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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document «st trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, II est filmA A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et do haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessalre. Les diagrammes sulvants lliustrent ia mAthode. 1 2 3 1 i ■ I i . 3 a i 6 WK- yir^ '«?"*'T: ?S,S' ililipp^^^pi^lfp ,-,.,---.^,. - I -f, - -jiMM, SUMMARY,- Hiftofical and Political, • O I t y E . Pirft Watitmgj trogreflive Improvcmentdj and Prefent State bf the Br i t i s h Set- tlements in North-America* COJitAlNtNG L Sdthe gfcheral Account of an- cient and modern Colonies, the S ranting and fetilitig of the fitifll Continent ahd Weft- India tlland Colonies, with fome titinfient Remarks con- cerning the adjoihihj Frilnch and Spanifli Settlements, and other Remarks of Various Na- tdres. tl. TheHudfon's-Bay Company's Lodges, Furr and Skin Trade. III. Newfoundland Harbours ahd Cod-Fifhery. IV. The Province 6t VAttniie ttr Nova-Scotia ; witli the VI- ciffitudes of the Property and Jurifdiflion thereof* and its prcfeiit State. V. The feveril Qi-arits of Pagi- dahocki Province of Maln^ Maflachafetts-Bay, lid New- Plymouth, tinited ly a ne«^ Charter in the preie t Province 5f MafTachufetts- Lay, com- monly called New-Englalid. By WILLIAM DQtJGLASS, M.t); V O I. I. Ke quid falfi diGcre iudenti He quid veti lion audeat. CiCfiRp. BOSTON, Nfiw-ENGLAND^ Printed: LONDON, re-printed for R. B a l ft w i n in Patcr-nofter-Rotr* M.DCG,LV. f^ L y Fi^-s-ins :t i ^ ^ I .?. .7'. J • » • • • * ' « • • ? V- i :: (J ■['[■ f]!-;' • . ._• ' i : l-'1 Hi ?7jnj*Ti:>i."» " r\- ^ GO :f;/iij xiawi! ifKT-lr.jjR'aTSsi^ ,1 I'i;^ rf-^0 y Tlh ■:f: tioli 4 i-r': ;,:c-' hi: '^ ■*•-*','"' ii) lil'Si hm: ^i"^ jfij ^UBjtuo:) THE A U T H O R TO THE R E A D E R. T H I S Historical Summarv concerning the Britifli continent plantations in North-America, we pub- lifhed in loofe fheets by way of pamphlet, feuille volante, orlos-blad; which in their nature are temporary, and foon loft: but a^ it is generally well received, that it may be more permanent, we publifli it in two large odavo volumes. Vol. I. part I • contains general affairs^ viz. fome account of ancient and modern Vol. I A colonies. f ■i - / colmiesi the Sufi, grants and fettling of our cbiitinent colonies and Wdl-Ihdia iflands, a^d the adjoining French and Spanifh fet- tleificrift,' "With Remarks of various natiires. Vol. I. part 2. contains, i. TheHud- fon's bay company's fettlements/ fadories or lodges, and their furr and fkin trade. 2. Newfoundland cod-fifliery.^, 3.. Th^ pro- vince of Nova-Sciotia ; the vioiffitudi^ un- der the BritiQi and French jurifdidions. 4. The feveral grants ^united by a new charter in the province of Maflachufetts- bay. '^**- Vol. 11. concerning the fundi^ other Britifh provinces, colonies, or plantations, ifi,^ /.the continent of , No^th-Aimenca, Yi?5>f fNew-Hamipfhir^e, tRho^rlflanfl, Cbn- nd^ifCutjEaftand Weft^Jprfies^jiPenfylvania ^her and lower, Marylat]^ and Virginia. 'Jrhlpughbut ./is inter^ried f^vcr^l tmif- Cf^nei^u^ . a0aif s, , fucji as the natural l^iftpry, the diftempeis. at; times qpide- iniipal, and the endemial i],£^aies in thefe various climates, withr^cit paper cur- reiiciibs; as alfp (bipe r^d4enda and; cor- rigejE^) particMlarly, if ^ hiAoricaJi.free- our nds, fet- lires. lud- :ories :rade. ; pro- is un- i^ions. L new ufetts- other .ations, ncrica, h ^^: nia irgmia. il finif- Inatural qpide- xhe{e :r jt^ur- idi.cor- free- ( wi ) dpm$ ufed, any juft offence (Ininaaoum eft ^ c^pdidiy redtin^d. . - I'he writer with candour aicknowl^dg^s that in the affair, of cQmxppdoTC Knqwies's imprefs in the harbour of Bofton, Nov. 1747, there was fornewH^t of paflipii^te waimthand indiicretion^mcrriy iu affedion to Bofton, and cpuntry of ^le^-EngWd, bis ^l^era patria; but not with raoqoi^r or malice, having no perlbnal acquaintance nor dealings with Mr. Knpwles ; therefore {xQtn common fame, he (as hifloriaps dq) only narrates his peculiar temper, his ft- verity in difcipline, and not fo much regard as fome other fea conunanders have for the mercantile intereft, by imprefling their men, when he thought (he/puWicli Iqyic^ required it : his general courage !S a fea officer is not queftioned; the infinua- tion concerning bis perfonal courage, has been conftrued amifs ; the refufing of paffionate challenges from private mailers of merchant fliips, whofe men he had impreffed, which perhaps might deprive the nation of his fervice, is no flur. A 2 ' The "^.A ^1 I I ?• The writer declares that he had no other intention, than by letting the affair in a ftrong light, to contribute towards extending to the continent colonies, par- ticularly to New-England, a late aft of parliament againft imprefling of failors in the Aigar Weft-India iflands. Therefore as this affair was temporary, of no u(e, and may give offence, it is fuppreffed in the prefent publication of this firft volume of the Summary. Admiral Knowles fince he faird froin fiofton, has been happy in fuccefsftil expeditions, particularly in re- dudtig the fort of Port-Louis of Hif- paniola, and in beating a fuperior Spanifh fquadron off the Havannah ; he has been in a courfe of preferments 5 and profperous as to his private fortune, '.'''• i.*.,fi>- I \it William Dougi^ass. *i» •// no iffair rards par. a of )r8 in rcfore y ufc, ed in Dlume i fince jpy in in re- • Hif- panifti been perous [GLASS. jr-'* .»;-!'M^*i.a ^i5>'^-3A^ W,\> THE CO N T E N T • Of Vol. I. Part L i BOundtries between the Britilh and French colonies of North- America I Ancient and modern navigation, and colonies in eeneral 1 7 The firft adventures from Europe to the £aft and Weft-Indies 25 Twj' Dutch Eaft-India trade Scots Darien company Digreflion concerning whaling — Spaniih difeoveries and fettlements Kngliih South-fea company and bubl^le French Mifliflippi bubble French dlfcovenes and fettlements '' Portuiguefe difcoveries and fettlements ' Dutch difcoveries and fettlemertts firitidi eeneral difcoveries and fettlements on the continent and mgar-illands Digreflion, concerning fugar Barbadoes — Leeward iilandi — Jamaica ^_ Bahama iflands — — Bermudas rf^'*mw .».» 3« 44 63 74 79 90 >03 106 1 09 "5 130 136 HI 145 146 TTie eailern tribies of North-America Indians, their polity, trade, religion, food and language ■ 151 Religion of ancient nations in general 103 Our wars with the Indians 189 General remarks concerning the conflitution of the Britifh colonies ■. — — . -." — — 201 Difcoveries before erants ■ ■ 205 I'hcir religious feaaries « 224 Societies CONTENTS. !/» . I i SoekliiH for prap^ating the oorpel ■■ ^ ^ 231 Utopim Mmimenti conctrntnt the re^oltting our colrwiiei 233 Concerning the mi^netick needle, and iti varutiom kr North- America, &c. — ■' 263 PART II. TT Udfon*8-bay company and trade — JrX Cabou, ForbUh(y, Gilbert, DavU, Uudfon Greenland whalinc • — 1 Middleton and Dobbs -* — Button, James, Baffin, Fox, Danes, Guillain Hudfon's- bay charter - French depredations there "f • •^-^ Hudfon*»-bay weather ' — — — N. W. paflage — — — — — .. Middkton's voyage ■ . Kewfoundland, its fifliery l^ifbsriesoffiverpecies, whales, herring, cod, Cmaller |cl|ids and for pre(ent ufe — -»— — — ^ Kova-Scotia 274 »7S 276 277 a$7 JPort-Royal reduced by G. Nicholfon 17 10 X Canada expedition under Sir William Phipps 1690 l^aper currencies animadverted . A Canada expedition mifcarries 1 7 1 1 ■ A Canada densned expedition abortive 1 746 New-England Indian war, 1722, &c. — French attempts upon Annapolis 1744, &c. New-England Indian war, 1 744, &c. — — - Dttlced'Anville's expedition to North- America Kland of Sable Cape- Breton ifland •■ Redu£tion of Louifboorg North-America Tea campaigns 1744, 17 Afiairs of Louifbourg Paper currencies animadverted . ■ - Province of Maflfachufetts-Bay — General account ""— ~— Hiftorians faulted ■■ • Iriih prefbyterian church in Bodon — A general account of the fettling New-England,, Maflachufetts new charter — Explanatory charter 1716 •■ Sagadahock or duke of York's property — — Province of Main < -— — 45i 394 30J 308 3*9 310 3" 3»4 320 32? 334 : , 335 336* 345 1746, 1747 33«J -— 353 — 359 ibid. 369 372 380 382 386 Lite t b * t t » » 4. • *33 263 »7S 276 277 278 281 283 284 -r agi4 Y 47 30J 30! 310 3>> 3«4 3»« 320 32? 334 335 , 345 33«J 353 359 361 , ibid. 3^5 368 369 37/ 382 386 Lite J I' t^ Plyniouih colony IkwndariM wifli Rhode-Iflaiid itetcnnine^'"^*'' lilind near Cape-Cod ' i " ■ . . Maflachufetts-Bay <^d colony Authon faulted -i. Old charter ■ -^-^ Controverfies with New- Hanipfhire ' " Charter vacated and revolution ^ Boundary lines —,-*— Wheelwright's erant — — ^ Miliron pMTchzK ■ Boundary with New-Hampfiiire General niftory under old charter Governors •■■ ■ ■ Law and cuiloms ■ Mint-houfe ' •— County divifions — — Religious feftaries ■' Independents ' ■ — — Church of England ■ Brownifts — — — — Anabaptifts — — ■ Muggletonians ■ Quakers ■ ■ - — Witchcraft rifjr, Maflachufetts mountains and hills — — — . Rivers and runs of water — Promontories — — ■ The new Maflachufetts charter '^. _ _.~-. America poft office and great road — — Civil adininiflration ; general aiftmbly or legiflature Governors —- — — ^ ■ Secretaries 4 ■ •— c Admiralty «— -'^ ^ . " Surveyors of the woods ■ Cudom officers, and auditor ■ Council board ■ Houfe of reprefentatives Some political plantation obfervations Paper currencies animadverted —— The-three negatives in a joint capacity Houfe of reprefentatives, continued Cape-Breton reimburfement — — The conftitution of New-England townfliips Provincial civil officers of Maliachufetts-Bay t< \ C 9 N T |£ N T S. Eiccttthrf courti .. . Taxes atd,v«luatiofii , Annual fiipplief ^ Heiaiburfementi for Cape-Breton ~ — Maflachufetti tnhabitanti» produce, manufalftures -— ~- Eftabliflimenti military fea an4 land Fi/bery, timber and grain — — hati« iron i»Hi« iron *» tn Ma/Tachuretti-Bfty 5«7 5H 528 529 532 5-7 540 543 and Indian wan fince the revolution, vnAk a circum- flantiated account of our late French and Indian war in the adminiftration of governor Shirley 548 The French daime to ibmepart of Nova-Scotia revived 566 Pftxeedingi at the court of Great-Britain, towards encourag- . ing the fettling and fiOieiy of Nova-Scotia — - ibid. ij r/ ■3^ k' Flaci tht Map to Face the Title of Vol. I. A fummary, hiftorical and political^ of the firft planting, progreflive improve- ments, and prefent ftate of the Britifh lettleitients in North-America; with (ome tranfient accounts of the border- ing French and Spanifh fettlements. ' - f S diftance of place does equally or rather more admit of latitude, for imperfedt, erroneous, and romantick accounts of affairs than di- ftance of time ; the author, after thirty years refidence in thefe colonies, and cor- refpondence with fome inquiQtive gentlemen of the fe- vera! governments, does generoufly offer to the pub- lick, the following collection, done with fome ex> pence of time borrowed from the bufmefs of his profef- iion, and hours of relaxation ; without any mercenary^ fordid, fcribbling view of profit, or oflentation of more knowledge in thefe things than fome of his neighbours, but to contribute towards a folid certain foundation for the hiftories of thefe countries in times to come. The people in Europe (the pubiick boards not excepted^ have a very indiftinft notion of thefe fettlements, and the American fettlers are too indolent, to acquaint them* felves with the (tate of their neighbouring colonies. Defcriptions and bare relations, although accurate and« inflrudtive, to many readers are infipid and tedious ^ therefore a little feafoning is fometimes ufed *, where a* micafalis occursj may it not be difagreeable^ it is not dcfigned with any malicious invidious view. For the fame reafon, a fmall digrcllion, but not impertinent to the fubje6t, is now and then made ufe of*, as alfofome fhort illuftrations. ^ «1B SECT. % a ^SttMUARY, Hifimcdl aad PtStiesl, Stc. SECT, I. Omcerning the houndarieSy between the Britifh and French fettJementi in North -Am eric A. . AS a treaty of peace feems to be upon the anvil in Europe between Great-Britain and France j the fubjedl-matter of this fedion, is to propofe a fcbcme (the more propofals or projedions, the more choice) towards determining and fettling the territorial limits, and of an exclulive Indian trade, between Great- Britain and France in North- America. The fcheme muft be [hort, elfe it will not be attended to, and there- fore requires fome previous elucidations, and fome (hort anticipating accounts of things. Our principal intereft is to rival the French and Dutch in their trade and navigation, without diftindi- on or partiality to either. In this prefent war, the French court feem to neglefk their colonies, trade, and navigation, the principal care of their late good and great minifter Cardinal de Fleury ; and do run into their former romantick humour of land-conquells. This is the opportunity to take the advantage of their inatten- tion, more efpecially with regard to North-America, our prefent fubjedt. The French are the common nufance and difturbers of Europe, and will in a ihort time become the fame in America, if not mutilated at home, and in America fenced off from us by ditches and walls, that is, by great jivers and imprafticable mountains. They are a nu- merous, powerful, rich, and polite nation, they have the advantage of us in three grand articles. 4" 1. Thur *'v'*""¥ '"^rem^ m and t . vll in i the >ofe a more itorial 3reat- chetne ithere- le Ihort TUtir Of the Britlfli SstTLSM t n ts /» North-America. ^ I, tbfi? j^crnmcnt Is abfolutely monarchical i tax fit pleafure \ sr^ot accountable for monies expended in fC' cret fcr vices (in Great- Britain, the article tor fecrec fer- vices in the civil lift, is fmall, and when the parliament allows any fum extraordinary for that iife, it occafion<; a grumbling both within and without doors) in this they have the advantage of us, well knowing that not only private perfons, but minifters of (late^ generals, admirals, even fovereigns may be bought or bribed ; the late E. of Or — d the^rand mafter of corruption, when he gave him* fclf the loole, at times declared, ** that there was no pri- '" vateperfon or community, but what might becorrupt- " ed, provided their price could be complied wif h." It therefore becomes the reprefentativcs of Great- Britain, narrowly to infpefl into the conduft of their minifters, and other great officers in truft, efpecially in making treaties with France 5 the infamous treaty of Utrcchr, 1713, was procured by the French court bribing our cor- rupted adminiftration, that part of it relating to the Bri- tim northern American colonies will in time be their ruin , if not rcftificd and explained. 2. By cuftom time out of mind, they arc above, and do upon all occafions difpenfe with the principles of honefty and honour ; fu periority and poweris their only rule, as Louis xiv. modcftlyexpreflld it, in the device upon his canon, ratio ultima rcgum : They occafionally make dupes of the other princes in Eu- rope i their promifes and faith are by them ufed only as a fort of fcaffblding, which, when the ftrudlure is finilh- f d, or project efFeSed, they drop ; in all publick trea- ties they arc gens de mauvaifefoy. This may feem an unmannerly national reflexion i but at this time it could not be avoided, confidering their perfidioufly exciting a rebellion in Great-Britain, contrary to their folemn ac- knowledgment and guarantee of the Hanover fucccfllon, by inciting the Highlanders to rapine and killing of their countrymen*, their re-fortifying of Dunkirk in timt- of peace 5 their violating of their guarantee of the prapna- iick/an^iotJf concerning the Auftrian fuccclfion, by inva- * B 2 fion 4 yfSuMMARY, Hifterical and Political^ &c. fion of Germany. 3. The greateft and moft eflential real article is, the largenefs of their dominions in the bcft country of Europe, and thereby are become an over- match for their neighbours^ and more capable of fwarm- ing into their colonies than we are \ in order tO preferve a ballance in Europe, they ought to be curtail'd or dif- membred there, which will effeftually at the fame time prevent their too great growth in America. Louifbourg being now in our polTeflion, there can be no great difficulty in reducing of Canada : at prefent it is not populous (perhaps not exceeding x 2,000 men capa- ble of marching) neither is it compadt (from the mouth of St. Laurence river to its rife from lake Ontario, at fort Frontenac are about 800 miles ;) and the French (without a pun) are like cocks which fight beft upon their own dunghil : witnefs, their late behaviour in Germany, in Italy, their late poltronnerie in Cape -Britain, and at fea. Flanders is their own dunghil, and perhaps for politick reafons, the allies allow them to over-run it, it will be to them a chargeable pofieinon, and a diminution of their army in garrifoning of fo many towns : thus by giving them fcope, they may run themfelves out of breath, that is, out of men and money, and become an eafy prey. Cape-Breton iflandsand Canada being reduced, would be to us an immenfe advantage, viz. the monopoly of all the American fifh, fur, and (kins trade, provided thefe acquifitions could be annexed to Great-Britain, as a lad- ing pofTeiTion : but unlefs in the prefent treatv we could abfolutely give thelaw to France, and perfwade the other powers of Europe to allow us this monopoly, we (hould to no purpofe, incur (if not reimburfed from home) an inextricable expenceor debt, and by extending or (Iretch- ing our colonies, render them more Qcnder and weak \ we are not capable of fettling inland countries in a fhort time, our European dominions cannot allow or fpare people fufficient for that purpofe. The Phxnicians, Greeks, Venetians, Genoefe, ^c. formerly had many fac- tories and colonies in fundry places, but for want or peo- K ,7 ^ pic real be(t )vcr- arm- fervc \t dif- :tlme can be ntitis \ capa- mouth , at fort vithout jir own »any, in i at fca. politick rill be to of their y giving ath, that y P'«y- 1, would ilyofall led thefe asalaft- [nt could theother t (hould lome) an irftrcich- id weak ; in a Ihort or (pare jaenicians, manyfac- intot peo- ple Of th$ Britilh Settlements in North-America. $ pie fuificient to maintain thefe poirefTions, they foon vaniftied. It is true, the Dutch, an amphibious man- animal, though a fmall people, maintain their ground in their colonies : but we may obferve, they never run their fettlements far from their natural and trading ele- ment, the water. Formerly priority of difcovery, was reckoned a pro- per claim. The Cabots coafted North-America (they were in Canada river) in the end of the fifteeth century. Secretary Walfingham, being informed of an opening wefterly, north of North-Virginia (Nova Scotia and New England were foon after called North-Virginia) anno 1583 fent out veffels upon the difcovery, they fail'd up the river of St. Laurence, took poffeffion of Ca- nada and fettled fome trade there. In Queen Anne's manifefto, difperfed in Canada, anno 171 1, when the expedition for the redufiion of it, was on foot, it is faid, '* that Canada belonged to the Englifli by priority of difcovery, and what the French poffeffed there was by grants from the Englifh, and confequently held it only as a Hef, therefore where the pofTelTors turn ene- my, it reverts." Quebec was taken by fome private Englifh adventurers, anno 1629. It was given up by treaty to the French, 1632. c '•%- <,; Afterwards in place of prior difcovery, pre-emption of the Indian natives, and occupancy, was deem'd a more juft and equitable title. In cafe of a war, if any conqueft happened, upon a peace, an uti poJUidetis (as is the pradtice with the Turks and other Afiaticks) was the right : but at prefent in Europe, amongft the ci- vilized and polite nations, at the conclufion of a war, the bafis of the treaty, is former treaties (reckoned fo- lemn bargains, indentures, ox jus gentium) equivalents in money, abfolute ceflion, or exchange of territories, for damages received, or fuppofed to be received, ar- ticles of former treaties, explained and redified, as in our prefent cafe the treaty of Utrecht 17 13, feems to require. B 3 By 6 y^SuMMARY, HiftorUal and PoUticaU &c; By treaty of peace and neutrality for America, anno 1656, Nov. 6, 16, between Great-Britain and France v in one another's diftriAs they arc not to trade, filh, or haibour (except in cafes of diftrefs to repair, wood, and water) but iniquitoufly by the treaty of Utrecht, our corrupt adminiftration granted to the French the li- berty of catching and curing of fifli in the moft advan- tageous places, ** on that part of Newfoundland from Cape-Bonavifta to the northermoft part of the ifland, and from thence running down by the weftern fide to Point-Riche :" there cod-fi(h arc fo plenty and fall in fo near the fhore, that the French nihermen without the charge or trouble of hook and line, catch them by a kind of grapling, as our privateers difcovered when they made prizes of feveral French fifh-traders in the fummer, 1744, in the northern harbours of Newfound- land : by this unaccountable concefllon, the French had already the better of us in the fifhery trade, and in a tew years more would have fuppiied all the markets in Europe, and by underfelling, entirely excluded us from the Cod-fifliery, which is more beneBcial and eafier wrought than the Spanilh mines of Mexico and Peru. It would be a vad advantage to our trade and navi- fi^ation, if by the enfuing congrefs for a general peace, we could obtain the monopoly of the North-America Cod-fifliery ; there are precedents of monopolies al- lowed amongft fovereign princes : the Dutch have en- grofled the fpice-tradc (pepper excepted) of the Hafl- Indies. But if the French are ftill to be allowed fomc (hare in this filhery, let them cure their filh upon the illands of the gulph of St. Laurence, and upon the S. E. fhore of Terra de Labaradore near the ftraights of Belle me. By the faid treaty of Utrecht, our corrupted court gave up to the French the ifland of Cape-Breton, and the other iflands in the gulph of St. Laurence, with this pernicious claufe, iilfer/y to fortify. Accordingly in Cape- Breton or L*lfle Roy ale, was creeled the fortrefs of y'i Louifbourg, no :c V or and our ^an- rom and* leto lU in :hout mby when in the ound- :hhad d in a kets in s from [cafier Peru. i navi- peace, merica >lies al- ive en- e Eaft- ;d (bmc pon the \ the S. ights of ;d court on, and with this ingly in Dnrtisot ilbourg, 0/the Britlih Settlements m North-America, 7 LouinxHirg, the North- American Donkhrk, to annoy our American navigation arid trade ; but by good itwlc ie is lately fallen into our poiTeflTion: as the people of New-£nglanci, IrorD their abundant loyalty to ihe crown, and zeal for the Britifh intereflr, were the fir(t projeftors and principal pronwters of this inoft ratoa^ ble acquifition ; if it is confirmed to us by a fubfequent peace, it may prove a kind of monopoly of the Cod- filhery. New-Elngland deferves not only a pleniary re- Imburfement, but alfo fome peculiar favour or bounty from the parliament of Great-Britain ; having upon this occafion involved themfelves deeply in debt, and loit many of their beft labouring men, not by the enemy, but by an Ul-condition'd putrid or holpital fever and flux. The high encomiums of our militia ought not to give any umbrage of {ealoufy to the Britifh govern- ment or mother>country ; that in cafe of any general difcontent here, concurring with a Dutch or French (maritime powers) war, they call themfelves ioto the arms of the French or Dutch ; and occaHon Ibme diffi- culty, for a Britifh fquadron and armament, to reduce them toreafonithe people here arc fa loyal to the crown, and fo affcdionate to their motlner-country, that this cannot be fuppofed ; it is true» the King and council of Great- Britain lately feem to be of opinion, that the cor* lony of MafTachufctts-Bay, with regard to the neigbiour- ing colonies, is too large, and have accordingly tur^ tailed it, by annexing a large part of it to the inconft- derable government of New-Hampfhice, and fome part of it to the fmali colony of Rhode-Ifland ; as we have never fettled our line with New- York government, we are told they defign to put in for a (hare. Cape-Breton and the other iQands of the bay of St. Laurence, before the peace of Utrecht, were in our pof- fefTion, as belonging to M. SubercalTc's commifTion, in which he is called governorof L* Acadieand Cape- Breton iflands ; he was the French governor when we reduced that country 1710 ; but by the peace thefe iflanda were !