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GEOLO(iICAL 81JRVEV OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.U, LL.D., F.H.S, Director 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OS 
 
 NORTH - WESTERN MANITOBA 
 
 WITH PORTIONS OK THK Al MA( KNT DlsTHI'TS OK 
 
 ASSTNIBOIA AND SASKATCHEWAN 
 
 BY 
 
 J. B. TYRRELL, M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QCEKN S MOST 
 EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
 1892 
 
>c 
 

 To Alfuku U. C Sklwyn, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Ac, 
 Director and Deputy Hf^ad, 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 SiR,__I beg to present herewith my report on North-western 
 Manitoba, and portions of the adjacent Districts of Assiniboia and 
 Saskatchewan, accompanied by two copies of a map on the scale of 
 eight miles to one inch, one showing the geology of the region, and the 
 other the distribution and character of the forests. 
 
 The collections made during the course of the exploration have for 
 the most par:, been described in other reports and papers. For 
 gratuitous assistance in the description of these collections we are 
 hwlebtedto Dr. D. Riist, of Hanover, Germany; Dr. H. A. Nicholson, of 
 Aberdeen, Scotland ; Prof. T. Rupert Jones, of London, England ; Sir 
 William Dawson, Prof. D. P. Penhallow and Prof. B. .1. Harrington, 
 of Mc(;iill College, Montreal. 
 
 We are also indebted to the various officers of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company for much assistance rendered during the cou-se of the explora- 
 tion, but especially to Mr. David Armitt, of Manitoba House, who did 
 everythino- in his power to promote the welfare of the expedition. 
 I have the honour to be, sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 J. B. TYRRELL. 
 
 Grolo(;ioal Suuvev Office, 6th June, 1892. 
 
 
 H 
 
I- 
 
 Note.- -The beann<;s thrrni.-;h..iit, this report are j;iven with 
 reference to the true nieridian. 
 

 
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 CLII'K O!'^ MIDDTJ': i^HVOXIAN l)(M/)Mrn: (STi;l 
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 IXIAN DOLOMITE (STinXlJOrKIMlALrS ZONK) 
 VWSOX IJAV, LAKK \VI XX I I'KdOSIS. Lat. 52 51' 4(r N., L().n<;. \m 40' W 
 
Anmai. I{i:i'()|{T, \'()I.. V., 1hm<) !io-!)1. I».\|{t K. 
 
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Warn 
 
NORTH-WESTERN MANITOBA 
 
 WITH lOJ'TiiiN.s OK THK IMS'IIUCT.S OK 
 
 ASSTNrnoIA AND SASKATCHEWAN 
 
 ^ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The presoiit roport, with tlu- accompanying maps, i.s the result of r)iitf of .x- 
 <!xplorations carried out (luring the summers of 1887 and 1889, and '''"'''^''""• 
 portions of those >f 1888 ami 1890. 
 
 On account of the magnificent resources of this c(,untry in dairying. I'lvliminary 
 lumbering and agriculture, and also on account of the long continued ill "'""■'■ 
 health of the \vriter caused l)y an attack of typhoid fever contracted 
 in the northern part .f Lake Maniloha, it was thought advisable to 
 publish a i)reliniinaiy description of the region in the Annual Report 
 Geological Survey, vol. III., in which a few of its main characteristics 
 were commented on. 
 
 Throughout the progress of the survey, Mr. D. B. Dowling, B. A.Sc, Assi^tancv. 
 has acted continuously as my assistant and has pei'foi'med a con- 
 sitlerable portut!! of the topographical work that it was found absolutely 
 necessary to prosecute in order to designate int,;lligently the geological 
 features of this hitherto almost unknown region. To him is also due 
 the credit for any excellence that the maps possess from a cartographi- 
 cal stand-point. The projection was laid down by Mr. Scott Barh)W, 
 ciiief draughts! m, and Hie proofs were carefully inspected by him. 
 
 In tho preparation of the map, it has been found nmch more .satis- Contour li.ua 
 factcry to represent differences of elevation l)y contour lines, rather 
 than by hachuring as has been customary up to the present in the 
 maps published l)y this department, since by this niethod the character 
 of the e.scarpment running n..rth-north-westward through the j)rovince 
 of Manitoba can be beautifully brought out. On the other hand, 
 it has been impossible thus to repre.sent many of the steep, but com- 
 paratively low slopes. 
 
E3I 
 
 6 
 
 NOIITH-WKSTKUN MANITOBA. 
 
 Maps. As ft basis f(ir tlie prepiiriitidii of the jtrcsj'iit map tlie surveys 
 
 made by tlie Dominion Lands Branch of the Department of tlie Inte- 
 rior liave been used wheiever j)ractioable. These incUide surveys of 
 townships and townshij) outlines in the southern portion, all of 
 which are uiarked in full lines ; the western boutulary of the pro- 
 vince of Manitoba as far north as the north side of township 36 ; 
 a meridian township ouiline between ranges \X and 19 on the 
 First System of Survey, run on the ice across Lake Winnipegosis 
 to Cedar Lake ; a traverse survey of Lake Manitoba (corrected 
 by transverse lines at several points) ; a traverse survey of Lake 
 Winnipegosis from Meadow Portage around the west shore to the 
 mouth of Overflowing River, and surveys of Shoal liiver, Swan Lake, 
 and Swan and Overrlowing Rivers for a few miles above their mouths; 
 a survey of the Saskatchewan River >^ corrected for longitude by con- 
 necting it with the meridian line running southward across Lake 
 Winnipegosis). The surveys of the old line of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway have been of much \alue, especially in furnishing reliable 
 ba.ses of elevation. The ^Manitoba and North-western Railway has 
 furnished similar information for the .south-west corner of the sheet. 
 Besides these lines, surveys of Waterhen River, and Meadow and 
 Mossy Portages were made in connection with the Canadian Pacific 
 survey. Indian reserves have been incorporated throughout, as well 
 as several surveys of timber limits in the northern portion of the Duck 
 Mountains. 
 
 The following statement of the surveys performed during the course 
 of the present exploration is essentially an abridgement from the Sum- 
 mary ReiKirts of the J^irector in the " Annual Reports " (.f the Geolo- 
 gical Survey Department, vols. TIL and IV. 
 
 Starting from Brandon on the loth of July, 1887, we drove north- 
 .vard to Strathclair, and thence niadt; an odometer survey of the trail up 
 the Littl(> Saskatchewan Hi\er to its source in Lake Audet, across the 
 summit of Riding Mountain and down the Vermilion River to Laks 
 Dauphin. From this trail, paced surveys were made of the beds of 
 Ochre River and Edwards Creek, the banks of these streams being 
 either too swam{)y or too much obstructed by fallen timber to admit 
 of following them even on foot. 
 
 T , T» 1 •. An odometer survey w-as then made northward across Wilson Fiiver 
 -Liakp iJiiuj)nui "^ 
 
 I'lftiii- to V'alley liivei', a track survey at the same time being made of Wilson 
 
 River and its vicinity. North of Valley River one of the rounded 
 gravel ridges, known to the Indvins as "Pitching Ridges," was followed, 
 first with a buckboard and f)do!neter, and afterwards on horseback 
 RS far as Fork River, a fairly accurate sketch-map being at the same 
 
 Exploration, 
 18S7. 
 
"S 
 
 TYRRELL 
 
 1 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 7 K 
 
 time made of the eastern fac<' of |)uL'k Mountain. Finding' tliat 
 progress would be very slow north of Fork River, we returned to 
 V^alley River and made an odometer survey of the eart trailieading 
 we.stward aloiifj; tliis stream, reaching Sliell River through tlic deep 
 glacial valley that .separates the Duck fioni the ]{iding .Mountain. 
 From Shell River the trail was followed and surveyed over 
 the high ground southward to the village of Russell, a tei'miuus 
 of one of the liranches of the Manitoba and North-western 
 Railway. From Russell, a similar .survey was conducted acro.ss Silver, 
 Bird Tail anil Arrow Creeks to Shoal Lake, and thence to Little 
 Saskatchewan River, returning by a more north 'rn route to the point 
 of starting. 
 
 From Russell we proceeded northward with buckboard and carts shell River, 
 to A.ssessippi, on Shell River, from which point the vehicles were 
 sent round to meet me higher up the livei-, while with .saddle and 
 packhor.ses X examined the lower part of the valley, and rejoined 
 the carts about the south line of township 26. We then continued 
 up Shell River to within three miles of the confluence of the 
 north and east branches, generally in the l)ottom of the wide, deep 
 valley, but sometimes where it was imiiossil)le, without great delay, 
 to ford the stream, we were ^ibliged to climb to the top of the l)ank. 
 On the way, however, we left Shell River for a time and turned east- 
 wai'd on an Indian cart trail to Angling Lakes, where C(tte"s band of y^"gh"S 
 Indians have several houses in which they spend the winter, being 
 here in the centre of their hunting grtninds. From this village, then 
 quite de.serted, a tra;k urxcy was made of the .stream that Hows suutli 
 ward out of tlie lai'gest and most easterly of the Angling Lakes till it 
 was found to flow into the valley that .separates the Duck from the 
 Riding Mountain. It was found to be the main branch of Valley Uiver. 
 Two pack trails leading northward froai the Indian village were also 
 examined, one l)eing found to lead up the east branch of Valley River 
 to its source, and the other to (Jull Lake which belongs to the drain- 
 age area of Shell iiiver. 
 
 Retui-ning to this latter river, we were obliged to leave the carts at 
 a point three miles below the confluence of the north and east 
 branches, and to use packhorses in continuing the .survey towards 
 the .sources of .some of the small streams tributary to the main river. 
 Returning to the carts we followed and surveyed an Indian cart t, iil 
 westward across Big Roggy and Little Boggy Creeks, till it joined 
 the old Pelly cart trail at the Indian village on Cote's Reserve. We 
 then followed and located the latter trail north war<l to Fort Pelly, 
 where we arrived on the 2'Jnd of September. 
 
8 E 
 
 NOUTH-WESTERN MANITOUA. 
 
 Swan River. 
 
 Duck Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 SwanlRlvcr 
 Trail. 
 
 BiiromeU'r 
 
 readings. 
 
 Having hen; ohtained sufficient .su)){>li('.s to la.st till the end of the 
 season, we folh^wed a cart trail to the north-east, keeping south of 
 Swan lliver for ahout forty niile.s, or till we reached tlie " Square 
 Plain," making an odometer survey throughout the distance. I, how- 
 ever, branched oft" from this trail, and with packhorses followed a trail 
 up llolling River, till the stream became very small and was flowing 
 in a shalUnv valley through a c<Hintry that appeared to be one inter- 
 minal)le swam[). As the country was impassal)le for hor.ses, I returned 
 and made a paced survey clown the bed of the stream to a short 
 distance below the crossing of the old location of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, where tiie river again Hows in a defined but winding channel 
 through a nuirshy, le\el tract of counti'y. 
 
 Returinng to Sciuare Plain, Swan River was crossed and follo»ved 
 on its northern bank down to the mouth of Oak Creek, where the 
 carts were again left, and with pack and saddle horses a track survey 
 was made around the north end of Duck .Mountain, followitvg, during 
 part of the distance, conspicu<-)Us gra\el ridges that extend along the 
 eastern face of the escarpment, at least ;<s far nortli as the vallej' 
 of Swan River. Tn returning, the north-east point of the Duck 
 Mountain was crossed, and also the head-watei's of North and Ht)uth 
 Duck llivei's and Pino Rivei-. Then passing around the north end of 
 Big Lake, in which Rolling Kiver takes its rise, the head of Faveli 
 River was reached. This rivtir was then followed on a northward 
 course to near its junction with Rolling River, whence we returned to 
 the carts at the mouth of ( )ak Creek. 
 
 While T was engaged as above descril)ed, Mr. Dowling was making 
 pace and track surveys of .Swan River and of the country lying north 
 of it in the vicinity of the camp. 
 
 Delow (>,ik Creek an odometer survey was made of the trail down 
 t(j Swan Lake, and the river was followed on foot in many places, 
 where there was any possibility of exposures of the underlying rocks 
 being met with. From Swan Lake the party returned to Fort Polly 
 by the okl Hudson Hay Company's cart trail on the north side of 
 Swan River, at the same time making an examination of the southern 
 face of Thunder Hill. 
 
 The village of Russell was reached and the season's work completed 
 on the seventh of November. 
 
 Readings were taken legulariy tlnee times a day from a mercurial 
 barometer, and nunuTous intermediate readings were taken from two 
 aneroids. These were compared with rccadings taken from a standard 
 mercurial at Minnedosa, the height of the cistern of which is I,()89 
 feet. Known points were alto taken along the old Canadian Pacific 
 
V, 
 
 ■1 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 9 K 
 
 lf)wn 
 
 aces, 
 
 Dcks 
 
 ■lly 
 
 of 
 
 iprn 
 
 'ted 
 
 ui'ial 
 two 
 lard 
 689 
 I'iHc 
 
 lailway survey line, and l)arometer i-eadinj^s at these points were com- 
 ])art'd with simultaneous readings at many surrounding places. 
 
 On the i;Uh of June, 1888, I left Winni|)eL' for Portage la Prairie, K\i)lor.iti..n, 
 wiiei'e Mr. W. K. I>aker, (lenei-al Suix-rinteiidcnt of the ^Ianitol)a 
 and Nortii-western Huilway, kindly ordered a railway velocipede to 
 be placed at my disposal. With its assistance all the cuttings on the 
 railway between Minnedosa and Langenburg were examined, as well 
 as the material thi-own out of the wells at and between the diffeient 
 stations. 
 
 Returning from Minnedosa to Westbourne we paddled down Wliile 
 Mud River to Totogen, and from there coasted along the west side of 
 Lake Manitol)i to Manitoba House The east side of tlie lake was 
 next e.vamined from Manitoba House to Fairford, and tlie Kairford 
 River was desoMided to its mouth in Lake St. Mai'tin. 
 
 A survey was made of this latter lake by Mr. Dowling with a com- Lake .St. 
 pa.ss and floating boat-log, while the writer travelled on foot into the l*'""' 
 w()o(h'(l country to the west of the lake for the purpose of examining 
 and locating a reported deposit of gypsum, after which a careful geolo- 
 gical (wamination was made of the shores of the lake itself. 
 
 Returning to Lake Manitoba, its north shore was examined, and 
 any outlying islands A-ere surveyed, as far as the mouth of Waterhen 
 River, and this riv(>r was explored up to Waterhen Lake. 
 
 From Wateriien Lake the writer returned to Manitoba House, and 
 the next eighteen days were spent in company with Mi'. J. V. Whit- 
 eaves, Pala'ontologist of the (ieological Survey Department, in making 
 a full collection of fossils ittmi the exposures of Devonian rocks around 
 the shores of Lake Manitoba. 
 
 In the mean time, Mr. Dowling surveyed the east .shore of Lake i,^^,. ^vimii 
 ^N'innipegosis with a comi)ass and micrometei' as far as Mossy Poi'tage, l*K''"<"*- 
 and the noi'th siiore with a transit and micrometer from the meridian 
 outline neai- Mossy Portage to the mouth of ()\"erflowing River, thei-e 
 connecting with the traverse of the west side of the lake made by the 
 Dondnion Lands Branch of the Department of the Interior two years 
 before. 
 
 He next surveyed witli compass and micrometer the OverHowing 
 River foi' thirty-.se\{Mi ndles up from its mouth, the Red Deer Ri\er 
 up to the lake, which was found to have an area of a hundred scjuare 
 nules, and the river for twenty-two miles above the lake. He also 
 connected the tinal point of the Dominion Lands survey of tiie Swan 
 River with the chain survey of the higher parts of the river on the 
 south-east side of two Indian reserves now abandoned. He also made 
 a survey of many of the islands in Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 i 
 
m 
 
 10 E 
 
 NOUTII-WKSTKHX MAMTf»HA. 
 
 Mossv HiviT. 
 
 pt'JfOSIr- 
 
 Porcnpiiif 
 
 Mumitiiiii 
 
 Ex iil( nation, In the siiriML' of 1889 the rivers St. Martin (Little Saskatchewan) 
 and I'airford were ascender! tVcim Ijiike Winnij)e<i to Lake Manitoba, 
 and .Manitoba Houses was readied on the evenin;; of tiie Stli of .June. 
 
 I'^roni Maiiitobii Floiise tlie lake was cross(>d to (\ane Jiiver Nar- 
 rows, where lines were lun to locate some islands more exactly, 
 and to idnnect the surveys of the opposite sides of the lake. The 
 Wateilien Kiv 'r was ascended to Lake Winnipegosis and tlu; south 
 shore of this lake e.xamined t(» the mouth of Mossy lliver, and at the 
 same time a survey was made of Snake Island, and the other island.s 
 in its vicinitj'. 
 
 A micronHitei' and compa.ss survey was made of Mossy River, and 
 the shores of Lake l)auj)hin were run in with the floatin<j; boat-i( {^. 
 b:ikc Wiiiiii- From Mo.s.sy River, the shore of Lake \Vinnipe},'osis was d.o.sely 
 followed and examined to the mouth of Hi'd l)eer River .ind survey."* 
 were made of all the adjoininf; islands. Shoal River was then ascen- 
 ded to Swan Lake, and surveys were made of the islands in this lake. 
 
 From th(! west sidt^ of Swan Lake an examination was unilertakeu 
 along the foot of the Porcupine Mountain to Kematch lliver where <i 
 good .section of the Niobrara and Benton beds was obtained ; meanwhile 
 Mr. Dowling cros.sed to Bell River, and ascended it to the summit of 
 the mountain, alst) obtaining a section of the Cretaceous shale and 
 the overlying drift. North of Porcupine Mountain Red Deer River 
 was ascended in canoes to Red Deer Lake. There, horses were 
 obtained from a .small ban<l of Indians living at the west end of the 
 lake, and with two men I stfuck back to Ai'mitt River at the foot 
 of the mountain. From the west bank of tljis .stream two gravel ridges 
 were followed altevnately, to near the mouth of the Etoimami River, 
 where they merge into an extensive .saady delta-plain. An old trail 
 was then followed down the nortli sid(> of \\v(\ Deer River back to the 
 lake. 
 
 From the mouth of Red Deei' Ri\er an examination was made of 
 the north and east shores of Lake Winnipegosis, a pace survey was 
 made of the western Mo.ssy Portage, while the eastern Mos.sy Portage 
 was also carefully e.xamined. 
 
 From Pine Creek Mr. Dowling returned with the boat to Manitoba 
 Hou.se, stopping on the way t<> make a survey of Waterhen Lake with 
 a compass and fl(mting boat-log. The writer left Pine Creek with a 
 horse and cart, and made an odometer survey of the ti'ail back to a 
 small new Indian village on one of the j)itching ridges. From thei'e the 
 ridge was foll(»wed north to Duck Itiver, and the deejt gorge of North 
 Pine River was discovered and examined. Frttm the Indian village 
 an odometer survey was nuule soutlnvard to the Dauphin settlement, 
 and thence eastward through wooded country to ManitoVja House. 
 
 \Vaterlifn 
 Lake. 
 
INTKODUCTIOX. 
 
 In the eai-ly sunimer of 1890 a i-aiiue traveise was made of the KxpLimtion, 
 Assiiiiboine lliver southwai-d from Fort Pelly to Portage la Prairie, ^""*'- 
 and iiiiniediately aftcrwardtt a survey of the islands and south shore of 
 Cedar Lake was made with a compass and floating Ijoat-log, and the 
 Saskatehewan River was examined from Cedar Lake down to its 
 mouth. At the same time Mr. Bowling examined a small area, iiitherto 
 unexplored, on the eastern face of the Riding Mountain south of Lake 
 Dauphin. 
 
 The plateau on the sumnnt of Porcupine Mountain was not exam- 
 ined, but its to{)ogra}iliy has been dotted in from [)lans and verbal 
 information received from Hakewekochin, John Beardy and Peter More, 
 three Indians living near Swan Lake who lumt and trap in that area. 
 
 During the course of the exjiloration the fossil fauna of western VtrnmU. 
 Canada has been \-eiy greatly enriched both by the discovery of new 
 species and by the tinding of many pnniousiy known species which 
 have not b'-'ore been met with on this continent. ^Nlost of these 
 have been i ntitied or described by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, Paleon- 
 tologist of this department. The fossil plants have been kindly deter- 
 mined by Sir William Dawson and Profe.ssor D. P. Penhallow, of 
 -Montreal; the Radiolaria by Dr. J). Rust, of Hanover, Germany; 
 the Stromatoporoids by Dr. H. A. Nicholson, of Aberdeen, Scotland ; 
 the Ostracoda by Professor T. Rupert Jones, of London, England : and 
 a Cretac(>ous insect by Prof(!ssor S. IT. Scudder, of Cand>ridge, Mass., 
 U.S. Specimens of brine fi-om all the principal brine springs in the 
 district were collected aiul have been analysetl by Mr. G. Christian 
 Hotlmann, Chemist of this department ; while Profe.s.sor l!. J. Hairing- 
 ton, of Montreal, has kindly analyser! the fossil resin collected on tlie 
 shore of Cedar Lake. 
 
 More than two hundred photographs have lieen taken of places and Pl.otojfrai.hs. 
 features of especial interest throughout the region. 
 
 was 
 
iL' K 
 
 NOKTII WKHTKUN MAMTOIIA. 
 
 HISTORICAL sKiyrcii. 
 
 8eclu(lc(| 
 INwitiiiii. 
 
 VtTciidrye, 
 
 David Thoinn 
 sun, 17!t7. 
 
 North-weateni Miinitoha Ims, up to the present time, remained com- 
 paratively unkiuiwii, for since the early part of the present century it 
 has Keen (ill" the main line of travel cither to tiie (Jrcat Plains or to 
 the Athabasca lic;,'ion Vv'uiv to A.D. 180(5, however, the Swan and 
 Red Deer rivers were iiuiin channels of the trade of the North-west 
 Company with the Indians of the Plains, and a good cart trail is stated 
 to have existed aloiij,' the iioith hunk of the latter river throii;,di what 
 is now dense poplar fon.'st. Also for' many years after the aliove date 
 Fort Pelly was u\ni of the chief triidiiig posts of the Hudson's Hay Com- 
 pany, and boats of from three to four tons burden annually descended 
 the Swan River, carrying the furs there collected to York Factory on 
 Hudson's Bay. 
 
 The following are among the mori! im})ortant recorded explorations 
 that have been made in the region under considei'ation up to date ; 
 
 Lake Manitoba was first discovered by Chevalier de la Verendrye, 
 wIk) in April, 17.'59, was sent by his father, Si(>ur de la N'eren- 
 Irye from Fort la Reine at Portage la Prairie, to look for suitable 
 places to construct forts on Lake des Praii'ies (Manitoba) and the 
 lower portion of River Paskoiac (Saskatchewan) and to examine the 
 northern end of Lake Winnipeg in order t(j intercept the trade with 
 the English at Hudson's Bay. Two years later, in October, 1741, 
 another paity was sent by Sieui' de la V^erendrye, under the Cheva- 
 lier's eldest brother Pierre, to build Forts Dauphin and Bourbon in 
 the district already explored.* 
 
 In September, 1797, David Thompson, the distinguished geographer of 
 North-western America, crossed Lake Winnipejr from the mouth of ^^'in- 
 iiijteg Ri\er, ascended Dau])hin (St. Martin's) River, and entered Manito 
 (Manitoba) Lake. This lake was crossed, the goods were carried across 
 Meadow Portage, and he proceeded to the mouth of the Little Dauphin 
 (Mossy) River. He then traversed Lake Winnipegosis, ascended Shoai 
 River to Swan Lake, and ascended Swan River a short distance to the 
 old fort of the North-west Company on the broad alluvial tlat on the 
 north l)auk of the stream. Here he left his birch canoes and taking 
 horses rode up the valley of Swan River to the trading post on Snake 
 Creek, crossing on his way a wide sandy plain on which he states that 
 'the buffalo sometimes feed in winter." From the Snake Creek Post 
 
 V 
 !* 
 
 *Rei«)rt on Canadian Archives, 1889, p. 27. Meinoire du Sieur de la Verendrye, 
 in Meinoire et Doonnents originau.x, recneillis et publies par Pierre Margry. Paris, 
 1889, pp. .'i!)! & 594. 
 
TYRRELL. 
 
 IIINTOlirrAL HKKTCH. 
 
 Hi K 
 
 lie turned .s..utli U, the Assiiiilx.ii.e l?iver, the valh-v ..f wliieh he fol- 
 lowed to a trading post six miles l.fl.nv the mouth of Little H„ggy 
 Creek. He next surveyed the upper waters of the Assinihoin,. Hiver, 
 after which he .set (.ut on his winter journey to the Mandan viijafre.s' 
 on the Missouri. Mr. Thon.p.son's map, ,.n the .seale of about thirteen 
 miles to the inch, is in the po.s.sj.ssion of the Crown Lands r),.partment 
 of the pr()vin((> of Ontario.* 
 
 ^ Alexander Henry, who was afterwards drowned at the m..uth of the Al-x. ILnry 
 Cohnnhia Hiv.-r in 1S14, .spent the winter of 1799 1800 at Fort ''""■ 
 Dauphin on the lake of the same name, and in 1S04, he made a 
 winter journey from Port* ^e la Prairi.. a.Toss Lake .Manitoba to 
 Manitoba I louse, t 
 
 Tn the year 1800 Daniel Williams Harmon, at that time a elerk, „ w „ tr 
 and afterwards a partner in the North-west Company, a.scemled St """'• '^^"'>- 
 Martin's River, .ros.sed Lak.>s Manitoba and Winnipejjosis ami as' 
 cende.l the Swan l{iver to the company's tradin- post. Durin-' the 
 winters of 1800-1804 he often travelled up the Swan l{iver ^alley 
 with a dog team. He speaks of the .soil bein^^ rich, of there beinjf 
 a«an;enatthe fort, and of .salt .springs in the vicinity fron. which 
 salt was obtained. I 
 
 Sir John Hichards<,n, who ,nade .several journeys up and down the Xot- l.v Si,- 
 Saskatchewan m the early part of the present century, states • "AVe ■'"'"' '^''■''■ 
 obtained specimens exactly similar to tho.se (lin.estone) in Lake Win '"''""' 
 n.peg fron, .Manito-l)aw Lake, and were informed that itabounds much 
 further to the Houtliward."§ 
 
 ¥He also describes the Scapuhe of J/../,./,, ;,i,auf.us obtained 
 through the exertions of Dr. Kae "fn.mSwan liiver (properly Swan 
 Kiver District) near the western side of the basin of Lake Win'nipeg " 
 
 On the first of December, 1836, Thomas Simp.son left Fort (Canyon T. .si,,,,.,.,. 
 
 Ins famous .loun.ey to the north and crossing Lake Manitoba on the 
 
 ice reached Manitoba House on the Gth. Thence he coasted the west 
 sho,.e of the lake to Meadow Portage, and travelled on the ice of Lake 
 ^\ inmpegosis to Duck lUy. At Duck l!ay he struck inland by a 
 winter traiUoJ,Van Lake, from which he ascended the Swan Hiver 
 
 tAlexander Henry's Manuscript in the Parlianu-ntary Lil,rarv in Ottawa 
 
 .A .[ournalof V„yage.s and Trav,.].. i„ the Interior of North America bvDani.l 
 Williams Harmon. Andover, 1820. America, Dy Vnnul 
 
 Appfmr"" ''~' '" ''"'"■ ''''■ ^'"""""' ^*«- ^«23. V. rm. Richard^on'e 
 
 andm"f "'""''"'"*^"^' HM.8... Herald." London, 4to. 1«.H !,.. 101102 
 
 lH:{(i. 
 
14 K 
 
 SOHIII WKSTKliN MANiniHA. 
 
 fl. I'lilHwci-, 
 
 i8r>7. 
 
 S. .r. Dawson, 
 is."),s. 
 
 A. W, W.Il.s, 
 1.S58. 
 
 valley to Fort Pt'lly luul going \>\ way of Fort Carlton hurried on to 
 the Mackenzie Hiver. 
 
 On his r(!turn journey he reached Fort IVlly on the HL'nd of .January, 
 1840, and then turned southward by the trail on the west side 
 of the Assituhoine iliver. 
 
 He gives sliort descrij)tiiMis of lakes Maiutoha and Winnipegosia 
 and mentions the manufacture of salt l)y "freemen" 'or sale to the 
 Hudson s Hay Comj)any.* 
 
 In Octultei', li^'")?, C'apt. J. Falliser, returning from Fort Carlton, 
 travelled down the trail on the west side of the Assinil)oine from Pelly 
 to ?]llice, and has left a short general description of that portion of the 
 country, t 
 
 Tn May, 1S")S, Mr. S. .1. Daw.son left I'^ort (larry and crossed over 
 to " Manitoul)a " fjake, on which he emi)arked, and thence travelled 
 in canoes to the north-we.st end of *' Wininpegon " Lake, crossed 
 the Mossy Portage to IJourbon (Cedar) Lake and descended the Sas- 
 katchewan to Craiul Hai)ids. On his return to Mossy Portage he 
 divided tlie p-'irty, giving Mr. Wells, his assistant, charge of one sec- 
 tion, while with the other .section of the party he ascended the Swan 
 River in canoes to the Pelly Cros.sing and descended the Assiniboine 
 fron; Fort Pelly to its mouth. 
 
 He gives a description of the character of the .shores of lakes 
 Manitoba and Winuij)egosis and mentions the occurrence of limestone 
 tc)wards the north em] of the latter lake. He also notes the occurrence 
 of nuueral springs near the mouth of Swan River, from some of which 
 salt was being made. Swan Lake, and the valley of Swan Ri.'er are 
 then glowingly described, the latter being correctly stated to be one of 
 the most beautiful tracts of country that he had pa.ss(;d through. A 
 good general description is then given of the valley of the Assiniboine 
 from the Elbow at Fort Pelly to its nuiuth. He mentions having 
 found tlnat coal on Swan Hivei-, and that the Indians report it on 
 Rolling River, Thunder Mountain and Red Deer River. 
 
 Mr. A. W. Wells, who took chai-ge of the second division of the 
 party, measured the length and heiglit of Mossy Portage, giving its 
 length at four miles and eighteen chains and height of Lake Winni- 
 pegosis as four feet above Cedar Lake. From Mossy Portage he 
 travellfd southward along the west side of Lake Winnipegosis to 
 Mossy River, which lie ascended to Lake Dauphin. From Mossy 
 
 *Xarrative of the Disuoverif.s on tin; Xortli Coast of America by Thomas Siinp- 
 8(in, Lonilon. 8vo. 184;), pp. 31-30. 
 
 t'l'he ilnurnals, Dt'tailcrl Reports and Oljscrvations relative to the Exploration, 
 &c., hy Cai)t. .1. ralliscr. London, foho, 18ti3, pp. 59-60 
 
•1 
 
 IIIHTOUICAI, SKKTCM. 
 
 ir» K 
 
 rrtuice 
 wliicli 
 ('!• iire 
 (inn of 
 h. A 
 ihoiiie 
 laving 
 t it on 
 
 if the 
 
 liufjj its 
 
 NVinni- 
 
 e he 
 
 i^dsis to 
 
 MoHsy 
 
 as Sinip- 
 >loration. 
 
 Kiv«'r lu> tnivtlU'il hy the noitli riid of Liiko .Miiniti)l»ii, wht'iu-e he 
 (lesMMidcd hy Ht. Martin's Kivcr to Lake Wiiuiippj^. Ih- iiuMitioiis tlie 
 Halt springs on Laki- NVinnipcjiosis and the occurrenci' of liineHtone on 
 Mossy liivpi and Snako Island, the fornuT poor and the lattor rifh 
 in inchidcd orj,'anic remains. 
 
 After reachirij; Kort (larry, Mr. Daw.son and hi.s assistant proceeded 
 to examine the country between lied Hiver and Lake Superior. 
 
 Attached to Mr. Dawson's report is a lett(!r from Mi'. K. Unlinks, 
 dated I'lst Kelnuary, 1859, inclosing; others from .Messrs. Meek and 
 Hayden, .1. A\'. Dawson and .1. I?, .lones. This letter states that the 
 fossils collected siiow tht; existence of Cretaceous rocks in the Cana- 
 dian North-west, a fact which had been previously reco)»nized by Dr. 
 Hector in lt<57, but which had not yet been made public. The 
 first inclosure identities the Cretaceous fossils, the second inclosure 
 fossil woods and lignite, and the third a I'ala-ozoic ( )sti'acod.-*^ 
 
 On tlie I'Mi of Soi)teml)er, bSoS, Profi^s.sor II. V. Mind acconi- II. V. Hind, 
 
 1 S.'iM 
 
 panied by Mr. John Fleming fis assistant entered Manitoba Lake from 
 St. Martin's Kiver. Cro.ssing this lake, they a.scended Waterhen 
 Kivei' to Tiake \\'inhi|iegosis and sailed to the mouth of Mossy Hiver, 
 calling at Snake Island and the salt works on the way. Mossy Uiver 
 was ascended with some ditliculty and camp was pitched on the south 
 shore of Dauphin Lake, at what was considered the neare.st jioint 'o 
 Riding Mountain. From the itth U tlie iL'th of October was spent in 
 ascending the escarpment of Riding Mountain and descc^nding agaii\ 
 to the lakJ', whence Mr. Hind crossed l)y land on liorst^back to Maiu- 
 toba House, while Mr. Fleming went round by the Waterhen Kiver 
 with tlie boat. While waiting at Manitol)a House for Mr. Fleming, 
 Mr. Hind exandned th(! Devonian rocks on A!anitol)a Island. 
 
 From Maidtoba House they cidssed the lake to Oak Point, whence 
 they returnetl to Fort (iarry. 
 
 The report of this expedition contains records of many intere.sting 
 geological observations, among which is the first notice of the occur- 
 ence of Devonian strata east of the Manitoba escarpment. 
 
 In August of the same year, Mr. Flennng had <lescended the Sas- .i,,!,,, Klon- 
 katchewan from Fort a la Corne to its mouth, on which trip he esti- '"*<' '^"'^• 
 mated the fall of the Grand Rapids at forty-three and a half feet. 
 
 •Papers relative to the exploration of the a)niitry between Lake Sujierior and 
 the Red River .Settlement, London, (!ovt., ISiV,). Tlii.s rejKirt in aeeoiniianied by fo\ir 
 maps, two of whicti are entitled " Sketch of Region explored tx'tween Red River and 
 the 'xreat Saskatchewan " and " Thompson's nia)i showing; tlie diifen-nt trackH of the 
 Saskatchewan and AssiniVxiine Explorinf; Kxi>editioii " in charge of I'rof. I [. Y. Hind. 
 
 Also the same reiKirt in Ajipendix No. 3t! to the Seventeenth Volume cf th« 
 Journals of the Letrialative Assembly of the Province of Canada. Toronto, 4to. 18.59. 
 
Ifi K 
 
 NORTH-WEHTKItV MAMTOIIA. 
 
 1,1)1(1 Siiiitli- 
 cNk, I Hal). 
 
 li. I'>. .Siiilll 
 187:f. 
 
 TluH liiiH IxM'M foiiiul to lit! III! iiii(lt'r-«'Mtimiitt', HH (h«' aotiml full im 
 ■^evfmtytiiio ft'tst. 
 
 In July of tlu' sunn* ynir Mr. hickiiisoti, luw <»F Mr-. lEind's iihsU- 
 tfttits, travcllt'd fri»iii Kiiicf to I'cily, u{i the wt-st .side, of tlu' AsMini 
 luiiiu", and thence turning' southward he followed tho west side of tho 
 Little SaNkatchewan, whieli he e.xplored foi- part of its cour.so, after- 
 wards returidn;{ to Kllice. He niaktvs no nuMition of the geology.* 
 
 (»nthel)th Decendier, IS.')',), Lord Southesk arrivtMl ut l-'ort Pelly 
 on his return from a huntinj^ trip to the Jtoiky Mountains. On 
 the '2f<th of the .same month he left this post in a carriole drawn hy 
 three dojjs and descended the Swan lliver valley to Swan Lake, which 
 he crossed on the ice, and travelled oji the winter trail throu>,di the 
 Bpruce forest to Duck I5ay where the Hudson's I'.ay (.'ompany had just 
 establisheil a tradinj^ post. h'l-iini i)uck Hay h(» I'ode across the ici? of 
 Lake \Vinni[ie<,'oHi8 to Meadow Portage and thence down Lake Mani- 
 toba to the mission at St. Laurent, lie mentions the occurrence of 
 Halt spring's, and indicatt^s the possil)iiity of springs in the bottom of 
 the lake, as thert? are places where the ice is always dangerous.! 
 
 Li 1S7.'5, Henry 13. Smith, C.E., made some ex[)lorati(ms in this 
 district in connection with the surveys of the Canadian Pacitic l^ail- 
 way, with a view to detf?nnine the extent ami nature of its navgal)le 
 watoi-stretches, and the character of the barriers that separate them 
 from each other. 
 
 " The Saskatchewan Uiver between Cedar Lake and Winnipeg" is 
 first briefly discussed, then " Mossy Portage between Cedar Lake and 
 \\'innipeg()sis " is described, and a j)lan and scctimof it are given. 
 Tluf two lakes are stated to have the same elevation, and the highest 
 point of the ])ortage is a (p'arter of a mile from Lake Winnipegosis, 
 with an elevation of \)'.\-\\ fet^t above Cedar Lake. The approaches 
 to the portage are also described. "Waterhen River, bijtween Lakes 
 VV'innipegosis and Manitoba," is next considered, and a plan and 
 section of the risei' are given. " Meadow Portage, lietween lakes 
 VVinni})egosis and Manitoba,' is stated to havt- a length of om; mile 
 and three-quarters (given in the plan as 1 mile ')' chains 20 links), 
 and the diflf'erence in level of the two lakes is stated as LS-73 feet, 
 the greatest elevation being ten feet above Lake Winnipegosis. The 
 approaches to this portage are also describetl. "Partridge Crop and 
 
 *Rp{x)rt8 of ProgrpsH, together with a Preliminary and (ieneral Re)H)rt on tlie 
 A(<8iiii!M)iiie and SaHkatchcwan Kxiiloriiig Kxpfdition by Henry Yiiule Hind, M. A. 
 Ajipendi.x No. 'M to the Journals of tho F^egislative Assembly. Toronto, 4to. 185!*. 
 
 tSaskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains, by Karl of St)u\:he«k. Edinburgh. 
 8vo. 1875. 
 
r. 
 
 TfRRIll 
 
 1 
 
 IIISTOHIfAI, HKKTCII. 
 
 i; 
 
 n Lfikf's 
 
 "-» 
 
 l:in and 
 •11 lakes 
 
 v'i- 
 
 <inc mile 
 
 
 links), 
 
 
 ^•73 feet, 
 
 
 ,is. The 
 ,'roj) and 
 
 '% 
 
 hatiphin (St. Miirlin's) rivfi-s, iM-twreii lakes MaiiltuliH and Wiiiiii- 
 \Mfi" are ne.xt discussed, jind (heir dcptli and lueadtli ^.'ivcn in several 
 places.* 
 
 In tiie siinnncr of I.S74, |)i\ i{. Hell, <>♦' tlic Canadian (Jeolngieal K. litli, ls7». 
 Survey, travelled with carts frmn Fnrt <}arry tt) Kurt Velly, Ki>iti^' by 
 way of Fort Kliice and th(> trail un the west side uf the AssinilMiine 
 Hiver. From Fort Pflly lie examined the eastern trail sonthwaid to 
 l)ij,' l5o;,'i;y Creek, and the valleVN of l»i;i l^oy^y C'rt-ek and Shell Uiver 
 in parts of their course. Helurnin;,' to Fort I'elly he rtMle down the 
 Swan Uiver valley on the trail nnrtli of the river to a iioiut four miles 
 above the mouth of llollinj,' Uiver where ln^ found the pyritiferoua 
 sandstiiiii- that has since been <letcrmiiied as rejtresentini,' a horizon 
 about the top of the I )akota formation. Ueturnin;^ aj^ain to Fort 
 Pelly ho embarked in a skill' on the AsHlnilKiine and followed its wiml- 
 ingH as far as Ft)rt Kliice. l''rom lAat ICIlice he crossed totlmscjuth 
 end of Lake Manitoba and pioceedtMl up 'he west side <if the lakt? to 
 the Narrows, an<l thence across to {''airford at the diseharj,'e of the 
 lake. From l''aiiford he de.scended the Fairford and St. Martin's 
 (Little Saskatchewan) rivers to Lake NVinnipe;,'. 
 
 Throu^'hout this distance exposures of Cretaoeou.s .shales were noted 
 on the banks of the Assiniboine, and Devonian limestones at two pieces 
 on Lake Manitoba, but no fo.ssils were collected in either case.f 
 
 fir. .1. \V. Spencer, aotinj,' as Dr. liell's assistant in lf<74, e.x .|.\V. .Spencer 
 amined the lower portion of Shell Uiver, and descended Swan '''*"^' 
 Uiver in a small boat from the Pelly crossin;^ to its m<nith, branching 
 ort' in one place to clindi to the top of Thunder Hill. From the mraith 
 of Swan Uiver he crossed Swan, W'innipegosis aiul .^Llnit(^ba lakes to 
 Oak Point, whence he returned to Fort (4arry. 
 
 In the Swan liiver valley, an. I on the face of Thunder Hill and 
 Porcupme Mountain Cretaceous beds were observed, and specimens 
 collected from tlu^ former locality were determined by Dr. (Jeorffe M. 
 Daw.soh, on the evidence of the conlainetl fossil foraminifera, to be of 
 Niobrara aj;e. Devonian rocks were also noticed on the shores of the 
 various lakes passed through, and some typical fo.ssils were collected 
 from them or from loose mas.ses of rock in their vicinity. | 
 
 •Memorandum on the portaKi's and streams between liakes WinniiHjg, ManitoVja, 
 Winnipe(^o«i» and the Uiver SaHkiitcliewan at Cedar Lake. From reixirts of Hurveyw 
 made by Henry )'i. Smitii, C.K., in lH~',i. .•\|)|iendi.x O. (M'.H. Report, 1S74, pp. 
 25!l 2I>2, witli m.ipM and profiles on sheet No. 11, Ottawa, 1H74. 
 
 tHe|K)rt on the ctjuntrv west of Lakes Maiiitol)a and WinniiH'gotis by Robert 
 Bell, C.K , I'M;. 8. (ieol." .Survey of Cana la, Kept, of Prog., 1874 7r-, pp. 24 M. 
 Montreal, 187(i. 
 
 tRejKjrt on the country Ixilween the Cpper .\ssiniboine Kiver and Lakes Winni- 
 
 pegoNis 
 Oanac" 
 
 is and Manitoba V)y .Joseph William .Spencer, li. Ap. He. Geol. Survey of 
 la, Kept, of Prog., 1S74 7"), pp. 57 70. Montreal, 1H7(>. 
 
 ■^ 
 
11 
 
 !;> K 
 
 .\(JI!TU-\\ K.STliKX MA.MTOHA. 
 
 .1. Macdi"' 
 1SK1. 
 
 (;. (". Cuii- Tn the sunmier nud initiiimi of 1871, (Jniiiville C. Cumiiiij,'lmm 
 
 .HnKl.iu>.J.sVl. i„^.,itpfi the old C*;ui;i(li;m Piicitio Hallway line ffoni >[<)H«y nixi'v t„ 
 tlie tTossing oi Siiakc Creek, ai'oiiinl tlie iKirtli-easf, angle of the Duck 
 Monitain. He givc>, a short, hut clear description of the character of 
 the country passed througii, mentioning the oeemieiue of grnvel ildges 
 in several places.* 
 
 Swan River In the sunnnor of If:<7") Mr. Falrhank, of Peti'olea, under contract 
 
 linre, lf<ii>. with the (ieologieal Survey of Canada, sank a bore-hole in tlu^ valley 
 
 of Swan l{i\cr close to the old Mounted Police barracks. A depth of 
 
 501 feet was ri-ached, and the rorks throughout were found to i)e of 
 
 Crf taceons age.t 
 
 In June, ISSl, Prof. John Macoun, now of the (ieologieal Survey 
 Department, sailed northward across Lake ^lanitoba, ascended Water- 
 hen Kher, and traversed the whole length of Lake ^^'innipegosis, 
 reaching Shoal River Hou.seon the seventh of July. Here he builta boat 
 with whit h he ascended Red Ueer River to the fo/ks, turned southward 
 into Etoimann River and ascended it and Little Swan River to a marsh 
 in the bottom of a valley. Making his way through this mai'sh became 
 on Swan River which he descended to the ]Mounted Police barracks 
 a^ the mouth of Snake Creek, which he reached fifty-one days after 
 leaving the mouth of Hed Deer Rive.. From lure he made shoi't 
 excursions into t)ie adjoining hills to ihe north-east and south-east. 
 From Fort Felly he descended the Assiniboine to Fort Ellice, whence 
 he returned east. 
 
 The year was one of very high water, and nnich of the country im- 
 mediately adjoining the lakes was flooded. He mentions the occur- 
 T'ence of limestone on lakes Manitoba and ^^'inllil)egosis, and especially 
 notices the gi'eat fertility of the soil. 
 
 The salt springs are discussed at some lengtli and .". list is given of a 
 number of pi ces wnore they are to be found. On Red Deer River he 
 records the occui'rence of outcrops of fossilifeious liu'estone below Re(\ 
 Deer Lake and sandstone above it. The cf)i>sideration of the extent 
 and char.icter of the forests in this valley is not the least interesting 
 part of his report.} 
 
 T. Cruerin I'l t''^" w'l'i't" summer, Thomas Guerin, C.E., was s,Mit by the Depart- 
 
 ^'^*^'- ment of Public Works to find ou.' the cause of the abnormal rise of 
 
 *ReiK)rt on an Exploratory Murvny hetwwn Lake WinnipcgoniH and Livingston(< 
 d\n'in^ tlip summer and autumn of 1S74 l\v (JranvilleC. (-nuniuis'liam. Ai)i)('ndix L. 
 C. P. R., Rep., 1877, pp. U". isa Ottivwa, 1877. 
 
 tRorini^' made ou Swan kiver, near Fort Telly, in 187.''>. .Vlfred R. C. .Selwyii. 
 Geol. Survey of Canada, Kept, of Trog., l.".7r) 76, p|). 2'^2 3. Montreal, 1877. 
 
 tRejiorton Exploration \y P of. .lohn Macoun, M.A., E.L.S. .-Vnn. Rej)., Dept. 
 of Interior, 1881, Pt. T., pp. Iw 8S. Ottawa, 18S2. 
 
 4 
 
 f 
 
•J 
 
 FriSTOIJICAf, SKKTCH. 
 
 the wiiU'i- iu Manitoba ancKSt. .Martin's lakes (li.ii.i,..- that arul the prececl- 
 iii.i; ycai, a.ui it' possible to devise .some means of lov/ering the water 
 and keepin- it at its noi-mal level. He found that a band of limestone 
 stretched aoro.ss the head of the Fairford Iii\er. The White .Mud, 
 Wai.Mhen, Fairfoi-d and St. Martin'.s (Little Saskatchewan) livers 
 were measured and eros.s .sections were made, and the total amount of 
 water disehar.^r,.,! I,y each ..x" them at that time was ralculated.* 
 
 Several surNcys have been made by the Dominion Lamis Branch of ,, , 
 the Department of Interior, among which the )»o.st impoitant are the 
 following : 
 
 In the winter of 1878, Wm. Wa-ncr n.ade a transit and chain 
 traverse of Lake Manitol)a. 
 
 In the winter of 1880, Wm. Pearee, D.L.S., ra„ the meridian 
 township outline l>etween i-anges 18 and ]<) in the ..Id system of survey : 
 
 on the ice across Winir'pego.sis <ind Cedar lakes. 
 
 In the summer of 1887, J. I. Dufresne, D.L.S., ma<le a survey 
 With transit and ndcrometer of the .south and west shores of Lake 
 Winnipeo-„sis, and of Shoal River and Swan Lake. In his report he 
 gives generally the character of any tind)er seen, and the positions of 
 a number of outcrops of limestone.! 
 
 As a result of the pre.sent exploration, the following reports an.l iVvi,,,. 
 papers have aneady been published : rviKHt s o,, u... 
 
 ^ llarnaiitnn. li. ./.- On the .so-called Amber of Cedar Lake, North ">'iS..iio.K 
 Saskatchewan, Canada. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 4" (Oct \m\\ ....' 
 33'^ 5 '' ' - 
 
 Jon.'., rrof. T. Rnpevt.^On some Ostracoda from the Can.bro-Siki- 
 nan, Sdurian and Devonian rocks. (Jeol. Sur. Can., Contribs to Can 
 Micro-Pal., Rirt TIL, with 3 plates. Montreal, 1891. 
 
 Xirholsnn, If. Alhyne. ^-.On some new or imperfectly known species 
 ot Str,,matoporoids. Ann. cfe Mag. N. Hist., ser. G, \^ol VTI / \nl 
 1891,) pp. 309 31'8, with L' plates. ' ^^ '' 
 
 Datvson, Sir William, and Prof. />. P. Pen/m/hnv.^^On the Plcis 
 
 Ril^^t, Dr. /). -Iladiolaria from the Pierre Formation of North 
 western Manitoba. Geol. Sur. Can., Cont.lbs, to Can. Micr..-Pal 
 Part IV., witli 3 plate.s. Ottawa, 189-'. '"' 
 
 tH.x,^„ratory .Survey of Uk. Winn!,.,.,., sis an<] of Suan u„,l K.,1 I).. r (Over- 
 flowing) IW.S. Ann. K.,.. I).,.t. Int.-no, ,SS7, Pt. I.., „„. 7, 74. OuZ!;!^. 
 
20 K 
 
 NOIMU-WESTKUN MANITOHA. 
 
 fit 
 
 /'enhttllofc, D. I'. — A new species of Larix from the Interjjjlacial uf 
 Manitoba. Am. Geol., Vol. 9 (June, 1892) pp. 368-371. 
 
 Scnddfr, S. //.- (-anadian Fossil Insects. (Ipol. Sur. Can., Contribs. 
 to Can. Pal, Vol. IT., pp. 30 31, with phvte. Ottawa, 189l\ 
 
 WhiteaveH, J. F. — On some Cretac ous fossils from British Columbia, 
 the North-west Territory and Manitoba, (xeol. Sur. Can., Contribs. 
 to Can. Pal., V-.l. I., Part II., pp. isr)-196, with plate. Aloni'-eal, 
 1889. 
 
 Whitenvfn, J. F. Descriptions of some new or i)revi()usly unrecorded 
 species of fossils from the Devonian i-ocks of Manitcjlja. Trans. Roy. 
 Soc. Can., Vol. VTIT.. Sw. TV^, pp. 93-110, with 7 plates. Montreal, 
 1891. 
 
 W/ii/ravfs, J. F. Descriptions of four ne'.." species of fossils from 
 the Silurian rocks of the south-eastern portion of the District o. Sas- 
 katdiewan. Can. liec. Sci., Vol. IV., Apl., 1891, pp. 293-303, with 
 plate. 
 
 fVhitenirs, J. /•'. -The Fossils of the Devonian rocks of the islands, 
 shores cji' innnediate vicinity of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. 
 Geol. Sur. Can., Contribs. to Can. Pal, Vol. I., Part IV., with 15 
 plates. Ottawa, 1892. 
 
 Ilojfhutiui, (i. Christian. — Chemical Contributions to the Geology 
 of Canada. Geol. Sur. Can., Ann. Rep., N.S., Vol. IV., 1888-9. Part 
 R., 1890, p. 6 R. 
 
 Hoffmimn, (•'. Christ inn. — Chemical Contributions to the Geology of 
 Canada, Geol. Sur. Can., Ann. Rep., N.S., Vol V., 1889-90-91. 
 Part R., 1892, pp. 26-37. 
 
 Tyrrell, J. /y. Short account of the work done in the Duck and 
 Riding Mountains in 1887. Ann. Rep., Dept. of Int., 1887. Part 
 III., pp. 11-11. Ottawa, 1888. 
 
 I'yrrell, ./. li. - Short account of tiie examinations of Lakes Mani- 
 toba and St. Martin. Ann. Rep., Dept. of Int., 1888. Part III., 
 pp. 12-14. Ottawa, 1889. 
 
 Tyrrell,^ ./. /y. Short account of the examinations of Lake Winni- 
 pegosis and vicinity. Ann. Rep., Dept. of Int., 1889. Part III., pp. 
 12-18. Ottawa, 1890. 
 
 Tyrrelh J. 7^. -Short account of the At'siniboine and Lower Sas- 
 katchewan Hivers. Sum. Rep., Geol. Sur. Dept., 1890, pp. 19-26. 
 Ottawa, 1891. 
 
 Tyrrell, ■/. li. — Notes to accompany a preliminary map of Duck 
 and Ridintr Mountains in North-western Manitoba. Geol. Sur. Can., 
 
 mn. 
 
 Rep. N.S., Vnl. HT., 1887-8, Pt. E. Montreal, 1888. 
 
 

 •J 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 •21 E 
 
 Tyn-ell, J. li. — Gypsum Deposits in Northern Manitoba. Can. 
 Rec. Sci. (Apl., 1889), Vol. III., pp. 353-360. 
 
 TijrreM, J. B. — Po.st-Tertiary Depo.sits of Manitoba and the adjoin- 
 ing Territories of Nortli-western Caiiadii. Hull. (Jpol. Soc. Am., Vol. 
 I., Apl., 1890, pp. 395-110. 
 
 Tyrrell, J. B. — Forauiinifera and Hadiolaria from the Cretaceous of 
 Manitol)a. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. Vril., 1890, Sec. IV., pp. 
 111-115. 
 
 Tyrrell, J. B. — The Cretaceous of Manitoba. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 
 XL., 3rd Ser., Sept., 1890, pp. 227---'32. 
 
 Tyrrell, J. B. — Pleistocene of the Winnipeg Jiasin. Am. Geol., Vol. 
 VII., July, 1891, pp. 19-28. 
 
 Tyrrell, J. B. — Three deep Wells in Manitoba Trana. Roy. Hoc 
 Can., Vol. TX., 1891, Sec. IV., pp. 91-104. 
 
■2-2 1-; 
 
 XOIiTIl WKSTKliN MAMTUIiA. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 CKNKliAl- KKAIlliKS. 
 
 Position .■(111 I 
 area. 
 
 Lacnstral 
 plain. 
 
 .Manitoba 
 esoarinnent. 
 
 The map aocoinpaiiying this report cove* . an area lying lietween 
 latitudes .'iO" 47' and 5.5 I!)' .'50' nortli, and lonjfitudes 98' 40' and 
 \0V 56' 30' west, measured alonj^ its southern margin, and thus 
 incloses about 25,300 square miles. Of this area 15,(500 square 
 miles are within the province of Manitoba ; 5,600 square miles are 
 in the district of Saskatchewan, and 1,500 are witluii the district of 
 Assiniboia. About 4,000 .square miles in the north-eastt-rn and north- 
 western portions of this region are as yet unex])lored, so that the total 
 area mapped and described in the following report .slightly exceeds 
 21.000 ,s(|uare miles At the conmienceiuent of the exploration it was 
 intended to confine the work to the country lying south of the Sas- 
 katchewan Hi\er, anil tlie main portion of the report is written with 
 this impression in view ; but (jn account of the uncertainty in which the 
 exact taxonnmic position of the rocks on the east side of Lake Winni- 
 pegosis was then left it was found necessary to extend the exploitation 
 to Cedar Lake and the lower stretc^hes of the Saskatchewan, east of 
 that lake, and a brief description of the geology of this water-stretch 
 which has been so often travelled, but was yet so imperfectly known, 
 has been incorporated. 
 
 The general character of the surface is remarkably sim])le and is 
 well showi\ by the contour lines on the acconqianying map. The 
 eastern two-thirds of the district is a lightly unduhiting plain sloping 
 gently to the bottom of Lake Winnipeg. The depressions in the sur- 
 face of this great plain jmv filled with shallow Ixxlies of water with 
 more or less irregular confines, and their waters arc more or less rily 
 from the presence of suspended clayey matter degraded by the waves 
 from the surrounding shores of boulder clay or alluvium. These lakes 
 are connected by short ra])id streams, generally navigable for canoes, 
 and with the exception of Swan and Red Deer lakes are chiefly fed 
 i)y streams running from the face (»f the Manitoba escarpment. 
 
 This escarpment is the most prominent geographical *eature of the 
 whole region. It rises from the lacustral j)lain, at first by a very gentle 
 incline which gradually becomes steeper, till in the more typical places 
 it reaches an almost abrupt declivity of several hundred feet. From 
 the top of this escarpment, if a favourable j.lace be chosen, not too 
 much obstructed by forest growth, a far-reaching view may be had of 
 
•1 
 
 PHYSICAL (;i;o(;iiAriiv. 
 
 '2:\ K 
 
 :t between 
 1' W and 
 
 and thus 
 DO square 
 
 miles are 
 district of 
 md n(<rth- 
 t tlie total 
 ly exceeds 
 ;ion it was 
 if the Sas- 
 ittcn with 
 
 wliifli the 
 ke Winni- 
 xploration 
 in, east of 
 hor-sti'i'tch 
 
 y known, 
 
 Die and is 
 ay,. Tiie 
 
 n slopiiij!^ 
 
 n the .siir 
 iter with 
 ess rily 
 he waves 
 (\se lakes 
 
 )!• canoes, 
 lierty fed 
 it. 
 
 re I if the 
 vy yentle 
 •al j)IaceH 
 
 . From 
 
 not too 
 
 le had of 
 
 the vast plain stretcliin^ apparently from Itenealli tlie feet of the 
 observer to the almost level horizon. 
 
 West of the brow of the escarpmeiit lies the ru^'^ed table land of TaUlr hnul. 
 tlie Kidin.u:, Duck and Porcupine ^roun'ains, often still risiiii,' for several 
 hundred feet to exlrtani; lieiji;hts i>f morc^ than two thousand seven 
 hunrlred feet above the sea, or two tliousand feet above the surface of 
 Lake W'inuipej;', and tlien declininn- i;ra(hially towards tlie south-west. 
 This table land is jfenerally densely wooded and travel over it is neces- 
 sarily slow and ditlieult, but wherevei' examined, its summit near the 
 edge of the escai-pment was found to eousist of irre^'ular boulder- 
 covered hills, wooded with small pine and sj)ruce, while farther 
 west extensive level tracts were found clothed with largts spruce, and 
 still further west it is ti'en( ' -^ '^v deep valleys carrying small tribu- 
 tary streams down to the AssmiOoine River. 
 
 Both to the south and north of Porcupine Mountain the talile land N'all.-vs. 
 is out through liy large and very ancient valleys at pre.sent <1 rained by 
 .Swan and Red Deer rivers, \alleys that ha\c evidently been formed 
 by streams that flowed eastward into tin; great river that ran between 
 the face of the escar]»ment and the Archiean jilain east of Lake 
 Winni])eg. 
 
 hi the .south-westerly part of the district the slope is towards the 
 valley o? the Assiniboine, and the country grjidually changes from a 
 thick forest, through partly wooded country, to open prairie. 
 
 The drainage of the whole surface (iiuls its way into Lake Winni- 
 peg, and thence by the Nelson River to Hmlson Ray ; ])ut it discharges 
 into Lake Winnipeg by three distinct and w idely separated channels, 
 viz., the Saskatchewan, the St. Martins or Little Saskatchewan, {>,nd 
 the Re<l rivers. 
 
 Across the north-east corner of this district the Saskatchewan 
 carries the snow-waters of the Rocky ]\l<juntains to Lake Winnipeg, 
 but no triliutaries of any size join it here. 
 
 St. Martin's |{iver em[>ties into Sturgeon liay on the south-west St. ^ra^till">^ 
 side of r,ake Winnipeg, one huiuli'ed miles .south-east of the mouth of '^'^'•'''• 
 the Saskatchewan, and carries with it the drainage of the greater part 
 of this area. It is the channel of overHow of lakes St. Martin and 
 Manitoba, antl the chief tributary of this latter lake is the Waterheu 
 River flowing from Waterhen Lake and Lake Winnipegosis. This 
 lake is the collecting basin for the water draining the eastern face of 
 the Manitoba escari>me..t, and tho.se portions of the plains tributary 
 to the Swan and Red Deer rivers. 
 
 The south-western corner of the district is drained \>y the Assini- A««inil)oine 
 boine which enter.s it from the west at Fort Pelly. L immediatelv ^^i^'''- 
 
24 K 
 
 NUliTII WKSTKliN MANITOIIA. 
 
 Aflniitabilitiis 
 iif tln'coimtiv. 
 
 Niitmal 
 pl'iidlicts. 
 
 turns sharply to the S.S.E., and Mowing for nearly eighty 
 miles, leaves it just east of the western honndurv of ^^anitol)a. In 
 this distance it receives the White Sand and other trii)Utaries from the 
 west, and the Little Boggy, Hig Uoggy and Shell riveis from tue 
 east, cari'ying oti" the drainage of the greater portion of the summit 
 plateau of the !)uek .Nfountain. 
 
 The adaptaliilities of the country are very varied, and will ))e dis- 
 cussed at greater length in succeeiling pages <jf the re})ort, when the 
 different areas are considered in detail ; but it may be stated that the 
 slope extemling fnmi the foot of the more abrupt escarpment to the 
 western shores of Lakes Manitoba and W'innipegosis and the valleys 
 of Swan and Red Deer rivers is eminently fitted for mixed farming. 
 It is well supj)lied with water, though much (tf it needs to be 
 drained. It is a. for the most part underlaiil by a clay soil derived 
 fr(.)ni the degradation of the soft limestones and shales of the Creta- 
 ceous beds to the west, and is greatly enriched by the abundance of 
 phospliatic material supplied by lai'ge deposits of fish remains included 
 in these l)eds. In the in\mediate vicinity of the large lakes and on 
 their eastern side the amount of alluvium is comparatively very small, 
 but doubtless much of the calcareous Ixmlder-clay with which the 
 country is covered would lie found to yield profitable harvests of the 
 more hardy roots and cereals. 
 
 The country west of the escarpment in this [lart of Manitoba will 
 pi'obably never be a very successful wheat-raising district, but the 
 hardier cereals can be grown with the assurance of an abundant crop, 
 and the country is eminently suited to the raising of cattle for dairy- 
 ing purposes, for rich nutritious grass covers the surface everywhere 
 except in the dense forest. 
 
 Much fine timber is growing on the remoter parts of the mountains, 
 but a very large amount of spruce has during late years been destroyed 
 by forest fires. 
 
 The manufacture of salt could readily l)e carried on, especially in the 
 vicinity of I)awson Bay, where the natural bi'inc? springs are much 
 more copious than elsewhere. 
 
 The lakes abound in food-fish, and with careful fishing can be 
 made to yield a large and constant supply. Much large game is still 
 to be found. Moose : .-e plentifid throughout the wooded tracts every- 
 where ; caribou are especially numerous on the east side of Lake 
 Winnipegosis, and a few elk are still to be f(mnd between Riding 
 Mountain anil lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. The black bear 
 wanders a ong the streams and by the lakes. Other fur-bearing 
 
^•] 
 
 PHYSICAL (iEOf;HAPIIV. 
 
 IT) E 
 
 y eiglity 
 toha. In 
 s tVuiii the 
 frum tiie 
 K! summit 
 
 all be di.s- 
 whcn the 
 I that tlie 
 I'lit to the 
 he valleys 
 farming, 
 els t(» be 
 lil derived 
 the Creta- 
 ndaiioe of 
 « included 
 es and on 
 ery small, 
 vhich the 
 3ts of the 
 
 toba will 
 but the 
 lant crop, 
 for dairy- 
 erywhere 
 
 ountains, 
 desti'oyed 
 
 Uy in the 
 are much 
 
 f can be 
 ne is still 
 3ts every- 
 of Lake 
 1 Riding 
 ack bear 
 r-bearing 
 
 animals common to Manitoba and the North- west are taken by the 
 hiii.'ters in greater or less abundance. 
 
 The climate is remarkably clear and bi-autiful. In June and Julv, 
 th.' prevalent winds are from the .south, ushering in warm days accom- 
 paiii.Ml by fi'ecjuent heavy showers of rain, while later in the year 
 we-<terly and north-westerly winds prevail accompanied by drier 
 weather. 
 
 Frost gen.:rivlly occurs in the early part of June anc' the latter part 
 of August on the high lands west of the .Manitoba escarpment, but 
 the country to the east of this line (Mijoys a greater interval between 
 tlie frost periods. 
 
 The following table has been kindly prepared by Pi-of. C. Carpmael, 
 Director of the Canadian Meteorological Service, and siiows the tern- 
 p.iatui'e and rainfall better and clearer than any extended di.scussion 
 w(.uld do. It is pi'epared for Minneilo.sa which is situated in a wide 
 valley on the edge of the escarpment, on the eastern side of I'ange 18, 
 and thirty-five mile.s south of the limit of the accompanying map, anci 
 Russell at the terminus of the Manitob;i and NTorth-western Railway. 
 The observing .station at Minnedo.sa has an elevation of 1,GS9 feet 
 above the sea, and that at llussell an elevation of about 1,8.'50 feet. 
 This latter is the only place in the district at which meteorological 
 observations ai'e at jjresent taken, but f'e record is doul)tle,ss essenti- 
 ally correct for the country north at least to the .Swan River valley, 
 while the daily i'ange in sunnner on the lacustral plain is certaiidy lesa 
 than on the higher table land, and there i.s thus less probability of 
 erratic fi'ost. 
 
 < Mini.itc. 
 
 Fnwt. 
 
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34 K 
 
 NOIiTII-WKSTKHN MANITOBA. 
 
 thp: lacusthal plain. 
 
 This |)liiiii presents a slightly uiidultitiiiy surface which extends from 
 the foot of the Manitoba escarpment to the east shore of Lake Winni- 
 peg. It is thinly covered with alluvial or glacial deposits, through 
 which the underlying limestones ocC!i»ionally proJ<'ct and form 
 islands or clifl's on the lakes, or more or less conspicuous hills inlanil. 
 The depressions in the surface of this plain are tilled with lakes that 
 vary much in size and contour. The following are the most important 
 of these embraced within the scope of this report : — 
 
 Manitoba, El)b and Flow, Partridge Crop, WinnipegosLs, Walerhen, 
 J^wan, Pelican, lied JJeei', Cedar and Cross Lakes, t<jgether with a 
 numbet of small lakes in the totally unexplored legion east of Lake 
 Winnipegosis. The plain can be best described in connection with the 
 larger bodies of water oa its surface. 
 
 I.AKK MAXITOnA. 
 
 Pi)8ition. Lake Manitoba lies between latitudes 50" 11' and 51° 48' north, and 
 
 longitudes 07^ 5G' and 99' .'55' west, extending in a general direction 
 N. 25° W. 
 
 Altitudf. Its mean altitude above the sea is 810 feet, as shown by the profiles 
 
 of the original location of tiie Canadian Pacific Railway. This railvay 
 survey line was run in the winterof 1874-75, and the difference between 
 high and low vvater at Sifton Narrow.s, where the line crossed the lake, is 
 given inlheprofileat twofeet. Tlie high water in Lake Araiiitol)a is given 
 by the same profile as ninety-nine feet above the le\el of the ice cro.ssing 
 of Retl River, near the village of West .Selkirk, or eighty-eight feet above 
 the level of the water mark of the freshet f)f lS5-_>. This latter p .'•■{ is 
 given by J. H. Rowan, C.E.,* one of the engineers of the old 1 ' > 
 at 1() -55 feet above the mean level of the water in Lake Vi;. ;. 
 
 The height of Lake Winnipt^g is 710 feet above the sea, and there' ' 
 the high watver at the Narrows of Lake Manitoba as determined in 
 the winter of 1874-75 is 104'55 feet above Lake Winnipeg or 814-55 
 feet above the sea. The low water is put at only t\\o feet below high 
 water, which is much less than it shoukl be, since in 1881, Mr. Uuerint 
 found the lake to be six feet abovt its normal low water level. As 1874 
 nnd 1875 were years of rather high water, four and a half feet may 
 be taken from the high water mark then observed, thus giving 810 
 
 • The Red River, by James H. Rowan, Transaction 13, Man. Hist. A, Ki i, Soc, 
 Winnipeg, 1874. 
 
 t Public WorkH Report, lH()r-U!82. • 
 
 . " - >5" V \ 
 
] 
 
 I.AKK M.WlTOliA. 
 
 35 K 
 
 s tends ffoin 
 liike Winni- 
 its, tlirougli 
 and form 
 lills inland. 
 I lakes that 
 it inipoi'tant 
 
 , Walerhen, 
 ther with a 
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 on with the 
 
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 ■al direction 
 
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 nee between 
 
 1 the lake, is 
 
 ;ol)a is o;iven 
 
 ice crossing 
 
 t feet above 
 
 terp '•■l is 
 
 d I ..,;• ■^. 
 
 Vi;, :. 
 
 1 tiieie'' •• 
 I'l'inined in 
 g or SI 4-05 
 below high 
 r. (iiierint 
 As 1874 
 i feet may 
 riving 810 
 
 :. fi hi i. Soc, 
 
 ixirtiiiii. 
 
 foet as the mean height of the lake as stated above. This agrees clo-sely 
 
 with the height given by Mr. Upham* for i he mean altitude of the 
 
 same lake. 
 
 The lake has a total length of 119 miles, and is divided into two Kxttnt. 
 
 ])arts by a strait known as -'The Narrows" which, to distingnish 
 
 it from other jilaces with the same local appellation, might l)e known 
 
 as " Sifton Narrows," from Mr. Hifton who has kept a trading store at 
 
 this place for some years. The channel here contracts to a width of 
 
 •_',(>r»0 feet with a maximum depth of fifteen feet. This strait divides 
 
 the lake into wo distinct portions diflering widely in their ))hysical 
 
 features. Tlie southern portion is sixty-three miles long, and twenty- '^""t'lt-in 
 
 . " iiortion. 
 
 nine miles wide in its widest part, and has generally a moderately eveii 
 
 regular contour, with veiy few islands, except immediately south of 
 
 Sifton Narrows. The shore line of this portion amounts to KiO miles 
 
 nnd its total area to 1,0.'59 scpiare miles. 
 
 The lake north of the Narrows is very different from that to the Noitluni 
 gouth. It is cut by long stony poinds into deep bays, and while the 
 total length is only fifty-six niles, the length of shore line is 375 
 miles, and the total area is only (u'2 square miles. The greatest depth 
 found in this northern p"i"tion is twenty-one fe-^t six inches, and the 
 average depth of the middle of the lake east of Crane River Narrows 
 is about sixteen feet. The southei'n expansion of the lake is leported 
 to have a'oout th(> same general dejith. The uuian depth of the lake 
 may therefore be assumed at twelv*; feet, and as its total area is 1,711 
 .square miles, its total capacity is about 5 7 1', 3 1)9,308,800 cubic feet. 
 
 The only considerable streams flowing into the lake are White Mutl 
 Eiver at its south end, and Waterhen Ri\er at its north end. Tluse 
 were measured l)V Thomas (Uierin in the summer of 1881, and were 
 found to be then discharging respectively 1,4l'5 and ]3,'.)30 cubic feet 
 of water per second, while at the same time the Faiiford River was 
 discharging fnjm the lake 1 1,^.3:5 I'ubic feet per second. This would 
 leave a sui'plus in the lake, to be removed i)y evaporation, of 522 cubic 
 feet a second or 45,100,800 cubic feet a day, and other small tributaries 
 would probably bring this surplus uj) to ()0,O0O,O0() cubic feet a day, 
 or only '01 of an inch over the wholt^ surface of the lake. By con- 
 sulting the table of rainfall given above, it will be seen that the mean 
 rainfall for the three months of June, July and August is 8-0!) inches, 
 or '088 inches a day, and tiiis added to the "01 inch obtained alK)\e 
 would give "098 inch a day as the mean daily evajioration from the 
 
 i.isf Mild fall 
 
 I if WilttT. 
 
 * R«|H)rt of lv\i)l()riiti(>n of tln' (ilacial \m]<*'. Agaissi/. in Manitoba by Warren 
 ITphain. Geol. Stirv. of Can. Ann. R»'i)t., Vol. IV., p. 1.55 K. 
 
 H ,. ..^ ...... .-^--:- -^^ - 
 
 
36 E 
 
 NOUTl 1 W KSTKliN M AMTt>IiA. 
 
 I 
 
 A\- 
 
 surfiiL'e of this lake. It is not iniprohiible, however, that the surphis 
 water left in tlie lake is f,'roater tliaii tliat i^ivpii above, and Mr. 
 Oucrin's ex|)erinient.s at Faii'foi'd on evaporation woukl ajijiear to indi- 
 cate that 'liis was the case, as for the month of Aujfust, 1881, he found 
 that the amount of water evaporated from a shallow vessel was about 
 Scinches. In that year also the channels of the above named three 
 rivers were filled well up to their brims, while in 1888 and 1881) the 
 water was low and tiiere was a drop of s(!veral feet from the brink of 
 the channel to the surface of the stream. 
 PcriodH of Periods of high and low watei' occur at aj)parently long and irregular 
 
 liigli iiiid low intervals, and are caused by excessive rainfall and excessive drou<rht. 
 In geiu-ral, however, the lakes may be siid to oscillate about a foot 
 above or below the normal. In 1880 the lake was very high, whereas 
 in 1889 it was very low. In! f<~)S Professor Hind* states that the water 
 was two feet above its lowest level, that in 1802 there was a period of 
 very high water, pi-evious to wiiich for a long time the water had i)een 
 very h)w. In 18^'*) there was another period of high water, anterior 
 to which there would appear to be as yet no very definite published 
 record. 
 
 The winds have a very marked effect on the height of the water at any 
 particular place on the shore of thi.s. or of the adjoining shallow lakes. 
 With a wind blowing from the north-west or soutli-east, the water is 
 driven towai-ds the opposite end of the lake, and the lake biingso 
 shallow, the undertow is not al)letoforni a continuous current beneath 
 the surface. The water, blown forward by the wind, can return oidy by 
 a series of interrupted undercurrents which are incapable of preventing 
 it fi-om being p'' up at the extremity of the lake towards which 
 the wind is blo\N nig. 
 
 On account of the shallowness of the water, its temperature is com- 
 paratively high during the summer uonths, and this large body of 
 warm water exerts a very gre.tt influence in reducing the daily range 
 of tiMnperature and tlnjs prevcMiting sununer frosts. 
 
 On page 47, will be found a list of observations on the temv)erature 
 of the water of Lake Winnipegosis during the summer and autumn of 
 1889, and it is proliable that the temper.ature of Lake Manitoba will 
 average slightly higher. 
 
 The lake annually freezes over, but no exact records have up to the 
 
 frtcziiij,' :in(l present been systematically kept of the date in the autumn when it first 
 thawing- of " . . 
 
 becomes covered witli ice, or of the date in the spring when the ice 
 
 breaks up and again opens the lake for navigation. 
 
 * Re]K)rt on the . ARsiniboinc ami Saskatchewan Exploring Kxpedition. 4to. 
 Toronto, IS.^)!!, p. 102. 
 
 TemiHTatnii' 
 
 Kcoord of the 
 
 iiR 
 the lakf 
 
] 
 
 LAKK MAMTdHA. 
 
 37 R 
 
 *-■ m 
 
 4to. 
 
 The t'(.ll(.wiii« extracts liiive '"— taken from the " Journal of Oc- Record of the 
 iHirrences " kei)t at the Hudson's Hay Company's Post of ^^laiiitoba ;[;:;;'.i"^,,7;',,e 
 Mouse, on the west side of the lake, and are puhlislied with the pei'- l'^'^'' 
 mission of Mr. Joseph Wri^dey, Commissioner of tlie Company ; 
 Oct. 23, 1881. Ice all disappeared. * 
 
 Nov. 3, lss|. l.ake frozen about the shores. 
 
 n 10, [("^^l. Lake frozen fast as far as the eye can see. 
 May 13, 18^2. The lake is now open in places alonj,' the sliore. ' 
 
 n 16, 188l'. Tee moved a little north. 
 M 17, 188l'. Ice hreakin;,' uj) I'apidly. ' ' 
 
 IS, 18S2. Ice drifting north, large spaces of open watei- to be 
 seen in evei-y direction. 
 
 May 20, 1882. No ice to i)e seen as far as the eye can reach, so that 
 it may be said f/n'. lakf is nuiv open. 
 
 May 22, 1882. Small boat passed en route to Totogen. 
 M 17, 1883. Ice seems to be much broken up, and open water is 
 to be .seen in many places. 
 
 May 18, 1883. The wind veering to the north in the afternoon, the 
 ice began to break up and drift to the south, so that at G p.m. the bay 
 was cleai'. 
 
 May ID, I8,s;',. No ice is to be seen, so that navigation is open. 
 Nov. 1, 1883. Ice forming rapidly along the shores. 
 M 5, 1883. Boat passed to Totogen. 
 
 M 6, 1883. Froze hard last night, so that the lake opposite is 
 nearly all frozen over. Outer lake, except bays, still open. 
 Nov. 7, 1883. Outer lake open. 
 n 9, 1883. Beyond the village the lake is still open. 
 .. 10, 1883. The lake is to-day, as far as the eye can reach, all fast 
 with ice. 
 
 May 12, 1884. Ice moved a few yards southward to-day. 
 
 M 16. 1884. Spaces of open water to be .seen on east shore. 
 
 M 17, 1884. N.-E. wind cleared the bay of ice. 
 
 'I 19, 1884. No ice to be seen. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1884. All the lake closed in with ice as far as the eye can 
 .see. 
 
 May 13, 1885. Open patches of water to be seen. 
 M 16, 1885. Ice moving about. 
 II 18, 1885. i^ake clear of ice. 
 Nov. 1, 1885. Ice to be .seen on the bay this monung, a thin .kini 
 covering the whole bay. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1885. The whole lake, as far as can be seen, frozen over. - 
 
 7, 1885. The lake found to be still open on the other .side. 
 
;?8 !■: 
 
 NORTII-WESTKRN MANITOBA. 
 
 Kr'C'ord of tln' 
 frt'C/.inK mill 
 tliiiwinguf the 
 lake — Con. 
 
 April .'?(), 18S(). Open wiitcr tii be seen rifjlit iicross to Sufjar Tslaiul. 
 
 May t;, 1S86. Sclidoiier passed to Toto^eu. 
 
 Nov. 5, 1886. Thin skim of ice over portions of the bay. 
 II 16, 1886. Lake all frozen over. 
 
 May 7, 1887. Toe moved a little. 
 .. 14, 1887. Til.! lake clear of ice. 
 
 The followinf,' information was obtained from Mr. McKay, J.P., who 
 has lived by Lake Manitoba for many years. 
 
 For the opening of the lake ; 
 
 In 1881). Aj)ril i8th, the earliest known. 
 
 In 1866. May I'Oth, the latest known. 
 
 The average would be from the 10th to the I'jth of May. 
 
 The lake frozen over : 
 
 In 188.'5. ()ctol)er 18th, the earliest date known in thirty years. 
 
 In 1874. November 13th, the latest date known in thirty years. 
 
 In 1871. CoiiniiciiLed to freeze on October -*4th, but was not frozen 
 over tdl November 2nd. 
 
 The average date of the closing <»f York boat navigation is about 
 October 28th. 
 
 The water in the lake througliout the summer is slightly niilky, from 
 the j)resence of tine clayey material in suspension, which is stirred up 
 by storms from the low shores and the .soft, shallow bottom. 
 
 Soiithpm 
 
 pxiKinsion 
 
 lak.'. 
 
 of 
 
 Manitoba 
 Ifoiisf. 
 
 Shores (tail Inlands. 
 
 The southern e-vpansion of the lake lies almost entirely beyond 
 the limit of the accompanying map, but its western side was examined 
 when proceeding from Westbourne, where the expedition started in 
 1888, and was fcund to \}<^ composed very largely of a low sand 
 or gravel beach behind a soft ciav ."hore studded with boulders. 
 Behind the beach is a level country, often marshy, extending back 
 to a forest of poplar or spruce. At Manitoba House the shore is 
 higher, sloping up to a gravel ridge in a narrow belt of timber. 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company's trading post of Manitoba House is 
 beautifully situated on this slope, and looks out over a narrow streak of 
 water towards some islands thickly wooded with poi)lar and maple, 
 to whicii the Indians annually resort in the spring to boil down the 
 sap of the latter tree for sugar. 
 
 Mr. David Armitt, who was in charge of the trading post in 1889, 
 informed me that the present house was built by Ewan Macdonald in 
 1870, ami that the hcmse which was being built by Mr. McKenzie in 
 1858, when the jilace was visitetl by Mr. H. Y. Hind, was about 300 
 yards further south, where the ruins can still be seen. 
 
TYRHEIL 
 
 1 
 
 I.AKK MAMTOnA. 
 
 39 K 
 
 Between .Maiiiti»l.)(i House aiul Sit'toii Narrows, tlie sli-tres, Ijotli of 
 the islands end the niainhind, are low, and usually protected hy a 
 shingle Iteach fit' irregular, waterworn liniestoiu' ]k'1)1)Ics, hchind which 
 stretch woods nt' jioplar, willow, and occasionally asii-lea\ed uiaple. 
 One p<unt, aoith of the creek into Ehl) and I'Mow Lake, is composed 
 of Archiean boulders, and other parts of the shore are low and marshy. 
 
 On the west side of Sifton Narrows, is the Indian agency, and a 
 trading store kept hy Mr. Sifton. A (|uarter of a mile south from 
 this store, in tlics extreme south-west corneu' of section '2'2, township 
 •24, range 10, west of the Principal Meridian, is the site of some old 
 huildings which, the Indians informed me, were formerly a tradinj^ 
 post of the Hudsoirs ]Jay Company. Nothing now remains but a 
 small chinmey-mound and three hollows in the midst of a grove of 
 willows, between which and the edge of the lake is a grassy meadow 
 120 yards wide, and level to lU'ar the edge of tiie wnter, where it 
 is bounded by a gravel i-idge. To the west the laud is still level, 
 but covered with small poplar, mixed with a few small ash and elm. 
 
 North of the Indian agency the shore is at Hrst soft, but it soon 
 becomes liirted by a gravel bar which extends to an outcrop of com- 
 pact Devonian limestone. 
 
 To the east of this rock outcrop, and at th<' north end of the 
 strait, is Manitoba Island, with an area of about 1 GO acres, and 
 rising from tifteen to twenty feet above the water. Its interior is 
 either wooded with poplar and birch, or is ()])en and grassy, or 
 covered with underbrush of amelanchier and choke cherry. On the 
 shores elm is also growing to a large size. While the east and west sides 
 of the island slope more or less gradually to the watci', the north side 
 presents an abrupt clitl' of limestone twelve feet high, from the foot 
 of which a talus of limestone gravel fifty feet wide slopes to the lake. 
 The limestone is very compact aiul resonant, and when the waves 
 beat against this beach and tluow these resounding pel>l)les one on 
 another, the roaring sound will undoubtedly be produced wliicii has 
 given rise to the superstition among the Indians that a ^lanito or 
 Spirit beats a dium or otherwise makes a noise on the island. The 
 strait past the island was therefore called Manito-wapow (Creft), or 
 Manito-baw (Ojilnroi/), meaning the .Strait of the Spirit or Manito. 
 
 At the West eiul of the clirt' the gravel beach runs out into deep 
 water, and incloses a beautiful little harlK)ur, known as Hoi'seshoe 
 Harbour, where the small freighting Ijoats can tind shelter on their 
 way up anfl down the lake. 
 
 Followii.:-: the east side of the lake northward from Manitoba Island 
 the shore lijie is indented by deep uuirshy bays, surrounded by low 
 
 Siftdu Nar- 
 rowK. 
 
 Manitolut 
 I.sliiiul. 
 
 $ 
 
 I 
 
 
 Horso.slioe 
 Harlxmr. 
 
4U !•; 
 
 .NOHTII-WKHTKKX MANITOHA. 
 
 coiiiitry, eitluT niiiir'iy or wooded witli poplar find some spruce, while 
 the points, whieh are also not more than a few feet ah., .e the watei-, 
 Point Uiclmrd nre "generally guarded hy a wall of Laurentian houlders. Point Richard 
 is of this churactei', and off it are s(»me small hare islanils, consisting 
 of h.-rs of sand and small limestoni' gravel scattered over with large 
 Ijoulders of gn<;iss and cream-coloured limestone. Tt) the northward 
 lies lleed Island, wooded in the interior and apparently surrounded by 
 a white sandy beach. 
 Dog-lmngBay Kast of lleed Island is a deep rounded l)ay, known as Dog-hung 
 Bay, extending beyond the eastern contines of the maji. The pi'omi- 
 nent points in tliis l)ay are all composed of boulders piled in an even 
 slope to a height of six or eight feet above the lake, while between the 
 points is a beach of rounded limestone gravel, on which i.s growing a 
 narrow Ijelt of poj)lar, elm and oak. Behind the points are often .small 
 poiuls, ami in rear of the whole !)each is an extensive open marsh, stretch- 
 ing l)ack to a forest of j)oplar and spruce. A l)elt of low land is saiil 
 , to extend north-eastward from this bay towards Lake 8t. Martin, and 
 
 in years of very high water this belt is entirely overflowed. 
 
 North of Dog-hung Hay, the shore maintains precisely the same 
 character to Elm Point, which is itself a ridge or spit of limestone gra\el 
 without l)()ulders, projecting out into the dee]) water of the lake, and 
 ovei'liung by a number of Hne elm trees. North of this point the 
 shore is more regular, without .so many boulders on the points, and for 
 a considei'able stretch the drier wooded country comes to the edge of 
 the lake, but boulders are backed up against it in a clo.se wall. Then 
 '■ .icstone clitis begin to make their appearance, and continue for .i 
 couple of miles along the shore, rising at their highest point to twenty- 
 two feet above the water. The bottom of these cliffs is hollowed out 
 into fantastic shapes, and on their sunmiit is a lovely stretch of open 
 prairie, in places overshadowed by oak trees. This is one of the most 
 charming camping places on the lake. 
 
 < )ff the cliff is a small wooded island, compo.sed of Hat-lying limestone 
 and boulder clay. 
 
 From the neighl)ourhoo(l of the.se limestone clifls, to the mouth of 
 Fairford ilivor, the shore is low, and generally bordered by a gravel 
 ridge. 
 
 Fairford or Paitridge Crop River discharges Lake Manitoba through 
 Partridge Crop Lake into Lake St. Martin, and this in its turn is dis- 
 charged by 8t. Mai'tin or Little Saskatchewan River into Lake Win- 
 nipeg. It has a width of 700 to 900 feet, 'and a channel fnjm ten 
 to twenty feet dee[>. Where it leaves the lake it flows over a bed of 
 flat-lying limestone, on which there is usually from two to three feet of 
 
 Steep Rod' 
 Point. 
 
 Low Island. 
 
 Fairford 
 River. 
 
 K 
 
'] 
 
 LAKK manitoha. 
 
 n K 
 
 ■uc'f, wliilo 
 tht* wfitor, 
 
 lit Kiclmrd 
 consisting 
 with largf 
 nnrtliWJinl 
 
 loundeJ by 
 
 i 1 )(ig-hunf; 
 The promi- 
 
 in an even 
 jetwcen the 
 i growing a 
 
 often small 
 rsli, stretch- 
 land is said 
 Martin, and 
 
 ly the same 
 
 istone gravel 
 
 le lake, and 
 
 lis point the 
 
 lints, and for 
 
 ) the edge of 
 
 wall. Then 
 
 tinue for a 
 
 it t(j twenty- 
 
 ollowed nut 
 
 toll of open 
 
 of the most 
 
 limestone 
 
 ic mouth of 
 hy a gravel 
 
 tob'a througli 
 s turn is dis- 
 Lake Win- 
 lel from ten 
 )vt'r a bed of 
 three feet of 
 
 water, but after crossing this bar its banks are compfised of hard, light 
 gray day, with a few Ixiulders, till it passes tlm Mission and ivaches the 
 shallow expansion now largely covered l)y the water of I'artridge Crop 
 Lake. From this lake it again Hows between clay banks, but in a 
 shallow channel, to Lake St. Martin. It hasa total lengtiiof ten miles, 
 antl a total fall, in this distance, of al)out fifteen feet. Most of the fall, 
 occurs in two i-apids, one a sliort distance l)elow I'artridge Crop Lake, 
 and the other a mile and a third in length, between Fairford Mission 
 and Lake Manitoba. These are chiefly caused by the collection in the 
 bed of the stream <tf gre.it numbers of bouUlei's of gneiss and lime 
 stone, washed out of the contiguous banks of b( ulder-clay. 
 
 (Jn its upper poition the north bank of tI;o river is generally thickly 
 wooded with poplar, while the south bank shows several small clear- 
 ings around comfortable log houses. Here are also situated the trad- 
 ing post of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Church of England Kairfon! 
 mission, the tVtrnier, a mile and a half, and tiie latter two miles and a * "'^'""• 
 half, from Lake Manitoba. The missiini was first established on the 
 less thickly wooded gravelly banks of the river below Partridge Croj) 
 Lake, but on account of Hoods the situation had to be abandontsd, and 
 the church and parsonage are now beautifully situated on a rising 
 ground from twenty to thirty feet abo\e the ri\er, and overlooking, 
 towards the south, a forest of poplar, spruce, and Banksian pine. 
 
 Returning to Lake Manitoba and proceeding northward from the DavU I'uint. 
 mouth of Fairford River the shore as far as Davis Point is generally 
 rather lov. , in some places bounded by a gravel bar, and in other ))laces 
 it is high enough to be woodeil with })oi)lar and birch down to the 
 beach. In the dist<',nce tall .spruce trees can occasionally be seen. The 
 point itself is couipo.sed of thick-bedded white limestone. 
 
 West of Davis P<iint, the north shore of Portage liay is cut by deep Poitage Bay. 
 narrow bays separated by long jxiints wooded with elm and [)oplar. 
 These points run out in a dir(!ction a little east of scjuth, on the same 
 course as the glacial striation, and are composed chiefly of large boulders 
 of Laurentian gneiss, mixed with a very few of paheozoic limestone. 
 
 Paonan Peninsula, as far as it was examined, was also found to be I'aonnn 
 low, and surrounded by a wall of Arclnean l)oulders, behind whiiih, in 
 the n'lore .southern parts, is a marsh extending Itack to a jxjplar forest : 
 while in its northern half the woods generally come down to the beach. 
 Acro3s the north end of the peninsula is a portage road 1,700 paces in 
 length, ovev which the Indians often carry their canoes. At the east 
 end of the portage, which is oj)posite a small island of boulders covered 
 with a few willows, the water is veiy shallow, and the first few hun- 
 dred yards of the portage itself are across a sloping gravel plain, extend- 
 
 PeniiiHiilii. 
 
\-2 K 
 
 NOHTII-WKHTEUN MANITOHA. 
 
 ffiii'di'ii 
 1-htnil. 
 
 Oral !• Itiv 
 N;iriii\vs. 
 
 iiiji t'roni tim wiitci- In llu; j)i)|ilur woods. 'I"lu> western end nt' tlie [lor- 
 lu;{e is in a ^(rove of oiik.s, at tlic l)ottoni of a small bay opeidng to the 
 south, the shores of whiili are sandy and pih'd with Ixtulders. 
 
 West of Paonan Peninsida a Ion;,' shallow hay rims to the north- 
 ward. The north end of this hay is cspeeially shallow, with stones 
 projecting ahove the water in evei'y direction, and l)anks of rushes 
 ^'rowin^' otl" the beach. The surntundin^' country is woodtMl with small 
 poplar, while spruce and tamarack c.in occasionally he seen in the 
 distance. 
 
 (Jarden Tslaiid, which lies just oft' the point west of the mo\ith of this 
 Way, is a rid^e of ;;ravel aiul boulders, inclosing', in the northei'n part, 
 a {jrassy and reedy marsh, and in other places drier land. It is wooded 
 all arniind the shore, and, in the southern pai-t. in the interior. < )n 
 its western side a sand bar runs out towards the point of the main 
 shore. Tlu; island is said to have derived its name from the fact that 
 Indians of the Cra'" lliver band used to grow crops of potatoes !i"re 
 year af tei- year. 
 
 West of Garden Island Point, two loni,' points extend southward 
 towards the opposite shore, contracting the lake in one place to less 
 than a mile an<l a half in width, and fi'om these points extend boul- 
 der-reefs, in places piled up into little islands, on which a few willows 
 may Vie growing. Thus this strait is shallow and much obstructed by 
 boulders, so tlijit, in low water, it is ditHcult to find a channel through 
 it four feet in depth. The boulders ai'e almost all of granite or nuca- 
 schist, while many of the pebl)les on the shore are of white ji.ala'ozoic 
 limestone. 
 
 Between Elm Point, the most westerly of the two points above men- 
 tioned, and the mouth of Waterhen Uiver, the shore is all composed of 
 sand or boulders, and, like the north shore of the lake elsewhere, 
 without any sign of fixed rock. The boulders at and near the points 
 are piled in steep v/alls six to eight feet in height, and behind these 
 walls are often groves of large elms and maples. 
 
