6) caooed with a ventilator ^^ iu the shape of a funnel (fig. 6) revolving o„ 1 verS axis and supphed m rear with a vane sufficiently long and wrde o keen the mouth of the funnel constantly turned to the quartet fro. whi^^; Uie'wll .d The wind thus taken in will penetrate into the curing room and the air taken from such a height will be as pure as possible. The ven ila oi IL t should be provided at the bottom with a register /^ h. ..}LuT u f or opened at will and as much as may be de's £d rfig.'6 iX) ""' le.st!o'''vTo"^ room of 400 square feet, the ventilator shaft should be at least lo X ID inches mside and the smallest diameter of the orifice of thl ventilator should be at least lo inches inside, while the m dhL tr^^ that opening should be a least 24 inches P^r o ^'"^^^"^^ a ametcr ot space o, .00 «„,a. fee. .„e ve„?„r:,a J: -rrir: til ; .V-T 4 .nches and the smallest diatneter of the mouth of the vent lator ho„M he a, least ,4 .nches inside, the largest bein, not less than 36 h^Tel. ■<«^.„ or to direct! V cool r. 6) ng or fissure at the the working room s themselves. Air ore than is the air C. (fig 6) capped 'ing on a vertical wide to keep the 1 which the wind : room and the air i ventilator shaft ich it mav be shut I 9). laft should be at :he orifice of the atest diameter of ioni with a floor )e at least 14" x •entilator should 36 inches. '•4 3rs should I)e in M 1hr«'ctu)ndu.i Fig. 6 Longitudinal section showing position of \ itilator TiirecXvon duL venf W/tad fig, 6 showing position of \ itilator fp^**- I- I., o ^ *? Fig. 7 Plan of lmil(]iii)i J--^ f^' T 4 6 JJalS^ tiuff*-!- [Salle] le Fal irtc.i(tO|T W< rlxinj •Room - i "^ « J e >* :s.: «. .^ '_ Jt. * "S ifl — ; :? z < 3^ ! P Fig. 7 rhiii of httildiiiH In all ca the roof at le; 2 APPAK It is com ceilinjr of the the ridge of tl placed at the It should be a 400 square fee feet of floor sj; dimensions. If two an the end of the they should b< inches inside r diate diniensio should alwajs In all cas( the quarter ft months and th above the roof escaping air v the opening of lator, should ri connnunicatior 3. RKMARKS C One or m during the sum the air being c outer air would cold air of the 1 a ^7 In all cases the aperture of the ventilator must rise above the ridjre of the roof at least four feet. , '"Jfec oi 2 APPARATUS INTENDED TO EXPEL THE FOn. AIR (Fig. 6 and 8) It is composed of one or more wooden shafts rising directlv from the ceihng of the cunny room to above the roof. These shafts should exc d the r,dge of the roof by at least i foot. If only one is used, it should be p aced at the end of the roo,„ opposite to that occupied bv the ven ihtor t should be at least xo inches x lo inches in the inside for a curing room of a. square feet of floor space, X4inches x 1 4 inches for a room of K^^or, art cUmlb""'"'' "^' "^tennediate dimensions for roon. of intenne'diate « two are used, one should be placed in each of the corners opposite to he end o he roon, where the ventilator is, (fig. 6 and «,. I„ the'Ltt^sl they should be 7 inches x 7 inches inside and in the second 10 inches xo mches .ns,de and for rooms of intermediate dimensions apparatus of intenne- hould^r^'r •'""';' ': ""P'^^-^'- '''' ^^'^ aggregate of their cti's should always be equal at least to that of the Nentilator shaft. In all cases, the ventilator should be placed at the end of the room facing the quarter rem which the prevailing wind blows during the u n m r months and the escape shafts at the other end. The latter shtuld neve r se above the roof to the same height as the numth of the ventilator, so that t le scapmg a,r w, 1 have less tendency to be carried bN- the wi ul towards the opening of the latter. The aerating shafts, as wellas that of the ven lator, should r.se d.rectly fron, the curing roon, to above the roof with t commmncation with other rooms or shafts. 