\,i B 4 given f it^SuMMARY, Hiftorical and Political^ tec, ^iven to the French in exchange for the fortrefs (no iettlement) of Placentia : while the peace was negoci'* ating Mr. More, of the board of trade and plantations, was fo barefacedly currupt, when the importance of Cape-Breton was reprefented, he anfwered, Muft the French then have nothing ? I ' By the treaty of Utrecht the Canada or French line with Hudfon's-Bay company or Great-Britain, was af- certained, viz. from a 'Certain promontory upon the at- lantick ocean in N. lat. 58 deg. 30 min. to run S. W. to lake Miftafm (which communicates by Indian water- carriage by P. Rupert's river with Hudfon's-Bay, and bjr Seguany river, with St. Laurence river at the port of Tadoufac 30 leagues below Quebec) and from thence continued ftill S. W. to N. lat. 49 deg. and from thence due weft indefinitely •, this weft line takes in the northern parts of the upper-lake, largie as the Cafpian fea in Afia, one of the North- America five great lakes or inland feas. By this conceftion we gave the French a fea-line (kirt of Terra de Labaradore (by authors who write in Latin, called terra laboratoris or nova Britannia) the better to accomodate their fifhery : whereas if the Britifh intereft had been in view, the weft line or parallel of 49 D. N. lat. ought to have been continued, eaft to a little above the mouth of St. Laurence or Canada river. By faid treaty, the French were not to fi(h within 30 leagues of Nova-Scotia to ths caftward, beginning at the idand of Sable \ its fouth fide lies in 43 D. 55 M. N. lat. and from thence in a S. W. line indefinitely : N. B, There is no Cod-fifliery to the fouthward of N. lat. 41 D. Salmon, fmelts, and fome other north cli- mate fifh are under the fame reftrifkion : to the weft- ward of this line was a mare claufum. In the peace of Utrecht was omitted to fettle a line be- tween our colonies and thofe of France, called common- ly Canada, and MilTiflippi, or New-France, and Louifi- ana, from north to Ibuth j and the line eaft and weft be- i 1- - # tween within nning 55^- liiely : ofN. h cU- weft- Ine be- imon- ^ouiti- Icft be- tween 0/ihi BritUh SIettLsIIcbnts in North-Amerka. 9 tween Carolina or Georgia, and the Spanifli Cape Flo* rida claims. In the propofed negociation for a peace* it would be much for the eafe and quiet of all parties to have the fame fettled. The natural and moft effedlual boundaries of coun* tries or territories feem to be laige rivers (thus the upper Rhine divides the French acquifitions from fun- dry German fovereignties) and mountains impractica- ble (the Fyrenean mountains in general divide France from Spain, the Dafforne hills divide Sweden from Norway, the Carpach, or Carpathian mountains divide Poland from Hungary, and Tranfylvania). The great river of St. Laurence, the lakes Ontario and Erie, and the Apalatian mountains may anfwerthe intended Britifh and French boundary, without any advantage or ac-* quifition, difadvantage or lofs on either fide i btic meerly for peace and good neighbourhood. The French fur-trade, and their fetUements, are al- moft entirely Northward of St. Laurence river : let us take a curfory view of the Southern or Britifh fide of this great river, and of the lakes Ontario and Erie, and of the Apalatian mountains or blue hills : All the ad- vantage the French can have, by Indians in their intereft, or fmail fettlements South of St. Laurence, is only upon occafion to diftrels their neighbours, the Britifh in Nova-Scotia, New-England, and New- York. From Cape Rofiers, at the Southern fide of the mouth of the river St. Laurence in N. Lat. 50 D. 30 M. to La Riviere-puante, or the Indian tribe, called the miflion of Befancourt, over-againft Les Trois Rivieres, are about 400 miles : The barrennefs of the foil, im- praclicablenefs of the mountains, which lie but a fmall way South of the great river, the rapidity of the fhort rivers or runs of water from thefe mountains •, renders the country unhofpitable, efpecially there being no pro- per water-carriage for Indian canoes: Here are no Indian tribe-fettlements, and as if in a defart, no human kind to be met with, only a very few Indian travel- ; ■"v.fPt-^ ■ .••• i^ - Icrs. to ^Summary, Hifiorical and PoUtiealj tie', lers. In Maffachufett's new charter, anno i66i» the chim is kept up in its extent, by exprefs words, *^ To ** the gu)f of ot. Laurence, and Canada rivers.** By eur laS treaty with the French, which was that of Utrecht 171^, L*Accadie, or Kova-Scotia was con- firmed to us s the French commiffion to their laft go- vernor Subercaflfe, was from Cape Rofiers to Quenebec fiver ; this river lies nearly in the fame meridian with <^bec, and the head of it not above Bfty or flxty miles ^ant from Quebec, the metropolis of Canada, or New France. (The mouth of Sagadahoc or Quenebec river, lies nearly in 44 D. N. Lat.) Quebec, according to M. De I'lde's accurate obfervations, lies in 46 D. ^s ^* ^" Lat. from the entrance of Sagadahoc to Norridgwag, the head quarters on Quenebec river, of a condderable tribe of the A bnequie Indian nation our fubjects,. or \ ■<• . »■ » ' * "^ S E C T. c. pptinttd King if 725* h nd Con- ht BeuH- muft it- miffiotiers at Jhouli . thiCo- ick, alias try with httwetn ans, laat lew-York It Rivtr: 'ifiTt and with Ca- !? Grants:^ «u)». Anno ent Jurif- '.egiflatures, ntiot adjuJI n and con- Line *u)itb jard. the Grant )ernment$, % ^t ; granted \ble Colony, Oftbt Britiih Settlements in North- America. 1 7 SECT. I^ uV i ■• -vi An introduSlory Jhort account of the ancient and modern navigation, difcoveries, and fettling of colonies. As this Section may contain a great variety, per- fpicuity requires its being divided or diftinguifhed under the following Heads or A r t i c l £ s. Article I. ..f.. ■rl C T. A general view of navigation and colonies in remote ; * . . times. ; ,V ;, . IN trade and navigation, as in all other affairs of an- tiquity, wc are not to go too far back j in the very remote ages, the antients did much indulge a poe- tical, florid, rhetorical, enigmatical, and mythological vein i it is not poffible at this diftance of time and place, to diftinguifli between their true and fabulous rela- tions : their hiftories and all other matters were wrote in verfe, admitting of many poetical fancies *. • When we fay that the moft antient records are poetical, fabu- lous and allegorical, not to be depended upon for a real, fimple, true account of things ) we muft except our fcriptural book of re- ligion, the oracles of Mofes and the prophets, of Christ and his apoftles, called, from its excellency, The Bible or Book. Here we find fliips upon the Mediterranean, and merchants upon the Red-fea, as early as the days of Jacob and the primiti\«e Ifraelites. Gen. xlix. 1 3. Zebulon /hall dive I I at the haven of the fea, and he Jhall he for a havenofjhipt, and hit border JJmll be unto ZiJon. Judges v. 17, GiUad abode beyond Jordan : and ivh^ did Dan remain in Jhips /* A/her continued on the fca Jhort, and abode in his breaches ; the ori- ginal fignifies in creeks. Our tranflation of ;he bible requires to be revifed. The Midianitcs and llhmaelites, who bordered upon the Red-fea, were fcafiirin;; nit-n and merchants. Gen. xxxvii. 28. Then there pajf»d by Midiani/et merrhantmen, C Doubtlefs ^ ¥ i], j8 ^Summary, Hifiorical and Political^ &c.' Doubtlefs, from time to time, by famine, peftilence, and fome implacable fword, whole countries have been depopulated, and confequently their records deftroyed i we find that we cannot with any certainty go back ex* ceeding 2500 years. From what we may colleft, we find that China, the Had- Indies, and Arabians, are prior to us in trade and navigation } at prefenc we have much the advantage of them. In the revolution of ages, the fevcral countries upon the earth have been depopulated by peftilence, famine, or wars } and afterwards fettled from other countries \ thus the origin of the feveral countries muft be very various and uncertain. The plains and overflowed lands, called interval lands in New-England, upon the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates in Chaldea, and of the Nile in Egypt, being very fertile and pleafant, en- ticed people to fettle thsm in a compact political im- proving manner •, therefore our firft certain records of things feem to originate there f . Amongft the aborigines, the Arabians or Saracens have been time out of mind, and are at prcfent the prin- cipal aboriginal navigators of the Ea(l- India feas. The Arabian Moors or Mahometans, long before we naviga- ted thel'e parts, fent colonies to almoft all their fea coafts and iflands, and drove the natives up into the moun^ tains. 'X'hc Arabians and Egyptians for many ages navi- p;ated the Red-fca and Indian-fea. We have had Indian 1 pices in Europe above 2000 years. Suez, the anti- tnt Arfinoe in N. L. 30 D. was the barcadier or feaport t The lunar edipfes, noted at Babylon by the anticnt Chaldean?, are original llandards for the motiona of the futi and moon, with their Icveral inequalities for all future ages. The Chaldean was fornitrly tlie ujiivcrlal or commercial cuKcrn language, as at pie- fent the Arabian is their learned language, mid the i-atin the wtft- (crn fchool languajje. The '1 iitbans in the Upper J'-gypt, for the fiiUe of nuvigaticn, begrin to obfcrve the llari, and from their heli- ^ical rifings and feitings before CuiUii i'.^3j ycara, they re(5\ified {he* )ear from 360 to 3f>5 days. of cc, een ed i ex- , we are ; wc upon nine, cries •, very lowed Dn the and of It, en- al im- jrds of aracens \e prin- Thc iaviga- c.oafts moun^ :s navi- Indian le anti- feaport Chaldean5, Ion, wltU idc;\n was . at pie- ,the %^tu- L for the \hcir heli- rcflificd of OftbeBrkKh Settlements in North- America. 19 of Grand Cairo for the Red-fea, diftant 40 or 50 miles. The Arabian gulph was the moft frequented navigation, upon account of the Eaft- India crade, before the Portu- gueze doubled the Cape of Good Hope. The Arabians, by their fituation upon the Red-fea, drove a great trade between the Indies and the Egyptians, this was at thac time the greateft trade of the known world. It is from the Saracen navigation and colonies, that all Afia and Africa (excepting the Tartars, China, Siam, and fomc infignificant Pagans) are of the Mahometan religion : Doubtlefs, for the fame reafon, all America in procefs of time will become Chriftians. The Arabian naviga- tion was and is very confiderable, notwithftanding there is not one navigable river in all Arabia. The Saracens and Moors had feveral colonies in Europe, they were not totally drove out of Spain, until anno 1492. After the Egyptians and Arabians, the Phoenicians became the principal navigators, firft the Sidonians, then the Tyrians, and afterward their famous colony the Car- thaginians. The Phaenicians were originally mariners, who fled from the Red-fea to the Mediterranean, before Christ 1047 years j being ufed to long voyages for traffick in the Indies, they began the like long voyages in the Mediterranean fea to Greece, ^c. The calamities of their wars with the Edomites made them leave their native habitations and fettle upon the Mediterranean. They were the firft who directed their courfe by the ftars in the night-time (the magnetical or fea«compafs is a modern difcovery) their firft navigation was in long fhips with fails and one order of oars. They fent many colonies abroad, viz. Byzantium or Conftantinople in Greece, Byrfa or the famous Carthage in Barbary, Gadez or Cadiz in Spain, Caffiteredes (tin iflands) Sicily iflands and Cornwal in Great-Britain, ^c. Carthage the moft famous trading antient Phasnician colony founded 883 years before Christ, were ^mafters and fettled colonies all along the N.W. coaft of Barbary, in the InfuUfortunata or Canaries, and in the Hefperides or Cape dc Vcrd e illands C 2 I m i 20 ^Summary, HiMrical and Political, ^d t\ •■■ • ■■ . ■ fn N. Lat. ^5 D. they had colonies in the Bakares In* JuU {Majofca^ Minorca^ ^Tvica) in Sardinia and SiciJy, Carthage was for many years the emporium or mart of jtrade in the weft, as Corinth in Greece was the empo- rium of theeaft: they were both deftroyed about the fame time by the Romans, 146 years before Christ. * The AfTyrians, an inland people, had no notion of navigation : by conquering Egypt and Phaenicia, put a damp to trade and navigation : After fome time a new Tyre was built, and the Tyrians flouriihed more than before, until Alexander the great, a royal knight- ierrant, deHroyed the city and fold the inhabitants for iflaves. ' In the hiftory of navigation and colony fettlers, next were the Greeks j at firft more for war-expeditions and invaliohs than for traffick. The firft account that "we have of a long Oiip was that of Argos *, who about 53 years after Solomon, or 939 years before Christ, according to the computation of the moft ingenious (I wiih our language, as the Dutch, would admit of a degree of comparifon above the fuperlative) and pene- trating Sir Ifaac Newton, in his Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended. The Argonauts were the flower of ^Greece, fitted out to perfuade the nations upon the coafts of the Euxine and Mediterranean feas, to revolt from Egypt -, they were a parcel of jolly young gen- tlemen, viz. Caftor and Pollux, Efculapius, Orpheus, HerculeSj Deucalion the fon of Minos, Bacchus's fons, ' The ft^veral Graseian republicks had their turns of fortune of being more or lefs potent at Tea, the Cypriots were tlie moft noted for comn)erce. They fettled colo- nies in the fouthern parts of Italy and in Sicily, calling it Magna Cr^cia ; this name was afterwards "ontined to Calabria Superior in the kingdom of Naples i they builj- * Chiron was the firft who formed or delineated ihc conftellations, J)urg ior tiii; uie of tiieArgonavits. \^---. . • ■ Marfcilles of amoi as a the expe< final feen fliciar *ere more powerful by fea) this gave occafion to the famous Peloponnefian war, the fubjeft of Thucydides* hiftory : on one fide and the other, almoft att Greece were engaged. The >^the- nians and Lacedemonians difputed the empire of the fea for fome time. -. .^^ During the inteftine feuds of the Grseciah common- wealths, Philip king of Macedon invaded and conquer- ed the countries in his neighbourhood, and at fea en- riched himferf by pyracies, and put an end to the Grse- cian liberties. His fon Alexander the Great, proceeded. to the Levant, and conquered (committed murders and f- The moft ancient water-conveyance (does not deferve the name of embarkation 6r navigation) was in rafts or floats, afterwards monozy/tt or canoes cut out of an hollowed piece of timber, a& amongil the Weft India iflands, and fouth continent of America : as alfo bark of trees (generally birch) with wooden ribs, as amongft the inland Indians of Noi'th-Amcrica : Cxfar fays, that upon his expedition to Great Britain, he found no other veffels there, but fmall boats made with wicker and hides ; fuch may to this day be feen in Wales and in the Weft Highlands of Scotland. The Pha - nicians introduced to the Mediterranean -fea long fliips with fails and bne tire of oars. Whcii tvar was ufed at fea, and the manrier of fighting wa^ ^a ftVike their enemies ftiips with tiieir rcjira or /row (the Newcaftle colliers call it, giving them the ftern) for a greater itroke momentum or fhock, the bulk of their veflels were gradually iiicreafei to the enormous fize of quifiquiremes or five tire of oars. — Ships of war, were by the Romans called clajfi:(e^ mcrcliant-mea were called umrarice. C ?* robbery) 18 12 yfSuMMARY, Bprical and Political^ See. robbery) fo far as the river Indus : * Upon his return,' intoxicated with wine, and his youthful vanity from conquefts, he died at Babylon ; and his depredations (they defer ve no better name) were cantoned amongft his generals in their feveral (lations or commands, who, after fome bickerings^ agreed to an uti poffidetis. Next in courfe at fea appeared the Romans, who at firft (like the prefent Turks) did only mind conqueft, not trade ', but in procefs of time, finding that the Corinthians and Carthaginiansj having the dominion of the feas, fo as to land and make depredations where they pleafed ; to keep them within bounds, the Ro- mans were obliged to mind the fea out of neceflity, f and were both deftroyed about the fame time by the Romans ; a great wound to trade. Julius Casfar invaded Great-Britain from France in very fmall veffels or craft ; they were all built and fitted in two months : the Britons at that time had no navi- gation ; they were reduced to a Roman province, not a colony, and continued fo above 400 years. As the people of Britain at that time were a fort oi filvefires^ wild people, like our American Indians, Scots high- landers, Miqueiets of Spain, or Montenagrins ; all par- ticular accounts of Great- Britain may be reputed as fabu- lous before Csefar's time. Upon the fwarming or emi- gration of the northern Barbarians, the Roman troops in Great-Britain were recalled to the defence of their own country : a party of the fame northern nations, called Saxons, embraced the opportunity, invaded Great- Britain in that part of it now called England ; and one • The Grajcian empire extended fo far caft as the river Indus^, that is, they conquered, or rather made the feveral countries pay tribute, cr iii the modern phrafe, raifcd contributions to the river Indus : The Romans did not bring the country under contributioq further eall than the river Euphrates. f At the fca-hattle of Adium, before Christ 51 years, Mark Anthony had 500, and Auguftus 250 ihips of war : this was the £reatitt f^a fort« ever the Ron^ans were mailers of. of irtly om ions ngft irho» 10 at ueft, : the inion \rhere iRo- ty,t ly the nee in fitted navi- e, not \s the high- II par- fabu- )r emi- )ops in lir own called iGreat- nd one pr Indus, Itries jpay ■the river itributioQ s, Mart: was the of Ofihe^x\{\^ SETTLtMEWT6/« North- America. 25 of their confiderable tribes, the Angles, gave name to the country. Pirates in the Mediterranean fea have been formidable, Bellum Piraticum is fometimes recorded by the Roman hiftorians. Pompey was delegated for one of thcfe pirate-wars, and in the fpace of tour months (to his great honour and glory, as it is faid) reduced all the pirates. The Romans with their conquefts and colonies intro- duced their own language * all over Italy, into France, Spain and Portugal, where it continues to this day^ but much intermixed with the languages of the aboriginals, and of fome foreigners, who invaded them from time to time. In other nations, which fubmittcd to the Romans rather for patronage or protection than by conqueft (the Romans were at that time tiie general arbitrators of all the known civilized nations ^) the Roman language or Latin did not prevail. The Goths, Vandals and other barbarous nations, who fwarmed from the northern parts of Europe, and like locufts or caterpillars over-ran the fouthern parts of Europe, may be faid, generally, to have fuperfeded the Romans •, they had no notion of navigation and a fea- trade, and did not in the lead apply themfelves that way. Of thefe only the Normans and Danes (a fort of pirates) became potent at fea ; their firft expedition into Great-Britain was about anno 800.