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Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, chaits, etc., may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed begl'^'^'ng in the upper left hand corner, left to righi " • top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre fiim^s i des taux de reduction diff^^rents. Lorsque le document e<*t trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimt d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrerrt la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ~^^,S1&>:.:^ mm ' -"■f^jpiJipi^ im^!^' ■' ^m <1/M u Tf^ IS. ADDITIONAL NOTES OH TBI POST-PLIOCENE DEPOSITS Of THB ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY. BY. J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.G.S., 4o., . PRINCIPAL OP BC'ail.L OOLLKOB. ISwU irfote tfjj Natural J^tatorg Societg of iWowtteal, {ExtrcKkd/rom the Canadian NATURAiisx/or February^ 1868.) MONTREAL : PRINTED BY JOHN LOVBLL, ST. NICHOLAS STEEBT. 1859. A k- i.~ ^. M. ^6 b i 7^/ " V k M, "' I'' POST-PLIOCEIE DEPOSITS OF THB ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY. In a paper on tlie Newer Pliocene and Post Pliocene deposits of the vicinity of Montreal, communicated to the Natural History Society last winter, I promised to follow up the subject, especially in the direction of the mote minute organisms of these deposits, and the comparison of the stratigraphical arrangements near Montreal with those in other part- of the Province, In fulfil- ment of this promise, I now proceed to state a number of foots which I have ascertained or which have been communicated to me in the past summer. I. FoRAMIITIFERA. AND BrYOZOA. ^ The Foraminifera are creatures almost at the extreme limit of simplicity of structure in the animal kingdom. Generally micros- copic in dimensions and consisting of a soft and apparently homogeneous jelly, they present no appreciable organs, except little thread-like extensions of their bodies, which appear to be their organs of prehension and locomotion. Such creatures might at first oight be supposed incapable of being preserved among the medals of creation. They have, however, the power of secreting for their protection delic o and beautiful calcareous cells, divided into a number of chambers which are added successively in the I ^!^9im» 'N 4 Post-Pliocene Deposits oj the St. Lawrence. progress of growth, and communicate with each other and with the outer world by minute orifices ; and as these creatures abound everywhere in the ocean, their shells are constantly accumulating on its bottom, so as in some cases to form thick beds of calca- reous mfUter. The Bryozoa, equally minute in size, are fiir more complex in structure; presenting, with a general polyp form, complicated digestive and muscular apparatus, which place them far in advance of the hydroid polyps, and have induced the majo- rity of modern zoologists to arrange them with the mollusks. They occupy horny or calcareous cells, which usually have wide openings for the extension of the arms or tentacles which procure the food of the inmates. These cells are arranged in branching or flat and circular groups, which form a large proportion of the zoophytes of the older naturalists, and are to be found everywhere on submerged stones, shells, and sea-weeds. I place these two tribes, in their structure so dissimila, , to- gether, because they are found together in the drift deposits ; and because, owing to this and to '.heir microscopic eize, they can be conveniently studied in connection. Before proceeding to describe the species found, I may mention that though the minute dimensions of these objects may cause them to escape the notice of many collectors, they are, when studied with the aid of the microscope, not inferior in interest and beauty to any other fossils found in our tertiary plains. The Forarainifera may easily be detected by examining the clays in which fossil shells occur, and particularly those holding Fuma tornatns and the spicula of Tethea Logani* with the aid of a pocket lens. When they are thus ascertained to be present, a quantity of the clay should be well dried, broken into small pieces, and stirred in a quantity of water, when the clay will subside and the little shells may be' skimmed from the surface. When dry they may be spread on a tray or on dark-colored paper, and examined with the lens to ascertain what forms are present. They may then be picked up witU a moist camel's-hair pencil, and placed separately in small boxes for more minu te examina - • For notices of these and other fossils referred to in these pages, see my former paper, Canad. Nat. vol. 2. A /I Post-Pliocene Deposits of the St. Lavyrence. 