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■■:*-- "■ 
 
 PROPLKTV OF MAIN LIBRARY. DEPARTVKNT 
 OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 
 
 Li'iil lu 
 
 Dale ^ 
 
 I'lKASF. RETURN 
 
 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 ^ ^ 
 $ 
 
 CURING-ROOMS 
 
 IN 
 
 CHEESE-FACTORIES 
 
 
 PREMIUMS 
 
 OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 TO ENCOURAGE THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 O. H. M. S. 
 
 MAIN LIBRARY 
 
 DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 FOWM A I 11 IN I 71 
 
 DUS8AULT A PROULX, PRINICRS 
 189B 
 
 437.3 
 
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 RULES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OR IMPROVEMENT 
 
 OF CHEESE FACTORIES 
 
 The experience of the past few years has clearly demonstrated that one 
 of the great obstacles to the improvement of the cheese of the Province of 
 Quebec and to the enhancement of its price consists in the want of good 
 curing rooms and in the putting upon the market of unripe or badly cured 
 cheese, whereby we lose in part the benefit of the efforts made to secure care- 
 ful manufacture. 
 
 Further, the English market offers much better prices for properly ri- 
 pened cheese, while it shows a tendency to refuse all cheese which does not 
 possess a mild flavor and a rich body. 
 
 As competition is daily becoming keener in all the markets upon which 
 the cheese of the province is offered for sale, the evil results of these defects 
 are constantly manifesting themselves with ever increasing iutensity. 
 
 To remedy this state of things, the Honorable Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture at Quebec has decided to make a grant to all associations or individuals 
 owning or desiring to erect cheese factories, who, having applied for the 
 same, consent to submit to the conditions hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 These conditions are divided into four categories : 
 
1 Conditions relative to the construction of the factory and to that of 
 the curing room in particular ; 
 
 2 Those relating to the ventilation of these rooms, to their cooling in 
 summer and their warming in the spring and fall ; 
 
 3 Those which concern the .general laying out of the factory ; 
 
 4 Those which relate to the manufacture and to other questions. 
 
 The grant in question shall be payable in two instalments. The first 
 when the conditions of the two first categories shall have been fulfilled, and the 
 second when the conditions specified ni the two last categories shall have 
 been equally complied with. 
 
 The object of the grant is not to secure a mere half measure of improve- 
 ment in the factories, but the establishment, in different parts of the prov- 
 ince, of factories that may, as far as possible, in all respects be regarded as 
 models and that may be able to supply to all engaged in the cheese-making 
 industrv reliable information in regard to the cost, working and advantages 
 of such installations 
 
 I.-CONDITIONS 
 
 RKLATIVE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OV THE FACTORY AND THAT OF THE 
 
 CURING ROOM IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 As a grant may be given to existing factories as well as to factories in 
 course of construction, we shall consider the two cases separately. 
 
 I.— EXISTING FACTORIES 
 
 GENERAL AIM OF THE IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 All the improvements must be made wnth the view especially of rendering 
 the curing room as impervious as possible to heat and air. 
 
 LCKATION OF THE CURING ROOM 
 
 As far as possible, it .should be located on the groinid floor or first story. 
 No grant will be given for a curing room placed immediately under the roof. 
 
As far as possible, too, its ends should face the north and south and its sides 
 the east aiiu west. . ; 
 
 Its size should be at least 400 square floor space, feet or the equivalent of 
 20 X 20 feet, while the quantity of milk received should not exceed 5,000 lbs 
 per dav in the heij^ht of the summer. 
 
 ^^SK^'S^ 
 
 Fig.l 
 Outer surface of the walls of the cv.ring room. 
 
 For a quantity of milk ranging between 5,000 ft)s and 8,000 fts, the 
 floor space should be at least 700 square feet and for a quantitj- ranging be- 
 tween 8,000 and 12,000 ibs, its floor space should cover at least 1,000 square 
 feet. ^ 
 
 WALLS— (/vV- /• -', / aficf ^) 
 
 The walls of an existing factory may be constructed of either of timber, 
 deals or studding. In all cases, if not already so, the deals or the studding 
 should be first lined, inside and outside and reciprocally, with a double 
 thickness of rough one inch boards m well nailed and well jointed together 
 
Preferentially, these boards should be nailed on obliquely (fi,<r. i) to the 
 direction of the studding or the deals. 
 
 Over the double outer lining of boards, two lajers of first qualit\- felt or 
 building paper should be well laid n (fig. i) in broken joint fashion and 
 without creases, while over the paper there should be another double clap- 
 boarding/ carefully placed and nailed. 
 
 Over the double inner lining of rough boards {a, fig. 2) one la\er of felt, 
 paper should be first applied and, on the paper, furrings or strips {/) twa 
 inches wide and one inch thick should be nailed parallel to each other at a 
 distance apart not exceeding one foot and a half to two feet. Transversely to 
 these strips and in the spaces or hollows between them, others (/) should be 
 laid at intervals of three feet (fig. 2) so as to tonn over the entire surface of 
 the wall a series of hollows of i inch deep, i % foot to 2 feet wide and 3 feet 
 high. 
 
 When the spaces between the furrings are not cut in this manner and 
 extend without breaks from the bottom to the top of the building, the air 
 in them, under the influence of the heat passing through the wall, has a 
 greater tendency to whirl and to thus increase by convection the conductivity 
 of the wall as regards heat. 
 
 The second series of strips will also be useful in holding the paper bet- 
 ter to the surface of the wall. 
 
 If desired, the strips may be nailed on obliquely so as to form spaces in 
 diagonal shape. 
 
 Over the strips, a double thickness of one inch rough boards (c) should 
 be nailed (fig. 2) ; they should be well joined and over them again should be 
 laid two layers of felt paper r, finishing up with a double thickness of planed 
 boards, well grooved-and-tongued, and carefully nailed and put on. 
 
 This mode of construction will be also required as well in the case of 
 the inner walls separating the curing from the working and other rooms in 
 the factory as in that of the outer walls. 
 
 it rests 
 equal i 
 laid at 
 
 FLOOR — {Fig. 5) 
 
 The floor of the curing room must have no tendency to sag or sink in the 
 long run under the weight of the cheese. The beams s (fig 3) upon which 
 
 If 
 ed witl 
 abo\'e t 
 
ig. i) to the 
 
 iialit}- felt or 
 t fashion and 
 double clap- 
 
 la\er of felt, 
 rips (/) two 
 1 other at a 
 insverseh- to 
 ') should be 
 i surface of 
 le and 3 feet 
 
 manner and 
 ng, the air 
 wall, has a 
 •onductivity 
 
 • paper bet- 
 
 lu spaces in. 
 
 (r) should 
 1 should be 
 3s of plaued 
 n. 
 
 ;he case of 
 r rooms in 
 
 it rests should be strengthened and supported so as to give to it a resistance 
 equal at least to that of a floor constructed with beams of 8" x 3 inches, 
 laid at iS inches apart from centre to centre and having a length of 10 feet. 
 
 sink in the 
 )on which 
 
 Fig. 2 
 
 Surface of the iimer walls of the curinj; room. 
 
 If it consi.sts only of one thickness r of boards, it should be sheath- 
 ed with two layers, t/y, of felt paper laid on carefully as on the walls and 
 above that there should be placed a thickness / oi i /^ inch boards, grooved 
 
and tongued and planed, well put together and nailed, 
 boards ma>' be laid diagonally to the beams. 
 
 The first linina- of 
 
 The floor of the working room must be water-tight, so that the waste 
 water may in no case soak throngh nnder the building and engender and 
 spread bad smells. 
 
 i 
 
 CEILING— (/v^, j) 
 
 If the joists carrying the ceiling are not strong enough becau.se thev are 
 too far apart or too slight, the whole should be first strengthened b^• inserting 
 between them other joists of the same size and, if necessary, of greater thick 
 ness. The ceiling may also be supported by a crossbeam. This ceiling should 
 in all cases have a resistance equal at least to that of one carried on joists of 
 lo X 2 inches, 2 yi feet apart from centre to centre and of a ma.xiinum length 
 01 12 reet. * 
 
 If the nnder face of the joists be not already lined with i inch boards ;t 
 (fig. 5), this boarding should be put on at once, only grouved-and-tongued 
 boards being used and these may be laid on obliquelv to the direction of the 
 joists, If preferred. But the boards must be thoroughly well joined together. 
 
 On this lining, furrings or strips z> of i inch in thickness and 2 in width 
 as in the case of the walls, should be nailed at intervals of 1% feet to 2 feet 
 apart. It is needless to cut these, as in the case of the walls, by other strips 
 as in this ca.se the empty spaces are horizontal and the air has not the same 
 tendency to whirl in them. 
 