 From the mouth of Waterhen River southward for a few miles the 
 shore was not closely examined, but it appeai-ed to be low, and 
 Tuiii Islands, without special interest. Ofl" the mouth of the river lie the Twin 
 Islands, two low islands thickly wooiled with poplar and elm, with a 
 few spruce in the interior. The islands are surrounded by a beach of 
 gravel or boulders about seven feet high, and are connected by a bar of 
 limestone gravel half a mil«5 long, which rises five feet above the water 
 and has an average width of 100 feet. At the north end of this bar 
 is a large, cairn-like heap of boulders piled up by the ice. 
 
 lii AS 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
'1 
 
 TXrMRtll 
 
 ] 
 
 LAKi; MAMIOHA. 
 
 i:{ K 
 
 Littl.' 
 IVtilit. 
 
 Siiiidy 
 
 ("raiii' liiviv. 
 
 Soutli of Twin Isliiiiils iiiiotlipr HJniiliir isliind, woodt'd witli poplur 
 Riul iisli, lies olitsf to tlif shore, and is conni-flt'd with it hy a \fry 
 similar bar ot" sand and tine grav»'l morn than half a mile lon^', rising' 
 in some places not moif than a foot al)ovt' the water, and averaging 
 only about thirty-Hve feet in width. 
 
 From the end of this iiai' to Onion Point the shore is low and s mdy Onioii I'.)inr. 
 or scattenid with itoulders, hut at the point itself a elitl' of limest >ne, 
 eight feet in height at its highest point, looks out in a north-westetly 
 (lii-ection over the lak<'. On the top of the rock is a little oak- 
 surrounded prairie, sinular t<» that at Steep Hnck I'oint already 
 referred to, but not (pute so large or open. 
 
 Tlie ne.xt two prominent points are composed of limestone, and the 
 shores of the bays are thickly wocnled with poplar. At Little Sandy 
 Point there is a pile of rouniled granite boulders, and jti.st to the east- 
 ward is a high .spit of .sand and .snndl rounded linu^.stone gravel, at 
 whi<'h the York boats usually stop on their way up the lakes, as the 
 water is here moderately deep up to the shore. 
 
 Kro;n Little 8andy Point to tlie limestone clit!" ct Monroe Point the 
 shore is generally low, and more or less thickly wooded with poplar. 
 Kast of Monroe Point a small brook, known as Crane lliver, enters 
 the lake from the south, but it appears to carry very little water. It 
 is (pnte stagnant foi- about a mile from the lake, to a point wheie 
 there is a small Indian village, compose«l of a few htg hou.ses tenanted 
 only in winter. 
 
 The east shore of Crane Bay is generally piled with Vxadders, while 
 the e.xti-eme point is a high ridge of boulders ext(»nding out into the 
 lake, on the end of which a f(!W elms, maples and willows have grown. 
 A (piarter of a mile t<» the south, this ridge divides ; the branches run 
 back and include a marsh a1>out a mile in length and a quarter of a 
 mile in width. The other |)oints south of Crane Hiver Naiwows are 
 also compo.sed largely of boulders, aiul tlif bays between them are 
 shallow and marshy. 
 
 South of Crane Hiver Narrows the shore assumes a much moie even 
 character, since the lake here extends for twenty-five miles in the direc- 
 tion of the geiiei-al glaciationof the country, and therefore no drumlin- 
 ridges of boulders extend out at right angles to the sliore. As a rule, 
 the water is moderately deep to within a short distance of the land. 
 The beach in some })laces runs back to a ridge of boulders, but it 
 generally consists of a bar )f limestone gravel in front of a wide, level 
 rnarsh, behind which are gro\es of poplar. It was reported that the 
 country to the west, and for a considerable distance iidand, is made up 
 entirely of alternating bands of marsh and poplar woods extending in 
 
 f 
 
t J K 
 
 NOHTII-WKSTKKN MAMTOII.X. 
 
 Bitf Hniiilx 
 IN. lilt. 
 
 Oii'inoriiiit^. 
 
 a iiDi'tli mill siiiitli (lii'i'ctioii. Tlif liitst ktxiwii Iiiu'Imiim' in tliis stioir is nt 
 Hi^ Simdy I'uiiil, wliii'li is a spit <if sand and liiiicsloiic ^iiiivt'l ruiininj^ 
 out intu (It'cj) watri", just smitli ut' smm' low clills of wliiU* linnwloiie. 
 TliH liai liuui* JH nut n ^ood one, liciu^ open to the iiorth-tuiHt wiiiil, Imt 
 th<Ml»'t'p walt*r clos*' to t lir gravel iH-acli makes it a fouvciiifiit plair 
 to land. 
 
 Ni'ar t\u' soutlu'iii cikI of this jiortioii of tlic lake aif three islaruls, 
 two of tlicm l)t'iii;< lucrt'iy pil.s of IxiuldtTH (|uit»' Uari' of \«'j^t'tati<m, 
 while tlie tliii'd and largest is l<»w and ^'enenilly marshy, I ml luais a 
 few l>uslifs, and is sunouii<led liy hars of gravel and caicareons sand, 
 vfitli houldeis •*' gneiss on the points. Tin" most svesteily >«f the small 
 Htony iHlands was visited on the 4th of Auj,'u.st, 1H88, and was found to 
 l)e iilack with >,'reat numberH of cormorants (P/iii/iK'nxdni.r (/i/op/mn), 
 younj.; and old, this heinj; their piineipal IjreediM;.^ placi' in the lake. 
 North-east of these islands, and at the south-eastern extremity of this 
 Htreteh of open water, the lake is aj,'ain shallow and eontiaoted, the 
 space between the point of I'aonan Peninsula and the opposite fhore 
 being largely taken up by (-herry Island. The watei' in the main 
 channel to the .s(aith of this island is not more than seven feet deep, 
 while t.o tlu! noi'th of it a tie' 'h of three fetit is all that was found 
 throughout. 
 
 Clienyl(tlaiul. Cherry [sland po.saesses a . .larbour on its north-east side where 
 
 the brigades of freighting lv)at.s ))elonging to the Hudson'.s Bay Com- 
 pany, coming from various ))arts of this district, used to wait for each 
 other before |)rooeeding on their annual trip to York Factory. The 
 name Paonan, now given t(j the peninsula to the north, is said to be 
 an Ojibway word meaning "Waiting phice," and was originally applied 
 to this harbeur. The harbour is a little horse-shoe-shaped bay, open 
 to (he nortli and north-east, but obstructed at its mouth by a sandy 
 bar. The wate" within this bar is from four to five feet deep up to the 
 beach of sand and gravel, which rises six feet above the water. Behind 
 the beach is .i nurow sandy plain, behind which is a thin row of elm, 
 oak, maple and cherry. The centre of the island is a marsh covered 
 with tall reeds, while most of the rest of the shore is su'Tounded by 
 reeds or Ixndder-bars running out a considerai)le distance into the lake, 
 liiding Mountain can be distinctly seen from this island as a clear 
 blue line in the south-west. 
 
 South of Cherry Island the west .side of the lake to tlu* Nar- 
 rows is low, and without any sign of the underlying rt)ck, but 
 is composed of a ridge of gi-avel or Ijoulders, lying on an original 
 floor of boulder-day, which has been first shoved up by the 
 ice, and then assorted by the waves and currents. Many examples of 
 
 M'est hIioi'o 
 imrtli of 
 Narrows. 
 
 nt 
 
 S(> 
 
 til 
 dr 
 
 Rt 
 
shitif is at 
 I'l running 
 liin«Htone. 
 wind, l>iit 
 iiicnt jiliK't' 
 
 pee iHlarids, 
 vcm'tiilion, 
 tut ln'ai's a 
 icuiis Naiiil, 
 ,t' lilt' small 
 iis fouiul t»i 
 • iHliiiiliiix), 
 111 the lake, 
 nity of this 
 liiuted, the 
 posite shore 
 n the main 
 I f(!et deep, 
 was tound 
 
 t side where 
 '8 Bay C(»m- 
 sait titr each 
 ictoiy. The 
 s said to be 
 ally applied 
 I l)ay, open 
 1)V a sandy 
 'p uj) 1<> the 
 er. Behind 
 low of elm, 
 arsh covered 
 rounded by 
 nto the lake, 
 d as a clear 
 
 to the Nar- 
 12 nick, hut 
 \ an original 
 up by the 
 y examples of 
 
 1 
 
 I.AKi; MAMTOH.X, 
 
 tr> K 
 
 the result i>f the shoving iit" spring or fliiatinj; ieu were seen in 1881) in 
 
 till little mounds of clay and gravel near the water's edj^e nii the j^eiitly 
 
 slopiiij( shore just in front .:f the ridj,'e of iKiulders ; and the j^ravel 
 
 liiidk fit the " Hliiir llarbuiir " is an excellent example of the way in Hlntf Hur 
 
 which this ice-slmved material is .issdited by waves and currents, the """^' 
 
 liner pebbles being curried along into deeper water. 
 
 ■ ■ » ' '' 
 
 WATKimivN UIVKH AM) l.AKK. 
 
 Waterlieii Hiver llows from Tiake Wiiiniiie^osis into the north west X:i„„. 
 ern extremity of Lake .Manitoba, touching; the south end of Waterhen 
 Lake about the middle of its course. Its Indian name. Sin t/i/hsifir- 
 silii, is givi'ii t(i it on account of the presence here of the western grebe 
 (^/'in/irrpsiii'fl(fi)if(ifl!t,(y\'\\)\vii\'Sitt-i/l/>-si<ir), wliicli breeds on the lake 
 and river in ipiite large numbers. 
 
 The river was examined and surveyed by Henry 15. Smith, CMv, in lifsdiiitiiinlpy 
 187.*?, and the following are some of his notes in referoneo to it : 
 
 " Tlu^ total <li 'nice by this ri\'er bet ween the above lakes (W'inni- 
 
 pegosis and ALuitoba) is thirty miles, and the dilVerence of level i8-73 
 
 feet. After traversing a long reai-h of T^ake Winnipegosis, the Water- 
 
 .hen lUver is entered, flowing in a noith-easierly direction between low 
 
 -?^marshy banks, with a current of three miles an hour over a imnldy 
 
 bottom : its average width is about 500 to 000 feet and depth five to 
 
 six feet ; the difference fif level on this section, known as the ' North 
 
 - Branch,' is about six feet. 
 
 * " Waterhen Lake is now reached, a very sh.dlow sheet of water, 
 filled with iioulders lying on a stiff clay bottom, and so close together 
 thai no channel can be found ; the average depth (in the channel) in 
 July, 1872, was only three feet. 
 
 " Leaving W;iterheii Lake the river (lows at an average rate of from 
 three to four miles an hour in a southerly direction to the ' Forks.' 
 The depth varies from three and a half to seventeen feet, and the chan- 
 nel is in many places obstructed by large boulders, .so as to interfere 
 seriously with navigation. 
 
 " The average width of this portion of the river is about "lOO feet, 
 the bottom is stony as far as the ' Fork.s,' where it becomes muddy."* 
 
 In l^sl Thos. Gueriii, C.E., examined the river for the purpose of yolmne 
 determining the amount of water discharged by it, and reports as fol- ' "'^ "*''t^''- 
 
 *MonionindiiiTi on the portages and streams between li.akes Winnipeg, ^Manitoba, 
 _ Ac. From reiwrts on surveys made liy Henry H. Siiiitli, C.E., in 187.S. C. P. II. 
 ,^' lieport, Ottawa, 1874, p. 2G0, witli mai) and section. 
 
 ,.*** 
 
4(5 E 
 
 NOinil-WESTERX MANITOnA. 
 
 Iiivcr l>:iiikM. 
 
 Wiiterlii-n 
 Lake. 
 
 lows : — " About five miles above its junction with the lake (Manitoba) a 
 suitable place was found for examining it. Here the river was 444 feet 
 wide ; its maximum depth was twelve feet, and the quantity of water 
 passing in it was 13,930 cubic feet per second. From a watermark 
 visible on its banks it was ascertaiiifd that the river had fallen 1 j'-jj'',, 
 feet from its highest stage duiing the previous spi'ing. When it was 
 at that stage, the quantity of water passing in it was 18,642 cubic feet 
 per second."* 
 
 Tn the upper parts of the river the banks are low. and generally 
 skirted with reeds, though neiiv Lake Winnipegosis the reeds are varied 
 with grassy banks and occasional gravel beaches. At its mouth into 
 Waterhen Lake the river is almost filled with rushes, and through 
 them there is a nariow, rapid stream. 
 
 Another channel, to the east of the one usually travelled, is said to 
 exist, out it was not examined. 
 
 Tn the lower part of the river are a number of islands, most of which 
 are surrounded l)y rushes, and c;i;>;«'d in the centre by groves of pop- 
 lar. The barks are generally f.'om three to eight feet in licigiit. grassy 
 on the face, but on top covered with the burnt remains of a forest of 
 poplar aufl birch and small oak. Boulders oi gneiss are scattered over 
 the surface. 
 
 The river empties into Lake Manitoba by several channels, all of 
 which wind thi'ough a low wide marsh foi- .several miles. 
 
 Waterhen Li.,ke was examined by Mr. Dowling, who states that it is 
 twenty-four miles long, with a width of five miles, a shoreline of sixty 
 miles, an ai'ea of fi)rty-four s(piare miles, and an elevatioi above the 
 sea of 822 feet. It is very shallow, the depth in the centre being 
 al)out six feet. The south-east side of the lake is thickly strewn with 
 large boulders, but further to the north they are not so prevalent, 
 though the beach is still low and sloping, jiailaking very much of thi' 
 character of the east shore of Lake Winnijx'gosi; north of iiirch Island. 
 The western shore is generally low and muddy, and often indefinite, 
 being bounded by a wide l)ank of rushes. None of the underlying 
 rocks were anywhere seen. 
 
 LAKK WIXNIPKGOSIS. 
 
 Pii-iitiuu Lake Winnipegosis is a long, curved lake, lying between iiorth 
 
 lititudes or .34' and .")3 1 1', and west longitudes 99' 37' and 101° G . 
 
 Extent. It'^ greatest lengtli in a direction N. 30 ^^' from Meadow Portage to 
 
 *Rt>|)(irt on Lake Manitoh.i ovitHow, liy Thomas (!u<Tiii. 
 oi Public Works, 18(J7-18.S2, p. 541, Ottawa, 1883. 
 
 llt'port of the Ministe 
 
tvrheli ] 
 
 LAKK Wl.VMPI/fiusi.S. 
 
 47 E 
 
 (Manitoba) a 
 ■ was 444 feet 
 itity of watei' 
 a watc^niiafk 
 (I fallen 1 j"jj^„ 
 W lien it was 
 542 cubic feet 
 
 and generally 
 etls aie varied 
 s mouth into 
 
 , and tl:r(in!j;!i 
 
 ed, is said to 
 
 most of which 
 proves of pop- 
 [leight, grassy 
 of a forest of 
 scattered over 
 
 innels, all of 
 
 atcs that it is 
 cline of sixty 
 ioi above the 
 
 centre being 
 i strewn with 
 so prevalent. 
 { much of tlic 
 
 iiirch Island. 
 en indefinite, 
 le underlying 
 
 !tween north 
 ' and lOr fi . 
 w Portage tn 
 
 of the Ministc 
 
 
 the mouth of Overflowing River, but across a long stretch of land, is 
 one hundred and twenty-tw„ miles ; its gi'eatest width, north of Fox- 
 Point, IS seventeen miles and a h.df. It )ias a shore line of r/70 miles 
 an area, evclusive of islands, of 2,000 s.juare miles, while its island.s 
 have an aggregate area of ninety-six square miles. Its <n-eatest 
 n.scertained deptii is thirty-eight feet, off the north-east point of Birch 
 Island, and its mean altitude is eighteen feet above Lake >[anitoba 
 or 828 feet above the sea. This height is the approxin.ate mean of 
 two measurements made respectively by H. B. Smith, C E * in 187'' 
 and Ce ,rge A. Bayne, C.E.,t in 1889, the former finding a difference 
 of level „t 18-73 feet between the two lakes, and the latter a 
 difference of 17-4 feet measured acro.ss Meadow Portage, when the 
 water had been calm for some time. 
 
 Til.- water in this lake is clearer than that in either Lakes Winnipe- (_• 
 ..r M.uiitoba, and, as was stated in referring to the latter lake, it it 
 warmed by the sun's rays in summer, and as it does r.ot cool rapidly 
 It exerts a great inlluence in equalizing the <liurnal temperature of the 
 country m its vicinity, and thus preventing the occurrence of summer 
 frosts. 
 
 The following table will show the temperatures of the surface of the u 
 lake and vicinity during the summer of 1889, the observations having t"' 
 been generally taken in open water, some distance from land :_ 
 
 W,\Ti:i! Tkmperature. 
 
 laiiT water 
 
 atcr 
 
 n|i< ratine. 
 
 Date 
 
 Tiiiii 
 
 T.i 
 
 niii'i'aairc. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 July 13.. 
 14,. 
 1.5.. 
 ]().. 
 18.. 
 lit . 
 
 20 .. 
 
 21 .. 
 22... 
 23... 
 24... 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2il. . 
 31.. 
 
 3.. 
 
 6... 
 
 7,.. 
 
 !) 
 
 .Of) 
 
 a 
 
 in. 
 
 ,S 
 
 .(M» 
 
 a 
 
 m. 
 
 ,s 
 
 .20 
 
 a 
 
 in. 
 
 t 
 
 .40 
 
 a 
 
 Ill . 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 p 
 
 ni 
 
 8 
 
 .3.5 
 
 a 
 
 III 
 
 s 
 
 4.5 
 
 ;i. 
 
 111. 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 1' 
 
 Ill 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 a. 
 
 in. 
 
 11 
 
 •M) 
 
 a. 
 
 Ill . 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 a. 
 
 Ill 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 a. 
 
 111 
 
 12. (Ml 
 
 
 
 !) 
 
 00 
 
 a. 
 
 m. 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 I. 
 
 III. 
 
 3. 
 
 30 
 
 !'■ 
 
 in. 
 
 <!2 1 
 
 (10 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 04 
 
 (10 
 
 65 
 
 03 
 
 67 
 
 OS 
 
 "0 
 
 67 
 70 
 70 
 62 
 66 
 66 
 
 ahv. fn Lake U'innipcgo.si.s. 
 
 tLetter fro„. (Jeorge A. liayne, O.K., ,.f Wi„ni,,eg, -lated Dee. 26, 18!»0. 
 
 • ^ii 
 
48 K 
 
 Water tcnipt'i- 
 atiirc — Coil. 
 
 NOKTH-WESTEKN MANITOBA. 
 AVaTKR TKUPEHATVHK—Cotichlded. 
 
 1« 
 
 Heiiiiirks 
 
 Id Red I)t'ci' Uiver. 
 do do 
 
 do do 
 
 III I-akc WimiiiK'K'isi?. 
 
 Ill iiioutli of Slioal Rivfi'. 
 Ill Swan Luke. 
 
 do 
 do 
 d(. 
 Ill Laki' \\'iiiuiiiofrnsis. 
 
 In Waterhen Lake. 
 !Tn Lake Maiiitotia. 
 Ic<' around the shore. 
 
 The lake annually freezes over with a thickness of from two to 
 three leet of ice, and, as far as could be learned, the dates of the 
 openinjj and closinjjf of navigation are about the same as those given 
 for Lake Manitoba on pages ;)7 and .'iS. 
 
 Shores and Islands. 
 
 The following brief description of the shores and islands of the lake 
 refers to the summer of 1881) unless otherwise seated. 
 
 lieginning at the sotith-eastern corner of the lake and proceeding 
 northward, the shore is generally composed of a ridge of sand and 
 gravel faced with scattered boulders, behind which is a marsh or low 
 Tueadow from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width. East of the 
 marsh or meadow is a. light gravel ridge, on which are growing oak 
 willow and poplar, inclosing hei'e and there siuall grassy swamps. * 
 
■] 
 
 i.AKi: \viXNlPE«;of,is. 
 
 19 K 
 
 ■111 
 
 two to 
 es of the 
 lose given 
 
 if the lake 
 
 proceeding 
 sand and 
 •si J or low 
 ast of the 
 wmg oak^ 
 amps. • 
 
 **taJ 
 
 
 ^^*B 
 
 Tlic Meadow Portage, lictwccH Lake Winuipegosisand I^ako Manitoba, Mtiidow 
 
 I*' trttifift*. 
 has its western teimination in a little hay in tiiis long coast meadow. 
 
 The shore of this hay is free from Ijoulders, and is a good landing place 
 
 for canoes and small boats, l)ut a numlier of stony reefs lie a short 
 
 distance out in the shallow n-ater. From the shoi-e the portage i-oad 
 
 runs east across the level nu adow for a ([Uarter of a mile to a belt of 
 
 oak and poplar. Passing tlirougli this grove it skirts the north end 
 
 of an extensive mai-sh, passing hei'e and there through clumps of trees, 
 
 till a belt of j)oplar woods about a tjuai'ter of a mile wide is 
 
 reached. Beyond this anothr'r swamp a third of a mile wide is 
 
 crossed, and then the road enters a poplar forest stretching down to 
 
 Lake Manitoba. Within this forest and about a mile and a third from 
 
 Lake Winnipegosis is a low ridge, stated by H. P>. Smith on his piofile,* 
 
 to b(» eleven feet aliove Lake NN'innipegosis, or L'!)-72 t'etjt above Lake 
 
 Manitoba. Mr. Bayne inf<n'ms nie that the shortest distance betwec- 
 
 the two lakes is 9,400 feet. The land consists of a light gray, almost 
 
 white, calcareous clay, holding many irregular peijliles of limestone. 
 
 Very few Ijoulders are lying on the surface, e,\cej)t at a ]>oint about 
 
 two lumdred yards east of the ridge last mentioned, where they are 
 
 rather numerous. 
 
 The country niaintains the same cli^-acter throughout to the head 
 of Waterhen River. Tlie old trading post of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany was situated on this shoi'e, near the head of the river, but a few 
 years ago it was movinl down tin; i-iver to a point just below Waterhen 
 Lake. 
 
 From the head of Waterhen Biver to T^oint Brabant the east shore n- . , 
 
 was examined by INfr. Dowling, and Jic following description is from Kivt rtu I'oint 
 , . ^ ■■ Iknbunt. 
 
 his notes : — 
 
 The west side (»f the bay from which W'ateriien Hivei liows is very 
 similar to the east side, Ijeing generally bounded by a beach of sand or 
 gravel, behind which is a low flat meadow, extending back to a burnt 
 forest of poplar and si)iuce. At a jioint half way down the side of 
 the bay se\eral small saline ponds lie behind the gravel beach, and at 
 Salt Point there is a drier meadow, on which are the remains r,f several Salt Poiiit. 
 old houses. From this point a r(>ef of boulders extends into the lake 
 towards Ermine Islaml, which is generally ingh, and wooded with 
 maple, its northern extremity extending into a gravel bar. Long 
 Island, lying fuither southward within the bay, is low, and ge;ierally 
 lightly covered with scrub. West of Salt Point the shore runs north- 
 ward into a long marshy bay, to the west of wiiich again is a low 
 
 *MeinoraiKluin on the Portttges and StreamMand C.P.R. Rejxjrt.s, IHH. Slitct. 11 
 
■)0 K 
 
 N()l(TII-\Vi:sTKIi\ MANITOIIA. 
 
 Ruck f\\in 
 
 sun-. 
 
 ;♦■ 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 1 
 
 Poii.t Brn- 
 Iwiit. 
 
 Old shoiv 
 flitf. 
 
 Nortli of 
 Point Br;i- 
 baiit. 
 
 Willie r„iiit. 
 
 unwoocled point, tVom wliicli bars of <j;rfinitf* boulders extend south- 
 ward into tlu' lake. 
 
 Turniiiii northward up the east side of tlie main portion of the 
 lake, thtf shore is j^enerally low, with a few small boulders lyinij on 
 scattered l)roken fra<,Mneuts of limestone. The timber, chielly burnt 
 poplar, first touches the l)each two miles north ui this point. Some of 
 the bay.s are shallow, while the points are built up of large boulders, 
 with deep water off them. Four miles and a half north of the point 
 lixed roek was seen for the lirst time since entering the lake. Four 
 miles and a half further north a small island lies off the shore 
 wooded with poplar, elm and willow, while the land to the east is wooded 
 with poplar, elm and a few oak trees. 
 
 At Net Point there is another low exposure of bedded lii' I'stone ; 
 but the re.st of the shore all the way to Point Brabant is low and 
 more or less closely pilefl with a ridge of boulders. 
 
 At Point Brabant a limt^stont^ clifT extends for al)out a mile 
 .ilong the shore, rising at its highest point to about forty feet 
 above the watei'. A long sloping gravel beach reaches from the 
 foot of the almost vertical clift' to the edge of the water, and f)n this 
 beach, and under the shelter of the clift', a line of wide-spre.ading elms 
 is growing. A similar low of ^rees may be seen in front of many of 
 the other cliffs by this lake, inflicating clearly that its waves are not 
 at 2^''esent cutting them, but that they were formed when the 
 lake stood a few feet above its present level, when the ridge a I ing 
 the top of the Meadow Portage was also formed, and when conseiiuently 
 lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba were joined into one great sheet of 
 water which extended to the south and east over large areas in the 
 province. 
 
 For five miles north from Point Brabant the shore is often protected 
 i)y a sloping wall of boulders, behind which is a higher ridge of 
 bouklers wooded with elm. At the end of the above «listance is a low 
 clift' of limestone, nortli-east of which and a short distance back fi'om 
 the lake, is a hill of limestone rising by an easy slope from the edge 
 of the water to a height of sixty feet, and strewn with dead birch, 
 spruce and poplar. Its sunnnit is slightly rolling parallel to the shore, 
 and is covered with pebbles and rounded cobble.-?, while its western face 
 is strewn with large ma.sses, some possibly in plai-e, of heavily-bedded 
 doloinitic limestone. 
 
 From this hill to Wade Point, a distance of .seven miles, the shore 
 is everywhere low, and generally bounded by a wall of Archa'an 
 txndders, and wooded with elms, Ijehind which is a country clothed with 
 po])]ar and some spruce. Oun Island is a ma.ss of these boulders ten 
 
 
m 
 
 I,.\Ki; WINNIPEfJOSIS. 
 
 al K 
 
 ' M 
 
 otectt'd 
 
 i-idge of 
 
 IS ;i low 
 
 ■; fioiii 
 
 he edge 
 
 id bircli, 
 
 le shore, 
 
 tei-n face 
 
 jedded 
 
 If shore 
 Archjeau 
 lied with 
 dera ten 
 
 feet ill height, and is connected with the shore liy a long bai' of siini!;;!' 
 boulders, which stood a foot above the surface of the lake during the 
 period of low water in \^8d. 
 
 North of Wade Poii:t tlie character of the east sliore changes con- ciianfff i" 
 siderably, and gi-inite boulders, which form so prominent a feature ^{,','"1^'^*''' " 
 of the beach to the south of it, are much less numerous, the boulder- 
 strewn tract crossing the lake and continuing up the west side of 
 Birch Island. The water to the south of Hunter's Island is every- 
 where shallow, and the shores slope very gradually into the lake. 
 T'ouldeis of gneiss are thickly scattered on the most soutlu^ly jioints. 
 KIsewliere the beach is comj'osed chielly of more or U-ss irregular 
 fragments of limestone, wliich in most cases, as on the north side of 
 Island /. are ]irobably derived from immediately underlying rock. 
 North-east of Hunter's Island the beach is a belt, fifty to seventy- 
 tive yai'ds in width, between the woods and the water, the upper part 
 grass-grown, the lower part bare of vegetation, and scattered with 
 debris, chiefly of moderately thin-bedded limestone with an occasional 
 boulder of gneiss, all bedded in a soft light gray sandy clay. 
 
 In latitude o2' 2lV a hill of limestone, thirty-live feet in height, Linit'stfine 
 rises to the south of a shallow bay, and on its side sloping towards 
 the lake is an old beach of rounded limestone gravel of the age of 
 the Meadow Portage ridge. 
 
 I'loiii this hill northward to Point Laronde the shore is very i),,j„f 
 monotonous, being every wheie very low, and composed of sandy clay biudndf. 
 irregularly strewn with fragments of limestone, and a few Ijoulders of 
 granite. The water off the shore is shallow, and stony bars project 
 above its surface. The larger islands close to the shore are low, and 
 wooded with spruce and poplar ; their eastern sides are generally soft 
 and marly, while theii- western sides are flat, like the main shore. 
 
 Further out in the lake several wooded islands lie in the channel 
 between Birch Island and the shore : the most conspicuous and ' 
 
 interesting of these is Hill Island, the northern one of the group. Hill l.sliuul. 
 It rises about forty feet above the water, and j't its northern end, 
 hidden among poplar and spruce trees, is a half-buried cliff of lime- 
 stone, at llie foot of this ciitl' is a terrace strewn with boulders down 
 to fifteen feet above the water, below which the beach is compo.sed 
 of a sloping pavement of granite boulders from twelve to eighteen 
 inches in diameter. On the east side of the island is another cliff, 
 but it consists of compact glacial till, and a beach of large lioulders 
 extends from its foot down to the lake. On top of the cliff, 
 at heights of twelve and twenty-five feet above the water, are dejiosits 
 of rounded gravel, indicating old stages in the history of the lake. 
 
 Jk ^ 
 
52 K 
 
 NOliTII WKSTKliN MAXITOHA, 
 
 Ciiuijc nmti'. 
 
 Tnlfiml tho ishiiul is ye no ml ly tliickly wooded witli spiiK-e, bii'di 
 and popliif. From the noi'th-ejist iind nortli-west corners ot' the 
 ishmd <,'riivel bars extend nortliward as reefs, and from the south 
 end a <,M-aveI spit extends southward for 250 yards beyond tlie limit 
 of the wt>ods. 
 
 The other islands to the south are ni<istly low, with flat shores, 
 and iidand aic <,'enerally wooded with poplar and a few spruce. 
 Liiw slini-f. North of Point T^ironde the east shore of the lake is everywhere 
 
 low and flat, liein^' often underlaid by thin-bedded limestone dippinj^ 
 ji;ently towards the west, and running for u long distance under the 
 water. This limestone has been very generally much broken Ijy the 
 shoving of the ice in spring, and the beach is therefore strewn with 
 angular fragments of the roek. Two miles north of the point is the 
 mouth of the oidy noticeable creek enij)tying into the oast side of Lake 
 Winnipegosis. It is fifty feet wide and from three to six inches deep, 
 flows swiftly among boulders, and in the autumn of lS8!t was falling 
 about two feet over the bf'ach into the lake. An Indian canoe route 
 is said to go up this stream and aci-oss into a chain of lakes which 
 connect with the northern end of Waterhen Lake, pro\idiiig a 
 short way to the Hudson's Bay Company's post on the latter 
 lake, and one on which theie is not much danger of detention by 
 storms. 
 
 The country througii which this I'oute passes, and the whole of the 
 region lying between Lakes Winnipegosis and Winnipeg, is described 
 by Alexandoi" Monroe, the Hu<lson's Bay Company's trader at A\'ater- 
 lien River, as a great flat-lying area, dotted with many small lakes, 
 and traversed from south to nor*^h by a high ridge covered with Bank- 
 sian }>ine, reaching as far as the Grand Rapids on the Saskatchewan. 
 
 The islands oflT the shore are generally capped by a ridge of granite 
 boulders, and the whole shore bears evidence of having been moulded 
 to some extent by the i'-e of the glacial period, ftjr the ])oints run out 
 into the lake parallel to the direction of the glacial striation, while 
 behintl them are shallow bays extending back into long, narrow 
 , marshes. (!)n the low, flat beach are also many evidences of the 
 
 shoving of the ice in spring. Boulders are lying on the soft clay, and 
 gi'ooves in which they have been pushed along extend from them 
 towards the water. One large boulder of dai-k gray gneiss had a 
 groove behind it seventy-four paces, at least, in length ; thirty-four 
 paces straight, then a bend and twenty paces straight, and then 
 another bend and twenty more paces straight, to beneath the surface 
 of tiie water. 
 Lung I'oint. At the north end of the bay e^st of Long Point, and again north of 
 
 the bay to the west of the same point, a liigh wooded r-idge rises ba^ 
 
 Cimntry i;i.st 
 of till- I'iikf. 
 
 Islands iuul 
 pdillts of 
 iHHildiTs. 
 
•y-'-l 
 
 ■1 
 
 I.AKi: WINMI'KCOSIS. 
 
 nn K 
 
 ■, biirli 
 
 of tho 
 
 e south 
 
 l\c limit 
 
 shores, 
 
 Ct'. 
 
 irywhcre 
 
 iidei' tlie 
 1 by the 
 wii with 
 it is the 
 i of Lake 
 hes deep, 
 as fivllinjj; 
 loe route 
 ;es which 
 )V it ling !V 
 he latter 
 ention Vjy 
 
 pU» of the 
 described 
 at Watei"- 
 lall lakes, 
 ill) r>ank- 
 atchewun. 
 of granite 
 moulded 
 run out 
 ion, while 
 ^, narrow 
 :^s of the 
 clay, and 
 lom tliem 
 iss had a 
 hirty-four 
 and then 
 he surface 
 
 If 
 
 from tl^' shore, and the iiorih shore of tiie lake follows the foot of 
 this ridge in a modenitely (-ven line in the mnutli fif Swamp Creek. 
 The shore of the hitter bay is low and maishy, and a nunil)er of rills 
 of dark brown water are flowing int.t its western side from a dense 
 spruce swamp. The beach is of line hard (juartz .sand, and is generally 
 skirted with rushes. > 
 
 West of this bay, tiie beach for a short distance descends into Emu slmre 
 shallow water, and then for nioie than thirty miles it maintains a very 
 constant character. It is generally about I.-jO feet wide, with a gentle 
 slojte l)etween the water and the edge of the woods, while the water. 
 ev(>n idose to the shore, is of consideral)le depth. The beach, 
 which is jirobalily the mo.st beautiful anywhere on the lake, is partly 
 o\ei'growii witii grass, and is comj)osed of s;indy clay, in which cobbles 
 and pebbles of white limestone are embedded, many of them l)Ut little 
 water-worn and showing well-marked glacial stria-. Large boulders of 
 gneiss are comparatively rare. 
 
 Towards the eastern end of this part of the shore the gentle slope 
 between the edge uf the grass and the water shows many e\iden<'es of 
 ice shoving, both in little heaps of gi'avel piled on the beach, and deep 
 furrows ploughed in the mud. 
 
 Behind the open shore is a forest of white and black poplar, mingled, w,,,„i,.(l shore 
 in the distance, with birch and spruce. In this forest a hill rises by a 
 gentle incline to a height of from sixty to ninety feet, and though its 
 face is thickly overgrown with vegetation, some; small boulders and 
 cobbles, similar to those on the beach, can be seen lying on it here 
 and there. 
 
 While none of the older rocks are exposed in place on this sliore, OM Ihmc ln-s 
 there are on the southern slojie of the above-mentioned wooded ridge "" terraces, 
 .sevei-al terraces and aiu-ient gravel beai;hes whii'h aio of considerable 
 interest. The most coiLspicuous of these terraces extends along the 
 face of the ridge at a height of from twenty to thirty feet al>ove the 
 water. One of the l(,)calities at 'vhich it is best shown is four miles 
 south-east of the Western Mossy Portage. It is here .scarped, and 
 is .seen to be composed almost exclusively of flattened, disc-shaped, 
 water-worn pebbles of wliite limestone, with a few of dolomite, and 
 a few others of granite, most of which still show ti-aces of glacial 
 stria'. The pebbles are endiedded in a seanty matrix of white, 
 slightly clayey sand. The summit of the terrace is twenty-seven 
 feet above the lake and consists of three gravel ridges, all of about 
 the same height, and all })arallel to the shore, separated by narrow 
 trough.s, the trough behind the third ridge being ten feet deep, back 
 of which the main hill rises with a gentle slope. These probably repre- 
 
 ;•■' 
 
54 K 
 
 NOHTII-WKHTKUN M.WITOHA. 
 
 KaHtcrn 
 .Mns»y I'urt- 
 
 Hiirvi'vs. 
 
 sent tlie lenidins of .an anciont griivpl spit wliich piojccted into tho 
 lake ill the era of tlie Meadow Poitaye ri(i<;f(', and tlie Ion;,' ;^ravel 
 islands opposite this part of the shore, and now a tnile and a (|uarter 
 out in the lake, possibly also represent fra<,'ments of the same ancient 
 spit. 
 
 Four miles west of the ^^astern Mossy Porta<j;e, the woods have been 
 burnt f(jr a short distance, and two ternices are seen, one about the 
 heij,'ht of the last, and one very conspicuous, at a height of from 
 fifty to sixty feet above the lake. 
 
 The Eastern Mossy Portage, called by the Saulteux Indiana Knk- 
 lx-tr/-i-ii<d; The Man Kidg(!, starts from Lake Winnipegosis near the 
 middle of this open stretch of shore line, and I'UJis northward for a dis- 
 tance of about foui- miles to a shallow bay on the south side of Cedar 
 Lake. It was first surveyed and hnelled about the end of May, 
 1^58, by Mr. A. W. Wells, acting as assistant to Mr. S. J. Daw.son, who 
 found that its total length was four miles and eighteen chains, and 
 that Lake Winnipegosis was foui' feet higher than Cedar Lake, which 
 was very low at the time.* 
 
 It was afterwards surveyed and levelled by Mr. Henry B. Smith, C.E., 
 in 1873, and is described with a plan and section in his rej)ort as 
 follows :" The level of these lakes may be assumed to be ecjual. 
 Starting from a fine open bay on Cedar Lake, with a bottom 
 composed of mu<l and sand, slo[)ing ofl" gradually to a depth of 
 six feet at a distance of (5(50 feet from the shore, the portage for 
 three-nuarters of a mile, passes over a corduroy i-oad through a very 
 soft muskeg or swamp, to a tine hard ridge of land, along which the 
 Hudson's Bay Comjiany have built their waggon road. 
 
 " The total length in a straight line between the lakes is nearly four 
 miles. Travelling in a southerly direction from Cedar Lake the land 
 rises gradually to a height of 9.'V14 feet at a })oint only one-(|uarter of 
 a mile from the shore of Winnipegosis, then descends suddenly to its 
 beach. Winnipegosis here presents a wide surface, aflfording no natu- 
 ral protection to boats from the heavy storms which ;< re so i'equent in 
 these parts. The bottom of the lake, composed of limestont gravel, 
 slopes away gradually to a depth of six feet at 200 feet from the 
 shore."! 
 
 In the winter of 1880 Wm. Pearce, D.L.8., ran a survey line be- 
 tween the two lakes, crossing the portage a mile aid a half from Lake 
 
 •Pajiers relative to the ex])l()rati()ii of the country between Lake Superior and the 
 Red River Settlement, London, (Jovt., ISoil. 
 
 +Mpnioranduni on the ijortages and streams, &c., by Henry B. Smith, C.E. C.P.R. 
 Report, 1874, pp. 200-1. 
 
•^•^**/>j(/ii/u;jf .X 
 
 ,es - ■ 
 
 - Of 
 
 I 
 
 ''-y 
 
 !l' 1 
 
 :M 
 
 o 
 'oc 
 
 a, 
 
 c 
 
 
 &. . 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 j,^;. 
 .,.»' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
5 
 
 ,4 
 
1 
 
 LAKK WIWII'KUOsls. 
 
 35 K 
 
 
 \Viiiiii))t'j;().si.s : in SojittMiihor, IMHJ), it was KXiiiuiiieil by the writer, 
 iitid liistly. ill .Inly, IHOl, it was lovcllcd l)y Mr. 1). 15. Dowliim, wlio 
 t'(iiiii(l tlm highest point on tlie trail iiiiit'ly-thiee t'eet al)ove Like 
 WiiiiiiitejfosiH, and this lakn tiine inches above Cechir Lake. The 
 aecoinpanyinj; plan and eh^viition aic tVoni his suiveyH. 
 
 Starting from liJike Winnipegosis, the portage runs from the water DtHtriptiou of 
 liver tiie i)each-?i(Ige, and inniii'diafely Ix-gins to asi;end tlie hill, the tup " '**' " 
 of whieh is reaehed on the third step at a height of ninety-three feet, 
 where the grmind is found to consist of water-worn diseoichil limestdue 
 gravel. From this point it strikes northward along the tup of a grawl 
 ridge, which is at iirst wooded with spruce and then for a mile and a 
 (piaiter with little else hot llanksian pine, the land on either side being 
 ten feet lower, and wooded with spruct; and tamarack. The riilge 
 throughout this distance is 100 to 200 feet wide, and consists of (j,.,iv.l ridges, 
 inmid or discoidal limestone gravel. It slopes lightly to the east, 
 where in places there is a low subsidiary rid^'e, and as a rule descends 
 .^(lmewllat more abrui'tly to\\artLs the west. In the woods to the east two 
 other parallel and lower ridge.s were found, consisting of rounded lime- 
 stone gravel, rising three (»r four feet above the surrounding country,and 
 thickly wooded with spruce and pojtlar. The country is very wet, and 
 covered with small spruce, tamarack and a few cedar, beneath which 
 Indian tea {Lfifuni fd/lj'o/liiin) iind pitcher plant [S(in'((reitl(i jjur/tinra) 
 are growing in great abundance. In the above distance the portage 
 ridge has declined from ninety-three to eighty-nine feet. Tt now 
 drops slightly, and for the ne.xt cjuarter (»f a mile has an altitude 
 of from eighty-two to eighty f(.'et. Sniall sjiruce here begin to Desient to- 
 crowd ill t()war<ls the trail from either side, Banksian pine becomes j'*''}"*^'' "' 
 scai'ce, and some cedar trees are iK)ticeable in the swamps Ixith to the 
 east and west. The ridge now has the general ajipearance of be- 
 coming more ditl'use, but Mr. Dowling recognizetl branching gravel 
 ritlges at altitudes of sixty and seventy feet, the latter extending 
 as a gravel spit into the angle of the formei-, which is at the same 
 level as the high terrace along the north shore of Lake Winnipegosis_ * 
 
 North of this gravel ridge, which is two miles and a third from the 
 shore of the last named lake, the road still continues along a belt of 
 land somewhat h''.^her than the surrounding country, and boulders 
 of gneiss and limestone, chiefly the former, begin to appear. 
 At a distance of two-thirds of a mile from Cedar Lake the ridge 
 dis.appears altogether, at a height of thirty feel above the lake, and the 
 road enters a wet swamp wooded with spruce, tamarack and cedar, 
 across which the Hudson's Bay Company built a corduroy road of small 
 poles, over which gwtds were conveyed in a waggon from lake to lake. 
 
 i 
 
 k' 
 
 lit 
 
 ::; 
 
 '1 
 
nc, K 
 
 N( mill W KHTKIIX M A N I'lOII A . 
 
 Niiiili I'lul. 
 
 Anc'ifiit 
 
 Latci' liisturj 
 of til.' hik. . ■ 
 
 Western 
 Mdssy Fiirt- 
 
 Ueptli'of 
 watci-. 
 
 Tlif iH'iili tiid i)t' (In- pnrtiijie npfiis on tin- sliuif of Cediir Lake, 
 risiiiy: over a lidj^c ot" lijilit ird mhikI with n cicst nix feet iibove the 
 wattT. Tlif liay a|t[n^ar8 to \h- ov««ry\vl»*n' .shallow, and a small lightly- 
 wiMMJcd island of hoiildcrs lit^s across its nioiith. 
 
 As will 1m' sot'ii t'roin tlu' alxivt- ([(ascription, and the accmapanyin^ 
 plan and nhnation, the liru* of the porta;,'*- road is alonj,' and across 
 Heveral iincieni hcaches, formed on an uriiiinal ridire in liie underlying 
 till wlion the hike was at some (»f its hi>,'her staj^es. TIk^ top of the 
 portaife would represent the cicst of an island, formed at a 
 jieriod when the lake was ninety three feet above its pivseut 
 level, or 9121 f(^et h1)ovo the level of the sea. l'"roin this stage 
 tile water gradually declined, forming, while it was tailing, two or 
 three small Iteach-lines, till it reacluHl a height of sixty feet al)ove Winni- 
 [)egosis, or J^iSS feet above the sea. wiieii a strong ridgf^ was foiiimd, 
 well shown both north and south of the higher portions of the 
 ))ortage, as well as in other ])lHces, showing that the lake stood at this 
 level foi' a consiilerable period. From this latter level tlu^ water fell 
 rapidly t(^ a height of from twenty to thirty feet above Lake Winni- 
 pegosis. or about SOU feet above the sea, so that no beaches were 
 formed on the jiortage ridge between these two elevations ; but at the 
 latter, a grascl ridge extends along the face of tlu^ hill on the 
 south side of the portage, while towards its north end the country, 
 at about the same elevation, desc(>nds into a cedar swamp which 
 slopes toward Cedar Lake. 
 
 This port-age, therefore, furnishes a v(>ry intere.sting and concise 
 ' istory of Lake Winnipegosis in several of its later stages. 
 
 The NN'estern Mossy Portage, called by the Indians Mtis/,rij<'itii;/a or 
 the flossy Portage, is used chietly in winter by the Jiulians with dog 
 trains. A paced survey was made of it i)y ]\fr. Dowling in 1889, and 
 altitudes were determined by two aneroids, ft starts from tin; open 
 shore of Lake Winnijiegosis, (tpposite Shannon Island, and a.scends 
 rapidly through woods of wliite and black poplar to a height Df sixty feet, 
 and then by a niudi more gentle incline througii spruce and poplar to 
 a total heightof seven ty-Hve feet at a distance of three-quarters of a mile 
 from the lake. From here it slopes gently through a mossy swamj) to the 
 south-west angle of Cedar Lake near the mouth of a small creek ; the 
 fore ])art of the distance being thickly wooded with small spruc*^, and 
 the latter part with scattered tamarack. 
 
 The total length of the portage is about four miles and a quarter. 
 
 In LakeWinnipegosis a depth of eighteen feet can be obtained a short 
 distance from the shore, while in Cedar Lake the water is so shallow 
 for a long distance from the eml of the portage that it is difficult 
 to get to the land with a light canoe. 
 
TVRIIILI. 
 
 1 
 
 r.AKi. v\ i\Nii'i:(itisiM. 
 
 r)7 I-. 
 
 Swiimj) (/"re«k piii|>li('s intu tlm laki' iit tlic imI^jc of a vt-i y extensive MwiimiiCicek 
 iiini'sli, uikI .south of this luarMh ii foii-st of spriu-e and [xtphir stundH 
 close to tlie shore, skirteil liy a iiaiinw l)eh ot' ^^rass ^lowitij; on saii<l, 
 pelihh's and houldei's. In tVont of tliis is a hare strip of sand and 
 pehhles tifty feet in widtli, which Hhowsnmny evidences of ice-HhoviuK in 
 trou;,'hs cut in the sand and p('ljl)h^H shoved l)ack intu little nmunds. 
 
 All the way to the mouth of Overflow inj,' Hiver the shore is flat and 
 imintcfestin^, tlie walei' oil' it lieinj; in places so shallow that it is 
 dillicidt for a canoe drawing six inches to j,'et within a(|uarter of a mile 
 of land. It consists of »v soft clayey sand, in which are indn-drled, .<«o 
 as to completely cover the sHn<l, pr-lihles of j^tieiss and fraj^inents of 
 limestone and dolnmilc. Itehind this liat shore is a I'idi^e of ituidders 
 of f^neiss and limestone, raised to ahout the ^'eneral le\el of the 
 surroundintf country, which, except at the pronniuint points, is woixJed 
 to within a short distance of the water. 
 
 Overflowing lliver is a small .stream said to rise in l^eaf Lake, just fiv.rtlowinK 
 on the western side of the maji. Jt Hows lirst north-eastward and then '^'''^' 
 south-onstward to its mouth at the north-western extrennty of Lake 
 Winnipegosis. He t! it is "JOO feet wide, with brownish water, in which, 
 in Septendx-r, \f*X\), there was no percejitihh^ current. The shore 
 adjoininj; it is low, with an open saline (lat covered with ^'rass and the 
 red salt plant (\:>ii/lfonii(i hi-rbuciit) to the north, and a forest '>f 
 ))oplar and sjiruce to the soutli. Three-(iuarters of a mile up the 
 riser, the hank is abrupt and twelve feet in height, and a rapid is 
 encountered with a fall of ahout three feet, where the water ilow.« over a 
 bed if boulders of gnei.ss and broken fraijments of hard compact liuMV 
 stone. At the above date it was alm<jsl dry, but in August, 1888, Mr. 
 Dowling ascended the stream with two large canoes for a distance of 
 thirty seven miles. lie gives the following descripfion of its 
 characters : — 
 
 " At the first i'ai)id a cut -bank on the soutli-east side shows six feet 
 of stratified sand and gravi;! ; at the next bend the bank is twelve 
 feet lugh, and is composed of light gray clay, with a few striated 
 pebbles; while at the end of two miles the l)anks have risen to a 
 height of twenty feet. In this distance there are eight rapids of Rapids. 
 \ arying length, the uppermost and hxrgest one having a fall of moi-e 
 than four feet, and they all seem to be caused by accumulations of 
 boulders washed from the clay of the banks. Throughout this 
 distance the tiimber on both sides of the stream is mostly fire-killed. 
 
 " Alxn-e the eighth rapid the river turns slightly more to the west- 
 ward, still Howing through burnt country. The l)anks de.scend to an 
 average height of ahout eight feet. The stream, though crooked, is deep, 
 
 vi 
 
58 E 
 
 Noinir WKSTKRN MANITOBA 
 
 Swum;) Mild 
 iHipliir f<irfst 
 
 'rrilmtiiiics. 
 
 and for six miles has a uniform current of about one mile an liour, an(l 
 then, with a slight bend for a mile towards the noilh-west, it falls in 
 the above distance down three small rapids. At the ipper one of the 
 series a dai'k yellow limestone was i-eeognized in the bed of the stream. 
 
 " The ne.xt west<^rly bend opens to the view a fine straight strateh 
 of rivf'r at least a mi'e in length, with a mean width of 300 feet, and 
 apparently very deep. <Jn either side is a nairow fi-inge of spruce aiid 
 tamarack, behind which is a tamarack swamp. 
 
 " Alxjve this straight, portion of it.'J course the ri\er Mows through 
 a na'-row strip of poplar woods, and then, cm.ning from the northward 
 for a distance of six miles, it winds in a very tortuous channel of twice 
 the above length through a belt of mossy boe, which extend.^) towards 
 the north-east and south-west, and has an approximate width of three 
 miles in a south-easterly anil north-westerly dii'ection. Ash, elm, 
 poplar and wiUow occasionally overhang the stream. 
 
 " Two small tributaries join the Overflowing River in this part of its 
 
 course, one coming from the south-west througli the middle of the bog, 
 
 ' and the other from the north east, draining a lake which can be .seen 
 
 from the extreme north-easterly bend of the river, and the shores of 
 
 whicii appeared to be generally low and mai'shy. 
 
 "The river now turns shai'ply to the west, ;uul for smcn miles 
 maintains the same tortuous character, l)ut towards the end of 
 this di.stance a current becomes appreciable, and the points of land 
 included in the bends gradually become thickly w(>oded, till at last it 
 leaves the l)og and again enters the forest, when the Ijanks suddenly 
 rise to a height of at least twenty feet, and descend in a gravel- 
 Hiiflur pnivfl covered s^lope to the water. Above this the river was a.scended for 
 stloi.tr '"unent '^^^''* miles, but was fouiul to be very shallow, and to have a sti'ong 
 current with a succession of small rapids, in which there was hardly 
 ' enough water to float an empty canoe. The surrounding forest con- 
 sists of large poplar, mixed with bircli and sonie spruce of moderate 
 size. ' 
 
 From tlif mouth of < )verflowing Ri\er southwartl ;i\)(\ eastward to 
 Macoun Point the shoic is for the most part grassy, sloping gently 
 to the water, and in places fringed with rushes. .lust within the 
 edge of the woods a ridge, apjiarently composed of gravel, runs 
 parallel with the beach. xVbout the miildle (^f the distance, or six 
 miles irom the mouth of the river, a long bare dill'use point extends 
 into the lake. Tt is composed chiefly of sand and limestone gravel, 
 but the end. which is a little higher than the rest, is piled round with 
 Archican boulders. 
 
 >racoun Point is wooded witii a beautiful grove of large elms. 
 Vround the grove is a beach of rounded lime.stone gravel, and in front 
 
 Macoun 
 Point. 
 
•J 
 
 l-AKK \Vl.\MI'K(;i),SlS. 
 
 r)9 li 
 
 ; wiifd to 
 
 m' elms, 
 ill front 
 
 of and a little below this beach is a line of boulders of gneiss and linie- 
 stoDv, sr)ine of which show glacial stria' From the foot of this line of 
 loulders the shore ext<'nds with a very gentle slope to the edge of the 
 water, and is strewn witli angular fragments of porous dolomite broken 
 from the parent rock l)eneath, and shoved over it by flow ice. The 
 rock liere seen in p!;<ce is the first met with on the shore since leaving 
 Ami island at the north-east corner of the lake. 
 
 Fiom Macoun Point southward to the mouth of Red Deer River the Da»^ ■ n Ivy. 
 shore is very irregular, and the more prominent headlands are formed 
 of dill's of light gray liniestone. The shores of the bays are low 
 and coiniKised of clayey sand oi' broken pebbles, and are commonly mar- 
 gined with rushes. At tin- bottom of the deei)est bay is a bare saline 
 area aiound some salt spring.s, .and this again is surrounded by the 
 usual growth of thin wiry grass. The.se salt springs are the most 
 northern that weie observed on the west side of the lake. 
 
 i{ed Deer River flows into the w(!st side of Dawson Bay just north Rwt Dwr 
 of a small club-shaped peninsula, tei'rninating in a low woodeil point 
 underlain by white dolomitic limestone. The channel at its mouth is 
 from three to twelve feet deep, not being obstructed by liars of sand 
 or gravel. It has a width of from 200 to 300 feet, and banks three 
 feet high, behind which, on the north .side, is a meadow covered with 
 i-ich grasses and vetches. Back of this is a forest of poplar and spi'uce, 
 which shows many ii'aces of the ravages of fire. 
 
 From the mouth of Red Deer liiver to Whiteaves Point the 
 shore is very irregular. In many places it consists of cliffs of Devonian 
 limestone which have been formed when the lake was at the stage of 
 the Meadow Portage ridge, and are now in many cases bt^iind 
 narrow belts of timber. The.se will l)e found more fully described on 
 subsequent pages. 
 
 (Seven miles .south of Red Deer River is a shallow bay, ahnost cut off 
 from the rest of the lake by a long straight spit of rounded gravel 
 shaded by a line of spreading elm ti'ees ; and at the bottom of the bay 
 is the mouth of Steep Rock liiver. This river is said to rise in two Steep Kock 
 lakes on the sununit of Porcupine .\[ountain, and to flow down its face *^'^''' 
 in a gorge that can be clearly seen from the islands in Dawson P>ay. 
 On reaching the level country it ojtens into a marshy lake, or wide 
 marsh, surrounded by tall spruce an<l covered with cat-tail and 
 other rushes. Through this marsh it winds with ill-defined banks, 
 and then appears to Ht)W from its south-east end as a sliallow stony 
 stream. In ascending or descending this river with canoes the Indians 
 make use of a good portage path 1,0.")0 paces in length, cut out through 
 a forest of spruce and poplar t»n the north side of the rivei-, from the 
 
60 K 
 
 N(>iriii-\vi;sTi:i!N MAvrrniiA, 
 
 B.ll Kiv,r. 
 
 IhIuiuIs 
 
 Professor 
 Rracouu's 
 <1('S( ri|itioii. 
 
 AVhiteavnH 
 Point 
 
 iiiiirsh ti) tlic Imwci- eiul of the rapidfs. Th;- river at tlie latfcr jmiiit is 
 forty feet wide and eight inches deep, flowing with a swift cmient on <*r 
 stones and little gravel l)ars, and the water appears to lie slightly 
 saline. For tlie rest of the way to the lake it has littU- or no 
 current, and the hanks are wooded for a short distance, and then are 
 low, marshy, and skirted with willows. 
 
 Five miles and a half south-cast of the mouth of Steep Rock River, 
 Bell Ri\er flows into the bottom of another shallow bay. This ri^er 
 rises on the sunnnit of Porcupine ^lountain, and flowing eastward in 
 the Ijottom of a gorge in the face of the mountain turns northward 
 and empties into the south-west corner of Dawson Ray. Its upper 
 course is described on a subsequent page, but at its mouth it is thirty 
 feet wide and eighteen inches deep, with a bed ol)structed by large 
 boulders of Archican gneiss, large and small irregular fragments of 
 Devonian limestone and a few of white Dakota sandstone. 
 
 The islands in Dawson Jjay are all well wooded, and most of them 
 are immediately underlaid by white liniestone,which often projects from 
 among the trees in bold vertical cliffs. 
 
 Prof. >[acoun, who visited this lak(> in ISI^l, speaks of this portion 
 of it as follows :* — 
 
 "The northern end of Lake Winnipegosis is liilcd with lovely 
 islands, which are nuirgined with tine drooping elms of a large size. 
 The sail across Dawson Uay on a lovely day in .luly rcscals mo-e 
 natural beauties than 1 ever before beheld on our inland waters. 
 Green islands, with white sand or gravel beaches, covered with droop- 
 ing elms and other flne trees, the mainland rising gradually up from 
 the water c«jvered with an unbroken front of tall poplars intermixing 
 with the gloomy spruce, deep bays backed with the distant forest, and 
 high over all the steep escarpment of Porcupine Mountain, form a 
 ])icture, as seen from the lake, which has few etpials in any part of the 
 woild. Point Wilkins, a bold promontory pushing out into the bay, 
 anil rising almost perpendicularly to a height of seventy (83) feet, is a 
 jironiinent anil beautiful object. C-i-ossing a bay to the north of this, 
 and rounding a low point, we entered the mouth of Red Deer River 
 and, after ascending it a mile oi more, camped at a salt spring, where 
 the sw ift water commences." 
 
 ( Jn the east side of Daw.son Bay, at Whiteaves Point, a clift' of highly 
 fossilifei'ous limestone rises to a height of thirty feet abo\e the water, 
 but is now hidden by a belt of elms flfty feet in width at the back of 
 the gravel beach. OflF the point is a snuiU horse-shoe shapeil island, 
 
 * Rejjort of Kxplorations V>y Professor John Macoiin, M..\., F.Ii..S. Ann. Rept. 
 Dept. of Interior, IKHl. \\ 75. Ottawa, (Jnvt.. 1MS2. 
 
I.AKK WlWirKiiOSIS. 
 
 til H 
 
 iitrer point is 
 current ()v«>r 
 > be sli<,'litly 
 ; littlt- or no 
 iiml tluMi (ire 
 
 Hock Kivur, 
 Tliis l•i^el• 
 t eastward in 
 ns northward 
 y. Its u)ip('i' 
 th it is tliirt y 
 cted by large 
 fragments nt' 
 e. 
 most of tlieni 
 
 projects from 
 
 F this ])(jrtion 
 
 with lovely 
 
 f a large size. 
 
 reveals move 
 
 ihiiid waters. 
 
 1 with di'oop- 
 
 dly up from 
 
 intermixing 
 
 t forest, and 
 
 tain, form a 
 
 y part of the 
 
 nto the bay, 
 
 S.'V) feet, is a 
 
 lorthof this, 
 
 Deer River 
 
 iring, where 
 
 lilVof highly 
 e the water, 
 the back of 
 iaj)ed island, 
 
 i 
 
 composed of rounded pebbles of limestone, at which boats bnund down 
 the lake usually stop to lake on l^allast. 
 
 North of Whiteaves Point is a wide bay, in which lie several islands 
 wouded with elm, )ioplar and willnw. The nutermost island is a high 
 limtistone rock facing the west in white vertical or overhanging clifl's, 
 aufl diminishing towards the south to a gravel spit. Those of the 
 group at the bottom of the bay are mostly low, and composed of 
 pebbles and irregular nuisses of white dolomitic limestone mingled 
 with l)oulders of gneiss. 
 
 The shore opposite these islands is generally low, but rises gradually 
 III a height of twenty-tive feet within woods of lai'ge spruce and poplai", 
 under which is a close thicket of spicated maple {A. K/ilaifinn). North- 
 ward to Nason P<tint the country, though low, continues tliickly x.is.iu I'oint. 
 wooded, and fi-om the edge of the woods a narrow grassy belt slopes 
 gradually to the deeji water. At the points, the beach is flat, and 
 scattered with fragments of limestone. 
 
 From Nason Point, across the north (nul of the peninsula east of 
 |)asvson P)ay, lo Channel [sland, the country is wooded with sjiruceand 
 l)oplar. and between the woods and the water is a narrow, Hat-lying 
 licit of grassy and stony land. < )ver this the ice shoves in spring 
 back to a ridge of large aiul small irregulai- fragments of rock. 
 At one point, on the south-west side of Cameron Bay, a cliff of lime- 
 stone thirty-seven feet high, peeping out from behind a narrow belt 
 of small poplars, breaks the general monotony of the low-lying 
 shore. 
 
 Many low islands lie in the channel north of this jieninsula, all j^|,^^. ishuu's. 
 with flat-lying shores, occasionally sti'ewn with a few boulders. No 
 cliffs of rock ar( mywhere to be seen All are wooded with belts of 
 I imbv.r, usually spruce and poplai'. Of thes(\ the largest is Spruce 
 l.'-l Old, and next to it in size is Channel Island, which is almost 
 joii d to the shore by a narrow neck of meadow land, across the 
 nori <'t)d of which is a channel fifty feet wide much obstructed by 
 boulU' rs of gneiss. It is at times difficult to take a canoe through 
 this channel, for in some seasons a dejitli of but a \'o\v inches of 
 water can be found in it. 
 
 Shannon Island is also low and wooded, but a group of three small Tlinc islaii(i« 
 islands lying midway between this and Channel Islam! is of somewhat "^ g^^'^l- 
 greater interest than the I'est. They consist of bars oi gravel, 
 forming crests along the sunnnit of reefs or low lying islands of Vioulder- 
 clay, and clearly illustrate the combined action of water and ice in 
 forming the present shore features of the lake. The middle island, 
 which is probably the mo,st conspicuous, is a long, crescentic bar of 
 
 ' ,7 
 :1' 
 
\unTii-\vi;sTi;i{N mamtuua. 
 
 i 
 
 M(..lf <,f 
 formation. 
 
 r.liciui Hay. 
 
 water-worn limestone pel)bles, very free from any mixture of clayey 
 material. It is a mile lont,', I'JO feet wide, and tw(>lve feet high in the 
 middle, where it .supports a few willows and stunted elms. To the 
 east the water is shallow for a very short distance, and then descends 
 to a considerable depth, while to the west the shallow water extends 
 for a compai'ativeiy long distance, leaving the bar along the eastern 
 side of the shoal, (ineis.soid bouldeis are scattered at tiie foot of the 
 bar, and in this shallow water, esj)ecially at the north end of the 
 Lsland and in the immediate vicinity, a little (Hiartz sand may also be 
 .seen in a coui)le of places neai' tiie waters edge. 
 
 Towai'ds its north end the bar declines gradually to the edge of the 
 watei', and contiinies just beneath its surface to th(> point of a similar 
 but smaller gi'avel island to tiie north. 
 
 The most .southern of the three islands is divided from tiie middle 
 <ine l)y a nai'row strait of moderately deep water, and its nortliern 
 point is compt)sed, at the water's edge, of irregular, broken fragments 
 of hinestone witii a few boulders of gneiss. Tiie north-eastern side of 
 tiie island is a gently curved bar of limestone gravel, wooded with elm 
 and poplar, while to the .south-west of this bar is a low Hat, but little 
 above the water, covered witli irregular fragments of limestone and 
 scantily overgrown with grass. 
 
 The mode of formation of the gravel bars is apparent fnmi a con- 
 sideration of tiie abo\('-descril)ed cliai'acters. We iia^e seen that the 
 spring ice everywhei-e sci'apes the low-lying shores of the lake, antl 
 .shoves the collected debris before it into a ridge, which is often almost 
 out of the reach of the water, the j)ebl>les in which are therefore but 
 •slightly rounded, and are mixed with nuich clay and sand. In this 
 part of the lake there ha\(! originally been islands of til! or stony clay 
 rising to about the level of the water, the southern one being still 
 above the low water stage. The shoving of the, ice in spring, out of 
 Daw.son l>ay into the body of the lake, .scrapes tlie surface of the low 
 stony islands, and carries the collected material to their eastern side. 
 Here the waves from the open lake beat against it, wash out the tine 
 material, and jnle the now rounded and assorted pebbles into an 
 even ritlge. 
 
 East of Channel Island, Pelican Hay, a long shallow arm of th<' 
 lake, extends soutiiward for a distance of twenty-tive miles, and its 
 shores being low, and but little affected by waves and currents, show 
 many beautiful examples of the influence of ice. 
 
 For sixteen miles down the west side of the bay the shore is low, 
 with a width of from fifty to two hundred yai-ds of bare marly flats 
 between the water and ..he spruce and poplar forest. On th-s flat 
 
(JKOI.cm.IIAI. S||!\K\ 111 (VWAIiA. 
 
 AsMAi. l;i;ni|;i. N'ol,. \'., 1>S!)1KI!.1. I'aim I', 
 
 t clayey 
 fli ill tlie 
 
 To the 
 descends 
 
 extends 
 ) eastern 
 ot of the 
 d of tlie 
 y also be 
 
 Ige of the 
 a similar 
 
 he middle 
 northern 
 fragments 
 i-n side of 
 . with elm 
 but little 
 stone and 
 
 nnn a con- 
 i that the 
 lake, and 
 ten almost 
 efore but 
 Tn this 
 stony clay 
 )eing still 
 ng, out of 
 )f the low- 
 stern side, 
 t the tine 
 s into an 
 
 irm of tin- 
 es, and its 
 ents, show 
 
 )i'e is low, 
 narly fiats 
 in tl>=s Hat 
 
 :l 
 
 /, ; •: 
 
 {\ '•■ 
 
 
 ' V . 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 Ifl. 
 
 'f_ 
 
 * 
 
 E#- • 
 
 
 
 -V Y '^.■' 
 
 
 i \ • ' 
 
 i' il 
 
 J. i;. 'I'yi:.'!!, I'h.itn., July •_'". IS.v.l. 
 
 Ic i;-Miii\'Kii Itnri.iiKi! wnii iikvkh (iii<)u\i;, siicuiNd 'is tiiack i iio.m ni r 
 IN Till-: Waiku. wnii imk smai.i. Sionks risiii:i' in i iiom ni n. 
 
 I'llMCAN 15AV. LAKi; \VlNMl'i:(;(>S|,s. 
 
f; 
 
 ;i 
 
 . :,# 
 
I.AKi; W1XNIPK«1081S 
 
 {\:\ K 
 
 M 
 
 ■:;»■ 
 
 'A 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 -8* 
 
 are lyini; boulders of jiiieiss and fragments of Silucifin and Devonian 
 limestone. At one point there is a houlder of Devonian limestone (iliuiattd 
 
 . , ,, ^ . , 1 ■ 1. . 1 • 1 • 1 11 1 tMluUltT. 
 
 nine feet long, eight reet wide and six reet lugh, with smoothed and 
 well glaciated sides and corners, lying one hundred feet from the 
 water. It lias recently lieen moved at least ten feet, as a groove 
 of this length runs nut from it towards the water, while on its (>p]iosite 
 side buuldersand small stones are piled against it to half its height. 
 
 At the end of the sixteen miles a hill i>f limestone rises to a Limestiiiif 
 height nf twenty-six feet and .i half behind a .skirting of small poplar " " 
 and hirih. The surface of the limestone has been simxtthly glaciated, 
 but has been .so much corroded liy vegetation that T was unable to 
 detect any sti'ia'. 
 
 Five miles south-east of the limestone hill, and at the second Nar- 
 rows ill till' l>ay. a point projects from the low shore. Tt is essentially 
 composed of sandy clay scattered over with irregular angulai- fragments 
 of limestone, with which are mingled a few nodules of chert and iron 
 jiyrites. In a few places on the bar is some small rounded gra\el. 
 
 The liar is broken by several hollows, in whiih many large Imulders Ict-groovcil 
 of gneiss are lying. Some of them, especially those lying on higher *" ' ■ 
 ground, show clear evidence of having been shoved up by the ice. A 
 large one, 5 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. has a groove Hfty-.six feet long 
 running down from it in a direction S. 80 E., while on its opjiosite 
 side is a jiile of graxel and small boulders. The groove is in places 
 eighteen inches deep, with clay and small stones piled up as a ridge 
 on each side. 
 
 Also near the base of the bar is a large transporte<l lioulder of dark 
 gray biotite granite, of the ty]iical glacial shafie, with smooth, even or 
 slightly grooved sides and rough ends. It has a greatest length of 
 nineteen feet three inches, a greatest width of nine feet five inches, 
 and a height above the ground of six feet eight inches. 
 
 Two miles south of this bar, and a quarter of a mile back from the Salt .spriii)?. 
 shore, among woods of small s]iruce, is a consicU^rable tract of arid land 
 covered with a crust of salt, from which the almost dry channel of a 
 small saline brook descends to the lake. 
 
 This the third, or most .southern division of Pelican Bay, is every- 
 where very shallow, and boulders are projecting out of the water at a 
 distance of from a quarter to half a mile from the shore, which con- 
 sists of muil Hats, thickly scattered over with fragments of white 
 limestone and grooved by lake ice. Rack from the lake there is a large 
 amount of good spruce. 
 
 Pelican Creek, a .shallow stream, about forty feet wide, empties into PulicanCrppk 
 the south-west angle of the bay. It is .said to llow from a lake a short 
 
64 K 
 
 N'OUTH-WKHTKHN M AMTUHA. 
 
 I'l 
 
 ■If. ; 
 
 (listiiiKT ill tilt' iuU'i'ior, kiiuwii as IVlioaii Lake. hi July, lf<Sl), the 
 creek was ascended in a canoe for a ((uartei- ot' a mile to a stony rapid, 
 where there was (inly .'i little watei- trickliiii; ainoii^' the stones. On 
 theeast sideof the mouth of the cicck. and a thirdof a mile back from tlie 
 hay, is a bare hill about thirty tVet liij^'h surrounded by i^roA'es of small 
 spruce and poplar. Its face is scattered with lar^e boulders, while on 
 its sunnnit, \vhi(!h extends as a i idyi; in a tlirection N. 7") Iv, are 
 Suit spriiig.s, several spring's of brin(> described on a succetHliny pa;t;o. Tins ridge is 
 a (piartei" of a mile Ionic, and Kiooes to the south in a na'^row openin;n 
 through the woods to a, wide ari() plain. The suijsoil appears to con- 
 sist of broken fragments of white limestone. 
 
 Tletui-ning northward down tlie east side of Pelican Bay the water in 
 the southern di\ision is so sliallow that it is [iractically impossil)le to 
 reach the land wdth a large caiu)e, and in the seccnid or middle division 
 the water is also vi. y shallow, the bottom of soft satuly clay scattered 
 with fragments of limeston' and a few nodules of iron pyrites, ^fany of 
 the fornuM' have on(^ smooth side covered with glacial sti'iie, aiul are 
 evidently derived from the till. In this pr»)tected bay, and especially 
 on its noi'th side, which is bordered by a fi'inge of rushes, are some of 
 the best examples of ic<>-grooving that have ever come under the 
 writer's obsfivation. Boulders are lying here and thei'e, and most of 
 them show signs of having Ijeen moved fi-om threi; inches up to 
 thirty-three paces. The sand and pebbles of the beach are generally 
 piled up on their landward sifle, while a groove extends towards the 
 lake. The majority of tlie shorter grooves on the north shore trend 
 N. GO to "o W. One, ten paces long, trends N. 10" W., and in 
 this the boulder is seen to have at llrst lain transversely to the 
 direction of the groo\-e, and to have been turned round and shoved 
 with its git.'ater axis along the groove. A group of six boulders 
 have been shoverl in a direction 8. 70° W. Another boulder 
 44 A 4") x 2l' inches has taken the following course, turning sharply at 
 the changes of direction : From its starting place in the water N. 50° 
 W. for fourteen feet six inches, then N. 10' W. thirty-seven feet, 
 then N. 40' AV thirteen feet six inches, then N. 25" W. ten feet 
 eight inches to t le stone. Another boulder is now lying in the water 
 at the end of a straight groove about fifty feet long, running from it 
 in a direction N. 35' W. towards the shore, and peV)bles are piled 
 up on its lakeward side, showing that it has been shoved out from 
 the shore when the ice was carried out by the wind. The shore 
 throughout this distance has a constant direction S. 50° W. 
 
 The irregularity in length and direction of these grooves on a soft, 
 straight shore shows clearly tliat they are caused by the irregular 
 
 Icft-shoved 
 Ixmlflcrs. 
 
(iK'H.ni.lrAI Si H\ in ip|. C.W \|.\. 
 
 Asm \i. I!i;ini;i, V<,\.. V.. iss'.i !HI '.M. I'ai.i K. 
 
 <9, the- 
 
 ■■: 
 
 nijiid, 
 
 ■% 
 
 s. On 
 
 
 (II 11 the 
 
 
 f small 
 
 
 liile on 
 
 
 I'i., are 
 
 
 ■idge is 
 
 
 ipeninf^ 
 
 
 to con- 
 
 
 viiter in 
 
 
 sible to 
 
 , 
 
 Uvision 
 
 ■- ,;' 
 
 altered 
 
 M 
 
 Uiiny of ^ 
 
 iiid are 
 
 ■'-)} 
 
 pecially 
 
 
 some of 
 
 
 der the 
 
 
 most of 
 
 
 s up to 
 
 
 inerally 
 irds the 
 
 
 e trend 
 
 
 and in 
 
 
 to the 
 
 
 shoved 
 
 
 )oulders 
 
 
 li( udder 
 
 
 iinly at 
 
 
 N. 50° 
 
 ■',* 
 
 '11 feet, 
 
 
 en feet 
 
 
 e water 
 
 
 from it 
 
 \m 
 
 re piled 
 
 9 
 
 ut from 
 
 B 
 
 B shore 
 
 I 
 
 1 a soft, 
 
 V 
 
 •n'<'ular 
 
 '^K 
 
 mmmmmmmm 
 
 J* 
 
 ^i-4^ 
 
 >i-^ »V» -^- 
 
 
 S^-^'m-^-Wj? 
 
 — ■JMl. 
 
 igSffS ^■—■^__— IfciSBf t •.'V ' * a-* ^- *! -ul^l^llBIBM^Hr-a^. ^^.^r- '--■ -mr r' 
 
 r.. 'r.vmll. I'h.itn., .Inly L'U, l.ssii. 
 
 IcKsiniVKn ISon.iiKit, and (iiKioxK iikmim) it ."id I |.;i:r i.nsc, mkiwini, rrs 
 
 --. ,. TII.MK I r TIIK i;KNTI.^ .-il.OIMN^; IlKACM. 
 
 PKLH AN ISAY, ].AKK WINM l'i;< i( ISIS. 
 
 <''.! 
 
•'i 
 
 I' 
 
 - ! 
 I » 
 i ( 
 
 . 'It 
 
 fl 
 
 f I 
 
 f i 
 
I.AKK WIN'NII'KOOSIS. 
 
 t'l") K 
 
 |ifossuro of l)ti>l<cii ill! in tlir sjiriii^', iiitlu'i- tliiiii l)y the r<';.'uliir ox- 
 
 jiiiMsidii (if tlu^ itf (luriiiy tlu' winter with lln' viiriutioiiH of the 
 
 t»MiipHruture. 
 
 Itt-liind this low Iwuc-h is a wfill ot" iMiuldcrs tliiil huvr Ih-imi shoved KiilRjMif 
 ... I • I • txniUUTH. 
 
 l)iick fii,'«inst thi- hii;lit>r ,i,'n)nn(l withni the «'dji{t' ot the woods, and liave 
 
 iradied their iK'iinant'nt rrstini; place, where they euii no lonj^er l)e 
 
 allected to any eonsidenihle extent l»y the waves and iee of tlu' |iresenl 
 
 laki'. Within the woods is a ridi,'e twenty feet hif^h seattered with 
 
 ;^iii'i>;'<(ii(l lioiddei's. 
 
 In the mouth of Pelican l>ay are a ninnhei' of low hut lieantifully 
 wooded islands, with shores of clay and lioulders runnin;; out into 
 spits of limestone <;ravel. 
 
 Fi'oiii NN'hiskey .lack Point, which lies at the ea.stern side of the Wliitk. y.Iiick 
 entrance to the bay, tho shore turns towjirds the .south-east, and for 
 li\e miles is composed of w;iter worn gravel alori<( the face of a foi'est of 
 spruce and [niplar. Within tlu; forest a I'idye rises to a height of 
 twenty-Hve feet above the water, and its summit is .strewn with large 
 boulder.s of gnei.ss. In sunnii< r the trees close to the beach are eveiy- 
 whei'e wound with the webs of innumerable spiders, set to entrap the 
 swarms of wat(;rtli(s bred in the lake. 
 
 Por another live miles, to hevil's Point, the shore is low and 
 sloping, ;ind composed of clay scattered oxer with fragments of 
 white limestone with veiy few l)oulders, behind which is an ice-shoM-d 
 ridge of irregular gravel. 
 
 Devil's Point is a relatively high, I'ouiided promontory, extending Devil's Point, 
 northward towards (rrand Island, from an elevated jiortion of the main- 
 land. On its westei-n side rock ajipears in place at the watei-'s edge, 
 while in other ])laces the beach is piled to a height of sixteen feet with 
 riuiiuled masses of rock, over which is a grove of birch and ])oplar. 
 I'ehind this grove is a clilT of limestone thirteen feet high, and above the 
 cliff the land inclines gently upwards to a total height of f((rty-(ive feet. 
 Along the western face of this slope a few large boulders of gneiss are 
 lying, and its crest i.s composed of more oi' less rounded pebbles and 
 cobl)les of limestone. - 
 
 Grand Island, to the north of this point, has a general wedge- OramI Islmid 
 like shape, with a greatest length of five nules and a quaiter and a 
 greatest breadth of two miles. It is thickly timbered throughout, 
 and while its northern and eastern sides slopt; grfidually to the water, 
 its western side rises in a cliti" to a height of fifty feet, on the top of 
 which is a gravel ridge with a total height of tifty-five feet al)Ove the 
 lake, "i'his evidently repi-esents a portion of the same shore line that 
 has ah-eady been seen at Devil's Point and on Mossy Portage, having 
 

 is 
 
 I I 
 
 
 •!i 
 
 
 i?^ 
 
 n 
 
 .it: 
 
 fi 
 
 i i 
 
 s 1 
 i i 
 
 ♦ i 
 
 i 
 J- 
 
 f'liriiioraiit 
 
 iHlanilH 
 
 lllll (III nI|OI'( 
 
 IVtiiicaii 
 Inland 
 
 Noi'tli M;ini- 
 tou lsl;in<l. 
 
 fid !•: 
 
 NdijTii \m;sti;i[\ mamthha. 
 
 hfVf t'uniM'(l (lie irc'sl oi' iiuint ui uii island stuiKJiiig out in iIh' inuUlle 
 rif li)ik»' AgdHsiz. 
 
 Kast of Gniml Island lit- tin- CiniiKiiiint Islands, the larj^cst ot' wliicli 
 is wooded, wlule the otiiers are bare, stony hars, on whii-h great nuin- 
 })ers of coiinonints and [idicans annually rear tlieir yonn;,'. They con 
 sist of honldei-s of i^rneis.s and limestone and nodules of iron pyrites. 
 
 Kroiii hfvil's Point the shore turns southward for eighty-tive miles, 
 forniini{ the westeiii side of the main portion of [jake WintdpegosiH. 
 For the liist ten miles the beach is low and muddy, with a ridge of 
 boulders or fraifinents (if limestone back from the water along the edge 
 of a tract <if low-lying land eo\ered with small burnt timber. Near a 
 ))oint ut the south end of this distance a ridge twenty-eight feet high, 
 covered witii burnt and |iartly fallen spruce aiul poplar, runs east 
 and west l)ehind the low beach, and consists on the surface of large 
 and small rounded or pai'tly rounded water worn fragmeiits of limestone 
 with a few bouideis of gneiss. 
 
 Between this hill and Fox I'oint is a bay surrounded liy low shores 
 wooded with tire-killed poplar and small spruce. In the mouth of the 
 bay is a wooded island, between which and the latter point the lake 
 has a depth of from fourteen to seventeen feet. 
 
 Six miles anfl a half north of Fox Point Pemican Island rises from 
 the lake at a distance of more than two miles from shore. It has a great- 
 est length of about three quarters of a mile, and consists of a wooded 
 limestone hill rising to a height of foi'ty feet above the lake. On its 
 northern side it is surrounded by a beach of cU)sely-packed boulders of 
 gneiss, while to the south and east the shore is flat, and behind it, 
 within a lielt of dm and maple, is a cliff of limestone. Towards the 
 south-west the island is terminated by a long, naked spit of limestone 
 srravel risimr three feet above the water. The occurrence of fragments of 
 lignite on this bar and on the adjoining beach has long been known to 
 the Indians, and they assert that it is washed up out of the lake by 
 every storm. Tt is doubtless deri\ed from an outlier of Cretaceous 
 sands or shales lying just beneath the surfac:e of the water on the .south 
 side of this island. 
 
 North Manitou Island lies four miles .south-east of Fox Point, 
 and the water throughout the distance between them has a general 
 depth of from twenty-four to twenty-si.x feet, with a muddy 
 bottom. The island has once been wooded witli very larg(> spruce, 
 bircli, poplar and elm, but most of the trees are dead and falling. 
 The shore on its north side is a narrow belt of limestone frag- 
 ments, stretching to the water from the foot of an ancient low cliff, 
 now sloping and covered with vegetation. At the north-east point 
 
 
LAKK \VlN.NU'K<i()MIS. 
 
 t;7 i; 
 
 (Idlf 
 
 Foiiit, 
 
 imidcly 
 pruce, 
 falling, 
 frag- 
 )\v cliff, 
 it point 
 
 there Im ft Hteep wnll of dosfly piled bouldt'is ten fi-ct in liriglit. 'Vlw 
 (•list side is (I iiarn >\v l)Pacli of linicstiint' giavcl, wiiili- tin- \Vi;st .side is 
 iii'iddv, and slupcs (iHiiito shallow water. Kroiii the stuitli point a spit 
 <if liuiHstnm* gravel i-xtcnds sonthwaid fur a third of a ndlc, and from 
 its tei'niination a iiiiirow, shallow har cxtciids a long distanet* towards 
 liirch Island. 
 
 ISirch Island is a large land area lying in the nuddle of i^ake Win lliidi Ixluml. 
 nipegosis. and approaehing to within a short distance of hoth its eastern 
 .(iid wotcrn shores, thu.s divifling it n.ore or less completely into two 
 parts. It has a greatest length of seventeen miles, a greatest hreadtli 
 of li\e miles ami a total area of seventy-four sipnire miles. It has 
 formerlv been well timhered, hut as far as can he iletermiiied from the 
 shore, the tind)erhas all been destroyed hy tire, iind none of any value 
 remains. 
 
 At Koderick Point, on its north shore, low clil!s of limestone ri.se 
 aliove the gravel lieach. The rem.iining shores are generally low, the 
 west and .south sides being thickly strewn with boulders of gneis.s, 
 with long stony point.s occasionally rinining out towards the south. 
 
 West of Birch Islaml a number of small islamls lie in and obstriu't "1)11111111118." 
 the channel. They are all composed more oi' less entirely of boulders, 
 anil are elongated in the direction in which the Manitoban lobe of 
 the liaurerili(h' giaciei' has moved across this whole area, being of the 
 nature of i)rundins or raised ridges of till. As a rule, a belt of elm 
 and poplar is growing along theii- crests. 
 
 From liirch Island to Duck l>ay the west side of the lake is gener- ('iuniiiiig 
 ally low, and often has a beach of gravel with itoulder points. Off '"'""•'''• 
 Duck r>ay thi' Camping Islands are very .similar to those already de- 
 scribed lying west of Birch Island, and consist essentially of ridges of 
 boulders lying p* rallel to the direction of glaciation. The ridges ri.se in 
 places to heights of twelve feet above the lake, and they are often worn 
 down by the waves into bais of rounded gravel. Their crests are 
 wooded with small groves of poplai', spruce, elm and ash leaved maple. 
 
 Duck Hay is little more than a westward continuation of this group j)„„]. o-y 
 
 of islands. It consists of several shallow lakes connected hy narrow 
 
 arms, which run out towards the north and south into extensive 
 
 marshes. Through one of these marshes the South Duck llivor flows 
 
 for a considerable distance in a well-defined channel 1 00 feet wide before 
 
 it empties into the "hay," while the North Duck Kiver joins the most 
 
 westerly portion of the open water as a brook with dry grassy banks. 
 
 A short distance alxive its mouth, near where it emerges from the 
 
 spruce forest, it is fifty feet wide and three feet deep, with a slight 
 
 current. , , .fe - 
 
 5A 
 
 iM 
 
1'i' 
 
 \>'. 
 
 >. 
 
 
 'I 
 
 ! ' 
 
 n 
 
 08 I-: 
 
 Noiri'll WKSTKKN MANITOBA. 
 
 (KJSt. 
 
 I'iiif l!i\c'i. 
 
 Tho point south of the f ntrancc to Duck Hiiy is ;i hjir of Itouldcrs 
 150 yards in length piled regularly to a height ut" eight feet ahove the 
 water. A gently rounding hay stretches southward from this j)oint, 
 the shore of whirh is chiefly composed of jx-hMcs of limestone with a 
 few boulders of gneiss. Near the l)ottom of this bay, seventy yards 
 OM trading back frotn the lake, an old abandoned trading post of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company is very prettily situated in poplar woods. 
 
 From Duck Bay southward to Pinelliver, n distance of about eleven 
 miles, the beach is ct^mposed of sand oi- giasel, behind which is a wall 
 of boulders, and the salient points are also entirely surrounded by 
 boulders. On the ridge thus formed a row of |)oplar and ash is grow- 
 ing, behind which a low meadow extends for a short distance to a 
 forest. 
 
 Pine River, for a mile and ;. half up from its mouth, is al)out one 
 hundi'ed feet wide and fi-om thi'ee to tixc. feet deep, with dark, bracki.sh 
 water, without |)e!reptible current. The banks are low and mostly 
 grassy, and back f)f them are forests of poplar and spruce. At the head 
 of this navigable stretch is a raj)id down which the river Hows through 
 an a^ cumulation of large boulders of gneiss, and a shortdistance below 
 this rajiid the Hutlson's llay Comp.my havea tiading store on the west 
 bank, which was Ijuilt in the autumn of liSST.wlien the store at JJuck Bay 
 was abandoned. Below this store, but on the ea:.t bank, the Roman 
 Catholics havea chui-ch and mission school. ( )ii the west bank of the; 
 river half a mile above its mouth, is a bare, salty plain, in the middle 
 of which are several springs of brine. The springs are surrounded by 
 broken niasses of limestone and boulders (jf gneiss, while the grounil 
 generally is a soft, springy mud. 
 
 From Pine Riv<'r, Sagemace Bay stretches southward for twenty-live 
 miles, and is separated from the main body of the lake by the j)oint of laiul 
 known as Red Deer Peninsula. Fts shores and islands are everywhere 
 low, and without any signs of the underlying limestone. The beach on 
 its eastern side is composed chiefly of bouldei-s from four to eigjitecn in 
 ches in diameter, with a few limestone pebbles, except in two oi- tlu-ee of 
 the most sheltered bays, where short, sandy beaches are found. In 
 some places the larger imulders, which are mostly of gnei.ss, are piled 
 in an evenly sloping wall, but in the majority of places the smaller 
 boulders if gnei.ss and limestone are scattered on a slight incline down 
 to the lake, whUe the larger ones lie near the roots of the trees at the 
 level of the highest st;iges of the water. Oil' the shore the water is 
 generally moderately deep and fi'ee from weeds. The southern and 
 western rides of the bay are shallow, and, oxce]>t at the points, are 
 fringed with narrow bands of rushes. The beach is a ridge of small 
 
 SagtMiiacf 
 nuy. 
 
 
 !i 
 
^•] 
 
 LAKK \V1.\NI1'K(;US1S. 
 
 G9 K 
 
 gravel, with houklers aloii^' its crest, ami is covered witli i,'rass, deci- 
 duous plants and small herry hushes. Poplar, oak and willow form 
 small groves all along the shore. 
 
 The islands are all very similar in character. The interiors are 
 wooded, the larger ones with spruce as well as poplar. The shores 
 are coni])Osed of sand and boulders, and are occasionally fringed with 
 rushes in the more sheltered places. 
 
 lied Deer Point is suri'ounded by a wall of boulders of gneiss and 
 limestone and the low island to the north of it is simply a boulder 
 reef. 
 
 From this point southward to the mouth of Mossy River, a distance of 
 twenty-nine miles, the shore is very irregulai', being bi'oken by narrow 
 bays and long gravel or boulder points. Low (.•litis of limestf-nc occasion- 
 ally overhang the lake in the first half of the distance, but most of the 
 sfdient points throughout are composed <jf boulders. The bays have 
 beaches of more or less I'ounded gravel, in front of which a sloping 
 boulder pavement sometimes stretches to the water. 
 
 At a point six miles north of Mossy Iliver the straight beach is 
 composed of small boulders and pebbles of gneiss and limestone. .V 
 luindrcii feet back from tlie water the .-hoi-e rises in a low ridge of 
 rounded gravel woodi'd with a few small willows. Behiiul this ridgt.' 
 a grassy j>rairie stretches westwai'd foi' a quarter of a mile, to several 
 sj)ri.igs of brine, rising i-i the distance about eight feet. To the 
 no!-th it is bounded by a grove of poplar and small oak, while to the 
 .south the poplar is mixed with spruce. On an arid, s.dty plain to 
 the west are the ruins of .several old houses wliere .Monkman and 
 others u.sed to live when they suppli. d the Red River colony with salt, 
 and the remains of iron pans in which the brine was boiled down. 
 These salt springs will be treated of more fully on a sulKseijuent page. 
 
 From the Tnoutli of Mossy Ri\er (>astward to Meadow Portage, a 
 distance of tliirteen miles, the south shorts of the lake is everywhere low, 
 and surrtjunded by a naked waH of boulders ; while in the rounded bays 
 between the points the beach is occasionally a closely-packed boulder 
 pavement sloping up at an angle of about lo° to a wave-formed gravel 
 ridge, or in other places boulders are more thiidy and irregularly scat- 
 tered in front of this ridge. On the ridge itself there is usually a nar- 
 row belt of ma))le, (dm, asli and oak, while behind it a low-lying marsh 
 stretches back to the poplar forest. 
 
 K.mI l).-,r 
 
 Point. 
 
 Moiikiiiair-i 
 salt springs, 
 
 Siiutli sill in 
 ..f lilke. 
 
 
 L.VKK DAIJ'IIIX. 
 
 Lake Dauphin lies in the nudst of an alluvial plain about nine miles p,,^ 
 
 south of Lake Winiunt 
 
 ipegosi 
 
 s, into which it is ( 
 
 liscl 
 
 laryed h 
 
 y the Mossy 
 
 F'osition and 
 extent. 
 
4 
 
 70 I-. 
 
 NoiMii \vi;,stki;n m wnoitA. 
 
 li 
 
 
 li. 
 
 v 
 
 
 • I 
 
 1 ( 
 'I 
 
 I' 
 
 i 
 
 Hiiins 
 forts. 
 
 Hi\tu-. ft has a greatest length ot' twfnty six miles, agi't'jiU-st brviulth 
 of eUnt>n miles, a shoie line of sixty-four miles, and an are.-, of one 
 iumdred and ninety-si.x square miles. Its greatest ascertained depth is 
 twelve feet and its approximative elevatiim, deduced from l)aiometrie 
 readings and the estimated fall of Mossy Hixcr, is eight hundred and 
 sixty feet above the sea. 
 History. ^^•'* '^^"^^ '^ associated with the earliest exploratiim^ in the North-west, 
 
 since Fort Dauphin, one of the trading establishmenls of the Freneh 
 before the ression of Canada to (Jreat lU'itain, appears to have been 
 situated on its shore, ;uhI probably near its north western extremity. 
 This fort was founded in the autunui of 1711 by Pierre, one of the 
 sons of Sieur de la N^M-endrye, who tra\elled northward frnm I-'ort la 
 Heine (Portage la Prairie) across Prairie Portage into Lake Manitoba, 
 and thence probably by the old canix: route ti) Lake Dauphiu*. 
 >f old At the present time ruins of old trading posts of the Hudson's Bc^v 
 
 Co?npanv can be seen ou the west side of the lake, eight miles .south fit 
 the mouth of N'alUiy Hiver, and at the e(lgei>t th(i fnrcst at the staitli- 
 east angle of the lake, 
 sliorcs. The shores of t'le lake are e\-erywhere low, ,ind show no expusures 
 
 of the underlying Palao/oic nicks. The projecting points, except 
 those formed by the tributary sti-e;uns, are composedentirely of boulders, 
 which on tlu; south side run < nt a^ comparatively long, narr<iw arms 
 into the water, while on the east .side they are merely gently-rounded 
 pi'onnnences. Between the points the west and south shores are vei-y 
 low, and are surrounded l)y a sand and gravel beach, extending back into 
 a marsh, '''he cast shore often presents to the lake a regularly built 
 embanknuMit of boul lers or c )bble-stones, behind wliieli there is 
 occasionally ;i ''>w c'iiVof light gvay till with boulders. p]lm. ash, oak 
 and mapl(> are growing on top of the beach, and in the backgr auul is 
 of tt n an ojxmi forest of poplar. 
 