3- RE.MARK.S ON THE WORKI.Nd OF THE VENTILATOR AND THF .SHAFTS One or more .simple shafts, without ventilator, would have no effect ....ng he summer ,n renewing the air of a very clo.se curing room, because the air being cooler inside than outside, they would have no draught The outer air would on the contrarv have a ten<le.ic>- to .U-sccnd into iIkm„; if t , cold air of the room could escape thiouKh cracks or o,K-niiigs at the hot m i8 of the room. In cold weather, on the other hand, they would have a certain draught, if the cold outer air could get into the room through the same openings or cracks. But as, on principle, there should be no opening at the bottom of the building, by employing a ventilator such as has been just described the pure air cannot penetrate at all times but by the force of the wind into' the rooui and the foul air will escape through the opposite shaft or shafts. It is seldom that there is not sufficient wind for the working of these ventilators, if they be of the proper size and the intervals of calm are rela- tively brief. A wind with a velocity of i y, foot to 2 feet to the .second, that is to say, barely noticeable, would suffice to ventilate the room, if the dimen- sions indicated be observed. At the Quebec Observatory, the mean velocity of the wind during the •summer of 1898 was 13 miles an hour (ii-Jj foot to the second, about.) During the same summer in May There were only 11 hours without wind and not more than 4 hours at a time ; in Junk There were only 12 hours without wind, one hour each time; in July 13 hours without wind, not more than three hours at a time ; in August 7 hours, not more tlian 4 hours at a time ; in October 7 hours, not more than 3 hours at a time. As will be seen, the register would ratlier have to be kept parth- closed nil the tituc. On the other hand, where there is no wind, the convection being less outside the building, the heat would have a les.ser tendency to penetrate into have a certain ? same openings t the bottom of described, the wind into the >r shafts. rking of these cahn are rela- second, that is I if the dimen- nd during the ibout.) n 4 hours at a me; in le ; in i 19 the walls, so that the relative coolness of the room w dnriiig these brief intervals of dead calm. onld be easily maintained partly closed •n being less I ^." '^'^1? weather, the ventilator may be used to air the room uid in thaf 20 4- APPARATUS FOR COOLING THK AIR— (/vV. y, /o, // and I j) To cool the room, one or other of the following inethorls nia>- be employed r The first method is the " dinrt " method. It consists in placin- at one or several points of the room, cylinders of -alvanized iron Xo 22, which are filled with ice or a mixtnre of ice and salt. The.se cylinders shonld be withont bottoms and should rest on slats of 2 inches X 2 inches and about 2 inches apart nailed to the bottom of a water tisht wooden trough lined with jralvanized iron intended to collect the water from the meltino; ice. This trouj^h .should have a slij^ht slope towards one of Its ends in which is the hole, stopped with a wooden pluv, to clean it out. At ordinary times, the water from the meltino- ice will flow off throu-h a i inch iron pipe bent in the form of a siphon, starting- from one of its "extre- mities, pa.ssino: throufrh the floor and communicating with the drain of the factory. This pipe is bent in the form of a siphon to prevent the foul air from the dram K^ettin- in. Where it passes throu-h the floor, il should for the same reason be well packed around with tow or mineral wool. These c>-linders should be clo.sed aboNc with a -ood wooden coxer They will .spread coolness throuK^h tlie room. This first method should onlv be used in the .sections of the province where the temperature is cool duriiur the summer, in certain parts along the Lower St-Lawrence, for instance and in that case more care than ever should be bestowed on the constructicm of the walls. To increase the refrigerating power of the c\linders, it would be preferable to employ the following indirect cooling method. This second method consists in placing the cvlinders in a wooden cup- board (fig. 9, 10, II. 12) situated at the bottom of the ventilator shaft The mouths of the cylinders should rise above the upper shelf of the cupboard so that they may be filled with ice without opening the latter They should have no bottom and rest, as in the former case, on slats of c inches apart nailed at the bottom of a water-tight wooden trough lined with -.alvanized iron. This trough siiould be placed on the floor in tiie bottom of the cupbo-ird with a slight slope towards one of its ends, as in the direct method and ^.e water from the melted ice will flow off through an iron siphon c w ■A 21 ' (Xiid I J) :iy be employed r 1 placiii}^ at one ) 2 2, wliicli are est on slats of z toni of a water ollect the water towards one of to clean it out. iff throuirh a i e of its extre- he drain of the le foul air from should for the wooden co\er. od should only is cool during- r instance, and onstruction of ■s, it would be . wooden