 Under the strips, a layer of paper .^ should be placed supported by" a 
 hning of I inch boards./ grooved, tongued and planed, well joined and nailed 
 On the upper face of the joists, when the factory is to have no upper storv' 
 It IS not necessary to lay down a floor, but between the joists and on the eeiV 
 ing a layer of sawdust (hemlock or spruce) or of very dry fine sand, at least 
 2 inches deep should be spread. To exclude vermin, slaked lime is some- 
 times mixed with the sawdust ; but this mixture is dangerous, as it mav 
 cause fire. ^ 
 
 Several instances of fires occasioned by the use of mixed lime and saw- 
 dust are known. Instead of lime, ashes may be used. This mixture is le.^ 
 dangerous. 
 
 I; 
 walls, 
 
rst lining of 
 
 at the waste 
 tiijender and 
 
 LAYING THE PAPER 
 
 The paper used slior.!'-' b? first quality felt paper. 
 
 use they are 
 by inserting 
 reater thick- 
 iling should 
 on joists of 
 mum length 
 
 -h boards u 
 md-tongued 
 ction of the 
 sd together. 
 
 I 2 in width, 
 it to 2 feet 
 )ther strips, 
 )t the same 
 
 arted by' a 
 and nailed, 
 pper story, 
 )n the ceil- 
 tid, at least 
 e is some- 
 as it may 
 
 e and saw- 
 ure is less 
 
 CO 
 
 .^ O 
 
 It should never be cut at the angles and according to the edges of the 
 walls, but folded or lapped over without breaking the continuity of the walls 
 
tliat tlie latter shall he liermeticallv sheathed 
 
 oom, so 
 
 in. pT.d::rj"u::,r "°''^ " "-^ "^"^'' '"='- ^'■°""' "^ — > '»■ ■■»"■ 
 
 1IOI.I.OU- spAciis IN r\ir. walls 
 
 The liollow spaces i„ the walls sho„kl not he filled with siwd.ist A 
 layer of ,,,,// a,t is the best i„s„htor against heat. At ciTe o„ a tj,,;^ 
 
 g,ves proo ,-es„lts, but i„ the Ion,. t„„ .. packs and fonns into 1,1 J^, 
 s ainc becon,es n.nch in.paircd. It hasalso.he drawback of attracSg ve 
 
 close 
 pntlii 
 
 that t 
 
 .i.e ™r,,„ „,„„, w,.h n,inera. woo, or fine dn. sand ,„ a deplhif Irct 
 
 DOOR 
 
 AM> PORCH (Fig. 7) 
 
 om t he i^it. on,: ;; '""""" '"""" '"' '■""" <"'•'■ '-»■ ■■ ''-"'i °i- 
 
 uom uie inside ot the curing room outward. 
 
 i-^i.' ":i:':::i: '^^r - -t,3^- ;* %,, ■- p-^d 
 
 :irt 
 uud 
 
 The door of this , orch may he of a single thick 
 
 :ncss of hoards, but should 
 
 'i'l 
 
 .wood ( 
 
of tlie 
 
 ; room, so 
 
 n-ered hv nail- 
 
 sawdust. A 
 
 iitset, sawdust 
 
 lumps, when 
 
 ttracting ver- 
 
 these spaces 
 11 all aroutid 
 of six inches 
 
 3f the curin}^»^ 
 lards separat- 
 tudding may 
 oved boards, 
 d-tongued. 
 
 shut heruiet- 
 should open 
 
 otig, placed 
 2 feet apart 
 jrooved-and 
 
 J 
 
 close well. It should open into the curing room, so that when the maker is 
 putting in the cheese, he will oub have to push it before him. 
 
 Th.'se two doors should be supplied with weights or hung in such a way 
 that the\- will l)e always self-closing. 
 
 but .should 
 
 The (l(H,r frame should l)e carefully put in with tight joints between the 
 .\^ood ..I the wall aiul in order that the air may not penetrate either into the 
 
WINDOWS— (/v^r. 6 ami 7,) 
 "on, is lo,„, i. „,av J T' f ' °' "" ''°°'" 'P""^^ "' "« -<""• "•'-™ <1h- 
 
 15' 
 
 .ilatio,, ,„ b alwlv t„, t ,7 """""* "'^ ""* "f "■»n„fac,„re. \en- 
 scribed. '^'' "'"'''''"' ''^- '"^■""'^ "' ""= ventilator hereinafter de- 
 
 sh„t do^, t™'', .eir oZ;":;;'; ,7""'r ^"".""-^ ' ■ '"*■'■ -> "■»' ■- '"-■ 
 
 or les., ob,,c„rity rdeTred ftbl * ,""'"' '""" " '"» "''-' "■»■-' 
 
 'he ray., of .„e s^„ f™' n^ ra L TI if T^ r" ",' ':, "^'T"' '" P'""'' 
 from outside at,d, as far as r^ssU 3 '""-''" '''°"'"' ''^ -™'-k«l 
 
 ■a, as far as possible, the windows should face the iwrtli. 
 
 withthet-rtleTcarff'/'r"-'''™"""''''^- -""o- should be p„e i„ 
 
 around them %";''«'!">•■'» Po'^".''!--- to prevent all cirenlation of the air 
 room. ""■ "'" P°"" " "■-' ""P-'-t for the proper insulation of the 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 WOOD TO UK iiSKi, 
 
 o-r sueh as heinloe., bass-wood, ^^^^Z^^^:,;^^ 
 
 PAINTING 
 
 
 reveal; 
 advatit 
 wall a 
 
II 
 
 1 the frame, the 
 
 window space 
 ooiii. Wlien the 
 
 to the inaiute- 
 
 aced as to close 
 dino admission 
 nended. 
 
 n tlie room is 
 ifacture. Ven- 
 fiereinafter de- 
 
 ) that nia\- l)e 
 is wlieii more 
 !■>■ to prevent 
 lid be worked 
 le north. 
 
 M he put in 
 woodwork of 
 •n of the air 
 Illation of the 
 
 strong--snielI- 
 •iit injurious 
 mployed. 
 
 side and out- 
 ind at once 
 
 Fig, fl 
 Ceiling and floor 
 
 reveals the want of cleanliness in the factory, hut it has the further immense 
 advantage of partly preventing the outer radiatinj; heat from penetrating the 
 wall and radiatinj-; towards the interior of the room. 
 
12 
 
 BANKING UP 
 
 The curing, room should be thoroughly banked up with earth all around. 
 In the banking up, however, care must be taken to leave openings or air 
 
 ^]^:7^V'' T' ''''-'''' the flooring from timetotimeTsLm 
 Knt most ot the tune these openings must be hermetically closed so as to 
 
 ;Sr ''^r'^^'f -^ -^ ^'^ -^-^'"^^ of the air underneath the Lr^ug 
 ^^l"ch would quicken the transmission of heat in one way or the other bJ 
 c<.n^■ect,on and b>- condt,cti^•it^■, through the latter. ' ' 
 
 snnnr'l'ni'Trf'"'"?' ''%""" '' "^""^^ *^^^" ^^^ outside as in 
 XMii not onh help to cool the room, but to preserve the flooring. 
 2. FACTORIES TO BE BUILT 
 
 CfciNKRAI, OBJKCT AIMKU AT 
 
 The entire structure should be built so as to render the curing rnnr« 
 
 LOCATION OF THE CURING ROOM 
 
 niMKN.SlON.S 
 
 Kver>- factor> to be constructed hereafter, for which a grant n.ay be asked 
 
eaitli all around. 
 
 2 openings or air 
 time in summer. 
 ' closed so as to 
 til the flooring, 
 r the other, by 
 
 le outside as in 
 advantageously 
 ablished which 
 ring. 
 
 ;unng room as 
 oom should be 
 difficulty even 
 
 floor and the 
 ■ sides of the 
 o the north of 
 
 may be asked, 
 md a working 
 f such factory 
 
 13 
 
 be less than 24 feet. No grant shall be made to an>- factor^• of less dimen- 
 sions built after the publication of this bulletin. 
 
 When, in the height of the summer, the factory receives upwards of Socx^ 
 lbs of milk per day, the curing room must have a floor space of at least 1000 
 square feet with a minimum width of 28 feet for the factor)-. 
 
 The height of the curing room must be at least 10 feet between floor 
 and ceiling. 
 
 In the case of all new factories applying for the grant, it is ad\ised that 
 the boiler should be placed in a separate room of at least 12 feet x 12 feet 
 attached to the main building. 
 
 WALLS 
 
 The factory walls ma\- be constructed of timber, deals or balloon- 
 framing. 
 
