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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames aa required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Un dee symbolee ruivants apparaltra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbols —»• signifie "A SUiVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent itre filmte i dea taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit en un seul cMchi, ii est filmi A partir de I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 . ' 1-V THE TURCO-SERVIAN WAR. .aguiJtiW i3Y»its^iit» ^jhsH '1 r,-;.( r.-^vrg • =,;)<< . ^.Z , . •BULGARIAN HORRORS AND THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. BY THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. NEW YORK AND MONTREAL: LOVELL, ADAM, WESSON & COMPANY. 1876. LAKE CHAMPLAIN PRESS, ROUSES POINT, N.Y. 33ctiicatetr TO VISCOUNT STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, WITH THE ADMIRATION WHICH ALL ACCORD TO HIM, AND THE ESTEEM WHICH HAS GROWN WITH A FRIENDSHIP OF MORE THAN FORTY YEARS. pi li i CONTENTS How THE PRESENT SITUATION HAS BEEN BROUGHT ABOUT . . '''^ Sketch of the Turkish Race and Government ^o The Policy of the British Ministry The Questions and Answers 13 The Discovery of the Bulgarian Horrors 21 The British Fleet at Besika Bay " • • • • 24 The Snares to be avoided 28 The Ends to be pursued . 31 I BULGARIAN HORRORS AND THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. JN the difficult question of the East, entangled by so many cross- purposes and interests, the people of this country have shown a just, but a very remarkable, disposition to repose confidence in the Government of the day : and the Government of the day has availed itself to the uttermost of that disposition. For months the nation was conteuc, though measures and communications I progress, to remain "3on the fragmentary ■nspire through the i information, but nly on the thirty- .', from the bounty known to be of the highest intere.' without official information, and and uncertain notices which alt press. It had to dispense not Oi with discussion in the House of C. first of July did the House of Common ot the Government, after interminable delays and in the dregs of the Session, a single night in which to review the transactions of the Administration, together with those of other Powers, during a twelvemonth, and to ascertain the prospects and policy of the coming recess. The lateness of the period fixed for the debate went far to insure its inefficiency. But this was not enough ; and further precautions were adopted. It was announced that, if the debate overiiowed this narrow limit, it could only be finished in fragments ; the ordinary business of the Government must proceed in preference to it, but it coul ! doubtless be renewed on some day of yet thinner benches, deeper exhaustion, and greater nearness to the Twelfth of August, the principal and inviolate festival of the sportsman's calendar. I 8 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND ..or, ,„ „„„ of .„e sca„„. and u,KO„a^n „,„icos »hi „ Zm be obtained from unofficial sources A„n„,l ,t, , wiu, diu.or, picas. ,n .„cse ^1 ^r::^,^^::^. b= n„,d, reason ; but, in ,„c a,.rega,o. ,l,cy wc're'^J, d r^es, home measure wa, u, progress, anrl eonid not be expl ,i ,c,niM ii was comp etetl ; or was completed, and tbcrcfore a i , o h ' documents -o l^e r 1 f • '" pr^'^ring tlre papers and n^" rbe allmva le ' '"";"" P^«-«"'«i°". »'»> presentation e "on and r ' T T^ '* ""P'-^'P'"-«1. -' that after every iiiai \\c nave liac bv cIe"Tp(>c frnm -vr.',,.,*-,. • i (•K^ 1 11 , . -^ '^'^a'ccs, irom pnvate ana vo i.ntarv cverM'on he l<„owIedge witich it was the bo.u.den duty of the A dm , ,""' ■on .0 supply: and that, by the light which t ,is kn „*,;,, The effect of the course whicli was taken hv fliP r sccu.mg the escape of a great question from public vi.dlanee there before ..re pnbll n.incU^a° il' :Z';he''.::tio,ris''i;r I'Tf'" »hen society as well as Parliament is pro';.: ' , e „" 1 S eaders of every co.nttry or municipal connuun ty are sper d t ts the great vacation „f the year, when no one expect, am f™ Will consenf tr, Ua ,.^111,, . •-■^i-"->-i:>, ana rew cu ibtnr, to be called to serious bu-^inpsQ Aii ,.1 acquainted with the inner working „, onr PaHi entt^a :„":: The;,ate cC the case, then, is this. The House of Commons THE QUIUTJON OF THE E. ST 9 has in (he main been ousted from tliat le-^itimate share of itui.i.^.xe whicli I may call its j-risdiction in the case. A suhject •• pan.- nlfunit wei-ht goes before the people at tho time when the class*^.^-, having leisure, and usually contributing most to form and guide public opinion, are scattered, as disjointed units, over the face of this and of other countries. In default of Parliamentary action and a public concentrated .-s usual, we must proceed as we can' with impaired means of appeal. But honor, dutv, compassion' and I must add shame, ure sentiments never in a state of cowa' The working men of the country, whose condition i.^ less affected than that of others by the season, have to their honor led the way and shown that the great heart of Britain has not ceased to beat And the large towns and cities, now following in foops, are echo- ing back, each from its own place, the mingled notes of horror pam, and indignra/on. Let them understand that the importance of their meetin-s on th,s occasion ,: least, cannot be overrated. As Inkerman' was the soldier s battle, so this is the nation's crisis. The nnestion is not only whether unexampled wrongs shall receiv .-c nd and righteous condemnption, but whether the onlv effective security shall be taken against its repetition. In order to take this security, the nation will have to speak through its Government • but we now see clearly that it muse first teach its Government" almost as it would teach a lis Mig child, what to say. 2^^en will be t.ken out of the way of an united Europe the sole efficient obstacle to the punishment of a gigantic wron^r I have thus far endeavored to describe how'it has come about that he nation, deprived of its most rightful and most constitu- tiona a.os has been called upon at the season when the task would under ordinary circumstances be impossible, to choose between leaving its most sacred duties unperformed, and taking the performance of them primarily into its own hands Had the call upon the country been only that of Servia, Bosnia anc. the Herzegovina, it would have been a grave one. But" it is now graver far. By a slow and difficult process, the details of which I shall presently consider, and through the aid partlv of newspaper correspondence, and partly of the authorized agent^f a foreign State, but not through our o;vn Parliament, or Adminis- tration, or establishments abroad, we now know in detail that there have been perpetrated, under the immediate authority of a Goverr- ment to which all the time we have been giving the stronges^ 10 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND moral, and for part of the time even material support, crimes and outrages, so vast in scale as to exceed all modern example, and so unutterably vile as well as fierce in character, that it pas'ses the power of heart to conceive, and of tongue and pen adequately to describe them. These are the Bulgarian horrors ; and the ques- tion is, Wiiat can and should be done, either to punish, or to brand, or to prevent?' The details of these abominations may be read in published Reports, now known to be accurate in the main. They are hardly fit for reproduction. The authors of the crimes are the agents, the trusted, and in some instances, the. since-promoted servants,* of the Turkish Government. The moral and material support which during the year has been afforded to the Turkish Govern- ment, has been given by the Government of England on behalf of the people of England. In order to a full comprehension of the practical question at issue, it will be necessary to describe the true character and position of the Turkish Power, and the policy, as I think it the questionable and erroneous policy, of the British Administration. Let me endeavor very briefly to sketch, in (he rudest outline, what the Turkish race was and what it is. It is not a question of Mahometanism simply, but of Mahometanism compounded with the peculiar character of a race. They are not the mild Mahom- etans of India, nor the chivalrous Saladins of Syria, nor the cultured Moors of Spain. They were, upon the whole, from the black day when they first entered Europe, the one great anti-human specimen of humanity. Where\'er they went, a broad line of blood marked tiie track behind them ; and, as far as their dominion reached, civilization disappeared from view. They represented everywhere government by force, as opposed to government by law. For the guide of this life they had a relentless fatalism : for its reward hereafter, a sensual paradise. ^ They were indeed a tremendous incarnation of military power. This advancing curse menaced the whole of Europe. It was only stayed, and that not in one generation, but in many, by the heroism of the European population of those very countries, part of which form at this moment the scene .