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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. lOX 14X 18X 22X 26X 12X 30X 16X 7 20X 24X 28X n 32X re l^tails as du nodifier )r une ilmage IS rrata to pelure. 1 a 3 32X The copy filmed her« has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Legislature du QuAboc Quebec The images appearing here are the best quality possibte considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on t[iie last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fllmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une teiie empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microflch<*i, selon le cas: le symbols —*• signifle "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifle "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmis A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est film« « partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images nteessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mithodo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THB WBALE FISnBBY, AND AMEEIOAN COM.MERCE IN THE PACIFIC OCBAN. SPEECH OF WILLIAM fl. SEWARD. IN THE SENATE OF TFIE UNITED STATES, - JULY 29, 1852. In Senate, July 29, 1852. A bill reporlad by Mr. Seward, from the Committoo on Commerce, '".r a survey and re- connoissanoe of Bherings Straits, the Arctic Ocean, and the courses of trade between Amer- ica and China, was read. Mr. SEWARD rose and said: Mr. President: Some years ago, when as- cending the Aia))ama, I saw a stag plunge into the river, and gallantly gain the western bank, while the desponding sportsman whose rifle he had escaped, sat down to mourn his ill luck under the deop magnolia forest that shaded i the eastern shore. Vou. sir, arc a dweller in ' that region, and are. as all the world knows, \ a gentleman of cultivated taste and liberal for- tunes. Perliaps, then, you may have been that j unfortunate hunter. Howsoever that may have ! l)een, I wish to converse with you now of the \ chase, and yet not of d«^er, or hawk, or hound, '■ but of a chase upon the seas : and still not of angling or trolling, nor of the busy toil of those worthy fishermen who seem likely to embroil us, certainly without reluctance on our part, in a controversy about their rights in the Bay of Fundy, but of a nobler sport und more adven- turous sportsmen than Izaak Walton, or Dan- iel Boone, or even Nimrod, the mightiest as well as most ancient of hunters, ever dreamed of — the base of the whale over his broad range of tiie univorsal ocean. Do not ha.>tily pronounce the subject out of order or unprolitable. or utiworthy ot this high presence. The Pliamicians. the earliest mer- cantile nation known to wt. enriched themselves by selling the celebrated Tyrian dye, and glass made of sand taken tVom the sea ; and they (iCcpiired not only those sounuis of wealth, but *he art of navigation itself, in the practice of I their humble calling as fishermen. A thousand years ago. King Alfred was laying the founda- tions of empire for Young England, as we are now doing for Y^tmg America. The monarch whom men justly have surnamed the Wise as well as the Great, did not disdain to listen to Octher, who related the adventures of a voyage along the coast of Norway, "so far north as commonly the whale hunters used to travel ; " nor was the stranger suffered to depart until he had submitted to the King "a most just sur- vey and description ' of the Northern Seas, not only as they extended upwards to the North Cape, but also as they declined downwards along the southeast coast of Lapland, and so following the icy beach of Russia to where the river Dwina discharged its waters into the White Sea, or, as it was then called, the Sea of Archangel. Perhaps my poor speech may end in some similar lesson. The incident I have related is the burthen of the earliest historiciU notice of the subjugation of the monster of the seas to the uses of man. The fishery was car- ried on then, and near six hundred years after- wards, by the Basques. Biscayans, and Norwe- gians, for the food yielded by