cup- »r shaft. The the cupboard They should inches apart th {galvanized 'the cupboard thod, and the 22 .The cylinders should be separated from each other bv vertical wooden partU,o„s, whxch will force the air to circulate successively around each of (a. Twi ?l'' ^'' '"''""' ^" ^' *''" "PP^^ '^ft ^"'•"^^ °f the cupboard cafned ? .r ' 'f^r'r^ '^' ^'^'^ '>'^"^^^^ ^^«'» the second should be earned to the upper shelf of the cupboard in order to force the air to descend abng the first cylinder. It will descend to a sufficient distance from the 6ol^m 0//U- trmgh so that the orifice thus formed below, between the level tl at ofTh I'f? ;,'•'"?" °' ''^ P^^^^^'"^' '''^'' ^-- -^ ^q-^1 «-tion to for i^i-e fi:;:! -^ ''^^^"^^ ^'^-^^ '^ ^ ^-^^^^^ '- -^^" ^-^^ - ^-^- down^^ P^^tition separating the second from the third cvlinder should ^o from tr ?7- '" ': ''"" ^'^^b«"-"ff t'- trough to allow the warer trom .he melted ice to flow to the end of tlie trough. The mouth of the siphon should rise 3 inches above the bottom of the trough so that there may be always 3 inches of water in the latter. In this way the air cannot pass below the second to the third cvlinder. This will f^trther have the advantage of depositing the sawdust and mud from the ice rotn T,' ? ''' ' ""^' ^"' thus preventing it from choking the siphon. Tins .second partition should not extend to the upper shelf of the cupboard but leave for the pa.ssage of the air an opening of equl sectbn to that of the shaft^ This opening should be 4 inche! for "mail 1 S " hes for large factories. The .same thing should be done with the other cvlinders the passage of the air being alternately above and below. " The aperture by which the air escapes from the cupboard should have :;rrTrX:i:r -' ''- -'-'' '-' ' '- -- ->< - ^- -- -^^ ^^ For the siphon, i inch pipe at least should be used. In the event of its becom.Hg choked with sawdust or mud, the best wav to clear it is to run . rapid current of water through it, in any manner whatsoever. Th. '^1' 'f!f""" '''°"^'' ^'''' ' ^'''•"'^^'^^ "^ ' '- ^««t and be 7 feet high They ,s,j,„i 1 be set apart 24 inches from axis to a.xis, .so as to leave a p'ce of 6 niches between them. The inside depth of the cupboard should be a! inches .so that there may be a space of a ■, inches between the cvlind rs ai d irtical wooden round each of 23 the back of the cupboard and a similar space between them and its front. For a curing room of 400 square feet of floor space, three ofji ^foot diameter >f the cupboard )nd should be air to descend ince from the veen the level [ual section to and II inches :er should go ow the water bottom of the tter. In this ■. This will from the ice choking the shelf of the ?qual section and 8 inches ler cylinders, should have all and 14 x event of its t is to run a ~ feet high, ave a space lould be 23 linders and o •4-* 2 J' o 8 3 by 7 feet high should be used and for a curing room of 1000 square feet about 6 would be needed. For a room of 700 square feet, intermediate size 24 sTrflceTtf ''^"^'"'", '^r'' '' ""^'^°>"^- '^■'^"'^^ ''^that the total surface of the cyhnders should be about i,i6 of the aggregate of the iuside surfaces of the walls, floor and ceiling. Thus, for a room of 24 x 16 and 10 in height, the total surface should be (2 X 24 + 2 X 16) 10 + 2 X 24 X 16 =. is68 The ^ th of tc^r i. 98 square feet If the cylinders have'a diameter ^f : ,, Jool Tn^ ate f e Igh, each of then, will have an exterior surface of ,, square feet. Three such cylinders would give together 99 square feet, the surface needed If cyhnders o smaller diameter are used, it will neccssarilv take a c^reater nmnber of them calculated as above. *' . P;^f^ of ^vood cut as indicated in figure 12 should be nailed inside and th '^^7'^^^^'°"^ ^"^; ^'■o""^ the cylinders so as to leave between them aud the cyhnders a circular void of 2 inches. These pieces should be pu^ on from top to bottom of the cupboard at distances of about xo h cL apa t and are intended to make the air whirl against the cylinders and to L ease the convection and con.sequently the efficiency of the refrigerating surfaces! The cupboard should be closed in front with a single c-- double door hung on hinges or removable, but in all cases shutting very hermetically As, under the influence of the humidity, large panels wo^Ud have aletdencv o warp It would be preferable to employ small removable panels one ' ea h cylinder and attached on the front of the cupboard one alongside the other as indicated in figures 10 and 11. 