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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 % 
 
 t 
 
MMaH waracd 
 
 TO THE 
 
medals awarded 
 
 TO THB 
 
 Canadian Indians 
 
 BY 
 
 R. W. McLACHLAN 
 eimtor of tDe CbatetN Of Kavctiy mwiia 
 
 MONTREAL 
 S899 
 
&1& 
 
 2SC635 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 H 
 
MEDALS AWARDED TO CANADIAN 
 
 E^IANS 
 
 j».^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 H 
 
 [HILE it may be impossible now to give 
 the original motives or circumstances 
 whicii led to the adoption of medals as 
 a valuable accessory to intercourse with 
 the North American Indians, it may be inferred that 
 they grew out of similar uses among the peoples of 
 older lands. As the gift of medals came to be more 
 and more appreciated by the Indians, their value, as 
 a form of reward or as a means of conciliatbn, was 
 recognized by governments, and that too for several 
 distinct purposes* 
 
 1st. As a badge by which friendly Indians could 
 be recognized. In some instances, no Indians were 
 allowed within the settlements unless they wore their 
 medals. 
 
 Vi 
 
 i». • • » 
 
 « • 1 • 
 
 o e 
 e a 
 
 O 9 
 
4 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 2nd* To attach the Indians to the interests of the 
 colony, as is shown by the following extract from a 
 SHemoire du Roy aux Sieurs Marquis de Vaudreail et 
 Raudot : **Sa Majeste a accord^ trente medailles 
 d'argent, et 10 de vermeil, pour faire des presents aux 
 Sauvages. Elle les envoie au dit Sieur de Vaudreuil et 
 Elle desire qu'elles soient distribuees aux chefs des 
 Sauvages qui lui sont les plus affectionnes et dont on 
 peut tirer le plus de secours/' (') 
 
 3rd* As a reward for services rendered. This is 
 exemplified in a letter written by Vaudreuil in 1722 : 
 "J'ai re^u la lettre que le conseil m'a fait Thonneur 
 de m'ecrire le 7 juin dernier et les douze medailles 
 avec le portrait du Roy, s^avoir quatre grandes et 
 huit petites qui y estoient jointes. Je continuerai 
 d'avoir attention de ne point prodiguer cette grSce 
 parmi les sauvages et de ne les donner qu'a ceux qui 
 les auront meritees par leur attachement et leurs ser- 
 vices pour la nation/' Q) 
 
 4th. To secure the services or the neutrality of 
 the Indians in a war about to be declared or actually 
 in progress. This phase will be clearly shown in 
 describing the medals of the war with the United 
 States, J 776-80. 
 
 5th. As a reward for valour or services in war. 
 This will be detailed in describing the medals of the 
 war of J812-U. 
 
 6th. As certificates of treaties agreed to, a use ex- 
 emplified by the North-West Treaty Medals. 
 
 (i) G>IlecUon des documentB relatl& i la Nottvelle-France* Vol* II* 
 pasfe 5)4. 
 
 (2) Atchtvetr Canada* GHrrespondaoce Ginerale* Vol* 44* folio 364. 
 
 4 
 
 •vNi r- 
 
 
 f < « 
 
 ( « ■ ■ 
 
 • • ■ • k * 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 i 
 
 >4 
 
 The date when medals were introduced among 
 the aborigines of this continent is lost in the dim 
 distance of the early settlements, for the first, so em- 
 ployed, bore no date or special design ; nor did those 
 who participated in this act consider it an event 
 worthy to be recorded. Medals struck to commem- 
 orate some episode in the life of the king or event in 
 the history of the nation were used. The earliest 
 mention of medals in connection with Canadian In- 
 dians is found in the Elation de ce qui s'est passk 
 au Canada du 27 novembre t670 jusquau dqyart du 
 Vaisseaa en novembre 1 67 1, which mentions : 
 '^'Un sauvage du Sault, (Caughnawaga), nomme 
 Louis Atouata, filleul du Roy, qui conserve chere- 
 ment la medaille dont Sa Majeste lui a fait present.^' Q) 
 This shews that the practice was well established at 
 the time. The earliest known special medal, issued 
 in America, appears to have been struck about the 
 year 1670. This was authorized by the colony of 
 Virginia to be given to the friendly Indians permit- 
 ting them to come within the settlements. It bears 
 on the obverse the head of Giarles 11 and on the re- 
 verse the Royal Arms with a representation of a 
 tobacco plant. C) 
 
 Ginadian medals for the Indians, with a single ex- 
 ception, bore the head of the reigning sovereign on 
 the obverse ; and generally the Royal Arms or some 
 other such attribute of royalty on the reverse. Usu- 
 ally neither the devise nor the inscription, had any 
 
 (i ) Afchivesy Canada^ Corfespondaoce Gintode, VoL IV> 
 
 (2) ** American Cotemporaty Medals,'' New-York, 1894, page 26. 
 
MBDALS ATARDBD IX) 
 
 reference to the object for which the medals were 
 struck. 
 
 Sizt was of great importance to the red man who 
 was no admirer of miniature medals* Some were 
 struck exceeding three inches in diameter* These 
 were for the great chiefs, for there were smaller 
 medals for lesser lights* Often there were three sizes 
 of the same design and issue, measuring seventy- 
 five, sixty and thirty-eight millimetres respectively. 
 In one instance there were five sizes, ranging from 
 seventy-five to thirty-one millimetres* These repre- 
 sented so many different grades of chiefs or so many 
 degrees in value of services* 
 
 The metal, in which they were struck, was usu- 
 ally silver; although as is seen by an authority 
 already cited* Q) Vermeil (silver gilt) was occa- 
 sionally used ; and the minister, in a memorandum 
 of necessary expenses (for Gmada)* states that : ** U 
 faut leur envoyer quelques m^dailles d'or.^'C)* George 
 IV gave a medal in gold, although it could not have 
 been a specially struck one. (') 
 
 While we may be inclined to believe that more 
 
 (0 Seepage 2. 
 
 (2) G>llection da doeisine&ti relati£i k la Noovelle-Franoe. Vol. m, 
 page 465* 
 
 (3) In the portrait gallery of the Chiteau de RamcMy Is an engraving 
 of an Indian's portrait^ on which lithe following long Inaorlptlont **Nicho> 
 las Vincent Tsawanhonhi, principal Chief of the Huron Indians established 
 at La Jeune Lorette» near Quebec* habited in the costume of his country as 
 when presented to His Majesty George IV on the 7th of April 1825* with 
 three other chieb of his nation* by Generals Brock and Carpenter t the chief 
 bears in his hand the wampum coUar on which Is marked the tomahawk 
 given by His Majesty George IIL The gold medal on his neck was the gift 
 of His Majesty on this presentation.'' 
 