^f war, and the anxious subject of diplomatic action. In the olden time, all Western Christendom * Of these there are named Ahmed Aga and Tussum Bey (Mr. Schuyler): also Chevket Pacha (Cnnsu! Readc). Papers 5, p. iS. IHE QUESTION OF THE EAST. i, sympathized with the resistance to the common enemy; and even dunn- the hot and fierce struggle of the Reformation, there prayers If I m.stake not, offered up in the Engh'sh churches for the success of tlie Emperor, the head of the Roman Catholic power and influ- ence, m his struggles with the Turk. But although tlie Turk represented force as opposed to hiw vet not even a government, of force can he maintained without the' aid of an intellectual element, such as he did not possess. Hence there grew up, what has been rare in the history of the world I Much of Christian hfe w.^s contemptuously let alone ; mu> h of he subordn.ate functions of government was allowed to d^voh^ upon the bishops ; and a race of Greeks was attracted to Const n ci.s of lurk sh Islam in the element of mind, and which at this -ment provides the Porte with its long kno.n, and, I n 1 '^ highly esteemed Ambassador in London. Then there h. b n from tune to time, but rarely, statesmen whom we have been oo ready to mistake for specimens of what Turkey might becor w creas they were in truth more like W ..,.., ^n th favo^Zl' side : monsters, so to speak, of virtue or intellii^ence d ,' . were (and are) also, scattered through the communi v', o were not indeed real citizens, but yet who have exhibi't d t e re av.c vu-tues, and w-ho would have been citizens had there be a t e pol ty around them. Besides all this, the conduct of the ac , gradualybeen brought more under the eye of an Eur pe whtl u has lost Its power to resist or to defv; and its central Iven njent, in conforming perforce to many of the forms an a^U ions' of cjvih^ ion has occasionally caught something of their ^ " Ihis, I think, IS not an untrue description of the past, ^r even of t e present. The decay of martial energy, in a Power uhch was or centuries the terror of the world, is ut^llerful. Of h vo rSum r^^""^ T: '' ^-->-3-"s it borrow'; f^ at from five to eight thousand : the rest of dm... 1., "^ 12 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND empn-e of i.ore tlum thirty .nillions disclKuges all its mi-du • for •s purpose u applies all its own resources, ^nd the wlu it of u" Moperty of :ts creditors; and, after two „..uhs of desp rate a t.vuy, u greatly plumes itself upon having incompletely rc'eede, ^:Z^Z[^'^'^ cloubtfully failed agaLt L.^:::^, bliaUts of Baja^ets, Amuraths, and Mahin.nids i Ivventy years ago, France atul England determined to trv a greac expernnent in remodelling the ad.ninistrativesys m of '^, kej^vuth the hope of curing .ts intolerable vices and nr il good us not less intolerable deHciencies. For thij^^n^ ^t ^T ang defended her integrity, they made- also her indepe den^ - cure and they devized at Constantinople the refornJ, wh c^ were pubhcly enacted tn an Lnperial Fir.nan or Hatti-huma oum Tl e accesses of the Crimean War, purchased (with the' aid of S , chma) by a vast expenditure of French and English life and trea ure, gave to Turkey, for the first tin.e perhaps i.t her bio 1 t n' d history twenty years of a repose not disturbed either by 1 e o by a..3' forcgn Power. The Cretan insurrection in.par ed a^ ck to conlKlence; but, t was composed, and Turkey again was tru ted The msurrect.ons of xS7s. -uch n.ore thoroughly^'exannne vt disclosed the total failure of the Porte to fulfil L eng'e " " ^v^Mc she had contracted under circumstances peculiadvt dD on interest, on honor, and on gratitude. Even these mise blt^ insurrections, she had not the ability to put down. In the m ity of he current events, a lurid glare is thrown over the whde ca2 by the Bulgarian horrors. The knowledge of these IJents Ts ^^.ethery indifference or bungling, kept \ack from us b'^onT; for a time. 1 he proofs are now sufficiently before us. And the ^t^::"^^- ^'''l: '''-' -'y ^'^--^ ^--' '-^ ^'^ ^^ campaign. Power is gone, and the virtues, such as hey are of power ; nothing but its passions and its p.ide remain ^ ' It IS tune, then, to clear an account which we ha've lon.^ per- haps too long, left unsettled, and ahnost unexa.nined In the discussion of this great and sad subject, the attitude and he proceedings of the British Grovernment cannot po b y be eft out of v,ew. Indeed, the topic is, f,om the nature of the It so prom,ne,it, and f,om the acts done, so peculiar tint n hardly be excused fro.n stating in expreL anH lid i^;;^ appear to me Us g,ave e,-rors ; were it only that I may not e ,ii b an apparent reserve, also to insinuate against them a^urpos i ^ THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 13 plicity in crime, which it would be not only rash, but even wicked to nnpute. The consequences of their acts have been, in niy view' deplorable. But as respects the acts themselves, and the motives they appear to indicate, the faults I find are these. Thev have not understood the rights and duties, in regard to the subjects and particularly the Christian subjects, of Turkey, which inseparably attach to this country in consequence of the Crimean War and of the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They have been remiss when thev ought to have been active ; namely, in efforts to compose tho East- ern revolts, by making provision against the terrible mi.aovern- ment which provoked them. They have been active where they ought to have been circumspect and guarded. It is a grave charge which cannot be withheld, that they have given to a maritime J.l ure of humane precaution die character of a military demonstra- lon in support o the Turkish Government. They have seemed to be moved too httle by an intelligent appreciation of prior obli- gations, and of the broad and deep interests of ' humanitv, and too nnich by a disposition to keep out of sight what was dis'agreeable and migh be inconvenient, and to consult and flatter the public opinion of the dayin its ordinary, that is to say, its narrow, selfish epicurean humor. I ace, sounded indeed over sea and land, in the month of June to warn us of what was going on. There was no want of ears dis- posec to listen when the tale told was of wholesale massacre perpetrated by the authority of a Government to which we had pro- cmvd, m our hvmg memory, twenty y.ars of grace , and to which, without mquirmg how thos. jears had been employed, we had this 14 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND I claied l„ CT V \ "■■ *l'"l«sale massacres were de- s.ble, newspaper corresp„„dc,„. With the Tnsle; ' ' °"" s:^'::^:rr:h2^:-r^:^^'=---- but of disbelief qt, i ';"";, '^^;, ■■J::;: '7 --f °- error, or rr>r)« ^f ., i r * "''&'" ^'^^t-s, witn a different ce.i . e : e" i'ostf ;::;';"'" "t^ °' ^>""™" -"-''^. ->> - ^ .he 'IVki r t ,s e w^,T ?' ' ■' "»'■<">■ ~"""» true, sinee diffichiesi,; d:;din;-:,';,-:h\,:L';:'";i.r7^* ^^'^"^ °^ criipltu . ^f 1 1 1 "'"Lii .-line la) the balance of cr me anrl rest o„ hi,,, „.,,„ strihes the first uL of at Zft T 71 dea u,„ , ,„, , ,„„„„„t„,y „„,|,^^.^|^ ^j fa,„,i,is„, „„„„„ ^ ,, ^ «:n;f:rx:L:':ft,:.s;r-r:,;r'"r?" ;;no.,ed,e,,.,ieh,.he,ie,.edtoa,,,::ut:::;;:,^r.