 Fi\e small stre.ims empty into the sonili and west sides of the lake, 
 juos of which rise on the sunnnit or eastern fa.e of the Riding Moun- 
 tain and How acro.^'^ the rich alluv ial plain between the mountain and 
 lake. 
 
 1 «»'.», |). i):^. 
 
 For otliiT n'ft'ii KCfs to tliis iiost sec "Ifcnr 
 Journal," !>. 52. .Alex. Maikcn/.ic's History of t 
 ill I'ailiaiui'iitaiy Lilnary. 
 
 Ht'iirv's Tivocls,' |!. .iDii. fiarni'iii s 
 ' till; Fur Tradi-. Alex. Henry .Ms. 
 
 l!()0. " HarniMir 
 
I.AKK DAll'IIIV. 
 
 Turtle Hivor is tlm nio-^t snutherii of these live sti 
 
 eaiii>i. 
 
 Tt 
 
 is st.-ited 'rnrili- Kiv.i. 
 
 to riso in small hinoks on vlic eastern face of the mountain and in some 
 (extensive marshes on tlie plain to the east. At the crossing:; nf the oart 
 trail to Lake .Manitoba, the creek, in < )c'ti)l)er, ItSS'.t, was twenty feet wide 
 in a winding ehanui'l twelve feet deeji. The bottom was stony, and tlie 
 bau^s were wooded with poplar, elm and willow. Here a tliii\in<f 
 Metis .settlement has been established within the last few years. From 
 this point to the lake the adjoining country is generally a level, 
 grassy plain, and at its mouth the river is fifty feet wide and from 
 two to four feet deej), emptying into the lake over a shallow siMid bar. 
 The trail mentioned above runs for about seven miles through uii.iulat 
 ing country dotted with i)oplar groves, at first ascending a gradual 
 slop 
 
 MaiiitdliM 
 House trail. 
 
 ith boulde 
 
 )f 
 
 A'( 
 
 It th 
 
 V\<\ tniil. 
 
 scattered 
 poplar forest, thi'ough which it is cut ea.st\vard to Kljb anil Flow Lake. 
 The sui-face continues generally undulating, and appears to be under- 
 laid directly by light gray till. In range !•'$ the trail reaches a 
 small ridge of rounderl gravel five feet high and :ioO feet wide, along 
 which the old trail followoid by Prof. IL Y. Hind in 1S.")(S is stated to 
 run for se\eral luiles, and which here joins the trail now used. 
 The ridg(^ comes from ilie north-west, and a (piarter of a mile tn the 
 south-east it ends in a munded point, be"ond which is a lr\('l, grassy 
 l>lain. The elevation of this ritlge, as deternnned by several aneroid 
 readings, is \)'^'^ feet abo\ e the sea. From this i-idge, on which we had 
 camped for the night, the trail runs for about 150 yards on an ill- 
 detined ridge trending north-east, and then turns eastward on an open, 
 narrow, well-rounded ridge of small gravel, on the south side of which 
 is a meadow, while to the north is a lowei' country wooch-d with sjirucc 
 and tamarack. The face of this ridge or old i)each is thick!}' scat- »iia\il lidK'-. 
 tered with boulders ; it .soon turns to llu' north an<l may continue 
 for a long distance, but the trail leaves it and tlescends into th-.^ 
 w(jo(ls. Near the eastern sifle of range 13 the trail cros.ses another 
 well-detined ridge, consisting of sand and small rounded pebbles of 
 limestone. It runs N. ")n° \V. and S. 'ti)'^ K., is four feet high and lo() 
 feet wide, and has an approximate ele\ation of 010 feet aboxc the sea. 
 
 From this ridge the trail runs north-eastward for two miles aiui then 
 tui'ns south-east and runs for a mile ov moiv along the face of a light 
 sloi)e thinly wooded with small oaks. This is al.so an old shore line, 
 and has an appro.ximate elevalion of 875 feet above the sea, being 
 l)robably the same as the tiO-foot l)eacli around Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 Ochre and V^ermilion rivers rise on the summit of Hiding ^fountain 
 and tlow vlown its eastern fact- in deep valleys that will be more fully 
 described in the strictly ge<ilogical part of the report. The lirsL named 
 
 Oc'Iiic ami 
 Vcrmiliiiii 
 rivers. 
 
MPinil WKHTEHN MAN'ITOIIA. 
 
 stream flows ihicjuj^li woods to v/itliiii a sluiit distaiKU? of its inoutli, 
 while the \ ermilion winds across the partly-wooded j)lair.s in a channel 
 overhung hy a licit of clin and luaple. 
 
 Wilsdu KivtT. Wilson Hivcr was not followed to its .source, hut it appears to rise 
 on the north-eastern faee of the mountain, where th(! escarpment is a 
 lon;^'ei- and more f,'entle slope than usual, and thence it Mows eastward 
 aoioss the level of Lake Dauphin |)laiii to emj)ty ir, o the west side of the 
 lake two miles north of the mouth of Vermilion Itixcr. 
 
 \:ill.v Kivcr. The last and largest of the five streams is Valley j{iver. wliich is 
 stated to rise in Singoosh i^ake in the interioi- of Duck Mountain, 
 and thence flows southward through Angling I^akes into tlie bell- 
 shai)ed valley that separates the Hiding from the Duck iSJountain. 
 Near where it enters the valley it is joined by Short Creek flowing 
 from the west in a deep, narrow valley, which connects at its western 
 
 riidiiin vilhiKf end with the valley of Hhell lliver. Hei'e there is a small Indi.'in 
 village, where a hand of Ojihways spend the wintei-. Kast of this 
 village the river flows for some distance throu'di a roUinj' morainic 
 counti'y, some of th<^ hills being rounded and scattered with boulders, 
 and others elongated in the direction of the valley, and composed of 
 stratified sand and gravel. Further east the sui'face is much more even, 
 and is underlaid by a fine white silt, resting on the glacial till. The 
 woods are chiefly pojilar and willow scrub. 
 
 Saiidv |ilitiii. The country maintains nmch the same cliararter to about the 
 middle «.if I'ange '2'2, where a tiviil branches ofl to the south. Hei'e a 
 sandy plain commences and extends to the eastern side of the same 
 rantie. a few oaks beiny scattered over it here and there. At tlie 
 above-mentioned trail the river flows in a valley eighty feet deep and 
 half a mile wide. Land slides characterize its northern slopes which 
 are covered with \egetation. while the s(mth side rises in open gravel 
 
 (iravcl liilgc. terraces fifteen and thirty feet above the river. Near the eastern 
 side of the abo\e range two low gravel ridges are crossed at elevations 
 of 1,'_'N0 and 1,'2G0 feet above the .sea, respectively, and near the 
 westej'n side of range 21 a strongly-mai-ked gravel ridge is crossed at 
 an elevation of 1,2'20 feet. The river here flows in a beautiful valley 
 sixty-five feet deep, and near the bottom of the north bank is a spring 
 (jf clear, cokl water, smelling and tasting strongly of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. 
 
 About the middle of the same range the river outs through a heavy 
 gravel ridge on which a cart ti-ail starts northward to Pine (Jreek 
 Iniiian resei've, and still further east in the same range are two f)ther 
 ridges, the lowest of which has an elevation of 1,07") feet above the sea. 
 Near this latter ridg*^ is an old f')r(', and here the river is se\'entv-five 
 
 I 
 
 s r? 
 
] 
 
 i.AKK r>\t;iMii\. 
 
 r3 K 
 
 feet w'idf, flowint,' in uii irici,'iilar viillcy a (|Uiirtci- «it' a iiiilf witle ami 
 fi'Oin thirty-H\(! ti> fifty tVct deep, with wide gi'iivcl Hats on each side 
 of the stream. A itiilf hdnw this tlie l)aiiks are low. and covered 
 with yiviss or tiiuhei'. 
 
 Near its mouth the river Hows throu;,'!) an ojicn grassy plain in a 
 channel about forty yards wifle and fi( mi three to six feet deep, and 
 empties into the lake over a har nt' sand at the end i.t' a Inni,' alluvial 
 |)oint. 
 
 MOS.SY ItlVKH. 
 
 I'liitit (if 
 ilix'JiiirL'c. 
 
 ()inssiiij< (if 
 old C I'.l!. 
 
 Lake Daujihin is dischai'ged nortiiward into Lake W'innipegosis by 
 Mossy liiver, a Ixiautifui uindini; stream twenty-two ndles and a half 
 long, from 150 to 'JOG feet wide, with an av<'rage di^pth of from two 
 to four feet, and an e.stimated fall in its whole length of thirty-two feet. 
 
 It emptie.s into the latter lake through low meadow land, which, in 
 June, 1889, was two feet abose the water, but iscvidcntly often flooded. 
 This meadftw isal)out a (|iiarterof a mile wide, and behind it on either 
 side is a forest of aspen. An old trading post of the Hudson s Hay 
 Company is situated on the east bank of thestream,thre(v«|aarter.s of a 
 nule above its mouth, on a nai'row strip of gras.sy land between the 
 forest and the ri\<M-. A mile aliosi^ its nKUith. in a direct line, the okl 
 Government locatioii of the Canadian Pacific Hallway cro-sses the 
 stream, and near it are thriM^ exposures of iJexonian limestone, the 
 upper one fornung a low cliff on the west bank. Above this cliff no 
 rock in place is seen on the river. 
 
 Two miles and a half ai)ove the ( anadian Pacific Hallway location 
 there are some small islands in the middle of the stream, and 
 between them the channels are filled with Ixmlders. causing rapids l',(,ul(l(i-> 
 with a fall of two to three feet. Thi'oughout the distance to here 
 the river is from 100 to I'jO feet wide, with an average de[>th 
 of four feet and a current of a mile an hour. It has no valley, 
 except the channel in which it flows, anil which it fills from si(L 
 to side. Few bais of saiul or gravel obstruct its beil, but boulders tu 
 gtieiss and irn>gular fragment.s of white limest<»iu? are scatterwl along 
 its banks. In])laces the bouldt;rs stretch aemss the ri\er' .md form 
 ugly rapids. As the water is generally muddy, these pebbles and 
 boulders are coated with mud. 
 
 The bank is fnmi ten to eightetai feet in h(;igiit, fringed with gra,ssand 
 sedge close to the edge of the water, above which is a row of small 
 willows, and on ihe level land on either side is a forest of white 
 poplar, in which there are a few trees of ash and oak. On the 
 west side much of the forest has been burned, and theicare;; few open 
 
71 i; 
 
 NOUril-WKS'll'.HN MAMIOIIA. 
 
 I '. 
 
 li 
 
 111- tliiiily woodcfl spots liy tlie rivei", \vl •■ on tlie east side tlic Imsli is 
 mostly gi't^en, witli trees from six to ei.L'i Indies in diametei'. 
 
 For the next two miles in a direct line tlie river is oiooked, and is 
 obstructed in four places ))y accumulations of boulders of <,'neiKS and 
 
 I'.iuil<>i.f till, limestone which have fallen from tin; lianks of loose li<,'ht j^ray till. The 
 banks are from eiyht to ten feet in heii^ht, the eastern one wooded as before, 
 while on the west the river cuts into a l<»ng strip of open pi-airie, aionj^ 
 which is iiu old cart trail to the Lake VV^innipegosi.s salt springs. 
 This bank is cut by .several runnels, in one of which watei' was stand- 
 ing distinctly inipi-egnated with salt. This lc\cl plain is underlaid by 
 stratitied alluvial sand or silt. 
 
 For most of the rest of the way to i-'iii'k Ki\er tlie str'eaui Hows hy 
 the side of tills alluvial |ilain in a moderately str'ight course ahnost 
 unobstructed l>y bnulflers or sand l^ars. It has a very easy current of 
 from lialf to thi'ee-quartei's of a mile an hour, Is lotj teet wide and from 
 three to foui' feet deep. The baidvs are from twelve to eighteen fe(it 
 high, and composed chiefly of a loose light gray unstratitied clay, often 
 holding bands :)f well striated pebbles. 
 
 Furk liivcr. Fork River emi)tie' into the west side of Mos.sy River at a total dis- 
 
 tanet'of fourteen miles and a half from Lake Winnipegosis following tin- 
 wiu^lings of the stream. At its mouth it is thirteen yards wide, ami flows 
 with a depth of m inch or two ov(>r a shallow bar of gravel. The water 
 ii* diirk bi'own. I'^oi half a mile abovt» this the brook Is about two 
 ieet) dfep, witliout currtmt, and is choked with Alga', Cliara- and water 
 Hilies. At this disiancc the channel is bloclced by large boulders of 
 sneiss. betu>^n which the water iiows in tiny stream.s. This channel 
 winds fnma side '<> .side of a well-deflned valley twenty feet deep, with 
 ratlier exTiK-nsivi ■nffrra/es wooded with jiitplar. North of this hrook 
 E> a grove of poplar, oak, ash ami maple, near which is a favourite Indian 
 eivnpinir ground. Far about seventeen mihw westward across the almost 
 k»vel couTitiy thisstreiim was not followed, but it was again crossed, and 
 trace.^ for several miles, In the vicini/y of the main gravel lidge on 
 which the trail runs noi'thward to Pine Cre(ik. 
 
 FwhiiurRivHr Fn>m Fork Hi'.er to Fishing Hiver. a distance of five miles a'oni.' the 
 winding channel. Mossy River is often obstructed by iiouhler- of gneiss, 
 and the l)anks are almost everywhere clothed with vegetation, nmst of 
 whidi is poplar from three to eight inches in diameter. 
 
 Fishing lliver Is a small sluggish brook flowing into Mossy RIv-t 
 from the west. At its mouth it is forty feet wide, and without percep- 
 tible current. Ascending it for three-ipiarters of a mile, its width 
 diminishes to twentyfeet . and its depth to fifteen inches. Fts l)ed is sandy, 
 and its banks .are tif teen fe^ft high, an! are wooded with poplar and 
 oak. 
 
 ^i 
 
 ;i 
 
1 
 
 MOSWY ItlVKli. 
 
 /.) K 
 
 Three miles Fioiii l''isIiiii,L; Hiscr. .Mn>, ,• |{i\fr Hows from tlie north M'lid nf 
 west end of l^iikt; Dauphin opposite some small houkler islands. 
 Throu;,'hout this distance its hanks are from ei<,'ht to twelve feet hi.i;h. 
 slopini^ and wooded, and in many places a swift current flows over a 
 bed of sand, day and houlders. 
 
 SWAN I.AKK .\S\> SIIOAI, lilVKI!. 
 
 >H 
 
 I the 
 fiss, 
 
 .if 
 
 (1th 
 idy, 
 
 ■md 
 
 Swan fiake lies seven miles s(juth of Dawson l^ay, into which itilis- Positicm ;iii(l 
 charjfes through Shoal IJiver. Ft is situated in a somewhat more undu- '"^''■"'• 
 lating tlistrict tlum Lake Dauphin, the surrounding count ry heing. as a 
 rule, generally immediately underlaid by glacial till. It has a greatest 
 length of twenty miles, a greatest breadth of eight miles, a shore line 
 of seventA' miles, and an area of 121 S(piare miles. Tt contains nine Altitnl.'. 
 small wooded islands, with a total shore line of fourteen miles and an 
 area of one and a half s(|uare miles. The mean depth of the water 
 is only ti\(' feet, and the gi'eatest depth fouml in ISSJ si.\ feet. 
 The bottom is soft and muddy, fts .dtitude, estimatetl from the 
 fall of Shoal lliver, is twenty-seven feet above fiake Winnipegosis, 
 or 855 feet above the .sea. The writer was informed by Antoin<' 
 Chenaye, a native half-breed, that about twenty years prt-vious 
 to 1889 the lak<! was at its highest stage, about six feet above it.-j 
 present lev(;l and that Shoal Uiver then overflowed its banks. Some 
 years previous to that date the lake was at its lowest level, w hen during 
 the prevalence of a north wind Shoal l{iver was dry at its h«id. and 
 sonu' of the men living in the vicinity used to race hoises on th»- dry 
 bed of a small lake car the mouth of Swan Hiver. 
 
 The east shf)re is generally a graxcl l)each. fringid with rushes at F.rtst ^Imr.-. 
 the bottoms of the bays, while the numerous points an' surroumk-d 
 by a sloping wall -•f iioulders foui' to six feet in height. Tke 
 boulders are chiefly of dark gray oi- reddish gneiss, while .sonif are 
 of limestone. The land rises very gently from the lake, iind is wcwxh-d 
 with poplar, wiih a forfMt of spruce in the distanc*-. 
 
 At its .south end the lake is very shallow, with a bottom of soft mud, .Sdiuh i^hi.i. . 
 BO that it is liiiiieidt to get a canoe to the dry land. I >ficK of t his mmldy 
 beach is a ridge of rraindei I gravel six feet in height, wooded with elm, 
 behind which the coantry de-scei ids slightly, and i< wooded with balsaill 
 poplar, spruce- anfl balsam-fir. A sprit\g of lil'llli' is bidtbling up at 
 oiie place on rtiix low lieach, in which the water gave a reading of Ifi 
 on the percentHji^ salometer. Close to this spring a bridle hail to 
 PiuH Cr«ek enit!4»rs the wintcls, and runs for a mile and n ijuarter ucro.ss 
 low land much obstriH't^l bv wiwh'alls, ai\d then ascends a hill with a K'lttN llill. 
 
(() K 
 
 NOICIII-WKSTKKN MANITdllA. 
 
 
 1: 
 
 
 total lieijjlit, as (leteniiined Ky the atxToid, of "-'7 t t'ect altovc* the hike. 
 Oil its face are six distinct ttn-iuces, tlie lirows of whioli are ~i'), 1 1 .'5, 151, 
 170, 198 and '2'M) feet above the lake, the hif^hest one rising in a long 
 slope to the sunnnit. Tlu? hij^hest sloj)e up to '2'.'iC) feet is very steep, 
 and appears to consist of sand and pebbles, while a gieat number of 
 l)oulders of ^ifneiss and limestone are scattered on tlie brow of this 
 terraei', 
 
 Simtl. The summit is composed almost entirely of reddish sand, underlaid 
 
 by rounded pebbles, with Intulders of yneiss, limestone and white 
 
 Dakota sandstone scattered here and there. The surface, which is 
 
 sli<j;l»tly irre<;ulai', is thinly wooded with small Uanksian [lines and a 
 
 few oaks. Towards the noi'th-east the terraces are wider and more 
 
 distinct than on the line of the trail. They are generally sandy and 
 
 sparsely wooded, and on one of the higher terraces, at an elevation of 
 
 about 200 feet above the lake, are many bare, rounded or hemispherical 
 
 Diikotiisand- masses of white Dakota sandstone, from eight to twelve feet in height, 
 stone. . . , ... . ' , I • 
 
 with their planes of stratitication horizontal, and apparently lying 
 
 whore they were eroded out of the soft sandstone of the base of the 
 Cretaceous. They show no signs of glacial action, and have clearly 
 been formed in post-glacial times, when the waves oH Lake Agassiz cut 
 this terrace in the face of the jne-existiug slojte. 
 
 The west shore is broken by long alluvial point.s, at tiie end of the 
 nil ist pr(»minent of which Swan River empties into the lake. The islands 
 off this point, near the centre of the lake, are ridges of boulders lying 
 approximately in the ilireetion of the glacial striation, wooded with 
 grovHK of elm and maple, while the islands in the north end of the lake 
 are composed of croam-coloured 1 'evonian limestone pcjlished and grooved 
 l>y glacial action. These glacial grooves havt^ a very persistent bearing 
 S. r)0' \V., and the direction of the motion of the glacier is clearly shown 
 i)y the fact that the hummocks are evenly rounded f(»wards the north- 
 east, and ragged and broken towards th') soutii west. 
 
 Kear the north-east angle of the lak*', Hhoal IJiver House, /i trading 
 post of the Hudson's Bay Company, i.s U-autifully situated on a small 
 open plain do.se to the shore, with a gently sloping beach of giavel, 
 extending to the edge of the water. In the open clearing the land rises 
 gently to a total iieight of twenty feel abo\e the lake, beyoiul which is a 
 fore.st of .spruce and jx»plar. The trail from the post to the mouth of 
 the river is cut through this forest, and at a di.stance of a mile and a 
 half a.scends to a height of sixty feet abo\(' the lake on a ridge of sand 
 and gravel wooded with Banksian pine. 
 
 Hlmal Ri\ M' tlows out of the north-east angle of the lake n\ei' a low 
 riilge of till, is nearly ten miles long, and has an average width of from 
 
 llnimrms 
 
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SWW r.AKK \M) SIIOAI. lilVKIt. 
 
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 1 'lO to "JOO tVct. 'I'Ih' cliaimcl is ;;i'iiiMiilly nut iimrc iliaii tVoiii six 
 to ten t'('«^t in iloptli : tin IkuiUs iivi- slopinjj, luul wooded witli |io|ilar 
 and npiurt'. except on snnie upcn saline tracts, while tlio bed is often 
 strewn with lioiilders, which are collecte<l in places and form disagree- 
 able rafiids. 
 
 UKI) lti;i:U I.AKK ANlt IMVl'.K. 
 
 lied Deei' Lake i.s a inof«' oi' less rectantiulai- sheot of water lyint; in p,.sifioii :iii<l 
 the midst (»f a le\el alhivial plain north of I'orcnpine Mouiitiiiu and ''^^''"'■' 
 west of Dawson iiav. It is thirteen miles lonj^ and iii-ie mile- and a 
 half wide, lias a shore line nf fifty-one miles, and an arcaof unr hundred 
 sipiare miles. It has a mean depth of five feet with a liottom of soft nuid. 
 Its altitu<le, estimated fi'oin the fall of the i'i\er, is forty scvi'n feet 
 above [jjike VVinnipe^osis, or STf) feet above the sea. 
 
 The south shore was exanuned by t he writer in ISS'.t, while the others Slioicn, 
 were surveyed by .Mr. huwiing in the previous year. .\ll arc low, and 
 e.\e<;i)t at one point on the south side no I'oek is to be .seim. This lattei- 
 side is faiily straiirht, and the beach in the bays is composed of sand 
 and pebbles, uhih' on the points it consist- cntii-ely of I'ounded 
 boulders of j,'neiss and limesiune, closely laid in an even slupc, which 
 rises at an anj^hi of 10° to 12° from the watei' to edi^'e of tlie spruce 
 and pt)plar forest. 
 
 The ]\ed Deci- Kiver empties into the west side of the lake at the lieil Dnr 
 end of a lonj; alluv ial ])oint, and aLfaiii Hows from its .south-tNist corner '^'''' 
 eastward towards Lake W'innipegosis. l-'rom its jiead, where the water 
 is very shallow, to the mouth of Uice Creek, the river is wide, with a 
 swift current, and boulders of <,'neiss form bars out into the stream. 
 
 Flice Creek, called l)y the Indians ?vIanomina Sipi, was ascended |>j,.,. c,-,.,.);. 
 in a canoe for a mil(> and i lialf to a light rapid whei'e the water flows 
 over loose slabs of white limestone. It is a small creek from twenty to 
 twenty-five feet wide, i^eneraily witii a soft bottom, and occasionally 
 almost blvicked with grass. The country on both sides is low, level, Jind 
 often saline, and the banks are ov(.'i'hung with willows. From the little 
 rapid an open wet meadow extends south wai'd for a couple of miles to 
 a forest of spruce. The creek appears to tlow down tin; face of the 
 mountain in a narrow gorge, on the sides of which are some bare white 
 cliffs, whidi appeal' very conspicuous from the islands and shores oi 
 Dawson l^ay. 
 
 From the mouth of Rice Creek to the head of the Long Rapid, Ly„„ i^;i|,i,|. 
 where a band of limestone crosses the stream, the river tills the channel 
 from bank to bank, and with the exception of one slight rapid, flows 
 

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 WEBSTER, NY. i4580 
 
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 witli fill even fiinviit and is moderately deep. The banks are low, and 
 wooded witli poi)lar and a few spruce. The limestone .shows strong 
 f^lacial grooves stiiking >S. 75' \V., or directly across tiie river. In the 
 rapid, whicli is alumt a mile in length, the river is .shallow, and tilled 
 with large granite Ijoulders, while .several woofled islands break up the 
 channel. On the south bank, opposite these islands, is a watercourse 
 coming from a wide saline area scattered with pebbles and boulders, 
 and (lotted with groves of poplar. Sevt»ral springs of brine are rising 
 in this tlat, but all wi'ie so shallow and muddy that it was impracticable 
 to test them with the salometei".' A small stream of brine was flowing 
 about live gallons a minute in the bottom of the watercourse. 
 
 lit At the bottom of the rapid the river bends sharply towards the 
 
 north-east, and is moderately deep for a mile and a half to a hill which 
 rises on the north bank t(j a heiglit of twenty feet, on the south side of 
 which are some brine springs at wnich the Indians occasionally 
 boil down the water to obtain a .small quantity ()f salt. The hill is 
 com|)osed of limestone, and its north-east side, which is bare in places, 
 (Jl:iGiiil st-iio. shows indistinct glacial stria' trending S. 65" W., and on the south- 
 east side is a litth; patch about three feet square of a light, reddish till 
 holding rinmded pebbles and cobbles of gneiss and limestone. The 
 face of the hill, down which the brine is trickling, is covered with 
 fragments of limestone, anxmg which were many beautifully preserved 
 fo^' ils. A nnle below this hill, which has been called the "ITpjier 
 Salt Spring," a small .salty creek, carryingabout four gallons of water a 
 minute, flows in from an open area towards the .louth. ;. 
 
 From this creek downv/ards to the lowest Salt Spring the river is 
 one continuous rapid, flowing in a winding cour.se through boulders, 
 having a bare gravel beach on each side. 
 
 A shoi't distance below the briny creek, and still on the south side, 
 ifl a slightly elevated mound, from the centre of which is issuing a 
 spring of brine flowing about ten gallons a minute. It has a tempera- 
 ture of 42° F., and gave a reading of '2'1 on the salometer. 
 
 At the bend below is a cliff" of limestone, the sunnnit of which is 
 polished and scored with grooves running S. 80" W. Above the lime- 
 stone is a hard, light gray clay, containing striated pebbles and 
 bouldeis. Just below this cliff" is a small .salty brook flowing Ave gallons 
 a minute, and in which the .salomete'' gave a reading of 22°. 
 
 HikIkt banks. From this point the banks a.scend to a height of twenty feet, and 
 consist in many j)laccs of clirt"s of limestone overlaid by till filled with 
 pebbles and '.oidders, most of which are granite or local rock, while 
 some are Niagara limestone, containing Pentamerus dectinsntus. The 
 lowest cliff" of lime.stone on the vixev is also overlaid by till, and the 
 
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 liKl) DKKH UIVKH. 
 
 79 K 
 
 surface of the cock below the till is beautifully pousheil aud striated 
 in a direction S. 80° W. 
 
 The Lower Salt .Springs occupy anopenare;i of about 100 yards square Liiwer Salt 
 on the north side of the river and twelve feet above it. The area is ' P""^*- 
 strewn with eroded liouldors of gneiss and limestone, and small siirincrs of 
 brine bubble up (!very here and there, in one of which the bi'ine seemed 
 to be very concentrated, giving a reading on the salonieter of 75 per 
 cent. 
 
 Below these springs the banks are low and alluvial, and there is but 
 little current in the river. 
 
 CEUAli l.AKK AND SASKATCHEWAX UIVEK. 
 
 
 Kxtent. 
 
 Cedar Lake is an irregular body of watei' lying in the extreme rositldn. 
 iioi'thern j)art of the area included in the map, and is separated from 
 Lake Winnipogosis by a nav'row belt of high land from four to ti\(> miles 
 in widtii, which cuts across what would otherwise appear to be a single 
 natural basin. Its greatest leiigth is thirty miles, its greatest width is 
 fourteen miles, it has a shore line, within the map, of lOS miles, and an 
 area of IVM square miles. Its dejith is fi-om thirty to forty feet, and its 
 elevation above the .sea H2S feet, both these measurements being the 
 same as those for Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 At its western end the lake receives the waters of the Saskatchewan 
 River in the middle of a little archipelago of small rocky islands. On 
 the outermost and largest of these islands the early French traders are 
 stated to have had a fort. This fort or trading post, which was called 
 Fort Bourbon, was founded by one of the sons of Sieur de la Verendrye 
 in 1741. He reached the .site by travelling northward from Fort la 
 Reine (Portage la Prairie) across lakes Manit( ba and Winnipegosis. 
 The island is thickly wooded with spruce. At its north end is a low 
 cliff of limestone with a gravel spit piojecting beyond it, behind which 
 is a pleasant harbour foi' small boats. At its .south end is a rounded 
 hook of gravel inclosing a shallow bay. 
 
 From the mouth of the Saskatchewan southward the shore of the 
 lake is low, with a more or less sandy beach, behind which is a level 
 spruce and tamarack swamp. With the sand and debris on the beach 
 are scattered many particles of fossil resin that ha\ e been washed down Fossil renin, 
 by the Saskatchewan Biver from the Cretaceous shalen and sandstones 
 higher up the stream. The south shore is without prominent cliffs, and 
 consists of stretches of even sandy beach between salient points piled 
 high with large boulders of gneiss. 
 
 Old Kurt 
 Htmrboii. 
 
 ■"^m 
 
80 E 
 
 XOHTH-WESTKFiN MAVITOHA. 
 
 !i' 
 
 li' 
 
 Rabbit Point. Rabbit Point is a low, sandy promontory on the north shore, invested 
 with a mournful interest, as here lie the remains of Benjamin 
 Frobisher, one of the early partners of the North-west Company. 
 In the troublous times just before the union of the North-west and 
 Hudson's Bay Companies he was taken prisoner by the latter and 
 carried to York Factory, from wliich place he escaped in the autumn 
 of 18'20. He ascended the Nelson and Saskatchewan rivers on his 
 way to a tradini,' post on Moose Lake, but at ilabljit Point, worn out 
 by hunger and fatigue, and while his Indians were absent at Moose 
 Lake in search of relief, he expired beside his lonely bivouac fire. 
 
 Uucky FslandK North-east of Rabbit Point an arm of th(( lake extends for twelve 
 miles past low wooded shores and small rocky islands, where gray cliffs of 
 limestone peey) out here and there from under the covering of dark 
 green s[)ruce. At the end of this arm of the lake a dejp, narrow 
 channel, known as ''The Narrows,' runs between a small island and 
 the south shore. Here the Saskatchewan River may be said to com- 
 mence again, but its characters are entirely different fi'Oin those of the 
 sluggish stream which Hows into the west side of the lake. Instead of 
 tilling, it is ra|)idly deepening its channel, tumbling and sliding down 
 rocky limestone ledges in wib' rapids, between which are quiet stretches. 
 Oni- of tiiese expands v\ Cross Lake into a comparatively large body of 
 water. 
 
 ,, , „ . , , The Crand JIanid (the last of theses rapids and the most inteiesting 
 (irand Rapid ' ■ _ '■ ... 
 
 feature on the Saskatchewan River) has a total fall in five miles of 
 
 seventy-one feet, the most of which is concentrated into two miles in the 
 middle of the distance. In these two miles the river has cut a deep, 
 narrow gorge in the horizontal limestone, part of which gorge is post- 
 glacial and part pre-glacial in age. 
 „, , , . To overcome the dithculty of transporting goods and boats past this 
 
 rapid by hand, the Hudson's Bay Company engaged Walter Moberly to 
 build a tramway three miles and a half in length past the rapids. This 
 w:ts done in 1877, and on the eleventh of Septembei- of that year 
 Lady DutFerin, who, with Lord Dufferin, the Governor-General of 
 Canada at that time, ww ^ravelling in the west, drove the last spike 
 ' in this remote railway. 
 
 1 hsoi'iit of thf ''■''^*' following excellent description of the descent of the Grand 
 
 iiipiii by .lolm R,apids below the east entl oi the old portage is given by Mr. John 
 Fl.'inmjr. 
 
 r ieming : — 
 
 " in running the rapid we followed as closely as possible the 
 instructions given to us by our old guide on the plains (John Spence) 
 who had often piloted the (jld N. W. Co.'s north canoes down its 
 entire length. In attempting, according to his directions, to ci'oss 
 
•1 
 
 CKDAU r.AKK AM) SASKATCIl KWAN KIVKU. 
 
 81 K 
 
 tVoiu till! aui'tli to tin.' soiuli si([t' of tlic rapid in order to j^ct iiUowhivt 
 WHS reported to be the best chimnel for a siiiidi canoe, such .vas tlio 
 Kerceness of the current and the turbuhnice of the threat surifes and 
 breakers in the uii(hlle that we were nearly engulfed ; and although 
 e\ery nerve was strained, we were swept d.>wn with impetuous 
 velocity, and did not get near the other side til! we were about three- 
 ijuarters of a mill' below our starting point. We weic then impelled 
 with astonishing swiftn(«s along the south side of the Lorrent, often 
 in dangerous proximity to tlie rugged wall of rocks hounding the 
 channel, and now and then whi/zing i)ast -almost grazing -s!;arp 
 rocky points jutting out iiit.o the river, against which the thundering 
 waters seethed and foamed in their fury. During the descent the 
 voyageurs exerted themselves to the utmost of theii- strength, and 
 evinced an admirable degree of coolness and dextei'ity. 
 
 " The (irand Rapid is acknowhulged by those wIkj have witnessed 
 it, and who have had (.pportunities of traversing tlie gi'eat river 
 systems of the continent, to be uusur})as,sed ii>. magniticence and extent, 
 as well as in volume of water."* 
 
 PHYSTCAL (JEOCJKxVPHY AND (JEOLOdY 
 
 COUNTKV WEST Ol' rnK I.AKKS. 
 
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 OSS 
 
 This region is entirely underlaid by the soft and easily-eroded (n'mTul 
 Cretaceous shales and sandstones, which are lying in an undisturbed and '' ''"■*'^ *'* 
 almost horizontal attitude. The streams ai-e small, and in many eases 
 are not now actively eroding their channels, and old escarpments soon 
 crumble down to easy slopes and become overgrown with vegetation, 
 so that good natural (exposures are infreipieiit. Very often th.e 
 lines bounding the different formations have therefore necessarily 
 been di'awn on hyp.sometrical evidence. It has conseijuently been 
 found iiuidvisable at i)i"esent to separate the description of the geo 
 graj)hy from that of the older geology of this district. 
 
 For the sake of greater accuracy, the river valleys and trails follow(>d 
 will be described in succession, beginning with those in the south- 
 eastern poition of the district. 
 
 The Ochre River rises on the sunnnit of the Hiding Mountain and Ochre River. 
 Hows in a general direction N. 25' VI for twenty-hve miles to its mouth 
 at the southern extremity of Dau{)hin Lake. In the upper part of its 
 course it flows in a wide and gradually deepening depression, in the 
 
 *Rei»rt of the Assin. aiu) .Sask. Expl. Ex]ii>r)iti(m liy H. Y. Hind, Toronto, 
 
 isrj'.i, 1). 7«. 
 
82 K 
 
 MiltTII WK.sTKIiV MAN' I TO HA. 
 
 HiKti liills. 
 
 l„Mliiiii ut' whicli it ll,•l^ cut ilsdwn distinctive vallcv. Wlicfc it <M(i.sses 
 the line between ifiiii^es seventeen und i'ij,'liteeii, the valley is seventy 
 feet deep, the Ijanks aic eoinposed of liiflit ;;i'ay unstfatitied boulder- 
 clay, and the l)ed of tlie stream consists of rounded iicl)l)les of lime- 
 stone, i<:c., with a few rounded .: ^niients of rather ii.ird liL;ht ju'fay 
 clay shale. licvond, tlic iiilis rise hotli to the east and to the west 
 to a height of al)out 7UU feci. in most cases the.so hills are thickly 
 wooded with spruce and po})lar, but there are a few ste(!p, naked 
 banks, ajjpareiitly of the li,!,'ht ^ray <:lay shale, that everywhere 
 constitutes the to]imost Ch'etac;'ous beds on this nionntain. It was 
 to the top t)f the hill west of this valley that I'rof. il. V. Hind clindied 
 in his trij) from Dauphin Lake to Hiding' Mountains in Octdlicr. I S.)f<. 
 Following tiic river downwai'ds from the crossini;' of the above line, 
 which is at an elevation of l/J">0 iVct above the sea, t he lieii (if the 
 stream soi>n i)ecomes very niucli obstructed by larjfe '..oulders of ^'i-eiss 
 and limestone, many of the lattc^r of which .are striated. in the baid<, 
 ri. iTc sli.alcs. crop])inics of dark jj;ray soft clay shale beyin to make their a[)pearaiice 
 from under the overlyinf^ till, and soon become consy)icv..)us in ail ti.e 
 scarped banks at the convex bends of the stream. A mile south of 
 tlie Cor''ection liine a bore-hole was sunk to a (lejith of loO feet. The 
 rock is a soft, unctuous (hirk clay shale, showing,' in many places an 
 etilorescence of sul])hate of iron, and often containinji between its 
 layers thin sheets of small crystal a^ygregates of .selenite. .\ hard baud 
 of limest(ine runs along close to the edge of the water. Mr. A. 
 V,i>vf luilc. McDonald, who sank the above mentioned bori' hole, informed me that 
 with the exception of a •J-inch seam of coal, which was passed through 
 at a depth of forty-fttur feet, the whole 100 feet was suid< in dark gray 
 clay siiale similar t (I tiiat .seen at the surface. 
 
 For two miles and a half below this point, or for one mih- and 
 a lialf below the seventh Correction Line, similai- shale is seen in the 
 banks of the riv.M'. Close to the crossing of the Correcion Line a 
 rid"(' crosses the ri\('r, which in ascending section shows t w ('nty-ti\e 
 feet of dark grav clav shale oM'rlaid liy Hfteen f ci of rounded pel)l)les 
 and boulders bedded in a sandy luatiix. The ridge is 4r)U fe(>t wide, 
 slightly rounded on to}i. and rises sharply for forty teet from h)w li>,id 
 of about the same height on botii sides. The course of the ridge is N. 
 SS Vj. Tt is l.iickly o\(M'grown with jioplar mi.ved with some oak, maple 
 (A. .s/iiri(/i(iii) and elm, wdiile birch, ash-leaved ma})le and spruce are 
 t>'nfwin"'on the adjoining low landN. i'.enealh this heavier tind)er there 
 is a thick growth of Amelanchier and P(>mbina bushes. There are 
 other ridges both above and below this one, on one of the former of 
 which is an Indian trail leading to the south, but this one is the 
 most clearlv (h'tined of anv that cross this river. 
 
 High gravel 
 ridge. 
 
l'li\ sic.M, <;i:o(;ii M'ln AM> <;Ki>l.i>(;v. 
 
 s:{ K 
 
 •I list ;il)(i\ f this rid;'!' ;l iiiii 
 
 .t' t' 
 
 IIS-llS WCIC Vlt 
 
 llcctcd tVoiii tlif Fossils 
 
 fliirk sliiilf iiiiil ;iii iiichi(lr<l I huh 1 1 it' liiiic>i(iiH',c<)iisi.st.iiif{ of /I'rinni nin't'a, 
 oy.stei's, I iKic'Tdiiii uiid tVaj,'mcnts of platt's ot' fishes. 
 
 I'nr II iiiiic and a iialf hdnw tiiis i'idi,'c siinilac soft, dark clav ^llal^• 
 tr'ttjis out at iiit(!i'va!s. iiu'iudiiii; iti one place a lied ot" hard sandstone 
 
 Idi 
 
 hol(li> 
 
 nu 
 
 nierous icinains of small oystfM.' 
 
 'I'lic wiioleof the Crotnceous lieds s(>en on this ii\er apjiear to lie ('ii'tiuiim- 
 
 hiny- ahiiost of (iiiite hori/.ont al. the total thickness seen t'loni the tii'St 
 
 licds 
 
 out<'io]> lielow th(^ line between ranges 17 aii( 
 outcrop seen on the i-i\t!i- lieinj^ alxjut I7"» feet. 
 
 I IS ,1, 
 
 to th 
 
 ast 
 
 Before i-eaehini; the ahove-nientioned lowest, outcrop of d.irk shales, w 
 
 Ihi 
 
 hi! 
 
 Ills on either sidi 
 .M 
 
 falh 
 
 awav, anil 
 
 tl 
 
 II' ruer lias li 
 
 ft th 
 
 liiilinLr .Mountain and now Hows across the lai'Ustrine plain at its toot 
 towaids i)iiu|iliiii Lake. Its channel lieconies ten to forty feet di>ep, 
 forty feet wide and xcry crooked, the wide {.ji'avel flats and liars seen 
 hiu'her up the .stream liaviii;jf here almost entirely disappeared. The 
 l)ank.s show neither the underlyinj^ shale, nor till, liiit are composed 
 entirely of stratified clay often mixed willi a considcralile (|uaiitity of 
 s;ind. 
 
 The channel is usually skirted with a dense licit of trees, such as 
 Cottonwood, halsam-poplar, elm, \'c., hehind which are many beautiful 
 meadows sprinkled over and sepsirated by frro\ cs of aspen and willow. 
 
 Kdwards's Creek ri.ses in the !>idin<( Mountain a short distance south Kibvjii<ls'i 
 of the 7th Correction Line, and llowint; ]iarallel with the last named Creek, 
 stream, joins the X'erniilinn Ui\er a few miles above its mouth. 
 
 At the crossinij of the ('orrection Line the \ alley is onlv forty feet 
 deep, ;ind the bed is at an elt^Mition of 1,S"_'(J feet aboxc tide. The 
 valley, however, rapidly deepens, soon beeomini,' a narrow goi'^e I (50 feet D.i 
 deep with \-ery |irecipitous scarped banks of horizontal li,i,dit ifiay shale, 
 often a[)iiearin,i;' red from iron stains. 
 
 Three-iiuarters of a mile below the ('orrection Line and just below 
 the entrance of a small stream of slightly ;,'reater size from the east, 
 there is a steep ba.ik on the east side showinji; an e.vposuic Hit) feet in Hi^^h clitf ..f 
 lieij.;ht. The upper thirty feet consists of saiuly boulder clay or till con- 
 tainiiiii; small pebbles, most of which are of linujstone, but some are of 
 .i,nanite. IJelow this is 1 30 feet of slaty lij;ht <;ray clay shale, much 
 jointed and generally showim,' iron stains on the jointage face.s. A 
 (|uarter of a mile down the stieatn, but at thirty -five feet lower level, 
 and at an elevation of 1,720 feet, this light lead grey slaty shale is .seen 
 to be underlaid perfectly evenly and conformably by fifteen feet of dark 
 grey Millwood .shale. Tiie difference between the two shale,s is (juite 
 elcarlv marked, e.specially as the lower .shale weathers out into irregular 
 
 ' H ■ 
 
 K'orp-. 
 
 Oiliiiliili sluili'. 
 
 -*■ » ,- < 
 
 -■.■>•,;,■ 
 
 ;;'^>y> 
 
IP 
 
 84 K 
 
 NUlCni-WKSTKKN MAMTollA. 
 
 r>i)uii 
 
 Orlailil 
 
 (}n;'cl ridge. 
 
 I'lininltic |)artii'li's, while llir upper wfutliei's iiitn tliiii flukes. For a 
 mile iuid ii liiilt' heluw tliis tlie l)aiik.s of the valley eunsist largt^ly of 
 irregular slides of the overlying slaty shale, hut in several places near 
 the riv.'r a soft dark gray elay shah; was seen, cruinhling into clay, 
 pi'ecisely like the Pi(?rr(! shahss of the Bow River and I'pper Saskatche- 
 wan. .Neai" the lower end of th(^ above distance this shale includes a 
 hand of huiticular nodules of cliiy ironstone. This is at an ele\ation 
 of l,-')()0 feet al)n\(' tlie sea. 
 
 I''nr th(! next tlnce miles down tlie ri\ei', or to the mmilli of a small 
 spring hrook coming from the ea.st, no e.xpctsufes of the Cretaceous roeks 
 were seen. The channel is at first very much blocked by Archiean 
 l)oulilcrs, and 'fagnients of ironstontjas large as cobble-stones are (|uite 
 numerous, but soon the boulders disappear and the bed of the stream 
 is composed of pebbles of Odanah sliale, with some of (juartzite 
 and gneiss and a fi*w of ironstone. The banks, too, are at first com- 
 l)ose(l largely of pebi)les of light gi-ay slaty shale, l>ut this soon changes 
 to stratified sand o\erlying unsf, ratified till, and the stratified sand 
 again to stratified clay. 
 
 Haifa milt^ above the nioutii of the spring brook a gravel ridge 
 twt;ntj-fise feet high cresses the course of the stream, composed, to the 
 ln)tt()m, of stratifitnl sand and gravel. The gravel consists almost entirely 
 of smooth lenticular pel>b!t?s of lead-grey clay shale, mixed with a few 
 small pieces of ironstone, and pebbles of (juartz and gi.eiss as large as 
 marbles. 
 
 At the mouth of the spring brook, at an elevation of 1,271 feet above 
 tide, a dark gray clay shale, mottled with small particles of calcareous 
 material, makes its a])pearance, and the \alley becomes rapidly deeper 
 and the bed of the stream is tilled witli large gneiss;)id Ixmlders. 
 
 Three-quarters of a mile below the mouth of the creek a bt-d of 
 lather hard, gray, argillaceous limestone, containing I noceram', crops out 
 four feet, abo\e the bed of the creek, overlaid by fifteen feet of dark gray 
 mottled clay shale, and this is again overlaid by a bed of unsti'atitied 
 till holding large gneissoid boulders. Three-ijuarters of a mile further 
 down, where the river crosses the southern line of township 24, the 
 valley is tifty feet deep, the lower thii'ty-Hve feet of the bank consisting 
 of dark gi'ay mottled clay shale, the top of which consists of a l)edoneto 
 two feet in thickness of white or light yellow chalky limestone, contain- 
 ing numerous fragments of Inocerami ami scales of fishes similar to those 
 Foraniinifera. found oi\ Ochre River, as well as numbers of foraminifera belonging to the 
 genera Ti'xtuhirid, Nn/iifiii,((-i\ This isthe sj>- 3 band as the one mentioned 
 in the last exposurt;, but it has become le.ss argillaceous and iimch softer 
 and more chalky, When struck, it emits a slight odour of petroleum. 
 
 Ni()l)r!ira 
 >lial.'. 
 
 I if 
 
I'lnsicvr. (.i:ii(,i;.\i'in and <;kiii.(ii;v. 
 
 S') K 
 
 rt 
 
 IS (lircctiv UNCI- 
 
 aid 1)V ci^lit feel ut' rounded irr;i\cl, 
 
 Dsllv ct liiiM- 
 
 le to 
 
 liiiii- 
 liose 
 Itlie 
 ined 
 Ifter 
 luni. 
 
 stoiif and slialc, l)ut mixed witli jichbU's of (|iiartzite and ji;iieiss. This 
 gravel is niiideratt'iy linr tlirmmliout. I)ut nuicli tlictini'st near thcsiirface. 
 Asccndinj^ the l)ank, this cscai-pint'nl is smm U> lie the section of a 
 <,'rav('i ridge extending across tiie eountry paraUel to the face of the 
 mountain and rising in easily i'ounded slopes ten feet above the country 
 
 m either side. On yoinir a little further nortl 
 
 steel) slnlie is 
 
 encountered, descending abruptly for titty feet, and the above ridge runs 
 |)Mrallel with this slope and al)out 'MM yards l)ack from its brow. 
 
 l-'rumtlie foot of this slope the counti'v ilescends gt ntly In Lake 
 Daujihin, being eithei- open meadow laiitl, scattered poplar coj)pice, or 
 swam]). 
 
 \'frmili(in Ui\cr r-ises near the sunnnil of Ui(lin<' Mount. 'tin in several Vi'miiliim 
 small sti'eams which How together either in, or near, the foot of the 
 mountain. The branch followed rises a short distance north of Lake 
 Audet and Hows northward for ten miles till it is joined i)y a similar 
 .stream fi'om the west, and throughout this distance the waggon trail to 
 the Lake Dauphin settlement follows its eas^tei'ii side, at first tlimugh 
 groves of po|)lar separated by prairie- ojienings, and then through thick 
 though not \(My heaxy timber, consisting of aspen and balsam po]>lar, 
 with some spruce, tamarack and small birch. ]'^i\e miles s(»uth of the 
 fifth Correction Line a small stream joins the N'ermilion l!i\er from the 
 east, (lowing in a narrow gorge-like valley. ^Vt the point whei'e the 
 trail crosses this \all(y it is ninety feet deep, and the elevation of the 
 bed of the stream is 1,7 -"iO feet above tide. J ust above tiie crossiiiir there , , , , , 
 are several .small crumbling exposui-es of light lead-gray fissile Odanah 
 shale, similar to the upper beds on Edwards's (Jrcek ; and two miles far- 
 ther down the main stream, .similar shale again crops out. At the trail 
 crossing, a shoit distance above the forks, the stream is twelve feet wide, 
 and when crossed in .July, 1S(S7, was six inches deep, with banks I'onsist- 
 ing of pebbles of gnei.ss and limestone. 
 
 Two niile.s and a half below the forks, on the south side of the river, 
 there is a cut bank ninety feet high, consisting at the top of twenty feet of 
 dark gray friable clay shale holding l)aiuls of nodules of white or light 
 gray limestone very much veined vvith caicite, anil weathering down into 
 a white powder, while below it, is seventy feet of daik .slate-gray clay 
 shale, emitting, when struck, a strongly bituminous odour. Atthe bottom, 
 these beds contain nunuM'ous acicular crystals of selenite. A mile 'i',..iii ^.i^ssing. 
 below this point the trail crosses the river at an altitude of L-'HO feet ; 
 .'?00 yards above the crossing is a high cut bank of horizontal slate-gray 
 clay shale, mostly very friable and holding many small crystals of 
 .selenite. Fn the baidi weie some thin bands of ironstiuie and large 
 
 "AJ: 
 
 IWgU cut 
 Ijfiiik*. 
 
 ,'"■.■'•. 
 
 >^^ ■■ y 
 
S(5 K 
 
 NolClll \\ KSTKliN \l WllnllV. 
 
 il 
 
 Kl)H»ilH 
 
 liiii'iiig (in 
 
 Vi'i'iiiTlic II 
 Hi\i r. 
 
 iio'luN^s ((ifiti'il witli II liiycr <it' ciilritf. uhii'li liusilic ii|i|it'iiiaMcf nf 
 l)eiiijj; tin- piiitly ilt'conipnscd slicll nt' I iKuciiiimis. A t'lii^Miit'iit (if a 
 Haciilite WHS also t'oimd. Alidiit a mile south <it' t he crossiiiji, a liij;li 
 hill rises 32r) feet alidvclhc level i>t' the livcr at this |i<>iiit, or tn a 
 hcijiht of 1, ().'?*) feet ai)o\(' the sea. On the top of it may !»' seen 
 small iri'cjL^uiaf outcrops of soft. (•iiiiiil»liii<{ lij^lit ,i,'i'ay shale, with liaiiils 
 of iiodiilaf elay ironstone a sImm'I distance iielow the summit. Fifty 
 feet liclovv tlic sinnmit a considcraiilc thickness of l\\'.< shale is exposed 
 lying ([uite hori/ontally. 
 
 At the ci'ossin/j; several low outcrops of shale afe exposed clostMilioNc 
 the edge of the water. It is hert^ xcry tenacious, has a gr<'asy feel, 
 cuts like cheese, and emits a strong bituminous odour. 
 
 \ well was liored near this point liy the Manitolia Oil ('oinpany to 
 a deptli of 7 \'^ feet, in the iiope of oi)laining petroleum. The follow- 
 ing is the report of this well as published by the writer in the Ti'ans. 
 Hoy. Soc. ('an.. Vol. i.x.. Sec. iv.. pp. lOli 104. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 ,a. 
 
 Piihitiini. 
 
 Date. 
 
 ''/liiniii/ nil \'i'i'iiii/u)ii Jiivr. 
 
 'Phis boring was sunU l)y the .Manitoba Oil (Company on the west 
 bank of the N'ermilion Hi\er, a short, distance lielow the crossing of 
 the Strathclair and Lake hauphin trail, in Township "_' .'5, Range 20, west 
 of llic Principal .Meridian. 
 
 In tlie s|iring of ISS7a ]iei\ ussion drill was Iiaiiled 
 
 noi 
 
 th f 
 
 rom 
 
 Stratlu-lair station, on the .Manitoba and North-western Hailway, and 
 the well was drilled to a depth of 2i)2 fei^t, when an ac(jiilent happened 
 to the machinery which delayed the work for a time. 
 
 I II the follow ing year tile drill wasino\ed a sliort distance down the 
 \alley, \\(irk was resumed, and a linal depth of 7 b'5 feet was reached. 
 
 I'^rom a comparison of the sections, the second well is found to have 
 been iiegun nine feet lowei-, geologically, than tiie tirsi,an(l thereforethe 
 levels of all the specimens obtained from it have been corrected by 
 the uniform subtraction of nine feet, in order togi\(! them their proper 
 position in the total section. 
 
 I'or the log of this well, with illustrative specimens, I am indebted 
 to the kindness of \\'. R. i>aker, Es(|,, Superintendent of the ^laintoba 
 anil North-western Railway, wh<t was oiu: of those most deejily 
 interested in the success of the well. 
 
 The i-ec(aHl as given below is compiled from the log kept by the 
 driller and the results of my examination of the specimens. 
 
I'lIYHIC.xr, <iK<»(iU.\l'IIV VM> liKUUMiV. 
 
 S< B 
 
 I 
 
 >5 
 
 |)iscii|itiiiii of ^fllt('lial pasHci 
 tlii'iiiiKli, 
 
 1 Soft, chii'U i^r.iy il.'iy «lmli? 
 
 2 FiaKiiii'iital lniii'stiiiic 
 
 3 (iniy calciircuiiH slmlo 
 
 4 Dark ^fl■lly ti^.iilf shale 
 
 .") Cdaisc siiiiilstimc, witli pyrites. 
 
 (> fldliipiitt white liliieHtoiie . 
 
 7 llJhie ffiiiy chiy shale 
 
 H IWhite (^V|wiiiii . 
 
 it H.-rj shale 
 
 1(1 Sliale and limestone 
 
 11 lUed shale 
 
 VmiN't 
 
 . .VHOVK S|{.\, 
 
 1,300 Fkkt. 
 
 Syno|wis i)f 
 
 
 
 reeiird. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 <— 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 t*. 
 
 i 
 
 <8 
 
 lielliai'kN. 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 ■5fc 
 
 
 
 
 .32 s 
 
 ^S- 
 
 .SP 
 
 
 JS-- 
 
 *■" :£ 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 <X, 
 
 !l.") 1,2(»5 1 
 
 I'ierre (.\|i||«i»Mi 
 
 series). 
 
 4 
 124 
 
 ,?:|i ];;;?• 1} Niobrara. 
 
 
 17S 
 
 Mil 
 
 H!l!l heiitoii. 
 
 
 l!l 
 
 42(1 
 
 HSO Dakota. 
 
 
 12(1 
 
 :)4o 
 
 7(>(» 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 .VM) 
 
 750 1 
 
 
 
 1.-) 
 110 
 
 ti;.-. 
 
 7.S5 ! 
 (•.25 ! 
 
 ■Devdlli.-ill. 
 
 
 CM 
 
 74H r)r.7 ' 
 
 
 
 At Ik) 
 
 ttoni. 
 
 
 
 
 No. I. -Spec'iiiicii.^ fi'oiii .")(), IS uiid '.M tV-rl .slmw this (o he a sot't, j'iiiiv shales. 
 (Ifuk ;u;iiiy, noti-ciilcaicoii.s L-luy sliiilc l)el<mfj;iiij.{ totlu! MUIwoikI simIi's of 
 the Picnv shales, siniilai' to thiit soen in tlic iiiikcd aiid almost vertical 
 cliffs wa.shed hy the rixcr a few hiiiidi-ed yards aliovtr the ti'ail erossiiiy. 
 
 No. '2. This is a hard hand that was spoken ot' as "'sandstone ' l)y Niohiara 
 the (Iriller. It consists almost entirely of tVaj^iiients of the jnisms of n„',..Vt,',„(s. 
 the shells of a larj,'e l iioceraiitHx, nii.xed with fra>i;mont-i of Oxlrin i-mi- 
 (jr.ttii ! 'Phis e\idently represents the h.ind of sandstone lik<' liniestoin' 
 that oiitci'o|)s on the .\ssinii)oine |{i\er lielow the month of Cypi'ess 
 Creek, and is al.o seen at several places alonj^ the eastern face of the 
 Hidinjf Mountain. It lies at the top of the Xioiirara formation. 
 
 \o. ;5. Specimens collected from 14() and Itil feet show this to lie 
 a mottled, lilue-j.frey, calcareous clav siiale or niari. iTnderthe micro- 
 scope it is found to he inixt-d with prisms of the shells of luocininnix, 
 fragments of the shells of Osfren roni/'^xfti .', minute jxjrtions of lish 
 skeletons and (piite a huge ninnher of foraminifera. 'I'hese eomj)ri.se 
 such forms as fJfolni/eriiui rn'taci'd, and .seveial species of Ti'Mnhiriti, 
 and with them are associated many Coi-ro/if/ix and RlnthilolitJis. These 
 evidently represent the characteristic shales and marls of the Ni<jl)rara 
 formation. 
 
 No. 4. —Specimens obtained from 'l\'.\-l\~i feet consist of a dark I !.iiton shales, 
 blue-gray, fine-grained, unctuous, non-calcareous clay shale, bi'eaking 
 down into thin Hakes. These represent the typical Benton shales. 
 
 No. .5. -A. sp'^cimen from 411 feet consists of grains, varying greatly Dakota 
 in size, of clear, white (piart/.. Some of these gi-ains are (|uite angular 
 
 
 ■^N" 
 
i 
 
 HM K 
 
 VdUTii \vi;sTi;i;\ Mwiimiv. 
 
 ■>' «14<l 
 
 *l! 
 
 
 l3eM)iii:ui 
 
 lilllCHtollt'. 
 
 Shall'. 
 
 G.vj>wim, 
 
 Shall 
 
 Shal.' and 
 liliicstoiii'. 
 
 Alwence of 
 fossils. 
 
 ill s|iii|ii', Hiul inaiiy iii'(> Htiiin<>il on till' mitsidr witli iinn. NN'illi (lit- 
 siitid plains arc iiiixcil small ciiltical crystals ot |i\ litc in a |iii|i('r 
 |)ul)lislinl ill "'I'lic Aiiifiifaii .Iminial of Sciciif;' " tor St-ptcmln'r, IS'.IU, 
 the writer fjdvt' llic |)al<<)ta t'oiiiiation in this well a thickness of ')"» 
 t'cct, liiit he has since t'ouiiil icason to lutlit>V(* that a speiMiiieri of saiul- 
 stoiie ialx'llcd ."Wl!) feci is not to ix- (Icpended on. and the record has 
 therefore heeii altered as aliove to aijrcc with the loir |<(>|it |)y the 
 driller, thus reducinj^ the thickness of the hakota to |!l feet. 
 
 No. n. — A spt'ciiiien fidiii ">0!l it'ot is a iiioderfitely hai'd, line and 
 evenly-drained, lif^lit ;rray liincstonc, tlnoiiLjh which are scattered 
 small suhan^iilar grain.s of coloiiilcss ([iiarty, and j,'rains of pyrite. A 
 sjiecinien maked ."iJO— "»K) f(.(.t ciinsists of similar limestone, willi 
 tVH>;iiients of ii^hl and dark ^^ray clay shale. 
 
 No. 7. — A speciiiKMi from the hjwer part of the hand consists of a 
 mixture of li;^lit lilue-gray clay shale, |>article8 of limestone, some few 
 crystals of colourless (piartz, and particles of opaipie white ;,'ypsuni 
 from the lo]i of the band helow. 
 
 No. tS. A specimiMi markeil ').")()-.■")().") feet is made up lait;ely of 
 fray;iiients of opaiiuc white j^rypsuin, mixed with a few fiai;iiients of 
 colourless tjuartz, and small nodular ina.sses of pyrite. 
 
 No. 9. — A specimen marked 5(!5-0-ir) feet consists of a soft, lif{lit 
 lirownish red, fine-yrained shale, mixed with fra<,'iiients of li^'ht ,i;ray 
 slide and )..irticles of liiiK'stone. In the clayey mass are also many 
 minute and very perfect crystals, as well us irre,i,'ular particles of clear 
 transparent (|uartz. 
 
 No. 10. — A s[iecimcn from 7 I i^ feet consists of a lii;hi pink, hard, 
 compact, (ine-ufrained limestone that <»tt'ervesc"s stron.ijjly in ll("l.. leav- 
 inj;' a similarly coloured tine clayt'v prei'ipitate. With the limestone 
 are many fragments of a tine-^raiiied, white sandstone, and a very few 
 wliite, opaipie particles of gypsum. A specimen from 740 feet is a 
 mixture of fragments of cream-coloured limestone and reddish shale. 
 Tr effervesces strongly in lin., leaving a residue of dark gray and bufl- 
 coloured .shale, tine grains of (|uartz and rniall particles of pyrite. 
 
 No fossils have been obtained from the Palieozoic rocks drilled 
 through in this well, uud in the absence of direct stratigraphical coi'- 
 relation their exact age cannot at inesent be determined. However, 
 their geograjiliical position clearly shows that they are of post-Silurian 
 age, and the absence of dolomites excludes them from the middle or Win- 
 nijiegosaii formation of the Devonian. It is also altogether unlikely 
 that fossils would have been so unifcjrmly al).sent from the drillings 
 if some of the lower highly fos-siliferous beds of the Manitolian, or 
 Upper l)evonian formation had been pas.sed through. Many of the 
 
 'i 
 
 s 3 
 
 f i 
 1 1 
 
 I! 
 
1 
 
 I'llVHUAl, lii:(H,HAl'IIV AMt f.Kdl.tiliV. 
 
 W \. 
 
 \\vi\ 
 L-or- 
 ,ci-, 
 liiui 
 'iii- 
 lely 
 
 iii<j:s 
 
 (ir 
 
 liiiu*stniit> fi'it'nt:*>iits from iiciir tlir Ixittnni ot' the Ixii 
 
 ( CIII'ITSJIOIM 
 
 ulijs»'ly witli till' liini'stoiit' iiuUTiiii|iiii^' lu-iii- the niniitli uf .Mnssv 
 Uiver, ut Puint Wilkins, »ti'., hclonjiitiy to thf liiylier portiiMis ut tin- 
 M)iiiitiil)iiii fi)niiut.ii»n t'xposi'il in imf unil Net'tion-i. and iln' loinwn >uutli 
 wt^stcrly dip (if H r"w fft't tutli' inilt- wuidd iiccimni \',,v i lir dilVi'ifiici- 
 in tiU'vat inn tit tlic Ih'iIn. 
 
 Tt i.s tliiTpfiirc pr(»l)al)l<' tliat 
 
 aiii'o/iiif 
 
 pas 
 
 d til 
 
 mull III I 
 
 l'l"'i 
 
 till' N't'i'iiiiiidii River liorinLf rcprcscnl an upward cnntimuition of the 
 Point Wilkins liinttstoneH, and tln'irfoi'' in I lie iiinii 
 
 I, (iNI'lllC tllf lll^llfSl 
 
 Devonian Itodsscoii on tlie slioi s of Swan Lakior I,akc \V 
 
 innipt^jioHis. 
 
 I'^lll(l\\ in ix tilt' valley of t lie riser fur three miles helnwtlie Hail erossinii. 
 the l)anksarelii;;li,and;^enerallycon.sist of soft dark^'rav< 'ret aeeoussliale. 
 
 I ti'MIIILIII. 
 
 V'liiiiilioii 
 Hivtr Im'Iihv 
 tllf trail. 
 
 tliouLtli in plates unstratihed till coniposeN tiie yi-eatei' part, or <>ven the 
 uliule. of the cliir. At one of the latter plactts the scarped hank con- 
 sisted of forty feet of ii^cht yellowisli->;ray till, in the top of which .vas 
 imiiedded a layer of lariii'lransportod houlders, overlaid by twelve feet of 
 yellowish-jLtray stratified sandy day without lionldeis. At theendof the 
 three miles, ami at an elevation eighty feet lower than t he ri\er at 'he 
 crossing, the hank is composed of similar dark gi'ay soft ulmle, while at 
 the edge of the water a bed four feet in thickness of liai'd sandy limestone j,iiii.>ti)iii-, 
 crops out, holding remains of oysters and Tiiocerami. As the river is 
 followed clown still further this limestone hand gradually ascends in 
 the hanks, till ai the ('\u\ of a mile it is se\enty-ti\e feet up 
 the bank, and is underlaid by mottled gi'ay sha'e throujih which 
 ai-e scattered fragments of liiiicerami and remains of fishes. In I''oui 
 Mile Creek, which is i small stream flowing in from the east 
 half a mile below the last mentioned ex])osni'e, this hard band 
 is seen ninety feet above the level of the river at its mouth. 
 Fifty feet below this band of hard limestone theie is a band of i-ather 
 hard light grey shale, and as the rivei' is descended this band becomes 
 l)etter defined, till at the outer, steep slope of the mountain it is a band 
 of rather hard white limestone crossing the face of the escarpment at a 
 height of ninety feet above the river. This band of white limestone con- 
 tains many Foraminifera of the genus 7'i'.rfii/tirlii with great numbers of 
 Corro/if/is. For one-third of a mile Ix'low the edge of the escarpment 
 similar mottled shale crops out, but the banks ha\e now become low 
 and often swampy. At this point Mr. Anli. McDonald .sank a i>,„.,. i,,,),, 
 bore-hole 120 feet, and found similar shale to the bottom, and the same 
 man informed me that simihir shale crops out in low exposures for a 
 mile further down the creek, beyond which nothing is seen but drift 
 and alluvium. Three miles further down, where the rivei' was again 
 seen, the banks consist for several miles entii'ely of bedded clay. The 
 
 i 
 
!)() K 
 
 NOKTII-WKSTKliN M A SI IDlt A. 
 
 jii 
 
 \p 
 
 i# 
 
 li^t-r Hows in ;i luinnw winding,' chaunel, hn.s ii iiiiiddy Ij"i1, often 
 scrattersti with jiebliles, and hfilts of timber skirt its sides, beyond 
 wliirli tlic country is generally opcm, grassy nifNuio / land. 
 
 W ilMin Uivii. Wilson liivcr rises on the north-east side of the Riding Mountains 
 and flowing eastward, falls into Dau|iliin Tiakt; a sli(>rt distance north 
 of the jMoiitii ni Vermilion iiivcr. Whore first seen in townsliip 2-3, 
 range '22, the banks are twenty feet high, witli steep grassy slopes to 
 the edge of the water. The* elexation at this jioint is l,;iOO feet above 
 the sea. FoU.iwing tiie sti-eani eastward the \alley giwhuifly deepens 
 till the banks are ab»,ut 100 feet high, and then it again beeon.e.-i 
 shallow and like the othei' river's in the disti'iei flows in a winding 
 ihannel tlirough ahiiost level partly wooded country to its n.outh. 
 
 nimks of tiil. Al tiic point where the river was first seen and tor tinve miles and 
 a half below it, tlie banks consist of ligiit gray sandy nnstnititied clay 
 containing numbers of irrejjular pebbles and Ixiulders, but about the 
 centre of tin^ distance a low ridge of rounded gravel, with an cle\ation 
 of 1,2S8 feet above the sea, cro.sses the valley, i-unning in a N. N. W, 
 and S. S. K. direction. This ridge was the highest ancient lake beach 
 observtnl on tliis river, and west of it the countiy gradually ; ises in the 
 low gently i-ounded swells -nd undulations typical of the western 
 itlain.s. 
 
 At tl.e lower end of the ])ortion of the valley above mentioned, and 
 at an approximate elevation of 1,190 feet above the sea, a light gray 
 moUled calcarous shale of Niobrara age outcro{,s on the side of the 
 bank ten feet above the river and ten feet al)ove it is a band of cream- 
 coloured marl containing fragments of such fossils as Oxtt'i'((, sp., 
 /iiorrninins prohlfiinaticus, an obscure fragment of an .Vmmonite, and 
 great numbers of foraminifera belonging to the genera ^f7o/)ir/e?"t»,rt and 
 Textiilaria. The beds have a light dip S. (iO AV. 
 
 Descending the river for the next three miles the banks vary consider- 
 ately in character, !)Ut every wher'i the bottorii is found to be composed 
 of clay shale, sometimes \ei'y much darker than th t tii'st seen, and 
 often containing interstivitified beds of soft white unotutms clay. The 
 beds are throughout horizontal and often contain fragments of oysters, 
 Inocerami and scales of fishes. The exposures of slwile are in some 
 places fifty feet high and are generally overlaid l)y a light yellowish-gray 
 compact till, often, especially towards the bottom, containing a great 
 number of large boulders of gneiss and limestone 
 
 CraMl liil'fc. At the point which has nc^w been reached, a strongly marked ridge 
 of rounded gravel having an elevation of l.lot) feet, crosses the countrj' 
 in a generi. dii'ection parallel to the one already })assed higher ud the 
 river. This ridge is devoid of tinibei- and thinly gra.ssf d on ♦^op 
 
 Niolnaiii 
 sluile. 
 
 -y II 
 
rilVSICAI, CKOfJ.'Al'IIV ASK (.Kol.Oi; Y. 
 
 '.)1 K 
 
 aii(! on it tiic liuliiiiis li.uc one t>t' tlwir niiiiii ti-.iils into tlic cuiiiiUy 
 
 to the i.ortli. After cutting thrnugli it the livci- takes a roiirsc 
 
 a little south of east ai'd Hows in a thickly wootled valley, with higli 
 
 l>aiik.>'. that often show good exposures of horizontal mottled gray 
 
 calcai'eouf-' clay shale. 'i\vo miles east of this i-idge is a cut-liank I'liDsphatic 
 
 shr)wing a very good section of fifty feet of this shale, in which, fifteen ''' 
 
 feet from the bottom, is a bed of what a])pears on first sight to be a light 
 
 brown lamellar sandstone, but nliicli, on closei- examination, is found 
 
 to l>e composed of minute dark l)rowii fragments of tee'ii; and bc^nes of 
 
 fishes, cementefl together by a calcareous cement. Tliis shale is highly 
 
 phosphatic. A specimen of it was analysed i)y Mr. Hofl'mann of this 
 
 I >epartment, and he reports that it contaias 17'1?7 percent of phosphoric 
 
 acid, e(iui\a]ent to '.\~-7 per cent of tribasic j.hosphate of lime. The 
 
 extent of this phospluite bed could not Ije dt'ternnned at tiie time, l)Ut 
 
 if it should pi-ove to be large, it will fui-nish a very valuable source of 
 
 supply of phosphate (jf lime to renovate the wheat lands of Manitoba 
 
 • md the adjoi.'iing Territories. In many of its characters it a] i])roaches 
 
 clost'ly to the coprolite beds which are so extensively woi'ked for jilios- 
 
 phate of lime both in France and England. 
 
 '''or a mile below this outcrop of phosphatic siuile, small naked scarps 
 of dark gray shale occasionally overlook the i'i\er, and then the \allpy 
 l)econics more diffuse, and appears to assume the characters of the 
 Vennilion and Ochre river vaileys ui the lowei- parts of their courses, 
 with banks (•omi)o.sed entuely li stra.itied allu\ ial sand and clay. 
 
 V'alley Hixcr h: stated t<i rise in Singoosli or Weasel l.ake in the \';ii],.y Hivcr 
 north-eastern portion of ^he Duck Mountains, it Hows first south- 
 westward and then southward over a flrift covered region, till it 
 emei'ges in the wide valley north of the Riding Mountain. It is here 
 a beautiful clear stream thirty feet wide anil two feet deep, Howing over 
 a bed of rounded limestone pebbles. The valley which it has entered is 
 more or less oi)eu and grassy throughout, though, of couise, dotted w itii 
 groves of poplar and willow, and there is here a pleasant looking little 
 Indian village, consisting of several well-built log houses, with good, Indian il].i«<' 
 though diminutive, stables, ai'ound which a small amountof land has been 
 tilled, and a considerable quantity of hay is annujdly cut. The lai'ge 
 number of new graves on the tops of the surrounding knolls testiHe<l 
 to the fearfidly high mortality rate pre\-iiling among these people, who 
 are gradually diminishing in nund)ers, not becaa.se a sutKcient number 
 are not born into the w(jrld, but because all the. ordinarv laws of 
 hygiene are so entirely neglected that only a fev, of the very hardiest 
 ever i-each mata>'ity. 
 
 f . • 
 
 vf:." 
 
 .J;,.t^=i 
 
\)-l K 
 
 Nnlilll-WI'.SIKItN M AMTiiliA. 
 
 Morainic 
 
 Kiiiii 
 
 l''i(»in till' linlifui villa^ic tlic river flows cast ward tor tea mill's. I''<>r 
 the first mile the valley is general'y open, with aj^eiitly rolling surface. 
 For the next ,wo miles the cart trail on tlu' north side of the river 
 winds over and among morainic hills, which appear to extend across 
 the valley and along the face of the escar])inent on either side. I'he 
 hills are in the shape of rounded knolls, which may be joined together 
 in irregular ridges, often one hundred feet high, among which are 
 numerous little rounded freshwater ponds, without apparent outlet. 
 The sides of these hills are covered with large gneis.soid l)oul(lers and 
 small pel)l)les of (piartz, gneiss and limestone of very iri'egular shapes. 
 Some of the latter ai'e stri. ted, though nil ai'e very mucli covtu'ed with 
 calcareous tufa. lUit one ge-logical section was seen in these hills, 
 and it consisted of twenty feet of light brown slightly .sandy calcareous 
 clay, containing a few pebbles and small boulders. One of the latter 
 was a lenticular nodule of ii'onstone, evidently derived from the Creta- 
 ceous rocks. The clay was quite unstratitied and a lai-ge imniber of 
 the |)ebbles were of liniestime, almost all of winch sliowed glacial stria'. 
 
 Near tlie eastern side of this hunnnocky ridge, a small stream Mows 
 from the north, and its bed is covered with large' iri'egular boulders of 
 gneiss. The altitude of the mouth of this sti'eam, where it flows into 
 Valley Hiver, is about 1,."5()2 feet. 
 
 For a null' and three-quarters lieinw the mouth of this creek the 
 bottom and sides of the valley are much more even, but a great many 
 large gneis.soid lioulders are scattered o\er the Hats on each side of tlii' 
 stream. 
 
 lielow this boulder-strewn portion of the valley, the banks diverge 
 to a certain extent and a kame-like ridge, or series of r'idges, begins 
 and continue.s eastward for four mile.s down ibe midfUe of the valley. 
 These ridyes ha\'e a generally oval contour, with sides risin<!; in 
 rather steep slopes from the bottom of the valley. Their tO])s vary from 
 slightly undulating, to quite I'ough and hunnnocky, an<l ar(! generally 
 more oi- less thickly strewn with gneissoid eri'atics. The most 
 westerly of these kames is three-tjuarters of a mile in length and 250 
 paces wide on top. On its south side, where the I'ivei' impinges against 
 it, there is a naked bank showing an expo.sure forty feet in height, though 
 on account of slides it was impossibh* to measure the diirerent beds of 
 which it was composed. At the top the exposure consists of rounded 
 and water-woi'n peiibles and boulders of limestone, gneiss, cW*. The 
 pebbles are sejianited out and arranged in horizontal layers. The lower 
 {lart of the bank consists of sand without pebbles. 
 
 Below the.se kames the river turns and flows for ten nules in a gen- 
 er'i! north-easterly direction. The valley which had become very much 
 
 ft 
 
I'llVSICAl, "IKoiUrM'in and (iKOI.IMiV, 
 
 !t;i !•; 
 
 
 (litl'used, a^'iiiii bccouies well di'Hiipd aiid nitluM- luirrow. 'I'lic l)!iiiks SlDiiingymnkH. 
 are sloping and cither grassy or cov-ered witii small aspetis, and tlie soil 
 of the valley and the surrounding country is oecasi«>nally sandy, but 
 is usually a tine elay formed from the weathering of a fine light gray or 
 white silt that overlies the boulder clay. 
 
 Very few exposures of the undei'lying beds were seen, and these 
 ronsist almost entirely of light gray unstratihetl till, containing 
 nunicidiis striated pebbles and boulders of limestone, ifee. Iii some 
 places the ii'i-egular surface of the till is overlaid by from two (o three 
 feet of finegrained yellow oi- gray silt with a well defined stratification, 
 which follows closely the surface ii'regularities of the till. 
 
 At the end of this stretch the banks of the valley are thirty feet iiigh, 
 and the river is flowing ovei' a l)ed of pebliles many of which are 
 distinctly striated. Here the river takes a great sweep to the south, 
 while the trail turns to the east and, after crossing a le\'el plain for five 
 miles, comes to its north l)ank again whei-e another trail crosses it and 
 running south-eastwai'd to the Hiding Mountain joins the Vernulion ViTiiiilidii 
 Rivertrailnear the forks of the latterstream. Thevalley of Vallgy liivt r 
 is liere half a mile wide, eighty feet deep, and the stre^am Hows over a bed 
 of rounded water worn pelibles jind boidders. The north side is very 
 uneven anil prol)ably much slidden, but on the south side there is a bot- 
 tom land consisting of stratified sand and gravel fifteen feet above the Valley 
 M ater, fifteenfe^t above which is ;i well-defined terrace of siniilardeposits, ' ' " * 
 beyond which, the bank I'ises to the general level, at an elevation of 
 1,270 feet above the sea. 
 
 From this point the ri\t'i' flows in a general north-easterly direction 
 for ten miles. Foi- the fii'st four miles the valley is very rough and 
 uneven and the trail keeps some distance l)ack fnmi it on a .slightly 
 undulating, gravelly or .sandy plain, thinly covered with a .sparse .\,iciont 
 gro\vti\ of short grass, on which are standing here and there a few <lt'lt"- 
 stunted oak.s, while tf» the north are seen numerous groves of small 
 aspen. This sandy plain is an ancient <lelta deposit formed by the 
 stream that here Howed into the westein side of Lake Agassi/., when 
 this large post-glacial lake stood at rme of its highest stages. A 
 (piarter of a mile before the Mail again touches the bank of the river 
 a low ridge of rounded gravel is crossed, the most westerly ridge seen (Jravel riclge» 
 on this I'iver, having an elevation above the sea of 1,290 feet. The 
 trail reaches the bank of the river on anothei- of these ridges of rounded 
 gravel, its even gras.sy surface having been a favourite ca.nping ground 
 for the Indians hunting through the district. The top of this ridge, 
 which is seventy feet above the river, is seen to be composed of stratified 
 sa!id and gravel, l)ut most of the lower portion of the face of the bank 
 
 'W^X 
 
 >/:'■• 
 
 '■[■;•. 
 
IKIsttcl 
 
 ilt|iosit- 
 
 tiiii'v 
 
 94 !■; NORTH-WKSTKItN MAMToliA. 
 
 is cuscrcd witli slides, so that M-ry little of the uii(leilyiiin' locU is 
 seen. What is exposed, ImweNci', is a mottled jfray Niohrara shale 
 witli liands of f.lniost white chalk marl, hoidinj^ tVaj,'meiits of Jmivrr 
 oiiiiis prohhnKtt'wnn and many foraminifei-a of tiie jfenera (iloliuji'i'itui, 
 Tej/iihiria, itc. Near the foot of the hank is a sjirini,' of clear cold water 
 tastinf; and smelliny; very stronfifly of siilpliuietted hydroj^en. 
 
 A mile and .1 (|uarter helow this iid,i,'e, a small stream joins 
 Valley Kiver from the north, and at its month is an excellent exposure 
 of six feet of horizontal. j(i'ay, mottled chiy shale holding a in'oad form 
 of /tioccnninis prdli/i'iniiflciiN. l>elow the mouth of this creek tlie l)anks 
 again hecome largely comiiosed of hoidder-clay, and the umh'iiying shale 
 was not seen for a distance of three miles and a half, when a dark gray 
 chiy sh.ilt' was seen in an exposure extending sixteen feet above the 
 river. The houlder-ciay or till which overlies this shale and forms tlie 
 lianks for most of the I'cmaining distance, is, as usual, a light gray 
 unstratitied sandy chiy containing numerous pebbles and boulders, 
 most of the limestone ones of wiiich show distinct glacial striic. Two 
 very distinct gravel i-idges cross the river in this distance. One of 
 them, two miles and a (piarter l)eIow th ■ mouth of tlie small creek, 
 was veiy carefully examined. It is the same ridge that was noted as 
 being the largest ridge on the Wilson l^iver, and on it the Indians 
 lia\(' their main |)itching track towards the iioitli along the eastern 
 face of the Duck Mountains. The ridge is here being rajiidly cut 
 away by the stream, and the following descending section is distinctly 
 shown : — 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Siinily ami pcUlily loiiin •_' ."{ 
 
 Well Htnititieil gnivtl in a niati-ix ot liglit yt'll(»\\ 
 (|uart/. sand. Tlie pebbles are nuistly liinestoiie, 
 tliinifi;li sonic are of granite, and are rouniled or 
 slightly lentienlar in shape. The gravel is l)eauli 
 fully inter.stratitied with beds of sand, and is 
 aiiangeil in tinei- and coaisci' layeis, the pebbles 
 
 increasing in size, from above, downwards 8 
 
 Gravel, similar in character, l)ut not so wdl rounded, a 
 
 few of tlie limestone pebbles siiow ing glacial striir. I (i 
 Fine yellowisii (piartz sand very iii egnlai'ly interstrati 
 
 tied with coai'.se .sand, gravel and jilustic clay I !J 
 
 Very coarse .sand or tine gravel 7 
 
 Plastic yellew clay 1 H 
 
 Unstratitied light gray sandy clay </r till holding polished 
 and striattid pebbles a iil boulders of gneiss, lime- 
 stone, \c .'15 
 
 ■3 i 
 
iMivsicAi, i;i;iH;i!Ann and (ii;ni.()(;v. 
 
 1)5 !■: 
 
 'J'lu' line Ijctwoeii the last two is very iiidistiiu-t. In lliis scctimi 
 just iit the til]) of tlif IhmI (tt" tiiu' t'umiflcd <fi-!ivt'l u luiiiiln'r <it' sli;ir)i 
 angled and ujniiiiviit ly cliipped tVa^iiicnts of (|iiaft/it(' wcrr found. ('lii|i|"(l 
 Two of them wei'e routjldy in tlie sliapc of aiTosv licads, and one was a mli'ii'tyitc. 
 very tliin Hake. 'I'lie otheis were \ery ifi'ei.fular. Associated with 
 tliem was a bfoken fi;ii;invnt of one of the toe honefi of a moose of elk. 
 These iiTej^ulai- fVagments wei'e all lyinj,' with theif jon<,'er axes hoi'i- 
 zontul, and weie oveilaid by a sandy loam, whieh luul ajiparently been 
 deposited asacoarse sand. and which luis since been atl'ected by weatheiin>r 
 and by the gi-owth of \e^etatioii ovev it to about the (lt'|>th at which 
 the.se " chipped Hint " are lyini;. This sli!,'iitly loamy s.ind is ]iiainly 
 though not \eiycleai-iy sti'atitied and includes towaids the l)otlom,and 
 al)ove the "chipjied Hints" many thin watei-woiii h'nticiilar pebbles of 
 shaly or thin bedded limestone. 
 
 A mile north-east of this ridge, another ridge runs away to the north 
 west, and for a mile bcdow it the l)aid<s of the river show dark gray ii net nous 
 clay shale to a height of ivuiu Hfte(;n to twenty-tixc feet. At tiie end of 
 this mile the l)aiiks become low and sloping for a mih^ at least, and a 
 man wlio was with me stated tii.it he had lieen down the ii\cr foi- four 
 miles further and the banks continued of the same character througlutut. 
 Wheiever seen the uiu-tuous C^-etaceous shale contained some fragments 
 <if the shells of liujcerami. 
 
 Where the baulks fall away another gi;i\ci ridge cro.sses the country. Lew ((mntiy. 
 and is said to eontinue towards tiie north-west, thougii it w.is impossible 
 to follow it rapidly through the tliick woods. 
 
 The n'lge west of it, with an elevation of 1,0S4 feet, was, however, Piu-liinK 
 followed for a long distance. Its surface is unrierlaid by tine gravel, ''"'*f'- 
 and is generally even and lightly covered with short gra,s.s, foiiiung a 
 gra.s.sy plain from 100 to 200 paces wide. 
 
 On either side is a fringe of stunted oaks beyond wjiich th(> ground is 
 very swamy)V aiul is thickly wooded with poj)lar and spruce. The ridge 
 is ((uite level, resend)ling a beautiful gra\'el road running i)etween 
 lontr rows of trees. For Hve miles it runs N. 20" W., maintainin>' the 
 sauie open, avenue-like character. At the end of this distance it is cut 
 across by I^rifting River, a small stream Howing south-eastward tojoin the Drifting 
 Valley Uiver. Its \a'ley is here forty feet deep and a ipiarter of a nule 
 wide, and is very thickly wooded with maple and willow, i'.eyond this 
 break of a (puirter of a mile the ridge is again encountered, but for a 
 mile and a half it is very iri'egular, being in some places almo.st cut away 
 1)V Drifting River, which here Hows southward along its western side. 
 Beyond the point where the creek Hrst strikes the ridge it is again 
 Iteautifully rounded with a width of 150 feet ami rises about ten feet 
 
 Rivei 
 
 
 
 
'.Mi K 
 
 NOIITII-W KSTKIfN MAMTDHA. 
 
 I'ine Crock 
 trail. 
 
 ■.i^J- 
 
 Fork River. 
 
 hI)ov(! tlic lovol of tilt' sill riHiniliii^' cduiitfy. Tlii'('t'-(|mirt('rs of a niiltf 
 from tlio creok tin- cart tniil lo Pine Creek joins this ii(l;,'t', roiniiig 
 from the one to the sv(!st of it, iiiid the n(l<,'e then continues for tliirteen 
 iiiih's filmost d\w north to Kork Hivei', hcniii; in this distaiu'e liioktsn 
 throiii,'h by two small streams llo\viii<r eastward, the heds of which are 
 covered with pebble.s and f^neissoid lioulders, hut neither of them show 
 any indications of shale or rocks of local ori>,'iii. 'rhroii;,'hout the southern 
 ]>art of the distance t!i(^ ridije was lij^htly wooded with poplar, after 
 which it is thickly wooded with iiea\y poplar, and lon<f marshes or 
 shallow lakes extend along its wt-stern side. Around tliese there- 
 is some ifood white spruce, mo.st of wliich have lately hem Imint. 
 At the end of this distance. Fork River, a small strean. ten feet 
 wide and two feet deep, cuts across the rid<»e from the west. On the 
 west side of the ridge and south of tlu; riv(!r a Iteautiful wide grassy 
 meadow sti'etches for several miles to the south, on the iiortli md of 
 which, close to the stream, is an old Indian shanty. 
 
 b\)r the next eight miles the summit of the ridge was not followed, but 
 for the most jiart, if not for the whole distance, it could be clearly seeti 
 from the cart trail to the west. Tn north latitude •")! i)S' l-")" the cart 
 trail comes again to the ridge and after following it m nth ward enters 
 a grove of large spruce, in whicli it crosses South Pine Creek, here 
 twenty-five feet wide. JJeyond this stream the ridge is found to pre- 
 .sent a beautiful open, though nari'ow stretch, a mile in length with the 
 river flowing southward along its western side atuhi s[)ruce forest to tin; 
 Indian village ea.st, until a small Indian village is reacluHl. J4eif a band of Indians 
 from Pine Creek Reserve pass the winter in small init substantial log 
 houses. They obtain an abundi^nt livi^liliood by hunting and tiai)i)iiig 
 in the inimetliat*! vicinity. Moose, bear, otter l)ea\er, marten, lisher, 
 fox and skunk are the principal game. 
 
 h'roiii this village a cart trail thirty miles in length strikes ofi' to the 
 Hudson's liay Company's post and Indian Re.serve, near the mouth of 
 Pine Creek. This trail ;s described on a succeeding page. 
 Ridjfe be- From the Imlian village on South Pine Creek the ridge continues 
 
 comes w«)deil j,^ .^^ direction N. 2")" W., being generally low but moderately well de- 
 fined. It is wooded w'th smallaspen, among which are scattered a few 
 stunted oaks. To the west, a meadow, a quarter of a mile wide, 
 follows the ridge for several miles, while to the east is a thick growth 
 of small spruce. Five miles north of the village the ridge is cut across 
 by Little Pine Creek {Mhiajo Sipi Waiiichan-sin, The Child of Pine 
 Creek), a small stream twelve feet wide flowing over a bed of pebbles 
 and boulders. Ft is said to flow into North Pine River. Tw(j miles and a 
 <juarter further north another small triiiutary of North Pine Creek, 
 
•] 
 
 COUNTHY WKHT OK TIIK r.AKKS. 
 
 !>7 K 
 
 inues 
 111 de- 
 a few 
 I w iile, 
 lowth 
 licross 
 Pine 
 [>l)blea 
 land a 
 ^reek, 
 
 alK)ut six ivi'X wide, crosses the lidifo. I5('t\vt>cn these two ereeks the 
 I'idgo is twice broken tliroii;,'li, tirsi by a naiTow ,i,'ully that possibly at 
 one time was the channel of Little Pine Creek, and secondly by a wide 
 shallow depression. 
 
 North of this small tributary the low gravel or sand ridge was fol- 
 lowed for three miles and then for one inile was lost in a heavy spruce 
 and poplar forest south of Nortii Pine Creek. North of North Pine 
 Creek it was further followed as a low but still ili.stinct ridL'e for three 
 miles, until an accumulation of heavy timber and windfall made it 
 necessary to leave it, and to strike westward a(;ro.ss a tam;irack swamp 
 to an almost vertical escarj)ment sixty feet in height, along the foot of 
 which is a line of rounded cobbles, appaiently on the level of the next 
 higher Lake Agassiz beach. The total distance through whicli this 
 gravel ridge has been practically continuously traced northward from 
 Wilson River is fifty miles. Time would not permit of levelling it 
 ir "umentally, but a careful series of ijarfjiuetric readings .seem to show 
 thivL it is about a hundred feet higher at the northern than it is at the 
 southern end, having a rise northward of about two feet to the mile. 
 This agrees clo.sely with the observations already made on these beaches 
 in Southern ^NFanitoba and the adjoining States. 
 
 A typical example of the countiy west of Lake Winnipegosis may 
 be seen along the cart trail from the ridge just north of South Duck 
 River to the Hudson's Bay Company's ti-ading post, near the lAouth of 
 Pine Creek, East of the Indian village the trail runs eastward for four 
 miles and a half, through country wooded with small spruce and poplar, 
 across tamarack swamps, and little sandy plains sparsely wooded with 
 iJanksian pine, to a rounded ridge of sand, twelve feet in height, through 
 which South Pine Creek flows in a comparatively shallow channel. This 
 sand ridge has an elevation, as determined by the barometei', of 1,047 
 feet. The trail follows it in a N.N.W. direction for a mile, and then 
 leaves it and turns north-eastward for two miles across a willowy or 
 grassy plain, often underlaidby .sand, to another ridge about thirty feet 
 l)elow the last, composed of sand and small gravel. Tt also has an el'jva- 
 tion of about twehe feet above the surrounding countiy, an average 
 width of 150 feet, and is lightly wooded with small p(iplar and large 
 Banksian pine. 
 
 The trail continues northward on this riilge for a mile, and then 
 turns north-eastward, and, after crossing a level tract of country, 
 ascends the point of a sandy ridge with about the same elevation as 
 the one just left. This ridge is also followed by the trail for a couple of 
 miles, in which distance it is interrupted in places, and generally ha.s 
 an extensive .sandy plain stretching away to the north-west of it. In 
 7 
 
 Kidge 
 (il)sciirt'(l. 
 
 ■I' 
 
 Pine Creek 
 trail. 
 
 •South Pine 
 Creek. 
 
98 E 
 
 NOinil WKSTKUN MANITOPA. 
 
 Ford. 
 
 Old IcK-atioti 
 C.l'.H 
 
 Uppf-r ))itcli- 
 ing ridge. 
 
 Small lake. 
 
 id 
 
 Drifting - 
 Creek. 
 
 plnceH it is li^'htly wooded with JiankHian \>'uu\ ])()]ilar, and a few 
 Hitiall oaks. 
 
