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Tous les autre«i exemplaires orlginaux sont fllmto en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles sulvants apparaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est f limA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes sulvants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 A TFIANSLATION OF TUK PRINCIPAL HiniTEINSCRIFriONS b a, YET PUBLISHED. :i J By JOHN CAMPBELL, M.A., PB0FBS80U IN THE PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE, MONTREAL. L— INTRODUCTION. - Tho Hittite inscriptions were first brought under the notice of scholars in 1871, when Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake obtained photo- graphs and squeezes of those of Hamath. Last year Mr. W. Harry Rylands, Secretary of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, collected all the inscriptions available of the samv> ^ype and published them in the transactions of that Society. Mr. Rylands' collection constitutes our Corpus Inscriptionum ChctthsBarum. They are all more or less muti- lated, with the exception of the bilingual inscription of Tarriktimme. In addition to this last, those which present sufficient material for deci- phermentarefivefromHamath,entitledHI.,HII., H III., H IV.,H V., and two from Jerabis, the ancient Carchemish, entitled J I. and J III. Besides Mr. Rylands, the workers in the field of Hittite interpreta- tion in England are Dr. Hyde Clarke, the Rev. Professor Sayco, M. A., and the Rev. Dunbar J. Heath. More than a year ago, and some time before the appearance of Mr. Rylands' Corpus Inscriptionum, I made known my decipherment of some of the inscriptions from Hamath. No other translation of these ancient records has boei) given to the world. A. I 'if t Is- Tliiviiiy ill prcpcarfitioii for the press a volume on the History of the llittites, their inif^rations, antiiiuitios, and lai ^iiugc, it was my in- tention to reserve the pul)Iieation of the translations for that work, in wliieh the full statement of the inductive argument for my process would redeem it from the charge of antecedent improl)ability which has been urged .against it in a most unscientitic spirit by certain writers. The kindly solicitations of those whose opinion has idl tho weight of learning and tho love of truth upon its side, have induced me to change my mind so far as to make a bare translation of tho deciphered inscriptions take tho place of an avant-cuurier to tho forthcoming book. The Ilittite inscriptions arc hieroglyphic in character, like those of Egyi)t, but very different in form. Tho only other purely hiero- glyphic systems known are those of this continent, tho ancient Mexican or Aztec, and that of tho Maya-Quiches of Yucatan and Guatemala. Tho latter presents few if any points of rosoniblanco to tho Hittito, while the surface analogies of tho Aztec with that of tho scriljos of Ilamath and Carchemish are at once apparent. The Aztec system of writing, moreover, may bo traced, through that of tho Mound-builders of the northern part of the American continent, to the alphabet of Corea ; * thence to the Siberian inscriptions about tho sources of tho Yenisei, and southward to India, where, in Buddhist cave-temples, and on detached rocks, Hittito symbols are found. The phonetic values of the Aztec hieroglyphics are known. They are both ideographic and syllabic, like the Egyptian, but the syllabic seems to have been originally the prevailing form, inasmuch as even at tho time of tho conquest, almost every symbol was susceptible of a syllabic phonetic value. Convinced of the Hittito origin of tho Aztecs, an origin to which their own traditions testify, I gave to the r'aractera of Hamath resembling those of Mexico the Aztec phonetic values. Thus, a figure of a house was taken to represent ca, from the Aztec colli ; of an arm, 7it', from neitl ; of an eagle, qua, from qamihtli ; of a fish, mi, from michin ; of the teeth, ti, from titlan ; of a shield-like oval, ma, from inailadli ; of a diamond, ish, from ixtli ; of a leg, nu;, from vieztli ; of a shoe, ca, iromcactli; and so on, to any extent. The justice of the process was verified by comparisons with tho Corean and Cypriote alphabets, and even, although this of course could give no phonetic value but simply the original meaning of tho more obscure symbols. * I have just learned that undeciphered inscriptions, closely resembling those pf the Amerivw Mouud-builders, have beeo fouud iu Japan, w 3 with tlio old Hebrew or Plicenician. It was Dm old Hebrew, for in- stance, wliich exitlaiued the Hittite diamond as tlie syjul)ol for the