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 THE CHURCH SEASONS 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR OF 
 
 " TAe Protestant Episcopal Layman's Handbook'* 
 
 \ • 
 
 ' Speaking the truth in love.— Eph. iv., 15. 
 He that speaketh truth showeth forth righteousness.-PROvr.xii., 17. ^ 
 
 Spealc ye every man the truth unto his neighbor.-jZucH. viii., 16.' 
 Truth may languish but can never perish.— Italian Provbrb. , , 
 
 j ,. 
 
 ] . 
 
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 TORONTO 
 HART & COMPANY 
 
 31 * 33 KINO 9T11EET WEST " 
 
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 THE CHURCH SEASONS 
 
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 Only sixteen years after the death of our most 
 blessed Lord, St. Paul told the Thessalonians that., 
 "• the mystery of iniquity doth already work," for some 
 had probably already commenced :o change the days 
 of the Pagan greater and lesser gods, or demi-gods 
 (dii majores and dii ininores) into days of saints ands 
 martyrs, and only four years later he upbraided the 
 Galatians "Ye observe days and months, and times and . 
 years," and yet in this nineteenth century we still coii- 
 stantly hear not only laymen, who should sometimes 
 reflect and think for themselves, even if their professions 
 or occupations do not necessitate the study of divinity, 
 :but even learned ministers, even Christian men, talk 
 complacently of our "Church Seasons" when the latter, 
 at least, must know that not one of our so-called Holy 
 Days, the Lord's Day only ejicepted, is of Apostolic 
 origin, but that on the contrary they were all estab- 
 lished by Roman Popes, Grecian Emperors, or even 
 by simple overseers or bishops only,* for in the Primi-/ 
 tive Church every overseer had the right to form his 
 own liturgy and creed, and to settle at pleasure his own 
 time and modeoi celebrating the religious festivals, and 
 Socrates, the Church historian, assigns this as the 
 principal cause of the endless controversies in the 
 Church respecting the observance of Easter and other 
 festivals. 
 
 • ■ 1 
 
 ; • 
 
 * Bishop is a Greek word and it appears strange that the Roman 
 
 Church adopted it instead of the Latin Superintendent. They also 
 
 usurped the Greek word Catholic, instead of their own Latin word 
 
 , universal. It does not occur in tie earliest known forms of the Apostles' 
 
 Creed. 
 
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 ^ Church Seasons, 
 
 ■This was the case in England as late as the time of 
 Thomas k Becket (died 1170) when they fasted in the 
 city of London, on St. Mark's day, o« one side of. 
 Cheapside whiie they did ifot on the other, because the 
 Bishop of London had ordered the day to be observed ^ 
 and the Archbishop of Canterbury had not, and this 
 street was the boundary line between the two dioceses. 
 . Little if any regard was paid to their being the 
 real anniversaries, for no one knows the true datg 
 of the Nativity nor of the death of our Lord, nor of 
 the deaths of any of the Apostles, nor of the other so- 
 -called Holy Days. I 
 ' Many of the days referred to by St. Paul may not 
 have been in general use, or may have become soon 
 obsolete, for in TertuUian's time (ob. A.D. 225) only 
 three Holy Days besides the Lord's Day .ire men- 
 tioned, viz., Good Friday, Pasch (Easter) and Pente- 
 cost or Whitsuntide, and even then, only two centuries 
 after our Lord's death, Tertullian asks, why in the 
 face of St. Paul's language as to times and seasons 
 , Pasch is celebrated ? 
 
 These are the only ones that were generally cele- 
 brated in Origen's time, (ob. 254) and about this time 
 Clement of Alexandria (ob. 220) objects to those who 
 pretend to know the date of the Nativity. He says, 
 "there are some who over curiously assign not only the 
 year, but even the day of the birth of our Saviour, which 
 they say was in the 28th year of Augustus, on the 
 25th 6f Pachon (May 30). And the followers of 
 Basilides celebrate the day of His baptism which they 
 say was in the 15th year of Tiberius, on the 15th of 
 Tubijbut some say it was on the nth (Jan. loth or 
 6th). Further some say He" was born on the 24th or 
 25 th of Pharmuti (April 21st or 22 nd)." 
 
 Jerome (ob. 420) protested against the multiply mg 
 of obligatory fasts, and Socrates, whose history ends 
 
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 Church Seasons. 
 
 5 
 
 
 ,. ,39. says the S^^^S^'STj^ ' 
 enjoin US to keep the t east oi rabc, 
 
 „.'a no t>-ught °r apP°m.^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^..,, cstabhshed ^ ^ ^f Hippo (and 
 
 Augustine (ob. 43°) "'« ^"."j^h the See of Canter- 
 nn, the Roman ""°"'<^,^°/^""'^i^f„*of Northumbria : 
 bury and instigated Edelfr.d, Kmg o^ ^^^^ 
 
 in 603. to massacre °f ■: °"\*X "eS submis- 
 .ncient British Church b^--^^^ 
 
 sion to the Church of 1^°"^«{. ^°Xy were grown to, > 
 excess of ceremomes and that f^J^^.^^^^^ ,,, 
 
 such a number that the estate ot tn ^^^^ 
 
 r' '" TnTSrrSl fi?o7 a^^L^^ .and,- ,: 
 l:::rdi^g'to'cirn ^obenL a person of cons.^^^^^ , ;.: 
 able note and influence, ^^"''"S '"J'^^ith that of his . 
 