^;:t^^ For ,ve k„o,v that ue had a «-elI-„,ani,e '■^"'1 Con- could nof h,« c;,. •, " ^'^"^ ''""^' '^'''-^ I'l'l'o.ssihle. It iqiiiry, but the d oor wa.s each time THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 15 quickly closed upon the question, as the stone lid used to be shut down, in the Campo Santo of Naples, upon the mass of human corpses that lay festering beneath. But inquiry was to be made. And at this point I think the Government are to be charged with a serious offence. For inquiry, in these times, means ihe employment of the Telegraph. But l' must here turn aside for a moment, in the endeavour to do an act of justice. The first alarm respecting the Bulgarian outrages was, I believe, that sounded in the " iJaily News," on the 23rd of Tune. lam' sensible of the many services constantly rendered by "free journal- ism to humanity, to freedom, and to justice. I do not undervalue the performances, on this occasion, of the " Times," the Doyen of the press in this country, ar.d perhaps in the world, or of the ' Daily Telegraph ; " and our other great organs. But of all these services, so far as my knowledge goes, that which has been render- ed by the "Daily News," through its foreign correspondence on this occasion, has been the most weighty, I may say, t^e most splendid * We are now informed (Barl. Papers No. 5, p. 6) that the accounts received by the German Government confirm its report. It is even possible that, but for the courage, determination, and ability of this single organ, we m.ght, even at this moment, have remai'ned HI darkness, and Bulgarian wretchedness might have been without its best and brightest hope. On the 26th of June, the Duke of Argyll, in the House of Lords and Air. Forster in the House of Commons, made anxious inquiries respecting the statements contained in a communication from the correspondent of the "Daily News," which had been published in the paper of the 23rd, following a more general statement on the loth. In order not to load these pages too heavilv, as well as on other grounds, I shall cite or describe, in referring to these pro- ceedings, chiefly the replies of the Head of the Government In answer, then, to \\x. Forster, Mr. Disraeli said, "We have no uiformation in ou-- possession which justifies the statements to winch the Right Hon. gentleman refers." The disturbances 'ap- peared to have been begun " by strangers, burning the villa-es without reference to religion or race." A war was carried^on between " Bashi-Bazouks and Circassians," on one side, and "the I believe it is understood that the gentleman who has fought this battle-fnr a battle it has been— with siicii couni ige, intelligence, anJ conscientious care, is M,. p , ,, '^ ' o-..v.^, .1,,,- uuu^uitnuous care, IS iui. 1 ears, of Constantinople, correspondent of tlie " Daily News," for Bulgaria. w 16 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND 11 mv-aders" on the other, and no doubt, " with great atrocity,- much to be deplored. Since tliat time, measures had been adopted to Etop these " Bashi-Bazouks and Circassians." " I will merely repeat," he concluded, " that the information which wc have at vanous times received Aots not justify the statements made in the journal wliich he has named."* I must add Lord Derby's concluding sentence :— " As the noble Duke has thought the evidence in this matter suffid'ent to justify //mm bringing the subject before the House, I willmake further inquiry, and communicate the result to your Lordships " There were reasons enough why others besides the Duke of Argyll, should have thought ti>e evidence sufficient to require some notice. For, in the statement of the " Daily News," there were contained the ominous words rf ' >;^^ 16.— "Even now it is openly asserted by the Turks that England has determined to help the government to put down the various insurrections. England, says a Turkish journal, will defend us against Russia, while we look after our rebels." So much for the first attempt to throw lighi into these dark places. On the 8th of July, the " Daily News " inserted a second com- munication from its correspondent at Constantinople, confirminc. and extending the puqwrt of the first. On the loth, Mr. Forste? renewed his inquiries. Mr. Disraeli stated, that there had not yet been time to receive any reply to the inquiries made. And this though the Telegraph passes in a few hours, and the statement in question had appeared on the 23rd of June. Even now the only efficient instrument was not put in action, nor did this happen until July 24th ■% and within five days after that date, a British a-ent was on his way to the bloody scene. It is absolutely necessary that Her Majesty's Government should explain whv the Telegraph had not at once been employed on tlie 26th or 27th of June '^ But other parts of the First Minister's reply require notice. He hoped, "for the sake of human nature itself," that the statements were scarcely >varranted. There had witiiout doubt been atrocities in Bulgaria. This was a war "not carried on bv regular troops m this case not even by irregular troops, but by a sort of Possccom- ?Ar/^.- of an armed population." " I doubt whether torture " .... * ' Times,' Tune 27. t Pari. Papers, Turkey, i%-](S. No. 3, p. -^^(i. '' I'ai t Papers No. 5, p. I. THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. jy " has been practised on a great scale among an historical people who seld cm have, I believe, resorted to tor'.ure, but generally ter- nunate their connection with culprits in a n,.,. expeditious nvnner (laughter)." Every effort had been made, and would continue to be made, " to soften and mitigate as much as possible the terrible scenes that are now inevitably occuring." Atrocities, he believed we.-c"n,evitable, when wars are carried on in certain countries' ana behc'ccn certain races:' * ' Down to this date what we have to observe is— Fust. The deplorable efficiency of the arrangements of the Government for receiving information. Secondiy The yet more deplorable tardiness of the means U- r:!;:"^ Paniamentarypressure, for enlacing their s^::; Thirdly. The effect of the answers of the Prin,e Minister from wh.ch u could not but be collected, by Parliament and the pubTi" h. That the deplorable atrocities, which had occurred, were a.rlyd,VKled, and were such as were incidental to between certana racesr What could and did this m.an he o^r ^'-^^ °" ''- -- ^••^^. --i Bulgarians on the other >. It no«' appears that the Circassians had but . very small share in the matter. ^ .. While the Bulgarians were thus loaded with an even share of respons,bd,y for the "atrocities,- vve were given to understand that the Turl Scenes had occurred towards the end of Mav and o on,"'- from which our feelings"-what fine feelings we have '- we naturally recoil." '> We were constantly communicatin-^ " " I will not s^y remonstrating, with the Turkish Government," foT " ///. fhe Bn.AA^.^.as.a.for.'' And still the guilt was to stand as a fairly divided guilt, "There is no doub. that acts on both sides, as necessarily would be the^^ca^ under such circumstances, ... ^..^ ,,.,,,, ,,, Observe : though information on particulars was still wanting, one th.ng was placed beyond doubt, the .yW/<, of guilt and infamy.' And I am still, writing on the 6th of September, dependent mainlv "theT'f" r"- 'r?' °''"^' ^""^'"'" ^° "^^''"S this testimony to the test. Mr. ^chuy er, on the 22nd of August, reports to the American Government Ihat the outrages of the Turks were fully established. He proceeds as follows, with more to the same etfect An aitonipt, however, has been made-and not by Tu-ks alone^ 10 defend and to palliate them, on the ground of the previous atiocities which. It IS alleged, were committed by the Bulgarian.s. »' Times,' July,. t Id., July ,6. THE QUESTION OF THE FAST I have carefully invested this poin, ; an.l a,„ unable to find th.t the R, g,„ans comnmted any outrages or atrocities, or any cL w^..ch deserve that name. //.., ,,,y,, ,^,,, ,, ,1,,,, ^J^ Twhsh offiaah a l,st of .mch outrages. . No Turk-Id, / children were killed in cold blood Vo \fn / "'" ""' violated. No Mussui.ans.::!::;^.^::;,.''