eye, by giving tliat form to the letter ai/iti, whieh means " an eye." The same alphabet reconciled the identical Hittite and Aztec forms representing teeth, and having the phonetic valne ti, with the diver- gent Cypriote ; for the Cypriote fa is in form like the Heln-ew ahin, which originally denoted teeth. Some of the more ciu'sive Mound- builder forms helped the identification of the Aztec with the Hittite. All possible pains were thus taken to guard against hasty conclusions, and arrive at safe and definite results. In reading the inscriptions, apart from the mutilations of the text, there was little dilHculty. iJr. Hyde Clarke first pointed out that they were written in boustrophedon order, and Dr. Hayes Ward con- lirmed this view. This boustrophedon order extends Ijeyond the lines to their contents, for each line presents its characters not in succes- sion but in groups, with superposition. The reading is toward the backs, and not toward the faces of the hinnan and animal figures, as has been somewhere said. The commencement of a complete inscrip- tion is at the left hand. The only apparent exceptions to this are Hamath III., and Jerabis I. A more serious question arose, however : " how to translate that which has been deciphered ; how to render the transliterated into English or any other known language ? " In my first attempt, influenced largely by my success with the Davenport Mound-builder inscription, I interpreted by means of the Aztec and cognate American languages. The process was perfectly admissible, for these languages are the daughters or grand-daughters of the Hit- tite, and still must be used to explain certain Hittite forms, such as that of the verb substantive. The Basque and Caucasian tongues (Georgian, Lesghian, and Circassian), the Yeniseian, and Yukahirian might ecjually have been employed, were our dictionaries of them sufficiently copious and exact, for they are all Canaanitic and thus Hittite languages. I have found, however, that the nearest form of speech to the Hittite of the inscriptions, known to me, is the Japanese, and this I have almost uniformly made use of as the basis of Hittite translation. A historical knowledge of that 1 >nguage, for actjuiring which I have had no facilities, would 2>robably have enabled me to dispense with any reference to other vocabularies of the Hittite diaspora. It would be premature to pronounce upon Hittite grammar from the few samples of the language in our possession. Its syntax is n 1:1 i I 1 H tlionnighly Turaniiin, sis might l)e expoctecl. It dilFers from the JiilHUicsc in the post position of tho personal pronoun to tho verb, and, lit the same time, from most of its American descendants, which pro- serve the Japanese order. It exhibits in some of its groups, sucli as the long one in .lerabis III., line 4 (counting the mutilated top lino as one), agglutination of the most extravagant kind, but no polysynthesis, for every element is found intact. Tho language possessed a verb substantive A'a, which tho Japanese has lost, but which many sister dialects have retained. The only Semitic word in the small vocabulary which the inscriptions furnish is Baal, unless we add Ijethel, of which as a religious centre Pekah is made the lord. Assyria is called Sakano or Sagane, a. id IJubylonia is termed Tinesi. The chief obstacle to exactness, l)oth in representing the old Hittite speech and in trans- lating it, is the variant or uncertain power of the vowel sounds which accompany the consonants in the syllabary. Tho same symbols are apparently employed for ha and ko, ma and mu. Thus a fish, tho Aztec viicJim, the Paduca mwjhat, and the Lesghiau migul, 7nuchol, appears as mu, the I'aduca and Lesghian value, in Kumuka, tho Kummukh of the Assyrian in.scriptions ; but in another part of tho same inscription (Jerabis iii.) it is joined with tho basket-handle, denoting ti, before a proper name, constituting with it tho word matiy king. A more extended study of Hittite monuments may remove this inconvenience and make the work of the translator and lexico- grapher more simple and satisfactory. A word may be said, before passing to the inscriptions, of the rela. tion ' f the Japanese to the Ilittites of Syria. Japanese history begins with Zinmouten, who is supposed to have reigned from the middle of the seventh century before Christ. There is no external evidence for such an antitjuity of empire in the Japanese islands, but tho reverse. A migrating people, possessing letters, carries its history from place to place, and identihes ancient facts and personages with modern sites. This the Chinese have done as well as