** They fettled a colony in the north parts of France, and called it Normandy ; in a courfe of years they made depreda- tions and fome fettlements along the coads of Saxony, Flanders, Britain, and France •, as a monument of this, there is to be found on the fea-coafts of thofe countries, • The Romans had letters from the Greeks, and the Greeks had the ufe of letters from tlie Pliainicians. •j- The French have been aiming ar this for above a century paft. ** N. B. By anno we always mean anno Chrijfi, or the year of the Chriltian ^ra. C 4. t9 64 yi Sv MM AKYi Hifterical and Poiitical^Scc^ Co this day, blond complexions, red and yellowifh hairl This Norman colony in France called Normandy, (I Ihall not fay, conquered England) in procefs of time gave a king to England, called William the Con- queror, whofe eftabliihment continues to this day. While the Mahometan Saracens prevailed, they were for a confiderable time maflers of the feas (efpecially of the Mediterranean from the Red-feato Hercules's pil- lars) in the fouthern parts of Europe while the Normans ravaged the northern parts. The Moors and Saracens reduced the greateft part of Spain anno 714, and were not totally fubjugated by the aboriginal Spaniards until anno 1492 *: The Spaniih blood is much tainted with the Morefco. The next and lad fet to be mentioned in this article, are the Weral Republicks in Italy {Venetians^ Genoefe^ Florentines^ Pifans) and Catalonia in Spain jthey carried on the trade and navigation of the fouthern parts : and the Hans Towns in Germany; they had the trade and navigation of the northern parts of Europe. Their intercourie was generally at Sluys and Bruges in Flanders i and exchanged or bartered naval dotes, woollens, lin- nens, y^c. tor Perfian and Eaft-India goods, and (bices, ^c. which in part were purchafed at Grand Cairo, but moilly brought over land in caravans to feveral barcadiers or Tea- pores in the bottom of the Mediter- ranean fea. The Genoefe had many colonies in leffer Afia, 'and upon the Euxine fea, and drove a great trade there : In the beginning of the 1 3th century, they were in pofTcffion of Nice and Ventimiglia in Italy, of Tyre in Syria, of Ceuta in Barbary, of Corfica and Sardinia } their families of Doria and Spignola had the principal adminiftration. * The commanding land and fea-officers amongft the Saracens were called Emirs. Mr. Burchette in his naval hidory fays, Thar, perhaps from thence we may have our defignation of Admiral. The kracens JThat, The 0//-^#Britifli Settlements in Korth- America. 25 The Venetians formerly were in pofTeflfion of Candia and of all the iflands in the Archipelago and Ionian Tea : in ihort, their becoming fo rich and powerful gave jea- ioufy and umbrage to the other fovereigntics in Europe, and occafionM the famous league of Cambray, an. 1508. The firft difcoveries made in America were generally by Italian navigators or of Italian extract fColumbus intheSpanifh fervice, Cabots in the Englifh, Americus Vefpucius in the Portugucfe, Veruzani in the French fer- vice, 6?f.) employed by feveral European princes. The Hans towns were an aiTociation of feveral trading towns in Germany •, at one time they were in number about feventy ; they are at prefent reduced CO four i (there is condantly an Englifli refident or mi* nider with the Flans towns) Lubeck on the river Trave the principal*, Dantzick on the Weiffel or Viftula, Hamburg on the Elbe, and Bremen on the Wefer : all thcfe are free towns with a territorial diftrict. The Venetians, more particularly, becoming vaftly rich by their trade in £a(t-lndia goods and fpices, fee fundry princes of Europe upon projecting a navigable fconfequently lefs chargeable way, fo as to underfcll the Venetians, and out them of that trade) and ufefully practicable paiTage from Europe, to the rich produce and manufactures of the Ealt. This leads to the fub- jeCt of the following article. Article II. Concerning the feveral effays or adventures, towards difiovering navigate pajfages from Europe to the £a(t-Indies, China, and the Spice Iflands. IT is faid, that one great inducement to Columbus's ad- venture wcftward, was to try for a weftern navigation to the Spice-Iflands ; and luckily, by iflands and a great continent intercepting him, America was difcovered. As the feveral great continents of Europe and Africa caftward, and America weftward, lay in the way ; the cafe was, how to double the extreme north or fouth points or lands ends of thefe continents •, or to find feme prac- 2 ticable t6 ifSuMMARY, Hijiorlcal and Pclttlcnft &c. ^:<^^ ticable ftraits or thorough- fares in thefe continents. Before we proceed, we Ihall infert by way of amufe- ment, as not impertinent to the fiibjcdl, the following digreflion. Some Dutch filhers mifTing of whales, are faid to have failed in quell of them feveral degrees north of Cape Purchasof Kaft Greenland, which lies in N. lat. 82 D. there was no ice, only an open fea, but very hollow. "Whalers fay, that the further north, on Spitfbergen, or Eaft-Greeniand, they found the greater plenty of grafs, and other green herbs •, therefore towards the pole it muft be hottet : this feems to be probable from the na- ture of things : in June at the north pole the fun is 23 D. 30 M. high, and for fome months always above the horizon ; whereas, for inftance, at London, the me- tropolis of Great- Britain, in N. lat. 51 D. 30 M. the fun in December is only about 15 P. high, and only for one third of its revolution or day, above the horizon. M. Frazier, a French navigator, fays, in the account of his South-iea voyages j that on the 1 3th of March 1 7 1 4, N. S. in returning to France, fouth of Cape-Horn, in lat. 58 D. 30 M. and 68 D. 30 M. W. longitude from Paris, he difcovered feveral iflands of ice, whereof one was four or five leagues long ; ice is not frequently met with hereabouts, and as ice is formed by an adherence to fome land or fhore, there muft be land towards the fouth-pole ; but not within 6^ D. S. lat. for the extent of about 200 leagues from S5 ^- to 80 D. weft long, from Paris ; becaufe this fpace has been run by feveral fhips, which the S. W. and i>. S. W. winds have obliged to ftand far to the fouthward, to weather Cape-Horn, the lands -end of South- America, in 55 D. 55 M. S. lat. This is the reafon, why that chimera or fancy of a terra aujlralis is at prefent left out of our charts or maps. If lands are difcovered fouth of 64 D. S. lat. they muft be inhofpitable and uninhabitable, confidering that the weather is more ftormy, and winters more rigid, in the high fouth latitudes, than in the fl\me northern lati- tudes i encoui range 0/ the Britifh S i ttlimbn T s i» North- America. 2 f tudcs ; the fame climates fouth of the equator, are much colder than to the northward of the eouator. The fouthern latitudes are much colder, than in the fame degrees of northern latitudes, i. The fun is an- nually eight days longer on the northern fide of the equino6lial than on its fouthern fide. 2. The fun in our north country winters is in perigee, that is, nearer the earth, than in the fouthern winters, being then in his apogee. 3. The higheft cod-fiftiery according to Capt. Frazier, in the fouthern latitudes is in 31 D. S. lat. our cod*B(hery in North- America (there are fome ilragling cod-fiih caught more to the fouthward) extends to Nan- tucket New- England in 41 D. N. lat. therefore 41 D.N. lat. is nearly of the fame temperor coolnefs as 3 1 D. S. lat. To obtain navigable paffages, into the Indian and South- feas, the extreme north and fouth promontories or lands-ends of the feveral continents above-mention- ed, were to be doubled. They arc reduceable to four, viz. I . The S. E. paiTage by doubling the Cape of Good Hope the fouth point of Africa. 2. The S. W. paflage by doubling Cape-Horn the fouth point of America, Magellan's ftreignts ' a thorongh-fare. 3. TheN. E. palTage, north of the north cape of Europe, but hither- to not difcovered. 4. The N, W. paflage, or rather thorough-fare between the north fliore of America, and the fouth fhore ot Weft-Greenland, commonly called Da- vis's ftreights (to double the north parts of this Weft- Greenland, has hitherto not been imagined) this has at times been endeavoured in the laft century and half, M. Dobbs is at prefent, inpurfuitofit. Laftly, we (hall men- tion fome tentatives for difcovering thorough- fares in feveral openings in the body of the continent of America. The antients had no knowledge of countries fouth of the equator. John I. of Portugal, conquer*d Ceuta from the Moors, 1409', Henry, third fon of K. John, much in the humour of navigation difcoveries ; by his encouragement, the Portuguefe began anno 141 8, to range the weft coaft of Africa: 1438 Alphonfus V. took I,: ' tS /^Summary, Hijiorical and Political &c. took Tangier, and ranged fo far as Cape Negroe in i^ D. fouth latitude f, and to this day have feveral colo- nies with territorial jurifdidion from thence to 7 D. S, ]at. in Congo, Angola, and Loango. Anno 1442, the Portugucfe obtain'd of the Pope a grant of all lands lay> ing S. and £. of Cape Bajador on W. fide of Africa, 26 D. 30 M. N. lat. In the reign of Emanuel 1 497, Vafquez de Gamma doubles the cape, they had difcovered this cape anno 1437, and called it the Cape of Good-Hope, in expectation of doubling it v thence they coafted along the eaftern Ihore of Africa ; from Cape- Negroe on the weft fide of Africa, 16 D. S. lat. round (Cape of Good- Hope, a Dutch place of refrelhment excepted) to Rio de Spirito Santo in S. lat. 18 D. on the eallfhoreof Africa, is a very wild and favage country, no European Settlers; but from 1 8 D. S. lat. to 5 D. N. lat. the Portuguefe have pofTefTions, the chief being Mozambique in 1 5 D. S. lat. and Melinda in 2 D. 30. M. S. lat. From theeafterncoaftof Africa, the Portuguefe fail'd over to the Malabar coaft on the Indian peninfula. The next Portugal expedition for the Eaft- Indies was drove upon the coaft of Brazil, and after taking pofTefTion of it, proceeded to the Malabar coaft. Anno 1 5 1 o, Albu- kerk reduces Goa^ takes AmboynajBanda, and fome other of the Molucca ihands, and returns home richly loaden with fpices,} they fail'd along the coaft of China. Thus during the reign of their good King Emanuel, who died *)* The Portuguefe in their adventures fouthward on the ead fide of the Atlantick Ocean difcovered, and are ftill in pofreifion of feveral clutteri of iilands. 1 . The weftem iflands formerly called Azores or Tercerei, laying from 36 to 40 D. N. lat. about 300 leagues weft of Portugd, and 300 leagues eail of Newfoundland ; they are nine in number, Mercator,and after him, many Englifti charts, place the Arft meridian at St. Michael's one of thei'e iilands, about I ^ D. more weft thnn Ptolemy's canon. 2. Maderas, firft difcovered anno 1410, firft fettled anno 142; ; it was fo called from its being well wooded ; it produces the Madera wines, the dtlicia of the Britiih American colonies. 3. Cape-Verde iflands-, 9 in number, about 160 leagues weft of Cape de Verd in Africa ; they were anci- ently called Hefperidcs, were difcovered anno 1440, but not fettled' until 1 972 f the New-England fiftiery bring fome of their fait from their iflaiid of May, annc/ c. )ein i^ al colo- 7D. Sc 42, the nds lay- Frica, 26 Vafquez :red this l.Hope< ;ed along )e on the jfGood- toRiode >f Africa, I Settlers; ^rtuguefe *m 1 5 D. uefe fail'd [ula. The jvas drove ffeflion of o, Albu- bme other ily loaden la. Thus who died on the eaft poffeflion of merly called about 300 idland;they glifti charts, "lands, about [ft difcovered am its being Ida oi the in number, were anci- it not fettled' leir fait from anno^ Of the Brkifti Settlements in North- America. 29 anno 152 1, they carried all before them atfea, andfu- perfeded the Venetians in a trade which they had enjoyed ever fince anno 1 260. Having purchafed of Charles V. emperor, his claim as king of Spain, of a pretended priority of difcovery in the fpice iflands, they folely enjoyed without moleftation for near a century of years the famous and profitable trade and navigation to the £a(t-Indies ; as Spain did that to the Weft-Indies. Henry, king of Portugal, dying without children in 1580 ; king Philip by a powerful army under the duke d'Alva reduces Portugal ; he claimed it in right of his mother Elizabeth the emprefs } Spain became mafter of all the Portuguefe dominions and rich trade; being in the height of glory, after a few years, anno 1588 the king of Spain fits out the Invincible Axmada (as he called it) againfl: England. The Dutch f at this time, as revolted from the doitiinions of Spain, were prohibited by the king of -f- Captain Drake, afterwards Sir Francis Drake, by way of the Straits of Magellan and South-feas, or Pacifick-ocean, 1^79, in the name of the crown of England, took pofTefHon (according to the formalities of thofe times) of the Moluccas or Spice-iflands, and carried a quantity of fpices to England. The Dutch did not come to the Eaft-Indies until 1 59;, did not fee the Spice-Iflands until 1599* Some London merchants anno 1600 (fome time before the eftablim- meilt of the Dutch Eaft-India company) obtained letters-patents of incorporation, and formed themfelves into a company ; their common ftock was 72,000 /. fterling. During the indolent reign of James I. the Englifli were not well fupported in the Eaft-Indies, and the Dutch over-reached them, notwithftanding of a folemn convention between the Englilhand Dutch, July 7, 161 9, whereby the trade of pepper at Java was to be equal ; and the trade of the Molucca.. Banda, or Spice-iflands, was to be two-thirds to the Dutch, one-third to ths Englifli J the Dutch in Amboyna(^ principal Spice-ifland, in 3d. 4cm. S. Lat. the beft Dutch government next to that of Batavia) upon fome frivolous pretext, inhumanly and cruelly maflacred the Englifti peo- ple, anno 1622 : Soon after they feized all the Englifh fettlements and faftories in the Spice-iflands, and have monopolized the fpice trnde ever fince. This violent abufe, or tranfaftion, c.in never be forgot, and perhaps never to be forgiven : the refentmcnt and repa- ration has long lain dormant, from James Ps indolence, the national corJafions during the civil war, the voluptuous reign of Charles If. ■■■■-■■,■ . ■ the 1 30 /^Summary, Hifiorical and Political^ &c. of Spain, ttoili^Ctibs to Portugal, the only emporium of £a{l-India^!f]()it(^ and other goods: This occafioned their endeavoiirs to fail diredbly to the Eaft-Indies, and fpice-iflands :^hey firft attempted a N. E. pafTage by Waygatz Strel^hts, but in vain ; afterwards anno 1595, without cerenrtOny, they doubled the Cape of Good Hope, feized feveral of the Spanilh or Portuguefe colonies, got a great footing in the Eaft- Indies, and have eftablifhed a great trade, and fettled many confiderable colonies. Upon the expiration of the 12 years truce between Spain and Holland, anno 162 1, the Dutch made feveral fuccefsful expeditions to Brazil (at the fame time made fome fettlements in Guiana) and got fome footing there. P. Maurice was appointed governor, and refided there from anno 1637 to anno 1644; ^^r want of fupplies he left it and returned home : the Dutch having a better game to play in the Eaft-Indies, from whence they al- moft outed the Portuguefe, they gave way in the Brazils, and after fome years the Portuguefe recovered it entirely, by anno 1660. The following digreflion, may perhaps be an agree- able amufement to fome readers. To make fome eftimate of the Dutch Eaft-India, whaling, and fugar trade (which with their herring- iifhery, and carrying, are the branches of their traffick) we Ihall inftance the year 1738 (perhaps a medium year the fole application of James II. to introduce defpotifm and popery, and laterly from indulgence and afFe£iion we bear to our natural and maritime allies, fo the Dutch are called -, at this time, from fome corruption of the leading men, fome evil fpirit, or fome abilrufe myilery of ftate, they have in the prefent war of Great-Britain with France, baulkt us very much. Cromwel, a very great politician and general, who, though not legally, yet by divine permiflion, or as in fome defignations, divina providentia, or by the providence of God, had for fome years the direflion of Britilh affairs ; in his declara- tion of war againft the Dutch, anno 1652, demands fatisfaftion for the Amboyna aiFair, and the arrears of a certain f>:m of 30,000 /. fterling per annumy for liberty of herring-fifhing on the coaft of Schetland, as/^r contraft with the Englifti court in CLarles Ts reign i CromwePs war with the Dutch being foon over, their fubmifTive- ■efs and ufcfuli^eis to him, made him drop it. gf I popery t Lral and I reign s ImiHive- of Of the Britifli Se etl ments in North-America. 3 1 ofbufinefs) that year arrived in theTexel, for A mfterdam, and the I'mall towns in the Zuyder Zee, from the Eaft- Indics 1 5 Ihips ; from Eaft Greenland or Spitzbergen 92 whalers •, from Well Greenland or Davis's Streights 55 whalers*, with fugar, coffee, cocoa, from Surinam 36; Curafo 1 1 ', other places in the Weft-Indies 14. The Dutch at firit carried on their trade in the Eaft- IndieSjby fadoriesinfeveral parts jafterwards they fettled colonies w ith a territorial jurifdidion i they did not fully monopolize the trade, until 1635. The fubfcription for a company trade was 6,440,200 gilders or florins. The whole trade is fuppofed tiivided into fixteen parts, and the company into fix chambers, each chamber hav- ing parts nearly in proportion to their fubfcription ; of thofe fixteen parts 8 belong to the chamber of Amfter- dam, 4 to Zealand, 1 to Rotterdam, i to Delft, i to Horn, and I to Enchuyfen : each chamber has a peculiar board of diredlors called in Dutch Bewindhebbers •, the cliamber of Amfterdam confifts of 20 directors, that of Zealand confifts of 1 2 diredors, the other four chambers each confifts of 7 directors : The grand affairs of the united chambers are managed by a grand council, which fits at Amfterdam for fix years, and at Middleborough in Zea- land for two years, alternately •, this general council con- fifts of a deputation from each of the fix chambers, Am- fterdam fends 8 deputies, Zealand 4 deputies, the other four chambers fend i deputy each ; and a feventeenth (this council confifts of 17) is chofen alternately by the fix chambers, and is prefident or chairman. This company is vaftly rich, an original ftiare of 3,000 gilders (;^,oou is reckoned a high fhare) has been fold frequently at 20,000 gilders ; notwithftanding of their great annual charges in building and repairing forti- fications, fliips, ftorelioufes, falaries, foldiers pay,^?^. amounting fometimesto upwards of a million and a half gilders per annum. 'I'hey are the moft powerful private fociety in the world, fomc think them more powerful than the govt! imitnt of thcirown feven united provinces at home in l^'uroju- -, they have at times lent the govern- n J IT 'la m 32 -^Summary, Hifiorieal and Political^ Sec, ment or States general, great fums of money for con- tinuing their privileges ; anno i688 they lent the States general 8,000,000 gilders for continuing their privileges to anno 1740. It has been thought, that if the Dutch (I mean their people of quality and fortune) fhould at any time forefee a certain danger of being reduced by a more potent neighbour, they would tranfport their fa- milies and effefts to the Eaft-Indies, where they are ma- ilers of the Tea: thus, in ancient times, the Tyrians, when in apparent danger of being reduced by Alexander the great, fent their wives, children and effedbs to Carthage. This company exports very little bullion from Holland (the Englifh Eaft-India company export too much filver) their fpices vended in that country, purchafe all the o- ther goods they may have occafion for. The Englifli Eaft-India company, in fome articles of trade, have the advantage of the Dutch i for in faft, the Hollanders buy near half the goods fold at the £ngli(h Eaft-India fales. The feat of government for all the Dutch Eaft-India colonies and fa6tories is at Batavia *, here refides their governor-general with much greater ftatc, than the pre- fident of the States-general of the united provinces. The gover jr-general is chofen by the company, with the approbation of the States-general ; he is elefted only for three years, but frequently continued for life ; he has a council of fix, viz. The major-general, a military officer i direftor-general, who has the infpedion of the trade, and gives orders or inftru(5lions to all under-di- rectors, fadtors, fupercargoes, and mafters or (kippers, with four more named by the company. In very good policy, they have an independent court of judicature for civil and criminal matters, to whom the governor-general is fubjeft, and by whom he may be condemned even to death. Under the governor-general are fix confiderable governments or colonies •, each has a governor, director of trade, ^c. befides feveral leflfcr governments, coni- manderies and fadtories. This being only a digreflion, 1 muft forbear to enumerate more particulars. As the above obfervations are not publick, that is in print, I hope they may be acceptable. 