 
 -4 
 
THB CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 ;; 
 
 minor than great medals were distributed, as there 
 could not help but be more lesser than '^ Great 
 Chiefs ** I this fact is not borne out by the number of 
 existing medals ; the larger medals are by far the 
 more abundant. (*) This may, in a measure, be ac- 
 counted for by the fact that the minor chiefs more 
 readily parted with their medals ; and that, too, at a 
 time when there were few collectors in the country 
 to secure and hand them down to posterity, whik 
 the great chiefs' medals passed from father to son as 
 an insignia of office. They have thus been preserved 
 to the present time when the demand has so raised 
 the price of these medals as to tempt even the 
 chie& to part with their treasured heir-looms. 
 Old silversmiths relate that, as late as sixty years 
 ago, the Indians used to bring in their medals to have 
 them made over into gorgets and armlets; which 
 ornaments were gAcatly esteemed among the dusky 
 denizens of the forests. 
 
 Taking up these medals chronologically, the first 
 in order is 
 
 THE MEDALS OF THE FRENCH REGIME 
 
 The earliest of this series, which can, with any 
 certainty, be attributed to Gmada, is a medal or 
 rather five different sized medals, all bearing the same 
 design, dated 169Z* On the obverse is displayed the 
 head of Louis XIV, with flowing hair, and on the 
 reverse those of his son the dauphin and the three 
 
 (i) For fnrtance, I have In my own collection itx of the lafgcit» three of 
 the medhini but only one of the gnallcit* Other cdlecton have a Uke or 
 0ven leM proportion^ 
 
MEDALS A VARDED TO 
 
 sons of the latter* No device^ at that time, appeared 
 more appropriate, for the reverence of the Indians^ 
 than the portrait of the King and his successors. The 
 medal,, in the cataIog:ue of the Musee Monetaire, is 
 claimedashaving'been issued tocommemoratethebirth 
 of the Due de Berri, the Dauphin's youngest son. C} 
 This is evidently an error for that event occurred 
 seven years earlier than the date given on the medal. 
 There is a similar medal, dated 1686, givingf the day 
 and month as well as the year of the infant Duke's 
 birth, which appears to have been struck for that oc- 
 casion. It was the similarity in the design which led 
 to the error in the catalogue. G)mpiled, as it was, at 
 a much later date, by men who do not appear to have 
 had access to the proper archives, many of the subjects 
 are wrongly stated. Specimens of the birth medal 
 were no doubt first awarded to some of the Indians, 
 and the design, proving acceptable, was adopted and 
 especially struck in a regular series of si^es, for gen- 
 aral distribution. The following extract from a letter, 
 by Madame Duplessis Ste. Helene, of the H6tel-Dieu, 
 Quebec, dated the 17th October, 1 723, fully bears out 
 this contention. 
 
 **Le Roy Louis 14 avoit envoye des medailles 
 d'argent assez grandes oti son portrait etoit d'un cote 
 et de I'autre ktoit celuy du Dauphin, son fils, et des 
 3 princes, ses enfans, pour donner k ceux qui se 
 distingueroient dans la guerre, on y a ajoute depuis 
 un ruban couleur de feu large de 4 doigts, cela 
 
 (i) Catalogue des Poln^oiu* Coins et Mfedallles du Mvuie Mon&taire ; 
 Paris, 1833; page 193. 
 
 L 
 
>.A/ 
 
 THE CANADIAN INDIANS 9 
 
 est fort estime ches eux . . . Quand il y meurt quelque 
 chef, on le fatt enterrer honorablement, une partie des 
 troupes est sous les armes, on fait sur sa fosse plu- 
 sieurs decharges de mousquets, on met sur sa biere 
 une epee crois^e de son foureau et la medaille en 
 question attachee dessus/' Q) There are five sizes 
 of this medal which indicates a general distribution 
 to all grades of Indians from the simple warrior to 
 the ''Great Chief/' As thus appears, a large number 
 of these medals have been issued, it would naturally 
 be inferred that specimens could still be obtained, but 
 so far only one original is known — the largest 
 size — now preserved in the museun of the Univer- 
 site Laval, at Quebec. No originals of the smaller sizes 
 have come down to the present time, and but for the 
 fact that the dies have been preserved at the Musee 
 Monetaire,all knowledgeof them would have beenlost. 
 Fortunately restrikes can easily be had, from which 
 it is possible to describe them accurately. The disap- 
 pearance of the French Indian medals can be ac- 
 counted for by the fact that when an Indian changed 
 his allegiance, he changed his medal also. Thus 
 de Vaudreuil in a report of a conference with dele- 
 gates from the Iroquois, on the 23rd December 1756, 
 states that: ''Kouc, chef Ounccote, en remettant 
 au gouvemeur deux medailles anglaises, fait la decla- 
 ration suivante : Mon pere, nous ne pouvons garder ces 
 deux medailles que nous avons eu cy devant la lege- 
 rete de rcccvoir de notrc frcre I'Anglois pour marque 
 
 ( I ) ** Collection de kttres de Madame Duplessis de Sainte-H^I^ne^ rell- 
 gieuse de Iliotel-Dieu de Quebec," in ^ La Revue Canadienne ** 1&75, page 
 J09. 
 
H) 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 de distinction. Nous reconnaissons que ces medailles 
 ont ete la veritabie source de notre egarement et 
 qu'elles nous ont employes dans des mauvaises affai- 
 res. Nous nous en depouillons^ nous les rejetons pour 
 ne plus pcn^er a PAnglois. Q) Such were the scenes 
 that took place after the cession when the Indians 
 abjured allegiance to the French King and gave up 
 their medals. 
 
 Towards the close of the long reign of Louis XIV 
 the reverse of the medal was changed^ and in place 
 of the bust of the Dauphin, (who died in 1712) and 
 his sons, appeared the personification of Honour and 
 G)urage. This medal is thus referred to by M. 
 Zay : ** Aux yeux des Indiens, le sujet de cette me- 
 daille symbolisait Tamitie des Fran^ais et des Indiens ; 
 ceux-ci representes par le personnage simplement 
 drape, ceux-Ia personnifies par le guerrier romain." Q) 
 No original of this medal is known but restrikes have 
 been obtained at the Musee Monetaire. 
 
 The same device for the reverse was continued by 
 Louis XV. The obverse of course bore the bust of 
 the new king. This medal is described by Pcre Rou- 
 baud, Jesuit missionary among the Abenakis, in a 
 letter written from Saint Francois, 2 J st October, J 757 ; 
 in which, while describing a large assemblage of war- 
 riors, he states that : ** Les chefs et capitaines ne sont 
 
 ( 1 ) Archives quoted by E. Zay, in an article on " Medailles d^onneur 
 pour les Indiens '' in " I'Annuaire de la Soci^t^ Fran^aise de Numismatique** 
 I889» page 301. I may here state that I am indebted to M. Zay's article for 
 a good deal of the references here given. 
 
