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Loruque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproddiit en un seul cliche, il est fUmA d partir de i'angle supArieur nauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 V ^ COMPENDIUM OP THE HISTORY OF CANADA AND OF THE OTHER BEITISn WORTH AMERICA?! PROVINCES. BY THE CHRISTIAN BROTHESa QUEBKC : C. DARVEAU, PRINTER AND PUB] 8 Mountain-HiJi 1873. Entered, according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, by Ephrem Gagnon, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. PREFACE. The object of this little work Is to facilitate to beo;inners the study of our national History, which is, at the same time, very interesting and important. In its compilation, we have kept in mind that they for whom it is intended, are still very young, and, accordingly, we have endeavored to be as simple, exact, clear, and precise as possible. Among the many facts we had to relate or point out, it is quite possible that we have neglected some of a sufficient importance ; but we are confident of having omitted none of those that are essential. Moreover, addressino; ourselves to young children, one may easily understand that we were bound to mention only the principal events ; and these, in the simplest language. The History of Canada which we arc to publish soon, will contain the other striking occurrences, wUich could uot be inserted in this extract. PREFACE. • The catechistioal method offers the greatest advantages, which are denied by those only who have never taught. Hence, we have adopted it, both to comply with the reiterated desires of men well skilled in the art of teaching, as well as to follow our own personal experience and pcdacrogical convictions. It has been paid with truth, that G eography and Chronology are the two eyes of History : this is the reason why we have inserted the most important dates, after having revised them carefully. Concerning the geographical part, wo would take the liberty of suggesting to the teachers who might use this book, to accompany the recitation with the pointing out on the maps of the places where the facts occurred. Upon thi3-al0jQ@ deperi^3.^veS88 ia teaQhi.n2..HistjQtry. COMPENDIUM OP THE oiuilY OF CANADA, AND OF^THE OTiEE MiTM vmmm m m\m amemcl INTRODUCTION. Early voyages, principal discoveries -ttnd ^ quests in America. Question. By whom was America -discov- ered ? Answer. America was discovered by Chris- topher Columbus, a Genoese in the service of Spain, Q. What was the chief object of Columbus in searching for new lands ? A. His chief object was to sava a multitude of souls by bringing to them the light of the Gospel. mi « terSTORT or CANADA. i 1 > Q. When and where did he embirrk fbrihis gieat enterprise ? A. He embarked on the 3rd of Aiig^i9t,1492, at Palos, a small port-town in Spain. 6. What was his first discovery ? A. His first discovery was the Island of St. Salvador, ono of the Biliama group, which h*^ reached on the 12th of October, 1492, af^^^" ^^ days of navi2;ation. Q. What^did the Sp5.Tiiarf1^ nnd on rc^achmg the Island ? A. They fonnJ its shores covered with socv- ages,* who manifested the greatest astonishment. q! What were the next discoveries of Co- lumbus ? T , -, n i-, 1 /. . He next discovered the Islands of Cuba and St. DominG^o, or Hayti. Q. What did kc call the various groups of islands which ho had discovered ? A. He called them the Wc>t Indies. Q. Wh:it did Colambus after having taken possession of St. Domingo ? A. He set sail for his return to Europe,.and reached Palos on the 15th of March,^ 1403. Q. How was ho received at Palos ? ^ A. He was received by the popalation with the greatest transports of joy. 70 il!7TH0TnTCTTDN. Q. HoWdid the sarcTeigns of Spiria honor Columbus at Barcelona ? A. Tho Kini; and Queen of Sp!un loaded him with the highest honors : in a public au- dience, they made him sit in their presence, and were filled with adminition at the recital of his adventures. Q. How mauy' voyages to the New World did Columbus afterwards make ? A. lie made three others, during which, he visited several of the West-India Islands, now called Antilles. Q. What remark iible discovery did he make on his third voyage, in 1403 ? A. IIo discovered the continent of South America, and explored its coast from the mout^ * * lo Orinoco to Caracas. Q. ^»r did ho sail on his fourth and lastv 1502? A. ^. I as far as the Gulf of Darien. Q. Where aid Colum! us die ? A. He died at Valiadoiid, in 1506, beino; in the sixty sixth year of his age, and broken down by Borrows and infirmities. Q. What celebrated mivii^ators came across the Atlantic after Columous ? A. The first were the Venitiaiis,John Cabot and his sou Sebastian. 8 HTSTCniY OP CANJbDA. iil If Q. Whirt did they disccrer ? A. They discovered NewtonrxUland anU Labrador, in 1497, a year p;-evious to tlio dis- covery of South America by Columbus. Q. Who p:avo his name to the New World ? a'. Americas Vespucius, a Flortnrine navi- gator. Q. What dise&rcries were marde, in the year 1500? ^ r. i .. A. In 1500, ViuG-cnt pinzon ofP^Uos, dis- covered Brazil and the Amazon Ri/er, while Gaspard Cortcreal a Portuguese navigator, penetrated into the interior of tht Gult ot bt, Lawrence. Q. Who wererthc first navigivtors tliiit vi^sited the shores of Newfoundland ? A. They were the Basques and Bretons. ^ Q. What did Ferntrndp Cortez, a Spanish Captain, in 1518 ? ^ ^ .^ i A. At the head of a fleet of 10 vessels, bearing 600 Spaniards, 18 horses, and few field-pieces, he reached Mexico, and mndc its conquest. Q. What was Mexico at that period ? A. Mexico was a vast empire wb.o&e.>fiOver- cign was Montezuma. Q. Where is Mexico -situated ? the i INTHrDXOnOF. 9 A. In tho Boutli'wesiera part of Nor& America. Q. What discovery was nia-Jc, in 1520, by Ma.c;cllan, t\ Portugiicso navipjator ? A. lie discovered tho ptrait which bears his name, J)etwecn Bouth America and Tiorra del Fuego, througli which he catered tho Pa-eific Ocean. Q. By whom wero the first expedition, in tho name of tho Kin;^ of France, undertaken ? * A. By John V -azzani, a Florentine na\i- gator in the jscr >oo cF Francis I., in 1524. Q, What othor expedition was undertaken shortly after tho conqncst of Koxieo ? A. An expedition similar to ^hclasf, against the rich and powerful Ilimpire of Peru in South America, in 1531. Q. Who commanded this-expodition ? A. Fiancia Pizurro. Q. What did he obtain from Charles V. of Spain ? A. He obtained the title of viceroy of tho country he had discovered, and alsojiomo droops to tiiake tho concmest tbofcof. Q. How did rizarro p^roceed ? A. Ho sent an embassy to the Inca, Ata- balipa, and followed the '^xar^ple ^f Cortez, by sacrificing good faitkaud loyalty to bis.susce-ss. I ! * i 10 HISTORY OF CANADA. of !. What happened-shortly affeerihe ccnquest *eru ? A. Discord arose amoDgst the conqufirois, vbich ended in violent contentions. Q. How did Pizarro end his life ? A. By assassination, in 1541. Q. What is said of the civilization of Mexico antS Peru, when invaded by the Spaniards ? A. These two Empires hod .mo-dcxQlisiiQr'* ubh p?§gross in JcivilizatiQu. nUST PART, PIESTEPOCH^ nto::« ttie arjiival of jacques cartiei;.jji C.1!SAD4, 1534, TO THE Fen^OiTlON OP QUE-BEC, L60^. ~i CILIPTER FIRST. Frtm^f tM-'ftrnvat of Jacques Cartier in Canada^ 1 534;, taiiie nomination of De JRjoberval as^viceroij, IMl. Q. Where is Canada situated ? A. Canada is situated in the ^orth-eastem part of North Ameriua, comprising a vast region of country. Q. By whom was the country inhabited, when discorrered by Europeans ? called Xndiani 12 HISTORY OP CANADA. Hi Q. WliO TTas the first to explore^the interior of Qanada ? A. Ja<;qiies Cartier, a skilful narigator of St Ma^o. Q. Was Can-ada k^o'v^n before this period ? A. Yes, it was known by the Fretioli before Cairtier's exploration, Q. Why did not Frounce }>ursuq the 4iscDV- eries commenced by Verazza.ni ? A. On account of a vnxv which she had to gastrin against Spain. Q. Wiiat did jPrancis I., King of Fra4ice, resolve, when ho heard of the success of the Spaniards and Portuguese in the New World ? A. He also resolved to found some eoloniea in that country. Q. When and where did C^^trtierembarlt, on his first voyage to Canada ? A. On the 20th of April, 1534, Cartier Bailed from St. Msb, a Siiiail jcrt-townon the coa$t of Brittany. Q. When did Cartier reach the gulf, now called St. Lawrence ? A. On the Othof Jr.ne thq same year; he €xpiored its northern and southern coasts. Q. What course did he afterwards take ? A. He took a westerly course, and, on the r»_l T__l- oii ui efuiy, ^ux^eci a 1_^ «„J .^ ^^.^9 l^fWV UVVp M*j M JACQUES CARTIER. 1:5 •which he called the Bale des Chalevrs^ on account of the intense Jieat he experienced. Q. When did Cartier set sail for his retnm to France ? A. Ou the Ftjast of the Assnmption, after having assisted at Mass with his crew. They arrived at St. Malo on the 5th of September. . Q. What effect had Cartier's report on Francis I. ? A. The King ^as so well plea.sed with the report that, on the following year, he gave Cartier a greater commission^ and furnished him with a more considerable armament. Q. Of what did this armament consist ? A. It consisted of three vessels : one of about 120 tons, called the Grande Hcrmine ; the gecond of 60 tons, called the Petite Her- mine ; and the third of 40 tons, called the Emerillon^ Q. On what day did this expedition set-ort ? A. On the 19th of May, 1535. Q. What happened to them, on .the 1st of Augusu ? A. A tempest obliged them to take shelter in a port situated at the entrance of the gulf, then called the Gulf of Canada. T T A ^ w IJS . Ui^ JJIV had explored the preceding year ? ,!ii u HISTORY OF CANADA. ii ! Mi It ii I A. On the 10th of August, the feast of St. Lawrence, he sailed up the gulf which he named after this Sainif. Q. Where was Cartier on the 15th. of Au- gust ? A. He stood before the Island of Anticosti which he named Isle de VAssomption, on account of the solemnity of that day. Q. Whither did the fleet afterwards pro- ceed ? ^ A. The fleet ascended the river and cast an- chor near an island which he named Isle aux Coudres^ from the great quantity of hazel-trees (coudriers) found on it. Q. Wha^ other island did Cartier meet farther up ? A. He met a far larger island (Orleans) which he named Isle de Bacchus, on account of the great quantity of wild grapes he found on it. Q. What prompted Cartier to hasten his ascension of the river ? A. The desire of reconnoitring the country, and specially, of seeing the village of Hoche- Jaga, so much spoken "of by the two Indians whom he had on board with him. Island, what did he do ? ^.iCQUES CARTIER. 15 A. Having found there a small river that appeared convenient to shelter his vessels, Cartier cast anchor, and named it Ste. Croix^ since called St. Charles River. Q. What visit did he receive, as- soon as he arrived there ? A. He received the visit of DonaconP:, chief of a neighboring Indian village, called Stada- cona. Q. When did Cartier set out from Stada- cona for Hochelaga ? A. He set out on the 19th of September, on board the Etnerillon, with the adventurers that accompanied him, fifty mariners^ and two skiffs or boats. Q. Having arrived at the lake now called St. Peter, what was he obliged to do ? A. The Emerillon being unable to advance further, Cartier armed the two boats, loaded them with provisions, and proceeded on his discoveries. Q. When did he reach Hochelaga ? A. He arrived there on the 2d of October. Q. What did he on the following day which was Sunday ? A. Having left eight sailors in charare of the boats, he went with the gentlemen and the 16 HISTOlRY OP CAKADA. other salients to visit Hcchelaga^ be-irig^-guidtsd by three Inditms of that village. Q. How (JIcl Cartier describe the village ? A, He gaid that it was nearly cii'cular^ and enclosed by three palisades, containing about fifty huts, each fifty paces lon<:; by fpurteen wide, all made in tho form of a funneh Q. What did CaFticr and his suite, after their vitit to Hochrlaga ? A, Fearing for tho safety of the Em^'llkm^ they returned to her on the same daj^ Q. After having reached the EmeriUon at Lake Sr. Peter, what was their next step ? A. They descended the scream as far as Three Hivers. Q. When did they re-enter the^ Harbor of Ste. Croix ? A. On the 11th of October. Q. To what trials had Cartier and his men to submit during the winter ? A. They had to suffer much^ not only frorn the severity of the winter to which they were unaccustomed, but also from the scurvy by which they were nearly all attacked. Q. What did Cartier, in the spring. A. On the 6 th of May, ho deported for France with two of his vessels, abandoning the DE ROBERVAI.. IT third for want of sailors^ and reached St,JiIalo on the 16th of July. Q. With, whom was France at war- oa Ills return r A. Fiance was at war with-Spain. j CHAPTER IL From^i Robervalf 1541, to the Marquis de la Roche, the second viceroy, 1678. Q. Peace having been restored to France what did Francis I. do ? A. ^'nncia I. ordered anew expedition for Canada to be prepared, and appointed Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de JEiohervalf Lieutenait-Oeneral. Q. (To ^hom was the command- of the expe- dition conided ? A. To Jacques (JJartier, Tyho had previously received ihe tiomination of Captain-General, and Pilot-Master of the teasels. 0. When did Gartier set aail ? A. On the 23d of May, 1541'. 2. When did he arrive at gte^-Croix ? . On the 234 of August. Q. What did Cartier, wishing to gbe his ships a blotter §heller than in thJe-Ste. Croix Harbor V 18 HISTORY OF CANADA. li -:■• I A. He ascended the river as far as Cap- Rouge ; ihat place afforded his vessels a greater security^ and was more suitable for the estab- lishment of a colony. . Q. What did he do with two of his vessels ? A. On the 3d of September, he despatched them to Fr inco with information to the King of what had been cora>naeaccd, and of the non- arrivaj of De Roberval. Q. What did Cartier, after the departure of the ships ? A. • He caused two boats to be prepared^ and ascended the rivor a second time to Hochehga, in order to examine the rapids, so as to be ready to make further expbratiocs in the followinoj spring. Q. Whit precaution did Cartiertake^oniiis return to C ha rlesbourg Royal ? A. Some signs of hostility on the part of the Indians determined him to have his forts in readiness, and to be continually on the watch, Q. What dctermiaatioa did Cartier take, at the reopening of navigatior^ ? A. He resolved to embark again for France ; for, thQ colonists had become discouraged by the molestations of the Indians, and at the non*arrival of De RobervaL Q. Whom did he meet at Newfouodland ? PB ROBERVAL. Id A. H< me^ De Koberval who wad bringing, on ))oard of three large vessels, two hundred person^ 0? both sexes, among whom were a few noblemen, Q. Wlen did De Roberval reach Charles- bourg-Rcyal ? A. JI^ arrived there in the month of July, 1542. I Q. Wlat happened to thia colony, sooa-after its prrivd ? A. It lyas visited by the scurvy, which car- ried off Bij persons. Q. Wkat order was giveiii to Cartiery^shortly after his arrival in Franco ? A. As Francis t. could not send the assist- ance denBnded by the colonists, he ordered Cartier to Undertake a fourth vc»yagGta Canada, in order to Ibring back De Eoberval and the remnant of his colony. * Q. Wh'di were the general features of Can- ada, when Ijrgt discovered by the French ? A. Canada was then wholly covered with thijck jPorests. Q. What nations then inhabited Canada ? A. Diyers tribes of Indians, who differed slightly in their nharacter, maimers^ and cus- toms, The chief tribes were the li'ooiiiois^ Hurous, and Algoaquins. 20 HISTORY OP CANADA. CHAPTER III. Fivm th$ Marquisde la Eochej 1518^ to the foundation ofCluebeCf 1608^ ?. "Who was \he second lieutenint-general viceroy pf Canatia ? i A. Th^ Marquis de la Roche, a Breton Lord. He received his titles from. Eenry III. in 1578, and the game were conlrmed by Henry IV., In 1598. Q. To whom did the Marquis resign his commission ? A. To^ Pierre Chauvin, a ma3tef-mariner, who obtained at the pame time the exclusive right of the fur-trade. I Q. Who was the successor of Chauvin ? A. De Chates, Who was the Governor of Dieppe, and a tnan of great merit, ii 1600. Q, Whafmean3 did he take to establish a €obny in Canada f A. He ibrmed a society^ composed of mer- chants and noblemen. Q. To whom did DoXJhates give the -com- mand of his vcsseli^i ? A. To De Pontgrav^, a navigator of St. Malo, who was charged by the King to contin- ue the exploration of tlmlarge river of Can- ada. DE MOXTS. 