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Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentairas: Wrinkled pages may film slightly out of focus. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X ■llB ••#':s>. .^, «cq«>..iy».^ ., ■ < ; ■, ■ ^^ v** <•**•:, .,>^^-S:i4^j;|i:^ ^' ■- ^^..?:. . UH;--\- ■■■* v>-' -^U' -.^ tREFACa. •I ■♦-.I'. ' ■ V f >• ■ 1 ^ ■ ■ 'K-i. ",■-■': ■ ^jy-r --it. l^Ae necessity of suck a book as the one now presented^ to direct the young mind to estimate " the time honors tdfabric^^ of our country, and to counteract the dan^^ gerous tendency of those publications advocating republican institutions, with which the Provinces are inundated, must be apparent. This little woi'k has been arranged by the compiler in th^manner which appeared to him most likely to realize the object intended, namely: an early in^ culcation of loyal principles. The compiler's endeavours were directed to collect as great a mass of useful information in the smallest possible compass, and to simplify it. There is nothing new to be said about the good old British Constitution, Its credit is well established^ fi^ time and able advocates. But it is to be regretedfl it has been made by writers^ more the theme of adniii^i^ '^% t.^^\3 IV PREFACE.. ticn, than of exposition, and that their voluminous detail precludes the possibility of being generally read. The compller'*s object has been to make it^ in fact <« Every Boy's Book." If its adult readers are pleased, and young ones instructed, he will have at' talned the ne plus ultra of his ambition. It is not unlikely that in " The Every Boy's Dcok,^^ which embraces a great variety of facts, some inaccuracies may be found. He has endeavoured to "make it as correct as possible, and hopes that the error i '. may be unimportant, and that they will not be found^ ^. to detract from its utility ara School bock. >. Should any abler pen, seek to cast a slight upon the compiler'^ s humble offering, he must remember that it ^ is on account of his neglect, that he has essayed at all : and moreover he must be content to share whatever blame may attach to the undertaking. ^ - ;■/ In conclusion, the compiler 7'e commends to his adult readers, Stevens's Book of the Constitution, from which he has in the beginning of this little - work, made copious extracts,. i«\ fv 0i^*j. ,!"' S"- J ■.-T^Ur-. > 1 0,rf -..ct-- ,,^.:>U':n^'^' ;^'>^Kvf^::''^"-'<5 -%' ^\i: ■"^m -r%: .-";».. - » , V.j: »W.! .*»-irv' •* '^^^J.•\A^ ■. ^ , ..^ ■>■■■ V .'■#■ .* EVERY BOY'S BOOK: ^im:Ad " Great Britain — a power to which Rome in the height of her glory is not to be compared, which has dotted the whole earth with her possessions and military posts, — whose morning drum fol- lows the Sun, and keeping company with his beams, circles the globe daily with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.''— Dantet Webster, ■ -' - LESSON IsT.''::'^' .V Adam, the first King, as well as the first man, was the father of his own subjects, and when the eldest son succeeded to his father's authority, he succeeded also to iiis title of father, and hence the stylt of father is given to this day to all Kings, which points remarkably to the original of Government, or Kingship, in the time of man's innocency in Eden, which God first instituted there, both in nature and by positive command. And there- fore we owe to our Sovereign the same obedience, which Adam's childi*en or subjects paid to him, for God's com- mands and institutions descend through all ages to the i^mm^^mt^^mfmiim C THE EVERY •• J. . -.1. end of time, and Government is of the same necessity aiiJ obligation now, as it was when it was first imposed by God, and it is equally " his ordinance" now, as it \vaa then. If Government and its succession was ordained by GoJ himse'.r,— then it is as natural that it should succeed iii the samo track as for the sun to proceed in his diurnal coi:ryc. There are but three kinds of Government* When iho sovereign power is vested in one person it is called a' j^.Ionarchv : if in all the nobles it is called an Aristocracv, or an Oligarchy if confined to a few of these : if an as-^ iemhly of the people have the chief authority, it is called a Democj*acy or a Republic* Of ali the different species of Governments, the Mo- narchical is the most ancient and natural, originating at first in parental authority, hence Kings are called ^it fathers of their people- -..t"f '&Jir:v*,i Tf:,-i' .. -.A .-•-■>. ■■m' * Note. — In strictness of language, a great difference exists between a Republic and a Democracy. Properly speaking, the term liepublic, is more justly applical ie to Great Britain than to any other nation on earth, for although it may be objected, that one of it3 pillars is Monarchy, yet, it is very evident, that the whole ten- dency and practice of the Britbh system is Republican, that is im- partially respective of the general good. Democracy on the other hand, is that form of Government, which irrespective of the obligation of laT7 and custom, places the present Vrill of the populace above all restraint, and of course leaves the {general weal entirely at the mercy of that, whicj^ is more fickle anil^ capricious, than the winds of heaven. The anti'nt Lacedamonian Republic was likewise provided with hcreUiiary Maaarchs, who rdgoed ia a direct line for 700 years. BOVg BOOK. %' The Assyrian and Egyptian Monarchies are (he most ancient that we read of, but, there are several Kings nien^ tioned in the Scriptures, in the early history of the Pa- tiiarch Abraham. The Jews were governed by God himself 'till Sauls' time, from whence it has been called a Theocracy — taken from the Greek word signifying God. After his elevation to the Throne of Israel by Gudd' appointment, the Government continued Monar-^ chical till the destruction of the temple. Some Monarchies are despotic, where the subjects are ■laves at the arbitrary power and will of their Sovereign ; such as the Turks and most Asiatic nations ; ptheiti po- litical or paternal, where the subjects like children under a father, are governed by equal and just laws, consented to, and sworn by all Christian Princes at their Corona- tion . Soihe Monarchies are hereditary, where the Crown descends either to male heirs only, as in France, or to the next of blood, as in Great Britain, Spain, Portugal^ &c. Others, elective, where upon the death of the reigning Prince, without respect to their heirs or next of blood, or by expiration of their time of limitation of rule, another by solemn election is appointed to succeed them. This u^ed to be the system in Poland before its partition, and formerly also in Denmark, Hungary and Bohemia^ and is still practised in the United States of America^' for although their Chief Governor is called a President,' JBtill he is their Sovereign, and is elective. J .■k^:-. ♦0 -THE EVfiRT Questions and Answerf, Explanatory of Lttion Itt, •■^yi; Q.—V/hj are Kings called the Fathers of their people t ^.— It originated in the parental authority of Adam the lirst man, who ruled orer his own descendants. Q. — When was rule or Kingship first instituted ? ^ •i. — In Eden,--in the time of man's innocency. Q. — By whom was it ordained ? •4. — Of God; — both in nature and by positive command. Q. — What is due to our Sovereign 1 ^ .;!. —Obedience. ^. ' Q. — ^Whose commands enforce obedience to the end of time t^ ^.— God's. ■ ^■•^^--y' '^^rr'^.s.: •^i^ •■^■■.^■y\V'. -y - ^' Q.— How many kinds of Goyernment tre there H A. — Three. Q. — What is meant by a Monarchy ? ■* «i. — ^When the Sovereign power is vested in one person^SH Q. — What is understood by an Aristocracy T wf .-— When the power is vested in all the nobles.. Q. — How is an Oligarchy constituted 1 * ' ^.~When the power is confined to a few nobles. - • ' Q.^What is a Democracy t - ,. jS.— When the Chief authority is exercised by the peopler , c/; Q — What applies to a Republic t ; • , , .^ j , , jJ. — The name as a Democracy. '; s V, Q. — ^What are the most ancient Monarchies that we read of X Ji, — The Assyrian and Egyptian. ,5 vsi; - Q.— By whom were^he Jews governed till Saul's time T ''^ ^."*-God» , , ', - »■-■ "-t* ■'■41'. ■rr.,- 'i ,' -*■ B0T^8 BOOK. 9 Q.— What i« the derivation of Ihe word Tbeoertry and iU mean- ingt . • ' '■ '■ ■ "• jf. — When God ruled ihe Jews it waa called a Theocraej, aad if derived from a Greek word signifying God. Q.^Who ascended the Throne of Israel by dirine appointment I Q- — What is meant by a despotic Monarchy T ^i. — When the subjects are ruled at the will of their SoTercignr Q. — What is understood by political or paternal Monarchy 1 ' •i' — When subjects are governed by equal and just laws, which arc sworn to for strict observance by the Sovereign on receiving the Royal invef titure. Q. — What is meant by hereditary Monarchy t 5 •.•*r" wf. — Where the Crown descends to the lawful heir. Q. — In what risiit of succession does the Crown descend tn France 1 . j— •/•^ ,i->*. -.;!•;/. i -^■^if't .^.•— To male heirs only* ':sf\* -s'-i Q. — What is the right of succ^'ssion in England T , * J. — The Crown descends to the next of blood malo or female^ fn? Grc&L Britain, Spain and Portugal. • • v^\ Q. — TVhat is an elective Monarchy T . ? .: *. .,.5 ',* Jl. — Where the Kingly power is for life, and on the death of the Sovereign^ his successor is elected by the people. .--.#«. Q. — In what countries used thif elective right to be exercised t ^. — In Poland before its partilion, and abo in Denmark, Hun- gary and Bohemia. ; L^ ; Q. — How is ihe elective power exercbed in ihe United Slates of America T"*"%^^^ 4:^■•-*^'•'>.;,'^!A■^^^■•'^;t^''^ .^^M^i^ ,W:- ■* . A — In an election of a President by delegates chosen by the peo* f\c, whose He ign expires with the time of limitation of rule of (bur years. -X. ■i-3i":'m ':m^■ ■^r^-'ft ■« •jKv; icr -tflE EVERf «' Liberty ! thou goddess, heaTenly bri^fj, '.y v Profuse of bliss, and pregnant \?ith delight 3 - '■' ^^ Eternal pleasures in thy presence reign, And smiling plenty leads thy wanton train. • "yH^:.: Eas'd of her load, subjection grows more light^ And poverty looks cheerful in thy sight ; Thou maJt'st the gloomy face of Aature gay, Giv'st beauty to Uie Sun^ and pleasure to the dayni Thee, Goddess ! thee ! Britannia's Isle adores, How has she oft exhausted all her stores ; How oft in fields of death, thy presence sought ^or thinks the mighty prize too dearly bought 4 * ■ :.k^:-i.4,:/';i-ArDDIS0I»# J> :-4> ^, ■J^.V'.-r LESSON 2ni), '■::;>'^. -»>Sj^ The Government of Gi-eat Bntain is an hereditary paternal Monarchy, governed by one supreme Head, agreeable to the known laws and custom of the King- dom. Our Monarchy is said to be a limited one : and thierelore for the better wnderstanding of this common? expression, a term which is of daily occurrence, it may not be unnecessary to say a few words on the subject of limitation. There are limitations of concession and eoertion ; both are always the act of a superior to an inferior. Thus the Almighty was pleased to limit him- self when he made Covenants with, and granted con* ditions to mankind. Fathers may also limit themselves i" to liiieir Children, and Kings may limit themselves to , their subjects, by granting them cei*tain laws and pri- vileges, and giving them his solemn oath to observe and keep them. Laws were made by Kings, therefore, , Kings must have beeu in existence before the laws. i .■.. 307'8 BOOK* l^ Ko law can be produced that mad^ the first Kiiig in England. We have been govern^ by Kings as far back as history can carry us, and all the laws of Eng» land were made by Kings by advice and consent of Parliament*--^' '■ " ^^^#^^ •si^m-M#p,^ij|jj.^i' ;^l^!^^ ^ The British Constitution is composed of two distinct establishments. The one Civil,* and the other Eccle- siastical. The Civil establishment, has a legal title i& duty and submission from every subject in the Realm^ Dissatisfaction towards this part of the Constitution'' when manifested by outward acts, is a crime punishable by the severest penalties of the law. In return for the protection afforded by the Civil Government, the obli-^ gation of allegiaace is contracted, an obligation which nothing can remove, but the payment of the last great claim, — ^the debt of nature. It is not to be superceded by the formation of new engagements, or change of re«^ sidencc to a foreign Country. Every person without exception, is bound to submission, fidelity, and even ac* tive obedience, whenever his exertions may be required * Mote.—- ^' Of ail the civil Constitutions under Heaven^ tho British is demonstrably thie best. It has been long tried, and hav stood the rudest test. The lapse of ages tends only to inyigorato and render it more effectiTe. It is twough its excellence, under Gop, that an inconsiderable Island has acquired the resources, en- Wf^ and strength, of the mightiest Continental Empire. It is the object of God's most peculiar care, because, it is most like His AWN administration. It is an honor to be bom under it,-»a btes^ «ing to lire under it^-— and a glory to defea4 mi support it*'^ IS THE X Very for the protection of his la^vfui Government, or the se« curity of his native soil. A man may abjure his allegi^ ance by an engagement to a foreign Government, but is never absolved from it by his Country, and under every circumstance he is at all times liable to all the pains and penalties avearded by the laws of England, for offences perpetrated or attempted against the Constitution of his country. In a word, allegiance to the Civil Grovern^ ment, is the positive and permanent duty of every per* •on, whom birth ^^ jpj|^4 m a 1^ of ,^ * that Governmenti|;^;||4^;|^^^£^,^ j- ;'■ : ■ ' ' ... -i... ^.*. M . ■ ■ -. ^ -.,;^ •/ ^ _ ,■■■., .'-/ ;';■-;,;:■ v., -■■-' ^^-f^- ■ . ' -■ ' ' # '^'i': ■ .'*'*";';' *;.5*:V" 'iP'iJ'^.' ^-« ■-« ■' rv V '-' y t)J^i'*'^ "• '■ ■ ' ■■ Ci*;' /mtv?:^ :.e^' ' l.\v»iti*«'**»^**i*t»f*i^'*tjlfr^ •> ■ it:: :: ' *.-i<<»|w^>H> > ii¥ i > i ii«yV»ilii> pii : i »^^ ^ r t 19 nd ni^ 't*!' ib|;iiesliott8 and AA^fwerSf CxpkmtUorjf of Leuon 2nd* 13 '•■■-^iTaf. l2...What is the GoYemraent of GrtAt Britain t ^.— An hereditary paternal MOBWcl^* j,.-^*?tHoiir bit governed- f %btfiT?»i^ on&aupreme liead^ agreeaUe fBy Kings with the advice and consent of Parliiuntnt* ,'4l2*''-«>How is^'the- Britifih Constitution composed t •d. — Of two distinct estaUishmenttf, the one civil and th* other «cclceiastical. ' Qf — What is meant by the civil establishment'l v,;. , \ j ; .d.— The SLate. ''■'': \ :----' y- ':■:':■: i'-::-y-.--? \a'i::^^:'^^.. Q, — ^What i3 understood by the ecclesiastical establishment t Jl. — The Church. x ^^ :■;■'•-'''' '^^-.'-r-' ■■■r:../-:- '■' - Q. — What does the Civil establishment claim from the subject 1 .d. — It. has a legal title to duty and submiision from every subject A the Empire. ^vs«»t^ 14 -THK EVERr' Q.— -How if dissatisfaction towards the civil brancli of the Con* •titution punished ) ;-^V •^.—Dissatisfaction by conspiracy or rebclUcn, is punishable witli death and confiscation. ' Tv, ' Q.-— What constitutes allegiance 1 A, — Obedience to the laws of the Country and the constituted ^ authorities, and is but an act of duty, in return for the protection of life and property afforded by the civil Government, which shields tho' meanest subject cf the realm with the whole of its power. . Q. — Can allegiance be shaken off at will % '"•■i \.^ - \A» — No, the claim of (Gri'cat Britain upon natural boro subjecta^' is never removed but by death. » >* Q. — Can a subject abjure his allegiance to Great Britain, by the ^ oath of fealty to a foreign Government 1 .^^- ,,. ,, •' >-t$. wfl.— -A. man may abjure his allegiance by a foreign engagement' but Great Britain never absoh'cs him from it.L .,^^ .^li^i^T Q. — What is meant by active obedience 1 -Jh-, A« v^ K'fc^^-.Si. >^ A^ — To be true to bis Sovereign and Government, to act witli submission, fidelity and personal co-operation, whenever his czei> lions may be required for the protectJcn and security of hit countijf (C^ — And is this obligation permanent 1 s -^ k^'^'.. i--m.''is^ «;'*.it-. ^.—Withlifc. ■.K-h'y *.■-''•■■ :;^-:fT •-..•,. ■. i^'-'^M '■■'':>,' '^1 * i*' ^ - > "^>t -"• -'■'.^%y.^i^k-!