 'I wo niilt^s and a halt' tVoni t he north ca.stern end of the ridge the trail 
 crosses Pine Creek at a jj;ood ford, over rounded liouhh'rs and cobbles 
 f)f gneiss anddolomite. From the crossing,north-t'astward to the trading 
 post, tlie trail is never at any great distance to the south-ea.st of the 
 river. For the Krst three miles it ci-osses an almost level plain, gener- 
 ally overgrown with willows, with liere and there burnt stumps of 
 spruce and poplai-, and on which are tracts more (»r le.ss thickly scat- 
 tered with ))Oulders. On this plain the old location of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway is ci'ossed, and near it a well rounded gravel ridge, 
 200 feet wide and six teet above the surrounding country. The eleva- 
 tion of this lidge, as given by the Canadian Pacific Railway survey, 
 is 960 feet above the sea. Thence the road passes over gras.sy plains 
 and through poj)lar woods, in which a few boulders may occasionally be 
 .seen. A few low and intermittent sandy ridges, the heights of which 
 were not determined, mark old shore lines of Lake Aga.ssiz. 
 
 Returning to Valley llivei- a high, well-defined gravel ridge has 
 already been recorded a mile to the west of the one followed, and about 
 1 fty feet above it. On this ridge the cart trail to Pine Creek, and 
 the ancient hunting trail of the Indians to the eastern face of Duck 
 Mountain, starts northward from V^dley River. The ridge is also well 
 defined .southward to Wilson River, and is probably continuous with 
 tho.se most strongly marked near the face of the escarpment on Ver- 
 milion and Ochre livers. 
 
 For four miles northward from Valley River it is gently and eveidy 
 rounded, rises twelve feet above the level of the sui'rounding country, and 
 finally spreads into a gravel plain a quarter of a mile wide. South- 
 west of this plain is a small lake of beautifully clear water, to the east 
 of which, extending across the gravel ridge, is a fine grove of oak. 
 Very few boulders were seen on the ridge, but some were found near 
 the border of the lake, chieHy of grey and reddish gneiss, but one was 
 of dark green trap, and a few were of Paheozoic limestone. 
 
 After passing through the grove of oak the ridge is again seen 
 stretching towards the north as a long line of grassy prairie through 
 the centre of a forest of spruce and poplar. A mile and a half north 
 of the lake Drifting Ci-eek strikes the western side of the ridge and 
 from there follows it for two miles, till at length it cuts through it in a 
 valley twenty feet deep, but quite narrow. This stream is flowing over a 
 bed of boulders and pebbles derived from the superficial deposits, and 
 shows no sign.s of the undei-lying Cretaceous rocks. 
 
 On the north side of Drifting Creek the ridge becomes wooded with 
 poplar and the cart trail leaves it, and strikes eastward over a flat 
 
 I- 
 
 m 
 
 I* 
 
 •4^ 
 
TYRmu 
 
 J 
 
 COUNTKY WEST OK TIIK I.AKKS. 
 
 99 R 
 
 Itb 
 
 inarsliy triK.'t covered witlideiid poplar find willow until tlie rid>;je already 
 described is reached, up which it turns as tar as I'oik Cretfk.wheii it ajj;ain 
 turns westward and after crossing Fork (Jreek reaches a ridge which 
 is at the same elevation above the tine we have last followed as the 
 main ridge at Valley Kiver, of which it is doubtless a continuation. 
 
 Fork Creek is a small stream ten feet wide and two feet deep at this Fork Creek, 
 
 point. Tt rises on tl:e eastern face of the Duck Mountain, and Hows 
 
 eastward to join the .Mossy liiver in the north-east corner of township 
 
 29, range 20 W. For much of its course it flows through a more or 
 
 less low swampy country, and its water is consetjuently of a decidedly 
 
 brownish colour. At the irail crossing, just below the upper of these 
 
 two ridges, its bed is composed largely of liuu?stone pebbles as well as 
 
 boulders and pebbles of gneiss, but there are also many fragments of a 
 
 rather hard grey clay shale. The upptu* course of the stream is entirely 
 
 through drift deposits, but close to the last-mentioned gravel ridge 
 
 horizontal dark grey clay shale, representing the summit of the Benton 
 
 or the ba.s(! of the Niobrara shales, is seen in several small exposures Cri>taceou.s 
 
 , , „ shale, 
 
 close to the edge oi the water. 
 
 From the camping place on the Pitching Kidge, just north of this 
 creek, and at an elevation of 1 , 1 80 feet above the sea, a pack trail turns 
 off to the west. Where this trail crosses the creek a low sandy ridge, 
 ten feet higher than the last, runs N.N.W., and a mile further along 
 the trail, or two miles from the Pitching Ridge, a well-detlned ridge of 
 rounded water-worn gravel, with an elevation of 1,235 feet above the 
 sea, rises six to eight feet above the level of the surrounding country. 
 Its general bearing is N. 2')" W. Two iniles further along the trail, Higher ridge, 
 another ridge from .300 to 400 feet wide, ten feet high, and 1,287 feet 
 above sea level runs olF parallel to the last, and consists, like the others, 
 of rounded gravel. Half a mile beyond this is another low ridge of 
 rounded gravel, and three-quarters of a mile be\ ond it again is yet 
 another similar ridge, with an elevation of 1,,'3G.') feet above the .sea, 
 well defined where there is low land behind it, but in other places it is 
 less distinct where it is backed by low cliffs, that have formed the shore 
 when the waters of Lake Ag'issiz stood at the height of this ridge. 
 This is the highest level that che water appears to have reached. 
 
 West of this highest ridge the country becomes more undulating. Undulating 
 * * "^ . country, 
 
 and the soil is a dark, .sandy clay, covered with numerous pebbles and 
 
 boulders, which are all more or less distinctly angular, and show no .sign 
 
 of having been rounded by water action. They are simply weathered 
 
 out of the underlying boulder-clay whicli everywhere forms the surface. 
 
 • ^1 
 
 
 •'.jf -■.:•■''* 
 
 ■'^^-v ''•'-I'' 
 
 • V 
 
-SBBSSaiB 
 
 100 K 
 
 NOUTII-WKHTKHN MANITOHA. 
 
 I 'p])fr pitcl 
 
 Ridtfc mini 
 saiKiv. 
 
 South Pine 
 River. 
 
 Nditli of F(tik ('re«k tlu* Pitcliin;,' lliflj,'^ is (utMily riMiruh'd, and 
 rtlK»ut twfilve f««'t ahovo tlio Itncl (»t' tin- Mirnuuidiii},' cou'itry, conwst- 
 in^', on the top at loaHt, of Hue, roundt'd, watci- woio j,'rav«'l, with 
 jK'hltlc)- (liiftlv nf liincstonc. A prairie aica )ici-c lias fvidciitly hcfii a 
 hiviiufitf t'HiiipiiiL; j,'i(iiiri(l fill- tlir Indiiins. i''i(iiM licrc tiif ridi^c tullowa 
 n gj'iitu'al difi'dioii of N. •JO W. l\)v lliirc miifs and a half it is oju-n 
 (ir lijilitly wuddfd with jjoplai', and cuits were taken alon^' it •vithout 
 niucli ditlicnlty, Itut at tlic end uf i Ids distanrc it is cut across by a small 
 trihutary of i''ork Uivcr, twcUc feet wide and n foot deep, tlowinj,' in 
 a ratlicr shallow valley 700 fe(;t wide, and tldckly wooded with larj^o 
 Npriice. 
 
 After crossing,' this creek tlie cai't trail a),'ain turns to the north and 
 leavinji,' the ridj,'e contimies ihroii^di a forest of la rye poplar- and spruce 
 to a loiiji open meadow lyinj,' west of the lower i'idi,'e already descrilied. 
 This meadow in l^<Si) was niod<'rately dry and cover'ed with Ion;; j^russ, 
 whilealakea nnie and a (piarter loni,' extended through it, Imtiii years 
 of hi^di water it is douhtloss an imjiassahle marsh. The trail follows the 
 meadow in a N.N.W. dirt'ction for thi'ee ndles, witii a forest of snudl 
 spruoe and tamarack to the west, and then rist\s a few feet to the top of 
 the lower ridge. 
 
 Travelling northward in 1SS7 the carts wtireleft on the higher ridge 
 south of the tributary of Fork River, and the course of the ridge was 
 followed on hoi'.sehack and with packhorses. 
 
 North of the creek the ridge becomes thickly wooded with heavy 
 poplar and spiuce, i)ut still it is well defined though now often more 
 sandy than was usual further south. To the west it is bordered by a 
 grassy marsh, while towards the east lies an extensive spruce-covered 
 swamp. The ridge here, and as far north as we followed it, maintains 
 tlie dii'ection N. -'0 W. 
 
 For five uules it continues touuiintaiu much the character of that 
 just de.scribed, when it is cut across by South Pine River, a stream of 
 clear brownish- coloured water thirty feet wide and two feet deep with 
 sandy banks covered with a deep coating of moss or sedge. Its bed is 
 a coarse rounded limestone gravel, and there is no sign on it of any of 
 the underlying Cretaceous shales or sandstones. 
 
 North of South Pine River the ridge for a mile is an open grassy 
 prairia, l)eyond which it begins to be more and more thickly wooded, 
 till six miles north of the above river the pack trail - leaves it and 
 turns on to the lower ridge. For the next three miles it was not 
 followed, though it was often seen to the west of the trail, but it was 
 again reached on the banks of North Pine River. It was followed 
 north-north-westward for a mile and a half, when it became so covered 
 
T'"""''- ] OOU'NTKY WKHT OK TlIK I.AKKH. KM K 
 
 vitli a iu'Hvy windfall of l)miit spiutc and poplar tliat fuitlit-r travel 
 along it was iinpossilili-. jtr HUinniit licrc lias an appi'o\i)nat<- allitud)' 
 of 1,2"''> feet above the neu. 
 
 WluMi tlxi dliiil leaves the lowui' rid;,'(' a short distancr fmthcr HttfiifHcurp- 
 
 .1 . 1 1 !• If . ,. • 1 ■ 1 lll»'llt. 
 
 north, It nMrciids the tare or a steep uMcarpnieiit sixty teet in Imigiit, 
 which would appear to have heen cut liy the waves of Lake A>,'assiz 
 when its waters formed the heach that we have last lieen following;. 
 The top of the hill is pretty thiekly scuttereil with Ixdilders, and the 
 liill itself is prohahly a^laeial uucuimilatioii of the character of a moraine 
 or (Iiiinilin. 
 
 Throii;,'hoiit all the distaiuc that this ridi,'e was folhtwed imrth of 
 Fork C'ret^k, it maintained much the same character, hein^ from \'>0 
 to 250 feet wide, and six to ei;,'ht feet above the level of the surroiindinj; 
 c(tunti'y, risinj^ on both sides with an easily r<ninded slope, and almost 
 le\el <»n the top. TIk; top ;.;enerally consists of sand or fine i^ravel, 
 which b<!comes coarsei" at a dejith of a few feet, as can be seen in 
 places where trees have l)een l)lown down, and their out-torn r*K)td 
 have left deep holes in the otherwise level surface. 
 
 iVU 'these ri(l<j[es are doubtless connected with some of those to be 
 described furtlier north, but the country is so densely wonded that it 
 was im|)ossil)l(f to follow them continuously. 
 
 From the trail on the I'itchini,' Hidf^e another trail Ijraticlies to tl^ ; North I'ine 
 west up North Pine River, on which sevei-al hij,'h yravel ridges are "'^*''"' 
 crossed, and from wliirh manyj^ood exposures of tlie underlying Creta- 
 ceous shales may be seen. As far as the writer's ob.servation went, the 
 lowest exposure of these shales on the river is on its north bank where 
 it cuts throu''h the Pitching i{iilge last described. The following tie- ,, . , , 
 scending .section is here shown : — 
 
 ff. in. 
 Horizontally stratitieil gravel, with [Ktldile-s of gni;i.>t.s 
 
 anil liniL'.stone up to tiiruu inclifs ill diameter (» , 
 
 Liglit gray unstratitifd till, with irrcgtilai- |)ehl)le.s ami ' 
 
 a few boulders. The lower portion almost entiiely 
 
 local 10 
 
 Dark gi'ay thinliedded I'luy shale 4 
 
 ISoft white clay, with sweetish taste (5 
 
 Dark gray thin-bedded clay shale, with many small 
 
 crystals of selenitu, to water (> 
 
 The clay and shale appear to represent beds about the summit of the 
 Benton foiination. 
 
 The trail runs along the top of the south bank of tin' \ alley, on 
 gradually rising ground, through poplar woods. The valley gradually 
 becomes deeper, and a (juarter of a mile or more in width. 
 
 
r»,.^^.,«>—yp...»^,„,.,,M.tA..,..-»,,— ... , . . ., 
 
 Niiitirara 
 
 hIiiiIc. 
 
 T! 
 
 Trail fmssinp 
 
 Dcltii ])laiii 
 
 102 K NOUTII-WKHTKIIN MANITOIIA. 
 
 Alxiut a mile up I lit* vall««y from tliM Pitching Uidge the bank Hhowa 
 
 thH ftilldwiii)^ NtH'tidti : — 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Li^lil i III I w II MHiiil A 
 
 Hoft light gi'iiy iiiottldil hIiiiIv in thin IhmIh, wciillicriiig 
 int'i HiiKill lliiitL'x, anil fi)niiing ii Htuupiy Hlnping 
 
 iliir ir. 
 
 Maiil vvliiti! chiy I 
 
 Ijght yvny iiiiittluil chalk marl !i 
 
 Haul whitt! day 2 
 
 Soft light gray iimtth'il chalk marl nr iiiai'Iitc in liciU 
 laiigiiig ill thii'kiicHM fioiii I hrcciiiclicHilnwii to a thin 
 Hhalc, iiiiil weathering inlu a vertical did". It con- 
 taiiiH many sIicIIh of a large Iniin rainiix, Ox/na 
 roiiiji'itu .', fragments of ti«li Iioiiom, anil niiiiiy 
 fiiniiniiiifera, aiming which (llohi<itriim Crefacf.a in 
 
 liiirtii'iilurly aliiiiiilaiit 5 
 
 Those slialcs and chalk marls arc lypical of the Niol)rara formation. 
 Half a mile fiiithcr iiji the river, and just east of the trail crossing, 
 a similar excellent exposur*! of foraininiferous Niobrara shale may 
 also lie seen. 
 
 At the crossinj,' the valley is seventy feet deep, witii wide stretches of 
 level l)ottom land, throuLfh which the river winds in a channel tilled 
 with boulders. West of it the trail continues alon;,' the north side of 
 the valley for nearly live miles. F^r the first mile and a half it pa.sses 
 over a sandy tract, generally wooded with Hanksian pine, on which 
 three L^ravel ridges arc crossed at respective elevations, as determined 
 by aneroitls, of l.IJlS.S, 1,102, and 1,4."V.) feet above the sea. Opposite 
 these the valley is 100 feet deep, and the banks are comp'scd of till 
 from wliicli a large number of bouhlers arc f,dlin<,', while the bed of 
 the river is filled with large boulders. 
 
 West of the highest of the three ridges just mentioned, the trail 
 passes for a mile and a (piarter across a wide plain, thickly wooded 
 with small Hanksian l ine, and chiotly underlaid with brown sand and 
 water-worn pebbles, some of which are as much as eight inches in 
 diameter, though for the last quarter of a mile the .soil is liner and more 
 silty, and over the silt a few boulders are scattered. This sandy plain 
 would appear to have been an old delta deposit fornuHl by the prototype 
 of North Pine Creek, when Lake Agassiz was at one of its highest 
 stages. Thei-e is a rise of forty or fifty feet from its eastern to its 
 western side. The river, opposite this latter point, flows' in a valley 
 fifty feet deep, ten feet of this being its immediate channel. Twenty 
 feet above the river is a terrace .stretching from bank to bank of the 
 valley, underlaid by alluvial gravel consisting of pebbles and boulders 
 up to a foot in diameter, of gneiss and Devonian limestone. 
 
TvllMU 
 
 1 
 
 COUNTHY WKHT (»!•" TIIK r.AKKH. 
 
 lO.T K 
 
 For th« next two milfs ami a (umitcr t\w «;ouiitry is rolling or hilly, Moraine, 
 many of tlu^ IiIIIh l«>iii>( littMiiMy covered and probably lai'^i'Iy eoin|M»rte(l 
 of Ixiuldt'is, chif'tly of j^nejss. Tlic win. In tract is clcarlv inorainic. 
 
 M 
 
 ere tlic trail icaclics iId* river wliieli is tweiity-Hve fe«'t wide, at 
 
 (I 
 
 approximately I,r»"i7 feet above the Hoa. .JuHt atM»v« this point, 
 and on the north side of tho river is a bank, fourteen feet high, 
 siiowin;,' from to|) to bottom lij^hf slaii- gray huiizontally stralilied 
 clay shale, breaking down readily into small angular fragments. Th« 
 beds cleai'ly Ixdnng to the Pierre formation, and <loiii)lless to its lower i' 
 |H>rtion. Thiiugh no large and typical fosHils were observed, the shale, 
 under the micro.scf)pe, was found to contain nwiuy radiolaria appareiitly 
 similar to those* found on i'ell Hiver, but gcnei-allv so roirodcd that Dr. 
 
 H-rrc H 
 
 liaii' 
 
 HUs 
 
 1st, who de.scribed thostr trom the latter place, was unable to idcntit 
 the species. 
 
 This e.xposure of Pierre shale is close to the foot of the main e.searp 
 mentof Duck Mountain, where North Pine CJreek emerges from it in the 
 bottom of a wide sloping valley from 'M)0 tn 400 feet deep. Whcrever- 
 any other searp<'d banks were scon on its sides, they appeared to consist 
 of light gray till. 
 
 On the south side of the valley a long esker rises to a height of 150 Esker. 
 feet above the bottom land, and a scarped bank on its southern side 
 shows tin- following section :— 
 
 ft. in. 
 Light yellowish gray uiiHtratified clayey till, contain- 
 ing many irregular atriutetl pcbhleH of limestone 
 
 and ^^nei»« ti 
 
 Cut ott' olili(|uely by, ami lying uiiconforniiihly umler 
 , the above is a liglit yellowish-graj', liorizontully 
 
 stratilied, tine .-^and or silt, fieu from |)el)l)les ;{ li 
 
 Coarse red saml anil small pebnles i 
 
 Fine san.l, sligiitly coarse iit lioctom 1 1) 
 
 .Stratified gravel, witii pebliles up to four iuchcH in diame- 
 ter imljedded in a matrix of coarse sand. A mnn- 
 l)er of the pebliles are of a light griiy till, ditl'erent, 
 
 however, from that above n 
 
 Horizontally stratified tine light hi'own sand .'< (i 
 
 Very light gray slightly coarse .sand I 
 
 'overed ."><• (» 
 
 ./ark gray, horizeaitally stratified, tenacious clay or 
 
 clay shale 1 
 
 The sunnnit of the mountain to the south, as well us its face, is 
 strewn with boulders of Arelnean gneiss, itc, and Devonian limestone. 
 
 Following the Indian hunting trail northward from North Pine South Duck 
 River, a 'oranch of South Duck Kiver is crossed in north latitude 51° '^'^'^' 
 52'. It is twenty feet wide and flows over a bed of gravel in a narrow 
 
 'X 
 
i 
 
 South Duck 
 Rivcr. 
 
 ' 1 ' 
 
 IK 
 
 • V. •, 
 
 Trail to Dud 
 Moniitiiiu. 
 
 Wuiid sjiit. 
 
 lot K NORTH-WESTKK>f MANITOBA. 
 
 valley thi'ough the ridge. The banks are composed at the bottom of 
 twelve feoc of light gray mottled Niobrara shiile holding Ontrea con- 
 l/'ista, above wiiich are thirty -four feet of badly exposed interbeddcd 
 layers <»f till and st'atitied sand and gravel. 
 
 A short distance north ot this stream the trail reaches a well 
 ronnded givivel ridge, with an elevation d about l,;$()Ofeet above the 
 sea ; and five miles north of the last mentioned stream it crosses the 
 main branch of South Duck Hiver which here Hows in a valley seventy 
 feet deep, with a channel thirty-five feet wide. From t!ie top of 
 the '"idge a beautiful view can I'e had of the woodetl face of the Duck 
 Mountain, where a dai'k line of heavy spi'uce forms a rich background 
 to the lighter green of the intermediate poplar forest, while the distant 
 sky line rises and falls in easy undulations. 
 
 The almost vertical bank of tlie valley beneath shows the following 
 section of Lake Agassiz deposits and Niobrara shales : — 
 
 ft. i:i. 
 
 Stratified liglit brown sand underlaid by gravel "i'i 
 
 Dark gray horizontal fissile mottled clay shale holding 
 fragments of Oitria roinji'tla ^, Inmu-mrnvs sp. ; and 
 
 ii few smi',11 speeies of forami'iifeia 14 
 
 Light gray mottled clay sluile, the beds !)ecoming thicker 
 
 below [\\ 
 
 A mile further noi'tli, in a low exposure of similar shale on the 
 banks of t^he same v'i\&v,Jiele)nn'Ue.lla Manitobenxis and Ldricii/a Cmui- 
 di'Huis were also found. 
 
 Between the.se two sti-eams, at a small grove of oaks, a briiUe trail 
 turns oflF the ridge towards the west. For a mile and a quarter it ru'^' 
 througli po})lar' forest, pas.sing a be'-'.utiful grove of large elms, and 
 then for three-quarters of a mile follows a, gravel ridge with an eleva- 
 tion of a'oort 1, 100 feet above the sea. From this I'ulge It makes 
 straight up tht easy slope of the side of the mountain, through woods 
 of poplai- and spruce, and over hills often thickly strewn with boulders, 
 to some small brooks flowing into North Pine liiver. Here the 
 country becomes tiiickly wooded with small pine anfl tamarack, and 
 the trail strikes across stony morainic hil's to the lieail of Favell 
 Rivei'. 
 
 Returning to the east side of the nutuntain, the main trail follows 
 the ridge for two miles and a half iiorth of the cixissing of South D k 
 River, and then turns norvh-eastward and runs through a tamarack 
 swamp, intersecte(1 by drier belts covered nitli jioplar, anilo\ 'I'laml com- 
 posed largely of saml and bo"lders, to the north point of an old sand 
 spit or beach fifty e^t in height. This Ijeach .stretches away to uhe 
 south, and is generally composed of rounded gravel, though its surface 
 
 1 
 
•] 
 
 COUNTHY WEST OF TIIK LAKKH. 
 
 105 K 
 
 ip also thickly strewn with boulders. Its summit has un iipproximate 
 elevation of 1,290 feet ahose the sei». 
 
 Along its eastern side, and fifty feet l)elow it, runs anotlier well Xoitli Duck 
 defined ridge of rounded gravel, which continues northward to North '*'^'''- 
 Duck River, just nortii of which it is crossed by the old location of 
 the Canadian Picitic Railway, at au elevation of 371 feet above Lake 
 Winnipegosis, oi- 1,11)9 feet above the sea. Ano*^her similar ridge i.^ 
 also crossed l)y the old location survey, a short distance further east, 
 at an elevation of 1,1 19 feet above the sea. 
 
 The >«orth Duck River where crossed, close to the foot of the ridge, 
 is thirty-six feet wide, and on the lOti. Oi' October, 1887, was six 
 inches deep, with a bed of sand and pebbles. The banks weie all of 
 stratified gravel, and notliing was .seen of the underlying Cretaceous 
 beds. 
 
 Beyond North Duck River the ridge continues northward for about 
 three miles, in which distance it is ofterv scattered with many boulders 
 of gneiss. At the end of this ilistance it turns tn the west around 
 the north-ea.stern angle of Duck Mountain, and runs u}) the valley of 
 8wan River, but it v.'as not definit"ly followed furthei'. 
 
 lM 
 
 
 
 SWAN KIVKK AXU TliIULTA[£Ii;s. 
 
 Swan River rises on the western side of the Porcupine Moun- 
 tain and flows in a gent'i'al south-easterly direction to the crossing of 
 the Second Initial Meritlian. A brief account of this portion of the 
 stream is given by Prof. Macoun in the Rep. of Dept. of Interior, 1881, 
 pt. T., pp. 81-85. 
 
 A short distance l)elow the crossing of the Second Initial Meri- Snake Ciwk. 
 dian Snake Creek flews into Swan River from the south, in a 
 deep wide glacial valley, which is a continuation northward of that 
 followed by the Assiniboine below Fort Pelly. Snake Creek I'ises in 
 a marsh north-west of Fort Pelly and close to the elbow of the Assini- 
 boine River, and I .im iiiformed that in high water, when this river - 
 overflows its b >^': , its waters run into Snake Creek and Swan River. , 
 
 On the east side of Snake Creek valley, just alxne its mouth, is an Piuivir-. 
 extensive triangle-sliaped [)rairie, slojung from the higher land to the 
 south-east to within about ninety feet of the level of Swan River. This 
 prairie is irregulaily undulating, in some places being almost level, in 
 other places low rounded hummocks alternate wifh shalhiw depressions, 
 i)ut everywhere it is thickly covered with bouldeis of reddish and 
 greenish gneiss from two to three feet in diameter. The valley of 
 
106 E 
 
 NOHTH-WESTKRN MAXITOHA. 
 
 ■i' t ' I 
 
 Police 
 barracks. 
 
 !ii 
 
 Hwim Rivi 
 bore. 
 
 Swan Riv'^r. 
 
 Snake Creek to the west of till., pniiiie is al)Out 1,500 feet wide and 
 seventy-five feet deep, while towards tlie west its bank? rise into a 
 proniiiifi't .spruce-covered ridge. Close to its mouth the valley is 
 blocked by high rounded btulder-strewn nif>rainic hills, through which 
 the creek has again cut a narrow channel. 
 
 <^n the northei-n side of the above prairie the Mounted Police had 
 a large barrack which wjis burnt by a prairie fin; in ' .'<84. The place 
 where the fort stood is now strewn over with charred wood, pieces of 
 rusty iron, &c. 
 
 Half a mile south of the old fort, the telegraph line on the old 
 location or the Canadian Pacific Railway crossed Lhis prairie from 
 east to west, and here the town of Livingstone wj's intended to 
 have been laid out. The level of the bottom of Snake Creek valh y, 
 Jis laid down on the profile of the old location of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, is ;>G7 feet above Lake Winnipegosis, or I .'W? feet above the 
 sea. 
 
 On the alluvial flats chise to the banks of Swan Hiver and a few 
 paces east of the mouth of Snake Creek, Dr. Selwyn in 1874 and 1875 
 had a bore-hole sunk to the depth of 501 feet to ascertain quickly and 
 certainly whether coal was to be found in any considei'able quantities 
 within working distance of the surface. The height of the surface 
 here as compared with the nearest points on the old location was found 
 to be about 1,360 feet above the sea. 
 
 " The specimens of the strata taken out are nearly all of (L .k blue, 
 gray or black shale, and hold Inocfraitrus. At 251) feet a calcareous 
 band, about nine feet thick, v«as pjissed thi'ough. This and the lowest 
 tv.'cnty feet of shale, rather slaty, show oi'ganic remains, small spines 
 and fish scales."* 
 
 The shale hert; piassed through is probably the same as that seen 
 lower down on Swan River, and belongs to the Niobrara foi-mation 
 of the Cretaceous. 
 
 Follow'ing the river downwai'ds from tlie mouth of Snake Creek, 
 Mr. l)(.)\v)ing saw some small exposures of dark gray clay shale, 
 mixed with some thin bands of white unctuous day ; and on the 
 bars in the river, at the crossing of the trail from Fort Pelly to Swan 
 Lake, a large nund)er of fragments of dark gray clay shale, mixed 
 with clay ironstone, near which were found pieces of sandstone, 
 holding OHtrfii rontjexho 1. A short distance; below the crossing, 
 dark gray friable rather soft clay shale is sliding out of the bottom of 
 the bank, mixed with some dark brown clay ironstone. 
 
 •Alfred R. C. Selwyn. Rep. of Prog, Geol. Survey, 1875 7(J, p. 2!)2, 
 
 fi 
 
•] 
 
 SWAN RIVKR AXD TRIDUTAUIES. 
 
 107 K 
 
 jCreek, 
 
 shale, 
 
 Ion the 
 
 8wan 
 
 mixed 
 
 llstone, 
 
 lossing, 
 
 Itom of 
 
 An alluvial flat occupies the bottom of the valley, which is here ValU-y. 
 half a mile wide and loO feet deep. Through the alluvial deposit 
 the river has cut a winding channel that liut seldom impinges on the 
 aides of the valley, which are doubtless chiefly composed of Cretaceous 
 rocks. 
 
 The sides of the valley are everywhere sloping and covered with 
 smcail aspen. In many places the bottom is oi)en and grassy, but the 
 river channel is always fringed with willow and ash-leaved maple. 
 
 For eight miles from a point two miles below the crossing place, the 
 river was not examined, but, where seen, three miles above the mouth 
 of iJears Head River, the valley was but thirty-five feet deep, and the 
 immediate banks were low and thickly wooded. The river was loO 
 feet wide, with a bed of large boulilers, over and through which the 
 water was flowing. 
 
 Half a mile below Bear's Head River, tlie banks of 8wan River Niobrivm 
 are sixty feet high, and show at the bottom fifteen feet of horizontally '*"*^®' 
 bedded dark gray clay shale of the Niobrara formation, including 
 harder calcareous bands, holding Inocerami, oysters and bones and 
 scales of fishes. Nodules of iron pyrites are also falling from the face 
 of the bank. 
 
 This shale is overlaid l)y three feet of light gray unstratified till, fjjj ^nd sand, 
 holding many polished and striated pelibles, on which is resting eight 
 feet of coarse red stratified sand and gravel. Copious springs of water, 
 highly charged with calcareous material, flow from this bed, and 
 form a heavy tufaceous deposit on the face of the cliif. The sand is 
 overlaid by several feet of light gray laminated clay. 
 
 Half a mile further down the river, where the bed of the strean? has an 
 elevation of about 1,240 feet above the sea,- the bank is thirty-five feet 
 high and its bottom is comj)osed of dark gray clay shale, hokling bands Niubrara 
 of .soft limestone, in which were f(jund fragments of Iiioceravii, Oxfrea '""*'''*^""'^' 
 co7i(jesta, Serpida sPinicoalUa and Beltmnitella Manitobensiti. This is 
 overlaid by a coarse reddish stratified sand, which, within a short 
 distance, is either quite loo,se, loosely cemented together by calcareous 
 material into a soft friable sandstone, or bound together by calcareous 
 or ferruginous cement into a hard sandstone, or conglomerate. It is 
 quite evident that this is the same deposit as the sand overlying the 
 till at the last named ex[)osure. This sand is oveilaid to the su;face 
 by twelve feet of more or less distinctly laminated light gray clay. 
 
 North-west of this part of the river, and at a distance of about four Tlniu<ier Hill, 
 miles from It, Thunder Hill rises as a high isolated prominence from 
 the middle of the plain. Its height, as given on the plans of the old 
 
 
 
 
 I':'- 
 

 
 d 
 
 ■■>,f 
 
 108 E 
 
 N'OKTII WKSTKHN MANITOBA. 
 
 il 
 
 m 
 
 Nioliraia 
 shale. 
 
 
 Thuride- Hill, locution of Ihc C. P. R., is 1,167 feet above Lake Winnipegosis, or 
 1,997 fcf't above the sea. The height as determined ))v two aneroids 
 dui-in<; 1S87, was 1,848 feet, and allowing that there was some 
 [)oint a little higher than that reached, the highest point would not 
 exceed 1,900 feet, which may therefore be taken as the true height of 
 the hill. Tiie following section was measured by Mr. Dov.'ling, who 
 collected speciniens of the different beds. Tlie rock was usually 
 seen in small isolated exposures. 
 
 At the summit, at an altitude of 1,84S feet, were twelve feet of drift 
 deposits, holding numerous small irregular pebbles. This would 
 appear to be till. 
 
 Immediately below it lies a soft dark gray unctuouti Cretaceous clay 
 shale, holding a thin band of soft white clay, t!> a thickness of eleven 
 feet at least, often stained with a yellow iucruhtatif i. At a height of 
 1,770 feet is an exposure of alxtut thirty feet of a rather hard soapy 
 shale. 
 
 At a height of 1,750 feet is .the top of an exposure showing 
 ten feet of light yellow clay shale, below which is tifty-five feet 
 of a light gray chalky shale, desceiuling about the middle into 
 a chalk marl at 1,71") feet, and at the bottom showing a band of a 
 hard gray limestone holding several fossils, viz., Oxtrea eongesfa, 
 Inocennmis sp. with very thick shell, /«oce?y«?n?w, possibly a large form 
 of prol)/i')ii(ttiri(ti, and Cladocyrhtx orfl/h'tifdlix. The chalk marl also 
 contains several genera of foramiuifera, viz., Ti'.rtnlarm, Diticurbina 
 ai\(l (iIohiyfrliKt, v/ith Coccoliths and Rhaboliths. Below this the 
 face of the hill is covered with slides and the country slopes away to 
 the level of the plain. 
 
 The band of limestone or chalk marl, which is here seen at an 
 elevation of 1,700 feet, is very similar to the Niobrara limestone on 
 the Valley, Wilson and Vermilion rivers, ninety miles 8. 35' E. from 
 this exposure, where it lias an approximate elevation of 1,200 feet. 
 105 miles further in the same direction, in section 36, township 8, 
 range 11. and at an elevation <if al)Out 900 feet above the .'ea, a 
 band of hard gray limestone, ten feet thick, outcrops on tlie banks of 
 the Assiniboine. It is veiy similar to the lowest calcareous band on 
 Thundei- Hill, and contains precisely similar fossils. In all three 
 localities the marl is over'laid by a dark gray clay shale, which in 
 both of the .southern exposures, at least, would apv^ar to belong to 
 the Pierre formation. 
 
 The greater height at which the chalk marl and limestone 
 occur in Thunder Hill may be due to the light south-westerly 
 di}) of the strata, or it would appear more probably to be due 
 
 Extension of 
 thf terraiie. 
 
 Th ickness of 
 the terrane. 
 
•] 
 
 SWAN HIVKH AM) TRIHUTAlilKS. 
 
 109 K 
 
 ti) 
 
 on 
 
 Ti in 
 
 I to 
 
 lone 
 I due 
 
 to a thiokenin<^!)f the underlying,' Cretaceous sandstones and shales, 
 as all the information at hand j^oes to show that the under- 
 lying Pahef)Zoic limestones are ])ractically hoiizontal on tiieir extreme 
 western outcrop, from Mossy River to the east end of Red Deer 
 Lake. Tf these limestones extend horizontally under the shales of 
 the Duck and Kidinji; Mountains, th<! Cretaceous hcids lyinj,' 
 below the layei- of chalk marl would show a thickening of oOO 
 feet on going north-westward from Vermilion River to Thunder Hill. 
 If an even dip towards the .south-west is assumed from the line of 
 outcrop of the limestones, the evidence f)f thickening would he still 
 stronger in favour (»f a thickening of the Niobrara-Benton formation 
 towards the n(»rth-west, for while the outcrop on the side of Thunder 
 Hill is forty-two miles from the approximate line of outcrop of the 
 underlying Pal;>'t)z< >stones, the outcrop on Vermilion Rivei- is 
 
 only about twenty-eight miles from the same line, sothat any dip of the 
 surface of the limestone in this direction .should show a still greater 
 increa.se in the thickness of these beds towards the north-west. That 
 the surface of the underlying limestone does not rise towards the 
 south-west from its line of outcrop, is .shown by the bore-hole that 
 was suidv near the mouth of Snake Creek, the bottom of which is 
 about the same level as the surface of 8wan Lake. 
 
 Returning now to 8wan River the next point examined, below the River l)ank8 
 exposures near the mouth of Bear's Head Creek, was about five miles saml"**^' 
 east of T'.iunder Hill, whe'-e the river makes a sweeping bend towai'd.-; 
 the north. The banks are hei-e about thirty feet high, and consist of 
 tine, regularly stratiKed sand. Four mile further down tlie river, one 
 of the gi-avel ridges, of which mention has already been made, crosses 
 the valley, its surface being open and grassy. It is locally known as 
 the "8([uare Plain,"' and consists, like the other .similai' ridges, of 
 rounded water-worn limestone gravel. No complete section of it was 
 seen, the upper twenty feet was covered with slides, but the lowest 
 fifteen feet, down to the river, consists of unstratilied glacial tdl, ' ill. 
 holding many finely striated pebbles. The underlying Cretaceous beds 
 are entirely concealed. 
 
 For twelve miles ncjrth-east of the " .Squa»'e Plain "' the river was 
 hastily examined, but its banks appeared to consist entirely of 
 superficial deposits. 
 
 Th(» underlying Cretaceous rocks now reappear, but their character 
 is different fi-om that of the shales near Bears Head River. The dark 
 gray unctuous clay is present on the to[). below it the clay is lighter in 
 colour and more rompact, and is interbedded with layers (jf sandstone. 
 
 I 
 
 '. " -1. 
 
 
 f-^ 
 
 'N; 
 
 
m 
 
 110 E NdltTH-WH.STKHN MANITOIU. 
 
 Near Tallin Two miles below Tanmiiick Creek the following section is exposed on 
 
 the noith bank of the stream : — 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Liglit colon rud stratified sand 4 
 
 Very iircguliirly sti'iititicd soft ])laHtic clay ; (> 
 
 lied of Miiiiic eontainiiig iliiinerouH large peiililes 1 ti 
 
 Light yellow horizontally stratified line-grained slightly 
 
 elayey Hand, contiJning a few Ktriatud [jebbleH. . . . 1.') 
 Band of dark C'retaoeoiis clay with small irregular 
 
 concretions of jiyrite 2 
 
 Horizontally stratifi(ul tine white very soft sandstone, 
 
 streaked with hands of ret] and lilack '2 3 
 
 Similar sandstone containing large red lenticular nod- 
 ules of hard sandstone !) 
 
 Soft white sandstone with (hirk hands (» 
 
 Covered '5 '• 
 
 Stratified dark I)hu' clay at the bottom of which is a hand of 
 hard sands, t^ containing a great iiumlwr of well-preserved speci- 
 mens of an O.^orrt like a large and clustered variety of O. cim'icxtu, 
 with Mo(ti(jla tcnuixculptu. 
 Dakota sand- A short distance fui'ther down the river, undei- fifteen feet 
 stone. ^£ jiiiyvial deposits, is sliown seventeen feet of white soft false- 
 
 l)edded saiulstone containin<^ thin layers of dark coloured very plastic 
 clay. Below this clay are two feet of lamellar hard brown sandstone, 
 which is again underlaid by six feet of lead coloured soft unctuous clay 
 in which, near the top, is a thin very irregular bed of impure lignite, 
 much of which has been replaced by pyrite. This lignite is .sometimes 
 associated with nodules of ironstone which contain fragmentary remains 
 of plants. 
 
 The sandstone and light gray clay extend for a mile or more down 
 
 the river, the face of the hard band of brown sandstone being in one 
 
 place quite rounded off" and covered with longitudinal glacial scratches, 
 
 but it is impossible to make out their exact direction as the blocks 
 
 that formed the point of the band have all been more or less displaced. 
 
 Last Greta- -A. short distance further down the stream, where an ancient lake 
 
 ceous outcrop te,.,.ace crosses the country and the river ilows out to the lower plain 
 
 from a valley seventy feet deep, and extends away to the north-east in 
 
 a shallow winding chai\nel, the underlying Cretaceous rocks are seen 
 
 for the last time in descending the river. 
 
 The section here is as follows : — 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Plastic stratified superficial clay 8 
 
 Unstratified clay with a few pebbles lying unconform- 
 ably on, and filling the irregularities in the under- 
 lying rocks (till) 8 
 
 Fine white soft stratified Cretaceous sandstone 2 4 
 
TVdKtli..] HWAN UIVKR AND THIHUTAHIEH. Ill E 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 T^iirk jjrny siiiidy Nhale '2 '2 
 
 Soft ivhitf mill ligl\t yfll')W sandHtoiie with intermingled 
 
 beds of dark gray eliiy sluile "» (> 
 
 White hiukI and duik gray (lay wlialc thinly interhedded ."{ 
 
 Soft |)Ia.stic dark gray day sliak' 4 () 
 
 'I'liin band of small fragmuntH of bgnite A 
 
 Hard lead gray t'hiy shale weathering into rounded 
 
 butte-like .sliapes pj ii 
 
 Partially imbedclcd in tliis slialc was lying a considerable mass of Lignito. 
 lij,Miite showiiiff all the details of its woody structure. It ('((iisisted 
 of the partially < fuhorused trunk of a larffe tree which had fallen 
 and become imbeild-d in the shale. All the lignite seen on Swan 
 River was of this character, nowhere having become compacted into 
 regular seams. A specimen now in the Geological and Natui il His- 
 tory Museum iu Ottawa, collected by Mr. J. W. Spencer in 1S74 
 on Swan lliver. is al.so of precisely the same character and has 
 evidently been broken from a carbonised tree-trunk buried in the shale. 
 
 The above sandstones and light gray shales differ consideral)ly from A>,'f' of sand- 
 the soft unctuous shales, limestones and marls that have been already '*'o"*"'- 
 i-ecognized as belonging to the Niobrara-Benton subdivision of Meek 
 and Hayden's typical Nebiasca section, and which have been together 
 designated the Colorado gi'ouj) l)y Dr. C. A. White. They also 
 undoubtedly underlie these shales and limestones. They therefore 
 correspond, both in position, and to c certain extent in character, to the 
 typical Dakota sandstones of Meek and Hayden. Vei-y few fossils 
 have been found in them, l)ut those that are known, favour this 
 view of their age, and the absence of all the species found to occui' 
 in the overlying beds, is suggestive of a difference in age. 
 
 The approximate elevation (»f the.se beds where last seen is 1.^0 feet 
 above Swan Lake, where the Devonian limestone occur.s in many 
 places. 
 
 Let us now examine the banks of lloUing River, which ilows into Rolling Rjver. 
 the Swan River four miles below the last mentioned exposure of 
 Dakota sandstone, and which, with its tributaiy the Favell River,drains 
 a considerable a.ea in the noi-thern part of the Duck ^Mountain. The 
 upper portion of the east branch of Favell River was not examined, 
 but the west branch, and RoMing liiver in their upper portions, l)efore 
 they leave the mountain, show nothing but drift deposits, and in des- 
 cending them it is not until these streams cut a deep gully through a 
 high ridge lying some distance from the foot of the main escarpment 
 of tlie mountain, and known to the Cree^ as Minitonas, or Isolated 
 Hill, that the Oretaceous rocks are first seen. 
 
 
 s'r. 
 
 <v /. t. 
 
 ,t . 
 
 ..k. 
 
 «-'<- . 
 
 ■ ' f 
 
 Mt>' ' 
 
 fy .:.> 
 
 ■\ . 
 
 
 tr.- 
 
 ■■I--!! 
 
 *'■ ', . 
 
 '»*' . ■ 
 
 . •» ., 
 
 
 '-!+*' 
 
112 K 
 
 NOFtTH-W KSTERN MANITOBA. 
 
 Niobrara- 
 Benton nhale 
 
 Minitoniw. 'I'lic lidllin^' Itivt-r, wlioix' it rearhos this liill, at, a jxtint two 
 
 miles ah<)V(5 tlie old location of the C P. 11., is 1,."500 feet above the 
 sea. ift banks ai'e 100 feet lii^h an<l eouipnsed of slate yrey 
 
 niottleil ealcei'i'ous clay shale, holdinj^ remains nf liionrdmiiK jirohlcnia- 
 finis, Osfreii C(iii(/fxti(, Aik'/kmJuh Slnnnnrdt and C/aiiofi/fhis oi'cidotfn/is. 
 Forty feet at the bottom is soft and quite shaly, while the rock above 
 becojnes harder, nH>re compact and much more calcareous. It breaks 
 with an iri'e^fular fractin'e, is nnicli jointed, and stands out as a bold 
 vertical cliiroverhan;(in;,' the sloping l)ank of softer undi'rlying shale. 
 
 For a mile northward from where this Hist exposure of .shale is seen, 
 both sides of Uie winding sti-eam show alternate outcrop.s of dark 
 l)luish-giay friable clay shale similar to the k)wer portion of the Hrst- 
 iiicntioned outcrop, and from which, in several places, issue springs of 
 clear cold water smelling very strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen and 
 leaving a white coating of sulphur on stones en* other objects over 
 which they flow. The river is here bounded to the east by a bank 
 120 feet high. The lowest fifty feet consist of the dark gray clay 
 shale just mentioned, above which twenty feet of the bank is hidden, 
 being covered by land slides. The upper fifty feet consist of fine- 
 giained stratified sand very similar in character to that seen on the 
 banks of Swan River, a short distance below the mouth of Bear's 
 Head Itiver. 
 
 At this high bank the river turns sharply in a direction N. 6o° W., 
 to about half a mile beyond the crossing of the old location of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, a distance in all of two miles and three- 
 (juarters. Foi- a mile and a half, dark gray clay shale, similar to that 
 filready mentioned, crops out in low exposures close to the edge of the 
 water, beyond which the banks for a long distance are composed 
 entirely of bouider-clay and alluvial deposits. The lowest outcrop of 
 Cretaceous rocks seen was at an approximate elevation of 1,200 feet. 
 
 On the west branch of Favell River where it Hows round the eastern 
 point of Minitcnas, the bed of the stream is at an elevation of 1,3.30 
 feet. Tt is tiankeil on the west by a bank sixty feet high of grey 
 mottled calcareous Niobrara shale, containing fragments of fish 
 remains, and of a long thin-shelled Inoceramus, probably Inoceramus 
 prob/e))uUicus. These beds are, undoubtedly, a continuation of the 
 upper harder beds seen on Rolling River. Close at hand are several 
 springs strongly impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 The shale is here overlaid by ten feet of unstratified glacial till with 
 striated boulders. 
 Rolling River. Returning now to Rolling River at a point S. 25° E. from the 
 mouth of Tamarack Creek, where the bed of the stream has an eleva- 
 
 Beiiton sliaU 
 
 Favell River. 
 
TVRHtlL. I 
 
 HWAN UIVEK AM) ITH TIMHUTAIUES. 
 
 113 E 
 
 .V W., 
 
 of the 
 tlu-ee- 
 
 ,0 that 
 of the 
 
 uposecl 
 
 rop of 
 
 feet. 
 
 istern 
 
 l,:530 
 
 |)f grey 
 f tish 
 ntiiivx 
 of the 
 .evei'iil 
 
 |U with 
 
 1)111 the 
 eleva- 
 
 tion of 1,U")() feet, a liaiid of Hakota sandstone crops out from the Diikiitaaivnd- 
 bottom of a high hank, and classing th(! stream, makes a succession of 
 little cascades. Tl • hand consists of hard brown thick-bedded 
 quartzoso sandstone, massive or lamellar and often made up of small 
 concretions ;d)out the size of peas, which are finely shown on manv of 
 the weathered surfaces. The surfaces of the slal)s are often beauti- 
 fully rij.ple marked, and on the edges show false-bedding in layer.s of 
 about four inches in thickness. Tliey contain Ling^da HiiiiN/mtii- 
 lata, Modiola fpniiincidpta, Laniiia Manifolx-ntiu, and pieces of car- 
 bonised or py'itis('d wood. The band of hard sandstone is overlaid 
 by a bed of soft white sandstone or incoli(^r»^nt sand. The whole out- 
 crop is a continuation of that seen opposite to it on the Swun River, 
 and, lying below the shales of Niobrara-Benton age, dearly represents 
 some of the beds of the Dakota group. 
 
 Below this outcro[) the river was followed for a little more than a 
 mile, and Cretaceous strata were not again seen, the banks being 
 almost entirely covered with slides, but the same series doubtless occurs 
 here, as has already been described on the Swan River. 
 
 In following the section of the rocks, as shown in the banks of Swan Surface 
 River and its trilmtarics, sonu^ of the more prominent surface features f*^'"'*'"''''*'' 
 of the surrounding country ha\e necessarily been omitted for the time, 
 and it will now be necessary to mention some of the most important of 
 these. 
 
 As was stated in the beginning of the report, Swan River flows in Tn^flacial 
 the bottom tif a wide preghicial vailc^y averaging about 1,:200 feet ^'"'''y- 
 in depth, cut through the Cretaceous plateau of the Duck and Porcu- 
 pine mountains. The exact age of the valley is uncertain, but it 
 is not improbable that it was largely formed during the period when the 
 South Saskatihewan gravels were deposited in the west, and it would 
 therefore be of Pliocene age. During the glacial jM'riod the valley was 
 a.scended by a lobe of the great glacier of the Winnipeg l)asin, and 
 after the retirement of this glacier, most of the lower portion of 
 the valley was occupied by a wide bay of Lake Agassiz, and is now 
 generally covered with lacustrine or alluvial sands or clays. 
 
 An old cart trail, that has been used by the Hudson's Bay Com- Cait trail, 
 pany for the greater part of the present century, runs down the 
 valley from Fort Pelly to the marsh at its mouth, keeping for 
 most of the distance on the north side of the river. From 
 the ford, ten miles north-e..st of Fort Pelly, the trail ascends the 
 north side of the immeiliate valley of Swan River, and enters the 
 " Five Mile Woods," a grove of spruce and poplar in which the soil is Five Mile 
 generally a dark clay, composed almost entirely of the subjacent Greta- ^^"<'<'*'- 
 8 
 
 
11 J K 
 
 NOIJTII-WKSTKHN MANITOHA. 
 
 
 ceouH 8h)ilp. Kast of this is ii sandy plain, exUuulinji^ for aliout tliroo 
 inileH and ii lialf, am! Rcorcd with old hutialn trails. In its PUHtcrn 
 j>oiti(»n, the soil is a coarse sand, hut towanis the west it contains a 
 !ar;,'c amount of j,'rav('l and its surface is strewn with h(Md<iers of red- 
 
 Di-lta plain, dish and <,'reenish gnui.s8. This in clearly an old delta plain, and tlie 
 conditions now oxiHting are very Hiinilar to those found on the highest 
 gravel plains on North Pine Hiver, with which this corresponds more 
 or less closely in altitude. 
 
 For the next mile and a half the trail winds through small jioi)lar, 
 growing on the gentle .slope of the face of the old delta deposit, and 
 tlien it crosses a gently unciulating .sandy plain for ahout six mile.s, 
 l)eyond which is a helt of poplar in .vhich the land falls ahout 100 
 feet. This poplai- coNci'ed helt is locally known as the " Ooast Hidge," 
 and .seems to represent the eroded face of another lacustral or delta 
 deposit. 
 
 From the " Coast Ridge " to the " Square Plain " is a m«)re or less 
 open, and often sandy tract which extends up tlm south side of the 
 river to heyond lioar's Head Creek. It was formed when the waters 
 of r.'ike Aga.ssi/ washed the foot of the "Coast Hi(lg<>." 
 
 Squan- I'liiin. Square Plain is a wide ridge of rounded water- worn gravel, rising 
 about twenty-live feet above the swampy land to the ea.st of it. In some 
 places it is a quai'tei' of a mile wide, and is composed f)f ti\e distinct 
 ridges separated by light hollows, repi'esenting slightly different stages 
 of Lake Aga.ssiz. North of Swan River it flattens out rapidly, and 
 was not followed for more than three miles, while south of the river 
 it sweeps round in a gentle curve to the east, for at least live miles, 
 which was as far as it was followed in this direction. It is ahout 
 1,1 ()0 feet above the sea, as compared with the height of the bed of 
 Kolling River at the cro.ssing of the old Canadian Pacific R ilway loca- 
 tion, which is given by the railway survey as 1,180 feet. It is probably 
 part of the .same old .shore line as the 1,151 feet ridge neai- the north- 
 east angle of the Duck Mountain. 
 
 Low countrv. ^^'"' '^^ " miles novth-east of the Scjiiiire Plain the trail runs over level 
 country consisting of belts of small poplai- and low meadow land. At 
 the above distance there is a light slope, on which an irregular ridge of 
 barren sand dunes marks another shore line of the ancient lake. 
 
 For the rest of the distance to Oak Creek on the s(tutherii trail, 
 extensive .neadows are sepaiated by little belts of poplar, while the 
 noithern trail runs through a forest of thick poplar for five miles, on a 
 well rounded ridge of coarse gravel wooded with poplar and oak. This 
 ridge appeared to be at about the .same elevation as the Square Plain 
 ridge, but the two were not definitely connected by survey. 
 
•] 
 
 SWAN ItlVKIl AM) ITS TKIlirTAUIEH. 
 
 ll'j K 
 
 ivor 
 1 1< (lit. 
 
 I )Cil- 
 
 l.ly 
 th- 
 
 livel 
 
 At 
 
 ge of 
 
 trail, 
 
 > the 
 
 on a 
 
 This 
 
 Plain 
 
 Our camp was ])it(-h<>(l for several days near the mouth of ( )ak Creek, ' >!»'< (''••* k. 
 on the ;,'ras.sy iMittom land hy Swan IJivcr. The v/dley is sixty feet deep, 
 and its .sjnpinj,' j,'rassy hunks deseeiid in tw«> iM-juitiful terraees to the 
 water. From here the writer made a trip with horses round and over 
 the north-eastern point of Duek Mountain, hiy course heinj{ marked in 
 
 a (K 
 
 »tted 
 
 iue on the map 
 
 Two miles Ih'Iow ( ))ik Creek Jidistiiict gravel ridj^e crosses the country, (Ji"iit 
 
 MlkIiUVs, 
 
 ry, 
 and foi' niiui miles t'urtiier in the same direction the -'(iieal Meadows 
 extend. They are wide stretcheH of rich flat land, covered with a thick 
 jjrowth of long f^rass, separated liy naiiow irregular belts covered with 
 willow, and small, sonietinuis large, |)oplar. A forest of he»avy 
 poplar is then enteicd, and tiie trail is cut through it for six miles to 
 the foi'd over Swan Hiver, on the north-west side of which the Iludsun'ii 
 Bay Company used to have a store-house. 
 
 I 'or the next six nnles, the tiail is on the south side of the river in 
 heavy ])oplar, till a for<l is reached, whiM'e the ri%ei' has a sandy hed. 
 The banks an; here tit'teu'ii feet high, and consist of white or light 
 yellow stratified alluvial sand, the north l)ank being steeply cut. 
 AV)out twenty-five paces back fr'om this abrupt bank, and just to the 
 east of the trail, is the site of an old trading post of the Hudson's Bay <»1<1 Ki'it. 
 (Company, which was moved in the early pait of the century to its 
 pr(?sent position near the head of Shoal i{i\er. The counti'y is veiy 
 level, and the site is marked l)y six hollows or depressions, some of 
 which were doubtless cellars, and two heaps of atones where chimneys 
 formerly stood. 
 
 In a ])oplar grovi; between two and three nnles fuit her down the river, old I'urt. 
 at the [)oint indicated on the map, the old trading ])ost of the North- * ' 
 west Company was said to have been situated, but the spot was 
 not visited. This post, and in fact much of the Swan Jtiver valley, is 
 described by Daniel Harmon in his Journal, as it was at the beginning 
 of the present century, and it is also nienti(med or described by 
 David Thompson, Alexander McKenzie and others. 
 
 Below this old trading post the river is skirted by groves of poplar, 
 elm, ash and ash-leaved maple, while flat low lying meadows extend 
 towards the lake. 
 
 Returning to the streams that flow from Duck Mountain north- i',».aiV Hciul 
 ward into Swan lliver. Bear's Head Cieek, where ci'ossed on a level "'* 
 plain three miles and a half from its mouth, was thirty feet wide, and 
 ran over a bed of pebbles. It was not followed further, and its course 
 is mapped fi'om the survey of the v/estern boundary of Manitoba. 
 
 Rolling River was examined from a point a short distance west of Rolling Rivtr. 
 the 101st meridian, where it is about 2,250 feet above tlie sea. 
 
 8i ■_.:.,:,.,....„ ....-.^.v-.:----^' ..--.^...■.^■.- 
 
 '■ J* 
 
 tm' 
 
J 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 * 
 
 l'lfi-<t(KTMC 
 (ll-|MMitM, 
 
 Il.-ni't Hill. 
 
 Terracf. 
 
 Moriiiiic. 
 
 110 K NOHTII-WKHTKHN MANITOUA. 
 
 It is here n hiiwiII stroain in ii vullcy Hftmui f«'t't (ler»p, with a spruce 
 swuinpon iHtth sideH. Its 1x3(1 is eovorud with houlde'/s, iiiul its chan- 
 nel is much obstrucUHl by Iwaver-diinis. 
 
 A short distunco lower down it Mown in ii dcfp valley, the sides of 
 which show sonic excellent sections of Pleistocene deposits. 
 
 One of these sections on the north bunk is as follows: — 
 
 ft. III. 
 
 Striitifie.l «ravfl Ml ? 
 
 I'liMtidtitiuil till with Mti'iatuil pelthlua 'J2 
 
 StrHtitieil Miuiily clny, IieuoiiiiiigaliiioHt a pure laminated 
 I'liiy lit liottoiii, wlicrc it t'ontaiiiN iiiiiiiy pliiiitM iuk' 
 fresh- water slielU hiicIi i\h Tiwh-s Imrailn, E/mlin 
 CaiiaileitHU, ValltMirria ?, Nanrxila lain, Enryontma 
 /iroslrti/niii, Ihnlimlii Inula, Unno/ihom (, Coi'- 
 foiiiU; l.ymiiiia rnlnnrojtiiini t", Vnlrnin Irii-nri- 
 nala and a kcelleHH variety, Amiticola porain ?, 
 I'laiKirh'tH /iiimii!', /'. liii-ariiinliiA, I'txidium ahdil um 
 
 lUhl S/ilin riiiiii 'liinllinnit (( 
 
 Stratilied gray sanily clay "JO 
 
 Slightly Sillily Htrutitied day, cohmred diirk lirowii 
 with hitiiiiiiiiiiuM matter, and iniitaiiiiiig a few 
 
 Kiiiall bivah <'H 1 10 
 
 I'lasticclay f) 
 
 ( 'oarse «tratitied »iui\ \'2 
 
 Coveri'il to water 12 
 
 88 10 
 A (|unrter of a mile further down the river, near what is called 
 " Heart Hill," a scarped l)ank loU feet high shows a very similar sectioti. 
 The upper forty feet consist of unstratified till holding many pebbles and 
 boulders of gneiss, quartzite, mica-schist, ironstone, &c., with scratched 
 and jHilished pebbles and boidders of limestone. This is underlaid by 
 seventy feet of stratified clay, sand and gravel, below which forty feet 
 of the bank is covered with slides. The bed of the liver is here 
 about 1,800 feet above the sea, and, falling from the overlying till 
 are mar v' fragments of Niobrara shale, which have been shoved up by 
 the gla-'H V out of Swan River valley to the north. 
 
 Fcr riiree-(iuarters of a mile below this interesting exposure, the 
 valley has a well marked terrace forty feet above the bottom 
 and, and then a moraine nearly half a mile wide crosses the valley. 
 It consists of rounded hills covered with boulders separated by small 
 inclosed basins. This moiaine appears to have blocked the river 
 for a time and permitted the formation of the terrace just mentioned, 
 but the stream now flows in an irregular channel through it. 
 The moraine was not followed beyond the valley, and its extent was 
 therefore not determined, but it would appear to have been formed 
 
i]iruce 
 cliun- 
 
 iles of 
 
 ) 
 
 is called 
 section. 
 >les anil 
 atche'l 
 laid by 
 •t;' feet 
 is liert! 
 ing till 
 up by 
 
 .lU'c, the 
 bottom 
 le valley. 
 )y small 
 ihe river 
 jntioned, 
 ough it. 
 tent was 
 II formed 
 
 TVWIII.I.. 
 
 ] 
 
 HWAN KIVKH .\NI) nw THIHI I AltIK«. 
 
 117 K 
 
 near tjio clowe of tin' glacial iwrio*!, by a small glacifi- flowing north- 
 ward or -vestward from a m-vi' on the siinnnit of the Duck .Mountain, 
 after the great glacier of the \Vinni|)cg basin had receded, and sutll- 
 oient time had elapsed to allow for the excavation of the main valley 
 of llolling Kiv«!r. 
 
 I'elow the mor'aine the wide and often open xidlev conti;iue.s west- 
 ward for about three miles till it is Joined by Hound Lti^e Creek, also 
 Mowing in an old wich- valley, one brant h of which is .laid to Ih' uontiu- 
 UOU8 with the upper valley of ShcM Itiver. 
 
 Ifere Uolling lliver turns northwaitl and follows the bottom of a |)|.,.|. vallfv. 
 deep, thickly wooded \ alley to the northern face of Duck Mountain. 
 At the mouth of this valley is an extensive gravel plain through which 
 the river now wiiuLs in a channel from thirty to forty feet iit tlepth. 
 This plain is between 1,400 and 1,.')00 feet above the sea, or about h.ltii (.lain. 
 the same height as the highest sand and giavel plain seen on Swan 
 Uive?', and the two were probably formed at the same period. The 
 gravel underlying this one is often \-ery coarse, and was washeil out of 
 the till when the deep valley of Holling iJiver was being rapidly 
 excavated. 
 
 IJelow this plain the river has been for the most part already described 
 in connectron with the sections of tht^ Cretaceous rocks. At its lowest 
 cr'ossing, a short distance abo\t' the mouth of I'avell lliver, it flows 
 through a level country in a valley a iprarter- of a rrrile wide and sixty 
 feet dee]). At the bottom of the bank art; exposures of l)ukota sand- 
 stone, while above it are beds of stratified lacustr'al sarrd and clay. 
 
 Favell River- also r-ises on the surrrirrit of Duck Mountairr. Its east Kiivill Kivt-r. 
 br-anch was not followed, but the souire of the west lir'anch is not far 
 from the source of Rolling River, among rugged mor'ainic hills covered 
 with bouklers and supporting oidy a scanty growth of small Banksian 
 pine. It then enters a mor'c even country wooded with spi-uce and 
 poplai', and turning northward flows through a deep narr-ow valley 
 to the northern face of the mountain. No sign of the underlying 
 Cretaceous i-ocks were thus far seen, but where the bed of the river 
 is about 1,800 feet above the sea a steep clitl' shows at the top 100 
 feet of light gr-ay unstr'atitied till with striated pebbles and boulder.s, 
 below which sixty feet are covered with slides. 
 
 From the ff)ot of the mountain the river Hows in a shallow channel 
 across a heavily wooded plain for three miles, till it letiches the south 
 side of ^rinitonas Hill, where it turns to the north-east and cuts through 
 the hill, exposing some good sections of Niobr'ai-a shales. 
 
 Near its mouth, where the stream is al)out eight feet wide, it cuts 
 through a well-marked gr-avel ridge with an altitude of about 1,030 feet 
 
 , If. 
 
 M 
 
118 E 
 
 NORTU-WESTKKN MANITOBA. 
 
 above the seca. This rid^e was also followed across the east branch and 
 for some distance into the country to the east. 
 
 East of Favell Uiver the country wa^ travtnsi'd on the (U)tted lines 
 laid ilown on the map to the north-east point (.f Duck Mountain, and 
 was found to be very level throughout, consisting, close to the moun- 
 tain, of spruce and tamarack swamps, and further north of meadows 
 and poplar forest. 
 
 HOHCUHINE MonNTAIV. 
 
 Position. 
 
 Birch Riv«r. 
 
 Uridk- tniil 
 
 Kf'iiijitcii 
 River. 
 
 The Swan River valley is bounded to the north by the dark heavily 
 wooded slopes of Poivupiue ^Mountain, the streams from which, uniting 
 to form ^^'()ody River, flow indeptMidently into the west side of Swan 
 Lake. Tile most of this country was not personally exannned but is 
 mapped from sketches and triangulations made in the valley below, 
 and from information received from native Indians or lialf-bi-eeds. 
 Howev«;r, the trail from tlie mouth of Mirch Rivei' to Kematch River 
 was explored, and the vall(;y of this strtjam was followed f<tr a short 
 distance. 
 
 Birch River Hows into the west side of Swan Lake at the end of a 
 long alluvial point, where it is thirty-tive feet wide and five feet deep 
 without current. Its banks are wooded with elm and oak, but a low 
 meadow-land sti'etches away on both sides. 
 
 Starting at a point seven miles above the mouth of Birch Hivev, the 
 bridle ti'ail sti'ikes first westwfird and then southward ai-ross a level 
 country without boulders, at tirst partly open, and -ifterwards wooded 
 with large poplai . Ponds of saline (.ilkaline) water were occasionally 
 found in some of tlu more optMi places, [)rol)al)ly marking the line of 
 outcrop of the Dakota sandstone at the base of tlu^ Cretaceous series. 
 The trail cresses several small sti'eams and then reaches an open ridge 
 tentotwelve feet high and oOO wide runningnorth and south. Th^; ridge 
 if. a well rounded beacli of Lake Agassi/ with an approximate elevation 
 of l,rj.*) feet alxjve the sea, and is composed entirely of reddish quartz 
 sand. 
 
 Kematch River cut.; a \ alley fifty feet deep through ihis ridge. 
 The bed of the river is thirty feet wide, but towards the end of August 
 the sti-eam was only twelve feet wide and six inches deep. The bars 
 are scattei-ed with pebbles and cobbles of limestone, gneis.s, ironstone 
 and light gray Ni()bi'ara shale. At the foot of the bank is a low out- 
 crop of hard bluish brown- wea<^hering sandstone, •''/ubtless belonging 
 to the Dakotii formation, overlaid by ten feet of dark .slattv gray clay 
 shale, breaking into minut(^ Hakes, and weathering to a soft mud. 
 
PORCUPINE MOUNTAIN'. 
 
 119 K 
 
 These shales are veiy typical of the Benton formation ami here 
 represent its base. 
 
 From the ridf^e, the course of the river was followed on foot for ' vo Esoarimuiit. 
 miles to the face of the escarpment of Porcupine Mountain, wliere it 
 tlows out of a deep valley, from iialf t' thrce-ipiartcrs of a mile in 
 width. A number of low exposures of l^enton shale may be seen 
 during this distance, but the banks ai-e generally composed of pebbles 
 and small boulders, resting on a light gray till. The stivam is 
 overhung l)y gigantic balsam-poplars. 
 
 At the foot of the mountaii) the side of the valley is very steep an<l 
 1 10 feeb high, but so ovei-grown with vegetation that the underlying 
 rock could not be s(^en. 
 
 When returning 'm the bridle trail at the ridge, a cour.se was taken cViast cliflFs. 
 .south of the river. Tt first led down a steep slope sixty feet high on the 
 face of the escarpment, then across a j.iain half a n)ile wide, and down 
 another slope fifty feet high, at the foot of whidi was a flowing spring 
 of clear water, tasting ijuite strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 These escarpments represent ancient coast ilifls on the shore of 
 Lak*^ Agassiz, whet- the waters washed against their bases. The 
 appro.ximate elevations of the.se two shore lines would be abcmt 
 1,270 and 1,L'00 feet above thesea respectively. Between the escarp- 
 nitMit and the trail, much of the country is thickly wooded with large 
 spruce, a.id another sand ridge is crossed with an elevation of 1,150 
 feet, on which is a grove of small oak trees. .Vll this country is a 
 famous luuiiiiig ground, and was everywhere beaten with fr(^sh tracks 
 of moose. 
 
 Further northward the face of the escarpment becomes higher 
 and more abrupt, and tht' gorge from which Bell River flows can V)e 
 clearly seen from Swan Lake as a deep notch in the brow of the dark 
 green mountain. 
 
 .M r. Dowling travelled on a footpath from the mouth of Birch River to 
 the sunnnit of the mountain beside this g.ip and gives the following 
 description of the country passed ov^r : — 
 
 "The trail leading fi'oni Sw;in Lake starts just west of the mouth of Trail to I'..'!! 
 I>irch River and follows a small ci-eek I'omie.g from near the foot of 
 the mountain. At the lake, a fringe of poplar about a nile wide 
 is growing on the eastward slope, but this is succeeded by level 
 land somewh;it swampy, «ii'. which some spruce is occasionally seen. 
 The rise foi- some distance, however, is very slight, and at seven miles 
 from the lake the altitude is 1,000 feet above the sea, or 14") feet above 
 8wan Lake. From there, however, after passing an apparently level 
 mossy swamp, the rise is more abrupt, and beyond a patch of burnt 
 
 f{iv..r. 
 
120 K 
 
 NOUTH-WKSTKHX MANITOBA. 
 
 Bell River. 
 
 country on the surface of which are .seen many large boulders of gneiss 
 and limestone, the trail leads over several very distinct gravel ridges, 
 forming an ascending series \aiying in elevation from 1,207 to 1,. "500 feet 
 above the sea. These occupy a belt extending along the foot of tlie 
 mountain, winch, where crossed, is open, bearing only a few trees, ])rin- 
 cipally jack pine [J'taiis Jhinkxiona). The trail deflects to the north, 
 and lea\ ing the gi'avel ])lain gains a somewhat level tei-i'ace, the steep 
 face of which is strewn with iKtulders and the surface clothed with scrub 
 poplar. The elevation of this terrace is about 1,400 feet above the sea, 
 and in character it is very similar to the upper delta plain of the Swan 
 Hiver valley. Through it, the Bell Kiver hascut a valley more than fifty 
 feet (leej), which seems to ex[)o.se n(tthing but drift material. 
 
 The first exposure in this valley is above this delta plain, at an 
 elevation of 1,400 feet above the sea. It is on the north .side of the 
 river, where a .somewhat slidden hillside shows, to a height of thirty 
 feet, a scarped face of dark gray clay shale. Thirty-five feet higher up 
 riene bhalcd. the bank and on the south .side of the river, is an outciop of light gray 
 hard siliceous clay shale, associated with a few (.l.uk , des of iron- 
 stone. These shales were founc; by Dr. Hiist to cuutani tlie following 
 species of Radiolaria : — 
 
 C<(vif<)s]>}i<i I'd iif/iildis/ans. Ccni'Uipsiti lu^i-aiitnudis. I'rnunhon 
 ca/ocoi'cns. Ciji'f(ir<t/j)is crassifesfdfa. Dicfi/uce^//ia/iix micnistonKi. 
 Dictyocephalus niacruxtonia. llteocampe Hphturocephala. l^rkolocapsa 
 saltn. Tricolocaptift f/ionicicn. l^icolocapsa Doirluii/i. Tricolocapsa 
 Selwyni. Dictyotaitra CarMdensis. Dictyomitra poJypora. Diayo- 
 itiffnt iiitdficosfiifa. Sticfinrapun Tyrrel/i. Stirhontpxn D(urso)ii 
 
 " Above this, no rock in place was seen, and on the uppei- part of the 
 valley the innnediatt^ banks show a few escarpments of light clay con- 
 taining .sand, pebbles and small pieces of light gray shale. The whole 
 is pai'tly stratified. Above the valley on the edge of the escai'pm«Mit 
 of the mountain, dark day mixed with .shale is overlaid l)y .saiv lii.y, 
 probal)ly a mantle of drift material covering the mountain. Tli '''•'/ 
 viewed from the edge of the mountain is seen to be rough, Sjuat i,.i! 
 appear .scattered in all directions. The surface is dotted with bouk'i. , 
 and the bed of the stream is a mass of boulders of all sizes." 
 
 The I'emainder of the eastern and the northern s-lopes of Poicupine 
 Mountain were mapped from sketches and triangulations made on 
 Swan Lake, Dawson Bay, Rice Jliver, and Red Deer Lake and river, 
 and the hydrography of the interior of its summit is dotted in from 
 sketches obtained from John Beai'dy, Kematch, and Peter Moore, 
 three Indians living on Shoal River. They also informed u e that the 
 sununitisgeneially lough sind uneven, probably moiainic, and i.» wooded 
 
 Pli'i.stoceiU' 
 deposits'. 
 
•] 
 
 PORCUPINE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 121 E 
 
 with small spruce and Bunksian pine, iikc many of tiift higher portions 
 of Duck ^Mountain. 
 
 HKD DEKU UIVEU. 
 
 North of Porcupine Mountain, lying Ijetween it and Pasipiia ]\roun- Wido valley, 
 tain, is anotiier great valley similar to, hut even more extensi\e than 
 8\van River valley. It is almost entirely drained by Red Deer River, 
 though Overflowing River occupies much the same position in this 
 valley, that Woody River occupies in tiieSwan River valley. 
 
 At th mouth of I^ed I)eerRi\er, where it Hows into lied Deer Lake, inilian caini.. 
 a small band of Intiiaiis make their headiiuai-ters. From these Indians 
 horses were obtained, and a trail was exploied from the south-west 
 corner of the lake to the Smoking Tent, and iliencf westward 
 to the mouth of the Etoimami River, 'vhence anotlK^r old tridl was 
 followed down the north bank of the river to its mouth. A brief 
 description of this route will convey the best idea of the general 
 character of the valley. 
 
 The trail leaves the lak. just west of an old wintei' trading post of I'oicuiune 
 the Hudson's Bay Comi)any, and runs foriune miles over almost level j,..',!"" '^"' 
 countiy through a furest of large poplai' and spi'uce, with open grassy 
 glades, to Swampy Creek, a tributary of Armitt River. This creek is 
 ten feet wide, with a channel two feet deep, in which only a few inches 
 of clear water was flowing in September, 1889. The banks are of sand 
 and fine gravel. The ci'eek flows fi'om what a])i)eai's to bi' a deep gap 
 in tlie northern face of the mountain. 
 
 A mile and a half south-west of this creek the trail crosses a well- 
 marked gravel lidge which rises ten feet above the surrounding land and 
 has an elevation oi 1,100 feet above the sea. For the ne.xt two miles 
 and a quarter the course is through belts of spruce and poplar an<l opien 
 meadows to Armitt River, which is here a beautiful clear stream ilowing Ainiitt Kivur. 
 in a channel five feet deep, in the bottitm of a valley tifty feet deep, 
 over a bed of rounded pebl)les of gneiss, limestone and Niobrara shale. 
 
 200 yards below the crossing, on the west, side of the river, is a 
 scarped Viank fifty feet high, showing at the top six feet of clay 
 with striated pebbles, probably till. The rest of the bank is a 
 series of slides, but on the face of one of the slides, close to the 
 edge of the water, is twelve feet of dark gray fissile Benton shale, and a iicntuu slmle. 
 few yards further down the stream are many lai'ge nuisses of white 
 Dakota sandstone, holding carbonized impressions of plants, &v. The 
 height of the bed of the river at this point is 1,0'.I0 feet al)ove the sea. 
 
 ■h.*^ 
 
122 K 
 
 N'Oinil-WKSTKHN MAMTOHA. 
 
 Niobrara 
 shale. 
 
 : 3 
 
 Sandy plain. From liere tlie trail ascends the west bank of the valley and strikes 
 
 southwatfl tlirough open pine woods, on a sandy plain with a mean 
 elevation tjf l,li^O feet above tlie sea, to a well ntunihc! ritlj^e, with an 
 elevation of l,2.'iO feet above the sea, on which it turns to the west. 
 
 Betwsen tiie trail crossing,' and the ridge, a distance; of about 
 ont! i,iil(' and three-quarters, the bottom of the valley w,as also fol- 
 lowed, and some good exposures of the Cretaceous beds wei'e measured. 
 
 A mile and a quarter above the crossing a steep (iliff rises on the 
 east bank of the river, showing at the top eight feet of light gray till 
 with limestone peljbles, underlaid by thirty-two feet of dark gray 
 soft fissile Ci'etaceous clay shale, in which there is a narrow band of 
 soft white clay. 
 
 A third < f a mile further up the river, and a short distance l)elow 
 the utain gravel lidge followed by the trail, is a liigli bank of dark 
 shale. In this bank, ten feet above the water, is a thin no(Udar band 
 of light gray mottled calcareous Niobrai-a shale, containing numy 
 f<)raminifera, with prisms of ftiocframus and fragments of fish skeletons, 
 
 .At the ridge, the rivei- is beginning to be much ol>structed with 
 boulders, and the banks simthward to the mountain seem to be gener- 
 ally low, while the surrounding country is chiefly timbered with pop- 
 lar, and is probably crossed by other low ridges. 
 
 The ridge followed is composed of sand and fine gravel, is generally 
 laised from six to ten feet fd)ove the surrounding wooded oi- marshy 
 ' country, and is wooded with a thin growth of small aspen. The trail 
 runs along its sunnnit for ten miles, in which distance it is cut across 
 by several bnioks. whieli do not expose .sections of any particular 
 interest. At Bushy Creek the trail forks, one branch turning 
 northward ' vards lied Deer River, while the other Ijranch, which was 
 the one fol. wed, turns southward across a level counti'y to another 
 wooded ridge twenty feet higher than the last, and then westward 
 along this i-idge for more tl m a mile to Smoking Tent Creek, 
 which flows in a valley .100 feet wide and tweiity-tive feet deep. 
 Its bed is twenty-five feet wide, and covered with i-ounded gravel. 
 Half a mile west of the ford and close to where the creek first strikes 
 the ridge, is a small open prairie locally known to the Indians as the 
 Smoking Tent " Smoking Tent," where they are accustomed to camp from time to 
 time. The point is close to the extreme westei'u lin)it of the area 
 covered by the accompanying map, and from it a direct trail is stated 
 to run to Fort Pelly. 
 
 West of this place, the trail, back to the upper lied Deer River, 
 continues on the ridge for two-thirds f>f a mile and then turns to the 
 
 Gravel ridgn. 
 
 lower ridge, which it follows for between seven and eight 
 
 nn 
 
 les. 
 
■] 
 
 RED DKKK RIVER. 
 
 123 F 
 
 to the west end of a long . jjuIow which skirts its upper side. The tinil 
 then turns southward for more than a mile to a small open prai, ie, on 
 another lidge which is clearly the continuation of the Smoking Tent 
 beach. This ridge is generally composed of fine gravel, is about 125 
 paces wide, and is raised ten feet above the surrounding country. 
 It was followed for between six and seven miles, as it cuives gently 
 towards-the north, till about a mile past a j)oint where it is joined by a 
 good pack trail from Fort Pelly, it becomes indefinite and merges into a 
 wide sandy ))lain dotted with sand dunes lightly wooded with Hank- Kxtensive 
 sian pine. Here we turned north-eastwartl, and crossing tlie .sandy ' ' 
 plain for a mile and a third, reached the Red Deer River in a valley 
 thirty feet in depth. 
 
 The channel is 2.')0 feet wide, but the water at the time was 
 not half that width, and was fiowing over and tiirough a bed 
 of large boulders of gneiss and limestone. The banks at tiie bottom 
 are compo.sed <if light gi-ay unstratified till, iiolding pebbles and many 
 large boulders similar to tho.se in the rivei', while above is a reddish strati- 
 fied .sand. The sandy ])lain was clearly formed by a river whicli flowed 
 into Lake Agassi/, wlien its waters stood at tiie height of the Snu)king 
 Tent beacii, but its exact correspondence in age to other delta plains 
 on the west side of Lake Agassi/, has not yet been determined. 
 
 Two miles fui-ther upstream Fir River (O-kik-kan-tago 8ibi) joins the Fir River. 
 Red Deer Riverfrom the nr>rth, draining tlie southern faceof thePasquia 
 Mountain. It is thirty feet svide, witii water from bank to bank, and 
 its bed, like that of the main river, is covered with boulders. Its 
 mouth is fifteen miles west of the accompanying ma)i, in north latitude 
 52" 50' and ii{)proximate west longitude 102" 24". 
 
 Just below it the bank of the rivei' is forty-five feet in licigiit, and 
 consists at the top of twelve feet of ligiit red horizontally sti'atitied 
 sand, underlaid by a few feet of gravel. The rest of the bank is 
 covered with debris but s])rings are fiowing froni its foot, and it is 
 therefore jii-obable that it is in great part composed of stratified 
 deposits. 
 
 A .short distance further down str(?am is the mouth of the North North Etoi- 
 Etoimami or Shallow Rivei- (Ka-pa-kwa Sibi), whicli was ascended by ' 
 Pnjfessor Macoun in his trip from Red Deer to Swan River in 18f<l. 
 At its mouth it is alx)ut 100 feet wi Je, with a bed of large boulders, 
 over wiiich little or no water was f!.'wingin September, 1SS9. A clifif 
 of light grfi; till twelve feet in height ovei'hangs its western bank, and 
 on a magnetic bearing N. 55' E. from this clill" on the bottom land on 
 the north side of Red Deer River, ai-e the chinmeys and cellars of two 
 old houses that were formerly occupied as a trading post by the 
 North-west or Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 4' .;■»' 
 
 '•,. It."' 
 
 
\-2\ K 
 
 Noicrri-wKSTKRv mamtoha. 
 
 Trail north 
 Fttxl iJt'fi- 
 River. 
 
 1 5'\1 
 
 lioiihU-r of 
 Dakota siim 
 Htone. 
 
 A^h-lcaved 
 maple. 
 
 Bunks of till 
 
 >f From the moutli of Fir River a bridle trail, oftpn very obscure, was 
 followed down the north side of Red Deer River to within seven miles 
 of its moutii. 
 
 The tii'st mile is acroHs a sandy plain wooded with i5anksian pine, 
 and the next six nules are over level or gently sloping country wooded 
 with poplar or studded with small dead spi-uce. At the end of this 
 distance, near the mouth of Spring Creek, the river is moderately deep, 
 witii an easy current, and the banks ai-e composed of stratified sand 
 or till. A large boulder of white Dakota sandstone is here lying in 
 the Vjed of the .st.eam. Its surface is jntted with holes caused by the 
 decay of nodules of pyrites and in them the Indians put small offer- 
 ings of bullets, shot, i^'c. The boulder is twcnty-tive feet long, sixteen 
 feet wide, and rises three feet above the surface of the water. Its 
 angles are well rounded off, and its upper surfao^^ is clearly marked 
 by a number of elongated dints, often running into iriegularly disrupted 
 gouges, parallel to the river, and evidently made by the spring ice or 
 stones, ttc, borne along by it. But these markings ai'e (|uite distinct 
 from a series of long continuous nearly parallel gouges or scratches, 
 M-hich cover the whole upper surface of the boulder, running parallel 
 to its greatest length, and which have been (piite clearly formed 
 under the influence of glacier ice. 
 
 The river at this point is about 1,100 feet above the sea, and the 
 boulder has been carried up the valk^y, by a w(;stward flowing lobe of 
 the great glacier of the Winnipeg basin, from the beds of the Dakota 
 sandstone which outcrop twenty miles fuither to the north-east, and at 
 from 100 to -iOO feet lower level. 
 
 From Spring Creek to opposite the mouth of Smoking Tent Creek, 
 close to the western edfre of the map, the trail keeps neai- the river, 
 often on its alluvial flats, and t\\" banks were found to consist entirely 
 of superficial stratified sand, >kc., or glacial till. 
 
 Ojiposite Smoking Tent Creek is a fine grove of large ash-leaved 
 maple, close to which is a sandy plain by the river, where the Indians 
 camp when they come in the spi-ing to make maple sugar. Leaf Lake 
 (Was-ki-te-poo Sakahigan) on Overflowing River, was stated by an 
 Iiulian who accompanied me, to lie immediately to the northward, and 
 sufficiently close that in favourable weathei' i>i winter, a gun fired 
 on the lake coukl be heard here. 
 
 For nine miles below the sugar bush the river continues to How in a 
 north-easterly directi(jn, between banks overhung with elm and maple, 
 while a poplai- forest stretches away on either side. The banks gener- 
 ally consist of till v,ith boulders, often overlaid by stratified alluvial 
 clav. 
 
Ml 
 
 lis 
 ;ui 
 
 IU(1 
 
 red 
 a 
 
 M'l'- 
 ial 
 
 TVRRIll.] RKl) DKKK lilVKlt. 12') E 
 
 Tlie river then lieiids to the east, and at the liotttuii oi tlie bank I );ikt)ta ij»ml- 
 light green Dakota sandstone appears for the first time. The section 
 here exposed is as follows : — 
 
 ft. in. 
 UnstriitiKtMl till in tlif t'oiiii of liglit gray Imnl .sandy 
 clay, with nmny .striated pcbides and small lioulders 
 
 of gneiss and limestone, with a few of iron pyrites 17 " 
 
 Covered '22 (» 
 
 Soft green clayey .sand | 
 
 Horizontal green Dakota sandstone I G 
 
 41 (i 
 This sandstone is very siniilar to that seen at tlie crossing of Annitt 
 River, but here it was found to contain some pyritised wood, with 
 teeth and bones of fishes, and a small species of Linr/ula. 
 
 Below this sandstone the river turns to the south, and a deep abaiid- .vhaiukmed 
 oned valley continues to the east, which is entered again by the river two ^ '^"'^ '■ 
 miles furtlior down. The valley is liere .seventy feot deep, and tlic banks 
 consist chictiy of liglit gray till. For a mile and a half furllicr eastward 
 the trail runs acro.ss a sandy pkiin dotted with sand dunes, and at the 
 p.id of the distance the bank of the river shows at the bottom five feet of 
 soft brown or red Dakota sandstone, in places clearly false-bedded. It 
 includes some thin bands of black clay, as well as many pebbles? of a 
 clayey sand li(jlding remains of plants. This is overlaid by fourteen 
 feet of soft white evenly-bedded sand.stone, and this again by light 
 gray till with striated boulders. 
 
 For the next three miles the valley is deip, and the white Dakota 
 sandstone outcrops here and there along its sides. 
 
 To within half a mile of the kiwest outcrop of this sandstone, M r. 
 Dowling made a micrometer and compass survey of the river from the 
 lake upwards in 1888, but there further ascent of the river with canoes 
 became impracticable at the then stage of the water. 
 
 From this point the trail descends through woods of small pojilar Thick woods, 
 into a grove of beautiful tall spruce, and then through pojilar, elm and 
 maple to the river at its most northerly point, where its bank rises in an 
 abrupt cliflF of till thirty feet high. Our course then passed through 
 woods of elm, poplar, maple and willov j to the next bend of the river, 
 where there is a patch of ground that had clearly been tilled long ago, 
 and is now overgrown with golden rod, Ijeymul which the trail follows 
 the l)ank of the river on a beautiful gras.sy plain to the site of the Old 
 Fort of the North-west Company. 
 
 This fort had a pleasing situation on a level alluvial plain, in front of oj,] p^^t 
 which the river, with a width of 250 feet, flows in a channel fifteen feet N-W. C. 
 
 u^ .1 "( 
 
 
126 K 
 
 NdliTII WKSTKKN MAN'ITOI)/t. 
 
 Old r'r.it, 
 N.-W. Co. 
 
 Olfl Fort. 
 H. 1{. C«. 
 
 in depth. Just on top of the steep hunk, and uhnost ready to l)e car- 
 ried jisvay hy the first t\iM)d, .s a heaj) of eartli and stones, repre nting 
 a chinniey of one of the old iiouse.s, wliile all tli(5 otluMs seem to have 
 been already carried away. Several small depressions in the vicinity 
 may, however, represent old cellars or holes in which potatoes were 
 stoi-ed. 
 
 Standiiii,' with his face towai'ds the river the writer looked across 
 to a lovely forest of elm and naajjle, just tinted with hrilliant 
 autumn cohiurs, while to the right were groves of maple and willow, 
 and to the left was a forest of poplar pinnacled with spires of dark 
 green spruc(\ 
 
 At the Ix'giiining of the present century this place was an important 
 trading estaWlisliment of the North-west Company, being mentioned 
 l)y Sir Alexander Mackenzie as one of the three chief trading posts 
 of the Lake Alanitoba district. From it a cait trail is locally repoited 
 to have led up the north side of the river to the* western ])lains, hut 
 no trace of such a trail can now be seen. 
 
 A mile and a half below this old fort the trail crosses the river, 
 where a tine grove of large asli-lcaved maples is growing near the 
 southern l)ank. A mile further down stream the remains of an old 
 fort of the Hudson Bay Company are to be seen within a heavy poplar 
 forest. 
 
 For the rest of the distance to its mouth, the lianks of tlie river are 
 low, and stret(th back to extensive meadows covered with rank grass. 
 
 DUCK MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Pcisitioii and 
 extent. 
 
 Duck Mountain is an elevated table land oi' extended ridge rising 
 in some places to 1,900 feet above Lake Winnipeg or 2,600 feet 
 aboAC the sea. It is bounded on the north by a wide sloping valley, 
 down the centre of which Swan Uiver ilowo into Swan Lake, and 
 thence by Shoal River into Lake Winnipegosis. To the north of 
 this valley the Porcupine Mountain rises apparently to a height equal 
 to that of Duck Mountain, while in the middle of the valley, Thunder 
 or Bird Hill rises 500 feet above the j'hiin at its base, having been 
 left as an outlier by the denuding agencies that carved out the valley 
 from the once continuous plateau. Towards the east the mountain is 
 bounded by the Manitoba escaipment sloping down into a wide depres- 
 sion, the bottom of which is occupied by Lakes VVinnii)eg, Winnipegosis, 
 Manitoba and a nundier of small surrounding lakes. Towards the west 
 the mountain slopes oti" much more gradually to the valley of the Assini- 
 
] 
 
 T)UCK MOUNTAIN. 
 
 lL'7 K 
 
 boiiifi River, tlif licful ot' whk-U .it Ki)rt Pelly is (J'jO feot above tlic lext'l 
 of l^ike Winnipeg. Towanls the south it merges into the Riding 
 Mountain, being separated frmii it merely by the valley of Short Ci'eei<, 
 whieh toward • the east opens out into the wide t'liiiiiel-sliajH'd vaUey 
 drained by Valley River. 
 
 The eastern faee of the mountain is drained liy several small streams I >riviiuige, 
 that How into Lakes Winnipegosis and I)auj)hin,most of which, however, 
 rise below thesunnnitof theesoarpment. A belt along the north side of 
 the mountain is diained by streamsthat flow northwardintoSwan Hiver. 
 The givatei' jiortion of tlu^ area of tht; surfaee, howevei-, is unwatei'ed by 
 the Valley and Shell rivers, which How jtarallel to each other south- 
 ward for a considerable distance and then (li\i-,ge, one to tlow eu.stward 
 into Dauphin Lake, and the other, after Howing westward for six miles, 
 to again tui-n southward to join the .\ssiniboine River, ^\'est of Shell 
 River several small streams drain the count ry south-\sestwai-d into the 
 Assiniboine River. N'ery few of the streams show signs of the under- 
 lying Cretaceous rock.s, the country being generally thickly coveri'd 
 with drift deposits, but it is ipnte probable that in some ca.ses the 
 valleys of the streams are cut down to a much greater dej)th than the 
 thiekness of this su})erticial ctjvei'ing of drift. 
 
 East of Shell Rivei' the Duck .Mountain is generally very rough 
 and une\en, consisting of ridges, and apparently iri'egulai- areas, of 
 drift hills thickly covered with gneissoid Ixiulders, often bearing a .scanty 
 growth of I'anksian pine, bt^twecn which are «'.\tensive areas of coni- 
 jjaratively level marshy land den.sely o\ergrown with spruce and tama- 
 rack. The southern portion of this district is di-ained southward into 
 Valley Rivei', part of the central {loi'tion westward into Shell River, 
 while the northern jiortion is drained either northward into the Rolling 
 and Favcll rivers oi' eastwai'd into the Duck and Pine rivers. 
 
 The source of Valley River was luit visited, but Indians who were 
 hunting in the vicinity reported that it rose in Sing(X)sh or Weasel 
 Lak(i and Howed south-westward to A^igling Lakes. Anothei' small 
 branch of this stream was, however, found to ri.se in a wide swampy 
 level country covereil with spi'uce and tamai'ack, and jirobably underlaid 
 by alluvial or lake deposits. The small creek, tlowingfrom this swampy 
 area towards the south-west, soon cuts through a ridge of irregularly 
 rounded hills running in a north-westerly and .south-easterly direction. 
 These hills are thickly overstrewn with boulders and separated by basin- 
 shaped depressions, and ha\eull the appearance of being an old moraine. 
 After flowing through this morainic ridge, the creek enters a wide 
 valley. The bottom is swampy and covered with willow or spruce. 
 The .south side is a continuation of the high lidge that extends east- 
 
 linll^'ll IlillH. 
 
 ihu>\u( Val 
 lev Kivcr. 
 
 /^', 
 
 ■ f-' 
 
128 K 
 
 \<»U1 II WKSTKIIN M Win III A. 
 
 • I 
 
 i 
 
 I ij 
 
 AiiKling 
 liukcM 
 
 Iiuliiin cait 
 trail. 
 
 Wi.lf vmIIia 
 
 I 
 
 ward til Miiiiitowiichi, while the north side risen in beautiful ^'lavel 
 (•TiiKcs to what appeals tu l)e an alUivial or tlood-phiiri of consith'rable 
 extent. I'lintiiuiiiij^ towards tiie south-west t'oi' two luiU's, and tiien 
 turning north-westward for about three miles, t Ids small creek joins the 
 main stream of ValU>y Hiver. 
 
 South of the riser is a roui,di moraiidc tract rather thirkly 
 timt)ered with spruce, liir<'li and poplar. West of this moi'ainic area 
 a more or less level district stretches for several miles, in the iiottom 
 of which lie several small lakes known to the Indians as the Anj,'liny 
 Lakes. Xeai- these are a number o<:' well built log houses in which 
 C6te and his liand of Saulteux live dui'iiig the winter season, while 
 hunting aiuhrapping in the neighbouring forests. 
 
 lAdlowing the cart-trail westward from these lakes an area of rich 
 meadow land is passefl over, consisting of wide swails separated by long 
 lowridgcs. TIk! surface consists of sand and rounded water-worn 
 gravel, the latter chiefly composing the low I'idges on otw of which the 
 Indian houses are l)uilt. 
 