'ongsme tne When the number of cylinders is 6, three may be placed to the right of the ventilating shaft and three to its left. But, in that case, the inner set on of the openings for the circulation of the air mu.st be reduced ridfi ^:^"in:a:xr '''' "^" "^^ °"^ "^^ "^ "- ^'-^^— - CylitKlers of a diameter of j .4 fool will contain a lame quantitv of ir. and ,l,ey should be kept filled .0 the top i„ order t„ their^'^fTint „es ,r fac „,ay have ,.. f„„ effect. If it be not desired to handle so largfa ' *."" hollow wooden boxes of 6;; feet high with asection of 8 inches x Skch s' c o ed a both ends „,ay be n,,ed, for exan.ple, to rednce their contents On ' of these boxes n,ay be placed vertically at the axis of each cylincte that the total of the inside irface should th of 1568 is id are 7 feet feet. Three needed. If ake a greater lailed inside :tween theui on Id be pu*^ inches apart i to increase ng surfaces. double door ermetically. '. a tendency lels, one tr> ongside the the right of iner section by half, in Id never be iitity of ice crating sur- a quantity, ; 8 inches, tents. One :r. o I be 'i 4) c o I ^ I 26 5- OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OK THIS APPARATlS such ai S.lM-n't V'k'^ "!"" ''" '^''"'"■'^ ^" '"^ ^"^^-"^ - - -^P^--l dia 0^ The ''." ^ ^ '''?'' '"" ""'>■ ^'■^"""'^ ^°^'^ ^« tl'- ^°«'" bv- ra- borhonH ^^ff^f "^^^« of temperature which they cause in their uei^^h- borhood, us very weak in that case and consequenth- the changes of teni J^rn cuJate around them as m the indirect process above described tlie convection ducint"inTiff '"!'''" 1'" '" ''' ^^"" ""''' ""'>• '- ---^d bv intro- ducing into t a certain vohime of the outer air and bv drivino- out -in equivalent vohime. Under these conditions, the outer air wh c is^ Jr ne wall b air inside brings with it heat which Joins that passingthL g h walls by conductivity. And the more the outer air is introduced per horn the more is the room warmed. It will be seen therefore that when the ek no renewal of the air around the cylinders, the convection is v ak nit he tTv w oiTI^ ''rr:- ^^'^^ ^^^^^^ '''-^^'^ ^'^ -"^ ^^' - u - oom i' ' ' 'l . !l r T^' '^' °"''^ ''' ''' introduced, the wanning of the room IS accelerated, but the convection around the cylinders is at the same Iffl fT •■ ^" '""'"'"' '""'^^^ '"^^^ ^"i^^'^Iv than the fa^•orable effect of the convection on the cylinders when the quantit^- introduced per ouJ attains a certain limit and when that limit is exceeded, the rolf n " warm instead of cool, no matter what may be done. With apparatus of the form and dimensions above indicated, it is with a wind of I foot to the second (a wind that can scarcelv be fet tint the room stands the best chance of keeping cool during ho. weathei outside. These apparatus are calculated for an outer temperature of qo° and an inside temperature of 6o°. -^ ^" When the heat is great outside, and the wind can be felt, the register o^' the shafts must be partly closed to maintain the renewal of he ai ^t i n proper bounds. ^\lttlln longer te filled to the top, so as to reduce the retrigerathig surface or the I'S in a cupboard room by ra- iir sides l)eino^ their ueigli- is of tempera- forced to cir- le convection iders is nmcli ired by intro- ivino- out an h is warmer through the :ed per hour, i-hen there is ak ; but the i b\' conduc- rmino- of the at the same ; quantity of lie fa\-orable ced per hour room o-rows , It is with It) that the outside. 90° and an ; register of air within should no face or the |/«"<^I I'ig. 12 Showing the arrangement of the cylinders in the cupboard. 28 register oi the ventilator should be ccnpletelv closed. When it is desired to opened and the re^nsters of the shafts should be completely closed Thi! no be advantageously done except when the ontsidJ ten^pe ^ ^''is I r y I'ttle ln,.her tl.an the .nside temperature, at ni«ht, for instance. ' tl J da^•'^^i^nni^'^^'" "'f^^'""P"^^"" '^ ""^ ^-™ ^1»"»R and to si , ; ^ "•' '"""^^ '''' "'«-^'^' '' ^^•'" ■^'•ffi^- to ventilate at niglu and tosnitallthere^nsters and all the openin-s well duriuL^ the dav in J""^^ 60.9° ■^"•^ 67.5 •^"«:»'^t 6^6 vSeptember ^g j ( )ctol)er . ^ , 44-5 n..rin,. ,.reat heats, the ten.perature always falls about uf at ni.d.t. All these temperatures were taken in the shade. is desired to rd should be losed. This ature is verj- ■anil during late at night the day in le apparatus ar. vill soon get nd constant the Quebec )eaking. he summer Illy two or he summer iiiglit. and 60° e sun the eckoning ide for a is to say, 29 for more than double. And the sunny days are numerous. In 189S, during the summer at (Juebec, there were in ^''ly I - days with sun. June. 16 July 13 .