^^^*^ '-"^ ' ■*■* ■ '.: j.;-V?-Vv ^W.'"^.'*" ■ '.5J'^C« ■ * ' * 'ly^ ;. , -:>,.; ai^-r-^^;^.-* _ : . . " -c'<;^i-.vf •■ ■ -;•■; :'f>-:^'r^f ...' -*- ,. ,' -■,:'.:■'■ '^W'^X -*■.,'. v.:;V.r'S ^^ --V •■ , (<. *:>. boy's book. .H» 4- • ■■^x>'-: ^ I loire theo dearly ! Motherlan^y With all this soul of mine ! $f -^ ' And bless the Lord that I aiin spiimgr Wj^ . Of good old British line.". ^^ LESSON 3rd. teyond all controversy, the "English Government^! has been Moaarc'.hicat from the remotest neriod of its- existence, that the Royal office, has always been he- feditary and not elective, has never been denied. The beautiful feature of hereditary succession to the reigning Monarch, marked the infancy of our Govern- ment, bloomed in its manhood, and is indelibly engra- ven in the venerable institutions under which we live» The hereditary right to the Crown, acknowledged by the laws of England, has obtained the general consent^ and an established u^'oge ; and consequently the Sove- reign has the same title to the Grown, that a private gentleman has to his hereditary estate. f:?,~ * Tlie regulat- and rightful inheritance of the British. Throne has been often changed and usurped by fraud and violence, and has as often returned to the lawful inheritors. ^^^'- ' '^^^^-^'^^ Every British subject must rejoice that the succession to the Throne of England, is marked out with consti- tutional precision ; that a rule is laid down, which is uniform, universal and permanent, and that thereby the |>eace and freedom of the State are preserved. 1« Tin WVMtCt- The experience of all afes'hfts'ooftvtnl^ eire)>y eao'^ siderate mind, that popular elections to the Kmgly or Presidential dignity, are utiavoidatily attended with great inconvenience ; and that imdiib itffluence^ ambition, power and artifice, fi'equently prevail over virtue and iiftegnty. The election of Kings of Poland in former days, deluged that' unhappy Country with the blood of ita stayghtered peopfe.* LIBERTY. ^ Thera is no word that has admitted of more variout aignifications, and has made more impressions on hu-^ man minds than that of liberty^ and in Democracies the power of the people has been confounded with their Our liberties are preserved by the very necessary re^ atrictions imposed by the laws of our country. True * Not £.— -Republic* liftte evfer shewn themselves, composed of materials al nuiance with each oiher. Conflicting^ interests, pith duce general derangement, and in time encompass a general des* tructioH of the iiiittle fabric^ Look through tfll the elective Staleit or associations that ever were upon the earth ; throughout tha Repubtidi ol Greeec,. Italjr, Asia niinOr, and others the most re* Bowned for virtue ; and yet, what do we find them, save so many bands conft- derated for the destruction of the rest of mankind ?— What desolatioiis !«»what bloodslied ! — what carnago from tko beginning F—wnat a defight in horrors !-<~what a propensity in all to iiifikt misery tqnn bthers l-^-^he malignity of tiends can plerda' no deeper. And the very power they attained, accomplished their «wn aestruction* Por> having eohquered all around^ they, fbr want of other employment, have geoerally fallen out amongst •; HI boy's book* 17 A. ,:,^\.. liberty consist?, in ^hc power of doing what we ought, and in not being constrained to do what we ought not. Liberty is a right of doing whatever the laws permit, but if a person could do what they forbid, he would no longer be possested of liberty, because all his fellow subjects would have the same power. . v^. The political liberty of the subject is a tranquillity of mind, arising from the opinion each one has of his own safety. In order t,o have this liberty, it is requisite that the Government should be so constituted as that one man need not be afraid of another."! Under no form of Government do we see this principle so fully borne out in practice, attended with the happiest elTects, as in the limited Monarchv of Great Britain. ' ^B^ t Montesquieu. i , .' * :» '•■■ ■"♦■ \ ■< - /Vijfe" i^ ' ■-:',W^-;:. ' 1 *■ =■ •.. V ■'. < ', :-«- ■-; '^%r-::-: " :...,\-^. fr;^:?v|||," i^rl^t^^:^.**:^ IS Q^uestions and AJisiverv^ Explanatory, of Luvon Zrd^ J '^^: ^.—What is the Go? ernmeDt of Great Brilaid called t il.— Momrchicat ; ^^.--^asitBO-Aroarthcbegiiintngofitii Watory f - ■ rV%v^ A. — Yea, from tho rcmoteai period of ita eiiatenc e- '^ Q.-^>«4iaa k ^vcr exgerienoed interruption T A.— Tlie lawful right to the Throne has been often usurped, but baa aa .oren returned ta the rightful inheritors. .. ^ Q.— What iiaa secured the changs irom wrong to right in tlw tlaiea of usurped power y A*-"^The constitutional precision with which^ the rule fa laid down (br aucieesian-to the Throne^ operating on thcgood scnae of the people. Q. — ^VVhat has often been ih/t result of popular elections to the Kingly or Presidential ^i(y 1 ..,-.,,,:,,,,..,.,^^ ^^,,.^^ ,-:.., ..^■..^■^^^ A. — ^It has generally been productive of trouble,, by afibrding Opportuniliss fcr ambitian and Injustice to prevail over virtue and inl(grly. Q. — In i^'tia'. Country has Ibis been exemplified particularly t A»— InTol ;n(*, where it baa caused great slaughter of the people* Q.- 'la irbat manner is liberty likely to be abused in Democrat ciea 1 A. — ^By exercise of the power of the people, without oecessaiy checks or counterpoise. -^ ,,,, Q.— How are our liberties preserved t % t v A.— By the necessary restrictions imposed by the laws^ reguia* ting the respective powers of the Stato. Q.— 4Vbat do you tmdentand liberty to consist of t boy's book* w A. — In doing what the laws permit. Q.— Bui if the people act ogainst the laws, what would result t A. — It would be subvcrsivo of liberty, b^ause the strong could •ppress the weak* Q. — Under what form of Government do we see trut liberty most practised } ^ ; A. — The limited Monarchy of Great Britain* Q. — How is this shown 1 uu =^ r w t ^ < A A. — la the confidence the people have in the protectioii of tho Uw^ and its power to punish* r . iiV : :,i\ 't ■■'' S>fV •* I v>:.^:v?r.-'^"'"'^' • (V.'. C i- y^ ' ■ r-' ■ , -^ ;- i --l ../■,, •''5 AS M ' .>» •■ " - *" " n /i'-'i-. i.tib'^^' >;■ ^#'' •,.,;. U:^ '4%^ ■' - M tHt EVERT ry^. ^;^ll THE SOVEREIONS OF ENGtAN0* Firdt, '\VilIiam,4hL> Norman, then William his Son, Henry, Stcplicn and Henry, then Richard and John, Next Henry the Third { Edwards, oiw, two and three | h-.^ivi' .And ai;aiii after Richard, three Henrys we sec. ., Two Edwards, third Richard, ii* I righLly guess ; * ' • • Two Hunry9, stxlh Edward. Queen Mary, Queen Bess ; Then James the Scotchman, then Charles whom they slew. Yet received, after Cromwell, anotlitr Charles too, Next James tht^ Second ascended ihe throne ; . ' .' Then good William and Mary together came on ; Queen Ann, Georges Four, Fourth William are past, God sent us Victoria, not the least, though the last* 7:' , - LESSON 4th. Egbert, who was the first King of England, and thcr last of the Saxon Heptarchy, was King of the West Saxons, by a long and uninterrupted descent from his ancestori of aljove 300 years, and united the Heptwchy in one Monarchy under himself in the year 828, - From Egbert the Crown descended regularly for two hundred years, through a succession of fifteen Princes to the death of Edmund Ironside, — at the death of Ed- mund Ironside, Canute, King of Denmark obtained the Kingdom by violence. Three of his heirs succeeded to the throne ; and on the death of Hardicaniite, the an- cient Saxon line was restored in Edward the Confessor« On Edwards decease, Harold 2nd. usurped the govern- ment, for Edgar Atheling, the grandson of Ironside was the lawful heir. Harold being defeated at the battle of <V'8 BOalEt. iff ttii0i)g#^ v^^ flit9p(iis86dse(lor«the throne by William iiib €)ofliqueror. KubeH, th^ Canqneror*8 eldest son, bein^ Duke of Ndfiiiatidy by hid fother'd Will, was keptoltt •f pOMOdsicin of the Criown of England by the arts ahld violence of his brothers, William 2nd, ant Henry Ist, 'IVho succeeded ttieir fathe^. The Empress Maud or / Jllatilda was the heiress and daughter of Henry lt>t, but Stepheni the Conqueror*^ god;?on usurped the Throne ; Henry the 2nd eucceetled Stephen, he was the son of Matilda, and lineally descended from Edmund Ironside, itk& last of the Saxon hereditary Kings.-^Henry WftB. succeeded by Richard Isl, who dying childleesj th^ right of fsuccession vested in his i^phew Arthur, his next brother Geoffrey's son. — But John, the late KingV surviving brother, seized the Crown, and aHerwardss murdered his nephew. , ^ Henry 3rd who succeeded his father King John, had ^ an indisputable title ; fur Arthur and his sister Eleanor both died without issue, and the Crown descended from Henry to Richard 2nd in a regular succession of five generations. i » ; Henry 4th was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward 3rd : be rebelled: against Richard 2nd — Henry's usurpation gave rise to> ■V' ' the contest between the houses of York and Lancaster^ Henry was succeeded by his son and grandson, Hen-^ ry 5th and 6th. In the i-elgn of the latter Pnnce, tfatf houee of York asserted its dormant title^ and after dtt* luging England with native blood for seven years, at I length established its legitimate rights in the person of Edward 4th. On the death of Edward, the Crown descended to his eldest son : Edward 5ih who with his brother the Duke of York, are generally believed to have been mnr* dered in the Tower, by the order of their undo Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who succeeded under the title of Richai-d the 3it!.. He was slain at the battle of Boih * worth. ■/ ■'■ .^*l;.:^',<^U^i#: fJ.,,*k,--;*.. .,^.y ■■ -^-m ^'i'"' •/■ ; ^ . <2* — ^What happened at the death of H irdieanute 1 ''' A. — The ancient Saxon line iraa restored in Edward the Coa^ lessor. ■'". '.."v.r - .:.- ■-:• y.- ^ ^...^'.vi- ■;. _■ Q.— Who succeeded Edward the Confessor 1 'jff.— Harold 2.id usurped the gorornment ;' Q,— What happened to Harold 2;id 1 A. — He was d ofviatcd at the battle of Hastings l)y Williii^ the Conqueror, who ascended the Throne. Q. — Who succeeded William the Conqueror t Ji, — His Sons, William 2iid. and Henry IsU ^— Were they the lawful heirs 1 '> * ■ - ^.~No, Robert Dike of Normandy was the i^htful heirbeinfi ilie eld3st 83n, but hii brothers kept hiin out of possession of lb? TbrtnO by violence. ■i ■' ■ ^ fnftfi^mm Q.«J(Vho succeeded Henry Ist. ■-*■*-:■ ''^v i^ryJS) ji — Stephen. The Conqueror's godson* ^ Q.— Was h3 Iha lawful heir 1 jl.^No. The £:nprcss Maud or Mati^da^ df^uj^hter of Heiiiff 1st was the law fill h;;^ircss. ... » -. , ^ r' -v • ; j a, , Q. — Who succeeded Stephen 1 ^ * \^i.--^r.^.: JI rHcnrv 2d, Sen of Ma'.ilda, and lineal descendant of £dmund Irondd^, th j last of tho Sixpn hei-c^ita^J^jp^s. Q, — Who SMCcecdi;:d Hemy 2.id t . i^, - * .Ji. — Richard l^f. . . ;, ^ Q.— Who rt'igned af'-er him 1 ' \ .JS. — John, brol her to. Richard, , . " ,, .Q.—Was Jv^hn Ihcrigh'ful htirl .^^^ jS No. A -hur Son of Gjofrrey,^ the eldest; brothsrp(Bij:hai^^ was the la^vftl. h jr. , • _" Q. — What becemc of Arthur 1 «ii, : , - .Ji. — H J ;vns muidcrcd by hii. U^cb Jo|in« , _ - . _ ,«^ ' .'Q.T-Wha soccctdod .John.1 ^.— H'nry 3d. 'Q. — Was hfl ri^h'fullj possessed.?, - , _ f" „ > > Ji, — Yee. A.-lhurand his sister Eleanpr, haying d|9(l,.vl^iO||t ^SSUC. .' - .., . . .,-., ■_:, Q.^On wlipm diJ Iha Crown dayp^?s at; ths ds^^Ui^of llenif Ihe 3id. ^. — On three EJ v.nrds in successipn. Q. — Who succ "■- • li— Woa h3 the ri-h:fi| hrir I • -Ik. >f m-. 5QY's BQOK. A. — No, he was son of the Duk^of Lancaster, fourth lOAof Ed (vard 3rd, and rebelled against Richard 2nd» "^ Q,. — ^What did his usurpation give rise to 7 ' . A. — The contest between the houses of York and i^aneaiiter, Q. — By whom was Henry 4th succeeded 1 A. — By his son Henry 6th> and grandson Henry 6lh.. «: " Q.— What happened in the reign of Henry 6th t, ', "^ A.— The housie of York asserted its claim to the ThrOne aud fo? seven years deluged England with native blood. Q.— Who succeeded Henry the 6th 1 A. — Edward 4th. Q. — ^Was Edward the 4th rightfully possessed t A. ^-Yes, he wa» the legitimate heir. T* -Q. — ^What happened on the death of EdwI^'d 4th 1 , A. — ^The Crown of right belonged to Edward the 5lh, his s^a> 1»ut was usurped by his uncle the Duke of Gloucester, who sue* «ecded as Richard 8rd. ' #ia^n; : :o ^!tA ?1 jQ.— What became of Edward 5th. -^ ^ %ff *f r ti^h '^m , A.^ — He was murdered in the Tower with his br^thpr ih% Hj^ pf York, by order of Richard. .*».,' * «,-.-»»^ Q.— What was the end of Richard 3rd 1 , n. .' A.<*>He was slato at the battle of Bosworth% # |« -T 7'!!:03 li;;^j^4*ftxW^## iSl^ foSjS^^A- Ap: n SiRfiW ffi'- ,i mm 'ij ti^mi* '^i «<' ,>,-^ Ift THE KVtTLT %0 ; . r , . » . This leeptered life. This earth of Mi^jestj, this seat of Mars> This other Eden, 4emi-paiadise $ This fortress built by Nature for herself^ Against infection and the hand of war ; ' -^-^^ 4 This happy breed of men> this little worl4^^^j.(jj;^^. Tliis precious stone set in the silver sea^ ' Whieh serves it in the office of a wall. Or as a moat defensive of a house, Against the envy of less happy lands ; This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this Britain, Tliis nurse, this teeming womb of royal Kings, v*., ^^.^ ^ *' Fcar'd by their breed, and famous for their birth." SHASaPkABX. H,->*a^;i, .'«.;^?rs LESSON 5th, ^!»' The Earl of Richmond took possession of the Throne by the style of Henry 7th., being descended from a na* tural son of John of Gaunt, and was recognized as King by Act of Parliament in the first year of his reign« But the right of the Crown was undoubtedly in Elizabdth^ the daughter of Edward 4th. This Princess, Henry married, in the year 14S6, and thus happily ended the differences between the houses of York and Lancaster, Henry 8th. The issue of this auspicious marriage became King by a clear and indisputable hereditary right ; and to him, his three Children siKceeded in re* giilar order. '^■■- # ' • ^ ■■ -■ ''^' '-^ *■"■ Edward 6th., following his Father, died young, and WM succeeded by his two Sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. Oa Urn death of Queen Elizabeth the line of Henry. I >'.-.■■■. '>■ -y S0T*8 BOOK. 2^7 &b. became extinct)^ and the Grown 4fiir<^v64 on Jfaises 6th. of Scotland and Ut. of England, who waa Jineal descendant of Henry 7tb. and Elizabeth of ToilC|| \yhoie eldeit daughter married James 4ih* pjT Septlandi €0 that James their gi*and6on united in his own person an undoubted title to the Crown both of England and Scotland) and was the lineal descendant both of Egbert and William the Conqueror. In James therefore cen?^, tared all the claims of the bouses of York and Lancas- ter I also, in him the Saxon line was restored} be beitg tineally descended from Margaret Athelingt the Sister of Edgar, tba true heir to the throne by WQiif op tbt ^orman. .^j;^, .' . - %.yM-m0fi^4^i-'0: '■■'''' ''' 4 James was succeeded by his only surviving Son the %infortonate Charles 1st. who> was beheaded^ and whew «acri]igious murder, made way for Cromwell^s usurps^ tion, who assumed the title of Lord Protector* After eleven years usurpaiioa, a solemn parliamentary Convention of the Estates restored the Crown to the right heir^ King Charles Und**^ .>ri>^ 4^ .^.^^ ^' On the death of Charles, the Duke of York, brother of Charles, succeeded by the title of James 2nd» who abdicated the Throne, and was succeeded by bis daugh« ter Mary^ with whom was associated her husband the Prince of Orange by the title of William 3ra& Mary 2nck »«j^ : .. - ■• . - ■ 2S" TITE EVEUr" 'Both hotases ot the (Convention Parliament issued a declaration dated^ February 12th. 1688, that after tfie' derefase of William and Mary, in default of joint issue, th^'^cnntn and dignity shouM descend to the heir^ of the' 'Frlneess Atine of Denmark, and for default bf issue, ^ thei? tb'the heirs of the said Prince of Orange. ^"^^^^ ^^ *Td#ards the end of the reign of William, the Bulre of fflo&cstef, the son of (he Princess Anne died, and' Wflliam also being without issue, it was settled by Sta-' tiite'12 and 13 William 3rd. on the Princess Sophil^V Bowager Electress of Hanover, grand-daughter of JUmes Ist. ■ • '-^^^-''r ■i^.