 r' Ta^'f L^en " It^ught t? bfjown that the 
 day, said of /-fnj: it ^ ^ existence so long ^- 
 
 t^;^^^^l^^^ Church remained . ■ 
 
 '""in'tl'e course of time the so-called Holy Da^s be- 
 ca)^; injrrabi.^nd « ,„ ,• 
 
 .alt'^^let^rf^Xf^ag^^^^^^^^^^^^ ' 
 
 their religious service. ^"^ .^^."'^^^''^as but natural > 
 
 ther^tS pray forThe safety of their people. • .■ ■ , ^ 
 
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 6 ' Church Seasons., 
 
 with contempt the simplicity of the Christian worship, 
 . . which was destitute of those idle ceremonies that ren- 
 dered their services so specious and striking. To 
 
 , remove then, in some measure, this prejudice acrainst 
 
 Christianity, the bishops thought it necessary to in- 
 
 ,.• crease the number of rites and ceremonies, and thus to 
 
 " /. render the public worship more striking to the out- 
 ward senses." 
 ,/ .' "A remarkable passage in the life of Gregory 
 
 Thaumaturgus, that is. The Wonder Worker, Bishop 
 of Neo Caesarea (ob. 270), will illustrate this point in 
 • the clearest manner. The passage is as follows: 
 ' When Gregory perceived that the ignorant multitude 
 pei-sisted in their idolatry on account of the pleasures 
 and sensual gratifications which they enjoyed at the 
 Pagan festivals.he granted them a permission to indulge 
 themselves in like pleasures, in celebrating the memory 
 of the holy martyrs, hoping that, in process of time, 
 they would return, of their own accord, to a more 
 virtuous and regular course of life.* There is no sort 
 of doubt but that by this permission, Gregory allowed 
 thf. Christians to dance, sport and feast at the tombs 
 Of the martyrs, upon their respective festivals, and to 
 do everything which the Pagans were accustomed to 
 do in their temples during the feasts celebrated in 
 honor of their gods." 
 
 Augustine of Hippo wrote also: "When peace was 
 made, the crowd of Gentiles (Pagans) who were 
 anxious to embrace Christianity were deterred by this 
 — that whereas they had been accustomed to pass the 
 festivals in drunkenness and feasting before their idols, 
 they could not easily consent to forego these most 
 pernicious yet aricient pleasures. It seemed good, 
 then, to our leaders to favour this part of their weak- 
 ness; and for those festivals which they relinquish 
 to substitute others, in honour of the holy martyrs, 
 
 i 
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I 
 
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 Advent—Christmas. ' . 
 
 .hichthey might celebrate with similar luxury; though ;. 
 
 not with the same impiety. Aueustine . , 
 
 rope Gregory the Grea^ when he sent A g_^^ 
 
 to convert the Anglo-baxons •" 597. ga^ p _^^ 
 
 in his orders to offer the same sa«^^^^^^^^^^ ,,,„,.' ; 
 
 their respective holidays that tney iw 
 
 tomcd to offer their gods. _ . ^ > . 
 
 W" will now' give a short account of the Church 
 Seas^nrin the order that they appear in the Prayer . 
 Book, commencing with > 
 
 Advent. As no trace of an --bhsh^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 tion of the birth of our Lord is met ^i^ ^^^.^ 
 
 4th century, no earlier origm can be assign 
 institution, and there is "Vhurch before the timeof ■ 
 knowledged by the Roman Church before ^^^^ ^ 
 
 Pope Gregory the ^''^at A^ D- 590 «4, ^^^ 
 tlKH the Eastern and Western cnurcn ^^^^_ 
 
 on an uniform period for 't^^=^^'^*r*X„,,ed the com- 
 ,,ns in the East were U,efi«tw^^^^^^^^^^ and 
 
 TchaTge ^as'ado^ed In Gaul in the Sixth century. 
 
 Christmas.-The earUest ^'"^^^^f.PAtSit 
 
 wc have already shown, is ''V C'^"^^"^. ^new the true 
 
 who died in 220 but «v«" *^"J°,°rit was enacted 
 ■ date. About the year 380, however t ^^^ ^^ 
 
 by the Church of .Rome thatjic^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^. 
 obs-^rved on the 25th of_UecemD , ,j.^^_ 
 
 vlls conlinued to *>« o^en-ed A onrt'J'y '» „^„rii„g-,o the Pagan 
 was long cherished. , > ^ 
 
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 8 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 Rome on the same day that the " Drunken Festival " 
 ; of Bacchus or Dionysus was observed in Babylonia. 
 
 Chrysostom, in a Homily delivered about the ye ir 
 386, says "it is not yet ten years since the day wis 
 made known to us," and adds, moreover, that it was 
 made a day o{ penance, fasting, and/m>rr, to preserve 
 Christians from joining in the licentious indulfjenccs 
 of the heathen Saturnalia, and that while the Pagans 
 were occupied with their profane ceremonies the Christ- 
 ians might perform their holy rites undisturbed. 
 
 Two centuries later Jacob, bishop of Edessa, who 
 ^ died in 578, wrote "No one knows exactly the day of 
 the Nativity of our Lord ; this only is certain from 
 what Luke writes, that He was born in the night." 
 
 The late bishop of Durham (Lightfoot), and other 
 modern writers, believe that our Lord was born about 
 the 25th of September. 
 
 Golden-mouth (Chrysostom) says it was made a day 
 of "penance, fasting and prayer," but it soon became 
 a Saturnalia, under another name, and Hollinshead in 
 his Chronicles (London, 1580) complains of its being 
 kept up "even unto this day . . . with such ex- 
 cesse of meats and drinks, in all kinds of inordinate 
 banketting and revel for the space of thirteene daies* 
 together, resembling the feasts which the Gentiles used 
 to keepe in the honour of their drunken god Bacchus, 
 wherein all kinds of beastlie lust and sensual voluptu- 
 ousness was put in use." 
 
