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DOMINION OF CANADA, 
 
 I'KOVIXCK (IF ()NTAKI(». 
 
 INFORMATION FOR IXTFNDLNTx SFTTLr:RS. 
 
 TUB 
 
 Farming Lands 
 
 OK 
 
 ALGOMA AND NORTH NIPiSSING. 
 
 A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THOSE I'ARTS OF THE DISTRICTS 
 BEST ADAPTED TO A(;RICULTl RAL PI RPOSES. 
 
 I'rejMli'i'il II iiilvl' Iii!<ti'iiiiiiiii)i t'l'inil tin' Cniii nl laniuiuf' nf ('riiifn Lidiiln. 
 
 PRINTED BY WARWICK .'^ SONS, SO a.m. 28 FRONT STREET WEST, 
 
 1885. 
 
PR] 
 
"ja 
 
 &o 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA, 
 
 PROVrNCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 INFORMATIOX FOR INTENDING SETTLERS. 
 
 THE! 
 
 Farming Lands 
 
 OK 
 
 ALGOMA AND NORTH NiFISSING. 
 
 A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THOSE PARTS OF THE DISTRICTS 
 BEST ADAPTED TO AORICULTURAL PURPOSES 
 
 Pr,p<,red under Tnxtrwtwns from the Commissioner of Crmvn Lands. 
 
 PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 26 and 28 FRONT STREET WEST 
 
 1886. 
 
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THE COUNTRY NORTH OV THE MATTAWA RIVER AND 
 
 LAKE NIPISSING. 
 
 Lakes, River.s' and Agricultural CapahilitwH. 
 
 Oil the north bank of the Mattawa a range of hills, of no great elevation, 
 runs nearly the whole way from Trout Lake to the mouth, and between 
 their base and the margin of the water there are good mixed wood flats, 
 with elm, ash, maple, and a few oaks ; but the slopes produce soft woods 
 chiefly, the prevailing species being red pine. 
 
 To the north of Upper Trout Lake there is an extensive spread of flat 
 hardwood country running in an cast and west direction, pos8<;ssing a good 
 soil, consisting of loam in some places and clay in others, and the timber, 
 in a great measure, composed of black birch, maple and basswood. 
 
 Associited with this tract is another, at the distance of Ave miles on 
 the west side of Seven League Lake, on the Ottawa, between the ^lattawa 
 River and Lake Temiscaming, running in a south- westerly course to the 
 vicinity of the Mattawa, and icaehing as high as the Galere on Lake 
 Temiscaming, thougli it is not there much nearer -he lake than it 
 approaches the river lower down. 
 
 Lake Temiscaming, a magnificent stretch of na\igab]e water, the 
 largest and deepest on the wiiole course of the Ottawa, extends seventy- 
 five miles without any obstruction to vessels of the largest tonnage. It 
 consists of three lakes, the lower, middle and upper, connected by narrow 
 straits. 
 
 The Upper Lake extends from Fort Temiscaming to the " Head." 
 This beautiful sheet of water has all the characteristics of a true lake. It 
 is from six to eight miles wide, indented with deep bays, bold promontories, 
 steep cliffs and low banks, and is studdel with picturesque islands, two of 
 which are of considerable size. 
 
 The Montreal River, its largest tributary, as regards both extent and 
 volume, takes its source at the northern height of land, flows for about 
 sixty miles in an easterly direction, and sixty miles more south-easterly, 
 and disciiarges into Middle Lake by several mouths. 
 
Tho River Blanche, which derives its name from the white or turbid 
 colour of its water, diHcharftos into Lake Ten.iHcaniing at its "Head," and 
 is navigable for twenty-five miles. The area of the clay land drained by 
 this river has been estimated to be between nOO and 600 square miles, 
 equivalent to twelve townships of fifty square miles, or 32,000 acres each! 
 This is the largest area of land lit for settlement, in one unbroken clay 
 block, in the unsettled portion of Ontario. 
 
 The limit southward of this tract of good level country is associated 
 with a change occurring in the .,uality of the rock formations of the dis- 
 trict in the vicinity of the mouth of the Montreal River on the right side 
 of the lake, and a few miles higher up on the left. The unbroken mono- 
 tony of the hard syenitic gneiss, constituting so much of the banks of the 
 lake and main river further down, here ceases : a more distinctly stratified 
 set of rocks, of a less crystalline and more easily disintegratmg character, 
 presents itself. The ranges of the hills b.-come more determinate, the 
 valleys wider, and many of them are occupied by clay lands. At its very 
 extrenrity both sides of the lake present a favourable aspect ; good strati- 
 lied limestone there makes its appearance, constituting the large islands 
 already mentioned, and the promontory separating the east and west bays. 
 Its escarpment does not exceed 100 feet, and it runs northward into the 
 interior with an even continuity of height, which can be followed by the 
 eye for miles. 
 
 The marshes, arising from the sediment deposited by the Blanche and 
 other rivers at their mouth.s, are extensive, and produce an abundant 
 supply of good meadow hay. 
 
 The general character of the country south and east of Lake Tama- 
 gamingue is undulating but not very broken. This lake is a fine sheet of 
 very clear water, abounding with bass, pickerel, pike, and salmon trout, 
 and filled with islands. The scenery is beautiful, resembling that of the 
 Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. This lake has two outlets, one 
 flowing south into the Sturgeon River, which empties into Lake Nipissing, 
 and the other flowing north into the Montreal River, which discharges 
 into Lake Temiscaming. Numerous lakes, of various sizes, are dotted^at 
 intervals over this country. Otter Tail Creek is the principal stream 
 falling intu the Ottawa. 
 
 Throughout the whole of tliis region there is good clay soil along the 
 flats of the rivers and creeks ; generally, however, a sandy loam prevails. 
 