the tongue, and the oil obtained from the fat of the animal. Whalebone entered into commerce in the fif- teenth century, and at first commanded the enormous price of seven hundred [lounds ster- ling per ton, exceeding a value in this age of ten thousand dollars. Those were merry times, if not for science, at least for Royalty, when, although the material for stays and hoops was taken from the mouth, the law appropriated the tail of every whale taken bv in English subject to the use of the Queen, for the supply of the Royal wardrobe. In 1486 the Portuguese reaohod the Cape of Storms, and. in happy augury of an ultimate passage to India, changed its ill-omened name BuELL & Blanchard, Printers, Wastiington, D. C. ^^Rf' ; I' to that of "Good Hope; ' and imnipdiatcly | thereafter the Northern StutCH of Europe, ea^ic- cially Kngltind iind HoUtmd, lieRiin that scries of voyapeg, not even yet ended, in searoh ol a passage to the Kant through the tloutmg tields and nioiintfiins of ice in the Aretie (>i:enn. 1 u- unfuccessfiil search diseioped tlie relnge ot the whales in the hays and creeks of Spit/liergm. In 1575 a London merchant wrote to a foreign correspondent for advice and direction as to the course of kiUing the whale, and receiyei instructions how to huild and e((inp iv vessel ot two hundred tons, and to man it e.xchisiyelv with experienced whiile hunters ot Hiscay. Hie attraction of dominion was stronger in that age than the lost of profit. The Kngli>h now claimed Sj.itzbergen. and all its surrounding ice and waters, hy discovery. The nutcli. with truth, alleged an earlier exploration, wliile the Danes claimed the wholf region as a ^'art ot Greenland — n ,iretensioii that could not then lie disproved ; and 'all tlies<' parties sent armed forces upon the fishing ground, less to jiroH-ct their few lishermcn, than to establish exclusive rights there. After some fifty years, these na- tions discovered, first, that it was aliMird to claim jurisdiction where no nernianent posses- mon could ever he estahlished. by reason i the rigors of climate; and n-condly. that there were fish enough and room enough for all competitors. Thenceforward, the whale fish- ery in the Arctic OceaBrhas been free to all nations. The Dutch perfected the harpoon, the reel. the line, and the spear, as well as the art ot using tlK'iu. And they established, <-lso, the system which we have since found indis^.ensa- ble, of rewarding all the officers and crews em- ployed in the fishery, not with direct wages or salaries, but with sjiaies in the spoils ol the game, proportioned to skill and exiienence. Combining with these the advantages of fa- vorable po.^i.ion, and of frugality and per.'^e\e- ranee quite proverbial, the Uutcheven founded a fishing settlement called Snieerenburiih. on the coast of Spitsbergen, within eh^ven degrees of the North Pole, and they took whales in it- viciiiity in such abundance that ships witc needed to go out in ballast, to carry liome tlie surplus oil and bone above the capacity ol the whaling vessels. The whales, thus vigorously lice. attacked, again changed tlie'.r lurking pi Spit/.bergeii was abandoned by the ti-heinien, and the very s'.te of Smcerenburgh is now un- known. In the year 14!t(). Sebastian Cabot, in the spirit of that age, seeking a northwestern passage to the Indies, gave to the world the discovery of Prima Vista, or, msw. call it. New- foundland, and the Basques IJiscayans. Dutch, and English, immediately thereafter commene- ed the cluu-^e for wluiles in the waters surround- ing it. Scarcely had the colonists of Maftsacliusetts planted themselves at Plymouth, before the sterility of the soil and the rigor of the climate- forced them to resort t(t the sea to eke out their subsistence. Pursuing the whales out from their own hays, in vessels of only forty tons burthen, they appeared on the fishing ground otl" Newfoundland in the year 1(>!)0. Profiting by nearness of ]i08ition and economy in build- ing and eqiiipjiing shij.