 And this lasted in Scotland until the Reformation 
 (1560) when Christmas was abolished by the Presby- 
 terians and this Saturnalia would possibly have lasted 
 in England until now had it not been for the Puritans, 
 for it was not until a century after, in the time of 
 Cromwell, that the observance of Christmas was abol- 
 
 *It was kept up until Twelfth Day. 
 
.\ 
 
 Ash Wednesday. 9 
 
 ishcd by Act of Parliament, but it wa& restored at the 
 Kcsforrtion, and is still called a "Feast-day .n the, 
 
 ^T^hc 'fir-tree was sacred in Rome to Bacchus It 
 was in common use during the S>turnaha and h s 
 votaries ca.ried fir or pine cones, and this is the or.gm 
 of our Christmas decorations. 
 
 Saint Stephen's Day. Is believed to have been 
 commemorated as early as 396. 
 
 Saint John the Evangelist's Day— Is' later than 
 
 the preceding. / , 
 
 The Innocent's Day. A very early institution and 
 originally associated with that of the fc-piphany. 
 
 The Circumcision of Christ. Probably first ob- , 
 served about the end of the 4th century. 
 
 The Epiphany. Canon Robertson says the earliest 
 express notice of its celebration in ^y W^tern 
 country is in 360, when Jul.en ^ept 't m Vienne. 
 shortly before avowing his JPOsUcy, and Chrysostom, 
 in a sermon delivered on the Christmas Day of A_1J. . 
 386, refers to it as a matter of merely* a few years , 
 standing. ■ " ■ 
 
 Ash Wednesday. Instituted probably in 487. by 
 
 Pope Felix III. {fide Lent). . , 
 
 • The Commination is a special service /o his da^. 
 
 The P. B. says there was a ^odly service >« ('" f"^': 
 
 tiveC/mrcAivMck it is much to be wished shouUbe 
 
 " ThU isil'riss error, and it is worse than folly to 
 mince mattei any longer. It is a false statement, un- 
 
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 im- 
 
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 16 
 
 /is/i Wednesc/a}^. 
 
 u- 1. • "'^ >^3f '00, accordinsr to othen: in ■,,. 
 vvhich IS the latest date allo^ved but a ' h!.H'i. ^ '*' 
 c.se" of the Romish Church of the Dark ^l^ fT' 
 from about^the ninth century ' ^ ' '"^ 
 
 fhJ''t'''^u'P".'"''.*^°"*'«'«'i ■" bringing penitent, Jnt^ 
 . the church clothed in sarVz-UfK s P^n'rents into 
 
 -when the Bisho-TnH clertvl ' ""u*" "^''^^ fe^t. 
 : and turned tt^mott^^CZrchH "P"?. '!!^" 
 
 , ArVlesd/yt^taZ^T't/rth" '^'^^ '^^^'■>' 
 -vice" which fhey wisVt°o sLt tor^drafn'!^ W^ 
 have^known some, however, who wouldVof ;:ad t^: 
 
 , ^i>^:^^^^t^^ "^:^^ ''-ci th.n it 
 
 .for an eye and a tooth for a tooth ' ' h„f i *^° 
 un^^^you love your enemies, bless'them tha"t'cu?s^ 
 
 ' nof^! '^t 7!!'°/*''^ ^'"l -■'"e °^ of the New? Did 
 not bt. ?aul thirty years after rpn^t l,;. i 7, . 
 
 "Bless and curse not"? ^ ' ^°"^^ ""^'^^ 
 
 Mo Epistle could be found for thjc j, . , 
 
 tt't httTti-r of%: wh^ "f^eVw^n^-^'^'^'V^ 
 calanity of a water Line and p ague oTloS tnf 
 
 phed by us to an ^««««/ ./«/,rf fast of forty days evJ^ 
 
 i 
 
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 i 
 
 
 
 "'^ Ti-ft lit ,1 
 
eformers, 
 who are 
 much to 
 
 Church, 
 th' of St. 
 
 ,^n 314, 
 ly exer- 
 
 s, dating 
 
 nts into 
 ed feet, 
 >n them 
 
 "which 
 shed in 
 ^ in the 
 d every 
 
 "godJy ' 
 i! We 
 ?ad this 
 
 th?t it 
 
 an eye 
 
 it I say 
 
 t curse 
 
 ? Did 
 i words 
 
 \ they 
 ophets 
 -," and 
 -nding 
 ts, and 
 is ap- 
 s, even 
 
 \ 
 
 Lent. 
 
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 r 
 
 if the season should happen to be an especially pros- ' 
 parous one and more suited for a thanksgiving than a 
 
 lamentation. , . 1 a • t> u ^ 
 
 This service was expunged in the American F. «. a 
 century ago and is also expunged in the English Ke- 
 vised P. B., the English, American and Canadian Ke- , 
 formed Episcopal Prayer Books and the Spanish P. b 
 Strange to say it is retained in the Irish P. B- Ci»7») 
 where this "bod'ly exercise" condemned 07^*.^^^!,'. 
 is still called a godly disciplined'^ the words until 
 this discipline may be restored again which is much to 
 be wished " are omitted. Did they not know m Ire- 
 land in 1878 that this was not a ^^^Z;/ discipline ot the 
 
 Primitive Church? ^ , . . 
 