 When timber is used, the deals should not be less than three inches thick 
 When studding is used, pieces of 2" x 4" may be emploved so long 
 as the square of the building does not exceed 12 feet in height and 40 
 in length. If the square be more than 12 feet high or more than 40 feet 
 long, studs of 2" X 6" must be used. These studs should be spaced 2 to ? feet 
 apart at the furthest. 
 
 A thickness of r incli rough boards well joined should be first laid on the 
 deals or studs, both inside and outside, and the walls should be finished as in 
 the case of already existing factories' (p'ig. r, 2, 4, 5.) 
 
 This method of construction should applv to the inside walls sepaiating 
 the curing from the working and other rooms, as well as to the outer walls 
 but for the partition wall.s, studs of 2"x4" may be u.sed in all cases. 
 
 For the walls of the working room or for those of the other rooms, as 
 for the boiler building, it will not be required to lav on ti.o studs or deals, 
 inside, more than one thickness of boards grooved-and-tongued and planed 
 and on the outside more than one thickness of clap-boardiiig. 
 
14 
 
 ll 
 
 KI^OORS 
 
 lu gth b> a longitudnml beam /'(fig. 6 and 8) of lo" x 8 inches well sun- 
 po ed o carr>- the sleepers of the floor, while the extremities rest on the 
 wall sill around the hnildin<- 
 
 ;^,J;^epers of 8" x 3 inches laid at i8 inches apart from the centre line 
 .should be used tor a building of 24 to 26 feet in width and of 10" x 3 inches 
 
 len^^thof'tr r''"''^'^^^^^^^^ '' ^° 30 feet in width, t'he re 
 
 cngtho these ,o,sts on account of the beam in the centre thus not exce- 
 dnig 13 teet ,u the first case and 15 in the second. 
 
 The floors to be constructed as in the case of already existing cheese 
 factories (see preceding fig. 3 and 4). ^ 
 
 CRir.INC, 
 
 For the ceiling as for the floor, the building .should be divided in the 
 
 direction of its length by a longitudinal beam -S" (fig. 8 and 6) of 10' x 8 
 
 .nches, resting on the walls at its extremities and on posts in the n^Srior of 
 
 he building, this beam being intended to .support the joists of the ceiling h 
 
 the middle and to shorten their bearing. «-"img in 
 
 For the ceiling joists, timbers of 10" x 2 inches .should in all cases be 
 .ed for lactones 34 to 30 feet wide. They should be laid at intervals of 3^ 
 fee apart from centre to centre for a factory 24 feet wide, of 2 feet for a 
 - h of 24 to 28 to 30 feet. The ceiling should be constructed ^rectdy a 
 n. the case of already existing factories (.see fig. 5 above). 
 
 FLOOR AND CEILING OF WORKING ROOM 
 
 the in '^h'"""^-"^' 'T' "'' ^°^' ""^ ^^i''"g«l'ould be carried on joists of 
 the .same dimensions and set in the same way as in the curing room. 
 
 For the floor, a double thickness of i y, inch boards, planed and grooved 
 
 do b fu: • r ^'T- '\ ^'T'' '^ P"'^^^^>' water-tight and for the^ceiling 
 a double thickness of i inch planed and grooved-and-tongned boards should 
 
 A slope of a; least i ,)< to 2 inches per 10 feet should be given to the 
 floor of the working room towards a gutter to carry off the waste water The 
 
;he direction of its 
 
 inches well sup- 
 
 lities rest on the 
 
 1 the centre line 
 
 )f lo" X 3 inches 
 
 width, the real 
 
 e thus not exce- 
 
 ■ existing- cheese 
 
 be divided in the 
 id 6) of lo" X 8 
 1 the interior of 
 of the ceiling in 
 
 d in all cases be 
 
 intervals of 2;^ 
 
 of 2 feet for a 
 
 :ted precisely as 
 
 ried on joists of 
 ? room. 
 
 ed and grooved 
 i for the ceiling 
 I boards should 
 
 be given to the 
 ste water. The 
 
 15 
 
 bottom of this gutter should have a slope of at least 2 inches per 10 feet 
 towards its extremity and this gutter should in no case be placed against a 
 a wall. 
 
 For the location and construction of the door of the curing room and of 
 the porch inside this door, for the location, construction and putting in 
 of the windows and shutters, for the laying of the paper, for the sawdust and 
 mineral wool at the bottom of the walls, for the kind of wood to be used, 
 for the painting and for the banking up, the rules laid down with respect to 
 existing factories should be strictly followed (see figures 4, 6, 7 and 8 above). 
 
 r>ut, in the case of new factories the earthing or banking up should be 
 done as well around the working as around the curing room. 
 
 il.-VENTILATION 
 
 COOI.INC. AND HHATIN(U)I- THKCURIXd ROOM. MAINTENANCE OF HUMIDITY 
 
 When a curing room is well constructed, air sliould not be able to pene- 
 trate into it to any appreciable extent any more than heat : the room is then 
 said to be completeK- insulated. This is the end which should he first sought 
 and, until it is completely attained, it is very difficult to regulate its tempera- 
 ture while renewing the air in it and maintaining a suitable degree of humid- 
 ity. To attain it, a large quantity of ice is requisite. With well constructed 
 walls and an air-tight room, on the other hand, the quantity of ice needful is 
 much smaller. 
 
 But, in ripening, the cheese in the room emits certain odors and certain 
 gases, which may prevent the curing from proceeding in normal fashion. 
 Provision must therefore be made for renewing the air. As in summer the 
 air outside is warmer than it is inside, the introduction into the room of a 
 certain vohnne of the outer air, which has not been cooled, would warm it 
 on hot days and cool it on cool days and during the cold weather in the 
 spring and fall, it is essential to provide the curing room with apparatus 
 intended : 
 
i t 
 
 il! 
 
 !i ij 
 
 iniif ^ 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 1. To introduce air into it ; 
 
 2. To expel the foul air ; 
 
 the roo J; "'' '''" '" ^"'"'""' "'^"^ ^^ " ^°" ^^'''^"" - t« ^'-ectly cool 
 4. To warm the room ; 
 5- To maintain in it the desired degree of humidity. 
 
 r. APPARATUS FOR INTRODUCING AIR (Ficr. 6) 
 
 The air should not find admission through auN- opening or fissure .t the 
 base of the room or around ^he door comnaunicating with the wo k nVroom 
 or around the windows, through the door or the windows themlel"^ X 
 
 The air should be derived from a chimnev or shaft C. (fig 6) caooed 
 with a ventilator ^^ iu the shape of a funnel (fig. 6) revolving o„ 1 verS 
 axis and supphed m rear with a vane sufficiently long and wrde o keen the 
 mouth of the funnel constantly turned to the quartet fro. whi^^; Uie'wll .d 
 
 The wind thus taken in will penetrate into the curing room and the air 
 taken from such a height will be as pure as possible. The ven ila oi IL t 
 should be provided at the bottom with a register /^ h. ..}LuT u f 
 or opened at will and as much as may be de's £d rfig.'6 iX) ""' 
 
 le.st!o'''vTo"^ room of 400 square feet, the ventilator shaft should be at 
 least lo X ID inches mside and the smallest diameter of the orifice of thl 
 ventilator should be at least lo inches inside, while the m dhL tr^^ 
 that opening should be a least 24 inches P^r o ^'"^^^"^^ a ametcr ot 
 
 space o, .00 «„,a. fee. .„e ve„?„r:,a J: -rrir: til ; .V-T 
 4 .nches and the smallest diatneter of the mouth of the vent lator ho„M 
 he a, least ,4 .nches inside, the largest bein, not less than 36 h^Tel. 
 
 ■<«^.„ 
 
or to direct! V cool 
 
 r. 6) 
 
 ng or fissure at the 
 the working room 
 s themselves. Air 
 ore than is the air 
 
 C. (fig 6) capped 
 
 'ing on a vertical 
 
 wide to keep the 
 
 1 which the wind 
 
 : room and the air 
 i ventilator shaft 
 ich it mav be shut 
 I 9). 
 
 laft should be at 
 :he orifice of the 
 atest diameter of 
 ioni with a floor 
 )e at least 14" x 
 •entilator should 
 36 inches. 
 
 
 '•4 
 
 3rs should I)e in 
 
 M 
 
1hr«'ctu)ndu.i 
 
 Fig. 6 
 
 Longitudinal section showing position of \ itilator 
 
TiirecXvon duL venf 
 
 W/tad 
 
 fig, 6 
 
 showing position of \ itilator 
 
fp^**- 
 
 I- 
 
 I., 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 *? 
 