^ p::::^^ ^ge was attacked or burned. No Mussuhuans L ^i^' tli No mosque was desecrated or destroyed " P'"'^gtd. The declarations, which had proceeded from the hi-^ho.f . m 'ty .n the highest Parliamentary AsscMubly of the worM i' at the time, an immense effect Thev lid nn ' ^"■°''"'"'' b.U they effectually baffled and ci^^ln ^, T ^Z^:^'''''' :':^;^X:^te::s--~ Turkish Government " ' ^ ^ ^P^^ches against the I. reaCed, a,., i. «-a,,„e.eio„«ri„"c: , .L"; "'"^i^^e a"'"'-^- a'Orwni was so bold as to criticize n rU ] IT""-. ^^'^ Conrrier Minister that the alleged brnLo"." '"'"'^^^' ^° ^'^^ found false upon inquir^institZ^ ^ r thistffJnS'" ''^^ '^^" issued by the Director of the Press fo. r . V' " ^ "^^'^^ the Fre,L. original, and whL ^c^^a ^te " i'^'V r"'^"'^ '^ heads of the British Government, Z^.X^, ^^7^' "' ''' i?.4'../."-note this was on the'pt o7 . ! .^^1 ^'"T '' suppressed.* -^i't,ust— the journal was "SUELIME PORTE. "MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES. " Le Bureau de la Presse, ;; Vu le nu,nero du journal le Courri.r .V Orient du 8 Aout • -.^«:r-;:,s,r;c;;;:=;,^":,.';; t r^"- - Britannique, (i) touchant les Dretencln pv. " ''""''"^ leParlernent i,arde, s it par inadvertence, soit parexces d'indulgence, m 20 BOLGARIAN HORRORS AND Five attempts nad thus been ,nade to penetrate vvnat was still a n.ys e,y ,n the offic.al mind. A sixth and a seventh still tollo ed on the^ . and the . uh of August. With true British decern. ; Mr. Ashley opened the question for discussion on the , nh He was ah y supported ; and this ti„,e, it is pleasant to say, fro n both sues of the House there n„Vht be heard the language o luunnh; Mr Ashley s action was especially judicious, because he had a i.or(l 1 alme.ston. The powerful speech of Sir VV Hircourf vv.« denounced by the Prime Minister in terms of grel; ' " U. was assured that "from the very commencen.ent of t '"trals .u:t.ons the Governn,ent "were constantly receiving" f onrtl Ambassador n.fornuvtion on " what was occurring tn Bu " ri •' 2:I^T\'1T' ''''''''' ■^^"^'"^"^'■^ '" -ntradicti of dc ail , on wh.ch I am not yet sufficiently informed to pronounce • but wha r complain of is that he still, on the X3th of A Z st' effec ually chsgu.sed the main issue, which lay in the que^t o n whether the Turkish Governu,ent, which was receiving r n both mora ancl virtually n.aterial support, had or had not by agents and by ,ts approval and reward of its agents been deeply gudty o excesses, than which none n.ore abominable have X graced the h.story of the world. For the Government, it was si merely a question of " civil war," "carried on under condition o brutality unfortunately not unprecedented in that country,"* namely Bulgaria. A repetition of language, which is either that of Ignorance, or of brutal calumny upon a people whom the Turkish and dodle.' '" '"""'"' ^'"^ '""''"^ " '"^"^'"°"^' 1^"-^-^' duHnfthrV'^' '?' '''^'" ^' "^" ^'^i'^'y"' Government dunng the Session with respecc to the Bulgarian atrocities, for ^iZ'^^^^r '"'"'''''"''''''''' '''''^'''' ^' ^- '- declarations du Chef clu Cibinet Bntannique sont entachees de partiality • Apres avoir pris les ordres de S. Exc. le ministre, "Arrete: " Le journal le Cour^i.r d^ Orient,,, et demeure supprim^ i partir du four de la notification du present arrete. F-^'uruujour ae " Constantinople, 9 Aout, 1876. " Le Directeur de la Presse, •'Times,' Aug. ,2. "Blacque." t In the Report from PhilippopoHs, tc which I shall presently revert. THE QUESTION OF THE EAST 21 enlightening che country as some nny think, or for keenin- it in the dark, as may occur to other and less charital)Ie minds. " It is not the smallest part of the service rendered by the " Daily News," that it was probably the means of brin-ins i"to the field an Amencan Commission of Inquiry. I have the fullest confidence inthehonorandintheintdli^renceofMr. Baring, who has been inqu.nng on behalf of Kugiand ; because he was chosen for the purpose i,y Sir H. Elliot, and because I believe he personally well deserves ,t liut he was not sent to examine the matter until the 19th of July, three months after the rising, and nearlv one .nonth after the first inquiries in Parliament. He had been "but two days at h.bppopol.s, when he sent home, with all the dispatch he could use, some few rudiments of a future report. Among them was h,s estnnate of the murders, necessarily far from final, at the figure of twelve thousand.* The leaf, which contains his paper .s almost the only leaf in (the latest) Parliamentary Paper Iurkey,No 5;, "presented to both Houses of Parliament by Her Majesty s command," which in refe. 3nce to the main issue is worth more than a straw.f I have read that compilation with pam and humd.afon, called forth by finding that this was all wh.ch, m the month of August, the whole power and promises of the Governmen^ could contribute towards the elucidation of hor- rd3le transact.or , the greatest and worst of which occurred ,f not • n Aprd yet early n, May. Mr. Baring's Report exists no doubt fo us : but only m hope. When it comes, we shall receive it that the (toman Government will have done everything 'in its power Ob, nd and baffle and mislead him. But is it^qually u.e, that jtwdl be so received all over Kurope .^ Or, after whal has passed, can we reasonably expect that it should .' Possiblv when ,t appears, it n,ay dispute, and even correct, son.e of th'e' atements now before us. It may establish a few deductions -n he awful total. It is one of the painful incidents of a case hke th,s that .njusfce may be done unwittinglv to this or that -an, .n tins or that circumstance, e^•en l>v the most necessl and best-consKlered efforts to attain the ends of justice The e quesfons do not admit of absolute, Inu only of reaionabi; certain t}. What seems now to be c^^rtain in this sense (besides the * Mr Sch«y!cr-s estimate is 15,000 ut " the lowest." T Paper No. 5, p. 5. f «i 32 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND " Murder, most foul as in the best it is But this most foul, strange, and uiuutiu:.]," • Tu^t'Toa,;;'''!''""' "''^''^-*^ "■"^ -"--• " °f which lUFKey Doasts!— the utter d srejrarcl of s^v nr,,i l »,n7„7H , ""'' '=''l""'»iW'' "i'lence before me. For "ev ;'.,"■;,""■ '"■;'"'"*•''" '" "■= Sana,,. effort of Mr Ashley, nt ihe te. g„,p of .he Session. Bu, ,he report of Mr State ,s more or less open to the imputation of bias L,t has neither alliances with Turke;, nor ZZeslJ^t purposes to gain by her destrnctio;. Slt^ emer! into I i ' "" : Ji ' o vi iteirr™:' ""'"'"^ '- ""'^' "- '™'" •- '-^rify: evide^c'el^alltao r""l '" "= ^""'*""^ ''''' '" P™"' «' evwei!.e to ca I for action, when, as I am writing, a new niece of testimony reaches met throngh the courtesv of M Mulls it ts a French Translation of a Report on the Bulgarian ees d ed J.!v.., presented to, he Ottoman Governmom by a co , m, ' L of A„,su;,na„ and Christian notable,,, and ...proved Z h Adn,m,str„t,ve r uncil of Philippopoli. Since it' i' p„, for„l| s Et winds up with a particular account of a plnsch ic pamphlet, printed at Moscow in 1867 ! ^ansciaxic Then by way of Appendix, comes one original document in proof, whtch contains, in the form of a sort of C.ftechism, Z " a;.d .nstructtons of the gieat Bulgarian conspiracy, 'rhei J s.gned by twelve names of individuals, without profession or er^ Ployment specified ; who may, for all we know, hL b en the mo" s.gn.ficant men in the cou.Ury. The Report however, statis tha ^ Insu^Us had instructions to massacre th; Mussulm:!:^: ! -on. I he sole document appended in proof of its char- es con resist, tiie tollowing passast itart of tic inquiry is, What have we h.d to do with then, p if I THE BRITISH FLEET AT BESIKA BAY. It WPS on the 3oth of April that the insurrection broke out in Bulgaria n the beginning of May, the horrors of the repression had reached their climax. We had then no other concern in them than this very indirect one, that we were supporting rather too blindly and unwarily in the councils of Europe the Supposed in- terest of the Power, which thus disgraced itself On the 9th of May, Sir HenrV Elliot seems to have had no consular information about Bulgaria, except a statement (strange enough) from Adrianople. dated the 6th,* that as far as appeared he lurks were not committing any acts of violence agains peace- ful Christians. But, observing a great Mahomedan exciten.ent and an extensive purchase of arms in Constantinople, he wiselv' telegraphed to the British Admiral in the Mediterranean, expres- s.ng a des.i-e that he would bnng his squadron to Besika Bav. The Firpose was, for the protection of British subjects, and 'of the Christians in general.t This judicious act. done bv the Ambas sador ,n conjunction witii the Ambassadors of other' Powers wi,o seem to have taken similar steps, was communicated bv hini to Lord Derby on the gth of May by letter and bv tele-naph % On the fifth had occurred the murder of the'lMend, and (ierman Consuls at Salon.ca. On the rs.h. the Admiraltv acquainted the I'oreign Office that the squadron was onlcre.l to Hesika Bav the ' Swiftsure" sent to Salonica, and (as Sir H. Klliol had also a'sked) the • Bittern -'to Constantinople.