2. Jcc. For con- tie States rivileges e Dutch hould at ced by a their fa- y are ma- ms, when mder the Carthage. \ Holland ichfilver) all the o- e Englifti , have the inders buy )dia fales. Eaft-India ifides their an the pre- ices. The , with the [efted only ir life; he a military ion of the under-di- [r (kippers, very good icature for jor- general led even to ;onfiderable ,r, dircaor lents, com- digrefiion, Irs. As the in print, I Of /i&^ S E T T L E M E N TS tfl AmCflCa* 33 H. A (hort hiftory of the S. W. paflages from Eu- rope to the Mare del Zur, South-fea, or Pacifick-ocean ) and to the Eaft-Indies, or China, and the Spice-IQands. As the Portugueze formerly claimed an exclufive navi- gation by the S. E. paffage, in like manner the Spani- ards pretended to the exclufive navigation of the S. W. paflage, to the Eaft- Indies. For the better underftand- ing of the affair, we may previoufly obferve *, The reafon why fcveral princes of Europe endeavour- ed other paflages befides that of the S. E. by the Cape of Good-Hope to the Spice-Iflands, and the Indian-feas, was as follows. Ever fince anno 1 410, the Portugueze proceeded with inBnite labour and much expence along the weft coaft of Atrick to gain a paflage to the Eaft- Indies; anno 1442, they obtained of the Pope Martin a grant of the fole navigation of feas, and property of lands, lying S. and E. of Cape Bajador N. lat. 27 D. W. from London 15 D. in Africa; this includes the Cape of Good -Hope, and the S. E. paflTage. The Pope anno 1493, having granted to the Spaniard all lands beginning 100 leagues weft from the Azores or weftern iflands (belonging to Portugal) and fouth indefinitely ; occafioned a difpute between the Spaniards and Portugueze. The Portugueze reckoning the Spa- niftidifcoveryof America anno 1492, and this bull, as aa encroachment upon their right to the ocean, being the firft navigators of this ocean, complained to the Pope Alexander VI. anno 1493: he compofed this difi^erence bythelimits of a meridian, called, the line of dimarkati- on degrees weft of St. Antonio the weftermoft of * In the courfe of this narrative concerning the colonies from Europe fettled in America, to render matters more obvious and di- ftinft, we do fometimes premife introductory accounts of affairs, and fometimes fubnefl by way of notes or annotations tranfient defcrip- tions of incidental things, which although in every refpeft not con- fiftent with our intended brevity, neither flridly within the limit* oi our defign, they may be of ufe for a general information, and not difagreeable amufement. D the 34 ^SVMMARY, Hijiorical and Political^ &c, the Cape de Verd iflands : Sc. Antonio lies 25 D. weft from London t. As the Pope at that time, and for many years fol- lowing, was univerfally in Europe regarded, as the fole and abfolute arbitrator, or rather dilpofcr of all domini- ons upon earth ; the other princes of^ Europe did impli- citly acquiefce in this fantaftical, or rather fanatical divifion of the globe of earth (its parts to be difcover* ed) between the Spaniards and Portugueze j and for near a century all the traffick of the Eaft and Weft- Indies was engrofled refpeftively by the Portugueze and Spani- ards 5 but in procefs of time, the Britifh, French, and Dutch have got into their hands the greateft part of this traffick i gold, filver, and precious ftones excepted. There are three different fouth-weft paflages. I. The ftraits of Magellan (it is properly a thorough- fare, but near the land*s-end of America) ; the eaft en • trance liesin52 D. 30 M. S. lat. its weft entrance in ^i D. S. lat. in all its turnings about 116 leagues long. Cape Quaad not above 4 miles wide j at Batchelors river 50 leagues from its eaft entrance the flood begins to come from the weftward and makes a ripling with the eaftern flood. After the beginning of May to the end of Sept. thefe ftraits are fo full of ice with fixed ftormy wef- terly winds, there is no pafling \ at other times it is very difficult and tedious, therefore it is now difufed. Trees grow here to a confiderable bignefs ; there are no f Cape St. Auguftine, the weftcrmoft point of the Bra^iils (and of all America) lies in 53 D. W. from London : the line of dimar- kation cuts off a flice of the eaftern coaft of America, now called Brazils : thus the Brazils belong to the Portugueze, not only by priority of difcovery and occupancy (this is at prefent the good title by the law of nations) but by the Pope's antiquated, ob- foletc, divifional decree : and as the oppofite line of dimarkation muft be 180 D. E. and W, from this line, it is thought that fonie part of the Moluccas or Spice- Iflands, if the Pope's decree "were of any force or obligation at this time, would fall within the Sianiih divifion. pme eft ■ol- fole Vmi- »pU- cal )ver- rnear ndies pani- , and f this ted. 5. rougH- jaften* L Cape iver 50 :o come ; eaftern of Sept. ly wef- ics it is difufed. Ire are no Of the S E T T L E M £ NT s in Americi 35 pine trees in thefe fouthern latitudes, the like northern latitudes abound with them t« m Ferdinand Magellanez a native of Portugal, not fufH- ciently rewarded for his many good fervices in the Por- tugueze difcoveries, ofFer'd his fervice to the Emperor Charles V. King of Spain, to find a palTage to the Spice- Iflands by failing weft ward, without any violation of the Pope's bull, or of the agreement with Portugal : with live (hips and 300 men he fail'd from Sevile in Spain Auguft 10, anno 1519 *, he wooded and watered on the coaltof Brazilin22 D. S. lat. he firft, but in vain, at- tempted a paffage by the river of Plate, he difcover'd and paired the ftraits of his own name November, anno 1520, he proceeded to the Lad rones, and Philippine-iQands, where he was killed in a fkirmifh with the Indians •, his fhips proceed and arrived attheMoluccasorSpice-IQands in November 1521 *, and fettled a colony, they loaded with fpices, and by way of the Cape of Good -Hope, in three years returned to Spain. After Magellan's paf- fage, it was difcontinued (being reprefented fo very dif- ficult) for many years. Camerga a Spaniard is faid to have paiTed it anno 1539. Capt. Francis Drake is reckoned the fecond who cir- cumnavigated our globe or earth by paffing the ftraits of Magellan; with five fhips 164 men, he fail'd from Ply- mouth, Dec. 13, anno 1577, he paffed the ftraits of Ma- gellan in Sept. anno 1578, after a very difficult navigation •f- Here are large trees with a pepperifli aromatick-tafted bark, formerly of good medical ufe, the botanical name is, cortex fVin- teranus laurtfoliis, Magellantca cortice acri ; Winter's bark from the name of the firft importer ; it is not at prefent to be found in the Apothecaries (hops in Europe, and the name is transferred to the cortix tlutheri, from the Bahama-iflands, called cinamomum Jivt canella alba tuhis mtHoribus C. B. P. * The Spaniards were foon drove from the Spice-Iflands by the Portugueze, and the Emperor King of Spain having preffing occa- fions for money, for a certain fum renounced all his pretentions to the Spice-Iilands. D a of 36 A Summary, Hifidrical and Political^ ^c, of fixteen days, he got much treafure along the coad of Chili and Peru, faii'd fo far north as 43 D. N. lat. the inclemency of the weather obliged him to return fouthward, he took poffeffioi; in form of the N. W. parts of California for the crown of England, and called it New-Albion. He arrived at Ternate one of the Mo- lucca or Spice-Iflands Nov. 14, anno i57(), and loaded a quantity of cloves ; arrived in England, Nov. 3, 1580. He was knighted aboard of his own (hip by Queen Elizabeth f. His journal differed one day from the account of time in England 1|. ., .... Capt. f Good Queen Elizabeth excelled in many things, particularly by encouraging of trade and navigation : Aie fettled a trade with the Grand Seignor, with the Czar of Mufcovy, with India, and began our America colony fettlements. To encourage navigation*di^o- veries, (he knighted the difcovcrers ; flie was called the reftorer of naval glory, and the miilrefs of the ocean. Her expeditions againft the Spaniards (the Dutch being under her protection) gave occa- sion to many of our difcoveries and fettlements of colonies and fac- tories. She formed an Engliih Eaft-India company by letters patent of incorporation, Dec. 30. anno 1 600, there were 1 80 perfons named in the patent, their common ftock was only 72,000;^. fierling, whereas the Dutch Eaft-India company incorporated by the States- General anno 1602, there common ftock was 6,440,200 gilders or florins, being about 600,000 j^. fterling, and confequently foon out-did us in Eail-India trade and fettlements. H In fafl the Spaniards of Manila differ from the Portugueze of Macao an ifland near Canton on the coaft of China, about one day ; the Spaniards came by the weftern navigation from New-Spain or Mexico, the Portugueze came by an eaftern navigation from Europe; this occafions a clafhing in tlieir fundays, and other holy days ; and is a demonftration, tnat the fame identical feventh part of time, for relizious wordiip, fef ivals, and fafts, cannot in the nature of things be obferved, and confequently is not Jure Jivino, but ad- mits of a latitude or variation naturally, or by civil inftitution ; thus naturally our New England fabbath differs four hours forty-five minutes from our mother-country*s funday, and is obferved accord- ing to the courfe of nature ; fince the feventh part of time for reii and divine worfhip, cannot poffibly be identically the fame, but muft t';iFer as longitudes do. Some other differences in obfervati- on of cimes, are not efTential to religion, fome reckon the day be- fore tiiC night, fome the night before the day, as do the Mahome- i- tans 3afl: lat. :urn W. illed Mo- lded ipby day Capt. larly by ivith the id began >n-dilco- sftorerof IS againft ve occa- and fac- ers patent ns named . fterling, le States- rilders or itly foon . Cyz/^tf Settlements i« America. 37 Capt. Thomas Cavendifli (he was afterward knighted) was the third adventurer and circum-navigator by this ftrait i having paflfed, he diftrefled the Spaniards very much along the South-Scu (hore, he touched at Califor- nia, took an Aquapulco (hip, touched at the Philippine- Iflands and Java, he doubled the Cape of Good -Hope, touched at St. Helena in 15 D. S. lat. with much booty and glory, he arrived at Plymouth, Sept. 9, anno 1591. The Spaniards having found two land-pafles or con- veyances, viz. The ifthmus of Darien, and from theri' ver of Plate crofs the Andes to the South-Seas, they dif- continued this navigation. Oliver Nort, anno J 598, and George Spilbergen, anno 1614, Dutchmen, palled. Sir John Narborough, fitted out by King Charles II. and the Duke of York, failM from England May 1 5, anno 1669, was only (ix months from Baldivia in Chili to England, he repafled theiflraits of Magellan, and made the Lizard June 10, 167 1, was only one year and nine months in his voyage. M. de Beauchefne a French* man (perhaps the lad in this navigation) pafTed anno 1 6^gy hereturnod S. of Cape-Horn without makingland. 2. The paffage by ftraits Le Maire and Cape-Horn. This ftrait lies between Terra del Fuego and Staten- idand, in 55 D. S. lat. 5 leagues long, 8 leagues wide, good foundings -, from thence they double Cape- Horn the fouth land*s end of America, in 57 D. 50 M. S. lat. Cornelius Schouten of Horn, and Jacob Le Maire of Amfterdam, anno 1615, were the firft who adventured fouth of Magellan-ftraits. The iHand which makes the ftraits had its name from the States of Holland, the tans and others ; the old and new-ilile makes a confiderable differ- ence in our holy days ; they who follow the old-ftile in their holy days, are to a demonllration, in the wrong ; yet notwithilanding, fome of the church of England, and other churches who follow the old-llile, clamour much againft the Nonconformifts who do not ob- ferve their Chriftmas, Eafter, and other erroneoufly ettablilhed holy days : in ihort, it would appear to a man of an indifferent perfwa- fion, or void of prejudice, that, in the nature of things, divinity jias left it with the civil power to regulate thefe matters. D 3 ftrait9 38 yfSuMMARY, Hiftorical and PoliticaU &c. ilraits were called by the name of one of the difcover- crs, the cape was called after the name of the birth- place of the other difcoverer. They performed their circumnavigation in two years and eighteen days. This paflage has been much pradlifed. Commodore Anfon*s (now admiral Anfon) voyage through thefe ftraits round our globe or earth, is the lateft we have any particular account of ; he failM from England Sept. i8, 1741, to annoy and diftrefs the Spa- niards in the South -feasi his fquadron confifted of Ihips, one 60 guns, two 50 guns, one 40 guns, one 20 guns, a (loop or fnow of 8 guns, 2 viftuallers, he had twelve months provifion aboard, 500 marines and invalids, but returned to England a fingle Ihip : of the 510 men a* board the Centurion the commodore, when he failed from England, not exceeding 1 30 returned to England. He was unfortunate as to wrong feafons all the voyage, he fet out too late, was 38 days in his paflage to Maderas, did not leave St. Catherine's • on the coafl of Brazil, in 27 D. S. lat. until Jan. 18, paffed in fight of the Magellan Straits in March, through ftraits Le Maire, he was off of Cape Horn in the height of their winter, with hollow feas, and boifterous adverfe winds (we before hinted that the fouth high latitudes, are in their winters more tempcftuous, than the like north high latitudes in the northern winters ; thus Cape of Good Hope, although in 34 D. S. lat. was at firft called Cape Tormcntofa, thcN.W. winds in May, June, July, and Auguft, being as it were fixed and very tempeftuous) here he parted from all his fleet; the Severn and Pearl of 50 and 40 gun Hiips, tired out ( as it is fuppofed ) with tedious contrary winds, difmal ftorms, and an over- grown fea, left him and put back : fome of his fleet • In this navigation in time of a general peace, the proper baiting places, places of refre(hment, or to wood and water, arc thd Cape de Verde iHands, the coaft of Brazil, and tlie ifland Ferdinando, in the South feas, 34 D. 10 M. S. lat. iqo leagues weft from the coaft of Chili. joined rcr- rth- heir ays, yagc i the from Spa- hips, guns, welve 5, but len a' failed gland, igc, he aderas, Brazil, of the Maire, winter, ds (we in their high Good dCape y, and us) here rl of 50 ) with m over- lis fleet jer baiting thd Cape erdinando, from the joined .: 0/ /^^ Settlements in America. 39 joined him again at the ifland of Juan Fernandez in the South-fea, which is generally ufcd as a place of refrelli- ment by tntniics and interlopers. He had a tedious paflfagc of 148 days from St. Catherine's to this ifland. he did not arrive off of Aquapulco until the end of January, O. S. the Manila f fliip being got in January 9, From the weft coaft of Mexico he was 1 09 days to the Ladrones (it is generally performed by heavy failcrs in 60 or 70 days) from thence he proceeded to Macao a Portugueze fettltinent upon an ifland near Canton the chief place of trade in China, here he conti- nued from Novem. 1742 to April following. June 20, anno 174^, commodore Anfon by good chance (the Manila fhip might have got into her port, but being ■f The Aquapulco or Manila (hips, are annually fometimes three, generally two, fometimes only one, they fail from Aquapulco latter end of March, near or in N. lat. 1 3 D. as freell from iflands, have 9 run of 'too leagues from Aquapulco in 1 6 D. 30 M. N . lat. and 106 D. 30 M. W. from London, to Guyam one of the Ladrones in 1 3 M. 30 D N. lat. 220 D. W. long, from London, or 140 D. E. from London (their governor is fubordmate to the Spanilh Captain -general of the Philippines) the Ladrones, particularly Guyam, are of the fame ufe of rcfrclnment for the Manila or Aquapulco (hips, as the Cape of Good Hope is to the Dutch Eaft-India (hips, and the ifland of St. Helena to the Englilh Eaft-India company (hips From Guyam they fail 400 leagues to Manilas (the didance is the fame to the Moluccas or Spice-Iflands) where they arrive fome time in June : They fet out from Manilas for Aquapulco in Auguft, and are fome- times under a necefllty to (Iretch (o high as 50 D. N. lat. to come at the variable or rather the wefterly winds. They never difcover any land, but have frequent foundings, in the high latitudes. They arrive at Aquapulco in December or January, the (irft land they have made has iometimes been St. Sebailian off California in N. Lat. 42 D. and 1 33 D. W. long from London, being the mofl: wefterly known part of America^ generally they make Cape St. Lucar the fouth point of California in N. lat. 22 D. 30 M. fometimes the firft land they make is Cape Corientes on the weft coaft of Mexico in N. lat. 19 L. From the city of Mexico by their barcadier of Aquapulco, they (hip much filver to Manilas (commodore Anfon accounted for i,3dQ, •00 pieces of eight inthe Manila prize of 1743, June 20) Which have a continued trade with thefc Mexico. D 4 informed VQQ pieces or eignt :n lue ivianua purchafc in Japan and China (they places} all lo:ts of rich goods for I *i ii 40 ifSuMMARy, Hifiorical and PotiticaU &:c.' informed at Aquapulco of Anfon's bad condition, he bor« up to him to take him) took the Manila (hip bound from Aquapulco to Manila, about 6 leagues S. £. of Cape Spiritu Sandlo off the ifland Mindora near Luconia or Manila ifland July 11, he anchored again in Macao road, and left it December 15, bound for England. Anno 1744, April 3, he left Cape of Good Hope, and June 12, made the Lizard point. The prize money of the Manila Ihip, and of fome fmall captures on the coaft of Peru, accounted for, was in value 355^324^. fter. 3. Thz navigation eaft of Staten-Uland, clear of all land giving Cape-Horne the land's end of fouth Ame- rica a good birth. This is the prefent praftice of the French South -fea- men, and is the moft advifeable. Capt. Sliarp a |?uccanier, ^anno 168 1, came from the South-feas to the North-feas without making land ; it was in their fummcr-feafon, Nov. 17, he was in 58 D. 30 M. S. lat. to the fouth ward of Cape Horn, where he ! li Mil 111 • The Buccaniers originally were a vagrant, vicious, feafaring, piratical people, chiefly Englifh and French : They were ufed to kill wild bulls and cows with long fufees, called Buccanier-pieces, for ^heir hides and tallow ; at firlT they committed depredations only upon the Spaniards and Spanifh fettlements (Morgan took Porto-Bellp ^nd Panama, anno 1 67 1 } and although a notorious pirate was knighted by that prince of plcafure and whim king Charles IL but afterward; Wig in difgrace. I'hey carried on this Btllum Piraticum againft the Spaniards in the Weft-Indies from anno i666 to anno 1688, mad- |nan like, for fmall booty, and that foon confumed ; they fufFered the greateft fatigues, hunger and rifque of life. They firft formed themfelves upon a fmall ifland called 1 ortugas, north of Hifpaniola (all iilands where tortoife or turtle frequent, are by the Spaniards called Tortugas : that ifland near the Margaritas upon the coafl of New-Spain, from whence by a Spanifh treaty at Madrid anno 17 16, New-England brings fait for their filhery, is called Salt-Tortugas) as alfo upon the N. W. parts of Hifpaniola ; the court of France fent f hem over a governor, and colonized them ; this is the original of the French rich fettlements there ; it is true, when the French haa the Spanifh Affiento contraft for Negroes, Spain confented to their having a lodge and plaCe of refrefhment there ,• by their ufual way pf encroaching upon their neighbours, they are ngw become fuperior ^ the Spanjfh of Hifpaniola. met ebore from Cape nla or )road, Anno ]nei2« Manila [ Peru, r of all X Atnc- I of the ble. rom the land; it n 58 D. vhere he 0/ /it^SzTTLEMSNT I f» America. 41 inet with feveral iflands of ice and hard frofts i he croffed the equator or line January 7. Capt. Woods Rogers (afterwards governor of Provi- dence and the other Bahama-Idands) with two good pri- vateers, fet out from Bridol in Auguft, anno 1 708, (his Pilot was Dampier, formerly a logwood cutter, who had been three times in the South-Seas, and twice round the globe) he wooded and watered at Cape de Verde idands, at Brazils, end of November, and at the ifland Ferdi- nando, in the South-Sea i having fea-room fufficient he paHed into the South- Seas withoi^t feeing of land } Jan. 10, he was fouth of Cape-Horn in lat. 61 D. 53 M; 10 weeks from the Brazils, he was upon the coaft of Chili and Peru, where he continued making depredations till the month of December, then he lay in wait near the fouth end of California. He took the fmall Manila ihip Dec. 22. He left California Jan. 12. arrived at Guam March 1 1, left Guam March 22, arrived in Batavia June 20, left Java-head October 24, arrived in the harbour of Cape Good-Hope Dec. 28, fail*d from thence April 8. with the Dutch £aft-Indiafleet (they are generally 1 7 to 20 fail homeward bound)* palTed in fight of Sc. Helena April 30, off of Schetland-idands north of Scotland July 16, and arrived in the Texel July 23 j having en- croach'd upon the exclufive trade and navigation of £n- glifh Eaft-India company, they did not think it conve- nient to come to England, until they had fettled the affair with the company. III. f Thorough- fares in the body of the American continent from the eaftern Ocean to the weftern Ocean, commonly called from the North-Sea to the South-Sea and £a(l-Indies. 1. The Straits of Magellan, already difcufTed. 2. Rio de La Plata. John Diaz de Solis a Spaniard, failing fouthward fell in with this river of Plate anno ■f* This was defigned as the laft head of parages from the North to the South Sea, but as it feems to fall in more naturally in this place we proceed with it accordingly. ^5^5 i 4t ^Summary, Hiflerical and Political, &c. 1515 ( the name was occadoned by ^he firft filver from Peru coming down this river (the native Indians call this country Paraguay) they went up the river fo far as was convenient, and thence travelled by land to the country that afforded fo much filver and gold, and made returns of it. Garcias a Portugueze was up this river an. 1524. he was cut off by the Indians. Sebaftian Cabot in the king of Spain's fervice an. 1525 fajl'd 200 leagues up the river of Plate. Anno 1535 Don Pedro de Mcndoza, with 12 Ihips went up this river 5 he left fomc forces there, they conquered the country to the mines of Potofi, and town of La Plata, 500 leagues from their firft fettlements •, the Spaniards did not begin to work the mines of PotoH, until an. 1545. Buenos Ayres is 50 leagues up from the mouth of the river of Platen one branch of this river is called Paraguay, here is the famous country Tucuman of the Jefuites ; Jefuites having in fome degree civilized the native Indians, they divided it into diifrifls ormilTions, under the dire(5lion of the Jefuites to this day. St. Jago in 29 D. S. Lat. is the Capital of the Jefuites Country. At prefent there is a good land communication from the river of Plate to Peru and Chili, fothe Afliento Negroes are conveyed from Buenos Ayres to Peru and Chili : the road palTes through la Plata (the great river comes near to it) in 2 1 D. S lat. the capital of the audience of Los Chercas in Peru : the filver mines of Potofi and Porco are in its neighbourhood. 