 Fig. 7 
 Plan of lmil(]iii)i 
 

 J--^ 
 
 f^' 
 
 T 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 JJalS^ tiuff*-!- 
 
 [Salle] 
 
 le Fal 
 
 irtc.i(tO|T 
 
 W< 
 
 rlxinj 
 
 •Room 
 
 - i 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 J 
 
 e >* 
 
 
 :s.: 
 
 «. .^ 
 
 
 
 '_ Jt. 
 
 * "S 
 
 ifl — ; 
 
 
 
 :? z < 
 
 3^ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 Fig. 7 
 
 rhiii of httildiiiH 
 
In all ca 
 the roof at le; 
 
 2 APPAK 
 
 It is com 
 ceilinjr of the 
 the ridge of tl 
 placed at the 
 It should be a 
 400 square fee 
 feet of floor sj; 
 dimensions. 
 
 If two an 
 the end of the 
 they should b< 
 inches inside r 
 diate diniensio 
 should alwajs 
 
 In all cas( 
 the quarter ft 
 months and th 
 above the roof 
 escaping air v 
 the opening of 
 lator, should ri 
 connnunicatior 
 
 3. RKMARKS C 
 
 One or m 
 during the sum 
 the air being c 
 outer air would 
 cold air of the 1 
 
 a 
 
^7 
 
 In all cases the aperture of the ventilator must rise above the ridjre of 
 the roof at least four feet. , '"Jfec oi 
 
 2 APPARATUS INTENDED TO EXPEL THE FOn. AIR (Fig. 6 and 8) 
 
 It is composed of one or more wooden shafts rising directlv from the 
 ceihng of the cunny room to above the roof. These shafts should exc d 
 the r,dge of the roof by at least i foot. If only one is used, it should be 
 p aced at the end of the roo,„ opposite to that occupied bv the ven ihtor 
 t should be at least xo inches x lo inches in the inside for a curing room of 
 a. square feet of floor space, X4inches x 1 4 inches for a room of K^^or, art 
 cUmlb""'"'' "^' "^tennediate dimensions for roon. of intenne'diate 
 
 « two are used, one should be placed in each of the corners opposite to 
 he end o he roon, where the ventilator is, (fig. 6 and «,. I„ the'Ltt^sl 
 they should be 7 inches x 7 inches inside and in the second 10 inches xo 
 mches .ns,de and for rooms of intermediate dimensions apparatus of intenne- 
 
 hould^r^'r •'""';' ': ""P'^^-^'- '''' ^^'^ aggregate of their cti's 
 should always be equal at least to that of the Nentilator shaft. 
 
 In all cases, the ventilator should be placed at the end of the room facing 
 the quarter rem which the prevailing wind blows during the u n m r 
 months and the escape shafts at the other end. The latter shtuld neve r se 
 above the roof to the same height as the numth of the ventilator, so that t le 
 scapmg a,r w, 1 have less tendency to be carried bN- the wi ul towards 
 the opening of the latter. The aerating shafts, as wellas that of the ven 
 lator, should r.se d.rectly fron, the curing roon, to above the roof with t 
 commmncation with other rooms or shafts. 
 
 3- RE.MARK.S ON THE WORKI.Nd OF THE VENTILATOR AND 
 
 THF .SHAFTS 
 
 One or more .simple shafts, without ventilator, would have no effect 
 ....ng he summer ,n renewing the air of a very clo.se curing room, because 
 the air being cooler inside than outside, they would have no draught The 
 outer air would on the contrarv have a ten<le.ic>- to .U-sccnd into iIkm„; if t , 
 cold air of the room could escape thiouKh cracks or o,K-niiigs at the hot m 
 
i8 
 
 of the room. In cold weather, on the other hand, they would have a certain 
 draught, if the cold outer air could get into the room through the same openings 
 or cracks. But as, on principle, there should be no opening at the bottom of 
 the building, by employing a ventilator such as has been just described the 
 pure air cannot penetrate at all times but by the force of the wind into' the 
 rooui and the foul air will escape through the opposite shaft or shafts. 
 
 It is seldom that there is not sufficient wind for the working of these 
 ventilators, if they be of the proper size and the intervals of calm are rela- 
 tively brief. A wind with a velocity of i y, foot to 2 feet to the .second, that is 
 to say, barely noticeable, would suffice to ventilate the room, if the dimen- 
 sions indicated be observed. 
 
 At the Quebec Observatory, the mean velocity of the wind during the 
 •summer of 1898 was 13 miles an hour (ii-Jj foot to the second, about.) 
 
 During the same summer in 
 
 May 
 
 There were only 11 hours without wind and not more than 4 hours at a 
 time ; in 
 
 Junk 
 There were only 12 hours without wind, one hour each time; in 
 
 July 
 13 hours without wind, not more than three hours at a time ; in 
 
 August 
 7 hours, not more tlian 4 hours at a time ; in 
 
 October 
 7 hours, not more than 3 hours at a time. 
 
 As will be seen, the register would ratlier have to be kept parth- closed 
 nil the tituc. 
 
 On the other hand, where there is no wind, the convection being less 
 outside the building, the heat would have a les.ser tendency to penetrate into 
 
have a certain 
 
 ? same openings 
 
 t the bottom of 
 
 described, the 
 
 wind into the 
 
 >r shafts. 
 
 rking of these 
 
 cahn are rela- 
 
 second, that is 
 
 I if the dimen- 
 
 nd during the 
 ibout.) 
 
 n 4 hours at a 
 
 me; in 
 
 le ; in 
 
 i 
 
 19 
 
 the walls, so that the relative coolness of the room w 
 dnriiig these brief intervals of dead calm. 
 
 onld be easily maintained 
 
 
 partly closed 
 
 •n being less I ^." '^'^1? weather, the ventilator may be used to air the room uid in thaf 
 
20 
 
 4- APPARATUS FOR COOLING THK AIR— (/vV. y, /o, // and I j) 
 To cool the room, one or other of the following inethorls nia>- be employed r 
 
 The first method is the " dinrt " method. It consists in placin- at one 
 or several points of the room, cylinders of -alvanized iron Xo 22, which are 
 filled with ice or a mixtnre of ice and salt. 
 
 The.se cylinders shonld be withont bottoms and should rest on slats of 2 
 inches X 2 inches and about 2 inches apart nailed to the bottom of a water 
 tisht wooden trough lined with jralvanized iron intended to collect the water 
 from the meltino; ice. This trouj^h .should have a slij^ht slope towards one of 
 Its ends in which is the hole, stopped with a wooden pluv, to clean it out. 
 At ordinary times, the water from the meltino- ice will flow off throu-h a i 
 inch iron pipe bent in the form of a siphon, starting- from one of its "extre- 
 mities, pa.ssino: throufrh the floor and communicating with the drain of the 
 factory. This pipe is bent in the form of a siphon to prevent the foul air from 
 the dram K^ettin- in. Where it passes throu-h the floor, il should for the 
 same reason be well packed around with tow or mineral wool. 
 
 These c>-linders should be clo.sed aboNc with a -ood wooden coxer 
 They will .spread coolness throuK^h tlie room. This first method should onlv 
 be used in the .sections of the province where the temperature is cool duriiur 
 the summer, in certain parts along the Lower St-Lawrence, for instance and 
 in that case more care than ever should be bestowed on the constructicm of 
 the walls. To increase the refrigerating power of the c\linders, it would be 
 preferable to employ the following indirect cooling method. 
 
 This second method consists in placing the cvlinders in a wooden cup- 
 board (fig. 9, 10, II. 12) situated at the bottom of the ventilator shaft The 
 mouths of the cylinders should rise above the upper shelf of the cupboard 
 so that they may be filled with ice without opening the latter They should 
 have no bottom and rest, as in the former case, on slats of c inches apart 
 nailed at the bottom of a water-tight wooden trough lined with -.alvanized 
 iron. 
 
