%. *''V, ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ 4/ /^V 1.0 I.I Ul 125 2.2 1-25 i 1.4 1.6 III Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.V. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ # <^^^ l\ \\ 'iroduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tanu d« la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. i6es Original copies In printed paper covers are flPmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first piage with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. 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D, 1824, in the 49th year of the Independence of tlio ^ ♦United States of America, William Borraaaile, of the said '^♦♦'♦'♦♦'^♦♦District, hath deposited in this office the title of a Bo»k th*^ right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the words followiog, ^0 Wit ; " Sketches of the History, MaQners, and Customs, of the North American Indians, with a {ilan for their meliora- tion. By James Buchanan, Esq. his Britannic Majesty's ' Consul for the State of New- York. In two volumes." in conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled '- Au Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps. Charts, und Books, to the auvhors and proprietors of such copies, duriujt' the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act, entitled " Au Act. supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of Learn- ing, b^ securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors ami proprietors of such copies, duringthe times therein mentioned, and exteiiil- ing the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and efciiiu^ hii^eiical and other prints." JAMES DILL, Clerk of iJie $ot{the)7i Dislrki of I^en-'YoH. .,„-», JiU . «^»»6-.-„««tt-'" ' SKETCHES Of tHE HISTORY, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS OP THE NORTH AMEmOAlf UmiAVS, m '00 DEDICATION* TO HIS EXCELLENCY UEUT.-OENERAL THE EARL OF DALHOUSIE, G. C. B» G0VE11N0R.OBNERAL AND COMMANDERIN-CHIEF OF ALL HIS MAJESTY'S POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA, lie. Itc. Weil aware, my Lord, of the effects produced by splendid talents, great personal worth, and hereditary rank, in promoting any work of benevolence, I solicited and obtained permission to dedicate the following pages to your Excellency. It is quite unnecessary to speak here of your Lord- ship's deeds ; they are too recent, too illustrious, too intimately connected with the history and the glory of the British Empire. Wishing your Excellency long to enjoy a reputation , thUB acquired and merited, I have the honour to remain, Your Lordship's Most obedient, humble servant^ JAS. BUCHANAN, J^tto-' YoYkj 1 St Mat/, 1 82 1 . y 1-, .// •v*, a op in in S« hi bl li: i\ fr m C( F bl a c h tl V I € \\ PRteFACE. In attempting to lay before the Public a sketch o( the History of the Red Indians of North America, with a view to excite a general sympathy in behalf of an oppressed and suffering people, 1 am aware of the great importance of my undertaking, and sensibly feel my inability to stand forward as an advocate, in any de- gree equal to the task I have thus imposed on myself. With but few exceptions, the American Indians have been abandoned by the Christian world, as a cruel, blood-thirsty, and treacherous race, incapable of civi- lization, and therefore, unworthy of that attention which the inhabitants of other barbarous climes have received from the zeal and devotion of many learned and pious members of society. — Thousunds have raised their voi- ces against the wrongs of our black brethren of Africa, From one end of Europe to the other, the humane have been aroused to a £ing> knife, tortiahawk, warwhoop, and thirst of blood, were at once associated in my mind ; and hence I was led to concur in the almost universal opinion, that he was totally incapable of being rendered subservient to the arts of civilized life. In the course of my travels through the United States and Upper Canada, I met with several Indians, whose external wretchedness in- duced me to make inquiries as to their present con- dition ; and although many persons to whom 1 ad- dressed myself appeared to be perfectly indifferent on the subject, and spoke of them in the most degrading terms, 1 was led to seek for farther information respect-< ing their character, in the pursuit of which I have been engaged for three years. Little did I imagine, that one of the most interest- ing subjects that can present itself to the human mind, would open upon me ; the full developement of which would require the united and extended labours of men of talent and research, the absolute devotion of their time and energies, to place before the world an impar- tial view of the Indians of North America, whose vir- tues, independence of mind, and nobleness of charac- ter^ have procured from their oppressors, as a justifica- tion of those meaiiires of severity which have been practised toward tfiem, the most foul and unjust repre- sentations. They have been gradually wasting away from the effects of cruelty and oppression, unheeded and unpitied, until their aggregate numbers, it is con-^ jectured, has been reduced to less than two millions. /*^ ' pnEFAce. IV It has hitherto been the policy of those by whom the North American Indians have been most oppressed, to represent them as very contemptible in numbers ; and although they have become nearly extinct on the borders, and in settled portions of the continent, it may be fairly presumed that the more warlike and active tribes have removed into the interior, as they have been found in numerous bodies by parties engaged in all the late expeditions. A sufficient number, however, yet remains to excite our sympathy. The wrongs which have been inflicted upon their whole race, have furnish- ed ample regions for the occupancy of civilized man. And does not our past neglect of their suffering and abandoned state, loudly call upon us to make repara- tion for the ills they have endured — to return to acts of justice, mercy, and kindness ; and, though late, to re- commend to the surviving Indians the religion we pro- fess, by all those means which the gospel enjoins f In the earnest hope that many may be led to a serious contemplation of this great and glorious object — that many with the talents, energy, and benevolence of a Wilberforce, both in the United States and in Great Britain, may yet be found to interpose their power and energies in behalf of a race destitute of the use of let- ters — to vindicate their character, and to set forth some portion of their wrongs, I have been led to prosecuj[c my inquiries respecting the North American Indians. While engaged in these pursuits, I learnt that the Historical Society of Philadelphia, actuated by a laud- able desire to preserve an account of the Aborigines, had requested the Rev. John Heckewelder, a Moravian Missionary, to furnish a detail of the information he had acquired during a residence of the greater portion of his life among the Indians of Pennsylvania and the adjoining states. That gentleman, although seven- ty-five years of age, readily engaged in the arduous undertaking, and his '* Historical Account of the In~ dian Nations'' has been published in the transactioas ef the Society, who have thus rendered an important service to science and to mankind ; while the reverend t*-- X PREFACE. author has left on record an unparalleled example of benevolence, sympathy, patience, and self-devotion. From the fulness of his work, I deemed the further prosecution of my labours unnecessary, lest my efforts might appear to many as a mere presumptuous display. I had therefore, abandoned all intention of placing niy> self before the public ; but upon my arrival in London in the summer of 1820, having casually spoken of the Interest I had taken in the present state of the North American Indians, it was suggested, that from my ob- servations and researches, which extended to other tribes than those more particularly noticed by Air. Heck- G.we)der, together with extracts from such parts of his useful and interesting volume^ as tend to confirm and illustrate the facts I had collected, or the vi^iws I had taken of the subject, the public might be presented with a work, in some degree calculated to facilitate the adoption of measures in favour of the Indians. Under this impression, I have consented to place my humble labours before the Public, disclaiming the slightest pretension to merit as an author, and having no view to pecuniary advantage from the publication : yet I can with confidence state, that with di/gence and zeal I have availed myself of every opportunity of coK lecting information from the most authentic sources. Many curious statements have been rejected, though perhaps true ; and the reader is earnestly entreated to keep in mind the fable of the Lion and the Panther, as he will thereby be induced to view with jealousy, re*- ports which may be prejudical to the Indian character. Let him also remember, that they have no historians, to record their wrongs, or plead their cause against «lilf<- 18 INTRODUCTION* nRtiiittUjythey display ^jp oco«4iopt in private life which are too ^t to stir up jth^ iretentro^ and envy, and all the mea9 ;paiiionii of c»yiliiid iQan, It will be naturally expecu^ thai having >|D(iyen thit^fpmroarjr of loidian virtutl^^'SliOttld sav something of Indian vices ; and I ai^iappy that ihe fatter will bear no proportion to the fcmer catalogue. Cruelty and an eager appetite for r^^nge, are th^ chief, if not the only, deformities of their nature; and these are scarcely ever |nant^sted, e3(cept in their op^ ho|tilides,jhe causes of w^^h are precisely similar to those which actuate civ|]j|?d naUians. Then, indeed, their feroci^ bres^ks out wi|h lalmost de- monaical fury ; their captives are generally doomed to death ; but it is not until they have undergone the most exquisite tortures, the most ingenious, unuttcraUe, and protracted agony, that the final blow is given. ThesQ atrocious practices are not, however, peculiar to our ui^lettered Indians. The metal boot and wedge, the thumb-screw, the rack, the gradual burnings of Smith- peHf the religious butchery of the bloody Piedmontese, " who rolled mother with infant down the rocks,'' the dismemberment by horses, " Luke's iron crown, anc \)amien'8 bed of steel," sufficiently attest the claims of trnlightened man to distinction in the art of torture. *' But the Five Nations," says Governor Clinton, in his masterly and eloquent discourse, "notwithstanding their horrible cruelty, are in one respect entitled to singular commendation for the exercise of humanity ; those ene- mies they spared in battle they made free ; whereas, with all other barl^arous nations," and he might have added ivitb mpst civilized nations, " slavery was the commutation of death. But it becomes not us, if we value the characters of our forefathers ; it becomes not the civilized nations oif Europe who have had American possessions, to inveigh against the merciless conduct of the savage. His appetite for blood was sharpened and whetted by European instigation, and his cupidity was enlisted on the side of cruelty by every temptation."* * »e Witt Clinton's Discourse, p. 56. ^gsaw""* -^^ ^■%: INTKODUCTIOIV. ID *'' Oar aistll^lii seeking for causes to extenuate ttie in- humanity of the Indians, might have said sdmething of their natnral and just resentment of tlte aggressions and tyranny of the liian of Europe, by whom they liave been reduced to the lowest tftate of wretchedness. In the wars between France and England and their colonies, their Indian aHiet were entitled to a premium for every H(dp of an efiemy. In the war preceding 1703, the go- verttnient of Massachtraetts gave twelve pounds for eve- ry Indian scalp; in that year the premium was raised to forty pdundk, bftt in 1722, it was augmented to oriQ hundred pounds t 9. itiTA sufficient to purchase a con- siderable extent of American I«p'^. An act was passed on the 25th of February 1745, by the American colo- nial legislattire, entitled, ".^n Act for giving a reward for sudt tcalpaf he, hcj^ Not- content with this exe- crable polliition of their minds by the agency of lucre, we have sown party division among the Indians, which in att its discordant shapes rages with uncontrolled sway; " Their nations are split up into fragments ; the son is arrayed against the father ; brother against bro- ther ; fhmilies against families ; tribes against tribes ; and canton against canton. They are divided into fjnc- tions, reHjAfiou^, political and personal ; Christian and Pagan ; American and British ; the followers of Corn- planter «nd Sagoua Ha ; of Skonadoi and Captain Peter. The tninilter of destruction is hovering over them^and before thr passing away of the present gene- "^ration, hot a single Iro^^nois will be seen in the sitate of New-York."* Tei with alt this gnilt at our doors we call the poor Iiidians ** savages,^^barbarians.'' l^'es, they hlive, in* diied;^^^^Wnit; so since they were debauched and cOn- ^ailMi^^d'l^the liquor and the example of European rtjatW^ Our*efe«»," says Heekewelder, " have destroy- 4^theih^M¥e''^tm oV(f swords," I do not hesitate to say that, in liiy opinion, their ignorance of letters has be^n th% only faihdrfuice to thdir being, politically De Witt Cnhtonv p. 88, 89. so ufTRODUirrioir. '"** spf akiog, a most powerful people. With the faculty of circulating and improving their natural information, by meant of literature, they would either not have been objccti for the crafty arts of civilised man, or they would have been invulnerable to themj and never could have been driven from their territoriei. Their courage and warlike character, unaided by learning, are things but of inferier force. " Knowledge** sayi Bacon, ^ it power.*' How with tnch elementt of mind at they pottett, they could, unlike other originally great people, have continued destitute of written wiidora, mutt ever remain a myttery. Jt it thi^ important want which compels them to endure their wrongt in ttlerce. They have no meant of making their grievances known to the rest of the world ; but must look for intercessors among those who have robbed and enslaved them. '* Why then,** I may ask with the benign Heckeweldcr, ** should not a white man, a Christian, who has been treated by them at all times with hospitality and kindnets, plead their honest cause, and defend them at they would d«- \ fend themselves, if they had but the means of bringing their facts and their arguments before an impartial pub- iief hetk not be said that among the whole race of wliite Christian men, not one single individual could be found, who, rising above the cloud of prejudice with which the pride of civilisation has surrounded the ori- ginal inhabitants of this land, would undertake the task of doing justice to their many excellent qualities, and raise a small frail monument to their memory.'