 Why do some of our Prayer Book historians pass 
 over all this in silence without informing their readers 
 what it is they so much desire to see restored again.? 
 
 Lent. Lent ori^rinally had no connection with the 
 forty days in the desert. It was first established by 
 Pope Telesphorus, about the year v^o as a titJieofihe 
 year, or thirty-six days only. This lent of 36 days 
 lasted for some centurie^ and it is not certain when 
 the additional four days were added. Some authorities 
 say it was by Pope Felix III. in 4«7. while many 
 others place it as late as the time of Pope Gregory 11. 
 who died in 731. The first is, however, probably the 
 true date as forty days are mentioneci by Cassian in 
 
 the fifth century. • j • 
 
 The additional four days were not recognized m 
 Scotland until the end of the nth century, and hve 
 centuries later they abolished Lent entirely. 
 
 Not a single stated fast is prescribed nor is any ex- 
 hortation made to fasting in the N. T. When our 
 Lord upbraided the Jews for not keeping their last 
 He taught most plainly that He did not approve of, 
 
 .-, \ 
 
 ¥■ 
 
 mmmmmu i n.,imn^p»^^»»*' 
 

 J. .w» 
 
 . * \«*' 
 
 %4 
 
 •■•.►^?*ji 
 
 / . 
 
 12 
 
 Lent. 
 
 ceremonial fasting, and when He said that His disci- 
 ciples would fast when He was taken away, did He 
 not mean that like David they would be so overcome 
 with sorrow that they would not care to eat? 
 ■ It is true He fasted 40 days in the desert, but was 
 not that part of His temptation, for it was only after 
 He was weak with fasting that Satan made proposals 
 , to Him? , No stress is laid upon it in theN.T.; in fact 
 Mark does not even mention it, and it is entirely 
 dgtiored in the Epistles ! 
 
 Our Lord fasted forty days once only. If He had 
 meant to lay down a law for an anniversary fast why 
 did He not fast repeatedly? 
 
 If we are following Hi;i example why do we fast 
 repeatedly when He ortly fasted once ? 
 
 Why did not the Apostles keep a Lenten fast ? 
 .Both Dean Alford (1869) and Tischendorf (1869) 
 showed that the word "fasting" was an early interpo- 
 Jatio^i in the N. T., in four places (Matt. xvii. 21; 
 Mark, ix. 29; Acts x. 30; and i Cor. vii. 5.) and the 
 Revised Version agrees with them, and it was un- 
 doubtedly the cunning work of those who desired to 
 have Biblical authority for fasting, against marrying 
 m, Lent, etc. ^ ^ 
 
 Lent was not a Christian, but a Church institution, 
 and has always been a powerful lever enabling the 
 priesthood to fleece the laity. 
 
 Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury who died in 
 988, in his Penitential Canons, allowed one day's fast 
 to be met by the penitent, singing the Beati six times 
 and the Paternoster six times, or bowing down to the 
 ground, with Pater Noster, sixty times, whilst a whole 
 ^ year's fast might be compounded by his paying thirty 
 shillings, and so on in proportiort, and as the pur- 
 chasing power of money was so much greater in 
 
 i 
 
 1^. 
 
" !• 
 
 ■t 
 
 1 
 
 •7' 
 
 i 
 
 Lent 
 
 13 
 
 those days, a sheep -- *- ta^ifn^'foS^^^^^^^ ' . 
 
 rich man could P^^^'^.^'^VeSday. at say $7 «ch. „, 
 thirty sheep, equal at **= P'f""\°d^'^^W«V '''•'^" ' 
 to two hundred and te" •^'"If *vX land all his days 
 doctrine could live on the fat o^ the la-vi ^^^ ^^^ 
 and find the gates of heaven open at tn 
 than twenty dollars a montn. can be , , 
 
 Dispensations to eat ^f^°3:Tl^,s day. The 
 obtained in the Roman Church to tn y ^^ ^^^ 
 
 prices have often t>f " P"^!' Xce In Italy in i860 
 Synod of Loretto '^'^"\Z^%'V°^^ Transition. The 
 is given by Arthur m his Italy ^n_ ^^« „,„„ five 
 
 pen% for not keepmg the f«^^^j^^fj>,h^^^ 
 
 °^The decree adds "those-ho a- guilty ofm^^^^^ 
 offences shall be proceeded agamstwrtha^^tng^ ^.^ 
 
 the existing canon and "v llaw. and m ^^^^ . ^^ 
 not trust to the confessjon^a alone to d^co ^^^^^ , 
 
 for spies abounded. ■ Aff e UV says ^^^^„ 
 
 of the informers and witnesses shau d h^^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 Art. LV. is "The fine ^h»" ^^^^^^^her half shall be 
 places of worship . • and the oin ^ .j. 
 
 divided, part to the informer an^ Part to tn PP^^.^^_ 
 they have had to do with the case wn k ^^ 
 
 T"^ ^'^" 1 1:; pay fi'::' pa*s S a lollar^ /- 
 the means, he must pay nvc|t._v 
 
 the benefit of the informer ox jo\K^^. ^^^ 
 
 It is worthy of note that the Jej* ^ 
 
 divinely appointed ^'f/^^fnoJes a^d it was^ fast of 
 of Expiation appo'ntedJ>y f ^^^^^^ ^^ jj^„^l o„es 
 
 State. , 
 
 , ^ 
 
 '«iilllilltM,i..:rfe#tli. 
 
