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HEGGIE, M.D. TORONTO "WILLIAM BRIGGS 1902 Dciti Entbrkd acoordingr to Act of the ParUament of C» u. in the year one thousand nine hundred and two, by D. IIkooib, at the Department of Agriculture. Lampadia echontes diadoaousin allelois. —Plato. " Nihil est tam utile quod in transitu prosit" — Sbmeca. "General ignorance is neither the greatest evil nor the most to be feared: a mass of ill-digested information is much more dangerous."— Plato, "De Legibus," VII. i APr I.OGY. 1. My first reading of Carlyle wa.. like that of many others, not completed ; vay first reading, were unfinished. Other efforts taught me the necessity of taking notes and recording them, frequently as milestone, of toilsome travelling. As J grew in knowledge the notes increased. I was realizing' the spirit of Macaulay when he said, " I have no pleasure from books which equals that of reading over for th. hundredth time great prod.ictions which I know almost I.v faear ' Conversation revealed to me the apprecauon a. even widity with which these verifica- tions of Carlyi.. were received. Gradually, for these reasons an.i f... . purpo. of future perusal, I gathered ulylfa so many jottings esteem, J ■uipelled to arrange them i . at least around the 1. valuable that ] a handy form. Lea there munion and bestowal- «*t ving out the -nial plea of "the last infirr was still th* ^sibi/ity that the feeling of ity, unr 'if-jal » com- 'ffluenceof scholaily VI APOLOGY. habita— would {>erhapH induce ma to oflTer to all what I had privately givsa to a few. Such was the Genesis, and in part the Exodus, of thes notes. 2. I had Htill other reasons for thu latter. I thought I helieved— that the notes would be useful to the iearnevl as well a.s to the unl. vrned. Tor the latter it was ess* i tial to translate the allusions, phrases and foreign wo. into a language known. To the former the task of re- furbishii ,^ the rusted armour of intellectual youth could not wholly be a work of supererogation — *' Content if henco the rnleamed their wants may view ; The learned reflect on what before they know. " 3. The ancient and the foreign classics have long been deemed subjects of annotation lor the average classical • eader. Why, then, I considered, v \ his unconscious mannerisms, his strange interjectior and his profuse, rich, varied and infrequent illustrations, should not Car- lyle be similarly elucidated, and so better understood? Towards this I have given the minimum of annotation, my object having been, not to insult the intelligence of the strong, but to relieve the infirmities of the weak. " They that are whole need not a physician." And this endeavour has by no means been free from diflSculty— it is but a form of the universal unsolved riddle. How and to whom shall we give alms? Suffice it that I have attempted by helpful suggestion to invigorate, rather than APOLOGY. vii ^y inju,li.iou, a88i..tance to enfeeble; t-, beckon forward the hond«t Htudent without oncuura^ing the Huperficial ; in a wur.1, not to rob any youth of the victory that comes' from the Hcorning of delights and living laborious days : for the way in /,./• aa,jn,,a ad «M^<«_8trait ih the way which leadel . unto life. Conformably with this design I have endeavoured when available to make Carlyle his own interpreter, 4. Lastly, \ am convinced, that if one will, with an approach to a perfect understanding, read this great work of "The French Revolution," he will rise from his task with a moi • umble and intelligent reve.-ence for the great epic wnt •. and thereafter tread the paths of his other works with a firmer, an easier and a more delightful step: ''tuto el cito et jucunde." D. HEGGIE. CO^LESSIK HOUSK, BraMPTON, October, 1902. HOW I READ CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. BOOK I. ,^ CHAPTER I. (Paragraph 1.) " mn7^tT ''""""■" ''" ''•^^ "I- Chap. 8, Par. 3 at MJwttt^ " '"f '"'^■" ^"''^ "''« ""»*«! by fever a»ur. Ihe repentance of Lo.,i8 w„ „f ,,,„,., ,,,,„, "ea,„ recanted vowa ,nade in pai„ ^ viotara„;l ^M r 9 10 HOW I READ [Bk. I. (Par. 2.) ^^ Little Trianon and Great Trianon" were villa palaces in Versailles, the former built by Louis XV., the latter by Louis XIV. (Par. 3.) " DuBarry " was the strumpet successor of Pompadour (who died 1764). Her reign was the most immoral France experienced. She was dismissed from Court on Louis' death, sent to a convent and afterwards pensioned by Louis XVI. ; or, as Carlyle in another place says, " She went into half-pay on the 10th May, 1774, the day when her king died." She was guillotined 7th December, 1793. (Par. 4.) " Choiseul." A prominent statesman who, in 1762, sup- pressed and expelled the Jesuits, Pompadour assisting him. Madame's successor (DuBarry) took the other side. Choi- seul was nicknamed by Catherine, the Empress of Russia, " Le cocher de I'Europe " (" the Driver of Europe "), owing to the political influence he acquired by an espionage of all the Cout ts. (Par. 5.) " Pacification of his Scarlet Woman." This is a double entente expression, indicating the Jesuit religious prefer- ence and scarlet morality of DuBarry (Rev. xvii. 4). " Bomdaniel." The abode of evil spirits, enchanters, etc., somewhere under the ocean. In the "Sequel to the Arabian Nights." "Annida Palace." In Tasso's "Jerusalem," Armida was a sorceress who became so distracted at losing her lover, Rinaldo, with whom she had wasted her substance in riotous living, that she set fire to her palace. Ch.2.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. (Par. 6.) 11 Louis ' Damiens" was in 1757. fanatic Smollett who attempted the life of says he was torn to pieces by wild horses. (Par. 7.) ^Juecre HospUal, An asylum for aged and insane higwTnt" """^ ^'^ '"^^ P^^^'^^^^- ^ -" ^^ a " ^"'*' ^^ ^''"'' ^"»-" " So much the worse for him." CHAPTER IJ. (Par. 1.) " The eye sees in it what the eye brings means of seeing.» " The vision and the faculty divine • Heaven's gift, a sense that fits them to perceive Objects unseen before. "-Wordsworth! " O Lady, we receive but what we give ^^ And in our life alone does nature live'."-CoLEBiDGE. " The light that never was on sea or land The consecration and the poet's dream. ''-Wordsworth. 12 HOW I READ [Bk. I. Cooks, valets and " The more we feel of poesie do we become Like Ciod in love and power— Undermakers." —Bailey's "Featus." •' The truth is that mind generates matter."— Emerson. " Written in all colours and motions, uttered in all tones of jubilee and wail, in thousand-figured, thousand-voiced harnumious nature; but where is the cunning eve and ear to whom that God-written Apocalypse will yield" articulate meaning % Man sees and fashions for himself a universe with azure, starry spaces, etc. For matter were it never, so despicable is spirit."—" Sahtok Resabtus." (Par. 2.) " Maiaon bouche, valetaille, coulisses." theatre property. (Par. .3.) ''Not we." Carlylean idealism ; referring to the " Ego " and the " Non-Ego "—the Me and the Not-Me of meta- physics. "Who am I? what is this me?" which see in " Sartor Resartus." " Rocks and rivers {as metaphysics teaches us) made by those outward senses of ours." "Still harping on my daughter." According to Kant idealism, " the sensibility originates the matter of our perceptions and furnishes appearances." (Par. 5.) "Merovingian." The first dynasty of Prankish king.v in Gaul (France). Meroveus ruled about the middle of the fifth century, his grandson, Clovis, being more note- worthy and generally considered the head of the dynasty. The next line of kings was the Carlovingian (752-986), Ch. 2.] CAJ^LVLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 13 origir.ated hy Pepi„ the Short, whose son ri.« 1 was the most distinguished of the Le ^''^^^f^^^^ frequently referred to in this H" 7 ^'"^^^^ Carlovingians. ^''*^'"^' ^""«^«d the Bo:S;t ''^ ''~''-" "^^^^- ^^-'^^. ^^ther of Pepin IS a legend that he sleeps at Salzburg till thp f Jn,.. t antichnst, when he will wake up and deli/er ChnV For a similar legend of FrecLiok j "" ^^"^^^^^om. CarlyleV.prederiek theGreat/'Zk Il/chfp^^^^^^ me year lUCO his tomb was opened infl l,o „ . in a marble chair, whiel, becalrl itZT'''''''^ " ^o///i " r.- TO 7 1. ^oron.ition chair, mailed ^Xs^nfLrr'"'"^^ '*■"« ""» Rouen for his caDit.I Tu , ^ ^'''''^' '^'^h nicknamed " the Bloody Brother » ^'^^ "'"' ll"chrff "h'"'t"'.""'"°'"**' -nontionedin Book .'■rX . T " '" """'"' "I-ng-haired." the Co'^ro, ^;™^»^o- and warrior .,th Wi„ia„ ^atiyirtedl'^Hat": eBZ 7^'" '"' and ™ the ar»t to break the ranW ITHT"""- the Fredegonda facti™ I X fflX 'i?' t^^''' ''^ heel, of a wild horse and dashed to p ec s ' " "^ "" 14 HOW I READ [Bk. I. ''Dame de Nesle" Margaret of Burgundy, wife of Louis X. (1314-16), is renorted to have inveigled young men to the Tour de Nesle to minister to her pleasures and then to be thrown into the Seine. The Institut de France occupies the site of the Dame's residence. The Nesle family was not « to dumb forgetful ness " a martyr. The favourite minstrel of Richard Cceur de Lion was Blondel de Nesle, and the Duchess Chateauroux was by oxymoron a famous Nesle. " Lutetia Parisiorum." The mud city of the Parisians, so called by the Romans. The Parisians claimed descent from Paris, son of Priam, and had a statue of Isis, the protectress of Paris, in the Church of St. Germain des Pres. Barisiorum has reference to the boats on the mud- flats of the Seine. " Bibliotheque du Hoi." " Library of the King." Of course, every one is aware that there is a Hebrew Book of Kings. " The history of the « Bibliotheque du Roi ' is a curious incident in literature."—" Curiosities op Litera- ture." (Par. 7.) "Conjlux of Eternities." Referred to again in Book XIV., Chap. 6, Par. 7 : " The poorest day that passes er us, is the conflux of the eternities ; it is made up of ur- rents that issua from the remotest Past and flow outwards into the remotest Future."—" Signs op the Times." "Time itself is the moving image of Eternity."— Plato. " Placed on this isthmus of a middle state. "—Popb. "The tide of water that thou seest is part of the great tide of Eternity. What is the reason, said I, that the tide CH.2.J CARLVLes FSENCH REl'OLUTION. 15 thousand people were put to deith in K; "''^ '""'^ the last he b'ecan,e ly alet^^d XeXiou^Th'^ Wration of the shirt of his ,r..t-,r.n,^^^ ^^'^ in he general melee is afterwards mentioned Mnry Fourth." Henri Quatre. For the greater part of h.s re.gn a Protestant, who, with the help of Co'u„ 11^1':T! Tr^' ''^ ""^' '""^''''^^ °^ /ranee p '"reat^;'Toh st '^'T' ^"' "*^ "'^"^^ "Oood"and ^reat. To his honour the saying is attributed to him '< I wish every peasant to have a fowl in his pot on a Sund'ay '' He waaas ,d by a Catholic fanatic named Ravaillac Z0LT2 '^^^"^'^^'^-f-^ ^ -this History was erected to his memory on the middle of one of the SoJn. bnages-the Pont Neuf. ^"°^ (Par 9.) ytJtemi's." Clovis, the Merovingian King at first o^ti rr R^" ''''\ ''' ^'' ~-^^ -Whelms ot which bt. Remi was the patron saint. St. Remi wa also the patron saint of France, and was called tl 1 St Paul wu ..u .. called the second bt. Paul. When the spoils of victory were divided at Soissons, Clovis begged that a particular vase migh be set a^de for his use. The army having expressed thei acqut here but what falls to your share by lot," and struck the precious vessel with his battle-axe. 16 HOW 1 READ [Bk. I. (Par. 10.) " Afcichiavelism:' The doctrinen contained in a book called "The Prince," written by Niccolo ,lel Machiavelli (Old Nick), of Flor(>nce. Despotism, cunning and over- -eaching are advocated ; bis maxim was, The end justifies the means. Macaulay in one of his essays has partly redeemed Machiavelli from infamy. " Suj>reme Qunck." See also Book XII., Chap. 5 Par 8 " And the earth Beelzebub's, which the Supreme' Quack should inhert."— Carlvle's "Johnson." (Par. 11.) " Orleans Reyntts." The Duke of Orleans on the death of Louis XIV. proclaimed himself Regent and ruled France almost until his death. The roue ministers referred to were Cardinal Dubois and the Duke of Bourbon. Prob ably Carlyle wishes his readers to remember that the term "rout?" originated in the opinion held of the friends of Orleans, that they were so profligate as to deserve " break- ing on the wheel " (roue). (Par. 12.) " An Emperor tvaif, hare/oof." At Canossa (January 1077), Henry IV., Emperor of Germany, was exposed for several days to the inclemency of the weather by Pope Gregory VII.-Hildebrand. Bismarck remembered the circumstance during his Kulturkampf struggle with the Vatican, and in a speech in the Reichstag in 1872, uttered the saying which is now proverbial, " Nach Canossa gehen wir nicht " (" We are not going to Canossa"). " 77(« Sorbonne." An academic institution in Paris for theology, literature and science, founded by Robert de Sorbou. "The Society of the Sorbonne corresponded Ch.2.] CARLYLES IRRNCII revolution. 17 exactly to a college at ono „f our universities, and will be .Ht.ngu.Hhed by the car, ,.1 reader from the faculty of heo loKy which was usuahy, but not always, composed of docteurs de Sorbonne."'_:VIoui,EY. (far. 13.) . VT'^L ^ P"''''"''' ^'''''^" *^"""« ^J'« administration of Cardinal Mazarin-during Louis XI V.'s minority. They were called " Frondeurs," or "Slingers," from big likl l.ttle boys on the streets, who sling stones when not watched, and scatter on the approach of the authorities Bachaumont was he that had given the name ' Fronde ' (bickering of school-boys) to the wretched historical object vhich IS still so designated in French annals. "-Cablyle's "Frederick the Great," Book XL, Chap. 3. " Carya(ui.s." Sculptured columns of support in the torin ot draped female li,i,'uros. "The Luxy Marechale:' Analogous to this ingenuous lev.ty vvas the remark of the Comte do Grammont in dying who, when his wife repeated the Lord's Prayer, observed,' Countess, that is a very fine prayer. Who made it?" Similar to these sayings, but more l,enign and less outre was that of the nurse of La Foncaine when he was on his death^bed-" Dieu n'aura jamais le courage de le damner " ( God will not have the heart to damn him "). (Par. 11.) ''Peuyh iaillahhr A people land and labour taxed to wrotchH pitiableness " Of the produce of an acre divided into twelve parts nearly sev n and a half went to the Kine three and a half to the proprietor, and one to the farmer Micts existed which prohibited hoeing and weeding, lest the young partridges should be destroyed ; mowing hay S^^ 18 HO IV I READ [Bk. I. ost the 0Ki(s ,sh.,ulcl iM, (Jastroycd ; t,ikin« away th. stubble lest the hinls shoul.l U, depriv.-.l of sl.eltor ; munurinK with rught soil. l...st thoir flavour shoui,! Ik, injured ' etc _ Alison. ' " Gahelle." The tax on salt— \cry hi<;li. (Par. 15.) " /7e«r de lis." The horaldic device- three white lilies — of I-rench loyalty. "Sciolists." C^uack .scientists. OIIAPTEH III. (Par. 2.) " Viaticum." The preparation for the last journey_the last sacrament. J^Parcaux-Cer/s." Li t.rally, a deer-park. A mansion htted up m a remote corner of Versailles, where, with the approval of Madame Ponipadour, girls were inveigled for the purposes of Louis XV. (Par. 3.) -Hope of Jesuitism." Pompadour was unfavourable to the Jesuits, out DuBarry reversed her policy and was opposed to Choiseul and the Jansenists -Corpus delicti." The body of the crime ; the whole nature of the offence. (Par. 4.) ''Oeilde Boeuf." An ante-room of the palace of Ver- sailles where the courtiers waited for the appearance of the Kmg ; was named from its oval window which was likened to the eye of an ox. (Par. 5.) ''I^uke d'Orleans." Grandson of the Duke who was < U.4.] CARLVLE'S FRENCH REV0LU7 ON. 19 Regent of France .luring the minority of L.«ig XIV that Duko again In-ing the grandson of Lr,ui8 A IT ^^Conde." The deHcendant of the Great Cndd, who wan LouiH II. of Kourbon. '' Jncta eat aim." "The dice iw M.rr,«,« " *i ,, „ -1'"' uiceis tnrown — the cxprewiion used by Cipsar on crossing the Itul.icon '• Rochet." Sleeve. " Dauphin.- The title of the ei , ..f the K, . of Irance. and named fron, the Pn.vin r,,^,,,,^,,,; . ; responding title to the Prince of W Png. ^^^ ' ,„ , CHAPTER I\ (Par. 2.) " The hcai/ier. ^mperor asks of h, . aoul in^o „4 ,d,ice>, artlhounow departing?" "Qua nunc ^l^Os i^ 1«»?" Hadrm.i thus addressed his soul in .he prosi,,. of drUh : " Animula, vagula, 1., ,nduU Hospes conie8(|i pori- Quae nunc abihi ioca Pallidula rigida ■, luk ; Noc, ut soles, {l;il)i8 j(x;os ? '" which may be rendered somewhat as follows Sweet little wandering soul, My comrade and my guest : Oh, whither ? To what goal. What unknown climes in quest? So dim, so stern, so nude ; All mirth abandoned there, Or nimble wit or rude, Whither, my soul ! Oh, where ? Pope and Byron have translations of Hadrian's address. 10 ^011' I READ [Bk. I. (Par. 4.) January 1757. when Louis XV. ,l..cl.n..| w,u ulin F^enok t. Great. It e„.ie.i Kebrua.,, ,7.;... witt Treaty of Pan. On 5th Noven.U.r. 1757, «■ -oHsLa.!.. Frodenck nearly annihilate.1 the French anny un.le Sonh.He. Quel... wan taken l,y Wolfe, i;Uh Se,,ten.lH.r. '^Revenge for an epigram." Provoked l,v Frederick and won over by Kaunitz. the Austrian Prin.e Minister, n all ance was forn.ed by France and Austria agair.st Pr.;s.sia -the Alliance de. trois <-otiIlons the alliance of the three potticoats-contracte,! May, 175.5; Mesdanu-s Maria •^ngtho three petticoats; the latter b< ing „rdinar> and extra^ordmary Minister of France. Carlyle again refers to this Epigram in Book XX.. Chan 6 Pa,- •< P , . . , . ' v.nap. 0. far. .{. Pasciuinadcs ^-epigram.s in the language of fish-wi^e8-were directe<| from all quarters against Madame, and .mong the offenders was Frederick. Macaulay ('.E.-ay on Fn ^eri.k '■) has this to say : "About women he wa. in the ha.it .>f expressing lumself in a manner which it was impossible f,.r the meekest of women to forgivie ; and unfortunately for him almost the whole continent was then governed by women who were by no means conspicuous for meekness. Maria Theresa herself had not escaped his scurrilous jests The E.npress of Russia knew that her gallantries afforded him a favourite theme for ribaldry and invective. Madame de Pompadour, who was really the head of the French Government had been even more keenly galled." etc. Ambassador Cardinal de Bernis has also been wrongly blamed for the Alliance. °^ Ch.4.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 21 (Par. 7.) Vlll., Chap. 3, Par. o, where Carlyle, as ho frequently as .>ccas.on to do, partly explains the phra.se The hkea tand.n«p' -ere ^.Wan. he Pali / r"' ""'"'''""' ^"^''- Th« Mayors of the Palaco-subse.,uently becoming the Carlovindan dyna.s y-actually ruled, and then both nominairt'd (Par. 11.) pardon""'' AonoraW." Confessed the offence and asked " ^? """■" ^^» '^xpression of wail used by Clotaire a Merovingian king of the sixth century. ' (Par. 12.) thl' ^'^ ff^'"''-" Gr^'' J-nephew of the famous Cardinal the great French statesman of the seventeenth century.' ' . 1 22 HOW r READ (Bk. I. The Duke here mentioned expelled the English from Mmorca in 1756. (Par. 13.) ''St. Genevieve." The patron saint of Paris. The Pantheon occupies the site of her tomb. (Par. U.) " Que cela finit." That the end would come. (Par. 16.) " Choisy-sur-Seine." Six miles south of Paris. (Par. 17.) " Paf/reniers." Grooms. "Clerical person," etc. Abbd Beauvais, in his funeral oration, said, " Le silence du peuple est la le^on des rois " ( Ihe silence of the people is the lesson of kings "). "St. Denis." About six miles north from the centre of ians, Its church being the burial-place of the French kings. Ch. 1.] CARL YLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 2ii BOOK II. CHAPTER I (Par. 1.) -Astrea rednx." Justice returning. Astrea was the goddess of Justice who dwelt on tl,e earth in the Golden Age. 'The Virgin Astrea was the last of tlie heavenly deities to leave the earth dripping with human gore."_ OviD. " The return of Astrea-an approach to equity in the apportionment of good and evil in this world "- I'ROUDe's " Carlyle's Early Life." " Solution 0/ continuity." A surgical term for a wound. (Par. 3.) "Attila." King of the Huns; died 4o3. He overran Germany and France, and fought the terrible Battle of Chalons; was called "the Scourge of God." "Walter the Penniless." Referred to in Book VIII U,ap. 5 Par. 5; commanded a rabble of 20,000 foot, the first of four instalments of 275,000, which departed from the south of Germany for Palestine in 1096. Walter was a gentleman of Burgundy ; his followers were cut to pieces m Bulgaria, he escaping to Constantinople ^^ Sicilian Vespers:' A great massacre of the French in feicily on Easter Monday at the hour „f vespers in I'^S" 24 ^OIV I READ [Bk. II. ^Thirty Years' War." A series of wars between the Catholics and Protestants: of Germany, 1618-48. (Par. 5.) " ne^e .lext ten years." The Iiistory of these years and xt cr :L"^^ '"''^'' ^^™'""^" - ^^^'^^rr- over aTal f rT?" " '"^ '^^'^^^ ^^ ^^>^"- ^«'"-on the he,rof . r ' '^"r"'"'"' ^"™''^"'^>^- Those at -n, but forced ly th:!:!: a^: C I r^h ^r tor sacr fiee. He was succeeded by the overrated Necker herfe fZT ''' '" """^P^^'^ ^PP-"^^- o^ the Queen herself frivolous, extravagant and un-French. The frivohtv and chronic indifference of the Court; the men i ^ ll .onditionof the higher ecclesiastics; the lawyers adherin J '™ ^'"'^'"^ ^'-'^ ^ prominence not unattested by history. Riquetti was the second son of the Marqui. and had a brother nicknamed '< Mirabeau Tonneau ^Barrel Mirabeau), referred to subsequently • 28 //OW I READ on [Bk. II as is the uncle, Bailli de Mirabeau. Carlyle's Essay Alirabeau is one of his ino.st readable de D^Inr' ^'^'''" ^" '^' '"^""t'-'ins of Auvergne in Pay " MarMaimt'e. " ^Mounted police "Taille." Land tax. CHAPTER ITT. (Par. 1.) " Age of Hope." Hope is a favourite theme of the poets. "Hope springs eternal in the human breast. "-Pope. "Hope never conies that conie.s to all."