^-^^mmi^:^. , .• ^.._:i:- On the death of the Prince of Orange, Queen Aifine' f^GCeeded to the Throne, and died without issue, but stirviving the Princess Sophia of ttanover, the Crown de%cended to her son and heir George 1st. To him sue* ceeded George 2nd., on whose demise George 3rd. suc- ceeded in right of his father Frederic, Prince of Walc^i ; af^t a long and glorious reign he was succeeded by hir Ron George 4th., who dying without issue, was sUc- cii^ddd'by his second -brother the Duke of Clarence, Ijy the title of WiUlam the 4th r, and upon whose demifld' our present interesting and amiable Queen Victoria Alexandrina succeeded, whom God presence for a long, hsppy^ and prospeirous reign, , ufewh* BOT'S BOOK, i9 ^ntbstions and Answers, Explanatory of Leuon 5th. Q.— Who iQcceedecl Richard 3rd t .tf."->Tbe Earl of Richmond by the title of Henrj 7th. Q.-» What gave the Earl of Richmond a title to the Throne f •4f*— He was a natural son of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancas* ter^ and was recognized as King by act of Parliament Q.— But who possessied the lineal right t ,, .i.— Elizabeth daughter of Edward 4th. Q.— Who did Elizabeth marry 1 •^.— Henry 7th and this cemented a Union of the Hottsea of York and Lancaster. ,,^m^.'^w:. Q.— Who succeeded Henry 7lh t ; ^4^^^^,^:^^ .r^. vw:.. «tf .r-His s(M) Henry 8tb.. f' ":i^ll^--' t-- *■ Q. — Who reigned after Henry 8th 1 ]Ur') ^ ^,^Edward eth son of Henry 8th,, .., . aa li. ' iiaiv Q.->-Did he reign long 1 Jt.'^'HOi he died young, and was tucecoded^y his two tistirf^ Mary and Elizabeth. Q.-«On the death of Elizabeth who n^ed t .|?r->f« ^'t«'^".vr^: ■ Q. — Was there a union of claims in James 1st t « ^ dl.— Yes ! of Egbert and William the Coni|ueror, an4 tl||t to .. f housei of ITork and Lancaster. Q.— Who fucceeded James Ist 1 ^. — His son Charles Ist. Q. — ^^^at happened to Charles Ist t ■ <^»MHf,j^,i>i '.:■. 'l'.'^«««» ;*:j» wfl' — ^^He was beheaded and is called Charles tlie Martyr.*"^ Q.^What followed the martyrdom of Charles 1st 1 *^j5,.^Cromwell'3 usurpation, which lasted eleven yearsi * Q. — Who succeeded to (he Throne after Cromwdl'^A/stirpx* A, — A solemn parliamentary convention restored the Throne V> thelawful heir, Charles 2nd. ii ^i ■■^^^^^■;., ^^ iji^i^ho succeeded Charles 2nd 1 ''''■^- ^ "^^ Jl. — James 2nd brother of Charles. ' ' ' '^ * Q. — What is remarkable in the reign 6f James 2nd % A. — Hs resigned the Throne in favor of his daughter Mary> Q.— Who did Mary espouse T ' ''* '''■'- "^'-^^^^ '■' ''^ ^*«'> ji, — The Prince of Orange, who shared the Throne under the tiUe of William 3rd and Mary 2nd. *'^ * ' ' 'iQ;-^\^at waB^heileclaratioh of the Convention Parliament in this Reign % -\ V ^ .^.—That after the'deceSser of Williani'ahd Mary in default of joint issue, the Crown should descend to the heirs of the Princess Anne of Denmark. ■ ' ' ''^- -'^^ ^^-^'' i.-m-^^J}. ""' Q.— Was there any further stipuhtion T - 5 js.-— In de&ult of issue of Anne, then, to the heirs of the Priisoe of Oran^. Q — ^Who next ascended the Throne 1 A' — Princess Anne^ in default of joint issue of Williikai and: jfery. '" ■- ,■'■« B6V^S %60k. 3} Q, — ^Who succeeded Anne 1 Jl. — George'lst ton of the Princess Sophia of Gloucester, on whom the right of the Crown devolved hj Statute in default of is- sue of Anne. Q. — Name the succession to tiie Throne after George Lst i Jl. — George 2nd — George 3rd in right of his father tlie Prince of Wales. /, '^\. '''-' Q. — Who succeeded George 3rd 1 jf. — Gciorge 4lh, bis son, who dying without issue was succeeded* bj bis. 2nd brother the Duke of Clarence. (^•—tynder what title 1 Jl, — William 4th, who was succeeded bj the reigRing ^viiS^k 'Vwtoiia.AlezaDdrini. •■ ' ^^'^i^mm - . lUsh^m^^'S ^^m %r#''#'^ A^^im'mstnf^f: i^^j^j - .., ■ ■' »:^ ■ #^,-M' t > ^.^11* .rf «;<• fS?''?3f^ ^■^'^h''' •. -or'' '^UiM':. ■•,^'i:!^'^J:^: :^llt^'l.ijf^ ji^^^.- i.}i^;$i iH^^:^^ '] 82 TH£ tVIHT <' Ah ! Britain — when we^ who,, eiulting behold Thj splendor and wealth, m the dust shall be cold. May sages, and heroes, and patriots unborn. Thy altars defend, and thy annals adorn ; May thy power be supreme on the land and the wave. The feeble to succour, the fallen tu save, And the sons and the daughters, now cradled in thee, Find no nation on earth like the home of the free.'' (Mrs. Moo]>i£.)> LESSON 6th. The Conetitution of Great Britain it divided into three estates. fi. ^^k^mm^ Afi^f^ Ofi'-^ The Regai, or 6rst estate, — the Aristocratieat, or se* cond estate, — the DemocraticaJ, or third estate. By the first or Regal estate is meant the Sovereign ^wcr, vested either in King or Queen, — for it matters not to which the Crown descends according to the Bri- tish law of succession, but, the pe^rson entitled to it, whether male or female,* is immediately invested with all the ensigns, rights and prerogatives of Sovereign power, on the death of a predecessor, A King of England is more properly a King o/, than ^ Note. '* It is contrary to reason and nature, that women should reign in families, as was customary among the Egyptians, but, not that they should govern an Empire. In the first case, the state of their natural weakness does not permit them to have pre- eminence ; in the second, their very weakness generally gives them more lenity and moderation ; qualifications, fitter for a good ad- ministration than roughness and severity.^ Montesquieu. ^JQfig over fh He is called to govern the people, according to the; laws by which they them^elve^ had consented to be go-, verned, to cause justice and mercy to bo dispensed throughout the realm, and to his utmost to execute, pro* tect, and maintain, the laws of the Gospel of God, and the tights and liberties of the people without distinction* And this he is sworn to observe. And, thus, as all others owe allegiance to the Sovereign^ the Sovereign also owes allegiance to the ConstHniion, The existence of a Sovereign as one of the three es- tates is indispensible. It pi-esents a salutary check against the exercise of unconstitutional povrer by either of the other two estates, destructive to the genera] good. The Constitution, in fact, cannot subsist without a Sovereign. ,^^,^.^, Though the claim of the Monarch to the Throne of Great Britain, is a limited one, yet, the world can affoid no rival in power or glory ^ to the Constitutional So^ vereign of England, ^ In the case of any natural incapacity in the Sove- reign to govern, such as infancy, lunacy or other cau^e., . . •}■■ the tfV)o MtitM 6f I^rliameiit >ippoint ft Bfli»iit> who goveme in the Sovereign'a namey exercising hit eutho* rity. This was the case in the latter part of the reign ef George 3rd. who» labouring under mental aberration, the Sovereign power was entrusted to and exerciaed ^f bis 8en» the Prince Regent, ai\erwarda George 4th» .. w^ ' *. J**' r* -/■i W':^:i^^-''?''''V:^?--:-'^' ■^-- . .•'<'')■*% ^iM^r^A ItOV^B VOOK. t§ ^nestlonfli and Ansivers, I, ¥^- Qn-^nio kow minjr eatates is the British Oonttltntloii dif IM t A.^Thre«. Q.— Nome them 1 A.— The Regal, the Ariatocratical and the Democratieal. tl.— What constitutes the first estate ) A.— The Sorerei^n power. Q* — ^What is meant by the Aristocratical estate 1 A.— The Nobles, constituting the House of Lords, and forming the second estate^ ^.--Describe the Bemocratieal or third estate 1 A.-*-The People, as represented by the members of the Hdust «f Commons* «fe,^.«|.^^.- ,■ g .'='i)rtW5'' ifttt?/— '!> ^■Mi^i^i ■■• ^.f*- ^<>H' .i' >a vihjijrrji-t -yj} i.« '■ • .'.. ; . . : •;'vv^V4 iji/lVV --.ji^ lOT^S BOOK. 87 ^••i f^r f tf'- (he ^ ** Lot efcry lou) bo fubject to the higher powerf . For there i» Ro power but of God ; the powers that be, aie ordiiined of Qod. Whosoefer therefore reiistelh tho poiveri resisteth the ordinance of Ood; and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnatioii. For rulers are not a terror to good works hut to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power t Do that ivhtch is good, and thou Shalt have praise of the same. For he is tho Minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. Where- fore, ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for con- science sake. For, for this cause pay ye tribute also } for they are God's ministers attending continually on this very thing. Redder tiMrefore to all their dues ; tribute to whom tribute is due ; custom to whom custom ; fear to whom fear j honor to whom honor.*' Romant xiii. LESSON 7th. ', ., /r. ■ /'-■■ i ' 1 , * :a^- ,35 .^ The King "is the Minister of God Tor good " to his people, and consequently he is as much hound to exer- ^ cise his high authority agreeably to the divine will for the benefit of his people, as they are to obey him, " in ail Godly fcar, knowing whose authority he hath/ namely God's. """'"" " "' "'*.'. /-■•'"'' r' ^ But whilst the King is a minister for good, he is also , ** a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil ;" therefore if we compare the benefits which an ,» , obedient people derive from their Governors, with the 1 .^ evils yvhich a few tuifbul^nt men may roffer (h)m the L.-.JI4.- ^a ■-, ^xim ' ^-•' s'i'f'* -i-!^ '^t^ ,■•1.^1^ 3S TRB £VBRT worst GovernorSi we shall find that the general good far outweighs the particular evils beyond all comparison. For if the Qovernment is deranged, then every man's hand is let loose upon his neighbor, the strong oppress the weak, and a more general tyranny will follow, than from the greatest severity which any Sovereign can ex- ercise. No evils which a Monarch can inflict, are so grievous, as may be produced by changing our Gover- nors at the caprice of a mob. '^ t- .™fci The stronger the prerogatives of the Grown, the greater is the peoples security ; and it is absolutely necessary that the Crown should be free from all coercion, for who- soever can coerce the Sovereign can oppress the subject, and the chief end of government is to preserve the peo- ple from each others oppiession. The worst of all ty- rannies is occasioned by the weakness of the Crown, and is only prevented by the strength and vigour of the, prerogative. There are no limits to the tyranny of fac- tions, but there is a legal constitut'*onal defence against the tyranny of a Sovereign, which can only be execu- ted by the Ministers, who are an.nverablo with their headr, and fortunes for their mal-ad-ijinitstration. ' ' The ancient and fundamental maxim, " that the King can do no wrong," does not mean fHat he is not liable to the same infirmities and passions as other men ; but - 39 bot's boo». ,H,t the ConstUuUon has p^» - -^^ ^1^ that tiie *^uua* wrong ne may .ctually commit. T**; "'■ '^aon of the liberty --^'TTlCi^X^^'^ sun, sMnes not .0 of his subjects. The K.iB», i ^^ ^jl and by whose influence they are preserve proper places and or*.^_^^^_^ „ The Perpetuity is an attribute of M ^;„. '» On the natural deattt oi w^ '''"'rr^riscldstohisheirwithoutanyinter!^! reign the Crowadescenas ^ ^^^ whatever, who is invested with all the ng P^ Togatives of bis predecessor, , ^. ,, .,,..,,. -'i 3 t ,- "i^ 1 , f ' ■•i^" I-?. ;4'l ^■i 4: >r* ,'i«l 40 'iti:s . '...*._i. • - - ri*.\ . -•.."5 ; j» ■ - '■■■■■ ," c ■: ^i.. ■fM ^;; ) f ' ■;iV' , [ 4 ' --f ■ s .■».„--. . w '.. THE EVERT •- '■-■■ ■'.■ ,■'-; •, H. -!-■• .• -I'-v- •*'''f'i)i»'.-v '■■,«f ■■ -.■■',■■•- • ^ . > • ^v ■ ■ ■'. ■ .• - •^■■> '. . -t- '■^\'-'^ : . - ■ : • • .. ^.f >■.-.- ■■■■■'■ Q^uestlons and Answeriy ■.^••,- ki* i i . -*i;*' 1- ' V Explanatory of Linton 7th, !■ M ';■ Jf •■^'' ■f Q— Why is the King described as the Minister of rOod t ^ «$.— Because he is bound to rule agreeably to the coin[aar.da of God, as laid down in Holy Writ for the guidanco of mam Q.— Hovr is this command expressed 1 A^ — The people are enjoined to obey the Sovereign *'Id iiM Godly fear, knowing whose authority he hulh.*' -> Q. — What tends to secure the liberty of the subject 1 / A, — Strengthening the prerogatives of the Sovereign. , Q. — What is the chief end of Government? «, A* — To preserve the people from each others oppression. Q. — Why is it necessary that the Crown should be free from all coercion ? A, — The same power which could coerce the Sovereign, ^ovM also oppress the subject. , j Q. — What is meant by " the King can do no wrong %** "■ > A. — ^Therc being no kiode prescribed by the Constitution by wkieti he can be personally accountable. « Q.'^What security hate we for the acts of the Sovereign I ^'<, I'. .'■ . BOY'S BOOK. ^.— HU Ministera — who are his adviser** and are therefore held ansirerablc with their lives and properties for any inal>adininit<^ iratioo. Q. — What is understood bj the ancient maxim that '< the King; aever dies t" A. — That on the death of a Sovereign, the Crown descends with- out any interval whatever to the next heir. .••/, *>^-^ ■,(«■ *»-"»,5^ >?,X,-V,. ' t' .--. it ■-• i, 1 K ■vi't.v; r. .jf'V'C, A-m ,.f. r > a :-ir€^A- S ir .. : /'%i, -\ ^^i :i'S^ :t V-, ■ ^?f^^': t ■ t m - ^ -. 'sffeJ^.'* ■ ■v'i-r »■ i£ "0fv.^ ■'. ^>-^ •■'!■ '^;^y:.-.:'^-ix'l}Sr'. V • -rf;'^^--**^ v- ■^ « 1 ^f .1 ' ^ ' p'[^ ^ ■ t'.^i r\ . ..V '!r .■», :h' r- -■" i r .V;/)'S'» v'-V*; h- " .» • - i- .'t;zM -»•- •< ---:.>..-■ W^.%,;;-^lS'^: ■-U.. :- ' ■ -..wr^-T::^^,^^^^^. ^^^ His second prerogative is to nominate and appoint all Ministers and servants of State^ all Judges and ^dmi^ \^i: ■ .\^T ■':.:'* i-f ,><«■■; / ■;>'J.-'-;-.^ «t^ '■;• -iVft;.' BOY^S BOOK. 43 nistmtora of justice, and all OiBcer3 Civil and Military throughout the Realm. His third capital prerogative, is, that he has the whole Executive power of the Govern mc .'• of the nation Uy bid said Ministers and OIRcers both Civil and Military. I might also have added a fourth prerogative, a power of granting pardons to criminals. Had this power how- ever, been unrestrained, all obligation to justice might - be absolved at the King^s pleasui^. He is restricted in protecting liis Ministers, when they have effected or t$vea attempted anything militating against the Con-^ f4itution, .. ' ^.^.^ . ^ But on indictments in his own name for ofiences against his proper person and Government, he is at ii* berty to extend the arm of mercy. -AH pardonable offences are distinguished 69, sim ' against the King, All > npardonable ofifences are dis- tinguished as sins against the Constitution, In the first case, the injury is presumed to extend no further, than to one or a few individuals — in the second, it i« charged as a sin against the public, against the collective body of the whole people. Of the latter kind are, " at- tempts to change the nature or form of any one of the three" Estates or tending to vest the Government, or the admi- . pi^jtration >4h^reof in any one or any two of the sM £§• 44 THE XVERT tales independent of the other, or tending to raise armies, or to continue them in- time of peace without the consent of Parliament, or tending to give any foi*eign State an advantage over Great Britain, by sea or by land. . . The King has also annexed to his dignity many fur- ther very -important privileges and prerogatives. He it first considered as the original proprietor of all the lands , in the British Dominions, and he founds this claim as well on the Conquest by William the Norman, as by the Kings or leaders of our Gothic ancestors. Hence, it comes to pass, that all lands to which no subject can prove a title, are supposed to be in their original owner, ind are therefore by the Constitution vested in the Crown.. . .; . '.. . ._ , . --^ . .■:^:..^ '^.-^ ' On the same principle also, the King is entitled to the lands of all persons convicted of crimes subversive of the Constitution. His person is constitutionally sacred, and exempted from all acts of violence or constraint.j-\^$jr As one of the three Estates, also, he is constituted a* Corporation, and his written testimony amounts to a matter of recosda ^ ' — ■ %i44i He also exercises the independent province of sup- plying members to the second Estate, by a new creation, . a very large accession to his original- powers. Bishops are appointed and nominated by the Sovereign. ,^-^ p. : '.. \ ' I •»..iv BOT'8 BOOK. 4» rft. ^-ff-* ' s; ■ i^^i^v^: -i*: .V*' Q^uestions and Auswem^ ■iT§^: Explanatory of Lesson Sth, > ■ I I Wis »r Q.