 This trough siiould be placed on the floor in tiie bottom of the cupbo-ird 
 with a slight slope towards one of its ends, as in the direct method and ^.e 
 water from the melted ice will flow off through an iron siphon 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 ■A 
 
21 
 
 ' (Xiid I J) 
 
 :iy be employed r 
 
 1 placiii}^ at one 
 ) 2 2, wliicli are 
 
 est on slats of z 
 toni of a water 
 ollect the water 
 towards one of 
 to clean it out. 
 iff throuirh a i 
 e of its extre- 
 he drain of the 
 le foul air from 
 should for the 
 
 wooden co\er. 
 od should only 
 is cool during- 
 r instance, and 
 onstruction of 
 ■s, it would be 
 
 . wooden cup- 
 »r shaft. The 
 the cupboard 
 They should 
 inches apart 
 th {galvanized 
 
 'the cupboard 
 thod, and the 
 
22 
 
 .The cylinders should be separated from each other bv vertical wooden 
 partU,o„s, whxch will force the air to circulate successively around each of 
 
 (a. Twi ?l'' ^'' '"''""' ^" ^' *''" "PP^^ '^ft ^"'•"^^ °f the cupboard 
 
 cafned ? .r ' 'f^r'r^ '^' ^'^'^ '>'^"^^^^ ^^«'» the second should be 
 earned to the upper shelf of the cupboard in order to force the air to descend 
 abng the first cylinder. It will descend to a sufficient distance from the 
 6ol^m 0//U- trmgh so that the orifice thus formed below, between the level 
 
 tl at ofTh I'f? ;,'•'"?" °' ''^ P^^^^^'"^' '''^'' ^-- -^ ^q-^1 «-tion to 
 
 for i^i-e fi:;:! -^ ''^^^"^^ ^'^-^^ '^ ^ ^-^^^^^ '- -^^" ^-^^ - ^-^- 
 
 down^^ P^^tition separating the second from the third cvlinder should ^o 
 
 from tr ?7- '" ': ''"" ^'^^b«"-"ff t'- trough to allow the warer 
 trom .he melted ice to flow to the end of tlie trough. 
 
 The mouth of the siphon should rise 3 inches above the bottom of the 
 trough so that there may be always 3 inches of water in the latter. In this 
 way the air cannot pass below the second to the third cvlinder. This will 
 f^trther have the advantage of depositing the sawdust and mud from the ice 
 
 rotn T,' ? ''' ' ""^' ^"' thus preventing it from choking the 
 
 siphon. Tins .second partition should not extend to the upper shelf of the 
 cupboard but leave for the pa.ssage of the air an opening of equl sectbn 
 to that of the shaft^ This opening should be 4 inche! for "mail 1 S " hes 
 for large factories. The .same thing should be done with the other cvlinders 
 the passage of the air being alternately above and below. " 
 
 The aperture by which the air escapes from the cupboard should have 
 
 :;rrTrX:i:r -' ''- -'-'' '-' ' '- -- ->< - ^- -- -^^ ^^ 
 
 For the siphon, i inch pipe at least should be used. In the event of its 
 becom.Hg choked with sawdust or mud, the best wav to clear it is to run . 
 rapid current of water through it, in any manner whatsoever. 
 
 Th. '^1' 'f!f""" '''°"^'' ^'''' ' ^'''•"'^^'^^ "^ ' '- ^««t and be 7 feet high 
 They ,s,j,„i 1 be set apart 24 inches from axis to a.xis, .so as to leave a p'ce 
 of 6 niches between them. The inside depth of the cupboard should be a! 
 inches .so that there may be a space of a ■, inches between the cvlind rs ai d 
 
irtical wooden 
 round each of 
 
 23 
 
 the back of the cupboard and a similar space between them and its front. 
 For a curing room of 400 square feet of floor space, three ofji ^foot diameter 
 
 >f the cupboard 
 )nd should be 
 air to descend 
 ince from the 
 veen the level 
 [ual section to 
 and II inches 
 
 :er should go 
 ow the water 
 
 bottom of the 
 tter. In this 
 ■. This will 
 
 from the ice 
 choking the 
 
 shelf of the 
 ?qual section 
 and 8 inches 
 ler cylinders, 
 
 should have 
 all and 14 x 
 
 event of its 
 t is to run a 
 
 ~ feet high, 
 ave a space 
 lould be 23 
 linders and 
 
 o 
 
 •4-* 
 
 2 
 J' 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 by 7 feet high should be used and for a curing room of 1000 square feet 
 about 6 would be needed. For a room of 700 square feet, intermediate size 
 
24 
 
 sTrflceTtf ''^"^'"'", '^r'' '' ""^'^°>"^- '^■'^"'^^ ''^that the total 
 surface of the cyhnders should be about i,i6 of the aggregate of the iuside 
 surfaces of the walls, floor and ceiling. 
 
 Thus, for a room of 24 x 16 and 10 in height, the total surface should 
 be (2 X 24 + 2 X 16) 10 + 2 X 24 X 16 =. is68 The ^ th of tc^r i. 
 98 square feet If the cylinders have'a diameter ^f : ,, Jool Tn^ ate f e 
 Igh, each of then, will have an exterior surface of ,, square feet. Three 
 such cylinders would give together 99 square feet, the surface needed If 
 cyhnders o smaller diameter are used, it will neccssarilv take a c^reater 
 nmnber of them calculated as above. *' 
 
 . P;^f^ of ^vood cut as indicated in figure 12 should be nailed inside 
 and th '^^7'^^^^'°"^ ^"^; ^'■o""^ the cylinders so as to leave between them 
 aud the cyhnders a circular void of 2 inches. These pieces should be pu^ 
 on from top to bottom of the cupboard at distances of about xo h cL apa t 
 and are intended to make the air whirl against the cylinders and to L ease 
 the convection and con.sequently the efficiency of the refrigerating surfaces! 
 
 The cupboard should be closed in front with a single c-- double door 
 hung on hinges or removable, but in all cases shutting very hermetically 
 As, under the influence of the humidity, large panels wo^Ud have aletdencv 
 o warp It would be preferable to employ small removable panels one ' 
 ea h cylinder and attached on the front of the cupboard one alongside the 
 other as indicated in figures 10 and 11. 'ongsme tne 
 
 When the number of cylinders is 6, three may be placed to the right of 
 the ventilating shaft and three to its left. But, in that case, the inner set on 
 of the openings for the circulation of the air mu.st be reduced ridfi 
 
 ^:^"in:a:xr '''' "^" "^^ °"^ "^^ "^ "- ^'-^^— - 
 
 CylitKlers of a diameter of j .4 fool will contain a lame quantitv of ir. 
 and ,l,ey should be kept filled .0 the top i„ order t„ their^'^fTint „es ,r 
 fac „,ay have ,.. f„„ effect. If it be not desired to handle so largfa ' *."" 
 hollow wooden boxes of 6;; feet high with asection of 8 inches x Skch s' 
 c o ed a both ends „,ay be n,,ed, for exan.ple, to rednce their contents On ' 
 of these boxes n,ay be placed vertically at the axis of each cylincte 
 
that the total 
 of the inside 
 
 irface should 
 th of 1568 is 
 id are 7 feet 
 feet. Three 
 needed. If 
 ake a greater 
 
 lailed inside 
 :tween theui 
 on Id be pu*^ 
 inches apart 
 i to increase 
 ng surfaces. 
 
 double door 
 ermetically. 
 '. a tendency 
 lels, one tr> 
 ongside the 
 
 the right of 
 iner section 
 by half, in 
 Id never be 
 
 iitity of ice 
 crating sur- 
 a quantity, 
 ; 8 inches, 
 tents. One 
 :r. 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 be 
 
 'i 
 
 4) 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 I ^ 
 
 I 
 
26 
 
 5- OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OK THIS APPARATlS 
 
 such ai S.lM-n't V'k'^ "!"" ''" '^''"'"■'^ ^" '"^ ^"^^-"^ - - -^P^--l 
 dia 0^ The ''." ^ ^ '''?'' '"" ""'>■ ^'■^"""'^ ^°^'^ ^« tl'- ^°«'" bv- ra- 
 
 borhonH ^^ff^f "^^^« of temperature which they cause in their uei^^h- 
 
 borhood, us very weak in that case and consequenth- the changes of teni J^rn 
 
 cuJate around them as m the indirect process above described tlie convection 
 
 ducint"inTiff '"!'''" 1'" '" ''' ^^"" ""''' ""'>• '- ---^d bv intro- 
 ducing into t a certain vohime of the outer air and bv drivino- out -in 
 
 equivalent vohime. Under these conditions, the outer air wh c is^ Jr ne 
 wall b air inside brings with it heat which Joins that passingthL g h 
 walls by conductivity. And the more the outer air is introduced per horn 
 the more is the room warmed. It will be seen therefore that when the ek 
 no renewal of the air around the cylinders, the convection is v ak nit he 
 
 tTv w oiTI^ ''rr:- ^^'^^ ^^^^^^ '''-^^'^ ^'^ -"^ ^^' - u - 
 
 oom i' ' ' 'l . !l r T^' '^' °"''^ ''' ''' introduced, the wanning of the 
 room IS accelerated, but the convection around the cylinders is at the same 
 
 Iffl fT •■ ^" '""'"'"' '""'^^^ '"^^^ ^"i^^'^Iv than the fa^•orable 
 
 effect of the convection on the cylinders when the quantit^- introduced per ouJ 
 attains a certain limit and when that limit is exceeded, the rolf n " 
 warm instead of cool, no matter what may be done. 
 