-, and sharing also in the b(ainties with which Kngland was then stimulating the whale fishery, they soon excel- led all their rivals on the Newfoundland wa- ters, as well as in Hafhns Bay and ofTthecoat»t of (Jreenland. Thus encouraged, they ran ' down the coasts of America and Africa, and in the waters rolling between them they discover- ed the black whale, a new and inferior species, vet worth V of capture : and then stretching off toward the South Pole, tin y found still another . species, tlie sperm whale, vxhose oil is still pre- ferred above all other; and thus they enlarged the whale fishery fi • the benefit of the world, which since that time ha> distinguished the two branches of that enterprise geogvayiblcally by the designation of the Northern and Soutiiern fisheries. In 177rj the fisheries were carried on by the Americans, the Knglish. the Dutch, and the French. The Frei.ch employed (miy a small fleet, the Dutch a larger one of 129 sad. The Knglish had only 96 ships, while the Americans had I'M vessels in the Scaithcin fishery, and 177 in the Northern fishery, man- ned with 4.ono perscms. and bringing in oil and whalel)one of the value of Sl.l 11.000, Th,s precociousncssot American nautical enterprise elicited from Burke, in his great sjK;cch for con- ciliation to die colonies, a tribute famihar to our countrymen, and perhaps the most glowing passage that even that great orator ever wrot« or spoke : •■ L(.(,k at the innTinor in which thu jioople of New EiislHiia have ef Into rnnie.l on Ihu whHlc firthcry. Whi^t we fullew them iiinong tho tiimhluij; uinun- liiiiis of iee. ami \h-\wH them iHiietratin); into the aoepest rcetspi? of Hiulsen s li:iy and Davi;. s Straitc, whim w«' fin Inokins: tor them licncath the Aret:' circle, wo hoar Ihiit tlev have pierced into the oppo file region of I'olar col.i— thiit tliey are at the .Antip odes ami enKat;cd nnder the iVo/.eu-jeipeiif of the I .n the Dutch, and ployed only a one of 129 wi 1. ijis. while the the Southern n tisliery, luiiii- ngingin oil and ,111,000. This itical enterpriiMi !; sp<;ceh for con- )ute familiar to le most glowing rator ever wrot« ho people of New the wliHlo finhery. J tiimtiliiiv; uiDun- iictriifiii;,' into the nd l)iivis'.'? Straits, K'liciith tlif Arctic ■ct'd into the fiipo y arc nl the ■^ntip- eu'scriient of the loiiuhI too romc.to tsp ot nationul aiii- laoi'in th(! iirop;r('i0. the Great and General Council of Massachusetts appealed to Con- gress for protection to this great interest of that Commonwealth. Mr. Jefferson, the Sec- retary of State, submitted ati elaliorate reply, which, while it was liberal in its spirit, never- thidess closed with the declaratitm, that •' the whale fishery was a branch of industry so poor as to come to nothing with distant nations who did not sup])ort it from theii treasuries — that our position iilaced our fishing on ground somewhat higher, such tis to relieve tlio Na- tional Treasury from giving it support, but not to permit it to derive support from the fishery, nor to relieve the Government from the obliga- tion to provide free markets for the productions of the fishery, if possible." The enterprise had not yet languished into life, when the French llevolution of 1789 oc- curred, which involved Europe, and ultimately the United States, in wars that swept the lat- ter, as well as the French and Dutch, from all the fisheries, and left thci i in the exclusive en- joyment of Britain, who achieved in those wara iter now established pre-eminence as the con- (luerer of the seas. At their close- the British had 146 vessels in the Northern whaling ground, which captured no less than 733 whales, and thus obtained 13,590 tons of oil i\nd 438 tons of whalebone: and fifty-six ships in the Southern whale fishery equally suc- co.ssfiil. The Amoricivns now re-entered the game, and the tables were speedily- and, as we think, permanently — turned in their favor. In 1824. the Pritish became discouraged, and withdrew their bounties; and in 1842 they had no more than 18 ve.s.