^ These measures, were substan- t'^^Ily wise, and purely pacific. They had, if understood rightlv * I'.ul. I'.ipcr- t kl. J). 146. . urkcv. .v.). 3, 1S76. J). 145. X Itl. p. 129. § I'l- 1'. 147. THE QUESTION OF THE EAST 25 no political aspect ; or if any, one rather anti-Turkish than Turkish. But there were reasons, and strong reasons, why the public should not have been left to grope out for itself the meaning of a step so serious, as the movement of a naval squadron towards a country disturbed both by revolt, and by an outbreak of murderous fanaticism. • In the year 1853, when the negotiations with Russia had assumed a gloomy and almost a hopeless aspect, the English and French fleets were sent Eastwards : not as a measure of war, but as a measure of preparation for war, and proximate to war. The pro- ceeding marked a transition of discussion into that angry stage, which immediately precedes a blow ; and the place, to which tlie fleets were then sent, was Besika Bay. In the absence of inform- ation, how could the British nation avoid supposing that the same act, as that done in 1853, bore also the same meaning.? It is evident that the Foreign Minister was sagaciously alive to this danger. On the loth of May, he asked Sir H. Elliot for a particular statement of the reasons, which had led him to desire the presence of the squadron " at Besika Bay."* He indicated to the Admiralty Smyrna as a preferable destination.f And this he actually ordered ; but he yielded, and I believe he was quite right ni yielding, to the renewed and just instances of the Ambassactor. The Government, then, were aware of the purely pacific char- acter of this measure, and also that it was one liable to be dan- gerously misconstrued. There was another reason for securing it from misinterpi-etation. At this very time, the Berlin Memorandum was prepared. It was announced by Lord Odo Russell to Lord Derby on May the 13th • and, on May 15th, he sent to Lord Odo an elaborate pleading, rather than argument, against it.* It became known to the public that we were in diplomatic discord with Europe, and particularlv with Russia. Now the transition from discussion pure and simple to discussion backed by display of force is a transition of vast and vital imp.utance. The dispatch of the fleet to Besika Bav, could not hut be interpreted, in the absence of expl pr< that perilous transition, held. A planation, as marking m\ yet explanation was resolutelv with- I'.iil. I'apers, Tuikoy, Xo. 3, tR;6, p. r t Id. p. ijt t Id. pp. 137, 147. If 26 J^ULGARIAN IIORlWliS AND '^^i:f:::T:i^-::^^' "- p"''"^ .-c,. t,. Russian Funds fell vcr-r lif-i,.,!,. i o.../,««.,. ,|,e bane, i„ n y Li 1 ''': ,'"""'; "' """' '» -^"^"l Turk was ™c„„„,„, i,, n,! lu' y, , r"''','" "r.'' '""= now know, wWle l,k |„n,l, were s„ ,,.,n , I "' """' "» "'"^ I'orcign capitals wore an, a^cl a, '"7 "'"' ""''-'"'■'»" l"°<"'- wo.::t,;:::,';::: ^":;;;;:;'^-- ;-; '-> -»..«).. i^n. .„.,. wo. creased i,, „„, bv so, X ', e ro^ T' "'", ."f '"">■ '""'"'' "'" available f„, landin,, c„ ^i |er, , f "'" "'''"■''' ''"'' '-S" "ews, "f defoncli,,,. ,„el "T ^'^ """*"» "f ""■■". f"'- '1»^- pmpose ironclads, „-r,l," V T-T ? """''"'" ^'^a"-' ^ ''« tbose as. 'y. display , W . ,t ":''' ""■ ■ ,"■"'■'" '" '-'"^'"y. -"I l-ond- aco.n.a,e i.en,en "trrbeCradicLT^'^' " ""' ^^^ '«" "" must call a ,t,," c ^ f ''»' °"'' ^"'"''■"■>'' *'»' ">•« I conlinnod, wl „ -^ J'T •'; "'' "'"='^' ""'' "•'^^^■^^- " -'s so Oi^paich of „:,;',':; "f'^l*-"'™ a» 'o .1.0 ..no canso of .„c alann. I adnd " ,, a ' ! T. T"""' "" '"''"'■'""'• '«»-l'a.«l all •i"'-= a li.ile vatele s '1, ' . '"'■ '" ''''''""«' ^" "« ''"'"^ AM ,Mo ,• ^"•"* populaniy, loo li„,e„,s were accep « w ,1^1 • ' 7""" ' ''^'J' "'"'^' -an oonsen,, bn, co.Im n, \ ,;' r'- .^ -'> ""."..■>■ nnV|,. Peer in i|,o House of T ,„-,i , r " ' '""" '"""-' "'an one in .he House o Col n" \ 'V'""' '"" "'""'"'^ '" ''^""^'""^"t e.™nen. w,as purs^riiribe, ■,:;"■ "«"^""' '"*->' "•'■■■'^" "'" «-- .n^;':i:::s;s *;:;;::""« -'"^ ''-"■."■■". an., snn,- * July of tWLlltV :";;!h;:::; :;*:'!'''' '''r'':'-'''™i..T„uis„„ vosscIk : <^'icveii ironci.i ^i», .iiKl nine uiuiniKncd .ships of w iiijrs cimsisicc THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 2j At last came a day of disclosure. Lord Derby received at the Foreign Office, on the i4tli of July, a numerous and weighty deputa- tion. They went there in the interests of peace, to which I cor- dially wish well, and of non-interference— a word which, in my opinion, must be construed, especially for the East of Europe, with a just regard to our honorable engagements, and to the obligations they entail. These gentlemen did not at all ai)provc of the demon- strat.on in Besika Bay. Lord Derby justified it, by admitting that portion of Parliament and the public, who formed the Deputation, for the first time, to the knowledge of the truth. He stated that it wassent, at the request of Sir H. Elliot, for the defence of the Christians against a possible outbreak of Mahometan fanaticism. 1 he country, or great part of it, felt relieved and grateful. But the nnsch.ef that had been done by the moral support, and I say boldly by the material support, afforded to Turkey during all those blood- stained weeks (the Servian war, too, was now raging) was not, and could no be remedied. To repair, in some degree, the effects of that mischief is now a prime part of the peculiar obligation imposed upon the people of this country. For, in fact, whatever our Men- tions may have been, it is our doing. And how are we, in this particular, to set about the work of reparation ? Any reader who has accompanied me thus far will probably expect that I, at least, shall answer the question by recommending the withdrawal of the Fleet from Besika Bay. But such, I must at once say, is not my view of duty or of policy. I woidd neither recall the fleet, nor reduce it by one ship or man. We have been authoritatively warned, that the condition of the Christians in 1 urkey is now eminently critical. The issue of the uar is still hanging m the balances, which have wavered from day till do . r, ''""■ "^ ''■"'' "'"' P°^^'''''>' ^'"'^ ^^°'" ^^i^'^«»n n^ay 1 1 nv ; 1 'T-"" '"* ""^ ^'"■^"^''^>' '' ^'^--^' -^h ;hich old ; " r"' °' '""'•' ''"y °" ''^^ -"^-^- We are tokl, ^ul oo much appearance of credibility, that if the fortune of Nvai should veer adversely to Turkey, the consequence might be, in various provinces, a new and wide outbreak of fanaticism, and a wholesale massacre. My hope, therefore, is two-fold. First, that, through the energetic attitude of the people of England, their Gov- ernment may be lead to declare distinctly, that it is for purposes of -•-;n„y alone that we have a fleet in Turkish waters. Secondly, t'^-'^'i^-U floe will l,e so distributed as to enable its force to be most promptly and efficiently applied, in case of need, on Turkish 28 nULGARTAN HORRORS AND soil in concert with the otI,er Powers, for the defence of innocent uts and to prevent the ....ctition of those recent scenes .t v hid hell Itself nii^rlit almost hlush. ' ^ ^'' For it mnst not be for-^otten that the last utterance on this sub ec was fron, the I>rin,e Minister, and was to the .^J, V"t flee was ,n the Kast for the support of British interests. ^.^ ^U s constant sysU.. of appeal to our selhsh leanings. ^^ P ^ 1-. h,h,s ; ,t hKles the true ; it r Count An r^.^ wee to announce that it was so fathered, and so posted ,1 do enee of Russ.au, or of Austrian interests respectively" ' it ii thai'w '". iT "";""' ^'■— •— ' ^^rore describing what it s that ue should seek and should desire, it n,av be well to con tl.ttZT^^' '""^'^ '''''-■ ^" '- ^'^--^ ^'■-'- of 1 r]T V" "'"'""' ""•■ ^"^'^"■•"•"ent, there are plentv of se ,, lus set up f<,r us. which lead to certain siupwreek. Ti, by^esta.