 With apparatus of the form and dimensions above indicated, it is with 
 a wind of I foot to the second (a wind that can scarcelv be fet tint the 
 room stands the best chance of keeping cool during ho. weathei outside. 
 
 These apparatus are calculated for an outer temperature of qo° and an 
 inside temperature of 6o°. -^ ^" 
 
 When the heat is great outside, and the wind can be felt, the register o^' 
 the shafts must be partly closed to maintain the renewal of he ai ^t i n 
 proper bounds. ^\lttlln 
 
 longer te filled to the top, so as to reduce the retrigerathig surface or the 
 
I'S 
 
 in a cupboard 
 room by ra- 
 iir sides l)eino^ 
 their ueigli- 
 is of tempera- 
 forced to cir- 
 le convection 
 iders is nmcli 
 
 ired by intro- 
 ivino- out an 
 h is warmer 
 through the 
 :ed per hour, 
 i-hen there is 
 ak ; but the 
 i b\' conduc- 
 rmino- of the 
 at the same 
 ; quantity of 
 lie fa\-orable 
 ced per hour 
 room o-rows 
 
 , It is with 
 It) that the 
 outside. 
 
 90° and an 
 
 ; register of 
 air within 
 
 should no 
 face or the 
 
 |/«"<^I 
 
 I'ig. 12 
 
 Showing the arrangement of the cylinders in the cupboard. 
 
28 
 
 register oi the ventilator should be ccnpletelv closed. When it is desired to 
 
 opened and the re^nsters of the shafts should be completely closed Thi! 
 no be advantageously done except when the ontsidJ ten^pe ^ ^''is I r y 
 I'ttle ln,.her tl.an the .nside temperature, at ni«ht, for instance. ' 
 
 tl J da^•'^^i^nni^'^^'" "'f^^'""P"^^"" '^ ""^ ^-™ ^1»"»R 
 and to si , ; ^ "•' '"""^^ '''' "'«-^'^' '' ^^•'" ■^'•ffi^- to ventilate at niglu 
 and tosnitallthere^nsters and all the openin-s well duriuL^ the dav in 
 
 J""^^ 60.9° 
 
 ■^"•^ 67.5 
 
 •^"«:»'^t 6^6 
 
 vSeptember ^g j 
 
 ( )ctol)er . ^ , 
 
 44-5 
 
 n..rin,. ,.reat heats, the ten.perature always falls about uf at ni.d.t. 
 All these temperatures were taken in the shade. 
 
is desired to 
 rd should be 
 losed. This 
 ature is verj- 
 
 ■anil during 
 late at night 
 the day in 
 le apparatus 
 ar. 
 
 vill soon get 
 nd constant 
 
 the Quebec 
 )eaking. 
 
 he summer 
 Illy two or 
 he summer 
 
 iiiglit. 
 
 and 60° 
 e sun the 
 eckoning 
 ide for a 
 is to say, 
 
 29 
 
 for more than double. And the sunny days are numerous. In 189S, during 
 the summer at (Juebec, there were in 
 
 ^''ly I - days with sun. 
 
 June. 16 
 
 July 13 
 
 .\ugust 16 
 
 September 17 *» 
 
 It must also be reckoned that the wind greatly increases the coiueclion 
 on the faces of the l)nilding. 
 
 Consequently, the transmi.^sion of heat through the walls will he iiuich 
 greater than if the building were entirely sheltered from the sun and wind. 
 
 Lastly, the manufacturer cannot be expected continually keep the c\ 1- 
 inders filled with ice to the top. 
 
 Further, the surface of the cylinders will not always become entirely 
 coated with ice and they give out cold much less easily when their surface 
 is bright than when they have an icy coating. 
 
 To remed\' the.se drawbacks, it is recommended : 
 
 1. To place as far as possible the curing room to the north of the working 
 room ; 
 
 2. To give as nntch as possible an east-west exposure to the longer sides 
 of the curing room, as already explained ; 
 
 3. To plant trees around the factor) to throw shade upon the walls and 
 to break the force of the wind ; 
 
 4. To give the preference t<» cylinders of large diameter, i '.. foot, as 
 above explained. 
 
 If there be no trees around the factory, l)ranches of balsam fir may be 
 laid against its sides exposed to the sun and wind. 
 
 Ill fine, if it be seen th.at the cylinders are not coated with frost, the v 
 may be painted black outside. 
 
For a .small factory, with an outside teinperature of 00° n, • ■ , 
 
 ^^^^^^^ 92 teet per liour, >t will require about 85 lbs of ice per 
 
 If the ventilation be increased the hull- r^f ; 1. j 
 
 '-n he always used to econo„,Le ice. ^ '"'^ ^''^'"''^ "^ '''■ '^^'^ 
 
 6. APPARATUS TO WARM THE ROOM 
 
 When the temperature outside is cold, in the fill ,> vvJli » 
 warm the curiuL^ room ' '* '"" ^''' "^-^'essarj' 
 
 to 
 
 •He floor ,0 „„ve,« .„e direct ^U^it ,,o l^T" ':.';;/' "*' "'LT 
 HT.e„ „„«. ri.,e ,•,. lenst a f<x.. Wsher .h„„ 'he .stove. "^ ""' """ 
 
 .™.s„e., .,.„, „,ove t„efl„.. aW„t 6 i..o,: ^ tri^f :" 
 
le walls will 
 
 , an inside 
 >f 833 cnbic 
 the second 
 be nsed per 
 aces of the 
 t case, care 
 e air in the 
 
 ature, with 
 air [to the 
 of ice per 
 
 iir will at 
 creased. If 
 " hour will 
 sed, if the 
 ?. It will 
 inner will 
 
 the room, 
 ice. Salt 
 
 necessary 
 
 <t be sur- 
 les above 
 le. The 
 
 from the 
 Ivanized 
 casoii as 
 
 31 
 
 The ventilator and the aerating'- shafts should be used at the same time 
 to ventilate the room. 
 
 7 now TO KHf;ui.ATH THK HUMIDITY OK THK AIR I\ THE CURIX(i ROOM 
 
 When the outside air is damp, in rainy weather for instance, ventilation 
 will suffice to maintain the required degree of humidity. For dry weather, 
 there should always be a steam-pipe, the end of which should be flush with 
 the inside surface of the wall and have a small valve. In dry weather this 
 valve sho\ild be slightly opened so as to diffuse the necessary humidity. This 
 valve .should not be placed directly on the radiator because it would be neces- 
 sary to heat the radiator at the same time. It might however be put on the 
 •steam-pipe of the radiator but in front of the valve on the latter and in that 
 case, the steam-pipe above m ntioned would not be neces.sary. 
 
 According to the observations made at the Quebec Observatory, the hu, 
 midity of the atmosphere is always greater in the morning than at might 
 and less toward the middle of the day. 
 
 The degree of hinnidity has nothing to do with the temperature but the 
 direction of the wind has a great deal of influence. At Quebec the north- 
 east wind increases and the west wind diminishes it. 
 
 During the summer of 1898. the mc.in was as follows : 
 
 MONTH MORNINCi 3 ]). m. KVKNINC. MKAN 
 
 ^lay 7i 60 67 67 
 
 J""e ■ 82 68 75 75 
 
 J"1V 83 67 78 76 
 
 August 88 71 79 79 
 
 .September 82 63 72 72 
 
 ^>ctober 83 67 75 75 
 
 Mean for the summer 76 ''^. This is a good average for ripening cheese. 
 
 The.se figures also show that if humidity be not desired, ventilation 
 must be avoided as much as possible in the morning, in the evening and 
 dtiring the night and also during damp winds. 
 
 It nm.st also be l)orne in mind that the ice cylinders dry the air when 
 covered with ice. 
 
32 
 8. ICE IIOUSK. 
 
 xo feet' '"'"' ■''""' '' P""'^' '''''' ''' ^^^"-"'-1 i- house xox lo 
 
 Xiox 
 
 ni.— Conditions 
 
 RESPr-;CTlXG 
 
 ruv. CONSTRUCTION OF THK FACTORY (IKXHRAIJA'. 
 
 earn. .,!:"i,:.tt'r:;' "■''" "'■"■ « •"■ '•• ""="^» »"-""" •- "•■« '- 
 
 be„rwt'''ffr'''''''7'''^''"'''"'^ facto, V sand the drainage water. 
 