\ugust 16 September 17 *» It must also be reckoned that the wind greatly increases the coiueclion on the faces of the l)nilding. Consequently, the transmi.^sion of heat through the walls will he iiuich greater than if the building were entirely sheltered from the sun and wind. Lastly, the manufacturer cannot be expected continually keep the c\ 1- inders filled with ice to the top. Further, the surface of the cylinders will not always become entirely coated with ice and they give out cold much less easily when their surface is bright than when they have an icy coating. To remed\' the.se drawbacks, it is recommended : 1. To place as far as possible the curing room to the north of the working room ; 2. To give as nntch as possible an east-west exposure to the longer sides of the curing room, as already explained ; 3. To plant trees around the factor) to throw shade upon the walls and to break the force of the wind ; 4. To give the preference t<» cylinders of large diameter, i '.. foot, as above explained. If there be no trees around the factory, l)ranches of balsam fir may be laid against its sides exposed to the sun and wind. Ill fine, if it be seen th.at the cylinders are not coated with frost, the v may be painted black outside. For a .small factory, with an outside teinperature of 00° n, • ■ , ^^^^^^^ 92 teet per liour, >t will require about 85 lbs of ice per If the ventilation be increased the hull- r^f ; 1. j '-n he always used to econo„,Le ice. ^ '"'^ ^''^'"''^ "^ '''■ '^^'^ 6. APPARATUS TO WARM THE ROOM When the temperature outside is cold, in the fill ,> vvJli » warm the curiuL^ room ' '* '"" ^''' "^-^'essarj' to •He floor ,0 „„ve,« .„e direct ^U^it ,,o l^T" ':.';;/' "*' "'LT HT.e„ „„«. ri.,e ,•,. lenst a f<x.. Wsher .h„„ 'he .stove. "^ ""' """ .™.s„e., .,.„, „,ove t„efl„.. aW„t 6 i..o,: ^ tri^f :" le walls will , an inside >f 833 cnbic the second be nsed per aces of the t case, care e air in the ature, with air [to the of ice per iir will at creased. If " hour will sed, if the ?. It will inner will the room, ice. Salt necessary <t be sur- les above le. The from the Ivanized casoii as 31 The ventilator and the aerating'- shafts should be used at the same time to ventilate the room. 7 now TO KHf;ui.ATH THK HUMIDITY OK THK AIR I\ THE CURIX(i ROOM When the outside air is damp, in rainy weather for instance, ventilation will suffice to maintain the required degree of humidity. For dry weather, there should always be a steam-pipe, the end of which should be flush with the inside surface of the wall and have a small valve. In dry weather this valve sho\ild be slightly opened so as to diffuse the necessary humidity. This valve .should not be placed directly on the radiator because it would be neces- sary to heat the radiator at the same time. It might however be put on the •steam-pipe of the radiator but in front of the valve on the latter and in that case, the steam-pipe above m ntioned would not be neces.sary. According to the observations made at the Quebec Observatory, the hu, midity of the atmosphere is always greater in the morning than at might and less toward the middle of the day. The degree of hinnidity has nothing to do with the temperature but the direction of the wind has a great deal of influence. At Quebec the north- east wind increases and the west wind diminishes it. During the summer of 1898. the mc.in was as follows : MONTH MORNINCi 3 ]). m. KVKNINC. MKAN ^lay 7i 60 67 67 J""e ■ 82 68 75 75 J"1V 83 67 78 76 August 88 71 79 79 .September 82 63 72 72 ^>ctober 83 67 75 75 Mean for the summer 76 ''^. This is a good average for ripening cheese. The.se figures also show that if humidity be not desired, ventilation must be avoided as much as possible in the morning, in the evening and dtiring the night and also during damp winds. It nm.st also be l)orne in mind that the ice cylinders dry the air when covered with ice. 32 8. ICE IIOUSK. xo feet' '"'"' ■''""' '' P""'^' '''''' ''' ^^^"-"'-1 i- house xox lo Xiox ni.— Conditions RESPr-;CTlXG ruv. CONSTRUCTION OF THK FACTORY (IKXHRAIJA'. earn. .,!:"i,:.tt'r:;' "■''" "'■"■ « •"■ '•• ""="^» »"-""" •- "•■« '- be„rwt'''ffr'''''''7'''^''"'''"'^ facto, V sand the drainage water. »..