3. The river of Amazons*. Its mouth lies near the line or equino^ial, it is of a very long courfe, about 1800 leagues (it is the largell river upon earth) from its many windings and bad navigation, it is relinquilh'd as a thorough-fare. Gonzalo Pizarro (brother to the fa- * Bachui when he conquered Thrace had a corps of Lybian wo- men in hii BCin^, called Amazons, Minerva was their leader. Upon a 8pini(h expedition this way, a number of Indian women with their hufbands upon thti river, oppofed the Spaniards j this was ti^e occa- fipn of the river being fo called. mous Of the Settlements in America. 43 mous Pizarro) governour of Quito in Peru, anno 1540 with a fmall army crofTed the Andes, and fell down this river in queft of gold ; here he built a brigantine which ?ail*d down the river, which went home to Spain by the eaft or north Sea ; Pizarro himfelf returned by land . to Ouito, he found no gold. Father d'Acuna from Quito went down this river, and by the eaft Sea .d Spain, and publilhed an account of the country. The Spaniards endeavoured a fettlement upon the river an. 1554, but foon relinquiflied it. By the peace of Utrecht, France (the French have fome fmall fettlements in Guiana, north of this river) renounces both fides of the river Amazons, and the navigation thereof. 4 . The river Oronoque. Its mouth lies in about 9 D. N. Lat. by this river no thorough-fare ever was effefted ; it is the fouth-eafterly boundary of the Spanifh fettle- ments on the eaft or north Sea of America : St. Thomas is the only fettlement the Spaniards have fouth-eaft of this river ; fome New England privateers in the be- ginning of the prefent Spanifh war made fome Attempts upon this place. Sir Walter Raleigh t took pofTefTion of f Sir Walter Raleigit f^r himfelf and aflbciates or affgns an. 1 584, abtain*d a patent from the crown of England, for Uifcovering and p!anting lands in America, not adlually in poirefTion of any chriftian prince. His firft fettlement was at Roanoke in North-Carolina, and encouraged adventurers to plant fome of thofe lands now called Vir- ginia : But his whim after metals, minerals, and precious Hones, was the reafon of his neglefl of fettlements. He was fitted out by Queen Elizabeth an. 1 592 to annoy the Spaniards (Drake and Haw- kins were fitted out an. i (;95 upon the fame account, they both died in the Weft-Indies) he neglefted his adventures to Virginia, and made three unfuccefsful voyages up the river Oranoque in queft of metals and precious ftones : He was told (as it is faid) and was fo credulous as to believe, that, in that country gold was fo plenty as to be heaped up like firewood. In the beginning of King James I's Reign, he was convifted and condemned to die for a confoiracy, was reprieved from time to time, and after being kept prifoner in the tower i z years, he propofes to find gold mines in Guiana, and notwithftand- ing his being under fentence of death, was fitted oat, but returned rt inftlta, Gundamar the SpaniQi ambafTador at :he court of England, in '44 ^Summary, Hifiorical and Political^ &c. of the country of Guiana, f anno 1595 for the crown of England. 5. The gulph of Mexico and ifthmus of Darien. Vafco Kumes de Balboa with 290 men anno 1 5 1 3 was the firft who croiTed this ifthmus, and difcovered the South-Sea in S D. 30M. N.Lat. between PortoBello and Carthagenai at this place the ifthmus is about one degree wide. This * Vafco received no benefit by this difcovery, being foonfu- perfeded by Padracias, who was by the court of Spain ap- pointed vice-roy of Panama, originally and at that time capita] of the South- Sea Spanifh colonies : There is a great ridge of mountains, or rather of many diftind hills run- ning along this ifthmus, into the gulph of Darien ; there come from the mountains many rivers, which formerly afforded much gold duft or grains } this was the principal inducement to that romantick, ill-contrived, badly exe- cuted, and therefore ftiort-lived Scots fettlement here, called the Darien or CALEooNji^ * company, an. 1 699. , Anno in the name of the court of Spain, clamoured and ftrongly complain- ed of the infraflion of peace and amity ; to make an atonement Sir Walter was the facrifice, and his former fentcnce of death was ftllowed to take place ; he was executed an. 1 6 1 8. f The country of Guiana lies between the rivers Oronoque and Amazons : The Spaniards to the Northward, and Portuguese to the Southward, but have no footing here. Its Southern parts have fome fmall French fettlements, Cayenne, &c. the Englifh fettled the middle part called Surinam, the Dutch took it from the Englifh in the begin- ning of King Charles IPs Reign, in was quit-claimed to the Dutch by the Peace of Breda An. 1 667, in exchange for the Dutch quit- claiming to the Englifli their colony of New-Netherland, now called New-York ; the Dutch fettled its northern parts of Efquibe Barbice, &c. Sir Walter Raleigh an. 1 595, had taken poffeflion of the whole country for the crown of England. • Anno 1695, by an aft of the Scots parliament feveral foreigners as wellas natives of Scotland with a joint ftock with perpetual fuccef- fion were incorporated by the name of, The company of Scotland, trad- ing to Africa and the Indies. One half at leaft of the ftock, to-belong to Scotilli-Men refiding in Scotland ; not any one fubfcription leis than 100/. and not exceeding 3000 2. fterling: To plant colonies, to build forts, &:c. in any part of Afia, Africa, and America, with ^ 0/ //&/ Sit TLB MEN Ts/» America; 45 Anno 1 680, Tome of the buccaniers went up the gulph or river of Darien, and from thence by a fliort land- pafTage to St. Maria in the bay of Panama : fome buc- omplain- ement Sir a allowed oque and B7.e to the lave fome le middle thcbcgin- the Dutch utch quit- low called leBarbice, the whole with confent of the natives and inhabitants thereof, and not peflTefred by any European fovereisn} with an exclufive trade, but may grant permiwons to other traoerif to all Afia, Africa, and America, for 3 1 year*. The company to have the jurifdifiion in their own colo- nies, where they may impofe duties, cuftoms, &c. Their trade in Scotland to be exempted from all duties for 2 1 years. All concerned in the company are declared free Denizons of Scotland. For form*s fake King William did grant to the company letters patent agree- able to Uii* a£l. By the intereft of fome gentlemen deeply con- cerned, the parliament in the fame fefllons pafled an adl, of bad' confequence, impowering the managers for boroughs, companies in- corporate or collegiate, to invelt any part of their ftock in this company. They began to fettle at Darien, 1699; the faid a£l and letters pft^^nt were reflified by a Scots aA of parliament anno 1701 ,- a»d \' hc;. **: ?flFair laboured much by an a6t of Queen Anne in a Scots pan L Si:, anno 1703 ; all perfonsand (hips, natives and foreigners, trad..^ :; their colonies by the permiiHon of the company, and returntne to Scotland, are inveiled with all privileges and immuni- ties of tne compatnr. The projefl of (ettling a colony a Darien, well deferves the name of a Scots r OL kY : a country under fubje£lion to Spain at that time in peace with us« and upon any emergency by a fleet from Spain* capable of fwallowinc them up ; beftdes its being inhofpitable from its unhealthfulnefs. If inftead of this they had procured of Spain an AiTiento Ne^ro contra6l, with an annual dry-goods Ihip, if they had followed a fa£U>ry-trade to China, to the bay of Bengal, to Huegly river, to Arabia, Sec. perhaps It might have turned to fome account; they foon were in a rumous condition, and a little before the union with England, lOo/* Aocic fold for icA As eood fometimes comes out of evil and folly, it happened fo in this inltance : many of the Scots members of the union parliament and their friends were concerned and involved in this company, the happy union was much promoted bv inferting a claufe in the articles of union ; that all concerned fhould be repaid their principal with 5 per cent, from the time of paying in their money to May i . 1701 ; the whole amounted to 23,288/. fterl. to be paid out of the 398,08;/. fterling, equivalent money granted by England to Scot- land, for that part of the Englilh publick debts which would be paid, by raifmg the cuftoms and cxcife of Scotland to nn equality with thofe of England; the malccontenti in Scotland called this, the fellbg of thf country, caniers •f-ji 46 yfSuMMARYi HiftoHcal and PoUtUal^ &c. caniers returned the fame way to the north Tea. At feme diftance to the weftward 6 leagues is Nombre de Dios, (nomen Dei) 18 leagues from Panama, here the galleons formerly loaded, but becaufe of the fickly air here and in the gulph of Darien, they were both relin- quifhed by the Spaniards •, this is the narroweft place of the neck : negroes from Jamaica interlopers, have car- ried letters of advice from Nombre de Dios to Panama, and brought back anfwers in 36 hours. Six leagues weft from Nombre de Dios is Porto- Bellof, it is me north fea barcadier of Panama, about 20 leagues diftant, and ti>e fair for the Spanifh galleons and the Britifli South-fea annual (hip. A few leagues weft of Porto- Bello is the river Chagre (here Vernon an. 1 740 feized the Spaniih factory and carried off goods to the value of 70,000/. fterl.) from the head of their river is the (horteft land- carriage to Panama, not exceeding feven leagues. 5. The early ad venturers to America, where they found any large opening or inlet, they had fome fmall hopes of a thorough-fare to the South- leas, but proceeding only a fmall way they were baulk'd : thus it happen'd inChefa- peak- bay of Virginia, in Hudfon's river of New- York, in St. Laurence's river of Canada the longeft and largeft of thefe inlets : John Cartier a Frenchman, an. 1535 faird up the gulph and river of St. Laurence fo far as •\ PortO'Bello was taken by a fmall fquadron under the command of admiral Vernon, November anno 1 739, much to his credit and the ho- nour of the firitiih nation. Porto- Bello taken from the Spaniards^ and Louilbourg on Cape-Breton from the French, are the mod celebrated exploits this war, of the Britifli people from home and in America: perhaps the moil remarkable inllances in hillory of the Spaniih and French pufilanimity and cowardice, and of the Britifli temerity and bravery. The Cuba and Carthagena very chargeable, but ineffeftual late expeditions, are notorious inflances of a miniflry (from corruption or to humour the populace) wantonly playing away men and money ; particularly, their unnatural and barbarous demand of fome thoufands of able men from our infant colonies (who rath;r required large additions of people, for planting and defending their fettlements) as a facrifice ; of the 500 men from MafTachufetts- bay, not exceeding 50 returned* I Monreal At srcde ;rc the kly air I relin- lace of ve car- mama, lesweit e north nt, and >uth-fea 3 is the Spaniih 0,000/. ift land- les. ,cy found ill hopes ling only inChcfa- iv-York, d largeft in. 1535 fo far as ommandof and the ho- niards» and Celebrated n America ; the Spanifli iih temerity ;eable, but a miniftry )nly playing id barbarous lonies (who id defending affachufetts- Monreal Of th* SBtTLEln tNTi in America. 47 Monreal in Canada. Sir Humphry Gilbert from Eng« landi hearing of a ftrait north of Virginia (New-Eng- land and Nova-Scotia were at that time comprehended in the denomination of Virginia) imagin'd, it might be a thorough-fare to the Eaft-Indies ^ he faird up the gulph and river of St. Laurence an. 1583 and took ponfeilion for the crown of England. 6. The next and laft thorough-fare northward, is Davis's-ftraits *, but as this is a very wide opening or rather fea dividing North- America from a Northern diftinft continent called Weft-Groenland or New-Den- mark, we muft refer it to the i>aragraphs of a north- weft pafiage, and the fedbion of Hudfon's-bay lodges and trade. IV. EiTays towards a north-eaftpafTage to China and the Indian fsas, come next in courfe of time ; thefe ad* ventures were prior to the outfets for a north* weft dif- covery. The Cabots in queft of a north-eaft paiTage, .firft weathered the north cape of Europe in 72 D. N. lat } by much folicitation, our fovereigns of thefe times were prompted to make fome advances-this way in fa- vour of trade. In king Edward Vl's reign, was in- corporated a company of merchants for dilcovering of lands unknown •, in confequence of this fome Englifh fhips, by the White-fea, came to Archangel ; and the grand duke of Mufcovy or Ruflla, grants to an Englifh RuHia-Company fundry privileges. Anno regni i, 2. Philip and Mary, by patent, £ fociety was incorporated, by the name of The governor, confuls, afliftants, fellow- fhip, and commonalty of merchant-adventurers to lands, territories, &c. unknown or unfrequented ; this company were in pofTeliion of the RuflTia trade 25 or 30 years before the Dutch attempted it. Towards the end of the fixteenth century the Englifh and Dutch began to try for a north-eaft pafiage, and for many years loft ftiips and their labour in impradi- cable adventures : It had an incidental good profitable i-w M ". effcdt. 4t A SvMMAXYt Hifiorical and Political^ &c. , effed, it brought them into the Ruflfia trade and whale- fiihery. The north-eaft and the north-weft difco- verers introduced the whaling buHnefs. The Dutch have winter'd in y^ ^' ^* ^^' ^ Nova-Zembla, the EngUfh have winter'd in 78 D. N. lat. in Greenland, it was re- mark'd that Nova-Zembla although fouthward of Greenland, is colder than Greenland. The Englifh Ruf- fia-Company were the firft who went a whaling at Eaft- Greenland, at that time they employed Bifcayers \ af- terwards the Dutch came into it, followed it more clofe- ]y, and are better acquainted. A few years (ince, the Englifh South-Sea-Company fitted out a great number of good large fhips whalers ; they funk much money from mifmanagement, and foon abandoned the affair. A North-Eaft paflage has been eflay'd three differ- ent ways, viz. Eaft of Eaft-Grccnland or Spitsbergen, between Eaft-Greenland and Nova-Zembla, and by Wygatz-ftraits, between Nova-Zembla and Rullia up- on the continent. ,;.;,.,. ,s The fouthermoft point of Eaft-Grcenland lies in 76 D. N. lat. almoft due north from the north cape of Eu- rope. This Greenland may reach the north polar re- gions, but hitherto Point Purchas (fo called by the name of the difcoverer) in 82 D. N. lat. is the furtheft north that has been difcovered. The fouthernmoft part of Eaft-Greenland lies about 150 leagues from Nova-Zembla. Anno 1671 a whaler failM the coaft of Eaft-Green- land to 8 1 D. N. lat. there they found the ice firm, it did not float ; therefore it muft adhere to fome land backwards, confequently there can be no North-Eaft paffage that way. As the northerly and eafterly winds in thefe parts caufe very intenfe frofts, there muft be to windward vaft continents covered with fnow or large fields of impenetrable ice. Thus the very hard frofts from the north and north-weft winds in Baffin's bay, Davis's ftraits, and Hudfon's bay, indicate vaft continents of fnow and ice to the north- weft. - r u . . - 8 Anno Newtot and the l des Scie affirmed, wards th from afti of Franc rofity in agents or ^l»e exafti ed his afti of iaiitud wiangJes : feffion foi P«rceJ of y a degree ifco- havc igHOi isrc- d of iRuf- Eaft- ii af- clofe- :c, the umber money iffair. diffcr- bergen, and by iffia up- bf the Settle MEifTS in Amfcrlca. 49 Anno 1676 Cape. Wood was fitted out by the court 6f England in his Majefty's ihip Speedwell with the ProfperouS'pink, to difcover a north-eaft palTage to the Indian Teas } the Speedwell was caft away upon the rocks of Nova Zembla in 74 D. 30 M. N. lat. (the men were faved and came home in the Profperous> pink) they found ice along to the northward with foundings, therefore land is not far oflr- ^'id Nova- Zembla (a conjedure) may range north-vt ^vvard, un- til it meets with Eaft-Greeniand, confequently no north-eaft paflage between them, unlefs by fome ftraits ; the flood lets from the S. or S. W. therefore no paf- fage northward } befides the water is rather falter than common fea or ocean water. In endeavouring a N. E. paflage Nova-Zembla was difcovered, and Wygatz-ftraits between Nova-Zembla, and the continent of Tartary or Ruffia : thofe ftraits in N. lat. 70 D. are always froze and full of ice, excepting when for a very (hort time by a N. E. hurricane or ftorm it is cleared ; but this time being Ihort and wea- ther tempeftuous, it may be deem*d impradicable. ♦ Sundry writers give us various fmall accounts or hints, fome favouring fome difcouraging a N.E. paflage^ none * There was a conteft of many years (landing, between Sir Ifaac Newton with his followers, members of the Royal Society in London^ and the Caffinis with their followers, members of L' Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, concerning the figure of the earth. Sir li'aac affirmed, It was an oblate fpheroid^ that i?, the earth rifes higher to* wards the equator, and falls in towards the pole : Cailini pretended from actual menfuration, that it was an oblong fpheriad. The King of France (the French court are much to be excolled for their gene* roftty in encouraging and promoting of ufeful difcoveries, but their agents or people employed, are not always to be depended upon in the exa£lnefs and truth of their reports) at a great charge employ- ed his aftronomers, and other mathematiciaiis, to meafure the degrees of latitude from the north to the fouth of France, by Nations and triangles : their reports at that time, are now by their own con- fefTion found to be falfe by two of their own miflions confiding of a parcel of Academicians } one was fent to Peru in America, to meafure a degree of latitude near th« equator \ they are lately returned to E France ; 50 ^Summary, Hifiorical and PolitkaU &c. none of them are fufficicntly vouched. Some have wrote, that upon the coafts of Japan and China, drift whales have been found with Dutch harping irons, thefe mult have come by a N. £. pafllage. Some relate Ruflian barks that have failM from the Mare glacialeeaft of Wy- gatz (Iraits by Cape Suotainos in N. lat. 60 £). to trade with the people who live on the Oriental ocean in N. lat. 50 D. therefore Afia and America are two feparate continents. The Dutch (as it is faid) anno 1646, tried this pafTage backwards, from Japan to the north ocean, but to no purpofe ; they were not obftrudted by the ice, but puzzled by broken lands, head lands, iHands, bays, coves, inlets, and creeks. Some Dutch whalers mifling of whales proceeded further north than Cape Purchas of Eaft-Greenland in N. lat. 8a D. and found an open lea clear of ice but very hollow.. N. B. Why did they not proceed in qucft of a paffage ? If a clear fea could be found, that is without continents or iflands to fallen and Bx the ice, a pafTage might be polTible: but a paf- fage through ftraics "cannot be pradicably fafe, their ice is generally fixed v if accidentally in the height of fomc funimers they be open, it can be only for a fhort time, and the uncertainty, when a firofl may fet it, renders the navigation too hazardous to run the rifk of the 1 France : the other detachment was fent to Torneo in Finland in Sweden, to take the dimenfions of a degree of latitude under the po- lar circle, they returned anno 1737 (Torneo is at the bottom of the Bothnick gulph in N. lat. 65 D. 50 M. and i H. 23 M. eaft from Paris) from an obferved cclipfe of the moon and fome occultations of fixed ilars, variation W. 5 D. ; M. the refra£lions did not differ much from thofe in France^ the river was not Hiut up with ice until Nov. 2. they found the length of a degree of latitude that cuts tfte polar circle to be 57,437 toifes or French fathoms, that is, icoo toifes longer than it (hould be according to CaiTmi : they pretended to French gafcon, or romantick exaftnefs, exceeding not only credi- bility but credulity itfelf, viz. to Hnd an afcertained bafis for the men- iuration of their triangles, in meafuring by two companies, upon the ice, each with four wooden rods 30 f«et long» in 7,406 fathoms % feet they differed only four incheSt vcflel ■-'<»««. rtotfr /hales muft ulTian Wy- > trade inN. ocean, by the iflands, whalers n Cape ound an /hy did eacould :o fatten at a paf- their ice of fomc )rt time, renders , of the Finland in der the po- :tom of the . eaft from ultations of not differ th ice until e that cuts latis, 1 000 r pretended only credi- ar the men- is, upon the fathoms J bf the SettlemeUt^ iH Articrita. 