* / ■ ¥> "1> fU SI Ci4' ^i'miiniilifli" CHAPTER II. ^^ INDIAN ACCOUNT Or THE FIRST ARRlVAti OF TUe^ DUTCH AT NBW-YORK ISLAND. f Tbb following simple and touching relation of this important event, was taken down many years sincefrom the mouth of an intelligeot Delaware Indian, by Mr. Heckewelder, and may be eonsidered as a correct ac^ count of the tradition existing among them. It is given as much as possible in their own language. ^'i" ^' A great many years ago, when men with a white skin had never yet been seen in this land, some Indians who. were out a fishing at a place where the sea widens, espied at a great distance something remarkably large floating on the water, and such as they had never seen before. These Indians immediately returning to the shore, apprized their countrymen of what they bad ob- served, and pressed them to go out with them and dis- cover what it might be. They hurried out together,^and saw with astonishment the phenomenon which now ap- peared to their sight, but ccpjd not agree upon what, it was ; some believed it to be an uncommonly large fish or animal, while others were of opinion it must be a very big house floating on the sea. At length *he spectators concluded that this wonderful object wes moving towards the land, and that it must be an animal or something else that had life in it ; it would therefore be proper to inform all the Indians on the inhabited islands of what they had seen, and put them on their guard. Accordingly they sent off a number of runners and 'Watermen to carry the news to their scattered chiefs, that they might send off in every direction for the war«^ vioq, with a message that they # heuld come on il^me- 2* :\^ i 1 P .i i4r*^«C*;r' »«.liiillllil»(1l^ llfDIAK ACCOUNT Or THI »,.^ dUtely. ThcM arriving in numberi , and having them- selvei viewed the strange appearance, and observing that it was actnally moving^ towards the entrance of the river or bay, concluded it to be a rcnrarkably large house in which the Mannitto (the Great or Supreme Being) himself was present, and that he probably was coming to visit them. *' By this time the chiefs were assembled at Yo/k Island and deliberating as to the manner in which they should receive their Mannitto on hi| arrival. £*'ery measure was taken to be well provided with plenty of meat for a sacrifice. The women were desired to pre- pare the best victuals. All the idols or images were examined and put in order, and a grand dance was sup- posed not only to be an agreeable entertainment for the Great Being, but it was bielieved that it might, with, the addition of a sacrifice, contribute to appease him if he was angry with them. '*The conjurers were also set to work, to determine what this phenomenon portended, and what the possible result of it might be. To these and to the chiefs and wise men of the nations, men, women and children were looking up for a('"ice and protection. Distracted be- tween hope and fear, they were at a loss what to do; a dance, however, commenced in great confusion. .«., ** While in this situation, fresh runners arrived de- cjaring it to be a large house of various colours ; and crowded wiill living creatures. It appears now to be f;ertain, that it is the greaC Mannitto, bringing them some kind of game, such as he had not given them be- fore ; but other runners soon after nrrivinf) declare that it is positively a house full of human beings-, of quite a different colour from that of the Indians, and dressed differently from them ; that in particular one of them was dressed entirely in red, who must be the Mannitto himself. They are hailed from the vessel in a lan- guage they do hot understand ; yeV they shout or yell ill return by way of answer, according to the custom of their country. Many are for running off to the woods, but are pressed by others to stay, in order not to give ^..=4',> riMUT ABftlTAL OF THE DUTCH. offence to their viiiter, who might find them out and deitroy them. The house, some %uy, large canoe, at latt ttopi, and a canoe of a imaller stie comet on ihore with tlie red man and some others in it$ some stay with his canoe to guard it. " The chiefs and wise men, assembled in council form themselves into a large circle, towards which the ma» in red clothes approaches with two others. He sa- lutes them with a friendly countenance, and they return the salute after their manner. They are lost in admi- ration ; the dress, the manners, the whole appearance of the unknown strangers is to them a subject of won- der; but they are particularly struck with him who wore the red coat all glittering with gold lace, which they could in no manner account for. He, surely, must be the great Mannitto, but why should he have a white skin? Meanwhile, a large Hackhack* is brought bj one of his servants, from which an unknown substanc< is poured out into a small cup or glass, and handed ti> the supposed Mannitto. He drink»— has the glasi filled again, and hands it to the chief standing next t( him. The chief receives it^ but only smells the con tents and passes it on to the next chief, who does the same The glass or cup thiA passes through the circle, with- out the liquor being tasted by any one, and is upon thi point of being returned to the red-clothed Mannitto when one of the Indians, a brave mcu and a grcar warrior, suddenly jumps up and harangues the assem* biy on the impropriety of returning the cup with its contents. It wa« handed to them, says he, by the Mannitto, that they should drink out of it, as he him- self had done. To follow his example would be pleasing to him ; but to return what he had given them might provoke his wrath, and bring destruction on them. And since the orator believed i^ for the good of the nation that the contents offered them should be drank, and as no one else would do it, he would drink t * Hackhsck is proparly a gourd, but since they hare nen (Itss b«t< tl«s and dtcanteri, they call them by the lame name. ^>««-'' .. — <; 24 J«iif3DU9 ACOOUKT Ot lUtm* It himi^V'^c ^« coi»e selves to their vessel,) the man with the red clothes re- turned again, and distributed presents among them consistiig of beads, axes, hoes and stockings, such as the white people wear. They soon became familiar with each other, and began to converse by signs. The / I)utch made them understand that they would not stay here, that they would return l^rae again, but would pay them another visit the next year, when they would bring them more presents^ and stay with them awhile^ but as they could not live without eating, they should want a little land of them to jsow seeds, in order to raise herbs and vegetables to put into their broths They went away as they had said, and returned in the fol- lowing season, when both parties were much rejoiced to see each other ; but the whites laughed at the Indians, seeing that they knew not the us^ of the axes and hoes they had given them the year before ; for they had these hanging to their breasts as ornaments, and the stockings were made use of as tobacco pouches. The whites now put handles to the former ibr them, and cut trees down before their eyes, Iwed up the ground, and put the stockings oa their legs. Here, they say, a general laughter ensued amoug the Indinns, tllat they ■-*-ir-f WlKtt AMMlVAh OF TUB I^VTCU. 25 had remained ignorat of the uie of such valuable im- plementftr aad had borne the weight of such heavy metal haogmg to their necks, for such a length of time. They took every, white man- they ^aw for an inferior Mannitto, attendant on the_ supreme Deity wno shone superior in the red and laced clotheg. As the whites became daily: more familiar with the Indians, they at last proposeU^ to stay with them, and asked only for so much ground foi' a garden spot as, they said, the hide of a bullock would cover or encompass, which hide was spread before them. The Indians readily granted tins apparency reasonable request; but the whites then took a knile and beginning at one end of the hide, cut it up toa long rope, not thicker than a child's finger, so that by the time the whole. was r.ut np, itmede a great heap ;^ they then took the rope at one end, and drew it gently along, carefuliy avoiding its breaking. It was drawn out into a circular form, and being closed at its ends^ encompassed a large piece of grounds The lodiaac were surprised at the superior wit of the whites,^ but did not wish to contend with them about a little land, a^ they, had still enough them- selves. The white and red men lived contentedly together for along ^me, though the former from time^ to time asked for more land, which was readily obtained, and thus they gradually proceeded higher up the Mahicanittuck, until the Indians began to believe that they would soon want all their country, which in the end proved true." • ■ . * Tbeie Dotehmen were probably aeqnaipted with what is relaleit of Queen Dido in ancient history, and thus turned their classical knoWlecl^e to a good aoobnct. M ; bS-l,; 26 i:;, ■^it-r^r^i.^k'^y-^ ~'iMk^ CHAPTER III. INDIAN RELATIONS OF THE CONDUCT OF EUROPEANS TOWARDS THEM. -m Long and dismal, says the revereqd author*, whpse wofk 1 have so often alludecl to, are the cojnpHaints which the Indians make of European ingra^titude and injustice. They love to repeat them, and always do it with the eloquence of nature, ?tidey an energetic and comprehensive language, which' our polished idioms cannot inaitate. Ouen 1 have listened to these descrip- tions of their hard sufferings, iintil I felt ashamed of being a white man. They aie, in general, very minute in these recitals, and proceed with a great degree o^ order and regular* ity. They beg;in with the Virginians, wtiom they call the long knives, ^d who were the first European set- tlers in this part of the American contine;nt. " It was we," say the Lenape, Mohicans, and their kindred tinhei, *' who so kindly received them on their first ar- rival into our country. We took them by the hRnd, and bid them welcome to sit down by our sidle, qiid live with OS as brothers; but how did th^y reqqite our kindness ? They at first asked only for a liufe land on which to raise bread for themselvet and their families, and pasture for tbeir cattle, which we freely gave them. They soon wanted more, which we r!so gave dfciem. They saw the game in the woods, which the Great Spi- rit had given us for our subsistence, and they wanted that too. They penetrated into the woods, in quest of game, they discovered spots of land whi^ pleased * n«ckewekl«r, from whpte work this and the tonffmag c i««-^ v •* *l .1. II . 1l , 30 INDIAN RELATIONS OF THE they began to pull our council house down* first at one end and then at the other, and at last meeting each other at the centre, vvhere the council fire was yet burning bright, they put it out,f and extinguished it with our own blood ! J with the blood of those^ who with us had received them ! who had welcomed them in our land ! Their blood ran in streams into our fire, and extinguished it so entirely, that not one spark was left us whereby to kindle a new fire ;{| we were com- pelled to withdraw ourselves beyond the great swarop,11 and to fly to our good uncle, the Lelamattenos** who kindly gave us a tract of land to live on. fiow long we shall be permitted to remain in this asylum, the Great Spirit only knows. The whites will not rest contented until they shall have destroyed the last of us, and made us disappear entirely from 4he face of the earth." . I have given here only a brief specimen of the char- * Pulling thp council house down. Destroying, dispersing the com- munitv, preventing theirlfarther intercourse with each other, by 8«t- tling between them on their land. t Putting the Jire out. Murdering them or their people, wnere they assemble for pacific purposes, where treaties art held, &c. \ Our own blood. The blood flowing from the veins of some of our community. ( Alluding to the murder of the Conestogo Indiana, who though of another tribe, yet had joined 'them in welcoming the white people to their shores. * In a narrative of this lamentable event, supposed tq bn^i^een writ- ten by the late Dr. Franklin, it is said: "On the first„fiwival of the English in Pennsylvania, messengers from this tribe came to welcome them with presents of venison, corn and skins, and the who!? tribe en- tered into a treaty of fiiendship with the first proprietor,; William Penn, which was to last as long as the sun should shine, or the waters run m the rivers." II The fire was entirely extinguished by the blood of the murdered T' inning into it ; not a spark was left to kindle a new fire. This alludes 1o the last fire that was kindled by the Pennsylvaniaii government and themselves at Lancaster, where the last treaty was held with them in 1762, the year preceding this murder, which put an end to all business of the kind in the province of Pennsylvania. IT The great Swamp. The Glades on the Allegheny mountains. ** Delamattenos. The Huron or Wyandots, whom they cull their uncle. These, though speaking a dialect of the Iroquois language, are in connection with the Lenape. . ,. ,«,^>rfcj,^'»«a. /■-. .^-^ ■if^' \' CONDUCT OF THE EUROPDANS. 31 s language, gfies which they exhibit against the white people. There are men 'imon^ them who hf»ve by heart the whole his- tory of what took , 'ace between the whites and the In- dians, since the forme, first came into their country ; and relate the whole with ease and with an eloquence not to be imitated. On the tablets of their memories they preserve this record for posterity. 1, nt one time, in AprrI 1787, was astonished when I heard one of their orators, a ^reat chief of the Delaware nation, go over this (ground, recapitulating the most extraordinary events which had before happened, and concluding in these words : *' I admit there are good white men, but they bear no proportion to the bad ; the bad must be the strontiest, for they rule. They do what they please. They enslave those who are not of their colour, al- though created by the same Great Spirit who created us. They would make slaves of us if they could, but as they cannot do it, they kill us! There is no faith to be placed in their words. They are not like the In- dians, who are only enemies while at war, and are friends in peace. They will say to an Indian, * My friend ! my brother !' They wUl take him by the hand, and at the same moment dest jy him. And so you" (addressing himself to the Christian Indians) " will also be treated by them before long. Remember ! that this day I have warned you to beware of such friends as these. JL know the long knives; they ai;e not to be trusted." Eleven months after this speech was delivered by this prophetic chief, ninety-six of the same ChristisAi, Indians, about sixty of them women and children, were murdered at the place where these very w^ords had been spokeki, by the same men he had alluded to, and in the same manner* that, he had described. See LoskiePs History, Part III. ch. 10. iS' '« .ti "fmmmm .