 (2) ''Annuaire de la Societe Frangaise de Numismatique. ^ 1899. 
 page 296. 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 n 
 
 V W 
 
 distingues ceux-ci par la hausse-col et ceux-Ia que 
 par un medailon qui represente d'un cdte le portrait 
 du roi et au revers Mars et Bellone qui se donnent 
 la main avec cette devise : virtus et honor* Q) Al- 
 though in a quotation already cited de Vaudreuil ac- 
 knowledges the receipt of medals in two sizes^ only 
 one is known, and that the medium one. There 
 are two specimens still extant one is in the collection of 
 the Library of Parliament, at Ottawa, and the other 
 in the possession of the Hon. L.E. Baker, Yarmouth, 
 Nova Scotia. The reverse of this medal is mentioned 
 in the catalogue of the Musee Monetaire (') combined 
 with the reverse of another medal and described as 
 ** Prix universel des Arts." This is evidently a mis- 
 take as no prize medal of the kind would have been 
 issued without the bust of the king for obverse. 
 
 \ Obv* LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS. 
 
 Undrapcd bust of Louis XIV to the right, lau- 
 reated ; under the bust h. roussel. f. 
 
 9fCTI. FEUQTAS DOMUS AUGUSTAE. Four buStS J 
 
 above is the bust of the Dauphin to left with 
 SEREN. DELPH. below it; at the left youthful bust 
 to the right, inscription lud. d. burg. ; at the right 
 youthful bust to the left inscription phil. d. and. 
 below very young bust to the left, inscription 
 car. d. mtur. I M. DC. xan. i h. rovssel. f. • size 
 75 millimetres. 
 
 ( 1 ) Lettrei feliflantes et ctsrieuMs* ecrites des missions etraog^res^ Tou- 
 louse, t8J0» tome TSU page 192. 
 
 (2) Catalogue du Musee Monetairet Paris, 1833, page 274. 
 
a 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 2 Obv» LVDOVICVS « MAGNVS • REX • CHRISTIANISS 
 
 laureated and armoured bust of Louis XIV to 
 the right under the bust m. molart. f. 
 
 Rev* Similar to last except that the engravers 
 name is wanting ; size 60 m. 
 
 3 Oifv* Similar to No. I, except that the head is 
 
 not laureated ; the name of the engraver is J. MAV- 
 
 GER. F. 
 
 *lfev. As No. 2 ; size 41 m. 
 
 4 06>. Similar to No. 3 except that the engraver's 
 
 name is i. dolun. f. 
 
 'i^ev. As No. 2 but the date is 1693 ; size 36 m. 
 
 5 Obv* LUDOVicus. MAGNUS. REX. Undraped bust 
 
 of Louis XIV to right under the bust T b in mon- 
 ogram. 
 
 /?€>. Similar to No. 4. Size 31 m. 
 
 6 Obv» LVDOVICVS. xnn. d. g. fr. et. nav. rex Drap- 
 
 ed bust of Louis XIV to the right with long hair 
 falling over the shoulders. 
 
 9teD. HONOS ET VIRTUS On the left is a laure- 
 ated and draped figure clasping the hand of a 
 Roman soldier on the right ; each holds a spear 
 in his left hand ; at their feet is a horn of plenty ; 
 on the ground is the letter w • size 57 m. 
 
 7 Obv. LUDOVICUS XV REX christianissimus Lau- 
 
 reated and draped bust of Louis XV to the right. 
 
 R^* Similar to last but there is no engraver's 
 initial ; size 59 m. 
 
 / 
 
' 
 
 THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 THE CONQUEST MEDAL 
 
 H 
 
 Is In many ways the most interesting of the series. 
 In the first place it departs altogether from the con- 
 ventbnal designs, that had hitherto prevailed, and 
 that afterwards continued to be employed. It bears a 
 view of Montreal where was enacted the final 
 scene in the struggle which brought Guiada under 
 British rule. Sir William Johnson who had won the 
 relentless Iroquois to the British side and kept them 
 there during a ** half century of conflict, " raised a 
 large band of these Indians for service in the war for 
 the conquest of Guiada and joined the army that in- 
 vested Montreal Although they did little if any 
 fighting it was decided to give a medal to each of the 
 war chiefs who took part in the expedition. The dis- 
 tribution of these medals is described, in a private 
 diary kept, by Sir William Johnson during a journey 
 to and from Detroit. Under date of 21st July, 1761, 
 he states that : ** We got every thing on board the 
 vessel, then met the Onondaga Chiefs, when assem- 
 bled I bid them welcome, condoled their losses agree- 
 able to custom, acquainted them with the reasons for 
 my not calling them to a general council since my 
 return from Gmada . . . Then delivered the medals 
 sent mc by the general for those who went with us 
 to Gtnada last year, being twenty-three in num- 
 ber." (0 I am able to give an illustration of one of 
 these medals awarded nearly one hundred and forty 
 years ago to the warrior chief of the Onondagas, 
 whose name it bears. The medal was evidently 
 
 (0 
 
 Life of Sir William Johiuon, Abany, t84{, VoL IL page 435. 
 
14 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 made in America, which by the way, accounts for 
 the departure from the prevailing conventional design* 
 Stone (0 states that it was the intention to display 
 the arms of Sir William Johnson on the medal, but 
 somehow what purported to be a view of Montreal 
 but altogether unlike the city at that date, (') 
 was adopted instead. It was pure imagination such 
 as the New York artist, who designed the medal^ 
 from a verbal description, conceived the city to have 
 been. The reverse was left plain so that the name of 
 the chief and that of the nation to which he belonged 
 could be engraved thereon. The size was much 
 smaller than that ordinarily given to the great chiefs* 
 
 8 Oifb. MGNTKRAL A view of fortified town, show- 
 ing five church spires, (*) with water in front in 
 which there is an island ; to the right on a fort is a 
 flag displaying the cross of St. George ; Ex» dcf 
 in a small oval. Edge corded. 
 
 ^^« Plain (for the inscription) ; size 45 m. 
 
 This medals appears to be cast. The specimen in 
 my collection is inscribed : **tkahonvaghse onon- 
 DAGOS" The ''DCF" is no doubt the silversmith's 
 stamp. 
 
 (i) Life of Sir William Jofuuon, In a foot note. 
 
 (2) In a book enttUed ** Old tlina In the Colonlei*" New York, }88), at 
 I»age 438» a view of Montreal In )760, ** from an old prlnt»^ unlike that on 
 the medal Is given which i> as untrue In detail as only two churches are 
 shown the parish and the Jesuits'. 
 