51 VefTel being froze up, and the people perilh : Spitfbergen or Eall Greenland fcems to be a clutter of broken iilands. V. Adventures of a north-wett paflage to the weft or Indian feas for the Spice-lflands and China. Scbaftian Caboti a native of England, was fitted out by Henry VII. of England* anno 1497* 'o difcover a north- weft paf- (age to the Spice-iflands andEatt-Indies,he made land in "Weft Greenland in N. lat. 67 D. and called itPrimaVifta, and from thence coafted to Florida, taking poffcffion, ac- cording to the forms of thofe times as he faiPd along for the crown of j^ngiand ; but endeavoured no paflage. Sir Mardn Fiobilher, at firtt fitted out by private ad- venturersj made three voyages anno 1576, 1577, 1578, to a ftrait in N. lat. 63 D. called by his own name, but ice and the inclemency of the weather tticcefliveiy ob- liged him to return, without any north-weft paflage difcovery. He took formal poflTefllon of the north con- tinent of Greenland, for the crown of England, but the Norwegians (at prefent the fubjefts of Denmark) pre- tended to have had fettlements there prior by 200 years, from Iceland (its north parts are in N. lat. 66 D. 20 D. weft from London ;) but our firft north-weft adven- turers Frobilher, Davis, Hudfon, Baffin, Smithj ^c, did not find the leaft veftige of the Norwegians ever being there : There was no bread-corni no herbage, the aborigines had not altered their way of living, being cloathed with flcins, and lodging in caves. This north continent the Danes call New Denmark, and have a fmall miferable fettlement there in Davis*s-ftraits in N. lat. 64 D. and a guard Ihip in the whaling feafon : The foil and Indian trade are not worth contending for j the beft of beaver and other fur is from hence^ but in fmall quan- tities } it is uhhofpitable. Hans Egeda in his natural hiftory of Greenland, 4/0^ 1 741, fays that Greenland was firft difcovered by theNorwegians and Icelanders an. 982, but the inclemency of the climate occafioned their abandoning of it i his relation of many colonies, ab- beys, and churches is too romantick to obtain credit. £ 2 Anno 52 if Summary, Hifierieal and Politiealy &c. Anno 1721 a company of merchants or trading men, by a royal Danidi licenfe (ec up at Bergen ofNew-Denmark in N. Lit. 64 D. where the author and his family conti- nued 15 years: he fays that barley does ripen there f, fome tillage and pafture-land, only bru(h-wood, feveral fhell-Bni, land conftantly covered with ice and fnow, ex- cepting near the fea-ihore, turnips grow well ; muiketocs very troublefome in July and AugulV. There is no good whaling amongft the loofe ice, the v^hales when (truck, dive, and it is uncertain where they may come up to blow, but near great iflands of ice, and fields of ice or fad ice, they muft come up by the fame fide; as the American or weft Ihore belongs to Great* Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, anno 1713* the winds, being generally from the north and north-weft, it is the lee- fhore and field of ice •, therefore if a monopoly of whal- ing could be allowed, by the law of nations, in Davis's- ftraits, it niuft belong to Great-Britain ■, thus we claim, but for political reafons do not profecute our claim, to an exdufive herring- filhery at Schetland or north parts of Scotland; this controverfy is well canvafted^ro and con by Selden in h\s Mare claufum and by Grotius in hisMir^ liberum. At prefent the King of Denmark aftumes the ibvereignty of the feas inDavis's-ftraits. John Davis upon the north- weft paflage difcovery, anno 1583 made Cape Defolation about 62 D.N. Lat. and fail'd to no effect, fo high as 66 D. 40 M. He made another voyage anno 1 586 found among the natives fome copper. Anno 1587 he made a third voyage and fail'd -|- There is apeculiar feed of grain for various climates; in Lapland, they have a fpecies of barley ripe in fix weeks from its being fowed; the barley feed of the lands further fouth, aA of Stockholm, do not ripen there : thus mais or Indian corn of Virginia does not ripen in New-England, that of New-England does not ripen in Nova-Scotia and Canada. The further north, the more vegetable growth is Hunted and degenerates; far north grow only pine, fir, and birch wood, further north only brufti fuch as heath, juniper, vitis, idCea cran- bcrrys, &c. Still further north only a iuofe mofs. 8 fo Sir inN. AH weftwi there \ not pn N.Lat i«nown i,by nark ;onu- cret» iveral v,cx- Utoes », the ■c they ;c, and le fame Great- winds, the lec- f whal- )avis*8- e claim, laim, to th parts L and con \\sMare jmes the Of the S I T T LE M E K T s /» America. 53 {o high as 72 D. 10 M. this opening is dill called Frt* turn iaviSf or Davis's-ftraits. The King of Denmark, upon pretence of renewing his claims, fitted out fomc veflels for this difcovery anno 1605, 1606, 1607, &c. there adventures were of no confequence. Anno 161 9 John Munck failed into the northern parts of Davis's- ilraits, and called it Man Cbriftianum (tlie name of the King of Denmark at that time) he wintered in 6% D. 20 M. N. Lat. and called it Munck's winter harbour \ and the country he called New-Denmark } few of his men furvived fo as to re- turn home and live. In the beginning of lad century, Henry Hudfon, by two adventures, having facisfied himfelf that there was no north- eaft pafTage to China, was fent from England to try a north- weft paflagc i as the weft northward na- vigation had no fuccefs, he failed by the weft fouth- ward opening, through the ftraits called by his name into a bay called Hudfon*s-bay, where he perilhed by the infidioufnefs of his villainous crew. Sir Thomas Button (in thefe times many feafaring commanders were knighted, to encourage difcovercrs) anno 161 1, encouraged by Prince Heniy, purfued the north-weft difcoveries, palTed through Hudfon's ftraits and bay, navigated and look'd into the feveral creeks and inlets of its wcftcrn fhore (water generally 80 fa- thom deep) he gave it the name of New Wales •, he in much miicry winterM in 57 D. 10 M. N. Lat. he called the place Port Nelfon. This weft coaft was afterwards called Button's- Bay. Sir Thomas Smith's found, difcovered anno 1616, is in N. Lat. 78 D. After Davis, M. Baffin profecuted the north-north- weftward pafTage, in the north parts of Davis' s-ftraits, there he found a great bay called Baffin's- bay *, he did not profccute to the bottom, or further extent of this bay, but defpair'd of Bnding a north weft paftage. In N. L^t. 78, the compafs varied 57 D. "W. the greateft known variation. E 3 No 54 ^Summary, Hijlorical and Political tec* No more voyages were made from England upon that dcfign until anno 1 63 1 . Cape. Thomas James of Briftoj made fome additional difcoveries to chofe of Hudfon, Button, and Baffin, (here we anticipate a little the Hud- fon's bay account) he wintered atCharlcton-Ifland, near the bottom of Hud fon's- bay : in this ifland, he fays, in fummer-feafon, the days arc exceflive hot, and in the nights froft : in the months of June and July, the mu- fketoes are intolerable, feveral kinds of flics and butter- flies} no fifh, nor fifh-bones, or Ihells upon the (hore, excepting cocklc-lhells ; here were feveral kinds of fowl, deers, foxes, bears, and fomefmallquadrupcdesj full of fpruce, firs, and juniper. He printed his ^ urnal (a good performance) London 1 63 3, 4to. He ga /e it as his opinion, that there can be no northweft pairagc. Several others in the beginning of the ieventecnth century, mude attempts for a northweft paflage. Weft Greenland and fields of ice obftruded them •, but an in- cidental very confiderablc benefit accrued, viz.' the Da- vis's- ftraits whale- filhery. None have profccuted the navigation along the weft-fide of vVeft Greenland into very high latitudes, to difcover whether Weft Green- land and Kaft Greenland do converge fo as to join, or if there be a pafiage along by the north pole. The many difappointments and difcouragtments, as alfo the inteftine broils and confufions in England, did put a ftand to all difcoverits and other improvements. Upon the reftoration of King Charles II. the difcovery projefls were again fet on foot by fome noblemen and merchants: Prince Rupert was concerned : Capt. Guil- 1am, in the Nonfuch- ketch, was fitted out anno 1667; he failed up Baffin's-bay fo high as 75 D. N. Lat. and returned to Prince Rupert's river in N. Lat. 51 D. and laid the foundation of an advantageous fur-trade in the Hudfon's-bay company, eftablifhed by royal patent anno i6';o, to Prince Rupert and aflbciates. Capt. Midfileton, in his northwell difcovery voyage, anno J 74 ?p fays, it is impoffible in any part of the wtl- ' ' tern 0/ /^&^ Se T T L E M E N T s in America. 55 tern coaft, lower than 67 D. N. Lat called Cape Hope weft from London 87 D. he pretends to have infpcdtcd this coaft narrowly i and if there beany palTage further north it muft be impracticable, becaufe (if at all clear) it cannot be clear above one week in the year. His main attempt was in Wager river N. Lat. 65 D. 25 M. the entrance 6 to 8 miles wide, tide 5 or 6 knots, foundings not lefs than 16 fathoms (many favages came aboard but had no trade, they fpoke of mines f) the further he went up Wager river, the tides did rife left (whereas Sir John Narborough in his pafTage through the ftraits of Magellan, the nearer he approached the weftern Hood, the tide did rife more) the water from fait became brackilh, and gradually more frefh, there- fore it muft proceed from fome frefh water river, a'xi is no fait water thorough- fare. If there were difcovered a N. E. or N. W, paflfage to China, the difficulties in navigation would render it of little or no ufe, other, than to amufethe curious m the hydrography of thofc parts. There is a river whkh the French Coureur dcs Bois, call St. Lawrence coming from the weft ward, falls into the northern parts of the upper lake, nearly 100 D. W. from London, and the fame latitude with the bottom of Hudfon's-Bay, and communicating with it by Water canoe carriage -, the north parts of Calefornia lie in a- bout 1 30 D. weft from London (according to Dr. Hally's accurate laying of it) and in Lat. 42 D. thus the differ- ence of longitude is only 30 D. which v.', rlic medium Lat. of 45 D. (14 leagues to a degree) makes only 420 leagues •, and if Calefornia is divided from the continent by a finus or ftrait, this will render the diftance to that ftrait ft ill Ihorter. By going up this river fo far as Water canoe carriage will allow, and then perhaps only fome »i I I— — — » I 1 - ■ ■f Many of our adventurers to north and fouth America (witncfs Sir Walter Raleigh in the river Oronoke) feem to have been more intent upon metals and minerals, than upon paiTages to the Eaft- Ifxdies, Indian trade, or fettling of colonies* E 4 fhort $6 yfSvMMARY, Hifiorical and Political, &e, ihort land carrying-place to fome rivulet or river run? ning weftward towards the Teas of California or weftern ocean, if Tome ridge or chain of impra^iicable mounr t&kns do not intervene. But cut bono all this puzzle i ^y to afcertain the geography of that country \ it can be of no ufe in navigation. Mr. Dobbs who faulted Capt. Middleton very much For hii jbad management and unfaithfulnefs, did anno 1745 procure an ad of parliament, viz. Whereas a north weft paflage through Hudfon's-ftraits to the weft- em American ocean will be a great benefit to the trade of Great-Britain % there is enadtcd a publick reward of 20,000 /. fter. to any (hip or vefTel belonging to fub- jeffcs of Great-Britain, that (hall find out any fuch tho- rough-fare or pafiage. Upon this encouragement the Dobbs-galley and California failed from England in May 1746 i hitherto we have no account of thein. • A digreffton concerning whaling. The New-England whalers diftingui(h 10 or 12 dif- ferent fpecies of tha whale-kind ; the moft beneficial is the black whale, whale-bone whale, or true whale, as they call it i in Davis-s-ftraits in N. lat. 70D. and upwards they are very large, fome may yield 1 50 puncheons be- ing 400 to 500 birrels oil, and bone ot 18 feet and up- wards *, they are a heavy loggy fifh and do not fight, as the New-England whalers exprefs it, they are eafily ftruck and fattened, but not above one third of them are reco- vered i by finking and bewildering themlelves under the ice, two thirds ofthem are loft irrecoverably, the whale- bone whales killed upon the coaft of New-England, Terra de Labradore,and entrance of Davis's-ttraits, are fmaller, do yield not exceeding 1 20 to 1 30 barrels oil, and 9 feet bone 140 lb. wt. they are wilder more agile and do fight. Spcrma ctti whales are to be found almoft every yliffe, they have no bone, fo called •, fome may yield 60 \o 70 butrels oil calUd vicious oil the fitteft for hmp$. 9S >• * runt ftcrn ounr tcan much anno reasa ! weft- trade ard of :o fub- ;h tho- int the and in em. ndif- :ficial is hale, as ipwards eons bc- and up- Bght, as ■ y ftruck xc rcco- inder the Ic whalc- id,Terra fmaller, jd 9 feet [do fight. |ft every yieW 60 •r lamp!! or Of the StTTLZUtvrsin America. ^y or a burning light. It is from this whale that we have the parmacitty or fpermaceti (very improperly fo called) the ancients were at a lofs whether it was an animal or mineral fubftance *, Schroder a celebrated Pharmacopoeia writer about the middle of laft century, calls it Jliud genus hituminh queeL- Sperma ceti ojficina vacant ^ he de- icribes it Pinguedcfurfurofapreduff a exbalationt temt fulpburea. We now find that any part of its oil, but more abundantly the head-matter as the whalers term it, if it ftand at reft and in the fun will (hoot into adi- pous fleaks refembling in fome manner the chryftalifa- tion of falts : inftead offperma eeti, it ought to be called adeps cetiy in the materia medica. This fame whale gives the ambergreafe, a kind of perfume, as is mulk : anciently it was by the i::.vUral hiftorians defcribed as 4 kind of bitumen, hencethe name ambra grifea. Dale, a noted author, in his pharmacologia not long fince pub- liihes it as fuch ; it is now fully difcorered to be fome pro- duction from this fpecies of whale, for fome time ic was imagined fome peculiar concreted juice lodged in a peculiar cyftis *, in the fame manner as is the caftoreum of the beaver or Fiber Canadenfis, and the zibethum of the civit-cat or hyena, in cyftis's both fides of the Ani rima ; thus not long (ince, fome of our Nantucket whalers im« agined, that in fome (very few and rare) of theie male or bull whales, they had found the gland or cyftis in the loins near the fpermatick organs : late and more ac« curate obfervations feem to declare it to be fome part of the ordure, dung, or alvine excrement of the whale; fquid-fifh one of the Newfoundland baits for cod, are fometimes in Newfoundland caftafhorein quantities, and as they corrupt and fry in the fun they become a jelly or fubftance of an ambergreafe fmell ; therefore as fquia bills are fometimes found in the lumps of ambergreafe, it may be inferred, that ambergreafe is fome of the excre- ment from fquid-food, with fome fmgular circumftances pr difpofitions that procure this quality, feldom concur- fin^ i thus the Nantucket whalers for fome years laft, have ■58 ^Summary, Hifiorical and Political^ bcc, have found no ambergrt. 'e in their whales. The fperma ceti whale has no bone or baleine in his noouth, but fine white teeth ; they are molt plenty upon the coaft of . Virginia and Carolina. The fin-back, befide two fmall (ide-fins, has a large fin upon his back, may yield ko to 60 barrels oil, his bone is brittle, of little or no u(e, he fwims fwifter, and is very wild when (Iruck. The Bermudians fome years catch 2o of thefe whales, not in (loops, but in whale^ boats from the ihore as formerly at Cape-Cod, their governor of Bermudas has a perquifite of 10 £, out of each old whale. The humpback has a bunch in the fame part of his back, inftead of a Bn : the bone is not good \ makes 50 to 60 barrels oil. The fcrag-whale has feveral of thefe bumps. Black-fifh, i. e. "tmpusof 6 to 10 barrels oil, bot- tle-nofe of 3 or 4 Darrels, may (like ihecp) be drove afliore by boats. Liver-oil is reckoned the befl:, efpecially for leather- dreflers. Whales are gregarious and great travellers or paflcn- gers ; in the autumn they go fouth, in the fpring they return northward. They copulate like neat cattle, but the female in a fupine pofture. The true or whale- bone whale's fwallow is not much bigger than that of an ox, feeds upon fmall fi(h and fea-infeds that keep in (holes, has only one fmall fin each fide of his head of no great ufe to him in fwimming, but with a large ho- rizontal tail he fculs himfclf in the water. The North Cape Cin N. Lat. 72 D. in Europe) whales, are of the lame fmall kind as are the New-England, and entrance of Davis* s-ftraits : here we may again obferve, that the high European latitudes are not fo cold as the fame American latitudes, f becaufe 72 D. is the proper N. Lat. •f- The cold is much more intenfe in the north parts of America, than in the iame laticudes in the northern parts oi Europe. Capt. Middieton perma it fine laft o{ 1 large il, his :r, and f years whale- I, their out of t of his makes oil, bot- )e drove " leather- r paffcn- •ing they tttle, but r whale- i that of It keep in J head of large ho- he North are of the i entrance i, that the the fame proper N. ^ Lat. of America, fope. Capt. Middlcton 0/ /i^/? S 1 T T L 1 M B N T 8 ftf Amcrica. 59 l^t. in DavisVftraics for the large whales, and the Putch fiih for them long-fide of fieids or large iflands of ice, (hey ufe long warps, not drudges as in New-England. Nantucket men, are the only New-England whalers at prefent) this year 1746 not aboTC 3 or 4 whales caught in Cape Cod, the whales, as alfo the herrings, (our herrings are not of a good quality) feetn to be drove off from thence. Laft year Nantucket brought about' X 0,000 barrels to market, this year they do not folJQW it (o much, becaufe of the low price of oil in Middleton gtvei a dirmal account of his wintering anno 1742* at Churchill river in Hudron^s-Bay N. Lat. $9 D. whereas the French niathematical miflionaries at Tomeo ip Lapland, N. Lat. 66D. anno 1 7^7, to nation their triangles fo- the menfuration of a degree of latitude there under the polar circle, in winter did traverfe the mountains. At Enaroa near Enera lake in N. Lat. 69 D. the coun- try is To populous as to have annual fairs for trade. At Wardhus 70 D. 4$ M. in Norway, the king of Denmark keeps a garrifon.The Dutch wintered in Nova-Zembla N. L^t. 75. the Englifli in Green- land N. Lat. 76 D. High north and high fouth, the mod conllant winds are wefterlvy being eddy or reflux winds, of the eafterly trade winds between tne tropjcks. In the European high latitudes, as alfo in the northern American high latitudes, the winds are generally from the polar re- gions ; the cold denfer air, by reafon of its gravity, preffing to- wards the equator, where the air is more rarified, lighter and lefs clailick I to preferve an equilibrium which is natural to all fluids : In the European high north latitudes this wind (it is frequently N. W. b^ing a fort of diagonal or compofltum between thefoutherly dire^ion towards the fouthem rarified air, and its wefterly reflux or eddy direflion) crofles a deep large ocean, confequently warm and mellow : In the American nigh north latitudes, thefe winds glide along vaft continents of fnow and ice, and confequently more and more chilled ; this, tufajant, may be a good furmife, againft a pra^icable N. W^ paiTage, becaufe the warm ocean and its influence muft be at a jgreat aiflance. This way of reafoning does not hold good in the high fouthem latitudes, where from this do£lrine the winds ought to be S. W. whereas they are in a manner fixed at N. W. but perhaps may intipiate, that there is no continent of land Qr ice to the S.W, and a vaft ocean to the weft, northward to wind- ward, which by a boiilrous hollow fea carries the wind along with it ; in faa the Ihipa that failed tc jwar 70 D. S. Lat, feldom found ^ny floating ice. Europe 'U Europe, notwithftanding, this year they fit out 6 or 7 vef* fels for Davis's-ft raits, and fail end of March) they tome- times make Cape Farewell in 15 days, fometimesin not lefs than (ix weeks. Upon a peace, they defign to filh whales in deep water, 10 far as the Weft-Indies, and Weftern-Iflands. A whale may keep half an hour un- der water without blowing (breathing) but is obliged to blow many times before ftie dives again. Some New-England men a few years fince attempted whaling in the entrance of Davis's-ftraits, but to no ad- vantage : they generally arrived there too late, in keep- ing too near the Labaradore fliore (they kept within 50 leagues of the fhore, they Ihould have Icept 150 leagues to Tea) they were embayed and impeded by the fields of ice. Whales feem to have fome degree of fagacity . When much difturbed, they quit their Keeping ground, and the tradts of their ufual paflages (the whale is a pafienger from north to fouth, and back again according to the feafons) thus, as to Ntw-England,formerly for many fuc^ ceflive years, they fet in along Ihore by Cape-Cod, there was good whaling in boats, projper watchmen afhore by fignals gave notice when a whale appeared ; after fome years they left this ground, and pafied further off upon the bai)ks at fome diftance from the (hore, the whalers then ufed floops with whale-boats aboard, and this fiih- cry turned to good account : At prefent they feem in a great meafure, to be drove off from thefe banks, and fake their courfe in deep water, that is, in the ocean *, thither upon a peace our whalers defien to follow them. In Davis's ftraits,at the firft coming ofthe whaling (hips, whales are plenty, but afterwards being much difturbed, they become fcarce, and the (hips return home, before the inclemencies of the weather fet in. The whaling fea- fon in both Greenlands is in May and June ; the Dutch fet out for Davis' s-ftraits beginning of March,fometimes they are a month in beating to weather Cape Farewell, they do not arrive in the filhing ground until May. An. ^vcf- omc- innot :oa(h I, and urun- bliged mpted noad- ikccp- thin 50 leagues ields of When and the affenger 5 to th? lanyfuc^ d, there (horcby er fome off upon ; whalers this fifli- feem in- nks, and e ocean •, >w them. ngfliips» fturbcd, !, before aling fea- he Dutch ometimes Farewell, /lay. An- 1743* . 