5 
 
 After travfAi'siiiji; tlio TowiiHliip of Widditicid, on tli" iiorth-i'ivat hIioiv of 
 Lake Nipissini,', the land desoondH ;,'niduully to the iiortli, sliowiiif^ a level 
 country of hardwood tinilicr, with here and tliere some rock, and generally 
 a good loamy Hoil. 
 
 Tinning east, between townships 17 and IH,* (hi the nineteenth mile 
 from tiie boundary of Springer, the country is flat in some place;;, Imt 
 generally undulating, with fair soil. From the twenty-tirst to the forty, 
 fourth mile on this line, there in a good tract of country with rolling land 
 and good soil, tit for farming purposes, the timber being chiefly nuiph! and 
 bluck birch, of large growth mid ifodd i|uality, with some good scattering 
 pine. 
 
 Tiie Township of Widdifleld (No, 17) is nearly all good hardwood 
 land, and is by far the best township in thisst^ction of the country. Finer 
 hardwood bush i.s rarely seen. There are a f(>w bass-wood trees, iron, 
 wood in some places, aad a grove of beech on the cast boundary, a few 
 miles north of Trout Lake. 
 
 Townships 22, 23, 27 and 28, contain a large percentage of good land, 
 with considerable pine. 
 
 Townships 1, 5, S), 13 and 18 also contain a fair percentage of good 
 land, with very little pine. The tind)er is chiefly balsam, spruce, birch, 
 with occasional patches of hardwood. 
 
 The Jocko lliver runs eastward through a tine tract of country to the 
 River Ottawa. 
 
 Sturgeon Eiver, emp >:.Lg into Lake Nipissing, is a fine deep stream, 
 having an average breadth of six chains to the first fall, about six miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 The Veuve, or Widow River, empties into Lake Nipissing, about four 
 miles west of Sturgeon River. 
 
 Lake Nipissing lies inunediately above the 4Gth parallel of latitudf;, 
 and across the 80th of longitude. In form it is very irregular, Init has an 
 extreme length, east and west, of about forty miles, and a maxnnum 
 breadth, north and south, of about twenty miles. Its area in round num- 
 bers is about 300 square miles. 
 
 •These numbers have reference to an exploration made by the Department of Crown 
 Lands in 1882, and are applied to towiiships lyiiiir east nf the Township of Springer and 
 the Indian Reserve, which, with the exception of NVidditield, have been outlined, but not 
 surveyed or named. 
 
rh.,. northerly shores of the lake an, low, generally of Hat ru.-k and 
 sand, an.I tho water shoal upon a Handy hotton>. Its waters pass out intr> 
 French Kiver by thiuo distinct outI.,t.s through myriads of islands 
 
 The French River, though sonu.(in.es n.er«ing into one vast lake Ih 
 throughout tho greater part of its length, divided i,>to two „,ain chann.'u 
 Fron. Its entrance on Georgian Jiay to its outlet on Lak. Nipissiu,, the dis" 
 ta..ce 13 ahout forty n.iles, and the navigation is ol.structed l.y 'falls a,,,! 
 rap.ds. The scenery of the Thousand Isles of tho St. Lawrence is tan.e 
 and uninteresting as compared with the endless variety of ishin.l and Lay 
 granite elili; and deep sombre delilo, which mark tho character of the 
 beautiful, solitary French River. 
 
 HEIGHTS ABOVE TH J SEA. 
 
 The height of the surface of Lake Temiscaming at its head above the 
 waters of the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, which is about the highest 
 point affected by the action of the tides, is 612 feet. The level of the 
 Mattawa, at its junction with the Ottawa, is 519 feet 5 inches. 
 
 The height of tho surface of Upper Trout Lake, the source of the 
 Mattawa, is 690 feet, and of the height of land between it and the Vase 
 Rivei- on the canoe portage, is 7 1 4 feet 5 inches. 
 
 The fall from the height of land to the River Vas., at the end of the 
 portage ,s 22 feet 11 inches, and from this point to Lake xXipissin. the fall 
 18 26 feet 6 inches, which makes the height of Lake Nipissing above the 
 waters of the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, 665 feet. 
 
 The ascertained height of the surface of Lake Huron above the sea. 
 according to the Michigan surveyors, is 578 feet. 
 
 NORTH SHORE OF LAKE HriiOX. 
 
 Rivers, AiiricuUural CojmhilUies, Timber, He. 
 
 Six principal rivers, besides several of inferior note, flow through this 
 country. The principal are the Thessalon, the Mississaga, the Serpent the 
 Spanish, the White Fish, and the Wahnapitae, of which the mouths' are 
 from fifteen to tiiirty miles apart, The Mississaga and the Spanish are the 
 largest two. the reported length of the former being 120 and of the latter 
 200 miles. 
 
sea. 
 
 In the valleys of all the principal streatiiH there are exteiiHive Hats of 
 rich and deep soil, producing maple, oak, elm, birch and basswood, besides 
 occasional groves of both red and white pine of large size. 
 
 From Sault Ste. Mario to Root River, the suifaco is generally hivel, 
 with a slight iiieliiiation to the (vxstwanl, or towards (iarden Rivca' ; the soil 
 is here a fine sandy loam, and the subsoil a reddish l>liie clay. 
 
 Root River, flowing south-easterly, is a small stream, emptying into the 
 Ht. Mary River on the westerly side of Little Lake George ; it is shallow, 
 with clear water, rapid current, and gravel bottom. The soil on both sides 
 of the riv(M' is good. Northward of the river for six miles, the surface is 
 gently undulating, broken hero and there by the rock ridges prev' .ujly 
 described, the soil and timber being the sa'iio as on the south side. 
 