^^2«ff!^: 33 > CHAPTER IV. '. fVIDENCES OF GENERAL CAPACITY AND TRUE CON- ^ CEPTION OF COURTESY AMONG THE PRESENT INDIANS. In the summer of 1819, during the yellow fever at New- York, I took a tour, accompanied by two of ray daughters, and a gentleman, to the Falls of Niagara, and throui^h a considerable part of Upper Canada. After stopping more than a week under the truly hos- pitable roof of the Honourable Colonel Clarke, at the Falls, I determined to proceed by land round Lake On- tario, to York ; and Mrs. Clarke offtred to give my daughters a letter of introduction to a Miss Brandt, advising us to arrange our time so as to sleep and stop a day or two in the house of that lady, as she was cer- tain we should be much pleased with her and her bro- ther. Our friend did not intimate, still less did we sus- pect, that the introduction was to an Indian Prince and Princess. Had we been in the least aware of this, our previous^ arrangements would )tll have given way, as there was nothing I was more anxious to obtain than an opportunity, such as this was so well calculated to afford, of seeing in what degree the Indian character would be modified by a conformity to the habits and Comforts of civilized life. Proceeding on our journey, we stopped at an inn, ro- mantically situated, where I determined to remain all night. Among other things I inquired of the landlord if he knew the distance to Miss Brandt's bouse, and from him I learned that it was about twenty miles off. He added that yolbpcr Mr. Brandt had passed that way in the morning, and would, no doubt, be returning in the evening, and that if I wished it, he would be on the look \i:^^i' to his nation and colour. By four o'clock in the morning, we resumed our journey. On arriving at the magnificent shores of Lake Ontario, the driver of our carriage pointed out at the distance of five miles, the house of Miss Brandt, which had a very noble and commanding aspect ; and we an- ticipated much pleasure in our visit ; as beside the en- joyment of so beautiful a spot, we should be enabled to form a competent idea of Canadian manners and style of living. Young Mr. Brandt, it appeared, unaware that with our carriage we could have reached his house so soon, had not approach was not arrived before us ; so that our announced ; and we -drove up to the door under the full persuasion that the family would be apprised of our coming. ^The outer door, leadin*^ to a spacious hall, was open. 1 We entered, and remained a few minutes, when seeing no person about, we proceeded into the parlour, which, like the hall, had no body in it. We, therefore, had an oppor- tunity of looking about us at our leisure. It was a room well furnished with a carpet, pier and chimney glases, mahogany tables, fashionable chairs, a guitar, a neat hanging book-case, in which, among other volumes, we perceived a church of England prayer-book, translated into the Mohawk tongue, and several small elementary works. Having sent our note of introduction in by the 3*^ ll ( Xi ^^ 64 ZVIDINCES or SEMKHAL CAPACITY coachman, and still no person waiting on us, we began to suspect, (more especially in the hungry state we were all in,) that some delay or difficulty about break- fast stood in the way of the young lady's appearance. Various were our conjectures, and momentarily did our hunger seem to gain rapid strides upon us. I can as- sure my readers that a keen morning's ride on the shores of an American lake, is a thing of all others calo- culated to make tile appetite clamorous, if not inso- lent. We had already penetrated into the parlour ; and were beginning to meditate a further exploration in search of the pantry, when to our unspeakable asto- nishment, in walked a charming, noole-looking Indian girl, dressed partly in the native, and partly in the English costume. Her hair was confined on the head in a silk net, but the lower tresses, escaping from thence, flowed down on her shoulders. Under a tunic or morn- ing dress of black silk, was a pettioat of the same ma- terial and colour, which reached very little below the knees. Her silk stockings and kid shoes were, like the rest of her dress, black. The grace and dignity of her EDOvement, the style of her dress and manner, so new, so unexpected, filled us all with astonishment. With great w ?, yet by no means in that common-place mode so generally prevalent on such occasions, she inquired how we had found the roads, accommodation, &;c. No flut- ter was at all apparent on account of the delay in get- ting breakfast ; no fidgeting and fuss-making, no run- ning in and out, no idle expressions of r gret, such as, " O, dear me ! had I known of your coming, you would not have been kept in this way ;" but with perfect ease she maintained the conversation, until a Squaw,* wear- ing a man's hat, brought in a tray with preparations for breakfast. A table-cloth of fine white damask being laid, we were regaled with tea, cofiee, hot-rolls, butter in water and ice-coolers, eggs, smoked-beef and ham, broiled chickens, &lc. ; all served in a truly neat and * The name of all Indian women. 4MONO THE INDIANS. 96 comfortable style. The delay, we afterwards discover- ed, arose from the desire of our hostess to supply us with hot rolls, which were actually baked while we waited. 1 have been thus minute in my description of these comforts, as they were so little to be expected in the house of rin Indian. After breakfast. Miss Brandt, as we must still call her, took my daughters out to walk, and look at the picturesque scenery of the country. She and her bro- ther had previously expressed a hope that we would stay all day ; but though 1 wished o.f all things to do so, and had determined, in the event of their pressing their invitation, to accept it, yet I declined the propo- sal at first, and thus forfeited a pleasure which we all of us longed in our hearts to enjoy ; for, as I have af- terwards learned, it is not the custom of any uncor- rupted Indian to repeat a request if once rejected. They believe that those to whom they offer any mark of friendship, and who give a reason for refusing it, do so in perfect sincerity, and that it would be rudeness to require them to alter their determination, or break their word. And as the Indian never makes a show of civi- lity, but when prompted by a genuine feeling, so he thinks others are actuated by similar candour. 1 really feel ashamed when 1 consider how severe a rebuke this carries with it to us who boast of civilization, but who are so much carried away by the general insincerity of expression pervading all ranks, that few indeed are to be found who speak just what they wish or know. This duplicity is the effect of what is termed a high state of refinement. We are taught so to conduct our language, that others cannot discover our real views or intentions. The Indians are not only free from this deceitfulness, but surpass us in another instance of true goodrbreed- ing and decorum, namely, of never interrupting those who converse with them, until they have done speak- ing ; and then they reply in the hope of not being them- selves interrupted. This was perfectly exemplified by Miss Brandt and her brother ; and I hope the lesson my "'••'-'laiitn-- •i^^S^J^}^- 36 BVIDENCES or GENERAL CAPACITT (laugliters were so forcibly laii^^lil by ihe natural po- liteness of their hostess, will never be forgotten by ihem, and that 1 also may profit by the example. After stopping a few hours with iliese interesting young Indians, and givinj^ llieni an invitaiion to (ay lis a visit at New- York, which iliey expressed threat desire to fulfil, and which I therefore confidently anticipate, we took onr leave with real regret on all sides As we passed through the hall, I expected to see some Indian instruments of war or the chase ; but perceiving that the walls were bare of these customary ornaments, I asked Mr. Brandt where all the trophies were that be- longed to his lamily ? He told me, and I record it with shame, that the numerous visiters that from time to time called on him, expressed their desire so strongly for these trophies, that one by one he had given all away ; and now he was exempt from these sacrifices, by not having any thing of the kind left. He seemed, never- theless, to cherish with fondness the memory of these relics of his forefathers. How ill did the civilized vi- siters requite the hospitality they experienced under the roof whose doors stand open to shelter and feed all who enter ! As all about our youn^!: hostess is interesting, I will add some farther particulars. Having inquired for her mother, she told me she remained generally with her other sons and daughters, who were living in the Indian settlement on the iGrrand River that falls into Lakt Erie : that her mother preferred 'jemg in the Wig-wams, and disapproved, in a certain degree, of her and her brother John's conforming so much to the habits and costume of the English. It may be added that this fa- mily are the children of the celebrated Mokawk Indian Chief, Captain Brandt, who was introduced to his late Majesty, and who translated the prayer-book, and part of the scriptures into one of the Indian languages; and that the house where we were so hospitably entertained, 'Was built upon a grant of land bestowed by George the Third on that Mohawk Prince. -*.*•*»«** --->*, AMONG THE INDIANS. 37 >o- My thus becoming acquainted with this yonntrlatly and her brother, fully estnbiislies in my mind nil I was anxious to prove by the education of a young Indian ; and many such instances might be adduced which would evince that wisdom, science, and exaltation of charac- ter, are not the exclusive property of any colour, tribe, or nation. The bravery, political sagacity, and know- ledge of government, manifested by the negroes who now govern in St. Domingo (not to mention other well- known instances,) are calculated to allay the doubts which used to prevail as to the capacity of the African. But between the Indian of North America, and the Afri- can, there is a remarkable difference. The former ne- ver can be bowed to become the slave of man, to pay tribute, or to submit, by any hope of reward, to live in vassalage. Free* like the son of hhmael, he will die rather than yield his liberty; and he is, therefore, hunt- ed down by people wh5 boast of civilisation and Chris- tianity, and who, while they valu6 their own freedom do not hesitate to extend their lands and property by the merciless destruction of the unoffending original pro- prietor. But let not those who still claim the British name, nor the citizens of the United States, deceive themselves in the belief that because the poor Indians, whose lands they possess, and whose rivers they navi- ^f4e, have no powerful voice to blazon their wrongs, and hold them up to the abhorrence of mankind, they wiH always rest unavenged ; or that the civilization which is pompously carried on, but which is in fact a slow consuming system of extinction, will avert the re- tributive justice which God will assuredly render. The poo|r Indians confess that for their crimes they are now placed by the Great Spirit under the feet of the white men, and in the midst of their sufferings, they patheti- cally warn their cruel oppressors that the time may yet come when the Lord will have pity on them, and in turn, punish the Kuropeans. Truly the ways of the Almighty are wonderful ! The apparent prosperity of the wicked are among the most unaccountable features \ 11 ,> I < ;^s4*.. -^^^^^^^!^'^''^^:'^m^ 38 EVIDENCES OF GENERAL CAPACITY of the will of our Creator, and would be utterly without a solution had we not the Bib!eto guide us into a right understanding of his designs. However the deist may scoff, or the philosopher doubt, yet therein we see that though the wrath of God may be long delayed, the punishment of iniquity will assuredly come to pass. The re-action of crime and punishment is to be seen in the history of all nations. Liet the European oppres- sors of the Indian savage, as he is called, look to it in time ; and while the diffusio'i of the true principles of Christianity throughout the British empire, is followed by clemency and mercy to the African, it is to be hoped the same benevolent spirit will extend itself to the noble- minded Aborigines of North America; and that instead of supplying arms, ammunition, blankets, and run?, we may lead th'.'ra to the arts and blessings of peace, and to the improvement of their admjrsble native talent. With regard to the terms, " barbarians" and " sava- ges," which it is the fashion to lavish so prodigally on our Indians, let us hear what the philosophical French essayist, Montaif5no, caid nf them, in rpfpr»»nco to these appellations, between two and three hundred years ago. " I find that there is nothing barbarous and savage in this nation, by any thing I can gather, excepting that every one gives the title of barbarity to every thing that is not in use in his own country : as indeed we have no other level of truth and reason, than the example atid idea of the opinions and customs of the place wherein we live. There is always the true religion ; there the perfect government, and the most exact and accomplish- ed usance of all th 41 Speeches of several of the ( 'hiefs of the Delegation of In- dians^ under Major O^ Fallon, to the President of the United States, in Council, on the 4th of February, 1822. li THE PAWNEE CHIEF. My Great Father : — I have travelled a great distance to see you — 1 liave seep you and my heart rejoices. I have heard your words — ihey have entered one ear and shall not escape the other, and 1 will carry them to my people as pure as they tame (rom your mouth. My Great Father: — I am going to speak the truth. The Great Spirit looks down upon us, and I call Him to witness all that may pass between us on this occa- sion. If I am here now ana have seen your people, your houses, your vessels on the big lake, and a great many wonderful things far beyond my comprehension, which appear to have been made by the Great Spirit and placed in your hands, I am indebted to my Father here, who invited me from home, under whose wings I have been protected.* Yes, my Great Father, 1 have travelled with your chief; I have followed him, and trod in his tracks ; but there is still another Great Father to whom I am much indebted — it is the Father of uc all. Him who made us and placed us on this earth. I feel grateful •> iV.a Great Spirit for strengthening my heart for such an undertaking, and for preserving the life which he gave me. The Great Spirit made us all — he made my skin red, and yo »rs white ; he placed us on this earth, and intended that we should live differently from each other. He made the whites to cultivate the earth, and feed on domestic animals; but he made us, red skins, to rove through the uncultivated woods and plains; to feed on wild animals; and to dress with their skins. Ke also intended that we should go to war — to take scalps — steal horses from and triumph over our enemies Vol. I. * Pointing to Major O'Fallon. 