—- Does the Crown possess any sole right % A, — Tiidre are three great peculiar prerogatives of the Sore- "■e'en* •:, ■ . '•■'■■ .. •' ~ -,. '^x^i^.tfl^o. <2> — Describe the first % | A. — ^The power to make war or peace, also treaties with fo- , reign courts. ■ \y, .v> -,;,., <^: ., ^^ • - ... ^-.•^^j^t-^^®" " Q. — In what consists the second t .:;. «^.— The appointment of Ministers of State, and all Officers ^ Q. — ^What is the third capital prerogative of the Crown 1 A» — The whole executive power of the Government of the Kingdom by his Officers both Civil and Military. , , ,j * .«' jfc ,.,fj, Q. — Does the right not belong to the Crown of pardoning cri* minalst ^■.- .•■-;... ^ .,^ ;- ' :. ' ' '-■■^'- ^"'■'■r^'^i, wf .— Yes I under certain restrictions. ■ #;-: rlr ;^;:|;i;',-|f i^%-. /f% ■;■ Q.— What are those limitations 1 , .i;« -h' > A, — In prptecting his ministers for any injury done or con* ^ spired against the Constitution. _ ^ «fv=^ ^,^.^- >4r; Q. — What description of cases come within the pardoning . power of the Sovereign ? j-v %''' A,—'h\\ offences under indictments in his own name, described as *' sins against the King" come within this privilege of the ^ Crown* '.(lJA^ .:*-,,J'. <. -i^Utl.'/ :i-'' K;f5^TV^-"_ ^..'-r' • wj;-;--- ■,;.' ~; -•■■:, -.^ ^-^ ^.^_ ;.■,-, :;: >» V^^ .i.— In the election of Peers. • ' * * ^' i^^^^^^ Q.— By whom are Bishops appointed 1 ^^^ ;*^^^ '^.— The Sovereign.^* ^tXxi ^M*^ "r^'. ^t/.tjv-' 4k.« *i.** T>^'V#l -swwpSVkb*? .^i&, .:-',r:i'*i.\i'i:^lieUii'ii-i .k*;-* BOt'f BOOK. 41 'M '• ■'-.. — — — — " Be ju«t, and lear not i ,„ . . . v i v Let all the ends, thou aim'st at, be thy Country**, '-^'^ , ' thy God»«, and Truth's ; then if thou fall'st ^— - it f^f-. Thou fall'st a Wesied Martyr." ■ ' ^^ ..: {Shak8pear$*s Henry VIIL) . LESSON 9th. ■■"••^''^ '^^^m- . '. f.,.fC-;.-r*V •!•■■. V ^.n • The titles assumed by the Sovereigns of the Noftiian line were, — King of England, Lord of Ireland, Ddke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Earl of Anjou ; ' on the conquest of France by Henry 5th, he added. King of France. ■'" '■^:\ ■■*■.-'" ^-^h ^':\ -^^^x- ; -. From the reign of James 6th. of Scotland and li^of England, to the close of the 18th. century, the King has ,<. been styled, — King of Great Britain, France and Ire* ->■ land, Defender of the Faith. Those of the line ofHa- nover, have added the titles, Duke of Brunswick and \ Lunenburg, Arch-treastirer of the Hojy Eo^is^il JJm - ■J ptre, and Elector 'Of ^zx\^et^-^':i'^:'^M0^ ' Since the peace of 1815, George ^h. was elevated I to the rank of King of Hanover. ' • ' ^'^ ' ' -^ ' 4^^ The titles of an Heir apparent to the Throne^ are * Prince of Walcsj Duke of Cornw'all and Rothsay, Earl of Chester, Electoral Prince of Brunswiok and Lwii''*^- \ "■ 'ii- TH» BVBRT i l8le8, Great Steward of bcouana, ofthe Artillery Company. > ""-"^ ^ .. ^« nf the Crown to coin or impress money, "'"^ ^ current value thereof. • . „ ^^^ which givei «,«, and currency to fore.gn ^^^^ ^^.^.^^^ the Crown is supposed to ha ^^^ ^.^^^^^ pants ofland. a property .n«nmes of ..^lich are therefore called B^-- ^^^^^ ^^^ :, ^ The Sovereign granU I^^^ ^ ^^^. ■ ..place and precedeac^.-^^^ ,, i„„e patents for • Itisalsothe right oi me v/ .j, .. ..';pecial and personal purposes. ;/ Bot'a BOtJk. 4^ 'The Monarch is also entrusted with the guardianship <»r the persons and possessions of idiotsi and lunatics. The Sovereign has also the prerogative voice in the Legislature, as also the right to call the other two Estates to Parliament^ and duly to continue, prorogue, and din- solve the same. The Sovereign with the advice of his Council/ publishes proclamations binding to the subject, but, then they ai*e to be consonant to, and in execution of the laws of the land. * Note — Privy Councillors are made by the Sovereign's no- mination, without either patent or grant, and on taking the ne- cessary oath, they become immediately Privy Councillors during the life of the Monarch that chooses them, but subject to removui at the Sovereign's discretion* The duty of a Privy Councillor appears from the oath of oflice which consists of seven articles as follows : 1. To advise the Sovereign according to the best of his abiliij and discretion* 2. To advise for the Sovereign's honor and good of the public, without partiality, through affection, love, meed, doubt or dreaU. 3. To keep the Sovereign's counsel secret. 4. To avoid corruption. 5. To help and strengthen the execution of what shall be there resolved. 6. To withstand all persons who would attempt the contrary, and lastly in general, 7. To observe, keep and do, all that a good and true Councillor ought to do for his Sovereign. Next to the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Privy Seal sits in Council, the Secretaries of State, and many other Lord» and Gentlemen, and in all debates of the Council, the lowest de- livers his opinion first, and the Sovereign's judgment is declared laat, and thereby the matter of debate is determined. . W, . w ■■Sait. ■;?■■*:'. 50 IW^BVBRT Hero then we find that a Sovereign of Crcai Britain is conslitulionaMy invested with every power that ean poBBibly be exerted in act« of beneficence and public good,. ' . .,.. • f •» •>»■ ■•;-y,'. •"!:*■ . . N ■ 'i'-v ■v.J • . ^fc 1 ' * I IT . *t '* ft .\.,} ■ ii ^ ( vj*-*i, .:.<. -.1, , '' . ;'*. ' ' ( ■■■: • . , , ., !/'l •' ' i( ,C!..U* fiti-*'' '"■•»■• ; :,,V„ v''-' - ^^'^ >>' • .,, -'■•^^^.'..!« oiiUi^F.- .■( . 1 ♦** - • " .. * ■! • « **' -* / » * i "»! "♦ t BOT'a SOOI. Si : a«.»tft|* • ' « »: .• ^ • 'f , »4. •,•■■ •%■'> |1, -'TTi rv t t.-i^'i::'t , ■■TV Q^uestlons and Answrrfi, ExpiantUory of Lesson 9tK. . , ..-■;■■. '• ■ i "■ ■ '_ '. *• t,-^!^ ■»■■'♦ • f Q. — What right doea the Crown povMs* over the currcnl money •f the Realm? • „. A.* — To coin, specify, change and determine its value. Q. — Does liic power extend to foreign Coin 1 • A. — Yes ! it establishes its current value within the Bi-itish Dominions. * » ,-.. ^ Q. — Ha^ 'he Crown a right in Mines 1 ' A. — Y<-v . '* Gold and Silver, which belong exclusively to the Sovereign, and are called Royalties. a. — What benefits is it the peculiar province of the CrowA to grant to individuals 1 ; A. — Place and precedence, and Charters to Corporation^. . Q. — What other benefits does the Crown confer 1 * • A. — Granting patents for sprcial and personal purposes. ^ Q. — What peculiar protection does the Monarch grant % A. — The guardianship of the persons and properties of id^ioti and lunatics. . . , ^, ' .' Q.-^By whom are the two Houses of Pafliament^salled together 1 A. — The Sovereign calls the two Estates together, and proro|;uet 4r dlMolvts them at will. 4 • n t i m wiiiiiigawaH— MM 52 /•:'-■■-■'■,■■■''■■ THS EVERT ^ '•''v^'T •^':' '''^ .-' v^-'--,-;: Q..^ What is meant by Privy Councillors 1 A. — The sworn advisers of the Crown upon all matters of £ciieral interest. -'V-.^ ,u;.. ..-/v ,-v- t, ,. .• ..v;,:,,^.. ; - ■■„ ;.,.,v ^ v. ■ ■ Q» — By whom are they chosen 1 ' "'/*W A. — The Sovereign appoints his advisers, and can continue or dumiss them at pleasure. ' " t v Q. — How is the Monarch constrained to act in issuing pro- '^ . damations 1 .^ ^ * • A.— They must accord with the established laws of the land. ■^■:i \ i: \ ' * ■* ■ •tf -'1 •.iv '.I'^i*" .«".«•/ * '■ •. ■-: . >■*".,;•- ..i^r-^, ^,. « Hi • '1- ■''■,"■'., . "S - *' •" ' V ■ -'' '•*• ■ ■, -, ■,>.>£'V, rf. ' .■ - \.i • i' , vj%-,. -i r>!»v^^--a^^ .. •<'»' ■:.-ra H- i<,:W^^ '^m. ;j; ■'■■■ , , '. ■^ ■• ^ % of i '". V' . . 4-" or jro- 1 ^: t 'V\' ;■ ..»'^ . ' (■ ^ -I, *.'^ #. ;|^'- •J..-,-- , '■ -J - ?|^^ v,'^ - 1^^ ,, ffi.' A.. ^•■•.; a;: k xotV book. 53 Order is Heaven's first law, and 'lis contest, >j;^vr«ir» r Some are and must be greater than the rest ; ;>?,:smm^m ^; :^^* Vr rAe Ansiocratical or second Estate. .^5 v .y*.^ ^ The distinction of rank and honor is necessary in every well governed State, as a reward for eminent public services, in a manner the most desirable to indi- viduals, and yet without any burthen to the communi- ty ; exciting an ambitious, yet laudable, arduous, and generous emulation in every class of the people. ,^,v%*>» However dangerous these generous emotions might be in a Republic, they will certainly be attended with the happiest effects under a free Monarchy, when, without destroying its existence, or disturbing the public peace, guilty ambition will be continually restrained l>y the superior power, the Sovereigny from which all authority ia derived, ^...■.^g.eiu ,^ i^Mim zm%.i.^^m ' 54^ WrB BV5RT A desire for advaocementy when rationally difiused, give)) life and vigour to the community, it sets ail the wheels of Government in motion, which under a wiise and patriotic Sovereign, may be most beneficially di- rected : and in consequence, every individual may be made subservient to the good of the public, while he exclusively seeke only to promote his o«vn private •■> Yievva. 'ti t:«A.. ( • .i ,5'. 'j'.fts rtj:; r'm^ i^;' l' A body of nobility is peculiarly necessary in our compound constitution, in order to support the rights of the Crown, and people, and presenting a barrier to tht encroachment of either. It creates and preserves that gradual scale of n^ .-^u^-^i ,• n tC ' The Spiritual Lords, consist of two Archbishope and twenty-four Bishops for England, and since the union with Ireland, four spiritual Lords of that King- dom sit by rotatioa of sessions in the House of Lord^,. making the number for the United Kingdom, thirty. ■■^■^ *'# 'W'. '\: boy's book. 55 The Temporal Lords comprise all the Peers of the Realm of whatever title or nobilitv. ■ ^ ^ -''^■■' '^ '^ ^^ AH the ancient Peers sit in Parliament by deecent, because their titles are hereditary, ^^^r ? ti^m^i <> The word Parliament is comparatively of modern date, derived from the French, meaning an assembly that met and conferred together. The Nobility, or second Estate in the Constitution of Great Britain, was originally representative. • ^^- * The members were ennobled by tenure and not by writ or patent) and they were holden in service to the Crown and Kingdom for the respective Provinces, Counties, or Baronies, whose name they bore, and which they re-* presented. ... \ii<^l AJ;:-i'l'?^ti: ^,»,C fi^.>- Questions and Answers^ 'lAf f «ti •' Explanatory of Lesson 10 th. '.»' . irt tj "' ^i> : -Q* — Why is it neceissary that there should be distinctioo nt rank and honor 1 .■•;■'(•?■ »iiO'-;!:r v ,. ';,-i---/v* f'n-; ,. v'::-"'.;-!,* ji;:ai'-) A* — It excite? an hoaorable unbition to deserve it, and is in general bestowed by the Sovereii^ as a reward for eminent public Mrnees. Q. — What do you understand by public services T ' ' ' ' ' ' A.— Benefit' conferred upon the Nation by men eminent in the Senate — in the operations of the Army and Navy — or for disiin* guished talents in the learned professions, and for valuable disco^ veries in Science. Q. — What good tendency does a body of Nobility present t A. — It supports the rights of the Sovereign and people, and>f* fords a barrier to the exercise of undue power in either, Q.-_What does the British Nobi cy consist of 1 ' ^ ^ ' A. — Lords, Spiritual and Temporal. > : r.; j^ ' , i jt Q.— How many Spiritual li^ords a»e there t , , ^ :• ., , A.~Thirty, .... ^ 5 Q. — Describe the Spiritual Lords t A. — Two Archbishops and twenty-four Bishops for fiagland, and four Spiritual Lords for Ireland, . ^.-r^Wbat tre Temporal Lords 1 » '•■ '. \ '. i:^ji ' t '.V. * boy's book. 57 A.~-Atl the Peers of the Realm of whaterer title or nobility. ^. — ^What is meant by the word Parliament 1 W ' A. — It is derived from the French, and means an assembly met to confer. , Q. — How was the nobility con':.titnted in ancient times 1 A. — In members deriving their titles from the places which they represented. '*;•■■•■•■.'/. ^- •■'r.-<^ -'■•:■' .::^n^k ^.^'.^^p,:^ y^ Q, — How are they now created ? -;i ^^ > A. — By writ or patent from the Crown. * Q.— By whom is the Parliament convened ? , ! ^ . *; A. — By the Sovereign, who issues writs calling the members together, forty days previous to the sitting of ei^er House^ V < % — What would be the consequence if the members met^ wiUi» ■*' out being so called together by the Royal proclamation 1 /^^^^^U^^ ^ A.— They would be the guilty of high treason, and all their pro*: iteeedingB would be of no effect. ^ ^U t ♦ iy«' Mi ■■■ I' » t ■ ": i' . -i' ■« » ^ ,-i^.'*':J ■^:^K ;i^t'-,- .' J-^^ a^^%^" (•tJ. ^^,^^»V -' < (...,■(( V, tf^;' --^wfi -*■ A I. ■»■■ v - 68 THS EVKRT '' Fair> peaceful, h^ppy Britain .. From hall and lowly cot, 4 voice speaks forth of parted dayf That may not be forgot ; It tells of deeds of gtory done - - " ' ^ * > % V * By many a noble heart, .•,•*: ''i ? •'•■:i",'Vi, And fields well fought and victories won To make thee what thou art.'' LESSON IIth. ^■^^% A title to be a member o( the second Estate, was from the beginning hereditary. The Sovereign could^ not anciently either cilreate or defeat ^a title to Nobility. Their titles were not forfeitable, except by the judg- ■.'-, ■? ment ot their Peers, upon legal trial. 'r/'.'.^. Until Henry the Seventh, the Nobles were looked up- on as so many pillars, v/hereon the people rested their nghts ; accordingly, we find that in the grand compact l)etweeu John and the collective body of the Nation, the King and the people jointly agree to confide to the Nobles the superintendence of the execution of the Great Charter, with authority to them, and their suc- cessors, to enforcejhe due performance of the cove- nants therein comprised. Such a preference must have proved an unremitting incitement to the cultivation of every virtue, and acts embracing the general welfare. The Crown did not at once assume the independent *♦-- I *. » »-. '» (iV-' ■<•» *:^- :*.. ^,. ■ *. .■ "... ^'Tl^ '■■J right of conferrtng Nobility. weBry the Third, first omitted to call some of the Barons to Parliament who were personr*ily obnoxious to him, alid he issued his writSy or written letters, to some others who were not Barons, but from wliom he exoected greater conformity to his measures. These writs however (I'd not ^nnoble the party, till he was admitted, by the second Estate, to a seat in Parliament, neither was such Nobility, by writ hereditary. To supply these defects, the arbitrary ministers of Richard the Second invented the method of ^. ennobling by letters patent, at the King^s pleasure, whe- ther for years or for life, in fee simple, to a man and his heirs at large. This prerogative, however, was in many instances, declined and discontinued, more par- ticularly by King Henry the Fifth, till, meeting with no opposition from the otlier two Estates, it has suc- cessively descended from Henry the Seventh down to our present Gracious Queen Victoria. Next to their Sovereign, the people have allowed to their Peer- age several privileges of the most illustrious distinction. Their Christian names and the names that descended to them from their ancestors, are absorbed by the name from whence they take their title of honor, and by this they make their signature in all letters and deeds.-— Every temporal Peer of the Realm is doemed a kinsman ..i.t-ii'.i'Mn-' to ihe Crown* Their deposition on their honor is ad* mitted in place of their oath^ in all places out of Parlia« ment, ex^^opt where they persohsl^y present themselves as witnesses of facts. Their persons are at all times ex- empted from arrests, except in criminal cases. ^ During a Session of Parliament* all actions and sui ts at law against Peers are suspended. In presentments or indictments by Grand Juries, and on impeachments by the House of Commons, Peers are to be tried by Peers alone, for in all criminal cases they are privileged from the jurisdiction of inferior courts, excepting on ap- peals for robbery or murder* Peers are also exempted from serving on Irquests All bills ;hat are deemed likely to affect the rights of the Peerage, must in the first instance be brought before the House of Peers, and to suffer no change or amend- ments in the Lower House. ■jif^rU"*'^ ■kMlB * NoTs.