 About two nules west of llie\ illage the trail cro.sses a lidge of rouniled 
 knob-like moraiiuc liills scattered over with gneissoid boulders, lieyond 
 this again is a lightly rolling country generally thickly timbci'cd with 
 large asj)cn and dotted hei(! and there with small mai'shes. In the 
 middle of this district the trail crosses the north end of a wide valley, 
 tht> bottom and sides of which are covered with sand and gravel, no 
 boulders being seen on the surface. The south side is open and grassy 
 and rises in I'egular t(>riaees, the surface of which in many places, how- 
 ever, are not at all level, but show low knobs and basin-shaped depres- 
 sions, very much like the usual morainic cont(mrs, but it seems not 
 impossible that the depressions may be caused by the une<|ual 
 carrying away of tlie finer particles from among the gravel by 
 underground drainage, and the consequent irregular sagging of the 
 surface. 
 
 Valleys oj tlie Clmniplitin or Terrace Epoch. 
 
 Shell River 
 valley. 
 
 Extent. 
 
 The most noticeable of these valleys is that of Shell River, its ex- 
 treme northern portion being occupied by Rolling River. This valley 
 runs in an almost due north and south direction through the centre 
 of Duck M(tuntain. At the northei-n end it opens on the abrupt 
 escarpment of the mountain into the wide valley of the Swan River 
 and its tributaries, and at its southern end joins the valley of the 
 Assiniboine. Its length measured in a straight line from one end to 
 the other is sixtv-seven miles, but counting its windings its total 
 
] 
 
 VALI.KVs «)K TIIK (11 VMI'I.AIN KI'tH'll. 
 
 129 K 
 
 [its ex- 
 valley 
 centre 
 [abrupt 
 Uiver 
 of the 
 end to 
 total 
 
 leii^'tli is iiiiu'ty-Hvt' niiK's. It Ims im av("ni},'f xvidlli from l)riiii 
 to l)rini of tlin'('-(|uart('rK of a mile or a littlr inori'. and its depth 
 niiij,'»'s from 100 feet at tlic- niuiitli <.f the cast Itrancli to ."tfio f»'<'t at 
 
 tlie trail crossm;' a 
 
 t A 
 
 scssippi. 
 
 Ah is shown hy the present course of Shell Hiver, the \alley 1 
 
 las s|(.|.f. 
 
 a uent'ial slo 
 
 I'« 
 
 towanis tl 
 
 le soutli. 
 
 The hei'dit i>i IIm 
 
 Hats 
 
 at the mouth of the east hraneh is •_>, or)0 feet alxive tide, and of the 
 
 its at Asessippi I.JoO feet al»o\e tide 
 
 iNin;; a lal 
 
 of COO fett ir 
 
 seveiity-tlve miles, or an aveia;ie fall of eij,'lit feet to the mile. This 
 fall is pretty evenly distributed throuj^hout the whole of the above 
 distanee, though towards thi' mouth it is a little steeper than else- 
 
 liere. The luu'th end of the valley for three mih 
 
 s IS <»ceujiui<l l)y st 
 
 iiiitii rliiw 
 
 H. 
 
 Holliiij; Hiver, but, unlike that furthei- south, is here thickly wooded "'K' ii'Tthward 
 
 with spruce and poplar, and it is much more dillicult to see its salient 
 
 features. About thirteen miles of the course of the valley was not 
 
 followed, liiit lofikiiii,' up the north branch of Shell Hiver it wa.s seen 
 
 to continue onward for sexcral n.iles till a light. l)eiid cut oH" the 
 
 \ iew, and the bottom was tilled from bank to l)ank by a deep marsh, 
 
 in which the stream appeared to take its rise. I^t' )king from TioUing 
 
 Hiver, it apj)ears as ;i deep valley, down whicii Hows a small tributary. 
 
 A half breed who was with me, and who was acijuainted with the c<tun- 
 
 try, stated that this valley is a continuation of that of Shell Hiver. and in 
 
 it there is a marshy watershed. 
 
 Heginning in latitude ol 43', a short distance above the confluence Shell Kiv>T 
 of the east branch, the valley is a mile wide and largely occupied by a Hl'^'''^' -"'"Oi- 
 l>eautiful even jn-airie lying on the east side of the river, and sloping 
 \ery lightly towards the west. This prairie is underlaid by small rounded 
 water-worn gravi !, and rej»resents a Hood-plain of the ancient stream. 
 Proceeding southward to the mouth of the east branch, which flows in 
 a narrow lateral valley, the main valley is a mile wide, with an alluvial 
 tlat on the east sidt? which is underlaid by a sandy loam, and jiartly 
 covered with willows, while on the west side of the river a low sparsely 
 wooded terrace half a Miile in width extends along the foot of the bank. 
 The Indians allege that at this point, huge bones were found at the }?,mt's nf 
 bottom of a land-.slide and were brought to the officer in charge at Fort •^'■'^'""'""• 
 Pelly, l)y whom they were forwarded to Kngland. Hon. NV. .1. ('hristie, 
 of Ih'ockville, Out., who was in charge of Kort Pelly at the time, 
 informs me that the bones were shoulder blades, and that in 1853, 
 some years after the first V)ones were brought in, he visited tiie place, 
 '' and examined the spot carefully where the blade was taken out of 
 the river at low wator. A landslip had occurred from the bank and 
 carried the l)ones into the river. I found from cro.s.s-«iuesti(tning my 
 
 ,1 »^ 
 
 i 'S 
 
 ' .V' 
 
130 K 
 
 NokTir-WKrtTKHN' MANITOHA. 
 
 I 
 
 MuHttMimi. 
 
 !V.H(Ti))tiiiii 
 liy Sir .liiliii 
 liic'liai'dHDii. 
 
 Vall.y 
 
 •jiiidc, that tlif rniliaiiH liiul ciillfctcd tlit- Ixiiics, arxl Iniriit thrin nii 
 tilt* l)aiik, tVuiii .HU|i('i'stitinM, and luiiifd wliut would not liurn. 1 
 ox/unint'd th(* spot wh<!m tlwy hud hurifd tlu* Ixntcs, hut what I'Hmtiined 
 ninnhlcd to pieces when touched." 
 
 These ItoiK^s, consisting,' of u pair of mutilated scapiihe of u fossil 
 elephant, were suhniitted to Sir John Kichardson foi- cxuniination. 
 Jle tirst (It'sci'il)L'd tluMn as belon^^iii;,' to a new species which lu' named 
 Eli'plntH /iiijidrfinHitM, hut afteiwucds identified them as helonj^inj; 
 probably to Mtixtodnu tjiijiinti'm. His descriptions are not generally 
 known, and will be of interest li. re. 
 
 "The scapula' arc ii;^ht and left.aiid, bein;,' of the same si/.e, were most 
 likely members of the same individual. The l)road en<ls of the l)lade 
 in both are wanting, and mo )f the .spinal ridge. On comparing 
 M'hat remains with s(!apula' from Eschscholtz I'ay. and with the 
 homologous bone of the Kh'/ihos /irimii/f^nuis in the Jiritish Museum, 
 J tind that these fi'agments differ in possessing a well marked depres- 
 .sion between the hunu'ral end of the ridge and the anconal edge of the 
 bone. This (lepre.ssion is U, inches long, and has an abrupt edge, 
 upwards of an inch deep, next the .spinal ridge, but gradually ])asse.s 
 into the flat bone in other directions. 
 
 The Iciif^tli (»f tln! glenoid cavity is !(• I inolicH. 
 
 Its lireiiilth ." ■ t") 
 
 'I'lic spiU'c l)('t\\('cii the (U|)ii'.SMi()ii mill till- ! Ill edge 
 
 llf tin; l)()nc wliiTi' Hill rowest is 4(> 
 
 Leiigtii of the largest fragiiiciit I7''"> 
 
 " The probability is that the Swan River (Swan Hivei- district) bone.s 
 lielonged to the Mnxtodmi (/If/mifi'iis, and that the range of that species 
 must be extended northward in iJuperts Lantl to the fifty-second par- 
 allel of latitude."=!= 
 
 For four miles below the mouth of the ea.st branch the valley appears 
 to be le.ss definite, and bein.t', more or less wooded its characteristics 
 are more diflicult to make out in a running examination. 
 
 Turning south-soutli eastward from the jioint where a pack-trail 
 from Cotes Kesei\(^ ci'osses the ri\(!i', the valley is moderately straight 
 for seven mile.s, and its banks quickly increase to 200 feet in height. On 
 the west side of the valley a terrace rises to the height of 100 feet, but 
 its eastern face, instead of being abrupt, is sloping and grassy oj* dotted 
 •with a few scattered Banksian pines, the top of the terrace is covered 
 
 *The Zoology (of Uie) Voyage of H.M.S. Herald ; Vertehrals, including Fossil 
 MannuiilH, by Sir.Iohn HichardHon, pp. 101-102 and 141-142, 4to, London, 1854. 
 Also I'roe. Host. Soe. Nat. Mist., Vol. 5, (1S54) p. «2. 
 And Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 1!» (1855) pp. 131-2. 
 
H 
 
 VALLKVM 'IK TIIK rllVMn.AIN KI'OCII. 
 
 I Ml K 
 
 Oil 
 
 l)Ut 
 
 lotted 
 
 Ivered 
 
 Foshil 
 
 with s|ii'mc iiiul j><i|iliii', tlif must ot" wliieli Im.-., Iiowcmm', Ihm-ii hitely 
 <l»'Htroy(>(l l»y tire. 
 
 Turning,' now towards tlit" south-west for seven miles the viiUey shows a Tiinum 
 iM'Hiitit'ul series of terrnces reiu-hirij^ U|. on either side to near the tops 
 of th(? hanks, those on the noitli side i)einit liiassy and ojit-n, \vliih» 
 th«tse on tlu; south side are ouvured witli pojilar. (,'lose to the ri\er 
 the bottom of tlie viiiley is often wooih-d with spruee an<l tamarack. 
 These torraceH consist of water -worn j^ravd, I lie hrovss ui tiie hi),dier 
 ones heinj^ scattered with hoidth-rs of gneiss. Tiic lowest one is 
 generally wide, an'l sninotli, and leaches to near the liank of the stream. 
 
 At the end of tiie ahov«' distance, the river sweeps round to the left 
 4ind for ten miles tlows in a soutli-ea.sterly direction, at right angltis to the 
 course that it has just been folhtwing. .\ high gravel terrace runs round 
 the outei' side of the ImmkI for a consi(leral)le distance, and before it is 
 entirely cut away, it reappeai-s as a beautifid w i(l<' open bench <in the 
 opposite sid(' of the rivei". Thioughout the whole of the distance that 
 the river keeps this south-easterly course the banks are \eiy regular, 
 being composed entirely of high terraces, the upper dmc of which ex- 
 tends back a considerable distance to the higher land behind. Near the 
 sfiuthern end of this ^iiaight stretch slight e.Kposures of clay are seen 
 in the l)anksonoppo c sides t)f the valley, that on the east side, which 
 wa.s more closely examined, showing six feet of unstratitieil light gray 
 sandy clay lioUHng striated pebbles, overlaid by three feet of strati- 
 tied water-worn gravel. Also in a gully at the bend of the sticam a 
 slide has very iin[)(!rfectly expo.sed about thirty feet of light gray and 
 yellowish clay and sand, the upper pai't being a tine slate gray clay, while 
 below it is a yellowish slightly clayey .sand. The face of the bank is 
 ct)vered with slidden pebbles, some almost round and others veiy irreg- 
 ular, of limestone much striated, ipiartzite occasionally striated, gneiss 
 and ironstone. 
 
 Now turning at right angles the valley continues for seven miles in a 
 south-westerly direction. It is wide and open, bending in long sweeping 
 curves. The inner sides of the curves ri.se in many grass-covered giavel 
 terraces to 1"20 feet above the rivei-. The banks are moderately well 
 defined, scored bysmall lateral gulleys, but are nowheiecutinto rounded 
 hills separated l)y deep basin-shaped depressions, as they are below the 
 next bend. The brows and often the tops of the higher terraces are 
 jfenerallv strewn with gneissoid boulders. 
 
 At the end of the course towards the south-west, the rivei- again bends 
 round to the left, and for eleven miles tlows in a general direction 
 S. 30° E. The character of the valley now suddenly changes. It is 
 sometimes as much as two miles wide, and its banks are very irregular 
 
 H 
 
 Till iin.l 
 
 (<|-,lVll 
 
 Uneven 
 banks. 
 
132 \: 
 
 MiliTII-WKSTKHN MAMTliHA. 
 
 M ir.ui 
 
 Sliint Creek. 
 
 iiiid tVoin l'OO to ."'00 feet lii^'Ii. At first, gravel Hats and low teiTaccs 
 continue down the centre of the valley, and the sides are rou^'h, or 
 with a skirt of rouj^di rounded hills under the brow of the main hank. 
 In sonic f)laccs wide tci-races stretch out towards the river, and deep 
 " kettle-holes '" arc found in the otherwise level l)ench, beyond wliich 
 affairi may be a ridfj^e of rounded hills thickly covered with gneissoid 
 boulders. \car the crossing of the north line of Township 26, the sides 
 of th(! valley are fi-inged with these rounded hills. < )n the east side, the 
 river cuts into one <»f them, and though the exposure is very largely 
 hidden by slides, yet at the height of sixty feet ab.jve the water there 
 can be seen eight feet o^' light yellowish-gray un.stratitied slightly sandy 
 cla\, holding pel)blesof gneiss and limestone, the latter of which are all 
 ])lainly seriated. Springs of water are ranning from the bottom of 
 the bank, and as the above described boulder-clay is seldom ;ufti- 
 ciently porous to allow water to flow through it, it is probable that 
 the Cretaceous shales may her(> be found under the boulder-clay and 
 above tiie level of the bottom of the valley. 
 
 For a mile and a half further down the valley the river flo\s s through a 
 wide gravel plain, and then the rov.!"'"d drift hills, thickly strewn with 
 boulders, close in from both sides ,ind choke the valley, the river cutting 
 a comparatively narrow chanael through them. Below this barrier the 
 drift hills are confined to the east side of the rive--, and from their base 
 a wide alluvial plain stretches across the valley, above which, on the 
 west side, gravel terraces very soon begin to rise. The hilly countiy 
 extends for a considerable distance back from the river towards 
 the east. The n /er cuts into the side of one of the hills, and shows 
 it to be composed of unsti-atified till, against which on both sides 
 f^^ratitied liver gravels are lying horizontally. This hilly ridge which 
 has thus been seea to run very obliquely across the deep valley of 
 Shell Hiver would seem to lie an old iiiiii,iini' i(>ft liy tli(> con- 
 tinental glacier in one of the later glacial periods, or by a lobe 'A it which 
 occupied the valley of the Assiniboine. 
 
 From the south end of this course of the ii\er, :i narrow \,illev with 
 its bottom occupied by small lakes or marshes, continues s<jutliward 
 but drains northward into Shell River. 
 
 Another deep nariow valley also turns ojff to the east, in which 
 Short Creek begins to How eastward to Valley Hiver. It is at 
 first clearly detined, with steep banks 150 feet high and about liree- 
 eighths of a mile apart on the top. The bottom is a marshy Hat. Deep 
 narrow gullies join it from both sides, out of one of which the creek takes 
 its ri.se. A shoj-t distance west of this gully the sides of the valley have 
 been washed down causing a dam which forms the water.shed between 
 
VALI.KVS OK Tin: CIIAMI'LAIN l.l'OCir. 
 
 l.s:{ K 
 
 tlie wiitiis llowiii^' to the cast iiiid to tin- west. The lower |piu-t of the 
 valleyof Sliort Creek is wuleiaiul niuehiiioieslopiiij,'. withl)aiikseutinto 
 
 with 
 
 liwai'd 
 
 wliieh 
 is at 
 hree- 
 1 )eej) 
 takes 
 y have 
 ?tween 
 
 
 ouiuled knolls 
 
 (I 
 
 ralh 
 
 (I boulders. Thediffei 
 
 ■erec' witli^'iiei.ssoKl 
 eiR-e between the two parts of the valh>y is very abrupt and striking', show- 
 ing' the eastern jmrtion to be a niueh older draiiiaire ehiinnel than the 
 steep iwK'iow portion further west. TiiO newer parf of the valley has 
 probably been excavated l)y the waters of the upper Shell liiver, whieii 
 found tiieir way aloiij.^ the east side of the morainie ridj,'e just (lfN( i iind. 
 and thenee flowed eastward down Short Creek into the west side of 
 Jjjike Aj^assiz. 
 
 Turning west ward from the point where these \ alleys join, Slieil Hi\cr Lower iK)rtit>ii 
 tlows almost due west for five miles, then south. seventeen miles, and tlien ' '■i^<'»"- 
 north-we.st four miles to its mouth. The valley throu,i,dioi.t tiiis distanc 
 maintains vei'y uuieh the same eharaeter as before, except tliat it is 
 generally wider and becomes much <dee})ei' towards its mouth. Hij^h 
 teri'aces ri.sc on either side, the ujiper one of wliich on the north side 
 extiends back one to two miles before the main bank is reached. At 
 the bend towards the south the valley is two miles wide and on the inner 
 .side of t'^e curve, graxcl terraces rise to a height of 1 10 feet alio\'e the 
 ri\er. The brows of these ten-aces ai'e, as before, often thickly stress n 
 with larf:;e gneis.soid boulders. About section lo, townshij) I'l. the valley 
 is again more than a mile and a half wide and the cast bank rises in tive Five terraces, 
 wcli-detined terraces, which are respectively about .'50, 7-"). \'2'k 1 70 and 
 ISO feet al)ove the river. Above the to]iof these, the bank again ris<>s 
 IJO feet to the level of the surrouiuling country. In section ."{-l, town- 
 ship '2'), the iiighest graxcl bench on the south-east side of the \ailcy 
 is 100 feet above the river and is thickly strewn with boulders. It 
 ilirt'crs tVom the teri'aces in most parts of the \allcy, ho\.e\ci', in not 
 having a level surface. Its middle line is the highest, and from this line 
 it declines from ten to fiffcen feet towards each side, in the one direc- 
 tion to the i)i-(iw of the terrace, from which it descends sharply to the 
 bench below, and in the opposite dii'cction to abut sliarj)ly against 
 tiic side of the valley, which rises high above it. This latt-^' depression 
 jirobably indicates an ancient channel of the river when the lH)ttom of 
 the valley was at the height <»f this terrace. • 
 
 At Asessippi, where the river tinally bends towards the north- .VsesMippi. 
 %\est to join the Assiinboine, .several well-iletined teriaces (jccupy 
 the north si»le of the valley, the highest of which is IS.") feet 
 above the level of the river at the mill-dams. Tiic top of the bank of 
 the valley on this side is 250 feet high, north of which, for several 
 miles is a small area between the Shell and Assiniboine Hi\ crs, covered 
 
 f 
 
-.ir 
 
 i:U K 
 
 NOUTll-WKSTKHV MAMTOHA. 
 
 Big li<iggy 
 Creek. 
 
 Little Boggy 
 Creek. 
 
 uitli alluvial sandy deposits, indicating the existence ot" a former lake 
 at the junction of these two streams. 
 
 The south bank ot" the valley at Asessippi is more than 100 
 feet higher tlian the north bank, is very steep and largely covered with 
 land-slides. .Vs far as can be seen, it consists of unsti'atitied glacial 
 till, but it is not im[>rf»bal)le that the bottom of the l)ank, if uncovered, 
 would l)e found to be composed of Cretacei.us shales. 
 
 A description has thus been given, in greater oi- less detail, of the 
 principal one of these old glacial valleys cutting through the Duck 
 .Mountain. Bet'veen the Shell River and the Assiniboine, however, 
 there is a plexus of similar valleys which was crossed in several places. 
 It is now drained by the Little Boggy and Hig Boggy creeks and a 
 small biook Howing into Shell River. 
 
 Rig Roggy Creek, at the crossing of the Fort Pelly ti'ail, is a small 
 stream twelve feet wide and one foot deep, with a bed of rounded 
 pebbles. Its valley is 180 feet deep. The north side is lough iind 
 uneven, its character being in all probability determined both by 
 former terraces and old land-slides. On the south side a sandy flood- 
 plain forms the top of the bank and lies only a few feet below the sur- 
 rounding more irregular country. The next [)oint where this valley 
 was seen was in section 29, township L'S. on the cart-trail fi'om 
 C6te"s Reserve to Angling Lakes. The creek is here four feet wide 
 and two feet deep, and flows thiough a very swampy bottom. The 
 banks i>f the valley are 14"» feet liigli arid very abrupt. On the 
 eastern side of the \alley is a beautiful grassy flood-plain or terrace, 
 underlaid by water-worn gravel, w hich stretches a longdistance towards 
 the south, and half a mile back from the brink of the valley. To the 
 west the country is scattered over with boulders and is underlaid by a 
 light coloured tine silt including pebbles. The boulders are especially 
 numerous on the tops of t lie pointed knolls that lie along tlie face Jind 
 summit of the escfirpment which faces towards the west and overlooks 
 the itpparently level plain of the Assiniboine below. From the jxiint 
 where the Angling Lakes trail leaves the river, the valley continues 
 in a northeily djrection, and our guide stated that it united with that 
 of Little Boggy Creek. , 
 
 At the crossing of the Port Pelly trail. Little Boggy Creek is a small 
 stream fifteen feet wide and one foot and a half deep. It is thus 
 seen to be much larger than the Big Roggy, the first adjectives 
 referring rather to the amount of swamp on the banks of these 
 little streams than to the size of the streams them.selves. Two and a 
 half miles east of the trail crossing, Little Roggy Creek flows from a 
 wide valley about 200 feet deep at its mouth. Seven miles further 
 
TYRRELL 
 
 ] 
 
 VALLEYS i>K TIIK ClIAMPLAIN KPOCII. 
 
 135 E 
 
 in a nortli-iKii'f h-casteily (liiT'ctu n, at the crossing of the western boun- 
 dary of Ma(iit(jl)a, it is stated by J. P. O'Hanly to be 2G0 feet deep, 
 and my half-l)reed j^uide also stated that it then turned south- 
 eastward and joined a siniihir deep valley that carries a small stream 
 into .Shell River in Lat. ")1° 31'. From the western mouth of the valley 
 the Little i*)o,<.'ffy now sweeps round towards the north, but the ancient 
 stream would ai>j)ear to have tui'iied southward into a deep swampy 
 valley, through which it found its way to the Assiniboine. 
 
 ASSIXinolNK RIVEli. 
 
 The Assiniboine Riv(M' rises ni.-ar the head waters of Red Deer Sdurco. 
 Kiver, and thjwing south-eastward, crosses the Second Initial Meridian 
 close to Fort Pelly. 
 
 From here it was descended in a canoe by the writer in June, 1890, 
 but as its valley has already been described by S. J. Dawson Prof. J. 
 ]Macf>un, Dr. R. Bell, and othei-s, it will not be necessary to miintiftn 
 anything but its geology, and a few points in reference to its histoiy 
 as a trade route. 
 
 Our boat, a small < )sgoode canvas canoe, was j)ut in the river in DfMt'nt in 
 June, 1S90, ojiposite Fort Pelly, and the rivei' was descended to Portage ' ' 
 la Prairie, tiiirty days being ot-cupied on the trip. 
 
 Fort Pelly is situated on rising sandy grouiul on the east side of the ].•,„.( jvHy. 
 rivei', aiul is a lai'ge wcll-liuilt fort protected by a high fence oi- wall 
 of sawn planks. Over the heavy gate in front is a stout bastion, from 
 the top of which a ' agnitieent view can he had of the surr<tunding 
 country. This fort was built by the Hon(jui'al)le W. J. Christie, Chief 
 Factor of the Hudson's l^ay C'lnpany, in 1 8r)(')-57, while pl■e^■ious to that 
 date the fort had stood )n lower laiul .")00 yards distant in a direction 
 N. G-') W., wiiere there is a low sandy ridge > ing six feet alx)ve the 
 general le\'el of the bottom of the \alley. The site of the old fort 
 is now marked by ten pits in three rows, and a few small boulders. 
 
 Three nulea in a direct line below Fort Pelly the west bank of the I'i. nt shales. 
 river is twenty-tive feet high, and is thickly strewn with nodule.s of iron- 
 stone and boulders of limestone and gneiss. Th(\ uppei- pai-t of tlie bank 
 is a dark gray till, below which is two feet of Lower Pierre (Millwood) 
 shales, consisting of a lirosvnisli-giay soft clay shale, weathering into a 
 soft light gray clay. This shale contains a number of light gray 
 nodules of ferruginous limestone, but no traces of fossils could be 
 found. 
 
 At a tish-weir, a quarter of a mile further down the stream, a large jiouiiU-r of 
 spherical or hennspherical nodule of Dakota sandstone, like those out- y'*^''"' ■"""*'" 
 
 r ' ' stone. 
 
 A' 
 

 
 136 E 
 
 N(»liTI!-WEHTKHN MANITOBA. 
 
 Bouldfr of 
 Diikritii saiiil- 
 
 Htollf. 
 
 'fi 
 
 Tts jimrntfv. 
 
 Alluvial 
 banks. 
 
 White Sam 
 River. 
 
 High terrace, 
 
 Crow'.-i Stand. 
 
 (;r()[)piiiji on Kettle Hill soiitli of Swan Lake, is lyinjj; iit the foot of the 
 hank, havinfj evidently fallen out of the till. The nearest point at 
 which the Dakota sandstone oiiterops is in the banks of Swan River not 
 far from the mouth f)f Taniaivick Creek, tVnty-twomilesdistant in a direc- 
 tion N.oO K. and at an elevation of 1,0:^0 feet above the sea. This form- 
 ation is beliext'd not to outcrop at a hij^her elexation than 1,11.'") feet 
 above the sea anywhere on the whole face of the Manitoba escarpment. 
 The j)lace where the boulder is now lyinjj has an approximate elevation 
 of l,47o feet or loO feet above the nearest bed of parent rock, or 350 
 feet above any outcroj) of the rock, for there is every reas(jn to su])])ose 
 that there are no exposures of the Dakota formation to the west of 
 Fort Pelly until thedi.sturbed .strata in the \ icinity of the Rocky ]Moun- 
 tains ine reached. 
 
 The boulder has therefore been carried up the Swan River \alley in 
 a st)uth-westerly direction, for at least fo'ty-two miles, by I • Swan 
 River lobe of the Winnipeg glacier, ri.sing in the distance travelled at 
 least 350 feet. 
 
 From this point to the mouth of White Sand River the l)anks are 
 generally .stratified alluvial sa. 1 or clay, with here and there a slight 
 exposure of Lower Pieri't' shales holding ironstoi;e nodules. The river 
 begins with a width of al)out fifty feet and a swift current, with sandy 
 points .stretching into the stream on the concave sides of the l)ends, 
 and the channel much obstructed by snags and boulders, but it gradually 
 increa.ses to a width of 120 feet, ))e('omes more sluggish, and the inner 
 sides of the l)ends are rounded and covered with long-leaved willow. 
 
 AN'liite Sand Creek is a stream thirty feet wide and three feet tleep, 
 with a perceptible current to its mouth. 
 
 From AN'hite Sand t<i Little Roggy Creek the river is genei'ally deep 
 with a sluggish current, and with a few slight raj>ids at the bends. The 
 banks of the ehainiel are ten to fifteen feet high, of alluvial clay, while the 
 sloping banks of the valley are thinly scattered with l)oulders. 
 
 Little Boggy Creek, about fifteen feet wide, flows through a wide allu- 
 vial meadow to its mouth. Above this meadow it Hows through a 
 juoderately level plain, with a mean elevation of 1,540 feet, rising 
 gently to the foot of a terrace along the ba.se of Duck Mountain. 
 North of Little Boggy Creek this latter teri'ace is a mile and a half 
 wide, extends for a long distance to the north, and has a mean eleva- 
 tion of 1,700 feet above the sea. To the eastward, Duck Mountain 
 ri.ses as a long undulating slo])e, the nearest parts of which are only 
 lightly wooded. 
 
 From the upper terrace an elongated hill or ridge, known as tlie 
 " Crow's Stand," ri.ses abruptly to a height of I'JO feet. This hill is 
 
 t 
 
•] 
 
 ASSIMUUIXK UlVKIt. 
 
 1,{7 E 
 
 lenticulur in sliiipe tiiul trends N. 25' W. luid >S. 2') K. Its corth-west 
 end and b'ltli sides are very steep, and its toy) is rounded, hut may i)e 
 said to lie titty feet wide, l^s highest point is dose to its nctrth-west 
 end, whence it sloj>es very gradually S. 25° ¥,. for half a mile and then 
 dips more rapidly to the general level. Tlicre ;irt' no cuts or l)reaks in 
 the surface of this liill to show its true eharactei-, but its summit is 
 sandy, and scattei-ed with large boulders of gneiss and dolomite, while 
 its .sides are gravelly and its whole surface is too barren to glow any 
 timber. It has therefore every appearance of being a drundin or ridge nuiinlin. 
 of sand, gra\el and boulders formed beneath the ice when this whole 
 valley, stretching westward fi'om the foot of the huek Mountain, was 
 tilled with a glacier. 
 
 The terraces were then foi'med on the slioic of the lake, else- \„j.i,,,„ i.ji-,._ 
 where called Lake Assiniboine, that occu}>ied this liasin when the 
 glacier withdrew from it. Throughout the whole tif the way from 
 Little Moggy Creek to Foii. Pelly the cart-trail is on the bed of 
 this ancient lake. 
 
 Jielow Little l>oggy Creek the valley of the .Vssinilxiine River 
 becomes deep*?!' and more sharply defined, and its sides arc generally 
 wooded, while the bottonidand is either wooded or open. Scarped 
 Ijanks are occasionally seen, comjxised of Pierre shale with ironstone 
 nodules, or gray till. Se\cral spring creeks join the ri\er from the east 
 in this stretch. 
 
 About the nnddle of the east side of the S. W. { section of Section fiithlK-rt 
 14, Town.ship 28, Range .•5', arc the ruins of an old trading post of "'''"''"'*'"""''■ 
 the Noi"th-west Comi)any. It stood in the bottom (»f the \alley 5(J0 
 paces east of the river, and fifty paces fi-om the foot of a wooded l)ank,at 
 the mouth of a dry ravine, on lightly sloping land thirty-five feet above 
 the river. The jxjst was built by Mr. Cuthbert Grunt, one of the traders 
 of the North-west Company, previous to the clo.se of the year IT'i;{^ .uul 
 for many years did a large trade in beaver and otter.* 
 
 The fort or trading post appears to have covered about a (piarter of 
 an acre, in which area are six })its that doubtless ••epiesent the old 
 cellars. IJeside one of the largest is a heap of boulders that v.ere for 
 merly built into the fiivplace of the largest of the houses. 
 
 A nule to the south <if the old foi't, the west Itaidc of the valley is 240 Sandy lianks. 
 feet high, on the top of which is a level sandy plain stretching out (jn 
 both sides of the rivei*. On the brow of the bank, a few iiouldei's of 
 gneiss are lying, while below it is a .scarped bank forty feet high, appar- 
 ently composed throughout of reddish sand with a few pebbles. Below 
 
 :*■■■," 
 
 /C 
 
 t 
 
 * The Red River, liy .1. McDcmell. L. K. Masson, \dl. I., \<\<. '-'7 
 treal, las.S. 
 
 .Moil- 
 
138 K 
 
 NOKTH-WESTKUN MAMTOHA. 
 
 it^i 
 
 :orgf. 
 
 Two Cref'ks. 
 
 I 
 
 this, tlie hillside is very rough and uneven, the banks, iia\ inj.' fallen in 
 a succession of slides, leaving small trough-like valleys above and 
 behind each othei-. The surface of the slides are sand, but they are 
 doubtless sliding on the soft Pierre shales. 
 
 Three miles further south on the oast side of th3 river, a clcai' brook 
 of cool water six feet wide and six inches deej) Hows fmni a wide oj)(?n 
 valley. The original })ottoni of this valley is about 120 feet above the 
 bottom of the vaUey of the Assiiiiboine. Close to its mouth the l)rook 
 has cut a V-shaped gorge down thr<»ugh this old bottom land, leaving 
 rugged liills, on the top of which tiic old terrace can occasionally be 
 detected. On the opj)osite side of tlu- Assiniboinc valley is a sloping 
 ten-ace at about the same height. 
 
 Two miles further down the Assiniboinc, a wide valley drained by 
 a small stream known as " Two Creeks," joins the main \alley from 
 the north-west. The valley of the Assiniboinc immediately changes 
 its dii-ection towai'ds the .south-east, assuming the direction of the 
 valley of Two Creeks. At the same time it has more extensive bottom 
 lands, and the stream which has been sluggish for a long di.stanoe, 
 becomes somewhat more ra))id. Elm trees are seen in tlie \;dley here 
 tVa- the first time. 
 
 The V alley maintains the same character foi' ten miles, to the mouth 
 Many spiing-s. of Big JJoggy Creek. 3Iany small I'ills flow down the slopes into the 
 river, and bare slidden l)anks near the brim of the valley atte.st to the 
 presence here of the bed of sand [)reviously seen, fiom under whic-h 
 the rills probaV)ly have their soui'ces. The Pierre shales were .st^en in 
 V ery few places. 
 
 Big lioggy Creek at its mouth is thirteen feet wide and two feet deejj 
 with a current of a mile an hour. It Hows from a wide valley, the bottom 
 of which seems to be about Hfty feet above the level of this river, but 
 like the stream described al)ove, it has cut a nai-row V-shaped gorge in 
 the old floor of this valley in de.scending to its mouth. 
 
 Below the mouth of Big J>oggy Creek the riverturnsagaintothe south. 
 It is 100 to 120 feet wide and Hows with an easy current. The east 
 side of the valley is generally wooded, while the west side is often bare, 
 or dotted with groves of small jioplai's. The banks oi' the channel con" 
 sist of alluvial sand, but at a few of the outer betids large boulders 
 give eviilence of the presence of till, and nodules of ironstone show that 
 the Pierre shales are not far away. 
 
 Ju.st south of the middle of Township 25, Range 29, where the valley 
 is 240 feet deep, the higher parts of the east bank show some inter- 
 estingexposures of till and stratified sands, itc. At one point, below three 
 feet of stratified .sand at the surface, ai'e fourteen feet of brownish-gray 
 
 Big Boggy 
 Cr.M'k. 
 
 ITpjxn' and 
 lower till. 
 
TvHREll 
 
 ] 
 
 A88INIH0INK lUVKK. 
 
 \:\9 K 
 
 deep 
 )tti)m 
 Imt 
 L,'e in 
 
 outh. 
 
 10 east 
 li.ire, 
 
 con" 
 ulders 
 
 that 
 
 ,ii.lley 
 inter- 
 three 
 i-gray 
 
 unstratiHed till, holdiiij^ a nuuibci' of bduldcrs of j;neiss ami Iinu'sti)ne, 
 
 iiianyof which aie striated V)y glacier action. In another section twenty- 
 
 tivc feet of till were shown. The u])|iei' six t'ect are here separated by a 
 
 (listinjj;uislijdjle colour-line from the lower. Alonj,' this line most of the 
 
 boulders are lying, and in one place the two tills are separated by a 
 
 thin lenticulai' bed of sand and gravel. It is also interesting to note raviiiuiit of 
 
 that the boulders ar(! all smoothed and striated on the ujvper surface, i„,„'i()prH. 
 
 while many of them are otherwise rough. The l)oulders are imlx'dded 
 
 for the greater part of theii" depth in the lower haider till, and when 
 
 they are undisturbed the stria' apjiear to trend in a constant direction, 
 
 vi/.., S. 75'— 80^ E. 
 
 A similar obser\ation was jnade on bouldei-s imbedded in the siu'face r.o alders at 
 of the till near the l)ank of Silver Creek, a mile east of JJinscarth. The •"^i'^-'' C-'r'-t-k. 
 place was a boi-row-pit north of the railway track, in which many 
 boulders were lying about. All of these were seen to be well polished 
 and striated on one side. Twelve boulders were found in ]ila<-e in the 
 till, and in all tiie upper surfaces were smoothed, sti-iatedand horizon- 
 tal. The sti'ia' wew jiarallel throughout, trending S. b") 55' E. 
 They had the same chai-acter, and had clearly l)een foi'med in the same 
 way, as the striic on the limestone surfaces around the great hikes to 
 the north-ea.st. The whole surface of the older till had been passed 
 over by tin; glacier of the Assiniboine \alley moving south-eastwai'd, 
 and the hard lioulders had retained the stria'. 
 
 From the aboxc point to the mouth of Shell Kiver the ri\er is from Sloping valley 
 150 to 200 feet wide, with a \(!ry easy current. The banks of its chan- 
 nel are six to ten feet high and compo.sed of stratified alluvial deposits. 
 NN'ide grassy bottom lands with occasional groves of elm extend across 
 the vall<»y, whose sides are generally also grassy or dotted with groves 
 of poplar in the little ravines. Some nodules of ironstone with a few 
 crystals of selenite are lying on the slojies, having been weathered 
 out of the underlying Pierre shales. 
 
 Shell l^ivei' flows with a swift current out of a wide \' shaj)e(l 
 Nalley, aiul aci-oss a level Hat through a beautiful groxc of larg*' elms. 
 
 From the mouth of Shell liiver to the village of Shellmouth the Rapids, 
 river is rapid : sanil and gravel bars stretch out from the points into the 
 stream. In places a wide meadow land fills the bottom of the valley, 
 and in othei- places a teriace thii'ty feet abo\e the I'iver skirts its banks 
 to the north. This is the first terrace seen in the \alley since leaving 
 the mouth tit Little Boggy Creek. 
 
 In this piece of rixer an old location of the Canadian Pacific Rail- old C.P.R. 
 way crosses the valley, the Ijottom of which is stated ujton the profile 
 to be 1,'535 feet above the sea. 
 
 , ^. 
 
 
 
r):d 
 
 140 K 
 
 NOUTIl-WKHTKKN MAXITOIIA. 
 
 2r> feet iiIh)V( 
 t.lif rivfi 
 
 Sht)llmfmtli. I'lif siiifil! \ilUi<|e (tf Slu'llinoutli is situatod <»ii the t'list side <jt' the 
 
 ii\<'i', wlicrc ti\>^ heiiutit'ul ii|it>ii t(M'riif<'s t'nrni ii sci'ifs nf stt'jts up tlio 
 side ut' tlif \ alley. 
 
 Tiu'fountiv oil til" ti>j) of tlic hank, about 230 tV>«'t above the river, is 
 level and underlaid by sand .and ;,'ia\('l with a few lionlders, whieli 
 latter are f .und in greatest number alonj,' tiie brow of tlie hill. Here 
 
 T»Tiuci'.H l.Mt. ;i f,'w stunted oaks are •'rowinj'. De.seendin'' a scrubby slope for 
 {»"), S(), round . ? .' f 
 
 100 feet, a sandy terrace is reached, G25 paces wide on the trail, on 
 
 which there ai'e no pebbles or iai'jxe boidders except along its brow, 
 
 where the laiul is three or four feet higliei- than that behind, forming a 
 
 ridge on which a large nund)er of boulders are scattered. This ridge is 
 
 preci.sely sindlar to the present bank of the river in many places, 
 
 where the lands iiack fi-oi>i the stream «lescend several feet to a hay 
 
 meadow. 
 
 From the brow of this teirace a long slope descends to a .sandy Hat, 
 the whole di.stance on the road ljeing")00 paces. The brow of this flat, 
 which is thirty-five feet belowthe last, or ninety-tive feet above the river, 
 is strewn with many small rounded and water-worn Ixiulders up to one 
 foot in gr'eatest diameter. Kour hundi-ed paces further w(>st along the 
 road l)ringsone to the edge of a sindlar' terrace eighty feet ai)ov('the river. 
 The land is mostly sand, but a pit three feet deep on the edge of a terrace 
 shows it to be composed of rounded water-worn gravel, with roun<Ied 
 Ixiulders of gneiss up to eighteen inches in greatest diameter. The 
 gravel shows little or no sign of stratitication. 
 
 Two hundred and thirty paces, for the most jiart down a gentle 
 slope, brings one tothe edge of a terrace tifty-ti ve feet aJ)ove the river, and 
 again '2'2') paces lead to the edge of a low terrace close to the river, 
 fifteen feet above the Ijottom land, and twenty-tive feetabo\e the wate,". 
 
 The west bank of the valley ri.ses steeply from the alluvial botton) 
 land without any sign of teriaces, and at nci other place in the whole 
 Assituboine v alley aie terraces so beautifully .shown as they are at 
 Shellmouth. 
 
 For the rest of the distance to Millwood, which is situated five nules 
 .south of the limit of the present map, the river is very similai in cliar- 
 acter throughout. 
 
 Ascending the east side (»f the valley a nnle north of the mouth of 
 Skunk Creek, the country is generally level, though in detail lightly 
 
 sand are scattered 
 
 V\'f»st luiiik 
 stt'tp. 
 
 liiuflitly tin- 
 
 ClllllltlV. 
 
 landy 
 
 igh 
 
 a few pel)l)les, but no boulders. Standing on the brow of the hill 
 lovely prospects of the valley extend to the right and left. The 
 sides are steep and more or less irregulai', h;^^ . ing been fashioned by 
 ancient land-slides that are now ovei-grown with grass or coppice, fonn- 
 
 j VS-' 
 
] 
 
 AMHINIHOINK HIVKH. 
 
 Ill K 
 
 h>iles 
 •hiir- 
 
 ll uf 
 
 itly 
 
 teied 
 
 hill 
 
 The 
 
 [I by 
 
 loriu- 
 
 iiijt; 11 ilccliniiii; serit-s dt' little niuiidcd or clon^tated kiudls, sonic of 
 which cany a fc\s small nak trees. No teiiaces are present here, hut 
 one can be seen above the mouth ot" 'I'liunder Cieek. Between the 
 liill-sides, lies a l)eautit'ul ^'reeii alluvial floor halt' a mile wide thfouj,'h 
 which the rixfi' winds, its liaiiks thinly tVini^ed with i>o|ilai'. elm or 
 willow. 
 
 At the to]) of the bank is a landslide showing in <lescendini.' •pji). 
 order one foot of sandy loam underlaid t>y a thin irrej^ular stratum ot 
 p«J)bles and small boulders. Then six feet of a lij,dit yellowish-jiray un- 
 stratitied till containinjj pebbles up to the size of the tist, many of 
 which show clear j.'!acial stria'. ]?elow this is a lent ii'ular mass, fifty Incluili-'l iii:is« 
 f(!et or more in length, taperinj; oil" to both ends, and eight feet thick in "' K'''^''- 
 the middle, of very irregularly stratified sand and gravel, into which 
 are projecting at the ends bands of uii.stratified till. The upper part, 
 having a thickness of four feet in the middle, is a soft .sand or tine gravel, 
 while the lower four feet is much more comj)act,and is more clos(>ly allied 
 to the till. The whole deposit has possibly i)een formed by a stream 
 flowing under the ice of the glacier. Ft is underlaid by at least three 
 feet of light gray till Lower down the bank Piei-re .shales were .seen. 
 
 A short di.stance to the south, Smith and Skunk creeks flow into the 
 Assiniboino nearly opposite to each other, the former having dejxisited 
 a little liar of gra\el at its mouth. Skunk Creek has formerly cut out 
 a wide valley, and at and below its mouth the alluvial banks of the 
 river are composed to a considerable extent of sti'atified gravel, the 
 pebbles of which consist of light gray Odanah ( L'jiper Pierre) .shale, o,].,,,,,), ,i|.,],,_ 
 which has been washed out of this valley. These gravels are the 
 first indication seen on the river of the presence of Odanah shale on 
 the adjoining higher laud. The shale is mixed with many very per- 
 fect shells of Unios, pieces of butl'alo bone.s, itc. 
 
 A short distance below Skunk Creek .several exposures of Pierre Mi]]w,«,(i 
 (Millwood) .shales were seen in the banks, but it is not until the village ■ '"i'"- 
 of Millwood is reached, five miles .south of the limit of the map which .MiHwotjil. 
 accompanies this report, lliat a good .section can be obtained. Here 
 the Manitoba and North-western Railway crosses the valley, and 
 its many deep cuttings show in all more than 200 feet of a very 
 h(»mogeneous dark-gnsenish gray clay shale with nodules of calcare- 
 ous ironstone. Some of these nodules show cone in cone structure, 
 and others contain such typical Pierre fossils as Scnp/iites nodosa. •<, var. 
 (j><((drH)i(/ii/tiris, Lucinn occideiifafis, BaculitPS comprcxiinn, I'tirin 
 iliigiii/'orniis, Jnorerfnnux tniitHinecfiiH, I. Sdffpusiif, var. XelirdnoHsis 
 yurnld sp., Denial ill III (jnirilr ?. e\ytr(m oi IIi//ohtitin cretaceiis and 
 fragments of fishes. _ 
 
 
1 \2 K 
 
 Xdinii w i;si'i;i{\ mamioiix. 
 
 i 
 
 Tlu' liiwcc puit lit' tlic liiiiik is ('(ivd'cd, liut |ir<ilMil)ly rousists of 
 .similar sliale, aiitl u well duj^ l»y the niilway nii tlu' (lut ti> ii deptli i>f 
 100 feet, is said to have passed to tlie liottom tln'<iii,!,'li siniilar sliale 
 to dial ill tli(' liaiik. Tliis woiiltl yi\e a tliickiiess of .'!.")() feet of i^owei- 
 Pierre (Millwood) shales. 
 
 The 1)0(1 of the river at .Millwood is l,;U)i) feet aliosc the sea. 
 
 Well". West of the\alley, alon;; tli<' I'ailway track, I lie wel'.-i dni; hy the 
 
 railway eoiiipaiiy ;iive some interesting seetioiis. 
 
 Han(iwl>y. At llariftwhy, just on the top of the west hank, the surfaee is 
 
 1, .*)'.).'{ feet aho\e the .sea, and a w('ll has hc'en (hi<i on a lii,Lth alluvial 
 plain or terrace that extends from liaif a mile to a mile hack on liotli 
 .sides of the river. It is lt)0 feet deep ; the upper eif,'ht feet pa.sses 
 tlirou;;li titratified sand, and the remaining.' ninety-two feet tliroiij,di 
 dark ;iray Aliliwooil shales huldin;i' larj,'e round and ilumb-hell shaped 
 concretion.s of ironstone. Seven miles further west, near tho crossinj,' 
 of the old Fillice and Pelly trail, the surface is 1,640 feet above nea 
 level, and a well was du;,' Id,'} feet entirely thr(iu<;h ;;ray till, to a bed 
 of <;ravel from which a plentiful supply of water was obtained. Tlu^ 
 till holds many jx^b' ''\s and small boulders of y;neiss and limestone, 
 most of which are more oi' less polished and striated. 
 
 Laiigcnlniig. At Lanj^enburj,', where the sui'face is 1,081 feet above the sea level, 
 a well was du;,' to a depth of 17o feet, the lo<j statiiij^ that lOo feet 
 was throuj,di clay and ten feet throu<,di .sand. The material around 
 the mouth of the well was examined, and founil to i)e a bluish clay, 
 apparently mostly derived from the Millwood shales. It is nuxed with 
 small pebbles, and a few boulders of giiei.ss and limestone, the latter of 
 which are beautifully polished and striated. 
 
 Churchbridge, At Churchbridge, where the elevation is 1,740 feet, a well six feet in 
 diameter was dug to a depth of 207 feet. The following is the log as 
 received from CJ. H. Webster, C.E., engineei- of the railway : 
 
 Description of iimtciinl pas.^ed through. 
 
 1, Sandy li lani 
 
 f. Clay, with gravel and .small stones. . 
 
 3. Gray sand 
 
 4. Rocks and clay, aliout all rocks 
 
 5. Bint' clay and small stones 
 
 6. (iiay sand 
 
 7. Soft bine day with layw's of sand 1 inch 
 
 thick alxmt every 2 feet. No pebbles or 
 boulders 
 
 Depth of 
 
 bottom 
 
 of bed 
 
 from 
 
 surface. 
 
 Height 
 above 
 
\VKr,t,S (IN MANITOHA A N. W. l:\II, WAV. 
 
 I U\ r, 
 
 In Iif'(l No, .') wiitcr was obtiiiiicd at lliiity t'cct, ri-.iii;f tnic t'nul iu 
 twelve linui's. 
 
 U\ No. 7 small spiingH ui water were struck at ei;,'lity and 'J*>0 feet. 
 At a depth lit' 200 tV«t u well preserved piece of wood si.\ inches in 
 lenj,'tii was found, and has heen deserilicd hy Prof. I >. I>. Penhallow as 
 a new spei'ies of larcii under the name l.nri.r Clin rrliliriiliji-itnls.^ 
 The .same specie.s wa.s also fouiul in southern Manituha in post->,daeial 
 d(!posits. 
 
 This well has not been visited hy the writer, l)ut the l)e(Is from 'J to 
 5 would appear to lie (piite certainly jriacial till, whil(> No. 7 would 
 appeal .o he a i^reat thickness of inter-^lacial (or po.ssibly pi'e-ijlac-ial) 
 clays which have been deposited in a valley or lake liasin, before the 
 final advance of the ice which distribiiti'il the uppermost till, and 
 
 I'.iid Tail 
 Cr-.k. 
 
 striated the surfai'es of the bouldeivs imbedded in the lower till. 
 
 A deposit of similar aife is shown in the railway cuttin;;s on the 
 east side of tiie valley of IJird Tail Creek, wliere twenty live feet of 
 .stratified sand and gravel is overlaid by twenty-five feet of unstratitied 
 till with striated pebbles and boulder.s. 
 
 At Hussell, a terminus of the Manitoba and North-western Railway, Himwell 
 si.\ ii.iles east of the .Vssiniboine, and I.S.'iO feet above the sea. the 
 country is all thickly iMAcred with drift. A well half a mile south of 
 the station was duff throu;!;li 100 feet of lijfht ;,'ray till, in which were 
 some polished and striated boulders of ^iiieiss '1 \ 4 feet in diameter. 
 400 yards further east in a ]ij,dit rise, the till was but a few feet in 
 dejith, below which the lii^ht ;,'ray Odanah shales were met with. 
 
 At ])r. Barnardo's farm, three miles W.S.W. of Russell, and at about 
 the same elevation, a well has l)een du<,' 170 fe«'t throuj,di the light 
 gray Odanah shales to the top of the .soft dark Millwood shales. This 
 would place the base of the Odanah series here at an elevation of 
 about l,()60 feet above the sea. The su?-face is irregularly undulating, 
 and here and there are ridges of gravel, often interst rati tied with till, 
 which have piobably been formed beneath the ice of the great glacier 
 of the A.ssiniboine valley. 
 
 ■>*^ 
 
 l>unuirciu 
 funu. 
 
 *A new species of Larix from the Interglacial of Manitoba. Hv D. P. Penhallow 
 Am. (Jeol., Vol. IX. p. 3()«, .U\w, 1892. 
 
I ri i: 
 
 NdllTH-WKHTKHN MAXITOBA. 
 
 F)ESt;HllTT\ K (iKoUMiV. 
 
 iiniiiitioiis. Tilt' i^ci il( »i,'ifHl tfiianps i-cfciTcd to in this iuu\ the ih'cchUiij; ohup- 
 
 U'V arc show i\ in <l<'si'('M(liii{( orth'i- in the t'ollowinji; schfini' : 
 Uecent. 
 
 Post-Tcrtiiii V — 
 Chaniiilaiii. 
 (ihu-ial. 
 Cictaccoiis -- 
 
 V 
 
 icnc 
 
 anal 
 
 Miliwoo.!. 
 Niol>rara. 
 IScnton. 
 Dakota. 
 l)<'SoMiaM • 
 
 r|>pcr I)('\onian or Maiiitol)an. 
 
 Middle ')c\(iMian 
 
 W 
 
 iiiMint'irosan. 
 
 iOW (' 
 
 Sdinian 
 
 I )t'\ iitiiaii, foxcrt'd or absent. 
 
 X 
 
 laijrara. 
 
 Fuiier dcscfiptions of these terranes are i^iven in the sncceodinji[ 
 chapter on Syswniatic (leolo^ry- 
 
 SASKATCIIKWAN ItlVKK. 
 
 Moutli of 
 rivt-r. 
 
 AbandoiiiM 
 clmniifl. 
 
 Ascendiny; Uie Saslcatcliewan River from the point wherc^ it empties 
 into the west side ot" Lake Wiiniipej,', the hanks for a sjjort distance 
 are low, l)nt they ahnost imnie(lijitely rise to a lieight of tifteen feet and 
 maintain tliis height up lo tlie foot of the rapids at a distance of two 
 miles and a half from the lake. They are generally sloping and coveriid 
 with j^rass, hut they ai)pear to he conipo.sed entirely of a light 
 yellowish-gray till, while the little beach at the foot of the abruptly slop- 
 ing bank is strewn with many irregular fragments of white limestone. 
 
 Just above the Hudson's I'ay Company's post, on the west bank of 
 the river, an old abandoned channel joins the main course of the stream. 
 It varies consideralily in width, from a (juarter of a mile at its mouth to 
 about 200 yards a iaile further to the south, where it again joins the 
 main channel of the ri\er. At this latter point its bed was five feet 
 above the level of the surface of tiie river in August, 1890. A short 
 
 'ivS 
 
 m 
 
J 
 
 SAHKATCIIKWAN HIVKU. 
 
 14") K 
 
 ['clini 
 
 )ties 
 itance 
 et find 
 
 two 
 
 li','ht 
 slop- 
 ^stone. 
 nk (»f 
 ii'iiin. 
 uth to 
 is the 
 feet 
 
 distiiin'*' t'lMiii the u|ipf'r fiid of the cliiimicl a small stiviun hegiiiH to 
 lliiw (luwii tlif cliaiini'l, and aftiT Italtldiii;,' tliroii^di iiid iiiiioni,' t u- 
 iii't';L;ular aii^'iilar stoiii'K with which its lluor is cuM-rrd, t'ulls intn the 
 l>ay at its numtli. In seasons of rifMMJ some of the water of the liver 
 is said still to tlow <lowii this diamiel. its l)aiiks are from forty to 
 fifty feet hiyh, Imt are tliionnliout covered with trees oi' deciduous 
 plants. 
 
 On the east side of thtM)ld island, which is cut o(l' i)y tliis ahan- 
 doned channel from the hi^fh land to the west of it, the river is in some 
 places still cuttinj^ down its l)ank. At (»ne place, a few hundred yards 
 lielow the head of tin; old channel, a low exposure of Niajijara lime 
 stone is s«'j'n close to the ed^e of the ii\er, risinjj; at its hij^hest point 
 to two feet ahovo the water. Its hedding is essentially horizontal, and its 
 surface is smooth and glaciated with strongly marked j>arallel grtioves 
 hearing S. '2' \V. 
 
 The rock consists of a hrecciated magneslan limest<)ne, the pehhles 
 in which aiti milk-white, very compact, though rather .soft, and highly 
 argillaceous, breaking with a vitreous fracture. The matrix, which 
 is nnich harder hut le.ss i"om})act, and often slightly jjorous, is 
 yellowish-gi'ay, and hrtniks with a stony fracture. The rock is 
 I'iither thinly, hut irr(\gularly hechhsd, and along the edge of the water 
 weathers to a light yellow, wiiih; the upper part away from the water 
 w eathers to hluish-gray. No fossils were found in this hand. 
 
 A little furth«!r .south on the same side of the island a scaiped and 
 springy hank thirty-five feet high shows the .section of the Pleistocene 
 deposits repiesented on the following page. The face of the uppei- 
 portion of the cliff weathers to a milk white. The line between the 
 upper till and the stratified clay is not very sharp, the one appearing 
 to merge aluiost imperceptibly into the othei-. while the jjebbles 
 become larger and fewer in descending to where the clay is more 
 distinctly stratified. The sand below the clay is very hne at the toj), 
 and passes downwards into a tine gravel. The lowest lied of till is 
 partially c(jvered with debris, but both the t<jp and Ixjttom were 
 clearly seen. 
 
 10 
 
 Niiitfiirii 
 liiiit'HtdiiM. 
 
 I'leistocene 
 
 }»'<|s. 
 
 hort 
 
}W y. 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN MANITOHA. 
 
 3^ 
 
 iS' 
 
 Section of Pleistocene 
 at Grand Rapids . 
 
 
 light yelle>¥ iwstrafi/M n/odtruiefy 
 hairi ' and romparf- tU/ , tvitJi many 
 trrefftiloj' fiehNes and bonl/ieiv of 
 light yeliow htneatone ai'^ a< few 
 of ^neiM . 
 
 Jjiaht ^ny horij</».tat -ct/ty uf'/ft. 
 littlf batvis <7f jofift an/i, very 'r- 
 re^ular pebbles of lunattoru ■ 
 
 (^ran//f Jiorijontat sand, fine- 
 
 CU^OVr , COkU'SC I'clow . 
 
 Liijht bluish fjrey hard t//tsArU 
 ifttd. till tvifh peAblAT 
 
 Wftter l*:vel 
 
 A. oonsiiieraltic How of wjitef rises fVoni tlu^ Ixind of saiKlstoiie, and 
 the hiiiik l)elow it is <feiuM'ally oovci'ecl with dchris ooiisisting liirgelyof 
 antjuhii' fiagiiieiitsof liriit'Stouo, iiiucli of which is derived from close at 
 liand. 
 
 The rest of tlie west bank of this old ishind, with the exception of 
 the low outcroj> of Niagara limestone mentioix'd above, is covered 
 with debris from these sui'face deposits, and boulders and pebbles are 
 scattered along the edge of the water. One very large bouldei' of 
 limestone, Hfteen feet in length, is lying in place on the glaciated 
 surface of the limestone, still p.irtly ind)edded in the b(»ttom of the 
 
TVNIIEU.. 
 
 ] 
 
 SASKATCIIKWAN lilVKIi. 
 
 117 K 
 
 till. It is St i()ii<,M y gliiciati'd, its sides being everywhere seored with 
 strijK. 
 
 Following thp north haw!- of tiie river above the upper end of the reiitaiiit>rn« 
 ohl channel to the first proniiiient point, a thiek-bedded buH'-eoloured 
 dolomite ci'ops out at the edge of the water, holding a large iiumlu'r of 
 /'''ii/dnii'i'iis (/I'dissiilKs, and then crossing to the south side <>f the 
 livei', in a direction 25° south of east the Pentanierus band is again 
 seen with a thickness of two feet. It is exposed at the top of a little 
 clift", and is underlaid by nine feet of whitish moderately thin-bedded 
 unfossiliferous dolomite, (hie foot at the bottom is more yellow;.-.' 
 and a little thicker bedded than the rest. The brecciated zo ' 
 not seen, but is doubtless but little below the beds seen in this c nV, 
 
 III the Pentanierus band at the top of the exposure I'mtati- ... 
 (/er.nssdfiis is very aVjundant, and the following otlier fossils are found 
 associated with it, \i/.. : F<iv'.>.dt)'x Ni(uj<(rpnxis, Alvi'olifen Xiagnnnisis, 
 Lj/i'Ulii ptipUhita ? Ifitli/Kitt'tt ratrniifafiis, Ort/iis sp., EKonijilKilns sp. 
 
 Following up the .south bank of the river for a (juarter of a mile, the 
 Pentanierus band, which has a total thickness of from three to four feet, 
 disappears beneath the level of the water, and the clifi'dies away aiifl 
 leaves a willow Hat that may be the lower end of an old channel on 
 the south side of the river. Tn one place, however, east of this Hat the 
 Pentanierus band is (iverlaid l)y three feet of white nifKlerately thin- 
 bedded limestone. Continuing to ascend the course of the stream, .soft 
 yellow or white argillacecjus limestones ;ire occasionally ex])i»sed on both 
 banks up to within a short vlistance of the foot of the old portage. 
 It is difficult to give an exact section of these beds, as where they are 
 unprotected liy overlying harrier rocks they have been more or less 
 completely removed dui-ing Pleistocene times, and where so protected 
 the foot of the cliff is buried in a talus of angular fragments from the 
 dolomite above. They would appear to be from forty to fifty feet thick, Sictidn billow 
 and the following is the ascending se-tion as seen, the width <if the'" l""''*8«'- 
 tirst gap being uncertain. 
 
 Three feet of white moderately tiiin-bedded liinestone (mentioned above). 
 
 Ten 'i feet covei'ed. 
 
 Kight feet of a soft light yellow argillaceous liinestone, generally ixnous and 
 containing a large niinilier of InipreM.sions of aalt ciy.slal.s. In |)laoes the l)e(hling 
 is moderately even and horizontal, )>iit generally it i.s iiardly di.seeinal)le and tiie 
 rock breaks into very irregular lumpy pieces. Lying on the shore, and apparently 
 derived from thi.s band, are some noihiles of marcasite, and red masses of inm- 
 stone. 
 
 Fossils are not plentiful on the south side of tiie river where this band is best 
 expo.sed, iiut a low exjiosnre on the north bank that seems to be a continuation 
 of that on the soutii bank contains Sliophonnixi amulhoiitc.ra, Liploio'/ia and 
 Leperdifia. - v^ - 
 
 10.^ 
 
 
 .»• 
 
 >■' 
 
 1 
 
148 K 
 
 NORTn-WEHTKHN MAMTOllA. 
 
 Sect lull lielow 
 old |«ii'tiige. 
 
 t' 
 
 l>(ll(llIlitt'S. 
 
 Six fet't covered. 
 
 Fifteen feet of ii tiiinlieddcd wliite horizontal cliiilky limestone, in plac'js 
 argillaceous, very liglit and breaking legnlaily when stiuck with the haniniei-. 
 It has a more or less granular structure, occasionally approaching a 'lUKlstone in 
 appearaniU'. One hed ne'ir the toj) was strongly ripple marked, and on the edges 
 of slalis hioken from this lied the action of tiie water that covered these rijtple 
 marks is seen to have extended down from an eighth to a ipuirter of an inch, and 
 to lie defined hy a moderately even horizontal line. A thin hand a few f"«>tl)clow 
 the top was found to contain a eonsideruhle numht r of fossils, among which the 
 following have been recognized : — Farositi:.\ Xinijariii-yi-i, Lijitoni'lia sp., 
 l{hi/iii'hoii(/fit,np., I'firiiK'fi rnlrii/oiilfU /, /'luirotovin'n'a orridtiis .', I'liurnlomnria 
 sp., Orllioi'i ntK sp., (ioiiiplioiira- jinrrnlum, Lf/ii rdifin ni-vu, and />. /fixlni/i ri, 
 vars. ejjeiia ixwdfahnlina. 
 
 TIh! white Lower Niiiyara liiiicstotie is .sharply overlaid hy a hard, 
 toufih, light yellowish doloinitic limestone, I'ather indistinctly bedded. 
 It is "generally clearly tVagniental, and towards tlie base contains a larjje 
 number of ini[)re.ssions of salt crystals. Fossils appear to be moderately 
 plentiful, but they are very ditlicult to break out and consequently few- 
 were (.'ollected. Crinoid stems are very abundant, and witli them were 
 Juirosl/fs G'of/i/fnidicd, ZiiplinntiK sp., and Strophoni.en(( acauf/to/i/nra. 
 
 This i-rinoidal limestone has a total thickness of ten feet and j^rades 
 up into, and is overlaid by from tsventy to thirty feet of a hard l)rittle 
 yellow dolomite, everywhere evenly bedded and often breaking into 
 thin slabs. The only distinct fossil is a large Stromatoporoid, which 
 occurs most abundantly in the upper strata and oft(ui gives the sui-- 
 face the appearance of many closely adjoining low domes. The rock 
 is much jointed and bfeaks with a smooth porcellanous fracture. 
 
 These dolomitic limestones form the sides of the gorge through which 
 the Saskatclu^wan Mows at the (Jrand Kapids, standing in abi'uj)! cliffs 
 that often overhang the torrent below. On the south side t!ie foot of 
 Trand Kapu s ^j^^ cliff is in places piled with a talus of angular fragments, while on 
 the north side it descends abruptly into the water. 
 
 At the upper end of the rapids these compact dolomitic limestone are 
 overlaid by a porous yellow dolomite, generally in moderately thin but 
 uneven beds, and containing many impressions (jf salt crystals. No 
 fossils were obtained here, but on the tramway similar rock is exposed 
 at a number of places near the top of the grade, and at heights rising 
 to forty feet above the level of the top of the compact dolomite at the 
 head of the rapids. It here contains LyfUia j)(ij)i//(if<i '! and several 
 other species (»f corals, with some large Stromatopijroids. It is hei-e best 
 exposed in a cut through two gravel ridges m\ the lirow of a long slope 
 facing towards the east. - 
 
 About half-way acidss the tramway a slight surface outcrop exjjoses 
 two feet of horizontal, gray, white-weathering, thick-bedded, tcjugli but 
 
 (Jorge at 
 
 Tramway. 
 
■] 
 
 HASKATCHBWAN KIVKK. 
 
 149 E 
 
 latluT porous doloinitic limestone, and inunediatcly adjoinin^r is a 
 coarse l)rectia, in wliicli tlie pebbles are derived from the adjoining 
 rock, while (he nialiix is dolomite containing a large quantity of 
 coarse well-rounded (piartz sand. Tt would appear probable from its 
 very local occurrence that this is a fault l)reccia, in which case the 
 origin of the sand is an interesting ([uestion, as the only sands of 
 the same character known in the region are the 8t. Petei's Handstone 
 below the Trenton, and the Dakota Sandstone at the base of the Cre- 
 taceous, th(»ugh the nearest point at which the latter ti-rrane has been 
 actually observed, lies seventy-tive miles to the south-west. 
 
 As will be seen l)y referring to page 182, a somewhat similai- breccia 
 occurs at Point Wilkins, on the west side of Dawscm Bay, the sand in 
 which luis undoubtedly been derived from the base of the Cretaceous. 
 As the sand is much more likely to have run down from above, rather 
 than to ha\e been s(|ueezed up from below, its pi-esence here may 
 denote the former e.xistence of the Dakota kSandstone previous to the 
 wearing back by erosion oi the great Manitoba escarpment. 
 
 Ascending the river fiom the upper end of the tramway, the banks River alxiv.- 
 are at first low, or rise in cliffs of glacial and alluvial deposits, but at a ''r'"""' K.ipiil 
 distancv of two miles and three-(|uartei's, Niagara limt.'stone again 
 makes its appearance on both banks of the stream. On the north side 
 it is a thin-bedded, yellowish-gray, compact, dolomitic limestone very 
 like the beds at the (irand Hajnds, and like in them, the surface rises 
 in little low domes, probably from the presence of large Sti'omatoftoroids. 
 On the south bank is a dill' eight feet in height of an orange-gray 
 dolomitic limestone, both thin and thick bedded. It is very hard and 
 compact, many of the loose slabs ringing sharply w ,ei' struck w itii the 
 hannner. 
 
 Half a mile further up the river a little clitl' six feet in heiglit projects KoclK'-rduge. 
 into the .^ leam, and the water rushes past its base with consider- 
 able velocity. Its toj) is a small open meadow oovereil with gi'ass and 
 strawberry vines. It is composed of horizontal, hard, compact, rescjnant 
 dolomitic limestone, mostly in beds from half to thi'ee-ciuartei's of an 
 inch in thicknes.s. Towards the bottom th(» rock is rather thick-i)edded, 
 i.ot so compact and ct)ntaii s Stromatoporoids, Leperditin- and other 
 fossils. The weathered surface is generally white, iiut a new fracture 
 is bufl", and where it has been heated by foiest fires it is a bright 
 red. The fractui'e is genei'ally stony, but in some <»f the larger pieces 
 cut by veins of calcite it is conchoidal. 
 
 For the next half mile the shore is composed of similar rock, in 
 places rising into little cliffs, and in other places forming a wide flat, 
 .strewn with angular fragments torn off by the ice. 
 
 
 Ir- 
 
150 K 
 
 XOHTH-WKKTKIJN MANITOBA. 
 
 ?\issils 
 
 Koehc-iouKe ()^p |jgj ^^.^j^ found to contain a f^reat nunil)er of cavities out of 
 wliidi salt crystals liad been dissolved. The salt lias originally com- 
 posed about a sixth of the mass of this bed. 
 
 Another stratum, which is often quite red, contains a great number 
 of specimens oi iKoc/d/ina graiidin,vnr. hitimarf/innftt , with an occasional 
 example of Lfperdltia phaseoluK, along with crinoid stems, Li'ptocctlia 
 sp., and the tail of a Daliitanitcs? Tn contiguous beds were found 
 Sti'dhiatojiora 't sp.; ?l<tp)trnitix sp., Fdviisitfa (iuthhoidicd, J''avofiitffS 
 Niayareimis, AlveoliteH Niui/urenHis, Lyclliapupilhita ?and Stroj)homeiia 
 acnnthoptera. 
 
 A short distance fui-ther up the stream a low cliff, half hidden by 
 the woods along the shore, shows at the Ijottom compact thin-bedded 
 ilolomite similai' to the last, overlaid by seven feet of thick-bedded 
 yellow porous dolomite, weathering with a rough pitted face. The 
 rock is brought up by a very light anticline in the centre of which six 
 feet of the thin-bedded dolomites are exposed. 
 
 The bank of the river noi-th of RocIh- Rouge Hapids is an .iljrupt 
 clift' ten to fifteen feet high, and apjtears to be composed chiefly of 
 white till with bouldeivs, with a nai-row ledge of limestone close to tlie 
 edge of the water. 
 »k< At the foot of Cross Lake Uapids a rathei' conspicuous point pro- 
 
 jects from the south bank and foi-ms a cliff l.')0 yards long and ten 
 to foui'teen feet high. The limestone composing it is practically 
 horizontal. Four feet at the bottom is a compact hard yellowish-gray 
 dolomitic limestone in thin regular beds, and this is overlaid by ten 
 feet of a thicker and less evenly bedded dolomitic limestone. The 
 upper four feet of this latter bed weathers with a mctderately even face. 
 The lower six feet, lying ab(jve the slaty dolomite, is very uneven in 
 texture, having compact streaks through it, while nnicli of it is soft 
 and rotten, and generally of a ligliter colour than the rest ; it weathers 
 with a very i-ough face and often has tlie appearance ot" a conglomerate 
 on account of the jii-e.sence of many nodules that v lien l)rokeii show 
 the structure of Favosites or Stromatopora. 
 Fossils. This nodular band contains a considerable number of fossils, of which 
 
 the following have been recognized : Stroiiuifoptorit ?sp., Ca/npa'cia sip., 
 ^iijihri'tifis Rtii'ini'Kxis?, CipitJioxainn WisronsPiisis ?, Fnfosiffs 
 (jiif/iinndicd, Farositei Siayan'vxis, Alreolitna JVuigdreiisiii, Iltdysites 
 I'ateiinlntnx, LijcHia papillntd ? crinoid stem.s, a polyzoon, TreiuatiMpira 
 /'orinostt ?, Murchisonia sp., J'/eiirofoinnria J/oi/i?, Ort/iorerns sp., 
 Inochilivn, sp. 
 
 At the upper end of Cross Lake Kai)ids, where the river flows out 
 of Cross Lake, a very similar cliff forms a piominent feature on the 
 
 Cross L 
 Kiii)Hi. 
 
■1 
 
 SASKATCHKWAN KIVKK. 
 
 , liich 
 1,1 sp., 
 
 ij sites 
 'ispira 
 s sp., 
 
 's out 
 the 
 
 smith shore. Tt consists of horizontiil huti'-coloured, (lol(»iuitic limestone, 
 the top beds of wliieh are thick, compact, and very hard, whihs four feet 
 at tlie bottdui are very soft, like the upper beds at the fof»t of the 
 rapids. The harder beds contain a few imperfectly preserved fossils, 
 ard also somt; large and regularly preserved casts of single crystals of 
 salt. 
 
 On the south .shore of Cross Lake there are many little cliffs of Cross T.ake. 
 apparently similar limestone. One of these, near the west side, was 
 found to (consist of four feet of thick-bedded yellowish, rotten, dolomitic 
 limestone similai- to that at the last rapids, and containing a few fossils 
 such as iSfromatopora? sp., Favoxifi^a Xittc/nreitsix, crinoid stems, Sfrn- 
 ph(Hnf)Ki antnthojiterii, ttc. Tt is undei'laid Ijy compact thinner-bedded 
 dolomitic limestone apparently holding no fossils. 
 
 At nemi-charge Rapid similai- hard dolomite forms low cliffs on Demi-cliarge 
 both Ijanks, and jnst above the rapid a cliff on the south shore rises 
 to a height of from fitteen to twenty feet, comj)osed throughout of 
 light yellowish-gray horizontal dolomitic limestone, both thick and 
 thin-bedded, antl gent!rally iiard and compact. Tli'' only f(jssil seen 
 was the conmion StropJionmm. A little higlier up the river a cliff 
 eight feet high faces the sti-eam, above which is a terrace, apparently 
 an old shore line, e.xtending back to the foot of a cliff twelve feet 
 high, and now overgrown with trees. The foot of the lower cliff 
 is strewn with sharp angular fragments broken from its face. The 
 bottom i)ed is tilled with shot-like concretions, which weather into 
 little pits. 
 
 (Jn the west side (»f a small lake-like expansion about a mile and a 
 half further up the stream, a very similar hill is seen with a cliff ten 
 feet high facing the water, and another cliff rising ten feet higher 
 behind a terrace in the poplar woods. The rock at the luittom is a 
 thiii-l)edded dolomitic limestone, above which is a thick-liedded, rotten, 
 dolomitic limestone, and this again is overlaid by a harder compact 
 e\fnly beilded dolomitic limestone. Some of the middle beds contain 
 a few fossils such as Sft'opliompua iinintJiopfern, Rlii/iichoiieUa, Lep- 
 fncd'Iia, t^'c. 
 
 Also at the north-east j)oint of land i)elow " the Narrows" low cliffs The Narrows, 
 of similar thin-bedded doiomitic limestone occujiy the .shore for several 
 hundred feet. 
 
 Houth-we-stward from " the Narrows," which is acccainted as the Cedar Lake, 
 eastern extremity of Cedar Lake, a gradually wnlening arm extends 
 for twelve miles to the main body of the lake. Tt is dotted with many 
 beautiful rocky islands, and while the north shore is generally low and 
 wooded, the south shore rises in many places in prominent cliffs from 
 fifteen to tAventy-tive feet in height. 
 
 ■ , !>■ ' 
 
ir>-2 K 
 
 NOKTH-W KSTKKN M A X ITO IIA . 
 
 U(Kky islands. Tlie rock on botli tlu' islands and the shore is very much the same 
 tlirougliout. consisting of light yellow, vt'iy hard and compact dolo- 
 mitic limestone varying greatly in the thickness of the beds. The 
 base of the cliff is generally covered with a pile of large angular blocks 
 fallen fi'oni the thicker beds towards the top. The sunnnits of the 
 diii's are genei'ally level, but do not show glacial stria-, as they have 
 evidently been erodetl by meteoric agencie.s, while some of the rocky 
 i.slands that rise l>ut a very few feet above the water, and from 
 whose sui'face the till has probably been very lately removed, show 
 ijcautiful glacial sti'ia' bearing S. liS W. N'ery few fossil •" found 
 
 in these rocks, the only one that was recognized being mmon 
 
 StropJiomena acanthoptern. 
 
 From liabbit Point westward, the south shore alone was examined. 
 
 Fort Island, and no I'aheo/.oic rocks were seen between that point and Fort Island. 
 At the north point of tliis island a little \ertical clitt" six feet higli, 
 composed of horizontal light orange-yellow porous flolomite in heavy 
 even beds, rises from tlie edge of the watei'. It contains a considerale 
 numl)er of fossils, of which the following were collected : C yathaxonin 
 Wint'onsiueufiw ? Zxphvi'utix Jiarini'iisis ? Onipfii/iiKt ? sp.. Alveolites 
 Kin(/nre)isi.i, Jliili/sUes cateiiiilnfiis, Struphouu'tm acattf/ioptera, Li'p- 
 tocu'lia? .sp., Meriiifelln ? sp., Trematonpirn? sp., Orthoceras .sjx, and 
 Leperditid Wlntearesii. * 
 
 West shon- of Fi'om Fort Island westward many of the islands around the mouth 
 of the ."Saskatchewan, as well as points on the shore, botii to the north 
 and south, ai'e compo.sed of similar dolomite. (h\ a prominent point 
 projecting from the .south sh(»re, the rock is a light coloured doh^niite, 
 yellow in places where it is niucli acted on by the water. In .some 
 places it is thin-bedded and almost slate-like, but generally the struc- 
 tui'e is concretionary on a large scale, so that the surface has a m;un- 
 millated appearance, the domes being from six to twelve feet in diameter, 
 and in them the thin-bedding is lost and the rock becomes somewhat 
 porous. They inclose such fos.siIs as Favorites Niagarends ?, Hahjsites 
 vnteuiiliihis, Strophouiena ncanthoptera, Rliijnclionella (iltiplicata ?, 
 Afrypii rfficuldris, I'ol ijt ropis, sp. 
 
 The shoi-e is here piled with great angular blocks from three to four 
 feet in thickness that have evidently been broken from a bed just 
 below the level of the water and piled up into their present po.sition 
 by the ice. 
 
 Chemahawin, where the Hudson's Hay Co. ha\e a trading post, 
 was the most westerly point on the Saskatchewan River reached by 
 the expedition. In its innnediate vicinity from eight to ten feet of 
 horizontally bedded dolomite outcrops on the bank. It is generally 
 
 C»'diir Lake. 
 
 Cheinaliitwiii. 
 
TYRRELl 
 
 ] 
 
 SASKATCnEWAX IMVKR. 
 
 lo3 E 
 
 light gray, and sometimes compact, Ijut it is often yellow and porous, 
 and is tlur)U<j;iiout very thick-bedded. A careful search i-evealetl the 
 presence of such fossils as FavosUes Got/i/andira, Favosites Niagarends, 
 Alvra/ifes XinijarcHiiiii, finfi/siffs r((f('UJ(fiifns, Sfro/Jioitn'iiii (inanf/iiipfffd, 
 LcpfocivHa, sp., OrZ/ioo-rtiH sih, I//(nitis s[)., and L'/ieraitid Wliitcari'itii. 
 Lea\ing Cedar Lake at its scjuth-western angle, a winter trail, 
 known as the Western Mossy Portage, leads thi-ough a thinly wooded 
 tamarack swamj) on a gently rising plain to tlic shore of Lake Winni- 
 peg((sis. 
 
 'it 
 
 LaKK WlXXIPK(iOSIS. 
 
 Ndi'tli-cast 
 slioif. 
 
 Lonjf Point 
 l>fniiisulu. 
 
 Following the shore eastward, no Pahcozoic rocks are seen up to the 
 noi'th-east angle of the lake, but on the noi'th-west point of Ami 
 Island Hat-lying and thin-bedded yellowish magnesian limestone of 
 Niagara age is seen for the tirst time. Following the shore of the 
 island this limest(jne, which is at first slightly porous, becomes hard, 
 thin-bed<led and tlint-like, and the Ix'dding Ix^comes wa\y. In places 
 it contains large nodules of gray chert. Probably from ten to fifteen 
 feet of rock in all is exposed on this island. It contains a consider- 
 al)]e nundx'r of species of fossils among which Sfrnp/ioitiena aamfhojifeiyt 
 is the uKjst abundant, while I'foriucd sp., (>'raiiintifsla ] sp., Miir- 
 c/ns<»iiit sp., and l^lciirotmnnria 1 sp., also occur. 
 
 East of Ami Island tlu! beach is flat and sandy, but generally 
 scattered over with fragments of dolomite. Some of these are Silurian 
 and doubtless of more or less local origin, while others are Devonian? 
 and contain such typical fossils as Striiiyocfjihalns liiirfinL 
 
 These are evidently transpoi'ted masses, and as the direction of l'.<mlder.s 
 glacial transportation is from N. 20 E., as shown Ijy glacial grooves 
 and strife iu the innnediate vicinity, they would pro\e the existence of 
 the 8ti-ingocephalus dolomite in the unknown area between this point 
 and the south end of Cross Lake during tiie latest glacial times, and 
 it is not hnprobable that an (mtlier of this dolomite still exists, and 
 forms a capping to the liigh land seen in that direction. < )u Ami 
 Island boulders of the Pentamerus band in the Niagara series are also 
 found, having been brought fi-om the same direction, and with them 
 are small ntundetl masses of white sandstone holding nodules of Mar- 
 casite. These are similar to the nodules found on Penucan Island 
 described on page 109, and like them are not improbably derived 
 from an outlier of Dakota sandstone in the innnediate vicinity. In 
 view of the fact that Marcasite readily undergoes decomposition into 
 soluble sulphate of iron, which would soon be washed away by the waves 
 
 Xixhilcs of 
 MaiViisite. 
 
 ■''.-*•' 
 
 ■ ■ . -.4.- 
 
151 K 
 
 NUUTH WKHTKKN MANITOBA. 
 
 L(iw sloping' 
 rook. 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 Miussive 
 doldiiiiti'. 
 
 Tliin-lK-'diU-d 
 doUiniitt'. 
 
 it would apju'df that theso Modules have only reeeiitly i;"eii shoved U)> on 
 the Ijeach, and could not ha\e l)eeii transported tVoin the north so 
 long ago as tlie glueial age. We must, therefore, infei- that a small 
 outlier of Dakota sandstone exists beneath the level of the water on 
 the south side of this island, and that it has lieen j)roteeted from 
 destruction, at the time when the LaurcMitide glacier j)asse(l southward 
 over the country, by the shelter of the island to the north of it, and 
 that it is even how touched and scraped by tlie lake ice (jnly in seasons 
 of extreme low water, such as was the summer of 1889. 
 
 Returning to the shoi'i* at a point op})osite two small islands, 
 originally l)edded rock outcrops at the tnlge of the water, consisting of 
 a fine-grained yellow, moderately compact magnesian limestone, faiily 
 thickly and evenly bedded, and bivaking under the hammer in any 
 desired direction. 
 
 Following the shor(^ southward the beach is strewn witli angular 
 fragments of magnesian limest(jne, similar to that already seen, l>roken 
 l)y the ice and frost iiC'» th» beds below. .Some chalybeate springs 
 How out on the beach, and in tl.*^ vicinity is a light yellowish or pinkish 
 ilolomite holding typical Niagara .'ossils, as well as chert concretions. 
 
 At hit. ')'2'' o4' lo" in a little bay just north of a point of land, the 
 beach consists of a light gray thin-bedded compact dolomite in which 
 the impressions of ostracods are very numerous. The beds have a slight 
 dip S. 80" AV. and ve very much cut by paiallel jointage planes run- 
 ning from south wesi to west. The foHowing fossils were found in this 
 dolomite: StrejtteUisiiKt sp., Sfr(i/i/i(iiiu'ii(i twduthoptt'rit, Rhynrliotiplhi 
 sp., Ilionin? sp., two species of MnrrhiKoina, l'l<'iiri)toin<iri(i sp., 
 Orthoo'rtiH sp., Isochiliua (;)'andU, var. InfinuiryiiKtld, Li'iifrditui 
 J/ixim/ei'i, and its vars. /'((hiifina and <jihlii'i'<i, L. mnrgiimfti, and 
 A ciihispLs pi'vurniiifd. 
 
 At the point itself a massive porous dolomit(! from eight to ten 
 inches in t" 'ckness makes its appearance, being apparently about three 
 feet above the strata just nientifnied. It is appai-ently made up l.iigely 
 of remains of Stromatoporoids and contains many large concretioiuiry 
 nodules of chert. Continuing further south this layer is overlaid l)y 
 a few feet of similar but thinner Ijedded dolomite, the bedding j)lanes 
 of which are geneially njiigh and irregular. The most common fossil 
 here is Strophomena Hccnthojiteni. 
 
 \n lat. 52° 52' 30" the shore ix composed of thinly stratified dolo- 
 mite holding Stvnplinun'na (wanf/iii/ifi'ra. The beds are generally 
 undulating and some are slightly poi'ous, while othei's are very com- 
 pact and porcellanous. They all appear to dip lightly out into the 
 lake in a direction S. 85^ W., and the Ixttti^ni for a long distance is a 
 gently inclining surface of smooth i-ock. 
 
TyfinEii. 
 
 I.AKK WINXII'KriOHIS. 
 
 1*)') K 
 
 (, and 
 
 to ten 
 tliree 
 
 .u-,i,'eiy 
 inary 
 ,1 by 
 ilanes 
 fossil 
 
 Similar lock forms or underlies tlie^ head) all the way to the jM)int 
 of the peninsula, generally thin and evenly liedded and broken into 
 sharp angular fragments by jointage planes, which are often arranged 
 in coneentrii; circles. 
 
 For a mile and a quarter Uj) from tlit; point, on the east side of the 
 peninsula, the shore is low and the water ott" it is very shallow, and then 
 for tliree-fjuailers of a mile tlie Niagara rocks again make theii- 
 appearance. At first is a low exposure on the beach showing two feet 
 of light y(>llow poious dolomite in rather thick bed.s, in which neither 
 fossils nor chert nodules weie seen. lUO yards to tht; south of this 
 exposure is a spring surrounded by a red slime. Tht; water tastes 
 distinctly of comnion salt and sulphuretted hy(h'ogen. 
 
 At a point noi'th of this portion of the shore the rock is tliick-bedded, 
 holding a large number of nodules of chert, being apparently a contin- 
 uation of the cherty dolonute seen in lat. 52 54' 15" on the opposite 
 side of the peninsula. This would indicate a strike of X. L*0 W. for 
 these rocks, which agrees fairly well with that which would be deduced 
 from the dips gi\'en above. 
 
 The shores of tlu; deep bay to the east of this peninsula are genei'ally 
 low and without rock exposures, while across its north end extends tlie 
 high ridge that has continued <juite unbroken from the northern jioint 
 of the lake west of Western Mos,sy Portage. 
 
 At a pronunent point on the ea.st side of the bay, in lat. 52 53' 10', 
 Silurian dolomite again makes its appearance on the shore. It is 
 yellowish-gray, more or less compact and thick-bedded, and rises in a 
 light anticline .striking S. 50' W., though the general dip of the beds 
 also a])pears to be in thai dii-ection at a low angle. Here and thei'e 
 throughout the i-ock are small cavities, the sides of which are lined 
 with loose semi-crystalline dolomite. Small nodules of chert are not 
 uncommon, but other fossils than Sfrd/i/ioini'ini (irnnfhoj>(t'ri( arti very 
 rare. 
 
 T'wo miles to the southward a I'athei- thin and not very evenly 
 l)e(kled dolomite underlies the beach. Ft is in places of a light colour, 
 more or less coarse-graineil, and contains nodules of chert, witli Stro- 
 phoinemi acanthoptera and other fossils, while in other places it is \ery 
 compact and much fractured, and contains InarliiUnd gntndis, var. 
 lati)H(ti'<iinata and other ostracods, with a species ai I'voi'tim. 
 
 The beds ai"e evidently the same as those outcropping in lat. 52" 54' 
 15 " on the west side of Long Point peninsula, and a line connecting the 
 two points would indicate a strike of N. 40 W. This varies consider- 
 ably from the strike previously obtained and serves as a instance of 
 the fact that neither strikes nor dips are at all constant in detail ir. 
 these ttat-lying beds. 
 
 *'.>1 
 
 Nixlllli's llf 
 (.•liert. 
 
 Liglit lutti- 
 clini'. 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 
1")(J K 
 
 NOKTH-WKHTEUX MANITOIU. 
 
 
 ■ A': 
 
 I'r' 
 
 Hciicli rif 
 
 Jlt'lllllt'S. 
 
 Vh.Hicnlar 
 <l()l()iiiitc. 
 
 A niilo fiirtlior to tlic south, and iioii' lat. r)2 •')0', tlm sliorc is com- 
 pused i)f tliiri-l)ccl(lc(l liaid doltmiitf cut by many jnintayc planes, and 
 the he^ach is scattered witli angular fragments of the same rock, but 
 near tlie .south end of this exposure the doUiniite l)econie8 very porous 
 and uneven and contains a considerable number of fossils, most of 
 which were too fr-agile to permit of beiiij^ broken out, but concretions 
 of ('hert ai'e almost entirely absent. Amonj^ the fossils Stri>j)/ii>itii-iiii 
 iicnnf/ioptera was tlie most common, wliile .species of MniThimnin, 
 OrlhocuraK, itc, were also collected. 
 
 A .sliort distance further to th«' south thin-bedded dolomite is again 
 seen, and the r<'st of the shore as far as the point consists of angular 
 fragments of dolomite scattered through a matrix of soft clayey sand 
 rtattened and grooved by the .shoving of the ice in spring. 
 
 South of the point the shore turns custwiird for two miles and a 
 half at right angles to the diiection of glaciation, and then turns 
 again and continues parallel to its former direction. 
 
 In lat. o2° Hi' light gray porous or almost vesiculai- doloiiiitic lime- 
 stone makes its appeai'ance in beds of from half an inch to an inch in 
 thickness. It continues for a mile along the shore and becomes quite 
 fossilifcrous, coin .ning lai'ge nundiers of Stro/i/ionirtHi ncnitthoplcrd, 
 associated with Rhijnchiini-llit sp., Miirrhiximitt sp., [socltilitin <irini<lt.s, 
 var. /nfiiiiin'i/iiiiifii, and Li/ieirfifia s]). Tlie beds dip unifoi'udy X. 
 C)-') W. into the lake at an angle of two or three deg*- es. 
 
 At a i)t)int a mile to the north these beds are hardened and \<'v\ 
 much cracked by a light anticline striking .ibout east and west, and 
 are ovei'laid by a foot or two of thin-bedded compact slate-like dolo- 
 mite also holding Slrnplionii'nn (i.ccDilliopti'rn, which breaks into snuill 
 rectangular block.s, coveiing the beach with a rough debris. 
 
 The porous dolomite continues to compose the .shore to lat. -Il' H' 
 when thei'e is again a sharp bend to the east. 
 Cioose Islands. Returning northward to (ioose Islands, the north end is found to be 
 composed of poi-ous dolomite similar to that on the shore opposite, 
 with a very light dip in a westerly direction, and the north end of the 
 middle island is also compo.sed of the same dolomite, with Stro- 
 phomena acanf/ioptera, while the rest of the islands consist of .sand, 
 clay and boulders, these latter being more numerous than on any jiai't 
 of the shore to the north. 
 
 Further south, in lat. 52' 42', the shorv- is composed of similar tlat- 
 lying, moderately thin-bedded dolomite, and a mile further south 
 similar rock is again exposed on the sluue, and on a horse-shoe- 
 shaped island a mile off the shoi'e. No fossils of any kind wci'e found. 
 
I.AKK WINMPKfiOHIH. 
 
 IT)? K 
 
 Th 
 
 Shore 
 
 l...t 
 
 \v*M-ii .111(1 anmiiil thfsc iso 
 
 liilfd 
 
 exixtsui-ps 
 
 W 
 
 Iti) be 
 
 losite, 
 l)t' the 
 \S(ro- 
 Isand, 
 pai't 
 
 tlat- 
 outh 
 shoe- 
 luiul. 
 
 was 
 lese 
 
 scattered w itii an^'uldr t'raj,'ineiitH of siiiiilur rock, and in sonir ot" tl 
 fniyineiits weic ostraeods Niinilar to those collected further north. 
 
 A sliort distance north of the mouth of a creek that Mows from l'i(l<.ivl('i..k 
 Pickerel Lake, and empties into Win nipegosis Lake in lat. '>\! '.UV Ml', 
 the heacli is composed of a lij,dit ]u;ray thind)t>dded doloudte, witli a dip 
 of '2 a little south of west. The surface is undulatinj;, nsin;; into 
 little rounded Muimilhe. The heds vary from the thickness of paper 
 up to half an inch, ijcconiinj,' virtually a slaty dolomitic shale. T\\v 
 coloui- is lii,dit j^ray or l)luish-<,'ray, often streaked with red or pink. 
 It is very compact and brittle and cut by many tis.sures, o\vin<; to 
 which it readily bi'eaks into small fragments, with whirh the l)each is 
 thickly strewn. 
 
 Just south of the mouth of the brook a bed of dolomitt^ half an int'li (),,iitic iIdI.i 
 in thickness makes its appearance, in which are many white calcareous """'" 
 dots, which lapidly weathe!' out and give the weathered surface of the 
 rock a very pitted appecrance. This bed is very similar to that at 
 nemi-charge Rapid Mientioned on i)age 1")!. 
 
 Similar rock can be seen at salient points along the shore down to 
 lat. 52° 33' 40". Fossils were cai'etully searched for thrcmghout, but 
 only vei'y obscure traces were discovered. 
 
 Thence .southward to lat. r)2° .30' 30', the shore is low and Hat, 
 scattered with angular fragments of pink and white thin-bedded dolo- 
 mite, and i)oulders of gneiss become much more numerous. 
 