— Milton. "Man is, properly speaking, based upon Hope ; he has no other possession but Hope; this world of his is einphati- Great, before his Asiatic expedition, divided his king- dom among his friends. One of them, Perdicas, asking hm what he had left for himself, '< Hope," replied Alexander. Then was Alexander answered, " If Hope is enough for Alexander, it is en..ugh for Perdicas " '' nctoriom analysis." This is a drive at the scientists and encyclopedists. Carlyle was entirely happy when, in his high transcendental moods, he flayed the materialistic scientists who glory, and deservedly so, in their exactness and consummate marshalling of facts. The analytic method m philosophy from the examination of facts determines principles. Carlyle's philosophy was synthetic, deducing from recognized principles their consequences ■ holding these up to us bare as anatomical subjects of' m Ch.3.] CAAV^VLE's F/f£A'C// A'Eyo/MT/OJV. 29 this tint ir«r'' T'"?-" '''''''''' "• ''•"'^"'^"^^>- '•-^--t- . this th.it in one place ho apologizes for so d,nng. (Par. 4.) ^^ Kin,j Popinjay." The readers of Scott will romnre no explanation, as they will recall fho nr.„ • '^"'""'^ "" "OklMortalitv" Tl , , P"^"'"' chapters of e ed as a n.ark or the contestants in the games, and the "^«n«en/..." Followers of Jansenius, a French bishop •;^m„n.." Hereafter noticed as Carlyle hints. Baron Ilolbach." A sceptical Gennan-French author who kept open house for the encyclopedists ' "^S jil^:^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^' ^^'^ -^ ^^-^-d ; the (Par. 6.) a 1^7' T," T""^"'^''" "^'^^^'^''3^ the wisest soul lies " The lunatic, the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact. "-Shakespeare. " Great wit to madness sure is near allied. "-Dryden. "Semel insanivimus omnc-s " etc (Par. 8.) J'i/.M^/.rf An>„,on." The Amazons were a warlike race of women in Asia (or Africa). Their husbands 30 ffOlV I READ [Bk. II. brothers and sons were totally annihilutod i„ battle; but the female part of the population hold on to their posses sions and maintained tlieir indopenrlenco. They hold occas.onal intercourse with the men of the noighbouring states and If boys were born to them they wore either sent back to their fathers or kiUcj. They burned off their right breasts so us to suffer no inconvenience in handlin.^ the lK)w ; hence they were called '« breastless." or Amazons Their queen, Thalestris, honouretl Alexander the Great with a visit in hopes of transmitting part of his greatness. (Par. 9.) "Enceladus." See "^neid," III., 578. One of the giants who waged war against the gods. Juno killed him by lightning and burned him under Mount Etna in Tinacna (Sicily). He was the son of Titau. Sec also Horace, Lib. III., Od. 4, 1. 56. " The wJioIe land weighed him down As Etna does the giant of Mythology." —Tennyson. Had "Erebus blackness^ Erebus is the dark passace ides. *' ' passage in " Not Erebus itself were dim enough To hide thee from prevention."— "JrLirs Cesar." ■ The lowest bottom shook of Erebus."— "Paradise Lost." Cn.4.] CARLVLE's FRENCH I,EVOIMT/ON. 31 CHAPTER IV. (Par. 1.) ..I'nf.r--" ^'«' °'*" «"'' -«3« of .he heroe,„, the (Par. 2.) JDespotis,n tem}..red by epigrams." -La France ent une monarcl.ie absolue teinDen'.« n„n a r-i Quoted by Chamfort. the CyT ' '" '''""^°"«" (Par. 4.) '' Forturmtus' purse." Fortunatus is a character in .u fairy tale of the " Italian Nidits ' ■ hl\ 7 " ^ ,-Ki„ , "•'«'«." i^igius , he had an inexhaust ible purse, and a wLshing-cap as resourceful. The Augean Stable." Cleaning the Aucean St.h1« wasoneof theLabour,sof Hercules.' The stbrbelon^ed o Augeas a l.ng .n Greece, and contained three thousand oxen. These stables had not been cleaned for tl.irtv years, but Hercules effected the undertaking in one 2 by running the river Alpheus through them ^ ; Must nou^ write a dismissal." Hearing of which Vol taireexcla^ed: ^'Myeyes see only death in fron of me now that Turgot is gone." '" rront ot me (Par. 5.) w:s;Lp:;v'tH:i:. "^'-^^^-^'-keth .he " Louis Qualorze." Louis 'CIV. " Fyes like carbuncles." Au Milfnn in , n de,o.be,.he,e.p.n. Sa.a„. " H "1" L" J ^1X3 7^1 : rt" '■■'"' '""y" ^<"«»'« '"to Pari" t graph,callyd«cnbed by Carljle in his es^y. The pw, '.m 32 IfOlV I READ [Bk. II osopi.er <.f Ferntr- was receivcl hy the Parisians with tumultuous enthusiasm, tlio excitement hastening his death at the age of eighty-four (177S), •' Stifle, him under rosea." This reference relates to the inci.lent of the Emi)or..r Ehigal)alus, who invite.1 the lead- ing men of Iton.e to a banquet, and |.rett>nding to honour them shc»wered roses upon the.n, hut continued t.. do so until they were buried under and smothered. (Par. 1).) " liennmarchais:' Again referred to ; was financier and dramatist and author of the " Uarwr of Seville " and "The Marriage of Figaro the Barber." His works, how- ever, owed their popolarity not so much to their merit as to the appropriateness of the political hits. " Tivelve {Labours) of Herndes." Hercules was a Greek fiefore ol)taining hero noted for his immense strength. ._. „„...,.. the coveted reward of Tnnnortality twelve tasks were im'^ posed upon him, related metrically by E, C B follows : ■ewer, as " The Nemoaii lion first he killed, Then Lome's hydra slew ; The Arcadian n'ag and monster hoar Before Kurystlieus drew. ^ Cleansed Awjeas' stalls and made the /,;,,/.< From lake Stymphalis tlee. The Cretan biUl and Thracian mnrcs First seized and then set free. Took prize the Amazonian hell. Brought Geryon's Line from Gades ; Fetch'd afiples from the He»pcrides, And Cerberus from Hades." ^^"^:^-^m'ffmm\T'? Ch.5.] CARLYLES FRENCH RliVoi.VTWN. (Par. 2.) CHAPTER V. nn^l^^Kl f •"'■'■" ^"^'"'^"y J«'>n Paul ; .x.... in Kirk (Par. 4.) " ^ocAam/>ea«." Pigurod at Yorkton with Waslunrrton • BouUy was a general in the Seven Years' Wa f W ' yette we will l.ear freouentiv T „ M c ' ^^''" --^r.ro. i.JC.n:rc.;:r:ierir: " ^uA« rf« C^«r..««." Orleans, afterwards " Egalit,'. " ^Castleoj Jahfs." See Book VJIl Chan " P m and Book XII., Chap. 3, Par. 2 ^' " ""'' '^' " ^?f «»*-•" The wreck of his ship was found in 18-^^. on an island of the New Hebrides. He sailed in 7«- to his memory on the coast of Botany Bay in 1825. (Par. o.) ^^Pacte defarnll., A Bourbon family alliance, con- ^IMMTlS^^Kiii^^ I i M -iiiJtill 34 rfOW I REAP [B«. II. .iHti„« of Franco, Hpiin, Naples and Sicily, Parma and Fiaoen/a; offensive an.l defensive, and contracted in the previous reign. " Calpe." One of ti.e pillars of Hercules, the other wmpf Ahyla in Morocco. " Hotel de Ville." City hall. (Par. 7.) "Celadon Gibbon." Sentimental Gihbon. When Dame Ourchwl asked the author of the " Decline and Fall " why he did not go down on his knees to her, he replied. Because you would bo obliged to ring for your footman to get me up again." Sentiment and ol}<>sity. '^Jieepiriff his otvn gic,." Carlyle is fond of ridiculing gigmanity. There is no unconscious joke that he relished so well as the one contained in the answer of the unsophis- ticated witness in the Thurtell trial : « I always considered nm a respectable man. What do you mean by respec- tohle' Uo kept a ,-ig." This unwitting wit is a general conception among the pojmlm vulyus of England tor instance, in the trial of Kerr and Benson, a witnes.s having described one of the prisoners as a "perfect gentleman" (swindler), when pressed by counsel for his reasons, replied, "He had rooms at the Langham Hotel and dined with the Lord Mayor." " .Vecker." Genevese. A French Finance Minister and mentioned afterwards in this History, with keen and just discrimination. His daughter. De Stael, unwittingly records that popular .ipprobation was a necessity to him. (Par. 8.) "Comple Rendu." See Par. 10. A statement of the financial condition of the country. Six thousand copies Ch.«.] CARLY1.es FRE..'CH revolution. 36 w«ro Hold the first day. Two thounand presnes were kept c-onntuutly at work to satisfy the .i..,nand for it. 80 JoO 2- »..nng so,.,. ..Ciri.„.u .lescrilK. tho sensation pro l...ed as nans .temple. And Hogur speaks <.f the work a. t7J"r'' '''^'*''' P'-'^"^ -"» - --y ia^l/H tabi;. " (Par. 9.) " Vectiffal of j^r,unony." Cicero say«, " Ma«„u„. vecti- «^al o«t parsnnonia " (" Econon.y of itself is a «reat revenuo" ttof T 'dT" .'"^'n -'-•'--^^"^'he adn^tri: K^.. I ""'«' "I vectij,'al, the quotation havinir been made „.,re n<,ted by Burke haviig his ouant tv corrected .n the then schoh.rly House of Co„m.ons "^ CHAPTER VI (Par. 2.) '' Lon,cha,np." The Hippodrome de Longchamp between he beine and the Bois de Boulo,,ne is th:prindpal race Z700 rt ^"^^^^"•' I'--f. Big Stakes^of i'JO.OOO IS the French Derby. the'f T*'" f ""'■" ^'^""^^ '" ^^'^y W««k to celebrate the darkness during the sufferings of Christ. (Par. .-J.) " Jioche/oucauld." Descendant of the great Roche foucauld who was the anthnr of <■ M-.xim - s u ' XIV., Chap. 6, Par. 9 ' ^'" ^^^ 36 (Par. 4.) ''Butte HOW I READ ■md eggs >u-C'.' ling to Shakespeare." [Bk. II. "It is iio -ight Imltei woman's rank (rate) to market." —"As You Like It," III., 2. " Urge the fervid roheels." « Fervidis roti.s " : in Horace's First Odo. Milton u.se.s the phrase, "Then stayed the fervid wheels."—" Paradise Lost," VII., 224. (Par. 5.) ''Marat." A prominent Jacobin. He was not as readers of this History alone would suppose, a mere char- latan, but was a regular physician, having received his M.D. degree from St. Andrew's, Scotland. He practised tor .some time in London. "Chevalier d'Eon." An adventurer and diplomatist. He was .secret envoy to Russia, and received a pension from the French Government on condition that he should dress himself in female attire as he had done there He concealed his sex so effectually that bets were freely made • and even until his death the public were at sea as to his sex. "Vincennes." The Bois do Vincennes, five miles east of Pans, IS somewhat in the shape of the Bois de Boulogne but more natural and less exotic. It has a race-course "Sablons." In the corner formed by Paris, the Bois de Boulogne and Neuilly. "Dr. Dodd." An English clergyman, executed for forgery, and author of " Beauties of Shakespeare." If not immortalized by Oarlyle he is by Macaulay in that gorgeous description in "Warren Hastings." Describing Burke's qualifications as an orator, Macaulay says: <-He had just as hvely an idea of the insurrection at Benares as of Lord wmm^mmmms^s^3mm.'^{^T'm::~'.i^ l^^ Ch.6.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 37 George Gordon's Riots and of the execution of Nuncomar as of the execution of Dr. Dodd." "The Germans have a strange superstition that Dr. Dodd is still wandering in disguKse ,n the Hartz forest in Germany , and his 'Prfson thoughts IS a favourite book with the initiated. "-Times. (Par. 7.) north of the Seme and about n.idway between the Louvre and the Bourse. Was erected by Cardinal Richelieu and named Palazs Cardinal. After his death it was occupied by the w,dow of Louis XIIL, with her two son.s, Louis XIV. and Phihp of Orleans, when it received the name of Palais Royal. Louis gave the palace to his brother, who in order to replenish his exhausted treasury, built houses for commercial purposes around the Gardens. The cafc^s on the ground floor of these houses became the resorts of the revolutionists, and it was here that Camille Desmoulins organized the populace for the attack on the Bastille, the palace then being called "Palais Egalite." It afterwards received the name of Palais du Tribunat, and in the Revolu- tion of 1848, Palais National. Napoleon III. restored the name of Palais Royal. " Hamadryada:' Wood-nymphs. " Philidor." A famous chess-player. ^'Sorcerer's Sabbath and Satan at Home." Book V Chap. 1. Par. 18. and Chap. 4, Par. 7. A Walpur^is night; a company of witches and demons convened by Satan yearly at such places as the Brocken in Germany Egahte engaged in as disgraceful orgies as his grandfather,' Phihp. he Regent Orleans of the minority of Louis XV Goethe describes part of the Satan at Home business thus • 38 HOW 1 READ [Bk. II. " Broken, broken, Hell-broth splashing, Glasses crashing. Payment for the words you've spoken. It is all in sport, my honey, Nothing but a frolic funny," etc (Par. 11.) " Pilatre-like." Piktre de Rosier was a ) alloonist. (Par. 13.) ''Bailly." An astronomer; Bertholet, au eminent chemist, and so Lavoisier ; Franklin, the famous American, was envoy to France; Espremenil receives notice after- wards. " Mesmer." The Government appointed a Commission to investigate the claims of Mesmer, and the report bein" adverse he fell into disrepute, went to England, and after" wards re^'-- 1 to Meesburg, where he lived in silent obscurit CHAPTER VII. (Par. 1.) " Ecce signuvi." " Behold the sign." (Par. 2.) "Necklace Cardinal" Carlylo devotes an Essay to the diamond necklace affair and to Cagliostro-which see The Queen's jeweller, Boehmer, quack Count Cagliostro counterfeit Countess Lamotte, Cardinal de Rohan and Mane Antoinette were the principals in the discreditable affair, the Queen, no doubt, being accused wroncrfuUy The effect of the scand.U may be estimated by the remark made by Talleyrand at the time : " Attend narrowly to m3issmmsp^B^mEsm^»tMm^jai:>»^ii ^.^^c^^^am^^h-iJiM-u ir^>^ Ch. 8.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 39 that miserable affair of lihe necklace ; I should be nowise surprised if it overturned the :hrone." " Jacquerie." A rising of French peasants. " Laisaez nous /aire." " Leave us alone." (Pur. 3.) " Montesquieu." A jurist, and autlior of " Esprit des Lois." " Mably." A diplomatist. (Par. 4.) " Materia prima:' " The first work." CHAPTER VIIL (Par. 4.) " Carjliostro." A noted charlatan, commenced life in a monastery and was accused of every crime, even of murder. He was exceptionally fortunate in avoiding arrest and had a face of brass. He sold an elixir of life, and drove through the country with outriders and all the parapher- nalia of royalty. High and low, rich and poor, and even dignitaries of the Church (is this anomalous ?)_even Cardinal Rohan— consulted him on astrological affairs. Lamotte, an adventuress, in collusion with Cagliostro, entrapped Rohan, who, madly in love with the°Queen,' was imposed upon to reconcile himself to her by making I present of the $350,000 diamond necklace which Boehmer had made for iLidame du Barri. The Queen was sup- posed to have received the necklace through Lamotte, and to have signed an acknowledgment of the same. The whole affair was a scheme of Lamotte's to " raise the wind," and she soid the necklace in England. Boehmer on the • 1 E* ' if i 1 'f| E7Tm.S5BaS» 40 ffOlV I READ [Bk. II. Queen repudiating the transaction, sued for hi. „, at the Queen ^J^'^^' ^"^ — ^-Poons were hurled frivlntv InH ; '"'' "'^^ '""^^ '^^ inexcusable ■ h of, Caghostro a low .scoundrel. Rohan a vile pnest iind Eoehnier the dupe. pnest, (Par. ,5.) nr truth tu. T f" "'■"■' '■«'" "■""■> ''"*''-'» " (-•/'"racteriHic „/ .xcitoWify." CW,- described the pi™; i;°'h "' ''^' t^ "'"^ ■-- ^'f'-»'«' « ' present day. He says (" Bell, aall," IV.) : •. The Qaaf, ju-e hasty and precipitate in their resolntioL. I " o^t aU the Gauls are fond „f change and easily e.eited tol' attached w hate slavery." See also Book VIIJ thi liberty and Chap. 8, Par. 4, of Br?' ;!'! ?t'r ■?'"» " «■» -'.-i' characLr also Book X,, Chap. L>, Par. 4 Ch. 8.] CARLYLBS FRENCH REVOLUTION. (Par. 6.) " Ecraser Vinfame" T»>;t, n,ai„.ai„ed by C^to ro^ olTS^h" "'"""'T '" to Christianity in .renera V w u """'"'' """ of -pe^tition :,;"''i:^rrrn ""° "-" ' ^•^"^ respect and love it Hte " ■ 4'^^"""''' ""'S'"" ^ Book Xrx, Chap. 8. ^'''^-'^bick the Great," (Par. 7.) "Ifothins m but Hop,." .. Dum .,pir„, .,pe„.„ (Par. 8.) he-u-rrf 't '"■" ''''"" P™>"he"» «ole Bro ,„„, Hope. Miltoarefcrstothisin "Paiit^C it^:, n:' " More lovely than Pando.a, whom the gods Endowed w.th all their gifts ; and O ! '7^1,0 In sad event, when, to the unwiser son Of Japhet brought by Hermes, she ensnared tl^'rdte^^--"'""''^' "'■""-'--«' even (Par. 10.) " ^''"'"•" ^ ^"»J d'-^^in ; a sink of ini,u.t3.. r-; W^IM^ ^%#- 42 HO IV / ri;a/) [Bk. III. BOOK III. CHAPTER I (Par. 2.) " The Law Parlements." Louis XVI. recalled the ban ished parlemeats when Turgot was Minister, deceptivery iajag.n.ng they would help hi. to check. teTur^ot^ radical remedies. His grandfather, Louis XV seemed tl have nown better, for he is reported to lav'e safd . quarrels with the parlements during my whole reign but let my grandson take care of them for it ,•« ^ .u probable they will endanger his crZ.' ""' ''^" (Par. 3.) ''J/aW.«.6.,/. See Book XV., Chap. 6. Par 6 Although never Identified with the revolutionists he was a sincere friend of the people. Heoccupied the highestpTa" s of honour, such as Counsellor to Parlement Preslden ofT Court of Aid, and Censor of the Press, iheptrd .^ censorshipbeingcalled,..« 7 . "'" -s a famous Hterarylalon "^^"'^"'^'' ^^"'"^^ (Par. 9.) itrxvfc;::; rp"""; 7'fr »''-""-• - - " sitor .^^ o.', ..:;>2r- 1 "''•'"'?'-"•■" >>« ^ eaning. Heaven s S»m thot wanted only work " Th. ^w,„ G„.rd», like th. Swi..er, of tl,e King fn "Samll " Sw,ss of heaven when .heir w'ork wl wJieXtr p^ir^T^lT "!'"-'«' -"-trated b, the p: "n/h " And with th„ ,„.orf„l Swit.„ I c.a .aj, Th. best of „„,<, i. .he tot of p.y."-,tow».. I Ch.3.] CARLYLBS FRENCH REVOLUTION. 45 CHAPTER II. (Par. 1.) " Intmdant" Lord Lieutenant. Prefect or Chief Com- mjssioner. " ^rocureur." Crown Attorney. (Par. 6.) "Saltpelriere." South of the Jardin de.s Plante-s- asylum for aged and insane women. an CHAPTER III (Par. 1.) " ^l^ fotables." The nobles and high officers of State, described in Par. 3. (Par. 2.) XlT^ru' Aav. ««e„ it." This idea occurs again in Book XIX.. Chap. 7, Par. 0. « Child not to be named till born " (Par. 3.) ''DeparleEoi." In the name of the King. Carlyle makes effectual sarcastic use of the phrase in his « Crom- "Parlement." Not like an English Parliament, but rather a Supreme Court of Justice. Described in Chap. 5 Par. 3, of this Book. ^ ' (Par. 4.) ; ^-^-^ /^"r"^?"-" The Mirabeau ; not his father, the 'Frxend of Men." Not the Brst time he had to leave France and cross the borders. Some of his brochures were particularly directed against Calonne. i#i ;.;! i Hi 1 r..[(J .■■<;VL j^^'^irFkl;y---:i^-i2 46 IfOVV I READ [Hk. III. 'Taleyrnnd." Charles Maurice de Tall«vrand Pcri- gord, afterv-ards Prince of licu.evento, has bee^ character- ized «8 " the most subtile, shmwd and uni-rinrinhnl " of all modern diplomatists. Educaterl for the Church, he pro- cured preferment not for lack of infamous licentious con- duct. He became Bishop of Autun and was elected by his fellow-clergymen representative to the States-Ueneral On October 10th. 1789. it was he who proposed confisca- tion of church property. Within six months ho assisted m the suppression of the religious orders and became President of the Assembly. Ho was subsequently Pleni- potentiary to England, but whih, there it was .liscovered by the Revolutionists that he favoured royalty, and he was accordingly proscribed. He then went to America for a short time, but returned in 1796, insinuated himself into the graces of Napoleon and became Foreign xMinister He was at the bottom of the " Enghien Affair," that circum- stance which Fouche described to have been "worse than a cnme-a blunder." Onwards, until his death in 1838 his life IS part of the history of France. (Par. 5.) •' ^fere Turgotism." Carlyle does not reflect on Turgot but, as he tells us in Par. U. Calonne's policy was a mere transcript of Turgot's. (Par. 6.) " Orpheus, Pluto, Plutus." Pluto was the god of Hell • Plutus, of Riches; the Biblical distinction being merely the diameter of a needle. Eurydice having been bitten by a serpent and dying, is followed by her husband. Orpheus to the infernal regions-he, by tones of enchantment' moving Pluto to pity, and allowed to take Eurydice back Cn.3.] CARI.YI.E'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 47 Readers of Shakespi.are will recall the allusion to Plutus in "Julius Cajsar ": " Within, a hroast Dearor than Plutun' mine, richer than gold." (Piir. !).) "A(/io." brokerage. " Ver(,enn,;s.'' Chap. 1, Par. 1, of this Book. (Par. 10.) ^ " Cave of the wimh." A cave in the Eolian Isles, where Eolus kept his winds and let them loose as commanded by the gods. (Par. 12.) " /fardly return." Calonne was permitted by Napoleon to return from England in 1802 and died a month after. '• Raid,,,/ the wind and the ,,'ind.^." The first part is a col!o(iuialism for rai.sing m.mey or "dust"; the latter part refers to tlie political turmoil, another kind of dust. (Par. 1.3.) " Literlunar cavp." Where the moon was supposed to secrete herself every month during the four days of her invisibility'. " Simarre." A sort of woman's night-gown. (Par. 1.5.) "Corvi'ps." Statute labour: "Without criticism," be- cause not affecting the aristocracy. 48 ffOW I h'F.AD [Hk. III. CHAPTER IV (Par. 4.) ''N.ptuno.Plutonic." An old geological terra for rocks that are either aqueous (Neptunic),i«neous (Plutonic), or " To-morrov as yetterday." Isaiah Ivi. 12. (Par. n.) "ff'lu thnhre." .Stamp tax, and not. as Alison in Ins History of Europe" translated .t. '.Timber dues." (Par. 6.) " Ilh,mination~A,lnm WeisshanpC Weisshaupt was founder of ono of the sects of the Illuminati, the foundation of whose behef was the possession of sounder rea.son than the orthodox— a better illumination. ^'Ilarmodiv, and Aristogitorv." Were brothers who freod their country from the Athenian tyrant, Pisistratus. (Par. 7.) " The Nemean Hon." The first of the twelve Labours of ilercules was to kill the Nemean lion. (Par. 8.) " PalaU du Justice." On the site of a palace of the old kings of France, at the end of the He de la Cite, and east of the Pont Neuf. At this time the seat of Parlement (the supreme Court). (Par. 9.) ^ath. So sa,d Saneho Panza. in ' Don Quixote." The Spanish proverb is : " Para todo hay remedio siao para la Ch.4.1 CARI.VI.I-S FfiKXCH h'ElU/.U7/0X. 4'.> inuertH," The Itnlian orio is: "Ad oj^ni cosa l- rifuedio fuora ch'alla morte." " Ikd of JuHlic,:" " Lit de Justice." 'Hie bod or throne on which the King sat whon in PurU'ment, and acoonlirig to tho principles of th.' French Constitution, the HUtliority c)f tho Pai linntJiit heing derived from the Kin-r, it ceased when tlie King, the fountain (.1 Justice, .sat on it. What the Iving proposed was law, and therefore beyond the discussion of the I'arh-nient. '' Suhvnttion Tuj:." The Stamp Tax, and the Subven- tion Tax, whicli was an eciuaUzed tax on nobles and bur- gesses alike, were rej(>oted by the notables on purely selfish grounds. They were (juite clear in retaining the " Cor- vee," a tax on the peasant and a badge of submission to his superior lord ; they were as selfish in retaining the " taille," a land tax from which they were excluded, and the " paote de famine," an infamous grain ring. Hut why they should have reject«!d the Subvention and Stai p Tax, and why the people should have supported them in this, appears absurd. Tho truth is that any measure emanating from the Court or the Queen was obnoxious to tlie com- bative temper of a body which was learning libeial princi- ples so fast as to discover that taxes could only be imposed by the States-General. (Par. 11.) "Greek meeting Greek" "When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war," a common quotation, taken from a play, entitled " Ah-xander the Great," and refer- ring to the contest between the Greek cities and the Mace- donians. " Basoche clerks." Lawyers' clerks. 