0/ /i&« S X T T L E M EN TS i« America. $t 1 743, perhaps a medium year, the Dutch had in Davis's- ftraits 50 whaling (hips (at Spit(bergen or Eaft-Green- land they had .13 7 whalers) and got feventy fix and a half whales. Obfervationand experienceor practice improves every affair; formerly the whalers (even at Spitfbergen) ufed to tow the whales they killed into harbours to cut them up ; at prefent they cut them up at Tea and fave much time : formerly they whaled in New-England and Ber- mudas only with boats from the fhore (at Bermudas they continue fo), afterwards by (loops upon the adjacent banks, and do now proceed to catch them in deep water : formerly it was imagined that the true whale lived up- on a kind of alga or fea-grafs, or upon an ouzy mud, now it is certain that they feed in (holes of fmall fifhes and fea>infe£ts; formerly our naturalids judged. the fperma ceti and ambergreafe to be bitumina fui generis % at prefent it is obvious that the Brft is only a concreted oil or fleaky adeps of a certain fpecies of whale, the other is an indurated part of the ordure of the fame kind of whale when it feeds upon fquids, with other circum- ftances of fex, feafon, &c. and therefore but rarely found. Some years fince the South-fea company fitted out 24 large fine whaling (hips, from mifmanagementit turn- ed to no account, they funk about 1 00,000 >£. Iter. The Britifh parliament, to encourage whaling, did pafs an a£t anno 1733 to continue during the whaling adt 5 George II. That there ftiould be paid by the receiver- general of the cuftoms upon their return as a premium 20 J. per tun of (hipping, under the following qualifi- cations i thp ihips not to be under 200 f -ns, having on board 40 fi(hing-lines of 1 20 fathom at leaft each, 40 harpoon irons, 4 boats with 7 men to each (including the harponeer, fteerfman, and line-manager formerly employed in fuch voyages) with the mailer and furgeon, in all 30 men. For (hips exceeding 200 tuns, for every exceeding of 50 tuns, an addition of i boat, 6 men. f." -62 yf S tj M M A R y, Hifiottcal and PoUtital^ 5cc. 10 lines, and lo harpoon irons : mud carry fix months provifion : the oil and bone to be duty freet This prolix digrcHTionj as containing Tgrne things that are noL generally attended to* may be amufcfrient to the curious i and cioes by anticipation abbreviiits the article of fiihcry, in the hiftory of New-Engl^.iid. AkTicLE in. Some account of ihe difcoveries and jirft fetikmnti in America from Europe. t • The only European navigators and planters of A- ncrica are the Spanifh, Portuguefj, Dutch* and Enj^^jiflij the Englifh are the proper fubjeft-matter of this hiftory^ and thcii dilcoveries Ihali be related in courfe, the others arc the fubjed of this article of the introdudioni Ths continent of America at a medium eftimate is about looo leagues (by leagues we always mean the twentieth part of a degree on the meridians) from Europe and Africa, upon the intervening Atlantick or northern, and the Ethiopick or fouthern ocean, the Spaniards call the whole Mar del Nort ; from Afia about 2500 leagues upon the inrervening South-fea, Pacific Ocean, or Mar del Zur, which is reckoned to extend two fifths of the caft and weft circumference of the earth. At firfl: the America navigations were via Canaries and the Caribee-Idands ; a more direfl navigation to its feveral parts is now praftifed ; the ancients imagined chat within the tropicks {non efi babitabilii afiu) the earth was not habitable, whereas the fine rich countricif of Mexico and Peru lie moftly within the tropicks. ■H^MMWiMHMII^^^^HMI^BMMWMI^^^rwMMMaM^^MM I. ■ j it I I g~ ■ Hill * Confidering that the accounts of the difcoveries and fi/d fettle- xnents in America from Europe, publiihed in Enelilh by our hiftori- ans, geographers and atlas-makers are fo confufed and falfe, fo ro- mantick and imperfedl ; I am induced by fome friends to infert fome better vouched and digefted fliort account of the matter ; tiiis, the* not inconfiftent with our fubje£l, will render the introduflory fedUon, out of all proportiog and f/mmetry, too prolix. America onthi fs that to the ardclc ients in 5 of A- hiSory* e others mate is lean the Europe orthern, ards call ) leagues or Mar fis of the Canaries ion to its magined fjiu) the countries licks. m fettle- our hiftori- alfc, fo ro- infertfoitic • this, tho* ory feftion, America Oftbe S £ T T u£ M £ N T s r» America. tf j America maybe divided into the continents of North- Americacallcd by the Spanilh writers America Mexicana, the continent of South- America called by the Spaniards America Peruviana, the intermediate ifthmus or audi- ence of Guatimala, andGroenland north of Davis's ftraits, I. Spanijb difcoveries andjirft fettkments. Chriftopher Colon or Columbus, a Genoefe mariner or pilot, a curious man in his way^ fedulous in mak- ing coafting carts of his voyages, and naturally a pro- jcftor ; he was for fome years an inhabitant of Terceras» one of the Portuguefc weftern iflands, diftant from Newfoundland not exceeding 300 leagues. He went to the court of Portugal, propofed difcoveries upon the weft coaft of Africa : having for fome time frequented that coaft and the * Canary-iflands, as he formerly did the weftern iflands » confidering the fun's diurnal mo- tion, the wefterly winds in Certain feafons blowing with continuance, driving pine and other fallen wood alhore, with fome other fymptoms, he conceived that there muft be land to the weftward. Anno i486. He propofed to the ftates of Genoa, to difcover fome countries weftward, or to find a weftern * Canary-iflands fo called, from many dogs found there ; the i«- fida fortunata of the ancients ; were difcovered by fome Guipufco- ans K>r the King of Caftile, about 100 years before Columbus's dif- covery of America ; after being relinquifhed for many centuries by the Europeans : the Phxnicians, Carthiginians, and Romans, are faid to have planted colonies, it is certain they vifited thefe iflands, although not the leaft veflige of their having ever been there appears. Ptolemy's canon was wrote in Alexandria of Egypt in the fecond century, and reckons his longitudes from Palnia one of the Canary* iflands, 26 D. N. lat. long, ^om London, W. 19 D. 44. M. Louis Xill. of France, by an edi£l commands all French geographers, hy drographers, and mariners, in their journals to begiu their accounts of longitude from Fcrro (V IJle de Fer) the weftermoft of the Ca- nary iflands 20 D. weft from I aris ; accordingly Sanfonj a noted French publifher of maps, places his firft meridian at Ferro ; this is two degrees further well than TeneriiF, where De Wit the Dutch icap-makei: fix«s his firfl. meridian, paflfage 64. A SvuuAKYi Hi/ioricai and PoUtkah &r. paflage to the Spice-Ulands; they deem'd it an idle fane/ and took no notice of it. Tni$ feemingly whimficai projedion, had the fame fate at die court of Portugal^ and with Henry VII. of England, though a lover ofall projects to get moneys and at the court of France : af- ter 6 years ^licitation at the court of Spain, the Moon and Saracens being fully expulfed, (they were in poflef- fion about 800 years) he obtained 3 (hips and 1 20 men : he fair i from St. Lucar upon the difcovery in Auguft 1492, touched at the Canaries, and from thence in 3^ tlays (\ii thofe times a tedious voyage without fight of land) and landed Oftober 1 1 , on the ifland Guanchini one of Bahama or Lucayo-ifland$(fo called becaufe he arrived there on St. Luke's feftival) he called it St. Salvador now Cat-iQand inN. lat. 25 D. 76 D. weft from London, and from thence he fail'd to Hifpaniola and Cuba-iflands, and home, carrying with him fome Indians, as a fpecimen and vouchers of his difcoveries : he returned by way of the Azores, and arrived March 13 following. Anno 1493, Sept. 25, he fet out again with his bro- ther Bartholomew, 1 7 fail 1 500 men i he fell in with the Caribee-i(lands,and gave them names at pleafure, which they generally retain to this day *, he teuch'd at Jamaica, and at Hifpaniola (his 39 men left there laft voyage were all kiird by the Indians) and at the Bahamas. In his third voyage, anno 1498 he made the ifland Trinidad near the mouth of the rivei Oronoke, and coafted from thence 200 leagues to Porto- Bello, and cal- led that part of the countryTerra-Firma ; from thence he crofled over to his firft fettlement in Hifpaniola. His fourth and laft voyage was anno 1502 : upon his return to Spain, for mifdemeanors he was in dif- grace at the court of Spain, while others were making further difcoveries \ he died in Spain, anno 1506, ^t. 64. His fon Diego (the other fon died a bachelor) fuc- ceeded him in the admiralty of the Indies, married the Duke d' Alva's daughter, but died without iflue. . ,-^ .; -'•^- Americus ancy ifical oMl ,:af. loort loffef- men: ^uguft in 30 ght of ini one irrivcd or now ondon> laands, ledmen by way 5- ^ his bro- withthe ;, which atnaica, gc were le ifland |kc, and andcal- thencc jiniola. : upon in dif- making io6, Bi. lor) fuc- Irried the fae. Of the S E TTL E M t N T s ttt America. 65 AmericUsVefpucius a Florentine was with Columbus in his firft expeditions. Anno 1502, he left the Spanilk rervice,and was employed by Emanuel Kingof Portugal, to make difcoveries in this new part of the world *, he crofled the equinodtial, and made land in 5 D. fouth lat. on the coaft of Guiana, now called Surinam, he difcovered Brazil^ and took poiTeflfion for the King of Portugal, in the formalities of thofe times, and conti«- nued his range to 50 D. S. lat. the feverity of the win- ter ftopt his further progrefs, he returned home by way of Africa ; next year he attempted the fame voyage^ but falling in with the coaft of Africa, he returned, and nothing'further is recorded of him* The whole conti- nent was called by his name America. Here is a notable inftance of the caprice of mankind in giving this newly difcovered continent the name America in- ftead of Columbia : Americus made no fettlement* Co- lumbus was not only the firft, but alfo the more gene- ral ^ifcover of this land* > In the beginning of the Spanlfh fettlements there were only two governors^ both deputed by D. Diego fon of Columbus, admiral of the Indies, viz. the go- vernor of Cuba, and the governor of Panama. Velafquez the firft governor of Cuba, entirely reduced that iflandi anno 15 12^ and fucceiTively fent forces to reduce the m^in land to no purpofe. Ferdinando Cor- tez, a native of Spain, and well acquainted with the American navigation, upon a private adventure, anno 15 19, fet out from Spain with eleven Ihips 550 men^ arrived in the iftand St. Croix, and from thence weft- ward to the continent, where, as he was informed there was much gold i he landed on the eaft (ide of Jucatan, and thence in the river Tabafco now called Vittoria in the bay of Campcchec 1 7 1). N. lat. and deftroyed fome of Montezuma's tributary Indians : having coafted fur^ ther weft, he landed his men at La Vera Cruz, and burnt his tranfport (hips ; not with a defign as it is commonly imagined, by cutting off any retreat for his F , men, 66 /fSuMMARv, Hiftcrical and P^lH'tcaU Bcci, .men, to make them the more dcfperate ; but left an^ of his men (hould draw off and return to Cuba and oc^ cafion the adventure to mifcarry. Velafquez governor of Cuba did frequently fend him fuperfeding orders, which he difregarded ; and marched with 400 Spani(h foGt» 15 horfe,, and 7 pieces of cannon, together with fome malecontent Indians who- joined them. Navarez with <:onfidcrable force was fent by Velafquez to recal Cor- -tez ; Cortez defeated him, and drove off his party. Cortez had many fkirmifhes with the Indians or Mexi- cans, with various fuccefs : Montezuma the chief or Emperor of the Indian tribes, and his two fons, were •found dead after one of thefe (kirmilhes ; at length Auguft 13 anno 152 1, Mexico and the Mexican Indians fubmit to Spain. Notwithilanding of Cortez repeated refufals or difobedience to fuperior orders, and of his cruelty to the Indians, being rich, he bought off all complaints at the court of Spain ; he is made captain- general of New-Spain, and continued generaliHimo untiA anno 15391 ^^^'^ ^^ ^^ recalled, and in Spain died a prifoner at large Dec. 15459 ^t. 62, his body was cranfported to Mexica and buried chercr .,« t'-i .' Vafco Nunez de Balboaj -vna the Hrft wh6 ciDfled th^ i'fthmus, anno 15 13, he fettled at Panama, which conti- nued for fome time the capital of the South-Sea co- lonies ; he was foon fuperfeded by Padrarias one of Cortez*s commanders, he gave commifilons to Pizarro and Almagra partners, private traders, for making dif- coveries in Peru j for want of fufficient force, they re- turned from their Brd expedition, and differing with Padrarias governor of Panama, Pizarro went home to Ihe court of Spain, and obtained a commilTion diftinft from that of Panama. Pizarro had a royal patent for 200 leagues along the fhore of Peru, and Almagra for 2 00 leagues fouth of this. * Pizarro a healthy flout man, of mean parentage, of no learning, b.ut very credulous; fet out with '^o any hich foot* fome with Cor- party. Vlexi- ief Of , were lengtti Indians :pcatcd of his off all captain- nno untik in died a sdy WJ» offedtht ch conti- i-Sea CO- 15 one of oPizarro iking dif- , ihey rc- ring with home to )n diftinft patent for imagrafot lent^ge, oJ with fOOty 0/^ /ir# Settle ME NTS /;/ America. €y foot, and a few horfe, to conquer Peru, he was after- Vvards reinforced by more native Spahiards under Alma- gra i he arrived anno 1 532 at Cufco the Indian capital of Peru, inhumanly malTacred itiany Indians, and Ataba- liba the Indian chiefs by the contrivance of Piearro^ was Infidioufly executed by the Spaniards; Three articles were allcdged againft him : i. Killing of his brother. 2. An idolater. ^.Difaifeftion totheSpanifli. Pirarro and Almagra^ from anno 1528 to anno 1^33, fiibjuga- ted Peru •, and Lima, the prefent capital) vfas founded. ]>}n Caftro anno 1530, with 700 men from Spain, \vas fcnt governor of Peru •, Almagra oppofcd him, de- feated-, tried i and executed him. Alvaredo, governor of GuatimaU) hearing of Pizarrc's acquiring great riihes in Peru, fet out for Peru with an army of 700 moilly horftf, anno 1535; Pizarro bought him off, he returned to Guatimala, and left his troops with Pizarrd. Almagra was the firft: who went upon an expeditiori from Peru to Chili anno 1535* but foon returned, be- ing jealous of his partner Pizarro. Aiino 1 540 Pizarro Tent Baldivia from Peru to conc^uer Chili ; Baldivia^ 1 54 1, built its capital St.Jago in S; Lat. 34 D. iS miles from the ocean ; Valparizo is its barcadier j he built Faldivia in S. Lat. 40 D. calling it by his own hamr, anno 1552*, he continued hisconqueils to the ifland of Chiloe in S. lat. 43 D. at prefent the mod fouthern part of Chili or Spanifh fettlements. This fettlement of Chili laboured hard for about 50 yearsj having conti- nued wars and confpiracies with the Indians; B?ldivia was killed in a fkirmifh with the Indians. There was a general revolt of the Chiloefe anno 1559. Pizarro and Almagra differed mucii ; Pizarro at length made Almagra prifoner* and by a formal court of juftice was put to deathj and the Pizarro's feized his government, property, and treaiure. Aimagra's partizans, anno 1541, affaffinated Pizarro at Liina^ and feized his treafure. Aimagra's Ton alilimes the government. Blafco Nunez Vela a new vicejoy wa5 m. . F 2 lent I ^8 i#SvMMARy» Hiftoricil and ToUtk^ ', he, fcnt from Spain*, he was oppofed by the Pizkr. o f^ucion^ and killed in an engagement anno 1546. X'hus the Fizarro's became mafters of all America in the South- fea ; and to fave Peru, the court of Spain was obliged to temporize, and appointed one of the Pizarro's vice- roy of Peru ; but foon after this, Gafco, a cunning man, with 1600 veteran Spaniards, was fent over as prefident of the royal court, with great powers: the vice-roy Gonzallo Pizarro, had a difference with him ; Pizarro is defeated, tried, and executed. There were fevcral other infurreftions ; fo that until anno 1554> l^ing Philip of Spain could not be faid to be in peaceible polTeflfion of Peru. * For abc vc ^burfcore years after the firft Spanilh difcoveries in America, no European nation attempted any fettlement there. Cortez's (hips fent to the Moluccas or fpice-iflands, by way of the South- fea, were deilroyed by the Por- tuguele, and the projeffc mifcarried. The Spaniards had fcarce any communication with the Philippine and Ladrones iflands until anno 1542 ; they made no great progrefs in fettling of them till anno 1564, when the vice-roy of Mexico fent a fleet to fettle colonies, and eftablifh a trade there between Mexico, and Japan, and China. The Philippines have no trade with Europe : the Ladrones are a place of refrefhment between Mexico and the Philippines. It is faid, that anno 1 732, the court of Spain nad formed a projedt to fettle an £afl;-India company to the Philippine IQands, by way of the Cape of Good-Hope, it came to nothing. The coaft of New-Spain (properly Mexico only is call- ed New Spain, as that part of the Britifh fettlements io America, between the provinces of New York and Nova- * 1 here annex fome mifcellaneops loofe hints concerning the country and affairs of the Spanidi Weft-Indies. Jn the conHderable fea- ports where the latitudes, longitudes, and the temporary variations of the compafs or magnetick needle are well ascertained, J montion them, and adduce my vouchers. Scotia, sCident ncerning tuc gitudes, and k needle arc ichers. Scotia, t>f ibi Settle MINTS m America. 69 Scotia, only it called New-England) or Spanifli Ame- rica, may in « few words be defcribed thus : The gar- rifon of Sl Auguftine in the gujph of Florida N. Lat. 29 D. here ii no fectlement. The fmall fecdement of Penfacola in the bay of Appalachie, of the bay of Me- xico, about 120 leagues due weft from Auguftine, and only 15 leagues eaft from Tlfle Dauphine, a French fort and fettlement, confequently in a bad neighbourhood. After an interruption of a French fea-line (Louifiana or MiflTiflTippi country) upon the north Ihore of the gulph of Mexico of about 180 leagues, from Penfacola to St. Bernard or St. Louis bay ; the coaft of New-Spain be- gins again, and extends to the river Oronoke, in about Q D. N. Lat. After another interruption of a fea line Kttled by the Dutch, called Surinam, and the following imall French fettlement of Cayenne, and the Bne, rich, large Portugucfe fettlement of Brazil, to the river of Plate : the Spaniards have not fettled much upon the ocean, but run up this river, and communicate with Peru and Chili. From the river of Place in S. Lat. 35. on the eaft ocean to Cape-Horn, and from Cape-Horn along the (hore of the weft ocean or South- fea, to Chiloe in S. Lat. 43 D. the coaft is a defert. From the river of Plate to Cape-Horn, the navigation is good, the foundings are very regular, being 60 to 8q fivr thom, at 30 to 40 leagues from the land. From the ifland of Chiloe in S. Lat. 4 3 D. to Cape St. Lucar of California, in N. Lat. 24 D. is the South-fea Spanifh coaft of Chili, Peru, the Ifthmus, and Mexica Many of the Spanifh fettlements or provinces are fo feparated by mountains and deferts, they cannot be af- fixing to one another. The Spaniards have not fettled exceeding 200 leagues north from the city of Mexico. In the country of Mexico fcarce any gold y their filver mines are not fo rich, but are eaHer wrought than chofe of Peru. The quickfilver for refining, comes from Old Spaip, and is a confiderable article in the King of ', . -F i • , Spain's A %o /f S u M M A R y , Hift dried and Mtical, ^Cj • Spain's revenue. Peru produces quickfilver fuffident for iifelfj in Chili filvcr is fcarcer than gold. From Mexico to Lima in Peru the country is full of? rocky mountains, fcarce or very ill inhabited: north of Mexico and fouth of Peru are good countries. Uporx the coaft.of J^cru and Chili, from 7 D. N. Lat. t038D^ S. Lat. the winds are generally foutherly, and extend 1 4.0 to 1 50 leagues weft from the fhore. Chili reaches from the iflandChiloe 43 D. to 25 D. S.Lat. Peru fron> thence to- the cquinodial. Chili and Peru are narrow llrips of land upon the South-fea i from the Andes ^ chain of mountains! running north and fouth, not ex- ceeding 20 or 30 leagues from this (hore. Peru may be divided into the lea-coail:, the high lands, and this ridge of mountains, where all the cloudy vapours fernx to condenfc and fettle into rain ; there it rains almoft incelTantly, but upon the fea-coad fcarce any rain. In the Weft-India iQands the fhores are generally ei* thcr fandy bays or mangrave trees. In the Weft-In- dies between the tropicks, they have tides or recipro- cations of air or winds, as well as of feas, but not from the fame caufc •, the firft arifes from the viciflitudes of day and night, that is from the fhore or land being heated and cooled alternately -, the other is from the influence of the moon. , . • - In South- America is the longcft chain of mountains upon earth, called the Andes or Cordilleras, extending from 10 p. N. Lat. to above 50 D. S. Lat. near the flraits of Magellan, not many leagues from the fhore of the weft or fouth fea. In all New-Spain there are but four great rivers, and they all fall into the caft-fea, viz. i. Rio Grande, or de la Madalane, venting into the bay of Mexico near Car- tlugena ^ upon this river up the country ftands St. Fe, the capital of the audience of Terra-firma. 2. River of Oronokc, which difcharges into the Eaft-fea, as do the iollowing : 3. River of Amazons. And 4. Rio de U Plata J near its head ftands the city of La Plata, the capital . C)/ /Z^ Settlements »» Amcricai yt capital of the audience of Los Charcas, a branch of i^ called Paragua comes from the northward, and fcem? naturally to be the weftern boundary of Brazil. From the Andes there run few rivers into the South-Sea, of ihort courfe, fmall, and very rapid. In all the Spanifh fettlements I find only two great Jakes mentioned (in the northern parts qf North-Ame- f ica we have many, efpecially the five great lakes or feas in Canada.) i . The city of Mexico (lands betweeri two communicating (therefore called the lake of Mex- ico) divided by a caufeway leading to the city, built in this fituation for its better fecurity, the upper lake i» frefh, the other falti}-, they receive runs of water, but have no vent. 2. Titiaco in Peru, S. lat. 17 D. of a- bout 80 leagues circumference, it communicates witii a lefTer lake Paria, about 50 leagues further fouth ; it is fait, receives rivulets, but has no vent. The vice-roys, prefidents, governors, and all other principal royal officers, are natives of Old-Spain i as are alfo their arch-bifhops and bifhops. The church-jurifdiftion ccnfifts of five arch-bifhops^ Mexico, St. Domingo, St. Fe, Lima, and La Plata ^ and about 30 bidiops. The civil-jurifdictioH confifls of, the vice-roy of Mexico comprehending the * audiences of Mexico, Gua- dalagara and GuatimaU •, the vice-roy of Peru compre- hending the audiences of Quito, Lima, and Los Charcas t and the independant audiences of St. Domingo ^for all "f From the gradual increafe of the Talt impregnation of this lake^ that of Titacaco in Peru, the Mediterranean fea, and others io Europe, in a fucceflion of many ages ; Dr. Hallcy propofed to find out the age or Handing of our earth : this with his two fetts of magnetick poles to account for the variations of the compafs ; are the only whims (though pleafantly amufing) that perhaps this tnaa of great genius and induftry, ever publifhed. * Audiences are fupremc royal jurifdiftions and courts, to which the provincial and other courts may appeal; but from thefe au- diences there lief no appeal but to the council of the Jjjdics in Old- Spain. 