 In rear of this, a valley of seven or eight miles in width extends east- 
 ward to the high land surrounding Echo Lake, and westward to the Gros 
 Gap Range at the Foot of Lake Superior, its regularity br oken here and 
 there by similar ranges of rock. 
 
 Garden River, flowing southerly and south-westerly, empties into the 
 St. Mary River a short distance eastward of Little Lake George. It is a 
 fine stream, having a general width of abo it th-eo chains. Hero, wheat' 
 oats, maize, potatops, and grass, grow luxuriantly. The soil on the V)anks 
 of this iiver, and for a considerable distance inland on either side is of the 
 best quality, being a fine rich sandy loam, and the timber is large and 
 thrifty. 
 
 The valley, entered northward from Root River, is again seen presenting 
 the same appearance, and stretching eastward to the high land surrounding 
 Echo Luke. Through each of these valleys there usually flows a pretty 
 brook of clear water, taking its rise from one or other of the picturesque 
 little lakes which lie on each side of the watershed. 
 
 To the east of Echo Lake, and northward of the limestone point on the 
 east side, there is a tract of fine land, heavily timbered with maple, elm 
 and bircV, interspersed at intervals with groves of hemlock and a few pines, 
 with cedars in the hollows and swa'ups. 
 
 The Thcssalon R-.ver, with its chain of lakes and mill-sites, flowing from 
 the north-west, empties into Lake Huron about twelve miles eastward of 
 the Bruce Mines. 
 
 The land on the margin of the river is of good (|uality and heavily 
 
pme Ks also scattered througi. this section ' ^' ''"'^' ''""^ 
 
 .^.o.r;:r:::^ ::::----- ^^ '- ^- ^^^- 1,. co..^. 
 
 of the chain T ^ ^"'^ ''''' ^'■°'" ^^^^rt Lake, the second 
 
 , being deep and nd, and the timber principally hardwood 
 Aorth and east from Lake Deception, the third of the series H 
 extensu-e tracts of excellent land, timbered chieily vthhr.^od '■'':, '" 
 tracts extend eastward to thp at;. • , Jiardwood ; these 
 
 ™.« 0, the co^eofUk: 2" "'''"■ '"" =°"""™'-" *" "■'""" '- 
 aid oi Pomt il,es»l„„ „, „t ^s entrance into the lake a |m,„ 1 , 
 
 nawgafo,, s, however, ,„,,e,|e.| („„,. „,;,,, f„„, '"' 
 
 ™..ge, crossing the river, f„„„a a fc.ll of five feet. 
 
 At the mouth of the river the land is low «„,! s,va„,„v but fl, , 
 n»e, gradually, a„d at the distance „£ one and a hJ Zf ' , r'i 
 
 «.« ;.anl..s on Wth sides are high, and the sl^.d " 'it Z ! u^ t 
 
 black .„.Mvhu: ash, a'd :::,;* '"""'• "''"■ "°'"- ^p--. '»'»■«. 
 
 Between the northerly li,„it of the Indian Reserve and Little White 
 K.ver, a south-west «„wi„g tributary of the Mississa,., there i 1 tic 
 
 WW.?,, ir*""'" '"''"' "' '"' ''"'-"»'• North :r„Lt 
 
 Wh te l>,ver there ,s a flne block of land extending nearlv to the G, md 
 Portage, .„d stretching to the eastward for a considerable 'dis'a,"e 
 
 ente?L.1'fH,f r"; '°™"'^ "■" '"*" ""'" »' "■« '"J.an Reserve, 
 Lake Hn.on about tour miles east of the Mis,,issaga. ' 
 
Serpent llivor enpties into a deep bay or inlet of Lake Huron about 
 twenty-five miles east of the Mississaga. The bay into which it empties 
 is uni;urpassed as a harbour. At the mouth of the river, on the west- 
 erly side, the land is of good quality, but low and level. Ascending the 
 river the scene in lugged and rough, the rock ranges running close to the 
 margin of the stream and parallel to it. In rear, however, on both sides 
 some valleys of good hardwood land are meet with, more particularly on 
 the west, being a continuation of the -.alleys from the east bank of the 
 Mississaga. 
 
 Spanish River, which is navigable for thirty miles to craft not drawing 
 over five feet, falls into an e.xt- sive and beautiful bay, land-locked by 
 islands and projecting points fiu . the main land, the communication to 
 the eastward being through a narrow but deep channel, called the Petit 
 Detroit, between the southern extremity of the peninsula and the eastern 
 end of Aird Island. From the Petit Detroit to La Olochc the outline of 
 the coast is irregular, being indented by deep bays and coves, which in 
 -some parts are perfectly land-locked by groups of long, low and narrow 
 islands running parallel with tlie main shore, and affording excellent places 
 of shelter for all classes of vessels under almost any circumstances. 
 
 The hills bordering on Spanish River seldom attain a heidit over 300 
 feet, but the banks of the river itself are frequently bold, precipitous and 
 rocky. At the great fall a picturesque and imposing ruggedness prevails. 
 A ridge of smoothly polished bare rock rises in rounded knolls, so steep in 
 places, as to ])e inaccessible, obstructing the south-eastern flow of the river 
 and splitting it into two parts, of which one turns a little to the northward 
 of east, while the other is deflectod to a precisely opposite course. Tlie 
 latter, after running above a quarter of a mile, is thrown in a beautiful 
 cascade over a precipice thirty feet high, and then turning abruptly to the 
 eastward rushes violently for thirty chains in that direction, falling in a 
 vertical sheet over three successive steps of five f..et each, wlnm it is again 
 united to the other division of the stream in a wide pool of nearly still 
 water. 
 
 Much of the country for some distance back from the north side of the 
 river is flat or rolling land, and is almost everywhere covered with a lux- 
 uriant growth of red and white pine. 
 