 (3) These five spires, starting from the east, represent the Bonsecours^ 
 Jesuit, Parish, Recdllets', and the Grey Nuns^ dhurches. 
 
N 
 
 THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 A MARRIAGE MEDAL 
 
 II 
 
 Was especially struck, in 176i, for distribution 
 among the Canadian Indians on the occasion of the 
 marriage of George m. This event, coming so soon 
 after the conquest, was considered a fitting occasion 
 for binding the hoards of savages, in the newly ac- 
 quired territories, to the interest of the king by the 
 presentation of a commemorative medal. Its size, the 
 smallest of the three, the one usually presented to 
 ordinary warriors, shows, that it was struck for gen- 
 eral distribution and not as a reward or treaty medaL 
 Still it is very scarce, not more than three or four 
 being known. 
 
 9 Oblf* No inscription ; busts of George m on the 
 left and Queen Charlotte on the right, facing, a 
 curtain or canopy, tied with cord and tassels 
 over then heads. 
 
 -R!rt>. The royal arms crowned, first and fourth 
 Great Britain, second France, third Ireland ; 
 size 38 m. 
 
 THE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC MEDALS 
 
 Were awarded in connection with a confederacy 
 of the Western Indians against British rule. In (763, 
 Pontiac, the organizer and chief of the confederacy of 
 western tribes, invested Detroit, and, as one by 
 one of the posts along the lakes fell into his hands, he 
 expected, after the capture of this sole barrier to his pro- 
 gress eastwards, to swoop down upon the scattered 
 colonies and drive the white man from the continent* 
 
M 
 
 MEDALS ATARDED TO 
 
 In 1764 a large concourse of Indians met at Niagara^ 
 and, although no general treaty of peace was entered 
 into, treaties were signed with a number of tribes 
 separately, one or two of which were withGma- 
 dian tribes. It was on this occasion that what is 
 known as, the peace medal was struck. A specimen 
 of this medal was ploughed up on a farm near Berlin, 
 Ont., some years ago. The farmer thinking it was 
 an old piece of tin allowed it to lie exposed on the 
 ground a whole year before he took the trouble to 
 pick it up. It is now in the cabinet of his son M. C. 
 Steubing of Berlin. The farm, where it was found, 
 was once an old Indian burying ground. The defect- 
 ion of so many tribes, in 1764, led Pontiac to give up 
 the contest and enter into a treaty of peace in 1765. 
 It was on this occasion that he and his chiefs received 
 what is known as the lion and wolf medal. This 
 represents a lion, in the foreground, lying watching 
 a prowling wolf, which is seeking to destroy civili- 
 zation represented by a church and school house 
 nestling among trees. This is the most appropriate 
 design on any Indian medal. One of these medals, 
 found in the grave of Otussa (Pontiac's son), is 
 now in the cabinet of the United States mint at Phil- 
 adelphia (^). A considerable number of these medals 
 must have been struck as two reverse dies were used. 
 The two varieties were found in 1889 buried in one 
 grave, in Michigan near St. Joes River. With them 
 were the chief's bones and some other Indian trinkets. 
 
 (i) American Contemporary MedalSf New York* }894» page 238^ note. 
 
 (To be continued) 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 17 
 
 ^ <• 
 
 \0 Obv. GEORGIUSnLD.G.M.BRI.FRA.ET.HIB.REX.F.D. 
 
 Half length figure of George m, laureated, to the 
 right ; across the bust is the ribbon of the garter. 
 Rev. HAPPY WHILE UNITED A landscape with a 
 British officer to the right and an Indian chief, to 
 the left, holding a long pipe of peace, both seated 
 with their backs to the ocean. To the left is a 
 tree, and above their heads two counter-stamps, 
 N. I YORK and DCF. ; Ex. 1764 size : 50 m. 
 
 This is a cast medal and, as the stamp shows, 
 made by the same silversmith as designed the Mont- 
 real medal. 
 
 \ \ Obv. GEORGIUS m DEI GRATIA bust of the king 
 in armour to the right. 
 
 ^^^» To the right, in the foreground, is a wolf 
 snarling at a lion on the left. In the back 
 ground is a church and house embowered among 
 trees. There is a crack showing across the lion 
 and the spire* There are eight trees to the right 
 with full foliage ; size 58 m. 
 
 12 Obv, Same as last. 
 
 Rev* As last. The wolf is smaller and farther 
 away from the lion, while there are only seven 
 trees with lighter foliage ; size 58 m. 
 
 THE MEDALS OF THE WAR WITH THE THIRTEEN 
 COLONIES (J775-80) 
 
 were given for the purpose of winning the wavering 
 warriors to the cause of Canada, as may be seen by 
 the following quotations : ** Upon the breaking out 
 
ft 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 of the Revolutionary war, Giarles de Langlade .... 
 was persuaded by Captain de Pyster ... to take an 
 active part in the war .... and this, as de Pyster 
 remarks in his Miscellanies, was equivalent to secur- 
 ing all the western Indians in our interest. He was 
 soon required to raise an Indian force, and repaired 
 to Canada for its defence with a large body of Sioux, 
 Saukes, Foxes, Menomonees, Winnibagos, Ottawas, 
 Mattawattamies and Cippewas. He marched to 
 Montreal, and upon arrival, a grand council was 
 held. . ..'' (0. It was, no doubt, on this occasion 
 that Governor Haldimand gave to each of the chiefs 
 the great medal with a certificate, one of which reads 
 as follows : — 
 
 ' ' Frederick Haldimand, Captain General and Gdb- 
 emor in Chief of the Province of Quebec, 
 Ec, Ec, Ec,, General and Commander in 
 Chief of His Majesty's Forces in said Pro- 
 Innce and S^rontier, &c* &c* &c. 
 
 To Chawanoh, Great Chief of the Folles Avoines* 
 
 In consideration of the fidelity, zeal and attachment 
 testified by Chawanon, Grand Chief of the Folles 
 Aifoines to the King's Government and by virtue of 
 the power in me vested, I do confirm the said 
 Chawanon* Grand Chief of the Folles Avoines 
 aforesaid having bestowed upon him the great me- 
 dal, willing all and singular the Indian inhabitants 
 
 (0 Grignon's Recollections '^ which appeared in the Third Annual Re- 
 port and CoUscHons of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin^ Madison^ 
 )857. Page 229. 
 