 »..>...M:"i::, ■;:it°:u,:u;,;" "■" ^-^^ "- "■'"--" "-^ '--> 
 
 It 
 
 ".at it , „: ^rrircri'd":::;: z:™'-'- -•" " ■*"""' ^ » -™«^- 
 
 firs, ^''uii;'":,;^:::"" "^ ™'"''=""' «°«' '- -^ • -' "■^- ■— ".-.r,. ,. 
 
 (lav 
 
5e rox lox 
 
 RAI.lv. 
 
 Avater may 
 the factory 
 1 be chio to 
 
 ige waters 
 to prexent 
 be cleaned 
 icate with 
 
 of at least 
 II. 
 
 )f at least 
 n and the 
 ion of the 
 hat unite 
 
 es. 
 
 nor\. It 
 
 wlu'y to 
 arran;4t'd 
 
 iCtnre of 
 
 33 
 IV.-CONDITIONS 
 
 KICSI'KCTIXC; THK .MAMFACTIRK AM) OTHER POINTS 
 
 To obtain a subsidy it is necessarv : 
 
 1. That the factory should, if possible, belonj^r to a sxndicate if there be 
 one in the region wherein it is situated. If there be none, the person in 
 char-e „f the factory shall submit to its beincr inspected whenever the Gov- 
 ernment recpiires ; 
 
 2. It shall bind itsetf not to ship any cheese which has been less than a 
 fortni^rlit 111 the cnrinjT-room ; 
 
 3- The manufacturer shall bind himself to wash out the whey-vat everv 
 day ; 
 
 4- He shall keep a record of the temperature on blank forms to be sup- 
 plied him by the Department of Aj,niculture ; 
 
 5. The water used shall be as pure as possible. 
 
 v.-mi:thod of obtaining the subsidy 
 
 In order to obtain the -rant, application must be made in writintr to the 
 Department of .\<^riculture, Ouebec. 
 
 The Department of AKniculture will supply the nece.ssarv forms and 
 such tonus shall be signed by the proprietor, the manufacturer and two of 
 the i)ruicipal patrons of the factorx-, nsTo//,trssrs and returned to the Deoart- 
 inent. ' 
 
 Hy their si^jnature so jrivcn, the jiropiietor and the manufacturer shall 
 bind themselves, each in so far as he is concerned, with the view of obtain- 
 in«: the premium, to fulfil all the conditions indicatedin the blank forms The 
 conditions are tlio.se set forth in the present bulletin. 
 
 VVhen the improvements are completed, an in.spector shall be .sent to re- 
 port there<m to the Government. The in,spect<,r .shall forward a .sketch of 
 the factoiN with his report. A special form will be supplied him for this 
 ivporl. The blank form shall be si^nied b>- him and bv the contractor who 
 lias done the work and also by two of the principal patrons. 
 
 8 
 
34 
 
 H\- siicli sijrnature the inspector .shall certify tint -,.. (nr n i 
 
 certif" ha I™ ;,;,«•■ """■;'""»" "^•, "^ »""-'« and ,l,e patrons .shail 
 P ot report, tl,e (.ovemmcm «,II pay the first part of the subsid,-, 
 
 date of the ,„specfo„, the subsidy shall be kept back until thev are. 
 
 to infpLtlirLtn'rii'lT'T'"' '"'""'''"'•''=• '''^""^-•"-PP'''"" 
 
 third and fV„r t ,o ' Mfi wT' ""' 1' "" '"^ '"'"'"""' °^ "'^ 
 be sranted. lulhlled, the second part of the subsidy shall 
 
 APPROXIMATE COST OF THE IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 st-.telf thetcl^thtj'rTT'"' ""' ™'>- ™'"^='*'> --'"■ ^ '° «- 
 
 the worknjr ti;::i^:r ~;.:': r :2::^r "" "' 
 
 »a3oi'T'"'' "'"°" "'""" ""'" ^"" '■"^■^ ?«> ^1"»- f-t of floor space 
 *a8o:'a"'°"' """^ "'"'"■' ™"' ""' "»- -°>l"-e feet of floor space 
 
 The cost of the ice cylinders ,vill be about ::s follows : 
 A cylinder 7 fee. hi«l,, .a inches dianuaer, galvanised iron No. .., ,4.50. 
 
 " " 2.50. 
 
 A rotary cap for ventilatorniade of tralvani/ed iron M« .. 
 ." .liameter at the b.a.se. eon.plete, will co's. Ib^u^.T '' '* """" 
 
 A rotar>- cap for ventilator, of jralvaiii/cd irn.i M» . • , • 
 
 cJiameter at the base, will cost about #5.50 •''' '' "'^'" '" 
 
e can ascer- 
 eqiiired b)- 
 atrons shall 
 dance with 
 y. On re- 
 subsidy. 
 
 3t be fulfi!- 
 :il they are. 
 
 appointed 
 ions of the 
 3sidy shall 
 
 ing to the 
 le skill of 
 
 35 
 
 VII. - CONTRIBUTION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
 PROVINCE OF QT7EBEC. 
 
 The subsidy which the Honorable Commissioner of A^^riculture has de- 
 cided to grant will amount to the following : 
 
 For a curing room with a floor space of from 400 to 700 square feet— 
 J^ioo.oo. 
 
 This subsidy of v^fioo.oo will be granted merely to factories already in 
 existence. No subsidy will be granted to new factories built subsequentK- 
 to the publication of this bulletin, whose curing-rooms have a floor space 
 of less than 700 square feet. 
 
 For a curing-room of from 700 to 1000 square feet, it will be $150.00. 
 For a curing room of 1000 square feet and over, it will be $200.00. 
 
 are lined 
 indicated 
 
 3or space 
 )or space 
 >or space 
 
 , $4-50. 
 2.50. 
 
 [ inches 
 clics in 
 
 VIII.— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 ON THE NECE.SSITV OF THE IMPROVEMENT OK THE Cl'RINC. ROOM.S, THE 
 ADVANTAGES AND DIFFICULTIE.S PRE.SENTED BV .SUCH IMPROVE- 
 MENT AND THE EXPENSI:S IT ENTAII.S 
 
 The expenses entailed by these improvements ina>', at first sight, seem 
 exaggerated and but little in proportion to the benefits that one may liope to 
 derive from them. But the experience of those who have made the exper- 
 iment proves the contrary. 
 
 Here is a summary of the results hitherto obtained in the United States, 
 where experiments on an extensive scale have been made in that direction. 
 
 T/ie New York nrodttcc Review atui .hmriraii Creanierv savs : 
 
 " We may sum up the results by saying that cheese cured at a tem- 
 perature of about 69° .shrank over i^ more in weight as compared with 
 those cured at 60" and the experts who examined them pronounced the 
 cheese cured at 60" worth from f^ to 1 cent a pound more money. Thccliicf 
 diflFerences were in the flavor and textr.'-f ( f the cheese. 
 
36 
 
 cured l\l ^T' ""''" """'' '""'" ^'^"'''■''"' "'"^ '^'' ^<^-^'t"^^ '"«^^^ •'^ilkv in those 
 cured at tlie lower temperature. ' 
 
 assu,n7diat f^.^'^^'f •'P''''"'''''" "^^ ^^'^"^ ^'^•^"'^■^ ^^ f^^^-->- --^^'-^ ">a^■ 
 tenipeiature. This would mean a j^ain of $500.00 on the 100 tons. 
 
 "A saving of r/o in the shrinkage would be a savinjj of one ton of 
 cheese which, valued at 8 cents per pound, would be $100.00 " 
 
 «.., I!'^ ?^^ ^''""^ ^^'^'^ statements are based on experience -n^-es then, 
 
 f fi "u •' "r ' '^ ^''^' ^^'^^ '^ ^^^^ ''''^'^^ --l^^t could w th . re ^ ; 
 
 r Ltt: 1 "" ''''1 ""' '"°' ' ''"'''' ^'^'^''y -' ^'-^^^ -V other We 
 
 iCv~;^:u^:^rZn^^; -^--ewre^uirementand the 
 
 in me greatest heat, a temperature n the vicinitv of f>n° in n • 
 
 
 
2,7 
 
 kv in those 
 
 rk,\ve ma}- 
 rl increase 
 control of 
 tons. 
 