the Japanese. The Ilittito empire in Syria was overthrown by tho Assyrian Sargon, B.C. 717. In the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 326, it had been revived in India, where tho Catha^i with many other tribes perpetuated their ancient civilization. At some hitherto unknown point between tho visit of Alexander and the revival of Brahmanism in the early Christian centuries, a noAv migration, tlie result of Aryan pressure, took place in a northward direction. To tho north of tho Altai mountains, at the head wators of the Yuuisoi, tUo Ilittites erected their cities, built their n mounds, anil left inscriptions upon the rocks. Maltc Bnin avers that the moi.ncls wcro called by the Tartars Li Katai, the tonihs of the Cathayans, The inscriptions are now being brought together by Mr. Vladimir Youferolf, of St. I'etersburg, in generous response to my request in connection with I littitc studies. As a natiim or a body of nations the Hittites appear once more in history to the north and north-east of the Chinese Empire. They are the Khitan of tlu; Chinese historians. IIow long they had been pouring a tide of immi- gration into Saghalien and Mantchuria, Corea and Japan, we cannot tell. r>ut from the middle of the tenth century, A.D., they occupied Northern China, imposed upon it the well known name of Khita or Cathay, and gave way to the Tungusian Xyuche in 1123. Then they disajipeanMl from view. The history of Corea informs us that at the time the Khitan l)ecame lords of China they also effected settlements in that country. The colonization of Japan and of the greater part of Corea by the Hittites was probably long anterior to their descent upon China. Among the many traces of the Hittites in Japan, one of the most noticeable is the native name of that country, Yamato, which is a reproduction in the far east of the Syrian Ilamath. Its meaning, " the mountain door," answers in all respects to Hamath, betwec^n the mountains, whose door or " entering " is rcferreil to in the Dible. The Toltec empire in ^lexico began in the eighth century, A.l)., and that of the Aztecs, or Mexicans proper, in the eleventh, some forty or fifty years subsequent to the disappearance of the Khitan from the north of China, lloth Toltecs and Aztecs claimed descent from the noble race of the Citin. The Peruvian empire came into exis.',ence in the eleventh century, at the time when the Aztecs and their conquerors supi)lanted tiie Toltecs. The Aztec, Peruvian, and intermediate Chibcha, civilizations were thoroughly Japanese in character, as Humboldt and many later investigators have asserted. Unhappily for the ethnologist, Chinese influences in Japan have affected the language, superseded the written character, and modified the old civilization. Spite of these influences, however, the Japanese language, religion, antiquities and traditions, must form the centre and starting point for all enquiries concerning the great Hittite race. ..' U . / ! I 6 II. THE INSCRIPTIONS. Thft most important arc tliose of Jerubis, and one of Hamath, which is contained in tin; two fragments called II III. and II V. The other three are of the nature of proclamatiou-s. What first demands atten- tion, however, is the bilingual inscription on the silver boss from Smyrna, which first confirmed me in my employment of the Aztec hieroglyphic values for the transliteration of Ilittite. The Rev, Pr(»f(!Ssor Sayce reads the cuneiform legeml on thcs rim or outer circle of the Imjss, " Tarriktimme, sar mat Erme," or " Tarriktimme, king of the country of Erme." The Hittite characters, which are in duplicate, being repeated in perpendicular order on either side of the central figure, are six in numl)er. On the supposition that the whole of the cuneiform legend is rendered by them, scholars who have attemjjted their interpretation have lost their way by fintling ideographs instead of syllabic characters. One .symbol is indeed an ideograph, the last or lowest of the six, almost the only form of the kind I have met with in Ilittite. By my process of interpretation the Hittite legend reads Ta-ra-ha-ti-ma inati, or " Tarketima, the king," and nothing more. As the coin, or whatever it may originally have been, was to circulate in his dominions, the Cilician monarch probably did not think it necessary to add the name of his country in its language or system of writing, but for the benefit of strangers he added that name to the cuneiform text. JERABIS III. This text is much mutilated, and its record is therefore fragment ary. Almost all that ajipears in the upper line is the name of the Hittite city Carchemish, represented