6 tibu. For the microscope, they may be mounted either on a dark ground as opaque objects, or in Canada balsam as transparent objects ; and shouW be studied in both of these ways. With the foraminifera, the collector will usually find valves of Cytheridea, some of the smaller univalves, and detached cells of Lejiralia. (1.) Position of Foraminifera and Bryozoa in the Post-Pliocene Deposits. Logan's Farm.— In the last volume of the Naturalist, I des- cribed a number of species of fossils from Logan's farm, and stated what I believed to be their relative position. By the kind- ness of Mr. Logan, I have since been enabled to make an exca- vation in the spot where these remains are most abundant, and obtained the following section : — ft. in. Sou and sand, , , g Tough reddish claj, q q. Gray sand, a few specimens of Saxicava rugosa, Mytilus edulis, Tellina Gmnlandica, and Mya arenaria, the valves generally united, ^ g Tough reddish clay, a few shells ofJstarte Laurentiana^ and Leda Portlandica, , , , Gray sand, containing detached valves of Saxicava rugosa, Mya truncata, and Tellina Granlandica ; also Trichotropis bore- alis, and Balanus crenatus : the shells in three thin layers . 8 Sand and clay, with a few shells, principally Saxicava in de- tached valves J 3 Band of sandy clay, full of Natica clausa, Trichotropis borealis, Fusus tornatus, Buccinum undatum, Astarte Laurentiana, Balanus crenatus, &c. &c., sponges and Foraminifera. Nearly all the rare and deep-sea shells of this locality occur in this ^'^»*i' 3 Sand and clay, a few shells ofJstarte and Saxicava, and remains of sea-weeds with Lepralia attached ; also Foraminifera, ... 2 Stony clay, boulder clay. It thus appears that at Logan's fiirm we have littoral species at top, and that all the rare and deep-water fossils, as well as the Lepralice and Foraminifera occur in a comparatively thin band near the base of the deposit. This corresponds precisely with the '""^^^mJ 9 Post-Pliocene Deposits of the St. Lawrence. order observed elsewhere in the vicinity of Montreal ; though at Logan's Farm the arrangement is somewhat more complex than in other localities. Tannenes.— At the brick-yards near the village of the Tanne- ries, nea Montreal, the surface of the Leda clay is well stored with Leda, Portlaadica, Astarte Laurentiana, Natica clausa^ Tellina Groenlandica, and some other shells. It also containa sponge spicula and foraminifera. The shells at this place, though by no means so numerous as at Logan's ffrm, are remarkable for their excellent state of preservation. Beauport.—l visited this celebrated deposit for' the first time last autumn. At first sight it consists of a mass of stratified sand and gravel, equivalent to the Saxicava sand of Montreal, and resting on boulder clay. Tlie overlying mass is filled with Saxi- cava Tellince &c.; and the underlying boulder clay as usual contains no fossils. My experience in the Montreal deposits, however, led me to expect a bed, however thin, representing the Leda clay, between theae ; and on searching at the junction of the two great beds above mentioned, I was gratified by finding a layer of sand about three inches in thickness, filled with the rarer shells of the deposit, characteristic of its deeper waters, such as Fusustornatw, Pecten Islandicus, Buccinum ciliatum, Modiolaria discors, &c.* The Bhynconella psittacea occurs only in this layer, and in such a manner as to lea^'e no doubt that it is buried here in situ, in the very spot where it lay anchored to the stones of the surface of the drift. On these stones, however, I found a new and interesting field for observa'ion. In the thin layer above referred to, all the stones, as well as those that lay on the surface of the boulder clay or partly imbedded in it, were covered with the remains of marine creatures, especially Balanus crenatus^ Spirorbissinistrorsa, Spirorbis spirillum, Lepralia and Hippothoa. This la /er, in short, evidently represented a time when the sur- face of the boulder clay, covered only by a thin l.