% 
 
 : ^""^^^ Friday. ' 
 
 / ^t was a yfWf^ry.^ 
 
 ^ise man who sa/d ; 
 
 "o%^flS'4"'tt^^^^ "« the who]« 
 
 the beW' '*« ^«« '''"'' »''°"t%^^KnSVS^^ 
 
 a'tered in r ^L ■ Sunday nexf k r ^° «'ate that 
 ^'le Komfsh ^M ^ ^>>and for the 
 
 Gr^elc word .. " . '^^ ^^'^^^^wZ^tl'^f'^ °" the ' 
 >"aIthouVl^{^'\""«"eofK" °'^ '6n the 
 (about A.D:'38;?,.,*he Vulgate, atfeldl '""r^'^'^^ ' 
 fffnifyinsj not Ti, . '^°''''=«'y rendp:^H ,■ ? Jerome, 
 
 .."ameiftheLorHr "''' °«"e>- up 1, ^^^^ ""^ the 
 
 3"d even nfr'S°^^''^aIe's fir, rT?.^^ Bible (1380) ' 
 • ■ translatrd \^ «• ^ I>oua?l1^l;^«"-er's;(/53'^- 
 
 ' *^ ^^'"'. that "in," in 
 
 ( 
 t 
 f 
 
 I: 
 
 \ 
 
Good Priday. 
 
 1 
 
 tile whole 
 
 sacrifice 
 
 festivals 
 
 ery early 
 ertuJifan. 
 tate that 
 5ter Was 
 ^br the 
 
 sed wa^ 
 Convo- 
 on the 
 H the 
 isiated , 
 srome, 
 'mne\ 
 It ih^' 
 
 in the 
 ■380), >. 
 
 '539; 
 aiso 
 
 V in 
 )een 
 that 
 )re- 
 
 Iso 
 i^as 
 
 to , 
 'as 
 in 
 
 the P. R, was changed to "at'' prior to 1638, without 
 authority but with the cognizance of Laud, wlio 
 acknowledged the fact, but said he himself had not 
 done It. 
 
 The only reply to the charge of the Puritans was 
 that It was rendered "at" in the Geneva N. T. Ciqi;7y 
 but this was the translation of the English exiles there 
 who were undoubtedly guided by the French N T 
 in which It reads "«// noml' and as they were probably 
 not perfect French scholars they translated "^«" by 
 at, which would be correct in some cases, but here 
 It signifies most unquestionably "in." We possess 
 original French documents of the Bourbons and the 
 hrst r^apoleon. The one reads "^« nam du Roi;' In 
 the Kings name, the other "Au mm de fEmpereur" 
 We ourselves say "In the Queen's name." 
 
 In Dean Alford's N. T. Revised (1869) and in the 
 
 Revised Version it is likewise correctly translated 
 
 in, and in the German N. T. (Luther's) it read? "in 
 
 dem Namen Jesus" and in the Dutch (1637) "in den 
 
 naam van Jesus." , ^ ^^^ 
 
 The practice of bowing had become nearly obsolete 
 halt a century ago but was revived by the Ritualists. 
 Ucan Close spoke of ''new-fangled bowings, turnings 
 
 UmT'^^S ^""^ ^\^ \""^ (^"^-^ Times recenti; 
 (1 869) published a list showing how Ritualism had 
 gradually progressed in their Parish Church during the 
 last lorty years; It commenced "(i.) Holy Table 
 called Altar. (2.) Surplice in the pulpit. (3.) Bow^ 
 tng at the name of Jesus ^ 2.nd a little lower down 
 Children in day and Sunday schools taught to bow ^XiA 
 to cross themselves." « 
 
 And yet how many of our professediv Evangelical 
 clergy and students bow in the creed, s^^me of the 
 latter especially doing it so very faintly, as if they were 
 either undecided or afraid to declare themselves . 
 
 
 ■\' 
 
 ' ,1 
 
 ..J^'^L'Iv r^-: 
 
 '**'• )"• ii^ f'-J 
 
 i'x&i: a 
 
rWM^. 
 
 V.vl 
 
 m 
 
 
 %t 
 
 V 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 
 I I'ii* '!■.,■» »<'> 
 
 ™. 
 
 ,' ,( 
 
 
 
 
 
 Faster-Day, 
 
 ing " At the name," prefixed Khl^ -^^^ commenc- 
 the/«/« translation of the A V " *''' "=''* '^""^ 
 
 Does not the bishop understanH fl,» „,• • , ^ 
 or the Latin of leromp wJ,^ • * . original Greek 
 
 in our very Articles anHH° 1"°'"'' ^^ ^" ^"'hority 
 than WycHITe Tvnd'ate r ° ^''f P^°'''=^^ '» be wiser 
 Alford. the t^anslato^' of Z n ' ^ranmer, Luther, 
 
 he not studied history ^' ^'"^"^ "^^''^ °f ^^is > Ha^ 
 
 'oriJnll'^ramfwt'aHr^""' '■""''"• O- Lord's 
 •; the^^EnglTform of the r "^ uT ^""^ ^^"^ '^ °nly 
 , read « Thou shalT call M= ""^ {'■'''^'- ^' ''^ true we ' 
 
 . translation of ^HebrLTmV'Tl'" "'"'^'^'^ '^ ^^e 
 speak to the Hebrew JoseDh.W ^^ ^"2;el did not 
 
 original NT. was^S in"Greek%Vt°r^K, ^''! 
 Virgin probably called her c^n r u "^ blessed 
 
 contraction of Jehoshul Jh.Vh •^°'''"o °^ J-^^hua, a 
 then should wepav es^e'r^^ "' ^*'''°"^- Why 
 
 lish corruptionTrheS^c^^S^^ "'%^"^^ 
 
 true names and ignore Hie ^ii^" "'^ °"^ "'^ His 
 In the Greek His name Fm ^\ "*'"^" ="<^ titles? 
 butremains Sl:^^^^^:^ ,--- translated, 
 
 is unrow^^SoI'Un 1 1 ^— '- 
 
 red March ., anrofws A^H?? A D^' ^^ '' ^T"^' 
 