 The extent and value of the pine forest in this region, the facility 
 otTered by the river for navigation, the water-power to be found on the 
 
10 
 
 ^ s'^o't small and sometimes rapid streams 
 
 of fla ;::,"iit;::";"'f"r *-- «-''™ -^ -^e,.* t.ao. 
 ...d z;; ''°""' """ =™* ^»^*" °f *« fl"3 «™ >"w, -t 
 
 VenL iorn:. "hch, flowmg gene,.,,^ south-^esterly, »„,.tic» into 
 
 Of the vZI^r' ""'" °"' °' ^""'-''* I""'- T1.0 '-„ks 
 
 coil and ,°b H , """"" " ™'^ '""""« Warance both ..regards 
 
 InlanJ tT , ""■ P"""'!'""" 5f« ""d thriftv ^ardw„„d 
 
 prevail,, „l„,e „alt, elm, and white ash being abundant 
 
 spok*! " ™""'-"' " ""''*" '"™ "^ "■- »- '«'"' above 
 
 waters edge ,vthb,rch, poplar, nmple and oa':, „„.l take, its name from 
 the pecnlmrly bo„„tif„| „,„„ „t ,j,„ fo,i„^, ;„ „,^ ^^^^__^^^ 
 
 Orain, root crops and 'ndian oorn tlonrish hero to perfection 
 On the south side of the height of land, and coming down in son,. 
 marKed, hk„ ,h„t fo, „ ,„„ j^,,_^y^ ,,.^^^^^_^^ 
 
 Those are not generally very deep, one, esnlt of which is that the water 
 heated by the sun's rays become., n.noh warn.er throughout than the 1 
 of I^kes Huron and Sur,»rior. The climate of a wi.'e belt „£ lerritor,^ 
 
 1 aZ°:;t ',":"""' "^ "" ™ '- """- °' ^■"= ■■— - a'° - -^ 
 
 ot the cultivation of many of the most valuable kinds of Iruit. 
 
 Kast of the Bruce Mines, in the valley, of the Thessalon and Mississaga 
 
iil for raising- 
 ity that -t is 
 
 ile or less of 
 stances from 
 reams. 
 
 arable tracts 
 3d and large 
 re low, wet 
 
 water and 
 tupties into 
 sasu hiancli 
 
 The banks 
 1 as regards 
 I subsoil of 
 
 1 ardwood. 
 appearance 
 
 ce most of 
 lake above 
 
 red to the 
 name from 
 
 11 in some 
 before re- 
 of lakes, 
 the water 
 the water 
 rritory is 
 ir. a'l and 
 ' to admit 
 
 lississaga 
 
 n 
 
 Rivers, all kinds of crops flourish well. Spring wheat grows from lour to 
 five feet high and thir-k on the ground, yielding from twenty-five to thirty 
 bushels to the acre. The oat crop ic remarkably good, and y-.Ms fron) 
 fifty to seventy bushels per acre. In this section of the country there 
 is a good opening for stock raising, and stock farms with large clearances 
 can be had at reasonable rates. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR REGION. 
 
 Jiivers, Soil, Timber, Agriclutural Capabilities. 
 Between Salter's Lake Huron base line and the Goulais River, a distance 
 of ten miles, there is a large proportion of good rolling land, occasionally 
 broken by hills of trap rock, heavily timbered with maple, birch, balsam, 
 spruce and some pine. The soil is a sandy loam, changing to rich clay 
 loam in the valleys. 
 
 The Goulais River flows in a south-westerly direction through a valley 
 varying from one and a-half to three miles in width, and empties itself into 
 the bay of the same name. It is navigable for small boats for abouL twenty 
 miles. For the first twelve or fifteen miles from its mouth the banks vary 
 from five to twelve feet in height, and are in general of clay or gravel. The 
 soil in the valley of the river is of excellent quality, giving growth to large 
 maple, birch, elm, ash, and softwood trees. 
 
 Leaving the Goulais River and proceeding north, the country for some 
 miles resembles that just described. Hills are seen in some places from 300 
 to 600 feet in height, with greenstone, trap and gneiss appearing on their 
 summits in ragged cliffs ; while their flanks and the intervening valleys 
 shew good loamy well timbered soil. 
 
 On approaching Lake Superior, the country, generally, is mountainous 
 and barren. 
 
 Between Point Corbeau, on the north shore of Batchawaung Bay and 
 Mamainse, there is a fine tract of richly- wooded land of some miles in width, 
 and of a rich productive loam, giving growth to large maple, birch, oak, etc. 
 
 Batchawaung Bay affords a constant supply of the finest trout and white 
 fish. 
 
 The surface of the countiy between Batchawaung Bay and Montreal 
 River, though a good deal broken, contains in some places low hills and 
 
12 
 
 valleys of yood soil I'l ♦ • i 
 
 »— ■So,,es.„clo,,„,„,,,i„„,^ J;"'™' •" 1-isl.l, flort,„ a„^jh 
 l*«l. «nd balsam. '"• *" f '*™''"'S <i">b"- Leing spruL, 
 
 ^--ts;:;;:!!,^:::;-:-:;;™-;. <» -pee.., ..„, „„,„ 
 
 " I'tll. wc« of «„M, i,„„ Lake .Sune „ , "■"" °°'' '" " ""™''»" 
 Mo..„,a, River. The „„aUer *ea If I "' '""" '° ""' """'■ »' 
 
 well a. i„ e,e-y „«.»,. „art „« U e lI s ,„ n ""' ""■ "«"=• - 
 
 well .atered by , J„„ a,„, aL, .t I"" - "'' '■'" """'""^ " 
 excellent fish. *"'"='' •"""»■" "'"".v varieties of 
 
 The second river in noint nf ..- 
 
 '■' «- "ichipiece,,. itisiia r:,;::' : "r"' ""--' -' ^^'^ ^-p--. 
 
 in the interior. It ]„, been f„'r „ "^ '■'"°''' ''"•' '"''"" ■" "« ''« 
 Hudso„Wiay,o„,p.„,wZs , a?..'"" "" "^ """" "^ "«' 
 -. the princiH Z.^, ^^^2^7^:^ '""" '"*°"'' "^'^ 
 
 The Hudson\s Bay Co.nnn ' • < "'"Pany is at its mouth. 
 