 I 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 tf 
 
 \ 
 
 
 thereof to obey him as Grand chief, and all otf icers 
 and others in His Majesty's service, and to treat him 
 accordingly, given under my hand and seal, at 
 Montreal, this seventeenth day of c4ugast, one thous- 
 and seven hundred and seventy- eight, in the eight- 
 eenth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord 
 George the Third, by the Grace of God, of Great 
 Britain, France and Irelan, dKing defender of the 
 Faith, and so forth." 
 By His Excellency's command, 
 
 ^red, Haldim&nd* 
 
 E» Joy» 
 
 This document, which is preserved in th archives 
 of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, throws 
 a clear light on the history of the medal (!)• 
 
 There are three sizes of this medal, of the largest 
 of which I have two varieties, but Betts claims 
 there are four. One of these appears to be only a 
 difference in the size of the flan, while the other is 
 taken from a description in a British Museum cata- 
 logue, this may be only a difference in the manner 
 of describing the medal. I have examined about 
 fifteen of these medals, either from the specimens 
 themselves or good rubbings, and have only been 
 able to distinguish two varieties. 
 
 13. Obv» GEORGius m dei gratia. Youthful bust 
 
 (J) A fac simile of tills certificate Is given In the ^ Fourteenth Annual 
 Rq)ort of the Bureau of Ethnology*'' Washington, 1896» Part I, plate U at 
 page 46* Another certificate which bears the name of ** Qutwolscouche- 
 camme Grand Chief Lherbc Croche ** (L'arbre croche) Indians Is described 
 in the American Journal of Numismatics, Boston, 1896, VoL XXXI, 
 page 8. 
 
20 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 of George m to the right in armour. Seven 
 rivets appear down the front of the armour. 
 
 ^e^y* The royal arms on an oval shield, sur- 
 rounded by the garter inscribed honi . soiT.QUi. 
 MAL . Y . PENSE supporters, a lion to the left and 
 a unicorn to the right ; the paw of the lion 
 touches the N in honl The quartering of the 
 arms shows England and Scotland in the first, 
 France in the second, Ireland in the third and 
 Hanover in the fourth. Motto : dieu . et . mon . 
 DROIT on a ribbon below ; size 78 m. 
 
 14 Obv» As last, but eight rivets are shown on 
 the front of the armour. 
 
 P^* As last, but the lion's paw only reaches 
 the I in HONI ; size 77 m. 
 
 15 Obv. Similar to 13. 
 
 Rev* Similar to 13 ; size 59 m. 
 
 I have taken this description from Betts (1), as I 
 have not had an opportunity of examining an ex- 
 ample of this size, nor have I seen a rubbling. 
 
 16 Obl>. Similar to 13. 
 
 Rev, Similar to 13 ; size 29 m. 
 
 There is a variety of the medium size medal with 
 the arms of Hanover on an escutcheon of pretence. 
 Now, as this form of the arms first appears on the 
 coinage of 1801, while the older form prevails on the 
 guineas up to the year of 1799. This medal could 
 hardly have been struck before 1800. As I have 
 
 0) Page 234, No. 600. 
 
 r% 
 
 f 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 , > 
 
 1 
 
 not been able to learn on what occasion it was 
 issued, I describe it here. There appears to be 
 no corresponding; larger or smaller sizes of this 
 iesign. 
 
 17 Obv, As No. 13, but the rivets are much 
 larg;er, appearing more like buttons. 
 
 ^^. As 13, but the arms of England occupy 
 the first and fourth quarters, Scotland the second 
 and Ireland the third, while Hanover is placed 
 on an escutcheon of pretence. The medal is in 
 higher relief than the others; size 60 m. 
 
 THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY MEDAL 
 
 appears to have been issued about the beginning of 
 the present century, as the dies were prepared by 
 Kulcher, a Flemish medallist, who was employed by 
 Boulton & Watt, of the Soho Mint, Birmingham, 
 from 1790 to 1805. This medal was, no doubt, 
 struck by the G>mpany to be awarded to Indians 
 and halfbreeds who had by faithful service earned 
 such reward. Possibly, it was also given in con- 
 nection with treaties entered into between the com- 
 pany and the western tribes.(l) It has on the observe 
 the bust and titles of George m, and on the reverse 
 the arms of the company with the motto: ''Pro 
 pelle cutem'^ but, like all the Indian medals of the 
 time, bears no other inscription or device to indicate 
 
 (0 Dr. F, Parkei Weber in ** English Medali by Foreign Artlits,'' Lon- 
 doot li94f page 43» claims that t It was more probably presented to mem- 
 bers of tlie Httdaon's Bay Company in London. But the absence of any 
 inscription to that effect* coupled with tiie fact that a silver specimen has 
 been found in the North-W«t, corroborates my contention. 
 
MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 the purpose of its issue. Varieties occur with two 
 different busts of George III and with the reverse of 
 another medal. 
 
 18 Obv* GEORGIUSm. D: Gt BRITANNIARUM REX. 
 
 FiDEi def. &c Draped bust of George HI to 
 the left ; under the bust G. H. K. 
 
 Rev, Arms of the company; argent, a cross 
 gules, four beavers proper, to the left ; crest a 
 fox; supporters, two stags; motto, PRO pelle 
 cuTEM; (I) size 48 m. 
 
 J 9 Obv» GEORGIUS m. D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX. 
 
 yiD. DEF. &. Bust of George EI in armour, to 
 the left ; under the bust G. H. K« in small letters. 
 Rev* Same as last ; size 48 m. 
 
 20 Obtf* MARI VICTRIX TERRAQUE INVICTA, Ex, 
 AVITUM TRANSCENDIT | HONOREM L MDCCXCffl 
 
 Britannia, to the right, seated in the midst of 
 trophies, in her right hand she holds a spear, the 
 arm leaning on a shield ; and in her left she 
 holds aloft a figure of victory ; on the ground, 
 the initials G. H. K. 
 
 RdP, Same as 19 ; size 48 m. 
 
 THE MEDALS OF THE WAR OF J8J2 
 
 were a departure from the usual custom of cementing 
 the friendship of the chiefs at the beginning or during 
 the course of the hostilities. The date 1814 on the 
 medals — ^the year of the close of the war — proclaims 
 
 (1) TUg an adaptation from Job IL and 4, ** Pro cute ctitem,'' wbcrdn 
 the Idea ts changed from ** skin for skin*' to ^ikln for pelt.^ 
 
 
 1 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 this ; for, in the character of rewards for bravery, they 
 may be classed as true war medals, all the others, ex- 
 cept the ** G}nquest Medal,'' are simply treaty medals. 
 The Gmadian Indians had, by this time, become as 
 truly British subjects as were the settlers from the 
 old land. Consequently, there was no need for 
 propiciating or rather attaching them to the crown. 
 The three regular sizes occur, all bearing the old 
 head of the king on the obverse, with the Royal 
 arms and the date 1 814 on the reverse. The work- 
 manship especially that displayed on the bust of the 
 king is finer than on any previous issue. The artist 
 Thomas Wyon, whose signature they bear, was a 
 member of the celebrated family of medallists, some 
 one or other member of which has served as chief 
 engraver to the Royal mint for over a hundred 
 years. (1) Besides these the regular "war medal," 
 struck in 1848, and awarded to all who participated 
 in the Canadian engagements at Fort Detroit, Crys- 
 ler's Farm and Giateauguay, were also given to the 
 Indians who were present at these battles. (2) They 
 
 ( In the '^Gentlemens' Magazine ** for February^ )8t8, at page t81» in 
 a ''Memoir of Thomas Wyon^Jun., Eitq.,'' it statest after describing the 
 medal, that: ''Mr. Wyon had designed and engraved another Reverse, 
 Britannia seated, presenting an Indian of fine athletic figure, in proper co»> 
 tuffle, with a medal. This was beautifully engraved in very bold relief, 
 but unfortunately broke in hardening, and there was no time to re-engrave 
 it.'^ This incident unfortunately threw the design back into the royal armi 
 reverse. 
 
