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Tous las autres exemplaires origiriaux sont film«s en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iiiustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Mre filmis A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich«, ii est film« A partir da I'angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de laut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o lelure. Id 3 32X 1 218 SCTEXCE. [YoL. VII., No. 11)1 The language of the Bilhoola in British Columbia. The Bilhcx)la tribe inhabitH the district of Dean Inlet and Bentiiiok Arm, aiul is surrounded by tribes of the Kwakiool family. Their lan^uaKe, as those of the neiKhborini; tribes, is very little known : there- fore the following remarks, imiwrfect though they bo, may be of interest. The materia! was collected by rae from some individuals of tluM tribe who were brought to Germany by Capt. A Jacobson, and staid for a fortni)fht at Berlin. The most remarkable peculiarity of the laujrunKe is, that words in connection cannot be expressed ex- cept by the help of certain prefixes much resembling an article. The most common of these ore ti and uii. For instance: 'large,' shg (sli pronounced almost like ch in the Gorman icli) ; 'stone,' t'ht (h like cli in the Scotch loch) ; ' large stone,' ti shy ii t'ht. The plural of nouns is formed in different ways, either by reduplication of the initial sound or by the ending iifcs. In some instances I found pi and tj. Fre(|uently the singular serves also for the plural. It seems that the coses are only expressed by the po- sition of the word in the sentence. The personal pronoun is — HINOl'LAB. \nt pemon. ens 2(f " ino 3rf " t 'aish PLURAL. l!>t person, th 'mitl' '.'(/ •' th optV 'iiil " t 'auts !. .. go- The possessive pronoun is formed in two ways : it is either derived from the personal pronoun, and connected with the noun by ti in the singular, and ua in the plural (for instance : ensti 'ti t'mih, ' my head ; ' th 'mitl 'ua soti', ' our house '), or it is ex- pressed by a suflix {t 'nah-stsh, ' my head ; ' sotI 'tl>,h, ' our house '). « The flexion of the verb is quite remarkable. It is either formed by a personal pronoun ami the stem of the verb, both being connected by ti or some other prefix, or by suffixes. Besides, the pronoun can be repeated after the verb : for example , — ens ti II 'up th 'apsis th 'apsis ti ens The suffixes are identical with the possessive suf- fixes of the ngun. The objective flexion of the verb bears the features of having originated by agglutination of the pro- noun to the verb ; for example, ksh', sh .sino, ' I see you ; ' ksh 'sh lit!,' ' We see them.' I could not find anv distinct traces of the tenses being expressed by suffixes or by prefixes. An itera- tive is formed by the prefix all'; a locative, by iiii. The principal colors are red, yellow, and blue, the limit between the latter two being indefinite. Green is sometimes callcil yellow, sometimes blue ; viz., similar to the one or the other. The names of the numbers are formed according to the quinary-vigesimal system ; tt is 5 -h 1 : 11 is 10 + 1 ; 20, one man, i.e., the number of fingers and toes ; 40, two men, etc. The vocabulary bears only a very slight reseni- blance to that of the Kwakiool and the Selish. As far as I know, the grammar much resembles that of tlw Bilballa. The traditions and customs of this people are al- most identical with those of the Tliukit and their other neiirbbors, though in their details there may be some differences. Fkanz Boas. Berliu, Ft'h. 5. Discomforts arising from sponge spicuies in pond- soils. Near Monticello, in this state, are numerous jMimls and sloughs, many of which have been drained and brought unrler cultivation. The soil is of the typical humus character, containing no clay and but very little sand. For ages, perhaps, each summer 1ms produced its rank growth of acpiatic plants, and cnch autumn has laid this growth beueoth the rippliui; surface of the pond, to bo protected from thorough decomposition by its waters: consequenlly, when the hand of improvement removes the water, a rich beil of vegetable matter is brought to the sun and nir. Such situations are peculiarly favorable for the cultivation of corn, and large yields may be pro- duced ; but in the cultivation of the crop a most a jnoying difficulty is encountered. In bright, warm days, the workmen in these fields experience a dis- tressing itching in those parts of the body where there is rubbing or chafing of the boots or clothing. I cannot better describe this sensation than by com- paring it with the pain occasioned by the attack of a flock of mosquitoes upon the affected parts It is almost unbearable, and some persons are obliged to stop work and seek relief. Usually by taking a hath and cooling the body the irritation ceases ; but, if it again be heated by over-exertion, thepoin is renewed. Such a condition will last for about two days. Ou microscopic examination, we found among tlie particles of sand and vegetable matter numerous spindle-shaped, sharp-pointed Viodies. Some were hooked and curved ; some broken in the middle, making one end blunt ; some were covered thickly with spines. These have been identified as diatoms and fresh-water sponge spicules. Tlie bodies are of a siliceous character, for they are not destroyed by ignition, nor attacked by hydrochloric acid. Since fresh-water sponges are quite abundant in many ponds, their remains form a conspicuous part of the soil. Having thus ascertained the cause of the irrita- tion, it. is not difficult to understand its production. A fine impalpable dust always rises from the soil when it is being cultivated. This penetrates the clothing, and finds its way to those parts of the boily where there is friction between the skin and clothing. The backward and forward motion of the cloth causes the spicules to work their way into the skin far enough to irritate the nerves and produce the pain. The increased circulation due to active exercise in- oreoses the sensitiveness of the skm, and ben le pain is greater under such conditicms. No remedy has as yet suggested itself. "The best preventive is wearing such clothing as will most nearly exclude the dust. As the spicules are com- posed of one of the most enduring substances, they / will not be removed from the soil by the usual changes taking place in it. Wind and cultivation may disseminate them so that they will be far less troublesome, but it will be a slow process. Alto- gether, the outlook for the comfortable cultivation of these pond-soils is not encouraging ; and, if the large crops which they are capable of producing are ob- tained, much annoyance and inconvenience must he endured. S. T. Virden. Purdue university, Lafayette, Iud„ Feb. 40. Archives of British Columbia NEWCOMBE ,»rfi /