 Here the shore bends to the west of south, parallel to tin? line of Vtwicular 
 glacial transpoi'tation, but just at the bend is a low exposui-e of light <'"'"""***• 
 gray and very vesicular dolomite in a bed two inches thick, ilip- 
 ping a little north of west at an angle of o . The dolomite is genei'- 
 allv tough and compact between the vesicles, and tlie 'oed is generally 
 darkened, possibly fi'om the presence of a certain amount of carbona- 
 ceous material. The vesicles would appear to have been cau.sed by the 
 solution of crystals of common salt that lia\e been inchuled in the , 
 
 rock. No fossils could be fouiul, and tht; rock is not uidike that of the 
 Stringoceplialus zone of the De\ Duian shortly to be described fi'om other 
 parts of the lake, but in the absence of clear evidericie it will be safer 
 to consider it as a band in the upper porti(jn of the Silui-ian in- 
 near the base of the Guelph. 
 
 For the next five miles and a half towai'ds the south, the shore is 
 without rock expo.sures, and is scattered with more or less angular 
 frfigments of thin and irregularly bedded dolomite, all of which appear 
 to be of Silurian age, no Devonian fossils being found. This tends to 
 
InH K 
 
 NOItTII-WKHTKUN MAN'TOIIA. 
 
 l))'M>iii!in 
 
 lOfkn. 
 
 N'cry xlialldw 
 
 Islivud Z. 
 
 MUli|i<>ft tin' coricliisiiiii that im I >)'\ uiiiiiii slratii luivf yet made tlit'ir 
 nppf'Hranf*' ii<iii tlic l;ikf >li(iit tu ( In- north, us that in tlio lUrci'tioii 
 fi'oiM '.vhich l)(iul(h'rs liavc ht'cii tiiins|)(irt('fl. 
 
 At fi i(miulc<l point opposite a lonj{ ishind, in lal. '>'2 1.'6' '\0'\ the 
 Ix-ai li is romposcd of angular dcl)ris, nuich ot" wliicli is a lij^ht lirown- 
 i.sh-j^ray impure doloMiite that has proliably been lii'oken from liedded 
 n)ck in tlie innnediale \irinity. It is ti lely crystalline and ^'enerally 
 rather eompaet, thouj,'h in places broken by little vesicles made by the 
 solution ot' salt crystuls. It does not eff'ervesce in cold weak hydrt)- 
 chloi'ic acid, but in boilinj,' acid it dissolves readily, lea\ iny; a 
 (|uantity of dark l)rown residue. A few obscure fossils, such as 
 ))rachio|)ods and ^asteropods, were foiin<l in it, but they wore not 
 sutliciently well i)reser\cd to deteiinine its taxonomic position. The 
 rf)ck itself is sonitfwliat similar to a l)ed nnderlyinji the Slrin^'ocejihalus 
 zone found at the Itase of a I'litt' in Dawson l>ay, and which is clearly 
 of l)e\(iidan a;;e. Tlieri-fore as the roi-k is of rather peculiai' charac- 
 ter, in default of other e\ idem-e, it is here i)laced in the Ih.'votuan, and 
 its parent bed is doubtless in the immediate vicinity. 
 
 T.'> the southward the beach continues excee(lin<(Iy low, and tlie water 
 is so shallow that it cannot be navigated near the shore, escn 
 with a canoe, without consi<lerable ditliculty. There is no si<j;n of the 
 Palii'ozoic rocks down to lat. i')'2 2.'$', where a hill rises back from the 
 shore to a heij^ht of thirty five feet above the water, its li<(htly rounded 
 crest being composed of more oi' less water-worn pebbles, chietly of white 
 limestone, though a few aie of gneiss. On its side, sloping towards the 
 lake, is a ridge fourteen feet above the water level, and this ridge, with 
 the present bea(;h, is composed almost entirely of large or small pebbles 
 of a light bi'ownish vesicular semi-ciystalline dolonute, weathering int(» 
 very typical irregular roundish nodose masses like the rock at Devil's 
 Point. No rock was seen in place. 
 
 Kor si.x miles and a half further to the south the shore is very low, 
 and scattered with loose fragments of nodose dolomite, and thin slabs 
 of harder, more compact, probably Niagara dolomite. The north 
 shore of Island Z, lying in north latitude ")2 IS' ,'50', ajipears clearly to 
 be composed of ^Fonroe Point beds, for while no rock is seen in jilace, 
 the shore is strewn with angular nias.ses of cream-coloured tough vesi- 
 cular dolomitic limestone holding a number of fossils such as crinoid 
 stems, Ai<fi'(fu.yinuf/in Jfaitii/finicjisis, S/>trorhis oiiip/iafodfs, Pinnrntri/pa 
 innrginafn, FencxteUa vrrd, F. disp<in<la, ProdiirfeUa suhaculeata, 
 C())U)vnrdiu>ii Ohi.oi'nse, Lepe.rditio ? exi(/nii, and Proctiis innndn/uit. 
 
 South of this island the shore is thickly strewn with boulders 
 of gneiss and dokimite, being often backed by an ice-shoved Ijoulder 
 
 -11 
 
I 
 
 I.AKK \vrXMI'K(if>SIS. 
 
 I.")!* K 
 
 Willi, iiiiil nil nii-k is sp»'n in pliu*' for tm miles until lutitucU- •'»■_• 10' 20" 
 in n-iu'hwl, wlu'iT u liill rises hy un cH.sy slop*' tVmn t lie cdgt' of the Km-ky hill, 
 water to ;i ln'i);lit nt" sixty feet, its sides heinj^ strewn witli deml 
 liircli. spiiK-e and |Mipliir. Its crest is sliiflilly rullin;.' piirallel li> tlie 
 sliure, und is- eo\t'red with pehhies imd runnded coltliles. and its western 
 face witli lar^e niiisKes, ptissihly stmie of them beinj; in plaee, ut' a thiek- 
 hedded li;,'ht yelhiwish-yray porous and xcsieular dolomite, in which 
 wei'e hut tew aiul ill delined t'ra;;menls of fossils. The rock is, how- 
 ever, almost precisely similar to that on the lslan«l oil' \\'hitea\fs Point 
 in Dawson Hay, helonging to the lower part of the Stringocephaius 
 zone. 
 
 Close to the edge of the w.itei-, a low clifV of ,i light yellow soft 
 porous dolomitic limestone, chiefly charaiterised hy the presence of a 
 large number of fragments of steins, plates and [liiinuli^s of crinoids, 
 extends for 100 yards along the heach. It is in he<ls of from one to 
 three inches in thickness, itiul is generally horizontal, iiut in some 
 places it is tilted to the south, at angles as high as eight degrees, to a 
 light fault, heyoiul which the heds ari' again horizontal. 
 
 Five miles further .south, Point Hrahant overlooks the lake from Point lim- 
 hehiiul a row of large wide-spreading elms, its hase heing generally '"' ' 
 ten feet aliove the water, and its crest at its highest j)art tweuty-si.x feet 
 higher. At the first good exposure, the lower sixteen feet of the cliti" 
 consists of a hard, i'om|iacl, light yellowish-grav dolomite, resounding 
 when struck and hi'eaking svith an irregidar tVacture. Near the 
 middle of this hand, at inne feet from the hottoni. is a thin hed of clay 
 shale. The dolomite is not very fossiliferous, hut the following species 
 were collected from it. Ci/iif/ii>/)/if/f/iiin ri-rni'ictiliiri\ var. prirmrsDr, KnssiU. 
 A/ri'ofiti's like <-ri/]>liidi'UH, /'roilucfr/ln snlxicii/i'nfd, Sfiirifi'm Rirlninl- 
 xonil, CjfftiiKi //idiii/font^Hsis, Atri/pn rffifti/aris, A. rcticularix, var. 
 nsj)evit, I'iit'itfjfcliis '■//ipflra^ Ra/t/iisfotini 7\i/rn'//il, Onr/Jin/ocirriis 
 J/(niif(ihent<is, Lii.ioiii'tnti uffiro/vis, Hyolillns uliitn.i and Oiihuci'mx 
 Jfindli. 
 
 The upper ten feet of the clitl' is a somewhat similar dolomite, hut 
 contains very few traces of fossils. 
 
 The beds appear to he in general horizontal, but twenty-five paces 
 further south they are broken by a light fault with a downthrow of 
 two feet to the north. 
 
 For the next .SOO paces the heds decline slightly to the south. Section along 
 parallel with the decline in the top of the clift". On the beach were 
 scattered a few fragments of a limestone conglomerate, probt:hly from 
 heds near the bottom of the clifi". 
 
 \.'\ 
 
 till- shore. 
 
 • :.v. 
 
160 K 
 
 \( IHTII W KSTKliN M A MTORA. 
 
 Point 
 
 TJralMint. 
 
 In the next 110 paces the beds of dolomite dij> liftetMi feet to tlie 
 south. In this latter stretch the l)eds are very hfird ;iiid compact, Imt 
 much oroken by little joints, so that they have been woiii into caverns 
 by the waves, ^jome thin beds of clay run throufjli these lower beds. 
 
 In the next fifteen paces the cliff is fifteen feet hif,'li, and the i-ock 
 is (considerably broken, l»ut it apjjears to be rather shaly towards the 
 top. 
 
 In the next twenty-five paces the rock dips six feet, and here shows 
 a cliff twenty feet high, the beds being white inagnesian limestone, 
 occasionally stained with dull piid\, and holding mniierous A/ri/j)n.-<, 
 tVc. 
 
 At this j)oint there is a fault with a downthrow to the south. ( )!i 
 the opposite side of the fault twenty feet of light red and gi'ay shale is 
 exposed, dipping S. -•")' K. at an angle of 45'. 
 
 Tlir<iugliort this distance it would appeal' that about thirty feet in 
 all of dolomitic limestone, and twenty feet of red and gray sh;de is 
 exposed, the latter being higher than the former, and having been 
 dropped into its present position by the last-named fault. 
 
 l''i )]■ about 200 paces the shore is rather low to an exposure* of a yellow 
 semi-i;rystalline dolomite ihrough which are running many round 
 tubular cavities that possibly represent natural nujulds of J'lr/iijjicn'a 
 jKt/i/iiiorp/iti or a similar coral that has entirely or almost entirely 
 decayed away. The exact position of this bed remains undetermined. 
 
 For the next 240 paces the bank is composed entirely of till and 
 boulders, and is about three feet in height. At this point it rises to 
 a height of ten feet, consisting at the bottom of six feet of yellow ai'gil- 
 laceous limestone, overlaid by four- feet of wliite limestone. 
 
 For 100 paces similar i-ock is practically horizontal, at the end of the 
 distance the cliff con.sisting of four feet <jf brittle argillaceous limestone, 
 overlaid by six feet of thick-bedded white limestone. 
 
 Continuing down the shore for forty paces a shai-p anticline sud- 
 tleuly brings up four feet of a light yellowish-red calcareous argillite. 
 
 Ten paces further the cliff is twelve feet high and is composed 
 of eight feet of yellow and pink, hard, compact often thin and 
 irregularly bedded argillaceous limestone, holding specimens of Atrypn^ 
 kc, overlaid by four feet of white thick-bedded limestone. 
 
 For the next thirty-five paces the beds are difficult to follow as they 
 are a good deal crumpled, but they appeal' to have a light dip of about 
 three feet to the north. Here there is an almost vertical fault strik- 
 ing 8. 65' E. with a downthrow to the south, probably of not more 
 than live feet. < »n the south side of it is a cliff of limestone eleven 
 
•] 
 
 I.AKK WINNII'KtiUSIH. 
 
 ICl E 
 
 f<5et in lioight, with the friahle liine.storie at tho hottoin, whih\ on the 
 north side iiro six fw^t of liglit <,'i-iiy arjiilhu-cous iimcstom', Iiccoining 
 ahnost a chiy sliale at this top, wheri; it is also of a piiiivish coloui". 
 
 Sixty paces further the cliff consists of six feet ot hard limestone, 
 overlaid by three feet of a litfht pink hard calcareous shale. 
 
 Thirty-five i)aces further, the section is terniiiiatcd in two feci of a 
 white thick-bedded limestone holding y|//'_y;)rf rctlrii/drls, A/ri//Ki asjiera, 
 Parfici/chis f'Uiptii'd, ,tc. The beds are ])ractically horizontal, though 
 possibly with a vciy light di{) towards the north. 
 
 South of Point Hrabant, Mr. Dowliiig reports that the shore is 
 scattered with boulders, and mansh often .stretches for a considerable 
 distance inland, no rock in place being seen till Net Point is reached ^<''t Point- 
 in north latitiid 51° '^\' whore there is a low outcroji of three feet of 
 cream-coloured tough d<»lomitc dipping north at an angle of 10\ It 
 evidently belongs to tlie Stringocephalus zone, and contains a few 
 fossils such as Afiirr/nsotiin hrevispirn, Eunfin '. InrliiiKiln and .Uitt-ro- 
 chilinn sp. 
 
 Tn latitude 01' 47' '20" a low exposure was also ob.served by .Mr. 
 Dowling below the surface of the water, but its character could not be 
 determined. 
 
 Descending to the .south end of the lake, and beginning on the Soutli end of 
 west side of the point west of .Meadow Portage, a low antiiline brings ''"''■ 
 a hard Iimcstom^ thi'e(! teet above; the water, tlu; outcrop extentling 
 sevei'ty paces along the shore. The .strike of the antit-line is N. 'M)" 
 W., and the dip about .$ away from the middle on each side. The 
 rock consists of a yellow |i;'!'(| fine-graintul semi -crystalline highly 
 dolomitic limestone, in which are many vesicular cavities af)parently 
 cau.sed by the former presence of crystals of connnon salt. 
 
 No fo.ssilr were seen except a wide-.spreading Stromatoporoid, but 
 from the position and character of the rock it is e\ ident that it belongs 
 to the Winnipegosan formation of the l)e\<(nian. 
 
 Five-eighths of a mile flirt hei west along the shore, a thiii-bedded 
 compact limestone is expfiseil for loU feet. Ithasadipof 5 S. 5") W., 
 exposing in all twelve feet. Averaging the dip l>etween this and the 
 last exposure; as 4', the total thickness of beds covered l)etween the two 
 points would be ■_'.'?() feet. The d'p may, however, not be jiersistent , and 
 small faults ai'i> not unlikely t> ha\'e occni'red in the eoxered inter\al. 
 
 The rock is a somewhat magnesian linu^stone of a iigiit, gray or 
 
 pinkish colour, and .some of the beds contain large numbers of 
 
 Atrypn feflru/dris, while /'(inifi/i'his elliptira, Oni/i/KiforlrriiK Mdnito- 
 
 bensis, Euomphalus mibtriyoiudin, and Loxoni'mn tiltintlri^ were also 
 
 11 
 
 
 V 
 
 r 
 
IGl' K 
 
 N'ORTIl-W KSTKllN MA MTObA . 
 
 I'ouiiil. h rcpmsL'iils tlu; Idwcr botLs of i\\v Miuuli>biiii t"(>nuati;i:\ of the 
 Duvonian. 
 Chai-lif I.-Un'i Four iiiilfs f-uthcr wrst. on ('liailic Islaml si-voral exposures of 
 siiuilar Mauitobau liniestunc may be seen in ililVs rising at the nortli 
 end ti> a lieight of ten fet^. generally brought up by anticlines \\'n\\ 
 an average strike of N. l-") W. The clift' at the north ( ad of tlu; island 
 shows three feet of a oouipaut, thick, and reguUrly liedded UlUestt>lte, 
 underkid by nine feet of a ronipact Imt irregularly bedded liuiestoue, 
 which breaks reaiHly into small fragments under the action of the 
 water. The stratification is undulating and the main anticline runs 
 S. 45' \V.. from which the beds dip outwards at tirst at au angle of 
 25 . wliiih, l-.owever, rajtidly decreases. 
 
 At the north end of a small island a few yar<ls to the west, a clilf 
 four feet in height shows the lowest of the above beds in an anticlim 
 striking \. 55 W., with the l)eds di])ping at tirst \2 from the ii.uldle 
 line. ;500 yards furth(;r south, on the west side of Charlielsland, three 
 feet of similar beds are exposed. 
 
 On the east side of the island several exposures of similai' liniestone 
 form cliffs just behind the beach, one ut wliich shows twelve feet of 
 strata. They a.ie brought up by an anticline striking X. 30 W.,from 
 the east of which the bed;- dip away at first at an ar.gle of 12 . 
 
 On a small island north of Charlie Island, similar white lime-stojie 
 rises in little cliffs, four feet above the water. 
 
 ill all these exposures fossils are moderately plentiful and aniong the 
 mosc common are Ci/(if/r>j>/ii/ffiini vennicn/an', var. iiracuvmr, ('. 
 pr'frnoid.'s, A/vi'(>/if<'» like rrijptodciis, erinoidal columns, Prodactclla 
 siihiiruli'o:'!, iSfrnp/indotitd ifrnntd, A/ri/jm, t'l'tifiildrix, Pdnici/rhin 
 <iUipti('a, lifip/iiMoiiiii Ti/rri'llii, K- iniijiJudnn sidifri/pnniiis, Onip/ndo- 
 cirrxx Jf<iiiif')l)i tt.tis, Lo.roiii'inn (i/fim/ris, Or/lidci-rds Hindii, I'fi/ctoditu 
 
 Sii!i1<(- Islaml Leaving Charlie Islimd andcrossing tw omiles of open water inanorth- 
 iKutli end. westerly direction we reach Snake Island, which is a long, narrow and 
 almost bifid Lsland lying north and south. Beginning at its northern 
 t lid and proceeding first west and tln'ii south, a cliff 10 feet high of 
 white, tliin-bedi'; 'd, well stratified limestone is found to extend along 
 the shore for 200 ya?'d.s. At the east end of tiie cliff the betls rise from 
 the edge of the water with a dip of 4 8. 85 E. Towai-ds the middle 
 the beds are more irregular and lireak away in small fragments, while 
 at the west, they are even and about horizontal, and then with a light 
 di}) descend to the edge of the water. 
 
 2;{0 pa'jes 8. 35 W. the same beds again appear on the shore and 
 continue to rise fur eighty-fi\ e paces, where th^' cliff is 1 7 feet *> inches 
 
TVRMELL. 
 
 r.AKK \VINVrPK(JOSI,S. 
 
 \Cu\ E 
 
 ,i;i>.i of the 
 
 losures oi 
 :l\e north 
 iut's wUh 
 the island 
 \in»i'sVoni', 
 lunestonr. 
 ,on of the 
 A'Une runs 
 I angle of 
 
 k-est, a cliff 
 n anticlint 
 the Uiiildle 
 skuul, three 
 
 ,r limestone 
 ols-o feet of 
 10 \V.,frouj 
 1"J . 
 tc limestone 
 
 id among the 
 iciirtior, C 
 Proihiftfilla 
 
 |/.s-, Oniphalo- 
 \il, Ptt/dochis 
 
 Id- inanortli- 
 narrow and 
 its northern 
 Ifet't high of 
 Ixtend along 
 Icds rise from 
 tlu; middle 
 iKMits, while 
 with a light 
 
 lie shore and 
 Ifeet <> inches 
 
 in heiglit. This point appeal's to be the centre of a domed anticline, Domed 
 as the rock (Hps from it in both directions along the shore, and at the 
 same time back towards the centre of the island. Eighty-Hve ])aces 
 further soiitli-west along the shore the cliff is only six feet high, its 
 base being three feet above the water, and the beds appear from the lake 
 to be nearly horizontal, while tiiey dip back at a low angle. 
 
 Seventy paces further a continued low ilip has caused the Vjeds to 
 disappear below the gravel beach, four feet above the water. 
 
 In the highest part of the clilf, the bottom being aliout tliree feet 
 above the water, the I'ock is a white limestone very much the same as 
 that seen at Charlie Island. For six feet at the bottom, the beds 
 are more Itrittle than those higluM' up the clill". but they are not worn 
 into little cases such as are seen at the foot of some of tht! clifts 
 on the former island. All the beds are cut by almost veitical jointage 
 planes running from top to bottom. 
 
 The taxonomic ])osition of tlie beds here si-en wcjuld a[)peai' to be 
 near the Imse of tiie Manitoban formation and a little above tiiose out- 
 cropping on C'lia; lie Island. A few species of fos.sils, such as Afrijjut Fossils. 
 reticHfaris, A/ri/pn nnperd and Pnracychm I'lUptlca are moderately 
 plentiful, but with the.se were also f(,und Cj/df/iojihi/fhiin vfrinictiftn-f, 
 var. jiracnrxor, Alr/'olit's rulhinitu, Orf/iL<i n/rl<ifii/((, Ci/rtinii ILonil- 
 tonenxix, RnphiHtoina 7'yrreUii, Jiel/erop/ion I'rlop.-^, Eiiouijilitihis nn(:- 
 trigotitdix, Otiiphafocirnis Manifohennis, Loniin'oia < Itiralris, IfjioHthes 
 nJntuH, Orf/iocuras Hindii, Gonip/iDO'nis Manitohcnst', Ci/iiorrrns orci- 
 denfa/c, (rijrorei'dn sidiiiKnuil/nfitni, Dinic/if/ii/s Cfnindensifi. 
 
 On the west shore of the southern exi)ansion of the islaml is a low South fiid 
 exposure of sinnlar white thin-bedded limestone dij)ping regulai'ly 
 S. 45°\V.,at an angle in places as high as 30°. About twelve feet in all 
 is seen. It contains many of the fossils mentioned above, along with 
 Ci/nf/if)/i/ii///niii prdfiDtdmu (var.), Aln'ollti's \i\ip cryjtfddru.'i, SfrouKt/o- 
 ji.irn IlKjtxrhii, I'rodKctrlla i-idinciilfiit<t. 
 
 Snake Island is classic ground in the history of western geology. Kjist nroifl 
 
 It was here that Prof. H. Y. Hind, in 1S.-)S, made the collection of '.'f '*>■'"" ''"' 
 
 ni .Mumtolia. 
 fo,ssils that tirst determined the existence of Devonian in Manitoba. 
 
 The species then collected are aU included in tht^ abov(! list with 
 
 the exception of Orf/iis tifriufidit which has not been found by the 
 
 writer.* 
 
 In the t\'nly part of tlie same year Mr. .\. W . Wells, acting as 
 
 assistant to 8. J. Daw.son, visited the island and states that the rock 
 
 * See R''p. OH Assinilioine and SaskatcIiHwan E.\|)ioriu« E.\|Mnlitioii, tiy H. Y. 
 Hiud, 4tu. Toronto, IS.W, p. iW, luid App. InMi. K. Billings. |.p. 1H(! 7. 
 
 Hi 
 
164 K 
 
 NOHTH-WKSTEUN MANITOHA. 
 
 is "f'l wliitisli liitiestf)iH'. tull of organic rcmfiiiis,-!^ hut thcii- cli.ii-m'tcr 
 
 was iKtt (It'tefuiinecl. 
 
 Point Houtli of Leaviiif? S?mke Islainl and crossing two miles of open water, a point 
 Simki' IhIiuuI. . Ill • .1 1 • 1.1 • 1 1- ^ • ■ ,1 
 
 IS reaelied wliere siMiilar wliitc Maintooan Iniicstone containing the 
 
 same fossils, forms the l)eacli for a short distance, dipping at an angle 
 
 of 4 down to, and beneath tlie sui'face of the water. 
 
 At another point three-(|uartersi)f a miie further soutli similar lime- 
 stone dips S. S'y E. at an angle of 5 , and three-cjuarters of a r.dle 
 still furtiier south at the bottom of a ])ay it is dipping S. (L") \], at 
 an angle of 4°, and on a long point forming the south Imundar-y of 
 th(! bay it is dipping S. So" E. at an angle of 7°. 
 
 The shore in this vicinity is lov/, and often guarded by an end)ank- 
 ment of boulders, behind which is a broad exj)anse of marsh. 
 
 Two miles west of 8iuike Island a long point projects towarils the 
 north, and on its west side is a slight exposure of similar limestone 
 holding sonic of the sam(> fossils, and dipping S. S.'i W. at an angle 
 of T)"^. 
 .\fossiy HivtT. The <:rdy remaining ex|)osures discovered near the south end of 
 Lake Winnipegosis are on Mossy River, one at the crossing of thi' old 
 Canadian Pacific liailway location, a mile u\) from the mouth ijf the 
 liver, and the other a little higher up. 
 
 The foi'uier outcrop slunvs, for a distaiu-e of thirty-Hve jiaces on tlie 
 west bank of tlu' river, a white f)r pink-tinted limestone. It is thin, 
 bedfled and rings when struck with the hannner, being very similar in 
 character to the rock seen on Manitoba Island. In the middle of the 
 exposure it is nnich bi'oken, and the fractures aiv often Hlletl with 
 crystals of calcite, but at both ends it has a fairly regular dip of .'}() 
 to 40' in a direction S. T)' W. About four or five feet in all of the 
 I'ock is cxjiosed. The beds are not very fossiliferous, the oidv distin- 
 guishable form l)eing Ci/rfiim UKuiiltintctiKis. Similar ruck extends 
 for twenty paces along the east bank of the stream, a few yards highei- 
 up. it is here (lij)ping S. 20 P'. at an angle of S . 
 
 From a quarter to half a mile further up the river-, un the west bank, 
 is a clili' about sixty yards lung and tVum eight to nine feet high, con- 
 sisting of white limestone siii'ilar to the last, thin-bedded, the bedding 
 being often distinctly shown by fine lines of coloration. T; ■> face 
 of the cliff, which runs S. IT) E., is parallel to the strike of the beds, 
 which appear to have a di]> of 12' N. 75' E., though they are very 
 undulating. The lowei' Ix.'ds break sumewhat irregulai'lv, and weather 
 to a bght brown. No determinable fossils were found, but the rock is 
 
 * Apji. (N'J :^t>i t.i tiie 17th vol, of the .loiiriiiils of tli(» LiKit<liitive Asseniljlv of 
 the Province of C;ui,a-'ii. Kuport of vS. .1. Diiwwa , Ehc)., C'.K., p. 7. 
 
 Pink-tint( 
 liiiicstoui'. 
 
 
 te'' 
 
LAKE WINNIPKKOSIS. 
 
 1«)5 K 
 
 aracter 
 
 ii point 
 in<^ tlio 
 
 II iingle 
 
 If liine- 
 
 ii r.Mle 
 
 Iv at 
 
 (liiry of 
 
 ■lulmnk- 
 
 irds tlie 
 iniestone 
 
 III anjjjle 
 
 1 fiul l>t" 
 
 )i th«' old 
 h of the 
 
 cs on the 
 is thin- 
 iiilfir ill 
 . of th»! 
 •d with 
 
 i- of no^ 
 
 1 of the 
 y distin- 
 xtends 
 I 1 duller 
 
 :>.st l)iin.k, 
 ligh, con- 
 bedding 
 
 '1 
 
 , ■' tiioe 
 K^ beds, 
 ire very 
 weather 
 ic rock is 
 
 scinlilv of 
 
 doubtless of the same age as that a little fnrtlier down the river, and 
 appears to represent some of the higher beds of the Manitoban forma- 
 tion, sucii as are seen at Point Wilkins, and on a.nno of the islands in 
 
 S 
 
 wau 
 
 I.ak< 
 
 The I'ost of the banks of Mossy Hivcr 
 
 aiK 
 
 1 th 
 
 IIOl'CS o 
 
 f r^ake 
 
 I) 
 
 inphiii arc composed entirely of glacial and alluvial deposits. 
 
 Frcjiii tlic mouth of Mossy River the western mai'gin of Lake Win- 
 nipegosis is low, and shielded by a wall of l)ouldcrs of gneiss and 
 dolomite, liehind which is a grassy meadow stretching back to a poplar 
 forest. 
 
 At Monk man's Salt Sj)rings, the shore is straight, and composed of Mi)iil<'iinn's 
 
 11 1 II 1 111 1! • II- . • • i,,r, ,. Salt Spi'ings, 
 
 small boulders and jiebbles oi gneiss and Imiestone, I'lsing, 100 leet 
 
 back from the water's edge, in a low ridge of rounded gravel, wooded 
 
 witli a few small willows. Behind this a grassy pi'airie runs N. (Jo" 
 
 W. 100 ])aces, rising in the distance about eight feel. To the north is a 
 
 gr(»\e of poplar and small oak, while to the south the poplar soon 
 
 becomes mixed with a little sjiruce. 
 
 At the end of the above distance a slight grassy knoll tifty feet in 
 diameter rises eighteen inches above the general surrounding level. In 
 the centre of this knoll are sevei'al irregular holes surrounded l)y a i-ed 
 incrustration and tilled with a clear brine, which rises fi-om .several 
 small .spi'ings in tiu:^ bottom of the holes. The springs How in all 
 about fourteen to twenty gallons of brine an hour, which Hows out 
 over the surrounding hind and evaporates or sinks into the ground. 
 (The temperature of the water in July 1st was 42 F., and the salino- 
 meter showed a salinity of 10 J)i'r cent.) I?ubbles of colourless, 
 odourless and uniintlammal)le gas rise every few minutes in this spring, 
 especially when the surrounding sod is pr-essed (low n by walking over 
 it. The water has been analyzed by Mr. JfotFrnann of the Geological 
 Survey and found to contain l.'MTOS grains of common salt to the 
 imperial gallon. 
 
 West (;f the abo\t' sj)riiig is a flat, somewhat in the foiiii of a circle, 
 a (|uarter of a mile in diameter, almost totally devoid of vegetation. 
 It is bounded on the north by open woods of poplar and oak, and on 
 the south by a forest of .spruce. On the west, in which direction 
 the land declines very slightly, beyond two small g'oves of jioplar 
 is a low-lying meadow stretciiing to the north and south. In this 
 meadow, half a mile from the Hrst spring in a .south-westerly direc- 
 tion is a small marshy lake, which stretches three-(juai'ters of a 
 mile to the south, and in which the water is slightly brackish. 
 On the above arid flat are the ruins of .several old hou.ses. and lying k,,;,,^ of 
 about are a number of ijruken and rusted iron pans in which salt was housps. 
 
 h 
 
1()G K 
 
 NolClll \V l,STKI( N M A \ IK (HA. 
 
 Moiiknian's foniu'ilv iiiiitlc t'-.i- the use of th« I. ' |{iv»M' settlcinent. Several wells 
 Suit .Sjiniig.s. 
 
 liiive iilsu Imm'11 iIii<; Iicic in tin- rl.-is i till, and the crihhiMti iiroimd 
 
 (Contd.) 
 
 Cliff of linie- 
 st<in<'. 
 
 trravf"! hook. 
 
 tlu'iii is still aliiHist uiihi'okcii. Tht-y an- lutw full of salt water, and 
 in one of tluMn, whieh is ten tVft di'i'|t, and lyinji S. 65" W. from the 
 sprinj^ a)>ci\(' incnt ioned, the water was staiidini; at 7"J F. and had a 
 salinity of IS jicr tent. This water was found hy Mr. lioll'niann Uy 
 cor\tain .SOOilH grains of coinuion salt to the iuijierial gallon. In 
 another well elose l»y, the water is 70 I'"., and has a j)er cent salinity 
 of »;. Many shallow jiits in the \ieinity contain water ranging in 
 salinity from I (i to 1' 1 per cent, the latter lieing the highest, but [lerhups 
 the most (•<immou. In places where the ground has lieen ovcrllowed, 
 there is a light crust of salt on the surface. 
 
 No rock is seen in place in the vicinity of these springs, and they 
 appear to rise through the general covering of till. 
 
 For some distance northwai'd the shore is low and without rock 
 exposures, the prominent points i)eingconi]iosed of transportedl'uulders, 
 but in the bottom of a little protected bay in latitude ')l ol' a beach 
 of limestone pebb'es, thirty feet wide, slo])es up for four feet to the l)ase 
 of a little clitr of limestone three feet in height. The water oil' the shore 
 is deep, with a soft muddy bottum. 
 
 The rock is a tint iind ("■en-grained light yellow argillaceous liuit,'- 
 .stone, obscuu'ly stratified, the layers being in the main liori/ontal, but 
 h>cally undulating, without jointage ))lane.s, but breaking into very 
 irreguhir fragments. The u|)per bed is hard and compact, but tra- 
 versed by many thin veins (tf calcite, and weathers to a y)ure white, 
 lielow this Icird l)ed is iwti feet of a vellowish siift i-layev limest<ine, run- 
 ninsr imt^i »t irregular ■iiu nodular limestone. 
 
 No fo.Hsils were found, but the rock doubtless ffirms a jnu'tion of the 
 arginaceous band near the l)a.se of the .Manitoban formation, and under- 
 lying: the limestone' of Snake Island and other localiticN. 
 
 The north-east (U'n side of tlie bay is bounded by a hook of rounded 
 limestone gra\ el, rising eight feet above the water : and extending north- 
 w ard is a gra\el endiankineiii, the jiebbles in which become gradually 
 coarser to a point just opposite the north oul of the bay. where a 
 thick-lxKlded, tough and very vesicular doloudte is exposed f' two feet 
 abiive the water, having a dip 7 \. 7(j W.. exposing in all b(>d.s to 
 the ihickm^ss of (! feet (1 inches. 
 
 This same band of rock .igain ;i]ipeai^ on the <\\i • a short distance 
 .south of Weston Point, having thei-e a dip of .'i to o in a direction 
 8. 60 \V." These two expo.sures belong to the Stringoceplialus ziuie of 
 the Winnijiegosau fonuaticm and .intain .such typt<al fossils sxs Afn/pa 
 
TYRRELt.. 
 
 ] 
 
 I.AKK WINNIl'KfiOSIS. 
 
 Km k 
 
 I'l'tu'iiliirix, I'l'iildiiii'riis coiiili, S/n ii(/(ii't'/i/i((/iifi ItKrliiii. J'liniri/r/tis WiniiiiKgosim 
 ef/ipficd, Ri(j)/i isfoniii Ti/rrcllii, M iirrhisoiihi fnr/iiiinftinudJ/. Dotrlhiyii 
 
 ITdlf-wuy IjctAVfH'U tliesc two cxjiosiircs is a clitV . showing' tivf t'eet of 
 white liiiii'sioiic dipping >». ")•"• W. at an au>,'l(' of '.\ , tilled with Atiy- 
 pas, itc, and rfprcscntini,' tlir lower limestone of thi' Manitohan 
 formation. 
 
 To the westward of Weston Point an islan<l ahoiit half a nule in Wi'stmi Tuint 
 leuffth extends ne;irlv north and south jjai-allel to the shore. Along 
 its eastei'n side is a elitt" ten feet in height of white thiek hedded lime- 
 stone, the upper six fei^t heing very eonipaet and massive, while the four 
 feet lielow are more friable, and break easily into iri-egulai' fragments. 
 The l)e(lding is almost horizontal, but undulates slightly. 
 
 ( )n tlie north end of the island a elilt" of similai' limestone rises to a 
 height of eight teet abruptly out of the lake, the lieds dipj.ing at an 
 angle of 10 S. U) W. 
 
 l>oth these exposures belong to tlie lower portion of the ^lanitoban .Matiitnlum 
 formation and contain great numbers of Afri/pn ri-firufari" an<l Afri/j/n 
 (ix/n'm, as.sociated with such fossils as I'luxhifti-llu niihdrnh'ofd, S/iiriJ'irn 
 li iiilii'iiitd, ('i)rliii(i Ilmnihiiii'iisis. /') iifiiiH'rits cimns. Ad i imjitiria 
 lini/f/ii, .]/odl(>niiir/i/ii( liiniirhi. /'"ruri/rJii.t i/Ziji/icd, H'-lhrojihini /''fnjis, 
 Oinp/ixloclrnis H<i iiituhriisis^ Jjo.rini'iii'i ((/fii'oh'in, Orf/ioci nis //iiiflii, 
 and (tift'oi'i'viiK KiiJinimiiilhitii ni. 
 
 The shoi-e from Weston Point to {{cd j jccr l*oint is low, and skirttMl 
 l)y a beach of gra\el or l>oulders, bi-liind which a meadow of jj|i>uler or 
 le.ss width is u.sually found stretching back to a forest of sprut'e and 
 poplai-. lOast of Red Deer Point is Simth Manitou Island, on thi- 
 shores of which are several exposure.s of MaivUolian linu'stoi\e, wldch 
 may l»e described in iletail as follows. 
 
 Near the south end of the we.st side of the island, at tlie l>ack of a »i>\!t|i Man 
 narrow gravel beacli lising to a height of two ft'et abo\«< the lake, is a low 
 cliff four feet high. of a white thiik-beddvU eomi>ftct U\^\V^HlutU', contailtliig 
 .such toHsils as Atr//fiii rftirnhin.:^ Atr>//)(i axfnrii^ {'i/i-fiiiit H\thitltoiun- Hmitli f'lul. 
 XXH, Portti' jfdax r/lyititui, Jiii/ifiiKlonia 7'vii^f/i! and i.o.niin'nin ((/^I'-n/rtN. 
 It Ik almost undisturlKsl and K\vvi»»ntal, though having a \ei y light 
 dij) to the .south, ex|Hvsing in ;\\\ .six feet of strata in the rJilV. 
 
 (>ppositethisjH>int, but o;i iheea^t side of (he island, similarclitVs, seven 
 feet in height, expose in all nine feet of the .same white thick bedded com- 
 pact linuvstone, The n»ck strikes along the shore in a direction N. 1") 
 \V. and dips N. To W. at angles varying from IS to 24 , vaiying a 
 little in tlirection with slight irregularities in the strike. It also eon- 
 tains numerous fussils of the same species as tho.se at the j>re\ ious 
 
_jR 
 
 168 E 
 
 NOUTM -W KSTKHN M A N ITOUA. 
 
 North end. 
 
 Small faults, 
 
 .South Man lociilily, tliitu;,'ii with tlu'iii uic also tiuiiid J{<-l/i'roj)/ii>n Ii/o/hi and 
 itou iHlniid. /, I ' f i; • I 
 
 (Contd.) Ci/ii//iii/)/n///iiiii ri'rnnc.)tli(ri'. 
 
 Ndrtii of tills clifl' tlie shore is strewn with iHUildcrs tor a short 
 distance, and then a heueh ridge of limestone gravel t'ornjsa long sweep- 
 ing' curvcMii tVont of a low meadow to the north-east point of the islanti, 
 which is jiilrd ten foct hiyh with hir^e round wnter worn lioidders 
 of gneiss. 
 
 Half a mile west of this point, on the north side of the island, a light 
 
 anticline witli a strike N. 45 W. l)rini;s wliite limestone, sinnlar to 
 
 that last seen, three feet ahove the water, and from iiere westward, foi- a 
 
 distance of about (itJO paces, to tlie nortli-westei'Ti angle of the island 
 
 rock in low clitl'sis more or less continuously exposed. It is %ery much 
 
 tilted and hrokcn l)y small faults, hut the licds ;il the west end of the 
 
 heach are of the same age as those at the east end. The strata con- 
 
 sistat the )»ottoMi of twehcfeetof thick-l)edded white limestone sinnlar to 
 
 that last seen. From it the following fossils wcjre ohtained, \i/,. : 
 
 Cyalliiiiihijllinii vmiiifithtre, var. jn'acnrmir, A/n'ofifes like <'ri//>/odi')ix, 
 
 Ci/rfino J/(imi,/f(>ii('iiyls, Atri/jxi reticuhirix, Sjiiilliilln siihr/lijififti,, 
 
 I'nracyclds iffijiiifn, Nnji/iisfitmn J'l/rrrffii, Loxoncinti ultivolvin, 
 
 Hyiifithi'x (ihitiis, Ortlioccnis [flndii, d'oinji/iacrrds Maiilfofn'iinc, (I'l/rii- 
 
 KimI and yd- c)'r<ix siilniKi inllliitniii, and Aspii/if/if/n/H /lo/ofil/is. This limestone is 
 low arKilliti'. , . . 
 
 seen to he conformahly overlaid in places by at least six feet of pink 
 
 tinted irregularly fractured very calcareous argillite more or less com- 
 pact and lying in beds of varying thickness. In one place also a bed 
 of yellow and much fractured, thick bedded calcareous argillite, or 
 argili»Meous limestone, very .similar to that outcropping at the southern 
 exposure near We.ston Point, is iel down by a small fault against the 
 underlying limestone. This bed may overlie the jiink argillite, 
 and its position is proliably do.so alMtve tlie six feet of strata recorded. 
 Five feet of these yellow beds were seen. No fossils were seen in the 
 argillaceous zone except a few fra^ient i of siitiill eriljoid stftnas. (See 
 Fig. I plate). 
 
 Beyond South Manitou Island the sliores of Sagemace JJay, and tin* 
 lake to near north latitufie 52 40', yre low and no exjiosures of the 
 underlying rock could be found. 
 
 liirch Island also has a shore very similar in character, except at its 
 north-eastern extremity, where a little vertical clifl' of Devonian 
 dolomite, several hundred paces long looks out over the lake across a 
 shelving beach of rounded pebbles. The top (vf the dill' at its highest 
 point is level and ten feet abose the water. There is here exposed in 
 all twelve feet of yellow argillaceous doUmiite in nearly horizontal lieil« 
 from two to eight inches in thickness, but often broken by fractures to 
 
 Hitch Island. 
 

 1"^ J j^~~r ^t>"'5 T^ ^'"-^c -J ■ ^""^SBSfMBBy^ -^^^^ -^B^B 
 
 North EnrlSouU, Ala.^iou Isln.ui. l.ako^Wi.unnp^o.i. 
 
 \crt,a,{ ^^roh Sj fi . to ar, m^. 
 
 ,js^^^-' 
 
 
 ^■■■-' .J^:,^'!X,:J!::^,^^^i 
 
 -»jij\,im. 
 
 Scale.: 40 feci, tv 
 
 at umterlt 
 
 an- ini^i 
 
 €^e. 
 
:i^ 
 
 n 
 
] 
 
 I-AKK WINMPKfiOSIH. 
 
 169 E 
 
 .such fin ••xtfiit lliut tlie stnitiliciitiiiii is Ltrcatly ohsfmctl. Tlic loik is 
 porous iiiid seiui-erystalliiH', imd nf'icii tiavir-cd liy Imlfs or cavities 
 wliicli at on time piohalily iicKl tossils wiiicli iia\r sine*' l)een liis- 
 soivt'd, and tlic only fossil found was u -.|iccinM'n of I'l iiloiiu-nis mniin. 
 
 This rock usually weatlHTs with a n.ui,di iircjrulai' knolihy surfac«; 
 that is l<i< )dly charaiteristit; in any jdaces where the rnik is not sidi- 
 jectud to luiicii weai 
 
 This Uirch-Islund dolomite is the lowest series of lieds that liixe 
 been cleliiutely determined in Manitoba to he of l>evonian aj;e, Imt 
 i)etweeii them and the underlyinii Silurian there is a '^n\) )iiolial(ly 
 I'OjircHentinu' fi'om tifty to a Imndii'il feet of strata that have not yet Ween 
 seen, and th'- country where these rocks woidd h '■ been supposed to 
 outcro[» is now covered bv the norti faslcrn portion of Lake Winui 
 I(e;,'osis. 
 
 On Hill Island, a clitV rises at its northern end to a iieiirhl of twenty Hill Isliiml. 
 feet aliove the to])of tin; slo|)inju; beach of •,'neiss imulders. oraboiit twenty- 
 six feet above the surface of tiie lake. The dirt' is behind a Ix'lt of large 
 .'ipruci! and poplar, is not nijw t)ein<^ actively worn l)y the waves, aiui 
 is nmch covered by debris, but twelve feet of the thick-bedded Injri- 
 zontal p(jrous semi-crystalline dolomite was measured, ."outh of the 
 clitV is a tail deposit ot" till with striated pei(i)ics, and on the slopintj 
 surface of this till are two deposits of niunded uravel representing,' 
 stages in the i'ecessi(jn of the water of the lake, one twelve, and the 
 <ither twenty-two feet aliove the ])resent surface of the lake. 
 
 Proceeding; north-westward from the t'litl's on Itircli Island, the 
 presence of the same beds is uidicated in North .Maidtou Island, where 
 large angular masses are .scatterefl over the hea|) of boulders of gneiss. 
 Similar rock is al.so shown to outcrop on, or in t'e vicinity of a hill 
 north-west of Fox Point, where a ridge witir a crest twenty-eight feet Fu\ J'oint. 
 above the lake is largely (.'omposed of rounded masses of similar porou.s 
 mas.sive granular dolomite, in which, howt'vei, a few fossils were found, 
 consisting of Atri//ia rfticiilnns^ AU'iipa (iKju-ni, Ar/i itnri/s/is ninaliU is, 
 J'lodiu-tfilla .sit/>iicii/i(i/(t, crinoid stems, I'irc. 
 
 On the east .side of Penunican Island there is a clili' forty feet in 
 height, situated like many of the other dirt's in this poition of the lake, 
 behind a row of trees that here consist of poplar, elm and ma]>le. On the 
 to|) is eight feet of limestone gravel in a sandy matrix, below w hidi is 
 exposed sixteca feet of yellow, granular horizontal Birch island 
 dolomite, as in most of the other places, it appears to be unf<»ssili- 
 ferous. From the base of the exposed cliff", sixteen feet above the 
 water, the shore is generally covered with boulders and small stones, 
 but under the.se is a compact red clay, not im))robably i epresenting 
 
 I'eiimiicaii 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN SVREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 

 Wo 
 
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 \ 
 
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 170 K 
 
 NORTH-.VESTKKN MANITObA. 
 
 a? 
 
 ■.I 
 4 
 
 Peiiiinieaji 
 
 Inlaiul. 
 
 (Contd.) 
 
 Lignite. 
 
 tlie outcrop ot' a hod of soft ■•ed jui,'illit(' tluit iiuiy fonn the terrane 
 uiidcrlyinj,' tin- IJiivIi Isliind dolomite, and if tliis lie the case the ease 
 with which it would yiolfl to erodiiiy; ajrencies would account for its 
 sjeneral ahsence in iialural sections. 
 
 C)n the beach are also scattered a numlier of fi'af:;nients of li;,'nite, 
 and concretionai'v nodules of Marcasite, Ijut the foniiei', and probably 
 also the latter, arc undoubtedly of Cretaceous a^'e, and would seem to 
 be derived from an outlier of Dakota sandst^ .le deposited in a hollow 
 of the .i)e\(inian rocks and protected by the shelter of the clifi" from 
 destruction in either glacial or pre^dacial times. 
 
 A low outcrop of rock, probably sliifhtly higher than that on Pem- 
 mican Island, occurs on the west shore of the lake in latitude 5'J° 4')'. 
 
 But the ii'ost interestinji; and instructive exposure of the rocks of 
 Devils Point, this series is found on the we.st .side of Devils Point, where a I'cd clay, 
 similar to that on Pemmican Islanci, makes its ap))earance in places 
 dose to the (nlye of the water, and on the beach aie lying a luunber of 
 s})herical nodules of marcasite. Tlu lowest beds definitely .seen in place, 
 however, are slifjhtly undulatinij white porous and vesicular dolomites, 
 regularly bedded, and containing a large nund)er of fossils. These 
 white dolomites are seen to have a thickness of^ three feet, and are 
 proljably innnediately undei-laid b}- ••ed argillites. The following is a 
 list of the fossils ol)tained from this band : Afr/fpa reficidnrin, 
 I'entaiiti'fiis i-imils, I'roductcUa siit)(iri(/iii/ii, Orlhis Manitobensis, 
 Sfrej)for/iyncIinn C/iemitngf"n>iin, Spirifc.ra RlchardKonii, Modiomorpha 
 ■ piimdii, Miirrodon. pyipnii'nn, Anodontopslx (tf}htiH. /'rrrai'jp^fits ellijidca, 
 
 P<intnjrl(i>i (tntiijiiu, Ci/prmtrd'niia plttnuhitu, DouUdium imfiquum, 
 fii>llin-<)f)lio!) I'i'/opx, Strajxirolliud nhtiisK ?, Loxoiienui grncUfum, Hyoli- 
 flif'x (ddtiia^ and I'rortiiK iiii(iididi<s ? 
 
 Conformably oxcrlying this white dolouiite three feet (»f yellow 
 porou.^ dolomite is ex})osed, weathei'ing with a rough nodular surface 
 and apparently devoid of fossils. Above this, eleven feet is covced by 
 beach deposits and debris fallen from *.he cliff, which is hidden behind 
 a low of jioplars. This cliff shows twelve feet of the rough yellow 
 porous unfossiliferous dolomite in horizontal beds, overlaid l)y one foot 
 of limestone gravel. l<"'rom the sunniiit of the cliff (he land rises gently 
 for a .short distance and then more rapidly to the suininit of a gravel 
 ridge forty-five feet in all above the water. The whole of the surface 
 is underlaid by inoic or less water-worn fragments of the limestone of 
 the cliff'. 
 Grand Tsl'iiid. Cro.ssing the strait to the we.st side of Grand Island, a cliff is also 
 found within the edge of the tinil)er, ri.sing to a height of tifty feet 
 above the water. The face of i:he cliff is for the most part covered with 
 
] 
 
 LAKK WINMI'KfJOSIS. 
 
 171 E 
 
 slick'N iiiid oMT^'iowii with buslics. hut at Its foot red clay foniu-. a c:>n- 
 siderahle j)ortioii of the .shore, indicating tlie preyeuce of the red 
 argillitf : tlic top of the clid" is composed of twelve feet of rough 
 yellow porous doloniite, ajiparently ([uite unfossiliferous. On its sum- 
 mit is a gravel ridge at an elevation of Hfty-Hve feet above tiie water. 
 
 On the ea.st side of Cormorant Island a nunibei- of rounded nodules ConniMaiit 
 of marcasite are scattei'ed among the gneissic boulders, having doubtle.ss '"* "■'" '^^ 
 l)een ])loughe(l up by the glaciei' from some outlier of the red argillite 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 Tlie last place at which tin's band was definitely recognized was on iHland off 
 the eastern side of a small island lying east of Channel Island, where isiaiul.' 
 the ice has slioved up a large number of irregular angular fragments 
 fi'oni the parent bed just beneath the surface of tlie water. Tt is here a 
 rough yellow pcji-ous dolomite, the same as the higher beds at Devils 
 Point, and like them appeal's to be entirely unfossiliferous. 
 
 Lying west-south-westward from tlu; line of outcrop of the lUrch 
 Island dolomites is a belt of country, from twelve to fourteen miles in 
 width, that lies a little higher than the country on both sides of it and 
 possesses a much larger lard area. On this higher belt rock ex- 
 posures are almost entirely absent, the surface being more or less com- 
 pletely co\ered with till. The highei' poi-tion of tiie W'innipegosan 
 horizon is, howev(>r, indicated by the presence of unw((rri pieces of 
 dolomite, with fossils already recorded, o!' a small i.sland south-east of 
 Birch Island, and ex[)osures of tlie lower portion of the ^Manitoban lime- 
 stone are seen on the west sides of Peli'^an and Cameron bays. Tlie Pi'lican Hay. 
 former exposure is in latitude 52° 44' 30" and consists of a clitt" ex- 
 tending 200 paces along the shore and rising twenty-six and a half 
 feet above the water. The rock is bi-ought up bj* a low anticline 
 striking X. 10' E. and forms a ridge that can be followed for 
 some tlistance into the woods. The up])er six feet is a white 
 slightly argillaceous limestone containing a laige number of Afnjpa 
 reticularis^ Afri/pa OKp-ni and Pararj/rlux f/Iijif,ic(i. and a few speci 
 mens of Bfllcrophoii Pi'/<>/>s, PfntamcrKK coin's and Proefiis nnindulus ? 
 Below this is a yellowish and much more friable limestone, breaking 
 into angular fraguients, and ap])aivntly unfossiliferous. 
 
 The other exposure is on the west side of Cameron Bay, \\ heie a Cainw-on Bay. 
 clitF rises thirty -.seven feet abo%e tiie surface <jf tlie lake. It is almost 
 hidden behind a narrow belt of poplar growing t)n a gentle slope, which, 
 at a height of eleven feet above the water, is piled with nine feet of 
 irregular rock debris. Al)ove this rises an almost vertical wall for 
 fifteen feet, composed of light bull" argillaceous limestone. It is hori- 
 zontally and evenly bedded, is compact and even-grained, and breaks 
 
 f^; 
 
17-J E 
 
 NOUTH-WESTKUN MANITOBA. 
 
 m 
 
 111 
 
 1' 
 
 
 I.': I. 
 
 Line of low- 
 country. 
 
 rcffiiliii'Iy when struck with tlii' liauiiiicr, tho bods heiiiLj very sonnrous. 
 It is very siinihir to the ruck seen on tlie siiore of Kcd Deer Feniiisuhi. 
 three miles soutli of Weston Point, and to some of the rock at Point 
 ]Jral>ant on the east shore of the hike and represents tlie base of the 
 Manitol)an formation. 
 
 Tlie lowest l)eds exposed in the cliff, for a thickness of three feet are 
 very fossilif(;rous, and contain a j^reat nuniljcr of Afi\i//)n nticuhtrh, 
 and ciinoid stems, associated with Ci/af/io/ihi/llnni At/i(t/nit<cf>i.se, var., 
 Prod'>u-U'lht si(,/>ncufi'ii/(i, Ci/r/iii<i lliiiiiUtoiDmxin, Afri/fnt (ifi/jt'itt, Ki'jern- 
 tcinia ."nhdi'ii/ti, I'linici/i'las I'lllptica, Rajtliistomn Tijrrt'Uii, Onip/info- 
 cirriiH JIanifa/icnxis, Lo.voif'tini altivnlvis, Ilijolitlitts (i/a/iis, OrfJiocnm 
 Jl'uK.lii^ (loinpliucfirdH Alduilolx'itse, and J'nx'tuK iimndnliis. The upper 
 beds als(t contain a few similar fossils scattered tlirougli tliem, but 
 not in any great abundance. Tiiif foot of the clili" is springy, and the 
 water flowing from it is ouite fresh. 
 
 \\'est-.south-west of the belt of slightly higlier land, w liicli api)ears 
 to be a more or less irregulai- broad .synclinal tr-ough, is another linear 
 area erotled out int(< rather deep hollows, which on the map can be 
 traced through the western and north-western arms of Lake ]Mani- 
 toba, through the open jiart of Lake Winnipegosis lietween iied Deer 
 Point anil Birch Island, and onward through Pelican Lake and 
 Dawson bays. This area contains by far the greatest number of 
 rock exposures in the »vhole district. Those in the most southern 
 portions have already been described, and while several were reported 
 on Pelican Lake, it was found impossible to visit them. Those on 
 Dawson 15ay tlu'refore alon(^ remain to be described, and on account of 
 the irregulai' anil almost unconnected character of the outcrops it will 
 be impossible to describe them otherwise than in geographical succe.ssion. 
 
 Ditirxon. Buy. 
 
 vl 
 
 IsIiukI nortli 
 of Wliit avcs 
 Point. 
 
 J'x'ginning on the east side of the bay the most conspicuous feature 
 is an island a mile and a half north of Whiteaves Point which ri.ses 
 abruptly out of the lake. On the west side of this island the waves 
 beat against the foot of c vf>vtical cliff of white dolomite that overlooks 
 the lake, with a total height of forty one feet. Its summit is rough 
 and broken, and a|)parently water-worn, with a c(jvering of moss along 
 the front, while furtlier back, where the surface is two or three feet 
 highei-, it is coxcred with a thick growth of choke cherry, a.sh-leaved 
 maple, i1;c. Krom hei-e the surface declines to the east side of the island, 
 anil at length drojjs in a low cliff to the water. Towai'ds the south 
 the surface slopes gradually to the water's edge and the island termi- 
 
* ,--*■ 
 
 ■] 
 
 DAW3<1>r HAY. 
 
 173 E 
 
 nates in a luir- i>t' iir»'guliiriy r<niiule(l yriivel I'XttMitiiiig towards the 
 south-west. 
 
 The cliff, shown on the pliito in front of tliis fejiorl, is fo' i posed of 
 
 a vcrv tliick-l»'(l<lt'(l or' niassivt- 
 
 .liit 
 
 (' ('xc«H'(hnglv tough doloniilt' 
 
 r'lifT ..f 
 tlii|(iiuit<-. 
 
 ofcasioiially soint-w hal ciystallinc, l)ut never haisli or longli. The 
 hefh.ing is not always distinctly marked, Ijut the liill is ch-arly shown 
 to l)c hrouglit up l»y a latiier sharp anticiiiM' with a strike S. H'l W. 
 and the mck dips off towards each end a* angles varying from 'J.')' 
 
 to 
 
 zoi 
 
 30 
 
 Tn the middle of the cliff, where the stratitication is hori- 
 
 ital, thirty-nine feet of rock in all are seen. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le I'oc 
 
 IS cu 
 
 t l> 
 
 numerous jointage j)lanes that run from the top to the liotlom of 
 the exposure. A numl)er of faults have occurred aloiig tiiese jointage 
 planes, so that it is ditlicult to measure the exact thickness of beds 
 exposed. If these faults were left out of account, the total thickness 
 of strata, here .seen, would he 100 feet, but it is doubtful whether a much 
 greater tiiickness is brought under obser^'ation than the t hirty-nine feet 
 occupying the middle of the cliff. The tiiicikness of beds exposed may, 
 hoivevei', amount to fifty or sixty feet. 
 
 The Kuvest beds, about ten feet in all, arc not so thick -bt'dded as the 
 rest, break down moi-e readily, and contain a large number of stems of 
 Crinoids. Above this are ten feet rather ban-en of fossils, and then there 
 is a very massive band from which large angulai' masses have fallen and 
 are lying at the foot (>f the cliff This band is rather ricli in fossils, Fossils, 
 and from it tlu? following species have been collected : SplturnspoiKjia 
 tPKurUafa, Favosifru Gofhhindica, I'ticliffjiDra rflrvicornis, AlveolifsH like 
 cri//>ti>di'nn, Stroiiuifo/inrK HiichelieruiK, S. J/iijjschii, CienncrhiiiK sp., 
 tS}>l)'orf)is onip/i(if(id'-n, I'huirotrypa iiifm/innto, Ci/sfoffirf;/n /fmiiU- 
 fovitsin, p\'tii'stfll<i vni, l'\ dixpondd, Vohjpora Mtiuiloln nuis, I'ro- 
 diirtt'Uii siilxn-uhotd, Ortli is yfiniifolit'iisis, St)i'))fnvh)i)irh us C/icuiHui/msis, 
 Strophodontn interstriaHs, Strophodoufa uvciinta, Spiri.ft'ra finihriutK, 
 Afn/pd reticuhiris, J'l'ufuments comls, Siringoci'phnlus Burfini, Tei'p- 
 liratuhi Snllirftnti, Artr-opfi'viii Jioijdii, Nandu M'uiUolifiisis, Dmifa- 
 liinii (intUjunm, I'leiirotiiinariii Spenceri, Jiiioiiip/i<(lus annidains, 
 /'/afi/cerns parvuliim, Ortlincpras TyrreUii, Gyroceras Jilitextum, Isochi- 
 /iiia Daiosoni, Elpe Ti/rrc/lii, lironteAis Manitohensis, Cyphnspis hel/nln, 
 and I'rortiis munduhis. 
 
 Whiteaves Point is a cliff twenty-one feet in height extending 
 for a mile along the shore, and rising to a total height of thirty- 
 one feet above the water. In front of it is a strip of land fifty feet 
 in width wooded with fine large elms, between which and the water is 
 a low beach of irre'^ular fragments of limestone. The summit of the 
 cliff is rather rough and wooded with small poplar. 
 
 Whitcavf 
 I'oint. 
 
 ii 
 

 174 i: 
 
 NOKTII-WESTKHX MANMTollA. 
 
 m 
 
 
 •1 
 
 IsIhiuIm sontli 
 west of Whit 
 eats Point. 
 
 Tlui rock is n wliitoc«)iui>iU't, unorystallint', (lulnmitr iml Nfiy thickly 
 or evenly iMHldcd. Imt hrcakin^' rciidily iiiln irrt-,'iilHr fnigmeiits. 
 'riirni;,'li tiic st ratHic.itioii i;^ «'ssciitiully lidrizoutal, it is cut by i>uint'ri)iis 
 joiiita;,'!' planes, alon;; which the rock appears to have sliddcn to some 
 extent. It i)rol)al)ly rejirfsrnls the iiigln-st lieds seen at the island just 
 descnl)ed. ui- possibly U'ds somewhat hi;rher. 
 
 In places it contains a larf^, ..umber of beautifully pre.served fossils, 
 amony which the most common and conspicuous are SfritH/nn'/i/i(('iis 
 Jliir/iiil, Oriliofiiuix TumHii and (•'i/rnriras CmiddriiKe. With these 
 are a.ssociated many of the species found at the small island, and in 
 addition the followinj^ species : Cyftt/ii>p/ii///iiiii An mi, Arfitinri/stis /•«»•- 
 idiiifls, ArfiiiDsfriiiiiit 7'i/rrf/fii, Afri/jio iisjtrro, I'lnriiuo IoIhiIk, Mvflio- 
 tnoi'/i/i'i iilliiniiitii, AT. f<)ini>i'rssii, (■oiinciirdlinii Ohiiwiixr^ Cuflmpsis 
 (eiiuicosliitn, OrtlioiuilK fomu/afu, I'li'iirotoiiKirid (/(luioxIdiiKi, MhitIii- 
 nonin Ihnrlinijii, Hi'Ui'roplntn. Pelojm, EnriHinn hrerifpird, Anfraliffn 
 jiniliriiitiix, Oi/i/t/in/orirnis J/mi ifolnnsis, ^(((icojinis iiiiininUi. Ili/ofi- 
 thvH ttfafiiti, and JJnimi/ocenu phnKitnin. 
 
 South-west of AN liiteaves I'oint are a number of lovely wooded 
 islands iisin»t out of moderately det^j) water, on several of which ex- 
 posures of dolomite and linx^stone are to be seen. The tirst of these 
 lies a little more than a mile from the point, on the r^orth end of which 
 is a hill twenty feet in height. This hill is largely covered with an 
 liei'baceous growth, but an irregular rocky knob shows it to be com- 
 posed of creani-whit(^ flolon.ite containing a great number of masses 
 of Actinostroma e.rjKiii.iiuti : and at the edge of the watei- is a more or 
 less thin and regularly bedded hard wiiite dolomite, poor in fossils, 
 though containing some very larg(! stems of ('rinoids. The .stratitica- 
 tion appears to be essentially horizontal, though the moremas.sive por- 
 tions in the hill are much shattered, probably by a small fault, so that 
 it is ditticult to detect any stratification. Large Cririoid stems and the 
 tail of a Proetns were found in these beds. 
 
 The shore on the north end consists of fragments of dolomite broken 
 by the ice from the rock immediately Ijelow it, behind which are rough 
 irregular masses fallen from the crag. The rest of the island is 
 surrounded by a beach of more or less rounded fragments of dolomite 
 entirely or almost entirely derived from the I'ock of the island itself, 
 and containing the following fossils, viz. ; S])}i(i'ros]ii))ujia fi'ssc/fafa, 
 CyxtlphijUmn jirii/'iiiulinn, Fdvositi'n Gotfilandica, J'tic/ii/pani n'rvi- 
 cornin, CysU^dictijii llamiltonensis, Polypora Manitobinisis, Ortliis 
 ManitohensiH, Strojiliodontn inf erst rial is, Sjnri/era fimhriata, Cyrtinn 
 IlamUtownsis, Atryp<t reticidnris, String<iccph(diis Burthn, 7Wiif>rafnla 
 Snilirrtnti, My<din<i iajlata, Afncrodon jtyyiiioiin, Orthonota eorrugnta, 
 
TVKRCLl. 
 
 l>A\V«ON HAY. 
 
 I •> E 
 
 ri> 
 
 III riitiiiiiiiriii Sjii'iiriri, Kini'iiut s/nrinsnin, Oni/i/iii/nrirriis Mnnito- 
 
 OfHSlM, 
 
 Sf 
 
 I'll 
 
 /nil 
 
 ■iff 
 
 I'lllllllll IllltllSII 
 
 l,t, 
 
 I't.lt 
 
 i/i'irn.s jiiii'^uil II II 
 
 M 
 
 IICI'Ill 
 
 ■hit 
 
 mil H 
 
 ,ih- 
 
 rns/iitii^ llriiiiti IIS Mil iiiloli'itsis, and Cf/p/iiifiiis fii-flnfa. 
 
 A Tiiilf further west lies a soiuewliiit laitrci' island, mi tin- nnitli-wost 
 side of \sliicliaii aliru])t vcrf leal <liH' of lij^lit yifv doloniile, with a 
 slijfiitly i)oroii.s and scuii ciystalHiii- texture, lises to a h(i;;ht of foity- 
 th;ee feet alntve the wtiter. It is eaten out \vj the waves to a height of 
 1 al)o\<' is cwN-ered witli lii^ht brown lii-hen. Tlie foot of 
 
 ii>l 
 
 ten feet, 
 
 aiK 
 
 the cliH' is covered with large angular lilorks fallen from itsfao*', while 
 the summit is overgrown with grass and small sage-liush. 
 
 The rock is i)rouglit uj) liy a rather sharji anticline with a sti'ik(> N. .Vntidine. 
 40° E. At the eastei'ii end is a fault with a di|) of 40 striking 
 
 N. 35° E., and with a throw to thi; 
 
 )lial)lv of all 
 
 feet. 
 
 )0 K., ami witli a throw to trie north proiiaoiy ot ahout ten 
 West of this the rock rises with a din of '1~ , which rapidly lessens till 
 ii, the middle and highest part of the clitlthe stratification is practically 
 horizontal. To the south the l»eds are cut otl' abruptly by a fault, 
 south of which for seventy-tive feet the beds are very irregularly .lis- 
 posed, and beyoml wliicli they disappear. There would appear to be a 
 light throw to the south in this latter fault. 
 
 In the middle of the clifi' the lower beds aw white dolomite, thinly 
 and moi'e or less irregularly bedded, and ap[iarcntly not containing 
 many fossils. Above this is a similar but thick-liedded dolomite con- 
 taining numbers of Actinostroiiia/i'iietitrdfiiiii. The broken dolomite 
 to the south of the fault is of a slightly yellow coloui', and from it the 
 following fossils were obtained : Sp/nrrofipoiii/iti fi-ssi.'ffntii, Actiiiocyxtis 
 rnriiiftif is, Juivosifi's Gotlifinidirii, I'licliijporn Cf^rricorni.s, Afvi'ofifi'ti vnf- 
 /oruiii, Cfenocriii'is sp., Atn/pa reliridiirlx, J'fiifdiin'niK coiiiis, Striiigo 
 cephafusJiurthii,TerehratiifnSulfiva7iti,J'te7nHeafohala,Myidi7ialnjiiita, 
 Goniophorn perangiddtn, Pfeurotomarin Simpsoni, Alurchisoiiin fiirbi- 
 natii, M. Do/rliNf/u, Porrrffiii strinfaj Enneinn sp/'cinsuni, EiKnuphidiis 
 nnnufatuK, OiiipliafodrruH Mitnitofx'.nsix, Slrdparoftina o/ifiisn, J'.sciido- 
 phorits fecfl/onnis, Lo.i'oiienui cimjufafinn, Cyrtoccras occidi'ntafi', (Jyro- 
 certts Ciinndensc, Cyphnspin Ix-ffuto, and /'roffiis innndidus. 
 
 To the we.st of this island lie two other small islands thickly wooded 
 with elm and poplar. Both are low and no rock is seen on them in place, 
 but on the north sideof the largerone the pebblesareangular, and little, or 
 not at all, rounded by the water, and woulil appear to hav<' l)een shoved 
 up by the ice from a beil of rock beneath the surface of the water. 
 Behind the beach they are piled into a high ridge by the ice. Theso 
 pel)bles consist of wliite dolomite like the last, and contain (juite a 
 large number of the same fossils. On the east side of the island the 
 
 
 Islands (if 
 |)fbbli>s. 
 
It' 
 
 f 
 
 J;'- 
 
 t< 
 
 
 [t 
 
 Beard y 
 IslaiKl. 
 
 Near Bell 
 River. 
 
 170 K 
 
 NOnrH-WESTKRV MANITOHA. 
 
 pcbldf's arc iihkIi ninrc luiiiuled, uml .iif piled in a ridge ten feet in 
 liciglit 1)V tli<^ t'f>nd)iii('d .irtidii <>\' waves and ice. 
 
 A niilf suiitli of the lust lockv island is a larjfor island on the 
 north-cast side of which is ;i \citical clitl' tsventy-iive feet hi;;h 
 from top to hotloin, the latter i)eing some distance back from the 
 then level of the watei- and alxiiit two feet above it. The cre.st of the 
 hill 'S tiu'ee fei't above tlie brow of the ciitl' and is wooded witll 
 small poi)lar. 'I'Iks rock is a cream-white vesicular dolomite, and in 
 [ilaces ajipears to be larjjtfly made up of Acfiiiosfrimiti /'ni''stf«itiiiii, 
 Ar/inostroniti Ti/rn'//ii und Stroiinddporo /{iic/ir/ii'tisis / Besides these, 
 twenty-three other species were collected similar to those found at the 
 previously described exposures in the l)ay. and characteristic' of the 
 fSti'in;,'o,-ephalus /.one. The bedding' in several places appears to be 
 apj)roximately lioi-izontal, but it is cut by .scvcM'al jointiige })lanes along 
 whicli slight faults have occurred. It is impossible to .^ay how much 
 rock is exposed, but possibly not much more than twenty-five feet. 
 
 Adjoining this island is a large Ijoot-shapec' island, the largest island 
 in the bay, known as !?ear'dy Island. On its south shore, clos(^ to the 
 margin of the lake, a soft, cream-coloured, poi'ous, saccharine dolomite is 
 seen apparently in place, and large angular blocks of the same dolo. 
 mite are piled on the shore. It is thick and more f)r less irregu- 
 larly bedded, and the only fossil detected was a large n<idose Stroma- 
 toporoid. This bed would appear to represent llie to]) of the Winnipeg- 
 f)san series, for on ihe opposite side of the island, and but a short dis- 
 tance away, a hill rises to a height of twenty feet, on the fac<' of whi<'h, 
 just within the edge of the woods, is a clitt' sixteen feet in height. This 
 clift', and the gently sloping beach of shelving rock at its foot is com- 
 posed of thin-bedded whitt; argillacCM)us limt.'stone containing a lai'ge 
 nund)er of Atri/jni ri'tirnhirls and Afri/pn ns/iera, n .sf>ciated with the 
 following other fi>ssils, viz. : /'iirii<\i/i/iisi'//ij,fii;i, Ki/'irsfrliiin .ii(h<ivin''i^ 
 Riifi/iisfoiiKt, Tjfrri'Uii, /'oro'/H" Mdiii/ofinnsis, /'Jiiohi/t/ii(/ns militrujo- 
 nn/is, lIi/otithcK ahitiis, crinoid stems, and Ci/atliophyllniii Wasktismine. 
 The bedding is nearly horizontal, and the rock ovei-lies the harsh 
 dolomite seen on the .south side of the island and represents the lower 
 portion of the Manitoban .sei'iep. 
 
 Turning ik»w into the bay south-west of Beardy Island, the south 
 shore is g(>nei'ally low and scattered with irregular fi'agmeuts of lime- 
 stone and dolomite, while long bars composed of similar pebbles run 
 out into the shalk)w water. 
 
 Towards the west end of this shore, and a mile east of the mouth of 
 Bell River, a clitt from twenty to tvvrnty-five feet in height extends for 
 a (juarter of a mile within the edge of the woods, but so much debris 
 
•] 
 
 DAWSON HAY. 
 
 i: 
 
 luis fallen iiiid covei'ed its faoe, iiiul it is so thickly overgrown witli tr<>es 
 
 anil linslies that it is ililllciilt to (leteiinint> acenrately the thickness (if 
 the l)e(lsc'iMM|)(»siii<^ it. lliiwever, tim fnilowin^^iharaeters vere ul)ser\eil. 
 The hill is eau-secl hy the bulging up of the roek siiowii !)y u light dip 
 fiway f'oni lh« centre in three directions, while 'he lake has cut across 
 the fr<int and olisciired the diji that may exist tiiwards the north. 
 
 .Xthnth ends iif tlif clifT the u|i|icr lieds are cunipi'sed uf liifht gray .VKillnc<'(nts 
 sliglilly argillaceous limestone containing a large nuiiioer ot Atii/jia 
 rrfii iif((rls and A/ri/pa ((tt/imi, a.s.sociat,e(l with S/)irij'ini Jiir/iitrdnutiii, 
 /'iiriiri/rliis rUiplicn, h'<i/i/iisfuiii(t '/'i/rn// ii, /i>'l/f'ri>fi/imi /'ilujis, Onip/in- 
 liiri.rniK Mduifolieiisis, tjiiuuiplidluti siilitrvjotifil is, Lo.roni'.iiiK ullintl t'ie^ 
 llildl'itliis (ihitiix, A('l'ni(ici')'iiK IHikIH, and A/rra/l/fs Rtmn'ri. These 
 re|iresent the heds .seen at i'eardy Island, and eight feet or inon> are 
 licre exposed. They are undei'laid hy sevt^n feet (if a rather sdft light 
 liluisii-gray caleai'oous ai'gillite, in which are little masses (if soft 
 hematite, jiossilily caused hy the decay or alteratidn of (■rystallin(^ 
 aggregates of jiyrite. The argillitc^ is cut hy occasidnal \eins of tinely 
 crystalliiK* calcite, and liiwai-ds tin? hottoin contains a few nodules of 
 hard limestone, \vhih> a fddt at the tdp is generally hardci' than tli(! 
 rest. Tt appeared td he tjuite unt'dssiliferous. Its e.vpdsed face is 
 weathered with siiiddthly rounded cdiitours, and the deliris falling fmin 
 this piirtioii of the ditl" lireaks intu thin slialy fragments. 
 Goiddcl (if Miitii/ii/iiiii Kiiil Wlniiijmjoxati 
 
 /•'iiriiKifii //.s iii'di' ill'' nidilth nj' lU-ll A'iri'r. 
 
 This hand is underlaid 
 by twd feet (ir more of a 
 light bluish-gray unfos- 
 .silifeidiis limestone. 
 
 IJeldW this, the scctidO 
 isdliscuredfdr twcKc feet 
 by slides aiul vegetation, 
 and then a light yellow 
 soft gray clay is seen crop- 
 ]iing from the side of the 
 bank. Tt is again .cover- 
 ed fdr nine feel, and then 
 there is a slight exposure 
 df a rather suft i'e(l cal- 
 carcdus argillite. 
 
 iJi'ldW this dutci'dp of 
 led argillite the hill is 
 covered by debris for six- » 
 teen feet to the top of 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Spotted yeliiiw arijUlUic hinejifone, 
 Ijitjht bliu^/i grey calcareous artfWitf- 
 
 JiUu. grey litne^toru 
 
 Liykt ycUaw sof: i/rej/ sluUe- 
 Covrrtd 
 
 Covcrrd- 
 
 Siiccharvidal dolorm'jti'c- Uintstone, 
 Toiujh. white- doJ/i/'niU 
 
 12 
 
 ViTlliill Si-ille -Jtl fi'il 1 lii''ll. 
 
178 E 
 
 N0UTII-WK8TKKN MANITOBA. 
 
 
 r 
 
 ('ontiict of 
 Miiiiitolian 
 and VViiiiii 
 
 furiiiiitioii. 
 
 llic low hciuli, wlifif ii ycllnw, sdccliiiiint', poiuus dDloniitir liiiuwtnim 
 iniiki's its appfamiice for a short distaiiiv, and from which How sjninjis 
 of sti'oiij.' liriiif. 
 
 Below the saccliaiiiH- (loloniitu limestone, and ii;,'ht on thcMnai'fjin 
 of the lake is a Ii;,'lit l)rown oraiinust wlute, vi'vy slij^ditly crvstalliMe and 
 (oni,'h dolomite. It is ^e'lei-ally compact, l)ut in some places issl'.j^htly 
 poi'oiis, while in others it shows little rectanynlar cavities If^ft by the 
 solution of tahular crystals of salt. This dolomite ilid not appear to 
 contain any fossils, hut it and the saccharine doloni'tic limestone 
 undoulitedly represent the lop of the \Viniupei.'osan formation, while 
 the ari,'illite aliov.' represents the ha.se of the Manitoliiin. 
 
 ( )n a \i>\\<i point, a mile further towards the noith-west, a low exposure 
 of rather j^ranular vesicular dolomite of the W'innipejjosan formation 
 outcrops witli a ilip of "» S. ."5") \\'., and hehind it the point is heaped 
 hij,di with irrciiular fraj^nieiits which haxc douhtless heen recently 
 hi'okcn from die lock, and shoved up by the ice. These contain a 
 tew fossils, such as J'nifiiiiifnis eoinis, Stri}i(ji>i'i'pli(ilvn littytliu, Eiiiiftnn 
 brevixfiini, A'c. ProceecHiij,' S. liO W. down the shore for 500 feet, 
 white, friiible, artjillaceoiis limestones holdin;^ Afrt/fin rtflru/nrls, A. 
 (itijitmi, ItrllfiuijilKiti I'l'hijiK, II)fi>lithis tihitiis, A'c, make their appear- 
 ance dipping S.iTo \V. ii") . ;ind from this point they form a low elill'a 
 little liack in the woods, rini'iing southward for a <piart<'r of a mile 
 parallel to the shore, where it flattens out. These represent the sevei'al 
 beds recorded in the section on the precediiif^ pa;L;e. 
 
 f)n the opposite side of the little bay at the mouth of i5ell Kiver, a 
 hill rises to a heijiht of lUO fec^t abo\e the water, and acro.ss the end 
 of this hill the waves have cut a dill" thirty feet higli. The upper 
 twelve feet of this cliff is composed of white, friable limestone, the 
 same as that outcroppin.'j; across the bay. It contains tlie following 
 fossils : A/ri/pit rrficii/aris^ S/nriJ'frii Rir/iorr/xotiii, I'amrifrhin I'llijilirn, 
 lidjili ixtdiiiK Ti/rri'lli)^ Jii'lli'niplii))! J'f/ops, ()iii/)/iii/(>cirn(s Mani/oh/iisis, 
 LoxoHfiiiii n/fivf)hns, Ili/ofit/nx n/ti/n.-i, <i'iiiiijili<n'<r<t>i Manitobense, 
 FdVdsiti's (t'litliliuiilicd and A/ria/ifi's niZ/nnon. 
 
 For eighteen fet.'t below this, in the middle of the anticline, the 
 section is coveri'd with debris and overgrown with brush. 
 
 A light dip carries tlu* lieds up and back from the face of the cliff, 
 but the lieds on the top of the hill are still a little higher and are com- 
 posed of hard gray limestone containing a large number of Afri/pa 
 reticularis, Atri/jxi unpera, and /'tirnci/clnn efiipfica. 
 
 Two miles and tliree-quarters north of the mouth of Bell River is a 
 bare flat, over which a small brook tlow.s into the lake, l)ehind which 
 
IIAWSON ItAY. 
 
 179 R 
 
 «resonieri<l;,'i'.s of iiiiimn' siind. The creek when ex.unined im the 1st HuHik of suit 
 
 of August, 188U, was flowiiigHlxty giilloiiH u mimitcfiml tlie -vatpr was 
 
 vfiry Huliiie. e(»ntai..it»j( about six-seventhH of fi immiikI of eomiiioti salt 
 
 to the^^alloM, whieli would n'w*' a total diseliar^'e l»y the Unxtk of about 
 
 tlilily-seveii t<iiis of salt every t wciity-foiir hours. The suimner of ISS".) 
 
 wasa partieularly dry one and durin;,' ordinary seasons, with anaveraj^e 
 
 amount of rainfall, the brine wcuild doubtless be somewhat weaker, but 
 
 on the nihcr hand the (|uautity of brine disch^r^^^ed and proljablv of 
 
 salt also would be t,'reater. 'I'his brook flows from se\cral springs a 
 
 mile oi- more fnrtliei' inland, which are described elsewhere. 
 
 A mile east of lite mouth of the briny creek, on the west side of a ''"'"t north o( 
 point, is a low exposure of from lifteen to twenty feet (»f white porous 
 and vesicular dolomite dijiping N. 70' E. at aii'/les varying from o up 
 to 12'. It contains a few characteristic \Vinnipeg(»san fossils, and a 
 small amount of brine is flowing fi-om it. On the east side of thepfiint a 
 low anticline forms a hill thiriy feet in height, the rock dij)ping south- 
 ward at an angle of I'l and northward at an angle of 3'. The bottom 
 beds are hidden by debris, but at the top twelve feet are seen consisting 
 of gray limestone, containing fossils, ovei'lying nine feet of evc'idy bedded, 
 light yellow limestone holding a few Atrypas, which again overlies u 
 light blue-gray shale. The fo.ssils in the up))er band consist oiCi/nfhn- 
 p/i////inii AiniK, Atry/Hi rfficu/dris, Atrypa (isjirfd, I'radiirtflld siih- 
 tuiuh'ntu, PariifjifluK eUlpticn, Jiii/)/iitifoina TyrrfVii, IMhrojiJion Pelops, 
 Il;/o/if/i' s <i/(t/iis, and (•'i/rort't'as Ciinndrns)'. 
 
 North and e;!st of this clitl' the shore is generally low and the land 
 behind it rises gently to a few feet above the water. In some places . 
 a wall of boulders lines the shore. No rock is seen \n place, but brine 
 springs rise to the surface. a[)])arently through a light covering of till, 
 and many of the boulders and masses of rock in this vicinity are com- 
 posed of Stringocephalus dolomite. 
 
 Three miles north of Salt Point, an island about a mile in length, and IslaiKl luirtli 
 of a somewhat oval shape, I'ises conspicuously out of the lake. The 
 south and west shoi'cs of this island are composed of well rounded 
 water-worn pebbles of dolouJte, while to the north, and hidden behind 
 a belt of trees, is a rather broken clifV twenty feet high compo.sed 
 of a thick and thiri-l)edded, coralline, dolomitic limestone cut by a num- 
 ber of joiiitage planes generally at a high angle to the horizon. The 
 rock appears to be brought uji by a light anticline and in places is com- 
 posed largely of Ci/(if/toj)/ii/lla)n profundum. With this are associated 
 Sphrerosjinnfiid ffssr/lara, I'dcln/pord cfrricornis, A/rfo/iffs vidlorum, 
 ActinostrotiKi Tyrrellii, Fenentdla vera, Polypora ManitobenHis, Atrypa - 
 
 of Salt I'liiiit 
 

 IHO B 
 
 NOKTH-WEHTKHV MANITOBA. 
 
 ill 
 
 if 
 
 mi 
 
 7; 
 •I 
 
 rfticuhtriH, A. iis/nrn, /'<■ ''itncnix i-tnniM, Strinyocpfi/ni/iia liartiiu, 
 Tiriliriittihi Siillivanti, Acliiinpterin /ioi/flii. Kinieina hi'cvinpirii, Knoui- 
 fthiiliiK infuiifn/UM, Oni/i/iit/nrlrritM .l/)inifi>ln>nsis, Strn/xtrii/lititi olitiixa, 
 .Vdfim/i.ils iiionxitii, MurrnrliUinii siil><'osfiif)i, and I'rix'titH niinin'iifiis. 
 This ('\ idfiitly it'incscrits ii jmitidii of I lit- W'iiiiiiiii-^fiisaii I'oriniitioii, 
 and {)rnl)ul)ly is iit tlio biiHcof, ui' just belusv tin- liottom of the Stiiiij;o- 
 c't'|ihahis y.itiw 
 
 !^:ilt I'oiiit. Returning to the iimUi shoiv of Salt roint, I'l-iiinsiila and pr'o- 
 
 oej'ding wcstwiiid, the tiist »;xj)(>sui'f is a ciiil' thiity fttt in hi'ii,dit, 
 which consists of white doioniiti' di|)]iiii^ a little west of soutli at an 
 aii^iic of ") . At the water's "d^r,. jt consists of a toi';^di. white, yeiiow- 
 weatheririf;, thick-lx'dded (ioloniite, in \\liich art^ many pores and 
 vesicles surroniuh-d l>v lij;iit lirownish stains. 'I'lie surfaee of the 
 individual heels is very irrej^uiar, and in them Arliiiiislroiint TiirnUii 
 and .1. J'i'iii'!*trfttit>n arv very al)undant, along with many other fossils. 
 Overlying the hods above desci'ibed there are fourteen feet of very 
 similar dcjloinites, about the middle of which is a band containing a 
 large numbei- of A'ffersffiuitt nufxwntn. Besides the above, these I'ocUs 
 contain the following fossils, characteristic of the Stringoce|)lialus zone 
 of the Winnijicgosan formation, viz.: SplKfroHiiotujui trsscllntn, Colnin- 
 tinria (HHJunrfd, I'ncJnjponi nrricnntis, AlveoHfen vnf/ornin, Aclino- 
 xtroiiKi Tjiri'iHii, A. fi'ttixlml n in. A/ri//>-i ri'tirularis, I'liifinn'riin <'i>nilx, 
 StrinyDC'iihiiliis linrtini, Terehftitnld. HaHivniili, (j'itsne/i'fia sp., Jfi/((- 
 lina injlata, A/orliDiiior/ifincnni/ircsmi, M. /xin'tifo, (lonio/i/inra penait/n- 
 liitd. Xiiciihi .\/(iiilt(>l)insi.i, Krft'rxfrini(i siilxinifit, I'lnuin/rldn nnti(/iiii. 
 I'. i'//ijitic((, ('otioatrdhmi O/ii'inim', Cardia/ifiln fouiti'oslti/d, Ci//>ric(ir- 
 (lelld lifl/ls/ria/d, D/')itditiini (in/l(/dinn (1), /'/''uriifdiunrid (/onl.osfoiitu^ /'. 
 iiij'rdntidusd, Rdfili'istinnd Ti/rrflli'>, M drchixoiiid /driiuiafd, M. /)()irfiii(/ii, 
 Enufina s/nciosnin, E. lircrisjtird, E. nahsjnnuxunt, E. c/nf/irafd/din, 
 Edomplialdn dUHulatdx, Oinplidloi'irrus ManifohexsiK, StrdpnroUind 
 ()l)f/ist(, /'s(',diloj)Ji(>rds /i'('fij'orini,i, Ndticopsix iiiortidfa, Mdfnir/iifidd 
 xiiiicuxtatd, M. iidh-JiiHd, J[ji<ilitli''s dhitiix, Orfhocrrdti Ti/rnllii, Tetrdyo- 
 nocfi'ds (/rdcifr, and /'roc/iis iniid'hihis. Above these fossiiiferous beds 
 the strata become thinner and much more compact to i\\v to]), where, 
 for three feet, they are very resonant and ajiju-ar to be destitute of 
 fossils. 
 
 Half a mile fai'ther west, is a bare clitl' fourteen feet in height, consist- 
 ing of a white or cream-coloured, tough, uncrystalline dolomite with a 
 great nund)er of small vesicular cavities, and containing very many 
 beautifully clear crystals of calcite. it also contains many concretions, 
 which in places are very small, and give the rock (juite a pisolitic 
 
TYNHCLI.. 
 
 DAWSON llAV. 
 
 LSI E 
 
 ftpjieamiu'c. This is ovorlaid l»y ii \m\ nf hard Hij^illiu-eous liiiit'stone. 
 Tht'sc ht'dMlip with rdnsidciahlc icmdfirity S. (10 \V. at an aiij;l(M»t' IV. 
 
 n»'iiiiid the point t'uiint'd hy this |iiojcctiiij^' (.'lill", ii iiill rises to a Hill wfst of 
 lieij{lit Mt scvciily icct hIm)\«' the lake, and in a hay to the Wfst. wlierc Kiver. 
 this Idj^htT hill apjirnaciics close III the slioic the toj) of the porous 
 (hiloi )itt' outcrops (ii the hcaeh. The sei-tion nIiowh on tlicfiueof 
 this hill is as follows in dcsfcndinj,' oi'dcr : -- 
 
 l^iglit iiviiy tliicklii'ilili'il iir>,'il!iict'(niH lilll('Htoll(^ lioM- ft. in. 
 ilig A/ri/i'd 11 licuhiri", .). «■<//( ;y/, iilicl /'iirarrr/iis 
 
 e/ltjitirn ill great ahuiiduiici:, iisHociiituil with other 
 
 SIHM'lt'.S colli 
 
 iiioii to the Miinitohiiii fornintioii. 
 
 very comiiaci, tiiicgraiiieii, liaiil, liritllc ImtT- 
 
 co 
 
 ioniTil liiiicKtiiiif. 
 
 !•-> 
 
 I (i 
 
 liincstoiie, through which run veins of crystiilliiie 
 
 calcite 4 (t 
 
 Covered M 
 
 Siiiiijur liitni itiyiUacuiUij limeHtone .'< n 
 
 Covered .'tli (» 
 
 Hard iirgillitc 2 
 
 I'oi'lius wliitc dolomite 
 
 A mill' and a, iialf further svest a elill' rises to u heij,'ht of tsventy- 
 four feet above the water, composed of tou,s,di, white, vesicular dolomite 
 containing Sfrinyoffp/Ki/ns Burtini and other associated fossils ; and 
 just at the point in which this cliff' terininates, a grassy hill rises in a steep 
 slope to a height of forty feet above the lake, and from *^''e top, and 
 .sides of this hill tlow several i)rine spring.s, aggregating ni all alioiit 
 twenty-five gallons a minute. 
 
 At a salient point .still further west, and just opposite the mouth of 
 Steep Rock lliver, is a cliff' of similar tough, white, vesicular dolomite, 
 the little cavities being arranged in horizontal layers and containing a 
 few fossils, such as 1'fiilaiin'rnK com in, kv. 
 
 This cliff' is twenty-four feet in height and is overhiid by a coarse 
 .saccharine dolomite, while at the foot of the cliff' the rock contains 
 Strinifoceplnthix Hnrtiiii and a large number of fo.ssils generally asso- 
 ciated with it. 
 
 About the middle of the exposure, a slight anticline brings a light 
 brown argillaceous and slightly crystalline dolomitic limestone just 
 above the surface of the water. It breaks readily with a very uneven, 
 jagged fracture, and contains a few fossils, among which are Atrypa 
 reticularis and Spirifera jimhriata. 
 
 \,, ' 
 
182 E 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN MANITOBA. 
 
 St J Kufk 
 River. 
 
 k 
 
 '.'!§■' 
 
 w 
 
 v-i 
 
 Por^agi'. 
 
 Hill noithof 
 Steep Kock 
 River. 
 
 d'os-siii",' the little buy to the west, anti a,sceii(ling Htee}) Kock River 
 for about half a mile from its mouth, a thin and evenly bedded, light 
 brown, argillaceous limestone of the lower portion of the Manitoban forma- 
 tion outcr.;ps in the bottom of the Ijrook anfl for a few feet up the 
 side of this bank with a light north-westerly dip. 
 
 Leaving the river at this point a portage strikes ofT towards the 
 S(.jth-west and i)assing through a poplar forest foi- a mile and a (juarter 
 again reaches the river in a wide marsh. Towards its western end it 
 [)asses ovei' a rocky hill that rises 100 feet above the lake, on the sides of 
 which are several low exposures of a coarse-grained, ciystilline, mottled 
 white and brown limestone. No fossils were found in it, but it doubt- 
 less belongs to the Manitoban foiination. The limestone lie< in thick 
 horizontal beds which are cut by a number of veins of cryst dline calcite, 
 and has miich the ajjpearance of some of the bands of limestone l)elow 
 ihe Ati'y])a l)and. It is possible that it has here replaced the shale 
 to a consideriil)le extent. 
 
 North of the mouth of Steep Rock River a hill rises to a height of 
 ;;ighty feet, with a smoothly nmnded toji composed of thin-beilded, 
 horizontal, light gray Manitoban limestone, holding A. rfticnlaris, <tc., 
 while tw'Mity feet below it a spring of brine Hows fi'om the sidi- hill 
 and forms ji barren, sterile band to the bottom of the slope. Ii regular 
 fragnients of Winnipegosan dolomite are lying about, evidently derived 
 from the inmiediate vicinity. 
 
 Also three-quarters of a mile north of the mouth of Steep Rock 
 River a hill tifty-tive feet in height forms a salien' point j)rojecting into 
 the lake. On its sunnnit are ten feet of horizontal, whit«*, or light yel- 
 lowish-gray lime.itone, containing a number of typical Manitoban 
 fossils, including Paraq/dns diifliva, J^tip/iisfonui 7\i/rre/lii,Jieflerovhoit 
 I'i'lopH, llyolUlii'ii nlnhis, kc. This is undt^i laid by a lightgray orgi-eenish- 
 gray, caloireous argi!lit(> v\hich ap])ears to have a thickness of twelve 
 feet or more, and below this the hill is covered to the bottom. At the 
 north end of the hill the.se rocks have a dip of 20 S. 10 W. At the 
 edge of the watf r is an irregularly bedded, rather coarse-grained, 
 saccharine limestone, dipping at about 5' from N.E. to E. In places it 
 is pure white and in other places it is of a dark brownish t-olour, 
 and through it ri.se a number of springs of brine. 
 