1J:J*'*;5U.'X- ,H«IMI«I^'}-" 42 PEELINGS AND VIEWS — cultivate peace at home, and promote the happiness: of each other. I believe there are no people of any colour on this earth who do not believe in the Great Spirit — in rewards, and in punishments. We worship him, but we worship him not as you do. We differ from you in appearance and manners as well as in our customs; and we differ from you in our religion; we have no large houses as you have to worship the Great Spirit in ; if we had them to-^day, we should want others to-morrow, for we have not, like you, a fixed habitation — we have no settled home except our vil- lages, where we remain but two moons in twelve. We, like animals, rove through the country, whilst you whites reside between us and heaven; but siill, my Great Father, we love the Great Spirit — we acknow- ledge his supreme power— our peace, our health, and our happiness depend upon him, and our lives belong to him — he made us and he can destroy us. JWy Great Father : — Some of your good chiefs, as they are called (missionaries,) have proposed to send some of their good people among us to change our habits, to make us work and live like the white people. I will not tell a lie — I am going to tell the truth. You love your country — you love your people— you love the manner in which they live, and you think your people brave.— I am like you, my Great Father, I love my country — I love my people — I love the man- ner in which we live, and think myself and warriors brave. Spare me then, my Father; let me enjoy my country, and pursue the buffaio, and the beaveri and the other wild animals of our country, and I will trade their «kins with your people. I have grown up, and lived thus long without work— I am in hopes you will suffer me to die without it. We have plenty of buffalo, beaver, deer and other wild animals — we have also an abundance of horses — we have every thing we want — we have plenty of land, if you will keep your people off of it. My father has a piece on which he lives, (Council Bluffs) and we wish him to enjoy it — we .--,.r^--^ f '^'•h^ less my reat ship liffer and pade and OF THE rNOIANS AT PRESENT. 40 have enough without it — but we wish him to live near us to give us good counsel — to keep our ears and eyes open that we may continue to pursue the right road — the road to happiness. He settles all differences between us and the whites, between the red skins themselves — he makes the whites do justice to the red skins, and he makes the red skins do justice to the whites. He saves the effusion of human blood, aiul restores peace and happiness on the land. You have already sent us a father; it is enough he knows us and we know him — we have confi- dence in him — we keep our eye constantly upon him, and since we have heard your words, we will listen' more attentively to his. It is too soon, my Great Father, to send those good men among us. fVe are not starving yet — we wish you to permit us to enjoy the chase until the game of our country is exhausted— until the wild an- ithals become extinct. Let us exhaust our present resources before you make us toil and interrupt our happiness— let me continue to live as I have done, and after i have passed to the Good or Evil Spirit from off the wilderness of my present life, the sub- sistence of my children may become so precarious as to need and embrace the assistance of those good people. There was a time when we did not know the whites — our wants were then fewer than they are now. They were always within our controul — we had then seen nothing which we could not get. Be- fore our intercourse with the whites (who have caused such a destruction in our game,) we could lie down to sleep, and when we awoke we would find the buffalo feeding around our camp — but now we are killing them for their skin!^, and feeding the wolves with their flesh, to make our children cry over their bones. Here, My Great Father, is a pipe which I present you, as I am accustomed to present pipes to all the \) I) 1 1 ff * ',»>>ii 44 FEELINGS AND VIEWS red skins in peoce with us. It is filled with sach tO" bacco as we were accustomed to smoke before we knew the white people. It is pleasant, and the spon- taneous growth ot' the most remote parts of our country. I know that the robes, leggins, mocka- sius, bear-claws, fee, are of little value to yo!i. ^ut we wish you to have thern deposited and preserved in some conspicuous part of your lodge, so that when we are gone and the sod turned over our bones, if our children should visit this place, as we do now, they may see and recognize with pleasure the de- posites of their fathers; and reflect on the times that are past. PA.WNEE LOUP CHIEr. Jily Great Father: — Whenever 1 see a white man amongst us i^itliout a protector, I tremble for him. I am aware of the ungovernable disposition of some of our young men, and when I see an inexperienced white man, I am always afraid they will make me cry. I now begin to love your people, and, as I love my own people too, I am unwilling that any blood should be spilt between us. You are unac- quainted with our fashions, and we are unacquainted ■ with yours; and when any of your people come among us, I am always afraid that they will be struck on the head like do^s, as we should be here amongst you, but for our father in whose tracks we tread. When your people come among us, they should come as we come among you, with some one to protect them, whom we know and who knows us. Until this chief came amongst us, three winters since, we roved through the plains only thirsting for each others's blood — we were blind — we could not see the right road, and we hunted to destroy each other. We were always feeling for obstacles, and every thing we felt we thought one. Our warriors were always gomg to and coming from war. I myself m _ .»*.i«it«'i(i^j fjm^ ■■«^'*s<» OF THE INDIANS AT PRESENT. 46 have killed and scalped in every direction. I have often triumphed over my enemies. OTTOE PART IZ AN. My Great Father: — I am brave, and if I had not been brave 1 should not have followed my Father here. 1 have killed my enemies, I have taken their liorses, and although 1 love and respect my Father, and will do any thing he tells me, 1 will not submit to an insult from any one. If my enemies, of any na- tion, should strike me, I will rise in the might of my strength, and avenge the spirit of nny dead. • O^MAHA CHIEF. My Great Father: — Look at me — look at me, my father, my hands are unstained with blood — my people have never struck the whites, and the whites have never struck them. It is not the case with other red skins. Mine is the only nation that has spared the long knives. I am a chief, but not the only one in my nation ; there are other chiefs who raise their crests by ray side. I have always been the friend of the long knives, and before this chiefs (Major O'F.) came among us, I suffered much in support of the whites. I was of);en reproached for being a friend, but when my father came amongst us, he strengthened my arms, and I soon towered over the rest. My Great Father : — ^I have heard some of your chiefs, who propose to send some good people amongst us, to iearn us to live as you do ; but I do not wish to tell a lie— \ am onlj' one man, and will not presume, at this distance from my people, to speak for them, on a subject with which they are entirely unacquainted — ^I am afjraid it is too soon for us to * Pointing to Mci^or CFallw. 4^ .^|Bir'-*J»T 46 FEELII7GS AND Vlt^WS attempt to change habits. We have too much gaiut in our country — we feed too plentifully on the buf- falo to bruise our hands with the instruments of agri- <:ulture. The Greut Spirit made my skin red, and he made us to live as we do now; and I believe that when the Great Spirit placed us upon this earth he consulted our happiness. We love our country — we love our customs and habits. I wish (hat you would permit us to enjoy them as long as I live. When we be- come hungry, naked — when the gane of our country ^becomes exhausted, and misery encompasses our families, then, and not till then, do I want those good people among us. Then ihf^y may lend us a help- ing hand — then show us the wealth of the earth — the advantages and sustenance to be derived from its culture. I am fond of peace, my Great Father, but the Sioux have disturbed my repose. They have struck upon me and killed two of my brothers, and since more of my bravest warriors, whose deaths are still unrevenged. Those Sioux live high up the Missouri, and, although they have seen my father and heard his words, they rove on the land like hungry wolves, and, like serpents creeping through the grass, they disturb the unsuspecting stranger passing through the country. I am almost the only red skin opposed to war — but, my father, what should I do to satisfy the dead, when every wind coming over their bones bring to my ears their cries for revenge f I am con- stantly disturbed by the recollection of my brotherSj and am afraid to neglect their bones, which have beC!i thrown to the winds, and lie uncovered and ex- posed to the sun. I must not be slow to avenge their death ; I am forced to war, my Great Father, and I dm in hopes you will assist me ; I am in hopes that you will give some arms to my father to place in the hands of my brave, to enable them to defend their wives and children> Since I have known my •u^am^lfi^; OF THE INDIANS AT PRESENT. 47 lade the ihed our ^rmit be- inti-y our lather, I have obeyed Am commandsj and wlien I die I will leave my children to him that he may do witli them as he pleases. O'SIAHA PARITZAN. My Great Father: — My father was a chief, but he grew old, and became dry like grass, and passed away, leaving tht roots from which I sprung up, and have gfown so large without one mark of distinc- tion. I am still green, but am afraid to die without the fame of my father. I wish you would be so good as to give me a mark to attract the attention of my people, that when I return home I may bring to their recollection the deeds of my father and my claims to distinction. Since I left home I have been much afflicted; death sought me, but I clung to my father and he kept it off. I have now grown fat, and am in hopes to return to my nation. There is my chief, (pointing to the Big Elk,) who has no claims, no inheritance from his father. I am now following behind him, and treading upon his heels, in hopes that you and my father here,* will take piiy on mc and recollect who my father was. The following minutes of a conference with the Senecas, exhibit what the Indians are subject to even in the state of New York at present. In Senate, February 11, 1620. MESSAGE FROM HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOtl. TO THE SENATE AND ASSEMBLY. Gentlemen — I have the honour to transmit to you the minutes .of a conference with the representatives of the SeneCa * Pointing to Major OTallon .ft' 48 FEELINGS AND VIEWS l> * i Indians. I respectfully recommend to your favour- able considerations, the objects suggested by them ; and as I understand that there is now a bill before you, relative to the ferry at Black Rock, it may be deemed proper by you to consider one of the re- quests of the Senecas in connexion with the other provisions contained in that bill. De Witt Clinton. Albany, iUh February, 1820. ♦- Minutes of a Conference between his Exxellencp De fVitt Clinton, and Pollard and Capt. Strong, the Representatives of the Sachem Chiefs of the Seneca JVation, February 7, 1820. SPEECH OP THE INDIAN REPRESENTATIVES. Brother ! — I am happy to find you enjoying good health, a^ the great council fire, in Albany. Although our number is small now before you, yet we come not without authority. We are authorized and instructed to make these communications. We come in com- pany with an agent of the United States. What we do, was agreed upon in a council of the Seneca Na- tion, before we left home. Brother ! — Last summer, when you were at Buf- falo, you will recollect that we had an interview with you, and stated our grievances. We had heard bad accounts before, concerning our reservations. You then stated to us, that you were net prepared to give us an answer to our request, and that you would prefer receiving a delegation from us, in Albany, at the commencement of the winter. We now come. We intended to have come sooner ; but the United States' agent having agreed to come with us, and he liaving been detained at Canandaigu, in making his report, we have been prevented. Brother ! — Our principal object is, to obtain a full and fair statement of you, concerning our reservationi Reports are in circulatiov, that we hav? no rights. \ \ ;^.«^»%(feir''fA.— OF THE INDIANS AT PRESENT. 49 We want a statement under your hands, what we have, and what we have not. We want to know whether we can go on with our improvements — whether we are safe from the claims of those who have pre-emption rights ; or, whether we are to be swept away, and robbed and phindered of our own. Brother ! — You can but recollect the treaty be- tween {Governor George Clinton, and the Seueca Na- tion. The treaty embraced a conveyance from us to the people, of a strip of land, of one mile, on the straights of Niagara. The treaty contained a condi- tion that we should fujoy the free privilege of passing the ferry at Black Rock, without paying toll. This right was confined to the Seneca Nation. The enjoy- ment of this privilege is interrupted. The man who has the care of the ferry, cannot discriminate and de- termine ivhat Indians have a right to pass toll free. The Six Nations wish to pass toll-free. They are now prevented, and oftentimes have no money to pay. They want a general right. The lease of the ferry expires soon. In consequence of the late war, the papers concerning the before-mentioned treaty, are lost. We now ask a copy of that treaty on parch* ment. Brother ! — ^Upon pur domains at Buffalo, there are many depredations. We want a commissioner or an attorney appointed to settle our difficulties with the white people — to stand forth on all occasions, as the protector of our interests, and as a pacificator in all disputes which we may have. Brother ! — We last summer informed you of our wishes to receive instruction, and to near the preach- ing of the gospel. We solicit aid, that we may in- struct our children, build a small edifice in which we can have religious worship ; — we solcit aid too, that will encourage in us a better knowledge of agricul- ture. Brother ! — We have been defrauded in the sale of our reservation on Genesee river. The land called I *?