 TTe'earl' IT f '"' as'nd^'sit'^- '^ ^ " '«-t 
 
 The early Church consecrated eveiy Sunday to the 
 
 I V 
 
 ^ 
 
( ■ '• \ 
 
 -i-rr 
 
 r . . ' 
 
 I 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 
 
 , Easter-Day. . • 
 
 17 
 
 memory of the Resurrection and this feast sprang 
 from the feast of Pasch (Passover), which was un- 
 doubtedly of very early institution, but it is nowhere 
 claimed to be of Apostolic origin. It does not seem 
 to have been observed until at least half a century 
 after the death of the last of the Apostles, and , 
 Tertullian (225) asks why it is celebrated, and Socrates 
 savs " it appears to have been introduced mto the 
 Church from some old usage." which was undoubtedly : 
 the fact for it was amalgamated with the Fagan ^ 
 festival of Astarte, the moon goddess, wjio was the^,^ 
 same as the Ashtaroth or Ashtoreth of the Bible 
 ^vhom the Jewish women worshipped as the yueen ot 
 Heaven, the Isis of the Egyptians, the Syrian Venus, ; 
 the Istar of Nineveh and the Old and Anglo-Saxon 
 Ostara, Eostre, Eastre and Easter. 1 u ^ 
 
 The lily was sacred 10 Isis and Juno and when, to 
 please the Egyptians, Isis was introduced into the 
 Christian Chm-ch as the Virgin Mary, the lily was 
 retained and is sacred to the Virgin in the R. C. Uiurch 
 to this day and is the favourite flower for Easter decor- 
 
 ations. ' . r •*. 
 
 The word "Easter" in Acts xii. A-^.is an error, for it 
 was not then (A. D. 44-) observed. It is correctly 
 rendered Passover in the Revised Version. 
 
 There were great disputes anciently as to the parti- 
 cular time Easter was to be observed. It sometimes 
 happened that the churches of one country kept it as ^ 
 much as a month or more sooner than the other 
 churches by reason of their different reckonings, but 
 at last the science of Alexandria gave the law^ to , 
 the Eastern Churches in general and in 525, the 
 Alexandrinian calculation was adopted at Rome. 
 
 Bitter controversies on this point were carried on by 
 the ancient British Church and the one founded by 
 Augustine, which was finally settled at the Council ot 
 
 ' V ' V 
 
 1 . 
 ' ,1 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 wmmmmi'^m^ 
 
 liMm m^^mm^ 
 
 W'^y^^m 
 

 
 "M 
 
 •|it;^^' 
 
 ill- 
 
 
 ,1' « I 
 
 ^ y 
 
 J I 
 
 r 
 
 <!. 
 
 ii ^ 
 
 I' 
 
 I8 
 
 Ascepsion Day— Trinity Sunday. 
 
 ^J^^^l'-^?- ^^ '^'''" Oswy, King of Northumbria 
 S ::i'l''°J!'' °(^'''^ J^'""^" Church °beZ.Tbl% 
 
 l„!t .u n*^** '''^ Roman method of computins"* 
 X^ ^n%^'°'''''T ^•'"'^'^ °f England are foSL- . 
 jh! £;f o?Kn """^ stiU-because St. Peter keeps 
 
 d J.^^f^'i!''"^ "°"^ '" ^^^ Calendar do not show the 
 
 • on ^ fi the Resurrection, We celebrate the NaTivity 
 
 on a fixed day, the 2Sth of December and refer to an 
 
 and m t'ht'^'*""^ '1"^ ^^'^ "f the ResurrecUon, ' 
 r.y/A .L ^^y °^ uncertain date is called in the' 
 
 ' tI ""f u,'"= °"^ °" ^'''^h 'he rest depend! 
 : ihe tables show that it may occur from the 2ist of 
 
 . March to the 25th of April, but in the 6th centirv^t 
 Tnd '^f^rf't'" S""' °" the Hth calends of Zy 
 ^".f H •S'T"^." '^''"^^' *^^ undoubtedly amafea-' 
 
 4th c!ntu^"''°""°"^-^' "°' '"«""°ned before the 
 
 ■^ Trinity Sunday.-This was instituted by Pooe 
 Gregory IV 828. and was first introduced in^o eX 
 land about A.D. ,,62, by Thomas a Becket and fo 
 
 rr^L/KP^r'"!.""^ Archbishop of Cante bu?y we 
 are indebted for this and the succeeding twentv-five 
 Sundays after Trinity. According to Binghar^ Trin 
 
 Z^1^7u """"t k"°; generally established Vth; 
 Rortnsh Church before the beginning of the icth 
 centur, , or only a century before%he Reformation!^ 
 
 are*mi;,e-'" '"*°'' '^'"'" "'*'"" ""^ "■"""'« "'■"'ver. The Italics. 
 

 day. 
 
 r Northumbrian 
 h '^because both 
 ^ of heaven and 
 r computing,"* 
 nd are follow- 
 )t. Peter keeps 
 
 not show the 
 
 e the Nativity 
 
 nd refer to an , 
 
 Resurrection, 
 
 called in the- 
 
 2nd! 
 