 R.vers, and passes through a fine "^.i °' "" ''"""P'""'™ "d Agawa 
 
 »ap.e, birch, balsam and s^aee, a n !l LdT"' "'" '""''"" "'" 
 lakes. *^ ' """WM by numerous streams and 
 
 .enii:: j;:rz:^:v::irr ^ '"^^^^^^ ^°^ --y ™^'- -^^ a 
 
 banks, which ...e .eneraUv of , 1^"' '"^ ''"^ "''^^ ''^ ^^dth. Th. 
 
 generally of day, and low, rise in son,e places to 70 or 
 
 "*-»f»imf.!»iJs^,.',lj| 
 
, uiaple, an 
 ;ed over this 
 
 ^11 lakes, and 
 ittle south of 
 3ion of wild 
 ing through 
 
 '!• tlie most 
 itii. Afaple 
 3ing spruce, 
 
 rout, flows 
 ix direction 
 e north of 
 I' wJiicli it 
 ">" feet in 
 
 •-•liange in 
 
 Jlere, as 
 
 ountry is 
 
 fieties of 
 
 Superior, 
 
 i rise far 
 
 by the 
 
 )n's Bay, 
 
 ■ mouth. 
 B. Marie 
 
 ' Agawa 
 5d witli 
 ms and 
 
 with a 
 
 ■ The 
 70 or 
 
 13 
 
 80 feet. There are nmny points on this river of rich clay soil givin. 
 gn>wth to en. hirch, poplar, and black ash of large si.e. lu ^!:2 
 
 of bricks or hne pottery, may l,e got in abundance. 
 
 The Neepigon Biver, the largest on the north shore of Lake Superior 
 takes Its nsein Lake Neepigon, flows through several smaller lakes, and 
 empties Itself through a wide deep channel into Neepigon Bay A the 
 eastern side of its entrance, bold precipitous greenstone cliffs, severa 
 hundred feet in height, overlie a red soft rock of a soapy structu e, ThTh 
 >s used in the manufacture of pipes. In the valleys between the e cl fl' 
 and on he west side of the rive, there is excellent soil heavily timbe d 
 Ihe water of this river is beautifully clear, and swarms wiLpeckled 
 trout, weighing fron. one to twelve pounds. About 30 miles up, Lake 
 
 b-e ir ;: '^T-- T' '^'° ' ''' -^^^^^ -length and eOm^les in 
 and contain m abundance flsh of every variety taken in Lake Superior 
 
 on tl" ''\f ^^'^°" '^°""*''^ '"^^ '-g-* tract of good land appears to be 
 on the south-western side of the lake. From the .Xonwaten River north 
 wardtothePagitchigama, a distance of flfty miles, the country is ot 
 paratively level, and the soil generally fertile. This tract is rep'r eZd 
 as continuing nearly to the Eiver Winnipeg, and becoming more gene^ 
 level in receding from Lake Neepigon. The rivers entering in th s part of 
 Lake Neepigon, as far as examined, were found to flow with tortuou 
 courses between muddy banks of clay, overspread with fine sand. 
 
 There is a considerable area of good land around the bottom of South 
 and Memtyre's Bays, and on the peninsulas east of the latter Day, 
 Gull Bay. ^rom the mouth to the first rapid on the Poshkokagan the 
 loamy banks of the river are from twenty to thirty feet high. The iiv 
 Ka^n tot, a . ,0 crooked that by following its windings from the mouth 
 to he portage leading to Chief's Bays, the distance is estimated to be 
 u ly thirty miles, although it is only nine miles in a straight course. Oi 
 both sides the country is level, and the soil sandy, supporting a growth 
 
 T^:Ta:d f r ''' ""'" ''''-' ''-'' '-^' «« 'v reputed fires 
 Ihe land is free from stones, and very little labour would be necessary to 
 make it ready for the plough. ^ 
 
 The Kaministiquia, the only river on the Canadian side of Lake 
 Superior navigable for large vessels for any distance from its mouth, flows 
 
1 + 
 
 into Thunder JJaj- at i'ort Willi,.,,,. p„,. ,,„. ., ,,, 
 
 course, it wind, tl,ro„gh a rich v«ll,.v of ,1 , ""'"' °' '" 
 
 Township, of Nccbint and Pa ,„ '° ' '" "" """'' "' *« 
 
 'o for., L in ....u,;z:,irh"cr '.::"" ;7r r «- 
 
 and pine, with a thick nndorbrush of lowering shrubs'' ' """" 
 
 to .e«. one to doubt the feasibiiit, c^S; iTtlrel';:" '" "^ "°~ 
 
 J::rr:oro;\r^,i:; rjrriir r-''-^'"^ '- 
 
 the Pic River and LakP V«. • ^'"^ '^"P«''ior, between 
 
 xMver and Lake Neepirron, is comparatively level ^vUh 
 .S0.1, generally dry, hut in places interrupted bv .Zl '^""^^ 
 
 rocky ridges. The sand is underlaid 1 ,^li!u I ^'^T' "^"' ^°" 
 occasionally con.es to the surface. ' ' "^°""' ^'^^^ ^^^'-'' 
 