 Half a mile further north a similar hill rises to a heiglit of thirty- 
 five feet above the lake, on the sunnnit of which are twelve feet of 
 typical light greenish-gray Manitoban limestone in beds of varying 
 thickness and containing a large nundier of characteristic fo.ssils. 
 Below it is a caicarei>us argillite in thin beds. 
 
iJAWSON BAY. 
 
 183 E 
 
 Leaving the bay into .vliich Steep iiock River empties, and coasting 
 northward beside a long gravel spit, a hill is reached rising to a lieiglit 
 of forty feet above the watei-, its lakeward face being now for the most 
 part overgrow M with bushes, and se|)iiiated from the pebl)ly beach by a 
 narrow belt of trees. Tlie rock throughout is a Hgiit gray, thick-bciUh'd, 
 friable limestone wliich in }>laces is oolitic an<l contains many 
 oonnninut'.Hl fragments of fossils, but vhe (mly fossils that could be 
 recognized weiv Afrijjxi relicuhiris, Athi/rin rillata and i'l/jiricufdhiid 
 pffonilftf,,. The rock is undoubtedly the same as the upjter beds at 
 Point Wilkins, desci-ibed below. 
 
 Two miles further to the north the shore turns abruptly we.>-:t ward, 
 and at the salient angle thus formed, Point Wilkins rises as a vertical 
 ciiti" to a height of eighty-three feet above the lake, i)eing the highest 
 and most conspicuous proinontory on it.« shore. 
 
 it consists of horizontal strata with the ftdlowing charactei's, con- 
 sidered in descending older : — 
 
 Forty feet of light gray, very compact, fine-grained, thick-bedded, and 
 in pUices oolitic limestone winch breaks readily into polygonal fi-agments 
 when struck with a hannner. Very few species of fossils were found 
 in these beds, the most connnon being Af/.i/ris vitfatK, and witli it are 
 associated a few specimens of Afrypti rHu'ulnris. 
 
 Thirty-three feet of alight gray argillaceous limestone, running down 
 into a hard, compact, sonoi-ous limestone, interbedded with clay shale. 
 This limestone cont.iins, in places, beautifully preservwl cubical crystals 
 of pyrite, which disappear on weathering, leaving the surface pitted 
 with small cavities. The argillaceous limestone and the shaly bands 
 contain many beautifully preserved fossils, among which are Atrypn 
 reticulariti, Cyrthm IliuinUonenxix, ParacydnH e/hptica, EuumphahiH 
 snl>(ri(/o)iafis, dninplioc.cfdK J/dvifofmnse, and I'ii/rtnduii ciilri'nhia. 
 
 Ten feet of red calcareous ai-gillite witluiut fossils. 
 
 These bedi- represent the upper portions of theManitoban formation 
 as seen in this district, and although they were not seen in direct 
 contact with the lower portion of the terrane, the red argillite at the 
 V>ase of the section j)robably li(»s nf>t far above the limestone seen on 
 the tops of tile hills a little ('istance furtiier soutli. 
 
 The highest part of tlie promontory is at its north-eastern extremity, 
 from which the summit declines witli a slope abov t a mile in length 
 both to the south and west. The stratification is iii general nearly 
 horizontal, and the slope of the surface is formed by the uiuHjual erosion 
 of tiie beds. 
 
 Tlie strata, iiovvever, have been cut by vertical fi.ssures in u ;uniiber 
 of places, and into these fissures the overlying and s.-rrounding rock 
 
 Point 
 Wilkins 
 
 Kissiirn 
 ln'fcciiiM. 
 
1N4 K 
 
 NORTH WE8TEHN MANITOBA. 
 
 ft 
 
 w 
 
 h 
 ■I 
 
 ',1 
 
 has fallen in a ('ontused and irrPij;ular mass. One of the most inter- 
 '■sting e.Kamjiles (»t' these broken strata (n:eui's tlii'ee-ijuartei's ot' a mile 
 .south of the point, where the oliti' is hut ei<(hteen feet in height and 
 hidden behind a row of birch and j)oplar. For a di.stajice of thirty- 
 two paces along the shore the rock is very much disturbed, and pi'o- 
 jects thirty fee'^ l)eyond the rest of the clitl", which consists on Ijoth 
 sides of the lowei' argillaceous limestone lying (juite horizontally. In the 
 disturbed portion, however, ihe rock consists to a considerable extent of 
 the upper lime.stone holding Af/ii/rin vitfafa, in fragments lying in every 
 conceivabl*^ jxisition. With this limestone is associated a hard, light blue 
 .sanilstone composed of tine, more or less lounded grains of white (juartz, 
 of about equal size, with occasionally an included nodule of iron i)yrites. 
 This sandstone often form* the matrix of a breccia, in which are in- 
 cluded the angular pebbles of b'-ittle limestone. 
 
 This bi-ecciated mass has undoubtedly been formed by the falling in 
 of the overlying I'ock to till a cave or tissui-e, and the presence of the 
 Atliyris limestone show;, that this caving in took place before the sur- 
 face was denuded dov. n to its present level, since the cliff, to its 
 summit, is no.v composed of the underlying argillaceous limestone, and 
 the presence of the sandstone shows that this limestone was overlaid 
 by a white or light l)lue .sand, which would appear to have been the 
 Diikutii siiiiil- Dakota sandstone of the base of the Cretaceous, and which was suffici- 
 ently soft and incoherent to run down and till the interstices between 
 the fragments of limestone. This .sand has since been converted into 
 a hard sandstone by the infiltration of a calcareous cement. 
 
 Aljout two hundred paces further north the r )ck in the cliff' is again 
 disturbed in a .somewhat similar manner, but here there is no sand- 
 stone mixed with the limestone. 
 
 stone. 
 
 Eu;,tre89 of 
 f)rol<wi liiiif- 
 stone. ■ 
 
 Half a mile still further north a mass of slidden limestone is standing 
 like a buttress against thd face of the cliff, which is here about seventy 
 feet high. This clifi'is depicted on page G7 of Dr. Spencer's Ileport. 
 The beds, especially the upper ones, are but very little disturbed, 
 and practically horizontal, while at the bottom are ten feet of evenly 
 stratified red argillite. All are hidaenfor a short distance by the mass 
 of limestone fallen from above. This has evidently bi en formed by the 
 filling in of a ca\H' fi"omabove,orofatissurerunningl>aralleltothej)resent 
 face of the cliff, and on account of the inclined position of the rock, the 
 waves of the lake, both at its pre.sent and during its higher stages, have 
 not been able to wear it back as rapidly as the adjoining horizontal 
 beds of the cliff, and ilius it stands out as a salient feature on the face 
 of the escarpment. 
 
J 
 
 DAWSOX HAY. 
 
 185 E 
 
 Deer Kivt'r. 
 
 Dwr Kivcr. 
 
 In other places in the same promontory the l)e(ls are similarly (lis- 
 turl)e(l, l)ut the instanoes already (leiicril)e(lare the most remarkable. 
 
 From Point Wilkins no rock in place was r.een on the sliore for Mouth of Red 
 several miles, until a little peninsula wa.s reached just .south of the 
 mouth of lied Deer liiver, where the beach is composed of dolomite 
 dippin<,' N. S')' W. at an angk; of 10'. At the back of the beach, 
 and at the edge of the woods of elm imd willow, is a little clitF, a 
 foot or so in height, of hard white vesicular Winnipegosan dolomite, 
 and piled up in front of it, and lading theclitl"in many places, are frag- 
 niei\ts of the same rock containing S/Jio-rospotii/in (t'suc/fitta, Pdcln/pora 
 cerricornix, Atrypa reficiilarls, lihi/tirlmnrUn jmyuiix, I'entinntu-Hs 
 comia, Sfritu/ocep/iafus liartini, MijiOlna ItijUito, Ki'ferstfiniu siihornta, 
 Mecyiiodoit like Eifeliensia, Cardio/tsia tenuicostafa, Cypricardiiiid 
 planulata, Orf/ionofa corruyata, Pu/teacnum, cinyuhUa, P/eurototnaria 
 </(t)ii(>sta)ti((, P. i)iJ'r<iii()d()H<(, P. Spf^iiceri, /'Jiiiictiin /irrrixpim, E. sn/>- 
 Djj it ion II in, E. c/at/tniluluiii, At^fra/ ites Jiinbruttus, OnijilialuclrruK Maiii- 
 tobenais, Macrochilina snbcontatd, OrtJiocerax Tyrrell ii, Cyrtoceraa occi- 
 dentiile, and (iyrocerus filitextnin. 
 
 Two miles and a half north-east of the mouth of Red Deer liiver a Noitli ■>f Red 
 .slight and rather irregular anticline brings to the sui-face twenty feet 
 of a thick-bedded, porous, yellow-weathering dolomite of the Winni- 
 pegosan series, containing a few very characteristic fossils, such as 
 Sphn'roHpongia tessellata, Coluiumirin di/ijuncfit, Ampli'xiis or Diphyphyl- 
 I II III, Parliypora cervieornis. Alveolites valloruin, DiKciiin sp., Orthis 
 Jliiiiifoiif.isis, Spirifera f mbriata, Atrypa ri'ticularis, PentaineruK ciinis, 
 t'^friiiyoce])/i<dux Jiiirtiiii, Actinopteria lioydii, Myulina triyonalis, 
 Modioinorphia parvula, Paracyclas antiqua, Pleurotomaria iiifranodosn, 
 P. ISpenceri, Eiiihina siibspinoswm, Strapnrollhia obttiaa, Xnticopsia 
 inornata, GyroceriiH Jilite.vtiim. 
 
 Two miles further noi-th a prominent point (ni the shore is formed 
 of similar dolomite, also l)rouglit up by an anticline striking north 
 and south. At the east end of 'Jie cliti' the dip is eastward with an 
 angle of :20 , while at the west end it is westward at a low angle. 
 The rock contains StriiuiorcplinhiH liiirtini and many other fossils, the 
 same as those found at the last point, besides which were Polypora 
 Aianitobt'iisis,S]drifera l{ichii>'dmiiii,Atrypuaspi'ra,Spatdl<'i<iiheUi2)tica, 
 Denlalium iintiqiium, and Miirchinonia Dowlingii. 
 
 A niile and three-quarters we.st of this point and close to the shore, 
 a hill of similar dolomite containing Sfriiiyocf/ihnliis Hiirtini, kc, 
 rises to a height of twenty feet above the lake, and a mile to the 
 north-west is another hill of very similar vesicular dolomite, which, 
 however, did not appear to contain any fossils. Ten feet in all of 
 
 , |S,.". 
 
 ,^'*- 
 
186 E 
 
 xorth-wf;stkhn Manitoba. 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 {hi 
 
 
 
 Macfrtui 
 Point. 
 
 Rowan 
 
 Tsland. 
 
 this (Idlniiiite "vas seen, ami in (i l)e(1 ei<;ht feet below the top iire ni.any 
 little orystiilliiie masses ot' pyi'ite, some of whieli have been altered 
 into hematite. A beautiful cast of the exteii(»r of a large salt cry.stal 
 was also .seen. 
 
 Below this bed of dolomite a f,'ently slopinj^ hill rtfteeu feet in hei<;ht 
 reaches to the lake, and <)\er it ai'e ti'ickling several littl<' rills of 
 brine. 
 
 The only other e.xposure of rock in place, seen on the west .shore (f 
 Dawson Bay is at Macoun Point, which is marked by a beautiful 
 grove of tall .spreading elms. Around the gidve is a beach of rounded 
 limestone gi'avel, and in front of, and a little lielow the gravel is a line 
 of transported boulders of gnci.ss and limestone. Fi'om this line of 
 boulders the shore extends with a gently declining .slope to the edge of 
 the water and is strewn with angular fragments of porous dolomite 
 which have been shoved up by the ice from a bed with a very 
 irregular surface, that make.s its appearance in extreme low water in a 
 few places. It consists of a thick-bedded, light brownish-gray, 
 saccharine dolomite, so porous as to feel very light. It does not appe;ir 
 to contain any fossils, but closely resenddes in general character the 
 dolomite from De\ ils Point. It would seem to be an upward continuation 
 of the lUrch Island dolomite, })r(jl)ably inmiediately underlying the 
 Stringocephalus zone. 
 
 Turning now to Rowan Island, which lies two miles and a half off 
 the shore, in the north-western portion of Dawson Bay, its western 
 extremity is found to be cf)mposed of a rough porous dolomite preci.sely 
 similar to that at Macoun Point, anil like it (juite unfossiliferous. 
 
 Near the south point of the island this dolomite again composes the 
 shore, while just back from the margin of the lake, a hill rises to the 
 height of twenty feet and is compo.se<lof a white, thick-bedded, tough, 
 \esicular dolomite, practically horizontal, and thus innnediately over- 
 lying the liard poious dolomite. It wr)uld appear to represent the base 
 «*f the Stringocephalus zone and contains a number of its typical fossils, 
 such as Sphtrrosponyid frssf/fata, Actinocijstis variahi/in, Actinostroiua 
 Tyrrcllii, A. fenextrittntn, Ci/<'<ti)dirfi/a HatnUtonensis, Fenestella dis- 
 jjuru/a, Spivifera fi nihriata, Afri/pa refictihiris, Pcnftniifmscninis, Stri7t- 
 (jocephahis Jinrtini, (joniophora jicraayidoid, Bi-llfroplivn Pelops, 
 Porcellia Maiiitohennis, Omphalocirrus Manitobeiittifi, Loxonnna altwol- 
 viii, L. prisciim, L. cinyidatum, lirontens Manitobensis, and Lic/i<iH 
 (Terrttai^pis) sp. 
 
 For the rest the island appears to be composed of the.se two kinds 
 of dolomite, though at the north end, where low hills occur, their faces 
 are so thickly piled with boulders that the rock itself was not exposed. 
 
 ■"..V 
 
^] 
 
 DAWSON HAY. 
 
 18 
 
 I E 
 
 Lcaviiif,' tlie short; of Lake Wiimipcgosis, jiiid iisct'iidinj,' tlu- Ketl 
 Deer River, its banks are low and alluvial for the first two miles 
 from the lake, at the end of wiiich distance a bare stony hill rises 
 to about twelve feet above the river. Sj)rinj!;s of brine issue from 
 the top of tlie knoll and flow down its sides, diseharginj; in all from 
 one to tw(» j^allons a iiniuite. ('lose to the river is a slojjinj; exjtosure 
 of rather thin-bedded, .ight gray, Manitoban limestone bieaking into 
 very irregular fragments and holding great numl)ers of Atrypa retim- 
 /f(r!s, with I'dntrijrhix I'lfij/firx, Ci/rtina Ihaniltuni'iiHin and many other 
 fossils. The beds are clipping east at an angle of 15 , and not more 
 than four or five feet in all are exposed. 
 
 A short distance further up the river, on the same side, is a hill 
 consisting of eleven feet of limestone overlaid by six feet of unstratiticd 
 till. The rock is gray, yellow weatlieiing limestone of the Manitoljan 
 series, and dips N. 'lO E. at an angle of 10 . The ui)per five feet is a 
 whitish limestone breaking readily into fragments and containing a 
 number of fossils ; while below it is a thicker-bedded, but not very 
 compact, argillaceous limestone, containing but few fossils. 
 
 A little further up the river, and about half a mile above the lower 
 salt spring, a cliff of limestone rises to the heiglit of twelve feet above 
 the water, overlaid by about ten feet of till. The cliff is about ;W0 
 feet long, and the beds dip 8. 50^ W. at an angle of ')'. 
 
 The following section is here shown : — 
 
 ft. ill. 
 
 Liglit l)hie or bhie-gray clay shale or calcareous argillite, 
 the hiittoni lieils of wliicli contain many specinienis 
 of Chonetes Loijcuii, var. Aurora, wliile the top beds 
 are of a slightly hrownish colour 8 
 
 Thin ;uul tliick-hedileil light hluc-gniy argillaceous lime- 
 stone. These beds together with the base of the 
 overlying shales are very fossiliferous, containing 
 Alri/pa ri'ini/nris, Atrypa aspcra, Strophodonin 
 arcuata, Proilinti I/a xuhanileala, Spirifcra ^fimbri- 
 ata, Spirij'era Richardtoiiii, Cj/r/iiin, Ihuniltoni nxi--*, 
 I'araryflaxt lli}>lifu, Paracyr/aiaiitiqiia, liaphi^loma 
 Tymllii, Bi//i'ro/iho)i I'i/o/ik, I'orrt^liki Maiiitolx iiM-i 
 Oinph<UorirrusMaHitolitnnx,lIyoliflie.-<alatU'<,l'rottiiii 
 mniidulu'iyA mp/i^xu-'< s\).,Cyathopfiyl/um rtrmieu/are, 
 Cynthophylhim pttrnoidtx, A/veo/iftn like eryptodew, 
 Ariiiiorem'< Hindi) 6 U 
 
 Thick and somewhat obscurely bedded light gray lime- 
 stone, breaking on weathered surfaces into irregu- 
 lar fragments. It contains some of tlie same fossils 
 as the beds above and appears to represent the beds 
 in which Atrypa rtficu/arin is most abundant. At 
 
 Him I !).'< 
 Kiver. 
 
 Clitf of 
 lite IU1<I 
 utoUf. 
 
 iirgil- 
 lime- 
 
ST. 
 
 W«' 
 
 1 
 
 
 :'} 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 :^!' 
 
 
 '1 * 
 
 
 v> 
 
 t' 
 
 Kivcl Cn, 
 
 I'lppiT Sal 
 Spiinjfs. 
 
 Pelican 
 Hapids. 
 
 Red Deer 
 Lake. 
 
 188 E 
 
 NOHTH-WESTKHN M ANITOBA. 
 
 its topji little liiine is tiickliiij^ "Ut of the roek, itiiil 
 just east of the exposure is a small area in which 
 
 springs of hriiie aie flowing over the surface H 
 
 Light gray thin and evenly hedded limestone, very com- 
 l)aet, and resounding when struck witli the hani- 
 uu'r. It <'ontains very few fr)ssils. To the edge 
 of the water "J 
 
 Three-quart(M's of a mile furtlierup tlio liviT, on the south side, a low 
 anticline strikinji; N. HO \V. l-iinjfs u]! six tVet of the li,i,'lit blue-gray 
 argillaceous limestone overlaid \>y a toot of light blue clay shale. A 
 few fossils were found, the same as some of those in the above list. 
 
 Half a mile higher up the stieam a low anticline brings seven feet of 
 the light gray limestone to the surface, l)roken in several j laces by littU^ 
 faults. It also contains a nunilicr of fossils, the .same a.- those already 
 recorded from the .M.mitoban series on this river. 
 
 This last exposure is at a prominent bend in the river and a mile and 
 a half al)ove it a rounded hill rises on the north bank to a height of 
 twenty feet, on the south side of which are .several small brine sjirings 
 where the Indians occasionally procure a small supply of salt by Ixiiiing 
 (low n the water. The hill consists, to within four feet of the water at 
 all e\ents, of light giay limestone, the sloping face of which l)reaks ofl' 
 in irregular fragments. This locality was visiteil by Trof. Macoun* in 
 1S81 and some fossils were collected from it, among which Or/Iiift 
 Ktriii/ii/ii (0. J(iiriiixis) is especially noticeable a.s not having been 
 ol)taiiied by the writer. 
 
 lAissils are, however, very abundant, and are genei'ally very well 
 weathered out by the action of the salt water. The following .species 
 were collected, and may lie con.sidered with the preceding li.st as a typ- 
 ical seiies for this northern portion of the Manitoban formation: 
 Ci/((t/i<i/)/if///iiin Vi'riiiiciiJ<tr<\ \ ar. jira'cnrsor, C. Wdft/tdseiiKf, C. in'trnoides, 
 A/reo/tt>'s like crijptiKli'tis, A. ra/Zonini I Stvojihoduntu urciKifd, Cyr- 
 tinn J/niiiif/())i)'nnis, A/rijj/a n'ticiildriit, A. (ispunt, I'ltrttcyclaH eUiptica, 
 Jiophinfonia Tyrrellli, Lo.wiiema nltivohns, Proetus iimyidulus. 
 
 For the rest of the distance to Red Deer Lake the banks are gener- 
 ally composed of till or alluvium, l)ut at the head of Pelican rapids 
 a band of light gray limestone of the Manitoljan series crosses the 
 river. Where seen it was clipping southward at an angle of 12" and 
 contained a few fossils, such as Atrypa retimlaris, Ouiphnlocirrutt Mani- 
 tobensia, Proetun iniuidulKn, kc. 
 
 Red Deer Lake lies in a very shallow basin and its shores are gener- 
 ally low and alluvial or composed of sand and boulders. In one place on 
 
 "Ann. Rep. Dept. of Interior, 1881, pt. 1, p. 75. 
 
til' 
 
 T- 
 
 y. y 
 
 -' V 
 
&i 
 
 3^ 
 
 
•] 
 
 HKI) DKKll AND SWAN I-AKKS. 
 
 189 E 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 the Nouth slum , liowever, peeping out frou, under tli<' iKiulders, hihI ut 
 an elevation of from two to three feet aliove t lie water, is an expo- 
 sure, sliowini,' in all a foot of a liylit <irii\\ white weathering', thin-iMMlded 
 liniestune, dipjiin;,' east at an anj^le of 5 , ;ind ;it a hundi'ed yai'ds far- 
 ther east there is exposed for tlfty puces almij^ tlie slmre a horizontally 
 lii'dded, li;;ht .i,M'ay, sli^ditly uiai^nesian limestone, often red fiuni tiic 
 presence of iron. In places it is evenly hedded, wiiili' in other places 
 it is a l)reci;ia with v»'ry irregular pebhles. 
 
 Ill the entire absence of fossils it is impossible to determine the 
 exact position of these l)eds, but it is reasonable to infer that they form 
 pari of the upper itrecciated portion of the Manitoban series, which is 
 well shown on 'veral of the islands in Swan Lake. 
 
 Returniiii,' to L.ike Winiiipeiifosis, and ascending; Shoal Hi»er Hhoivl Riv<'r. 
 to the north end of Swan Lake, no i-ock is .siien in place on oi- near 
 tlie banks of the sti'eani. < )<'(;jisioiial areas are rendered wet and 
 barren by (lows of luirie from salt springs, iiidicatiiii^ the jnobable 
 occurrence of the l)asid sludes of the Manitoban series, under the 
 coverinf; of drift. 
 
 The shorivs of Swan jjake .are also low, and the points are often Nwiin Lake. 
 ]iile(l hiyh with travelled boulders. Hut many of the islands consist 
 of low bo.sses of limestt)ne standin<i a few feet al)ove tht- le\el of the ^ 
 water. 
 
 Rose Island lies towards the northern end of the lake, and consists Ruse ThIiuuI. 
 almo.st entirely of beautifully ^daoiated limestone which at the 
 western end rises to a hei<,dit of ten feet above the water, showing at 
 the same place a dip of S' to the .south. The rock is the tine-gr.iined 
 compact limestone of the ujiper portion of the Manitoban .series, and 
 contains a few Atlnjrix inttota and other characteristic fossils. Tn 
 places it is brecciated, with a matrix of more or less soft argillite, 
 but it is not improbable that the broken character is due to the • 
 
 occurrence of fissures or slight faults. 
 
 The three adjoining islands were alsf» found to consist of the same 
 limestone under precisely similar conditions. 
 
 Most of the remaining shores and islands of tiie lake are low. or Swun River 
 covered with boulders, but on the eastern side of the delta of Swan 
 River there are two rocky prominences. The northern one, N. lat. 
 52° 27' 45", long. 100' 42' W. consists of a low exposure two feet 
 above the water (August .'ilst, 1889), of a light gray sti'atified 
 slightly argillaceous limestone belonging to the lower portion of the 
 Manitoban series. On the shore were also lying many large slabs of 
 somewhat similar limestone which had been shoved up by the ice from 
 a thicker-bedded layer below the surface of the water. The rock con 
 
1\ 
 
 i 
 ifii 
 
 190 R 
 
 NORTH-WKHTKHX MAXITOIIA. 
 
 fi 
 
 H<Mk clitl. 
 
 LowHHt trail 
 crosxin^. 
 
 "^ 
 
 taiuH iiuiny h\.vm> uixl wt'll-prcsc'rvcd sjifciiiit'iis of A/rif/i<i ritirnlnriH, 
 with sniiu' Ihij(«' ,1. iix/imt, liesidc."' /'(f/v/cycA/s i//ii>firit, /in/}/iisfoiun 
 Tyri'i'lHi, Jtilh'iitplioii /'f/i>/)M, (,'i/rorfrnM Huhinmnilldlinn iiiiil /'rmfits 
 sp. Thr ImmIs here liavr a li^'hf dip of 1' 2' S. OO K. 
 
 Two iiiilfs fiirtlit r soiitii, llic ollit-r rocky point cimsists of a iitth- 
 <lifr fi;,dit fee* in h«'ij,dil. Tlie rock is a thick licddcd ;,'iay iinicstono, 
 iircakiii^' readily into small poly^fonal fraj,'nH!nts, and is generally 
 very similar to tliat composing,' Hose Island. It appears to be raised 
 in a low anticline, strikini; sonth cast and north west. At the north- 
 eastern end of a small island oil' this point there is u low exposure of 
 similai- lime.stnne, hut in neither places were fossils characteristic of 
 any jiarticubir hori/on tnliefuund. 
 
 A njile north-westward from the la.st poiivt, and at the eastern end 
 of a small lake, is a stony aren in which are several little springs of 
 hrine, one of which is (lowing about two gallons a minute and all 
 the rest at^ together tlowing alwiut twice as much. The exact 
 hori/on in the l)cvonian from which the brine Hows was undetermin- 
 able. l''or many years a local supjily of .salt has Ijet^n obtained i)y the 
 half-breeds from those brine spiings, and their rusted iron evaporating- 
 pans'can be seen lying here and there on the ground. 
 
 Two mile.-, and a half west of the rocky cliti on the |>oint, is the low- 
 est trail-crossing of the Swan Kivcr, on the south side of which is a 
 hill rising to a height of thirty feet above the river. On the north 
 side of this hill is a clill" si.x feet high showing at the bottom three 
 feet of a horizontally, thinly and evenly-bedded light reddish limestone 
 which appears to be unfossiliferou.s, while above it is a barid five feet 
 thick of a cream-coloured limestone, often saccharine and porous, 
 with many crystals of calcitc!. This ujiper band contains a few fossils, 
 such as ( 'i/r/lii(( //((iiiU/onnisis, Jidji/iis/mnn 7\i/rn'//ii, iVrc, and the whole 
 j)robably represents a horizon in the Manitoban series just bek)w the 
 base of the Point Wilkins beds. 
 
 No Paheozoic rocks in ])lacewere found higher uji the Swan River 
 than in this hill at the cr<tssin<'. 
 
 I 
 
 /..\lvK MAMTOUA. 
 
 Low shores. The shores south of Manitoba House were not closely examined, but 
 
 they are generally low, with a ridge of sand and gravel running along 
 at, or a little back fi'oin, the edge of the water. The water is shallow, 
 and the gently declining lake bottom is studded with large gneissoid 
 boulders, which are especially abundant off the more prominent points. 
 No cliffs of the older rocks are apparent along the western shore of 
 this portion of the lake. 
 
 
Tvimet.1.. 
 
 I.AKK MANITOHA. 
 
 V.H K 
 
 North of Mimitoliii UmiM' tlic sliorc inaiiitaiiis nnicli tl 
 
 IC Mllllf 
 
 character, hut iMUihlcrs fUf stackt-d up soiiunvliat inoif thickly <mi the 
 |>oiiits. On ori»' of thtfsc jioiiits, a little n(»rth of the ciitraiicf to Khh 
 and KIow l^akc, a houhlcr of Hui'oniaii coiij.'IoiiH'iatc with pchijirs of 
 ^^Mciss ill a Hue ^^rccii matrix was lyiiij^ in a |>ili' of lioiiltiiTs of ;,'iii'iss. 
 < In tioth Hules of this point cxttMul ridges of rather aii','ulnr jiehiiles 
 of limestone. 
 
 On tlie east side of the lake, at Sifton Nar'ows, where the old foca- Hifton Nnr- 
 tioii of the Canadian I'acilic Kailway ean lie plainly seen as a wiile and 
 well-cut-out line tliidu;(li the surioundiiig poplarffirest, is a low exposure 
 of porous Devonian limestone close to tlie edge of the water. 
 
 Following tin* projected railway line eastward from the lake, a clear '"'I <|uarry. 
 ing is reached in the woods where a small (|uaiiy has heen opened. 
 The rock is a iMeam-coloured, harsh, semi-crystalline, porous, and very 
 light (loloinitic limestone, in which large open vesicles are rarely 
 present. It etrerve8ce.s feebly in weak hydrochloric acid, Imt dissolves 
 readily in the acid when warmed, with a slight white residue. The 
 licdding is thick and pracli(.'ally horizontal. "J'.U) paces further i-ast- 
 ward along thi' old line more extensive (|uarryiiig operations 
 have lieeii cai'i'ied on. The rock is a magnesiaii limestone similar 
 to the lust, Imt here it is dipping westward at an angle of I!) , 
 and is cut hy two sets of more or less irregular jointage planes that dip at 
 angles of 80' to the bedding. The directions of these tv » sets of plane.s 
 are north and .south, and N. SO' W. and S. SO E. The rock weathers 
 very rapidly, .softening on exposure to the air. 
 
 It is a very poor medium for the preservation of fo.s.sils, but iiumerous 
 fragments occur in this and the previous e.xposui'es, among which are 
 large and small stems of Crinoids, ('i/tif/io/)/i///hnii Annti, Ci/iithnpln/lhiiii FusNiln. 
 jjirofKuduiii, J'tir/ii/jiorii rrrrl'^ornin, and A/ri//i't rcfini/dris. 
 
 Tn the last-mentioned iniarry about ten feet in all of the limestone 
 is exposed, ^vhile the other two exposures repre.sentthe .same or slightly 
 higher beds near the summit of the \Vinnipeg<isan formation. 
 
 .\ mile and a half north of the crossing of the old Canadian Pacific MivnitDlia 
 Railway, at the north end of Manitoba Island, is a clifl' '200 
 paces in length and twelve feet high, composed of horizontal 
 strata of hard, compact, brittle, thin-bedded limestone, very irregularly 
 jointed end fractured. The general colour is cream, but in some places 
 this runs into a bright bufl' or dull pink. A rather .softer bull-coloured 
 liand runs along the face of the dirt' five feet down from the top. 
 Some of the more compact layers contain little masses and vugs of 
 crystalline calcite, and occasional little pits are seen from which 
 crystals of pyrite lia\e weathered out. 
 
i 
 
 iD-i K 
 
 NOUTH-WKHTKUN MAMT«)HA. 
 
 
 
 Maiiitiiliii 
 IhIiiiiiI t'lin. 
 
 FoHMilM. 
 
 Tjiiiii'sttnii' nil 
 
 west nidi' "t 
 
 stniit. 
 
 Base (if 
 
 N[:iiiit(ili:iii 
 
 t'liriuutidii. 
 
 I'lic Kick liifiiks iiilu M'ly iiTcyulur liiittt'iit'*! tVuj^iiK'eits. I'"i'niii 
 the f<Mit of the ililV II Im'iicIi Ht'tv ffMit witU( of tlii'st' Hivtt«Mi«Ml |it>l)l)|»H, 
 
 wliicli riiiv; likt* ii li*-ll wlini sti-iick willi a linn r, with occiiKional 
 
 litiiildcrs iif ;,'iifisN, cvIcikIs to the cdjii)' of tlic vvattn'. U'licii tin- wind 
 Mows from the nortli mid tlit> wavt-s roll ui this shiimli' hcuch, caiiy- 
 iii;; with tJH'in, hoth Hdvaiiciiij; aiul it'tiriiif;, thi'si* resonant |M'l)l)IfH 
 and dashing thiMii against our uiiothrr, a niaiitiix noise \x niadi* whitli 
 Indian Hii|it'i'Htit.i(in lias attiil)ut*>d to the Manito heating' a <li'Uiii, or 
 otherwise similarly dis|iortin;,' himself. Thus this part of the lake was 
 railed " Manilo lii'i, " or the " Narrows of the Spirit. ' a name that was 
 aftei-wards applied to the whole lake and then to thepro\inee in\Nhieli 
 the lake is situatt-d. 
 
 The lock ed'ervpscnH Ktroii;{Iy in weak hydroehlorie acid and dissolves 
 (|tiiekly, lea\inf; a lloecnleiil pink lesidiie of arf,'illa( iis matei'ial. 
 
 The htfai'h at the foot of the elitl' extends westward into a spit of 
 eoaise f;ra\-el, and in the pehhles tliat had evidently lieeii derived from 
 the elitr, a luimlier of fossils were found, amonj,' which are the follow- 
 ing- ( '/rillf/is .]/<! II ifii/ii lists, I'rniliiclillii sllfiiiriiliiilii, il/i'l/pil rrtifillil I'is, 
 A. iis/irrii, Xm'iilii liriilii, XiK'ii/iti's H\)., I'lii'dCjli'hiH I'llijilicii, /{rf/rmii/iou 
 sp., Orf/innnis sp., a tooth of n species of /'/ii/iii'/iofliis, and a scale of a 
 species of Oiil/clnxliis. 
 
 On the oast and west sides of the island lu\\ exposures of limestono 
 are also seen, a|iparciil ly hoii/on(al. iiut it is ^'enerally a. little softer 
 and more vcliowisii Itrown and arLfilhuHMius than at the dill, and is 
 prohaldy a few feet lower. 
 
 On the opposite side of the strait, liearinj,' .soutli from the nortli- 
 west end of Manitolia Island, is an outerti laO fiaces in leni^th 
 alonj,' tlui shore, of similar brittle salmon-coloured limestone. It is 
 lyin^ in welldetined lieds of frmn two to six inches in thick- 
 ness, and besides l)einj{ lirokcn iiy numerous small cracks, is cut by 
 .several sei'ies of jointai;'e planes sloping' at^ considei'alile anjiles from 
 the vertical, and ci'acks and holes in the rock are tilled with crystals 
 and crystalline veins of calcite. Tiie bedding' appears on the whole 
 to lie about Ixirizontal, thoujfh at the eastern end of the exposure the 
 rocks rise in a lif,'ht anticline striking' N. 1") \L, and dipiiint; away on 
 both sides at anj,'les up to L* . A little further west the beds all di|) in 
 towards a centre at the ed^'e of the bushes. Nothing but <tb.scure frag- 
 ments of fossils could be found. 
 
 This limestone occupies a position at the base of the Manitoban 
 formati(tn, representing the southern continuation of the shales seen 
 at Houtli Mauitou Island, and near the mouth of Midi Itiver. 
 
TVMIU, 
 
 ] 
 
 r.AKI-; M.VNITOIIA. 
 
 103 R 
 
 TIk^ I'XiMiscd siiifacc iiltiii>( tilt' sIhuo is siiioutli Imt lij,'lilly iiii(lulnt- 
 iiig, hciiij,' iiKiditird l»y wntcr finsioii ; and at jcvrial pliict-N Imck from 
 tho slioiv, when it wiih 8trii)iM'd of its covering of I'lay, it whs found 
 
 lly 
 
 to preNcnt thn sanif tlmiiictci'. TIh' covciinj;, however, p-nora 
 eonsistcd of hi-oken fiaj^nients nf tin- roek itself, ]ii'ol)al)ly shoved over 
 it by the ic«'. 
 
 Prooeedinj; noithward alon;,' tlie eusi side of ihc lake, tlie next Point.Rithard 
 exposurf! of l>e\iini'in rock is seen at a jxiint on the west side 
 of Pitiril Milliard, , where a cliff rises al>ru|)tly cnit <>f moderately 
 deep watei' to a hei^'ht of ten feet, having; Iteen l)rou;;ht np liy 
 a low anliitline slrikin;,' N. 1") \\'. and S. lo K. It is ditlicidt to 
 measure exactly tin- thickness of 1 -ds here »>xposed, as the lieddinj^ is 
 heavy and indistinct, and it is only possible to exuniin<' it thoroughly 
 from a boat in calm watei, while durin;,' the day on which it was 
 visited by the writer, a stron;,' north wind was blowing, causing 
 a heavy sea to beat againsi the face of the difl". The section as 
 measured, howeviM-, shows thirty feet of cream-c(»loured, hard, doloiniti.^ 
 limestone, like that seen further north at Monroe Point, full of small 
 cavities left by the decay of numerous minute fossils, and weathering 
 with a very irregular knobby surface. I'ivc feet from the bottom of the 
 
 >ll( 
 
 <1. 
 
 .f 
 
 ill Ci 
 
 d 
 
 consisting 
 
 Loxonevia (Hru/iihtfnni, an<l several other small gasteropods. The 
 exp<isure represents a horizon about the summit of the Winiiipegosan 
 foT'Tiiation. 
 
 ()iri'<iint Hicliiird lie two small islands consisting in the centre of 
 l)ouhh'rs of gmuss and cream-coloui'cd limestone, around which is a 
 beach of gravel. 
 
 South of these islands is a dee[) bay with low shores fringed by a 
 shelving beach of glistening shingle. 
 
 ]{eed Island was not examined, but it appeared to l)e low, without R. td Island, 
 rock exposures, and surrounded by a beach of gravel or boulders. 
 
 The shore directly east of Point Richard is Inw, and liroken only 
 by prominent points surrounded by sloping walls of large gneissoid 
 l)Oul(lers, piled about six feet in height, between which are circling 
 bays cut oil" from tlu^ low land behind by gravel beaches, or running 
 back into deep marshes. 
 
 The shore all the way northward to Elm Point maintains precisely 
 the same character. 
 
 Elm Point itself is, ho>vever, a spit of limestone gravel without Elm Point, 
 boulders projecting southward into deep water, fo.ined by the action of 
 the shore current moving southward and carrying with it and assort- 
 ing the pebbles derived from the wear of the shore to the north. 
 13 
 
IH 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN MANITOBA. 
 
 B 
 
 f ',Ti ' 
 
 I.;, r 
 
 ffc , 
 
 i; 
 
 Htcei) Jlock 
 Point. 
 
 ITiidt-rinined 
 cliffs. 
 
 Glacial .itriae. 
 
 For a short distance north of IChii Point the sliore is .somewhni; more 
 regular than befoie, with fewer boulders collecte'' nn tlie points. In 
 one place the land behind the beach is a few feet hii^her than the lake, 
 but l)ouhlers are shoved up against it so thickly that no ."-^ction can be 
 seen. The land, however, in all pi'obability here consists of till, and 
 the acti'T. >f the waves has carried away the fine" material, while the 
 shoving of the ii^e in sprinsr has constantly tended to pile the bouldei-s 
 in a coini)act wall along the l)each. 
 
 Three miles and a half noi'th of Elm Point Devonian limestone of 
 the Manituban series l)egins to make its appearance on the shore, and 
 thence northward for two miles there is an alnuwt continuous 
 exposure of these rocks rising in a low anticline to a greatest height of 
 t ye/.fy ftn^t nine inches al)0\e the level of the watci' of July, 188S, 
 while close to the foot of the highest pai't of the clitl" the water is 
 seventeen feet deep, giving the clili' a total height of more than thirty- 
 seven feet. 
 
 The rock is white or light gray limestone, moderately thin-bedded 
 a.)d l)reaking very irregulaily into angular fragments. About twenty- 
 five feet in all are exposed and of these tiie it)wer l)eds are the most 
 f liable and easily worn away by the water, forming an irregular over- 
 hanging cliif, through narrow parts of which the waves have in several 
 instances cut wide apertures, while in other places, planes of jointage 
 have carried back the erosive agents to wear out narrow bays and 
 caverns, the floors of which are formed of rounded limestone pebbles 
 broken fioin the cliff itself. 
 
 The strata, which are ju.st above the basal argillitcv-s or argillaceous 
 limestonesoftne Manitol)an formation, are not at all rich in fossils, but 
 nevertheless tlu- following species have been collected, viz. : — FavonlffH 
 ■(jotlihnidicd, Ci'inoid stems, J/onotrypa i^\^., Atrypa ri'tlciilarin, A!ri/pa 
 aspi'ni, Pentamerus roi/iix, Gytocerns subinaniillatnm^ lieUnrophon 
 PeJopx, EtioDtplinhifi Manitohensis and remains zl fishes. 
 
 The surface of the rock in a nunil)er of jjlaces shows well-marked 
 glacial grooves and sli'iie bearing S. 13" E., and in one piece, at tlie 
 nortli-west extremity t)f the point, the sti'ia' are bearing 8. 2° W., 
 while at another place on the north-east side of the point they are 
 bearing S. 1 — 8' E. At this latter place they are on a sloping beach 
 close to the edge of the water. 
 
 The surface of tlie lin.^stone is generally covered with two or more 
 feet of clay, tilled with angular fi-agments of the rock itself derived 
 from close at hand, and this is often overlaid by rounded limestone 
 gravel, while along the shore on the side of the point, boulders of 
 gneiss are thickly scattered. 
 
1 
 
 I.AKK MANITOUA. 
 
 195 E 
 
 From Steep Rock Point to the head of Fairfonl River the shore is 
 low and consists of a <,'ravel ridge, on the edge of a marsh that 
 stretches hack into the interior. 
 
 At the discharge of Lake Manitoba into tiie Fairford River, a band Rock at head 
 of white limestone, probably of Silurian age, crops out on the south Kivti'. 
 bank close to the edge of the watesi-, and extends northward beneath the 
 bed of the stream. It is a white, hard, thin-bedded, and sei>ii-crys- 
 talline limestone, and eighteen inches in ad is exposed. Xo fosi-ils 
 could be found. Its surface is polished and striated, the stria' run- (Macial striie. 
 ningS. 13' E. 
 
 A mile to the east of this is a ridge .six feet in height running S. 
 13 E., and aj)parently composed of the same rock, while in the vicinity 
 of the Fairfoid Mission Church, and for i mile-or more to the east of 
 it, similar rock innnediately underlies ilie surface, and occasionally 
 rises into view in little Ijare knolls. 
 
 A mile and a half a little north of east from the Mission and just Vertical cave, 
 south o* a road tcj Lake .St. Martin, the rock comes to the surface and 
 in it is a hole, five feet in diameter, running straight down for fourteen 
 feet, and expanding somewhat at the bottom. I was told that the 
 Indians of the vicinity ascribe the formation of this lu)le to a great 
 .snake that lived iji former titnes. Even now they , efuse to go down 
 into it. It gives a section from top to bottom <if hard compact 
 white limestone, in places rather thin-bedded. 
 
 The cave has been formed l)y water charged with carbonic acid 
 trickling through fissures in the limestone and dissolving out its more 
 soluble portions. When examined 'in July, 1888, the bottom was 
 covered with ice. 
 
 No fossils were founil anywhere throughout this 'nand of limestone, Silmian. 
 but it would seem evident that it is a continuation of the Silurian 
 magne.sian limestone that occupies the east side of Lake Winnipegosis, 
 north of Birch Island. 
 
 North-west of the head of Fairfcrd River the shore of the lake is 
 generally low, and it is not till the vicinity of Davis Point is reached Davis Point, 
 that the Siluiian again makes its appearance. At the southern end 
 of this low exposure, a thin f>nd even-bedded dolomitic limestone crops 
 out of the bank near the water's edge, and many slabs of the same 
 rock are sc *'.L.reu over the shore. No fossils were found in it, but it 
 is doubtless the same band as is exposed at Fairford. 
 
 At the north end of the exposure, and apparently overlying the last- 
 mentioned rock, is a layer of very thick-bedded limestone, also slightly 
 dolomitic. It is yellow, hard and tough, but not compact like the 
 
 13A 
 
196 E 
 
 NOUT1I-WK8TEHN MANi TOyA. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 North shore 
 of lake. 
 
 last, being largt ly composed of the debris of .Stromatoporoids iuid 
 corals. It weathers white, with a very rougli surface. 
 
 The following fossils were collected from this latter bed ; Cldfhro- 
 dictyon osfiohttinn, Cfaf/irodic ft/on vr.niciifn.sKiii, PyciiosfyhtH (iuolph- 
 ennis, Zaplm'utix, sp., and Juivosiffs (t'otlihindicn. 
 
 The i.o th shore of Portage Bay is low, without I'ock exposures, with 
 long points of boulders running out in the direction of general glacial 
 striation. The islands off' the shore are also chiefly composed of 
 gneissfiid Ixiulders, and from the highest jioints there are low ridges 
 extending S. S E. in tiie same din^ction as the points. 
 Paonan Point. The shores of Paonan Point, as far as tiiey were examined, were 
 also found to present in most places a boulder wall to the lake 'vhile 
 in the interior the land was low and marshy. Cherry Ishind, off the 
 S(tuthein extremity of this point, is also surrounded bv boulders on its 
 southern side, while its northern side is a beach of gra el and sand. 
 
 AV'est (;f the portage at the north end of Paonan peninsula, to the 
 niouth of Waterhen River, no rock is .seen anywhere on the north side 
 of the lake, but the .shore is everywhere low and the points and islands 
 are surrounded by boidders, often piled uj) to a height of six to eight 
 feet. Ulf the ])oints. botdder reefs fre(|uently extend into the lake 
 for a considerable distance, while the deep bays lying between the 
 points run back to extensive marshes. The boulders are chieHy of 
 gneis.s, mica schists and other Archtean I'ocks, while the pebbles on other 
 pai'ts of the shore arc^ mostly of white limestone. Some of these hold 
 impressions of salt crystals, and doubtless have betm transported by tlie 
 glacier from the Hilurian limestone to the north. 
 
 Returning to Sifton Narrows, and thence proceeding northward up 
 the we,st side of Lake INIanitoba, the country is found to be very 
 similar to that on the east side of tiie lake. The shore, however, is not 
 ,s(v tliickly strewn with boulders, which are generally conKned to the 
 more pi'ominent points and to little rocky i.slands, while the beach in 
 most places is composed of a ridge of Hnei- or coarser limestone gravel 
 extending along the face of a marsh which stretches back to a poplar 
 forest. No i-ock in place is seen till Big Sandy Point is reached, 
 one of the best known harbours on the lake. It is a spit of small 
 pebbles of limestone and gneiss rising six feet above the water, which 
 is six to eight feet deep close to the shore. 
 
 North of the harbour is a rocky hill, the face of which forms a cliff 
 ten feet high ovei-looking the lake. Tt is composefl f)f a harsh 
 semi-crystalline very light brown magnesian limestone, which weathers 
 to a .somewhat darker shade of brown. It is rather thick-bedded and 
 appioximately horizontal, though the beds appear to have an undulat- 
 
 Big Sandy 
 Point. 
 
 . ^ * 
 ■ li") 
 
 •■X 
 
 \m 
 
■1 
 
 LAKK MANITOBA. 
 
 197 E 
 
 iii;^' (lip. Fossils were poorly preserved, hut the following' were recog- 
 nized : — I'ndtjjiiord vfirviconiis, Crinoidal colu.'iins, Afri/j>a reticularis, 
 A. aspera, and Ffutaitierus comis. 
 
 The shore onwai-ds past Crane River narrows is piled high with Munioe 
 boulders, and the next Devonian exposure seen was at Monroe Point, 
 on the west side of the mouth of Crane Uiver. Theie are here three 
 minor points, at which are little clitts, showing respectively nine, nine, 
 and six feet of a tough wliite compact w vesicular and entirely 
 uncrystalline dolomitic limestone. In some of the compact hands, 
 where no vesicles are piesent, a smooth, newly fractuied or polished 
 surface of the rock shows a kind of oolitic structure, the round or 
 irregularly shaped oolitic grains being more opaque than the 
 surrounding matrix. The l)edding is heavy and horizontal, but at the 
 south-easterly point there are .several series of jointage planes, along 
 V hicli there would seem to be slight faults, with throws of a foot or 
 two. 
 
 A large number of fossils were collected here, of which the following 
 were broken out of the face of the cliff itself : — Pachypora cervicornis, 
 Favosites Gofh/andira, Crinoidal columns, Cyxtodictya Jltinnhonensiii, 
 I'objpura Jfnnifo/>i;niiif<, xitri/pa reticularis, A. anjiera, Sfropfudo.iia 
 2)rijducfoides, Spirifera ^fimhriata, Conocardiuin Ohioense, Eiwinplialns 
 art.iidatus, Lc::nneuia priscum, Loxonema cingtdatuni, liellerophon 
 Pelopa, Orthocercis sp., Jironteus Manitohensis, 
 
 The foUowijig species were collected from the rock debris at the 
 bottoDi of the clift', and apparently have been derived frrun it : — 
 tSji/itero.iponyia tes.sellafti, Pentainerun coniis, 7'erebratula Snl/icanti 
 Dental ill in anliqaum ?, Naticopsis Manitoberisis, with several other 
 small species of gasteropods. 
 
 The surface of the rock on the top of the cliff was in one place 
 found to be smooth and glaciated, Imt the strise had been entirely 
 weathered out. 
 
 Three miles and a half north of Monroe Point, Pentainerus Point Pentamorus 
 projects into the lake and is strewn with large iiregular masses of 
 dolomite. Ofi' the point, a foot below the suiface of the water, the 
 Ijottom is found to be composed of bed rock, and the masses lying on 
 the point have been broken from this It^dge by the action of the frost 
 and shoved up on the shore by the ice. The rock is a hard white, 
 vesicular dolomite, similar to that seen outcropping at Monroe Point, 
 and, like it, containing a large number of fossils, of which the follow- 
 ing are the most typical : — Sjihtfrospougin fe.sselhita, ActinoxtroiHa feiies- 
 tratutn, Cahlmnaria disjunrta, Favosites (r'othfandica, Pachypora cer' 
 vicornis, a Polyzoon, Crinoidal columns, Atrypa reticiJaris, A. reticu- 
 
198 E 
 
 NORTH-WKSTKUN MANITOBA. 
 
 >'■' 
 
 J" 
 
 Horizon. 
 
 laru, viir. (i>\per((, Sjiirifera Jinihriata, Pentainerus comis, Rhijndioaella 
 pii(/)iHn, S/rih(/nci'p/i<i/us Jiiir/lni, Trrehrahthi SnU'tratiti, Acfiiioptfria 
 lidi/dii, MijdHna iitjhtta, ISjiatlu'lla tinb<;irij)tlc(i, O'/osxiffs ManitobenHis, 
 DenUiliuin (intiqwim, Phurotomaria infranodom, J'/eurotomaria (sp. 
 reversed), Porcelfia Mttiiitobcnsis, Eitnema chithrntiiJxim, Aatralites 
 Jiiiibridtus, EuomphnJux aiinnlatus, Omj)ha/ocirrii.s Maiiitobensis, Stra- 
 pdrolfiiid (ibtusa, J'/afyostnuin tumidinn, A^aticflj>sis Matiifobrnsis, 
 Lo.raiicmn prixnati, P/eiiratomaria cijienceri, (/i/roct'ras Jilitexdini, 
 Orthocerax Ti/rrelHi, and Bronteus Manitohensh. 
 
 These two localities are quite typical of the Wimiipegosan formation. 
 
 Five miles a little west of north from Pentamerus Point, a proniinetit 
 point stretches out ir.to the lake to the west of Uie hai'bour of Little 
 Sandy Point, and is underlaid by a ratb.er thin-hedded bluish-gray 
 limestone, rising with a gentle slope out or the %N;<ter. Its surface is 
 Glacial Btriif. well glaciated, showing grooves bearing S. 12° W., crossed by fine 
 stria' bearing S. S'^ E. The I'ock holds a few fossils, the same as those 
 just to be recorded from Onion Point. 
 
 A slight exposure of similar limestone forms a little clifF at Flat 
 Onion Point. Rock Point, but the main exposure is at Onion Point, a mile and a 
 half still further west. Here a vei-tical cliff, eight feet high, faces 
 the lake, and extends loO yards along the shore. It is comj)osed of 
 white or light gray limestoiie, very evenly bedded, and the beds appear 
 on the face of the clifi" to be from two to three feet in thickness, 
 but they readily break into thiimer layers, and have also an irregular 
 crf)ss-fracture which would make it difficult to ([uai'ry pieces of any 
 considei'able or regular size. 
 
 The rock is brought up by a kiw anticline striking N.W., and to- 
 wards the north-east it dips at an angle of T to the ed^e of, and be- 
 neath the water, while to the scjuth-west it breaks ofl" abruptly above 
 a tail heap of large boulders. The total thickness of rock seen is 
 nine feet six inches. 
 
 Fossils were very plentiful, but, unlike those at Monroe and Penta- 
 merus points, they belong to comparatively few species. Atrypa 
 retiaihirU, A. redcii/iiris, \ar. aapfni and small Crinoidal columns 
 are particularly abundant, while J'firt(cijcl«H I'lfi/ttica, Euotnp/ialus 
 AfanitobmiKis and lidpliixtonui TyrrfUii, are found in considerable 
 numbers. With them the following species also occur : — Pdchypura 
 cervicornix, Cy(t(/ioplii/lh(ia /x'traioidex, Cyi'tina Ilamiltunensis, Produc- 
 teJla sidwculpata, h'rj'frxfeinid sidxtvatd?, BeJU'roplion Pelops, La.coiievia 
 (dtmilris, Enoinpfid/iis circuhirix, var. sublriyonulix, Orthoceras llindii, 
 and Hyoli*lies aUitux. 
 
 This locality is typical of a zone near the base of the Manitoban 
 formation. 
 
 Anticline. 
 
 FoHHilu 
 
 L*rV- 
 
TVRBEll. 
 
 199 E 
 
 SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 
 tahlk of fokmations. 
 
 Recent. 
 
 "Xu^^lSrL. >'^"->'^l^---" iMupIin, swan an,l 
 
 Post Tejjtiary. 
 Chdinitlnin. 
 
 Till on c„e gen-Tal surface. Moraines on an.l in front of the 
 Ht.hng, Duck a„,l Porcupine mountains ; nortl f .1' 
 VVnnnpegosis, &c. Dnunlin., in the lakes • ml i., ff 
 A«.n...o,ne valley. Kan.es in the Vallej'-t'e/lSleyJr 
 Inter or I'nyl<«-ial. 
 
 Clays an.l san.ls on liolling River and at fhurchhridge. 
 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 Pii rre. 
 
 Oclanah Series. 
 
 Light gray har.l fissile shales very poor in fossils oecnrrin., 
 on he upper portion of RhlingMountain '." t " f 
 
 to the Iniernational Boundary line. ""'"tnwa.d 
 
 Millwood Series. 
 Dark gray soft shale. 
 Niobrnra. 
 
 ^'^h^l>"T ""'"'"''-''' ^^'■^'^■"••""'^^ --I'vy «lKile with hands of 
 
 Feet. 
 
 664 
 
 Benton. 
 
 Dark g.ay very soft non-calcareous clay shale, i)oor in *-o8siN 
 and weathering into gentle slopes. ' '^'"' 
 
 A rather soft white or light gray sandstone often calcareous. 
 
 Devonian. 
 
 ^ Upper Devonian or Jfanitobnn. 
 
 Light gray hard brittle limestone containing Afh,/ns riitata 
 &e. mulerlaid l,y red argillites, outcroppifig ,a Rose { 
 
 tSn^lSlif^r ^''"' ''' ^^'""" ^'""'^' ^-'X^ 
 
 130-5 to 
 
 160 
 
 13-200 
 
 100 
 40 
 70 
 
 W 
 
 '.. s. 
 
200 K 
 
 NORTH-WKSTERX MANITOnA, 
 
 Middle Devonian oi- Winnij)ef/osan. 
 
 Wliitisli or lij^ht yellow, lianl, tough, generally uimijHiot, 
 iloloinite contiiiiiiug S/riiiijoii /ilia/ii'^ /{iiiiiiii and numerous 
 other fosHJls. It outuroi)M chictly on tlie i«liuiiln and .sliorcs 
 of l)aw«on i5ay, and southward to Point Ricluird on Lake 
 Manitolia. 
 
 Porous sponjiy yellow dolomites of Pennniean Island, Hevil's 
 Point, Macoun Point. iVo. 
 
 Lower Devonian, 
 
 Tliese beds have not been clearly defined, but they appear to 
 be composed of reil and other shales. 
 
 Silurian. 
 
 JViagnra. 
 
 C'om])ac1, thin liedded dolr)Mntfs, found chielly on liie west 
 
 side of Lake Winnipegosis. 
 Compact and ])orous dolomites containing a considerable 
 
 nnndjer of fossils, seen on Cross Lake ami vicinity, 
 ''^•fd, tough, ligiit yellowish dolomitic limestone, seen 
 
 the Saskatchewan River at (Ii'and rajjids. 
 Soft MJiite or liglit yellow chalky or argillaceus limestone, 
 
 witli a number of fossils. Near the bottom is a hard 
 
 biiiiil containing large numbers of /'iiifniiuriix flfrussa/n-(. 
 
 on 
 
 Feet. 
 
 I(M» 
 KM) 
 
 100 
 
 •200 
 
 SILURIAN. 
 
 
 ft- 
 
 Area. 
 
 Lower 
 
 iagara 
 limestone. 
 
 The Silurian occupies the whole of the north-eastern portion of tlie 
 area described in the preseiit report, where it is represented by a series, 
 a few hundred feet in thickness, of light gray limestones and dolomites. 
 
 The lower portion of the system is best shown in tlie gorge at the 
 Grand Rapitls, near the mouth of the .Saskatchewan River, where it out- 
 crops in a horii-ontal attitude a few miles south of un exjjosure of 
 Trenton limestone on the west side of Lake Wiimipeg. 
 
 The following descending section is here shown :— 
 
 ft. 
 
 1. \\'hite tiiin-bedded limestone 15 
 
 2. Covered 6 
 
 3. Soft yellow limestone S 
 
 4. (iap in section 10? 
 
 5. Hard yellow magncsian limestone 4 
 
 6. Mo<lerately thin-bedded white limestone 8 
 
 7. Hard coin|)act bufif limestone 1 
 
 8. Hrecciated limestone 2 
 
 54 
 
 The three lower bands are, as far a,s is at present known, quite un- 
 fossiliferous, wh''a .No. 5 contains a great number of a beautifully 
 preserved Pentamerux, recently described by Mr. Whiteaves as /*. 
 decnssafns. With it are found Favoxlti's Niagarensin, Ah'eolites sp., 
 Lyellia sp., Halt/sites catenidatus, Orthis sp., and Enomphahis sp. 
 
•] 
 
 SILURIAN. 
 
 201 E 
 
 Above No. ") is a gap in tlie section wlicic tlic beds have been wuiii 
 away, being in all pi-obability too oft to lesist erosion to the same 
 extent as tiie sun-ounding beds. 
 
 In band Xo..'i fossils \v»«"e not plentiful, Imt Slrophotnnrin iicdtit/iopfcrn 
 and Lt'jM'rditiii lllxiniji'rl, vai. y''/"//f//f' wi-jc collected. This band is 
 generally porous and contains a large number of impressions of salt 
 crystals. Tn places the bedding is moderately oven and horizontal, 
 but generally it is hardly discernible, and the rock breaks into very 
 irregular lumpy j)ieces. I-iying on the bunk, and having been appar- 
 ♦aitly derived from vhis band, are some nodules of marcasite, and red 
 masses of ironstone. 
 
 No. 1 is a thin-bedded, white, horizontal, chalky limestone, in places 
 argillaceous, very light, and breaking regularly when struck with the 
 hannuer. Tt has a more oi' less granular structui'e, and in places was 
 sti'ongly ripple-marked. A thin l>and a few feet below the top, con- 
 tains a consideral)le number of fossils, among which ai-e the following : 
 Favosites Niaijarenxis, Liiiitociilin sp., .Iilnjni:}t<»i''ll<i sp., I'tcrinea 
 (ivicnfoideii ?, PluiirotoiiKiria oi'cUhnis^ Orl/iacfras sp., (jouiphocerns 
 parvulutii, Lejii'i'ditia llisinyeri, var. i-gcud, Leperditia cceca, and 
 Isochillnn grnndis, var. fntiintirginnta. 
 
 This series is sharply delimited above, and j)robably al.so l)elow, 
 though its; exact contact with lower beds has not been ob.served. It 
 appears to occupy a j)ositi().. at the base of the Silurian (as distin- 
 guished from the Cambro-Silurian) system and probably repie.sents the 
 lower part of the Niagara of Wisconsin, tfec. 
 
 Oveilying the lower Niagara limestones is a considerable thickness, lT|)p«'r 
 possibly a few hundred feet, of dolomites and doloniitic limestones of liil'i'^toju.. 
 Upper Niagara age. 
 
 The base of tiiis series is well shown in the gorge of the (i rand Rapids, (iiaiui liapids 
 wliei'e it consists (jf ten feet of a haul, tough, light-yellowish tloloinitic 
 limestone, rather indi.stinctly bedded, but confoiniable to the under- 
 lying series. It is generally clearly fragmental, and in its lower 
 portion contains a large number of salt crystals. Fossils are here 
 moderately plentiful, but ditHcult to l)reak out. Crincjid stems are 
 very abundant, and with them are lutvosites Gothlandira, ZajihreiUis 
 sp., and Strophomena acanthoptera. 
 
 This crinoid bed grades up into, and is oveilaid by, from twenty to 
 thirty feet of hcir-d, brittle, yellow dolon !te, generally thinly and evenly 
 bedded. The only fossil here appears to be a large .Stromatoporoid. 
 
 This comi>act band is oveilaid by a porous yellow dolomite in 
 moderately thin but uneven beds, and contains many impressions of 
 salt crystals. 
 
202 E 
 
 NORTH-WKHTKKN MANITOIJA. 
 
 Ci'diir ami 
 
 Wiiiiii)Hv:ii! 
 
 Luki'.-i. 
 
 
 From nraiul liapids, wlicre the above Hectioii was ol)tainoc], Iwds of 
 this sorics liave Ixhmi traced westward throu^di Cross Lake to tlui 
 extroiiK! west »uk1 of Cedar Lake, and down the east shore of Lake 
 Winnipegosi < from its north-east angle to latitude r)2' .'52', as well as 
 on the Faiiford Kiver and at several points around Lake St. Martin. 
 Tlirouirliout this distance all the ex|iosures are low and practically 
 liiii'izontal, and thou;,di there is considei'able local vai'iation in the 
 character of the rock, it is doubtful whether the variations are 
 sutliciently persistent to enaljle the geologist to deterniine with any 
 degr'-.T of accuracy the total thickness of the teriane. In many ]ilaces 
 the beds are hard and almost slate-like, l^ut tiiese merge both vei'tically 
 and horizontally into others that are mucli more porous and often contain 
 many impressions of salt crystals. At the north-east angle of Lake 
 Winnipegosis one ImkI is thick and almost porcellanous in texture, 
 and close by is another heavy l)ed containing numy large and small 
 nodules of gray chert. In the innncdiatt; vicinity is a thin-bedded 
 slaty dolomite very much broken by minute tissures, and having its 
 surface often thickly strewn with fossil ostracods. Farther north, at 
 Cross Lake Rapids, simitar t)strai;odous dolonntes are associated with 
 moi'e porous and highly fossiliferous beds, corres])onding chtsely 
 with the Niagara limestones of Wisconsin. 
 
 The following h\ a rough provisional list of the fossils found in tiiis 
 formation : — 
 
 StronKitoporii sp. 
 
 C'(i/((j>(iciti s]). 
 
 Ziijilircniis Nncinenxix ? Whitfield. 
 
 Cij(if/i(i.r(iiti<t Wuconsinensix ? Whitfield. 
 
 On)jiIii/iiii( sp. 
 
 Fiirosifrs G'ttf/i/<(ndic<i, Lamarck. 
 
 FiivositeH XiiKjamisi^, Hall. 
 
 Alveiilifi'H j\'iit(/(iri'nsii<, llominger. 
 
 Jld/i/xif/'s rntt'iiiilatiis, L. 
 
 LyeUia jiupUhita ? Ronnnger. 
 
 Orthis sp. 
 
 Strophdiiirna acanthojdera , Whiteaves. N. sp.* 
 
 Rhyiiclioni'lhi sp. 
 
 IthynchoiicUft altiplicatd 1 Hall. 
 
 Atrypa reticularis, L., (young). 
 
 Leptoco'1u( sp. 
 
 Merisf('l/a sp. 
 
 Pentnmi'ruH decussatus, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 TroiKttoxpini fonuosa, Hall. 
 
 Fterinrii avicnloided ? Hall. 
 
 * N. H|i. iH insortcd in these lists .after species deseriV)e(l in the reports cited on 
 pages 1!J an<l 20 from cullectiuns niiide in the cour.se of the present e.xploration. 
 
8ILUK1AN. 
 
 203 E 
 
 Murr/nsoiiin. sp. 
 Pft'in'otoinnrid orvidenx, I hill. 
 J'lenrofaiiiiirln Iloyi ? Hall. 
 
 /'/. 
 
 inotonmrian]}. 
 
 I'ol i/lrnjtln s]). 
 
 Eniiinpltiihix sp. (very sniiill). 
 
 <( 
 
 « 
 it 
 If 
 
 11 
 
 Orthoeerds sp. 
 
 G'omphocer"-" /)iirvit/niii, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 G'i/)'(irrr<iii .sp. 
 Dii/iiii'.intf'M sp, 
 IllaenuH sp. 
 
 .^('(V/ff.></>i«( ^;f?rrtj*>/i«^(, WliiteJivea. N. sj). 
 Innr/iiliiin (/riuiflls, var. I<itini<ir(j'ni<it(i, Jones. N. var. 
 Lejierditia J/isiiitjiri, \iu:/(t//n/iii<i, Jones. N. var. 
 
 " I'l/i'tin, Jones. N. var. 
 " (/i/)/ti'ra, Jones. N. var. 
 
 aecn, Jones. N. sj). 
 
 phd.iodhiH, Ilisinj^er. 
 
 ]]7iit('((retiii, Jones. N. sp. ' 
 
 margiruita, Sclnnidt. 
 
 In the vicinity of Lake St. Martin thin-beddeil dolomites of this .Southern 
 
 1 • PI- <'xtensi(m (if 
 
 formation rest directly on and against rounded bosses of red micaceous the t<rninf. 
 
 granite, and green soda-rich ^venite i)orphyry, wliicli liave formed 
 
 eh^-ated portions of the Archa-an (loor on wliich tlu! Palu'ozijic rocks 
 
 of Manitoba were deposited. Elsewlieie they would aj)j)ear to rest on 
 
 undisturbed limestones and shales of Cambro-Hilurian age. 
 
 A .short distance west of these isolated bosses of Aniha'an rocks GypKum. 
 an irregular hilly tract rises above the gently sloping woixled plain. 
 The hills are found for the most ])art to be coiniH)sed entirely of 
 massive or crystalline gypsum, wliih; a few consist of light bluish-white 
 anhydrite. 
 
 On the eastern shore of Lake Manitoba, a short distance west of 
 this gypsum outcrop, the thin-bedded Upper Niagai-a dolomites are (jver- 
 lain by a few feet of a thick-bedded massive stromatoj)oroid magne.sian 
 limestone in which the only fossils found were a few corals, but 
 among them Pvcjwti/his Gne/pheiisifi cf)uld be easily recognized. This 
 limestone forms the upper beds of the Niagara of this region, but it 
 has nf)t been deemed advisal)le to separate the lutrizon as (iuelph on 
 the evidence of a fossil whose i-ange is so little known, especially as the 
 Leperditia beds below it show so many points of similarity to the 
 Lower Helderberg of Wisconsin. 
 
 W 
 
r.p. 
 
 t>,nn 
 
 204 E 
 
 NOUTll-WKSTKHV MANITftHA. 
 
 -c 
 
 Iff 
 
 I 
 
 South of tlic r»'^'ioii of tin; l;ikfs tin- Siliirijiii liiis not yet Ih'Oii oiit- 
 litH'd, hut some fni)i(iui'ntH of rock t-olU'ctetl from the top Ix'ds at Stone- 
 wall look as if they iiiiylit belong to this system, and tlic liij;li ii(li,'e 
 between Ijuke.s Manitoba and Winnipeg is not improbably capped by 
 beds of the same age. 
 
 UKVONIAN. 
 
 \W\ 
 
 m 
 
 Position. 
 
 Ijowcr 
 Devonian. 
 
 Wililii^)cg()Si 
 foniiaticm. 
 
 Hani dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 Stringoce- 
 phalus zont' 
 
 Overlying the Niagara dolomites in the region of I^akes Winni- 
 pegosis and Manitoba there is a ciinsiderablo thickness, probably a 
 hundred feet .>r more, of strata, of which no natural exj)osures have 
 yet been recogni/.ed. That these strata aic softer than the ovei'lying 
 and underlying l)eds, is testitied to both by the absence of any cliffs 
 of hard rock, and by the presence of an extended depression along the 
 strike of the beds, now largely occupied by the above-mentioned lakes. 
 A bed of red clay or shale, just above this gap, i.s seen on Pennnican 
 Island, ite., and it is not improbiible, considering the aigillaceous 
 character of many of the overiying limestones, that the whole of the 
 concealed series is composetl of argillaceous shales oi- soft limestones. 
 The absence of sand from tli*; till of that region makes it unlikely that 
 nuicli sandstone is included m the .series. 
 
 These shales are phuuul at the local base of the Devonian system, 
 since the above-iru'iitioned red bed lies lonformably below Devonian 
 dolomites, and there is little or no evidence at hand to prove the 
 presence or ab,sence of an unconformity at the top of the Silurian. 
 These shales may, tliei-efore, possibly re])resent the Corniferous in 
 Manitoba, and the Pala'ozoic stiata })asse(l through in tlu! Morden 
 well probably represent the more .southoi-n continuation of this forma- 
 tion. -, , 
 vn The next I'ock in ascending ordei' is a .series of light brown or 
 gray, hai'sh, porous, and vei'v irregularly weathering, dohtmitic lime- 
 stones, having a probable thickness of a hundreil feet or more. This 
 zone or terrane contains a mmd)er of typical Devonian fossils, among 
 which the following are some of the most characteristic, viz. : Atrypa 
 reticularis, Pentamcnis coinii*, Productella fiuhacu/euta, Faracyclas 
 elliptica, Parncychi.t ntitiqini, Hi'lh'rophnn /'i^/ojis, StrajHtvoUina 
 obtusa, itc. Nearly all these fo.ssils are also characteristic of the 
 immediately overlying zone. 
 
 The harsh dolomites are overlaid by a somewhat similar thickness 
 of very thick-bedded white tough dolomites, often containing more 
 poi'ous bands, in which are many well-preservt^l casts of .salt crystals. 
 These compact dolomites have yielded a rich harvest of fossils, among 
 which are many forms, such as Strimjocejyhahts Burtini, Pentamems 
 
 m 
 
1 
 
 DKVONIAN. 
 
 205 B 
 
 ■o 
 ]rts 
 lie 
 
 comw, ifec, tyi>i<'iil (if the Middle |)ovoniiiii of Europe. The harsh, and 
 
 the compiii't dolninites lU'e thercfoie re^iiirdcd iis the lower and ii|>|ier 
 jiortions of tlie \\'iiiiii|ie;,'osHii foiiimtioii or Middle Dexoiiiiiii. They 
 are hest exposed on the islands iiiid shores of Dawson Hay, near the 
 north-west extremity of T^Jike VVinnipe/iosiH, and isolated outcrops are 
 seen on the shores as far south as " Sifton's Narrows,'' on Lake Mani- 
 toba. South of this p<iint no natural exposures uf hevonian rocks 
 have yet been r»'cojj;ni/.e(l in I lit! jnovincc of .Manitoba. 
 
 Above the Wintnpejjosan dolomites the base of the Manitoban form 
 atioii or rppcr Dcvnnian consists of red and ^'ray calcareous shales, 
 from forty to seventy feet in thickn»\s,s, containing comparatively few 
 fossils. These shales are, liowever, almost everywhere marked alonrr 
 their eastern outcrop by brine spring's that pour a copious tlow of salt 
 water over the surface of the underlyitifj; dolomites. 
 
 Abov»< the shales is a comparatively thin i)aiid of argillaceous and 
 hij{hly fossiliferous Hyht jJtray limestone, in vshich Afri//'it n-firii/nrls 
 and I'tirari/rlim r//l/'/lc<i art' esjiecially ai)Uiidant. 
 
 The hi;,'hest Paheozoic rocks .seen in .Manitolta, but piKSsibiy still 
 low down in the l^pper Devonian, outcrop on some islands in Swan 
 Lake, and in the hi;,'h ])romontory of Point Wilkins, on the west side 
 of ])aw.s(»n Bay. They consist of from sixty to eif^hty feet of lif?ht 
 gray compact britth; limestone not very rich in fossils, liut those that 
 are present, viz, : Afri/j>ii t'l'tinifaris, Ci/rtitnt J/dini/foufiisin, Afln/ris 
 vit/dfii, I'liracijclas eUiptu'd, /irf/rro/JioH J'i'fops, &c., are typically 
 Devonian. 
 
 The followinjj; is a list of the fossils from the Devonian rocks of 
 Manitoba and vicinity, all of which, except OrtliU tstriattilt, were, 
 collected on the recent explorations under the charge of the writer. 
 The letters M. and V. indicate that they were found in either the 
 Middle or Upper Devonian, r«»ipectively. 
 
 I'KOrOZOA. 
 
 S])li(vrnsponcila frssrlhifri, Phillips. M. 
 
 As(r(t'osp())it/la IfdinUtonensix, Meek it Worthen. AL 
 
 OCELKNTERATA. 
 
 CjjKtliojJii/IJunt vrrntiaihire, var. pra'cuj'sor, Freeh. U. 
 
 " diituthnx, (Joldfuss. U. 
 
 Waxkusensf, \Vhiteaves. N. sp. U. 
 
 peiraioides " N. .sp. U. 
 
 Anna, Whitfield. ^ M. 
 
 pro/nndiDit, Hall. M. 
 
 piofunduvi, Hall, var. U. 
 
 Af/xthascense, yur. U. 
 
 Maiiitiiliuii 
 fiiniiutiiiii. 
 
 ; !l 
 
 Devonian 
 
 foH.sils. 
 
 (r 
 
 « 
 
 (! 
 C< 
 II 
 
206 E 
 
 Nourrr WKsTKKN \i witoha. 
 
 
 liV, 
 
 Cdnmnarin dUjnnctn, \Vliit«Miv«^s. N. up. 
 
 Aitipff.niM »p. 
 
 Aiiifioi-i/HfiH viiriiifn/is, WliitciUfx. N. sp. 
 
 /•'nvosltfn (,'()//i/ini.i/irti, Liiiiiurfk. 
 
 /'iifhi/fioro. <<rvicorniH, I »c|{|)iiiivillt'. 
 
 I'lirhi/pitrn oi' A/ri'tt/iti'M. 
 
 Alri'iiUliH riilhirii III, Meek. 
 
 Cliithniirirliiiin (liko ('. /iixniii, NirlxilsDii.) 
 
 Slrmiiiihijiiirn sp. fcfr. A. /{iic/iih'rn.-tis, Hiii'iu'fit/.ky, 
 
 " sj). fCfr. A. //U/isr/ili, |{ju'<,'iitzky.; 
 
 ActinoHtrouKi i.i/itnixinn, Hull A' W'liitlii'ld 
 Tj/rri'llii, NiclKtisdn. N. sp. 
 fi'tifufrftfinn, N'icluil.soii. 
 
 
 liCllIN'ODIOUMATA. 
 
 CtenocrmuH sp. 
 
 VKKMKS. 
 
 Spirorh'iH onijihafoden, (tolclfuss. 
 
 I'dl.VZOA. 
 /.i'/ifn/ri//i(i (/initlrinu/ii/iiris, Nicholson. 
 /'iiiiifii/ri//>ii iiKin/liHi/ix, Wliitt'jivps. N. sp. 
 Ci/.stddicfi/ii //iiiiii/foiit'iisis, Ulili'icli. 
 Fe.ti/'Hfi'lln rii-ii, riilrioh. 
 
 " <i;si„ni,l„ ! JJall. 
 
 I^olifjiorii M((tiitohfn>>tx, W'liitcaves. N. sp. 
 Mtninfvjipii SJ). 
 
 iJIfACIIIorODA. 
 
 Dixcina sp. 
 
 Choiietex Lnijinil, vnr. Ann.nt, Hull. 
 
 " Miiiiifiilii'iixis, Wliit^'iives. N. sp. 
 Strophdld.siti jiriiihirliilihs, s;u\ nninhmnacea. 
 Prtiihirti'lhi snlxiriilmtii, Mui'.duson. 
 Ortlitx strldliilii, Stihlotheini. 
 
 " J/anif<)f)iiisis, W'liiteaves. N. sp. 
 Or(hn//it'ti'H C'/ieiiii(n(/cnsis, Conr.ad. 
 Stropluxlttnta (imiafri, Hall. 
 
 " interatrial in, Phillips. 
 
 Spirifera Jinihriata, S. A. Miller. 
 
 " Ridinrdxonii, Meek. 
 
 Ci/rti.nii //(tiin/tom'usis, Hall. 
 AthyriK vittata. Hall. 
 Atrypa retivvliiris, L. 
 
 " " var. (ispcra, Schlotlieim. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 U. 
 M. U. 
 
 U. 
 
 ) M. 
 
 M. U. 
 
 M, 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 T,I. 
 
 M 
 
 U. 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 U. 
 
 M 
 
 U. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 U. 
 
 M. 
 
 u. 
 
 M. 
 
 u. 
 
 I* 
 
TVMIll. 
 
 I'KVOMAN, 
 
 Jilii/„('lt,»„ll„ /iiii/„nn, Martin. 
 I'f'nfmiii'rnx cinnis, Ow«i\ 
 Strintjocephitlu^ /lurtini, |).>tV)mc«.. 
 Terehmfula Snllivanti, Hall. 
 
 t-AMKLMIinA'JCiriATA. 
 
 I'lerl,,,',! I„l,„t„, Whitraves. N. sp. 
 Actinopterin hoydil, Conrad. 
 
 (iiism-lt'tid ,^|, 
 
 Miftihurn i„jl„tu, Wliiteaves. N. sp, 
 M(>dln„„,rj,/„i <ith,ni,,l,,, W'liitciivcs. 
 
 M. and 1 
 
 (I 
 
 « 
 
 N. sp. 
 
 N. 8p. 
 
 N. sp. 
 N. sj). 
 N. sp. 
 
 sp. 
 
 coiii/iri'ssii, 
 
 (iimidd, 
 
 piirrn/d, 
 ^!nath)'ll(i Hiihilllpfird^ 
 Gnni(,plit,r(t i»-rtin,i„l,,t,i, Hall. 
 i)farradnn pip/mtHUH, Whiteaves. N. 
 Aucula lir,(t„, Ciirad. 
 
 MtttiifohnusiH, VVliiteaves. N. ,sp 
 Kucnlites sp. 
 
 K,-fprHfeinin s»f>nra/a, Whiteaves. N. sp 
 
 Men/nodon KiMinisix /, Frf,ch. 
 
 AtmdoH/nplsoJh-nls, Wliitf-avf-s. N. sj.. 
 
 l'<'r'ir;/,-l„.^ ant;,i„a, (ioldfuss. 
 
 elliptica, Hall. 
 
 var. occidenfn/is, BillinL's 
 sp. 
 
 Conocnrdinm O/iioemr, Mvok. 
 
 Cm-diopnis tenuicoHtnta, Whiteaves. N. sp 
 
 Cyprimrdelh, hrllixtnaUt, Conrad. 
 
 pvodm-ta, Whiteaves. N. sp 
 Cyprimrdinin plmmlatn, Conrad. 
 Ohmites Mnnitoben.nH, Whiteaves. N sp 
 Orthonota corrmjata, Whiteaves. N. sp. " 
 
 <JA.STKROPODA. 
 
 Dentnlinm antiquum ? Goldfuss. 
 Paloeacmfm cingulatn, Whiteaves. N. 
 Pleurotomaria yonioatoma, Whiteaves. 
 
 injhinodom, " 
 
 Pleurotomaria b'penceri, 
 
 
 sp. 
 
 N. 
 N. 
 
 Raphistoma Tyrrellii, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 sp. 
 sp. 
 sp. 
 
 L'or 
 
 M. 
 
 )ase of V, 
 
 iM. 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. TJ. 
 M. 
 M. 
 V. 
 M. 
 U. 
 M. U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 U. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 M 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. U. 
 
W.' 
 
 208 E NORTH-WESTERN MANITOBA. 
 
 Murchinonia tnrhinata, Schlotheim. 
 
 " Doivlinyii, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 Bclh'rojihon Pehps, Hall. 
 J'urceJlia ManitohfiiKis. \v''hiteavps. N. sp. 
 Eunema .yn'civsm/i, Whiteaves. N. .sp. 
 
 " brevispinl, " N. sp. 
 
 " fiii/)K/iiii<ifium, " N. sp. 
 
 " rldfhrdliiluin, " N. sp. 
 
 Asfralilt's /iiiilirld'iis, " " sp. 
 
 Eiwiiip/iK/iis nnnn/attitt, Phillips. 
 
 " suht7'i(/onalis, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 
 Ompluihjclrriix Afdnifohensis, 
 Str<ip(trullin(i. ohtiisa, 
 P>ii'iulopJtoru8 tecfijhrmis, 
 I'liit'jct'ras parvuluiii, 
 PhityontoDKi til IK kliitn, 
 Naticopfis Manifo/je/fsis, 
 
 " iiKirniitd, 
 
 Loxonema ii/f ivol v is, 
 
 " priscnm, Munster. 
 
 ('in(/i(/(ifiiiii, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 gviiciUitninii, " N. sp. 
 
 Macrocli illiia suhcoHtata, Sehlotheiiu. 
 
 " pulchi.'!/a, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 N. sp. 
 N. .sp. 
 N. sp. 
 N. sp. 
 N. sp. 
 N. sp. 
 N. sp. 
 N. sp. 
 
 (I 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 U. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 PTEROPODA. 
 
 ^i^.' 
 
 Hyolithes nlatus, Whit.;aves. N. tip. 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 M. U. 
 
 Orthocerat^ Hindi!, Whiteaves. N. ii\). 
 " Tyrrrllii, " N. sp. 
 
 Gomphoceras J/(Uti(o/>eni'.', Whiteaves. X. .sp, 
 Cyrtocerns orcidentdle, 
 Homaloceras pin aid n in, 
 Tetniyonoceras yraciJe, 
 Gyroceras Canadcnsf, 
 
 " Jilicinctuin, 
 
 " suhiutindhitii/in, 
 
 (I 
 
 CRUSTACEA. 
 
 Isochilina Dawsoni, Jones. N. sp. 
 Elpe Tyrrellii, " N. sp. 
 
 N. sp, 
 
 N. .sp 
 
 N. sp, 
 
 N. sp 
 
 N. sp 
 
 N. sp 
 
 U. 
 M. 
 U. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 U. 
 
 M. 
 
DEVONIAN. 
 
 •209 E 
 
 Lcperditia exignn, Joiie.s. 
 
 lironteiin JfanitobenaiH, Whiteuves. N. 
 
 L^i'Ikik sp. 
 
 Ci//)/iasjtis ht'llnln, Wliiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 I'roetiiamundiilns, " N. sp. 
 
 sp. 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 .M. 
 M. i<: LI. 
 
 Ph/cdirhta cci/rcolHii, ]M. it W. U. 
 
 Rlnjn<'h(>(h(>t sp. U. 
 
 Ditiicflii/s C(nui(/f'u.sis, Wliiteaves. X. sp. U. 
 
 Asjnilipthijs nofnhilis, " N. ,sp. TJ. 
 
 Oin/rliixlus sp. U. 
 
 South of "Sifton xv'arrows" on Lake Manitoba, no Devonian locks Kxtinsion of 
 ai-e known to outoro]) within the Province of Manitoha. Northward ''"' i^^'^'J"""'"- 
 and north-westward of Lake NN'innipefjosis tiie cliaracters of the 
 Paheozoic rocks, other than those on Cedar Lake, have not yet been 
 determined throughout a distance of ahnost five hundred miles, or till the 
 Cleai'water and Athaba.'-ca Rivers are reached. Here Devonian rocks, 
 very similar in character to the Upper Devonian of Mau'toba, have 
 a^^ain been recognized, and traced northward along the Athal>asca 
 and Mackenzie rivers to within the Arctic Circle. 
 
 CUKTAIMiOUS. 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 V. 
 
 V. 
 
 M. 
 
 U. 
 
 M. 
 
 >L 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 >L 
 
 U. 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 This formation, resting unconforinably on the limestones of the Sandstone. 
 Devonian, is composed of wliire or reddish sandstones, either cenuMited 
 by a calcareous matrix or often quite incoherent, being then an evtui- 
 grained white quartzose .sand. It grades up into a light green and 
 rather hard sandstone, conunoniy interstratitied with thin bands of 
 shale. 
 
 Vei'V few fossils lia\e ])een found in this sandstone, ;\n(l those that I'ossils. 
 have been found are confined to the greenish upjier beds. They cou- 
 si.st chiefly of carbonized fragments of wood and coniferous leaves, but 
 the following animal remains have also been collected, viz. : — 
 JAngithi ttiih«p<ttnJ(t(a, Hall and Meek. 
 Osffd r<)H</<:if<f, Conrad. 
 Mndlolti, tmiulsiidjitii, Whiteave.s. N. sp. 
 Cycloid scales of fishes. 
 The terrane can be seen in several exposures along the foot of the Ontcrops. 
 northern portions of the Manitoba escarpment, as on the banks of Red 
 Deer, Armitt. Kematch and Swan rivers, and on Kettle Hill, south of 
 14 
 
210 K 
 
 NORTH-WRSTEllN MAXITOBA. 
 
 Tliicknc'HH. 
 
 Extension, 
 
 L'^ji-k gray 
 slialfs. 
 
 u 
 
 Mottlcrl cal- 
 careous shale. 
 
 Swan Lake. Also at Peininican Lslaiul, in Lake Winuipegusii, there 
 are evi(lence.s of the presence ol' tins or the overlyin<,' tei'rane. 
 
 The exposures were altogether too small and intVequent to allow of 
 any exact detenuination of its total thickness to he made, hut on 
 account of the inegularity of the Pahvozoic Hoor on whicli it was hiid 
 down, this certainly varies greatly, even within sliort distances. Near 
 the north-west cornei- of the map it has prohahly a maximum thick- 
 ness of two hundred feet, wliile on the nortli side of the Riding 
 Mountain, where it was passed through in the Manitoba Oil Company's 
 well on Vermilion River, it lias, so far as can he determined from the 
 few specimens at hand, a thickness of nineteen feet. 
 
 South of this point these sandstones have not been recognized in 
 n.atural exposures within the province, but they are again reported in 
 the states to the south. Towaids the north-west they would appear 
 to be represented l)y the "Tar Sands" on the Atlialjasca liiver, but 
 the formation ha^- not yet been determined to be continuous through- 
 out the intervening area. 
 
 Overlying the Dakota sandstones, the Benton formation occurs as a 
 band of dark gray, almost black shale, holding a considerable ((uantitv 
 of caibonaceous material. This shale is e\enly bedded, and breaks 
 down readily into tiiin flakes, on which account it generally forms 
 sloping banks. With the dark shales are associated thin beds of white, 
 soft, sweet-tasting magnesian clay, 
 
 Tn the bore on Vermilion River, the Benton appears to be 178 feet 
 thick, 'nd further north, on the face of the Duck and Porcupine 
 mountains, it continues of about the same, oi- slightly less, thickness. 
 It is easily recognized, even when good naked exposures are absent, 
 by its characteristic j)i'operty of breaking into more or less minute 
 graphite-like Hakes, and not weathering immediately into soft clay, 
 as usually occurs in the less consolidated beds of the Pit . i • 
 
 It is generally quite destitute of fossils, but in a fe. j i " , v -de- 
 terminable fragments of oysters and Inocerami have been ^ . cted 
 from the shale. 
 
 The Niobrara formation conformably overlies, and is an upward ex- 
 tension of, tlie Benton. The rock, however, instead of being a soft 
 tissile shale, with little or no admixture of calcareous material, is a 
 lighter gray calcareous shale or marl, s(Mnetimes varying to a band of 
 moderately hard limestone. This is especially the cas(: at the top of 
 the terrane, where a band of grayish chalky limestone is j.'enera]ly met 
 with. This band is often liiglily charged with pyrite. 
 
TVRRELL. 
 
 CHETACEOUS. 
 
 211 E 
 
 »;iV. 
 
 (le- 
 Ited 
 
 lex- 
 
 .ft 
 
 Is a 
 
 of 
 bet 
 
 
 A very characteristic feature of the formation is the presence of a F( -sils. 
 large number of Forauiinifera, among which (Hohigcrina cretacea is 
 often very conspicuous and in great abundance. From most of he 
 exjxtsures throughout north-western Manitoba, the species of forauiini- 
 fera have not yet been authoritatively determined, but in specimens 
 from Pidwards Creek, and from a depth of 1,1 IT) feet in the deep well 
 at Deloraine, in southern Manitoba, thv. following species were kindly 
 determined for me Va^ Mr. C. Davies .Sherbo-n, of London, England :— 
 
 Glohigerina crafncea, dOrbigny. 
 bnlloides, dOrbigny. 
 Hnmvnna, d'Orbigny. 
 
 Cristellaria rottiiata, Lamarck. 
 
 Plawyrbulina auimonoides, Reuss. 
 
 Anomalina rotnla, d'Orbigny. 
 
 Jialimina variiibUis, d'Orbigiiy. 
 
 TextrcJai'ia y/obuhm, Ehrenberg. 
 
 Verneuilina friquetra, d'Orbigny. 
 
 .)f((rt/iniifina vat iibifis, Neugeboren. 
 
 Di'Htnlina / .iiipp.rafd, d'Orbigny. 
 Cocco/it/iH and Rhftbdo'U/ix are also found in many of tlie specimens. 
 With these minute forms may also occur in great abundance the frag- 
 ments of shells of a large TnoccraniKs together witli the following 
 species • — ■ 
 
 Sfi'/tiifti. sfDilcotilifd, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 Oxtreii comji'xta, Conrad. 
 
 Anomia obfiqua, Meek it Hay den. 
 
 Inoceramus .jiroblematicus, Schlotheim. 
 
 BehmniteUa Mnnitobensix, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 Litncula CnnndeuHis, Whiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 J'fyc/ioditH parvnlns, ^^'hiteaves. N. sp. 
 
 Lamna Jlanitobensis, Whiteaves. N. sp. (loose.) 
 
 Encliodas Shumnrdi, I<eidy. 
 
 Chidovjjclus occidenta/i>i, Leidy. 
 Very characteristic exposures of this ffirmation may 1)(; seen in the lixpo'^uivs. 
 valleys of all the streams on the north side of Hiding Mountain from 
 the Ochre to the Valley rivers, the highest cliffs being usually in the 
 vicinity of some of the strongest of the oid shore lines of Lake 
 Agtassiz. Nortli of Valley Ri.^er no outcro{)s of Cretaceous rocks 
 were detected on the east face of Duck Mountain until North Pine 
 Creek was reached. Here the foraminiferous Niobiara marls are again 
 well exposed, and on Swan River and its tributaries, and on the 
 streams flowing from the eastern and northern slopes of Porcupine 
 
212 E 
 
 NORTH-WESTEHX MANITOHA. 
 
 
 is 
 
 Mouiitfiin many excellent sections were dir covered, so that these rocks 
 foi'in a clearly marked horizon in the middle of the Cretaceous of 
 Manitoba. They generally weathei- into steep or vertical clifl's, and 
 consist as a ride of gray calcareous shale, with a mottled appearance 
 c lused by the presence of large nund)ers of Foiamiiiifera. 
 
 Tliiukiicss. The terrane varies considei-ably in thickness. In the Manitoba Oil 
 
 Conjpany's bore on Vermilion River it appears to have a thickness of 
 130 feet. On North Pine Creek its total thickness is less than 400 
 feet, and probably is not more than 200 feet. On Ifell 1-Jivei' it is 
 probably less than 250 feet. In the Swan River valley, near Thunder 
 Hill, it would seem to have a thickness of 540 feet, but it 's quite 
 possible that the upper beds i-epresent a foraminiferous horizon in the 
 o\erlying Pierre formation. 
 
 Extension. This (orrane is known to extend southward through the westei'n 
 
 |)ortion of the? pro\'ince of Manitoba, having been recognized in the 
 valleys of the A.ssiniboine and other streams near the face of the 
 Manitoba escarpment, and in the borings from the deep wells at 
 Morden and Deloraine. It is doubtless continuims vvith the Niobrara 
 shales and limestones, originally described l>y Messrs. ,Meek and 
 Hayden, from the banks of the .Missouri River in Nebraska. North- 
 west of the area now described, a fragment of typical Niobi'ara rock 
 was collected from Carrot River, about west long. 10."5°, Ijy ]\Ii'. A. L. 
 Russell, beyond which it. has not been traced, and its exact correlation 
 with the beds on Athabasca River is not yet known. 
 