4 50 HOW I READ [Bk. III. " Strikes the. stars with his sublime head." Carlyle ia enamoured of this phrase and repeats it frequently in his other works. Of a like sort ia the familiar " Sic itur ad astra»_"Thus men ascend to the skies; such is the way to immortality." Euripides says, «' So that thou shalt find fame that reaches heaven;" Horace, "So proud am I of thy approbation that I shall strike my head against the starred clusters of heaven." The line in the First Ode of the First Book, "Sublimi feriam sidera vertice " (« T shall smite the stars with my lofty head"), is the one here quoted. CHAPTER V. (Par. 1.) "Jussion." Positive orders in Chancery. " Ferae naturae." Animals in a wild state. " The whole twelve." At this time France was divided into twelve provinces. (Par. 2.) " Troyes." Capital of the old province of Champagne ninety miles south-east of Paris. ' (Par. 3.) " President Henault." See first words of this History. (Par. 4.) " Vulcan's panoply." Vulcan Mulciber was the black- smith of tiie gods and forged their armour. The reference to Vulcan and the subsequent allusions to Chaos Styx Sibyl, Cerberus, Dis, Elysium, Tartarus, Cocytus, Lethe' Ch.5.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 61 etc., will be more familiar if the reader will review the Sixth Book of the "^neid," and for Vulcan, the Eighth Book, 1. 420. (Par. 5.) " Lally." Count de Lally Tollendal. He fought against the British in India, and held Pondicherry against them for ten months, when he had to surrender and was taken prisoner to England. Hearing that he was accused of a betrayal of trust, he obtained permission to return to France and face his enemies. He was committed to the Bastille and remained there nineteen months before he was brought to trial. At length (6th May, 1776) the Parlement condemned him to death, but unrighteously, for alleged betrayal of the interests of the King, and three days after he was executed. With the assistance of Vol- taire his son procured a decree reversing the judgment two years after. Young Lally attached himself to the Third Estate, but being found afterward to have a leaning to royalty, he was compelled to flee to England. Return- ing to France he was made a peer by Louis XVIII., and died in 1830. His principles and practices were liberal. ! I (Par. 7.) " Mon$ieur." nl Count de Provence. (Par. 8.) " Prorogation of the second twentieth." Partial suspen- sion, a year being allowed to lapse. m in 52 HO IV I READ [Bk. III. CHAPTER VI. (Par. 4.) " Stadtholder." The Viceroy of the Netherlands- hereditary m the Orange family. "Emancipation of Protestants." The Protestants la- boured under a great many disabilities, and 'it was not until 1< 90 that their properties, previously confiscated by I.0U1S XIV., were restored to them. Even the year pre- vious the National Assembly refused redress. (Par. 5.) " Enterprises o/jnth." " And enterprises of great pith a..d moment, .Vith this regard, their currents turn awry. And lose the name of action."—" Hamlbt," III. l (Par. 7.) "Sphere answering sphere." „ , " Such as Iwo planets, rushing from aspect malign Of tiorcest opposition, in mid sky Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound." -" Paradise Lost," VI., 313. •' If he, compact of jars, grow musical, We shall have shortly discord in the spheres." — " As You Like It," IL, 7. Pythagoras originated the phrase, " Music of the spheres " " D'Orleans." The appearance of Orleans, as the reader will already have perceived, is not a welcome one to Car- lyle, unless for the opportunity it gives him for an Aoelles delineation with one dash of the pen : Ch.7.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 53 " Thou art a boil, A plague -sore, an embossed carbuncle, In ray corrupted blood."—" KiNc Leak." (Par. 11.) " Villers-Cottereta" About midway between Paris and Sedan. "Ham" Seventy miles north-east of Paris. The for- tress was used as a State-prison. A great many French- men of eminence, and among them the late Emperor Napoleon, were imprisoned there. CHAPTER VII. (Par. 1.) " Et ne me parla plus de Hen." "And said notliing more to me. " (Par. 5.) " Humeur de dartre." "A small present made to him ai Cadiz By general subscription of the ladies."—" UoN Juan." (Par. 8.) "Rochet." Long sleeves — priests. (Par. 11.) "St. Louis." Louis IX. Shakespeare, in Henry V., makes Louis X. St. Louis — a mistake. (Par. 15.) "Dance." A princess seduced by Jupiter, with a throne of gold. Horace, III., 1 6. 54 //Oiy I READ [Bk. III. (Par. 16.) " Cockatrice' egg." The product of a cock and a serpent, the breath and look of which were deadly. "A cockatrice hast thou hatch'd to the world, Whose unavoided eye is murderous."—" Richard III." "The weaned child shall put his hand in the cockatrice' den."— Isaiah xi. 8. CHAPTER VIII. (Par. 8.) " Brennus." A Gaul who, on his entry into Rome (390 BC), found the city empty and the Senate as Carlyle describes the Parlement. Camillus saved Rome at this time, and was dubbed the Second Founder. This also was the time when Rome was aroused by the cackling of geese —a cackling, as Carlyle would have said, useful for once. (Par. 10.) " Exempts." Military police. " I/y&es." Twelve miles east of Toulon. " Calypso's Island." Near Malta ; the ancient Ogygia. Here Ulysses was shipwrecked and hospitably entertained by Calypso for seven years. Ulysses, having a bad attack of maladie du pays, left her, and she died of grief. (Par. 11.) "The Tuileries." South-west of the Palais Royal on the north bank of the Seine and between the Champs Elysees and the Louvre. A palace partly built by Catherine de Medici. Only an occasional residence of the French kings. Ch.8.] CARLYI.es FRENCH REVOLUTION. 65 "A spectacle to gods and men." "For we are made a spectacle unto the world and to angels and to men." — 1 Cor. iv. 9. " Pater andron te theon te " ia a term found frequently in the " Iliad," such as I., 544. "And turn the adamantine spindle round On which the fate of gods and men is wound. " — Milton's "Arcades," 66. "Mediocribus esse poetis non homines non di non con- cessere columnae." — Horace. "En andrun t .i theon genos " ("The race of men and gods is one"). — Pindar. " But dare all imminence that gods and men Address their dangers in." — " Timon of Athens. " (Par. 13.) " The twelfth part." France, after its complete conquest by the Romans, was divided into twelve provinces. Louis XIV". divided the Greater France of his time into thirty- three provinces, but the old division of twelve was retained for judicial purposes. The next apportionment of France was into eighty-six departments. "Donai." A very ancient town of Nord, best known, perhaps, as the place where the Douay Bible was published. " Themis." Law : the Supreme Court — the Parlement. Themis, daughter of Zeus, represented law and order. '^Historical Jiertrand de Moleville." Not only a his- torical name, but he was a historian. " The Bastille." Bastille of St. Antoine, a castle erected 1371-83, and afterwards used as a State-prison, chiefly for political prisoners. Where the Bastille stood is now the Place de la Bastille, with the Juillet column in the centre, and is at the intersection of the Boulevard Henry IV. ai.J the Rue St. Antoine. 66 ^OIV 1 READ [Bk. III. (Par. 14.) ''J'r.nMe.^ T„ i,,re. sixty miles south-east of Lyons Ian In the Basses-Pyreuees. Here Henry IV mZ; "' """'""' '"^ '^ '^^^^^^ --^^d'to hi^ (Par. 18.) hi ''^""' '?'". ^'""^' '^' ^«"^^'-' f- ill-treatin. he blood of he serpent, Python. Hercules having occa- sion to send for a certain robe in which to perform some rehgjous nte his wife, Deineira. in a fit of jelusy b or «endmg xt d.pped it in the blood of Nessus.' The p isoned ^k .t off wxthout tearing off the skin at the same time. Milton refers to this in " Paradise Lost," II., 541 .. " Hell scarce holds the wild uproar — As when Alcides, from Echalia, crowned, ' With conquest, felt the envenom'd robe, and tore Jhrough pain up by the roots Thessalian pines, And Lichas from the top of Eta threw Into the Euboic sea." (Par. 21.) " CW de gohelet." '< Chief steward of the buttery " Campan:^ Governess and confidante of the Queen She wrote an extensive « Memoir of the Private Life of Mane Antoinette." ,'4»»ndiii»- Ch. 9.] CARL YLEPS FRENCH RE VOL UTION. 67 CHAPTER IX. (Par. 1.) " ContrexMlIe." Between Nancy and Dijon. " Lanjres." West of Vosges towards Paris. "Moulins." As far south-west of Dijon as Dijon is south-west of Contrex^ville. (Par. 2.) "Henry IV. statue." An equestrian statue on the middle of the Pont Neuf, at the extreme west end of the He de la Cit^. This bridge was the resort of loungers, thieves, jugglers and newsvenders. (Par. 8.) " Antique fiishion." A pyre. " Invalides." i'ensioners. (Par. 9.) "Not for a century and a half." Referring to the Fronde— the civil wars occurring during the minority of Louis XIV. Or the 27th August, 1648, the populaco of Paris resorted to the barricades, the Parlement and people refusing to recognize the edicts of Cardinal Mazarin. " Brobdingnag." A country in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," inhabited by giants of exaggerated awkward- ness. vii i\ i'l I ik,T:i 68 HOW I READ [Bk. IV. BOOK IV. CHAPTER I. (Par. 1.) "Fcndon:' An ecclesiastical writer in the end of the seventeenth century. Was tutor to the promising Duke of Burgundy (grandson of Louis XIV.). He became Archbishop of Cambray, and was the author of " Tele- raachus " and a great many other works. He was held m esteem by the Jansenists and Protestants of his diocese. (Par. 4.) '' Neckerean Lion's Provider." Suzanne Curchod (Gib- bon's former inamorata), wife of Necker, was the ambi- tious member of the matrimonial f Friday recep- tions were famous, and were judiciou. ly manipulated for Necker's advancement. (Par. 5.) "Sieyes." Prominent in history, bu'. quietly ridiculed by Carlyle as "the maker of constitutions." He became associated with Napoleon and Ducos in the consulship. (Par. 6.) " Liaisons dangereuses." Dangerous friendships "Pro- digious, too, in its way and in its day was the success of Ch.2.1 CARLYLE'S FRENCH revolution. 59 'Lea Liaisons Dangereuses,' of La Clos— above all, in the salons where its appearance was a literary event "- F. Jacox. (Par. 7.) " Domine, dimitt(u." " Lord, dismiss uh." Luke ii 29 '^Organed out." By a "Nunc dimittis," as a congre'- gation It. organed out. •ill CHAPTER II. (Par. 1.) "Bailliages." BaUiwicks. Anyone with a passable suit of clothes could vote in the Primaries. The elected were all tied with mandates, to which they lx)und them- selves by oath ; but these oaths were all broken in Au-ust. (Par. 5.) " The next anniversary." The taking of the Bastille, on 13th July, 1789. (Par. 6.) "Behemoth-Briareus." A mythological giant credited with fifty heads and one hundred hands. Carlylo copies Milton in combining the Behemoth or Leviathan with Briareus. " In bulk as huge As whom the fables name of monstrous size, Titanian or Earth-born.'that warred on Jove, Briareofl or Typhon, whom the den By ancient Tarsus held, or that sea-beast Lev tt i»n, which God of all his works ' wtcc ^ugesi that swim the ocean stream." — "Paradisk Lost," I., 196. .1 60 ffOlV I READ [Bk. IV. Presentably drawn up books " Fix a thorn in his nose." Job says (xli. 2) • " Behold now behemoth, which I mode with thee : Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or Ijore his jaw through with a thorn?" This Biblical expression would be familiar to Carlyle as that used by Rev. Mr. Shirra, of Kirkcaldy when he prayed off Paul Jones when he appeared in the ofting, and who sheered off when he saw th.' fisherworaen with their red cloaks, whom he mistook for soldiers. (Par. 7.) " Well-redacted cahiers." or pamphlets. Par. 8.) " The last of the Gracchi." The two brothers Gracchi- Tibenus Sempronius and Caius Sempronius— both fell victims to the patrician party in Rome. The latter and younger, after taking flight and accompanied by a slave, was killed by him at his own request, the slave afterwards stabbing himself. The Gracchi were Tribunes of Rome during the middl- of the second century, B.C. "Marius." Was six times Consul. ' He "defeated the Cimbri, 101 B.C. ; almost r.-ached apotheosis, and was addressed as the Third Founder of Rome. He came of an obscure family. (Par. 9.) " Fits adoptif." Montigny, the natural son of Mirabeau, whose Memoirs were written by him. "Achilles killed mutton." See "Iliad." IX "09 anrl XXIV., 621. ' ' ' ^ " The bcsL dish that e'er was cooked since Homer's, AchiJIes ordered dinner for new comers."—" Don' Juan." : flaix. X ". >/.««..• CH.aj CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. (Jl Froude, in his essay on Homer, suys : " The wise Ulysses built his own house and carved his own bed ; Princes killed and cooked their own food." (Par. 12.) " Epoa." Carlyle assorts that his History is an Epic. '' Phoebus Apollo." .Son of Jupiter and one of the twelve greater gwis ; the god of Pestilence and represented as sending his glittering shafts upon offenders ; god also of the Arts and of Medicine. As Ph.i'bus, the Sun-god, he was beautiful in youth, and radiant as the sun. " Iiisignenuiue pharetra Fraternaquo iiumeruin lyra."— Horace. (Par. 13.) "Fourteen years ago." The famine riots at Versailles May, 1775. "Shapes of immortals fighting" etc. " Adparent dirae facies iiiimicaquo Troiae Numina magna deiini."—" ^Eneid," II. 622. See note, Book XV., Chap. 2, Par. 8. (Por. 14.) " St. Antoine." South-east part of Paris in the direction of Vincennes ; a faubourg of the workingmen. CHAPTER III. (Par. 1.) "Salle des menus." Hall for amusements. "Slottch hats or slouched hats." A slouch hat is a soft hat with a flabby (slouchy) brim ; a slouched hat is one m HOIV I READ [Bk. IV. ^hat w slouched or made to hang down. See Chap. 4, (Par. 2.) '^liailly." Astronomer, philosopher and politician: frequently mentioned. (Par. 5.) ^^Chans^e d'Antin." A more aristocratic part of the my than St. Antoine, and as much towards the r.orth as the latter w east. "Cross of St. Louis." A decoration of honour like the Victoria Cr(»s. (Par. 7.) "Evil is his good.' Mil tonic. (Par. 8.) "Diana." As the destroying goddess she avenged her enemies, and as the Preserver helped the unfortunate She was a great huntress, generally attended by a retinue of nymphs. ./ c j. " Nymphs of Diana's train, and Naiades With fruits and flowers from Amalthoa's hor.i, And ladies of the Hesperides."— — " Paradisb Keoainkd," II. , ."555. "Dioscuri." Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Jupiter. Perhaps there is an involved allusion here to the reputed coming U, life of these twins every other day. •' His soul Xr T ''' '''*^"""' ^"^ P^'-^ - J^— . the other m the place opposite heaven. "—Prqude "Meutheromaniac jMlosophism." Headlona zealousv tor a theoretical solution of freedom. ' C'H.4.] CARLYLE'S FRENCH KEVOI.UTION. aj (Par. 10.) ''7W/W hundred and fourteen:' Thre*. hundred and eight ecclesiastics, 285 nobles and 621 .loputien Two- thirds of the ccch'sia^tics were parish priest., a.i.l inclined towards the Tlurd Estate. Al^ut one-half of the Thin! l!<8tate were lawyers. CHAPTER IV. (Pur. 1.) " The Chateau." Of Versailles : the palace. (Par. 2.) " Gaze d'ar." What Shakespeare calls '« cloth-of-Rold of tissue. •— «' Antony and Cleopatka," II., 2 " Fleur de lis. " French lilies ; the heraldic device of the rrench kings. (Par. 4.) ^'Me>nnon's Statue." In Thebes. It gave out musical tones when touched by the morning sun. •• iVihaps thou wert a mason and forbidden By oath to tell the secrets of thy trade, Then say what secret melody was hidden' In Memnon'8 statue which at sunrise played '" -HoRACK Smith's "Address to an Egyptian Mummy. (Par. 5.) " Weep Hk, Xeru-es." When Xerxes was seated on a throne on the Asiatic .side, surveying his immense army before .-.•..ssing the Hellespont (before the Battle of Salamis) •e IS suHi to have " wept at the thought that not one of theso^thons^inds would be alive in a hundred years." '' Peterfou,." A j.Iay on words on Waterloo. In St. G4 HO IV I READ [Bk. IV. Peter's field, Manchester (1819), a reform meeting of over 60,000 was dispersed by the military. (Par. 6.) " We can no other." Luther, when summoned to attend the Diet of Woi-ms (1521), and stating his resolution to go even if there were as many devils as tiles upon the house- tops, ends his defence by saying, "It is neither safe nor right to go against conscience ; there I take my stand ; I ean do no other. So help me, God. Amen." (Par. 7.) "Birds might drop dead." Bacon writes: "It has anciently been reported that extreme applauses and shouting of po ^ple assembled in multitudes have so rarefied and broken the air that birds flying over have fallen down." (Par. 9). " Clio." The Muse of History. "Baroness de Stael." Daughter of Necker, a lively writer and enchanting hostess. Was delighted with the prospects— and as under the aegis of her father; but Madame de Montmorin, wife of the foreign minister, checked her exultation by remarking, "You are wrong to rejoice ; this event forebodes much misery to France and to ourselves." (Par. 11.) "Theroigne." A loose adventuress. See Book VII., Chap. 5, Par. 3, and VIII., Chap. 8, Par. 1. (Par. 12.) " Valadi." See Book V., Chap. 3, Par. 2. « Brissol." Became leader of the Girondins, wlio were thus Ch.4.] CARLYLirS FRENCH revolution. 65 frequently called Brissotins. The Moniienr Universel was founded hy Panc-ouke, 5th May, 17«9. (Par. 13.) "Maillard." See Book VII., Chap. 5. - Lin^iuet, Louvet, Hantere, Danton, Marat, Desmoulins " Oome again prominently before us. (Par. 14.) "Mara," I think it is right here to apprize the unsophisticated reader. Marat was really a scientific and literary man. He had resided in England and been observant while there. He translated " Newton's Optics " and had Benjamin Franklin for friend and Goethe for champion. The report of charlatanism and his being a hanger-on at Artois' stables was circulated by his enemL with 2 000 hvres a year and allowances, "owing to the repor he had heard of the good and moral life, and of the know edge and experience in the art of medicine of J P Marat. —"Encyclopedia Britannica." "Jourdan." Figures again in Book VII.. Chan 10 Par. 10, XII., 3. 4, and XVIII.. 3, 4. ^" ' (Par. 15.) "Desmoulins-a fellow of infinite shrewdness." "Alas poor Yorick ! I knew him. Horatio ; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy."—" Hamlet "VI (Par. 20.) "Casano." In north Italy, where a battle was fought between Pnuco Eugene of Savoy and the French (1705) tount Vendome, a general from Provence 5 vm ■Jl: ■i*. C6 (Par. 21.) "Pontarlier." HOW I READ Near Switzerland : In Doubs. [Bk. IV. (Par. 22.) ''Dead to All's admiration." AH was cousin and son- in-law to Mahomet. Mahomet had ten wives and fifteen concubines. " A special revelation dispensed him from the laws which he had imposed on his nation. The female sex without reserve was abandoned to his desires, and this singular prerogative excited the envy rather than the scandal, the veneration rather than the envy of the devout Mussulmans. According to the tradition of his companions, Mahomet was distinguished by the beauty of his person,"— Gibbon. " Erotic-Sapphic- Werterean." Silly free-love exhalations. Werterism is synonymous with sentimentalism. The " Sorrows of Young Werther » was written by Goethe. (Par. 24.) "Swallowed all formulas." Carlyle here explains the phrase so frequently used by him. (Par. 25.) " Pharos." A light-house at the mouth of the Nile. (Par. 26.) "ffis conscience will not permit." Robespierre, the Devil of the French Revolution, and of whom Carlyle has given us such a clear pen picture, at the beginning of his career resigned the position of criminal judge, as being unable to reconcile his conscience and feelings with the death sentence. How much he became inured to blood- shed must surprise the artless reader of this History. Ch.4.] carl VLB'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. (Par. 29.) " Styx." A river over which Charon ferried the Shadv3,? to the permanent Shades. "Lethe." The stream of oblivion. " Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge Into the burning lake their baleful streams- Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep ; Cocytus, named of lamentation loud Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Far oflFfrom these, a slow and silent strea-n, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drii ks Forthwith his former state and being forgets." (Par. 30.) ~" Paradise Lost," IL, 575. " Drapeau Rouge." The Red Flag. "Defroid." See Book XVIII., Chap. 2, Par. 9. " To be weak is miserable." •• Whereto with speedy words the Arch-Fiend replied :-- • Fallen cherub, to be weak is miserable, Doing or suffering.' "_«« Paradise Lost," L, 156. "HippogHff." A mediaeval griffin. The "Paradise Lost " is still floating through Carlyle's memory ' ' As when a gryphon through the wildernes With winged course o'er hill or moory dale. Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stpaith Had from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold."—" Paradise Lost," h., 943. " Aatolpho." In Ariosto's " Orlando Vuroso. ' He was carried to Alcina's isle on the back of a whale. He also Hi !' ■ 68 JfOlV I READ [Bk. IV. dcsconde.1 to tho infonial regions, and at anc.tl.er time went to the moon to l)ring l)aok tlio lost wits of Orlando. (Par. .•{].) " Transceuikntaliamr The doctrine opposed to : above — experience. " Sieyen—Ml aiirr." He died in 183G. " Virta Catoui:' Lucien says, " V^ictrix causa deis placuit sed victa Catoni " ("The victorious cause was pleasing to the gwls but the van(|uished <.ne to Cato "). Cato adopte:" Platform or throne. " Garde de aceaux." Keeper of the seals (Barentin). ?taW^^!'B^^E'I^^!