 )ne ton of 
 
 ves them 
 ncreasin^ 
 )ther. We 
 it and the 
 
 Tature of 
 lan tliose 
 
 ning an 
 resorted 
 lelieving- 
 lin, even 
 ij,'' room, 
 :iiffcrent 
 
 •cry di- 
 ly visli 
 iiijiness 
 he ben- 
 1 an ex- 
 n(h"ture 
 
 The most important point in the improves- nt of the curinj,^ rooms is 
 the impermeability of the walls to heat and air. To this point every attention 
 mnst be devoted becaiise when once the cost of good walls is incnrred. the 
 
 »» 
 ^ 
 t 
 
 Ta/yt ^g- /fA T u ^ e- 
 
 WJ 
 
 M 
 CO 
 
 result will 1)e felt for man\' years and the (juantily of ice to be use 1 each 
 year for completing the effect prodnccd by the walls, will be slight. <)n the 
 contrary, with bad walls, it will be neces.sary every .sea.son to emplo\ a consid- 
 
Let lis take for instance a curing room of 26 y 27 v 10 fe,t .1 
 of winch are bnilt in the nsnal wav. Ul „s admiMhal 1 1 ' ' 
 
 *e^.usKie tenrperatnre of this roo™ is ^' I'^dlhe'o sM ' l^ZrZ' 
 
 ■nirtr'thL^rr ;rrth:r ™'"t"''' ^''-'--'' *' ^^'' - --^^ 
 
 by the cnrved line ."rfign'Ta " " '" "' '°° " *"' '' ■*^" 
 
 .e.np"atre";;:i;j:iS,^ '3":;";:f '.■■!' -- -- «.° and the ontside 
 aw the same ti.ne .0 rcacfth^ vSnU;!":, '^^.^ZCZ I^^,:^' 
 
 or J;rc;;-rc:d\^^^ =i- i: - -r ^^ *■ 
 
 abont 6 tl,s per honr wonld be needed. ^ " "" ■*™"''' 
 
 takelta.Itol^'rr'.rilT"'"'?^^"'''"'"'^"' '" -'■ i' "onld 
 8o» (cnrved 1 °e m fi^ !. % 7"" 7' "'" *>" '° "'^ "'igborhood of 
 
 i. <rL a.. to'ro."i'f ?£ r;^::;;::rr::::r:: ;x "•■" '° -- 
 -eede'to::;: :tar:,:e^':;:;rix^r3r;s'f ^-"r ™'" "^ 
 
 ill the second cise ri,i. -n ■ c ? ^^ ^ ^'^ mamtain it at 65° 
 
 
 I 
 
IS will also 
 ostly, to at- 
 
 39 
 
 Hilt tlie outside teniperatnre ueneralK- rises from the inorniiif.- until 
 about 2 P. M. ; then it remains stationary for some time and falls aj^ain. 
 Thus it will be seen that if it remains at 80° for about two or three hours 
 
 uxiliarv to 
 
 lave hither- 
 ned, owing 
 
 , the walls 
 n moment 
 ature 80°, 
 ■ not take 
 I be seen 
 
 le outside 
 onld take 
 
 •• 13). 
 
 ise, 25 it)s 
 e second, 
 
 it would 
 )rliood of 
 - to raise 
 
 I'ould be 
 it at 65° 
 uired to 
 bility of 
 side and 
 
 7"i" />7 ^<r ^x» r i//? £. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 after dinner, a curing-room with bad walls would have time to reach that 
 
40 
 
 temperature wl.ilc one with j^uckI walls would ,u,t have ti.uc, since in th. 
 latter case it would require 5 or 6 hours to reach it. 
 
 er thf'^ -f f 7'"n '''' '■'"''^""' "^ '^"^ '"^'^'^ temperature, if much slight- 
 er han with bad walls, are ne^■ertheless still more considerable than is Gen- 
 erally nnagined and to do away with them completely, it is necessar^ to 
 have walls built in a rational manner and with the greatest care. 
 
 As a rule, it may be .said that with bad walls, the inside will follow the 
 outside temperature prett>- closely, especially when the latter is high, while 
 with good walls, the variations are much slighter. And in the latter case i^ 
 he outside temperature remains in the vicinity of 70° during the dav and 
 falls below 60° during the night, it will be possible, bv ventilating at ligr 
 to dispense .vith ice during the day. With goofl walls it will be necessarJ to' 
 use ice only during hot weather and when two or more da^•s elapse without 
 the outside temperature going below 60° at night. ' 
 
 All that has just been said presumes that the hot air outside cannot pen- 
 etrate into the inside of the room by any fissure and the ventilation '^an 
 be throughly regulated at will. If such be not the case, the variations of he 
 outer eniperature will be much greater still and a much larger quantitv of 
 ice will have to be used. ^ • 
 
 Refrigerating apparatus may be divided into two categories • i Those 
 
 tTa^tfott' ';[ '-''^'■^f '/^-^^' - -r'-- working chiefly by .......J 
 
 that IS to say by the mruM^o, of the aU- to be cooled over the re/n.eratin. 
 surfaces. ■' '.s""""^ 
 
 The former require a great development of cold surface if ice be used 
 I a refrigerating mixture be u.sed, their surface ma>- be cousiderablv rei 
 duced. Some might be made in which a mixture of salt and ice could be u.sed 
 But apparatus ot this kind have not yet been sufficiently .studied with res-" 
 costh ''^"^^^'■^^'"" "f ^"""S '■-"^■^ i« which case they must not be 
 
 The latter require a smaller cold surface but call for a rather rapid cir- 
 dilation of air over that suface. 
 
 The air of the room itself might be made to circulate over it witl 
 
 lont 
 
iicc ill the- 
 
 uch sliglit- 
 an is <fen- 
 ?ces.sar\- to 
 
 follow the 
 gh, while, 
 ;er case, if 
 e day and 
 : at night, 
 cessary to 
 e without 
 
 niiot pen- 
 itiou can 
 )ns of the 
 lantitv of 
 
 Those 
 onvection 
 gerating 
 
 be used, 
 ably re- 
 be used, 
 r'ith res- 
 not be 
 
 pid cir- 
 
 withoiit 
 
 41 
 
 taking any fron, outside. This would effect a great saving in ice. Hut 
 such a circulation would require mechanical appliances which, as a rule are 
 too costly for ca.ses such as those now before us and the air of u curing room 
 must be renewed from time to time. 
 
 It has been found more economical to cause air from outside to circulate. 
 riiLs has the advantage of renewing the air inside the room but tlie disadx-an- 
 tage of bringing much heat with it, which increases the consumption of ice 
 But as, ni this case, the circulating apparatus- which generallv consists 
 of a capon the top of a shaft as described in this bulletin _ is ine.xpen- 
 sive and requires out little supervision, this method is likely to be preferred 
 to the others. It may be said, in general, that for curing-rooms and as matters 
 stand at present, the apparatus of the first categor^• are preferable in districts 
 where the outside temperature remains comparatix-eh- low during the summer 
 In districts where it is subject to great variations and rises ^•er^■ high, those 
 of the second categor\- should be preferred. 
 
 .1 r?^-^''." i""""' '^*'^°''-' '^^^' ''■'"'^'^ ''^^^•"•^ ^" ^'^ "•^•■'^t used at present in 
 he United States is the s>stem of subearth ducts, tried for the first time in 
 Wisconsin 3 or 4 years ago. The Honorable Commissioner of the Province 
 of Quebec sent some one to examine it a year and a half ago and on the first 
 December 1897, caused a bulletin to l)e published on the subject. 
 
 In that bulletin, the theory ui tlie appartus was fullv explained and 
 every practical information connected with it was given. 
 
 This sxstem has the advantage of not requiring ice and gives fairlvgood 
 results but it is costh- and cannot be adopted everywhere ; for instance 
 where the sub-soil is rockN- at a depth of 2 or 3 feet from the surface. 
 
 The system recommended by this luilletin is quite new. It will cost less 
 and will be surer. It will further have the immense advantage of l)eing able 
 to be used either as an apparatus of the first categorx- when the utside tem- 
 perature remains in the neighborhood of from 65^ to 70°, or as an apparatus 
 of the second category when the outside temperature rises to 80° and even to 
 90°. In this bulletin it is calculated for an outside temperature of 90^ With 
 It a mixture of salt and ice (i part, in weight, of salt to 2 parts in weight, of 
 rcushed ice) will give very good results. 
 
42 
 
 Thr waintcnamv of tlw tnupnalurr of a curi,,^ room at 60- at al, 
 tnncs cvcnwUh a Ju,^r/, outside temperature is therefore a prol,lem an eawo- 
 mtcal solutnw ..hereof is more ciiffieult to find than is imagined at frst svW./ 
 andn-hnh neeessari/y calls for rather costly improvements :ehich are lunenrr 
 compensatcd /or by the benefits to be derived. 
 
 For al! additional information, apply to the Department of A.rric„Unre 
 i2uel)ec. ' 
 
 Qnehcc, 12th March, 1S98. 
 
 (iAHRIl^L HKXRY, H. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C. K. 
 
C. E.