-'yer of sand and stones, constituted the bottom of clear and deep water, before it ^'/ • Sir 0. Lyell notices the fact that these shells are more abundant in the lower part of the mass than above. ^v^fti ■I Poti'Pliocene Deposits of the St. Lawrence, 7 became covered by the Saxicava sand. This bottom, although no clay has been deposited on it, represents the Leda clay at Montreal, and is exceedingly rich in the fossils usually found at the surface of that bed. Foraminiferu occur in it, but they are comparatively rare, and, so far as I could find, only of spe- cies common at Montreal. (2.) Species of Foraminifera, In my paper of last year a few of these were figured, but the nomenclature of these creatures was in a state so unsettled that I hesitated to attach names to them or to identify them with described species. I am now relieved of the greater part of this diflSculty by the appearance of Williamson's excellent monograph on the British Foraminifera, the nomenclature of which I shall fol- low in noticing our Canadian species. Fig. 1. 1. Polyatomella umbilicatula, "Walker (Fig. 1).*— Nine tenths of the foraminifera from the Montreal clays belong to this species, which also occurs at Beauport, and in equal proportionate abun- dance living in Ga8p6 Bay. The specimens all belong to the variety ineerta of Williamson ; and as among many hundreds of specimens I can find none that present the typical characters of the species, and as the general form is also less compressed than in the typical specimens as described and figured by Williamson, I should be inclined to believe this so-called variety in reality a distinct species, were it not for the fact, that, while these curious • See also paper in Can. Nat. Vol. 2, Fig. 17. Post'Flioceiu Deposits of the St. Lawenct, llttlo creatures are almost indefinitely variable, there is a re- markable persistency of certain varieties in particular localitie*. The modern specimena fron\ Gaspe correspond precisely with their ancient progenitors of the Post-Pliocene clays. The size of the fossil specimens is large for the species ; the diameter of some individuals being J^th of an inch. Localities. — Logan's farm, Montreal ; Brick-yards at Tanreries, Montreal ; Beauport ; also recent in Gaspe Bay. 2. Nonionina crassula, Walker. — Among the fossil specimens of the last species, there are many not distinguishable from it in external form, in which I cannot find, either when viewed as opaque or transparent objects, the characteristic septal apertures of Polystomella. These specimens are usually smaller, more hyaline, and smoother than those showing the apertures. If dis- tinct, they must belong to the species above named. I found no individuals of this description among my recent specimens from Gasp6. 3. Folymarpkina laetett (Figs. 2, 3, also p«j)or in Canad. Nat vol 2). This is perhaps the second species in relative importance, though much less plentiful than Polystomella umbilicaiula. The greater number of the specimens belong to the variety " typical* of Williamson (Fig. 2). Others appears to be an exaggerated form of the variety " ohlonga'^ {Fig. 8), and many others, espe- cially the smaller examples, are of the variety " communis.^ A similar range of varieties exists in the modern specimens from Gasp6. Size -^-^ to j^. Localities. — Logan's farm ; Tanneries ; recent in Gasp6. fir Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Post-Pliocene Dcpotite of the St. Lawrence. 9 ^ f 4. Miliolina seminulum (Liii.)--(For figure, see paper in Can. Nat. Vol. 2, Fig. 18.) In my paper of last year this species was noticed as Quingueloculina occidentalism Bailey ; and I still be- lieve it to be identical with the shell so named ; but I presume that it, as well as many other supposed species of tlie genua Quingueloculina of D'Orbigny, must be included in Miliolina Seminulum, as extended by Williamson. This shell is not in- frequeni in the clays at Montreal, and it also occurs in Gasp^ Bay. It approaches very nearly to the typical form of the spe- cies, but is usually of small size, not exceeding J^th of an inch in length. Locality. — Logan's farm. Fig. 4. Fig. 8. 5. Entosolenia glohosa (Fig. 4, 5).