21 Q. '\Thoni did JDe Cliatcs associate with Do Ponti'ravo ? A. Samuel c!e Champlain, a distinguished captain eftlio French navy, bom at Brouago in SaiiitonG^o. , Q. What new5? did Ponfgjravd and Cham- plain learn, at their return to Ilonflour? A. They heard of the death of Do Chafes, who had bien uniiblo to ivecQuopany theii* expe- dition. ♦ Q. Who siu:-0'3€ded Do Chates ? A. Piarro du Gas, Sieur de Monts, a Hu- guenot nobleman. Q. What did Do Monts, in autumn, 1605 ? A. Tic left the cotUiuancl to Pontgrave, and returned to France. Vt I 22 HISTOllY OF CANADA. SECOND EPOCH FROM THE FOUNDATION OF QUEBEC, 1608, TO THE ESTABUmiJyiENT OF THE SUPLIiHiME COUilClL, 1GG3. CHAPTER I. From the foundation of QuebeCj 1608, to the formoLian of the Montimyrenc^/^-Cotnpanyj - 1621. Q. Wliat did Henry IV. grant to .De Monts ? A. He granted hiin the exclusive right of the fur-trade for the space of one yeary commen- cing in January, 1608. Q. Who commanded the two ships sent to Canada by De Monta ? A. One was commanded by Pontgravd, the other by Champlain. PontgravtS stopped at Tadoussac, and Cham.plain, J)ound for Quebec, arrived there on the 3i of July. Q. Where (^id Champlain land ? A. He land:. J at the point called by the Indians Kebcc, Q. In view of knowing the country,, what did Chitxjuplaiaju the spring uf 1G09 ? i' DE MONTS — CHAMPLAIN. 23 A. He accompanied a party of Huron': and Algonquins that were going to fight with the Iroquois. Q. Whilst Champlain was laying the foun- dation of the colony in Quebec, what befell De Monts in Paris ? A. Do Monts was such an object of jealousy to the Bretons, Basques, Normans, and others, that they prevailed upon the King, for the second time, to revoke the commission he had granted him. Q. What did Champlain on learning this ? A. He went to Franco with Pontgrav^ to ascertain who should be the owners of the con- structions in Quebec, made at the expense of De Monts and his associates. Q. To whom did he confide the-govemjaeat of the colony during his absence ? A. To Captain Pierre Chauvin. Q. How was Champlain received by Henry A. He was favorably received. Q. What was done '^y De Monts and his associates, being unwilling to abandon the colony ? A. They armed and provisioned two ships for Cunudu, under the command of Fontgrav6 !iJ 24 HISTORY OP CANADA. and Chaniplain. They arrived at Tadoussac on tho2Gthof May, 1610. Q. In what condition did Champlaia find his little colony ? A. Ho found it in healthful vigor. Q. In what year did the Jesuits, arrive in Acadia ? A. In IGll, on the 12th of June, Fathers Mnssc and Biart arrived at Port-Ptoyal, in order to learn the dialects of the country, and preuch the Gos| el to the Indians. Q. What did Chimplain, when he heard of the tra,2ical end of Henry IV. ? A. ilo set out iuinicdiately for France, leaving the command of the colony to Duparc. Q. What did Dc Monts' Company, in the spring of 101 1 ? A. Determined to maintain their privilege by a bi-^t effort, they armed gome vessels, and Champlain a^i well as Pontgravc started once more for Quebec. Q. What did Champlain project, on his arrival at Quebec ? A. lie erected a fort near St. Louis Rapids (Lachine), %o as lo secure his discoveries and Drotcct commerce. Q. Where did he-after wards go ? DE MOIS'TS — €HAM?LAIN. 25 A. He descended to Tadoussac, where he embarked for Franco with PontgrDvo, on the 11th of Au>rust, and reached Li llochelle oa the 10th of September, 1611. Q. What was C ha mplaiirs- object in this voyage ? A. Ch.^uupkinr's objeet was to find ^ patron who would support the claims and interests of the colony. Q. What patron did he find ? A. Charles do Bourbon, Count of Soi^sons, who, through zeal for Heligion, willingly ac- cepted the oifer. Q. As Charles de Boirrb-ondied shortly after his nomination, who succeeded him ? A. Prince Henry do Condo,his iieph^rW. Q. When did Champiain return to Quebec ? A. On the 7th of May, 1613 after an absence of nearly two years. Q. Whither did he go, shortly after his arri- val at Quebec ? A. He went to St. Louis Rapids, where he expected to meet the Indians from the West. Q. What did he do, desiring to explore the western parts of the country ? A. He '^scendcd the Pviver Ottawa, called the great nver of the Ahionauins. as fcir as its sources. ^a8H» »» . ♦ iWJ ^vjf MtklH M Is I n ■fn ' ■ 26 HISTORY OP CANADA. Q. What resolution did he -take, on his return to St. Louis Kapids ? A. Convinced that he could do nothing in the country during the winter, he resolved to go to France, where his presencecould be useful in the interests of his colony ; so, on the 26th of August, he embarked at Tadoussac for St, Malo. Q. "Wliat did Champlain in Prance ? A. He presented a report of his voyage to the King and the Prince of Conde at Fontaine- bleau, and made them accept his scheme of forming a good and powerful company, whose resources would permit them to pursue and ameliorate the colonizacicn already commenced. Q. V/at did ho, after the formation of the Rouen Company ? A. He proceeded to execute his lonoi-desired project of brin!:;ing over zealous missionaries, who would revive and sustain the faith of the colonists, and preach the truths of the Gospel to the Indians. Q. When did he set sail for New France ? A. On the 24th of April, 1G15, he sailed from Honfleur, bringing over four IlecoUet Fathers. Q. Which of these fathers remained at Quebec ? DE MONTS--CHAMPLAIN. 27 A. Father John Dolbeau. . Q. Whither did the others go ? A.. Eager to exercise their zeal for the salva-^ tioa of the Indians, Fathers Jamay and Le Caron went to St. Louis Rapids. ^ Q. Whither did Champlain go, shortly after his arrival at Qnebec ? A. He went to St. Louis Rapids, where he found some Hurons who invited him to accom- pany them on an expedition against the Iro- quois, Q. What was the result of the expedition ? A. Champlain was grievously wounded, and the Hurons relurned with loss and confusion. Q. To what had Champlain then to submit? A. Ho had to submit himself to spend the winter among the Indians. Q. Whither did he go, at tae openinc' of navigation ? A. He went to Quebec, where he-anived on the 11th of July, 1G16. Q. Did he remain long there ? A. No ; having set out on the 20th of July accompanied by Fathers Jamay and Le Caron' . he arrived at Tadoussac, where he embarked for France in Pontgrave's vessel on the 3d of August, reaching Honfleur Sept. 10th, 1616. 28 HISTORY OF CANADA, Q. ';;Vhen did Champlain set sail again for Canada ? A. In tlie spring of 1G17^ whilst the tisso- ciates were quarrelling. Q. What did he in the fall of the same year ? A. lie vrcnt back to France with Father John Dolbeau, to cnliL^htcn tlio chief associates of the company on their true interests. Q. What did lie do in France ? A. Assisted by his friends, he' mnde all endeavors to obtain more abundant supplies from the Con^pany. Q. What did the-Company attempt against him ? A. Finding him a troublesovne censor of their conduct, the Company attempted to remove him from the comuKmd of the colony. Q. What building did the Kecollet Fathers begin tit Quebec, in the spring of 1G20 ? A. They began the construction of their convent of Notre Duine des Angcs, Q. To whom did the Prince of Conde cede liis viceroyaity of New France, in 1620 ? A. He ceded it to the Duke of Montmo- rency, Admin: 1 of France, who nominated Champlain Lis Lieutenant-General. CHAMPLAIN. 2^ Q. When did Champlain start again for Canada ? A. He left France in the spring of 1620, and arrived at Quebec towards the beginning of July. CHAPTER 11. From Ihe formation of the Montmorency Com- panijy 1621, to the rest ilution of Canada and Acadia to France, 1632. Q. What did the Duke of Monfmorency in 1621, having heard new complaints against the Iloueu Coui|tany ? A. He formed another company in opposition to that of Konen, hoping that the new one would lie more faithful to their engagements. Q. What rej^olution did Champlain take, dissatisfied with both companies ? A. He resolved to address himself to the King. Q. Whom did he depute for this purpose ? A. As his presence was necessary in Quebec, he deputed Father George Le Ba^'Hif, a Ftec- ollet, who had been in (sJanada since 1620. Q. What w;is the result of the mission of Father Le Baillif ? A. lie obtained from the State Council a i it 1 30 HISTORY OF CANADA. decree uniting the two companies in one, and granting to the Montmorency Company the sole privilege of the pelt; y traffic. Q. What measure did Champlain take, in the fall of 1621? A. He sent back to France two families who had dune nothing to clear their land, though they were in the country for more than two years. Q. What did he, in the winter of 1621-22 ? A. He jiiado new alliances with some savage tribes. Q. What did the Iroquois at this news ? A . They divided themselves into two parties, one of which attacked the French at St. Louis Kapids, and the other, the establishment of the Eecollets, at Quebec. Q. What new missionaries came to Qaebec, in 1624 ? A. Father Nicholas Vie! and Brother Gabriel Sagard, first historian of the Huron Missions. Q. By what event was the year 1 624 ren- dered memorable in Quebec ? A. By a great religious solemnity celebrated in fulfilment of a vow made in honor of St. Joseph, who, on that occasion, was chosen first Patron of New France. ■ n CHAMPLAIN. 31 Q. What dcterininiition did Charnplain take t)n sooi"i^ tb'tt the Campany wns not only satis- fied with leaving the colony without defence, but also neglected to provide Quebec with the necessary provisions ? • A. He resolved to return to France with his family. Q. When did he sail from Quebec ? A On the 15th of Auij^ust, 1624, after having earnestly recommended the works of the p iblic buildings, and of Fort St. Louis. Q. Who commanded the colony in his absence ? A. Emery de Caen, who was at the same time the chief clerk of the colony. Q. What did the Duke of Montmorency, tirod of the continued contests between the two parties of the < omp:iny of Canada ? A. He ceded his viceroyalty to the Duke of Vcntndour. Q. Who were the first Jesuits that came to Cnn;ida ? A Fiitliers Chnrles Lalemant, John de Brebei'.f, Edmund Masse, and two lay Brothers. Q. What did Chimplain, on hearing that De Cuen annoyed the Catholics so far as to tke Hu£?uenots ? I < ii t'\ at I ^^ «"« c T jjiaj CiD XJi. 1 '! |1 ; 1 I !': f ( H i 32 HISTORY OF CANADA. A- In conjunction with Father le Caron, he mado known his complaints ap;ainst De Caen to the King, who appointed De la Baldc to replace him. Q. How did Cliamplain find the works of the colony, when he returned to Quebec, ia 1626 ? A. He found them in the same condition they were in at his departure, two years previous. Q. What was then his first care ? A. His first care was to get the Fort St. Louis and the other public buildinc^s finished. Q. What did King Louis XITL and his xninister, Cardinal Richelieu, resolve, on hearing that the Company did not fulfil their engage- ments ? A. They resolved to suppress it, and form a new company that would lay the foundation of a French Catholic Colony, agreeably to tiie intentions of Francis I. Q. When was the new compa?>y, known by the name of Company of One Mttndy^^d Associates, formed ? A. On the 29th of April, 1627. Q. To wlmt did tiic now w>uypai)y bind itself ? A. The new company bound iteeif to send CH\MPLAIN. 33 annually to New Franco two or three hundred colonists, who, after fifteen years, should number at least 4000 French Catholics. This contract began in 1628. Q. What took place shortly after the form- ation of this company, which promised so much for the future of the colony ? A. War was declared between France and England. Q. Did the war affect the colony ? A. Yes ; England sent a fleet of eighteen vessels under the conmiand of David Kertk, a French Huguenot, to take possession of New France. Q. Which two places were taken by Kertk, in the beginning of 1628 ? A. Port-Royal (Annapolis) and Tadoussac. Q. What did Kertk aftei wards ? A. By message, he summoned Quebec to surrender ; but, upon the firm refusal of Champlain, he withdrew without molesting the French. Q. How did Kertk indemnify himself for his failure ? A. By s' ';.'nsiDg a flotilla laden with supplies, sent by the new company to Quebec. After a onnfnet of siv Vionrc tVi capturcd. 'van w^rr.' V __ Vinnrc ,'A xjxaM XA'v^^&;»*| i 11 34 HISTORY OF CANADA. Q. What was done on the following year, 1629? A. An p]nglish squadron, commanded by the Kertk brothers, appeared b.^fore Quebec ; and, as no supplies had yet arrived from France, Champlain was obliged to capitulate on the 20th of July. Q. What did Champlnin loarn on his arrival in Endand, on tho :iOth of October, 1629 ? A. He heard that a tre;vty of peace had been signed between France and England, two inonthr^ previous to the capitulation of Quebec. Q. Whom did he visit in England ? A. lie visited the French ambassador, to whom he presented a meniorlMl of what had been don(?, tog-Mlior with the ori^^iaal of the capitulation of Quebec. CHAPTEil III. From the restitiftinn nfCffnid^, and Acadia to France, 16:^.2, to ike f-u .I'finn of Hit Monlrml Cutn^anyj lO^O. Q. What (lid the French government, after the arrival of Chainplaiu ut Paris, in 1629 ? A, The French iiOVAmi-jient sent an ombussj to demand of K 'l-tud the restitution of Acadia and Canada, ^.:l MONTREAL COMPANY. 35 Q. What was the result of this measure ? A. On the 29th of March, 1632, at St. Germain-en-Laje, a treaty was signed bj which the King of England promised to restitute to his Most Christian Majesty, all the places occupied by the English in New France. Q. When was Quebec restored to France ? A. On the 13th of July, 1G32. Q. What did the company in 1G33, after assuming all its privileges ? A. Knowing the zeal and experience of Champlain, the company again confided to him the government of New France, with more ample powers. Q. When did Champlain rntnvn to Quebec? A. On the 23d of May, 1G33. Q. What means did Champlain take, to turn away the western Indians from trading with the English below Quebec ? A. He established a trading post on an island which he called Richelieu. Q. What did he, in the following spring ? A. He sent La Violette to establish another trading post at Three Rivers. Q. What favor was bestowed on the colony, towards the close of 1635 ? A. The endowment of a college at Quebec, unuer tao airection of Iho Jesuit Fathers. M 36 HISTORY OF CANADA. Hi Q. Bj what event was the colony thrown into mournin*; ? A. By the death of Champlain, on Christmas ^ay, 1635. Q. Who succeeded Champlain in the govern- ment of the colony ? A. De Montmagny, Chevalier of Malta, who, to a sincere piety united an ardent zeal for reliixion with an undaunted firmness. Q. When did he arrive at Quebec ? A. On the 11th of June, 1636. Q. Who had replaced Champlain before the arrival of his successor ? A. Be Chateaufort. Q. What did the Iroquois at the beginning cfl636? A. Thoy made an attack upon the Hurons; but they were repulsed by this tribe aided by a few Frenchmen. Q. What establishment was then undertaken to protect the Christian savages from the insults of the Iroquois, and the rigors of the famine ? A. The village of Sillery near Quebec. Q. What was the second fruit of the zeal of the Jesuit Fathers in New Franco ? A. It was the foundation of an hospital for the sick, and a school for the girls. MONTREAL COMPANY. 8T Q. To whom were these two establishments confided ? A. The first was confided to the Augustine Nuns, and the second, to the Ursulines. Q. When did these religious ladies arrive at Quebec- ? A. On the 1st of August, 1639. Q, What did the Iroquois, in 1640 ? A. Thej assailed, unexpectedly, a distant tribe of Indians, and massacred a large number of them. CHAPTER IV. From the formation of the Montreal Company, 1640, to the administration of De Lauson, 1650. Q. What association was formed in 1610, to prevent the d 1 t =ii If 'i 1 ) '|i 42 HISTORY OF CANADA. remained in the village. Being captured by the Iroquois, they were made to endure the most horrible cruelties, in the midst of which they expired. . Q. What was done by the inhabitants ot fifteen other Huron villages, on hearing of those repeated disasters ? A. They resolved to abandon and set fire to their huts, expecting to find greater security in the wilderness, or among the neighboring "tribes Q. What resolution wasiakenby the Jesuit Fathers of this mission, on the 15th of May, 1649 ? .... A. They resolved to quit their residence in St. Mary, to accompany 'three liundred Chris- tian Huron families, thj\t hai^ gone to settle on the Island of St. Joseph. Q. Wliat befell St. John's village, mostly composed of fugitive Hurons? ^ A. On the 7th of December, 1649, all its inhabitants were cither massacred or led into captivity. Father Charles Garnier, their missionary, was killed in the midst of his neophytes, while exercising the holy ministry. 