>...M:"i::, ■;:it°:u,:u;,;" "■" ^-^^ "- "■'"--" "-^ '--> It ".at it , „: ^rrircri'd":::;: z:™'-'- -•" " ■*"""' ^ » -™«^- firs, ^''uii;'":,;^:::"" "^ ™'"''=""' «°«' '- -^ • -' "■^- ■— ".-.r,. ,. (lav 5e rox lox RAI.lv. Avater may the factory 1 be chio to ige waters to prexent be cleaned icate with of at least II. )f at least n and the ion of the hat unite es. nor\. It wlu'y to arran;4t'd iCtnre of 33 IV.-CONDITIONS KICSI'KCTIXC; THK .MAMFACTIRK AM) OTHER POINTS To obtain a subsidy it is necessarv : 1. That the factory should, if possible, belonj^r to a sxndicate if there be one in the region wherein it is situated. If there be none, the person in char-e „f the factory shall submit to its beincr inspected whenever the Gov- ernment recpiires ; 2. It shall bind itsetf not to ship any cheese which has been less than a fortni^rlit 111 the cnrinjT-room ; 3- The manufacturer shall bind himself to wash out the whey-vat everv day ; 4- He shall keep a record of the temperature on blank forms to be sup- plied him by the Department of Aj,niculture ; 5. The water used shall be as pure as possible. v.-mi:thod of obtaining the subsidy In order to obtain the -rant, application must be made in writintr to the Department of .\<^riculture, Ouebec. The Department of AKniculture will supply the nece.ssarv forms and such tonus shall be signed by the proprietor, the manufacturer and two of the i)ruicipal patrons of the factorx-, nsTo//,trssrs and returned to the Deoart- inent. ' Hy their si^jnature so jrivcn, the jiropiietor and the manufacturer shall bind themselves, each in so far as he is concerned, with the view of obtain- in«: the premium, to fulfil all the conditions indicatedin the blank forms The conditions are tlio.se set forth in the present bulletin. VVhen the improvements are completed, an in.spector shall be .sent to re- port there<m to the Government. The in,spect<,r .shall forward a .sketch of the factoiN with his report. A special form will be supplied him for this ivporl. The blank form shall be si^nied b>- him and bv the contractor who lias done the work and also by two of the principal patrons. 8 34 H\- siicli sijrnature the inspector .shall certify tint -,.. (nr n i certif" ha I™ ;,;,«•■ """■;'""»" "^•, "^ »""-'« and ,l,e patrons .shail P ot report, tl,e (.ovemmcm «,II pay the first part of the subsid,-, date of the ,„specfo„, the subsidy shall be kept back until thev are. to infpLtlirLtn'rii'lT'T'"' '"'""'''"'•''=• '''^""^-•"-PP'''"" third and fV„r t ,o ' Mfi wT' ""' 1' "" '"^ '"'"'"""' °^ "'^ be sranted. lulhlled, the second part of the subsidy shall APPROXIMATE COST OF THE IMPROVEMENTS st-.telf thetcl^thtj'rTT'"' ""' ™'>- ™'"^='*'> --'"■ ^ '° «- the worknjr ti;::i^:r ~;.:': r :2::^r "" "' »a3oi'T'"'' "'"°" "'""" ""'" ^"" '■"^■^ ?«> ^1"»- f-t of floor space *a8o:'a"'°"' """^ "'"'"■' ™"' ""' "»- -°>l"-e feet of floor space The cost of the ice cylinders ,vill be about ::s follows : A cylinder 7 fee. hi«l,, .a inches dianuaer, galvanised iron No. .., ,4.50. " " 2.50. A rotary cap for ventilatorniade of tralvani/ed iron M« .. ." .liameter at the b.a.se. eon.plete, will co's. Ib^u^.T '' '* """" A rotar>- cap for ventilator, of jralvaiii/cd irn.i M» . • , • cJiameter at the base, will cost about #5.50 •''' '' "'^'" '" e can ascer- eqiiired b)- atrons shall dance with y. On re- subsidy. 3t be fulfi!- :il they are. appointed ions of the 3sidy shall ing to the le skill of 35 VII. - CONTRIBUTION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF QT7EBEC. The subsidy which the Honorable Commissioner of A^^riculture has de- cided to grant will amount to the following : For a curing room with a floor space of from 400 to 700 square feet— J^ioo.oo. This subsidy of v^fioo.oo will be granted merely to factories already in existence. No subsidy will be granted to new factories built subsequentK- to the publication of this bulletin, whose curing-rooms have a floor space of less than 700 square feet. For a curing-room of from 700 to 1000 square feet, it will be $150.00. For a curing room of 1000 square feet and over, it will be $200.00. are lined indicated 3or space )or space >or space , $4-50. 2.50. [ inches clics in VIII.— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE NECE.SSITV OF THE IMPROVEMENT OK THE Cl'RINC. ROOM.S, THE ADVANTAGES AND DIFFICULTIE.S PRE.SENTED BV .SUCH IMPROVE- MENT AND THE EXPENSI:S IT ENTAII.S The expenses entailed by these improvements ina>', at first sight, seem exaggerated and but little in proportion to the benefits that one may liope to derive from them. But the experience of those who have made the exper- iment proves the contrary. Here is a summary of the results hitherto obtained in the United States, where experiments on an extensive scale have been made in that direction. T/ie New York nrodttcc Review atui .hmriraii Creanierv savs : " We may sum up the results by saying that cheese cured at a tem- perature of about 69° .shrank over i^ more in weight as compared with those cured at 60" and the experts who examined them pronounced the cheese cured at 60" worth from f^ to 1 cent a pound more money. Thccliicf diflFerences were in the flavor and textr.'-f ( f the cheese. 36 cured l\l ^T' ""''" """'' '""'" ^'^"'''■''"' "'"^ '^'' ^<^-^'t"^^ '"«^^^ •'^ilkv in those cured at tlie lower temperature. ' assu,n7diat f^.^'^^'f •'P''''"'''''" "^^ ^^'^"^ ^'^•^"'^■^ ^^ f^^^-->- --^^'-^ ">a^■ tenipeiature. This would mean a j^ain of $500.00 on the 100 tons. "A saving of r/o in the shrinkage would be a savinjj of one ton of cheese which, valued at 8 cents per pound, would be $100.00 " «.., I!'^ ?^^ ^''""^ ^^'^'^ statements are based on experience -n^-es then, f fi "u •' "r ' '^ ^''^' ^^'^^ '^ ^^^^ ''''^'^^ --l^^t could w th . re ^ ; r Ltt: 1 "" ''''1 ""' '"°' ' ''"'''' ^'^'^''y -' ^'-^^^ -V other We iCv~;^:u^:^rZn^^; -^--ewre^uirementand the in me greatest heat, a temperature n the vicinitv of f>n° in n • 2,7 kv in those rk,\ve ma}- rl increase control of tons. )ne ton of ves them ncreasin^ )ther. We it and the Tature of lan tliose ning an resorted lelieving- lin, even ij,'' room, :iiffcrent •cry di- ly visli iiijiness he ben- 1 an ex- n(h"ture The most important point in the improves- nt of the curinj,^ rooms is the impermeability of the walls to heat and air. To this point every attention mnst be devoted becaiise when once the cost of good walls is incnrred. the »» ^ t Ta/yt ^g- /fA T u ^ e- WJ M CO result will 1)e felt for man\' years and the (juantily of ice to be use 1 each year for completing the effect prodnccd by the walls, will be slight. <)n the contrary, with bad walls, it will be neces.sary every .sea.son to emplo\ a consid- Let lis take for instance a curing room of 26 y 27 v 10 fe,t .1 of winch are bnilt in the nsnal wav. Ul „s admiMhal 1 1 ' ' *e^.usKie tenrperatnre of this roo™ is ^' I'^dlhe'o sM ' l^ZrZ' ■nirtr'thL^rr ;rrth:r ™'"t"''' ^''-'--'' *' ^^'' - --^^ by the cnrved line ."rfign'Ta " " '" "' '°° " *"' '' ■*^" .e.np"atre";;:i;j:iS,^ '3":;";:f '.■■!' -- -- «.° and the ontside aw the same ti.ne .0 rcacfth^ vSnU;!":, '^^.^ZCZ I^^,:^' or J;rc;;-rc:d\^^^ =i- i: - -r ^^ *■ abont 6 tl,s per honr wonld be needed. ^ " "" ■*™"''' takelta.Itol^'rr'.rilT"'"'?^^"'''"'"'^"' '" -'■ i' "onld 8o» (cnrved 1 °e m fi^ !. % 7"" 7' "'" *>" '° "'^ "'igborhood of i. <rL a.. to'ro."i'f ?£ r;^::;;::rr::::r:: ;x "•■" '° -- -eede'to::;: :tar:,:e^':;:;rix^r3r;s'f ^-"r ™'" "^ ill the second cise ri,i. -n ■ c ? ^^ ^ ^'^ mamtain it at 65° I IS will also ostly, to at- 39 Hilt tlie outside teniperatnre ueneralK- rises from the inorniiif.- until about 2 P. M. ; then it remains stationary for some time and falls aj^ain. Thus it will be seen that if it remains at 80° for about two or three hours uxiliarv to lave hither- ned, owing , the walls n moment ature 80°, ■ not take I be seen le outside onld take •• 13). ise, 25 it)s e second, it would )rliood of - to raise I'ould be it at 65° uired to bility of side and 7"i" />7 ^<r ^x» r i//? £. I I I after dinner, a curing-room with bad walls would have time to reach that 40 temperature wl.ilc one with j^uckI walls would ,u,t have ti.uc, since in th. latter case it would require 5 or 6 hours to reach it. er thf'^ -f f 7'"n '''' '■'"''^""' "^ '^"^ '"^'^'^ temperature, if much slight- er han with bad walls, are ne^■ertheless still more considerable than is Gen- erally nnagined and to do away with them completely, it is necessar^ to have walls built in a rational manner and with the greatest care. As a rule, it may be .said that with bad walls, the inside will follow the outside temperature prett>- closely, especially when the latter is high, while with good walls, the variations are much slighter. And in the latter case i^ he outside temperature remains in the vicinity of 70° during the dav and falls below 60° during the night, it will be possible, bv ventilating at ligr to dispense .vith ice during the day. With goofl walls