— -In TOting in Parliament a P^er may vote by proxy ^or another Lord in his absence, by licence obtained from the Soverdlgn,~-no Peer can have m^re than two proxies,-~-but upon any question of guilty or not guilty, proxies are not admitted. — * Each Peer has a right by permission of .the House^ when a vote opposed to his sentiments passes, to en^r his dissent upon the i^oumals of the House, which is termo^ bis protest^ as alsa hit feasous for such dissent. . ^ ....... » * ', 4^j. . BOT^S BOQE. 61 ■ ^'% ■ '^ -■", t 'v^';t-'''^'H^'"'C\...;.. .••^■»»„'><;. if' (',; »''v ''t4'.4l, '''' ■■* ii^l^-ZM -'-ii:- i %r ■ • r'>,,'" ■ ,.'1 , .-"' ■■■ .■'.'. • •- *'*aw«i Q,iiestions an^^ Answers, Explanatory of Lit^/^v 1 j (A. ir /.'.'^ ■- 'IV.' heir. i. Q. — Do their titles ever become forfeitable ? j,; ^,j /r^ y? ^v *, A.— Yes ! upon conviction by thoir Peers lor any ciiute sub- tersiveof the Constitution. v^ Q.— By whom was the Great Charter coi^^eded 1 " A.— 'King John* '■'•• -- ,, ^f v Q.-— What compact did he mcJce with the people, ? . A.-^To confide the cupcriutendence of the tuecution of ths iCbarter to the Nobles. Q.— What Sovereign omitted to call some of the Barons to Par- liament? ^ _ ., y A.— Henry 3rd. Q.— Why? A. — Because they had rendered themselves personally obnoxious to him. Q. — How did he supply their places 1 A. — By issuing patents, creating others, whom he expected would act agreeable to bis will. » .4 >^-^-v WHh vjt?* ,'^iV-^in^''^AAiin^>it).v\'j.i..^a'»'A'..>^ litf-i-ifih.. '' '■^^ --3 / ♦"';• N^. 62 THE EVERY Q.— Were their titles hereditary 1 A. — No ! nor were they ennobled, 'till admitted to tbo •econd Estate. ,...;-..,. .- ;^ Q.— -Who first created nobility by letters patent 1 A. — Richard 2nd. i. -• • . Q.<— Has this continued so ever since 1 ^ ,- ' A. — It was discontinued by Henry 5th. Q. — In whose reign was il resumed 1 '' ' ' ''V A. — Henry 7Lh. Q. — And is this privilege used by the "reigning Sovereign t A.— Yes! r . Q.— How are Peers distinguished 1 A. — By their title of honor. " Q.-— What do you understand by title of honor 1 * A. — The places from whence they take their title^ as Devon* shire— Dorset — Northumberland. Q — How do Peers sign public or private documents 1 ' " "' A. — By their title of honor. .- > « Q. — How are Peers called upon to attest 1 ' A.~Their deposition on their honor is admitted in place of their oath. '^ ^ / Q. — Are there any exceptions 1 A.— When deposing to facU at which they were present they are sworn. . , . » . i Q. — Can Peers be arrested 1 ' t A. — Not in civil cases, but they can for all criminal offences. '^^ Q. — By whom are Peers tried 1 A.—The House of Lords, on indictments by Graod Juries or Upipcachments by the House of Commons. 1^ ^-. B6t*8 BOOK. 05 Q. — ^Are they never subjecled to inferior Courts ? \"i^«r ;;; A»-»-Ye8 ! for robbery or murder. Q.'-'Have they any peculiar right over bills afiecUng the rights «f the Peerage 1 A. — t iuch bills must in the first instance be brought before the Hous^ of Peers, and the House of Commons cannot alter tb« eaae. :'.:} . J : a'' ^ • • -..- ^'J ■'. y 1, . i'V-f<^'-''(' ' ii •i-^ x-ti. t ,'f 1 ~"' -1 ^z: .. -A .■■* *'- |.v.,.. ; - ^ ,•':/; v ' £-..• .i^ -\ ■ - '', "-■ ' '( . t-^iy"; ■'* ' * ' ; r^ ,->.- 1 4 ' .* ,b' " ' *l^f- ■ '^, -^f^*j# _^1v "'-./..:! • < I i 64 TUI SVBRT : I .«A •' /-» '* Not a State, or a Nation Uiat claims at this hour» Tu be ciirilijed, wise, to bo great or re(in*tf ; But owe« to our Cngki4 a part of that power^ « • Thal*s Ihe cauie of trus greatness, the pow V of tlio mind* And there i3 iiol a soul that e^er panted on Earth, Fo' liberty, honour — to be great, or be free, But the sun, Noble E^iglutd, that warmed into birth, Its brighLcstdC'ires, first reflected from thee. " LESSON 12tu. The House of Lordd ia commonly called the Upper House, is contradistinction to the House of Commons, which is as frequently spoken of as the Lower House. It is provided by the law and the established custom of Parliament, that persons are ineligible to take a seat in either House until after they have attained the age of twenty-one years, and this is a reasonable and just re- straint, for it would be higlily improper and dangerous to trust extensive privileges, and power, in the hands of younger persons. At twenty-one the law presumes men to have arrived at years of discretion, and they are then permitted to manage their own affairs, and evince an honorable ambition to hand down to their posterity a good name gained by an honest, honorable and inde- .:: lia: ^ii'\.\j. ;-^,!! .'.-i'-'jr t. -\\''i.ij-. ■ BOT^S Book. 65 X f. •..»;>: pendent discharge of the sacicd duties entrusted to Uiem of legislation.* The Bishops or Spiritual Lords have the privileges of Parliament, but have not the privileges of personal 00- AU the Temporal or Spiritual Nobles who compose the House of Lords, however different in their titles and Note. — The House of Peers consiats of Fjur Hundred aod tliirty members* The Queen's Cabinet Ministers are as follnv : f First Lord of the Treasury, r Lord Chancellor. , Chancellor of the Exchequer. President of ihc Council. ' Lord Privy Seal. C Home Department. 3 Secretaries < Foreign Do. ( Colonial Do. - . First Lord of the Admiralty. President of the Board of Trader. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster*. • Secretary at War. Those that follow ^v>inQi Cabinet Mihi»ter« Post Master General.. . .4. Lord Chamberlain. Lord- Steward. Master of the Hcrse. Pay Master Gnneral. • ' ■ v Master of the Mint. Master General of the Ordinance.. Chief Secretary for Ireland. Attorney General. '■* ..ftgU«ib9r General.. -- • ■4 t-^ rr - f'. 1 -it ii*;w ii-'fi.'^ ifi^^iSia^^Mdiidls. THE EVERT degrees of Nobility, are called Peers* or equala^ be- cause their voices are admitted as of equal value^ and the vote ot a Bishop or Baron is equivalent to that of an Archbishop or Duke. , v The capital prerogative of the House of Peers consiats in their being the Supreme Court of Judicature^ u> whom the final decision of all causes is confided^ in the, last resort. This constitutional privilege is a weighty counterpoise to the Sovereign'^s second prerogative of appointing the administrators of justice throughout the Realm, forasmuch, as Judges (jwlxo ai'e immediately under the influence of the Crown) are yet refrained from infringing by any sentence the laws or Constitution of England, while a judgment so highly superior to their own impends. v -v i. The second ^rcat privilege of the House of Peers con- sists in their having the sole judicature of all impeach- ments commenced and prosecuted by the Commons.-**- And this again is a very weighty counterpoise to the Sovereign's third prerogative of the Execvtive go- 'dernment of the J^ation by his Ministers^ since all Mi- nisters are amenable to such a tribunal. " ? The third capital privilege of the House of Peers consis;^ in their share or particular department ^rij^ts •J^romparM — e^uaU. .. tf.i!:.i^i--!:^.-*. •>.■. m to BjOT*S bqok, C7 in the legislature. The confirming or negativing all bill« sent up from the Commons for the purposes of govern* ment, reserving always to the Commons their sole and undivided right of grantingtaxes or subsidies to be levied on their Constituents. This negative power of the Lords forms a happy counterpoise to the power both of Sovereign and Common V should demands on the one part or bouAlies on the other exceed what is requisit^L -i t ;''"''-1 ■ ..'^':'\;; /* *A-f'- ^ ■"■ »• : 4,-* It.'. .ii ^■*itl''^%f»*- -j.^ ■; ie-r levying taxes. . ,^, „^ Q. — What powerful restraint does this privilege of :hs Peeni ofier? ' „ . . . *r'^^mj^p^::.^:jf A.— It presents a check to the power both of the Sovereign and people. T"" Q.— In what manner ? / A.^^If the Sovereign should demand, or the Cobbmb0 ahfiuM grant bountiea beyond what is requbite, ^ . ; .: >, . . ifa ■_'.i» !-■■, -.^j. .,,.:,! ■,'«r":--:;":- ;yiwr f-'\. ■.:■;, :-i "^ ir>;:V.' 70 THE EVSRT ti . .■ ^4, I > * i\ '■"■ ** And were I deserted, alone on some shore. Though friendless and poor, yet, respect still I'd clainr> Could 1 boast but one honor, I'd ask for no more — 'Tis an Englishman's bii th-right, a share in hA* fame.*^^ ^^ - LESSON 13th. The title of Duke was original! v svnonvmous with that of the leader of an army. It is derived from the Latin word " Dux " which signifies a leader or Ge- neral. The first person created a Duke was Edward the Black Prince. His father Edward the 3rd. con- ferred on him the title of Duke of Cornwall ; a title which though afterwards merged in the prin<;ipality of Wales, has ever since been possessed by the Heir appa- rent to the Crown. The celebrated Henry Plantagenet was the second personage who enjoyed the title. A Duke's eldest son is usually by courtesy called Marquis, and the other sons are called Lords. Marquisses were first created in the fourteenth cen- tury. The first person on whom the dignity was con- ^ l^rred was Robert de Vere. He was created Marquis of Dublin in 1386 by Richard the Second. Another creation took place in the same reign ; from which j boy's book. 7 1 time the title is supposed to have been extinct until the reign of Edward the Sixth. The most ancient of the several titles belonging to the Peerage is that of Earl. When the dignity was first conferred is not known ; but it is supposed to be as ancient as the time of the Roman sway in Britain. It was originally, in every case, attached to the posses- sion, or government, or both together, of some large tract or division of land, now known by the name of County or Shire. . ', An Earl in former times was entrusted with the sole administration of Justice, joined to a military command in the District in which he resided. His powers were similar to those of Governors General of our Colonies. In the course of time the dignity was conferred by let- ters patent from the Sovereign, and Earls ceased to ex- ercise by virtue of their titles, this extensive jurisdiction. As^ these titles became more i^eneral, they were not confined as formerly to Counties, but extended to Towns^ Villages, E:itates, and, in a few instances even to sir- names, The first creation of Viscount, took j^- - :;e in 1440, by Henry the Sixth, who conferred the dignity on John Beaumont by letters patent. The title has evei' since been bestowed in the same way. Before the time of ■_":*itt*t4'vii.^i>'V'-,trti'J»t&;'*i.-l-j..f'*i't ^-^Api^ p\ ' 4 V3 ' T^E fiVERY Henry t*ie Sixth, the term Viscount was jjppHed to «U the Deputies of Eirla or Sheriffs of Count?ti«, bint it did iiot invest the possessor with any rank of rtoH^litVo The title of Baroti was conferrec^ by WiHiain of Nor^ mandy, dn his leading folio, vers, as a reward for thew services, when he conquered Englan J. T >ri,ion cf land, called a Lord^ihip or Barony^ \lw extent '>r which was proportioned to the importance i.f the services which William's more distinguished followers had respectively rendered him. The title anJ all the privileg33 annexed to it are hereditary. Like MX other oriers of nobility, it is now created by letters . patent from the Crown, and all heiresses df Barons, t^an have their tHle and privileges securfifd to thsni, only bv iho same means. .:r.-V U . ^^''" 1 r:,:» --i ..^.,K, ..^iii'. boy's BOOKt 7S ^?n' , k- '•\ ,.i Q^nestions and Answers, '.H^.M .'-^ 7.1 ■ J •■ >■■* Explanatory of Lesson \dth. Q. — What is the tide of Duke derived from 1 A. — From the Latin word " Dux" which signifies a header or General. U.—VVho was the Hrst Duke t A. — Edward the Black Prince. Q. — By whom was the title conlerred i - ^- *.. A. — His Father, Edward 3rd, who created him Duke of Corn- wall. Q. — Who. was the second Duke 1 ' .- ^ A. — 1 he celebrated Henry Plantagenet* • ;. . ** Q.~^In whom does this title centre % A. — The Heir apparent to the Throne. Q. — What is the title of a Duke's eldest son 1 A. — Marquis. ' * n 'r . Q. — What are the younger brothers of a Mar<|uis called t A.-— Lords. Q.-oAt what period was the dignity of a Marquis created, and by whom ? A.- In 1386 Robert de Vere was created Marquis of Dublin by Riehard 2nd. -y . ; "' Q. — What is the moRt ancient dignity of the Peerage I ^ "' a<'-'i m .^■fc." '.«*■ .. .■.'^WCIB>.. ^iJliVW-^'-- 14, THE EVERT A. — Earl. ^ Q. — At what period was it created 1 ' A. — It is not positively known when, but if supposed to be as ancient as the Roman sway in Britain. *-"*-- ^» Q. — Was the title of Earl in any manner connected with places "i A. — Yes ! of a large tract of land described as County or Shire. Q. — What poWer was an Earl permitted to exercise over such territory 1 , . -. - ^,. ,;..■ ^ ".-.. ".■"■■» ■-' -•.-^■''■' -- ^■^^^" ■.-■ --^ A. — He was entrusted with the sole administration of justice as well as military commaud. ' ^ ■ '"^ '" "^ ' Q. — Do any persons exercise similar powers at this day t A. — Yes ! Governors General of Colonies. Q.— Are Earls , invested with as extensive jurisdiction at the present day 1 A. — No Government is now attached to the title, which is granted by patent from the Crown. t" .. v'«^ >?^ Q. — Was the title of Earl in ancient days confined to largi places, such as Counties or Shires 1 A.~No ! it extended in the course of time to Towns, Villages, Estates and sometimes even to sirnames. Q.-— About what period was the title of Viscount conferred t A. — In 1440 Henry 6th created John Beaumont, Viscount by letters patent. ^ - * - -^^^ ?■ *- Q.— Waa not the term Viscount used before the time of Henry 6th 1 A. — Yes ! but it was applied to deputies nf Earls or Sheriffs of Counties. ^ ; v . Q.^Did this confer nobility T boy's book. fi A.— No. Q*— Who originated the title of Baron 1 A. — William of Normandy on the conquest of England, so dis* tinguished some of his followers. • .^ . Q Did he confer the title alone 1 J - r ^ «^; ■ -i^ A. — No ! certain portions of land called Lordships were at- tached. Q.— Is it an hereditary title *{ ,.; . ^ A.--Yes! * ' . . Q. — How is the title conferred at the present day 1 A. — By letters patent from the Crown. Q.-^If a Baron die without a male heir, does the title die i ' . A.— Yes ! but the Crown can extend it to heiresses, with all Uie privileges by letters patent. . n '. ! .;, ■:. ■',' < i S : ■• " ■y-PJ ■ " f ' ■' by r-ir'x-vci^^r J ':\ ¥ 76 THE EVERT ** Englniid; wiih all thy fault», I love thee slill— My Country ! and while yet a nook is left, Where English minds and manners may be founds Shall be constrained to love lltce." (C0WP£R.) LESSON Uth. - • . T/ie Dtmocratical or Third Estate* Tiie election of Commoners to be immediate Trus- tees and Representatives of the people in Parliament, is tlie privilege of the people. " The Ho^use of Commons was instituted by the Crown as a balance to the Barons, who were grown very opulent and numerous, and as appears by their wars very uneasy to the Crown ; hence we find that \ipon any Barony becoming extinct for want of issue, or by forfeiture ; the Crown parcelled it out into smaller districts, and this begot the distinction between the large Baronies and the small Baronies. The small Bardnies, held by • ig^ts* service, and being too nu- merous to be all called to Parliament, Trere allowed to fiit by representation. This matter was set on foot as a matter of the greatest service to the Crown, both for IS boy's book. * 77 the balancing of the Peerage and for the more conve- niently taxing the people/' << At the tirst instituting a House of Commons, the Representatives of Knights, Citizens and Burgesses, were only looked upon as trus- tees to manage the affairs of their principals, and there- fore in former days it was held reasonable that they should be recompensed by their principals for the ex- pence and trouble they were at i^i managing the trust reposed in them. Hence the fee of every Knight of the Shire was four Shillings a day." , ^^ . , , , -. ,. The persons of Commoners, or the Representatives of the people, during their Session, and for a limited time before and after every meeting, adjournment, pro- rogation and dissolution of Parliament, are equally ex- empted with the persons of Peers, from arrest, and duress of every sort. They are also during their Session to have ready access to the Sovereign or House of Lords, and to address or confer with them on all occassions they may require. ^^ ' ss* ; ; ..>■■' ^ ■ y- - :■■■ . • ■: S ..' M H • *' ! ^ . i" . ;.'-*•. t. ^ ^M ■r;-4^4'h-< • .'