 The drift, which has come from the nmfl, „ *. i . . 
 and boulders of the paleozoic l^^l^r:^;: r v'^ ^T 
 direction. These are washed out and .xpo ed in b r , f '" *''"* 
 along rivers and brooks, especially at rapTdslnd U ^''"' "'^' 
 
 burning into lime. Th fossils wh h Tb " P'°" ^'''"'^'''^ ^°'- 
 
 and indicate tlH. Niagara formL:''^' ^' ''""'''^ '"' "^^^*^^ «"^^^«^^ 
 In going from Lake Superior, through this country to tb„ n . 
 the Albany Rive, no difference is observed in the charac'ter of tr ' 
 tation, which may be accounted fn. ^ ., ''"'^'^^'^ter of the vege- 
 
 «outhern p„t, tojther ^^ T' o* \ :rri„rr°v' *• 
 
 »erts upon ,t. Oats and barle, are sucLsfui ^ I, t .t ""Tr 
 
 .o.etijofhar.esti„r:::ir;d:r;;ir;:sr:r^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ifAINY EIVER, AND RAINY LAKE, LAKE OF THE WOODS 
 
 AND RAT PORTAGE. 
 This luost iu,porta„t section of the Province lies between the height of 
 l.nd west of La.e Superior and the Winnipeg River. In its ^ 
 aspect ,t ,s a hilly and broken country, intersected by rapid ^.0^^ 
 w.de.pre.d lakes. The hills, however, do not rise to ay geat eZil 
 
liles of its 
 itre of the 
 ? from five 
 ■ch, spruce 
 
 ' scarcely 
 the flora 
 
 which lias 
 
 , Ijtweeii 
 
 ■1 a sandy 
 
 and low 
 
 ty which 
 
 I pebbles 
 in that 
 kos, and 
 ;able for 
 silicified 
 
 'alley of 
 le vetife- 
 
 of the 
 superior 
 ig Lake 
 
 thrive 
 rost up 
 
 )ODS, 
 
 ight of 
 eneral 
 rs and 
 ation, 
 
 1.) 
 
 and there are several tine alluvial valleys, the ...ost extensive of wl,i,.l, is 
 that of Rainy River. 
 
 The lakes and rivers present long reaches of navij^able water, the prin- 
 cipal of which, extending from Fort Frances to the western extren.ity of 
 Lac Plat, is 158 miles in length. Dense forests cover the whole of this 
 region, and the most valuable kinds of wood are seen in various places and 
 m considerable quantities. Elm is found on Rainy River, and white'pine 
 is abundant on the waters which flow towards Rainy Lake On the 
 Sageinaga River, and on the Seine and Maligne, there are extensive forests 
 of red and white pine. Occasional white pine appears in the beautiful 
 valley of Rainy River, and on the islands in the Lake of tI,o Woods. 
 
 The approach to Fort Frances is very beautiful. As we near the outlet 
 of Rainy Lake, and enter Rainy River, the right bank appears very much 
 like a park, the trees standing far apart, and having the rounded tops of 
 those seen in open grounds. Blue oak and balsam poplar, witli a few 
 aspen, are the principal forest trees. These line the bank, and for two 
 miles after leaving the lake, we glide down between walls of living -a-een 
 until we reach the Fort, which is beautifully situated on the right blnk of 
 Rainy River, immediately below the Falls. All sorts of grlin can be 
 raised here, as well as all kinds of garden vegetables. Barley, th- ^e feet 
 high, and oats over that, show there is nothing in the climatl or soil to 
 prevent a luxuriant growth. The length of the river is about eighty miles 
 The right, or Canadian bank, for the whole distance, is covered with a 
 heavy growth of forest trees, shrubs, climbing vines, and beautiful flov/ers 
 The forest trees consist of oak, elm, ash, birch, busswood, balsam, spruce, 
 aspcn, balsam poplar, and white and red pine r.ear the Lake of the Woods' 
 The whole flora of this region indicates a climate very like that of the old 
 settled parts of Ontario, and the luxuriance of the vegetation shews that 
 the soil is of the very best quality. 
 
 The name of Alberton has been given to the settlement at Fort Frances. 
 
 Of the lakes in this section, the Lake of the Woods is the most extensive 
 From Lac Plat, which may be regarded as its western extremity, to White 
 Fish Lake, which is a somewhat .similar extension in uu opposite direction 
 the distance is not far short of 100 miles, and from the mouth of Rainy 
 
16 
 
 Rive,-, at the entran,. „f the lake, to it. outlet at Hat Ponaje, i„ l„t 4r 
 . north, a„d lo„s. 04- ,r »est, the distance i. a,,,,,. „, J, '^ „„ , '^ 
 .ha a, „,ethe.. H oceupie, an a-ea of a„„„t ,i»tee„ h„„<,„,., ...L, L 
 
 .s,nte.pe„ed with i,l.„*, „„ ,o.. „, „hieh the ,„. ,„ ,' It ' 
 
 ZIhT '""'.■"•"="'°™'' -^ I-- -- known it fail, H wo ,,1 he 
 oftl„.slake. rsland„»e ,„ continuou. clusters, and in every variety of 
 
 shut ■„ soon ag.,„ ,t opens out, and through Ion,- vista, a glance il 
 obta,ned of an ocean-like expanse, where the water. n,.et the horil,. 
 