^^ Arany a time ha! !:::;: good s M „^ ,^ ,^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^_^ ^^ ^^_^^^ ^^_^_ b ck V "Z^"^^-^'''' '^^"^ ^" ar,ue,aswas a,^,ued sometin.e Hk a very clever and highly enlightened evening lournal. tiKU ' n lu,ke> should remam unhappy, rather than that (such was duanatne hardily presente.H two hnndred nnllions . " .', ^ I iHuUcIbedeprnecIofthebenetUsof nntishrule.an , Tr ' ^'""-"^ '^'^ tho^..h pacifically, to bT ^nc 1^^ .^^---^'-^ actively, tl-^ sympathize iith these p^.la^ ' Z^^t^ TT m.1:, though rarely, occur, let him ren,e,nber the public excite nent of t ,s countrj^ nine n.onths ago, respecting the lla.^C^t;::^ the Government ; and ask Imnself whether we n.odel om- pro td ngs towards slaveholding powers, respecting runawl on the "re" cisejMovis.ons of international law Now surh -, ^ ' . ^''^ ^''''- as t„r„pe„„ ,„,„„ gave a l.opc of r.dres, for their bre I ." n" Sr':".; e -frs" "■" "■" :"-' "'""■^"=" "° -"'off:,: Thirteen Colonies of America in T7«, 1-.^ , .• '-i^^'t. lor tne peace with ^r ,f p v '^'^' '" '7«2, to negotiate separately for peace with ^ cat Britain, as itwould be for Europe in 1876 to ^llow ^^at,in a settlement with Turke^^ the five cases of Servi a lJs i " eZ:r;i ^"'^'"^"°r^' ^"'^^'^"'^' ^'''^"^^' ^^ deaitwith o 1" : Th r s" ?:n"";;"^'f ""'^ "' °"^ ^^"^ ^'^^^ ^--' ^— ^ion. us a cent /r^^ror " '"^""- ""^ "°^ ^^^ "'^ ^^^'^ ^-' ''° -^ '^t us accept, Jonahs or scapegoats, either En-dish or Turl-i.h r^ • not a change of men that we want, but a cltangl of m at; ; New Sultans or new ministers anion- Turl-s nP«.. i ""''^^"'^s. New of changmg men, the first questson that will ari e Ml be ha 1^ ill,, 'L!" ."'..," 7 ';°P'-: =>"" "'J; "I-™-. »l.en once ,1,. „,J '^ns as to British sentim cnt are dispelled, and Lord Derby IS THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 3, set free, with liis clear, impartial mind aiul unostentatious charac- ter, to shape the course of the Administration, he will both faith- fully and firmly give effect to the wishes of the country. We come now to consider the objects we should desire and seek for through our Government. I trust they will endeavor to make up, by means of the future for the serious deficiencies of the past. Let them cast aside their narrow and ill-conceived construction of the ideas of a former ne- nod. I am well aware of the necessity which, after the severe labors of the Parliamentary Session, obliges the Ministers to dis- Rerse for a period of repose. Nevertheless, in so grave a state of tacts, I trust we shall soon hear of a meeting of the Cabinet It IS not yet too late, but it is very urgent, to aim at the accomplish- ment of three great objects, in addition to the termination of th*e ^\ar, 3et (m my view) inseparably associated with it. 1. To put a stop to the anarchical misrule (let the phrase be excused), the plundering, the murdering, which, as we now seem to learn upon sulhcient evidence, still desolate Bul- garia. 2. To make effectual provision against the recurrence of the outrages recently perpetrated under the sanction of the Ottoman Government, by excluding its administrative ac- tion for the future, not only from Bosnia and the Her^e-o- vnie, but also, and above all, from Bulgaria; upon which, at best, there will remain, for years and for generations, the traces of its foul and bloody hand. 3. To redeem by these measures the honor of the British name winch in the deplorable events of the year, has been more gravely compromised than I have known it to be at any former period. ^ /have named, then, three great aims, which ought I think at this cns.s to \^ engraved on the heart, and demanded by the voice of "•'tain. I may be asked, either seriously or tauntinglv, whether -e is not also a fourth to be added, namely, the mailJt'enance o tile 'territorial integrity of 'J'urkey." In order to comprehend the force and bearing of this expression U IS necessary to go back for a moment to the Crimean War The watclnvord of that War, and of the policy which preceded ii, was, Ihe integrity and independence of Turkey." Of these two 32 BULGARIAN HOERORS AND liii phrase.snncgr,ty and indepcMKlcnce, the bearing is perfectly dis- Uncti he first ,s negative, the second positive. The integrity of Turkey u,l be nuuntained by a titular sovereignty, verified as It were tiirough a moderate payment of tribute, in order that Otto- man sovereignty may serve the purpose of shutting out from the present Imuts of the Turkish Empire any other sovereignty, or a.,v exerase ,n whole or in part, of sovereign rights by any othJr Power', whether .t be Russ.a on the Euxine, or Austria on the Danube, o. France or Rnghmd on the Nile and the Red Sea The independence of the Ottoman Empire is 'a very different ailau-. It meant at the time of the Crimean War, and it means now, that, apart from Roumania and Servia, where Europe is already formally concerned, and apart from anv arrangements self-made w.th a vassal State like Egypt, which can l>old Its own uga.nst Constantinople, the Porte is to be left in the actual, daily and free adnnmstration of all the provinces of its vast dominion Now, as regards the territorial integrity of Turkey, I for one am s Ml desu-ous to see it uphehl, though I do not say that desire should be treated as of a thing paran,ount to still higher objects of po hey. lor of all the objects of policy, in mv comietion hu mamty, rationally un.lerstood, and in due relation' to justice, is the first and h.ghest. My belief is that this great aim need not be con,prom,,scd, and that other important objects would oe gained by mauuaming the territorial integrity of Turkey There is no reason to suppose that, at the present moment, any of the Continental Powers are governed by selfish or ag-n-essive vtevvs m their Eastern Policy. The neighbors of Turker.Kunely Austna and Russ.a, are the two Powers who might, in .n'any con ce.vable states of European affairs, most naturally be tempted into plans of self aggrandizement at her expense. But the peculiar conformation of Austria in respect to territories and to the races which mhab.t them, has operated, and will probably at least for the present operate, so as to neutralize this temptation. In the case of Russia, we have been playing, through our Government, a game of extreme indiscretion. Pretending to thwart, to threaten and tobu.ly her ue have most mal-adroitly, and most assiduouslv, played into her hands. Every circumstance of the most obviou prudence dictates to Russia, for the present epoc'., what is called he waiting gane. Her policy is, to preserve or to restore tranquillity fo the presen , and to take the chances of the future. We have acted towards !ier as if s! " " >he had a present conspiracy in hand, and as THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. j^j^ if the future did not exist, or never could arrive. But, regard it or not, arrive it will. It offers Russia many chan One acquisi- tion, if now made by her, would bring those ch.,. . -.,/ near to certainties. In European Turkey, it cannot too often ^.