0, What efi'ect had the destruction of the Huron tribe on the colony ? A. The destruction of the Huron tribe, DE LiTJSOi:. 43 itured by dure the of which ►itants of o" of those set fire to ' security ighboring the Jesuit h of May, sidence in red Chris- ; to settle ^-e, mostly to, all its or led into ier, their Jst of his ■ ministry, ion of the iron tribe, that had been a faithful ally of the French, produced a most painful sensation throughout the colony, and much anxiety for the future. CHAPTER V. From the administration of De Lauson, 1650, to i/ie formation of the Supreme. Council^ IG63. Q. How did the year 1650, so fatal to New France by the destruction of the Hurons, terminate ? A. It terminated by the nomination of De Lauson as Governor-General, in place of Mr. d'Ailleboust. Q. What did a large band of Iroquois, on the 18th of June, 1651 ? A. They attacked some Frenchmen at Point St. Charles, near Ville-Marie ; but they were repulsed with great slaughter by De Maison- neuve. Q. What did they again on the 26th of July? A. Two hundred of them besieged the hospital of Ville-Marie, but they were obliged to iTk /\4-/%%«y^ Vvr\rl- I'm men commanded by Major Jambert Closse. 44 HISTORY OF CANADA. \mii \i i i ¥■ !i sill liil ill !iii Q. What mournful loss did tlie colony make on the 17th of August, 1652 ? A. The loss of Du Plessis Bochart, Gover- nor of Three Rivers, who, with fifteen of his men, was killed in an engagement wifti a band of Iroquois. Q. What happened to Father Buteux, as he ascended the St. Maurice to visit the Attikamegues ? A. The Iroquois massacred him and his guides. Q. What did five hundred Agniers, towards the end of August, 1653 ? A. They came to Three Rivers, and cut off, for some time, all intercourse with the station. Q. When did they cease their aggressions ? A. On the 6th of November, they sued for peace, and obtained it. Q. When did De Maisonneuve, who had 2;one to France to obtain a reinforcement, arrive in Canada ? A. He landed on the 27th of September, 1653, with one hundred soldiers Ic.led in Anjou, Maine, Poitou, and Brittany. Q. When did Ville-Marie really become a colony ? A. After the arrival of the soldiers. ■< M-: d'argenson. 45 Q. Who was tho successor of Dc Lauson,in the government of Canada ? A. Viscount d'Argcnson, who landed at Quebec on the 11th of July, 1658. Q. How was the Catholic Church in Canada benefited before the arrival of d'A-genson ? A. By the arrival of four ecclesiastics for the mission of Villc-Marie, sent by the Vene- rable Mr. Olier, Founder of the Seminary of St. Sulpice. Q. What did d'Argenson learn,, on the day following: his arrival at Quebec ? A. lie learned that some Algonquins had been recently massacred by the Iro^iuois, within reach of the cannons of the fort. Q. How did d'Argcason act on hearing this ? A. He put himself at the head of 250 men, and pursued the assassins, but was unable to overtake them, Q. What rejoiced the colony, amidst these painful events ? A. The arrival, at Quebec, of his Lordship, Frangois Xavicr de Laval- Montmorency, on the 16th of June, 1659. Q. When was the Seminary of St. Sulpice ^^Ar^A of Villp.Mnrip. or Montreal ? A. In the year 1659, by Father De Queylus. JLUUU J i \ I 1 ) 1!? i }■ ft 1 . ijii A K^ 46 HISTORY OP CANADA, Q. What other important foundation was made in Montreal, that same year ? A. The foundation of the Congregation of Notre Dame, by the Venerable Sister Bour- geoys. Q. With what was the colony threatened, in the spring of 1660 ? A. It was threatened with complete des- truction by a large force of Iroquois. Q. To whom may the safety of the colony, on this occasion, be attributed ? A. It may be partly attributed to the heroism of seventeen brave Frenchmen of Montreal, who gloriously perished for the safety of their countrymen. Q. What did the Iroquois, in the following spring ? A. They made incursions on several points of the colony, committing there great depreda- tions. Q. What other scourge desolated the- colony, in the same time ? A. A kind of epidemic which attacked both French and Indians. Q. Yf ho was the successor of d'Argenson, in the government of New France ? A. Bavon d'xVvaugour, who arrived at Quebec, on the 21st oJp August, 16G1. Q. What was d'Avaugout's first act after his arrival at Quebec ? _ A. His first act was to visit the various stations under his government. ^ ^ Q What did he after this first visit ? A. He asked the King for troops and ammunition which appeared to him indispen- sable for the defence of the colony. Q. Was his petition granted ? ^ ^^_' A. Yes ; on the following year, 16G2, he received 400 men with several skilful officers. This acquisition caused great joy in Quebec. Q. How was this joy disturbed ? A. By a dissension which broke out between the Governor and Bishop Laval, concerning the sellino; of brandy to the Indians. Q. What resolution did Bishop Laval take, seeing that all his efforts to resist the torrent Df evil were useless ? A. He resolved to cro himself and lodge com- plaints at the foot of the throne (1662). Q. What extraordinary event took place in the colony, soon after the departure of the Ttyflate A. A dreadful earthquake took place, which was more efficacious on the consciences of the people, than had been all the fulminations of the'Church, or all the threats of the preachers. iiitiifti i'liil I li 11! 48 HISTOEY OF CANADA. Q. What was the success of Bishop Laval in France ? A. He pleaded his cause so well before Louis XIV., that he was invested with all the power he desired concerning the traffic of brandy ; he, moreover, had the Governor recalled to France, / THIRD EPOCH. FROM THE ESTABUSHMEXT OF THE SUPREME COUIiCJI^ 1663, TO THE CAPITULATION OF MOA'TREAL, 1760. CHAPTER FIRST. From4he- establishment of the Supreme Council ^ 1663, to the first adminislrcUion of De FrontenaCj 1672. Q. How -did the year 1663^ open in New France ? A. By the resignation of the Company of One Hundred Associates, who delivered to the King all their privileges, on the 25th. of February. DE MEST. 49- ' Cauncilj of in New fipany of F;d to the 25tli. of Q. What did the Bang create by the edict of April 1663 ? A. Ho created a Supreme Council with power to administer justice, to regulate com- merce and all police matters. Q. How was the Supreme Council to be composed f A. Of the Governor-General, the Bishop, the Koyal Intendant, who was the official President, the Attorney-General, the chief Clerk, and four Councillors naued by the first three officials. Q. How many coui'ts of justice were there established ? A. Three ; one in each of the towns of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers. Q. By whom was d'Avaugour replaced ? A. By De Mesy, who arrived at Quebec in the middle of September, 1663, in company with Bishop Laval, several officers of the army and of justice, Bome troops, and one hundred families. Q. What did the Montreal Company, this same year ? A. The Company ceded its ownership of the Island of Montreal *■- '^^ - '^* r >^ of the Seminary of ?♦ v' ul^aoc, axxisjxl nua ueeu in I V r. i 11, if m Ht >^ «r. ^^ «A ^ k ^ 1 r UyCXiiLiuH iUx oiii,. V^cLTiJ* 60 HISTORY OF CANADA. ill! >i ¥J: i l^' Q. What was the conduct of De Mesy ? A. Though he had been proposed by I3ishop Laval to fill the chair of Governor of New Frani.o, yet he was no Booner installed, than, lending an car to thoee wlio had abused the weakness of his predccesFor, he !»howcd himself quite diifercnt from what was expected of him Q. How did he behave towards his Lore- ship and the Supreme Council ? A. Like his predecessor, he opposed the Bishop by permitting the sale of brandy to the Indians, and sent some of the councillors to France, because they legitimately refused to sanction iTis views. His trial was scon to come off, but death preceded human justice, Q. How did De Mesy end his life ? A. He died at Quebec, on the 5th of May, 1665, after having reconciled himself with every one, and received the sacraments of Penance and Eucharist in the greatest sentiments of piet^ Who was theu scat to New France m quality of Viceroy ? A. The Marquis de Tracy, Lieutenant- ^neral of the King's army. 6. What was his mission ? A. His mission was to establish order in New France, and to- subdue -the Iroquois. DE TRACY — DE COURCELLES, 61 \l: Q. When did he arrive at Quebe'* ? A. On the 30th of June, 16G5, vith a few companies of the Carignan regiment, Q. How was the Marquis received at Quebec ? A. He was received by V i entire population, amidst acclamations of joy nd tho ringing of bells, and then conducted to the cathedral, where the Bishop, robed in his pontificals, awaited him surrounded by his clergy. Q. What reinforcement did the colony receive shortly after the arrival of Do Tracy ? A. Tho military force was increased by the remainder of the Carignan regiment, with its Cojonel De Sali^res. Q. Who else accompanied them ? A. Do Courcelles, appointed Governor-Gen- eral ; Mr. Talon, Intendant; several artisans, and a great number of families. Q, What were the first cares -of the viceroy, aft^r this reinforcement ? A. To secure the colony agaiat the inroads of the Iroquois. Q. What means did he take ? A. He immediately caused tnree forts t(i.be constructed ; the first at Sorel, the second at Chambly, the third at Ste. Thdr^?e. ' j J "J I iriil 52 HISTORY OP CANJLDA. following spring, being resolved to show tte Iroquois that he could punish their insults and perfidy ? A. He marched against them at the head of 600 soldiers of the Carignan regiment, accompanied by an equal number of Canadians, and about one hundred Savages. Q. What did the Iroquois at the approach of the French ? A. They abandoned their villages, and fled to the woods where it was impossible to pursue them. Q. What was the last act of authority exer- cised by the Marquis de Tracy, previous to his return to France ? A. His last act was the transferring of the trading interests of Canada to the West India Company, Q. What decree was passed bythe Supreme Council in September, 16G7 ? A. The Supreme Council decrried that the tithes should be paid in grain, and should consist of the twenty-sixth part of the crops. Q. What obstacle was met in the conversion of the Indians ? A. The sale of liquors was always the chief obstacle to the conversion of the Indians ; it paralyzed everywhere the labors of the mis- DE COURCELLES. 53 sionfiries. The Dutch and English neglected no opportunity of trading liquors with tlio Iroquois. Q. What became of the Carignan regiment ? A. A few companies went back to France, but the greater number preferred to remain in Canada. Large seigniories, chiefly on the banks of the Eichelieu River, were granted to the officers, which they leased out to their soldiers. Q. What institutioniraB founded by Bishop Laval, in 1668 ? A. The little Seminary of Qnebeo ; the great Seminary had been founded five years before. Q. "What act of justice did De Courcelles execute upon three JFrench soldiers who had murdered an Iroquois chief,.af ter hardng made him drunk ? A. He had the three assassins killed in presence of the Iroquois who had come to accuse them. Q. What epidemic made some rarages in Canada at this time ? A, The small-pox,, which carried off a large number of Indians. Q. In Yth3i,t year was Quebec made a bishopric ? 54 HISTORY OP CANADA. Mil i A. In 1 67($. Q. Who was appointed the first bishop of Quebec ? A. Bishop Laval who had been, till then, Bishop inpartibus of Petrea, and Vicar A-os- tolio of Canada. He did not receive the bull of his nomination before 1674. Q. What religious men arrived at Quebec, in August, 1670 ? i A. Four Recollet Fathers. Q. WTiat functionary accompanied tliem ? A. Mr. Perrot, who came as Governor of Montreal, to replace l)e MaisonneuTe who had resigned. Q. What is said of the conduct of the popu- lation of Montreal, at that time ? A. Father Charlevoix says : " The Island of Montreal resembled a religions commuBity, because, from the beginning, particular care was taken to admit but exemplary {)erson3. '* Q. What did De Courcelles project, in order tO oppose a new barrier to the Iroquois ? A. He projected the building of a fi)rfc at a place called Cataraqiu,, now, Kuagaton. DE FRONTBXAC 1^. 55 CHAPTER IL Fron^r the first administration o/De Frontenac. 1672, to that of De Denonville, 1685. Q. By whom was De Courcelles replaced? A. By the Count de Frontenac, Lieutenant- Genenl of the King's army. He landed at Quebe3 in the beginning of the fall of 1672. Q. When did Do Frontenao cause the fort projecfed by De Courcelles, to be built ? A. in the year 1673, and gave it his name. Q. Vhat was the conduct of De Fronteaa^ in the government of the colony ? A. He Was eoon at variance not only with several, members of the Council, but also with the ecclesiastical authorities concerning* the sale of liquors, which occasioned so many scandalous disorders among the Indians, Q. What mission did the Intendant Talon give to Jolliet and Father Marquette, ia 1673? ' A. He sent them to ascertain whether the large river, so much spoken of by the western Indians, emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, or into the Pacific Ocean, Q. Relate in few words thevoyaj^re of Jolliet 56 HISTORY OF CANADA. A. These two intrepid voyagers, after many difficulties, reached the Bay des Puants, now called Green Bay. Directed by some Indians, they entered the Fox River and proceded as far as the Wisconsin into which it empties. They then sailed until thy met with the large stream of which the Wisconsin is but a small tributary. After passing the mouths of the Missouri and Arkansas, they went no further, convinced that they had discovered the large river called by the Indians Michisipi (Father of waters)^ and that it flowed into tha Gulf of Mexico. On their return. Father Marquette remained amongst the western Indians and died two years after, at the early age of 38 years. Jolliet pursued his way to Quebec without accident until he arrived at the St. Louis Rapids, when his canoe upset and his nwuiu^ripts lost, barely escaping with his life. Q, What project did Do Frontenac Jbrm during his government ? ^ A. He formed the project of exploring the interior regions of the new contineat. Q. Who offered himself for this great enter- prise ? A- The Chevalier de la Salle, an ac^ve and learned gentleman, offered himself, incited by DE LA BABBE. 67 the desire of becoming ricli, and of rendering his name illustrious, Q. Where did De la Salle go at first ? A. He went to Cataraqui, the seigniory of ■which had been granted him on condition he would rebuild Fort Frontcnao in stone. Q. What were his subsequent acts ? A. He constructed the first vessels that have sailed on Lakes Ontario and Erie, built Fort St. Louis on the western bank of the Mississippi, and descended the river as far as the Gulf of Mexico, which he reached in August, 1682. Q. What did the French Court on hearing that Governor Frontenac and Intendant Du- ehesneau disagreed ? A. The French Court recalled both to France. Q. Who was appointed to replace De Fron- tenac ? A. Le F^vre de la Barre, an ancient marine officer. Q. When did he arrive at Quebec ? A. In the summer of 1682. Q. What did De la Barra, in 1684 ? A. He undertook a war against the Iroquois and went as far as Lake Ontario at the head of 130 regulars, 700 militia, and 200 Indians. V^, Tt liiiu Wiio ilixi li. ±1.1 :|iii ^J; U lixw ^^V^yliVixjix i 58 HISTORY OF CANADA. A. The result was not honorable for the Governor, on account of the weakness showed in the treaty of jDeace concluded with the Iroquois. CHAPTP]R IIL From the administration of De Denonville^ 1685, to the second administration oj FrontenaCf 1689. Q. Who was the successor of De la Barre ? A. The Marquis de Denonville, a colonel of dragoons, who had given proofs of his courage and ability, and from whom vigor and firmness oould be expected. Q. To what was the first attention of the new governor directed ? A. The new governor took measures to ascertain the resJ state of affairs with the Iroquois. Q. What did De Denonvillo in 1686, while preparing an expedition against the Iroquois ? A. He sent the Chevalier de Troye with a company of 80 men, to recover the posta taken by the English at Hudson Bay. Q. Relate the perfidious conduct of De Denonville towards some of the Iroquois chiefs. DE DENONVILLK. 