}.|- .-• h .A :'*?>; rr i 7«" THE KVtKT C. 1.''^ 's' \ U '.. I : ( - ,, t , ;, ♦.. U'. ^•J»'. Q^iiefilions and Answers, Explanatory of Ltsson I4th» <^. — B J ivhom are Members of the House of Commons choeeu t A* — They are elected by the people. ' Q — What first led to the creation of a House of Commons ? A. — It was instituted by the Crown as a balance to the power of ^he Barons, who had become very numerous and powerful. Q.—Were all the Baroniea of equal extent '{ t- A. — No ! there were large Baronies and small Baronies. Q. — What created the distinction ? * . ,' ^ _ A. — When a large Barony became extinct by death or forfeiture, ' t was divided into smaller districts. f' Q.— Bywhom? . ' ' A. — The Sovereign. Q. — Did the small Baronies or Districts possess the tamie pri- vileges as the larger ? y vr ; ". ;~ r, , A. — No ! They wer«too numerous to sit in Parliament together, ard were therefore 'Teprcseirted. Q. — What gi?cat good did this effect 1 A. — Bothfor balancing the Peerage, and for taxing the peopl/e whom they representedi. Q. — How were the Bepresentatives diistinguished 1 A. — As Knights of the Shire. -;Vi«!»^^,.f J vJ^' »-.._..»*•■ lli «0 THE EVERY V" -. *^ And wher« is the heart that one moment can pause, > ' Or a soul-prizing spirit that e'^er would controul Its love and respect for that country and laws Which has shewn every feeling that's bright in the souU'^ 'If :, LESSON 15th. jtf.' -'j„. J _ y No member of the House of Commons, any more than th? House of Peers, can by right be questioned or compelled to answer in any place whatever, touching any thing said or done by himself or others in Parlia- ment, in order that perfect freedom of speecli and ac- tion may leave nothing undone for the public good. — - They have also during the Session, an equal power to punish any who shall presume to traduce their dignity, or detract from the rights or privileges of their house. — The Commons form a Court of Judicature distinct from the Judicature of the House of Lords. Their's is the peculiar privilege to try and adjudge the legality of the election of their own members. They may fine and confine their own members, as well as others for delin- quency ar offence against the honor of their house* — But in all other matters of Judicature, they are merely a Court of inquisition and presentment^ and not a tri- bunal of of definitive judgment* / 'S^^: ".--Tv/ "^ " ■^«J^^■ »> boy's book. si la thia respect, however, they aire extremely formi- dable. They are considered the grand inquest of the J^aiton^ for which they are supposed to be perfectly qualified by a personal knowledge of what has been ransacted throughout the several Shires, Cities, and Towns, from whence they assemble, and which they epresent. — Over and above their inquiry into all pub- ic grievances, all Ministers, Magistrates, Judges and i usilciaries, who sell, deny, or delay justice, who at- empt or devise the subversion of any part of the Con- titution, with all such as are abov€ the reach of inferior Courts, come under the particular cognizance of the Commons, to be by them impeached and presented for rial at the bar of the House of Lords. And these in- juisatorial and judicial powers of the two Houses, from vhich no man under the Crown can be exempted, are leemed a sufficient allay and counterpoise to the whoh sxecuiive power of the Sovereign by his Ministers, S ' 82 THE EVERT * '^j; vt- .• .-> <. y.y...!;% ^vrM. i, ^ -«. I" *r . f ..J ■'•.' i-.r. '■-'■ %<-,•■" ^ '*."■ »H '■■,.•' ■:.,.'*''"'/' '•■.-' %** ' Jf?" ; Questions and AiiswcrSt - . ' " " ' " * * '^ Explanatory of Leaion Ibth* Q.— Can members of the House of Commons or House of Lords, by right, be called upon to account out of the House for anything said or done by themselres in it 1 ^ A.— No ! it would tend to destroy freedom of speech and ac- tion. ..,.■,• m ': ■ Q.— How would it operate, if they were held accountable 1 A. — It would lessen their usefulness, and independence, so es- sential in the third estate. ^ Q.— 'If persons trespass on the rights or privileges of members, are they amenable ? A.— "Yes ! the House has the power to mete out punishment to the offenders. > . . i Q. — In disputed elections of members^ at what tribunal may they be decided 1 A.— *The House of Commons alone has the right of deciding. Q.— Are members of the House subjected to its power "i A.— Yes ! they can be punished for offences, by fine or impri- sonment. -^ Q.— In general matters of judicature are they privileged to de* cide I boy's book. S3 A.-^No ! they are a court only of examination and present- ment. Q. — Have they power over Judges, Magistrates and other civil officers, for any wrong they may do 1 A. — Ves ! such as are not subjected to inferior courts in dis<^ charge of their official duties^ can be impeached by the Commons and presented at the bar of the House of Lords for trial. Q.— -Wliat powerful check do these extensive powers of the Commons present 1 A.-^A salutary restraint upon the Sovereign, who possesses the whole executive power by his ministers. / I 'ji-^s^.i&JI»&i.: -z. J iyW-tfi u THE ETElir ■'• . *'. ** where is that Briton so «lead to all feeling, Though fortune's bright beams on his destiny" dwell f ( When his heai't its most secret desires revealing ) Will sigh not again for Lis own native Isle. " For the name of his Counti^ is dear to the stranger. Where'er he may wander, whatever his doom, Though by trouble assail'd and surrounded by danger. His heart like the needle still turns lo his home. ^-* LESSON 16th. I i •u The legislative department of the powers of the Com- mons, is in all respects co-equal with that of the Peers. They frame any bills at pleasure for the purposes of Government. They exercise a right, as the Lords also i'o, to propose and bring in bills for the repeal and amendment of old laws, as well as for the ordaining of new ones — and each House hath alike a negative on ail bills that are framed and passed by the other. But the capital privilege of the House of Commons, arises from their being empowered to take from the peo- ple a small portion of their property, in order to restore it threefold, in the advantages of peace, equal govern- ment, and the encouragement of trade, industry and manufactures. This power once giv«?n to the people could never after be wrested from them, and the Com- » boy's book. S5 mons, the immediate organ of the people, have ever been exceedingly tenacious of their privileges, and have justly considered that to sulTer the superior peerage to infringe them, would be the highest breach of trust they could be guilty of. By this great privilege, the Com- mons have the sole power over the money of the people, to grant or deny aids, according as they ehall judge them either requisite or unnecessary to the public ser- ) vice. Their's is the province, and iheir's alone, to enquire into and judge of the several occasions for which, such aids may be required, and to measure and appro- priate them to their rey^pective uses. Theirs also is the sole province of framing all bills or laws for the impo- sing of any taxes, and of appointing the means of levy- ing the same upon the people. Neither may the iirst or second estate, either Sovereign or Peerage, propound . or do any thing relating to these matters that may any way interfere with the proceedings of the Commons, except by their assent or dissert to such bills when pre- sented to them. After such taxes have been levied and disposed ofy the Commons have the further right of ex- amining into the application of them, of ordering all ac- counts relative thereto to be laid before them, and of ceizduring the abuse or misapplication thereof. H ss TK£ tVERT '4\ The Royal iisMnt to all other Bills is given In Norman French, expressing *< The King wills it.*^ — • If the King »*efuse bis assent^ << The King mil advin npon itJ** But when the Commons present thoir bill^ of aid to the -Sovereign, it is answered, ** The Kinf thanks his loyal subjects and so willeth,'^ an express acknowledgment that the right of granting or levying monies for public service lies solely in the people and their representatives* This capital pri^rjlege of the Commons constitutes the grand counteipoise to the So- verngn^s principal prerogative of making peace w wat^ for no war could be undertaken without the sinew$ thereof — money ^ and the granting of which, is imme- disitely vested in die people, through their representa- tives in the House of Commons. Both Houses must be prorogued together, and dissolved together, for one cannot subsist without the other. f r_ — f ■ ,*. ». i vfr.:fv '.*■ - ^ue^ions and Aitiswcf$^. Explanatory of Lenon l^th. ^ Q.— Have the two Houses of Pailiament equal kgisktrve fwwers t A< — Yes I they both introduce and pass measures wiuch they deem necessary to the gtfdd of the state. Q. — What do you understand by measures ? . - ' A.— -The creating of new laws, and the amendment of old tmes. _■'••'■■"- Q., — Does a bill passed by either House, become a law ? A. — No ! it must receive the sanction of the other House, and Is then submitted for the final approval of the Sovereign. Q. — ^What power does each House possess over any bill passed by the other 1 . - 5 A. — To confirm, or negative it -' . *i ■ ir Q. — ^What is the great privilege of the House of Commons 1 A. — Determining in what manner and to what amount the peo- ple shall be taxed. Q.— >How are the means created by taxes, to be employed ? A.— -In support of the Government, and is appropriated by the Commons in the various ways it may deem most conducive to the good of the people. Q.— Have the Lords any power over the money of the people 1 A.— >It is the sole privilege of the Commons to impose taxes — -"■^1 mmmm m ' H ■ > 8S THE EVERT the Lordi can onl/ expreM af sent or diMent when tuch bilU are presented to them. Q. — Hare the Commons any further power in these matters 1 A. — Theirs b the right of enquiring into and satisfying them- selves of the just application of all monies levied on the public. Q. — Hofr b the Suvurcign*s assent given to bills passed by both Houses 1 »' • A. — ** llie King wills »('* which is expressed in Norius^n French. \ • Q. — And what if he disapprove 'i A. — "The King will advise upon it,** Q,. — When the Commons present their bills of sup^^y^ how does tlie Sovereign express his acceptance 1 A. — " The Kini^ thanks his loyal iubjects, and so willeih.** Q. — What powerful check does this great privilege of the Cczz^- mons offer to the power of Uie So^rereign 1 • . , -. ' A. — The principal prerogative of the Crown^n declaring war or peace, for no war could be undertaken unless^e means are granted by the Commons. Q. — Are the Sessions of both Houici of the same duration X A. — Yes ! they must be {M-orogued aod disiolf ed together. »■* ■ /• ■•> ■ ■^ .-.J » 1 Ui. .^rj.'M- boy's book, ^f " :^i .<^. $9 My cotintty ! His ok thet, Sweeft latid of H|)erty— Of thee I sine : Land, where my ftlhers died \ Land of ttie pilgrim's pride } From e^ery fountain-side, X>et (i ee: jtn ring. LESSON 17. t^ ' j f i'? '-^V Mis, 1 ■•' t. L \- .U •^ .vt; .A BritiBh rights and liberties are more generally talkeii of than understood, and yet it is highly necessary they should be perfectly known, and considered, lest igno- rance of the points whereon they are founded, should hurry persons into taction and licentiousness on the one hand, or a pusillanimous indifference on the other. — In vain would these "shts be declared, ascertained and protected by the dea'\ Idter of the law* if the Constitu- tion had not provided certain and sure methods to secure their actual enjoyment. It therefore established subor- dinate rights of the s»ibject. One of which is, applying to the Courts of Justice for the redress of injuries.— Sinc^ in England the law is the supreiwe arbiter ofevery man^s life, liberty anu property, Courts of Justice must II * The kiw is a dead letter till it is pronounced l^ the lips of « i»d^<; inw&Ily appointed to administer it. f- •^■-, -^ ..--. 00 ' THE EVERY at all time& i. c open to the subjecti and the law be dul/ admiaistered therein. If any uncommon injury, or infringement of the rigUta of the subject ahould happen, and which the ordinary course of law is too defective to reach, there still re- mains a right appertaining to every British subject, the right of petitioning the Sovereign, cr ei'her House of Parliament, for the redresti of such injury or grievance. So great a respect does the law of the land pay to pri- vate property, that it will not authorize the leaiit viola- tion of it, not even for the general good of the whole community. The Great Charter has declared that no freeman shall be divested of his freehold, nor of his liberties, nor free customs, but by the judgment of his Peers, or by the law of the land, upon legal trial by the properly consti- tuted authorities. A British subject may claim a right to remain in his own country, so long as he ()lcases, and not to be driven from it, but by the sentence of the law, on con- viction for infringement of the ordinances made and provided for the proper regulating of society. Another absolute right of every British subject con- aists, in the free use, enjoyment, and di8poi»al of all, 4>r any part of his acquisitions, without coAtrouI, or *,'^'i-U4 forefathers, ^and to be tranem'^Uuii to our posterity - this means, our Constltutiou pre eerves so great a i.uii) in so great a diversity of its parte. Wo have an hereditary Crown, — an hereditary Peer- age — and a House of CommonB* — and a people inheri- ting, privileges, franchises, and liberties, from a long line of ancestors. ' "^' ' Note. — By the Reform Bill, a greater number of County Mem- bers of the Lower House has been created^ about equal to the dt^enae made by disfranchbing Boroughs which formerly re* turu«d members to Parliament. Tl^re arc 40 Counties in England which send 80 Knights. ^ 25 Cities 50 Citizens. 167 Boroughs, (2 each) 334 Burgesses, ' 5 do. (leach).. do. f' 2 Universities, (2 each). 4 ^ 8 Cinque Ports, (2 each) 16 Barons. '^ 1 2 C ountics in Wales, ( 1 each) 12 Knights. :; 12 Boroughs, do. (1 each) 12 Burgesses. , AI0O — Shires in Scotland, returning. .. .20 Knights. — Boroughs, do. do 16 Burgesses, i — Shires in Ireland, do 64 Knights. — Bo;'Oug{iiS, do. do 36 Burgttses. Tptal number 648 ,, ,, -^'.^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ 1.0 I.I Ittlli 125 ^ Uii 12.2 us u 14.0 I: I 1^ lJ-25 iU Ii4 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation m ^ «c <> 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 '^^ *^W: " Sii: ■ VJ*' .-/ft;: ■fi'ij!-: • ,■■ -■-,«'/■ .'■.,/< ■■ * 3J;^Jft,;;;^;^ -.-%•■■ -;:•!;,: s'*;'Jr*'' ^■-^'^^- : ;'V'' , ," !'."i-'^ .:r".V;^^'.^''' ■;■ :'■-"'. ^^u'.'i':^ U-. ■;-»:;..';;■?,■ ■;ryi-vfr- dS^':' Tint JtVMfCW*^ »rv'?-^;ti^ 1ja^i';»';«fcJj i'^^>^'-'' ' v^^^^iiestldiis Und Answers^ r ;**«■ ? ■ 'r V ... MxplanatorTf of Litton \7th. ■i^\'m^?<(^^*? > , ■■--■A-^\ •-."»■■■; ■*. ••■ "^ <• Q.--«Wh7 ifl it necessary that the libertief and r%ht0 of 3ritbh lubjedts should be understood^ A.*--To gnard against disaficction, which generally arifles from %norftac6 (Cthe |^t and glorious priiicrples of the British Con'- ^ iti(ttli taiatf of *' oqual Justice to all." -'.■'^.....■.■^-,<^",-r.?.^^^.-'=^"--*^'^- , r*- - -^~- • A»i^Tht eonsiitutional precision- with Which those r%bt« are pointed oiit^ and shielded from iuTasion by legislative proioction» u Q.*-Point out one of these 1 A.— emnts of justice, ^pen equally to the poor as the rich,-^ for the pirtiCection of life and property.. ^ ^ Q.— -Butif it siiould happen that ttiere are matters of complaint which, do not oome within the reach of Courts of jtistice, what liien remidas 1r > • • '■''■- 4 ' - '■*■ ^i^-*-' «■••■'•*■ -'-•^■' '' A.-^Theri^t ot petitioning either House of Parliament, or eten the Sofereigfn. Q.~-Ia tUs 0)6 right of all t A,— •Yes I' from tiie highest to the lowest.. <|.<-Will tlui law of the land permit a man to be deprived of his jivoi^ci^y t i ■i'i':..'XA :~^i.'^- ^'.r BOY^S BOOK* 03 A.— Neither the free right of person^r property, until after legal trial by some properly coMtiluted authority. Q. — Can a man be compelled to quit his country t A.