 (2) The following document which certifies to an Indian^s claim for a 
 medal, shows how they were granted x 
 
 July 20th, 1848. 
 
 According to general order, dated Adjutant's ohHce, 25th August, 1837, 
 John Naudee, chief of the Qilppewa tribe of Montreal Indians, one of the 
 
MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 bear the name of the recipient on the edge with the 
 title ** warrior/* This medal has for reverse the 
 Queen standing on a dais crowning with a wreath 
 of laurel, the Duke of Wellington who kneels before 
 her. 
 
 2 J. Obv, GEORGius m. dei gratia britanniarum 
 REX Ft D: Laureated bust (old head) of the king 
 to the right, draped in a mantle, tied with the rib- 
 bon, and the Order of the Garter. Under the bust 
 T WON, JUN. s. 
 
 98s^. The royal arms, with the arms of Hano- 
 ver on an escutcheon of pretence ; over the arms 
 is a helmet and crest, and behind the helmet, on 
 either side, a display of acanthus leaves ; under 
 the arms two roses, a thistle and shamrocks, 
 and the date 18H. Size 75 m. 
 
 22. Ob% As last. 
 
 Rev» As last ; size 60 m. 
 
 23. Obv, As 2J. 
 
 Rev* As 2\ ; size 38 m. 
 
 24. Obv* yiCTORjA regdma i848. Coronated head of 
 the Queen to the left on the truncation of the 
 neck w. WON, r j^. 
 
 R^, TO THE BRITISH ARMY Ex. J793-18U. The 
 
 Queen to the right, standing on a dais crowning 
 
 Inilan warrlon who co-operated wUh the British troops at the taking of 
 Detroit. ... 
 
 Chief Naudee is a claimant to the medals offered by the British Gov ^- 
 ment I do hereby certify that John Natsdee is the Huron who served 
 
 duftnff the last American war of t8f2 and S8I3* 
 
 JOHN BROVN. 
 
 >S^ 
 
 > 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 25 
 
 •I' 
 
 ■ 
 
 Wellington, who kneels before her, with a 
 wreath of laurels. Wellington holds in his right 
 hand a marshal's baton ; by the side of the dais 
 is a small figure of a lion. Size 36 m. 
 
 Attached to the medal are one of the following 
 three bars : fort-detroit, chateauguay or cryst- 
 
 LER'S-FARM. 
 
 THE ASHBURTON TREATY MEDAL 
 
 was given, in 1842, to several of the Micmacand 
 other eastern Indians who assisted Lord Ashburton, 
 as guides and otherwise, in laying out the boundary 
 line between Gtnada and the United States. Only 
 one size, somewhat smaller than the largest of the 
 earlier issues, occurs. It bears the head of the Queen, 
 smaller than the size of the medal would admit, 
 leaving a wide margin on which the recipient's name 
 and titles were engraved. (I) The reverse has arms 
 similar to those on the medals of 1814. 
 
 25. Obl>. Bare head of the Queen to the left, with a 
 garland of roses around the psyche knot ; 
 under the bust, b. wyon. An inner orna- 
 mental circle, leaving a raised margin, ten milli- 
 meters wide, for inscription, between the circle 
 and the edge. 
 
 "Rdb. VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM RE- 
 
 (!) A tpedmen in tlie collection of the Library of Parliament* Ottawa, 
 haa Uie following inscription engraved in the margin t above* PRESENTED 
 TO I JOSEPH M. ITKABEITCH, | CHIEF OF THE MICMAC IN- 
 DIANS AT RESTIGOUCHE, and below BY THE MINISTER OF 
 WAR AND COLONIES I BY COMMAND OF THE QUEEN | 
 25 JAN. 1842. 
 
26 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 GINA FID : DEF t Arms similar to that of No* 21, 
 but the escutcheon of pretence is absent. Size 
 65 m. 
 
 TREATY MEDALS OF VICTORIA, 
 
 dated 1840, were struck for distribution to the In- 
 dians who participated in the treaties made during 
 the earlier part of the reign. They were also given, 
 no doubt, to the Indians of Lower Canada for having 
 remained tranquil during the abortive rising of J 837. 
 The general design and sizes are the same as those 
 of the last issue of George III. 
 
 26. Obv* VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM RE- 
 
 GINA F : D : Qjronated head of the Queen to the 
 
 right ; w. WON, R. a. on the truncation of the 
 
 neck. 
 
 Rel>* Arms as on No. 25, with the date 1840 ; 
 
 size 75 m. 
 
 27. Obv. As last. 
 
 Rev* As last ; size 60 m. 
 
 28. Obv* Victoria D : G : Brit : Regina F : D : 
 Head as on No. 26. 
 
 Rev» As No. 26 ; size 38 m. 
 
 THE PRINCE OF WALES VISIT 
 
 was hailed by the Indians as a rare opportunity for 
 distilaying their loyalty. They were ready, when 
 in his travels, he came near to a reservation, to turn 
 out in their war paint, and, with presents and ad- 
 dresses, to do him honour and proclaim their allegi- 
 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 27 
 
 ance to the great Queen mother, after the manner 
 described in the following passage : — 
 
 "Then commenced one of the most interesting 
 proceedings which had yet taken place. 
 
 ** The Indians, real red savages, majestic in mien, 
 painted as to their faces * . . . came forward, and one 
 
 of them, a magnificent specimen of his tribe, 
 
 yelled out an Indian address .... brother great 
 BROTHER — ^The sky is beautiful. It was the wish of 
 the great spirit that we should meet in this place. 
 My heart is glad that the Queen has sent out her 
 eldest son to see her Indian subjects .... they have 
 heard that at some future day you will put on the 
 crown, and sit on the British throne. It is their 
 earnest desire that you will always remember them. 
 