59 A. Under divers pretexts, he intioed to Cataraqui a number of Iroquois chiefs, had them seized, bound, and brought to Quebec, and thence carried to France to work in the King's {i^alleys as convicts. Q. What did the Governor at the beginning of 1687, after having received the reinforcement expected from France ? A. He prepared to carry on war with the Iroquois. Q. By whom was thiS'-expe«dition ? A. The French gained many advantages over the English, and took possesaloa of several of their forts. Q. What was the effect produced by these incursions into Now York and :.Tew England ? A. Far from intimidating the inhabitants of those province?, they excited them to make greater efforts to drive the French out of Can- Q. What did the English colonists in 1690 ? A. They armed a "^flcet of seven vessels under the command of Chevalier Phipps. The fleet sailed for Acadia and took Port- Royal, Lahave, Chcdabncto, and mostly all the posts established there by the French. Q. What else did the English colonists, the same year ? A. They sent another fleet of 35 vessels, bearing 2000 men under Admiral Phipps, to make the conquest of New France. DE FRONTENAO 2* 63 Q. When did the fleet arrive before-Quebeo ? A. On the 16th of October, Q. How was it received ? A. It met Buch a spirited resistance, that, after four days' bombardment, Phipps was obliged to weigh anchor, having lost 600 men, 10 vessels, few cannons and other war materials. Q. What movement Jiad General Winthrop to make, while the fleet was besieging Quebec? A. General Winthrop, at the h6ad 3000 English and Iroquois, Jiad to make an attack on Montreal^ but failed in the attempt. Q. What did the Iroquois during the summer of 1690 ? A. They made several incursions into the colony, and killed a great number of inhabi- tants and soldiers, among whom were many skilful oflicers, Q. Where was De Courtemanchc sent, after the departure of the English fleet ? A. He was sent among the Hurons and Ottawasto inform them of the defeat of the English, so as to revive their warlike spirit. Q. What happened in May, 1691 ? A. One thousand Iroquois encamped at the mouth of the Ottawa River, whence they uispeiseci in me enviroua ui iTAuauvrti. j-'j 1 1 1 64 HISTORY OF CANADA. Q. How did DeCalieres, Governor of Moat- real, act on this cjcasioa ? A. Uniting seven or eight hundred savages to the French, ho sustained a rude attack with the Iroquois at Prairie de iu, Madeleine, and eueceeded in routing the enemy. Q. What did an English squadron of five vessels, in September, 1 6G2 ? A. It attacked Placentia in Newfoundland, which had but an ill-conditioned fort, S3arcely any war material, and garrisoned by only 50 men. The cannonade lasted five hours, but with such little success that the B(iuadron, at last, weighed anchor, Q. What success did the English obtain at Hudson B ly, in the spring of 1693 ? A. Three of their vessels captured Fort Ste. Anne, which wis defended by five men, while the English numbered forty. Q. What was the success of the Frenck at Hudson Bay, in 1694: ? A. Dlberville, accompanied by his two brothers Serigny and Chateauguay, with 120 Canadians, captured Fort Nelson from the English. Q. What did the Iroquois, in 1695 ? ^ A TVif»Tr mQfln innnrsinnm inf/) Sftveral DartS jUJt* -=- iJ^" of the colony, Df! fRONTENlO 2^, 65 Q. What did De Frontenao mndertake, in the spring of 1696 ? A. He undertook u-great^xpeditioa agaiuat the I'-oquois. Q. What did the Iroquois at the approach of the French ? A. They withdrew into the wilderness. Q. Whilst Do Frontenac ravaged ^ the country of the Iroquois, what did d'lberyTle ? A. D' Iberville captured an English vessel of 24 cannons, without )os'r.r a single man, and took Fort Peinniaquid by japitulation. Q. Whither di* . d' Iberville ^';o from Acadia ? A. He went to Newfoundland, where he took fro^a the English the fort and town of St. Johns, with mostly all the posts they held on the Island ; and, with a handful of Oauadlanp, made six or seven hundred prisoners'. Q. Whither did d'Iberville go i'vom New- foundland ? A. Ho wont to Hudson Bay, where, with a vessel of 50 guns, he had to combat against three English vessels, one of which was larger than his, and the others carried each 32 cannons. Q. What was his success ? A. He sunk their larger vessel, captured a. second, and obliired tl ui I'* third IciiLU iliLiUi/4 1 1 1 .1 U HISTORY OF Ci.NADA. Q. What project had been communicated to De Frontenac, by the Court of France, at this time ? A. The project of taking possession of the whole of New England ; but, in this he was unsuccessful Q. What put an end to the hostilities with Now England ? .A. The peace of Rjswick, which had ' een concluded between the powers of Europe, towards the end of 1697, CHAPTER V. From the peace of Ryswick^ 1697, to that of Utrecht, 1113. Q. What loss was made by the colony, in November, 1698 ? A. The loss of Count de Frontenac, who died at 78 years of age. Q. Who succeeded De Froi?tenac ? A. The Chevalier de Callieres, Governor of Montreal. Q. For what was the year 1701 remark- able ? A. For a general peace signed at Montreal, by deputies from various Indian tribes. m DE VAUDRLIUIL. 67 Q. Was this much desired peace of long duration ? A. No ; for in 1703, England haying declared war against France, their American colonies soon began to quarrel also. Q. Whom did the colony lose, in 1703 ? A. Do Call lores, who died at Quebec, on the 2Gth of Blay, Q. Who was the successor of De Calli^res ? A. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor of Montreal. Q. What was the first |>olicy of the new Gove rnor-G oner ul. A. To maintain peace with the Iroquois, which was menaced by the declaration of war between Franco and Endand. Q. What attempt was made by ihe English in 1704 ? A. The attempt of taking possession of Acadia. Q. What force did they send for this pur- pose ? A. They sent out a fleet of 10 vessels, the largest of which carried 60 guns, and the smaHest twelve. Q, What was the issue of il.is expedition ? A. The English were unsuccessful. 4 ■Ml M • 'I M * j t 'I • 4 1 68 HISTORY OF CANADA. Q, What loss had the French to sustain, in 1704 ? A. The English captured one of their vessels, named '' Seine, " which had on board Bishop de St. Valier, successor of Bishop Lava], a great number of ecclesiastics, several private individuals, and a cargo estimated at £1,000,000 sterlino;. Q. What did the English undertake m 1707? A. They undertook '■" e seizure of Port-Royah but failed in their enterprise. Q. What did the French, elated by their success at Port-lloyal ? A. In 1709, they resolved to march against the English establishments in Newfoundland. Q. What was the result of their expedition ? A. Mr. do St. Ovide, at the head of 169 meu chosen from among soldiers, sailors, militia, and Savages, took hy assault St. Johns, the Emporiun of the English, defended as it was by 900 men. Q. What did the English resolve in 1710 ? A. They reaolved to drive the Froiich out of Acadia. Q. What force did they »eud agaiuet tuat proYiace ? DE VArDBEUIL. 69 A. They sent out a fleet of 34 sails, carrying 3500 men exclusive of the sailors. Q. What was the result of that expedition, commanded by General Nicholson ? A. Port-Royal which had but 300 men to oppose the English, resisted with vigor for a few da3's, but was, at last, obliged to capitulate. The nniiic of that place was then changed to that of xVnnapolis. Q. What did the EngUsh^ifter their success in Acadia ? A. They undertook the conquest of Can- ad f\. Q. What was the result of their enterprise? A, »Thc fleet which they ( rected towards Quebec, met with a violent tempest on the St. Lawrence. Eight of their largest vessels were wrecked, and about 900 men ]. eridied in tho waves. Q. On hearing of this disast^.r, what did Nicholson, who was then marching towards Montreal, at tho head of 4600 men? A. At the news of the destruction of the English iif^et, Nicholson retreated. Q. Which tribe annoyed the western parts of Canada, whilst Toeaco rekufid on the bants of the St, Lawrence ? ■• I I ' I 1 i\ I * .1 SI { I i . 1 i..| tl^. I I ! i i 1 i •••r v\ p > i I :l mm mm H !i 70 HISTORY OF CANADA. A. The tribe of the Outagamis, known under the name of Foxes. Q. What did Da Buisson, commander of Fort Detroit, when he heard that these savages had planned the destruction of the French posts ? A. He diligeiatly sent information to all his Indian allies^ who immediately joined him at Detroit. Q. "What was the issue of the several com- bats with the Outagamis ? A. The Outagamis with their 0W;i allies lost over 2000 warriors. Q. What orders did the Governors-General of Canada and Now England receive from their respective sovereigns, in 1712 ? A. They received orders to cease all hostili- ties in their respective colonics,* because an armistice had then been, signed by France and England. Q. Where and when was this treaty of peace signed between France and England ? A. At Utrecht, Holland, in 1713. Q. What was France obliged to cede to England ? foundlund, and Hudson Buy ; and to abandon DE VAUDREUIL. 71 her pretensions over the countries of the Iroquois. CHAPTER VI. From the peace of Utrecht, 17 13^ to that of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. Q. What did the French undertake^ after the cession of Acadia to England ? A. They undertook the" foundation of a well-fortified town on a good harbor, in the Island of Cape Breton, called by them Isle Royale. Q. What name did they give the town ? A. Thay called it Louisbourir. Q. What did De Vaudreuil in 1714 ? A 111 concert with Bcgon, Intcndant of Canada, he made all endeavors to fortify the country and augment its population. Q. What advantage was derived from the peace of Utrecht ? A. It permitted the Governor. General to have the fortifications of Quebec continued in 17.0, after the plans of Mr. Chaussc-ros dc liCry. ° ^3:JJt\fi *^'' ^"S'ish, in the month of M'li 72 HISTORY OP CANADA. IPii'H ';i^:i«l!lli W'v m 11 i i ifi iiiii I \,\ IH A. Two hundred and eighty of them, supported by a band of Iroquois, surprised an Abenaquis village, at three o'clock in the morning, and massacred every man, woman, and child. Q. What happened to the French vessel <* Chamcau, " on her way to Quebec, in 1725 ? A. This vessel, which had on board 250 passengers, was wrecked or the coast of Isle Eoyale, near Louiabourg, where all were drowned. Q. What other loss had the colony to sustain, the same year ? A. The loss of De Vaudreuii, who died on the 10th of October, after h:iving governed Canada for 21 years. Q. By whoniNYa^ he temporally replaced? A. By Po Lonizu^a-uil, Governor of Montreal. Q. Who sucociedad De Vaudreuii, in the government of New Franco ? A. The Marquis de Beauharnais, who arrived at Quebec towards tlio end of August, 1726, with the new Iate.adaut,Mr. Dupuis, who replac- ed Mr. Begon. Q. What loss had Canada to deplore, in 1727? A. I'he death of Bishop de St ValieryWho died at the General liospitai of Quebec, DE BEAUHARNAIS. 73 i Q. Who succeeded Bishop de St. Valier ? A. Ilis coadjutor, Bishop de Mornay. Q. As Bishop de Mornay was detained in France on account of infirmities, who was appointed his coadjutor ? A. Bishop Dosquet, who was consecrated with the title of Bishop of Samos. Four years later, he became Bishop of Quebec by the demise of Bishop de Mornay. Q. What did De "-auharnais, in 1728 ? A. He undertook an expedition against the Outagamis, who were again j illaging and killing the Indian allies oV the French. Q. What did he find on arriving in the -coun- try of iho Outagamis ? A. He found'^it deserted, the Indians having fled away at his approach. He then set fire to their huts, demolished their fortifications, and returned to Canada. Q. What fort did he erect in 1731 ? A. That of Crown Point on Lake Cham- plain, having in view to obstruct the incursions of the English. Q. What malady ravaged the colony in 1733 ? A. The small-pox. Q. What happened in the colony, from 1733 to the Siege of Louisbourg in 1745 ? -: I H 74 HISTORY OF CANADA. It A. No event of great importance took place ; however, the brothers De la Verendrye made great explorations in the West, and, after twelve years of travel and hardships, reached the Rocky Mountains in 1743. Q. What did Bishop Dosquet, who, on account of ill health, had, been absent for several years ? A. lie resigned his see, on the 25th of June, 1739. Q. Who succeeded him ? A. Bishop do TAuberiviere, who died at Quebec, on the 20th of August, 1740, eight days after his arrival, a victim of the care he had bestowed on the sick during the passage. Q, Who replaced him ? A. Bishop Henri-Marie Dubreuil de Pont- ^ briand, who arrived at Quebec on the 30th of ' Aucrust,1741. Q. What was the principal event of the year 1745 ? A. The siege of Louisbourg, and its surren- der to the English. Q. What force had been sent against Louis- bourg ? A. A fleet under the command of Commo- dore Warren, composed of four ships of war, and several tyoop vessels bearing 4000 soldiers. PE BEAUHARNAIS. 76 Q. What did the French government on hearing of the surrender of Louisbourg ? A. In June, 1746, the French government sent out a fleet imder the command of the Duke of Anville, to recover .Louisbourg and Cape Breton. Q. Was the expedition successful ? No, for the fleet had scarcely lost sight of the French coast, when it was assailed by so violent a tempest, that the vessels were driven asunder. The Duke of Anville reached Che- bucto (Halifax) about three. months iater-^ith only seven of his vessels. Q. As the Duke of Anville died three davs after his arrival at Chcbucto, who replaced him in the command of the remaining: fleet ? A. Mr. D'Estourmcl who, shortly after, killed himself with his own sword under the influence of a burning fever. Q. What determination did De la Jonquiera take after replacing d'Estourmel ? A. He determined to cfo and attack Port- Koyal ; but, having heard that an English squadron was sailing towards America, he hastened his departure. Q. What happened to him near Cape Sable ? A. When near Cape Sable, a violent tempest 1 ■•■ I i PI 76 niSTOUY OF CANADA, I! H S ' dispersed the few vessels under his command, which obliged him to return to France. Q. What did the English after the disaster of the French fleet ? A They went to attack Do Ramsay at Beaubasdn ; but, on the Uth of February 1747, they were completely beaten, and obliged to surrender at discretion to a handful of Canadians and a few Savages. Q. What resolution did the French govern- ment take, notwishstanding the ill success of the first expedition againt Louisbourg ? A. The French government resolved to make new efforts to recover that town and all the stations tlicy had lost in Acadia. Q. To whom did they confide the new fleet they equiviped ? A. To tlie Marquis de la Jonquierc, appoint- ed in 1747, Governor-General of New France, as successor of Do Beauharnais. Q. What was thejssue of this new expedi- tion ? A. The fleet which was composod of SO vessels laden with troops and provisions, and of 6 ships of the line, was met on the coast ot Galicia. Snain. bv an English fleet of 17 ships of the line. Mr. de la Jonquiero fought brave- DE LA GALISSONNli:RE. 77 ly, but the disproportion of his armament obliged him to yied to the enemy. Q. Who was tho administri'tor of Canada, during tho captivity of Do la Jonquierc ? A. De hi Galissonniere, who had been appointed to replace him ndintcrlm, Q. AVhat did Do la Galissoauieje, as soon as ho assumed hiM office ? A. He took every means to k^ow exactly the state of tho country ho had to govern, and then, constructed or repaired many forts in which he left a certain number of well-drilled militia. Q. Which was the most important event of the year 17-18 ? A. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, hj which England gave back to France what she had taken from her during the war, notably, Louis- bourg^and Cape Breton Island, CHAPTER VII. From the -treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, to the administration of the Marquis de Vaudreuilj 1755. Q. By 'whom was Canada governed j shortly after the ireaty ot Aii-la-Chapelle ? ti ! 'm'. I ■■ i»irlii«li'an to exhibit itself m most ot the public oJScials. Q. After the death of Do la Jonquiere, who replaced him till the arrival of his successor ? A. Charles Le Moyne, the second Baron of Longueuil. Q. Who was sent from France as successor of Do la Jonquiere ? A. The Marquis Duque?ne de Menneville, with the title of Governor-General of Canada, Louisiana, Cape Breton, Isle St. Jean, and their dependencies. lie arrived at Quebec two months after the death of Be la Jon- quiere. Q. What -was the first care of the new srovernor ? A His first care was to drill and disciplino DUQUESNE DE MENNETILLE. 