^?'''*"*"**'***'^^^^iC^!iir*i-t* ... -:u 50 FEELINGS ANJ> VIEWS Bayard's reservation, was purchased by Oliver Phelps, and no equivalent has ever been realized by us. Have we any remedy ? Brother ! — One thing more : We wish to speak of the Cattaraugus reservation. We have the right of ferriage, on one side of the river. A man, by the name of Mack, deprives us of this right. Have wc any remedy ? Brother ! — We have been brief. We hope to be understood. We ask answers to our solicitations as soon as they can be given. We depart in the spirit of peace, and may the Great Spirit bless you. ANSWER. TO THE SACUEMS, CHIEFS AND WARRIORS OP THE SENECA INDIANS. Brethren ! — I have received your communication by your representatives. Pollard and Capt. Strong j I am rejoiced to hear of your welfare; may the Great Spirit continue to bless you. Brethren ! — You desire to know the full extent of your rights m your reservations. This request is reasonable You have an absolute and uncontrolled right to those lands, to all that they contain, am to all that they can produce. • To prevent a recurrence of frauds, which have too often been practised by our people on our Red brethren, our laws have ordained, that no sale of Indian l^nd shall be val d, without the sanction of the government. In your case, the right, of purchasing the lands of your nation, w.ts granted by the state of New-York to i*^" «tate of Massachu- setts ; Massachusetts conveyed the right to Phelps and Gorham ; and afterwards to Robert Morris ; Ro- bert Morris again sold it to the Holland l.md com- pany , and the Holland land company have transferred it to David A. Ogden and his associates. All the right that Ogden and his company have, is the right of purchasing your reservations, when you think it ex- pedient to sell them ; that is, they can buy your OF TUE INDIANS AT PRESENT. 51 Oliver id by }ak or ^ht of fy the !e we to be >us as spirit lands, but no other persons can. You may retain them as long as you please, and you may sell them to Ogden as sron as you please. You are the owners of these lands in the same way that your brethren, the Oneidas, are of their reservations. They are all that is lefl of what the Great Spirit gave to your an- cestors. !Vo man shall deprive you of thom, without your consent. This state will protect you in the full enjoyment of your property. We are strong — we are willing to shield yon from oppression. The Great Spirit looks down on the conduct of mankind, and will punish us, if we permit the remnant of the Indian nations, which is with us, to be injured. We feel for you, brethren : we shall watch over your in- terests ; we know that in a future world we shall be called upon to answer for our conduct to our fellow creatures. I am pleased to hear of your attention to agricul- ture, education, and religion. Without agriculture, you will suffer for want ci food or clothing: without education, you will be in a st te of mental darkness : and without religion, you cannot expect happiness in this world nor in the world to come. Brethren, — Your suggestions about the appoint- ment of an attorney, to guard you against the in- trusions and trespasses of the whites ; about the free passage of the Indians over the ferry at Black Rock ; about the ferriage on your side of Cattaraugus re- servation ; and about the erection of a house of wor- ship and education, will be transmitted to the great council, who will, I am persuaded, grant these re- quests. Brethren, — I recommend to you to refrain from those vices which have nearly exterminated all our red brethren. Cultivate sobriety aud justice, and may the Great Spirit look down upon you with eyes of mercv! DE WITT CMNTON. Albany J 9th February, 1820. I f fmm>tL i 52 FEELINGS AND VIEWS I know not what effect the succeeding document may have on my readers, but to me it is deeply af- fecting ; and furnishes a triumphant proof of the genius of these extraordinary people for eloquence. It is worthy of remark that the interpreter himself was unable to write, though a better evidence than this of the genuineness of the memorial, as proceed- ing from the unprompted Indians, may, I think, be found in the character of the language. The style is primitive ; the short sentences teem with power; a serene majesty is spread over the entire composition ; and the pathos searches and melts the very soul. It bears a considerable resemblance, in my opinion, to the inspired writings, and could not have been sup- plied to the Indians by any white scribe ; nor could its peculiar characteristics have been superinduced by the art of the translator. At least such is my belief. To Ills ExcBLLENCY De Witt Clinton, Es< maiii, V014. X. 6 % i 1 > •' •54 FEBLINOS AND VIEWS \f: Wheel Barrow, his ^ mark, Captain Cole, his >< mark, Big Kettle, his >< mark. Done at the great council fire, Seneca Village, near Buffalo, 14th Feb. 1818. Harbt York, Interpreter, his ^ mark. P. S. The above Chiefs request your Excellency to publish, or cause to be published, that article of the treaty between the state of New-York and the Indians, that relates to their fishing and hunt- ing privileges, which their white brethren |^em to have forgotten. ^ The foregoing adaress to Governor Clinton arose in consequence of the following passage in his Excel- _ lency's Speech to the Legislation at Albany, deliver- ed on the 27th January, 1818. '' " The Indians in our territory are experiencing the fate of all barbarous tribes in the vicinity of civi- lized nations, and are constantly deteriorating in character, and diminishing in number ; and before the expiration of half a century, there is a strong probability they will entirely disappear. It is un- derstood that the Western Indians are desirous that ours should emigrate to au extensive territory re- mote from white population, and which will be granted to them gratuitously. As this will preserve them from rapid destruction ; as it is in strict unison with the prescriptions of humanity, and will not in- terfere with the blessing of religious instruction, there can be no objection to their removal. This, how- ever, ought to be free and voluntary on their part, and whenever it takes place it is our duty to see that they receive an an^le compensation for their territory. At the present time they are frequently injured and defrauded by intrusions upon their lands, and some of the most valuable domains of the state arc sufe|bcte(l to similar detriment. !t is very desira- 7 :aJfe.' ^%*' -^ » -^v,«««^^^t OF VHlT^INDIANS AT "pl^SENT. r,h ik, iTillage. trk. ;ellency article Mk and d hunt^ sj^^em to m arose i Excel- deliver- riencing of civi- iting in d before , strong I is un- ous that tory re- will be preserve t unison i not in- sn, there is, bow- eir part, ' to see for their equently ir lands, the state y desira- ble that otir lars should provide adequate remedies in these cases, and that they should be vigorously en- forced." Our subject will be further illustrated by the fol- lowing, which furnishes another instance of the eter- nal violatifri of treaty by the white people in their intercourse with the red men of America. CORNPLANTER»S LETTER. ^ Jlllegheny niver, 2d mo. 2d, \S22. SPEECH OF CORNPLANTER TO THE GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA* 1 feel it my duty to send a speech to the Governor of Pennsylvania at this time, and inJorm him the place where I was from— which was at Conewaugus, on the Genesee River. When I was a child, I played with the butterfly, the grasshopper and the frogs ; and as I grew up, I began to pay some attention and piny with the In- dian boys in the neighbourhood, and they took no- tice of ray skin being a different colour from theirs, and spoke about it. I inquired of my mother the cause, and she told me that my father was a re- sidenter in Albany. I still eat my victuals out of a bark dish— -I grew up to be a young man, and married me a wife — and I had no kettle or gun. i then knew where my father lived, and went to see him, and found he was a white man, and spoke the English language. He gave me victuals whilst 1 was at his house, but when I started to return home, he gave me no provision to eat on the way. He gave me neither kettle nor gun ; neither did he tell me that the United States were about to rebel against the government of England. I will now tell you, brothers, who are in session of the legislature of Pennsylvania, that the Great Spirit has made known to ine that I have been wicked ; and ni !»=,»;*" ^"f^-'f^mx^ KfM FSELING5 AKD VIEWS ^. 'i the cause thr 9f was the revolationary war in Ame- rioR. The caase of Indians having been led into sin, at that iirae, was that many of them were in the prac- tice of drinking and getting intoxicated. Great Bri- tain requested us to join with them in the conflict against the Americans, and promised the Indians land and liquor. I, myself, was opposed to joining in the conflict, as 1 had nothing to do with the difficulty that existed between the two parties. I have noiv inform- ed you how it happened that the Indians took a part in the revolution, and will relate to you some circum- stances that occurred after the close of the war. Ge- neral Putnam, who was then at Philadelphia, told -me thelre was to be a council at Fort Stanwix ; and the Indians requested me to attend on behalf of the Six Nations — which I did, and there met with three comroissiouers, who bad been appointed to hold the council. They told me they would infor ii me of the cause of .'he revolution, which 1 requested them to do minutely. They then said that it had originated on account of the fareavy taxes that had been imposed apon them by the British government, which had been, for My years, increasing upon tbem ; that the Americans had grown weary therettf, and refused to ^ay, which affronted the king. There had likewise a driSiculty taken place about some tea (which they wished me not to use, as it had been one of the cau- 'ses that many people had lost the^r lives.) And the British government now being affronted, the war commenced, and the cannons began to roar in oar country. General Putnam then told me at the cpub- cil at Fort Stanwix, that by the late war, the Ame- ricans had gained two objects : they had established themselves an independent nation, and bad obtained gome land to live upon — the division-line 'of which, from Great Britain, ran through the lakes. I then spoke. Mid said that I wanted sonie land for the In- dians to live on, and General Putnam said that it should be granted, and I should have land in the bF THE INDIANS AT PRESENT. 5T State of New- York, for the Indians. .General Put- nam then encouraged me to use my endeavours to pacify the Indians generally ; and as be considered it;oin arduous task to perform, wished to kqow what I wanted for pay therefor f I replied to him, that I would use my en^ieavours to do as he had requested, with the Iiidians, and for pay therefor, 1 would take land. I lold him not to pay me money or dry- goods, but land. And for having attended thereto I received the tract of Innd on which 1 now live, which was presented to me by Governor Mifflin. I told Ge- neral Putnam, that I wished the Indians to have the exclu«ive privilege of the deer and wild game — which he assented to. I also wished the Indians to have the privilege of hunting in the woods, and making fires — which he likewise assented to. X The treaty that was made at the aforementioned council, has been broken by some of the white peo- ple, which I now intend acquainting the governor with : — Some white people are not willing that In- dians should hunt any more, whilst others are satis- fied therewith y and those white people who reside near our reservation, tell us that the woods are theirs, and they have obtaif;eu them from the governor. Th6 treaty has been also broken by the white people using their endeavours to destroy all the wolves — which was not spoken about in the council at Fort Stanwix, by General Putnam, but has originated lately. It has been broken again^ which is of recent origin White people wish to get credit from Indian^, and do not pay them honestly, according to their agree- ment. In another respect it has also been broken by white people, who reside near my dwelling ; for when I plant melons and vines in my field, they take them as their own. It has been broken again by white people using their endeavoors to obtain our pine trees from os. We have very few pine trees on qjir land, in the st^te of l^ew York ; and white peo- 6* 11 I )l y 111 »e rSSUNGS ANB VIEWS I; i;, pie and Inoia/is often gtei into diapate respecting them. There is ulso a great quantity of whiskey loaronght near our reservation by white people, and the Indians obtain it and become drunken. Another circac^- stance has taken piace which is very trying to rne^ and i wish the interference of the governor. The white people, who live at Warren, called upau me, some time ago, to pay taxes for my land ; whieh I objected to, as 1 had never been called upon foi that purpose before ; and having refused to pay, the white people became irritated, "(tiled upon me fre- quently, and at length brought four guns with them and seized our cattle. I still ret'used to paiy, and was not willing to let the cattle gu. After a time ot dispute, they returned home, ana i understood the militia was ordered out to enforce the collection of the tax. I went to Warren, and, to sivert the impending drMculty, was obliged to give my note for the tax, the amount of which was forty-three dollars and seventy-nine cents. It is my desire that the governor will exempt me from paying taxes for my land to white people ; and also cause tnat the money I am now obliged to pay, may be retimed to me, as f am very poor. The governor is tlfe person who attends to f he situation of the people, and I wish him to send a person to Alleghany, tha^ I may inform him of the particulars of our situation, and he be authorized to instruct the whide people, in what manner to conduct themselves towards Indians. The government has told us that when any diffi- culties arose between Indians and white peopl^^, they would attend to having them removed. We are now in a trying siHiation, and I wigh the governor to send a person, authorized to attend thereto, the forepart ot nejEt summer, about the time that grass has grown high enough for pasture. . The governor formerly requested me to pay afl- tention to the Indians, and take care of them : — wf> afe now pjTived aft a sitnition that I believe Indian or TSSINBIANS A.T CaESSNT. 69 cannot exist, unJesi the governor should comply with my coquest, and send a person anthoriaer* %o treat betvMen ns and ^e white people, the approaching summer. I have now noioiore to speak. CoRNPLAifTEH, Mis >^ Mafk, A . Joseph Elkinton, ^' Interprete)r and Scrivener. 