 " . . . . The chief shook hands with the Prince 
 and the Governor, the others bowed, and to each 
 His Royal Highness gave a medal with the likeness 
 of Her Majesty on one side, the Royal Arms on the 
 other. The Chiefs' medals were as large as the 
 palm of your hand ; the other Indians received 
 smaller ones, the size, perhaps, of half-crowns.'^ (0 
 
 The medals presented on this occasion were from 
 the same dies as those struck in 1840; but, on the 
 obverse, there was engraved a plume of three ostrich 
 feathers (the crest of the Prince of Wales) to the 
 left of the Queen's head, and the date, I860, to the 
 right. 
 
 THE **INDIAN TREATIES** MEDALS 
 
 were practically the only ones issued under the au- 
 
 (1) Visit of His Royal Highneai the Prince of Wales to the British 
 North American Provinces,*' Roiiert Cellem, Toronto, 1661, page 298. 
 
28 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 thority of the Canadian Government, which govern- 
 ment having, in 1870, acquired all the titles to the 
 North-West Territories, held by the Hudson's Bay 
 G)mpany, proceeded to extinguish the Indian titles. 
 Therefore, in 1871, a Commission was appointed by 
 which during the seven years that followed seven 
 treaties, numbered from one to seven, were drawn 
 up, by means of which the larger part of the great 
 Canadian wheat belt was thrown open to settlers. 
 In a report of the proceedings of ** Treaty Number 
 One,*' W. M. Simpson, one of the commissioners, 
 states that : ** In addition to this, each chief was to 
 receive a dress, a flag and a medal, as marks of dis- 
 tinction. (J) No special medal was struck for the 
 first of these treaties, but a stock medal of the medium 
 size, procured from the Messrs. Wyon, of London, 
 was given to the signing Chiefs. This medal, of a 
 kind usually awarded as school or agricultural prizes, 
 has for obverse the Queen's head, and, for reverse, 
 a wreath of oak leaves. It was awarded for treaties 
 number one and two. But these were not deemed 
 sufficiently large for the chiefs, so, in 1872, an order 
 was given to Mr. R. Hendry, a silversmith of Mont- 
 real, to make twenty-five medals, according to a 
 design furnished him by the department at Ottawa. 
 This design consisted of the medal, struck in 1867, 
 to commemorate the confederation of the provinces, 
 with a margin added bearing, on the obverse, the 
 inscription ** Dominion of Canada Chiefs Medal,'' and 
 
 i.i) ''The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of the North-West.'' 
 VIf»f,ls. Toronto, 1880, page 39. 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 29 
 
 I 
 
 on the reverse ''Indians of the North- West Terri- 
 tories/' Mr. Hendry having no means for prepar- 
 ing the dies for or striking such a large medal^ took 
 an original G)nfederation medal, to which he fixed 
 a ring eleven millimetres wide around the outside 
 margin. On this ring, the letters of the inscription, 
 which had been separately cut out, were soldered. 
 From the medal «o built up twenty-five electrotype 
 impressions were made* and, after having been 
 plated, handed over to the Government, as medals to 
 be presented to the chiefs. This most ponderous 
 medal, ninety-four millimetres in diameter and ten in 
 thickness, no doubt at first received with great plea- 
 sure by the chiefs, was soon looked upon with dis- 
 gust ; for, notwithstanding its great size and its 
 silver-like appearance, its purchasing power, especially 
 of ** fire water,'' was soon found to be very small. 
 But by the time treaty number three was ready for 
 signature, the Government had redeemed itself. A 
 new medal had been ordered from the Messrs. 
 Wyon, more appropriate and more beautiful in 
 design than any that had heretofore been presented 
 to the Indians. On the obverse is the veiled and 
 crown head of the Queen, with the simple inscrip- 
 tion, ** Victoria Regina," while the reverse represents 
 an Indian encampment, at sunset, on the prairie, with 
 an Indian chief in war costume and a Bntfsh general 
 officer clasping hands. A tomahawk is *' buried " or 
 struck into the earth at their feet. The inscription 
 reads : ** Indian treaty No.—" and the date ** J87— ", 
 incused; so that the number of the treaty and 
 

 30 
 
 MEDALS AVARDED TO 
 
 the last figure of the date should be stamped on 
 at the time of presentation. Although I have not 
 been able to verijfy the fact^ I have no doubt that this 
 medal was substituted for the twenty-five electrotype 
 medals issued for treaties numbers one and two* 
 29. Obv. VICTORIA REGiNA. Crowned head of the 
 
 Queen to the right; under the head, in small 
 
 letters, j. s. & A. b. wyon, sc. 
 
 *Jfe!P* A wreath of oak leaves ; size 5 J m. 
 
 30. ObK DOMINION OF CANADA CHIEFS J872 MEDAL 
 
 on an outside circle ; within the circle victoria 
 D : G : BRITT t REG i F : D : Veiled and crowned 
 bust of the Queen to the left ; under the bust 
 J. s. WYON, sc 
 
 Rev. INDIANS OF THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES 
 
 on an outer circle ; within the circle JUVENTAS 
 
 ET PATRIUS VIGOR CANADA INSTAURAT, 1867. 
 
 Britannia, to the right, seated with a trident in 
 her right hand, while with her left she presents 
 a scroll inscribed confederation to four females 
 with emblems representing the industries of the 
 four confederating provinces. By her left knee 
 is a large lion ; size 94 m. 
 3 J Oblf. victoria REGINA. Bust of the Queen, as 
 on the last ; under the bust J. s. & A. B. wyon. 
 
 Rev» INDIAN TREATY NO , beloW J87 — . A 
 
 prairie scene, with the setting sun to the left and 
 an Indian encampment to the right ; in the fore- 
 ground is an Indian in war feathers clasping 
 hands with a British general officer. At their 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 3) 
 
 feet is a tomahawk struck into the ground, below 
 it J. s. & A. B. WYON. Size 76 m. 
 
 From these facts, gleaned from a study of the 
 Indian medals, we may learn that, while little has 
 been mentioned in history in connection with this 
 subject, the giving and receiving of medals has 
 played an important part in the settlement of North 
 America, and that in the main this practice has con- 
 tributed towards the advance of peace and civiliza- 
 tion. Reservations of these children of the forest are 
 still to be found here and there in the land, but those 
 of them which remain arc fast disappearing — loosing 
 their national characteristic — and growing into the 
 manhood of full citizenship. Occasionnally we meet 
 in the avocations of peace descendents of those who 
 were the makers of our early history — the chief 
 actors in those stirring times — the desolators of the 
 frontier settlements. G)urted alike by Saxon and 
 Gaul, they, for a time, held the balance of power ; 
 being ever ready to help in that never-ending war- 
 fare, and now, that the war fire has ceased to bum 
 in their bosoms and the fierce war whoop to ring 
 from their lips, shall we not treasure, with the deepest 
 veneration for the ever receeding past, these memen- 
 toes of those who actively participated in that century 
 and a half of conflict during which two races strug- 
 gled for supremacy in the New Continent. 
 