79 , who, arae to i2dof nst tho '50? occa- ndants bninis- 3 date, iiost of •e, who iesisor ? oil of XV .ccessor neville, janada, n, and Qaebec a Jon- \iQ new I the troops and militia, being persuaded that peace coiiid not be of lonp; duration. Q. Wuat were the pretensions of the En- glish, at that time ? A. They pretended that the valley of tho Ohio was part of Virginia, and tliey resolved to expel tho French from it. Q. To whom did tlicy conRdc that mission ? A. To a young man twenty-one years old, named George Washington, who was then a major of the Virginia militia. Q. What were the French doing during that time ? A. They were erecting, at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahehv rivers, Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. Q. What measures were taken by the Governor of Virginia, to expel the French from the vallev of the Ohio ? A. He levied a regiment which he confided to Washington with the commission of Lieu- tenant Colonel. Washington set out in the month of April 1764, at the head of two companies, to go and occupy the contested territory* ^Q, Being informed of his movement, what did Be Oonireeoeur, the commander of Fort i m n M i \v\ r^\y ririv^ r%. V f^' E- ■'"if- 111 I'" !' 'isiff ^!" 80 HISTORY OF CANADA. A. He despatched De Jumonville to sum- mon Washington to withdraw. In order to protect his m^^^ssenger from the hostile Indians, De Contrecoeur gave him an escort of thirty-live men, mostly all Canadians. Early on tho morning of the 28th of May, they found themselves surrounded by tho troops of Washington, who immediately began to fire upon them. De Jumonville fell with nine of his men, though they were be.iring a parliamentary Hag ; the others were made prisoners, with tho exception of one, who'eseaped and brought tho sorrowful news to the fort. Q. What did De Contrecoeur, on hearing of the deplorable end of his messenger ? A. On the 28th of June, ho sent Do Villiers, a brother of Jumonville, with GOO Canadians and 100 Indians, to avenge the death of his brother, and repulse the enemy. Q. What was tho success of De Villiers ? A. He attacked Fort Necessity with such vi2:or tbat, after two hour?' combat, Washincrton wus obliged to capitulate, though he had 500 men and nine pieces of artiiioiy. The French h::d only two of their men killed and 70 wounded. Q. What did the French and Encilish governmenis to support iheir respective eoloiiios, in the spring of 1754: ? A. Both countries ser^t out a squadron , which arrived about the same time near ihe banks of Newfoundland. DUQUESNE DE MENNETILLE. 81 Q. What happened to thevessels ^' Alcide " nnd ^' Lys^ " which a stormhad separated from the French squadron ? A. They were captured by the English squadron, buL only after a spirited resif-:cance. Q. What plan had the English formed in 1754, at the aiiival of General Braddock in A^irginia ? A. Tliey had resolved to attack Canada in four several places at the same time, Braddock's division wa^ to march on Fort Duqnesno ; Shirley's, on Niagara ; Johnson's, on Crown Point ', and Moukton's, into Acadia, Q. What was the success of Monkton, who commanded 3000 men ? A. In 1755, he took possession of all the French establishments in Acadia. Q. What was the conduct of the Anglo- Americans in that campaign ? A. Their conduct was unworthy of a civil- ized nation. Q. How so ? A. The Anglo-American generals invited the unfortunate Acadians to a mass meeting in the church of Grand Prd, feigning to have important news for them from the king of England. As soon as the church was tilled, they had it surrouuded by their troops, and t I j : I i u IM 82 HISTOEY OP CANADA, h made all the inmates prisoners. They then crowded men, women, and children in vessels, and dispersed them throughout their divers colonies from Boston to South Carolina, casting them on a foreign land without bread or pro- tection. By this uworthy treatment, they wished to punish the Acadians for their attachment to France, their mother- countrv, and for their inviolable fidelity to the Catholic religion. Q. What movement did General Braddock make? A. He left Virginia, at the head of 2200 men. to take Fort DuquesEO. Q. What happened to hiin ? A. Having rashly entered a narrow-pa^s where he was waited for by Do Ecaujeu, at the head of 146 Canadian militia, 72 marine soldiers, and C50 Savages, he was mortally wounded. More than 1300 of his men- remained on the battle-field, or wore drowned' in the Monongahela. Do Bcauiei^, killed at the beginning of >he battle, -^k replaced by Mr. Dumas, who displayed tho greatest valor. Q. What was the issue of the campaign of General Johnson, who hr.ii ufders to attack the Frencli at Lake Champlain ? A. It was quite successful ; for. Baron Dieskau who went to attack the camp of DE VAUDREUIL, 83 Johnson near Fort Lydius (Edward), was repulsed with a loss of 800 men, and himself wounded and made prisoner. Q. What did Shirley, who was charged with the expedition against Niagara ? A. He wcn<- as far as Choun'^uen (Oswet^o), but deferred the attack on Fort Niagara until the next eanipaigp. CHAPTER YITI. From the administration of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1755, to the capitulation of Montreal 17G0. Q. Who was the successor of Duqv.esne, in the general government of Canada ? A. The Marquis do Vaudreuil, Governor of Lou'sianu. Q. What did Do Vaudreuil, in March, A. He seiitDe Lery with 1G6 Canadians, 93 soldi .rs, and 82 S-' ages, against Fort Bulh wbidi they took in less than an hour and a Q. What succor did the colony recc' 7e from France, in the spring of 175G ? A. In 175G, the colony received two batta- Luns of old troops with several distinguished •• ^1.! % ! ii iii' It !l r i:: 19'! "fr: ii. vn i 1 ill lit li'ii U HISTORY OP CANADA. >s officers, headed by the Marquis de Montcalm, who replaced Baron Dieskau in the command of the army. Q. Name some of these officers. A. Chevalier de Levis, afterwards Duke of Levis and Blarshall of France, Bougainville and Bourlamaque. Q. What victory was gained by the French, under the command of Montcalm, on the 15th of August, 1756 ? A. They took from the English Forts Ontario and Chouagucn, 113 cannons, 5 war vessels, 200 boats, a large quantity of provisions and war materials, and made 1000 men priso* ^« Q. " iiat was their success.in the campai^m of 1757? A. Headed by Montcalm, they became masters of Fort William-Henry, at the southern extremity of Lake George. Q. What force had Montcalm to oppose the Anglo-Americans, in the spring of 1758 ? A. Montcalm had but 6000 men to oppose 40000 that the Aoglo-Amrjcuushad confided to General Abercromby, besides a reserve of 20000 militia. Q. What losses were sustained hw the French in 1758 ? - \ DE TAUDREUIL — MONTCALM. 85 A. They lost Louisbonrg with the Island of Cape Breton, St. John's Island (Prince- Edward's), and Forts Froatenac and Du- quesnc. Q. What was the conduct of the garrison of Louisbourg, in this struggle ? A. For nearly two months, the garrison, composed of 5600 sodiers, militia, and Savages, maintained their position with incredible energy against more than 12000 soldiers and mariners tinder the orders of General Amherst and Admiral Boscawen. Q. What force had Fort Frontenac, when taken by the ]^]nglish ? A. That fort was defended by only 70 men under the command of De Noyan. After two days, they had to yield to General Bradstreet, who attacked them with 3000 men. Q. How did the French lose Fort Du- quesnc ? A. De Ligneris, who commanded, hearing that General Forbes and Colonel Washington with an army of GOOO mm, were coming to invest the fort, withdrew with his men to Fort Machault, after blowing up Fort Duquesne. Q. Were not the French somewhat indem- nified for the Icpses they had sustained ? A. Yes, for Montcalm with 3600 men de- 3 si f .1 mgmm mn S6 HISTOKT OP CANADA. feated 16000 Englishmen under Abercromby at Carillon, on the 8th of July, the same ■J Q. What was the plaa of Endand, for the campaign of 1759? ° ' A. England, being informed of the distress ot Lanada, resolved to attack the eountrv at three several points. An^^r}^!""^ ^'^'■°° ^^^ ^^"'^'J* *o oppose the 40000 troops, supported by 20000 reserve ttiat the Auglo-Amoricans could muster ? ' R^i^a ^iT'^'* °?'}'<^,«™d against them but 5500 soldiers, with the militia and a few bands 01 bavages. A. On the 27th of June. Q. What was done for the defence of yuebec, in expectation of the coming fleet ? A. A succession of intrenchments was thrown up along the coast of Beauport. from the city to the Fails of Montmorency. Q. Of what did the French army consist ? ^^■^' i'rA.?'''**'^ °^, ''^""* 12000 men, of whom 3500 were regulars, the rcf^ militia and Indians The garrison of the cit,^ composed ot Its inhabitants, was not over 650 men. DE VAUDREUIL — MONTCALM. 87 Q. Where did Wolfe land a part of his troops ? r o A. He landed them at the upper end of Orleans Island. Ho also posted a detachment on the heights of Point Levis to bombard the city, and another, on the northern coast below Montmorency. Q. What did Wolfe, during the bombard- ment of the city ? A. He gent various detachments to ravage the surrounding country, but these devasta- tions, however, did not advance the aim of the war. Q. What resolution did Wolfe take, seeing that he could not get the French to come from their mtrenchments, and that Amherst, who was tc rejoin him by way of Lake Champlain, (lid not make his appearance ? n* ^ ^^fiolved to commence the attack. Q. What was the result of the attack at Montmorency ? ^ ^;.^^^®''*^ "^^'f® ^as repulsed with a loss of 600 men. T ?* ^^*^ happened at the same time at -Liake Champlain aDd Niagara ? A. The French lost successively Forts tarillon, St. Frederick, and Niagara. Q. As the season was drawinsj to a close. i ^j 88 niSTORT OP CANADA. and despairing to reduce the French, what resolution dii General Wolfe take ? A. He resolved to try and combat Montcalm in a less favorable position. Q. What movement did he make ? A. Ho ascended the river as far as Cape Eougc. ;0n the 12th of September, at night, he dexterously landed his troops at Wolfe's Cove, ascended the heights, and had them in battle-array on the plains of Abraham, early in the morninG". Q. What did Montcalm on hearing this news ? A. He immediately left Beauport witli 4500 men. Borne away by a fatal precipita- tion, and coQtrary to the advice given him, he resolved to attack the English, though they were two against one. The latter becoming masters of the battle-field, fortified themselves there. Both Wolfe and Montcalm fell mor- tally wounded during this action. Q. Whither did the conquered army with- draw after this battle ? • A. Passing through the city and crossing St. Charles lliver, the army withdrew to the camp of Beauport. Q. What did D^ Vaudreuil, after this dis- astrous event ? DE VAUDREUIL. 89 A. He held a council of war in order to devise the best means in such tryinL^ cir- cumstances. The result was that the troops should go and encanip at River Jacques tartier. ^ Q. When De Levis heard of the defeat of the army on the plains of Abraham, whither did he ^0 ? A. Ho set out for the camp at River Jacques Cartier, where he arrived on the 17th ot September, and there took the command of the army. Q. Wliat representation did he make to the Irovernor ? A. He represented to him that either the city should bo destroyed, or by a prompt victory, prevented from falling into the hands or the etemy. , Q. What sorrowful news did he receive as Jhis van-guard was about to cross St. Charles Jtviver r A He was inforaed of the capitulation of ted ^nX?^' ^^®* commaiid'>? of the city, hadcapitnla- T^ich hi l?'';'"'*'''^^'^*-'^^^"^ ^^« ^^^ expectation in Mot ^Lv f I'l Wroiimate succor ; heVlid it even Miovmtt^^Z^^'V'f''' ^^^^^ ^^-^'y 5n readiness to •toiffi the city. Do Levis could not restrain his indigta- k J 4 'U 90 HISTORY OF CANADA. isNM Q. What were the terms of capitulation ? A. It was agreed that the garrison should evacuate the city with the fionors of war, and be embarked as comtbrtable as posoihle for France; that the inhabitants should keep possession of their goods, their religion, and should not be transported, as had been done with the Acadians. Q. How much of the English irmy passed the winter at Quebec ? A. About 9000 men. Q. Whom did the English appoint as GuV^ernor of Quebec ? A. They appointed General Murray. Q. What did De VaudreuiL in the sprint: of 1760? ^ ° A. He collected all his troops which made tip an army of GOOO men. He gave the com- mand to JDe Levis who marched to Quebec with the design of driving out the English. Q. What battle did De Levis gain near Quebec, on the 28th of April, 1760 ? A. He gained the battle of Stc. Foye. The French lost 800 men, and the English about 1500. Q. What did the French afterwards ? A. They approached the city, and bombard- ed it from the 10th to the 15th of May j but, DB VAUDKIT7II,. M fo-want of succor, they^yere obliged toabandon tl" P'e?« «nd return to Montreal. 1,J5' ™° •^'d I)e raudreuil establish his Iiad^uarters, after the surrender of Quebec ? A. At the city of Montreal. Q. What forces had the English collected n.ar Montreal, by tho 8th of Soptembci ? \, "■^oA.^"'"" "^•"^ foriuin IMAGE EVALUATSCN TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^o 1.0 I.I 1^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 II 1.6 — - 11= < 6" ^ ^/ V. ^% r / ^ ^m Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 . ^' ,./%* h ^v 92 HISTORY or CANADA. honor not to serve during the war ; the Governor, the Intendant, and the olher officials of the government, were to fee eqmlly transported to Franco at the expense of England. ■ /■; • ■ PART SECOND. I EN-GLISH DOMINA.TTON. FIRST EPOCH. TBOVC ^THE CAPITULATION OP MONTREAL^. TO TOB CONSTITUTION OP 1791. CHAPTER I. FrcnnrtheCapitulation of Montreal, 1760, to the Quebec Act, 1774. Q. The English having become the masters of Caiiada, what form of government did they assume ? A. They assumed a military form of govern- ment until 1764. MFREAT, Q. H( 93 this lilitary ri upon tow was inis mi by the Canadians ? A Tho Canadians looked uron it as a vmation of the terras of capitulation which gnnted Hon. the rights of B^tish .ubjerts ^i. What was the jispcct of (he countrv nfier the cessation of hostilities ? •'^' A. Tlio)nost)iro<^ound peace soon reigned thi-oughout the country. "" r.i^nea wi?„ ;??'^' T' i''" >P"Iat!on of Canada, ^len U passed under the Endish domination ? fifirtn i*?^"^'^*"''! of about 75000 French, and 80d0 Indiaas, Inostly .11 Catholics. colrmed ? """" '^^ *^°"1'^^* '^ C^'^-'d- tref;y?fPaHs"*'''''^'""^''^^^'^^*J'^ aftStfoTrJ'y'of'^pfHs"', '''' ^''' ^^"^^^' A. After tho treaty of Paris, England be-an to dianember Canada. ° ada^idV *^° '"^'^"'"^ P°'*^° '^^'''^ A. It was called the Province of Quebec. Canada?' ^^ "^^''^"^ '''"' parcelUng 94 HISTORY OP CAliJADA, '»m4 Q. How so ? fr I r A. By the proclamations of tho 7th of October and of tho 17th -*f December, 1763, Geor^^o III., on his own authority and wiihout the concurrence of parliament, abolished tho French laws, and substituted for tbeni \hoso of England. Q. Who was named by the- proclamation Governor-General of Canada ? , A. General Murray. Q. How did General Murray fulfil the orders he had just received ? A. By forming a new Council which, with himself, was invested with^execative, legis.ai-ive, and j udiciary powers. This Counoil was composed of 13 members, among whom was a single Canftdiaa of obscure and uninfluontial oondition. « Q. How were these unfair measures received by the Canadians ? A. At first, they caused a great deal of anxiety ; but afterwards, loud murmurs were heard from all classes of the people ? Q. What was done bv Murray, to calm the agitation of the people r A. He permitted the use of French laws for oases relaUog to real property. MURRAY. 95 era, among inLc2nit'l ^? ^^"'■'■'y' *^'^°"f'"-« to the ms ructions he had received from Eodand ? A. He convoked an Assembly of the renrP sentativcsofthe neoplo • but th^ n^ !f-^ having refused tp'talithe te't 'a h^aTu 'w" contrary o the Oatliolic Faith, the Assemblv was dismissed without holding 'a aessitn " ^ protfalot^n^^^^^^^^ SSrtrjf" ""'^^f ' ''''' the7accu2 fl J f favoring the Catholics. Thev Egff ^"" ^'^ ^-« 1^- -called S Mul^aTkel or? *'^ ^^^-^^'-t- of W^io'^' T''!- '"''*';'^ °"* ^y tl»o "se of the tWaf i"?""'