-^els in the North fishery, which captured only 24 whales. The Southern fishery declined still more rapidly : so that, in 1845, not one British whaler ajipeiued in the South Seas, Since that time, all nations have virtually abandoned this "hardy form of peril- ous enterprise " in favor of the Americans. The entire whaling Heet of the world, in 1847, con- sisted of about 900 vessels, 40 of which belonged to France. 20 to Bremen and other ports in Northern Europe, 20 to New Holland and other British Polynesian Colonics, and all others,^ more than 800 in number, with a tonnage of 240,000 t.iiis. belonged to the United States. The capital thus employed exceeded twenty millions of dollars, and the annual productions of the fisheries amounted to thirteen millions of dollars, \Vitli the decline of this enterprise in Great Britain, her commercial writers began to discountenance whale fishing altogether: and while they now represent it as a mere gam- bling adventure, they endeavor to stimulate the m-m '- ',u#"- i'* 'J': tBKM people of Continental F^urof* to substitute vego- i pnvont the waters of the Hudson from their table oils for thoee procured in the seas. destined meeting with the tides of the owiyn. Mr. J'reHident : Pray consider the cost, time, dangorH, and hazard of the whale fishery. F,ai;h T0B««^1 with its outfit is worth »30.0()(t. niid car- ries thirty uhlc-bodicd wanuii, and is afloat on a single voyage one or two. perhaps three years. It finds the whale nowhere below the sixtieth degree of latitude, and can renuiin there only duringthebrief Polar summer of throe mouths. ^ The whole time nmy elap^'e without a whale to Freetown, Fahuouth. Sippiean. Wai being seen. When discovered, every stage of' Plymouth, Holmes' Hole. Fall Kiver. Pr being •■ , his capture is toilsome, and attended with mul- tiplied dangers to the assailants, increased by the shoals, the ice, the storms, and the fogs. •which protect the animal against bis pursuers. The statistics are absolutely frightful to a landsman or a common seanum. In 181!>. of sixty-three British ships sent to Davis's Straits, ten were lot In 1821. out of sixty-ninu, eleven were lost. Of eighty-seven ships that sailed for Pavis's Straits in 1830. no less than eighteen wore lost twenty-four returned cleau, while not j one of the remainder had a full cargo, and only one or two half fished. \ Pray consider now. sir. that the great triumph of the American lishcrmen was achieved, and is still sustained, not (mly without aid from the Government, bnt practically also without aid from the capital or enterprise t)f general com- merce, and. indeed, to (luote the nervous lan- guage of Jefferson, -with no auxiliaries but poverty and rigorous econcmiy." The whaling fleet Df the United State>. in '1846. consisted of seven hundred and thirty-seven vessels. Of the thirty States, only five. Sew Hampshire. Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York, were represented; and all of them except New York are the States least blessed in fertil- ity and climate. New Hampshire, having only a single port, sent out only one vessel. Rhode Island, one of the three most diminutive States, equipped tifty-two. Connecticut, a small State, sent out one hundred and twenty-four. New York, with her extended territory, vast wealth, and stupendous commercial establishments, sent only eighty-five : and in the fasheries, and especially favor of those poor anti^;li those nean and throiijih the straits, braving the iierils of an unknown way and an inhospitable climate. Ho filled his ship in a few weeks, and the news of his 8U(!ccsB went abroad. In I8-19. a fleet of 154 sail wont up to this new fishing ground; ii ISSO, a fleet of 144: and in IS.ll, a fleet cf 14.') The vessels are manned with 30 persons eaeh ; and their value, including that of th; average annual cargoes procured there, i^ e(iual to nine rnillinns — and thus exceeds by near twadvan. to San h'anc.seo. Ih. ;'i..i«rant to he At- taire while an ..xnloration would pr-hahly dis- hint.c coa>t arrives spe.-dily and .di.-aply from ch«o eddies and current., whi.