^S^TBT" 1 i iill "Ml mitiam 70 /WW J READ [Bk. V. BOOK V. CHAPTER I. (Par. 2.) " Gonfalon." The Pope's ensign, having streamers fixed to a revolving frame. " Ten thoiisniid thousand ensigns high advanced, SUvndards and gonfalons, 'twixt van and rear iStream in the air, and for distinction serve Of hierarchies," etc.—" Paradise Lo.st," V., 588. " Carrocio." Tlie car of State bearing the flag of the army of the Italian Republic. (Par. T).) " Besisf the beginnings." " Principiis obsta" (Ovid). (Par. 8.) " Eros — egg." There are three "eros" in the old cosmog- ony. The *' eros " here is the First Egg in the oldest cos- mogony : the product of chronos, " time," and ge, " the earth." "As in chaos did the egg of Eros — one day to be hatched into a universe." — "Saktor." "Sooldapoet- theologer as Hesiod, wishing to teach how the unformed chaos was shaped into the orderly beauty of a cosmos, found no more significant power than that of eros, or love, by which to achieve so glorious a transmutation.' — J. S. Blackik. Cii.2.] CAK/.y/.E'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 71 (Par. 13.) ''Bro,,lie:' Ir. thi; Kourtli CHiiipaigri «,f tho Soven Y.'ars' War lio dofratod tho Duko of Brunswick at Bergen (17.V.J), and in the Sixth Campaign diHtinguished hinusolf idong with Souhiso. (Par. 15.) " De lirezr." Also Book IV., Chap. 4, Par. 1. "Jove's Mercury, and herald for a King ! " — "IlioiiAKi. III.," J v., 3. CHAPTER IT. (Par. 1.) " God from the machine." Referring to tho contrivance in old theatricals when a god wa.s let down from tfie machinery— t/e?w ex mnrhina. Described in Charles Reade's "Tho Cloister and the Hearth, " Chap. III. In the Old Mysteries there were three platforms ; " on the upixrmost sat the Pater Coef cutis." " JVodu.s." A knot— a Gordian knot. Gordius, King of Phrygia, tied the yoke of his chariot in such a way that the ends of tho rope wore hidden. An oracle declared that whoever should untie the knot would rule over all Asia. Alexander tho g.-<^at quickly solved the difficulty by cutting the r ;.i- w:i i his sword, and applied the oracle to himself. Hoi. ice is Jarlyle's authority for the combination of the two ideas : "Nee deus intersit nisi dignus vindico nodus." " Never presume to make a god appear But for a business worthy of a god." f. ' ii ' 1 ' iTT^WM J^'JEA i.' «EiWto ' ^W I now I RIM) (Hk. v. (IW. I ) " .S„/i,<. /,',w/,i/,.." Was ,li(li.i-nil fnu:! a /,,7 ,/,. JuHtiix, iimsnmoli HH tli.> Kii.KM |.rn|.,.si(i,„H unv .,,.) Mhilmry •Mliots l.nt MUKKONtioMS. whirl, SUK«..s(in„S XV..IV, ,.| .OUIHO, «'X|»(vti« ho fiivtmrulilv iccivcd. (J'lir. ft.) " A/'m/v." K.Mir mil.'s imrtli of r.-iHaillos ; i h.. iVHidni.-.. «>f lj«mis X I V. "Champ ,h Afai." Th.« martial Kath.-iiiurs wiv .hanp.,! from M.uvh (o May hy l'..,,i„. A vr.v famowM Cha,,.,. .1., Ma. was Ih.-on.. .vl,.hrato,l hy Napoh-o,, h<'»or<. (h.. liaMl.. of Waterloo. " 7V.,„Hw C,.»,7." "Sail,. ,1,. j.M, ,i.. paiiin..." Tli.-ro !« now a " Mnsoo do la Hovolntioii " in (hJH Ji.ill. (Par. (y.) " Virux IVr.sv/.7/M." "OKI Vorsiiilios." (Pur. 7.) " Ah,fMr Thr amr,.l who op,,o,so,| (ho rovnli of Hutuji. •• Tho Scntph .Alxli.-I. fuithful foiin.l ; Anions' tho fait lil.>.s.s fiiilhtul only ho ; Among innunu.nil.l.. fal.s,.."- •• I'akmmhk Lost," V., ,S!Mi. '* Rt'collm Vhur,h." Franoisoan. {Vv.T. 11.) •" The viomnit u the „,oth^r of og.,.'' - Lo ,„v.s..n(, est pros do lavonir." — Diderot. (Par. 13.) " Sinit laehyma, rerum " ot montom mortaliu taiiKunt -" JEsKwr 1., 460. '• Tours aro .luo to human .nisory and the wivs ot mortality afftvt tii,. mind." This ,{m)tatinn has been m^vdo more imperishable by its generous application 011.3.] CAh'/ VZ/rs I' NUNC II Rlirol (i HON. 7H l..y Kox to Pitl, wh..M.. ,,oliry ho ,l...|j,M-.| (,o uUark wImwi liin riviil wim «l<'frri<(.|rMM on iim i|„(iMi Im.j. (Par. |H.) " /Vmil-.y /u« HH'or cav." of Jii|iil<.r was in Mounl Frla, (i'ar. *J.) " /'uniloHrH." Marau.linu fool sold ins from lluii«ary. The y\uHlrraii «oiil,iii^,.r,( was naiiicd afU^r Prin.o I'hU^r hazy, a oustorii of th., AuHtriaiis and (irrnianH JM-inx tr. nanio fhcir rcj^itnrnls after princes. " MojUmarfre." K<,ur hnndred and twenty feet hi«h between th.i new external and the old or inner or (Jreat i?oul(>vards ; n..rtli of tlie centre part of Paris and famous in Parisian history; it .lotitains plaster-of Paris. " AVr/v;« liridij-." ^\ id way l«)tween Paris anrl Versailles. ''Qapen'a «/«//.«." The mews at P.ucjkin^ham Palaoe, T^Hidon, an. the King's stahl. s, a.i.l h(, namcrd Uieauso in tho days of fal.sT," II., 922. 74 HOW 1 READ [Bk. V, (Par. 7.) " Satueulottes." " Without breeches "—the rabble. " Patelim." " Wheedlers." (Par. 8.) "Doxy, dead i' the 'gpital." Sweetheart dead in the hospital. " My Nell is dead i' the 'spital."— " Henry V " v., 1. "Soubitt." A general in the Seven Years' War. (Par. 9.) " BMune." In Pas de Calais ; French since 1714. (Par. 10.) "Hoche." Joined the army, 1785; became a general 1793, and died 1797. (Par. 12.) " Abbaye Prison" Prominent in the September mas- sacres, was situate behind the Church of St. Germain de Pres. The. Boulevard St. Germain now traverses the site of the famous military prison, a short distance south-west of Pont Neuf. " Prytaneum." A council house in the towns of Greece where the prytanes or magistrates met, and where deserving people were maintained at the public expense. (Par. 14.) " Siviss Chateau vieux." The old Swiss guard. Ch.4.] CARLY/.E'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 75 'fill CHAPTER IV. (Par. 2.) " Place Loni$ Quinze." Now Place de la Concorde, and in the days of the Revolution, Place de la Revolution ; west of the Jardin des Tuileries. "Ml (Par. 3.) "St. Denis." Five miles north of the Place de la Concorde. (Par. 7.) " Guinguette." " Tea garden." " Fiend/or pijw." As in Burns' " Tam o' Shanter." (Par. 8.) " Chaillot." A distance west of the Champs Elys^s. ''Pasty." A similar distance south-west of Chaillot. The Trocjid^ro is in Passy. " Tlie three Furies." The Eumenides or Erinyes were daughters of Acheron (a river in Hell), and were Alecto, Tisiphane and Megsera. " Dum res ct aetas et Bororum Fila trium patiuntur atra. '"—Horace. " Revenge ! revenge ! Timotheus cries, See the Furies arise. See the snakes that they rear ; How they hiss in their hair, And the sparkles that flach from their eyes." - Dryuen. " Chnuse'e cPAntin." A distance west of the Tuileries. MiiL 7« HOW I REAIi [Bk. V. CHAPTER V. (Par. 1.) " BoHche m loujours." " The mouth goes always. " " Tricolor." Colours thus : hoist blue ; centre white fly red. (Par. 2.) " Venice wimrflags.'' Tl„- tradition im that Venetian glass was m brittle and Urn us to \m sensitive to p*.i.on. " 'Tia said Dut .ur Vinetiim oryau! han Such pure miLifwi ''V to poiaoti, ac To burst if uuL'ht . ♦ vonon vm h; . i*.. — JiraoN. " C/iarleville." Now r.!|.:.i ^.Lr.-v illo, near Sedan. At this time contained the nation u luaautaciory for arms. (Par. 3.) " Saint Lazaristea." The female inmates of the priiion of St. Lazare; a temporary prison of correction in the extreme north-east of Paris. (Par. 6.) "Chateht Prison." Was where is now the Place dr Chatelet on the north side of the .Seine, opposite the Palais du Justice. "La Force." Where the Septembriseurs committed their brutal assassinations ; was immediately north of the Rue St. Antoine on a line drawn north from the east end of the Isle of St. Louis. (Par. 7.) " Place de Grhe." Now Place de I'Hotel de Ville, a short distance e^.t of the Chatelet where criminals were executed. i^'imC'TZ. Ch.5.] CARLYLE'S FRENCH revolution. 77 (Par. 10.) -Vhartrenx Com.,nt." Not the famouM Carthusian Con- vent .n Grenoble .hero Vin Chartreux is known ; this is Uh Par..mn one buiit by St. Louis and mentioned by Johnson — B08 well's "Johnson." ^ (Par 11.) 'And th, salt sea U not „voIhn." So fruitless. In Cc.>p«rs "Deerslayer," which .pjH.a.ed four years after th.s History, this expression occurs: "Our tears have triw' '^'" Harry Marsh, as you n.ight have seen by " And Jtmn wept, and much he sijjherlan.l thought Whil.. hi8 .«ilt tears dropp'd into the salt sea 'Sweets to the sweet. ' (I like so much to ,,u..te. \ ou must excuH« this extra.t-'tis where she, ihe gueen of Denmark, for Ophelia brought J-lowern to the grave)."-" Don Jcan." " Oh, yes, into a tliousand similes; First for hi.s weeping into the needless stream. Poor dear, quoth he, thou mak'st a testament -A« uorldings do, giving thy sum of more To that which had t.M, much."-" As You Likr It." >Vhat fool hatli added water to the sea, Or brought a fagot to bright- burning Troy ? " — "TiTPs Andronicus." (Par. 16.) " Savey voua pourquoi Jereviie," etc. " Now know you why old Jeremy Lamented all hia life, I ask ? Because he saw in his mind's eye Pompignaii bringing him to task." lafMx^Tmg'siiai 78 HOW r READ [Bk. V. (Par. 19.) " Argenteuil." West of St. Denis, six miles from Paris. " Culhute g^n^rale." " General overthrow." CHAPTER VI. (Par. 1.) " Quit you like men." 1 Sam. iv. 9, and " Iliad," V., 529. •' Do or die." In Burns' " Scots Wha Hae." i (Par. 4.) " Such a figure drew Priam's curtains." " Such a man, bo faint, so spiritless, So dull, BO dead in look, so woe-begone. Drew Priam's curtain in the dead of night." —"II. Henry IV.," I., 1. (Par. 5.) " St. Etienne du Mont." Contiguous to the Pantheon, and like the Sorbonne and Pantheon, a little east from the Jardin du Luxemburg. In this street in a little garret, Rousseau lived for four years and comp'eted his " Studies of Nature." " Grumel" Old English for groundsel. " On the grunsel-edge Where he fell flat."—" Paradise Lost," I., 460. " Qtie voulez vous ? " " What do you wish ? " (Par. 10.) " Orcus." The abode of the dead. "iEueid," IV., 241. Ch.6.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 79 (Par. 11.) " Of all agea." Was erected first by Charles V. "Pigmies and cranes." The pigmies, fabled to have been but three inches high, were constantly at war, and finally destroyed by the cranes.—" Iliad," III. 6. " That small infantry warred on by cranes." — " Par.^disk Lost," I., 575. (Par. 13.) " Paillasse." =• Straw mattress." (Par. 14.) " Pue Cerisaie." South-west of the Bastille and parallel with the Rue St. Antoine. •' Catapults." Machines for propelling heavy materials. "Sptnola." A Genoese commander-in-chief of the Spanish army of the Netherlands at the end of the six- teenth century. The Netherlands War was mainly a religious one, and conducted, as Carlyle sarcastically hints, on religious principles. ''Marat." Editor of Avis ati Peuple ("Advice to the People"). For the reference "four years hence," see Book XVIII., Ohap. 1, Pars. 9, 10, 11 and 12. (Par. 18.) " Gluck. " German. The " Michael Angelo of Music " ; opera composer; two of his best being "Orpheus" and " Iphig^nie." He was the first to make operas natural and realistic instead of insipid. (Par. 19.) ' ' Chamade. " " Parley. " " Victoire : La Bastille est prise." " Victory : The Bastille IS taken." ™ w III Ifi ■- B ! ■ ' "it m 80 HOW I READ [Bk. V. CHAPTER VTI. (Par. 4.) "Z)e Losme,:' The man who turned back Delaunay's hand from firing the powder magazine (Par. 5.) ''Hotel Je Ville." The Town Hall. " Titans warring with Olt/m/ms." The Titans were the incarnation of force and strength. Carlyle here and in other places reveals how much he has been permeated with Milton's great Epic. "Titanianor Earth-born, that warred on Jove." ' — "Paradisk Lost," I., 198. "Friar Jiacon's brass head." With the aid of Friar Bungay and the devil, a brass head was made and war- ranted to speak in the course of a month. Fatigued after three weeks' waiting, Bacon set a man named Miles to watch and report to him if the head should speak. At the end of half an hour the head uttered " Time is " ; at the end of another, " Time was " ; and at the end of another, "Time past," when it fell with a crash. (Par. 13.) " Meudon." Five miles west of Paris, containing a park and palace. CHAPTER VIII. (Par. 6.) " Old Foulon." See Chap. IX., Pars. 4 and 5. "Berthier." See Chap. IX., Pars. 7 and 8. " Eumemdes Sunday." See Chap. IV., Par. 10. (Par. 9.) " Marquis St. Ihiruye." Book XI., Chap. 6, Par. 2. Cu.9.] CARL VLB'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 81 CHAPTER IX (Par. 2.) "■ Rumour o/tenest travels riding." " Hois'd Upon tlio sightltJSH couriers f)f the air, Shall Mow tho horrid deed in every eye." -"Macbkth," I., 7. " Loud Rumour speaks— I, from tho orient to tho drooping west, Making the wind luy post horse." —"II. Hknry IV.," Int. " Fania nihil est celerius." (Par. 3.) -'SL Genevieve. Patron Saint of France ; the shrine in the Pauth(k)n. .Sc>o Book VITL, Chap. 4, Par. 4. (Par. 4.) " VUri/ towards Fontahiebleav T^orty miles south-east of Paris. (Par. 9.) "Ze sang ipii route est il done si pur?" ("The hlood which flows, is it then so puro ? ") It is not pun-, then let it flow. This was the question asked by Barnave, when the National Asseinhiy was deploring the massacre in St Domingo ; and on the princii-le of "chickens coming home to roost," when he was about to b.. guillotined the populace remembered it and cist it up to him. When Barnave's conduct was des.ribed to Miraheau, he told Barnav.. "it was time to think, not to feri." Carlyle's "8i. Goethe" puts a still mon- sardonic exp.vssion into the mouth of (i \n [ i\ t, I 82 HOW I READ [Bk. V. Mephistopheles when making the compact with Faust "Blud ist ein gang besonder saft" ("Blood is a peculiar kind of juice"). "5ue de la Vannerie." Will not be found now by that name. Has it been absorbed into the Avenue Victoria ? (Par. 12.) " Pont Louis Seize." Pont de la Concorde. " Kei/ of the Bastille." Sent by Lafayette to Washington. Now hangs in a glass case in the hall at Mount Vernon. (Par. 13.) " Argonauts." The flower of Thesaaly. Ch.1.] carl VLB'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. a3 BOOK VI. m^ CHAFIER I (Par. 2.) "iTo voice, for singing" Carlyle here announces the subject of his Epic. It is not in verse, for ho has no voice for singing. He cannot sing as Homer when he opens his Epic of the "Iliad " with the words : " Goddess, sing of the destructive wrath of Achilles." He does not imitate Virgil in the " ^neid " when he plunges at once into the subject with "Arms and the Man, I sing." He sings not as Homer in the " Odyssey " : " The man for wisdom's various arts renown'd, Long exercised in woes, Muse, resound " ; ' nor as Dante in the " Paradiso " : " The glory of Him who moveth evtrjthinj,' Shall now become the subject of niy song'" ; or in the "Purgatorio" : " And of that second kingdom will I sing " ; neither as Milton in " Paradise Lost " : " Of man's first disobedience Sing, Heavenly Muse " ; i til Ml yfc:> r^Mt 84 HOW I READ [Bk. VI. or in his " Paradise Regained " ; " I, who erewhilo the happy tiardcn sung By one man's disobedience lost, now sing," etc. The subject of Carlyle's " Franciad " is " The Destructive Wrath of Sansculottism." " many are the poets that are sown By Nature, men endowed witli higher gifts — The vision and the facultj' divine — Yet wanting the accomplishment of verse." — Wordsworth. (Par. .3.) " Transcendental." Carlyle here gives his definition of transcendentalism as opposed to empirical experience. There are two great scliools of ethical pliilosophy — the Transcendental, considering the ultimate principle of morals to be transcendent of experience, and antecedent to it ; and the Empirical, maintaining that the moral sense is the condensed, accumulated, inherited experience of countless generations of ancestors. (Par. 4.) ''Tailor" Students of Carlyle's Tailor ("Sartor Re- sartus") will understand this elucidation of the faith that he tried to realize. " Denth-birth of a world." A favourite j)hrase with C.u lyle. "What time the Phccnix death-'uirth itself wili re(iuire, depends. . . . Old sick society is a Phienix, and a new heaven-born young one will ri.se out of her ashes.'" — "Saktok." The phrase will also recall t(j scholars of English literature the l>eautiful words of Wordsworth : Ch.L] CARLYLF:s FRENCH revolution. 85 " Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting: The soul that rises with us, our life's Star, Hath had elsewhere its setting, And Cometh from afar. " (Par. 6.) '' To gauge and measure." Carlylo had an abidin<. hatred for everything savouring of materiaIis„)_for what he would have labelled " Science falsely so called " The student had better be reminded here that this is a very important and critical chapter. Here he will fi„d the Plan of his History." He disclaimed the .iistinction of be.ng either a scientific historian or a dry chronicler ; and while unmistakably faithful to the facts of history, retains the pnvdege of selection, choosing rather the romantic or anti-classical metho.l, and illuminates by '• shiftin-^ his po.nt of Vision whithersoever visi.m or glimp,se of vision can be had." H ; :'i i '*1 (Par. 7.) " C/'«ix de^ rapports," etc. It is well known that Car- lylo took infinite pains in selecting the materials for his H-ancad," and, like Newton, he was unfortunate, as tlie .rst part of the History w.vs accidentally destroyed and had to be all rewritten. For nearly five years the History had been simmering in his brain, and although interruote,] l.ke Alacaulay, he tenaciously persevered until the magmuu opus was completed. What to some would have been ms.gnificant dates, he verified ; the habits an.I manner of l.to of the actors in the drama were keenly analyzed If the work, like Macaulay's " England," was to "be more J"tere.st,„g than fiction, everything must be true, truth being stranger than fiction. Like Macaulay, also, Carlyle 86 HOW I READ [Bk. VI. was indebted to a Magliabechian memory for his successful am>)ition. (Par. 9.) " Irregular verba." Again and again quoted. Just as pedantic linguists fritter away their time amongst the insignificant intricacies of irregular verbs, so the assembly was wasting its energies in verbal trivialities, in " a per- petual theorizing about man." " They gave long and solemn consideration to trifles, . . . they wasted months in quibbling about the words of that false and childish ' Declaration of Rights.'" — Macaulay, in '' Mira- beau." As Philip Hamerton says, " It is fearful throwing away of time to be always puzzling yourself about irregular verbs." " God confound you," cried one grammarian to another, "for your theory of impersonal verbs." — "Curi- osities OF Literature." (Par. 13.) " Guelf and Ghihelline." Two Italian factions occupying the history of Italy in the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, as did the Wars of the Roses in England in the fifteenth. " Sphinx qw'siiotis." The sphinx, a sea-monster, put to death whn, and I will do it in King Cambyses' vein"— "I Hrnrv IV.,»II., 4. ill CHAPTER III. (Par. 2.) " Dame AfaiHtenon." Wife of Ix)uis XIV. ' Ohatxu Poligymc" On the site of a Roman temple o; Apoiio, hence Apolloanique-Polignac. " C'>Me of Uom-Polignac" In the troubles of Charles X. PrMce Jul*. .:'e Polignac tried to escape, but was taken aal iinpaacra.! in Ham, being freed in the general am Ksty of \.<.,\ He ! ^came President of the Bourbon ministfy and afterwards Mred in England. (Par. f).; ''Earlier r,xrk riot." Book IV., Chap. 2, Par. 2. 'i^^'m ,1- t.f 88 HOW I READ [Bk. VI. (Pur. 6.) " That flood ofaavages." Book II., Chap. 2, Par. 3. (Par. 8.) T/w traveller:' Arthur Youn^r (17-11-1820). An English writer, chiefly uKruulturai. He wrote a "Tour Through the Southern Countirs of En-luml," "Annals of Agriculture" (15 v«,l.s.), ami made a tour of part of France at the invitation of Count HcM-hefoucaul.l, the literary result of this horsebacic tour IxMn^ a w(,rk, entitled "The Agricultural Survey of France." The French r)i.-ectory (1801) honoured hinl by onlering the whole of his works to be printed in French. " Crush us down." Everything in France, that could be, was taxed. Some readers will bo surpnstHi at the frequent mc ntion and evident importance; of such a tax as that of salt (the gabelle). But salt was then a scarcer and more important article. The salt tax during the reign of Louis amounted to eight millions of dollars. Even in England, and a few years after, the duty on salt was thirty pounds sterling a ton. (Par. 11.) " Maco7itmis and Beanjolni^." Were in the Rhone and Loire district. "Bauphine." A frontier province in the south-west of France. From this province the title Dauphin, of the Crown heir, comes. (Par. 12.) "Metai/er." A sort of helot farmer. (Par. 13.) " Landes." Waste land. Ch.4.1 CARLYLRS FKENCIf REVOLUTION. 89 Towards Bult>. (Par. 16.) (Par. 17.) " -l/rtfoH." Went of tijo Jura inountainn. "Prevnt." Pi ost, Mayor, Ciovernor. (Par. 19.) ' Memhriiio's hdmet." Rendered its wearers invulner- ahlo, and was of pure g(.)d ("Orlando Furioso "). ''Barber'8 bmin." Don IJuixote, in his romantic mood, niaintjiined that the basin vhic-h tlie bailx-r clapped on his head to protect him from the rain was M..mbrino's hehnet. " Caput mortnum." Dead iica^PPLIED IM/IGE Ir ^^ 1653 East Mam Street ^^S RoctT^ster, New York K609 USA i^S (716) 482 - OMO - Phone ^B (716) 288 - 5989 -Fox 90 HOW I READ [Bk. VI. (Par. 3.) " Notre Dame." The Grand Cathedral in the south-east part of the He de la Git^. (Par. 4.) " Scipio Americanus." A quip on Scipio Africanus (the Elder), of whom is recorded the famous saying, " Never less alone than when alone." CHAPTER V. " The Fourth Estate." It is worthy of note that Carlyle was the first to apply this term to the Press. Fielding gave the title of the Fourth Estate to the Wilkes' mob of London. (Par. 2.) '' Prudhonune." Book X., Chap. 3, last par. " Lusus naturae." " Freak of nature." (Par. 3.) "Hosjmlar." A Polish prince. " Domine salvum fac regem." «' Make safe the King, O Lord." An inscription on French coins. ''Brabant." The Netherlands. "Lucifer, son of morning." Isaiah, referring to Nebu- chadnezzar, exclaims : " How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! " (Par. 6.) " Cordelier's District." The Greyfriars district, south- east part of the city, on the road to Gentilly. Ch.5.