^ repeated, the Christian element is the growing, and the Turkish the decay- ing one. If a'conviction can but be engendered in the Christian that is for the present purpose mainly the Sclavonic, mind of the' Turkish provinces, that Russia is their stay, and England their enemy, then indeed the comriiand of Russia over the future of Eastern Europe is assured. And this conviction, through the last six months, we have done everything that was in ou? power to- beget and to confirm. But we may, I hope, say truly what Louis Napoleon, in 1870 telegraphed in error : tout pent se retnbUr. Russia has in late years done much to estrange the Greek Christians of the Levant : and the Sclaves will, we may be sure, be at least as ready to accept help from Powers which are perforce more disinterested, as from Powers that may hereafter hope and claim to be repaid for it in political influence or supremacy. It is surely wise, then, to avail' ourselves of that happy approach to unanimity which prevails among the Powers, and to avert, or at the very least postpone, as long as we honorably can, the wholesale scramble, which is too likely to follow upon any premature abandonment of the principle of territorial integrity for Turkey. I for one will avoid even the in- finitesimal share of responsibility, which alone could now belong to any of my acts or words, for inviting a crisis of which at this time the dimensions must be large, and may be almost illimitable. But even that crisis I for one would not agree to avert, or to postpone, at the cost of leaving room for the recurrence of the Bulgarian horrors. Nothing could exceed the mockery, anrf nothing could redeem the disgrace, of a pretended settlement, which should place it im the power of Turkey to revive these fell Satanic orgies : a disgrace of which the largest share would accrue to England, but of which the smallest share would be large indeed.. The public of this country, now I trust awakened from sloth to nobleness, may begin to fear lest the integrity of Turkey should mean immunity for her unbounded savagery, her unbridled and bestial lust. I think these apprehensions, so reasv. -^bL in princi- ple, or if there were ground for them, may be dismi«ised upon an observation of the facts. We have, in the neighboring province of Roumania, a testimony which appears to be nearly conclusive. 34 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND 'f'i I For twenty years it has, while paying tribute to the Porte, and acknowledging Us supremacy, enjoyed an entire auto.iomy o^ self- government. It has constituted a real barrier for Turkey against the possibilities of foreign aggression. It has overcome for itself .enous internrJ difficulties, in the adjustment of the relations be- t^veen class and class. It has withstood the temptation to join in the Servian war. Guaranteed by Europe, it has had no g .e complaint to make against Turkey for the violation of its stipulated rights, which have indeed been not inconsiderably enlarged With such an e.v.xmple before us, let us hope at least that the te;ritorial integrity of IVkey need not be impaired, while Europe summon and requires her to adopt the measure which is the very least that ule'of'th tr"^'; """;l^'" '"'^' "'^'^'^^"''^' ^f '""^ administrative ule of the Turk from Bulgaria, as well as, and even more than from Herzegovina and from Bosnia. But even this minimum of satisfaction for the past, .ad of secu- rity for the future, I am sorrowfully convinced will not be obtained unless the public voice of this country shall sound it clearly and oudly, beyond all chances of mistake, in the ears of the Adminis- tration. We have fortunately obtained a rather recent disclosure of the purposes of the Government through the mouth of " the Pnme Minister. On the 31st of July (when vve knew so much less than now), after endeavoring to describe the hopeless impotence of the Turkish Government, and to point out that any effectual measures of redress or security must lie in the direction of local self-government for the disturbed provinces, I expressed the hope that this end might be obtained compatibly with the " territorial integrity of Turkey. The Prime Minister, who followed me in tJie debate, did me the honor to refer to this portion of my speech, and said I had recommended the re-establishment of the status guo Across the table I at once threw the interjection, " not ./ mean the status quo. Now the territorial integrity means the retention of a titular supremacy, which serves the purpose of warding off forei-m aggression. The status quo means the maintenance of Turkish administrative authority in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria Terntonal integrity shuts out the foreign st.- ; the states quo shuts out the inhabitants of the country, and keeps (I fear) everv- thing to die Turk, with his airy promises, hisdisembo^-'ed reforms his ferocious passions, and his daily, gross, and incurable misgov^ THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 35 ernment. This, tlien, is the latest present indication of British policy, the re-establishment of the status quo. Let u. cake the phrase out of the dress of the learned language, which somewhat hides its beauty. It means " as you were." It means the re- establishment of the same forms and the same opportunities, which again u ;an, on the arrival of the first occasion, the same abuses and the same crimes. This purpose of the Government, I feel convinced, is not irrevi-^able. But it will only be revoked, if we may take experience for our guide, under the distinct and intelligi- ble action of pul'ic opinion. No man will so well understand as the ^rime Minister what is the force and weight of that opinion ; and ai what stage, in the development of a national movement^ its expression should no longer be resisted. Since the ominous declaration of Lord Beaconsfield on the status quo, or " as you were" policy, there has appeared a letter from Mr. Bourke, the Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office ; whit h could not have been written without higher sanction. Of this letter, the positive part is null, the negative part important. It assures us of the indignation of the Government at the crimes committee' by the Turks. It might as well assure us of their indignation at the crimes of Danton, or of Robespierre, or of Nana Sahib. Indigna- itonis froth, except as it leads to action. This indignation \as led, he says, to remonstrance. I say that mere remonstrance, in this case, is mockery. The only two things that are worth saying, the Under-Secretaiy does not say. The first of them would have been that, until these horrible outrages are redressed, and their authors punished, the British Government would withdraw from Turkey the moral and even material support we have been lending her against Europe. The other was, that after crimes of so vast a scale a d so deep a dye, the British Government would no longer be a party to the maintenance of Turkish administration ^n Bulgaria. It is, then, the negative part of this letter that signifies. Mr. Bourke's words, viewing their date, are futile. But his silence is trumpet-tongued : it proclaims that even last week, on the 27th of August, the Government were still unconverted ; and, warning us what we have to expect, it spurs the people of England onwards in the movement, which is to redeem its compromised and endanger- ed honor. It would not be practicable, even if it were honorable, to dis- guise the real character of what we want from the Government. It is a change of attitude and policy, nothing less. We want them to undo and efface Uiat too just impression, which, while keeping their 36 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND : f I ili own countrymen so much in the dark th^„ l.„ , , . P-gating ,lu„ugI,out Europe 2t we ', e!I f '"■"•'f ='' '" ^"'- of the Tu.:,, a'd tl,,t decHi'l,' .;■"■""""-■'' »"PPo""s essential to' " ft i i ' ■ ,e S T' '""■■«"'>; •■"'" ■•■''^■Pe-i-ce " wiu..,ir such be/ht , ^erJ;;;:^:';;^"' '.'^"■"' ■'"" ■*^'" case, a.i.e at h,s crimes and ^^Z^" ;::^'^ Ge„u,s which do,s, a„! z^\:s>:]:-::::- ;r,„'::" the Administration ? P i, n,nU i ,1 ''' ^"^ ''^' ''^" past been indebted, and are ^^^'^^^T::^^'--^^''^ these very Powers nossihl^; tr. v ''^''^"'' ^° '^'^ O" soin- of having p,4ed >^o vS:^i :^ ^-^ij^'r":^ ".-"- f- auce to tyranny, in befriending the op„ "! "d i^ , '■' '"/"'"■ l"I>piness of manliind. I say the ti.ni , "V''"""'"? 1°' "'e R"»ia by sharing in her ,Z deeds a " ToZ '"' " '" """'^"' •ion milil she sh .11 visiw^ i """^ °'"' oPPOsi- There is 'o aL f L r I '7'' '° ""■" '"""' '" "" '■-°'""- of Europe on t,rs:j:''f,:Srrr''"™'''-"''''^-C'^'"-* already been wor.ing^in this dirt io' " N'riT:'::;':'^' ""^ to suppose that the Ottoman Government will I 7 ^'°'""^ scheu,e based on the intention to I "T „ ," ' r°T ' """' " m.sconduct,andthefearfulcrimesof K V ■" "" °™ possible. To do this r„,.„r """' "«''""=• ''»'■<= left drawn between hdepeuTI 'T' "' " '''''"'"°" '"-' >>- slantinople once fo ah a," I, ' " " ''"""°" '*> >>"= •»'<™ »' Con- fer the c ischar^e of the' dailv T l^^""»"<="' vitalizing force required vast empire. The^eltlll-e ^^^l; ^ / ^jj'f :f -' ^" T^ ''^ co::«ti,hE"raf;;ir----^^^^^^^^ - Of the '^o^^^oo::::::!'::^^-':;!::^^^^;^ THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 37 they try to convey these influences to the provinces anri *-.e subor- dinate agents, who share little or none of that benefic al contact and supervision, that they, except here and there by some happy accident of personal virtue, habituully and miserably break down The promises of a Turk i.