 >m the 2 1st of 
 6th century it 
 lends of May, 
 tedly amalga- 
 ter which was 
 a, the goddess 
 lays, from the 
 
 led before the 
 
 ed by Pope 
 ed into Eng- 
 ecket, and to 
 anterbury we 
 g twenty-five 
 ngham, Trin- 
 ished in the 
 of the 15th 
 brmation. 
 
 ^er. The Italics 
 
 ' 
 
 r; 
 
 . The Purification— The Annunciation. i? 
 
 St. Andrew's Day.-Mentioned in the 5* century. 
 St. Thomas the Apostle.-An early institution. 
 
 The Convei:5lon of St. Paul. A late institution. 
 • It was existing at the beginning of the ninth century. 
 
 The Purincation of St. Mary the Virgin. The 
 
 Pagan Romans had a feast on. the 2nd February m > 
 honor of Ceres or Juno Februata, and walked in pro- 
 SncarryingligWed candles or torches, searchmg 
 
 for Proserpine who had been carried oJf by Pluto. 
 About the fifth century, as the Pope found the people 
 would not do away with this festival he d^^°'^^<i^*^ 
 dayto'the Feast of the Purification and^ the people 
 we^e told to carry their.lights in honor of the Virgin, 
 h was therefore called tandlemas. It was adopte^ 
 in Greece by Justin, Emperor of Constantinople, 
 A.D.'526, or by his son Justin, A.D. 541 O"" 542- 
 
 The Annunciation' of the Wf?sed. Virgin Ma^ry 
 
 This feast is not of very high antiquity but it is found 
 existing in the 7th century. The date is M»^ch 25th 
 a,s being nine months before the day o"r Lord was 
 suooosid to have been born. It was, however only 
 anXr Pigan amalgamation for the 25 th March wa, 
 previously sacred to Cybele the mother of the gods 
 As if it was not enough to establish a date and 
 , feast in honour of the Annunciation, the Medieval 
 Church, about the 12th century heW one on the 8th 
 December in honor of the Conception of the Virgin 
 and this " Conception V. M." is still one of. the Black 
 Letter Days in our Calendar. 
 
 St. Marie's Day .-A Litany for St. Mark's day was 
 instituted A.D. 590, by Pope Gregory the .Great, as a. 
 
 < I 
 
 ■ '. 
 
 I < 
 
 \ .'' 
 
 I 
 
«.'■ ■»! 
 
 
 -30 
 
 m 
 
 i>^ 
 
 tith 
 
 ^r 
 
 
 **•,. -^i 
 
 \.: 
 
 i-mn 
 
 r 
 
 Sr. Barbados the Apostle. 
 
 substitute for the Patrl^ 
 
 goddess RobiVus ^^%*" P^'ocession to propitiate fh^ 
 
 -as April .5tf"lsTbffchrFfJ''t^' *'^°" d^^^^ 
 • Cimrch. however. celebrat^%f AT ,°r^''a- The Greek 
 and the Coptic on the "frd 'se^t^'^" '.^"^ c°" J^n. n, 
 said to have been martyred fn'^Ai '^ 'i ^'^ ^ark is 
 
 • "'="''-^''''-^-^-.'hrtL7atfe'rTt"hte,i'dr'' 
 • 'atfSutr ''•/*'»«''• '>«^--A co.paratiJe,, ' 
 
 ' "^'S ™''" ''' ^^°''"«-Thia a,„,ost caps the ' 
 
 ' ^«.S?'Iatt"recorded S^t^!! v'^T ""'^ Apostle 
 , bemg about A.D. 50 but ^n ^^ ^^ ^- '''« 'ast date * 
 
 centuries, there was a' d^spl" b^^^'"' ^l^' ^f'^^ fo"' 
 - tioch and Anthemius of r, between Peter of An 
 hold the See of Cyprus whTP^""' ^' '° '^hich should 
 the latter who professed t'^h/'^^^ft-'y ==«'ed bj 
 Barnabas, wl,ereupon the Fm ^ ^°'^?'^ ^he body of 
 his favor. The eleventh of tP*'°'' ^""° decided ^ 
 tWs saint, and to this day oVrPh ^1' "^""^ecrated t" 
 serves the day becauseC^S'^'' °^ England ob ■ 
 saint's day hy a Greek vZT ' " ,"'^' declared the 
 posed upon. ' ^^ Emperor who had been im! 
 
 MilSe^i^orlhe't^---^'^^ ^^th of June or 
 the grand origiiiarfe^rof Ta'^°'=''^<= ^^ "- o 
 proves most cleariv thaffl Jammuz, and Hyslon ' ' 
 
 «ntuo. the Roma^cCn ac!.'%'"' °^ '"eTh^ . 
 famous advice of Pope Srv r T°'''^^"'=^ ^''h the 
 half-way and to brin| them ^"n^n 1° "Jf^' *he Pagans • 
 adopted this day, an^d il ™ e of the ^°'"*" Church, 
 —as Cannes, Which ^^ S^^^ {^^^ 
 
 F'*>Li.i 
 
 ■w* 
 
 ^g'l/^^T^-e-'*^ 
 
 •i>' '.rf- 
 
 ;^4: 
 
 
 "^'«rr»BlWr1tljljr<^Ti J j.«|Hy ■Yjyy.i^jpy 
 
 
 "<" w- 
 
All Saints' Day: 
 
 2r 
 
 propitiate the 
 ^ whose day 
 The Greek 
 yon Jan. u, 
 ' St. Mark is 
 na it would 
 • real date. 
 