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 91 (Par. 7.) " Feast of Shells." There may be a covert reference to a Barmecide feast, or the Prodigal feasting on husks, or to tho mummy at an Egyptian feast. Barmecide asked Shacabac, a poor man, to a feast which was nothing but empty plates or shells (shells being used by the ancients instead of plates). Shacabac, when asked how he had enjoyed the feast, carrying out the joke, replied "That he had never tasted better." Wine being really pro- duced, Shacabac was over-persuaded, and in his cups (shells) fell foul of his host, who, in good-humoured requital, produced a sumptuous feast. The circumstance ' of the Prodigal son eating of the husks that the swine did eat— carob husks— may have been in the mind of Carlyle. But as usual he partly interprets the phrase in another quarter. At any rate, whatever the shells were, the apples were those of Sodom. " Alas, and the whole lot to be divided is such a beggarly matter, truly a feast of shells, for the substance has been spilled out." — "Sartor." "A mere Osman's feast of shells, the food and liquor being all emptied out, and clean gone, and only the vacant dishes and deceitful emblems thereof left."— Carlyle on " Bio- graphy." Osman was a necromancer in the " Seven Cham- pions of Christendom " who disembowelled himself. " He shaved with a shell when he chose, 'Twas the manner of primitive man."— La.nij. .• (-ij t* I I I 'hA 92 HOW I READ [Bk. VII. BOOK VII CHAPTER I. (Par. 4.) " Black pool of agio." The shady cell of a shady money- lender. (Par. 5.) " The smell of all cash as Vespasian thought is good: Vespasian was personally avaricious and arbitrary in his methods of procuring money. His son (afterwards Em- peror), Titus, remonstrating with him on the questionable means he used in getting money, Vespasian held a coin to his nose asking him if it smelled bad. " Non olet" said Titus. " Yet," said Vespasian, " it came from the very tax on urine against which you remonstrate.'' (Par. 7.) ' If the skij falls." " Quid si redeo ad illos, qui aiunt, quid si nunc coelum ruat," etc., said Terence. (" Suppose, as some folks say, the sky should fall, we shall catch larks.") At the seige of Edinburgh castle (May, 1573), in answering the attempts made to intimidate the English with tales of intended treachery, Killegrew confidently remarked, " The sky may fall and we shall catch larks."— Froude. The proverb is to be found also in French and Italian. Cii. 2.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 93 (Par. 8.) " Brethren of the Palais Royal " Readers will remember that the caf^s on the ground floor of the houses erected by Egalite around the Palais Royal were the resort of the Revolutionists. "Suspensive Veto." The veto power not to extend be- yond two successive legislatures. At this time Mounier and ToUendal left the Assembly in disgust. (Par. 9.) " Scipio Americanus." Jefferson said that Lafayette " had a canine appetite for popularity." (Par. 2.) " Guiche. » CHAPTER II. Admiral of France and of no mean standing as a sEiior. " Bouille. With Broglie and Soubise in the Seven Years' War referred to largely in Book IX. (Par. 3.) " Estaing." Au admiral of distinction. (Par. G.) " The hyssop on the wall." Used liere in a mixed metaphor. Hyssop was used by the Jews for religious purposes of purification, and the social and political body of France needed purification. There was a great con- trast also between the King as he was and as he should have been, as great as that between " the hyssop that grows on the wall " and the kingly cedar of Lebanon M. \'..^} '4 M / / READ [Bk. VII. (1 Kings iv. 33). The reader will already have remarked the frequent use of winged words by Carlyle. Many of the phrases are Biblical, the Bible being the substratum of the materials ingrained into Scottish youth. The Bible and the Catechism were essential subjects for equipment, and, considering the comparative social condition of Scot- land, the prevalence of such works as " RoUin's History " and " Josephus " was general ; and strands of woof from such works as these came handily to Carlyle when weaving his Hebraistic and illuminated History. " Richard:' " O mon roi, L'univers t'abandonne ; Sur la terre il n'est done que moi Qui s'intjresse k ta personue." ("0 Richard, my King, the universe abandons thee ! In all the world there is no one but. myself cares for thee.") A popular Bourbon song. " Tripudiation. Dancing. ' ' Nous dansons sur un volcan. " " Incidis per igues suppositos cineri dcloso." (Par. 10.) " Thyectes." The child born in adultery to the wife of his brother, Atreus, was served up to Thyestes. " At that tasted food The sun as from Thyestean banquet turned His course intended."—" Paradise Lost," X., 687. V\^ Ch.4.] carl VLB'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 95 CHAPTER III. (Par. 2.) " CorbeU corn-boat." Corbeil, eighteen miles south-east of Paris. !• UH (Par. 1.) "Gualches." Par. 13. CHAPTER IV. Clod-hoppers. Book XIV., Chap. 1, (Par. 4.) " Man is forever interesting to man," etc. "The great Herr Minister, von Goethe, has penetratingly remarked that ' Man is properly the only object that interests man.' " — " Sabtob." And, as Pope says, " The proper study of mankind is Man." (Par. 5.) "Allans." "Let us go." (Par. 6.) " Quartier SL Eustache." The east angle of a triangle made with the Palais Royal gardens and the Louvre. " Judith." Assassinated Holofernes, the general of Nebuchadnezzar. Showing his head to her countrymen, they renewed their courage and routed the Assyrian army. — Apocbypha. " The Halle." The market-place. (Par. 9.) "Place de Grdve." Adjoining the Hotel de Ville on the west, and now called Place de I'Hotel de Ville ; the square where criminals were executed. ill \¥' 96 HOW I READ [Bk. VII. CHAPTER V. (Par. 2.) " Menada." Bacchantes. (Par. ?.) " PalloH Athhie." Theroigne is hero likened to Minerva, posing like the Pallas of the Vatican. " Shining heavenly fair, a goddess armed." — " Paradise Lost," II 757. " Monarchic Louvre." On the north side of the Seine at the end of Pont des Artes. Built by the kings of France. " Medicean Tuileries." Built for Catherine de Medici. " Orpheus." " Whoso golden touch could soften steel and stones. Make tigers tame, and huge leviathans Forr^ke unsounded deeps to dance on sands." Angry at Orpheus, Dionysius caused the Menads to tear him to pieces, which pieces, according to some, were gathered into a grave at the foot of Mount Olympus, and over this grave the orpheic nightingales sing. According to others, the Peneus at the foot of Olympus received his remains. A case of " Avon to the Severn, and the Severn to the sea." (Par. 7.) " St. Cloud.' Five miles west of Paris. " Night of Pentecost." August 4th. (Par. 12.) " Marhleu mon general." " Zounds, General ! " (Par. U.) "Sha/ms" "Trumpets." Ch. 7.] CARL YLE'S FRENCH RE VOL UTION. !»7 IS CHAPTER VI. (Par. 1.) ''Marly." Four miles west of Versailles, where Lou XVI. frequently resided. " St. Germain en Laf Erehns." The three-hfittdcil Cerlierus — tlio doj; whirh j^uiinlcd Hell. " CcAHit immaniH tibi lilandimti .Iiinilor Aulfti) . . . Ceiber\is." — Horack. " .\ I ry of Hell-houn.) " Where the carcase is." Matthew xxiv. 28. " Walloon Pereyra." Walloon is the south-east part of Belgium, inhal)it(Hi ])y a mixed race. The phra.se, "ostrich eater," probably refers to the want of fastidiousness in Pereyra ; like to the ostrich which devours all manner of unlikely things. The great ostrich eater was Heliogabalus, who, it is said, had compounded into one mess six hundred ostrich brains. " Claviere." The Illuminati did not succeed in Ireland. For the fulfilment of his prophetic vision, .see Book XII , Chap. 9, Par. 2. 108 HO IV I READ [Bk. VIII. '• Tartufe." A hypocritical character in Moliere's Tragedy. ''Baron Trenck." An adventurer. " The Adventures of Baron Trenck " was a favourite hook in Carlyle's boyhood. " Minotauric cells" etc. Ariadne gave the thread to Tlieseus which enabled him to guide himself out of the labyrinth of her father, Minos. — "^Eneid," VI., 27. Trenck's Ariadne was the Princess Amelia of Prussia, sister to Frederick the Great. (Par. 7.) ''Paine." The noted Tom Paine; English, afterwards American. At Philadelphia he wrote " Common Sense " in reply to Burke. Was author, also, of the "Rights of Man," and "The Age of Reason," the bete noir of the orthodox. (Par. 9.) "St. ^ees Head." The Cliff of Baruth, a mark for vessels, in Cumberland, England, opposite to the birth- place of Paul Jones. (Par. 10.) " Anacharsis." The Scythian thought himself "a wise man among fools." Clootz arrogated to himself the name, dubbing himself " the orator of the human race." He was a Prussian baron, and afterwards "arrived in good riding attitude " on a tuiabril to the guillotine. " Cornelius de Fau." Dutch classical scholar. Pauw "mercilessly cut down the cherished illusions" in the "Travels of Anacharsis," by the Abbe Barthelemy. " The Abbft is besides a little too partial to the Grecian accounts of their own virtues, and Dr. Pauw and Dr. Ch.3.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 109 Gillies have lately unhinged their scale of merits."— Horace Walfole. ^^Mainol.:' In his "Giaour" Hymn speaks of an "island pirate or INIainote." ''City of Nowherer Like th<' City of Lanterns, an imaginary cloud city somewhere lieyoml the Zodiac. ^"'ar. 11.) " Autre de Procope." A famous "howff" for the critical frequenters of the theatre. Aristotle, the Stagyrite, decided that in a Drama there must be three Unities of Time, Place and Action. Carlyle, in his Essay on Voltaire' quotes Longchamp as follows: "The Cafe de Procopo' which was also called the Antre (cavern) de Procope' tecause it was very dark even in full day, and ill-lighted in the evenings ; and because you often saw there a set of black sallow poets who had somewhat the air of appari- tions. In this cafe, which fronts the Comedie Francaise, had been held for more than sixty years the tribunal of these self-called aristarchs, who fancied they could pass sentence without appeal on plays, authors and actors. M. de Voltaire wished to compear there, but in disguise and altogether incognito. It was on coming out of" tiie play-house that the judges usually proceeded thither to open what they called their great sessions, etc." "Brutus' head." With disordered hair like that of Lucius Brutvf- " Julian the Apostate." A Roman emperor of the fourth century who renounced Christianity and wrote books against it. He was previously Governor of Gaul, and resided at Paris. 110 HOiV I READ [Bk. VIII, (Par. 13.) " Preceptress Geidit." Author of ninety volumes, gover- ness to Orleans' children. There were scandalous, but true, reports concerning her, and reference is grimly made to these by Carlyle, styling " Pamela, the adopted daugh- ter " of the soiled dove. Pamela was at one time under the guardianship of Barere, and became the wife of the somewhat noted, Lord Edward Fitzgfi-ald. " I well re- member his (Sir H. Holland, M.D.) lulling me in 1868 that his first famous patient was the mysterious * Pamela,' who became the wife of the Irish patriot. Lord Edward Fitzgerald." — " Collections and Recollections." " 3t. Hannah More" An English authoress ; religious. OHAPTER IV. (Par. 3.) "Cool as Dilworth'a." "Their wliole philosophy (!) is an arithmetical computation performed in words ; requires therefore the intellect, not of Socrates or Shakespeare, but of Cocker or Dilworth." — Froude's "Carlyle's Early Life." " Peaceable rules of Dilworth or Eutterworth." — "Life OP Sterling." "One Dilworth, an innocent Eng- lish soul, from whom our grandfathers learned Arithmetic, I think." — " Frederick the Great," Book XI., Chap. 9. " Fifty thotisandth part." There being forty-eight (fifty in round numbers) sections in Paris, and twenty-five millions of public opinion. "Ancient vnse men said of Heaven " Next note. (Par. 4.) " The voice of the people." " Vox populi, vox Dei." Ch.4.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. Ill "^« the aucking dnve." " Ah gently hh any supking dovf." — "MiDStlMMKK NicIIT's DllEAM "Jo (Par. 5.) ' ■' "■ ''Frc/on." A critic who ma(i« Voltain- the special object of his scorn. V<,ltaire retaliated and styled him Frcron (Wasp). " Safe in the middle." " Medio tutissimus ibiH."— Ovro. The Monitenr Unu-er^el became a daily paper, 24 th November, 1789, and the organ of the Government, 28th December, 1799. Has been twice superseded by the Journal Official The History of the French Revolution can be found or "recovered," although with "inc-^over- able " labour, in the Moyiiteur. The able editors ab the foundation of the paper by Pancouke are mentioned in Book IV., Chap. 4, Par. 12. '' Prudhomme." The motto of his paper was, "Great men are only great because we are on our knees • let us rise to our feet." ' (Par. 7.) " Leaves." Pamphlets. "Limed leaves." Bird-lime is put on the twigs of trees to catch birds. (Par. 8.) " Sacred college." The Sorbonne. ^^ " Wohlt ihr," etc. " Would ye live forever 1 " Like Virgil's "Usque adeonemori miserium est?" ("Is it then such a terrible thing to die ? ") 112 HOiy 1 READ [Bk. VIII. (Pftr. 9.) " liias." One of the Greek sages, credited with the saying, " Everything I have I carry with me." " Nihil est, nihil deest" ("I have nothing, I want nothing"). (Par. 10.) 'U^u'en dit Afctra?" What says the old news\jnder? CHAPTER V. (Par. 4.) ''Breton Committee." Book IV., Chap. 2, Par. 6, and Book V Chap. 1, Par. 8. "Jacobin'8 Convnt." Now the St. Honore Market. When it was opened the only ornament of the library of the Jacobin Club was a card showing the method of dis- tribution of the Nonvellea Ecclesiastiques — the organ of the Janaenists — proscribed by the Government, but surrepti- tiously printed in a boat and then secretly distributed throughout/ the country. Long before the death of Louis two of the ornaments of the club-room were the portraits of Jacques Clement and Ravaillac, underneath each of which was the inscription : " He was fortunate ; he killed a king." " Magna Charta dipt." The Great Charter is said to have been discovered by Sir R. Cotton in a shop where the tailor was about to cut up the parchment for measures, and vas bought for fourpence. ''Feast of the Lapithce." The Lapithse and the Centaurs had the same progenitors. At a particular marriage the Centaurs, excited with wine, attempted to carry off the Cn.6.] CARLYLRS FRENCH REVOLUTION. 113 bride, and tho result was the battl« (for a feiiiilH.") (Piir. n.) •' Do ml our hearta burn 7 " Luke xxiv. .'J2. (Par. 6.) ''Jeiejnre." "T swear." "yl (iai/ to he marked while." The Ilonmns ni; k«"l their lucky (lays with chalk and their unlucky days with ihar coal ; henco Horace in his Satires asks, " Greta an carbone notati ? " (Par. 8.) " Dicers' oaths." " Makes irarriage vowb aa false aa tlicors' oaths." — "Hamlkt," III.. 4. CHAPTER VII. (Par. 4.) ''Pythoness recitative." "yEneid," III., 440, and First Part VI. : " Thou shalt behold a wild raving pr()i)hetess who in a deep cavern reveals the decrees of fate, and commits her oracles to leaves." The priestess of the oracle at Delphi spoke under the influence of both mental aiv! physical excitement. Ch.8.] CARLYLE:S FRENCH REn)I.UTlON. nr, (Par. ft.) " Ye thould he vten." " Vou hIioiiM ho woMicn, And yet your U'linU lot l.i.l nif to inl.rpret Th»t you are ho." " M aciiktii," I., :{. t CHAPTKR VIH. (Par. 3.) " Coup de aofeif." •' Sunstiok.'." (Par. 4.) ''Soletmi Lmrjuennd Covenanf." On -JOth Scptcmhrr, 1043, the Preshytoriuns .)£ Sr..tl.in.l hcun.i th.Mn8(.|v..s by a Solpir-i Leagu.' an.l Govenunt, ut E mythical feat of Hannibal's passage over tho Alps by the aid of vinegar. Juvenal refers to it in " et montem rupit aceto " (" He dissolved the mountain with \ aegar "). (Par. 12.) ^^ Burnt her hed." For the marriage was not consum- mated. As (Book IX., Chap. 2, Par. 4) "after the famous oath. To the King, To the Nation and Laxn, there was a great change ; that before this, if ordered to fire on the people he tor one would have done it in the King's name ; ^-f. .!, Jil'iii iltt 120 NOW I READ [IlK. VIII. Imt thill afU'r this, in th»^ Nation's naino tie c<)ul lifjht of it will s(Km go out and tlusn ?" (Carlylo insinu ating that her obscene capers were wasted on lier audietiee : hit not appreciated). '* To get i ordan a living by planting him in some otHco which he could not do ; to warm Jordan by burning our royal IhmI for him ; tha(. had not entered into the mind of Jordan's royal friend." — " FnKi»i:KirK tiik (.JUKAT," Uook XI., Chap. 1. ^^ Oh. 2.] CAHI.YI.es FRENCH REVOLUTION. 121 BOOK IX. CHAPTER 1. (Par. 3.) " Luckmr:' AftorwarrJ.s guillotiiu-d. " Calonne." See i3ook ITT., Chap. 3, Par. 13. CHAPTER II. (Par. 1.) "Jiesenval." See Book V., Chap. 7, Par. 1 1. (Par. 5.) " Lion-King." The Ix)rd Lyon, King-at-arins, the Mas- ter of Heraldry in Scotlt-ad. " Still is thy name in high aoount, And still thy verse has charms, Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, Lord Lion, King-at-arms." — " Marmkkv," Can. IV. For instance, at a Scottish coronation the King could not be crowned without his consent. He stood at the foot of the throne, saying, " I demand tha the King be crowned." jjM 122 HO IV I READ [Bk. IX. (Par. 8.) " Laugh as the ass does eating thistles." The fable of ^sop's is as follows : An ass was overloaded with goofl provisions of several sorts, which in time of harvest he was carrying into the field, for his master and the reapers to dine upon. By the way he encountered a fine large thistle, and, being very hungry, began to eat, which, while he was doing, engendered this reflection : " How many greedy epicures would think themselves happy amidst such a variety of delicate viands as I now carry. But to me this bitter, prickly thistle is more savoury and relishing than the most extiuisite and sumptuous banquet." Crassus, surnamed Dives (the Rich), died from laughter at seeing an ass eating thistles. (Par. 9.) "Laplace." A' world-renowned mathematician and as- tronomer, and author of the " Mechanique Celeste." CHAPTER III. (Par. 4.) " Salm." An ancient principality of Germany belong- ing to an eminent family. Part of it is East Touraine, the other part Luxembourg. " il/ettwt is not tuum." " Mine is not thine." (Par. 5.) " Pas de charge." The quick -step in marching. (Par. 7.) " Royal Champagne.'' The north part of France ; once a separate principality. Ch.6.] CARLYLES FRENCH revolution. 123 CHAPTER IV. (Par. 2.) ^' King Stanislam" The last King of Poland. He ab- dicated and went to Nancy (thirty miles south oi Metz), greatly beautified the city, and has a statue erected to his memory. (Par. 5.) " Mestre de ramp." Is the Colonel or first company of a regiment. Here it is a cavalry regiment. (Par. 6.) " Vic." Eighteen miles north-east of Nancy. I'Xt CHAPTER V. (Par. 7.) '• Actcpon." A mighty hunter. Diana was so enraged at Actieon seeing her bathing that she turned him into a stag, «et her hounds upon him and killed him. CHAPTER VI. (Par. 4.) " Favour the brave" " Fortuna favet fortibus " would be about the first lesson in Latin syntax Carlyle would encounter in his boyhood. (Par. C.) ''Chamade." "Parley." tn ItiHl I Kl'.An \\W. IN. (I'lir. S ) '' IhilJ i^l th> \il>flini(/r»." 'I'Ik' " Nilii»linif{«'ii l.ioil " in the (!i man " llinil " ii h.hI of Norto Sapi Nilit'lniiKcii, lli<> Kiiii;. Iiail twclsi' i^idiit. |ialiuliin all Hiain l>y Sii-^fiinl Scf nolo. " IlilnniH!,'," m ItouU MV., Chap. I, Tar II. (Vn\: '.» ) " /iiir./iiihlinii r//r?i7''.M //(<■ /lull/ li'sf liji' ifixf ilimtuiuit " (Mimics wa-^ the iidsscsmoi- of vjist. woaltli, and lu;! Iiis lit'i> a( Nancy, 1177. Il<' ownoti d nia.ss of houldorsaiid soil. " Tlio moral naliiri- of man is doojuT (iian his intt'llci-tiial ; lliin^H planlnl down itilo ll\t' formpr may grow as if for over, (h ■ Itiltoi hh a kind of «lrift mould produci's only annuals." !''uoiii>k's "Karly l.ifo of (\ulyh-," 11., J. (Tar. i:*,) " riuinl lurdl." Old Sa\on or Scottish for " painted bofinl." While on hoard a KriMu-h galley nvory means was used to induce .lohn Knox and others to renouiico their religion. One «lay ii painted iniai;;e of the Virgin was thrust into Knox's hands, when l>i> laid hold of it ami tlm-w it into the river, saying, " liCt y«»»i' Ijii'ly ^'ive her sel" ; sho is Uoht enough, let her swim. " .•n . MH <'ii. I I <:iu/y/.r; /av-ay// kivci hi ion viu I'. OOk \ (•|IAITK|{ I. (I'ar. I.) " Siufn iitir." " I'lio williciPiJ Icjif m IK, I, (|i..i,J and \,,hi ; tlH'rourii f(»n-i'M in it, hihI Hrouful il, (lif)ui,'h working,' in in vtTsf iii(l into tin: ultMiii'Mlw of wlii(;li Niit.iirc and tliysi If anj foriri [Hk, X. wo aro lK)rn, iviid tlio end is linked to tlio beginning."- Manm.hjh. "TIui first inonnMil which j,'ive.s UHlnrtli iK'gins to take lifo from us." Sknkca. " Kpitimiiilrn." A (Ircek po«'t iinil priost, who ih said to liavo faUcn ash-cp in a ravt> wlicii a lioy, and not tohavt? wakoiiod for lift v sevi-n yoarn. •' I'cter Klaus." A goathrrd of Sittendorf, dccoyod into a dell, whero ho drank .somo wino and foil .isk-cp for twenty yoars. (Par. X) " Si'rrn s/i'i'/wrs." Worr sovcn youths of KphosuH, who, duriM!^ tliP pors(cuti<»n of I>t;oiu.><, Hod to a cave. Aftor two hundred yoars t hoy awoko. " Tiioy closed their oyes when tho paj;ans wore porsoouting tlio Christians, and woko wlu'ii the Cluistians wore pt^rsocuting each otiur." MAi'AULAY. (Par. J.) ^^ Eyi'if has hr." .loromiah v. "J I ; iM.irk xviii. IS. (Par. 0.) " Ojff'tiir.t viitsf r<>ini\" Matthew xviii. 7. " 7'h»' Aiff o/ (ii)/(i." "The(!ol(U'n Ago was first pro duced ; honour and uprightness then sprung up spontan- eously in man, without the aid of law or the commands of the lawgiver. The ilroad of punishment wa.s unknown, nor were the menacing words of human statutes reijuircd to keep man to his duty. No trumpet's angry sound wus heard. All nations passed in security ;i life of ease. There was a never-ending spring -the unploughed land gave forth ooru. . . . Kivers of milk, rivers of nectar ran," etc. Ovid. ■to^riEm (•(1.2.1 CARLYI.ICS I'RENCI! Ri:\()l.( TIOX. Il'7 (Pftr. G.) " /if'sinnnte war-ifurroii." \hm i^uixDtn'Mold wur-lioiM'. " Oiiiphii/r." Hercules l)ffiimn HO ermriuniml of Om- jiliiilc, (,^uo«ni of Iiyi/»nf lihin'." Krotn lli.- " Kuii^n's." M ciiAr:'KK II. (I'ai. '.'.) " HoluA rav." Of tilt! wind.s. "il^hicid," I., r>0 irtC. (Par. ;5.) " Hitter II hy the aolitnry poolH." Isaiah xiv. 2.'5. " The Forty." Mrinhtrrs of the Acadorny. (Par. 4.) " Mnitre dr paste." " Postmastor."