2'o Joseph Heister, "Governor of Menn$yhama. # I will conclude this chapter with the oration o( Te-cum-seb, the celebrated Shawanee warrior, as rendered by Mr. Hunter. It appears, from his ac- count, that '' some of the white people among the Osages were traders, and others were reputed to be runners from their Great Father beyond wbe great waters, to invite the Indians to take up the toma- hawk against the settlers. They made many long talks, and distributed many valuable presents ; but without being able to shake the resolution which the Osages bad formed, to preserve peace with "dieir Great Father, tlie president. Their determinations were, however, to undergo i^ more severe trial : — Te-cum-seh now made his appearance among them.'' *' He addressed them in longf eloquert, and pathe- tic strains; and an assembly more numerous than had ever been witnessed oti any former occasion, listened to him with an intensely agitated, though profoundly respectful, interest and attention. In fact, so great was the etfect produced by Te-cum-seh*g elo- quence, that the chiefs adjourned the council shortly after he had closed bis harangue; nor did they finair iy come tm a decision on the great question in debate for several days afterwards."* His proposals werfe, however, in the end, rejected. HuDter'8 MemoifSvp. 4fi? 7:1 •^^HBli >u.,..4 / i ^ '■^H' FEELINGS ARD VIEWS ^ " Brothers^ — We all belong to one family ; we art' all childrcin of the Great Spirit ; we walk in the same path; slake our thirsfat theisame gpring; afldtf now afifairs of the greatest concern lead$ us to smoke the . pipe around the same counciMre V '.^roMer*,— We are friends ; we must assist each other to bear our burthens. The bliod of many of our fathers and brothers has run like water on the ground, tn satisfy the avarice« of the white men. We, ourselves, are threatened with a great evil ; no- thing will pacify them but the destruction of all the red man. ** Brothers, — When the white^en fiwt set foot on our grounds, they ;vere hungry ; they had no place on which to spread flieir blankets, or to kindle their Hres. ThlCf|y were feeble*; they could do nothing for themselves. Our fathers commiserated theiir' distress, atid shared freely with them whatever the Great Spirit hfd given his red children. They gave them food when hungry, medicipe when sick, spread skins fo^thlnn to sleep on, and gave them grounds, that they might hunt and raise com. — Brothers, the white people are like poisonous serpents: when chilled, they are feeble and harmless ; but invigorate them with warmth, and 4bey sting t|ieir benefactors to death. *' The white peopl^came among us feeble ; and now we have made them strong, they wish to kill us, or drive us back, as they would Wolves and pan- thers. " Brothers, — ^The white men are not friends to the Indians : at first, they only asked for land sufficient for a wigWam ; now nothing will satisfy tkem but X\\t whole of our hunting grounds, from the rising to the setting sun. " BrotherSf'-^The white men want more than our hunting grounds ; they wish to kill our warrior^ ; they would even kill onr old men, womeik, and jittle gties. 01* mil! INDIANS AT PRESENT. •^ « '* jBrothers, — Many winters ago, there was no land ; the sun did not rise and set : all wuf darkness. The Great Spirit made all things. He gave the white people a home beyond the great waters. He sup- plied these grounds witli game, and gave them to his red children ; and he gave tiiem strength and courage to defend them. ** Brothers f — -My people wish for peace ; the red men all wish for peace; but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. " Brothers^ — The .. hite men despise and cheat the Indians ; they abuse and insult them ; they do not think the red men sufficiently good to live. *'The red men have borne man.v and great inju- ries ; they ought lo suiTer them no longer. My peo- ple will not ; they ere determined on vengeance ; they havt^ taken up the tomahawk : they will make it fat with blood; they will drink the blood of the white people. ■< , ^^ Brothers y~^M.y people are brave and numerous; but the white people are too strong for th^m alone. I wish you to tsJu up the tomahawk witu them. If we all unite, weTwiil cause the rivers to stain the great waters with their blood. ^* Brothers, — If you do not unite with us, they will first destroy us, and then you will fall an easy prey to them. They have destroyed many nations of red men because they were not united, because they were not friends to each other. ^'Brothers, — ^The white people send runners among us; they wish to make us enemies, that they may sweep over and desolate our hunting grounds, like devastating winds, or rushing waters. *^ Brothers, — Our Great Father, over the great waters, is angry with the white people, our enemies. He will send his brave warriors against them; he. will send us rifles, and whatever else we want — he is our friend, and we are bis children. 1 ■0m mHAm •A FE£L1N08, &:C. OF THE INDlJiiiS* '" Brothers^-^Who are the white people that wv should fear thera? They cannot run fast, and are good marks to shoot at : they are only men ; our lathers have killed many of them : we are not squaws, and we will stain the earth ted with their blood. " Brothers, — The Great Spirit is angry with our enemies ; he speaks in thunder, and the earth swal- lows up villages, and drinks up the Mississippi. The great waters will cover their lowlands; their corn cannot grow ; and the Great Spirit will sweep those who escape to the hills from the earth with his terrible breath. ^^Brothers, — We must be united ; we must smoke the same pip ; we must fight each others battles; and more than all, we must love the Great Spirit; he is for us; he will destroy our enemieS;, and make all his red children happy." ■f^ \ s^ t^'f-- '■■■ ■•'•>«»!*■■ _^,.-^ .r 63 ^§•^3' Vlt, CHAPTER VI. •* ATTACBHCKT TO, AND EDUCATION OF, THEIR ^ CHILDREN. In consequence mf the universal sentiment that the Indians, from defect of intellect, afe incapable ot civilization^ I fully determined to endeavour to pro- cure a youi% deserted infant (if such could be found) whom I would have taken and educated with, .id as one of m)^own. My speoalations on this plan were, ho^wever, frustrated ; as all who were intimate with the Indians, concurred in affirming that i6 obtain one of their ^children ^ould be impossible. No emolument, or hope of advancement, would induce an Indian to part with his child. What an exalted virtue is here established ! People who are es- teemed most civilized, most refined, have very dif- ferent feelings as to their offspring, which in many instances are cast ofl* at their birth to be nursed by a hireling; alienated from their early home, nnd abandoned to the too often careless guardianship of an academy ; consigned to a college, where if they learn something of Virgil and the mathematics, they also get initiated, before their manhood, into every species of dissipation ; and finally sent to remote parts of the glob.e (no matter where) with little, if any, regard to a single consideration other than the acquirement of wealth. How few of the duties obligatdry on parents are fulfilled by the majority of Christian fathers and mothers ! The tender solicitude of the Indian women, in respect to their children, I have had several oppor- tuliities of witnessing; but it was never .acre com- I ^. •«1 04 ATTACBMENT TO aKO EDUCATION 1* ¥ pletely developcti than by the following itocideot which took place before my eyes. A mother with an infant at her breast, and two other children, one about eleven iMid the other eight or nine years of age, were in a canoe near* a mile from land, during a violent tqnall. The windtcamc in sudden gusts, and the^waves dushed in rapid suc- cession over the frail vessel. The ^ poor woman, with a small oar in one hand and the othiiK^surfound- ing her babe, directed the two yoiing«ooes, who each had a paddle,iio.get the bihd of the «anoe to ihe wind while Vhe squaK lasted^, v/hicb, witli much labour on the part of these tender littje mariners, aided by the mother, was at length 0kcteAi but during the effort it was very touching to see the strong emotions of maternal love, evidenceijl to Jhe poor infant at her breast. She wcHild clasp H lightly to her agitated bosom, then cast a n^^ntary look at her other children, and with an anxious and steady gate, Witch the coming wave. In this scene were exhibited such high degrees of fortitude, dexterity, and parental affection, that I could have wished many of our civilized mothers, who look and think with contempt on the poor Indian, had beheld her. This tenderness in the early nurture of their off- spring, is followed by the most exact care in their subsequent education. "It may justly be a subject of wonder," says Mr. Heckewelder, ** how a nation, without a written rode of laws or system of jurispru- dence, without any form or constitution of govern- ment, and without even a single elective or hereditary magistrate, can subsist together in peace and harmo- ny, and in the exercise of the moral virtues ; how a people can be well and effectuall}' governed, without any external authority, by the mere force of the ascendancy which men of superior minds have over those of a more ordinary stamp ; by a tacit, yet uni- versal submission to the aristocracy of experiei^e, talents, and virtue! Such, nevertheless, is the spec-^ s .aiiB*y.-7yg^...T .' "LJiiiim wi . ' ' ^'' -r -^ - sscrrsa "9^-^ OF THBIII CRILDMIK. 65 tacle which an Indian nation exhibit! to the eye of n stranger. I have been a witness to it for a long se- riei of years, and aftei much observation and reflec* tion to discover the cause of this phenomenoOi I think I have reason to be satisfied that it is in a great degree to be ascribed to the pains which the Indians take to instil at an early age honest and virtuous principles upon the minds of their children, and to the method which they pursue in educating them. This method I will not call a system, for systems are on> known to these sons of nature, who, by following- alone her dictates, have, at once discovered, and fol- low without effort, that plain obvious path which the philosophers of Europe have been so long in search of."* • The manner of this education is described by our good missionary as follows : — " The first step that parents take towards the ed« ucation of their children, is to prepare them for fu- ture happiness, by impressing upon their tender minds, that they are indebted for their existence to a great, good, and benevolent Spirit, who not only has given them life, but has ordained them for certain great purposes. That he has given them a fertile ex- tensive country, well stocked with game of every kind for their subsistence ; and that by one of his inferi- or spirits he has also sent down to them from above, corn, pumpkins, squashes, beans and other vegeta- bles for their nourishment ; all which blessings their ancestors have enjoyed for a great number o^ ages. That this great Spirit looks down upon the Indians^ to see whether they are grateful to him and make him a due return for the many benefits he has be* stowed, and therefore that it is their duty to show their thankfulness by worshipping him, and doing that which is pleasing in his sight. « * Heckeweld«r*B Hutorical Account, |>. 98. VOL. I» f> 66 ATTACHMEjNT TO AND EDUCATION 1 m n t " This is in substance the first lesson tau|;ht, and from time to time repeated to the Indian children, which naturally leads them to reflect and gradually to understand that a Being which hath done such great things for them, and all to make them happy, roust be good indeed, and that it is surely their duty to do something that will please him. They are then told that their ancestors, who received all this from the hands ot the Great Spirit, and lived in the enjoyment of it, must have been informed of what would be most pleasing to this good Being, and of the manner in which his favour could be most surely obtained, and they are directed to look up for instruction to those who know all this, to learn from them, and revere them for their wisdom and the knowledge which they possess ; this creates in the children a strong sentiment of respect for their eld- ers, and a desire to follow their advice and example. Their young ambition is then excited by telling them that they were made the superiors of all other crea- /tures, and are to have power over them ; great pains are taken to make this feeling take an early root, and it becomes, in fact, their ruling passion through life ; for no pains are spared to instil into them, that by following the advice of the most admired and extolled hunter, trapper, or warrior, they will at a future day acquire a degree of fame and reputation, equal lo that which he possesses ; that by submitting to the counsels of the aged, the chiefs, the men superior in wisdom, they may also rise to glory, and be called Wise men^ an honourable title, to which no Indian is Jndiflercfit. They are finally told that if they respect the aged and infirm, and arc kind and obliging to them, they will be treated in the same manner when their turn comes to feel the infirmities of old age. "When this first and most important lesson is thought to be suifficiently Impressed upon children's minds, the parents next proceed to make them sensi- ble of the distinction letwetn good and evil ; they ,> '* '- •— T '•'"•^ ♦*'.i*t ^ - ^ " »•«. < ■ iiiir '»(■ ifW^ OF THEIR CHILDREN. G7 *! tell them that there are good and bad actions, both equally open to them to do or commit ; tiiat good acts are pleasing to the good Spirit which gave them their existence, and that on the contrary, all that is bad proceeds from the bad spirit who has given them nothing, and who cannot give them any thing that is good, because he has it not, and therefore he envies them that which they have received from the good Spirit, who is far superior to the bad one. "This introductory lesson, if it may be so called, naturally makes them wish to know what is good and what is bad. This the parent teaches them in his own way ; that is to say, in the way in which he was himself taught by his own parents. It is not the les- son of an hour nor of a day, it is rather a long course more of practical than of theoretical instruc- tion; a lesson, which is not repeated at stated sea- sons or times, but which is shown, pointed out, and demonstrated to the child, not only by those under whose immediate guardianship he is, but by the whole community, who consider themselves alike inte- rested in the direction to be given to the rising ge^ neration. " When this instruction is given in the form of pre- cepts, it must not be supposed that it is done in an authoritative or forbidding tone, but, on the contrary, in the gentlest and most persuasive manner : nor is the parent's authority ever supported by harsh or compulFive means ; no whips, no punishments, no thr<;at8 are ever used to enforce commands or com- pel vibedience. The child's pride is the feeling to which an appeal is made, which proves successful in almost every instance. A father needs only to say in the pfesence of his children ' I^want such a thing done ; I want one of my children to go upon such an errand ; let me see who is the ^oo<^ child that will do it !' This word good operates, as it were, by magic, and the children imraediately vie with each other to comply with the wishes of their parent. If a father e§ ATTACHMENT TO AND EDUCATION sees an old decrepit mau or woman pass by, Ud along by a child, he will draw the attention of his own children to the object by saying, * What a good child that must be, which pays such attention to the aged ! That child, indeed, looks forward to the time when it will likewise be old !