— This species is not uncom- mon in the clay at Montreal. Fig, 21 of my paper of last year is referable to it, as I had not then observed the internal tube, and supposed it in consequence to be an Orbuiina. Figs, 4 and 5 show this internal structure. This species is very small, scarcely exceeding ^i^th of an inch, and is very smooth and translucent Locality. — Logan's farm ; Tanneries. Pig. 6. Fig. Y. 6. Entosolenia costata, Williamson (Figs. 6, 1 ; also Fig. 22 in paper of last year.)— This beautiful little shell differs from that last described only in the possession of longitudinal narrow ribs. 10 Post-Pliocene Deposits of the Sc. Ltxwrence, WilHainson, who had seen only two or three examples, establishes it as a separate species with some doubt ; and since in my speci- mens fron" the Montreal clays the number and distinctness of the ribs are very variable, I think it probable that this shell is only a variety of E, glohosa. Locality as above. Fig. 10. Fig. 9. Fig. 8. 7. Entosolenia Squamosa (Figs. 8, 9, 10). — This, the most elegant of all our Post-Policene foraminifeta, presents several beautifully ornamented varieties. In the last species the sidos are marked by simple longitudinal ribs. In the simple varieties of this the ribs are crossed by more slender transverse bands. In others the rectangular spaces thus formed appear to have circles inscribed in them. In others the distinclion of longitu- dinal and transverse ribs disappears, and the whole surface be- comes covered with a regular hexagonal network of raised lines of various degrees of fineness. I have endeavoured to represent several of these forms in the figures ; but there are many inter- mediate varieties, and my wood-cut representations fall far short of the exquisite beauty of the shells themselves, which appear under the microscope as if worked in pure translucent porcelain. Size jlf^ to i\. Parker and Jones regard the three species last described as identical. Williamson also leans to this view ; and since in my specimens there is a gradation from those that are smooth to those that are ribbed, and from these to those that are netted, I can scarcely hesitate to adopt the same conclusion, in which case the two last species must be regarded as varieties of £. globosa. '/ \i Post-Pliocene Deposits oj the St, Lawrence, 11 1 Size about j'^. Fig. 11. 8. Biloculina ringens, D'Orb. (Fig. ll).— I have found only two specimens of this species, and neither revealed much of its real character until mounted as a transparent object. I have figured one of them as it appears in this way ; and it well shows the manner in which the successive cells are added, the orifice being alternately at opposite ends of the shell. Locality. — Tanneries. All the species of Foraminifera above noticed are found living as well as fossil. Three of them have been obtained by myself from Gasp6 Bay, and the others may probably be found there. The species most abundant in the tertiary clays is also that which prevails in Gasp6 Bay, and the conditions of life in both are the same. The Gasp^ specimens were found in mud, in from 10 to 16 fathoms, and holding Leda limatula, Tellina calcarea, and Astarte sulcata, so that it may be regarded as strictly equivalent to our Montreal Leda clay, in or at the surface of which the Foraminifera chiefly occur. Tvv) species found at Gasp6 have not as yet been recognized in the tertiary clays. One is a globu- lar shell, probably Orbulina Universa, the other a rough, punc- tured, yellowish species, probably Bulimina scabra. All the species found in Canadian tertiary clays are widely distributed in the North Atlantic, and some of them still more extensively. Pc-VMorphina lactea is found in the British crag,* and Entosotenia glohosa'xxx Miocene deposits at Petersburgh, U.S.f Wood t Bailey. I \ IS Post-Pliocene Deposits of the St, Lawrerice* They afford little indicatioii <>f cUma*©. Miliolina seminulum, for instance, extending in tfee present seas from Greenland to Cuba. With respect to depth of water, theit indications are probably more precise, though on this subject t CiMi find little reliable infor- mation. One fact is certain, that in Gaspe at present, a depth of 10 to 20 fathoms corresponds balhynwtrically, in so far as these creatures are concerned, with that repr