- " Autitn." Sixty inilfs south-east of Paris, of which the bishop was Talh-yrand. " A'o foiif/er called (Jaulinh." (iaul having hecoiiie France in 476. " IfuK luhnlhj lin.roinf, ' ftnircnfuH.' " Wears hre"(:fifs and not llie " (tallica pa'.la" only. The Gaels in Scotland U[) to a recnt period wore nuthing hut the " kelt " and were l)reechless. " The Ciaul, on the contrary, was so fond of dress that the Roraans divided his race, respectively, into nint; Iiaired, hruuclicd and yowncd Caul {G"!!tir. rijinala., fmiccata, togatn)." — Morley. £ •^^n^ '■«:■. ^^. rr—Ti r #il 'V^ 128 HOW I READ [B«. X. •' Warn and gars." Kven now the word '* gar " is in use in Hcotlaml. People say, •' I'll gar you," that is, " I'll make you." (Par. 5.) " Under an old figure." Swarms of bees. See Bofjk VIII., Chap. 5, Par. 8. (Par. 7.) *' Jfalle artx bledn." Hall of grains ; corn-hall. •• fog Babylon.'' London. CHAPTER III. (Par. 1.) " Four dements." Air, earth, fire, water. " Anarch old." Ciiaos. "As yet this World was not, and Chaos wild Roigncd whert- these heavens now roll, where Earth now rests Upon her centre poised."—'" Paradise Lost," V. 677. " Where eldest Night And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold Eternal anarchy."—" Paradise Lost," IL, 896. " Thus Satan ; and him thus the Anarch old Answered."—" Paradise Lost," IL, 988. (Par. 2.) " While it is yet day." John ix. 4. (Far. 3.) "Triumvirs." Barnave, Dupont, Lameth. Ch. 4] CAKLVLiCS FRENCH REVOLVTlLhX. Ill) (Par. 4.) " Cej-f-ne," etc. The unmentionable ; it is not worth our trouble, " Prhuse of the Power of the Air." Ephenians ii. 2. " Paradise Lost," X., 185. "Paradise Regained," I., 44. (Par. T).) " IfeluH, .Vonnieur." " Aia.s, Sir." ''Shak'i the dust nff thiir/ect" Matthew x. 1. (Par. 10.) '* Brocards." "Jeers." (Par. 12.) " Court of CasaatioH." Of Appeal. The Supreme Court. (Par. 13.) " Bohadifian." Bobadil is a blustering brajjgart in Ben Jonson'a play of " Every Man in his Humour." " IIorn-(jate." " There an» two gates to the palace of sleep : the one said to be formed of horn gives an easy exit to true visions; the other, brightly shining, is skilfully wrought with while ivory, but tluough this th« Manes send false dreams to the world above." — End of the Sixth Book of the " ^neid." CHAPTER IV. (Par. 1.) '' 21st January:' And on 21st January, 1793, Louis was beheaded. (Par. 2.) " Avignon" In the south-east of France ; the seat of i:: S^';^::ii: 130 HOW I READ [Bk. X. the Papacy from 1309 to 1408, Clement V. being the first Pope of Avignon. Nine Councils were held here. It alter nately belonged to the Pope and the French ; was claimed by the National Assembly, 1791, and retained by Franot; ever since. There were terrible riots here in October, 1791. " To whom little is given." Luke xii. 48. (Par. 3.) '* Doing justice, loving mercy." Micah vi. 8. (Par. 4.) " Weser bridge." In Germany. In revenge for his de- feat by the Saxons, Charlemagne, on gaining the subse- quent Battle of Weser, caused 4,500 Saxons to be executed in one day. (Par. 5.) " Partie quarree." A square party of two men and two women. The term is generally used for a " select " party. (Par. 6.) "Brave Miomandre and brave Tardivet." Book VII., Chap. 10, Par. 6. " Greatly daring." Like " Verres homo audacissimus." — Cicero. " Gilbert Sansculotte." Nicholas Joseph Laurent. (Par. 7.) " Punctum saliens." Starting-point. " Colloquies of the gods." See opening of Book X. of —the "iEneid"; also the "Odyssey," Book I. " While in the bright abodes Of high Olympus Jove convened the gods." Ch.5.] carl VLB'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 131 " Claviere." See Book VTII., Chap. 3, Par. 6. "AAfirabeau." A goo^' .ei;.-.-, the right sort to be admired. (Par. 8.) " Afouchards." "Spies." "Diomjsius' ear." A cave near Syracuse where the tyrant Dionysius kept his prisoners. By means of a wind- ing tube leading to his apartment above the cave he was enabled to hear the slightest whisper. (Par. 12.) " Beguins." Nuns. (Par. 13.) "Moret." Between Paris and Troy. (Par. 14.) " Rerthier." Berthier became chief of Napoleon's staflf and Prince of Wagrani. CHAPTER V. (Par. 2.) '^ Mirabeau in disastrous eclipse." He was imprisoned by lettres de cachet in Vincennes. He had been condemned to death for stealing Sophie de Mounier, but escaped to Holland, was seized by the police in May, 1777, and re- leased three years and a half afterwards. His after life was more reputable. (Par. 5.) "Fall sword in hand on these gent7'>/." Chap. 3, Par. 5. n 132 I/O IV I READ [Bk. X. (Par. 10.) " A posteriori." " From behind." (Par. 11.) " Scylla." "Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charyb- dim " (" He falls into Scylla struggling to escape Charyl)- dis "). A rock and a whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, "^neid," III. (Par. 12.) ^'Cah/pso Isles." Near Malta. INTythical and in the navel of the sea. " Odyssey," XIII. (Par. 14.) "Poseidon." Neptune, th«». fjod of the Sea, who caused storms and earthquakes. " Mneid," I., 50-156 and V., 87. " Titanic Melly." The Titans were regarded as the incarnation of gigantic material forces. CHAPTER VI. (Par. 5.) '^Compiegne." West of Paris, between Rouen and Rheims. '^ Jiojien." North-west of Paris, towards Havre. " Jfetz." On the north-east boundary of France. (Par. 6.) " Typhon." Typhoeus, described by Pindar as a monster with a hundred dragon heads, fiery eyes, a black tongue and a terrible voice. The same as Set, the Egyptian devil. "Harpy swarms." The Harpies were vultures witli the heads and breasts of women; fierce and filthy. " ^neid," III. Ch. 7.] CARLYL:S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 133 " Thither, by harpy-footed Furies haled, At certain revolutions all the damned Are brought."—" Paradisk Ldst," II., 596. " With sound of harpies' wings and talons heard." —"Paradise Recjainkd," II., 403. " Serprnt-queller." Hercules. (Par. 8.) " Tonxured." In the Middle Ages, when kings wort laid aside, they betook themselves to a monastery. " Moriainur pro rege nostra." "We die i'or our king." The Hungarian Diet, after the coronation of Maria Theresa, on an appeal for help, answered her with accla- mation, " Moriamur pro rege noatro Maria Theresa " (" Let U3 die for our King, Maria Theresa "). (Par. 9.) " Cloud-cornpe/ler." Jupiter. ''Cardinal de Ret- 4. wily politician during the tutelage of Louis XI ler Mazarin, and connected not reputably with th( ^ londe. )f% CHAPTER VIL (Par. 1.) " Years are numbered." Job xiv. 16. (Par. 2.) '' Diimont." Their literary connection excepted, there was nothing in common between Dumont and Mirabeau. Dumont was an enthusiastic admirer and editor of Ren- tham, and J. S. Mill honours him by informing us that tfMJ 134 HOW I READ [Bk. X. "the reading of his 'Traite de Legi^ -tion' was an epoch in his life ; one of the turning-points in his mental his tory." He says, "When I laid down the last volume of the ' Traite ' I had become a dififerent being." " Ghujer shall be hot in the mouth" " Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale ? Yes, by St. Anne ; and ginger shall be hot i' the mouth DO."—" Twelfth Night," II., 3. " Heralds ofth". pale repose. ' ' Revelation vi. 8. " Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas regumque turres" ("Pale death with impartial foot kiooks at the hovels of the poor and the towers of Kings ").— Horace, Od. I., 4. '* Behind her death." " Close following pace for pace, not mounted yet On his pale horse."—" Paradise Lost," X., 588. (Par. 4.) "La Marck." Was the intimate friend of the queen and the intermediary between her and Mirabeau ; brother to the Duke of Arenberg, and must not be confounded with the Chevalier de la Marck, the famous naturalist. (Par. 5.) " Achilles." Mirabeau estimated his place in the affairs of the country rightly. He was the Achilles without whom success could not be assured. His attendants feigned to give him opium ; he drank the counterfeited cup and immediately expired. " Si ce n'est pas la Dieu," etc. " If he is not God, he is at least his cousin-german." (Par. 7.) " Vaudevilles," Ballads. Ch. 7.] CARLYI.E'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 135 " Jfandement." Mandate ; pastoral. (Par. 8.) " St. Eustache." East of the Palais Royal. " Pantheon." Named after the Pantheon at Rome, which was a circular temple built by Agrippa and con- taining niches in the walls where the images of the gods were set up. (Par. 9.) "Stealing." Stolen. " Suburb St. Marceau." In the south east of Paris. (Par. 10.) " Caput mortuum." Residue. (Par. 13.) " They say that he was ambitions." See Mark Antony's speech in "Julius Ciesar," III., 2. I •■ 136 HOW I READ [Bk. XI, BOOK XI CHAPTER I. (Par. 1.) " The rtistic sits waiting till the river runs dry." " Rusticus expectat dum deHuit aranis ; et ille labitur et labetur in oaine volubilis aevum." — Horace. (Par. 2.) " Unlimited Mother." See Book VIII., Chap. 5, Par. 8. Limited to no cast-iion views, being neither so select as the Feuillans, nor so revolutionary as the Cordeliers ; un limited especially in progeny. " Plough-shares into swordfi." Joel iii. 10. (Par. 3.) " Cotillons retrousses." " Upturned petticoats." " Consular fasces." A bundle of rods with an axe in the middle, carried by the lictors of Rome before the chief magistrates or consuls. " Fasces habere " — to have the fasces — was equivalent to saying, " to have the rule," to be a consul. The use of the fasces was for beating male- factors, (Par. 4.) " St. Cloud." Five miles west of Paris, long the favourite residence of the kings of France. Ca.2.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. \\\- (Par. 5.) " Maiaon-houche." Those of the household who attend to the mouth or stomach ; cooks. " Place de Carrousel " East of the Tuileries. " Bi/ Heaven's strenyth." " D'o juvante." (Par. 6.) " Taissez vous ! " " Silence, you ! " " Nous 7ne coulons," etc. " We do not wish the King to go." CHAPTER II. (Par. 1.) "A lion in the path." Proverbs xxvi. 13. " Faisant la mart." " Feigning death." (Par. 2.) ''Halts between two." 1 Kings xviii. 22. (Par. 3.) "Je vais chercher" etc. "I go in search of a Great Perhaps." The other part of Rabelais' last words was : "Tirez le rideau ; la farce est jouee " (" Draw the curtain ; the farce is played "). (Par. 6.) " Ce-devant." "Formerly." (Par. 7.) " Homoiousian." The Homoi-ousians, in contra-distinc- tion to the Homo-ousians, maintained that Christ was not the same as, but similar to, the Father. Not one iota of usefulness in such subtlety. " Martyrs d'une diphthongue." — BoiLEAU. Jt 1 jil l.-iH HOW I READ [15k. XI. CHAPTER III. (Par. 3.) " Jfotttmedi." Twenty-five miles north of Verdun. (Par. S.) ''Badine." "Switch." " Ec/iel/e." Northeast from the north-east of the Tuileries. " nnc." A continuation of the V)ridge-way between tiic south bank of the Seine and the Tuileries. (Par. 11.) " Bondy." Seven miles east north-east of Paris. (Par. U.) " Childeric Donothinfj." See Book I., Chap. 2, Par. 3. Tlie Merovingian kings were faiiu'ants ("do-nothinga"). Childeric II. was assassinated with the Queen and his son, Dagobert, C70. CHAPTER IV. (Par. 3.) '' Declaration of 23rd June" June 23rd, 1789. See Book v., Chap. 11, Par. 10. (Par. 4.) " CazaUs." Book X., Chap. 3, Par. 7. (Par. 5.) " Needleman." Paine in youth was a stay-maker. (Par. 7.) " Bootes." The constellation following the Great Bear. Cn.6.] CARLYU:s FRENCH REVOLUTION. 139 CHAPTER V. (Par. 1.) " A franc e'trier." " With a free stirrup." (Par. 2.) " Princess de Lambali :" An Italian lady and intimate friend of the Queen, and killed the next year by the mob. (Par. 3.) " Arcfonj/." A large, richly-laden vessel. The Argo was the ship in which Ja.son sailed for the Golden Fleece. " Acapulco." Famous resort of Manilla galleons. (Par. 4.) " Chalons." ATjout one hundred miles east of Paris, towards Strasboursr. (Par. 8.) " Varennes." In order, between Chalons and Metz, are St. Menehold, Varennes and Verdun. .' 'it I i'.'i CHAPTER VI. (Par. 1.) "Swenkt." Toil-worn. Old English also. For in- stance, in the " Vision of Piers, the Ploughman," wo have: " In setting and sowing Hwonkcn full hard." " The swinkt hedger at his supper sat."— Milton. (Par. 5.) " Grosse Tefe." "Big head." " Grosse tete, peu de sens " (" Great head, little sense "). 110 IIOIV I REAP [15k. XI ClIAFrEH VII. (Par. 1.) " Ni niiniously spurred their horses to tlight. '■ lie that has a secret." " Ars est celare arteni." "■Sti-udi" Eight miles south- west of Montinedi (wliirli is between Sedan and Metz). (Par. :?.) " Ciimisaih." " Nij^ht assault." (Par. 5.) " liMck carp," etc. " Post equ'teni sedet atra cura " ("Black care i behind the horse"). — Horace. ''Spilllnij tke spikenard:'' Queen of the Meadows, thp botanical name being Spirea ulmaria. " Spilling " «v fora to the old name of "meadow-sweet," "drop-wort ' — " spilling-wort." (Par. 8.) "Sije suis" "Suppose I am." (Par. 10.) "Alte la:' "Halt!" (Par. 11.) "En avant:' "Forward!" (Par. 13.) " Enij Diaz" The son of Diaz; the Cid, the hero of Seville and champion of the eleventh century. " The Cid was in the midst, his shout was heard afar, I am Ruy Diaz, the Champion of Bivar."— Freke. Oh. 7.] CARLVIJCS rKKACi,' h'/:i'u/JT/Oi\. 141 (Par. U.) " Der Kifmtj . dii Kimiijiiin .'" " Tlic Kin;,', tlif C^tuet-n ! " " Tlif thfpe. /linhopricH." Lorraine, Mot/, aiul Vcniuri 'iHfforn lb')2 were under the lordship of bishops. (Par. If).) " J'off'r's ,rh>;f." IJil)li.ii!. (Par. IS.) " T/ie lulatunntinp hrow." Jove-likc! and Mars-likp. (Par. 20.) " liouill'' then ranls/ns." He fled to Cohlentz, wiiere the brothers of Louis were ; subso(jufiitly attended tiio conference at Pilnitz (1791) ; was in the service of (Jus- tavus of Sweden, at whose death he entered that of Prince Conde. He was afterwanis in ICngland, where he was well received, and where he wrote the " Memoires sur la Revolution Francaise." He died in London, ISOO. " Loud KDundimj loom of Time." A phrase frecjuently used by Carlyle, an allusion to the Fates spinning,' the 'I" of Life. " How all Nature and Life are but one gariiicnt — a living jjarment — woven and ever weaving in the Loom of Time."— " Sahtor," Book II., Chap. 10. And in the "Diamond Necklace" Essay, "One many- glancing asbestos thread in the web of universal histc-y — spirit woven, it rustled there as with the howl of mighty winds through the wild-roaring loom of Time." Gray, in the " Bard," has a similar metaphor : " Weave the warp, and weave the woof." " Now, brothers, bending o'er the accursed Loom, Stamp we our vengeance deep and ratify his doom." ii It'J //OW J .SAP (Hk. XI. Hut it WHS from his "St. Oootho " tliat Carlylo got tli'^ idea stumped o» his mental oftm« .<",;: -'Ufladbftxx':^^ • '11. 4.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 157 CHAPTER II. (Par. 2.) " Course." The (Jrand Course— a fine promenade. " llnstides." •'Country-seats." (Pir. ;$.) " VUl>i/mndie." North part Department of iMin, south- wt!Ht of Macon. (Par. 5.) " Tyrtean." Tyrti.-us (650 B.C.) inspired the Spartans with his war-songs. CHAPTER III. (Par. 4.) •' /ioL minor and bub major." Set of changes on bells. (Par. 9.) " Old Nineveh." Jonah iv. II. (Par. 10.) '^Sam Souci." The palace of Frederick the Great at Potsdam. " Schonbrun." Palace at Vienna. CHAPTER IV. (Par. 6.) '' Marat lony-hidden." Book XI., Chap. 9, Par. 12. 168 HOW I READ [Bk. XUl. CHAPTER V. (Par. 1.) " Charenton." Four miles from Paris towards Fontaine- bleau. (Par. 2.) " Wool one." See Book XTI., Chap. 9, Par. 7. (Par. 7.) " Alenron." One hundred miles south of Paris, noted for its lace, "p6int d'Alenc^-on." '^ Jirian';on." At the foot of the Alps, famous for its fortifications. " Fair of lieaucaire." Between Nismes and Avignon. The Fair (July 22-28) was once the largest in Europe, and is still an important one. (Par. 8.) " Cloudy Atlas." In mythology Atlas is represented as bearing on his shoulders the pillars supporting the sky. " As he flies along he descries the crest and steep sides of hardy Atlas, who props the heavens on his top — Atlas, whose piny head, ever encircled with black clouds, is lashed by wind and rain." (Par. 9.) " Courbevoye." Five miles from Paris towards Versailles. Ch.C] CARLYLITS FRENCH revolution. 15!> CHAPTER VI. (Par. 2.) " To your tents, Israel." This watchword of the Jews has been rendered doubly famous from its use by the Puritans in the time of Cliarles I. When they saw tliat Charles, like llehoboam, "hearkened not unto them," they raised the cry, " To your tents." 1 Kings xii. 16. (Par. 7.) ''Janus." A Roman deity with two faces looking east and west. (Par. 8.) ''St. Roch." Back of the Tuileries in the Rue St. Honore. " St. Jacques." In Rue Rivoii, west of the Hotel de Ville. " De la boucherie." " Of the meat-market." " St. Germain I'Auxerrois." East of the Louvre. (Par. 12.) "Asmodeus." Companion of Cleofas ; heroes in Le Sage's novel of " Le Diable Rotteux " (" The Devil on Two Sticks "). Asmodeus, a gay deril, unroofs the houses and shows Cleofas what is passing within. See " Granta " in Byron's " Hours of Idleness." " Atropos." One of the three Parca"— the Fates— whose office was to cut the thread of life. "JVox." "Night." (Par. 13.) " West^rman." IJeciimo biigade-generai, and two years after this was guillotined. Mm ICO no IV J READ [Bk. XIIl. CHAPTER VII. (Par. 1.) ''King Canute." Referring to tli© incident of Canute rebuking his courtiers at the seashore. See also Jol) xxviii. 11. (Par. 3.) " Fi done." " Shame, now ! " (Par. 8.) " Bellona's thongs." Bellona was the sister of Mara and was represented with a scourge or thong. " When Bellona storms With all her battering engines, bent to rase Some capital city."—" Pasadisk Lost," II., 922. See also, "Iliad," I., 46-49. " Sibyl." An ancient prophetess in a state of frenzy. She was also a fortune-teller. Book VIII., Chap. 7, Par. 4. " Victoire ou la vwrt." " Victory or death." (Par. 10.) " The Furies." Or Eumenides, or Erinyes, generally three in number, Alecto, Mega>ra and Tisiphane. Repre- sented as gorgons or harpies with serpents twined in their hair and blood dropping from their eyes, sometimes as winged virgins with torches in their hands. See " Para- dise Lost," II., 596, and VI., 859. (Par. 11.) " Suisse in name." Suisse is the name for a porter, the porters in public places being generally Swiss. Ch.8.] CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 161 (Par. 12.) "i4 kimj of shreih and patch-'S." " Hamlet," III., 4. " Seii.parh." Where th:; Swiss gained a great victory over Leopold of Austria (9th July, 1386). The Duke was slain and the liberty of Switzerland established. The day is still commemorated. " Murten." Morat, where the Swiss totally defeated Charles, Duke of Burgundy (22nd June, 1476). '^Monumental lion." The monument is outside the city of Lucerne which commemorates these Swiss guards. Thorwaldsen was the sculptor. " Bariz des Vaches." An air sung or played by the Swiss shepherds when bringing home the cows "pour ranger des vaches." Now a national air. The air was forbidden to be played in the Swiss regiments of the French service, as it made the Swiss soldiers homesick. CHAPTER VIIL (Par. 2.) " St. Madeleine." North of the Tuileries Gardens. " Glorious victory." The reference is to Southey's " Battle of Blenheim," where Kaspar's explanation to the boy Peterkin is invariably the same — " It was a glorious victory." (Par. 4.) " Epicedium." A dirge. (Par. 7.) " Luxembourg." Some distance south of the Seine, in a direct line from the Louvre, and north-west of the Pantheon. 11 I.; -.s'wcr-'? 1G2 HOW I READ [Bk. XIII. (Par. 10.) " The, Temple." Now " Tour du Temple " : north from Pont Sully. " Bon soir." " Good-night." " Jacques Mo/ay." Grand Master of the Knights Tem- plars. As he was led to the stake he summoned Pope Clement V. and Philip IV., the former within forty day.s, and the latter within as many weeks, to appear before the throne of God to answer for his death, and, strange to say, they both died within the stated periods. (Par. 11.) '• Forever and a liay." As You Like It," IV., 1. (Par. 12.) '« Olmutz." In Moravia. Lafayette, through Napoleon, was liberated from Olmutz. He sat in the Chamber of Deputies from 1818. In 1824 he revisited America l.y inN^tation of the United States Congress, which voted him a grant of $200,000 and a township of land. In 1830 he commanded the National Guards in the Revolution. He died 1834. 'if,''\. TKvi Oh. 1.] CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 163 BOOK XIV. CHAPTER I. (Par. 1.) " Tophnr Isaiah xxx. 33 : " In battles of shaking will he fight with it. For Tophet is ordained of old ; he hath made it deep and large : the pile thereof is fire and much wood ; the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brim- stone, doth kindle it." Jeremiah says : " This place shall no more be called Tophet, but the Valley of Slaughter." (Par. 2.) " Pan." The spirit of the woods and hills : inrented the syrinx (shepherd's pipe), and could play on his pipe so as to cause sudden fear or panxQ. " In shadier bowf>r More sacred and sequestered, though but feigned, Pan or Sylvanus never slept. " — "Pabadlse Lost," IV., 705. (Par. 4.) '' Tartars." St. Louis exclaimed, when hearing of the devastation of the Tatars, "Well may they be called Tartars, for their deeds are those of fiends from Tartarus." Owing to its interestingness the phrase, " Caught a Tartar," t }\ I -'J . 'Tjf*.'.;";.- ^^TSFir 'TBrrjBBRS- mZTT^^^^^I^f^^ZTTW^- TS? 164 HOW J READ [Bk. XIV. may, though not essential, be explained here : An Irish soldier under Eugene caught a Tartar, or Turk. " Bring him along," said his comrade. " He won't come," was the answer. " Then come yourself," was answered ; the reply being, " But he won't let me." (Par. 6.) " Out-Herod Ilerod." In Hamlet's address to tlie Players. ''Nous '" jourons," etc. "We swear we have had enough of wings." (Par. 7.) '' Andromeda and PerseuK." Perseus (represented with wings to his feet) freed Andromeda from the Medusa and married her. (Par. 8.) " Priestley." Mentioned in the Peterloo affair ; a chemist and heterodox theologian. '« Klopstock." German : author of " The Messiah." " Jeremij lientham" The philosopher of Utilitaiianisin ; hence his followers are called Benthamites. '■'Salle de cent Suisses" " Hall of the hundred Swiss." (Par. 9.) " Traiteurs." " Treaters." Eating-house keepers. " Thus they." Classical and Miltonic idiom. Such as " Iliad," Book XXII., Line 1. "Afjrarinn law." Making land the property of the nation instead of individuals, and giving to each citizen a portion. Cii. 1.] CAKI.VI.es FRE.\CU REVOLUTION. Iimotte ' lay in tlio Bicotro Prison, but had {,'i>t out precisely in the nick ui time and dived beyond soundings."