 Grading upwards from the lop of the Niobrara formation the Pierre 
 shaks occupy the suuniiits of all the higher lands of tlu^ Riding, Duck 
 and P upine mountains. In the Hiding Mountain and further south 
 Suhdivisidiis. this foiination naturally separates itself into an l'{)]K'r and a Lower 
 tSubdivision, which the writer has elsewhere called the ^lillwoodand the 
 Odanali Series.* It is not in, probable that the separation of these two 
 series could also be traced northward through the Duck and Porcupine 
 mountaijis, but that no oections exposing the Cretaceous were found in 
 any of the higher parts of the country, or al)ove the heights at which the 
 Millwood Series might be expected to be fouiul. This series is composed of 
 <l;>rkgrey soft clay shales very similar to those already described by Dr. 
 Dawson, Mr. McConnell and the writer from Alberta and Assiniboia, 
 containing crystals of selenite and septarian nodules of ironstone. 
 Further west the Pierre is highly fossiliferous, but in north-western 
 Manitoba fossils are very scai'ce, aiul of those recorded in the following 
 
 Millwocxl 
 sei'ieH. 
 
 *"The Cretaceous of Manitolia," l)y J. B. Tyrrell. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 40, (1890) 
 1>1). 227-232. 
 
 
 
TVRREU. 1 
 
 CRETACEOUS. 
 
 -'13 E 
 
 VHlIe, at M.l,w<.od, a si.., distance soutl. of the p.-eseut ,uap. 
 Uin,n..,,h„r,i <v,,„;<i;.tuux, KUst. N. 8p. 
 Ccndliiis'is ln'.vdijnnalix, 
 Prunnlu m ra/ncoc-ns, 
 Cyrtocdljns ofisslfestntn^ 
 Dictyocej>halnx microxt„ma, 
 
 u 
 
 IIKICniafoilKI, 
 
 Theocnniji,' xp/uirorr/.lutla 
 
 Rndidlaria 
 and other 
 f().s.sil>;. 
 
 (1 
 
 (1 
 
 « 
 
 (1 
 
 (I 
 
 N. Sp. 
 
 Tricoloeapm m/nr, 
 
 tliortK'uri, 
 Doiolinyi, 
 Sehi-yni, 
 Dictjjomitra Cnnndemls, 
 
 pohyponi, Zitte). 
 iiiUvi iviififata, Zi ttel. 
 Htidmcapxa Tj/rr.lH, Kiist. N. 8p. 
 
 J'f"rla lln.juifurudH, Evan.s a„,l Shuniard 
 Inorrra,,,,,. tmuilineatus, Hall and .Meek. 
 
 i\ inuil.d SI). 
 
 Lnci„a ,H-cUl,>>dHlis, xMorton. 
 
 E^Uali. panperadn. Meek & Haj, leu. 
 
 Jiiindifes compresms, Hay. 
 
 ^U'lrites nodosum, var. ^pucdran.uJnris, Owen 
 Jij/Mmtps cretacem, Scudder. N. Sp 
 Fragments of fishes. 
 
 Ve,„,iU„„ river. and K<l,v,,.,l.,, ""'" "^ '''''"•'• '""I 
 
 ;-. - »p„.. :l^^::rr ::::;::-r ;';;^^ >' ; 
 
 the series. Furtlier nni-H,,v... i .i " tluckiiess of 
 
 both of »-|,id, |,|„„., it ,v„, l,i,.l,K. „u ""■'"• "' 
 
 be.. ..f R..n,„:,,. „f ,„e : :'i« r:r ;■"';;"«' '»;«« ""- 
 
 slop.., ,„■„ covered with drift '^ "'" "■■■" "'" I"-'"''' 
 
 * .o':t.!:^::lii:!i;::::i:— - *e i„te„,„.i„,., „„„„ 
 
 tnt Dank at Mmnedosa; m tlie valley of 
 
 .'%■ 
 « 
 
 Outcrops. 
 
 Kxtensioii. 
 
 fi 
 
214 K 
 
 N0KTH-WK8TERN MANITOHA. 
 
 Horse Cn;ek west <»t" Monleii, and in niiiiiy other jUaces. Towards the 
 north-west they have not yet 1,'een followed, hut they are not impro- 
 bably continuous with the similar dark shales on the Saskatchewan, 
 and under lai'ge areas of the great plains. 
 
 ()rliiiialis.'.-i.'s. 'pj,p Millwood shales are overlaid by fi considerable thickness of 
 I'pper Pierre li^'ht gray hard clay shales which ai-e locally known as 
 slate, and which, from their ty})ical develoj)ment at Odanah, near 
 Minnedosa, on the Little Saskatchewan Kiver, have been called by 
 the w iter the OdaiKili SericH. Throuj,'hout the series are many beds 
 of septarian ironstone nodules, but very few of these are compact like 
 those in the Millwood series, and they ai-e generally cut 1*}' many veins 
 of crystalline ealcite. No fossils were found by the writer in these 
 shales, but Professor H. Y. Hind, in 1858, collected some fossils from 
 beds of this series, near thti mouth of Twt> Ci'eeks, in t()\v nship L"5, 
 range 27, which clearly show that these shales belong to the marine 
 Cretaceous Pierre formation.* 
 
 The following is a list of these fossils : — 
 Anomid Flemingi, Meek. 
 Inori'niiinix C(in(td<^tisix, Meek. 
 Yiildia Hindi, Meek. 
 Lunntiii iihHqnata, Hall and Meek. 
 Cinulen concinna, Hall and Meek. 
 Ammonites, sp undet. 
 
 Character. The cliffs of this terriiue generally weather with a more or less 
 
 sloping surface, but in railway cuttings, or by some streams, where 
 erosion is very rapid, they rise almost vertically, presenting a general 
 lead-gray appearance. The beds are also much fissured, and iron stains 
 are everywhere .^cen along the lines of fissure. On a fresh surface the 
 shale can be readily cut, init it quickly hardens on exposure to the 
 atmosphere, and the sti'eams cutting tln'ough it have their banks strewn 
 with lenticular pebbles derived from it. In some places, as in the 
 valley of the Little Saskatchewan River near Minnedosa, alluvial beds 
 of these pebbles are being used as ballast for the railway. 
 
 Outcrops. The Odanah series is well shown in the upper part of the valley of 
 
 Edwards Creek, where it cont'ormaljly overlies the ^lillwood shales. 
 Slight expo.sures are also seen on the upper parts of Vermilion River, 
 and the bed of Ochre River is thickly strewn with pebbles derived from 
 
 *In ii paper on " The Cretaceous of Manitoba " in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 40, 1890, j). 
 230, the writtr states that the ahove-naiiied fossils are probably from tlie Si illwdod 
 st'ries, but since th.at paper was written he has carefully examined the banks of the 
 Assinilwine i.ear where these fossils were collected, and has also examined the fossils 
 themselves in the Musemii of the (geological .Purvey of Canada. He is therefore now 
 able to say definitely that the character of the rock in which they are imbedded proves 
 them to be from the Odanah series or I'pper Pierre. 
 
 hi'! 
 
■] 
 
 CKETACK0U8. 
 
 215 E 
 
 n 
 
 <1 
 
 le 
 
 it. Pebbles of this slialt- urt' tirst Wiishtul into tlie Assinibnitui vjiUey 
 near the nioutli of Skunk Creek, and a well at Barnardo's t'aini near 
 Russell is stated to have been sunk 170 feet through these shales to 
 the underlying series. 
 
 Fifty miles down the Assiniboine valley below the southeiii edge of Extension, 
 ^he present nutp, tiiese shales bt^conie oonspieuous along its sides, and 
 for thirty-tive miles, or to opposite (Jriswold, the banks are more or less 
 formed of them, and barren rounded knolls, too sterile to grow 
 more than a few small cactus plants {Opiutfut Mittsinirioisis), rise from 
 the low lands at the luittom of the banks. The \alley here has a cer- 
 tain i-esemblance to the " Bad Lands " of the States to the south-west. 
 This shale is also seen in the highei' railway cuttings to the west of 
 Minnedosa. l^^urther south a beautiful section of these shales may be 
 seen in the Pembina valley near La lliviere, on the Pembina Mountain 
 branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 The total thickness of the Pierre in north-western Manitoba is 800 Thickntss. 
 feet or more. The Millwood series, as seen in the valleys on the northern 
 face of Riding Mountain, has a thickness of between 450 and 500 
 feet, while about .300 feet of the overlying Odanah series is there 
 also seen, reaching to near the sunnnit of the mountains, and being 
 innnediately ovtrlain by the diift deposits. The top of the Odanah 
 series is not seen. 
 
 At the village of Deloraine, in south-western Manitoba, and 
 close to the northern face of Ti rtle Mountain, the tank well 
 on the Pembina ^Mountain branch of the Canadian Pacific Rail- 
 way strikes the Odanah shales at a depth of about ninety fett, 
 and a deep well close by it does not strike the Niobrara until a depth 
 of 1,050 feet is reached, giving a thickness for the Pieri-e of 1)60 feet. 
 At the foo^ of Turtle ^Mountain, a horizontal band of hard gray calcareous 
 sandstone crops out, and assuming this to repi'esent the base of the 
 Laramie, though no fossils have yet been recognized from it, the 
 whole thickness of the Pierre would be given as a little more than 
 1,050 feet. Considering the ^Millwood series as having a thickness 
 of G50 feet, a thickness of about 400 feet would remain for the Odanah 
 series. 
 
 PLEISTOCENE. 
 
 At the close of the Cretaceous epoch, north-westei-n Manitoba Post-Cnta- 
 rose above the sea which had covered it since Dakota times, and "'"""* '^'''*'"''" • 
 which had left it mantled with a great series of sands and clays. A 
 period of denudation then set it and continued throughout the whole 
 of the Tertiary epoch. During this time the high table land of the 
 Duck and Riding mountains was cut through by the valleys of the 
 
216 E 
 
 NOIlTH-WKHTKliS MANITODA. 
 
 Rod Deer, Swan iiiid Valli'y rivers, aiid the ,;r('ut valley of the 
 Winnipeg basin, extending from the Manitoba escarpment to the 
 Archa-an nucleus, was formcid by a river which may have been similar 
 in size and charactei' to tlio Mississippi of to-day. From this \ alley 
 the Cretaceous rocks were almost entirely denudetl down to the under- 
 lying floor of Paheozoic limestones. The trend of the allerent valley.s, 
 and the positions of the jxiints of Cretaceous rocks on the edge of the 
 escarpment, would appear to indicate that the main stream flowed 
 north-westward. 
 
 Such was the shape of the country at the Ijcgiiniing of the (ilacial 
 period, when a great snow-field aj»pears to have formed on the country 
 around and to the north and east of Reindeer Lake, and the ice appears 
 to have flowed in gi-eat glaciers westward through the ba.sin of Lake 
 Athabasca, .southward across the plains, and south-eastward u]) the 
 valley of the ancient river of the Winnipeg i>asin. 
 Glacial stiiw. Among the evidences of the course followed by this glacier, or the.se 
 glaciers,acros8 the region under consideration, the following list of glacial 
 striae is particularly important. Most of these are strongly maiked 
 on the highest parts of level polished surfaces of Pala-ozoic limestone, 
 and the direction oi glacial movement is often shown by curved 
 chatter-marks" and cro.ss fi-actures, &c. 
 
 P^airford '. S. 33 E. 
 
 Flat liock P.ay, Lake Manitoba 8. 10 E. 
 
 Steep Hock Point, Lake Manitoba ^ S. and S. 13 E. 
 
 Little Sandy Point, Lake Manitoba S. 10 E. and S. 10 W. 
 
 Onion Point, Lake Manitoba S. 
 
 Granite Island, Lake St. Martin S. 33 E. 
 
 South end Lake Winnipegosis, near Meadow Portage S. 63 E. 
 
 South end Lake AN'innipegosis, near Mossy Rivt>r S. 
 
 Charlie Island, north end, Lake Winnipegosis S. 2 E. 
 
 Charlie Island, east side. Lake Winnipegosis S. 8-13 E. 
 
 Charlie Island, (obscure,) Lake Winnipego.sis S. 37 W. 
 
 Weston Point Island, Lake Winnipegosis S. 2 E. 
 
 South Manitou Island, Lake Winnipegosis S. 12 W. 
 
 Lat. 52° 4")', E. side Lake Winnipegosis S. i' W. 
 
 Long Point, Lake Winnipegosis, several places S. 22 W. 
 
 Long Point, Lake Winnipegosis, one place S. 8 E. 
 
 Ami Island, Lake Winnipegosis S. 23 W, 
 
 S.W. side Cameron Bay, Lake Winnipegosis S. 43 W. 
 
 Rowan Island, Dawson Bay, Lake Winnipegosis S. 42 W. 
 
 Beai'dy Island, Daw.son Bay S. 58 W. 
 
TviKUi ] PLKISTOCEN'K. '-'IT E 
 
 o 
 
 Rose Tsldtid, Swan Ljiko S. 48-r)3 W, 
 
 IVrcKay Island, Swan Lake and islands to tlio south S. ;">;{ W. 
 
 l{«'d l)cer Ilivt'r, 1 niiU- below rpiu'r Salt Spring S. 7H W. 
 
 Red Deer River, Ujjper Salt Spr)n<i; S. (iS W. 
 
 Red Deer River, Pelican Rajjids S. 7H W. 
 
 Saskatchewan River, (Jraiid Rapids, iiottoni S. 2 W. 
 
 Saskatchewan River, (Irand Kapids, middle S. O'J W. 
 
 Saskatchewan River, (Jrand Rapids, middle (second set.), . . S. 9'_' W- 
 
 Saskatchewan River, below Roche-rouge S. IJ W. 
 
 Saskatchewan River, Roche-rougp S. l:i W. 
 
 Ced;ii ijake, sontii-east shore S. 19 W. 
 
 Cedar Lake, Island east of Ual)bit Point S. l.S W. 
 
 Cedar Lake, mouth of Saskatchewan River S. 'M) W. 
 
 Cedar Lake, niijuth of Saskatchewan Rivei', one groove. ... S. (iT) E. 
 Aiisiniboine River, Sec. 1(>, Tp. 2"), R. 29, on boulders in 
 
 Ijoulder pavement S. 7.'5 E. 
 
 The surface is very generally covered with till, which on the lacus- 
 tral plain, o\er the hard Paheozoic limestone.s, does not appear to be 
 anywhere of great depth ; but on the summit of the Cretaceous jilateau 
 to the west, where the rocks consist entirely of soft shales, tlu; till 
 would seem to be very much dee})ei'. In most places it innnodiately 
 overlies the Cretaceous shales, but in some excellent exposures on 
 Rolling River it is seen to be underlaid by seventy feet or more of 
 stratified sands and clays which are probably of Tnterglacial age. The Intcrglacial 
 clays contain the following species of plants and fresiiwater shells : — 
 
 Diatomaceiu. 
 
 Naviciiht U(t(i. 
 Encyoneuta prostratum. 
 Dtniticithi liiuta. 
 Liciiiojjhora ? 
 Coccoiieis. 
 
 Phaneroganiie. 
 
 Taxii» hnccata. L. 
 
 Seeds of n Conifer. 
 
 Elvdea Caiuidensis (?) Michx. 
 
 Vallisneria (?) 
 
 MoUusca. 
 
 Lymnrca catascopium ? Say. Variety with very short spire. 
 Fa/iv(^f /rtrarinrt^rr, Say., and a keelless variety. 
 Aninicola pnrata ? Say. 
 Planurbis Incuruiatus, Say. 
 
 " parvus ? Say. , _ - i 
 
 Pisidiiun abditum, Plaldeman. " < 
 
 Sphevriitni striatitnu)i,L,iiiuii.vck. ..,,^^. 
 
218 K 
 
 Bl 
 
 NOHTII-WKHTKUN MANITODA. 
 
 Lake Mliori'N. 
 
 On the summit uf the rictiifpoiis plateau the till in covered in a 
 number of \>\iwrs l»y lake <le|)o.sitH, and east (.f tlio esearpnient the 
 ancient heaelies of Lake Agassi/, torm l<.n« lines (if paiallel <,'nivel 
 ridges. Ill suiiie places I In- imcieiit lake shores are represented by 
 terraces, cut in tlie glacial or Cretucecnis deposits. An interesting 
 series of these terraces may he seen on the north sid»> of Kettle Hill, 
 south of Swan Lake, as shown in the following figure: — 
 
 .M 
 
 (Hiunps. 
 
 Section oi KeHlH IHU s..«.(. ..r Swan Luke. 
 
 lettiml Sta/f ' Mfo'f) fa tm inr/i . 
 
 A small amount of laeustnd s.ui.l and clay is occasionally present 
 on the surface, but as a rule, throughout the greater portion of this 
 district, the old lake tloor is composed of till. 
 
 :Moraines are also present at the M<.ssy Portage and on and arouml 
 the " mountains,' and will be found more particularly described in 
 the descriptive portion of this report. 
 
 The glacial aii<l j.ost-glacial deposits of this region will, however, 
 l^e more fully discus.sed in the forthcoming report on Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 t*' 
 
rVRRfll. 
 
 nil i: 
 
 KCoNnMlc (;K(»L<>(;V. 
 
 Sdff. The {)rcsf>iu'(' of Ixiiic s|iiin;,'s is n well iiifukcil t"<'atnn> ot' tlif l'«iiin' xiniiiK*. 
 |)t'\(inian urea wc.xt of Iraki's \\'imiii>t';{iisis and .Maiiitul)a ; Imt wliilf 
 tlic must io|)iuus supply <»1 l)rinn Hnws t'lon tlic Ih'voinan rni-kH, 
 cliiclly inaikiiij^ tin- Ihiso of tlir I'ppcr l)»iv(» liiin, salt is nut absent 
 fnmi lilt' Itfds (if Sihiiiaii aj,'t', and many slalis ><f this invk wt-i't' found 
 showing Itcauliful moulds of typical nystals of Chloride of Sodium. 
 A few small sprinj^s of dear Hulty water were fouiul llowini,' from 
 the Sihir'ian afea on the west side of Winnipeyosis. Curefid scaith 
 was made evei-ywliere fof indieations of the presence of lieds of pure 
 suit, hut none were found, and instead, impfessions of salt crystals 
 were common in all the more porous dolomites. It is prohahlc, there- 
 fore, that the salt occurs entirely in more or less i.st)lated crystals 
 scattered throughout the rock, l)ut in some cases the.se are so 
 numerous that at least a third of the whole ma.ss has been salt. 
 
 Th<' following are some of the principal places where l»rine springs Lcifalitii's. 
 have been ohsersed : - 
 
 1. Salt Creek, west of Luke Dauphin. 
 
 2. JJanks of Mossy River. 
 
 3. Salt P(nnt, south end Lake AVinnif)ego.sis. 
 
 4. Monknian's Salt Springs, Ked l)eer I'einnsula. 
 
 5. Pin." Creek. 
 
 G. Pelican Bay, mouth of Pelican Creek. 
 
 7. " " west side. 
 
 8. ^^outh of I'.ell Hiver. 
 . 9. Salt Point. 
 
 10. Salt Point Peiunsula, wide salt area near its Ixvse. 
 
 11. Salt Point Peninsula, north side of its base. 
 
 12. Mouth of Steep Rock Hiver. 
 
 13. Lower Red Deer River, many places. 
 
 14. Banks of Shoal Ri er. 
 
 15. Mouth of Swan River. 
 
 At many other places near the line of the base of the Upper Clinracter of 
 Devonian, small saline areas occur, where the brine oozes up through **"'"♦* '^"■a''- 
 the ovei'lying drift. The characters of these saline areas are very 
 similar throughout, and the descriptions already given of those on 
 Pelican Bay and other places might suftice for all. They are generally 
 barren tracts several acres in extent, surrounded by a fringe »»f the 
 red salt pi.mt {Sdlicoritia In'rlincfn). Here and there springs bubble 
 up and often build rounded mounds of reddi.sh .scinter, several feet 
 in height, in the centre of the tops of which, over the springs, are little 
 ba.sins of clear brine. Down the .sides of these mounds the water trickles 
 
2i.'0 B 
 
 NUUTH-WKHTKUN MANITOHA. 
 
 MoiikiiiHuV 
 Hult Wi.ikH 
 in 1H5M. 
 
 to till' arid lints, wlici't' it cvfijMH'ntcs in tin- dry seasons. Tii otlicr |>lact's 
 till- |MHii of salt wutfi' is ill till' iiiiildlt' of a litlln tract ot "soft iiiiid, oxer 
 which may lio ii wkI of coaine j^rasH. In tlu* j>ool hulthles of pis aro con- 
 Htaiitly I isinj,'. This jfius was t'oiind to In- iinintlaiiiiiialilf, and was 
 |> tihahlv to a larj^fj exti-nt conijioscd of air. 
 
 Sonif of tlir s|(iiiij;s iiHMitioiit'd altovc wrrc iist-d for tin- ma 'iiffirtiirc 
 of salt ill the early days of tlit- Red i{i\»>r Sfttk-iiiciit, and (niMi yi't llif 
 Indians occasionally lioil down a littlt« salt from thciii. 
 
 The followiii;f excellent description of Aronkiimirs Salt Works, us 
 they existj'd in 1858, is >,'iven liy I'rof. II. Y. Hind : -* 
 
 "The soil at the Salt Sjiriii;;s is a very retenti\r yellowish white 
 ilay, cor ••■'linj,' small limestone hoiilders and [iclililes, with Itoulders 
 of the uii*.()ssiliferous rocks. The wells, for olitaiiiiii;,' a siiJU'ly of hrine, 
 are Mink wherever a small Imhljlin;,' sprinj,' is oliservtid to isHue from 
 this retentive clay. The si)rin;,'s are constantly chan;;inj,' their position, 
 aiul as the wells hecoiiie exhausted from lime to time, a flesh excasa- 
 tioii is made where a new sjiriii;^ is ohserved to issue. Nodoidit boring, 
 or deeper wells, would prevent these changes, and nol only secure a 
 larger llow of brine, l)Ut ensure it permamincy. The wells at present 
 are 25 in number ; but some (»f them appear to have been lately aban- 
 doned, and others have 1' since ceased to yield brine. They are 
 situated 100 yards from '-e sh')re, and were tirst worked 40 years 
 
 since, by James M»jnkmai.. iliis enterprising individual struggled for 
 many years against the imitortatioii of English salt, svhicli was .sold in 
 the settlements at a cheaper rate tluiii he coultl alVord to manufacture 
 salt on [jake W'iiinipegosis. lie has made salt at Swan Uivtir and 
 Duck Hiver. The manufactun is now carried on with profit for the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, at Sv, an River, and at Winnipegosis Lake by 
 Monkman's .sons. 
 
 "At t'le ' Works' there are two small log-houses and three e\iijH)rat- 
 ing furnaces. The kettles, of Kiiglish construction, are w(!ll made rec- 
 tangular ve.ssels of ii-on, five feet long, two feet broad and one foot deep. 
 They are laid u|)oii two rough stone walks, about twenty inches apart, 
 which form the fuinace. At one extremity is a low chimney. The whole 
 construction is of the; ludest description : and at the dose of the season 
 the kettles are removed, turned over, and the furnace permitted to gt) 
 to ruin, to be rebuilt in the following spring. 
 
 " The process of making salt is as follows : When a spring is found, 
 a well, five feet broad and five feet deep, is excavated, and near to it an 
 evajKirating furnace erected. The l)rine from the wells is ladled into 
 the kettles, and the salt .scooped out as it forms, and allowed to remain 
 
 ''Op. cit., pp. !t4 and 95. 
 
Tvniiiit 
 
 ] 
 
 KrONOMlC <iK<»|.(t(;V. 
 
 •>•) 
 
 21 K 
 
 fill' II slioit tiiiit' to tlrain licfurt! it is jKickcd in l)irrli luiik it»;,'j;ins fur 
 tmnspnrtiitinti to Hcd Hivor, wlior*' it (.'oniniiinds twelve sliillinj;s stalling 
 II l)UHlit'i, III' imr luiiKlicd wfij^lit of flouf, or ii (Mifi'f'H|>(iii(li»i]i{ (jimntity 
 lit' tisli, pcmirun or hutliilo moat, accordiii)^ to circmustances. 
 
 " Tlic liiiiic is vt'ry strong'. From one kcttlf! two hiislicls of salt 
 can he made in oni' day in dry wcatlu'r. Thort- are nine ki'ttlcs at 
 the ' Works,' sevtm lM»inK in constant use during the HununfM' season. 
 The Iiali'-l)ree(ls enj{a;;<'d in the manufacture ciiiiiiiliiiiiid of tiie want 
 of fuel - iji other words, of the labour and troidile (»f cutting' down 
 the spruce and i>oj)lar near at hand, and the ditlicnlty of hauling' it 
 to the furniu'es. An ol)jection of no moment, l)ut characteristic of some 
 of the people, who arej^enerally unaccustomed to Ion;,' I'lmtiimed manual 
 labour. Unfortunately, I had no instrument with nie for ascertain- 
 ini,' the specific ;;ravity <<f the brine, and a supply which 1 took to 
 Red JMxcr for that puri)ose, as well as with a view to its analysis, 
 still remains in the settlements. It will be seen that the processes 
 employed in the manufacture of salt are of the rudest description, so 
 that witluait any outlay beyond a few days' lalionr, theijuantity mi^ht 
 be largely incit^asod. I spoke to John Monkman, who now makes 
 s;dt here, of pumps and solar evaporation. Of a pinnii he k>iow ai)so- 
 iiitely nothing, lie iiad heard th.at such .'in appai'atus had been con- 
 trived, but had never seen one. He readily comprehended the ad- 
 vantage to b(> derived from pumping the watei* into shallow troughs, 
 <lug in the retentive clay near the springs, and strengthening the 
 brine by .solar evaporation." 
 
 At the present time the cost of caniageof .salt from Ontario renders liiiixirtaiui' of 
 ..,,.., Ill 11 i ff I ,. 1 the .-Jilt iiidus- 
 
 it very expensive in Ma iitoba, and the large development (»i tlie iisli- try td 
 
 iug industry on Lake Winnijieg, and its probable extension to the -^''""t""'''- 
 
 other lakes of the North- West, rendei's the (juestioii of obtaining an 
 
 abundant local supply at a reasonable cost one of great importance. 
 
 As is shown below the natural brines of Manitoba are not very 
 strfdig but the sui)ply is large, and the dry climate would be veiy 
 favourable ^o their conciMitration by solar evaporation, which at the 
 .same time would remove some of thcii' impuritit's, and the forests in 
 the immediate vicinity of the spi'ings would furnish an abundant sup- 
 ply of fuel for boiling down the concentrated brine. 
 
 Jhines were collected from most of the important springs through- Amilyses of 
 out this portion of tht^ country, and have been analysed l)y 3Ir. (J. C. 
 Hoffmann, of this .Survey.* The following table gives in synoptical 
 form the result of his examination : — 
 
 liriucs. 
 
 •Geol. Siir. Can., Ann. Hep. Vol. V., ]8,Si(-!)(l-'.ll, pp. L'ti K.— 37R. 
 
222 E 
 
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 KCO.VOMIC (^KOLOOY. 
 
 223 E 
 
 Speaking f)f tliese brines, and of the various methods pursued in the 
 manufacture of salt, Mr. Hoffmann says : — * 
 
 " The proportion of forei^'n saline matters in these brines is not ex- 
 cessive, and if certain purifing processes are had recourse to, there is 
 no reason— local conditions being favourable — why they shoi'ld not 
 be utilized in tlie manufacture cf salt. 
 
 "Tiie following brief outline of the methods pursued in the prepara- Outlines of 
 
 tion of salt from its solutions, will serve to convey some idea of the ex- "',',. V i 1 1 h'i?'' 
 
 pedients resorted to for tlii; economical treatment of the weaker salt pivparation 
 
 1 1 1 1 I- 11 ■ 1 !• i)f siilt, from itn 
 
 waters. The processes may be arranged under tlieiollowing headings • solutions. 
 
 1. Those in which evaporation is entirely effected by artificial heat : 
 
 2. Those dependent ui)on natural evaporation — either wholly oi' in 
 part : 3. Tliat in which concentration is effected by congelation —with 
 subsecfuent recourse to artificial heat. 
 
 "1. By artificial evaporation. 
 
 "The manufacture of salt from its solutions by evaporation with Artificial 
 
 artificial heat, is conducted either in large shallow iron pans- -as in 
 
 Ciieshire, Worcester.shire, and Sfaffordsliire -or in kettles — as at the 
 
 Onondaga salines and elsewhere. The heating being in both instances 
 
 effected by fires placed beneath. 
 
 " 2. By natural cnaporation —either' wholly or in pat .. Xiitural 
 
 / \ 1 1 • 1 ■ 1 -111" ■ 1 • I'vapoiatioii. 
 
 " (n) liy the influence ot tlie sun, aided by that ot the aii' solar 
 
 evaporation. This method is resorted to in the preparation of salt 
 from sea water, on the shores of the Mediterranean, some parts of the 
 English and Scottish coasts, and in some localities on the Atlantic and 
 Pacific; coasts of the f^nited States. The (evaporation is carried on in 
 a series of shallow ponds or Ijasins in which the water is spread over a 
 very large surface. These reservoirs, which are excavated on the sea 
 shore, are generally puddled with clay, but on the Bay of San Frau- 
 ci.sco the bettei' gnule of salt is prepared in ponds which are provided 
 with wooden floors, or wholly inclosed with boards, and when a 
 specially pure salt is re(|uired, the cleanest of the lirine is transferred 
 to, and the evaporation comi)leted in. wooden tanks. When solar 
 evaporation is pursued in the manufacture of salt from natural brines, 
 the process is conducted in a series of shallow woodei' vats, ari-anged 
 in tiers, pi"ovided with movable covers running upon rollers tor use 
 during rainy weather. The brine is let into the upper tier of vats 
 and from thence is allowed, at dift'erent stages of alteration, to pa^s on 
 until it ultimately arrives — having in the interval tleposited and 
 suspended nearly all the less soluble impurities, and lost a large pro- 
 portion of its water by evaporation — a. a clear saturated brine, in the 
 lower tier of vats where the formation of salt goes on. 
 
 *Geo. Survey Can., Ann. Rep., Vol. V., pt. R., pp. 30 and 37. 
 
224 E 
 
 N0HTII-WK8TEKN MANITOBA. 
 
 Natural 
 t'vaiX)i'ation — 
 Con. 
 
 Congelation, 
 
 "(/*) By exposure to a current of air — the * gnuluation ' process. A 
 inethcd employed, among other places, at JMontiers in France, and at 
 Nauheim, Diirretiberf,', Kodenberg, and Schoneheck, in Germany, in. 
 the preparation of salt from weak brines. The process is carried on in 
 what are termed 'graduation-houses.' These are large wooden 
 structures covered o\'er at the top to (^xckule i-ain, but left open 
 at the sides to allow of free circulation of air through the l)uihling. 
 The interior arrangement may, in a general way, be described as con- 
 sisting of a large shallow woisdeii cistern, for the reception of the 
 brine, over which are arranged bundles of brushwood or thorns built 
 up in the form of a wall between wooden supports, and over this a 
 reservoir f(»r the weak bi'ine. The saline water is pumped into the 
 upper reservoir and thence allowed to trickle down over the surface or 
 through the interstices of the thoi-ns, thereby exposing it, diffused over 
 a \ery large surface, to the influence of the air and effecting its con- 
 centration. The operation is repeated as often as may be found 
 necessaiy for the conversion of the weak into a strong brine. 
 
 "The success of these two processes, solar evaporation and 'gradua- 
 tion,' being altogether dependent upon the state of the atmosphere, 
 their use is conseiiuently limited to the more favourable time of the 
 year. " ■ ,,' - 
 
 " 3. By congelation. 
 
 " In some parts of Northern Europe the separation of salt from sea 
 water is, in part, effected by the agency of frost — -salt water when 
 partially fi'ozen sepai'ating into ice, retaining very little salt, and !\ 
 proportionately stronger saline li-pior. So that by submitting sea 
 water, contained in reservoirs, to repeated partial congelations and re- 
 moving the ice as it forms, each successive mother li(juor becomes more 
 and more impregnated with salt, until at length th(> solution attains 
 the strength of a saturattvl l)i'ine. 
 
 "The proces;- dependent upon e\'aporation with artificial heat is 
 ivmally oiily resorted to in the treatment of strong l)rines, but where 
 oheap fuel can be obtained the same })lan is pui-sued with the waters 
 of the weaker springs, and sometimes, though .'arely, even with sea 
 water. \\'hen fuel is scarce the more diluted saline waters cannot be 
 profitably worked in this way, and these can, therefore, only be utilized 
 by resorting to one of the processes of natural evaporation — -solar 
 evaporation or that by 'graduation.' The salt may, by either of these 
 methods, be prepared without tlu; aid of artificial heat, as is customary 
 in the prejiaration of 'bay-salt' and 'solar-salt,' and is also the prac- 
 tice at the ' graduation- works ' at Montier.s, in France, or the weak 
 l)rine may be brought to the point of saturation and further evapora- 
 
^•J 
 
 kconomk; <;k(>ukjy. 
 
 ;) K 
 
 tion effected with artificial heat. The concentrated iiqui»i- obtained hy 
 the repeated partial freezing of a weak salt water, is treated as a strong 
 hrine, the salt being obtained from it by artificial evaporation." 
 
 '' Aniher,' uY t'lieni<nri.tiiti'. This interestiii"; mineral was fouid in " .AihIhi-." 
 pieces from the size of a robin's egg downwards, on sanc'y l)eaches on 
 the west .sitle of Cedar Lake, a short distance south of the Saskatche 
 wan river. The shore is low and shelving, and the Ijeach runs along 
 the face of a deep wet .spruce swamp, the "amber" being everywhere 
 mixed with many small fragments of partly decayed wood. The 
 swamp behind is stated to be underlaid by a compact till with boulders. 
 
 The most important beach is a little le.ss than a mile in length, and 
 from 80 to 120 feet in breadth. The "amber" is found most plenti- 
 fully along its ridge, where it constitutes about ten per cent by 
 volume of the sand and woody debi'is, and holes dug to a depth of two 
 feet showed little or no diminution in its quantity. A number of 
 samples collected from \arious parts of the beach showe •"I an average 
 of a little more than ten per cent of "amber," which, in natural 
 fragnients, weighed forty-.six pounds to the cubic foot. The size of 
 the beach were roughly estimated at .■il(),?^00 cubic feet, which would 
 yield about 31,(580 cubic feet, or 1,457,280 pounds of " andier." 
 Tt has probably been washed by the river from some clilT or 
 cliffs of Cretaceous elay f>r sand higher u)i the stream, and has Ixu-n 
 carried down and deposited in tiie marshy and swampy delta west of 
 Cedar Lake. From this delta deposit, it is now being washed out from 
 time to time by the waves of the lake and thrown up on the beach. 
 
 Prof. B. J. Harrington, of Mc(Jill College, ^lontreal, has descril)ed this 
 mineral and the olhtwing are some extracts from his j)aper : — * 
 
 "The stibstance was in pieces, foi' the most part ^■ery irregular iti Dr. Ilaning- 
 shape, some being niore '^•■' less angular, others ajjproximately .spherical, I""** "'S''"!'- 
 and others flattened, discoid or lenticular. >>ome of the pieces were 
 smaller than a pea, but they ranged from iliis up to the size of an 
 ordinary bean (about 2 centimetres long). In colour th(^y varied from 
 pale-yellow to dark-brown, and many, when (examined by transmitted 
 light, appeared clouded or banded from the presence of black carbon- 
 aceous matter. Superficially they were generally dull, owing, jierliaps, 
 to chemical change, but on fresh surfaces the lust.e was resinous. The 
 fracture was conchoidal. Though electric on fi'iction, they appear to 
 be less strongly so than ordinary amber. 
 
 '•Light-coloured fragments, free from black carbonaceous matter, were ^raU-rial 
 selected for examination, and any superficial crust carefully remo\ed 
 l)y scraping. The hardness of these selected pieces was fully '11,. The 
 specific gravity, as obtained with a (juantity of material in the specific 
 gravity bottle, was 1-055 (at 20"C.), and a single fragment gave by 
 suspension with a hair r054<) (20*^0). 
 
 * American Journal of Science, Vol. XLII., Oct. 1891, 'jp. 332-335, 
 15 
 
 
 si'lcctwl. 
 
>-2() K 
 
 NOKTIl-WEHTKKN MANITOHA. 
 
 ■»(! 
 
 Action i)f 
 solvents. 
 
 "Tlioinatei'ial for aiwilysis was finely [Miwdeicrl anddruHl ovcisulpliunc 
 acid in ntcno. The ciind)usti<)ns were made witii lead elironiate in 
 the usual way, and the ash «letermiuod with a separate portion in a 
 platinum erueihle. 
 
 Results of 
 inalyst's. 
 
 "The following are the results obtained :-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 80-01 
 
 10-37 
 
 9 53 
 
 09 
 
 II. 
 
 Moan. 
 
 
 
 
 Civrlx III 
 
 Hydroguu . 
 
 ()xvK''ii.. 
 
 79 91 
 
 10 55 
 
 9-45 
 
 09 
 
 100 00 
 
 79-90 
 
 10-40 
 
 9 49 
 
 
 Ash 
 
 0!) 
 
 
 l(H)-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 
 Excluding the ash the results beco-ne : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 80 08 
 
 10-38 
 
 9-54 
 
 100 00 
 
 IT. 
 
 79-98 
 
 10-50 
 
 9-40 
 
 Mean. 
 
 
 
 
 Oiirlxni 
 
 1 \ vclr(.»g6ii 
 
 SO 03 
 10-47 
 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 9-50 
 
 
 10000 
 
 100 00 
 
 It' ' 
 
 ll 
 
 " The ash was brick-red in colour, and found to contain silica, alumina, 
 iron, lime, and magnesia. 
 
 "The only solvents whose action upon the re.sin has been tried as yet 
 are absolutfi alcohol and absolute ether, and the elTect of these was 
 a.scertained as follows : 
 
 " One gram of the finely powdered resin was mixed with ten grams of 
 pure quartz .sand in a cylinder of filter })aper and extracted in Soxhlet's 
 apparatus, in the case of the alcohol for three and a half hour.s (24 
 siphonings) and in the case of the ether for two hours (24 si|)hoir""igs). 
 In each case the sand and filter pajjcr were ])reviously extracted by 
 the special solvent for -several hcjurs. The extract from the resin was 
 evaporated in a weighed platinum dish and the residue dried at lOCC. 
 The results obtained were as follows : 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 Dissolved by absolute alcohol 21-01 
 
 Dissolved by absolute ether 24*84 
 
 "The effect of more prolonged action of the .solvents has not as yet 
 been ascertained. The alcoholic extract aft(^r drying was brownish in 
 colour, while that obtained with ether was only faintly yellow. 
 
•] 
 
 KCONOMIC (iKOLOOY. 
 
 227 E 
 
 lis 
 
 r 
 
 In 
 
 " When small t'iJi''nioiits of the losiii weiv hoated in closed tubes it Softens with 
 was found tiiat they began to soften at about loOC, the point of 
 softening being rougl ly ascertained by pressure witii a platinum rod. 
 At 180-1 90 C. the fragments were sufficiently yielding to be pressed 
 into one mass l)y the platinum rod. Heated up to.'JOO C, the resin did 
 not melt into a flowing lii|uid, l)ut became soft and elastic, and had 
 darkened a good deal from partial decomposition. 
 
 " Fragments of genuine amber behaved in a similar nuinner, but Vjegan 
 to soften at about 1 40C At 180 they could be readily pi-essed into 
 one mass, and in the one (experiment tried they seemed to darken more 
 readily than the (^edar Lake resin when heated up to •JBO-.'WOC The 
 ordinary statement that amber fuses at 287"C is certaiidy misleading, 
 the fact being that it begins to soften .it a very much lower tempera- 
 ture, gradually getting softer and softer as the temperature rises, but 
 not becoming a flowing li((uid until decomposition takes place. 
 
 " On heating the Odar Lake resin in a test tube or retort no crystals 
 of succinic acid were obtainetl, although they were readily obtained 
 from ti'ue amber by siniilai' treatment. 
 
 " It is customary t.o assign to aiubei' the formula C'4()TT,j4().,, which I''(>rimila 
 gives: carbon 7S-1)4 , hydrogen 10");{, oxygen lO-a^ ; but this is 
 apparently based upon very insufficient data — so fai- as the writer 
 is aware, upon the single analysis of Sch rotter (carbon 7«H-82, hydrogen 
 10"2.'?, oxygen lOOo), which really corresponds much more closely to 
 C^.^HpfiO^. 8ucb a substance as andjcM', too, coming from a variety 
 of localities and originally derived from very diiterent plants can scarcely 
 be expected to agree closely in composition with one definite formula. 
 
 " The Cedar Lake resin contains more carbon than the amber analysed 
 by 8chrotter and less oxygen, and in this respect comes neai'er to 
 Walchowite' and to some of the recent c(j[)als fi'om India. The rela • 
 tionsof some of these bodies will be made plain by the tudowing tables : 
 
 M I 
 ■■/ 
 
 I. AmbtT 
 
 II. Kraut/.ite 
 
 III. C.'d.ir Lak.-Hivin, 
 
 IV. C()i.al(t?(>ml)av)... 
 V. Coi«il (Calcutta).. 
 
 Ca-- 
 bon. 
 
 78-82 
 79' 25 
 SO 03 
 7'.f70 
 80 34 
 
 Hydro- 
 
 10 23 
 10 41 
 10-47 
 10-40 
 10 32 
 
 Oxy- 
 gen. 
 
 10 05 
 10 34 
 
 i)-r)0 
 
 <)-!K) 
 !|-34 
 
 Ratio of C, H, & 
 < I atoiiix. 
 
 if (50: 14 !I5 
 10 22: Hi- 11 ; 
 11-23 :17 <)3 
 
 10 75 : l(;-83 
 
 11 4ti : 17 f.7 
 
 Ratio of C. H, k 
 
 O atoms, 
 
 taking C 40. 
 
 40 : (;2-2J) 
 40 : 03 (t5 
 40: (■>2-7i» 
 40 : (i2 (;2 
 40 :(ll 07 
 
 4 16 
 
 3 91 
 
 3 :"><•) 
 
 3 72 
 
 3 49 
 
 I. Phillips's Mineralogy (1852), p. 6.30, Anal, by Schrotter. II. 
 Dana's Minerah)gy (1869), p. 741. Anal, by Landolt. TV. Watts's 
 Dictionary of Chemistry (ed. i.), Vol. IL, p. 19. Anal, by Filhol. V. 
 Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry (ed. i.). Vol. II., p. 1 9. Anal, by Kilhol. 
 
228 K 
 
 NORTIl-WKSTKRN MANITOBA. 
 
 " 'riit)Ujj;li if^st'iiiljliiii; iiinlu'i' in sdiix' of its cliiirut'tcrs, the ('cdiir Fiuke 
 rfsiii iiwiy Ik'I-c Im' oIass<'<l jii<)\ isiouiilly Jis "letinito, " on .■urouiit of its 
 (lifFcriiii; tVoiii aiiilx'i' in its doportinent svitli solvents, in not yielding 
 crystfils of succinic acid on distillation, and in liavinj^ a soniewliat dif- 
 fei'ent ultimate coni|if>sition. Tlie name retinile as used liy some minei-a- 
 lo/^ists is a convenient general teiin to include such suhstances as 
 W'alchowite, Ki'antzite, Jaulingite, Hosthornite and the Cedar liake 
 resin, which last, l»y way of distinguishing itfrom otiiei- retinites, may 
 be called (Miemawinile (from Chemahawin oi- C^heniayin, the Indian 
 name of a Hudson iSay post, not far from where the resin occurs). 
 Origin. "Though the origin of this substance is not ceitaiidy known, there 
 
 can be little doubt that it has l)e<'n derixcd from one of the Tertiary 
 or Cretaceous lignites occurring on the "Saskatchewan. Some of these 
 are known to contain resins, one of which, examineil l)y the writei", 
 was not essentially \('ry dill'ereiit from th(> Cedar Lake material. It 
 behaved similarly on heating, had a hardness of over 2, a specilicgrasity 
 of I •OOC), and dissolved in absolute alcohol to the extent of JO'.'iO per 
 cent. 
 
 " Some (tf the I;irger pieces of tlie Cedar Lakc^ resin might, perhaps, be 
 emjiloycil forornamental purposi^s (beads, itc), and possibly the material 
 might l)e utilized by the varnish-maker." 
 
 Ir<iH. — Nodules of Carl)onate of Iron aic present in considerable 
 numbers in the Pierre shales, both on the north side of Hiding Moun- 
 tain and in the banks of the Assiniboine Valley. They were nowhere 
 seen in sutlicient ([uantity to be of any economic importance. A speci- 
 men collect(Hl by T)r. Bell from the crossing of White Sand liiver, was 
 found by Mr. (l.C. Hoffmann to contain .'i4'07 per cent of metallic iron.'!^ 
 Lignite. Coal, — Lignite was found in the form of carbonized ma,sses of wood 
 
 or tree trunks, lying in the IJenton shale on Swan River, and also in 
 .small quantity in the Niobi'ara shale on Wilson River. The following 
 is a descrijjtion and analysis by Mr. U. C Hoffman of a .specimen from 
 the former locality : - f 
 
 " LifJNlTiFiKD Wood. — From Swan River, Manitoba, township .37, 
 range 2fi, west of the Principal Meridian. 
 
 " Has a (ilear and wood like structure ; colour black, with a faint 
 brownish tinge ; lustre dull, that of a freshly fracturetl surface 
 resinous ; fracture uneven, occasionally sub-conchoidal ; hard and 
 tough : does not soil the fingers ; powiler brownish-black ; it connnuni- 
 cates a deep brownish-red colour to a boiling solution of caustic 
 potash ; by exposure to the air becomes fissured. 
 
 I I SOS . 
 
 Ndilulcs llf 
 carl H mate of 
 iron. 
 
 • Hep. of Prog, (it'ol. Sur.. Can., 1K75-(1, p. 431. 
 
 t .\nn. Kcp. Ci'ol. Sur. Can., N'ol. IV., N.,S., 1888-!t, p. (J K. 
 
i^4*ga 
 
 TVRRetl. 1 
 
 I KCOXOMIC (JKOUKiY. .,.,n 
 
 " Anulysis hy fust r.,ki.i;,r ^,,n.,, .__ 
 
 Hygi-oHcopic wjitoc ,. . . 
 
 Volatile con.Inistihl.. mutter jq i^ 
 
 Fixed caiinm ^'^' 
 
 Ash... ^•'^'' 
 
 an? 
 
 n 1 100 00 
 
 Coke, per cent. . . 
 
 Sunilar lijLfnite w.is found Iviii.' in f,.,.wl, #.. 
 
 - ' '-'^ - '■■« -'.::;:!; .j;;::,r ;:,;::,:::-» -'■ — -» 
 
 •>«.0 feet ,„ ,J,e ,|..,p well „„ Ve,,„ili„„ Itiv... ' 
 
 I^e exto„«iv.„, l,„, „t the y,„. j^ o„uld ,, >t bL d If ' " "'"' 
 
 a..i. ,H,.>„oo. M,.. H„ffi ,„„„, i l*:, ; : ;":,.'"'^ --I"-: 
 
 pl'.«|.l...rio acid, e,,„iv„l.,„t t„ ■.•.r^ per e„ , , T'' T'" "* 
 
 p.-e,;t in »,„„„ u" it :!' ':;,, '""■""r- ;'■«» ''»'■ ■--■» -■• 
 
TVIIHtl.1. 1 
 
 LIST OK I'lloTOfiKAPHH. 
 
 231 E 
 
 Al'l'KN 1)1 X. 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 :i 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 H. 
 ». 
 10 
 
 12 
 14. 
 
 l.i. 
 16. 
 
 17. 
 IS. 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 2;{. 
 25. 
 
 2."). 
 26. 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 TAst of ph<,t,„grai,h,s taken .luring the coursn of tl.c oxr.lonitions in 
 the smnniers of 1887-90. Unifonn sizo 6^ x 8^ inches. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Valley „f the Little Saskatchewan River at Strathclair, Man. .I„lv |0 
 
 Willow-covere.l plain l.y K-hvaid's Creek, Man. .h.ly 25. 
 Heach of Lake Dauphin, .Man. July "6 
 
 ""'X-;!' '" ''^- "• '"• ''• ''• "'• ^'■- ''^"- '-•"'"« "I- ^»- «trea,n. 
 
 ""AugLuf '"^ '^""■' ''■'"" *^'""' '''''«^ ""^ "' '""^'^ ^'•"•"<-"' Man. 
 Faee of gravel ridge on north shle of Fork River, Man. August II. 
 
 1 Itching rnlge," north of Valley River, .Man. August 16 
 and 11 Views up and down X'alley Ruer fron. the to,, of one of the highe.,t 
 of the gravel rulges east of the f)uek Mountain. August IS 
 
 ""Ailg.S'lO."' ''"''"' "' "^'^""^^ ''''■'''■' ^''"'- «'"-•"« '^'' '■■••!-' l-uses. 
 
 Morainic ndge, two n.iles below the n.outh of Short Creek, on the Valley 
 River, Man. August 20. •' 
 
 North end of .Shoal Lake, in Tp. 17, R. -SA, W. .Man. August "6 
 
 Aujl^st'^l'' "" '""• "■"""'« "' '"•'^•^'- ^■^-'*' i» 1'P- 20. R."27. W. Man. 
 
 Silver (;reek, in Tp. 20, R. 27, W. Man. August lil. 
 
 Village of Russell, Man. Septcn)l)er I 
 
 ''""eptemher7''' '' ''" ''"^'"'*'' '^'''' ''"''' "" ""^"^ ''''""^•'''"- ^an. 
 One of .he Angling Lakes, on Duck Mountain, Man. Soptend.er 7 
 rndian X illage, near Angling Lakes, Duck Mountain, Man. September 10 
 She River, near trail to Cote's Reserve, .Man. Septeu.her IS. 
 Shell River, in latitu.le 51 ' .S5', Man. September 1<» 
 
 Northern Rocket Gopher ino.no.n,. talpoia,., Rich.) natural size. Shell 
 River, Man. September 19. 
 
 . Marsh near Fort I'elly, A.s.sa. September 24. 
 
 . Swan River, looking from the S.|uare Plain. Man. September 29 
 Swan River, from mouth of Oak Oeek, Man. October 16 
 Saulteux Indians from the Upper Assiniboine River. October 16 
 

 NOKTII WKHTKHN MANITOHA. 
 
 34, 
 
 38, 
 3!» 
 
 40 
 41, 
 42, 
 
 4;{, 
 
 44, 
 An. 
 4fi. 
 47, 
 
 48, 
 49, 
 
 51. 
 52. 
 
 54. 
 
 56. 
 
 57. 
 
 59. 
 «(>. 
 
 61. 
 6'.'. 
 6.S. 
 64. 
 
 65. 
 66. 
 67. 
 
 68. 
 69. 
 
 I'lipliir fdiv.st lit Hucoiiil cronMiiig (if .Swan Kivor, Man. OctDhor 24. 
 iinil 33. Valley of ^S^vtln Hiv(!r at the lJ|i|H-r CroHHin^, noi'tiieuHt of Fort I'cllv, 
 
 A.sHJi. Octolicr 3(1. 
 Swan Kivei-, from old i'olice IJarrutkM, Ansa. Ucloliiir 31. 
 Valley of Mimke Creek, Ahhsi., looking acrosH. Ootober 31. 
 Valli'y of Snake ("I'fi'k, A.ssa., looking ilowii. Octolicr 31. 
 Fort I'elly, .\)itti\. .November I. 
 
 •Stopping Place, on the trail from Hu.H.fell to Fori I'elly. Noveinlier 3. 
 Valley of iJig Itoggy Creek, at tile cros.siMg of tiie HtisHcll ,uiil Fort I'elly 
 
 trail. Novemlier 4. 
 
 1888. 
 Sleep Rock I'oiiit, Lake Manilolm. .Inly I. 
 
 Camp of Sanlteux Iniliunn on the .shore of Lake S|. .Martin, ^lan. .Inly 1. 
 Chief \V(!keinow.><knnk, and family. Lake St. .Martin, Man .(idy 4. 
 Chief Wekemow.skiink Imilding a canoe, Lake .St. Martin, Man. ^luly 4. 
 Lsland of red granite in Lake St. .Martin, Man. July 4. 
 Waterhon River, Man. .Inly IK. 
 
 file of iKPidders on Twin Islanils, Lake Manitolxi. July IS. 
 .Monroe I'oint, Laktt .Manilolia. Jnly 2(1. 
 HofHe-shoe lu'rhonr, Manitoba If<Iu,n<l. .htly 26. 
 Onion I'liint, Lake Manitoba. August I. 
 Iiig Sandy I'oint, Lake .Manitoba. August 2. 
 
 Small stony i-sland, with young cormorants, Lake Nfanitoba. August 4. 
 Steep Hock I'oint, Lake Manitoba. August 5. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Ktiins of Old Trading I'ost, near the Nurrowa of Lake St. Martin, Man. 
 Jniu' 7. 
 
 Xarrow.s of Lake .Maintoba, west side. June 12. 
 
 Harbour on Cherry Island, Lake .Manitoba, .lime 14. 
 
 Mossy Hiver, near the mouth.' .Fune 22. 
 
 and 58. ClilT of limestone on Mossy River, justabove the old C. V. R. cross- 
 ing, .luiu; 23. 
 
 Fork River, looking eastward towards Mossy River, ilunc 2."). 
 
 Cliir of till and alluvial clay on Mossy River, just below Foik River. 
 ,hine 29. 
 
 View down Mossy River, from near the same point. June 29. 
 
 Hrine spring at " Monkman's .Salt Springs," Lake ^^'iunipegosi,'<. July I. 
 
 Well and ruins of old house on ariil flat at " Monkman's.Salt Springs." July I. 
 
 (Jiaeiated surface of limestone on island off Weston I'oint, Lake Winiiipegosis. 
 .Inly 2. 
 
 Clitr of Manitoban limestone on Island off Weston Toint. .J,d\ 2. 
 
 Limestone Cliffs at I'oint T.rabant, Lake Winnijiegosis. .Inly \. 
 
 I'oint Brabant, Lake Wiiniii)cgo8is, show iiig row of elm trees in front of the 
 
 cliff. July 4. 
 
 Sloping bcacii of gravel shoveil upby the ice, north -west point of Birch Island, 
 
 Lake Wimiipegosis, .Inly 13. 
 Low clitr of limestone at the north end of Birch Island, Lake VVinnipegosis. 
 
 Julv 1.3. 
 
 70. C'litr of dolondtc hidden among the trees at the nortii end of Hill Islaml, 
 Lake Wimiipegosis. July 13. 
 

 TVftHEll. 1 
 
 M8T (IK rilOTOdHAPIIH. 
 
 233 R 
 
 '■'■ ':M:::,:r:L!t:4::;:r\;:,;'ii """'■"" •■ ' -- ^ - 
 
 74. (liir of n.Mluliii- dolomite ut Devil's I'oinf r ,vl,.. vv • 
 
 V\ miiil)fi;()8i.s. July 20. » eUtiui Ufty, Uke 
 
 77. SiiiiK- groove. Looking N. 25'- \V 
 7«. Houl.le,. lying „t t,„. „^ ^,^,, -^f ^^ 
 
 pel.hl«« Hhovfi,! MP i„ front of if i. ,■ ,', ^ ' 'rregulur 
 
 ^^^^^ ^^^ P front, of ,t. J.,.lu,an Bay. Lake \Vin„i,.,.g,.,i,. 
 
 79. Two l,oul,in«, lyi„. al the end of a groove twentv fivn . i 
 
 HO. Large ),o,.l,ier „„ the west shore of fdil-a,, Hav fake \V ■ 
 
 «6. Hocky h.ll o„ northenil of island westof Whiteaves Point ak.. W • 
 
 .July 2!). "ittaves foint, Lake \\ innipegosis. 
 
 H7. f-iiige lioulder on same island. 
 
 M. ™, !». S.„„,,y c„,c, i„ „,„„ „t sh„,| ,t|,er, M„. J„,„ .,„ 
 
 "■ ';«z;tr"'A;;:.:::''" '""" '"'"- -' ■ ' ^^•"^"■■. '-« 
 
 94. Cliff of limestone risinj/fortv feet h)iovo ti. 
 
 kins. August B. " ""**"■ ^"'■'^ ■•'°"^'' "f ''""'t Wil- 
 
 95. Cliff of thick bedded lin.estone oppos.te the mouth of Steep Roek River 
 
 Lake Winnipegosis. August 7. ^ ^ ^"^®'^' 
 
 96. <'liff of limestone four miles pjisf ,^,f «t^ n . t,. 
 
 August 9. ■*'* "^ '^^'^^P ^"'■^ R.ver, Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 98. Point W dk.ns from Small Islan.l. August 9 
 
 m ",>'"\Tvn "'■ ■:'""""« '^'■'''"^^'«'' ''^''^ "f li"'-^to„e. August 
 
 n M « . i'"'"" '""'^"'S "■"^^"•^'••'- August 9. ' 
 
 lOL Cliff of dolomite at point three miles north of Red Deer River r „k. W • 
 pegosis. Augu.st 12. ' '°'^^ Wmni- 
 
 102. Cliff of dolomite at point five mn;.s north of Red Deer River r i, «.• 
 
 pegosis. August 12. '"-'■ ^^''^ ^""^ 
 
 16 
 
2;h k 
 
 NOUTII-WKMTKIIN MANITOMA. 
 
 lO'i. <'liir lit iloloiiiiti' lit MiMitli i'lnl III Itou'iiii iNlaiiil, Liiki- \Viiiiii|M<g<iMiH, 
 
 AiiKuxt 12. 
 KM. View u|) Itiil liiv.r Deer, Suskii., tVnin ilM niinitli. AiiyiiMl l.'l. 
 U)!\. f.iiNMT Salt Spring, IJiil |)»cr Itivtr, Siinkn. Looking ciistwiiiil tlowii 
 
 the Htl'iMiiii. AllgUHt \',i. 
 lot). Clill'iif .4|ii|iiii^ liiiu-HtDiic on Ut-il |)i-(^r Hivcr, Suxkii., ii nIioi'I iliMtaiicf 
 
 iihiive tlif I.DWtT Suit S|)iiiig.s. Aiij{iiMt i.'J. 
 107. (Jliifiiili'il Hiirfiioi' of liiiK'Ntoiic at li'ciwiiM Islaiul. LiiUi W'liiiiipc^oMiM. 
 
 .Au^'iiMt 14. 
 Ki.S. North MJKit'i' lit' Luke W'iniiipi'gimiHiittliK VVt'Htern MoHny Portiij^e. AiigiiHt HI. 
 KMI. Cunt of liifj^f orllioi'ci'iititi' ill ditl' of \Viiiiiipc<^'iMaii iloioiiiitr, Wliiti'iivt'M' 
 
 I'liiiit, Liiki' \\'iiiiiipog(iHi,s. .\ii).,'u«l 17. 
 
 110. .sjioiil tti\i'f HoiiHc, H. I?. Co., lookiiifj; towiiidn SvMin l.aki'. .AiigiiHt 'Jl. 
 
 111. Slioiil KiviT llou^<■, II. \i. Co., loiikiii;^ iiloiij; tilt? short'. 
 
 11*2. Clill' of .Nluiiitoliaii li|||l^stolle at thu ciiHl point of Rohi> l.sluiiil, .Swan 
 
 I.,ivk(>, Miiti. .VugiLMt '22. 
 11,'J. < titiciiitoil Hiii'fiu f liiiu'Mtotii' on Two l.sliiinls, .Swnii Liiki', Mini. 
 
 Aiigunt 24. 
 III. Itii'i'li Ffivor, Man., lookinj^ up .sticani from two niilcs almv)' it.s inotlth. 
 
 .\ll),MIMt 'J.'i. 
 
 II."). liitiian Camp on tlif north .siilc of lliic'li llivcr, Man. .\n;;nM( 2."». 
 
 1 10. .Site of the FfiKlHoii'.s liny Company's old trailing post at tlir Lowif CioHHing 
 
 of ,S\van Uivcf, Man. Aii>.!n.sl 20. 
 117. Swan Hivi'f, Man., looking down the utii-am fioin the sit*' of the old 'ri'iiil- 
 
 ing I'ost. Angn.si 20. 
 IIS. Rocky hill, sonlli of Swan Itivci'. ,it the ninth east end of the tiail. 
 
 Angn.-t :{(>. 
 110 ami 120. Honnded lio.s.ses of Dakota Siindstone on a teri'aei? on the side of 
 
 Kettle Hill, .south of .Swan Laki', Man. iSeptiinlief ."{. 
 
 121. Ut)nlder pavement on the south .slioif of Red Dcec Lake. .Scpti'inlier 12. 
 
 122. .Site of old Trading Post of Hudson's Ray Company on the south side of 
 
 Red I)e<M' River, just west of Red l)e(!r r.,ake. Septemhef 14. 
 
 123. Rod l)ei'r River, Saskn., from .same jdaee. St'ptemher l.'i. 
 
 124. Site of old Trading l'o.st of the Northwest Company on thr north side of 
 
 Red Deer River. Septend)er l.'i 
 
 125. Hartmaniis Trading I'ost at I'ine Creek, Lake WinnipegosiH, Man 
 
 October. K. 
 12li. Ilartmann's Trading I'ost at W.itirlien River, .Man. Oetolier l.'{. 
 
 1890. 
 127. Assinihoine River, Man. I'.elow the month of Little Roggy Creek. 
 
 .June 10. 
 I, SO. iSite of old Trading Post of the North-west Company ((irant's House) in the 
 
 hottom of the .Assinihoiue V:illoy. .Tune 10. 
 LSI. Jiottoni of Assiniboine Valley, a short distance further down, .lune 20. 
 132. Assiniboine River, near Reiilah, Man. .June 20. 
 13,3. Valley of the Assiniboine from the side of the hill below the site of lioss 
 
 Hill Fort, north of Virden, Man. .July 2. 
 1.34 and 1.3."). Assiniboine River, at bridge north of (iriswold, Man. .Inly 4. 
 1.3Gand 137. Lake dementi, Hrandon Hills, Man. .July (i. 
 1,38. As.siniboine River, near the mouth of Little Souris River, Man., showing 
 
 cliffs of sand and gravel. .July 8 
 
TVWIU. 1 
 
 I.INT riK l'ri()To(iH,\j>|rM. 
 
 23fl K 
 
 l.m View a..ro.H tl... V.Hi,.il,„i„„ Hi,.,^ towur.U tl... .....1 IuIIh. f,..-.. the nito of 
 
 he ol.l ,,., , „|,„ve ,h.. ...outh of NouriH Hiver. .July 1. 
 
 below (he ,„„uth of ('v,„wM Creek. .Inly i;i 
 
 I4». Ste,un..r •• l!...| Itiv,.,." o„ |..ke WinnipuK. ./uly '-M 
 
 '■'"• ", ',' ''""""« '''-^ "» ""■ ' "■■< l!-y ron.pany neur the north e„.l of ,1„. 
 
 han.w.y atUran.1 Kapi.l, Saskatd.ewun Hi^.r. S.Hkn. .lull. 
 4. >...he Hou^e l.oM.t, SaHkatehewMM Miver, SaHkn. July.'? 
 4S. Hlan.l...-a.theXarrowsof(V,lar,.ak...Sa.kn. .I,.lv:n.' 
 I4!t. Kal.l.it l'o,.,(,C,.,h„. |..k,., S,.k„. AuKUHt I 
 .><>. North-eaHt si.l. of Fort Islan.l, ( V.iar Lake, Sa.skn. August T, 
 5 . Xorth-went si.h- of F,,, Istan.l, < 'eHar Lake, S„sk„, ^.^Zt 5 
 
 "'■ ''r:!;;;' 's::;:vi'^ "'"'r' '"v ^ -' ''- -"^" "■"' ^ '=-• 
 
 i^apniH, .s.e-kateliewaii Itn.r. Aii^,'usl ||. 
 LV), Another view of tile ttanie. An^u.'st N 
 i;^.i. S..ka...|„.wan River. l„„kin« „p the .(rean> fron, (Jran.l [{api.is IN., 
 
 .;-'"« ''"Ut'- l;l-.l an.I the foot of the (Jran.i R.pi.,«. A„«u t 14 
 "..<• ( n . of .eolo«.ea Suney party, and .ietaehnient of Xorth-w^tt ^ro„n,e.| 
 
 I "Im' al (.ran.l Hapi.lw. AugiLst 14 
 
 X„:',r ■""•t-«e : .how,„« veriieal ..ii.F., Ma.ara ,.olo,nite. 
 
 "'• '";;;i.n;:;:it:;t:r '^^^ '"'■•• '-"^'■- "- --- ^'■••-' ^'-^ >-- 
 
 '"'■ '^^f thJnlp-i.'^''^''^'"""' ''""•• '-"^-«''-"t'-«'-gef-.> the head 
 lfi:{. (Jrand Rapi.ls, Saskatehewan River Head of tl.o , ,. ; i i i- 
 
ki&^m 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aiknowlfdgiiients 11 k 
 
 Agjissi/., Liik*', ancient, highest level of. . 9!t K 
 
 (l<ltas of 102, 123 K 
 
 coast cliff of lilt E 
 
 short' lines 218 E 
 
 Agrioultiinil lands 24 E 
 
 AftitiKlf. Lake Manitoba 34 K 
 
 ImUi' \\'inni|i(Kosis 47 K 
 
 " AnihiT," (PI- (-'hfniiiwii'iti', Cellar Laki'. 22") K 
 
 Ami Island, Lake M'innipei^osis 15:! k 
 
 Augliii;.' Lakes, UucU Monntain. ... 7, 12S k 
 
 AiRiilitr. South Manit.. II Island HiS K 
 
 clilV. Red De.r Kiver 187 k 
 
 Aruiitt Kiv.r, Hed Diei Lake . 121 E 
 
 Ass.ssiiii, .Shell l{iver 12!!, 133 E 
 
 AssiniWoiiie Lake, ancient 137 K 
 
 A.ssinil. line River 23,13.'>, 143 E 
 
 r.arlivv. S., work liy 5 E 
 
 fiarnanlo Farm ir)3 E 
 
 Keaches, ne«- and old, l>ake Winni- 
 peg! isis ."(3, .")(> E 
 
 Hears Head (;!reek, .Swan Uiver 11.") E 
 
 lieardx' Island, Lake \\'iniiipegosif< 170 E 
 
 V.ell, i)r. !{., work in Xortli-W'e.st (1874). 17 E 
 
 Hell Hi\ei', liake Winni|Mgosis (!(t, 120 E 
 
 lienton formation l!l'.l, 210 e 
 
 shales, N'erniiliiiti Kiver. 8" K 
 
 North I'ine Hiver 101 E 
 
 Swan Kiver 112 E 
 
 Armitt Kiver 121 E 
 
 J'lililiographv on geology of North-western 
 
 .Manitolia' ." l".l E 
 
 15ig Sandy I'oint, Lake Manitolia 44, I'.Ki E 
 
 I'irch Island. Lake WinnipegosLs 07, 108 E 
 
 r.nch Kiver, Swan Lake 118 E 
 
 Hiril Tail f'reek, Assinil)oine Hiver 143 E 
 
 Boggv Creek, Hig, AsHiniboine Kiver. . 134, 1.'58 e 
 do Little, do . .134, 1,30 e 
 
 Brine S])rings 21!) e 
 
 Pirine.s, anal v.ses of 222 K 
 
 Bore, Swan River (187")) 18 K 
 
 Ochre River. 82 E 
 
 Vermilion -River 80 e 
 
 I'oulder carried 1)V glacier up Red Deei' 
 
 Kiver '. 124 E 
 
 Boulder cairied 1)V glacier up Swan 
 
 River '. 1.3,5 E 
 
 Boulders, Lake Manitoba 4(t, 42 E 
 
 Lake W'innipegosis .")0, ")2, O.'i, (iK E 
 
 ridges of. Lake W'iiuiipegosis 05, (>7 E 
 
 forming riipiil, Mos.sy River 73 E 
 
 striated, imvenient of, AssinilHjine 
 
 river 130 e 
 
 limestone, ( irimd Rapids 110 k 
 
 dolomite. Lake Wiuuipegosis 1")3 K 
 
 Bourbon, Foit. old, ("edar Lake 70 E 
 
 I'irabant, I'oint, Lake W'innipegosis . .50, 1.50 E 
 
 Breccias, fi.ssure, Wilkins I'oint 1.H3 E 
 
 C"anieix)n Bay, Lake \Vinnii>egosis 171 E 
 
 Camping Islaiifls, liake Winnipegosis ... 07 E 
 Carpmael, I'rof.C., meteorological obnerv- 
 
 ations 28-33 K 
 
 Cave, vertical, Lake Manitol)a. 195 E 
 
 'Cedar Lake, Saskatchewan River. .79, 151, 202 E 
 
 •• Amber " 225 E 
 
 Champlain epoch, valleys of 128 e 
 
 17 
 
 VAC] 
 
 lOit 
 
 K 
 
 102 
 
 E 
 
 1,52 
 
 B 
 
 225 
 
 E 
 
 100 
 
 E 
 
 1.55 
 
 E 
 
 05 
 
 K 
 
 142 
 
 E 
 
 119 
 
 E 
 
 25 
 
 B 
 
 228 
 
 E 
 
 44 
 
 E 
 
 170 
 
 E 
 
 43 
 
 K 
 
 r2 
 
 E 
 
 215 
 
 E 
 
 151 
 
 E 
 
 202 
 
 E 
 
 Champlain formation 
 
 Charlie Island. Lake WinnipegosLs 
 
 Chemahawin, Saskatchewan River 
 
 Cheniaw inite, (."edar Lake 
 
 Cheriy Island, Lake .Manitoba 44, 
 
 Chert, nodules of. Lake W'innipegosis. ... 
 
 "{'hipped Hints," N'allev Kiver 
 
 Cluuchbridge. .Man .... 
 
 CI itfs, coast, ancient, orcupine Ri\(r. .. 
 
 Climate 
 
 Coal 
 
 Cormorants, Lake .■•i\< -a 
 
 Cormorant Isl-.d, I .I'.e W'innipeg- 
 osis 00, 
 
 Crane liiver, Lak< '.amtoba. 
 
 Ciane l{ivei- Narrows, Lake .Mani- 
 toba 
 
 Cretaceous system 144, 100, 200. 
 
 Sf'c iilt!i> I'ierre, Niobrara, Benton. 
 Dakota. 
 
 Cross Lake, S;iskatchewan River 
 
 Cross f.,itkc Rapids, .Saskatchewan R.. 1.50 
 
 "('row's Stand'' Mill, Assiniboiiie 
 
 Kiver . . . 130 E 
 
 Cunningham, (J.C, work in the North- 
 west (1.S74) is E 
 
 I )akota formation 1!M>, 200 e 
 
 List of fossils 200 E 
 
 Sandstone. Kettle Hill 70 e 
 
 X'ermiliou River .S7 E 
 
 Sw.m h'iver 1 Hi, 113 E 
 
 Red Deer River 125 E 
 
 DaHsoii Bay 184 E 
 
 Daniihin, I'ort, old. Lake Dauphin 70 e 
 
 Lake 00 73 E 
 
 Davis Point, Lake .Manitoba 41. 105 e 
 
 Dawson, S. . I., in the North-west (1858| 14 E 
 
 Daw.sonBay, Lake W'iiuiipegosis. , .50, 172-180 k 
 
 Dawson, Sir W'., woik by He 
 
 Delta, ancient. Valley River 93 E 
 
 Swan River 1 14 E 
 
 Rolling River 117 E 
 
 Red Deer River.. 123 E 
 
 Dei'ii - charge Ra[iids, SoNkatchewan 
 River 151 E 
 
 Devil's Point, Lake W'innipegosis.. .0.5. 170 E 
 
 Devonian system. 100, 204 200 E 
 
 first recorded in ManiUjba 103 K. 
 
 fossils, lists of 205 209 E 
 
 Sci iilfii Manitoban, W'inni|H'gosan. 
 
 Devonian limestone, Vermilion River.... 88 E 
 dolomite, Lake W'innipegosis 1,5K k 
 
 Dog-hung Bay, Lake Manitoba 40 E 
 
 Dolomite, Niagara, .Saskatchewan River, 
 
 147, 14}-, 152, 163 E 
 Lake Winni|)eg - 
 osis. . . . . .... 1.54 1.57 E 
 
 Devonian, Lake Winnipegosis... 
 
 1.5.S 103, 100, 100 17<i E 
 I )awson liay 173 180 E 
 
 Dowliug, D. B., work by 5 E 
 
 T)rift, pleistocene. ...' 120 140, 215 E 
 
 Drifting Kiver, \' alley River 95, 08 e 
 
 1 )rinnlins. Lake WiTU>i|)egOHi8 07 E 
 
 Swan Lake 70 E 
 
 AssinilKiine River 137 E 
 
238 
 
 NOUTH-WESTER.V MANITOBA. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Duck Bay, Liikt* WinniiJegosis 67 K 
 
 Duck Minintain 104, 12H K 
 
 J)iuk |{ivcr, North Brancli . 10r» k 
 
 Duck River, South do KU k 
 
 Kconoiiiic resources 24, 21il K 
 
 T'",<l\var(rs ( 'reek, < )cliro Hiver H,H k 
 
 Ehn I'oiut, Lake Muuitolia VXi k 
 
 Erosion, rost-cretaccous 21.5 E 
 
 Etoimanii Kiver, North, Red Deer 
 
 River.... 12.3 K 
 
 Eairford MisHion, Fairford River 41 E 
 
 River 40 K 
 
 Favell River, Swan River 112, 117 F 
 
 Fir River, |{e(l Deer Ri\er 123 k 
 
 FislliuK River, .Mossy River 74 K 
 
 Five Mih- Woods, Swan River 113 E 
 
 Fh^niintr, •'., in tin' Nortii-We.st (18.")8). . . 15 e 
 
 Foiauiinifera, Niolirara 211 E 
 
 Fork Creek, Mossy liiver 74, !W, !)!) e 
 
 Formations, f,'eolo>fical 144 E 
 
 tahh- of 1!»!» E 
 
 Forts, old. Red Deer River 125 E 
 
 Swan l{iver. . , . 114 E 
 
 Fort Island, f'eilar Lak(; . l.'")2 K 
 
 Fossils. I'leistocene, Rolling River. .. lUi, 217 K 
 
 Pierre, Hell R 120 E 
 
 Millwood 141 K 
 
 list of ^ 213 E 
 
 Niohrara, Vermilion River 87, 8!) e 
 
 Wilson Ri\er . !I0 E 
 
 Vallev River i)4 E 
 
 I'ine River 102 E 
 
 South Duck River 104 K 
 
 Swan River 107, 108, 112 E 
 
 list of 211 E 
 
 Dakota, Swan River. 113 e 
 
 li.st of 20!» K 
 
 Manitoh.m, Lake Winnipegosis . .1.59 172 E 
 
 i)aw.son Bay 17t>, 177, 181 183 b 
 
 Hed Deer River 187, 188 e 
 
 Swan liiver I!t0 E 
 
 Lake Manitol).a . l'.»2, 104, 108 K 
 
 !Manitol)an and Winnipe^'osan, list of 20.5 E 
 Wiiniijiegosan, L a k e Winni|iet;- 
 
 osis. llil, 103, KiC), l(i" 170 E 
 
 Winnijiejjosan, Dawson Bav 173 18(1 k 
 
 Lak.' .Manitoha .". 101 103, IOC k 
 
 .N'iatrara, Saskatchewan River. .. .147 1">3 E 
 
 Lake Winiiipegosis 1.53 1.58 E 
 
 list of 202 E 
 
 Four Mile Creek, Vermilion River 8it e 
 
 Game 24 K 
 
 Garden Island, Lake Manitoha 42 E 
 
 Glacial striie, Swan Lake 7') E 
 
 Lak.' Manitoha 104, 108 e 
 
 list of ...; 21(i K 
 
 Goose Islands, Lake VVinnipegosis 15(1 E 
 
 Grand Island do •>,5, 170 e 
 
 (iran<l Rapid, Saskatchewan River.80, 148, 200 e 
 
 .section of I'leistocene (ti^'.) 14(j E 
 
 Grant's house, .Xssiniboine River 137 E 
 
 (tiavel isliiuds of Lake Wiiniipegosis. . . . (il E 
 (Jravel ridgi's. Sir Ridjres. 
 
 "tJreat Meadows," Swan River 115 E 
 
 « iuerin, T., work iiy (1881 ) 18 e 
 
 <;vpsuni 22ft E 
 
 Harmon. D. W., in the North-west (1800) 13 e 
 Harrington. I'rof. B. .L, onCheniawinite. 225 e 
 Harrow by, Man 142 K 
 
 page 
 
 Heart Hill, Rolling River 116 K 
 
 Henry, .\lex., in the North-west (1800).. 13 e 
 
 I nil I.sland, Lake WinniiK-gosis 51, 169 B 
 
 Mind, Prof. II. Y., work in the North- 
 west ( 1S.")K) 15 E 
 
 Hotfmanii. (f. (J., .analyses 222, 228 e 
 
 <|Uoted 223 K 
 
 Hor.se-shoe HarlKiur, Lake Manitolw. . . . 30 e 
 
 Ice on Lake Manitoba .36 E 
 
 Lake Winnipegosis 47 E 
 
 Ice-grooved shore. Lake Winnipegosis. . . 63 E 
 
 Ice shoving. Lake Manitolia 42, 44 E 
 
 Lake Winnipegosis. . . .53, 64, 65, 152, 175 E 
 Indian \'illage. Angling Lakes 7, 128 E 
 
 Wilson Rivi 
 
 Fork River 
 
 Iron, carbonate of, nodules.. 
 .Lines, Prof. R.. work by . . . 
 Kanies, Valley River. . . 
 
 91 
 06 E 
 228 E 
 11 E 
 02 E 
 
 North J'ine River (section) 103 E 
 
 Keniatch River, Porcupine Mountain.... 118 E 
 
 Kettle Hill, Swan Lake 75 E 
 
 terraces ( tig. ) 218 K 
 
 Lacustral plain 22, 34 81 e 
 
 [jangenburg, Man 142 E 
 
 L'lrix Oil iirphlD-iiliirnfis 143 E 
 
 Lignite, Swan River . ^ . Ill, 228 e 
 
 fragments. Lake Winnipegosis 170 K 
 
 Ijiniestone, Devonian, Lake Mani- 
 toba 30, 40, 101 108 K 
 
 Lake Winnipegosis (53, 158 172 K 
 
 Dawson Bav 176 183 k 
 
 Red Deer River 187, \M k 
 
 Swan Rive-r .. . . . 100 E 
 
 Cretaceous, Vermilion River 87, 89 e 
 
 Swan River 107, 108 k 
 
 Ni.agara, Saskatchewan River 145 153, 20(» E 
 buttress of broken, Dawson Bay. ... 184 E 
 
 fpian\ , Sifton Narrows 101 e 
 
 Little Pin'e Creek 06 E 
 
 Little Sandy P<iint, Lake Manitfiba 43 E 
 
 Maoinni. I'rof.. I., in the North-west (1881) 18 e 
 (pioted 60 E 
 
 Miicoun Point, Lake Winni])egoHis.. . . 58, 18(i e 
 
 Manitoba, origin of name .30, 102 E 
 
 Manitoba escarpment 22 K 
 
 ManitoliM Ho\i.s.-. Lake .Manitoba . . . .38, 100 e 
 .\lanitol>a Island do .... .30. 101 K 
 
 .Manitoba Lake 23, 34 4.5, 100 VM v. 
 
 tributaries of 35 E 
 
 Manitoban formation 146, 199, 20.") e 
 
 fcssils. list of 205 K 
 
 Maidton, North, Island, Lake Winnipeg- 
 
 o.sis 66 E 
 
 Manitou, South, Island, Lake Winnii»eg- 
 
 osis , 167 E 
 
 Maps ' 6 E 
 
 Marcasite, ncKlilles of. Lake Winnipeg- 
 osis 153, 170 E 
 
 ' Marl, Chalk, Swan River 106 e 
 
 I Afilxtoiliii fiiiiinilnin 130 E 
 
 Meadow Portage, Lake Manitoba 16, 40 K 
 
 Meteorological statistics... . 26, :<.3 E 
 
 ; Millwood, Man MI v. 
 
 j Millwood series .. 100, 212 E 
 
 shales, .Xssini'xiine River 141, 142 E 
 
 Minitonas Hill, Swan River Ill K 
 
 .Minnedosa, Man., meteorological observa- 
 i tions 2() K 
 
INDEX. 
 
 239 
 
 Monkinan'N Salt Spring,?, Lake Winni- 
 
 jK'gosis (il), 1(»5, 
 
 Moraine, ^'all(■y River 
 
 Hoflinj^ River 
 
 Siiell Hiver 
 
 Mo.ssy Portage, eastern, Lake Winni- 
 
 pegosis 
 
 Mossy River. Lake Winnii)egosis 73, 
 
 Munroe I'oint. Laic Manitoba. 
 
 Niagara founation '2W 
 
 Fossils, list of. , 
 
 Limestone, Saskatelieuan River. H.^ 
 
 Lake Winnipe^'osis ICt'S 
 
 Nic)K)lsoii. ].)r. 11. .\., work by 
 
 Niohrani formation. . HI!), 
 
 fossils, list of 
 
 shale, Ivhvavcrs Creek 
 
 V( rniilion River 
 
 Wilson Hiver 
 
 N'oitli I'ine River (section). ... 
 
 South Durk River (section) 
 
 .Vniiitt River .... 
 
 shale and limestone. Sw.an River.lo7, 
 Nodulesof niiireasite, Lake Winniiiegosis. 
 
 of eheit, fjake Winnipefjfosis 
 
 of carbonate of iron ... 
 
 Ochre Hiver, Lake Dauphin 71 
 
 Odanah seri.'s 1!)!», 
 
 fossils, list of . . 
 
 shale, Ivlward's Creek 
 
 \'eiinilion Hixcr 
 
 Assinilioiiie Ri\er 14L 
 
 Onion Point, Lake Manitoba 4.S, 
 
 Overflowing- Hiver, Lake Winnipetfosis .'")7, 
 Paoiian I'eninsida, Lake .Manitoba. 41, 44, 
 Pebliles, ang\dar, beach of. Lake Winni- 
 
 pegosis 
 
 Pelican I'lay, Lake \Vinnii)egosi8 02, 
 
 Pelican (!reek. Pelican Lay 
 
 I'clican Itapids, Red ])eer Hiver 
 
 Pelly, Fort, .\ssinilioine l{iver 
 
 Pemmican Island, Iiake^\'innipegosiK. GO, 
 
 P.-niiallow, Prof. 1 1. P., work by 
 
 Pcntamenis Point, L.ake Manitoba 
 
 Phosphatic shale, Wilson H 'Jl, 
 
 I'hotographs taken, list of 
 
 T'ickerel Creek, Lake Winni))ego»is 
 
 ' erre formation 1!)!), 
 
 fo.ssils, list of 
 
 shales, Vermilion River 
 
 N'oith Pine Creek . 
 
 Pell River 
 
 Assinlboine River V.K>, 
 
 Pine River trail itti 
 
 Lak^ Winnipegosis 
 
 North branch.' . . '.)(i, lOL 
 
 South br.inch 87, 
 
 "Pitching Rirlges" (5, im, !»« 
 
 Plei.stocene 120. 
 
 Section (tig.), (Jrand Rapid 
 
 Porcupine Mountain 
 
 Portage Bay, Lake .Manitoba 
 
 Post-Tertiiiry formation 
 
 Prairie, (Snake Hiver 
 
 t^mirt/.ite, chip|(ed. Valley River 
 
 Rainfall Statistics, Minnedo.sa 
 
 Ru.ssell 
 
 Red Deer La'..e, Red Deer River 77, 
 
 Point, Lake Winnipegosis ... 
 
 PACE i P.\OK 
 
 I Red Deer River .oit, 77, 12M2(i E 
 
 200 K ' mouth of i86 E 
 
 112 E i Reed Island, I-ake Manitoba 193 K 
 
 110 K I Resin, fossil, Saskatchewan River 7!( K 
 
 132 K Rice Creek, Red 1 )eer Hiver 77 K 
 
 I Richard Point, Lake Manitoba 40, 1!W K 
 
 54 K M Richardson, Sir. I., in the North-west. . . IS E 
 
 104 K Hidgcs of iKJuk'.ers, ]..ake Winnijiegosis, 
 
 107 K 05, 07 h 
 
 204 K gravel, F-astern M<j»Hy Portage 65 E 
 
 202 k, Lake Da\iphin 71 E 
 
 153 K \;dlev Hiver 72, 73; 
 
 15H K ' Ochre River 82 E 
 
 11 K Pine River trail 07, 101 E 
 
 210 E ', South Duck River 104 E 
 
 210 E j Hed Deer River 122 E 
 
 84 E River channel, ancient, Saskatchewan 
 
 87 E River 128 K 
 
 00 K Roche rouge, Saskatchewan River 140 E 
 
 102 E Rolling Hiver, Swan River 111,11.5, 12!) E 
 
 104 K Hiwe Islan.l, Swan Lake 18!) E 
 
 122 K ' Rowan Island, Dawson Lay 180 E 
 
 112 K : Russell, .Manitoba 143 E 
 
 153 V. i, meteorological observations at.... 30 E 
 
 1,55 k R list, Dr. D., work by He 
 
 228 K (|Uote<l 120 K 
 
 ,81 K ; Sagemace ]5av. Lake WinniiH^gosis (W K 
 
 214 K Salt, manufacture of 220, 223 E 
 
 214 E i, Salt Springs 24, 21!) E 
 
 83 E I; Pelican liav 03 E 
 
 85 E ! Pel ic.an Cr."ek .......... 04 E 
 
 143 K .Moiikman's. Lake WinnipegoHis..O!), 220 E 
 
 1!I8 F Red 1 ),.er Hiver 78, 188 E 
 
 124 k .S«an Lake 1!)9 E 
 
 l!)(i K Saltwater, biook of, Dawson Bay 17!) E 
 
 ; .Salt I'oint, Lake Winnipegosis 4!l, IHt* s 
 
 150 E i Sand, stratified. Swan Hiver lO.i K 
 
 171 k Sand sjiit, ancient. Duck Mountain 
 
 03 K trail 104 E 
 
 188 K I ,S;indstone. ,SV< Dakota. 
 
 1.35 E : Saskatch.wan River. 144 153 E 
 
 llii) E Scenerv, Lake AX'innipegosis (10 E 
 
 11 K .eudder, IV>f. S. H., work by 11 E 
 
 107 E j Section, Post-Tertiary, Valley River !)4 E 
 
 22!) E I Benton, North Pine Hiver.... .. 101 E 
 
 231 K Niolirara, do do 102 i5 
 
 1.57 k .South Duck River 104 E 
 
 212 k Kame, North Pine Hi\er 103 E 
 
 213 k Swan Hiver 110 K 
 
 87 k Hed Deer River 125 E 
 
 H»3 K Churchbridge 142 E 
 
 120 K Pleistocene, (Jraiid Rai)id (tignre). . . 140 E 
 
 141 K Lake Winiii[»'goNis 1 5!) E 
 
 I, !>7 !'. D.iwsoii ISav (figure). ... ,.. 178 E 
 
 (i8 K Sti'ep Rock' Hiver 181 k 
 
 103 K Silurian, ( hand Hapid 200 E 
 
 PKI K Shall-. Set Benton, ^ iobrara, Odanali, 
 
 liil K ' Piirre. 
 
 215 K .Shale, phosphatic. Wilson River ill, 229 E 
 
 140 K Sh.U Hiver 128, 139 E 
 
 118 E Shelhuouth, .Man 140 E 
 
 41 K Shoal Hiver, Lake \\'innipegosis 75, 189 E 
 
 1!)!) E '.'■ Shoal River Hou.se, Swan Lake . ... 70 E 
 
 105 K i Sliore-clifi', ancient. Lake Winnipegosis. , .50 E 
 
 !)5 K , Shore lin! s, ancient, ].,ak' Dauphin 71 E 
 
 28 E j Kettle Hill 218 E 
 
 32 k 1 .\rmitt Hiver 122 E 
 
 bS8 K ; Short Creek, Vallev Hiv.'r 132 E 
 
 09 K I SiftoM Narrows, Lak. Manitobaa*., 3!!, 191, 190 K 
 
p 
 
 240 
 
 XORTH-WESTKRX MAMTOiJA. 
 
 PACiK 
 
 Silurian systeni 200 204 K 
 
 fossilH, liKt <if 202 K 
 
 Lai«! MaiiitolKi Ill") e 
 
 SilviT Creek, pavouientofstriatfcllxmlders lUil H 
 Sini|iM>n, T., in tiie Nortli-weHt (183(i).. . . 13 k 
 Sniitli, H. B., work in tiie North-west 
 
 (1873) It! K 
 
 (|iiote(l 45, M K 
 
 " Smoking Tent," Arinitt River 122 k 
 
 Snake Island, Lake Winniijegofis 102 K 
 
 Snake River .. 105 K 
 
 Snow fall statistics, Minnedosa 28 K 
 
 Rnssell S2 K 
 
 Soutliesk, Lord, in the North-west (185!»). Iti K 
 Spencer, Dr. J. W., work in the North- 
 west (1874).. .... '17 E 
 
 S(|uare Plain. Swan River Ill K 
 
 St. .Martin's Lake 203 K 
 
 St. Martin's River, Lake Winni|)eg 23 k 
 
 Steep Koek Clitt', Lak.' .\hinit()l>a. .... 40, 1!I4 K 
 Stee|) Rock River, Laki' \Vinnipeg<isis 5!l, 182 K 
 Stringocephalus Zone of Winnipegosan 
 
 forniati<in 180 K 
 
 Sw.inip Creek, Lake \Vinnii)egosis .57 K 
 
 Swan li.'ike 75, 189 k 
 
 Swan River 105, 118 E 
 
 liore 18, lot; K 
 
 IJelta 18!) k 
 
 TenijMratnre, observations, Minnedosa. . . 2(1 k 
 
 Jtiissell . 30 K 
 
 of water in lakes and rivers 47 E 
 
 'J'ei'nices, Lake Winnipegosis 53 E 
 
 Kettle Hill 7ti, 218 K 
 
 Thuiuler Hill 108 E 
 
 Bell Riv.r 120 K 
 
 Shell River... 131, 133 k 
 
 AssinilKtine River 13(:>, 140 e 
 
 Thompson, I)., in tiie North-west (1707).. 12 K 
 
 Tiunuler Hill, Swan River 107 e 
 
 Till 217 E 
 
 Mossy River 74 k 
 
 Wilson River 00 e 
 
 Swan Ri\er . 107 k 
 
 Shell River .•■.•••.••■ •.• •• ^-^1 K 
 
 Upper and lower, Assiniljoine River. 138 k 
 
 I'AliK 
 
 Till, including gravel, AHsiniboine River, 141 E 
 
 Timber 24 K 
 
 Trail, Bridle, Swan Lake to Tine Creek 75, 70 E 
 
 to 1 )u(k Moimtain 104 E 
 
 Bin^li River 118-120 E 
 
 Red Deer Lake to Poi-cupine Moun- 
 tain 121-125 E 
 
 Trail, cart, Pino Creek 00 104 E 
 
 to Fort Pelly 113 E 
 
 Tramway, (ir.ind Rapid 80 E 
 
 Trees, Lake Winnipegosis 55, 58, (11 E 
 
 ( Icliie River 82 E 
 
 Tiu'tle River, Lake Dauphin 71 K 
 
 Twin Islands, Lake Manitf)ba . 42 E 
 
 "TwotJreeks," Assinil)oine River 138 e 
 
 Valley, jireglacial, Swan Hiver 113 k 
 
 ancient. Rod Deer l{iver 125 E 
 
 Valleys of the Cham))lain epoch 128 k 
 
 Valley River, Lake Dauiihm 72, 01, 08 e 
 
 head of 127 E 
 
 Verendrye, sieur de la, in the North-west 
 
 (1730) 12 E 
 
 Vermilion River, Lako Dauphin ..... 71, 85 e 
 
 Waterlien Lake .... 45 E 
 
 Waterhen Kiver, Lakf .Manitoba.. 23, 35, 45 e 
 Wells, A. W., work in the North-west (1858) 14 E 
 Wi vton Point, Lake \\'iimi))egoMi8 . ... l(!ti E 
 
 \\ hiteaves, .1. K., work by 11 e 
 
 Whitea\«'s Point, Lake Winnipegosis. .. . GO e 
 W'hite Mild Hiver, Tjake Manitoba. .. . 35 k 
 White Sand River, .Vssiniboine I{iver... 1.30 E 
 
 Wilkins, i'oiiit, Dawson 15av 183 E 
 
 Wils 1 River, J^ake Dauphin 72, 90 E 
 
 Winni.,eg, Ljik • lacustral plain of, 22, 34-81 e 
 
 Triliutaries of 23 E 
 
 Winnipegosan formation 2flO, 204 E 
 
 Fossils, list of 204 E 
 
 Dolomite, Lake Winnipegosis Itil, l(i(i, 100 e 
 Dawson Bay . ... . . 173 181, 185, 180 e 
 
 Limestone, (.^ake Winnipegosis 1()3 E 
 
 Dawson Hay 178, 170, 183 E 
 
 Lake Manitoba 101 103, liKi, 107 e 
 
 Winnipegosis, l/aki- 40 tiit, 1.53 18() E 
 
 Woods, Re<l Deer River 124, 125 E 
 
 Z, Island, Lake Winnipegosis 158 e