 «^ «4»«^ 
 
32 
 
 MEDALS AWARDED TO 
 
 Since this paper was set up, an additional Hem, 
 regarding the ** Honos tt ^rtas" medal, has come 
 to my knowledge which I ha7>e considered worth 
 while adding. 
 
 In rearranging my Roman Consular G>ins^ not 
 long ago, my attention was arrested by the denarius 
 of the Fufia gens* Its conception, I can hardly say 
 its design, seemed akin to that of the ''Honos et 
 Virtus " medal, struck by Louis XIV for the Cana- 
 dian Indians. A closer study soon convinced me 
 that the designer of the medal had been inspired by 
 this coin. It is thus described : 
 
 ObTf, KALENi. The laureated head of Honour and 
 the helmeted head of Valour, accolated, to the 
 right ; in the field to the left ho inos) and to the 
 right VIR iius), 
 
 R^, CORDI, Italy, draped in tunic and stolla, 
 standing on the left holding a cornucopia in 
 her left hand, while with her right she clasps 
 the hand of Rome, who is standing on the 
 right, draped in tunic only ; in her left hand is 
 a sceptre and her right foot rests on a globe. 
 In the field, on the left, is a caducius and ital 
 («) in monogram, and on the right RO (ma) ; 
 size J9 m. 
 
 It is believed that this coin was struck to comme- 
 morate the ratification of the peace that brought an 
 end to the ** social war '' which had so long desolated 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 33 
 
 the country ; a peace through which all the people 
 of Italy secured the full rights of Roman citizenship. 
 Although I have already described the medal, (1) 
 I will repeat here a more detailed description of it 
 for more convenient reference. 
 
 Rd\). HONOS ET VIRTUS. Honor, laureated, Standing 
 on the left, draped in a toga, with a spear in 
 his left hand and with his right clasping the 
 right hand of Valour, who is standing on the 
 right holding a spear in her left hand. She is 
 in the costume of a Roman soldier, with hel- 
 met, broad sword and short tunic. At their 
 feet is a cornucopia. The letter " W '* which 
 appears below is the initial of the engraver, 
 Winslow. 
 
 The personages represented on the coin and on 
 the medal are essentially the same, and are intended 
 to convey similar thoughts. The difference in detail 
 and treatment are only such as would be produced 
 by two designers living seventeen centuries apart. 
 
 As the coin depicts Rome and Italy as Honor and 
 Valour, two deities long associated together in wor- 
 ship, clasping their hands in close friendship, so, we 
 may naturally conclude, the medal represents France 
 and the Indian tribes who have been engaged in a 
 destructive war, clasping hands in a treaty of peace 
 that is to bring plenty and contentment. The medal 
 then was undoubtedly struck to commemorate the 
 close of a " social war *' in Canada. When, during 
 
 (0 See page 10 of this volume of the Antiquarian. 
 
mm 
 
 ' 
 
 34 
 
 MEDALS /WARDED TO 
 
 the reign of Louis XIV, was such a treaty of peace 
 signed ? An answer to this question will enable us 
 to fix the exact date of the medal. 
 
 Ever since the commencement of the European 
 settlements there had existed a social warfare in 
 Canada, in which the different Indian nations were 
 arrayed against each other and against the intruding 
 settlers. It was one constant succession of raids on 
 peaceful villages, isolated farm houses and Indian 
 encampments, so that the whole country seemed 
 likely to be denuded not only of its European, but of 
 its Indian inhabitants. 
 
 Upon the death of Frontenac, in 1699, de GtUieres 
 was appointed Governor of Canada, and, from 
 having been so long in command at Montreal, the 
 frontier town, his intercourse with the Indians had 
 been more intimate and therefore his influence much 
 greater. Learning of the general peace, concluded 
 in Europe, the Iroquois approached the new Governor 
 asking that representatives be sent to treat with 
 them. But this proposition he declined, with the 
 intimation that he could only treat with repre- 
 sentatives of the tribes at Montreal. Acting on 
 this proposition, a general council of delegates from 
 the different Indian nations assembled in Montreal 
 on the 18th of September, 1700, and concluded a 
 treaty of peace which was to be ratified by a grand 
 council of all the tribes, to be summoned the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
 In August, 1701, this great council met, and the 
 occasion was the most impressive event that had 
 
THE CANADIAN INDIANS II 
 
 taken place since the founding of the city. Just out- 
 side the city walls, a spacious enclosure was formed 
 with young saplings and seated with benches for the 
 Indian deputies — over thirteen hundred in number. 
 There were representatives from the Abenaquis, 
 Algonquins, Hurons, Illinois, Iroquois, Miamis, Ou- 
 taouais, Ponteouamis, Sauteux, and, in fact, every 
 tribe from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the lower 
 stretches of the Mississippi. The whole town, nule 
 and female, turned out to witness the spectacle, for the 
 Indians were costumed with all the peculiar finery 
 and attributes of their different clans, as well as tribes. 
 At one end of the enclosure was a pavillion occupied 
 by de Callieres, the Governor, Vaudreuil, Governor 
 of Montreal, de Ramezay, the Commandant of the 
 forces, de Champigny, the Intendant, and all the 
 notables of the town, while surrounding the whole 
 was a guard of soldiers. After de Callieres had 
 addressed the assembled delegates and the address 
 had been translated into the different Indian lan- 
 guages, wampum belts were exchanged and, no 
 doubt, as was usual on such occasions, treaty 
 medals distributed. 
 
 From these facts we may safely conclude that 
 when de Callieres had concluded the preliminary 
 treaty of 1700 with the Indians, and had arranged 
 for the assembly of a grand council in August, 170), 
 for its ratification, he asked the Minister of Marine, in 
 Paris, to have a special medal prepared for presenta- 
 tion, on the occasion, to the Indian chiefs, on which the 
 idea of peace and concord should be depicted. The 
 
36 MEDALS AWARDED TO THE CANADIAN INDIANS 
 
 Minister having accorded the medal, entrusted its 
 execution to the engraver Winslow who, no doubt, 
 as a numismatist as many of the medalists of those 
 days were, sought his inspiration from among his 
 Roman coins, and chose the design displayed on that 
 of the Fufia gens as the most appropriate. 
 
 And, thus, in a later study of this coin, we have 
 been able to trace the source of the inspiration, and 
 to fix definitely the date of and the occasion for 
 which one of our well known Canadian medals was 
 struck. 
 
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