-ih Ministry given simply to Europe are generally good ; those given to its own subjects or concerning its own affairs are, w'thout imputing absolute mendacity, of such tded and demonstrated worthlossness, that any Ambassador or any State, who should trust them, must come under suspicion of nothing less than fraud by wilful connivance. The engagement of a Turk- ish Ministry, taken in concert with Europe, that Bulgaria, or any other province, shall now settle and hereafter conduct its own local government and affairs, would carry within itself the guaran- tee of Its own execution. The only question is, whether it would be given or withheld. I am disposed to believe it would be civen not withheld; and for this reason. I know of no case in which Turkey has refused to accede to the counsel of United Eu- rope; nay, even of '.ss than United Europe, if Europe was not in actual schism with itself under unwise or factious influence 'n the natter of Greece, in the Union of the Principalities after the Crimean War, and in the conduct of its relations (for example) with Persia and with Egypt, there has been abandant proof that the Ottoman Poite is no more disposed than other governments in the homely phrase, to drive its head against a brick wall It has known how to yield, not ungracefully, to real necessity with- out, provoking violence. And those of its self-constit-.^ed friends who warn us against an outburst of wild Mahommedan fanaticism' within the Cabinet of Constantinople, and in the year 1876, found themse yes on notions drawn from their own fancy, or from what they call havir.g been in the East, much more than on the recorded lessons of political and diplomatic experience _ No doubt there will be difficulties t srcome when these pro- vinces set about their own affairs, in adjusting relations with the Mahometan minorities. These are difficulties insurmountable to those who have not the will to surmount them, but easily surmoi nt- ed under the real pressure of such a case. They were surmoun.ed in Greece ; and at this hour, as we learn by the very recent te. ti- mony of Sir Charles Trevelyan, Mahometan landlords in Eubcea ive contentedly under the Government of that country. Mahome- tan it must be remembered, does not mean the same as Turk And m none of these provinces has it been in the main a case of war between conflicting relij:ioias or local races: nearly the whole 38 BULGARIAN HORRORS AND agents mischief has lain in the wretched laws, and once violent and corrupt, of a distant central Power, which (having none others) lets these agents loose upon its territory; and which has always physical force at its command to back outrage with the sanction of authority, but has no moral force whatever, no power either of checking evil or of doing good. But I return to, and I end with, that which is the Omega as well as the Alpha of this great and most mournful case. An old servant of the Crown and State, I entreat my countrymen, upon whom far more than perhaps any other people of Europe it depends, to re- quire, and to insist, that our Government, which has been working in one direction, shall work in the other, and shall apply all its vigor to concur with the other States of Europe in obtaining the extinction of the Turkish ^executive power in Bulgaria. Lc^t the lurks now carry away their abuses in the only possible manner namely by carrying off themselves. Their Zaptiehs and thei^ Mudirs, their Bimbashis and their Yuzbachis, their Kaimakams and their Pashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out from the province they have desolated and profaned This thorough riddance, this most blessed deliverance, is the only re- paration we can make to the memory of those heaps on heaps of dead ; to the violated purity alike of matron, of maiden, and of child ; to the civilization which has been affronted and shamed- to the laws of God or, if you like, of Allah ; to the moral sense of mankind at large. There is not a criminal in an European jail, there IS not a cannibal in the South Sea Islands, whose indignation would not nse and overboil at the recital of that which has been done, which has too late been examined, but which remains un- avenged ; which has left behind all the foul and all the fierce pas- s.ons that produced it, and which may again spring up, in another murderous harvest, from the soil soaked and reeking with blood and n. the air tainted with every imaginable deed of crime and' shame. 1 hat such things should be done once, is a damning dis- grace to the portion of our race which did them; that a door should be left open for their ever-so-barely possible repetition wou d spread that shame over the whole. Better, we may justly tell the Sultan, almost any inconvenience, difficulty, or loss asso- ciated wth Bulgaria, " Than thou reseated in thy ;..ace of light, The mociiery of thy people, aiul their bane."* • Tennyson's 'Guinevere.' m THE QUESTION OF THE EAST. 39 We may ransack the annals of the world, but I know not what research can furnish us with so portentous an example of the fiendish misuse of the powers established by God "for the punish- ment of evil-doers, and for the encouragement of them that do well." No Government ever has so sinned ; none has so proved itself incorrigible in sin, or which is the same, so important for reformation. If it be allowable that the Executive power of Turkey should renew at this great crisis, by permission or authority of Eu- rope, the charter of its existence in Bulgaria, then there is not on record, smce the beginnings of political society, a protest that man has lodged against intolerable misgovernment, or a stroke he has dealt at loathsome tyranny, that ought not henceforward to be branded as a crime. But we have not yet Tallen to so low a depth of degradation • and It may cheerfully be hoped that, before many weeks have passed, the wise and energetic counsels of the Powers, again uni- ted may have begun to afford relief to the overcharged emotion of a shuddering world. Having done with the argumentative portion of the case, I desire to perform yet one other duty, by reminding my countrymen that measures appear to be most urgently required for the relief of want, disease, and every form of suffering in Bulgaria Lady Strangford has, with energetic benevolence proposed to undertake this work. It seems to me to go far beyond the powers of any individual, however active and intelligent. I will presume to ur^e that, under the peculiar circumstances of the case, there is a call upon Her Majesty's Government to take the matter in hand I do not mean by means of a grant of public money : but bv com municating with the municipal and local authorities, and submit ting to them the expediency of opening subscriptions : by placin- the whole machinery of the Embassy at Constantinople and of the Consulates and Vice-Consulates at the service of the undertaking • and by supplying men able to organize and superintend the distribti- t.on of relief from the military and ipossible also the naval depart- ments. ^ Hawarden, Chester, Ith Sept., 1876 m § pr ad by LOVELL, ADAM WESSON & CO.'S RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND RE-ISSUES. OUR NEW WAY ROUND THE WORLD.^By ChaHes Carletoa across he Continent to point of departure : rich y mt^rspS w^th anecdotes, persona experiences, and valuable statistical information the whole graphically described in Cadeton's ovv..- inimitSrway ''^runV\''^^^^^T ' '^'*' ^'^^'^•^'^^ ^^^^^^'^ North Lati- tude. By Jules Verne. Translated by N. D'Anvers T^J 8vo., soo pages. With too full page Illustrations ' ""'•' JipSt2u^^!;f^pS^r^'«^-'^'-^-^Go'd, . 13.50. aper Cloth j.e;:i;^^,^'airz.l'^it^i:!r'.«;i^.S:^ra_!>«'''' ^ ^on r.So. Smuh. , ,„,., 4„6 p,g,,, ,,„, ^,^,^^ g,^^^ a'nd So/i pS The Scandnavan Relimnn tv,» T?„r • ^Y^"™^"'-'"", Buddhism, Mahomet. A most fSSJhLuf *'°,wu"^ 9'^^^"' ^^-^e. and back the religio^lieTin mali'nd!' 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