 CLIMATE, AGRIOULTURAL RESOUWJKS .STOCK 
 RAISING, Etc. 
 
 efth''''w"t°!,"'V"'°"°' "•"''"" '""" '^'" Nipissing to the Lake 
 
 , 7r ! T "" "' """' '' *™'"-''"^ '- »■■ •" -rls.. than i 
 a the Cty „f Ottawa. Only i„ one locality between these two pi 
 the snow found generally so deep as at this city, nau,ely i„ the h,,!. d , 
 neighhourheod of Lake SapeHor, where the L apper to aT „ ^ 
 
 :!r:;:„!::r"' " *= ""-^- -'■ '■■ — » - 
 
 The clhaate of the territory north of the height of land is one of 
 xtrena ,. The wrnters are cold-thc tcnperature tailing s„,uo.i„„, l' 
 low a, forty degrees hslow .ere of Fahronheifs ther„,o„,eter, and oecas io^ 
 aU r.s,ug .n s„„„„er to ninety degrees in the shade on the coast of James' 
 Bay. The n,ean temperature of the summer at Moose Factory is ahont 
 Sixty degrees. "^ """"k 
 
 In going northward, from the height of land to James' Hay, the climate 
 does not appear to get worse, but rather hotter. This „,ay he due to the 
 constant d,mmut,en in the elevation mere than eounterhalaneing for the 
 tncreased lat.tude, since in these northern regions a change in altitude 
 affec s the c .mate much more than the same amount of ^ang. tu d 
 affect ,t m place, further south. The water of Jan,..- Hav may also ,, , 
 a favourable i„«„enee, the hulk of it being made up i„ the !„: Z 
 
17 
 
 of warm river wator, wliioh uccumulates in tho head of the bay, and pushes 
 the cold .sea water further north. I'lie i,'i cater proportion of day to night 
 during th(( summer months may he another cause ot' the comparative 
 warmtli of this region. 
 
 The rainfall at Moose Factory forms no criterion as to what it is on 
 the southern hi^'hiands, whei'e, without lieing too wet, there is sufficient 
 rain ami dew to support the must luxuriant vegetation. The snow fall at 
 Moose Factory is n(jt nearly as heavy as it is south of Lake Nipissing and 
 French Kiver. 
 
 The following tal)ies of tcniperatnre anil rainfall at Port Arthur 
 and Moose Factory are taken from the report of the Meteorological service 
 of Canada, for the year ending .'Jlst Deeemher, 1881. 
 
 PORT AKTHTI!. 
 
 issi 
 
 Mkhu ti'iiijierature nf tlii' i 
 
 several iiioiitiis. I 
 
 Highest tenipeiiituri' In uucli j 
 
 month. I 
 
 Lowest teinpi'ratiiiH in imuIi 
 
 iMDnth. 
 Haiiifall in inclics in lacii 
 
 month. 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 ^ 
 
 ►^ 
 
 . 'r^ 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■fid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 >* 
 
 si 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ !^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 t I ^ 
 
 IMull \ 
 
 O'.'i 10-7 2r)-,s;iiL'.")0- 1 ."ifi.">](>7-l (;4'4 53-7 40 (i 22il'21'3 
 
 i i I i I ! 1 ^ i 
 
 2!)S38-4 45Tj71-8|70«;80-7 
 
 3«G|2r)'4 
 
 ,S8-(i 
 
 85 '0 
 
 12'0| 3-ll20-2|2<)oi43-2 
 
 72-3 
 
 6'J-8-K)-.S42'K 
 
 I 
 
 0-00 
 
 Nninber of days on whicl 
 rain fell in each month 
 
 ;h ) ! 
 
 • r ° 
 
 0-00i000l0'7(>3'23'l.74 
 
 
 
 3| 101 8 
 
 38'0l330 
 
 15 -31 13 '3 
 
 2.71 
 
 ! I 
 
 2'97 7:iSi2-0«il-00 
 
 li)-4 
 
 000 
 
 <i| 15 5! 21 
 
 I I I i 
 
is 
 
 MdOSK KACIORV 
 
 IM.S1, 
 
 Mi'ilii t.'iii|)ciatiiie of fhu 
 
 sevunil iiioiitliH. j 
 
 Hijfh.'Mt tHiiipcratuif ill ciich 
 
 lllDIltll. j 
 
 Li)Wt'.st teiM|i('i-iit,iiri. ill each 'i I — 
 
 y'2o \\m-rA4'> 
 
 inoiith. j i 
 
 47'4«4-0(10-8 
 
 ' I I 
 r,(J-H7!C0 83'0|!H)r):>W5l7(j« 
 
 sinaao 
 
 14-3 
 
 irit 
 
 HO 
 
 ri-2r,20;;«7 1 
 
 I 
 
 Rainfall ni iiK'lii'^ in f.wU ) ', ' 
 
 montli. J-{0-^:Oa0 010 0.1.!|0-.Vi;v5.S 
 
 Nlllul).-]' (,f ,l,iy. ,,11 Wllicli \ 1 ' 
 
 rain fell i„ ,.hi;Ii nionth. }■ " 1 :i ."), H 14 
 
 14 oyfiHj4ir) ;wa,Mr>o 12 r. aici 222 
 
 I i 
 
 I'i' i:«| iri 
 
 ow'ooo 
 
 Agricultrual operations have l.een ve.y Ii,„ited north of the height of 
 and. rt ,,s only at the fu,-trading posts of the Hudson's Hay Oo.^.any 
 that any attempt has been nK Je to cultivate the soil. ' 
 
 Farming and gardening h.ve I.eon successfully carried on hy the ofH.-ers 
 of the Company at their posts on Lakes Mattaga.ni and Missinil.i. At the 
 latter, sprmg wheat has l.een found to ripen well. At Moose Factory 
 although the soil is a cold, wet clay, with a level, undrained surface, farm 
 and garden produce, in considerable variety, are raised every yePr Oats 
 harley, beans, peas, turnips, beets, carrot, cabbage, onions, tomatoes etc ' 
 are grown w.thout any more c.re th,.n is re,p.i....d in other parts o^ 
 1 jinada. ' 
 