by the gate Ka, the yoke ra, the eagle ka or qua, the shield ma and the diamond ish. The second line begins at the right, after a large fracture which leaves the sense of what immediately follows somewhat indefinite. What remains is to the effect that a certain molester of the Hittites dwelt in the city of Nineveh (undoubtedly Shalmanezer). The Hittite people of Comma- gene, deserted by their king, earnestly prayed Sagara, King of Car- chemish and Suzerain of all the Hittite tribes, to attack Shalmanezer. This is the substance of the second line. The third introduces some person, who is indicated only by the third personal pronoun, as treat- ing with the people of S.amasi in the city of Kirkhi Bakala, and in- ducmg them to withdraw their allegiance from their King Kakane. Wo next rend that tho poopln of Commafjono wolcomod Sahara ; that ho (loposed Kataka, tho cowardly kinj,', and sot up one Notara in his place. The last lino Udls how Shalnmnezor of Sagane or Assyria, was induced ])y Kata, a llittito chief and suhordinato of the ruler of Car- chomish, to light against him. That the Ilittites could appreciate a pun appears from the language of Sagara in the fourth line, when! he plays ui)on the name; of his opponent Kataka, who.se name means " tlui hard or strong." Ho says, " I, Sagara, am Kataka (tho strong) ; tho little Kataka, the womanly lord, I crushed." TEXT AND LITERAL TUAN8LATI0N. kala Nonopa city Nineveh SalamancHcra Shahnanezur maneno eagerly nchalano to vox I Line 2 — Katincsa Hirnaka tata Hittitcfl of molester within men Katiko Kumukasa I>eni)lo Hittito Cfunmageno of Lino 3 — Kakano ka Samasinesa fiako Kakano of SainasitcH of lord tata kala Karaka-Bakula within city Kirkhi-i}i)kala Sagara (.Sakara) makake Sagara welcomed Line 4 — Kataka-no Sakara uasa Strong I Sagara little tata kano Kuniuka within country Commageno king place Kataka of tarane. sot up I. Line 5 — Salamaneishsara Sakane ne-kakoka Karakamaish Shalmanezer Assyria me against Carchemish Katinesa ka tikoti kasakaka Kata Katinesa Hittitcs of in to fight provoked Kata Hittitcs of satate titane tata kaka Kakanesa subordinate set up I within land Kakane of ncneka mo pray kakala kano Samasincsa dependence country Samasites of kara katarara Mati to cut talked over ho King Kumuka. Commageno. Kataka mamasa sake katika-ne Kataka womanly lord subdue I mati ba Kataka ka Nctara-ka Antera ? Sakara Sagara sara general * * * TRANSLATION. Tho molostor of tho Hittitcs in the city of Xineveh. The Hittito people of Commageno earnestly besought me to vex Shal- In tho city of Kirkhi-l'>akala ho persuaded tho manozor. « « « country of the Samasai to sever thoir dependant connection with Kakane, lord of the Samasai. Commageno welcomed King Sagara, * * * I, Sagara, am tho strong ; the little Kataka, the womanly lord, I forced to yield. In the country of Commageno I estal)lished Antera as king, in the place of Kataka. * * * * Kata, a Hittito General, whom I appointed my suliordinate in the country of Kakane, instigated Shalmanezer, of Assyria, to figlit against me, Sagara of the Hittitcs in Carchemish. IJ^I I » JBRADIH I. This is the i.'(.Mn of tho Ilittito collection, but, as it has come down to us, a very roii},'h diamond. It is sprcMul over four steps, entitled by Mr. Rylands a. h. c. d., each containing live lines. Tho first line is much dcjfaced in all the four, hut tho others aro perfect in a. h. and e. Fortunately d.^ which is shockingly mutilated, contains thu beginning and the end of alternate lines, and thus, while dejM-iving us of much information necessary to a [)erfect connection of the narrative, does not make tho inscription illegible. The first lino I have not attempted, on account of its many l)lanks. Tho second begins with d. on the left, and passes on successively to c. h. and a. Tho third begins with a. on the right and proceeds to h. e. and d., of course in the same direction. The same alternate order is preserved in the rest of the inscription. The great value of this inscription is that it contains the name of I'alaka, the Phul of the Jlible, and an account, though l)rief and fragmentary, of the overthrow of the Assyrian monarchy by that Habylonian. Students of Assyrian and JJiblical History will appre- ciate the importance of a monmnent which sheds light on so ol)scuro a period. Sagam, a common name for Kings of Carchemish, although this is api)arently the same as Sagara of Jorabis in., while, in Com- magene, made an alliance with Asbur, of Habylon, and sent an army to his aid. Ashur joined his father I'alaka, and with him contjuered the Assyrians, when he was proclaimed king of tho con