-' r^° '^^'^ ^* '^'^ head Pon- thiae, a distinguished Ottawa chief and an enemy to the English. ' ° In^'anT?'''* '^''' *^^ "^'"'^ °^ *^'' '°^°'*-«^ ^^^ forHfi^* I""*' *''" ■^"?''* '°^* ^«'eral of their Ind Lnf ^ '•' "°^'' *^' Sreat lakes ; but, the near Pi^r'^'''^:,^''" ^'''^"' ''^ Bushy-feua neai Pittsburg, they, at last, sued for peace, ■i I igJ I ■liJ"""" 96 HISTORY OP CANADA. which was granted them at Chouaguen, in Q.* "What event drew the attention of the Canadians at that time ? ^. , .^ , _ A The arrival of the new Bishop of Quebec, Jean Olivier Briand, who had been consecra- ted in France. i i o Q. By whom was General Murray replaced f a1 By General Carleton, in 1766. Q. What did General Murray on arriving at London ? « .i « A. He gave to the ministers of the govern- ment the census which he had taken in 1 ^05, to prove that there was not in Canada one Protestant to 150 Catholics, and that it was a crying injustice to exclude the latter from holdini? offices in the government. "^Vhat was the policy of England towards the Canadians, after the arrival of Carleton ? A. England's policy was more just and liberal. « i . i, o Q What was the cause of this change r A This change was occasioned by the tear which England had of losing all her American possessions, for her other colomes had assumed a threatening attitude. iiif CABLEION. 97 CHAPTER ir. From the QuibecAct, 1774, tatheConstitu- tional Act, 1791. Q. What measure did the British Parlia- men take, m 1774, at the news of the lebelhouainovementoftheAmericaacolonies? ..\T'a tr^''l''^ Parhament passed a law, So??aSdt!^^"''^°'-^"^^"^^^"^"*^^^-- ?• ^l\''^ ^ere the features of this law ? .f*l" t> '3 P^w Ja/ extended the boundaries Catho cs from the test oath, and gave theR. the full enjoyment of the privileges ^ranted them by the terms of capitulation. "" l.ft »" ^'''' "'""■coTer, restored tho former civil lawo and i^or^ more than 5" L*" ^ """"P.of d otnot Jesa than 1? .f!^\Y^^\^}^ *''*' Protestants of Canada alter the publication of the Act? ' *i,^ib^^7R'''\''°"^'^ ^""^ ^'« revocation, but the Entish Parliament rejected their demand, tl,« ^fi V v'f''' ,^'^^ "'^^ satisfaction to the other EngliaL. colonies ? k 4 1 98 HISTORY OF CAKADA. A. No: they boldly manifested their discon- tent in a Congress lield at Philadelphia. Q. Wliat effect did the Act produce on the Canadian population ? ,.1 A. It tranquillized the Canadians, and contributed a great deal to attach them to the Crown 01 England. Q. What did General Carleton, whilst the Congress of Philadelphia ^jevQ discussing the grievances of tho.colonists ? A. He iuauuurated tlie new Constitution in the city of Quebec, and endeavored more than ever to gain over the CLiuadians by favors, ^ . , , ,1 Q. How was the address, issued by the American Congress, received throughout the country ? A. The address produced a ^^eat sensation among the, English, who, losing the hope of domineering exclusively, bec-ime yebellious. Q. As the Americans couldi not gain over the Canadians, and were, moreover, informed that England would employ ^ the force of arms against them, what course did they take ? A. They resolved to begin hostilities^at once': and„ia the bej^inning of May, 1775, Forts Carillon, St. Frederick, CkamUy, and St. John, fell into their liands. CABI.ETON. 99 better result ihan the fi,"t' '^ ^'^ ''^ Q. After tLo capitulation of Pnvf Qt t v on (lie 3rd of September ITtV' ?' °^^' was taken by Gene .1 M , ' ^ ""^ *='""■'«' -nder of tb/ CS^i mZT''' '^'^"■ Q. j;i'en,wh,t^^3donebyCarIeton? A llnnknigjt impossible to defend Mont in ^'1^"^^°'-^ '""* -'y to sbut hiLefftp Instdvar?'" ''"'' '^'^ ^•^ «"^ <3-K on two^'^anjs.'"™'^ ''" ^^"P'^''^*^"" ^^"'i^led into A. They submitted to Montgomery. M • !| -I 100 HISTORY OF CANADA. |: '= ||i Q. Whither did the latter proceed, after- wards ? A. He ;raarched on to Quebec. In the first days of September, he ptood before the city at the Jiead of about 1200 men, after having been rejoined by General Arnold's corps, who had come throu^Lih th(i valleys of the Kennebec and Chaadiere rlver"=). Q. What did the Americans attempt in the •^ght of December 30th ? A. They attempted to take the city by gtorm, but wore tcccived with so much vigor, that they were obliged to retiro after having lost their chief. General Montgomery, who was killed with many of the principal officers. Q. Upon whom d*iu the command of the American army devohe, after the death of Montgomery ? A. It devolved upon General Arnold, who re- moved to a distance from Quebec, while waiting for assistance from Congress. Q. What dfid the Americans,.Jaaving receiv- ed a reinforcement headed by General Thomas ? A. They renewed the siege of Quebec, in March, 1776 ; but their batteries did not cause any damage. Ci^L2T0N. 101 Q. What course did General Thomas take on seeing British vessels sailing up the. river ? A. He hastened to raise the sier^e and move away. Q, What did England to subdue the rebel- lious colonies ? A. She despatched a body of 8000 veterans under General Burgoyno, who landed at Quebec in the month of May, 1776. Q.- What was the plan of Burgoyne ? A. His plan was to make a junction with General Howe in New York, so as to separate the eastern colonies from those of the South. Q. What Jiappened to the American General Thompson, who was inarching to Three Rivers with the desi'^n of investinir * ' " A. On the 8th of Jui ^ American General was met by Brigaa :r who after 9. murderous combat, luau., prisoner with^ Colonel Irwin and 200 soldiers. The rest uod away. Q. "W^hither did Burgoyne go ? A. He went as far as Sorel, and continued to pursue the Americans ? Q. What was done by the latter ? A. Seeing themselves closely pressed^ the Americans went back to Forts" St. Frederick 102 HISTORY OP OINIDI. and CariUon, after having set fire to those of Chambly and St. John. « , « ,. i. Q What was tho success of the l^nglish 01 Lake Champlain, on tho J3th of October ? ^ A. Thew flotilla, commanded by Captain Prin*-ie, completely defeated, within range of the batteries of Fort St. Frederick, tho Ame- rioan flotilla under General Arnold. Q. What diu General Burgope, m the A Ho invaded New York atthe head of 9 000 men ; but, after having had some succfes^ on Lake Champlain, he was beaten at Benning- ton and in the neighborhood of Albany. Q. What was he compelled to do alter these reverses ? A. He was obliged to retreat upon the heights of Saratoga, where ho was goon after surrounded by superior forces, and, on the Ibth of October, forced to surrender with his re- maining 5800 men. Q. What \Yas done by Governor Carleton, in the tnean time ? , ^ . , x- A. He convoked, again the Legislative Council which h i been unable to assemble the preceding year. Q. What measures were adopted by the Legislative Council ? \i\ lose of lish on 3r ? Japtain mge of 3 Ame- HALDIMikNDc 103 la tho )f9000 i(Jes3 on eiming- ) after on the a after ae 16th his re- arleton, yisktivo ssemble by the A. The most important measures adopted, referred to judicial and military administra- tion. Its ordinances ronflemirjf the miUtia, oontainod Bneh tyrannical |>rovision8, that they oxcitei muoh diacontont amongst tU<« jjeoplo, wbioh was an ill omen for the future, Q. What Jiad Carleton done, being dis- pleased at the preference given to General Burgoyne ? A. He had sent in his resigna+^*:r, and General Ilnldiniand, a Swiss by birtl, came to replace him in the government of Cans'.da, in Julv,1778. Q, How did Haldin^ :nd govern Canada ? A. He governed the country with despotism an 4 terror. Q. W hat was the tstate of the contest between England and the rebellioug colonies ? A. Aided by the French, who declared in their favor, the Americans had some success over the .Bnglish. Q. Whnt was the result of the camr^iigns ofl778and,1779? A. The guccess of the campaign of 1778, was equal on both sides ; but that of 1779, was more favorable to the Americans. Q. What happened to the British troops, in 1781? /' llli I w m I 104 HISTORY OP CANADA. A. They were successively beaten at Cowpens, Guildford, and^ Eutiwsprings. Q. What did Lord Cornwallis, after the last battle ? A. Having collected all his forces, he forti- fied himself in Yorkton ; but, being soon besieged by the army of Washington, and a body of French troops under the Marquis de Lafayette, he was forced to capitulate on the 19th of October. This last victory assured definitively the independence of the Unitud States. Q. What was Endand, doing, whilst Can- ada was sidling "under the despotism of the Governor and his council ? A. Sho wns exteriorly despoib'ng Canada hy the treaty of Paris, on the 3rd of September, 1783, by abandoning to the Americana all those parts which bad been impoliticaliv sepa- rated after jits conquest. By that treaty, Endand acknowledged the independence of the United States. Q. What was the population of the Pro- vince of Quebec, in J78i ? A. It was about J 13012 souls. Q. What important act was., passed, in A. The Habeas Corpus Act. LORD DORCHESTER. 105 In virtue of this law, a prisoner has tho right, in -cer- tain cases, to get his liberty by giving bait. Q. To whom was the governorship confided, after the recall of General ILilclimand, in 1785 ? A. To Lieutcnant-General Hamilton, who was replaced on the following year by Colonel Hope. Q. Who governed Canada after Colonel Hope? A. General Carleton^in qnah'tyof Governor General of the British Provinces of North America. Ho arrived at Quebec on the 21st of October, 1786. General Carleton had recently been raised to the peer- age, under tho liamo of Lord Dorchester. Q. What did tho Canadian population ask of the Imperial Parliament ? A, The Canadian population solfcited with much earnestnesa the reformation of their political institutions. Q. What did Lord Dorchester at thia req^uest ? ^ A. He charged the Legislative Council to inquire into the admmistrati'on of justice *«*i4via, puiiou, ijuuimeico ana eaucaiion. Q. When did the Imperial Parliament take 1 \ .1 ;ii I i I 4,1 106 HISTORY OF CANADA.. •it into consideration the petitio^ of the Canadians for a representative government ? A. In 1791. the Imperial Act which granted this kind of government, separated the country into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada. This law created an Elective Chamber in each province. ^ Q. Of how many members were the Jjegis- latiok Council and, Assembly composed ? A. The Legislative Council for Lower Can- ada, consisted\>f 15 members appointed by the King ; and 50 members, elected by the people, formed the Assembly. Q. How many forms of n-overnment had been given to Canada eince ITuO ? A. Four, in the space of 31 years ; namely : martial law, from 1760 to 17G4 ; military p;overnmcnt, from 17G4 to 1774: ; despotic government, from 1774 to 1791 ; and lastly, representative government, from the last date. Q. What was the population of Canada in 1791 ? A. It was about 135000 ; of this number, about 15000 were of English descent, 10000 of whom were settled in Upper C^aada. XORD DORCHESTER, lor SECOND EPOCH. FROM THE CO^VSTITUTTONAL ACT, 170L T( -HE UXION. 1840\ ' :iON, 1840. CHAPTER FIKST. From the Constitutional Act 1791 tn fho -^'^ninistration of Sir cJrg^^^^^^^ 1811. for?c" ?^''''° '''" '''^ "'"^ Constitution put in A wv *^^° ^^*'' "f l^ecember, 1791 y. V\ hen wcro the elections made in Lower Crmada under tl>e t,cw_ fonn of governmeT? a' -nr ^ ^^'~'° *"^'^° '•'' J'lnt'. 1 792. A A^ V* rL*''° '■'•'""^ of these elections ? eleftid 1 r P ,• V '"°'"^"'''' *'^« Canadians elected ] G Englishmen, to phow by this act of generosity, that they earnestly desired to see peace and concord reign everywhere „otnf ^'^ *'lf ^"^S''^^ acknowledge this act ot generosity ? ° A. ^ II their gratitude consisted in proposin<^ Of DecS^°T79? ;j,f^^^3:. on the 17ih ■^cweuiue., i/yj^ the nominauon of aa ii 1 1 :| if il '4ml il' lt)8 HISTORY or CANADi.. m English Speaker, and the abolition of the Trench language. Q. How where these two propositions re- ceived ? A. They were toth rejected, and Mr. Panet was elected Speaker. Q. What "resolution was then taken ? A. It was resolved, contrary to the English vote, that the proceeding^ of the Assembly should be written and published in both lan- o'ua^es. Q. On what important subject, were both Housesi occupied during a part of the session ? A. They were both occupied on the subject of education. Q. Where did the Legislature of Upper Canada assemble ? A. At^Niagara, on the 17th of September, and was opened by Lieutenant-Governor Siuicoc. Q. How many members were there in each House ? A. The Legislative Council was composed of 7 members, and the Assembly of (sixteen. Q. What Bill was voted for by the House of Assembly ? A. A Bill for the adoption of iLrigiiSii laws as a rule to decide all matters ccucerning pro- LORD DORCHESTER. 109 perties and civil rigkts, and the- introduction of trial by jury, 8. Whattvas adopted by tho Legislature pper Canada, in 1793 ? A. Tho abolition of slavery. Q. In what year was the seat ofgovern men t of Upper Canada removed from Niagara to Toronto ? A. InJ[796, by Governor Siracoe. Q. What did tho Legislature of Lower Canada, iu tho sessions of 1792 and 1795 ? A. Tho Legislature imposed a duty upon liqnorii and groceries, go as to raise tho public revenues to a level with tho expenses. Q. What y^Qve the rerenues of the Province, at that time ? A. The revenues of the Province at that timCj'were from eevea to eight thousand pounds, whercns, tho expensed wero about £25,000. Q. Who, for tho thirc^ tiaie, came to Canada in quality of Oovonior-G'^neral, in 1793 ? A. Lord Dorchester, Q. What orders had he reveived from En- dand ? A. He had received orders to appoint a new Executive Council composed of nine jmembers, mit the seminary and religious comm^unitics I I i 'i ■' ' ^ i: si ' ' li!' j'i : 110 HISTORY OP CANADA. to perpetuate themselves according to the rules of their institution. Q. What were the chief operations -of the . session of 1795 ? A. The regulation of ;rents and other sei- gniorial charges^the legalizing of the money used in the country, and tho converting of sterling money into the currency of Canada. Q. iBy whom, was Lord Dorchester replaced, as governor of Canada ? A. He was replaced by General Prescott, in 1796. Q. When and by whom was the second pro- vincial parliament opened ? A. On the 24tK of January, 1797, by General JPrescott. Mr. Panet was again elect- ed Speaker, Q. What principal event took place, under the government of General. Prescott? A. A treaty of amity, commerce, and nav- igation, between England and the United States, concerning the Province of Canada, was signed, Q. By whom was General Prescott succeeded. A. By liobert-Shoro Milnes, in July 1789, in quality of Lieutenant-Governor. Q. What new Governor-General, arrived at Quebec, on the 21st of October, 1807 ? SIR JAMES CAAIO. Ill A- Sir James Craig, a military officer of €omo reputation, but a despotic administrator, filled with prejudice against the Canadians an4 their religion. Q. What wa$ ^one in 1808 ? A. The House of Assembly voted, by a majority of 20^ an Act by which the judges were excluded from the candidature of repre- sentation, but the Legislative Cguneil rejected tho measure. Q. What was done at the folic wing session ? A. Tho House of Assembly wa^i dissolved by the Governor, for Laving dared to insist upon the necessity of a l-esponsible ministry, and of the full liberty of discussion in the Assembly. Q. When was the new Assembly convoked ? A. It was convoked at the end of January 1810, Q. WHiat were its proceedings ? A. From the opening of the session, the new Assembly protested energetically against the insulting language Xnade use of by Sir James Qraig when proroguing the last House. Q. JIow did the Assembly reply to the amendment of the Bill of judges proDOsed bv iiioUouncii? - ^ ^ . A. By a majority of three-fourths of the ff si 1 i\ i. "- -■# h\ ' " i 112 HISTORY OP CANAT)A. votes, the seat of Judge Bonne was declared vacant in the Assembly. Q. What did the Governor, unable to con- tain his resentment ? A. Ho dissolved the Assembly, seized the press, and arrested the proprietor of the *^ Canadieny ' accusing him of hi^h treason. Q. What was the result of the elections, after theso acts of violence ? A. Notwithstanding these acts of violence, the same deputies wore re-elected. Q. Whcri rendering txr\ account of theso troubles to the British ministry, what more efficacious niean<^ did Craig Ru;j;gest, in oider to anglicize and protestantize the country ? A. Craig proposed that the ministry should change or suspend the Constitution ; and- afterwards, make the government independent of tho people, by employing the properties of the Jesuits and Sulpicians to pay the public expenses ; and finally, to reserve the nomination of Parish Priests to the King. Q. What was the conduct of Bishop Plessis, the Catholic Bishop of Quebec, when the government wished to encroach upon the rights of the Church ? ness, that the Governor thought it prudent not SIR GEORGE PREVOST. 