-h woul.l alhw whatever .,uarter .d the world ; while he who of straiirht courses where now no one dare, would s.M-k the Pache shore, eiujo.mters char- nursuethem. Clements Strait and the Caramata ges and delays which tew can sustaji, Never- Passa.'e are tilled with the >ame ihinfccn. theless-. the couimcn'ial, social, pi.litcal move- Acraln'the creat outl-t from tie- China sea into ments of the world are now in the direction ot the Pacific ocean hv the 15ah.!e. and adjacent California. Separated as it is from us by tor- nassaues between the islands of l.uconia and cign lands, or im.re impassable iiiountaiiiH, we thecoast.s ..fChina and Formosa, need to bo sm- are establishing there a custcau-houso. a niinl^ veved, altboud. the islands are generally well a dry .lock, Indian ag.Micies, ami ordinary an.l Sig ated ..n the maps. Th.-n pro.veding extraordinary tribunals ot justice. Wi h.Mit ..rtLardlv. a r.^gar-l to the saf.-ty uf the waiting for perfect ..r safe channels, a strong whaleman "demands that the islands between and stea.ly stream of emigration .'I'^^s tuther the casts of China and Japan, and from tlem fnan cv.>rv Mate and ev.>ry d.s rut eastward II tb. I.O.. Ch..o island-, an.l so ..n t.. the Uus- o{ the Rocky Mountains. _ Simdar torrent, o sian p..ssessions. and along them eastwardly to emigratmn are pourmg into Cabf^.rnia and Bhcrmg Straits. sh..nld be surveyed The last Australia, from the S.nith Anjencan Stat..H, attempt to prform that duty wa^ made by a small Uiissian fleet, which was .ajitur.jd and destroyed, while it?* otli.-ers ami crew were ini- prisone.l by tin' J.vpanese. Lastly, as we a.l- vance eastwar.lly in tb.' v.'iy tiack pursued by our whali-vs aiid China men. w.' en.'oiinti'r islands, and manv shoals imjierfi'ctly dctimd, and especially the !'..inin islands; while pru- dence reiiuire's a .arffiil ri'Conn.'i.s>ani(' al.-.i of the Fox islands, which, although lying some- what northwardlyof the piLssage, might, if well known. atb>rd ."belter in caso of inclom<-nt ■weather. This re.'.mnoissan.e in a ti'inperate latitude is d.'man.h.l by the neTibants, und"r- writors. ami navigator-, in all our .Atlavit.c as from Europe, and from Asia. This movement is not a sud.len. or acei.lental. or irregular, or convul-ive one ; but it is one for which men and Nature have been preparing through near four hiimlred vears During all that time mer- chants anil pr"inces base been seeking h.)Wthey could reach ch.'aply an.l .>xpi'diti.)usly, '• Ca- thay." •• China." "the Hast." that inter.'oiirse and .•omi.ierce might be established b.-tw.vii its aii.;iont nations ami the newer on.>s ot th,; West To the..' .ibje.'t.. Da (iama. (Jolumbus. Americu.s. Cab.it. IJu.lson. and .itln^r naviga- tors, devoted their talents, th.ir lab.)rs. and tb.'ir lives. Fven the disov.Ty of this conti- nt iTul its Man Is. and the organi/.ati.m ot writer", ami nav.tiator-. in all our .\niuii.f iis .>■"•• -.•* ■ - - r^ „..,,„i ,,,..1 Sus in .air two principal Pa..ifi.. p.-rt.. and so..iety and ^'--■-"^;'K ''jll^f ■^^'^^ the ar-uuient f..r i r.>sts on the sam- founda- ii.ip..rta.it as th.;se ..^ent. h,ue '" ..^'^ Z you l..av« tlii- rarvej a,..| it, l,cn..li» t.. Knj. m,in ..von. "' "1""' ' f "' „ m,'' ' m L f" i ,f •' ev.T .iccurred upon tlie eai til. it wiiiinjioi k have f..u looked recently at the China lowe.l by th,- -l">^li-;tion ,.f the -nd.t.ou o^ trade? It reaches alrea.ly seven millions n «"^'«^»y 'V"'^ ^'''' "'{i'^tr ! n Iv cZi K w^^ value annually. Have y.,u wat. lied tb.- Cab- h.unan family. ^^^V" :^« ' ' ■"'j.,?',: '.^„d ^.l.t fornia trade ' Its export .,f bullion alone al- thi8 event could "''V'';;,*; "i^^^^; ^^^^^^ readv exceod8 fifty millions of dollars annu- it has come now._ A certain '""^ "^ ^'''^J Illy and as yet the mineral dev.dopraent of freedom, a certain amount of human mtelli z :fince, a cortuin pxtont of hi . . - iJiiman control ovor ne phy«i(!al ohHtiiclen to hiicIi a rpiinion, went neocHHary. All the conditionn havo hiippcneil and concurrod Lifjcity h:m dnveloped under improved forms d l>y Kti-iini, on- ubloN men to mitMii-i[i the windn, and"in(cl!ig(«nc,o (iunvcycd 'ly oiwtiioity cxci'Im in velocity the li|j;lit. With lh(;Me favoring cireiiniMtaticnx there hiiH (loinc almi n sudden abundance of p.ld, that larKoiy rolieves iiihor from ita lonj; nuI)- JBotion to reaii/.ed ciipitiil. Sir, thin niitvcincnt iH no delusion. It will no more »top tlmn the eniigriition from Kuropo id i.ur own Athmti. uliores luiH stopped, or can Mtop, while lalmr Ib worth there twenty cents und here fifty cents a day. Kniif^ratLm from China cannot stijp while lahor \h worth in Cilif.rnia five dullars a day, and in the West Indie.s ten dollar.s a month, and yet is worth in China only five dol- lars for that {leriod. Aceordingly. 