 Wheat may be successfully grown where the soil is suitable in ail that 
 p.trt of th:s temtory lying to the south of the Hftieth parallel of latitude 
 Then.ean ten.peratureof the sununer south of that parallel is sufficient 
 to npen tins ce.-eal. Indeed wheat has been grown at Abbitibbe House 
 Plyng Post, and New Brunswick, on or ab3ut the forty-niuth para!i,.| and' 
 at Lac .>,eul. between the tiftieth and fifty-tirst parallel. Indian cora . 
 
s a 
 
 10 
 
 morn d-licHt. plant th.u. whoal, l.as con.o (o .naturity ..t O.sMal.ursli Houho, 
 oil l^ik(^.St. .Joseph, north of the Ht'ty-lirHt |.anill..|. 
 
 iJaWey, oats, rye, peas and l.euns sucrood woll. Th.. invariahlo ex.-H- 
 lenceof the oropB of th,. Windsor h,.au and th. kidn.,v-l,..an .t Moo.s« 
 Factory is surpri.sinj(. 
 
 The vetch grows wild .vorywher... l.ut nowh.Mv is it so ul.undaat as on 
 the coast of Junius' Hay. 
 
 Th.,v is prol.al.ly n., food plant that is likMy t,. I.,- of n.ore in.portance 
 to the inlml.itMnts of this territory than th.- potato. There is none the 
 <mlt,vation of which has been so sucoesHful in every part. Tin- titnes, 
 ».oth ot soil and oli.nate for its growth has l.-en estal.lishe.l beyond dispute 
 \V hether viewed in reference to si.o, r.uantity or quality, the crops at Moose 
 Factory an.l Matawagannn.u. (L'.iO n.iles further south), will con.pare 
 favourably with those in the best potato-^rowin,, distri..ts in Ontario 
 Peaty soil ,s particularly well suited to the .rowth of potatoes. Then- are 
 «ulhons of acres of peat n.osses in this territory, very extensive areas of 
 wh.ch can be easily reclaimed, an.l when the country is settled and means 
 of transport provided, hundreds of thousands of tons of potatoes n.ay be 
 grown an.l sent away to supply the wants of other countries, 
 
 The titness of the .soil and clinuUe for the growth of root .rops will 
 «mke the breeding of cattle an.l .lairy husbandry in.portant resources of 
 this territory. An.ong these crops the turnip is entitled to a place in tl... 
 front rank. The carrot, beet, and parsnip can also be grown. 
 
 Cabbages, spinach, lettuce, mustard, cre,ss, and radishes, are grown with- 
 out any ch hculty. Rhubarb also grows well. The cauliHowe: appears to 
 
 be one of the surest crops at Moose Factory, and is s etimes ready for t 
 
 table as early as the fi.st of August. 
 
 Whatever doubts exist as to the agricultural value of the country north 
 of the he,ght of land in respect to its grain-growing ..apabiliti., there ca 
 be none ,n regard to its fitness to produce the more important roots and 
 gr sses. ^om the height of land northward to the coa' t of James' By 
 nothing on te north shor- . of Lake Huron or .Snp.Hor can exceed tlu- 
 luxunance of the native grasse.s. Cows and oxen are kept at all the pH^ 
 cpal i,osts, and they are invariably found to be healthy and in fine 'on- 
 
20 
 
 lUh 
 
 tii 
 
 a good ovideiue .,t tl... s.Un.i.iity of tlw. dimafc, and 
 
 i«p««rtur.'. At Moos., Factory, where soiuo sixty lu-.u! 
 
 t'xcfillont'd of 
 arc foiistautly 
 
 kept, a certain nmnl.-r an- siau-htrnvd .,v»,ry full, ,i,ul an, .luito fat, 
 altliou«Ii then taken "ttraiglit fnmi tin, yrans. 
 
 Th- only fruits il.u appear t.. 1„. ,.ultiv,it.'d ii. tin, ward.... ur.. th.. red 
 and hlack current and ranpL.Try. Tl... r.-il .urr.nt ih renmrkably prolific. 
 The struwlK.rry iin.l -...,M.|„.,ry ini-ht I- rai.s...l with little trouhl.., for they 
 
 are found «rowint: wil.l in many placs, and nouher on- ( .tifuily or 
 
 of fintM- quality than ..n tl,.. coast. The Imeklel-rry, or l.lu.h-rry is found 
 in great profuwion fn.ni tlw Ion- portages to the heiirht ..f la,,.], (n.leed 
 it may he said to al.oun.l from the c-oast of Ihulson's May to the shor.-s of 
 Lakes IFuron and Superior. it is nowher.- in gr..at..r profu...ioM or ..f fnwr 
 quality than on tin, height of lanti it.self. 
 
 Then- is another uiM tiruit which may he notie...!. This is a hush or 
 tr.'e not uidike the wild ..herry in appearance.* North of the height of 
 land, it attains a height in some plue-s of t.'n or twelve f..et, hut is .ren- 
 eruily .ihout six feet. The fruit grows singly, not in l.un.d.es or' clusters on 
 the tree. It is an ..l.long or pear shape, larger than the hlueherrv, hut 
 smaller than th.- grap... Wlmn ripe it is of a purple or hiue color. " 'ft is 
 sw.M-t.,r and has more llavor than the huckleberry, an.l is preferred by the 
 nativ.'s to it. It is to be found all the way from Jame.s' l^ay to Lake 
 Huron, l..ut nowhere in greater perfection than on the Mattagami River. 
 The fruit is not only pleasant and wholesome, but the juice would niake aii 
 e>"eUent wine, and the tree is worthy of cultivation and a place in our 
 orchards and gardens. 
 
 •This is |„„l,al,|y .\.H,.I;inchier.SHngiiin.,,., ., variety „f~th,. Ciuiudian Mi',\h