 •"iparatively 
 
 ost caps the 
 
 »'s Apostle 
 e iast date 
 ^, after four 
 ter of An- 
 'ch should 
 
 settled by 
 10 body of 
 decided in 
 -crated to . 
 igland ob. * 
 :lared the 
 
 been im- 
 
 June, or 
 IS one of 
 ' Hyslop 
 
 the 6th 
 with the 
 - Pagans 
 
 Church, 
 5^ Tam- 
 )hannes, 
 
 t 
 
 It 
 
 "•f 
 
 ^\ 
 
 the Latin for John, they made it a festival of John th^i 
 Baptist. 
 
 St. Peter's Day.— A joint festival of St. Peter and 
 St. Paul can be traced back to the 4th century after 
 Christ, when it was observed on the 29th June. 
 
 St. James the Apostle. — First mentioned about 
 A. D. 1256. It is not included in the Canons of 
 the Council of Oxford (A.D. 1222) of the chief festi* 
 
 vals observed in England. ' ^ 
 
 f 
 
 St. Bartholomew the Apostle.— The N. T. says 
 very little about hitn. According to the Greek Church 
 he was martyred June ir, and his relics were found 
 Aug. 25. The Armenian Church commemorates him 
 on the 25th Feb., and 8th Dec, the Abyssinian June 
 II and Nov. 19, and the Roman and English 
 Churches, Aug. 14- 
 
 St. Matthew the Apostle.— Established about the 
 
 9th or I oth century. , , v \, \ 
 
 St. Michael and All Ang^els.— Dates from about 
 
 the end of the 5th century. 
 
 *' . ■ ■ ^ ' 
 
 St. Luke the Evangelist.— Like many of the other 
 Apostles all that we know of him is from the N.T. 
 
 St. Simon and St. Jude, Apostles.— Th^re seems 
 to be no trace of an early celebration of this festival. 
 
 All Saints' Day. — Thev term "Saints" has been 
 much abused. In the Greek N. T., Matthew, Mark, 
 Luke and John -are not called saints and at the late 
 Revision of the Bible, the American committee desired 
 
 ■\'. 
 
M 
 
 U*i 
 
 ''*<?* 
 
 rt 
 
 Sfe 
 
 
 t' 
 
 .• 
 
 I'r.-" 
 
 
 ^:h 
 
 / . 
 
 • -- 
 
 II ■-, 
 
 '22 
 
 All Saints' Day. 
 
 mittUul""' *'"'" '""' ""* "^^ English com- 
 The Roman temple dedicated to Air the GoHq 
 
 Sln'Serc^. ""<=" - '•"» ^^^ ^^' r-theoti: 
 
 It was given to the Christians by the Emoeror 
 
 ^ri^\^^°: ""t ^"^ "'*" dedicated to ItTary 
 and All Saints when a festival of All Saints wZ 
 mst.tuted which did not exist long, but it wa en^w 
 «d and celebrated at Rome in the 8th centurv aL 
 was made a festival of the Universal Church by^oSe 
 •Gregory IV. A.D. 834. ^ P* 
 
 Wh'' fif"' ^"J°'"^^ "s to pray with the understanding 
 Who then are he Saints for whom we must prav 
 Our on ly authorized guide is the Calendar, where we 
 find Samts Agnes, Agatha, Prisca, Perpetua. Margarer* 
 Lucy and others, bishops Hilary. Valentine, Dunstan 
 {who .s said to have taken a she devil by the nose 
 
 stamped a similar female figuce, the three ^Xml^t \L^^ i ii * ^: " 
 a long cross, which was tL initial of TamTuz tTT' all carrying 
 ancient J was often crossed below the top 1^ our sm.?i7 ^°' '^"^ 
 
 'Lo^H«n' t'" "^•^""^I'^'^tood and often half quoted We remember a 
 religion. ^ess than ^u ... w .0 use images for the use of 
 
 '• 
 
 
 I 
 
g:lish com- 
 
 the Gods 
 intheon, is 
 
 ■ Emperor 
 St. Mary 
 •aints was 
 as reiievv- 
 rJtury and 
 ^ by Pope 
 
 rstanding. 
 ust pray ? 
 where we 
 largaret,* 
 I Dunstan 
 the nose 
 
 i by women, 
 rshipped by 
 
 bey which is 
 •nclon, 1880) 
 the British 
 P. C. K. is 
 all carrying 
 god, for the 
 
 rch adopted 
 
 'Ut little dif- 
 
 >f St. Paul's 
 
 remember a 
 
 lat I should 
 
 doctrine of 
 
 save in the 
 
 led unto me 
 
 rd, and not 
 
 (Deut. iv.) 
 
 • the use of 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 k 
 
 All Saints' Day. 
 
 23 
 
 with a pair of red-hot tongs—one would suppose this 
 lady would have been proof against anything merely 
 red-hot), Augustine (the murderer of over 1000 British j 
 monks) and many more, sundry abbots, confessors and 
 martyrs, among which last is St. George, who was in 
 all probability a Pagan deity, even by some supposed 
 to have been a Christianized Tammuz, together with 
 Pope Fabian, Pope Gregory, Pope Clement and Pope 
 Silvester! It is Iruf? they are' not called Popes, but 
 appear slightly disguised, as "Fabian, B. and M." i. e.y 
 bishop (of Rone) and martyr, "Gregory, M., B.," 
 " S. Clement, B.," and "Silvester, Bp." 
 
 With these remarks we will close this pamphlet, 
 leaving our readers to their own reflection^. 
 
 f i