it will be necessarJ to' use ice only during hot weather and when two or more da^•s elapse without the outside temperature going below 60° at night. ' All that has just been said presumes that the hot air outside cannot pen- etrate into the inside of the room by any fissure and the ventilation '^an be throughly regulated at will. If such be not the case, the variations of he outer eniperature will be much greater still and a much larger quantitv of ice will have to be used. ^ • Refrigerating apparatus may be divided into two categories • i Those tTa^tfott' ';[ '-''^'■^f '/^-^^' - -r'-- working chiefly by .......J that IS to say by the mruM^o, of the aU- to be cooled over the re/n.eratin. surfaces. ■' '.s""""^ The former require a great development of cold surface if ice be used I a refrigerating mixture be u.sed, their surface ma>- be cousiderablv rei duced. Some might be made in which a mixture of salt and ice could be u.sed But apparatus ot this kind have not yet been sufficiently .studied with res-" costh ''^"^^^'■^^'"" "f ^"""S '■-"^■^ i« which case they must not be The latter require a smaller cold surface but call for a rather rapid cir- dilation of air over that suface. The air of the room itself might be made to circulate over it witl lont iicc ill the- uch sliglit- an is <fen- ?ces.sar\- to follow the gh, while, ;er case, if e day and : at night, cessary to e without niiot pen- itiou can )ns of the lantitv of Those onvection gerating be used, ably re- be used, r'ith res- not be pid cir- withoiit 41 taking any fron, outside. This would effect a great saving in ice. Hut such a circulation would require mechanical appliances which, as a rule are too costly for ca.ses such as those now before us and the air of u curing room must be renewed from time to time. It has been found more economical to cause air from outside to circulate. riiLs has the advantage of renewing the air inside the room but tlie disadx-an- tage of bringing much heat with it, which increases the consumption of ice But as, ni this case, the circulating apparatus- which generallv consists of a capon the top of a shaft as described in this bulletin _ is ine.xpen- sive and requires out little supervision, this method is likely to be preferred to the others. It may be said, in general, that for curing-rooms and as matters stand at present, the apparatus of the first categor^• are preferable in districts where the outside temperature remains comparatix-eh- low during the summer In districts where it is subject to great variations and rises ^•er^■ high, those of the second categor\- should be preferred. .1 r?^-^''." i""""' '^*'^°''-' '^^^' ''■'"'^'^ ''^^^•"•^ ^" ^'^ "•^•■'^t used at present in he United States is the s>stem of subearth ducts, tried for the first time in Wisconsin 3 or 4 years ago. The Honorable Commissioner of the Province of Quebec sent some one to examine it a year and a half ago and on the first December 1897, caused a bulletin to l)e published on the subject. In that bulletin, the theory ui tlie appartus was fullv explained and every practical information connected with it was given. This sxstem has the advantage of not requiring ice and gives fairlvgood results but it is costh- and cannot be adopted everywhere ; for instance where the sub-soil is rockN- at a depth of 2 or 3 feet from the surface. The system recommended by this luilletin is quite new. It will cost less and will be surer. It will further have the immense advantage of l)eing able to be used either as an apparatus of the first categorx- when the utside tem- perature remains in the neighborhood of from 65^ to 70°, or as an apparatus of the second category when the outside temperature rises to 80° and even to 90°. In this bulletin it is calculated for an outside temperature of 90^ With It a mixture of salt and ice (i part, in weight, of salt to 2 parts in weight, of rcushed ice) will give very good results. 42 Thr waintcnamv of tlw tnupnalurr of a curi,,^ room at 60- at al, tnncs cvcnwUh a Ju,^r/, outside temperature is therefore a prol,lem an eawo- mtcal solutnw ..hereof is more ciiffieult to find than is imagined at frst svW./ andn-hnh neeessari/y calls for rather costly improvements :ehich are lunenrr compensatcd /or by the benefits to be derived. For al! additional information, apply to the Department of A.rric„Unre i2uel)ec. ' Qnehcc, 12th March, 1S98. (iAHRIl^L HKXRY, H. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C. K. C. E.