115 to undertake an.ythin- against the religious administration of the country. . 9/ ^^^^ l^rought about some modifications ^^^ A ^"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ colonial government ? A. The threatening attitude of the United Q. What was done to the citizens that had been cast into prison ? A. Thoy were soon after set, at liberty. Q. VVhat became of the law respecting Judges? ^ ^ ^^ A. It was adopted, and received royal sanc- Q. In what year was Craig recalled ? A. In 181L ° CHAPTER II. From the o,rriml of Sir George Prevost, 1811 to Ids departure, 1315. ' Q. Who was the successor of Craig ? A. Sir George Provost, Governor %f Nova fecotia, who landed at Quebec in September, Q. In what state did he find Canada ? ihn^}^^. J^ound its inhabitants diWdcd, and ^0 country nicnaeed vj the United States. y. >Vhat line of conduct did he pursue ? v»i^ .)! i \ \ i 1 ! 1 i' ^ . J I" ! ■' 114 HISTORT or CANADA. A. He endeavored to conciliato the divided parties, and to win over the Canadians by vBhowing an entire confidence in their fidelity. Soon after, the greatest sympathy existed between him and the people. Q. How did ho proceed towards the clergy ? A. Thinking that the clergy we^o ill-disposed towards the Governor, on account of the impru- dent attempts of Craig, Mr.Prevost took every means to gain over their favor ; and, for this purpose, had several interviews with Bishop rle&sis. Q. What news was heard in the month of June, 1812? A. That the United States had declared war with Great Britain. Q. Why did the United States declare war with England ? A. England being then at war with France arrogated to herself the right of visiting for- cign'^vcsscls, in order to ascertain whether they had on board any of her deserting sailors : she had even the pretension to hinder Amer- ican vessels from entering the northern ports of France and the Nctlicrhnds, which she held biocuauea. iiavmg unuuica ^ii^^^^ outrages for more than live years, the Amer- SIR GEORGE PRETOST. 115 leans, at last, took up arms in support of their rights. Q. What measures were immediately taken by Mr. Prevost ? A. Thouiihtho Parliament of Lower Canada had been in Bession dunw^j^ tho winter, yet, he convoked it a second time, and liberally ob- tained all he asked for the defence of the Province. Q. What was done at the same time in Upper Canada? ^ A. The Parliament ofUpper Canada adopted similar measures for the defence of tho country. Q. What was the population of Canada at this time ? A. The population of Lower Canada was about 200000, and that of Upper Canada 80000. Q. What were the principal events in the campaign of 1812 ? A. In the jBrst place, the British troops captured Fort Michilimakinac from the Ame- ricans; and, on the 25lh of July, compelled the American General, Hull, who had'shut himself up in Fort Detroit, to surrender with his army of the West. America'* army, commanded by Van Kcnse- I! I it\ i X g \ « I i'f 116 HISTORY OP CANADA* $ I m laer, was thrown into confusion by Genera! Sheaffe, and more than ono thousand men, forced to lay down their arms. Tho American army of the North, number- ing nearly 10000 jnen, under General Dearborn, was mot at Lacolle by Colonel de Salaberry, and obli.2jed to retreat. Q. Were the Americans raorc successful on the sea ? A. Yes ; their frigates, the Cons tifuf ion ^ and the United States^ captured^ several British frigates, after pevere and bloody combats. Q. What did the Americans, in tho spring in 1813? A. They resolved to carry on the war with vigor, and again divided their forces into three armies. Q. What was the tqsmU of the cam]>aign of the British General, Proctor, in tho West ? A. Aa '^-i' i ome pnncoss over the A^^cricans, comm^uiud hy General irurrison,he was com- pletely defeated at Moravian Town, on the 5th of October. Q. Were not the Americans bucccssful elsewhere ? in.» X SJ3 aii/Ui i-l U'^Uli Ui iviUi iiUUiDWii x^aiv-c; Erie, Commodore Perry, with 9 vessels and 54 SIR GEORGE! PRETOST. 117 guns, compelled tho British ^otilla of 6 vessels ancl 63 guns, to surrender at discretion. Q. What took place on Lake Ontario, dt tho same time ? A. On tho 27th^ of April, the American General, Dearborn, having landed with 170O men )near Toronto, forced General Sheaffe to retire with loss, and tho city \o capitulate. Shortly after, Dearborn, compelled the British General, Vincent, to evacuate Fort George. Unexpectedly attacked by Colonel Harvey, on tho heights of Burlinglon, in the night of tho 5th of June, tho Americans were driven from their position, and two of their generals made prisoner?. Q. Wliat was done by General Prevost, at the Jower end of Lake Ontario ? A. Profiting of the absence of the Americau fleet, ho attacked Sackett's Harbor, but was repulsed. Q. How was the campaign on Lake Ontario terminated ? A. By the victory of Commodore Charncy over the British Commander, Yeo> Q. What did the Americans after +hcse successes ? A. They concentrated their marched towards Montreal. forces, auu StLh ill 118 HISTORY OP CANADA, 1,, I' : ; ! ' 1^4 i I i Q. Were they successful ? A. No; they lost the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Chateauguay. At Chrystler's Farm, Colonel Morrison completely defeated the American General, Wilkinson^ although the army of the latter wa^ four tirnea as iVumcrons) as the English. At Chateauguay, 7000 Americans tinder General Hampton, were obliged to retreat precipitately before 300 Canadians under Colonel do ^alaberry. Q. What \va3 the i-esult of the battles at Chrystler's Farm and Chateauguay ? A. The result of these memorabW battles, was the retreat of an army of about IGOOO men. Thus the best plan devised by the American Republic for the invasion of Canada, completely failed. Q. What was done by the British troops in Upper Canada, as soju as the Americans' had retreated ? A. Colonel Murray with 600 men, suprised Fort Niagara, piade 300 prisoners, and seized a great q^uantity of ammunition. Q. What did the Americans, in the sorino" of 1814? ^ '^ A. Five thousand of them suddenly attacked SIR GEORGE PREVOST. 119 Lacolle Mill, at the foot of Lake Champlain ; but after uselessly cannonading the place for two hours and a half, they fell back on Platts- bur£^. Q, What plan was adopted, by the Amer- icans for the rest of the campaign ? A, The check they had received at Lacolle, made them turn their attention to Upper Can- ada, Q. What were the principal exploits of the last campaign ? A. They were the buttles of Chippewa, LuDvly's Lane, Bladensbiirg, New Orleans, and a tiaval contest on Jjuke Champjain. The British wcro dcfcatea at Chippewa and New Orleans ; the Americans, at Lundy*s Lane and Blad'-nsbarsc. Q. When was peace concluded between England and the linitcd States ? A. On the 24ih of December, 1814, at Ghent. Q. What did gir George Prevost,.. after the conelusion of peace? A. He convoked the Parliament in the month of June, 1815. Q. Who was appointed Speaker of the named for the Legislative Council ? I (Hi I tj ^%H!*'?*I» if.' > ■ 120 HISTORY OF CANADA. oi 1:1* m lit A. Mr. Papineau, a young man 26 years old. Q, What resolution was adopted by the Assembly ? A. A resolution in which they declared that Sir Gcorgo Prevost had, in the late struggle, distinguished himself by his wisdom, energy, and ability. Q. What did Mr. Prevost, towards the end of 1815? A. He set out for England, but died shortly after his arrival from the fatigues of the voyage. CHAPTER III. From-the departure of Sir George Prevostf 1815, to the ariival of the Royal Commissioner, 1835. Q. By whom was Prevost replaced in the government of Canada ? A. By General Drummond, in quality of, Administrator. Q. What did General Drummond soon dis- cover, in the internal administration of the country ? _i iX,^ XV, JULU i».^_^-^-:i ^ ^._ -_ (IiSv;OveiU(l UnUitiiUuia (ik/ubUii iU illU land and postal departments. DUKE OF RICHMOND. 121 Q. How did the people behave, when the Governor dissolved the Parliament at the com- . luencencient of the session of 1816 ? A. They re-elected mostly all the same members, Q. By whom was Drummond replaced in the mean time, with the title of Governor- General ? A. By Sir John C. Sherbrooke, a man far more skilful and prudent than his predecessor. Q. How did the new governor inaugurate his administration. A. By eeveral acts of generosity and justice. Q. Whatquestioi^ then produced some sensa- tion among the people ? A. That of subsidies, Q. What course did Sherbrooke take, shortly after the session of 1816 ? A. Beinj? dis2:usted at the hard task of conciliating the opinions of the people, he petitioned England for his recall. Q. By whom was he succeeded ? A. By the Duke of Bichmond, wha arrived at Quebec on the 29th of July, 1818. Q. Was th'e administration of Richmond of long duration ? A. His administration was rather short, I t •si * a i 3 ;i H ' 122 HISTORY OF CANADA. f '5 »h having been bitten by a fox, he died of hydrophobia in the month of August, 1819. Q. Who were the Duke of Eichmond'a fiuccessors ? A. The Duke of Richmond was succeeded firstly, by the Honorable James Monk, wbo dissolved the Parliament and issued orders for new elections; secondly, by Sir Peremne Maitland ; and thirdly, by the Earl of Dal- housie, who arrived at Quebec, June 18th, 1820, as Governor-General of the British colo- nies of North America. Q. What wise policy was adopted by Eng- land at this epoch ? A. Ultimately convinced that the policy of proselytizing the Canadian people was an impossibility,^ she gavo them full liberty to follow the religion of their ancestors. Q. When did the Earl of Dalhousie con- voke the new Parliament ? A. On the 14th of December, 1820. Q. What did the House of Assembly, in this session ? A. The House voted a bill of subsidies, which was rejected by the Council. This ac- tion did not fail to augment its disnleasure which increased from day to day. EARL OF DALnoUSlB. 123 Q. Was the goiivernment more successful in the following session ? A. ^o; for tho new bill of subsidies pre- sented was rejected, having had only five votes in its favor. Q. What bilF was presented to the Impe- rial Parliament, in 1822? A. A 1)111 for the union of Upper and Lower Canada ; but it was rejected at its sec- ond reading. Q. Who had presented the bill ? A. The English party, whose hostilities against the French Canadians, combined with the desire of domineering over them, increased daily. Q. What were the chief articles of this bill ? A. The bill gave a far greater rcprcsentatiou to Upper Canada than to Lower Canada, it proscribed tho French language, and restricted the liberty of worship and the rights of the representatives over the public revenues. Im a V^ord, the bill was reducing the French Canadians to the revolting condition of Ireland. Q. What did the whole population, on hearing this new^s ? A. Tho people hastened to protest ener- getically against a measure so adverse to their interests. if I '; j U il i J 124 HTSTOHY OP CANADi.. hii-i Q. What did the House of Assembly of Lower Canada, at the session of 1826 ? A- The House voted the subsidies In the game mannei* as the preceding year, that is, chapter by chapter, and not in detail ; on th3 following day, the Govern )r prorogued the Assembly. Q. What did the Earl of Dalhousie, after Bomc time ? A,, He appealed to the people by a general election. Q. What effect did the dissolution of the last Assembly produce ? A. It produced a great agitation, which in- creased Btill more by the publication of an address, enj]:aging the people to re-elect the inembers of the majority. Q. What happened at the convocation of the new Parliament, in November, 1827 ? A. The Governor refused to confirm the election of Mr. Papinciu as Speaker of the House of Assembly, and prorogued the Parlia- ment on the second day. Q. In what state was Upper Canada, in the mean time ? A. Whilst Lower Canada was a prey to dis- sensions, Upper Canada was agitated by vio- LORD AYLMER. 125 lent debates upoa the same causes of com- plaint. Q. Whfit^ did the Imperial, government, to facilitate a reconciliation of tlio parties? A* Tho^Earl of Dalhousie was called to tho government of the East Indies, and Sir James Kempt, Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, replaced lun\ at Quebec, where he arrived ou the 2d q£ September, 182^, Q. How did Sir James Kempt proceed ? A. He kept a neutral position Jjetween tho Houso ar)d the Council ; ho immediately ap- proved tho election of Papincaa as Speaker, and gave full liberty to tho Assembly to dis- pose of all tho money (illowed to the Crown by the Imperial Parliament, except the salaries of tho judgCL^ and the governor. Q. By whom was Sir James Kempt re- placed ? A. He was replaced by Lord Aylmer, who arrived at Quebec on the 13th of October, 1830. Q. What was the conduct of Lord Aylmer, at the commencement of his administration ? A. Ho bought to conciliato tho jparties ; but his cndeavorsTvvero counteracted by thp baleful influence which was insensibly pushing tho House beyond the limits of prudence. !i I ;. 11 ■1 ;- : 'il Pm 126 HISTORY OP CANADA. Q, What happened at Montreal, dtirin«; the election of one member, on the 21st of May, 1822 ? ^ ^. A. A riotlook place in which three Canadians were killed by the British troops. Q. After these trouble^ of Montreal, what epidemio ravaged tho country ? A. The cholera brok^ out for tho first time in Canada, and made fearful ravages, parti- cularly at Quebec, Vhere it carried off tho tenth part of tho population. Q. What was done by the House of As- sembly in its session of 1834 ? A. 'After lonof and violent debates, the House adopted a, eerieii of 92 resolutions, comprising ali thQ grievances of the colony against the British p:overnement. Q. What was, then, the attitude of Upper- Canada ? A. A part of its population was in favor of the policy adopted by the Assembly of Lower Canada, Q. What did the Imperial Parliament, con- cerning ali the questions that had been laid before it ? A. After a Ions; debate, the Parliament left their solution in the hands of tho colomaLDe- partment. LORD GOSrORD. i2r Q. What took place in tho month of Octo* ber. 1834 ? A. Jho Crmadiaix parliament if^s dissolved, and tno'iicw electionsJ wero jficcompanied with the greatest Iroublefl, notwithstandinp; the con- stitutional associations formed in various towns forthe tiiaintenapco of the laws and institu- tionsi of the^country. Q. What waa tfone by the new Assembly, at its eesssion of .February, 1835 ? A. The House t)rotested against the speech made J)y Lord Aylmer at tho close of tho pro- ceeding session, And renewed all its demands ;. but tho Governor being exasperated, prorogued the Parliament, Q, What happened to Lord Aylmer, in the mean time ? A. Jle vras recalled, and succeeded by Lord Gosford, who arrived at Quebec jon the 24th of August, 1835. CHAPTER IV. From4he-arriml of the Royal C'-^'nmissiomrf 1835, to the Union ofthe4wo Cuuv^daSy 1844. v^. TT ivii^wiiaw-niiiie -aiu Jjorti Ajj-ostdrd ijom© to Carada ? I \ i i r I tr'-t^l Mi V ., M 128 HISTORY OP CANADA. A. Lord Go^ford came to Canada witli the title of lloyal Commissioner, and was aceoiii- panied by Sir Charles Gray and Sir James Oipps. *• Q. What was ho commissioned to do ? A. He wns commissioned to inquire into the affairs of the country, and to give a report as detailed as possible. In conseqiwnce, Lord Gosford mado a loni; report eni tirely hosdlo to tho Canadians, which was, approved b^ the Houso of Commons and tho UritisU Ministry. Q. What did the new Governor, shortly after his arrival ? A. He convoked the Legislature for the fol- lowino: 27th of October. Q. Wiiat attitude was assumed by tho House of Assembly ? | A. TIio ITbusc refused to formally recognize the commis>^i oners sent by the Imperial Gov-' ernir.cnt to take cogrnizance of the affairs of the country, having some knowledge of the instruc- tions they had received from England. How-j ever, a civii list for six months was voted, in gratitude for Lord Gosford's having granted willingly the sums necesgary to meet the coa- tingent expenses. LORD GOSFOBD. 