* or he will say, * May the great Spirit, who looks upon him, grant this good child a long life !' '* In this manner of bringing up children, the pa- rents, as I have already said, are seconded by the whole community. If a child is sent from his father's dwelling to carry a dish of victuals to an aged per- son, all '\i the house will join in calling him a good child. They will ask whose child he is, and on bdng told, will exclaim, what ! has the Tortoiset or the IjitUc Bear, (as the father's name may be) got such a good child f If a child is seen passing through the streets leading an old decripit person, the villagers will in his hearing, and to encourage all the other children who may be present to take example from him, call on one another fo look on and see what a good child that must be. And so, in must instances, this me- thod is resorted to, for the purpose of instructing children in things that are good, proper, or honoura- ble in themselves ; while, on the other hand, when a child has committed a bad act, the parent will say to him, ' O ! how grieved I am that my child has done this bad act ! I hope he will never do so again.* This is generally effectual, particularly if said in the presence of others. The whole of the Indian plan of education tends to elevate rather than depress the mind, and by that means to make determined hun- ters and fearless warriors. *' Thus, when a lad has killed his first gafne, such as a deer br ty bear, parents who have boys growing up will not fail to say to some person in the presence c'' their own children, ''That boy must have listen- ed attentively to the aged hunters, for, though so young, he has already given a proof that he will be- •«i- ^^ ox THEIR CHILDREN. 6D come a goo'] hunteriiimself.' If, on the other hand, a young man should fail of giving such a proof, it will b,e said of him * that he did not pay attention to the discourses of the aged.' ^" In this indirect manner is instruction on all sub- jects given to the young people. They are to learn the arts of hunting, trapping, and making war, by listening to the aged when conversing together on those subjects ; each Iin his turn relating aow he acted ; and opportunities are afforded to them for that purpose. By this mode of instructing youth, their respect for the aged is kept alive, and it is in- creased by the reflection that the same respeci will be paid to them at a future day, when young persons will be attentive to what they shall relate. " This method of conveying instruction is, I be- lieve, common to most Indian nations ; it is so, at least, amongst all those that I have become ac- quainted with, and lays the foundation for that volun- tary submission to their chiefs, for which they are so remarkable. Thus has been maintained for ages, without convulsions and without civil discords, this traditional government, of which the world, perhaps, does not offer another example ; a government in which there are no positive laws, but only long esta- blished habits and customs $ no code of jurispru- dence, but the experience of former times ; no magis- trates, but advisers, to whom the people, neverthe^ less, pay a willing and implicit obedience, in which age confers rank, wisdom gives power^nd moral goodness secures a title to universal respect. All this seems to be effected by the simple means of an excellent mode of education, by which a strong at- tachment to ancient customs, respect for age, and the love of virtue are indelibly impressed upon the minas of youth, so that these impressions acquire strength as time pursues its course, and as they pass tbrouigh successive generations.'' ^ 6* t- 'it. » Hm i j i* 70 -3&1 'ii.ij^:'M*-'W^t'*/^f-'- CHAPTER VII. SCNSIBILITT — GRATITUDE' — CRUEL CONDUCt EXER- CISED TOWARDS THE INDIANS. In parsing down the St. Lawrence in the summer of 1819, 1 stopped 'my batteaux at a tavern where I proposed to remain all night. Two squaws were there with a basket of wild strawberrief* for sale, and t directed the mistress of the tavern to purchase some that I might have them with cream for my supper. ' It was soon, however, to be perceived by the conversation in bargaining, that my landlady and the Indian women could not come to terms. There seamed to be much harshness in the manner of the former ; but the replies of the latter were so meek, and their demeanour so submissive, that bad I been making the bargain under the'impression of my feel- ings, few words would have been neces^^ary. The christian purchaser, hai CONDUCT TOWABbs T0*5 INDUNS. 71 which I am incapable of portraying, they presented me with a bowl top-full of picked strawberries, which I rejected at first, being desirous of convincing them there were some, if not many, white men who felt kindly towardi them. But their expression of entreaty was so vehement, their importunity so great, that I felt it necessary, to« their happiness to accept their present, for they had no otBer way of showing their gratitude. This humble offering furnished my supper, and sweet indeed would my»meal have been, had not commiseration for the wrongs of these sorely abused, persecuted, forlorn,, and abandoned people, mingled withvmy enjoyment. I am so fully impressed with their unde^ervedrmisery, and with the nobleness of their character^ that I should esteem (he > devotion of my life in their cause the mobi. honourable way in which it could be employed ; but alas, years and cir- cdmstances prevent my doing more than making this feeble effort to rousie the energies of youthful talent in their behalf; and as' benevolence pervades the youthful mind rabre powerfully than that of the aged, I am not without a hope that4housands will yet start up to advocate the cause of the Red inditinSj . and prosecute measures for the amelioration of Iheir state. • ■ ^ ' ■^.:,- . -• The above instance of want of charity, nay, of common decency on the part of white people in their intercourse with the Indians, is not by any means of rare occurrence. My reader will already have seen the complaints and pathetic appeals to justice which the poor children of the wilderness are so frequently compelled, by the treachery of their civiliied neigh- bours, to make ; and I am sorry to add another spe- cimen to the long Hst of these atrocious outrages, which, in large and petty aggressions, is daily .swelling and becoming more and more enormous. In passing, on the very day 1 have just adverted to, through the thousand islands, one of the boatmen wiio were.rowing roe, haljooed to ^ canoe in which *»v 7i CBCrEL CONIK}OT EXERCISEP ; f- i \ some Indians were fishing, who immediately camt towards us, and a barter commenced between tliem and the boatmen. The boatmen held up a piece of (y>ld pork and a loaf, for which they were to receive llsh. The poor young Indians^ (for the eldest was not above fourteen, and there were two little girls younger) showed what^Mi they would give; yet w arily kept at ^ distance, fearing wi*at; in spite of their precaution, actually took place. The boatmen struck suddenly at the caiioe with their oars, and in the confusion which this attack caused, grasped the fidij the bread and pork they. at first oSered were, I need hardly say, withheld. Having achieved this noble enterppse they shouted and assailed the unre- sisting apd defenceless children (who paddled Cu evi- dently tearful of further outrage,) with taunts and mockery, These raen^ were Canadians ; there were four of them ; and Tliad no other means of punishing them^ on this occasion than b^ withholding the usual pecuniary fee. I was in some measure at their mercy ; but though compelled to be. a calm specta- tor of so dastardly a theft, 1 confess I was still more incensed at feeing how heartily some inhabitants of Canada, ivho were my fellow-passengers^, seemed to enjoy , tint' joke. The, fact is, the Indians are esteem- ed lawful prey. Such is the feeling of thousands of m?u called christians, who boast of civilization, but who derive their subsistence by intercourse with the Indians ; and however Just many in the United States are, and however careful the British government is to guard the rights of the red men, yet as this guardian- ship is chiefly committed lo those who are partakers in the spoils of the Indianii, the care, instead of being wise and benign, is rather Jo debauch their untutored minds by the introduction of spirits among them. Every cup to them is indeed ** unblessed, i^nd the in gredient is a devil !" Gradually, therefore, are they diminishing, and receding from the haunts of what we term civilization ! That this charge dyes not apply "r''r:^*'' , ^ n i m iTi g ." -rnrm > II|H > I I ». W I ii | P >^ > T0WABD8 TBS llmikVS, ts to all, and rarelj to the heads of these departmentf ., I rejoice to admit ; but still those heads of depart- ments are responsible for all the acts of their subor- dinate agents, and should exercise a vigilant superin- tendence, impartially punishing any, the leas^ in- fringement of their regulations. No man should be connected with the Indian department who is direct- ly or indirectly interested in trade with the Indians. I will not (ieclaim on this subject, but let the fol- lowing facts, derived from Mr. Heckewelder's ac- count, peak Ibr thero8;.>lves. ** In the summer of the year 1763, some friendly Indians from a distant place, came to Bethlehem to dispose of their peltry for manufactured goods and necessary implements of husbandry. • Returning home well satisfied, they put up the first night at a tavern, eight miles distant.* The landlord not being at home, his wi^ took the liberty of encouraging the people who frequented her house for the sake of drink- ing, to abuse those Indians, adding, that she would freely give a gallon of rum to any one of them that should kill one of those black devils. Other white people from the neighbourhood came in during the night, who also drank freely, made a gieat d^al of noise, and increased the fears of those poor IndianSg who, for the greatest part, understanding English, could not but suspect that something bad was in- tended against their persons. They were not, how*" ever, otherwise disturbed ; but in the morning, when, after a restless night they were preparing to set ofl*, they found themselves robbed of some of the most va- luable articles they had purchased, and on mention- ing this tc a man who appeared to be the bar-keeper, they were <;irdered to leave the house. Not being wil- ling to lose so much property, they retired to some *" This r«latioii ii aathentiot I have received ittiayt Mr. Hecke- welder, from the mouth of the chief of the injured party, and his statement was ooafirmed by communicaticns made at the time by two respectable mag^btrates of the countjr. I -Ir '} .S I) n OBUCL CONDUCT EXERCISED distance into the woods, where, some of them retnain-* ing with W^hat wds led them, the others returned to Bethlel'ieui and lodged their complaint with a justice of r* e peace. The magistrate gave them a letter to the the landlord, pressing birii without delay to re&tore to the Indians the goods thut had been taken from them. But behold ! when they delivered flmt letter to the people at the inn they were told in answer, * that if they set any value on their lives, they must make Nff Vuh themielves immediately' They well i^- xoodthat they had no other alternative, and ■ ; s Hy departed without having received back \ i\*3eir goods. Arrived at Nescopeck on the Susqueh. ih, they fell in with some other Dela- wares, who had been treated much in the same man- ner, one of them having had his rifle stolen from him. Here th;.- two parties agreed to take revenge in their own way, for those insults and robberies for which they could obtain no redress ; and th^t they deter- mined to ci'o as soon as war should be again declared by their nation against the English. " Scarcely had these Indians retired, when in ano- ther place, about fourteen miles distant from the for- mer, one man, two women and a child, all quiet In- dians, were murdered in a most wicked and barbarous manner, by drunken militia officers and their men, for the purpose of getting their horse and the goods they had just purchased.^ One of the women, fal- ling on^ her knees, begged in vain for the life of her- self ftnd her child, while the other woman seeing what was doing, made her escape to the barn, where she endeavoured to hide herself on the top of the grain. She however was discovered, and inhumanly thrown down on the thrashing floor with such force that her brains flew oat. ** Here, then, were insults, robberies and murders, all coiiimitlii within the short space of three months, , '^ Justice Getger's letter fojustice Honefield proreB thiB fiict. •r^ III . j W H W gj .ji ,jjrOWABD8 THE INDXAMB. 7ff unatoned for and anreveoged. There was no pvpff?* peot of ohtait^Qg redress ; the survivors were tber»* for^ obUffe(^tP;Seek some^other means to obtain re- venge. Ttiisjr did So; the Indians, already exaspe* rated against the English in consequence of repeated outrages, jsnd considering the nation as responsible for the injuries ii^hich it did neither prevent or pujiisb, an^for which it did not even offer to make any kind of reparation, at last declared war, and then the in- jured^arties were^ liberty to redress themselves for the wrongs they had suffered. They immediately started against ti;e objects of, their. Ufgred, and find*- ing their way unseen and undiscovered, tp the ion which had been the scene of the first outrage, they attacked^ it at d^yrbreak, fired unto, it on the peoole within .who were lying, on their beds. Strang tr relate ! the murderers of the man, two womer. i^nv child, were among them. They were m.