— Cabi.yle'8 " Diamond Necklace." " Hom tie Dieu." " In the name of God." (Par. 10.) " Abbiiye" A military prison near St. Germain des Pres ; north of Boulevard St. Germain. (Par. 16.) " Violon." Cage ; temporary prison, " Mettre au violon." ''A la Force" To^the prison La Force, half way Iw- tween Hotel de Ville and the Bastille. CHAPTER VI. (Par. 2.) " Dumnlx." Book V., Chap. 5. " Sacres aristocrates." " D— d aristocrats."' (Par. 4.) "Gnnle vieuble." Place where household goods are kept. (Par. 5.) " Bernnrdins." Cistercians. Cii. (l.l C/1 AY. K/./: '5 FRENCH RE VOL L TIOX. I7I (Par. G.) " Pont il with s.ales suspended in ono Imrid. " Clanuirt" Throo rnil.'H south of Cli.imp do Mars. " MoiitroHije." East of (Jlmimrt. " VaufjirnrdhMif." EuMt of Montroiigc " De pro/uti'lis." " Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, T^jrd." Tlie first lino of Psalm 'x.xx (Par. 7.) " Arm't'jniifs." Named after Count Vi nr- jriao '• /iur(jnndiims." After the Duk.^ t.t i'. irgi ;..lv. Two political fiictions. In June, H18, ;},:.u() \nii..-;ii'acs were niiissacred by their opponents in Paris. (Par. 9.) '' Jioche/oiicaufd." Book XTII., Chap. 1, Viu: 7, and Book IV., Chap. 4, Par. 33. Not the author of "xMaxiuis." (Par. 13.) " Enjhnl perdu." " Forlorn hope." " Moloih." " First, Moloch, lionid king, lif8tncare. (Par. 14.) " LnruH n non Iwnnlo." The word lums, " a grove," is derived from ^'iii>. Used in rhetoric in response. Specimens may be seen ii) the last part of the Third Eclogue of Virgil. The followint,' is a curtailed Melibean specimen of the Convention : "Robespierre. — Paris is now tranquil. VER(iNiAUU.— Tho blood of September is yet reeking. R.— The authority of the Convention is now universally re spc'cled. v.— You yourself daily call it in question. R.— You wish to crt'atf' a tyranny. v.— On the contrary, we strivetoput an end to yours," etc., ei< . (Par. 5.) " Spectral Red-cloak." Like Red-cap, distinguished for his long beard. " Bnrber's shaving-dish." A barber, says Cervantes. was caught in a shower, and to protect his head put Ins basin on his head ; Don Quixote maintaining that this shaving basin was Mambrino's helmet. (Par. 7.) " Cihmie'a Notable." Book III., Chap. 3, Par. 3. (Par. 15.) " Talma." A noted French tragedian. (Par. 16.) "Ileyne." Christian Gottlieb Heyne. Scholar, philolo gist and archajologist. Ch. 1.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 175 BOOK XV CHAPTER r. (Par. 2.) ''Semele." The mother of Bacchus, induced by jealous Here to petition Jove to visit lier in his projicr form and majesty — clothed in thunder and lightning. Seniole wa.s consumed by Jove's fire, but the six months' old Bacchus was saved by being encased in the thigh of Jupiter. Bacchus was thus named the " Son of Fire." (Par. 3.) ''Deputy Barire." Macaulay has this to say of him: " Our opinion, then, is this : that Banre approached nearer than any person mentioned in history or fiction, whether man or devil, to the idea of consummate and uni- versi.1 depravity. In him the (jualities which are the proper objects of contempt preserve an ex(iuisite and abso- lute harmony. In almost every particular sort of wicked- ness he has had rivals. His sensuality was immoderate, but this was a failing common to him, with many great and amiable men. There have been men as cowardly as he, some as cruel, a few as mean, a few as impudent. There may also have been as great liars though we never met with them or read of them. But when we put '-y^'Jit,-. j-'i^.-si^-^, .-i^^i^kkilr'lirti.' ■- 176 HOU'' I READ [Bk. XV. everything together, sensuality, poltroonery, baseness, effrontery, mendacity, barbarity, the result is aoinethiii:; which in a novel we should condemn as a caricature, and to which we venture to say no parallel can be found in history." See Book XVI., Chap. 3, Par. 5. (Par. 6.) '• As the philosophers hraij." " Man, from being endued with reason by means of which he sees before and aftrr him, discovers the causes of events and their progress. "^- ClCERO. •• Sure, he, that made us with such lar^je discourse. Looking before and after, gave ua not That capability and godlike reason, To fust in us unused."— "Hamlkt.' See also " Iliad," I., 343. Shelley sings — " We look before and after And pine for what is not; Our sincerest laughter With some pain is fraught." (Par. 8.) " Problem of three gravitating bodies." Condorcet, the great mathematician and contributor to the Ennjclo/iMir was the author of the "Problem of Three Bodies," in the Higher Mathematics. " Piping." A favourite word of Shakespeare, such as "piping to us in vain." — " Midsusimer Night's Dream. ' " In this weak piping time of peace." — " HiCHARU 111. ' ' A pipe for f i irtune's finger To sound what stop she pleases."— " Hamlet." Thucydides speaks of the " ^-iping times of peace and prosperity." Ch. 2.] CARLYl.h:s FRENCH REVOLUTION. 177 (Par. 10.) •' Death on the pale horse." " Pallida morsaocjuo pulsat pede Pauperum tabcrnas rcgunKjue tunos,"— Hokack. "Kfliind her Death, Close following pact; for pace, not mounted yet On his pale horse."—" Pakadink Lost," X., r)88. "Jirenmcs." A chief of the Gauls who sacked Rome. 390 ; author of the saying, " Vae victis " (" Woe to the vanquished "). CHAPTER ir. (Par. 4.) " Sin-ilana2)(ihi.i." Satan, Jove, Titan, were also nick- names attached to Danton. (Par. 7.) ''(Jhartrfis." Fifty miles south-west of Paris; at this time the largest corn-market in France. (Par. S.) •'Shapes of i/ods." " Tliad," Book XX. See also Book IV., Chap. 2, Par. 13. "Flying saw I, through heat and throut-'i 'Umrni and ^lare of tliat fire-oeean, SJiapes nt goils in their wratlit'idiiess, Stalking grim, fierce and terrible. Giant high, through the !uridly Flame-dyed dusk of that vapour." — Cablyle's "Goethe's Helena." 12 178 NOW I READ [Bk. XV OHAFfER III. (Par. 5.) " Qud spediv-le" Au monde, aux anges et aux homines. '• What a spectacle ! " " Giant covering oo.ea." The giant Tityos covered i.in. acres with his body. CHAPTER IV. (Pvr. 2.) " Fidilms canoris." " Blandum et auritas fidilms canoris Ducerequercus."— Horace, Od. I., 1'2 (" Persuasive also to lead the listening oaks by his musical striiiLS.' (Par. 5.) ''Clotho." One of the three Destinies who spin tli Thread of Life. "Et sororura Filatrium patiuntur atra."— Horace, II., H. The three Parca; were Clotho, Lacheais and Atropos. " Fame is the spur that the dear spirit doth raise- That last infirmity of noble mind- To scorn delights and live laborious days : But the fair guerdon when we hope to find, And think to burst out into sudden blaze, Conies the blind Fury with the abhorr'd shears, And slits the thin-spun life.'—" LvdDAs," I., 70. Uu. 7] CARI.YLE^S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 179 CHAPTER V. (Par. 6.) ''Mere Diu-hesM Dehoml,:' "Deborah, the mother duchess." This is doubtless donhle mfendrr, one Delwrah bciiij,' a nurse, tlie nurse of Rebekah ; the other beiny tlie Deborah of Mount Ephraim, who judged Israel. (Par. 7.) ''Smith Gamiiin." See Book II., Chap. 1, Pur. S. CHAPTER VT. (Par. -K) "t'hnumette." Afterwarils denounced by Robespierre and <,'uillotined. (Par. (i.) "Tmnchct." Napoleon admired his conduct so much that he bestowed upon him the hii,'hest judicial position in liis possession when he attained to power. (Par. !).) " Man pauvre Desh.e." " My poor Desc/p." (Par. 19.) " Si. Denis.'' Five miles north of Paris. CHAPTER VII. (Par. .'}.) " Siiux d>;sp.m purer.'" " Without loavinfr.' 180 HOn' I READ [Bk. XV. (Par. 6.) " Sped ml — pandemoninl." " A solemn council forthwith to be held At Paiulenioiiium."— •' Par.\disk Lost," I., 755. (Par. 14.) "■ SreleraL" "Scoundrel." (Par. 15.) . . " Nole—D, Me yawjer." Readers will look in vain m many first-class dictionaries for this word And yet it is used several times in Scott, who explains the term in a note to Chap. XII. of "Anne of Uiersten " : "Double- walkers, a name in Germany for those aerial duplicates of humanity who represent the features and appearance of other living persons." See also the last chapter of "Muentin Durward,' Chap. XVI. of '■ Peveril of the Peak," and Chap. XX. of Lockhart's " Life of Scott." " One of these iiitn is (Senilis to the other ; And so of these : which is the natural man, And which the spirit V"-" Comkdy of EKROiiS," V., 1. ■'A species of apparition similar to what the Germans call a Double Ganger was believed in by the Celtic tribe., and is still considered an emblem of misfortune or death ' —Note to "Le<4End of Montrose.' (Par. 1.) " Fhnloris." in a brazen bull CHAPTER VITl. A tyrant of Agrigentum who burned men Ch. 8.] CARI.YI.IiPS FREiXCH REVOLUTION. 181 " Curses return home." "CufHO away, And let me tell thee, licaiisoant, a wise proverh The Arabs have : ' Curses aro liki' young chickens Ami Ktill come home to roost."' — " Laov "K Lvuns." The Italians have a proverb, "Le bestemmio ritornano donde partirono" ("Curses como home to roost "). (Par. 2.) "Lalbj." See Book III., Chap. 5, Par. 5. (Par. 4.) " Madame Emjale." Marie Therese Charlotte, the King's daughter — " the modern Antigone." (Par. 5.) " Volts etes tons si'^lerats." "You are all scoundrels." " Cerberus." The sleepless dog that guarded the portals of the infernal regions. " Cesiit immanis tibi blandifnti Janitor aulae . . . Cerliorus." HoKAfK, III., J. " About hiT niidfllc round A cry of Hell-hounds never cea.'iing barked With wide Cerbercan moutlis fidl loud, and rung A hideous peal."—" Paradise Lost," 11., 6.">:{. (Par. 7.) ^^ As Duchess eli8k of Luxor, hut no monument of political importance. (Par. 10.) «'.! kinux lit'" i" "'»'"•" ""-"y-" '^^^ *^'y "* ^'""" "^"^ immediately removed to the Madeleine cemetery at tlu. end of the Boulevard Italienne. In 1815 a very small part of the remains (quicklime having been used) w.vs removed to what is now the Church of the Madeleine, but which was commenced as a Temple of Glory by Napol.-on. (Par. 11.) , , , " College of Four Naliom:' On the south bank of tli.' Seine, opposite the Louvre. The College Mazarin was founded by Cardinal IVIazarin, Prime Minister of L-.ins XIV., for the education of youths from the four provinc.js lately' added to France, viz.. Rousillon, Pignerol, Flanders and Alsace, and was popularly known as the College <.f the Four Nations. (Par. 14.) J ^ , " Arms vipers." Arras, the capital of Pas de Calais, was the birthplace of Robespierre, Damiens and Lebon. " Simulacra." " Likenesses ; resemblances." (Par. 16.) «' Si'hrldt." Runs through France and Belgium, reference is to the Battle of Jemappes, Chap. 4, Par. Thr Ch.2.] CAKLYLE'S FRENCH KE VOLUTION. \^^ BOOK XVI. CHAPTER I. (Par. 7.) " Lombard Street." East of St. Germain I'Auxerrois, and north of Rue Rivoli. '* Rue de Ciu^/ Diaments." The Five Diamonda, running from Boulevard Italie towards Gentilly. (Par. 11.) "Zisro.'' A Hussite leader in the beginning of the fifteenth t-entury, victorious in thirteen battles. At hi. BOOK XVII CHAPTER J. (Par. 2.) " GCwn." In Normandy, 120 miles north-west of Paris. '^ Montelimart." Near Avignon, towards Lyons. (Par. 3.) " Pascal's Provincials." Pascal, a mathematician, theo- logian and general writer of the seventeenth century. His " [.ettres Provinciales " were written as if to a friend on the topics of the day and in conversational style. (Par. 4.) " Durum et durum non faciunt mwum." " Hard and hard do not make a wail." (Par. 5.) "Homme." See Book XIV., Chap. 7, Par. 3. (Par. 6.) " L'Intendance." The Administration Departrjent. (Par. 7.) " Pont Neuilly." North-west of the Boulogne Woods. (Par. 9.) " Place des Victoires." North-east of Palais Royal. 1!M) ffOlV I READ [Bk. XVll. " SUpper-hnth." The bath-tub covered at one end like !» slipper. (Par. 12.) " To one— the Good Sansculotte" Jesus Christ. (Par. 1").) " Conciergerie." The prison occupying the lower part of the Piilais de Justice. " Her cheeks were still tinged." In 1795 the question as to whether or no death by the guillotine was instantaneous was debated, and Charlotte Corday's case was cited as a proof that it was not. Report has it that the blush of injured dignity suffu-sed her face when struck by Legros. As an intelligent woman and the descendant of Oorneill.", her words were not inappiopriate when she quoted her famous ancestor, on the death of Marat : " Le crime fait la honte et non pas I'echafaud " (" The crime makes the shame and rot the scaffold "). (Par. 16.) " Codras." The last King of Athens voluntarily gave his life for the good of his country. The oracl© declaring that victory should be to those whose king was slain, Codras disguised himself as a peasant, picktl a quarrel with the soldiers of the enemy and was slain. (Par. 17.) '' Charlotte Corday." Marie Anne Charlotte Corday d'A mans was of noble birth ; was educated in a convent, conversant with the works of Voltaire and Abbt? Raynal, her favourite, however, being Plutarch. When in prison she wrote to Barbaroux " that she would soon be with Brutus in the Elysian Fields." Lamartine terms her " the Ch. 3.] CARI.YI.F:S FRENCH Rl-VOLUTIOS'. i;tl angel of assassination." Her portrait, taken at her own retiuest, is in the Museum of Versailles. CHAPTER IT. (Par. 2.) " We said he r 3uld tiot end well." DookXVI., Chap. 2, Par. 8. (Par. 3.) '' Supper of lienumire" " Le Souper de Beaucaire " is a dialogue between the inhabitants of Nismes, Montpellier, Marseilles and a military individual (Napoleon). The object of the dialogue is to show that the Girondist plat- form is not republican enough and not good fu: the nation. (Par. 6.) " Vernon." About midway betwer i Caen and Paris. lAPTER III. (Par. 2.) " Moncontour." North-west of Poitiers in Vienno. (Par. 3.) "Quitnper." Department of Finisterre, in the far north west. " Carhaix." Thirty miles north-east of Quimper. (Par. .->.) " jloulins." ISetween Poitiers and Lusanno. (Par. 7.) " Got't/ie." lie wrote the poem of " KeiiH^ke ' (" lley- ' hi V u\ !l 11»2 JIOIV I REAP [Bk. XVH. nard, the Fox ") at Mentz, at this time, "to di-ert his thoughts from the bloody scenes of the Reign of Terror." (Par. 8.) " lloit ofdnuirf^." The little Hill-folk of fable. CHAPTER IV. (Par. 2.) " Filles de joie." " Prostitutes." (Par. 4.) " Mammellea." " Breasts.'' (Par. 5.) ''Philemon." An ancient rustic who, with his wife, Baucis, hospitably entertained Jupiter ai.d Mercury after every one else had refused. The gods sent an inundation to destroy the people, Philemon -nd Baucis being saved and their cottage turned into a fine tempK . At their own request they died on the same day, and were changed into trees which stood before the temple. (Par. 9.) " Marechal." Author of .he " Dictionary of Atheism." " Lagrange." A famous mathematician ; authoi of M'^canique Analytique." (Par. 12.) '* New Era." Lasted froip 5th October, 1793, to 31st December, 1805. Napoleon dismissed it thus : " II faudra se debrasser de ca Messidor " (" We must send this Messi- dor about its business "). Ch.6.] CARLYLF:s FRENCH REVOLUTION. VX\ ''LimW A mythological, indefinite, intorraodiate placo l,J,we(Mi h •ivfii and liell, and wiar to one accotdins to tlie state of the soul. " Ail tliusc, upwiiirloil aldft, V\y oV!r the l«ick:si(lo of the World tiw off Into 1. LiniUo largo and liroad, since called The ParadiHo of Fools.'—" Pakadise Lost," 111.. 49.']. CHAPTEIl V. (Par. 2.) ''Rogue Roasignoir See Book XIV., Chap. 15, Par. 10. (Par. 5.) " The two pretender Roifitl Hir/hnensea." Charles Em- manuel IV. and Victor EmmanuL-! I. of Savoy. (Par. 7.) " Beak o/Amhes." Bee d'Amln-s, thirty iles ^'outh-ea,st of Bordsaux, on the left hunk ..f ,«. (J«- ,„„,. The ex- pression, "A.S it were," would indi.-.Ue or pa:ononia«tic. The heak n'.somh'»'s roulette table, and " arabosas " is the h>^^■. and the fortunes of the travellers wurt' lov est. ething covert section of a mow at lire ; t their (Par. 8.) " Ltf.ourm." Seventeen miles northeast . Honleaux. " i>t. Einilion" Three miles from Libourn, 13 194 //OIV I READ [llK. XVI I. CHAPTLR VI. (Pa"-- •''•) . , u ^ " Tyrlenn." Tyrtii-UH, a (Jreek poet, inspired the S,Mr tans with his war-songi. (Par. 10.) i^ Sy8tole-dia8tol£ his communications. He was also the guardian of Justice, hence the Scales or balance. (Par. 5.) " Flame pictures" This simile has reference to the pic- tures formed in the fire of a coal grate, such as seen by " The bonnie, bonnie bairn wha Bits pokin" in the ase Glowrin' in the fire wi' hiH wee round face, Laughin' at the fuifin' lowe what sees he there ? He sees muckle castles tourin' to the moon, He sees little sodgers pu'in them a' down ; Worlds whumblin' up and down bleezin' wi' a flare. See how he loups, as they glimmer in the air ! " (Par. 6.) •' Marchande des Modes.'' " Milliner." (Par. 9.) *' Parchas' Pilgrims." Samuel Purchas (1577-1626) was the author of " Pilgrimage and Pilgrims." "Per/ide." "False; perfidious." Ch. 1.] CARLYLFS FRENCH REVOLUTION. 205 BOOK XIX. CHAPTER I. (Par. 1.) " Azrml" The angel of death of the Koran. " Even Azraul from his deadly quiver VVhsn flies that shaft and fly it must."— Byron. The space between his eyes was said to be equal to a seventy thousand days' journey. (Par. 3.) " i4s a boll out of the blue." "Coelo cfciderunt phira sereno fulgura."— Viuciu (" Many thunderbolts have fallen from the clear blue sky.' "Arcis." North-east of Troyes. " Arachne." A Lydian maiden who challenged Minerva to compete with her in needlework, and was changed into a spider. (Par. 8.) " Carried h's head as if it were St. Sccrement." When eimdemned to the guillotine Camille recalled his remark, saying, " My joke has killed me." \iii urrf ;1? -n^" -JL 206 HO IV I REAP [llK. XIX. '^ Su7i.ffod." Apollo wa8 the uod of the Hun. It was 1,0 who killeil the huge serpent generated in the mud of the Deluge. (Par. 9.) -Ju.jyernaut UhU." Book XVTTI., Chap. 4, Par. S. •' Montezuma." A famous Aztec Emperor of Mexico, and the last. Ho *: CHAPTER VI. ^^'-rolyphemus." A gigantic cyclops of Sicily which f.-d on human flesh. When Ulysses in his wanderings called at Scylla, this cyclops ate six of his companions. Ulysses escaped by blinding Polyphemus, who had only one eye, and that in the middle of his forehead. (!'*'■• ^•) ,. • • XT -11 " Clichi/" North-west of Pans, adjoining Neuilly. Ch.6.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 211 ^' Bell the cat." The Scotch nobles, aggravated at low- birthed favourites of James III., l)eld a council to devise methods of getting rid>f them. Lord Gray asked, " Who will bell the cat ] " " That will I," answered Douglas, and he forthwith put the obnoxious favourites to death in the King's presence. The phrase, " bell the cat," has refer- ence to the fable of " The Mice in Council." The mice called a council to devise means of getting rid of the cat. One young mouse suggested placing a bell around the cat's neck, so that they would be always warned of its approach. A vote of thanks was about to be proposed to the young mouse, when an old mouse suggested that the vote of thanks should not be passed until the mouse should fasten the bell around the cat's neck. See Scott's " Tales of a Grandfather." (Par. 7.) " /, Maximilien, alone left i7icorruptible." Robespierre is the Incorruptible, not from Carlyle's estimate, but by tho adulatory verdict of his own followers. Neither is the verdatre colour one of Carlyle's selection, but that used by Robespierre's contemporaries in depicting him. So with the characterizations of the other marked men of this History. Some had their distinctive marks from their enemies, such as the unadorned name of Capet given to Louis by the levellers of the Republic ; some from their occupations, as Pere Duchesne Hebert, or Friend of the People Marat ; some from the penetrating and not alto- gether ill-natured wit of their confreres, as Cromwell- Grandison-Lafayette ; some from personal vanity, such as Anacharsis Clootz, etc. In nearly every case, while retaining the right of conscientious pictorial criticism, 'm^ifiTm^F. 212 HO IV I READ [Bk. XIX. Cailyle represents his characters in the dresses furnished by the annalists of the period. Iron was sharpening iron sufficiently keen to require unnecessary extra historical delineation. In the Salon of 1791 an artist exhibited the portrait of Robespierre, simply inscribing it " The Incur- ruptible." (Par. 9.) " Drink the hvuhrk." Socrates and Phocion were con- demned to die by drinking the juice of the hemlock. The juice having be me exhausted, Phocion had to pay for an additional .juantity to kill himself, remarking that, " At A ns people had to pay even for death." .'{eep /a.s powder dry." The expression of Oliver Cromwell, " Trust in God, and keep your powder dry." CHAPTER VII. ^^'''Pryde'.^ pnrye.'' Col. Pryde, in 1649, at the head of two re-iments of soldiers, surrounded the English House of Com'mons, seized 41 of the members and excluded IGO others. None but the friends of Cromwell were admitted into the House, and this fragment was ca, ed "The Rump." «' Will die at least with harnrss on our hacks." The last line of Scene 5 of Act V. of " Macbeth." (Par. 9.) , , , 1 <' fluid not to he nan.^d till horn " Not to be declared, Ch. 7.] CARLYLES FRF.A'CH REVOLUTION. iJi;} since (Par. 11) "destiny as yet sits wavering and shakes her doubtful urn." Presently the event will happen, "the ship over the bar " (Book XX., Chap. 7, Par. 13), "the hour and the man having come " — the man of destiny. Book XX., Chap. 7, Par. 13. (Par. 10.) " Tinville's hnr." As an example of worse than callous levity there was the case of the old paralytic man on trial, who was practically unable to make any reply to the charge against him. "No matter," exclaimed the presi- dent, " it is not his tongue but his head that we want." (Par. 11.) " Antique painter." Apelles being at a loss to paint the foam on the mouth of Alexander's horse, in a fit of annoyance, dashed the brush at the picture and accom- plislied the feat by accident. " Shakes her doubtful urn." Besides its use as a recep- tacle for the ashes of the dead the urn was the Roman ballot-box. Says Ammianus Marcellinus : " Adrastea, whom we also call Nemesis (Destiny), as the directress of original causes, tlie arbitress and judge of events, rules over tlie urn containing tlie fates of men, turning out at will the lots of life : and ending very ditlerently at times from what she seemed to have intended, turns round our fates with endless changes." " Oniuc c.apax niovet iiriia iKmieii."