129 Q. What were the neighboring provinces doing m the mean time ? A. Upper Canada, that bad previously so- hcitcd 8ome reforms, had recently elected a new Legislature whose majority Fas in favor of the government. New Brunswick and Nova bcotia accepted also the propositions of Eno-- W TT^^^* Canada became isolated. "^ Q. men did Lord Gosford convoke the next I^egislaturc ? A. On the 18th of August, 1837. Q. How long did the session last ? A. The majority of the mcnibers havino- protested against the resolutions lately passed :n the Imperial Parliament, the (Governor prorogued the House on the sixth day of its session, "^ Q. What was done after the proro;ration of :ne Legislature ? ,. c A. l^he chiefs of the popular party went 'throughout the country and formed secret as- sociations m every locality. At a meetino' representinfig six counties, held r>t St. Charles' an appeal was made to the people. ' Q. How did the people answer the appeal ? A. The people rose m rebellion in several counties around Montreal ; but. after havinr^ ieaten the regular troops' at ^vers places^ 11 i > ; !■' 130 FI8T0RT OP CANIDI. notably at Chambly and St. Denis, they were defeated at St. Charles and St. Eust:^o^^ower Canada which, in ]?91, was llbim now numbered five times as much. In 1844, tho year the first census was taken after tho Union, Lower Canada cont:nned 524000 French Canadians, and 156000 ling ish and strangers; tho whole amaunlingtd 691000, of which 57;^000 were Catholics. •'^xvuu. There were also 76000 property holders and 113000 nouses, whieh shows thiU aJumtit jwery faimly hflldpro- ij 1 THIILD EPOCH. raOM T3I1B UNIOK, 1841, TO THE CONTEDEIU- TIQ^, 18G7. CHAPTER FIRST, From the Vimn, 1844, to the arriml-of Lord Elgin, 1847. Q. What principal features did the Act of Union intrnrlnnp in iha y\/^1ifiAn1 ^^^^lU.^i.: the country ? U li 134 HlfiTGEY OP CANADA. M' A. The most important were : firstly, the introduction oi 2Lresponsihle government, that is, formed of men sitting in the Legislature, and res- ponsible to the House of Assembly for their official acts, as well as for their advice to the Governor; secondly, the concession to the depu- ties of the people of the right of controlling the public revenues and expenses. This was granting, at a lato hour,_the rights which had bee^^ acqukcd on b3C0iiiing engUsh' subjects, and for tho obtaining of which, many of our countrymen had strug- gled for a long time in the former Houso of Assembly, and otliers had shed their blood on tho field of battle. Q. Who was chosen by Engluad to head this new government ? A. Lord S;ydenhara, who had taken an ac- tive part in the union of the two provinces, and who arrived at Quebec, on the 19th of September, 1839. Q. Did the legislatures of Lower and Upper Canada willingly accept the Act of Union ? A. Yes; the council of Lower Canada com- posed of men, in great part, sold to tho govern- ment, readily gave their assent after a single interview with the Governor ; and the House of'Upper Canada, finding therein its interest, did the same after a few d-avs' discussion. {\ ^xru Ckfts Titrta Trt/\ TIWCI^ «1v^«^/%aJ L/r> ••l.ra Wk/k.^4> opened ? «^\m.'W •« mm ViJL\i iij,ii%i i'vvi ^ MJ. iiiiiiiiwii i> SIR CHAKLE3 BAGOT. 135 en an ac- A. At Kingston, on the i3th of June, 1841. sion^? ^^^ accotnpUshed in the first sea- A. The foundations of our most important civil institutions were laid down, especially those relating to the municipal systm, Jopuli education, currency, duties, &c. ^ Q. How was this memorable session closed ? A. It was closed amidst universal regrets SiodTf"" f *lf ?' H'-°^ ^°'^ Sydenham: who died of a fa 1 from his hoxsc, on the 19 h of September, 1841. Q. What sum did England vote in aid of the public works, and to consolidate the debt 01 Uanaua r A. England voted the sum of £1500000 n'"?i'° ^"° '^^'^^'*' ^^ *''° Province. ominion of Canada, finally recognized ? \ n oor?lf*'°^--'''=*''''^yl'^«y'>'P''oclamatioD on tl,e23d of May,1867. It was inaugurated on the Ist of July following. Q. Which provinces entered the Confed- eration ? A. Upper Canada, now called the Province ot Ontario ; l^ower Canada, called the Prov- inco of Quebec ; and tho Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. «-*i^' Y^A° ^"cceeded Lord Monk, with the title of Governor-General of the. New Dr- ■ minion nf r.n„<,A„ *^^ A. Sir John Young, in 1868. i, ft if I MS 144k mraTORT ^. When did tho Dominion of Canada make the acquisition of the North-West ? A. On the 1st of Jily, 1870. Q. When did tho Province of Manitoba, formed out of the No?th-Wcst, join the Con- federation ? A. On the Ist'of July, 1870. Q. When did British Columbia job- the Confederation ? A. On the 20th of July, 1871. NOVA SCOTIA. From its saparaiionfrom New Fi'ance^in 1710,^0 1870. * Q. When did Nova Scotia, or Acadia^ fal tinder the power of England? A. In 1710, by the eurrender of Port- Eoyal, its capital, to General Nicholson. Q. What befell France in ^1713, by the treaty of Utrecht? A. Weakened by her continual wars, France was oblij^ed to give up to England not only Acadia, but also Newfoundland and TTn.Unn "Rnv T rritorv. reservios: to herself only Cape Breton Island. OF XOVX SCOTIA. Hi Q. What did tho Freno^ nffn* ^i. • - Acadia ? ^^^'^ ^^^^^ theiy log^.^^ A. They fortified LouJqhnnnn. • *'^ '^r^H^n protect their Posscasionsr fe Sf V *° ^ Q. What became of tho ^S^:^^^ ii. It became a vcrv imn/vH*« x /? ,j ''Ifn^ JSta,-^ wj? srs TSt ingV!!;f S t tfof J ;^-' i>" ^-'< ■Louisbourg? ""°°''°" of the garrM,6a.<;of poditioa Vas imraedTatelv n J"- "'i^- '.^'^'■^ of July irTs'lS ^''A*""' ''"J. oi(L'4 dore T^Qrrpn Qi? .1 ^^^Sfcis unaer e^ru^o- sie,o orfortZl'Zyf' -Ptulat,*,^., ^^. Q. What did ihi Wr..^' ***' ^ ^>'^ff^'"> a Wd at £^/oVthKLSS^^^^^ wiioie oi-^dift. 'A forardlble J-^^1^^ 11 jr 146 HISTORY ii under the Duke of Anville, was sent for-ttis purpose in tlie following year. Q. What was the result of the expedition ? A. It failed completely, the greater part of the fleet having been destroyed by a violent tempest. Q. Was not Cape Breton restored to France E few years later ? A. Yes, by tlie treaty of Aix-la-ChapcUe, in 1748. Q. What happened after this treaty ? A. Some disputes arose concerning the lim- its of the French and English possessions in Acadia, which gave occasion, at times, to acts of hostility between the colonists of both na- tions. Q. What did the Governor of Canada, to prevent all encroachments upon the contested territory ? A, He persuaded three thousand French Acadians to settle on the north shore of tho Bay of Fundy, and on the Isle St. Jean, now called Prince-Edward's. Q. What ineang were taken by England to colonize Nova Scotia ? A. She sent out emipjrants at her own ex- pense, and offered to give gratuitously to sol- diers who would establish themselves there, some visions OP NOVA SCOTIA. acres of land, with took UT fin? advantage of ih^ i:u arais, and pro^ A. T md soJ. offers with ^^antage where they arrfi InAfJf^'^''''" They settled alona its swl ^'^"°°' 1749. establishment HafiS. ' ' '*°'^ *=''"^<^ t^^eir Q. Who was the 'first Pa™ colony ? ''"'' trovernor of that cntf sS^tsTo^Sr -'^^ ^ <^-- "^ent of the colony ^ ''"" "" ^^^ govern- j^Q. By whom was Cornwallis replaced in Q." Wha?cSS> ''''T' S°^-n. 1 753 ? ''"'orants increased the colony in 15^0 SlSx^S •\r^--- of I^unembur-. ^'"^'^ ^" the county of Q: fc'SlT!ir y?' -ttled. ,^. The Englishci^kielth; wy tao Jbnglish ? territorj south Pi tii.-' Ijil i!'^ 148 HISTORY of the St. Lawrence River, including ^Gasp^ Peninsula. , . ^ptkro Q. What happened m 1755 ( A Fort Beaus(" *h« NEW BRUNSWICK. -Frm-iYs ,ej,ara<,on/rom iVom &o,jo, f ^I 784 .j:««j :« 1 0f^i Q. What happened in 1775 ? OF PRINCE-EDWARD's ISLAJ^D. 155 A. Two American cruisers, finding the Island without protection, attacked and pillag- ed Cliarlottetown, taking, at the same time, the Governor and the other public officers as prisoners. Q. When did the Island receive the name of Prince-Edward ? A. Ill the year 1800, in honor of Prince Ed- ward, ])uko of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, Q. Who was the successor of Walter Patterson, in the government of the colony? A. General E. Fanning, in 1786. He was replaced by Colonel Desbarres, in 1805. Q. What was the conduct of Charles D. Smith, successor to Desbarres in 1813 ? A.iIIis tyrannical proceedings exasperated the colonists to such a degree that the Imperial government was obliged to recall him in 1824. ^ Q. What was done during the administra- tion of Colonel Ready, successor to Charles Smith ? A. Under the administration of Colonel Ready, the Catholics were set on an equality with the Protestants. Q, Who succeeded Colonel Ready? A. SirA. W. Young, in 1831. He was succeeded by Sir John Harvey, in 1836. Q. What was there remarkable under Hhe iM '' HISTORY 'trfbinlstration of Sir Charles Fitzroy,. who succeeded Sir John Harvey, in 1837 ? v^'A. TJnder the admistration of Sir Charles 5Htooy, the Executive and Legislative Coun- cils becapae separate bodies, ^''=^ Q. ^Tliat were tKero establisned in 1789? A. A Bupreme Court and |5everal common courts of ju>tico Sivero established. . Q. To what was tho Island exposed in 1796 ? A. France and England^ being then at war, Newfoundland was again harassed by the attacks of French vessels. Tho town of *« Bay of Bulls" was captured and destroyed. Q. What was done in 1803 ? A. Schools were opened in several places, and benevolent r?ocietie3 organized for tho relief of tho t^oor. Q. What happened most remarkable from 1803 to 1817 ?■* ? Paris, title of 10 year 1 of the 0. .775? JTO visit- i 1789? commoa losed in I at war, by the own of 38troyed. 1 places, for tho ble from OP KEWrOUNDUXD, U» ouncil consisted of nine JnemJbers. Q. Kelute the chief events from 1832 to 1od4. • A Tr» 1000 _ _^_i . , - _ _ **• -" ioow, c* j^cuioiricai survey of the' Is- land was made; in 1843, the House of As. y IGO niSTORY scmbly was united to the Ledslativo Council, forming but ono Chamber of '^5 ;membcr3; in 1854, thoExecutivo and Lc.dslativo Councils wcro separated, and a responsible j^overnment established*, with a Legislativo Assembly of 30 members ; in 1860, tho visit of the Pjince of Wales; in 1864, Newfoundland fseni two deputies to tho Convention of Quebec, but the Legislature afterwards adjourned the question. \ NORTH WEST TERRITORY From its separation from New France, in virtue of its surrender to England by the Treat jjcf Utrecht m 1713, to 1870. Q. What happened in 1784 ? A. Jn 1784, the North- West- Coinpany of Canada was formed. This Company carried on its trade chiefly in tho North- West, via Lake Superior towards tho Pacliio Ocean. Q. What was done by the North-'West Company ? ^youncil, era; ia Councils srnment nbly of Pjince mi two :^c, but cd the tY ncCf in fthe )any of chiefly owards h-West OP THE KORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 161 A. Tlio Company caused several explorations of tho country to be made. F^"^^wons Q. Enuinerate these explorations. , A. in 1793, Sir Alexander MaekGn7iV mado a voyage from Canada across tl e Eoe^^ Mountains as far as the Pacific Ocean S discovored Frazer Ri.er. Ho afeVwarJa d- covered ana explored Mackenzie S X 1811 the astronomer Thompsorx discovered he chief branches of the Cohnnbia RiverrwS he descended as f^^r as the Pacific Ocean J ^/^^^^ ^n-an-emeni was n-ade ia 1821 ? A J lie two rival companies, viz. • the Hiu] Q. What di.l Lord Selkirk, tho same year ? jj A /i*^ established a Scotch colony at Red Q. What other colonists went to settle at Red Rivor, hx 1823 ? A. A certain number of French Canadians. ^. Q. How was Hudson Bay Territory I A. It was divided into several districts 8taS "" ^^^^^ '*"'* "2 ^«'t" S Q. When did tho Confederation of Canada saake the acoTiigition nfthn M-,»»i. ttt-— . o 162 HISTORY A. On the 1st of July, 1870. Q. What portion wasi thea detached to- form a new province of tho Confederation ? A. Red River, under the name of ih© Province of Manitoba. VANCOUVER'S ISLAND AND BBITISH COLUMBIA. Q. By^whom was Vancouver's Island dis- covered ? A. By Captain Vancouver, towards the year 1792. Q. By whom was the North*West explored in 1806 ? A. By Simon Fraser. Q. By whom was Vancouver's Island settled ? A. By the Hudson Bay Company, who laid the foundation of the town of Victoria, in 1843. Q. Who was its first Governor ? A. James Douglas, appointed by the-Hud- son Bay Company. Q. What did the British government, in 1859? OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 163 A. The British government made Vancou- ver's Island and British Columbia two distinct colonies, having each its jproper limits, but under the same government, Q. Who was appointed Governor of both colonies ? A. James Douglas. Q. When was a (ji-ovemor appointed toeach colony ? A. In 1863, a special Governor was appoint- ed to each. Q. What name was given to the-capital of British Columbia ? A. .New Westminster. » Q. Of what did the government of each colony consist ? A. It consisted of an Executive and Le^^is- lativo Councils, and a House of Assembly, Vancouver-s Island and British Columbia, were divided into electoral districts. Q. When did Vancouver's Island and British Columbia enter into the Confederation of Canada ? A. On the 20th of July, 1871, under the name of the Province- of British Colujibia. f !•■ ^^^^^^^^V -1 ^^^^^^^^^H^^^K 1 ^^Hl^^s im sd HBM 1 I ^^^^^^IF 1 ^^^Bi ■ 1 iJ * IICTIDIEIX. iKTiftODTTCTTON — Early voyages, principal discov- eries, and couquests in America 5 FBENCH DOMINATION. FIRST EPOCH. Chapter I.— -Prom the arrival of Jacques Cartier in Canada, to the nomination of DeRoberval as viceroy, (1534-1541).. Chapter II.— From De fioberval, to the Marquis de la Roche, sec- ond viceroy,(l64M678). . CHAPTiia--IIL— From the Marquis de la Roche, to the foundation of Quebec, (1^78-1608) .. SECOND EPOCH. Chapter L— From the foundation of Que- bec, to the formation of the Montmorency Co. (1G08- 1621) Chaptejb n. — From the formation of the Monfuioreucv Co. to the restitution of Canada and Acadia to France, (1621- 1632) CHAPTiit .UlyFrom the restitution of Can- ada & Acadia to Franca II 17 20 22 29 166 INDEX. to the formation of the Montreal Co.(1632.1640).. 34 Chapter IV,-— From the formation of the Montreal Co. to the admi- nistration of De Lauson, (1640-1650) 37 CiiiPTEK T.— From tlie administration of De Lauson, to the forma- tion of the Supreme Coun- cil, (1G50-IG63).... 43 Chapter IL- 5o THIRD EPOCH. Chapter, L— Prom tlie establishment of the Supreme Council, to the first administration of De Frontenac,(16G:M672). 48 •From the firt^t administra- tion of De Frontenac, to that of De Denonville, (1072-1685) Cha-Pteb IIL — From the administration of De Denonville to tlie Sec- ond administmtion of De Frontenac, (1G35-1G89). . . 53 Ceapteb- IV. — From the eecond adminis- tration of De Frontenac, to tlie peace of Kyswick, (1689-1G97) 61 Chapter V.— From the peace of Ryswick, to that of Utrecht, (1697- 1713) 66 INDEX. 167 Chapter Vl.-Prom tlio peac^ of Utrecht, to that of Aix-la-Chapelle, r rr.. (1713-1748) ' 71 Ceipter VIL_Froni the peace of Aix:ik: . Chapelle, to the adminis- tration of tlie Marquis de the Marquis de Vaudreuil, to the capita] ion of Mont- real, (1755.1 loO) 83 ENGLISH DOMINATION. ClI4i>TER Chapter FIRST EPOCH, I.— From the capitulation of Montreal, to the Quebec TT ^^^^^(^60-1774) 92 11.— From the Quebeo Act, to the Constitutional Act. (^774.1791) : 97 Chapter Chapter Chapter SECOND epoch. 1.— From the Constitutional Act, to the administration of TT T.^^^ ^- ^'•evost,(i79118Il) 107 11.— From the arrival of Sir George Prevost, to his de- m ^^^'^''\'yOSil-im),,.. 113 111.— -l^rom the departure of Sir George Prevost, to the arrival of the Royal Com- mLsflionpr. n8TA.i«Qr:\ -wMMMW H ti " *. IW^z 168 IND£Z. Chapteb IV.— From the arrival of the Royal Commissioner, to the Union of the two Ca- nadas, (1835-L841) 127 THIRD EPOCH. Chapter I. — From the Union, to the arri- val of Lord Elgin, (1841- 1847) 133 Chapter II.— From tlie arrival of L^rd Elgin, to the Confedera- tion, (1847-1867). 138 NOVA SCOTIA. Prom its separation from New France in 1710, to 1870 144 NE";V BRUNSWICK. From its Heparation from New France in 1748, to 1870 151 PRINCE-EDWARIPS ISLAND. From its peparatiou from New France inl758, 10 1864 154 ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. From its reparation from New France in 1713, to 1864 157 NOTH-WEST TERRITORY. From its eeparation from J^ew France inl713, to 1870..^ 160 VANCOUVER'S ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUilBIA..- . ^ <. 162 jimn:im%^jli of the ler, to wo Ca- 127 lie arri- ,(1841- )*f'iVrd iifedera- France 133 138 144 France ND. France France Y. France OTISH 151 154 157 160 162 V0^1