^'Ally wounded, and died of their wounds shortly aftc^ a ay da* The Indians, afler leaving this house, murdorei, by accident an innocent family, having mist ^n the house that they meant to attack, after which %.n<.y re- turned to their homes. <<> " Now a violent hue and cry was raised against the lodians^T^Po language was too bad, no crimen too black to brand them with. No faith was to be placed in those savages ; treaties with them were of no ef- fect ; they ought to be cut off from the face of the earth ! Such was the language at that time inevery body's mouth; the newspapers were filled with ac- counts of the cruekics of the Indians ; a variety of false reports were circulated in order to rouse the people against them ;^ vabile they, the really injured party, having no printing presses among'^ themy could not make known the story of their grievances. ** ^ r^o faith can be placed in what the Indians pro- mise at treaties ; for scarcely is a treaty concluded than they are again murdering us.' Such is our complaiol against these unfortunate people; but they \ a T i V • 'f m no » "^''i ^, W\ '^t'M^^r^^^f iiiaii>ihg^winil^.aiiii Mfwiing Mr your life, ikl^ ihoiild yma find tpftt the bwi^yowr c" tlon occurred, the government, before the revolution, issued proclamations ofl'ering rewards fur appre- hending the ofleuders ; and in later times, since the country hat> become more thickly settled, those who had been guilty of sui^h offences were brought before the tribunals to take their trials. But these formali- ties have proved of little avail. In the first case, the criminals were seldom, if ever, apprehended; in the second, no jury could be found to convict them ; for it was no nnr< luroon saying among many of the men of whom jurif 8 in the frontier countries were com- m jnly composed, that no man should bo put to death for killing an Indian ; for it was the same thing as killing a wild beast ! ^*In iiie course of the revolutionary war, in which (as in all civil commotions) brother was seen fight- ing against brother, and friend against friend, a party of Indian warriors, with whom one of those white men, who, under colour of attachment to their king, indulged in every sort of crimes, was going out against the settlers on the Ohio, to kill and de- stroy as they had been ordered. The chief of the expedition had given strict orders not to molest any of the white men who lived with their friends the Christian Itidians ; yet, as they passed near a set- tlement of these converts, the white man, unmindful of the ordprs he had received, attempted to shoot two of tlir Missionaries who were planting potatoes in their field, and though the captain warned him to desist, he still obstinately persisted in his attempt. The chief, in anger, immediately took his gun from him, and kept him under guard until they had reached a considerable distance from the place. I .have received this account from the chief himself, who on his return sent word to the Missionaries that they would do well not to go far from home as -«(•»«. TOW/RDS TUK INDIANS. ?4\* o places descrijh volution, appre- since the lose who ht befor/e ; formaiU case, the d; in the hem ; for f the men vere com- ic put to the same in which lecn fight- friend, a e of those nt to their vas going U and d«- ief of llie nolest any friends the near a set- unmindful d to shoot g potatoes ned him to lis attempt, gun from they had I place. I ef himself, Missionaries from home as they were in too great danger from the whitt people. " Another white man of the same description, whom 1 well knew, related with a kind of barbarous exultation, on his return to Detroit from a war ex- cursioa with the Indians in which he had been en- gaged, that tiie party with which he was, having taken a woman prison^T who had a sucking f)abe at her breast, he tried to persuade the indinns to kill the child, lest its cries should discover the place where tbey were; t!ie Indinns were unwilling to commit the deed, on which the white man at ouce Jumped up, tore tiie child from its mother's arms, and taking it by the legs dashed its head against a tree, so thai the brains flew out all arou d. The monster in relating Uiis story said, 'The little dog all the time was making wee /' Me added, that if he were sure that his old father, who some time before had died in Old V^irginia, would, if he had lived longer, have turned rebel, he would go all the way into Virginia, raise the body, and take oil' his scalp ! " Let us now contrast with this the conduct of the Indians. Carver tells us in his travels tvith what moderation, humanir y and delicacy they treat female prisoners, and particularly pregnant women.* i refer the reader to the following fact, as an instance of their conduct in such cases. If his admiration is excited by the behaviour of the Indians, I doubt not that his indignation will be raised in an equal degree by that of a white man who unfortunately acts a part in the story. '* A party of Delawares, in om of their excursions during the revolutionary war, took a white female prisoner. The Indian chief, after a march of several days, observed that s'ne was ailing, and \'. as soon convinced (for she was far advanced in her preg- nancy) t.hat the time of her delivery was near. He * Cftrver'a Travels, cb. 9, p.l9({. 09 CKUEL CONDUCT EXERCISED IJ immediately made a halt on the bank of a stream, where, at a proper distant from the encampmentt he built for her a close hut of peeled barks, gathered dry grass and fern to make her a bed, and placed a blanket at the opening of the dwelling as a substi- tute for a door. He ikien kindled a fire, placed a pile of wood near it to feed it occasionally, and placed a kelile of water at hand where she might easily use it. He then took her into her little in- firmary, gave her Indian medicines, with directions tbow to use them, and told her to r^'St easy, and she might be sure that nothing should disturb her. Having done this, he returned to his men, forbade them from making any noise, or disturbing the sick woman in any manner, and told them that he him- self should guard her during the night. He did so ; and the whole night kept watch before her door, walking backward and forward, to be ready at her call at any moment, in case of extreme necessity. The night passed quietly ; but in the morning, as he was walking by on the bank of the stream, seeing him through the crevices, she called to him and pre- sented her babe. I'ho good c'.nef, with tears in his eyes, rejoiced at her safe delivery; he told her not to be uneasy, thm he should lay by for a few days, and would soon bi'tng her somi nourishing food, and some medicines to take. T!ien going to his encamp- ment, he ordered all hi« men to go out a hunting, and remained himself to guard the camp." Forgive me, reader, if, for a momet, I disturb the order of my extract. There is nothing that I know within the whole scope of anecdotal history more affecting than the present narration. How exalted was the humanity of this Indian Chief! how refined his delicacy ! hew watchful and tender his care ! — The pathos, though deep, is sweet ; and Mr. Hecke- welder has communicated the story in a style of feel- ing and simplicity worthy of it. He has made us witnesses of the transaction. We see through the TOWARDS THE INDIANS. 61 darkness of the night, the swarthy warrior walk- ing • anxiously backward and forward before the hut of bark, — the *' little infirmary" of the labouring woman The morning comes ; and in the pale dawn behold ! the poor creature pointing, in a state of utter exhaustion, to her babe, delivered in the wilderness — in night and solitude ! Yet was she not entirely without support ; for, over and above the secret aid which came to her pangs from high, see ! she meets with sympathy in a wild man, a stranger, a warrior ; who melts into tears at the sight ! My heart, too, swells as I read. Bear wi^i me — we will resume our extract. "Now for the reverse of the picture. Among the men \vhom this chief had under his command, was one of those white vagabonds whom I have belore described. The captain was much afraid of him, knowing him to be a bad man ; and as he had ex- pressed a great desire to ^o a hunting with the rest, he believed him gone, and entertained no fears for (he woman's safety. But it was not long before he was undeceived. While he was gone to a small distance to dig roots for his poor patient, he heard her cries, and running with speed to her hut, he was informed by her that the white man had threatened to take lier life if aUe did not immediately throw her child into the river. The captain, enraged at the cruelty of this man, and the liberty he had taken with his prisoner, hailed him as he was running off, and told him ' That the moment he should miss the child, the tomahawk should be in his head.' After a (*i\Y days this humane chief placed the woman carefully on a horse, and they went together to the place of their destination, the mother and child doing well. I have heard him relate this story, to which he added, that whenever he should go out on an ex- .cursion, he never would suffer a white man to be of his party. " Vet I must acl^nowledgc thai I have known an 7* ■*y I ^,.*-. 1 ! ^' '^ CRUEL CONDUCT BXEBCISED Indian chief who had been guilty of the crime of kil- ling the child of a female prisoner. His name, was Glikhican. In the year 1770, he joined the congre- gation of the Christian Indians ; the details of his conversion are related at large by Loskiel in his History of the Missions.^ Before that time he had been conspicuous as a warrior and a counsellor, and in oratory it is said he never was surpassed. This raaii, having joined the French in the year 1754 or 1755, in their war against the English, and being at that time out with a party of Frenchmen, took among other prisoner, a young woman, named Rachel Ab- bottf from the Conegocheague settlement, who had at her breast a sucking babe. The incessant cries of the child, the hurry to get off, but above all, the persuasions of his white companions, induced him, much against his inclination, to kill the innocent creature; while the mother, in an pgony of grief, and her face vuffused with tears, begged that its life might be spared. The woman, however, was brought safe to the Ohio, where she was kindly treated and adopted, and some years afterwards was married to a Delaware chief of respectability, by whom she had sever^il children, who arc now living with the Christian Indians in Upper Canada. ** Glikhican never forgave himself for having com- mitted this crime, although many times, and long be- fore hh becoming a Christian, he had begged the woman's pardon with tears in his eyes, and received her fiee and full forgiveness. In vain she pointed ont to him all the circumstances that he could have allcdged to excuse the deed ; in vain she reminded him of his unwillingness at the time, »nd his having been in a manner compelled to it by his French asso- ciates; nothing that she did say could assuage ins sorrow or quiet the perturbation of his mind ; h^ railed himself a wretch, a monster, a cowardj (the •* LotklHp. 3. qh.3 TOWAaDS THE INDIANS. 63 proud feelings of an Indian must be well understood to judge of the force of this self-accusation,) and to the moment of his death the remembrance of this f tal act preyed like a canker-worm upon his spirits. I ought to add, thnt from the time of his conversion he lived the life of a Christian, and died as such. " The Indians are cruel to their enemies ! — In some cases they are, but perhaps not more so than white men have sometimes shown themselves. There have been instances of white men flaying oi taking oflfthe skin of Indians who had fallen into their hands, then tanning those skins or cutting them in pieces, making them up into razor-straps, and exposing those for sale as was done at or near Pittsburg some- time (luring the revolutionary war. Those thing.*re despised, and would hardly be worn. I have seen in young children, three rings in each ear. These decorations are arranged by tht women, who, as well as the men. know how to dress themselves ni style. Those of the men consist in the painting of themselves (their head and face principal iy,) wearing gaudy garments, with silver arm span- gi: '' and breast-plates, and a belt or two of wampum i^aAf^jing to their necks. The women, at th** expense of tficir husbands or lovers, line their petticoat and blanket ' ith choice ribcinds of various colours, or with gartering, on which they fix a number of silver broaches oi* sroul! round buckles. They adorn their VANITY AS TO DRESS, hc. &7 leggi'igs in the same manner ; their mockaseus are nep.(ly embroidered witli coloured porcupin>'? quills, and are besides, almost entirely covered with various trinkets ; they have also a number of little bells and brass thimbles fixed round their ankles, which, when ihey walk, make a tinkling noise, which is heard at some distance ; this is intended to draw the attention of those who pass by, that they may look at, and ad- mire them. The women make use of vermilion in painting themselves for dances ; but they are very careful and circumspect in applying the paint, so that it does not offend or create suspicion in their husbanas ; there is a mode of painting which is left entirely to loose women and prostitutts. The following diverting anecdote is told by my oUl friend the Moravian missionary : — " As 1 was once resting in my travels at the house of a trader who lived at some distance from an Indian town, I went in the morning to visit an Indian ac- quaintance and friend of mine. I found him engaged in plucking out his beard, preparatory to painting iiimself for a dance which was to take place the en- suing evening. Having finished his head-dress, about an hour before sunset, he came up, as he said, to see me, but I and my companions judged that ho came to be seen. To my utter astonishment, I saw three diOerent paintings or figures on one and the same face. He had, by his great ingenuity and judiijment in laying on and shading the different colours, made his nose appear, when we stood di- rectly in front of him, as if it were very long and narrow, with a round nob at the end, much like the upper part of a pair of tongs. On one clicck there was a red round spot, about the size of an apple, and the other was done in the same manner with black. The eye-lids, both the upper and lower ones, were reversed in the colouring. When wo viewed him in profile on one sido,, his nose reprcr 7><' I ^ii l« rl -*i» 88 VANITY AS TO 3RESS, &C. V J sented the beak of an eagle, Trith the bill rounded and brought to a point, precisely as those birds liavc it. though the moian was somewhat open. Thf eye was astonishingly well done, and the head, upon the whole, appeared tolerably well, showing a great deal of fierceness. When we turned round to the other side, the same nose now resembled the snout of a pike, with the mouth so open, that the teeth could be seen. He seemed much pleased with the execu- tion ; and having his looking glass with him he con- templated his work, seemingly with great pride and exultation. He asked me how i !i!