'wo have seen Hixty-seven ship- filled, in thre'e months of the prcHent year, with 17. ()()() e;:ii(!;iants in the pertH of Hon;,' Kon;r. iMiieao, and Whampoa. and afterwards ilL-vhurgc them on the shores of Caliliirnia. and of Cuba and other islands of the West Indies. Sir. have you considered the basis of this movement, that this continent and Australia are capable of sustainini;. and need for their de- velopment, five hundred millions, while their population is confined to fifty millions, and yet that Asia has two hmulred millieus of e.xcesa .' As for tlio.se who di all >t that tlii.s i;reat move- ment will ((iiii'ken activity and create wealth and power in ('alifuiniu and Dregim, 1 leave them to consid'.T what changes the move- ments, similar in nature but inferior in force and slower in elfect, have produced alreadv on the Atlantic coast of America. As to tho.-e who cannot see bow this movement will im- prove theconditien nl' Asia, | leave ibeni lo re- flect upon till" improvementjj in the condition of Europe since the discovery and coloniv.atien of America. Wlui docs not see, then, that every year hereafier, European commerce. European jiobtics. European tboiigbis. and European activity, although actually gaining greater force — antfect our own complete emancipa- tion from what remains of European influence and prejudice, and in turn develop the Ameri- can opinion luid inll.icnce which si , ill remould conrititutions, laws, and customs, in the land that is first gre(>ted by the rising pun .' Sir, although I am no Socialist, no dreamer of a Huddenlycomingmlllennium. I neverthelees can- not reject the horie that Peace is now to have her Hway. and that as War Iimh hitherto do- faced and saddened the Atlantic world, the hotter pasMions of mankind will soon have their development in the new theatre of human activity. Commerce is the groat agent of this move- oM-nt, Wiiiitever nation nhall put that com- merce into full employment, and shall conduct it teadily with udeipiate expansion, will be- come neecHsarily the gri;atest of exiHting States ; greater than any that has ever exiNted. Sir, you will claim that responMibility and that higll 'lestiny (or our own country. Are yon so sure that by assuming the one she will gain the others 'I'bey imnly nothing less tha.T univer- sal commerce and the supremacy of the seas. We are .second to Engl.md, indeed, but, never- thelis-'. how far are v;e not bebuid her in com- merce and in t stent of empir.' ! I pray to know where you will go that you will not meet the Hag of E!i;:lan(l fixed, planted, rooted into tli(! vi-ry eiii-tb .' If you go northward, it waves o\er half of this Continent of North .\merica, which we call our own. If yon go southward' it greets you on the Hermii'ilas. the Hahamas! and the Caribbeo 1-huids. On the Falkland Island" it guards tie Straits of Magellan: on the South Slu tland Island it watches the pas- sage round the Horn : and at Adelaide Island it warns you that you have reached the Ant- arctic Circle. When you you ascend along the southwestern coast of America, it is seen at Galopagos, overlooking the Isilnnus of Panama; and having saluted it there, and at Vancouver, you only take leave of it in tlie iiir Northwe.st, when you are entering the Arctic Ocean. If you visit Africa, you find the same victorious cross giianling the coast of (Jambia and Sier- ra Leoue anil St. Helena. It watches you at Cape Town as you jiass into the Indian Ocean; while on the northern passage to that vast sea it demands vour recognition fr'iii Gibraltar, as you enter the