— Nerer ! unless convicted of some offence against the l&ws< Q.— Has a man absolute and uncontrolled right over bis own properly? *\ ' ; .' ' -**' A. — Yes — except when judgment is given against him in some Court of Justice in favor of another. ...... Q. — Are our liberties transferred as an entailed inheritance to our descendants 1 '^ ' A. — Yes ! as pure as they have been transmitted to us from our ancestors, with the benefit ofimprovemcnts and alterations sug-» g^itcd by expediency, and the wisdom of our rulers, vy :^ ^ t'rv'!' ■■>•«. ■> i.-'L 4.(* *. A h^f^^m^' :y^^ ..,.. . ^ : ...^j,r, rk •; y .f- '■' > ^ • - * r ^- ' - '^ ? ; . . '^> ^ ^mO' '# *<^ : ■'."■■< * j' ' i * ' N. ■ 3 '- '« ■ < ' m .*^v,;'* ^* :(i ■: '\ «;p i Si 'U: r. ■'Jf.1 r.T-h ,-*r TUX ZVXKt *^ M; Country ! dear natii^ land t My birth place proud* and free ; >A tr«ttor'a ettrse- be on wy bead Wben I am false to thee ! lBy every recollectibn dear, By friendship's hallowed tie, By scenes ei^aven on the hearty By love-that cannot die \-t % will remember ibfe ! " lif^S^N ISth. 1 ,1- i Ji 'i * The three Estates in ParlidTtient *^ ^ " collectivdy considered, ^ The Sovei^igriy Lords and Commons in Parliament nsembied,. have the legislative power^ and when so assembled form the great representati^'^ of the whole nation* The thcee Estates originally when assembled in Par- Hament, sat together consulting in the open field ; ac- cordingly at Eunnimede, on the 15th June, 1215, in the seventeenth year of hi&Seign, King John passed the Great Charter,* (as therein is expressed) << by the* Note. — In the twenty first clause of the said Charter he co- venants, that, '' for having the Common Council to assess aids, he will cause the Lords spiritual and temporal to be summoned by his writs, and moreover he will cause the principal commoners or those who held from him in chief, to be generally sommoocd to said ParliamcnU by bis Sheriffs and bailiffs." ■V , »OT*S BOOK. $5 device oif the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and of se- veral Commoners, and of odiers of his faithful people.^ In the said assemblies, however, the concourse b^- •came so great and disorderly, and the contests frequently ran so. high between the several estates in assertion of their respective privileges, that they judged it more' ex|[>edient to stf ajDarf and separately to exercisO the offices of their respective departments. One of the greatest benefits conferred by the British ^ Constitution, and which is an «8sential part xX it, Is the trial by jury,* and which may be traced to very ancient origin. But the trial by jury in civil and crimi* nal causes by twelve men, appears to have been firK placed. on tangible footing by William the Conqueror,, and made permanency perfect by the famous Act of ]2vChai>les.tb^jecpndj from which data we may reck^ on the jre-esta^lishment * Note. — ^Mr. Hume hai given an opinion that the first linea*^ lAents of English Jury displayed itself, in the fertile mind, tt&4 srise acts of the great Alfred. ■■&i'ii'L : irt A."£;_;-: ilt'^^i ,Jk,aa4»v^-j.- •At' If ' ■ -t# 1 *^— .^^>. ,¥' M !/• ■fr^^^ 1 .",.->* ...,<; ':^^frJ Mil .-..-, ,iH.,....-.jip.-v. rhich than hn at --■i '■•■■' .-■It ..i- 1 '• .* - ,*ji>«, s-i&'V' !•';«'•■ Q^iieslioiis and Angwersi Explanatory o/Lenson ISth, tm^^&i^^f Ai 7t7f?fi,ti- ■sti : ^. ^*>' Q. — What forms the great rfpreUniaHife pou>9ri>tih9 -nhxiH A. — The SoTereign, Lords and Conutteiw, Msembled in tegisw lative duties. Q.— By whom was the Grtfit Ctotef tdni;li4ed ?^ -' .^0c-'-Q " A. — King John. . -. .,a-.. :i^-?»*^«J-<-.A:; ' " Q At what period t*^'^ ^^.ffi^Wi4i^^' i#^-§^ll|| A.— On thetdth* Jane 12l5^ la the •ef^ehtiMsith^ yoar of kis reign. '' '■ ' ' ^ - n"^^/^ *u%:i8^ii^ Qk— Did the three Estates origihaltysH apart f'^* *J^*^^0 A. — They met t<^ether in the open field, for discussion, f ^^ ^^i ^.— Why was this in'aetic&dlseoatinutcl t » "^-^ ,: A. — The several Estates frequently became greatly' Hffleited la asserting their respective rightsr, and it iras deelBed better that they should exercise their oHlees apart. ^ ^^M^rmt 4 / ^.^What peculiar ineslSttabte benefit is cMtferred by the Bri« tish tJonstiiuUbri t W^^ mf'i:^[ "^^^ f ^^^|:-€i#c :. , ' t«i"; A.— Trial by Q.— By whom ife trial 'by ^ory mippoted to hATt %M Ikst i»sti« vUted. :>■"'' * , V . ' " .'. '^■''■_' ' " •'--.<»•. ■,-'-,-.*.^.*,-,toi^ ^t >-, »• >A - ■ A.--Wimamihet3iBnqaef^ ; ^?»'- Q. — By what Sovereign was it perfected t * ? >^^*^^# •l^-^-» ■-/T^ I I-' I ii I if ir ii ' 41 THS svsiir A.— Charlef the 2nd. Q.^How did he inereaie the benefits arising from it 1 A. — By lemoving many opf^reaiions and ui\just exactions. Q.— Did the same Monarch confer any other great benefit upon the Nation 1 .-. . „— A.— Yes ! he instituted that great preserrer of the liberty of the sutgeety the Habeat Corpui Act* Ci. — ^How long hare British Parliaments continuance, as pro- Tided for by the Legislature* A.-*SeTen years. Q.^n whose reign was it so established. A.— George the 1st. , 4 . Q. — Had they shorter continuance before 1 , . ,' A.— In the reign of William and Mary they were continued for three years only. *. Q.-— By what circumstance are they made of shorter duration A.-^By exercise of the Royal prerogative they can be dissolved ntplelluure* -^^,. .»..,:,;:.^i:-- vri^»^«i^- Q.— From any other circumstance t A. — On the death of the Sovereign. . U.-*Do they then cease immediately % A*— It is provided by law that a Parliament sitting at the death of the Monarch, shall be continued for six months. . r > > Q.— And if not sitting, does it terminate at once t ^ ^^ ^^ A.— It is ordered that it shall then meet for keeping the peace^ and preeerring the rightful succcss^n to the throne. ,^^^^/, , bot's boos. 99 >•., ^j t:'- .iV.......> .-Vji " Breathes there a man with soul so dead^ Who never to himself hath said, — This is my own^ my native land* "— Scott* SUMMARY. ' ' -i? In all steps of national import, the sovereign is to be conducted by the direction of the Parliament, his great national council, a council on whom it is equally in- cumbent to consult, for the Sovereign, with whom they tire connected, as for the people, whom they represent. Thus the Sovereign is constitutionally to be guided by the sense of his Parliament, and the Parliament is to be constitutionally guided by the general sense of the people. Now while the three Estates act distinctly within their respective departments, J\ey affect and are reciprocally affected by each other. For instance, the Sovereign has the sole prerogative of making war, but the means are in the hands of the people and their representatives, '. Again, to the Sovereign is committed the whole ex^ eeutive power , — ^butthen the ministers of that power are accountable to a tribunal from which a criminal has no appeal. A *- 'V^■ I 100 THE EVERY Again, the Sovereign hath a negative voice upon all billsy whereby his own prerogatives are guarded from invasion. But should he refuse the Royal assent to bills tend' ing to the general good of ihesttbjecty the Commons can also withhold their bills of supply* Again, to the Sovereign is committed the cogni- zance of all^auseSy-r-Bmi should his Judges or Judi- ciaries pervert the rule of right and strict justice, an inquisitiony impeachment^ and trial impends, from \\\\QaQ judgment the Judges cannot be exempted. While the Sovereign is thus controlled by the Lords and the Commons , — -while the Lwds are thus controlled by the Commons and the Sovereign, — -and while the Commons are thus controlled by the other two Estates, from attempting anything to the prejudice of the general welfare, the three Estates may be justly compared to three pillars divided below at equi-distant angles, but united and supported at top, merely by the bearing of each pillar against tb^ other. Take but any one of these pillars away, and the other two must inevitably fall ; but while all act on each other, all are equs^lly rounteracte^l, and thereby establish the ^erieral frame* < ■ I ■■ ■ I III I — ^i^— — » *«* The whole of this compendiutn lesson is so fuHy deaionstratqd in preceding chapters^ as to render the Catechist explanations unne- cessary. BOT^S BOOK. 101 <' Isle of the briffht and beautiful t O thou art deaf tome ! Thou sitteat aa aglorioua Queeii «^ . Upon the azure sea ! That aea in all ita power divine, Ne'er quits a nobler strand i For all Earth's purest gifts are thint bright and happy land 1 Honour to thee England ! Sweei isle of peace and mirth, The Sage's pride, the boast of Kings, The glory of the Earth ! What were the brightest lands of old ^ In all their Majesty, With all their pomp and power and eold ^ngland! compared with thee 1 ' ' STATISTICS OP THE BRITISH EMPIRE. i' *i'*.- The superficial area of the British Empire is eight million, nine hundred and forty-three thousand, four hundred and sixty-nine square miles. The population of the British Empire is one hun* fhed and sixty-one millions, five hundred and forty- eight thousand, seven hundred and ninety^eight. The British Army, peace establishment, in Europe, Africa, and America, is about one hundred and twen- ty-five thousand men* i-: 102 THE EVERT . The force in British India is nearly three hundred thousand men. The British Navy in time of war, was, one hundred and eighty four thousand seamen. The revenue of Great Britain and Ireland is fifty-five millions, one hundred and twenty-five thousand Pounds, Halifax Currency. , ? ",*rih ai in ttn^t- The Revenue of British India, is twenty-seven mil- lions, nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand, five hundred pounds, Halifax Cy. This will have been increased by the very extensive accession of territory to the British Grown, by conquests at Cabul and other places in India. '.' •••■>r.-.' i^ t;.ai'i| •d-ytii nr :i %Jf The sun always shines upon some part olThe posses- sions of Great Britain, and the four seasons of the year are enjoyed at the same time in her dominions.— The subjects of Great Britain and those enjoying her protection, give more than one seventh of the whole human race, on the face of the globe, i-^;; j ,. ;y i, The British Navy consists of 735 vessels of War including Steam Frigates in commission or in ordinary, mounting 37,000 guns. This force has however been considerably augmented of late, .v , j ^^m ^^A- • . ■■ ■( ' if ■ - > ' * , • < f ? - L,:.tV.M^*-'~^ '£v:-^'^^;'V'.' *3-''. ^•t.'^i^->'jL. iiA« BOT'8 book* 103 .. . A . >T J 1 » / u 'i ,1 •J THE LAST CENSUS Ot GREAT BRITAIN* ^ The total population of England according to the'> census just completed, 18 7,321,875 males ; 7,673,r m 633 females— total, 14,995,508: that of Wales, 447,- j^i 533 males ; 463,788 females— ^ total, 911,321 : that ' of Scotland, 1,246,427 males ; 1,382,530 females- total, 2,628,957 ; and that of the Islan^'. of Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, Sark, Harm, Jethon, and Man, 57,598 males ; 68,481 females— total, 124,579. — ,, Those numbers, including 4,003 males, and 793 fe-' | males ascertained to have been travelling by the rail- ways and canals on the night of June 6, make the to-«; tals 9,077,436 males 5 and 7,587,325 females. The population, therefore, of Great Britain amounts to 18,-' 664,761 persons. The returns include oniy such part of the army, navy, and merchant seamen as were at the time of the census within the kingdom shoi'e. f i :'■ l n " The Roman, the Saxon, the Norman, the Dane, - ■' ^' Have in turn sway.*d thy seepti'e, thou Queen of the main ! Their spirits though diverse, uniting made one, ^\ Of nations the noblest beneath yor" bright San.-^itfrs. Hoodie* ^ 104 TMfi EVERY If ^K 'f !\; I • Hi Ktttas AND Queens of England from the CoNqvEsr TO Victoria 1st., with length of Reions. Sovereigns, Wm* Conqueror Wm. Rufus. Henry 1st. Stephen Henry 2nd. Rich&rd 1st. John Henry 3rd. Edward 1st. Edward 2nd. Edward 3rd. Richard 2nd. Henry 4th. Henry 5ih. Henry 6th. Edward 4th. Edward 5th. Richard 3rd. Henry 7th. Henry 8th. Edward 6lh. Mary 1st. Elizabeth James 1st. Charles 1st. Charles 2nd. James 2nd. Mary 2nd. > William 3rd. $ Anne George 1st. George 2nd. George 3rd. George 4th. William 4lh. Victoria 1st. Commenced their Reign, Octr. 14-1066 Septr. 9-1087 August 2-1100 Deer. Octr. Juljr April Octr. 1-1135 25-1154 6-1189 6-1199 19-1216 Reigned. Yrs, Mo8. Da. Novr. 16-1272 July 7-1307 Janry. 25-1327 June 21-1377 Septr. 29-1399 March20-1413 Augt. 31-1422 March 4-1461 April 9-1483 June 22-1483 Augt. 22-1485 April 22-1509 Janry. 23-1547 July 6-1553 Novr. 17-1558 March 24-1603 March 27- 1 625 Janry. 30-1649 Febry. 6-1685 F'^bry. 13-1689 Febry. 13-1689 March 8-1702 August 1-1714 June 11-1727 Octr. 25-1760 Janry. 29-1820 June 26-1830 June 20-1837 20 10 26 12 10 24 35 3 29 18 10 24 34 8 11 9 9 17 6 13 56 28 34 7 21 19 6 18 50 4 27 22 3 8 13 5 20 9 5 11 38 6 4 22 I 5 2 13 2 2 23 8 37 9 6 6 5 8 5 4 11 44 4 7 22 3 23 10 3 36 7 4 7 5 10 15 13 28 12 4 24 12 10 10 33 4 14 59 3 4 10 28 7 7 Vivat Regina. 1 Years sinr.e Reigned, 753 Septr. 9 740 Augt. 2 705 Deer. 1 686 Octr. 25 651 July 6 641 April 6 623 Octr. 19 567 Novr. 16 533 July 7 513 Jany. 25 463 June 21 441 Sept. 29 427 Mar. 20 418 Aug. 31 379 Mar. 4 356 April 9 357 June 22 355 Augt 22 331 April 22 293 Jan. 23 287 July 6 282 Nov. 17 237 Mar. 24 215 Mar. 27 191 Jan. 30 155 Feby. 6 151 Feb. 13 l46 Dec. 29 138 Mar. 8 126 Augt. 1 113 June II 80 Octr. 25 19 Jany. 29 9 June 26 5 June 20 p ».*• ^1 boy's book. .•-^- » 105 '' Thine are the glorious mAmories That breathe from tomb and shrine^ That on thy poet*s glowing page, In deathless beauty shine ; Memories deep fraught with joy and pride That float upon thy breeze, And wander on' the swelling tide Of thine eternal seas. fair and merry England ! Glory be ever thine ! For patriots :ir nds and patriots -hearts To guard thy right combine — Bright Eden of the starrjr West ! Queen of the azure sea ! Land of the beautiful ami blest, Thou art the land for me. a;,. Abstract op the Extent and PopuLAtioN oP' thb British Empire at the accession of.. . Queen Victoria, A. D. 1837. ' (EUROPE.) Countries. Square miles* Population. F/.gland I 57 000 ' J 13,089,836 Wales $ &7,UUU. , ,^ 805,236 Scotland Western Isles — Orkney, Shetland and other small Isles 30,000 2,365,807 Army and Navy 277,017 Ireland 30,000 8,000,000 Man and other Islands in the ■ ■-, British sea .. .. 90,000 Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, < ^i »>* Sark and other Isles .. .. .. .. .. - 50,000 "f\ :\v*.*^f; f*'-"'~ "-Ti",' ■^'^' J'T^*' T" *' ',; .'■■' i •^^r':■•■'\i*:^'r.<'-l' 1^%, Heligoland Gibraltar Malta and Goza Ionian Istands. THE EVERT? 1,50(> t* •• •• •• •»' •• •• •• •• •* •• •• 2,200 i2,ooa 93,000 230,000 118,500 (ASIA.) "Jl ■ 7 .. . ' 26,015,59d Presideney of Bengal Do* Madras Do. Bombay Doubtful DistricU ** •• •» •• •• •• *» •» •» •» • /I •• •• •• •* •• •» •• •* •• •• •» •• •• •» •» p-* Countries under British protection. The Nizam of Deccan .. Rajah of Naypoor Kingdom of Oude • The Guickwar » . . . . The Satarah Rajah The Mysore Rajah Trarancore and Cocheu Kctah, Bondee, and Bopaul Rajpoot and oUier States . . . . ^ Whole number of square mUes to the above . . . .1,300^000 The following States are aK lies of the English East In- dia Company, but excepting the^ Seiks have only a pre- carious 'ndependence-— ^ The Maharatta— Prince Sindu ..4,000,000 Rigah Nepaul . .2,000,000 The Seiks .... 3,000,000 Ceylon 20,000 Other Islands and settlements in the Indian sea including Aiaiacca •. •• •. .. .» »• .» »» 69,710,071 13,508,535 6,251,546 600,000 10,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 3^000,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 15,000,000 2,000,000 5^:.v^"'; 66,600 t :.^.;i lOY^S BOOK. 107 Ceded by the Burmese in 1 826. Carr&ean, Yeh, TaTOj, , ^ Mereue and Tenuserin^ , . 50,000 The foOowing States which at one time formed part -' of the Birman Empire, are noir nominally ude- pendent' as their respec* tive Ri^ahs are appointed bj the British Go?ern* ^ ment in India: Maunipore, Radsehar, Assami Yeahung Van Diemaa*8 Land • • • t • • « I 3,500,000 24,000 (AFRICA.) Cape of Good Hope, Sierra , Leone, Gold Coast, set* ..^ tlements on the Gambia, "- Accra, Cape Coast, and the Islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Isle of France, Muhe and Seychelles . . , ,. 