— Horace, III. (" Tlie capacious urn shakes every name.") " Oniues eodem cojiniur omnium Versatur urna serius ooius iSorsexitura et nos in alenunii Exsilium imposilura cumba. "" — HoiiAci:, li., ?,. Ml i^.3^ia^j?^!r!i^-r3«j;3s^^^^^^^ jr-.;^ i'h III 214 HOW I READ [Bk. XIX. * 'siwri«.." Originated in the ™»-H jnc „e Jerusalem and consisted of ^-'y-"''''";"*"^,- ^^ the Supreme Couneil ot the Nation, and had the decision in matters of life and death. ^^TsZpierre.- The blowing is part of a letter found „„ his desk after hi. death : " Ever, day I am «th th e . every hour my uplifted arm is i-eady to cut short thy 1 fe. --r^-ir-irrn^'irr^r: my avenging form." m rvsr^9E9^f!m Ch. 2.] CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 215 BOOK XX CHAPTER I. (Par. .*].) " Courtt;/e." " ' Courage, then,' may our Diogenes ex- claim with better right than Diogenes the First once did." —"Sartor Resartus," Book III., Chap. 8, Par. 2. " Death offony ■uhttinm." This was the predic- tion of Chamfort : " Ti. vices of the Court commenced the Revolution : the vices of the people will finish it." (Par. 4.) " Moutons." Book XIX., Chap. 5, Par. 4. (Par. 6.) " Mourns ns Rachel." Matthew ii. 18. CHAPTER II. (Par. -1.) " Sabots." " Clogs : wooden shoes." (Par. 4.) " Orphit:," Orpheus was a lyric musician of Thrace. ' vU 216 HOW I READ [Bk. XX. i : " For Orpheus' lute was strung with poets' sinews ; Whose golden touch couUl soften steel and stones, Make tigers tame, and huge leviatliana Forsake unsounded deeps to dance on sands." i« Xwo Gentlemen ok Vekona," III.. -■ " Eulerpe." One of the lyric musea and patron of wind instruments. (Par. 5.) «/omc- motions." Horace in Book III., Od. 6, says: " The precocious maid delights to be taught Ionic dances" (mohis lonicos). (Par. 6.) " No farther seek its merits to disclose." Is a line of the Epitaph in 1 IT "5in hos lost all Us deformity." See also Book IJ., Chap 1 Par 7. Burke in his "Reflections" says that under Christianity "vice itself lost half its evil by losing all Hs grossness " : also " the precept given by a wise man as well as a great critic, for the construction of poems is equally true as to States: ' Non satis est pulchra esse poemata dulcia sunto.' " Horace is the wise man and great critic. " Airy nothing." " As imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name." ^ _ —"Midsummer Night's Dream,' V., 1. 1 I Ch. 3.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 217 CHAPTER III. (Par. 4.) " Drummer's cat." In addition to the punishmf nt of " drumming out," it is the duty of the drummer to inflict the " cat-o'-nine-tails " when necessary. " Roasting egya." " The vulgar boil, the learned roast an egg."— Poik. " Truly, thou art damned ; like an ill-roasted egg, all on one side." — "As You Like It," III., 2. There was once a phrase, "There is reason in roasting eggs." Swift says, " I forgot to tell you I write shor "ournals now : I have eggs on the spit." " Davie all this while turning the eggs as they lay in the hot embers, as if to confute the proverb, ' There goes reason to roasting eggs.' " — " Waverley," Chap. LXIV. (Par. 6.) " Rochejaquelin fell in Imttle." In La Vendee only the landed proprietors were resident, and not, as in the rest of France, rioting in the capital. In La Vendee alone did the tenantry support the Royalists. The War of La Vendee supplied too many incidents for a mere note. Inhabitants of all classes died without the least sign of recanting their Royalist faith. " Vive la roi " : " Nous allons en Paradis " were frequently their last words. The Jacobins were more embittered against them than others. A Republican thus describes their hatred : " It seems as if the Vendeans were no longer regarded as men : the preg- nant women, the child in the cradle, even the 1)easts of the m^^km^'^''^^:-^m^; ^ :^^m^rmm' ^mM:^'-^^;m£^'^^u,' HOW I READ [Bk. XX. 218 fields, the very stones, the houses, the soil itself appeared to the Republicans enemies worthy of total extermination. (Par. 7.) . ^ u -Quiheron road." At Fort Penthievre, in Quiberon (Brittany), 7,000 Royalists surrendered to Hoche. 1 1 '■ iil n 1 1 1 ;i CHAPTER IV. "4re not we such stuff ns dremns are made oj I " VVc arc such Htutf As dreams are made on, and our little life la rounded with a sleep."-" Tkmi'Kst," IV., 1. (Par. 8.) ^ .. ^' Lays down his rommandantship." The Convention sus- pected Pichegru rightly of intriguing with the enemies of France-the Cimmerians-and his resignation was, unex pected to him, accepted. He at this time retired in d.s- crace from puUic life, but returned to it again in 1797. CHAPTER V. (Par. 2.) , J ^ « .. j^^^atar." An incarnation. Primarily the descent ol Bramah to this earth. CH.fi.] CARLYUCS FRENCH REVOLUTION. 219 (Par. 14.) " Uliimi Romnnorum." " Last of the Roiiiiins." " Are yot two Romuns living rik h as these ? The laKt of all the Romans, Lire theo well ! " — "JuLira C.*8.\R," v., 3. '* Sinnmarri niid Surimimi." Iii Guiana. CHAPTER VI. (Par. 1.) " Pyrrhic." Dancing in armour and imitating war. (Par. 2.) " One shape into another less amorphous." Carlyle is here having a conflict with himself between transcendent- alism and evolution. With all his hatred towards the scientists he was familiar with the ideas of the first evolutionists ; his hero, Goethe, would also inclino liim in this direction. (Par. 3.) " Seven Years' War." By some attributed to a single line of Frederick reflecting on the poetry of a French Minister. See note, Book I., Chap. 4, Par. 4. "Agnes Sorel." "La dame de beaute"; and named so, not altogether from her beauty, as is generally supposed, but from her Chateau de Beauts. " Cocker." Once an authority in arithmetic ; ^ "^nce the phrase, " according to Cocker." ■■-,. >■■■ :.;*, . 1 220 HOW I READ [Bk. XX. ..prurfAomm.." A Republican; estimates the victims of the Revolution as foUowB : (Juillotined by «.ntence ..f Revolutionary TriWunal. : Nobles ■ ■ ■ '^jQ Noblewomen ^_ WiveB of labourers and artisans » .*^ Bcligieuses ^ ^^ Priests .„ g23 Lower classes ' 18,603 Women died of premature childbirth '^^ In childbirth from grief ^^^^^^ Womtn kiled in La Vendue ^^^(i^ Children killed in La Vendde ^,(m Men slain in La Vend(5e ^fli^^^ Victims of Carriere at Nantes Of whom were : Children shot Children drowned • '^^J*^' Women shot " Women drowned ^^ Priests shot Priests drowned Nobles drowned l>f J* Artisans drowned °'^^ 31,00<» Victims at Lyons _ Total '^^'' And even this, exclusive of the victims massacred at VersaUles. the Abbey, Carmes. the Glaciere of Avignon, Toulon, Marseilles and Bedom. *'"'f™L .»/e«rf (.»." I" the article, "France," in m^m W!-—W^H1 Cii.7.1 CARLV/.l^S FRENCH RFA'OIMTIOS. .'21 the EncyclupeJi'i Hritannim the autl'.or says : " The great cliange began in Franco nut becauHe she was raore, but p.'irtly because she was less, oppressed than her neighbours. In comparison with the German the French peasant had many (wlvantages — there was U'ss serfage — there were more peasant proprietors. 'Tliis,' said Arthur Young, in 1 788, ' in the mildest government of any coasiderable country in E rope, our own excepted.'" (Par. 6.) " Epicurni,." The doctrine of the Epicureans was, that pleasure is the chief good ; all warm sympathy for others was systemaiically hardened. in CHAPTER VII. (Par. 2.) " 7Vte wise head never yet was," etc. One of the aphor- isms of Vauvenargues was, " Great thoughts proceed from the heart." "Fiat" " Let it be done." " Pereat." " Let it perish." (Par. 4.) " Directory of Five." All this is known in history as the " Constitution of the Year III." It was the work of the Girondists, who again became the leading faction, and was modified Republicanism. Legislation was entrusted to two bodies, viz., the Council of the Ancients, consisting of 250 members of forty years of age and upwards, and supposed to have the Btuff of vvhieh Senates arc made ; I V^aOR.'^aGL* ^wsHiri-^ v.. i.;u-- Cm. 7] CARl.YLE'S FREi\Cll REVOLUTION. 2-':» tho Htt-rn of evflry ship broiikn away it* hawser fr«>in the l>ank iind, like a dolpliiii, riiukos for tho depth of tin- water with it8 Ijeak plunged in a stri-aiu. From tho Hanus (h^pths — marveUouH nuraclc— as iiiiiny maiden facfs ris« again and are wafted o'er the sca8." Again he nayM, in Flk IX., 100: *' \Vhatev(!r ship has escaped tho waves, fruni it will I take its mortal fo;ni and hid it he on«* of the ginl- desses of the great sea." [8ee also Hook X., 221.] " Like Hoiner's epos, like a bas-relief structure, it dot>8 not con- clude but merely ceases." As he hints, in the opening sentence of the eighth chapter, ships, nymphs and conven- tions are alike indednite. Byrou has this to say of Epics : " Most Kpic poets plunge in mfdl'tx rm (Horai'c makea this tlie heroic turnpike road), And then your horo tells, wheni'er you plfawe, What went bt'forf, liy way of opixodo. Thai is the universal nictiiod, but not mine ; My wayjis to lu'gin at the Itcginning." " Nymph.s innumerable who could sulFir a sea change. " — RrsKiN. (Par. 13.) " The time han come for it and the man." The signal of Meg Merrilies for the arrest of Dirk Hatteraick (in " Guy Manncring ") was, " The man and the hour has come." 'MMjmm^aSR m:.^ 224 /jOir I READ [Dk, XX. 1 ( s CHAPTKll VIII. ^%^Le«<^ of Fnu'tidorr '' n«^ c-ouu.il. '.cied in May, 1797, were Royalist in tenca v. and^b .. oned o oveHhrow the Directorate and cro .•■ ^'^^^ :^ ^^ ^ the assistance of Hoche and Augereau ^'^^ '''\l"^^'l^ what is called the 18th Fructidor (the Directorate Coup d'Etatof August) was effected. .. EijUeel of Bru.naire:' The 10th November. 1- 'A when the Council of Five Hundred was deposed by Napo- Ipon who was declared First Consul. "i.u/." The Terror Conspiracy of Babcuf was o little account and Baba^uf and one other only suffered death. The Directorate had been warned. ^^'Tjrli .rnUion landed propruiorsr On the restoration of the Bourbons one of the conditions was a g"-;-"*f « j^?* he Revolutionary estates should not be interfered w 1. .' Citizen King." Louis Philippe became king n 1830. He cultivated the welfare and esteem of the middle class, he" uste milieu." or «' golden mean." being h.sfavoun te ph J. He was therefore hated by the extreme Kadic^s Ld Royalists, and his H^e;.as fre,uent^ atternp^ H was a son of Philip Egalite. See Book XV., Chap. 4, ra 3, and Book XVIII., Chap. 2. Par. 5. (Par. 3.) ^^ Ex post factor "After the event. (Par. 5.) _ Mumraius set fire to " Corinthian brass. >> "^.u Ch.8.] CARLYLES FRENCH REVOLUTION. 223 Corinth tlie heat was so great that it melted the metal, which ran down the streets in streams. Tiie mixture — gold, silver and brass — forms the best compound metal. (Par. 6.) " Jnif so here, Rea'ler." Apart from any information you may have derived from these " Notes," you already have the knowledge that no satisfactory entertainment, from a literary point of view, can be had from Carlyle's History without a previous acquaintance with at least the Bible ; and perhaps Shakespeare and Milton ought to be added. The pleasure would be greatly enhanced by an intimacy of some sort with Homer and Horace. And indeed such an equipment, if not indispensable, is more than helpful for a fellowship with such literary, pictorial and dramatic historians as Carlyle, Macaulay, Froude, Goldwin Smith, etc. I have not thought it necessary to encumber the " Notes " by indicating the Bible references as they appear, and have consequently drawn the attention of the reader to a few only. Lest some modern readers, however, be not as familiar with the Book which justifies the ways of God to men as were those of Carlyle's youth, I have, in an Appendix, tabulated the principal references of a Biblical nature. I confess I had still another motive for so doing : I had a desire to show the disciples of Cant, and therefore the enemies of Carlyle, that if, in their opinion, Carlyle was theologically heterodox, he cannot be accused of a literary ignorance of the Bible or of uninstructed intoler- ance. 15 APPENDIX. REFERENCES SHOWING CARLYLE'S LOCUS STANDI TOWARDS THE BIBLE. BOOK I. Shepherds of the people Isa. 13. 20 Scarlet woman Rev. 17. 4 Holies and unholies Lev. 10. 10 The Hebrew Book In hope of a happy resurrection 1 Cor. 15. Belial 2 Cor. 6. 15 I believe Mark 9. 24 Horror of great darkness Gen. 15. 12 Shakings of the world Hag. 2. 7 Cup of trembling Zech. 12. 2 BOOK n. Shadow of death Psa. 23. 4 Vanity of vanities Eccl. 12. 8 Judgment bar Rom. 14. 10 Account of the deeds done Rom. 2. 6 Hast done evil John 3. 20 Son of Adam 1 Cor. 15. 22 Her place knowing her no more Psa. 103. 16 They that look out of the windows Eccl. 12. 3 Cistern wheel Eccl. 12. 6 Fool : this night Luke 12. 20 Not grievous, but joyous Heb. 12. 11 Sufficient for the day Matt. 6, 34 227 228 APPENDIX. , T ^, ... 1 Cor. 10. 26 Earth i.'< the Lord s. ^^^ ^ 15 Head or heart no soundness p^^^ ,^g 22 Unbelieving people • • • ' j^ipg^ Jozehul Luke 2. 14 Peace among men • • q^^ g. 11 The fountains of the great deep •■•.•••.■ j ^^ 1 1, 2f> ihe latter end-worse than the begmning Luke 11. ^^ The pot :•••,•••;• John 8. 44 The parent of still other lies ^^^^ ^ 33 The wages of sin is il^ath j^j,^^^ ^5 28 O woman, great is thy taitii ■.•■•.•• tt - g. 7 Sown the wind, reaped the whirlwind ti^«^-^ ^ ^^ Cunningly devised deception j^^^, ^g o Smoke of torment going up t.)rever ^^^ ^ ^ Wrath against the day of wratu ^^^- ^^ j2 Doom-book of a god ■•■■■■■■ y r I Vvos 13. 12 Hope deferred maketh the heart sick i Old Hebrew culture j^^^ 2O. 2 Millennium promised j^^^^j 15 26 Obedience that made men tiee ^^^^ q g Ark of the covenant BOOK in. Crooked things are become straight Lu '8 ^. J An Aaron's rod • ^^^ 5(5. 12 The fool says in his heart, etc j^^ ^ g The measure of the inuiuity j^^ gg 5 Cockatrice' egg q^^ 16. 12 Man's hand is set against man ^,^^^ ^ Ark of escape pg.^ yi. (i Pestilence walked BOOK IV. Having made itself like to the night - • Psj,-^ f^' ^^ Evil is his good , ' ; ; ', Vw '>4 10 The symboTic ark like the old Hebrews Ex^^ -*• \^^ Reed shaken in the wind ^^ ^ 4g They that are greatest become least ^^^ ^ ^,^ Clothe itself in thunder ' jg g Clay which the potter may sliape ^ ^:^^ ^ 20 S(mie towards honour . . . ^^^ g. 8 Brazen serpent in the wilderness WW wm APri'lNDIX. 229 BOOK V. Wise Hs serpents .M.itt. God of peiiee \^■^^ Wherescevor two m- three, ete .M,itt. Verily a word in season I'rov. Respect of persons (',,1 Bone of liis lione Ccn. Pride which i,'oi!th i)eforf a fall I'mv. Had iiardciuil tin-ir liearts Tohn Feast of 'lahernach'S f,,.v. Flaiiu; ijirt Sinai I-;,; Pillar of cloud hy day Kx. Fearful and wond-rful life J'sa. Satan has his place in all licaris \cts Madness rise out of Tophct .!,r. <,)uit you like men 1 ,S,un. The one thin^ needful Luke Babel tower ( ifU. City of Jericho . . Josh. 10. Hi it. t; IS, 2u ]r>. 2:5 • > 25 *> 2:i M. i« 12. 40 '->;!. .■t4 24. 10 i:!. 21 i:!!>. 14 i). • * I'.t. (i 1. '.) I. 42 11. ti. 20 8 12 8 5 12 6 BOOK VI. Whence it conieth, whither it ;^'oetli IVlica! From of old are his i,'oint;s forth Psa. Fearful as in the hej^innint^ (Jen. In the wliirlpool also he speaks .loli The wrath of man, etc Psu. Old Hebrew of Ishniaclite Fx. Night of Pentecost Vets For that which protiteth not lob Lives, moves and has its being \cts Sons of Adam . . 1 Ci >r, Noah's Deluge (Jen. Tiie sceptre is dej)arted (ien. God, in his great mercy Psa. Deep calls to deep Psa. Lucifer, .son of the morning Isa. Become a Goshen Gen. Bulls of BasV • n p.s;i. 1!> 1. .'!8. 1 7f>. 10 2.-.. 12 2 2."> 27 17. 2.S 15. 22 H. 4!t. 10 14.-.. 142. i 14. 12 45. 10 22 12 BOOK VII. Clay in the hands of the potter Isa. The very hyssup un the wall E.\. 04. « 4. V>.\ 230 APPENDI^'■ . . . Job 1. 1^ Ah that of Job's sons Apocrypha. Ye Judiths • Luke 1 • '2^ Blessed art thou above, etc ;;.... Sam. 9. 4 Another Saul . • • ■•- Mark 13. 14 This, then, is the abomniation ^^^^ ,. 34 Sufficient for the day (.gn. 32. 30 Looked in the King s face p^ ^4.11 Grace of God :••••• . . Gen. 49. 10 The sceptre is departing BOOK VIII. 1 Cor. 13. 5 Thinks no evil pga. 77. l'> God's way is in the sea • ^^^^ 23. 31 If the dead echo ■••.••-•, Judges 17. 6 There was no King in Israel p^^^^ 37. 22 Bray them in a mortar ^^^^ jg. 12 Turn every man his hand ^^^^ 31 g A hemlock tree 2 Pet. 3. 19 Spirits in prison . • Matt. 24. 28 Where the carcase is ...■•• • ..Job 8. 9 To-day swallowing yesterday ^^^ ^ g He that ran may read j^j,^tt, ig. 20 Let two or three gather ^ p^^ j. 24 \11 flesh is grass prov. 15. 1 A soft word • ... Luke 24. 32 Do not our hearts burn g Cor. 5. 17 Man, as is well said, etc '.".'.... Prov. 15. 25 Word in season Ex. 3. 7 Was heard in heaven . •••••••• " '. . . Lev. 23. 24 A Hebrew Feast of Tabernacles ^^^^^ ^ jg Name of the Highest ••••;••• ;;;".. Luke 22. 19 Do this in remembrance ot me ^ ^^^ ^5 22 Sinful posterity, etc ^^ts 2. 9 Dwellers of Mesopotamia ■■■■.'.'.".'.... Oen. 1- One Adam ••••.••: Gen. 3. As it was in the beginning Genesis. "' Adam delved .1 Pet. 1. 23 New birth .... Rev. 22. 17 Whosoever can come • j^jj^ 5. 14 Lest a worse thing •••••• ... Gen. 48. Another than that of Jacob j^^ 7. 10 The place that knew li 0-B»>iO»«*-.fl ^ :"\m> AI'PENIUX. '1\\\ Sill had come Ii'>ni. f"- 12 Evil WHS ab(ilishe(l Ii'>m. «>. 14 I'.OOK IX. By the still wiiters ^*sa. 23. 2 Ist.iriot ^J'^ft- 1"- 4 VV.Tks !)>' faith 2 <-'"»•• •>• 7 Th"ii ahalt not steal ^'X. 20. li> Smoking Hax M''". 12. 20 Beginning of days \\^\). 7. .5 BOOK X. Eye.s has he \'\ i w « ( )donccs must come ^V,\Xt. IM. * Thou Shalt 1;^^- -"■ To-morrow thou shalt look ''^'i'- ^- ]^;' Bittern by the solit iry pools lsj\- 14. _.i From Dan to Beersheba • ■ - ^••^'"- -*• - I.ike voice in the desert !*;■■'• '*5^- •* Noah's deluge ♦'•;"• \- While it was yet day •'"'}" | ^ Prince of the }>ower of the air l-'Pl'; -• - Depart shaking the dust ^}^". 10. 14 K){ whom much is expected ^)'^^. *■ "•' Doing justice, etc Micali j. 8 Shepherd of the people • ;;1- J- f Man's years are numliered » »»• •"'• ^ ' The pale messenger |^«^- ';• Heralds of the pale repose |^^^^ • J.'- ° Like the Magdalen 1^«^'- ' • *' BOOK XI. Men beat their ploughshares -J^el •^. 10 Like the laws of the Medes Jj^^hei 1. •• There is a lion in the path rKin..s 18. 2l' Iso longer halts "^ |. ^ Great High King ^^^^ ^^ ,. Clay on ])otter s wheel ^ p^t 1 If, Cunningly devised • " .^^ Name of the Highest '^"'^^ '■ ■■S^Jt,:t 232 APPENDIX. BOOK XII. c K 1 He1>. 6- 4 It b,;lioves the son ut Adam ^^^^ ^ ^q Greiit Babylon • ..^ " jqq jg In falsehood as in a garment ^^^ ^ j,. Principalities an.l jHUVtrs ^^^^- .^^^ .jy The earth and Tophet ^^^^^ ^ .54 SuHicient fur that day j^^,^ g. 2 Ho that runs j^^j^^ 9, 15 Shaking the dust. j^^,^ jq 2*2 Full assurance of faith Matt. 1. 1 ( Jospcl according to ^^^ ' ,; 1 High and lilted up ^^.^.'^ 2. 1 Nights of Pentecost Judges 10. 4 Delilah 1 (j„r. Kj. 22 Anathema 2 Cor. 6. 15 B^li^^l ..••• •■• L„kj. 12. 17 Hours are numbered ^^^^^ .^ 25 Divided against itself j.,^^^ i, 2 Not wise to consider ^^^^ g. 14 Gloria in excelsis.. j^^ g 5 Look in the face of Its king p^^ ^3- 5 Forgotten his cunning ^^^:^^ jg gl Chief-priest ^.^^^^ 1. Ezekiel visions BOOK XIII. Weighed itself in the balance JJ"- ^^ "^ As the i)eacoable promised land ^^^^ j,; ^g The one thing needful ^^^^ j 2 Like recording ungel Jonah 4. 11 As in old Nineveh .. .^ ' • • " j^^^^j^ 4 ^ Know not the right hand j^ j^^^ ^^ ^^ Foot-washing ^ Kings 12. Hi To your tents j^^^ () <) Orion and the Pleiades IKingslS. 2 Halts between two ., ^^^j. 12. 15 Spent and be spent^. - ^,^^^ ^7 g Bear bereaved of whelps ^^j 3 j2 Mercy does well ^^.^^ 18. 21 Moloch justice .,.-.' ■ ■ il s=nmiis~iaBx^, ArFENDIX. 233 BOOK XIV. 17 42 2 11 11 14 16 9 2 15 8 12 Madness and Topliefc . . . . Sceptro has dopartcil . . . , An eye for fin i-yi; Hid in a napkin I'roverl) and a hissing. . . Groat day of judf^inunt . If (lod restrained not . . . Sons of men Priests of I?ool/,el»ub. . . Sceptre has departe I . . . Sons of darkness . Every man his own king De profundis Even there, etc Son of fire Pain of death Wounded in tlie house, etc. Like Pharaoh Isa. . 52 7«i. 10 <■> I \v>. ;?5 4i». 10 2. iti s 17. (i i:jo. 1 ;5!>. 10 w. 25 ■i;j. •> 11. 24 i:j. 14. BOOK XV. A kind of apocalyptic convention Rev. There went forth death on tlie pale horse Rev. Aaron's rod Ex. Consume the cup of trembling Zech. Curses his day more bitterly than Job Job BOOK XVI. Sorrow and sin flee away Isa. How did our hearts burn within Luko Apage Satanas Matt. Sceptre departs Zech. Creative fiat Gen. No bowels, etc 1 John Sword of .sharpness Rev. Sounding brass 1 Cor. He that made him knows ler. The morrow will provide Matt. Breaking out of Tophet 2 Kings 23. 6. « (5. 8 7. 12 12. o ;{. ol. 11 24. 32 16. 23 10. 11 1. 3 3. 17 1. 16 13. 1 1. 5 6. 34 23. 10 2M APPnNnix. Si»rrow and sin Hoe awfty ... Ifwi. HI. 11 l^niverNJkl iiiilloiiniuni Luko 21. '27 How did our hcartH burn I^uko 24. M'J Woe is mo Job 1. '.\ HOOK XVII. De»K)rfth Judges 4. The good .IcKUs TesUiiumt. \\Ta|)|>ed in swaddling clothe.'s Luko 2. 7 Knconi[»R.s8ed with perils 2 Cor. 1 1 . 2(i Tongue cleaving to the roof K/.ek. .'J. 2«"*• 'i'- * „ ,. ^ f Matt., Mark, Four evangolLsts \ ^^^^^^ j,,,^^ Repent that they might be saved Luke l.'l, 3 Gospel according to In. to Matt. Sepulchre full of dead menV bones Matt. 2.S. 27 Pit of Tophet Isa. 30. X\ Sin and da'' -s John 3. l!l Adam na'u: a Tiew things (Jen. 2. 20 None of them as the P.sahuist says Psa. o3. I'.t Jezebel head-tiro 2 Kings i>. 30 Many are the labourers Matt. 0. 37 C.vst like bread Amos 4. 11 Like the coney Prov. 30. 2fi Nests in the rocks Prov. 30. 2ii Supreme power Psa. H2. 1 1 The she-bear bereaved Hos. 13. 18 Writing on the walls Dan. 5. 23 Angel of death. Matt. 13. 3!) Dwells in the hearts of men Matt. 7. 21 God shall judge thee Ps-v. 3.5. 7 Docmisday Rev. 20. 12 As the sands of the sea Psa. 130. 1 I)ii! ami Mot live psn \\^ y- Aaion'» r.Kl .■.■.■.■.*.■.'..■ Nmii. Hi! 17 Hook of llevelaiioii Kevelatioii. Whorevor two or tliroii Matt. 18. 20 Fire that is not i|uuiich»'d Matt. !» 4.'{ How loiiK, O Lord ! \\ n^.y. \\. lit Tarried not at the wine cup Prov. 2."{ ."{0 To y.iur tontH, O Inrael i Kirij^sT' Hi God 1)0 merciful w^ " 47. I Mystery of liorrid cruelty i> ThosH. 2. 7 Barron as tho oast wind ( ;en. 41. 23 All things are passing away 2 Cor. 5. 17 BOOK XX. MouiTiu as Rachel Matt. 2. 18 With the things beyond tho Ho Pharac . chariot.s E.x. 14. 8 Lion not dead Ezek. 1!). New births 1 pet. 1 . 23 Peace, peace Jer. 8. 11 Who can briiii,' a wi.se thing Job 1!». 4 Out of tho oator Judges 14. 14 Living fountains Jer. 2. 13