Mediterranean, from Malta, when you pass through the Sicilian Straits: on the Ionian Islands it waves in jirolcction of Turkey : ami at Aden it guards the pass.age fioni the Red Sea into the Indian Oceim. Wherever Western commerce has gained an entrance to the Continent of Asia, there that Hag is seen waving ovr siibjiigatedmillions— at Mombay, at Ceylon, at Singapore, at Calcutta, at Lahore, and at Hong Kong: while Aus- tralia and nearly all the islands of Polynesia acknowledge its firotection. Sir. i need not tell you that wherever that Hag waves, it is supported and cheered by the martial airs of England. Hut 1 care not for that. The sword is not the most winning mes- senger that ran be sent abroad: and commerce, like power, upheld by armies and navies, may in time be found to cost too much. Hut what is to be regarded with more concern !.«. that England employs the steam engine even niore I- Hmtt li Sft'-:\l i sClixiniH'tr:lim~intr'^'"--^ ~^-"'^ - ' ifigoroualy t^nd more unif«r«*lly than ber mlli- Uuj lorcti Sl«i»m engUiw, punotualhr depart- ing iu\d iirrivinn between every one of hor varU oiia p(Wm'HHi.mn iirul hor i«' tid mint of jM»wor, bring in tiio raw material i . otery manufac- ture and 8U|>t)lie« for every want. Tiia Hteam engine plifw inoo«Mintlj)r tru>r.«, .lay and nlglit, converting these mat^'nalK into fabruiB ol nvery Tarioty, for the m«« of roan And again the Htflam engine forever and without rert moves over the face of the deep, not only diHtributing tliiwe fabrics to every juvrt of tlirt globe^ but diwominating alHO the thonglitrt. tlie principle*, the language and rtdigino of Kngland. Sir, we are bold indeed to dare conijHjlition with •uoh a t'ower. Nevertheln*, the reii')urije« for [ it are adequate. VVo have coal and iron no j leMi than »hc, while corn, timlwr, cattle, hemp, , wool, cotton. Bilk, oil, >n of Gorwi Hope and make the imi of Liverpool Mr. PrMident, we tiow wt how oooapiououi a part in the ipeat mitVemtot of the ugn, Cali- fornia and Oregon aretoHustain. and that, anvat, they are Heparated from U8 and iMolated. 'Inay will ailhore to on only ao long aiour government over thuni thuU be eondui^ted. not for our ben«- fit, but for their own Their loyalty Ih great, but it cannot exceed that of the thirteen amuent American oolnnion to Great Britain ; and yet tlie neglect and opprorwion of their commeroe undermined that loyalty, and resulted in their independence. I hear often of danger* to tlie Union, and lee lineH of threatened ttep«ration drawn Ity paHxionate men or alarmista. on par- allels of latitude, but, in my judgment, there is only one danger of ricveranoe — and that is in- volved in the (Kxwibility of oriminal neglect of the new oournunities on the Fa'ufto coast, while the Hunuuits of the Kooky Mountains, or of the Snowy Mountainn, mark the only possible line of di.'*n»ombernient. Against that danger I would guard an against tlic wur^t calamity that could befal, not only my country, at her mortt auspicious stage of progress, but mankind aU), in the hour ot their brightest ho|)es. I would guard against it by nractising impartial I jiistioe toward the new and remote "♦•atea and ' Territories, whose jM)litical jKiwer is small, while their wants are great, and by pursuing at I the same time, with lilierality and constancy, ' the h)fty course which they iudicnti?. of an as- C' iring yet genorons and humane national ani- ition. r^-swcfc:, '^m. I « how oooiipiououi )t of the ugn, C»li- &in. and that. MTOt, iiid iw)lat«!tl 'losy ;aiourguTernment 111. not for our b«n». loynlty ih greut, hut )« ttiirtnen amnent t Britain : and yet of thuir onuimerott [td renulted in their LI of danger* to tlie eutoned tteparation r aluriaiHta. ou par- my judgiiit*at, tburo noc — and that in in- orimitiul neglect of the Ftt'iifto ouoiit, ooky MouDtaiup. or irk tho only pomible L gainst that danger tilt! wornt t'liUimty my uoimtry, at her DgruHH, but mankind brightest hopeii. I Sractitiing impartial remote "♦•atM and power M ttmall, vhile nd by purBuing at ility and constanoy, y indicate, of an an- iimano national am- 1 I