250,000 6,262,500 1,000,000 (NORTH AMERICA.) Nora Scotia, New Bruns« wick, Prince Edward's Island, Newfoundland, L. Canada, U.Canada, Labrador, Hudson's Bay Territory, &c., . . . . 3,500,000 1 I ••• ^- ■■ '< «. ; \ S5,O00 S3,000 ■;■ ■'■'■'■ ^. i. v;,.i\ 4. 350,000 158,535,784 !i,000,006 (SOUTH AMERICA.) Demarara, Essequibo, Ber* bice, Honduras, and the Falkland Islands . . • « 165,000 );200^00d J> . .~^:*.-.^'rfi*y.\??:■i.i■'lJia,i''iaJ.»■>.'!^^i■l:^iiwJ^..;^ i 'Ni^K-^^ i:.-'i«*«"": v'»~7;, V■J■y^ ■ yi\.v ..-■ t:-^ t^-.':. "-jp-'Tj'rp.a '^'i^'ryw'iai^^t,'; ,''^" ! ! lOS mt EVEH* BeKMMl^ •• Bahammas Jamaica Barbadoes . . St. Christophers Antigua Nevia and Montserrat Barbuda • • Anguilla . • Dominica . * St. Vincent's Grenada Tobago Trinidad St. Lucia . . • • '^ The Grenadians and other ■mall Islands in the Car- ribean Sea (WEST INmBS.). 5,500 .. ,.v.K -'•*rt-9vl 'ft 6,400 ,,^,,.; ,.^i/ ..:, rr. 140 {,:i <...:..r:^;» ^Jij 'VJ- 80 • ^it\>.r-,i\i^ii* -m-.-T C'.i. 100 72 60 60 150 150 } ; XJ, 150 80 2,897 90 .1 ft ,rA•^^;•■J ... ♦>♦ '< ■;.■..; . ^^..-^'ii 1,14^,030 Jm^ MMMiiXirfbi Total square miles 8,943,469 '•i'f'./.'O'^': 16t,54^798 Totil eopulntioii in the Bntish Ethi^re. itt mil . i .•. '*--"' f.if- t-V .. -• .■{ ;<: bot's book. 109 T -.' e V. n:r RATES OP WAGES, ENGLISH, AND FOREIGN. i ^■vnr' Comparative statement of wages paid to mechanic^ manufacturing operatives, and agricultural labourers, in the various countries, from whence [in time of plenty] bread and com could be exported ; and the . wages paid to similar work-people in Great Britain, 1840. ji» i» * •*f'' Wages per day, paid to a Mechanic, on the borders of the Black Sea, Odessa, Is. 2d. i to an Agricultural Labourer, 4«d* ^ - .^ , r .. . , ., , Wages per day, paid to a Mechanic, in Poland and Russia, Is. 8d. : to a Manufacturing Operative Is. 3d. ; to an Agricultural Labourer, 5d. ,^., , ,, Wages per day, paid to a Mechanic, in Spain and Portugal, Is. 3d. ; to a Manufacturing Operative, Is. ; to an Agricultural Labourer, 7d. Wages per day, paid to a mechanic, in Denmark and Germany^ Is. 4k1« : to a Manufacturing Operative, lOd.. ; to an Agricultural Labourer, 9d. Wages per day, paid to a Mechanic in France, 2s. 7d. 'j to a Manufacturing Operative, Is. 4d ; to an Agricultural Labourer, Is. 2d, ^^ Average wages in Foreign Countries, per day to a Mechanic, U* 7id. ; to a Manufacturing Operative, Is. IJd. J to an Agricultural Labourer, 7d. ; , ^ , , ..._,JC ■ ' ... , .rV / [ ; Wages per day, paid to a Mechanic, in Gr^at iJri- fain, ^. Sd. ; toa M&nnfacturiBg Oper|iU|^e la^Sd*; .s: to an Agricultural Labourer, Is. lOd. '^ ' ^"'^ • From whence it will be seen that the agricultural la- bourer in Great Britain is pai'ct nearly tiblree timeli sTs much wages as the Agricultural Laboui^'r of the aboN^e ,'; Countries wkicbis oiriy "f Jd. per day. The British ^ manufacturing opcrtiti^e, gets about one-half more than' ^/ the average of the Foreign operative. Is. l^d. per ^ day I and the British mechanic and artizan is paid more thati double the'avera^ of the mechanies in the atiove^ Countries, at7jd. peir day. ^ ;^4^- _ ^*.,. ; ^.■.^^..■^. w*^ i'> In France the sawyer works seven days- a weefc, 1 and earns 11^ 3d., with' which he can buy twenty loates of bread at 6^^* and 5d overr ^ **fe^ ^^li In England the sawyer works 3i!:t days aiid earns 158.' l with which he' can buy 2^ loave at" Bd. In England', then, silt days labour will buy one-fourth more bread I' than seven days labour in France, fn which country ; then is brestd cheapest to the labourer T >'^- > nj a^^^j^f* - In Fiance the Agiicultural labourer werks sevetf i days and earns Ts. a week— equal to twelve loaves and . 6 d. over, and provides his own diink^T .-r^f^ ^^-^ '^'^^^W fn England the Agriculfural labourer works six days" and earns lOs, a week-— equal to fifteen loaves f and 4 is (bund boer eiquai to eighteen pence more^^*. ^^^^^k^* The same proportions hold good with regard to shoC'^l^ makers,, tailors, and all' operatives and artisans. jAi/ff .if , In France there are no poor laws, no provision fo# • r -boy's BOOK. . \./J^l : nged and inHrm — so that the labouring class have to lay up In store for the days when their strei^h is exhaust- etl ; and wretched indeed is then their .state. Here^ again, England offeraan advantage to)ierJat)o>iringpo^ * pulation — a retreat in sickness and olddgc^^and a main^ tenance for the families of the disabled ^ and at whose expense ? chiefly tiie landowners and occupiers, who, 19 addition I0 wages, pay a large sum to iho poor rate* s ' (■ .^^ . "- ■ ' '■■■ ,^ •■•'....,- MP"U.»r'.^.lM^ ' > VlSi-^'^'''1.rft.hb :;mjl;:,|.^:^^^ '4'^' ■■:'^iH v^;'. .'•■^" :-.S'. ff^^ v- ":'• r'-/'.;'»- 7. ,-♦;• . ■4:■kf,i,^l■■: ■-'■ ■ > :^5,,:f CV., '\y{ ,. •■ , »r:,; iif %f ^i;i^d)tf Mi^ilf^tfc^ ^^i- f ,\ ^ > 1112, . THE EVERT . ''jbii^^'-. "^'""^.m '■■:^^^''^y . ' ''■''•'''^■^''^fr '■'^i^fi.-l ii'^-.' ** To that clear Isle, from whence we sprung "' . <;' J Which ^ave our fathers birth ; --I :*2m:^^T^ fif'VVhal glonoui deeds our bards have sung The unrivalled of the earth — ,. «r . ^. ; The hishett privilege we claim, ^^'^^^ ^ ^^^'*ff * \*rfij«j%j^!', Tp own her sway^ — to bear hername !" ^ (Mr9. Moodix.) •i Chronological Table of the Principal aichievt" ments of the British Army and J{avy, I would commence with and direct the minds of my readers to the destruction of the Spanish Armada in the Eeign of Queen Elizabeth, in the year • 1588. The English under Admiral Penn obtained h r possession of Jamaica in 1656. Gibraltar was taken by Admiral Brooke in 1703. £ The English took Barcelona and the Spa- nish fleet was defeated off Gibraltar in . • 1705. . The French were defeated at Ramilies by the Great Marlborough in 1706. The French were defeated at Oudenarde by Marlborough in . ir • . . • ^ % 1708. And were again defeated by the same Ge- neral at Malploquet in the same year. -| The British took Louisburgh and Cape^^^^^ "'"^^^ Breton in , • 1745. •1 113 1747. 1759. 17(30, 17«31. ■«••»■■ • 17Q4.. 179D. - »^ boy's book. A signal victory was gained by Hawke over the French fleet in '."''..• . . • * Guadaloupe was surrendered to. the 'British — and Quebec was stormed and taken by Wolfe in r . ... * . Montreal and Canada surrendere'il to Sri- ti:$h prowess in ♦:>-> . • • #^ • • Pondecherry and Belisle were taken in . The French fleet was defeated by Admiral Lord Howe s^nd seven sail of the line taken in The English took the Cape of Good Hope 1*1 • • ,• /• .• ♦-,'•. Ceylon, Malacca, and Cochin were taken from the Dutch by the British in^ _» ., . ., . The Island, of Klba surrendered to Britain in the sam<8 year. In the sa(ne year |i Dutch squatjron vyitli 2i000 troops on board^ surrendered to Adr miral Elphinstone. An important and signal victory ^s,^ain- .ed over the Spanish Fleet ofl'Cape St. Vin- cent'by Sir John Jarvis in the same year. The Dutch fleet was def^tedby Admiral JDuncan off C^wperdo^yn, also in the sa^ne V ' year. . The Toulon JFleet \yas defeated by Ad- miral Lord Nelson at the memorable batlleof the Nile when nine sail of the line were cap- ^tyred^ two btirnt, and two escaped, in .179S.* i790. * -\.'t 1799 lj' I 114 THE EVERT Lord Cornwallifl compelled a French force which landed in Ireland under Humbert to surrender to him in the same year. . ^ ^ ^. ,^ A French squadron full of troops and . bound for Ireland was captured by Sir J, B. Warren in the same year. Bonaparte was twice repulsed at Acre by Sir Sidney Smith, in • • • • Seringapatam was taken by the British ^.. - - in this year. . ^ •- ^^^ Admiral Mitchell compelled the Dutch, fleet of twelve ships of the line and thirteen Indiamen to surrender to hm also In vhis year. ^ Sir Ralph Abercrombie effected a landing ; in Egypt ; Aboukir surrendered to the Bri- tish in the same year. ? *v The French were repulsed at Alexandria ' and the gallant Sir Ralph Abercrombie gave ,, up his life a sacrifice to his country ^s great* jiess in the same year. ^ .^ The memorable bombardn^ent of Copen- •, hagen which was in part destroyed by Lord < Nelson, the Danish fleet of 29 sail taken and destroyed in the same year. ' ^^^ A victory was gained over the Spanish - and French Fleets near Cadiz, by Sir Jamea Saumarez, the Saint Antonia mounting 74* ■ •^'**-^. '«•.. f ^^..:3- "w^ii'^; •■:.'f'i vt~ ■■ ^..^^■■J - (uns was captured in 1801 '.;. ! ' 115 . ^ * . I? "j^ 1803 I* '^. l^n^-"^ ■*i. 1804» 'i bot's book. In the same year Lord Nelson bombarded Boulogne destroyed 5 vessels and disabled ' The Mahratta Chief Scindiu was defeated by the British and Agra surrendered to the English in In this year also the French were com- pelled to evacuate St. Domingo by the Bri tish. An homefvard bound East India fleet un** der Captain Dance defeated a French Fleet in •• •••••» Surinam was als9 taken by the British in the same year. <^ - > ;. ,;,' Three Spanish Frigates were captured ^ - > also about the same period with three mil- >^ ^'^ '>- lion of dollars on board. > i, .,. '^>^ ^ ' i The French and Spanish fleets were de- ^^ ^ >*?* t^ feated by Sir Robert Calder in ^f't* • 1S05 In this year the immortal Nelson gained ^ ''-^^^•' ^^* a most decisive and glorious victory over^* •^^•'^^^'' the French and Spanish Fleets off Trafalgar ^^^ when twenty four of the enemy^B ships were *^^ taken or destroyed. In this memorable ^ battle the hero received his mortal wound, - ■*• which terminated his valorous and patriotic »• i«-^^^ life in the atehievement of one of the greatest j^ v^ %^N^ naval victories on pecord< ^^^>it *-Jf^*^ , The French fleet was taken by Sir R*v%|^^ : m6 THE EVERT ISOS. ..iJt .' 11 Strachan, in the same year. J come now to the period In which the '« Hero of a hundred fights" signalized him- self in defeating Junot at the battle of Vimei« rra, the illustrious Duke of Wellington waa then Sir Arthur Wellesley, this atchieve- .ment was in • • • * The memorable battle of Corunna, in which after victory, the retreat rendered im- perative, was so skil&iUy effected by^ir John Moore, but Who was .unfortunately killed, >thii8 olfering up another vaiuable life on the ' .altar of his Country's greatness— this was in ? / •the same year. , , "j ; • * The Isles of Erance and Bourbon were f' 4aken by the British in . • . i.^/ 1S10»^ The French were defeated by General ;^c *i* ^foi Graham at Barossa in • • • i ISll.. General Beresford defeated the French un>- , der Soult at Albufeura, and Lord Wellington ; defeated Massena near Amelda jn.the same year. ...,:.w, :«;.-.-.,-. Lord Wellington stormed^CLudadP'ler'go jn • • • .• 4* • And stormed Badajosin the samt; ^tar, ^ * .' i.;j:-m General -Hill ;took Almarez, and Lord ; >' «» - ?K ^Uington took Salamanca at the same pe- , ^ }\ v aloii Hnd soon aQer entered Madrid. ^ Jii€ 4mQricRrv^ w.ere deieskted at .?iyi^ ^»■.V■'• "■ *■ '*^-i..i-y>. 1-S] **.* '* * -^ BOT'8 BOOX. au Raiain, and the American Frigate Chesa- peake wab captured by the Shannon in this year • •«•••• Pampeluna surrendered to the British, and the decisive Battle of Leipsic ocourred the same year. The British entered Bordeaux, and Soult was defeated in • . • • ^ Soult was finally defeated by the British at Toulouse, and Genoa was surrendered about the same period. In the same year the City of Waahington was taken by the British. The Battle of Waterloo— The im^^, mortal Wellington at the heal of about ' 60,000 men, and Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest Oenerals of any age — with about 80,000 men fought this great and me-* ' morable battle, upon which, the peace of Europe, and fate of the world might be 8«id to have rested. It commenced on the 16th of June, 1815, and was maintained with the greatest military skill and daring, until the evening of the 18th when the hooes of Napoleon were for ever crushed, by as sig- nal and complete a defeat, as can be found on the page of record. This was the first and only time these two renowned warriors met to test their military tactics in the field. 117 1S13, ''«fe 18H. iM <«*>'< 5 /i ■ ■_it.-;iv:^r.3;\j V lis r>I'>TtIB rVERT ThQ military honor and glory of France anil England centered in these two great men1 yea ! two great men, for whoever would deny Napoleon the credit of possessing the most brilliant military skill and courage, :}WOuld rob Wellington of half his glory. — Na- poleon is numbered with his fathers, — rc- quiescat h\ pace. — His virtues were few — ihis failings many, — But quickness ©f appre- hension, profound military skill, the rapidity and daring of his movements, together with h\3 successful atchievements — place him, as ,.a warrior, upon a pinnacle x)f renown that few have attained, — Future ages will do him the justice that the present has denied Jiim — and the errors of the man, shall be .buried in the fame of the warrior. — But our ;great, good, and glorious Wellington lives-o- lives in the hearts of millions — who know not which to admire most in the same indi- vidual — the honest statesman^ or the Con-' queror of J^apoleon, Cambray was soon after taken by the British. Algiers Viras bombarded by Admiral Lord Exmouth-^it was nobly executed in a glo- rious cause, and effected the freedom of a .^reat number of prisoners, and obliged the J)ey to the abolition of slavery. Honor to ■•i ■ V ;V. ; ■,. thee my Country— ^ou art always as read/ 4^:\^h i'^ilV) to fight for the rights of manliind, as to pro- i^lfmlM^^^I^^^ tectthin« own — this summarv chastisement v^' 4 of the pirate nation occureil in * * 18l6v f/ v, i*he Burmese in India were completely overthrown, and 50^000 sqAW*© miles ex- tent of country, ceded to Great Britain in 1S25.^ The 'Turkish Fleet was destroyed at Na- \ varino by the united Fleets of Gceat Britain, ^ * France and Russia, led by tftat of Great Britain in ^ # • • • ^ ,, The great and important conquest by Gen. Sir John Keane, in Cabul and other placed, in India in 1839, is the last of my chrono- logy. The conquests in China, and the' operations of the ai'my in India being of re-' cent data ate before tlie public* ■ ; ; v»i 1827. u*< ,.;-, In her Ifaval Battles, Great Britain has not had an equal— and her military atchievemenls in the field, place her ui>on a footing at least, with any nation,- either at present, or of old. Her commerce is tlte most ex- tensive of any I^atioh on the Globev— ^The fine arts^ and philosophy fi'nd a cradle, and are nursed into ma-^ turitv in Great Britain.-*- Her charities are universal, — The philanthropy, and' honorable bearing of her sons,-^ beyond- ail praise. — The refinement^ virtue^ and b^MUf !■■ » P TCWWl^mW »•• ? i2a"-^'' THE EVERY of her daughters/-^9ppreciat^ at home, and the theme # of admiration to foreigners. In a word^ Great Britain ^'- isthe seat of learning — ^the birth place of liberty— -the ^i' envy of the world, '"■ <■ , ^ «; f •' ii6^ij:3^^ iji^m^ .^^iki tmi ■ ■''■■>,. '■: , r/-' A cheer for galtant Britain r V.rr! ^^^i.>••|^l■ '^^?!U' ,• v.. The chiTtlrQus— the free ! ^ ; ^ Thy soldier in the batUc-fieW, ; Thy sftilor on the sea^ \^^lfS Ne'er found a foe they fled from— ■y :/.!"': % A foe ihey did not qticll, ■y . ::"l Hurrah I for gatitot Britain j.fi,vi^vi %im^-u^r:: ^^ft • ' The land we love so weH. . ' ;> y . ■ :^^^^. A cheer for generous Britaui I -■ Amidst the surging lea f^k^itf y^'-.:' ::/::■''''' The pers^uted exile found V ■■%/ A refuge rock on thee. - In thee the slave exultant^^^ >-'*' -^-^ ;: " ' Leapt as his fotters foil, ■{.. ; ^^^ = ,r,t , 7 Hurrwi ! for generous Britain^ The land we love so well. :.>iiuil •».1,--*^i '%f :^ .4^v4'?|-ir 0- .^C'i ti^V '• ■ i» ■,.. /it,,,-- . *.J»< A cheer for happy Britain^ ^il Where justice holds the sway, Where learning stirs to enterprizCi And science points the way ; Where peace, and love, and charity^ With all the virtues dwell, llurrah ! for gallant Britian^ Thel(Mid we love 80 well, r"? ivv; ik: i .'&■■'- .s-a, )H).',^i •«**;' .'1*3?^' *-j '/Vv^a"-' '■.t'l^. ■•-•'•i>'-£- ■'• r • .■,^v«i;',.;jit'."< :'t?« 'i^^j.'.i fey. ";■« - ■• ;-<-l..' ■-•'.■},' : -, .■» ■■/■,-■. ■,■'; "i "i,* «" /. . !■«.. ,1^ '< iHi m ■\^'-f •n^. ......: ...:,.i*/:- ,;l ' -r'X . -;■■ :■" .■f.' ta'm { -the )^ 'i V-?', .•■. ■'/ '-' r>?'': • j'-Vj - ! 1*1^ ■^v-i^i. :w