4 F 4 the if !l if. yi /fSvMMARY, Hiftorieal and PoUtUaU ice; the idands) St.Fe, Panama, and Chili. I obferve that the orders from the court of Spain, anno 1^28, for a fuff penfion of arms to the feveral independant commanders m New- Spain, are directed to the vice-roy of Mexico, to the vice-roy of Peru, to the captain -general of the province and city of Carthagena, to the governor and captain-general of the province of Terra-Firma, to the prefident of Panama, to the governor of Buenos- Ayres, and to the commander of the galeons. Their moft confiderable towns and fea-ports are Mexico the metropolis, in about 20 D. N. lat. inland, no water-carriage near it ; its barcadier for the Philip- pines is Aquapulco upon the South-Sea 16 D. 40 M. N. lat. diftince 90 leagues ; further north of Aquapulco are no places of note, and for 140 leagues fouth of Aquapulco is a meer defert. Its barcadier for Europe is La Vera Cruz ; the mart or fair for goods from Eu- rope by the flota, flotilla, azogues, and the Britifh an- nual fhip, is at Jalapa 30 leagues inland. Mexico (lands upon niore ground, but is not fo populous as Briftol in England, is built with a rough hard ftone (no fr^e- ftone) i an open town. La Vera Cruz by the obler- vations of Mr. Harris who refided there, anno 1727, and as adjufted by Dr. Halley, is in N. lat. 19 D. 12 M. W. from London, 97 D. 30 M. variational that time 2D. 15 M. eafterly. -"^ Carthagena is the fecond good town belonging to the Spaniards upon the eaft fide of America : from the fame immerfions and emerfions of Jupiter*s firft fa- tellite,obferved at Carthagena anno 1722 by Don Har- rare principal engineer, and by M. Pound and Bradley at Wanftcad (28 horary minutes eaft from London) Carthagena is W. from Loncion ys D. 30 m, longitude. Carthagena was taken by Sir Francis Drake, anno 1585, he brought away in money, cannon, and other effcds the value of 60,000^. fterl. ^he ficknefs aqiongft his inen obliged hitn to return, fooner than he defigned, by >he gulph of Florida, and a beginning fcttlcment in Virginia: . ty the SBtfiiMtifts (n America. 73 Virginia : Ponti with a large fquadron, a private advent- cure, anno 1699, reduced it and brought off the value of eight millions of livres : admiral Vernon with a very large Tea and land force of Great- Britain, and of Britilh North-America came off re infeStay anno 1742. Buenos Ayres is from London W. 3 H. 52 M. or W. Long. 58 D. by Pere Feuille's obfervation of the occupation of a fixed ftar by the moon, anno 1 708, and as computed by Dr. Halley for London. From the en- trance of the river of Plate on the call ocean, to St. Jago the capital of Chili on the weit ocean, nearly in the fame latitude of 34 D. fouth, the width of the South- America is 18 D. in longitude, or 300 leagues only. All the trade from Old-Spain to New-Spain does not employ exceeding 50 fhips (a fmall nurfery for navi- gation). The Spaniards have generally a fquadron of king's fhips at Qrthagena, a fmall fquadron at Callao, the barcadier of Lima ; a ihip or two at La Vera Cruz called the Barlevento armada, being generally one 50 gun fhip and one fnow ; they fet out from La Vert Cruz or Mexico in December with money to pay the judges, clergy, and troops in the Havana, St. Domingo* Porto-Rico, and Comanas ; a private fhip is hired to carry the pay to St. Auguftine. The Ihips at the Ha- vana are only occafional ; The armada doc<. j ot touch at Carthagena, it being the barcadier of St. Fe, the ca- pital of Terra Firma, which produces much gold. T^icrc is yearly a licence from 4000 cr 5000 tun of dry goods to be fhipt for New-Spain irom Cadi::;, an- nually but alternateW by the Flota for La Vera Cruz, and by the Galeons for Carthagena, the barcadier of St. Fe or Terra Firma, and for Porto-Bello the barcadier for Panama and Vtxu. The indulto or duty to the king upon fhipt and regidered gold, filver, cochineal, i^c. is from 7 to 14 per cent. The axogues or kings * quick- filver rginia : * The azogues quick-filver is only for refining the Mexico filver.. Peru producer iiafivc cinnabar, the oar of quick fUver j the quick- filver mines ol l\'f u were Uifcovcrcd anno 1567, Virgin ft (I 'It: fefc iitoi' g74 ^Summary, Uifiorical dnd PcUtUaT^ ^cl filver fhips have Jicenccs for fomc dry goods. Tlie igaleons from Porto-Bello may at a medium bring home 25 millions pieces of eight, the Bota from La Vera Cruz about 1 6 millions, beftdes what is fhipt off in the regifter fhips. N. B. The council of ftate in Holland anno 1708 made a report that Spain brought from the Weft-Indies during the courfe of (he Jaftceijtury about 20 millions dollars per annum. The regifter (hips are all upon the fame footing ; vre (hall only inftance from the Canaries, they are allow- «d 4 or 5 regifter (hips of about 150 tuns each, viz. 2 to Havana, i to Caraccas, i to Campeche, i to St. Jago de Cuba, to carry no dry goods, only wines and t)randies, may bring home filver, and coarfe goods, viz, fugar, hides, fnuft", ^c. but no cochineal, indico, ^c, are generally 1 2 months upon the vcyagc. • A digrejfton. AJhort hiflory of the South-fca compaf^ r affairs, - -< ^ . • f- - This was projcfted by jtTarley Earl of Oxford, and prime minifter at that time, to induce the creditors of .the government to be eafy, and tp incorporate their debts into a joint ftock, with profpedl of great profit: but as they arc not properly a Britilh fettlement in America, I am obliged to annex this to the intro- duftory article of Spani(h fettlcments. 9. Annie. A parcel of the publick debts and deficl. encies were incorporated by the name of the South-fea company, being in all 10,000,000^. fterl. with an annuity of 6 per cent. The company to remain for ever, though the funds appropriated to them (hould be redeemed ; their limits arc, on the caft fide of America, Virgin filver is ipungy and brittle, being fo called from its having no mixture of alloy or impregnation, but in the ftate in which the quick-filver left it. Other metals with the denomination virgin ,'go'.d, copper) flgnify grains or lump? of natural metal, requiring lit:! or no reining. from Tin! home i Vera in the oliand ►m the about oting ; allow- 1, viz. I to St. pes and ds, viz, :o, y«. rd, and liters of ate their it profit: ment in lie intro- d deficl. outh-fea with an tnain for ouldbe merica, , Its having which the Ition virgin requiring from 0/ /*tf S E T T L E M E N T s /» Aftierka; 'f^ from the river Oronoke to Cape-Horn (Surinam and Brazil not included) and from thence on the weft coaft of America, to the northernmoft part of America (all other traders, within thefe bounds, to forfeit vcffel and cargo) to go and return by the fouth capes of America* and never to fail above qoo leagues weft of the Ame- rican continent. N. B. This feems to interfere with the limits of the Eaft-India company's exclufivc n.iviga* tion, which by charter is to the weft entrance of Ma- gellan's Streights. I find from the publlck reports, that the ballance or neat jprofit of the South-fea trade for lo years pre- ceding anno 1734, amounted only to 32, 260 ;£. ilerl. The South-fea company was only a cant name. Their whole trade and bufinefs was only the afiiento for 4800 negroes per annum, and an annual (hip of dry goods of 500 tuns, whereof the king of Spain had one quar* ter of the profits, and the crown of England another quarter. The Spaniards have no Guinea trade of their owPi pnd but litrlc navigation from Old-Spain to New or America Spain -, they have been obliged from time to time to contra^ with fome European maritime power for a fupply of negro flaves : In king James IPs and king William's reigns, they contrafted with Don Nico- las Porcio a Spaniard ; his agent Don Caftillo refided in Jamaica, and was knighted by king William, Sir James Caftillo. The Portuguefe loft by their contra6"l ; and by the treaty of Baden, Spain was to pay to Por- tugal 600,000 crowns, for money due on the afiiento contract and otherways. After the Portuguefe, the French had the contract, but never furnifhed the num- bers ftipulated. Their place of refrefliment was on the N.W. fide of Hifpaniola, or St.Dominque as the French call it, which gave them a further footing upon that ifland : the time of their contraft being expired, the Britifh South-fea company, had the contract upon the following terms : 4 The *, •y''\ 1; 76 i^SvMMARV, Uyimcal and Potitkalt &c* > The contraA was for thirty years from May 1,1713; and upon the expiration thereof three years more allow* cd to fettle their affairs ; the South-fea company or alTi- entifts to furniih annually 4800 merchantable negro flaves of both fexes, paying to the king of Spain thirty three and a third pieces of eight per Have in lieu of all duties upon 4000 of that number ; may import if they pleafe more than the (lipulatcd number, the overplus paying only half that duty ; may carry 1200 of thefe (laves yearly in four (hips to the river of Plata, for the ufe of that country and of the country of Chili ; may be brought into any port of New-Spain where are Spa- nidi royal officers \ may be fold for any price, except- ing upon the windward coaft, viz. at Comana, Mara- caibo, and Sandta Martha, where the price fhall not exceed 300 pieces of eight ; may tranfport the flaves coaft-ways from Panama along the ihore of the South- fea in fhips of about 400 tuns ; they are allowed not exceeding fix Brltilh in one fadtory ; may Iiave in each fadtory a Judge confervator, a Spaniard of their own chufing •, the a/Tiento (hips not to be detained or em- bargo'd upon any account ; may make their returns in the company's fhips, flota or galcons, duty free ; may iearch and feize any veffels trading with Haves upon the coaft *, they are not to trade in any other merchan- dize ; the crown of Great-Britain, aod the crown of Spain to be concerned each one quarter in the trade, and to fettle accounts once in Bve years. In cafe of a war the afTiento fhall be fufpended, and eighteen months tiUowcd to carry off the effeds. Conlidering the lolTes; whicti former afllentifts have fuftained, and to prevent 3ny other kiii ] of trade, the king of Spain, during the continuance of this contract, allows a fbip of 500 tuns yearly with dry goods, one quarter o^ the clear profit to the king of Spain, and 5 per cent duty upon the other three quarters 5 they are not to fell their goods, but in the tipies of the fairs upon the arrival of the ftota or galeons, the queen or crown of lUow- ir affi- negro thirty of all if they 'crplu? f thefc for the ; may re Spa- except- Mara- lall not e (laves South- ved not ; in each leir own or eni- turns in may es upon lerchan- ;rown of trade, cafe of a eighteen ilidering and to )f Spain, a fbip :er or the .ent duty )t to fell upon the crown of )r ^* Of the Se T T L E M s NTS in America. 77 of Great- Britain was alfo to have one quarter of the neat gain, but this was afterwards given up to the company. The South- Sea company afllento agents were fettled for fome time at Barbadoes for the Caraccas and Ma- racaibo bufinefs, and at Jamaica for the reft of that trade. Jamaica lies the molt convenient for carrying on this affair. The South-Sea company have tried three methods of carrying on their negro bufinefs, viz. by their own fhips, by contract, and by chance purchafe from pri- vate traders j this laft was the cheapeft : anno 1721 they contracted with the African company for a fupply of 3600 negroes, two thirds males, fix feventh^ to be from i6 to 30 Rt, the other feventh to confift of equal numbers of boys and girls, none under 10 Mt. the contracted price was 22^. 10 j. fieri, per piece for Gold-coaft, Jackin, and Whidaw negroes $ iS^f. 10 s, iterl. for Angola (laves. For fome years they farnied out fome of their afTiento factories. TheSouth-Sc^ company's efFedts in New-Spain have been twice feized *, anno 171 8 upon our deftroying the Spanifh armada near Sicily *, and anno 1727 when Gib- raltar was befieged t 1 fhall not in this place mention the feizures in the beginning of this prefent war. Mr, Keene for feveral jears had from the company 1500^. fieri, per ann. as their agent at the court of Spain. The court of Spain made a demand of 60,000 £. fter- ling, ari(ing moflly from a different way of reckoning the dollars payable as duty \ the South-Sea company reckon at 42 d. fieri, per dollar, the court of Spain reckon -at 52 ^. fterl. per dollar, the reft was the King of Spain's quarter of the neat gains of the an- nual (hip the Royal Carolina. On the other fide the South-Sea company alledge the frequent feizure of their effects, the refufals of licences or fchedulas at times, as damages to be taken to account being one, and a half million dollars damages fuftain'd ; this affair is not as yec determined > it is faid that the majority of the South- 8 Sea i% M m^ irv-" mry, is anlac- nortal 'fance^ South- ince of paper s fume hope it iffiffip- of an- F fome in the article ccount to Urate our we have f the fate ifliffippi- a proper ired to be ire power, ftent with ain a cu- aw, pro- leared too ne of the or bub- d; future • rofe the difcount in (late count) td 5S , 40 mil- ! hundred upon to- bacco; - • C/ t$e S tTT LtM t UTS in Amcricai 7^ article of plantation paper currencies. Perhaps it may be fome amufement to die curious, hitherto it has nor by any writer been fee in a ftrong, full, afid con)pa£lcd light. , -. • ' Mr, ■ Miil-ll' bacco, which then was farmed at 4 millions, with the farmer's profit computed to 3 millions more, made 7 per cent, to the proprietors : this gave them a great credit,, and their flock rofe much above par; next> the Ealt-India and China company was incorporated with it, ahno 1718, and aflionsrofe to 200 for 100 original. By fevcn fucccifivc I'ubfcriptions of 60, 40,. a-q, 2;, ;o, 50,^ 50 millions,. it became in all 300,000,000 livrcs principal or original floclc. Their fund or government annuity upon which they were to divide, fV^s given out by Mr. Law to be as follows, The farm, and its neat profits of tobacco • \ ■ 7 millioxxa Profits in the India trade , , y „ \ y l||; Out of the crown's general revenue Out of the five great farms of imports Pfofitfi (imaginary) in time from Miffiflippi J^'ifhery, fole traflivk of bullion,, tff. .^. , ; ^ Coinage 131 millions - -^ S$ better than 43 percent, on thf: original (lock. In Sept. 1719, the fubfcriprlons (as above) taken in for increafing their flock were at 10 for i, and thofe fubfcriptions were negociac- ed at cent per cent, that is i principal fold for 20, the fubfcriptions were to be made good by partial payments : but as many of the fubfcribers could not make their fubfcquent parts of payments, with- out felling out their former ftock ; old adlions fell to 760 for 100, (notwithllanding of this precedent warning, our South-Sea bubble fplit upon the very fame rock) but by enlarging the times for the fubfcription payments, and the intereft of their loaui to the crowrv being augmented, flock rofe again to 1 200 or 1300, their privileges being continued to anno 1770. The money which the company gained by the advanced prices upon the feveral additions from time to time made to their flock was lent to the king at a certain intereil ; with this money the king paid off or reduced the flate debts or annuities in the town- houfe of Paris, from 4 to 3 per cent intereft ; which was a faving of about 12 millions per anhum to the king. In January N. S. 1 720 the king had granted to the MifTifSppi, alias India company, the management and adminiflration of the royal bank. About the fame time the king fold to the company, his flock, confiftiiig of 100 millions of livres original, for 900 millions livres in partial payment^,. Thus the king fold all his flock at ill ill ' ,.', '■'■iff III a m io yf S V M M A R r, Hiftmcal and Political ^ &c. Mr. John Law, born in Edinbursh, Scotland^ began his plan of the MilTiflSppi bubble In France, anno t^i;. of which he was afterwards conftituted principal direc- tor, and at length controller -general ot the finances of France. He was the moft noted n>an in Europe for a gamefVer and bubbler \ he was perfwaded that paper efFedts, or paper currency, and transfers, admitted of the greateft latitude for publick cheat. In our Ame- rican colonies, after having reduced the denomination of five (hillings fterl. to a heavy piece of eight, and from this having reduced it to light pieces of eight fo far as the cheat could go ; they fell into a paper-currency, whofe intrinfick value being nothing, its imaginary va- lue admitted of any redudion \ at prefent in New- England, by this connivance and management, a per- Ton who pays an old debt, of book, note, or bonc^ in the prefent paper currency \ pays only one in ten or two (hillings in the pound. Impregnated once by contrail for money : thus the dire£lors, and other great mer , who were in the fecret, fold out their own South-Sea nock when the affair was tending towards a crifis. rh's Mifilifippi-bubble began to coUapfe in the end of Ma^ 1 720, ard Mr. Law became a rrofugus : to keep )up the affair fo far and fo long as it could be, the company not being able to comply with the payment of the 5^0 million livres in money, the king ac< cepts again of his 100 millions livres in original anions (an ori- ginal (hare or aAion was 1000 livres); and upon thekineand corapany^s annihilating fome of their adUons> they were reduced to 200 millions of adUons, the old aAions were called in, and a new tenor of aflicns given for the fame, and it was refolved, that for three years next fi^lowing, the dividend per annum, fhould be 200 livres per aAiou, which is 20 per cent ; and a royal fociety is ereAed to infure this at 3 per cent premium. As there remained a number of aflions, the property and in pofleilion of the company ; all perfons who formerly fola outi, were ordered to buv in again, at the rate of 1 3 (;oo livres per afticn, in bank bills to be burnt. Not' withftanding of all thefe labouring expedients, the people's pannick could not be flopt, and the company fell into a languifhing flate f it is not to our purpofe to profecute this affair any further. This fpring 1747, the jfrenclv-lndia company's a^oiia are at Tlyit That perfede 1 hjitory o, Mr. Li «n the k receive b; notes wcr ^'i\}i in t\ ""'iiona 01 0/' fummei ^^fcs in 01 for a circi i\ *. v 0/ /i^^ S £ T T L E M E N T s //f AiTierica* 8i Impregnated by the projedlion of Mr. Law (excufc the metaphor) a national bubble began to be hatched in England ^ at length, the end of January anno 1 7 1 9-20, the Bank and South-Sea Company bid handfomeiy (that is apparently) great fums for the beneBc of the pubiick, upon one another, to have all the other publick debts ingrafted into their (locks } the South-Sea Company T' • carried ^ »^,K. That a paper currency, with any profit -r sn, can never fu- perfede a gold and filver currency, will appea. ^y ui following Ihort hillory of the Royal Bank of France. Mr. Law, in aid of the Mifliffippi bubble, projedlcd the Royal Bank in the following gradations j 1 . All officers of the revenue were to receive bank bills or notes. 2. By the King's edift, anno 1719, bank notes were fixed at 5 per cent, better than gold or filver coin ; bank bills in the beginning of fummer anno 1719, were incrtafed to 400 millions of livres (a livre is in value above 1 1 d. fterling) in the end of fummer the French court gave out (thus do fome oi the legifla- turcs in our paper-money colonios) that this fum was not fufficient for a circulation, and 120 millions more were made. In Odo'ocr \io millions more, and foon after 360 millions more; being in all iooo millions of livres, which is about 46 millions pounds iterliug, which is more than all the banks in Europe put together do circulate. 3. Next fpring in March, N. S. anno 1720, by an edidl, gold and filver was gradually to be lowered, and after fome months forbid to have any currency, with the penalties of counterband goods, if found in any pcrfon's poffcflion; Bank notes and Miffillippi transfers to be the only currency ; the importation of gold and filver fpecies is for- bid ; even the payment of foreign bills of exchange, though fpecified, muft be made in Bank-^otes. 4, As the court of France had been for maiw years in the praftice of altering the current coin, for the profit of their King, Mr. Law proceeded to make a like experiment upon their paper-currency. By an edifl of May 21,1 720, Bank nott's were to be reduced gradually (the Milfiffippi, or India Company's ac- tioni, were at the fame time, and in the lame manner, reduced from 10,000 livres, their ftated price, to 5,000 livres) fo that after fome months, v. g. loco livres Bank notes was to pafs for only 500 livres. This occafioiicd fuch an univerfal murmuring, that Mr. Law was obliged to fave himfelf from the rage of the populace, by leaving the kinjjdom, and thereby confclfing himfelf a moil ECRBnious Cheat. To appeafe the people,, who fufpeded frauds in the India Company and Bank, the court appointed fham comm'fi'aries to inCpcd tJicir books; they foon made a favourable report, and that G they ■ s 'r^ t. I' ^ ^f^^. ^ \^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.1 1.0 !£iu m itt lii ■2.2 ^ iU 11.6 IU Ik Ik u ^^ 0> ^ '/ /. Photographic ^Sdmces CorporatiQn 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WIMTH.N.Y. MSSO (716) S72-4S03 > 1^ J^;"Q i\ $2 ^Si/MMARY, Miflorieai and Politicali tec, carried it by bribing fome of the legidature, and fome in the adminiftration by taking up great quantities of iiore for their ufe. Mr. Walpole, doubtlefs, had a feel- ing, but fecret and cautious concern in this affair of corruption ; and as the South-fea bubble came near its crifis, he (kreened himfelf by being made pay-mafter general of the land-forces, the Earl of Sunderland, May 2^, 1720, being made firft commi0*ioner of the treafury in his room. Mr. Walpole did not re-enter himfelf, as firft comminioner of the treafury, until April 1721, the dorm being over } and we may obferve that next month the parliament allowed the South- Sea Com- pany diredors large fums out of their forfeited eftates, the parliament being then under the diredion of Mr. Walpole ; and towards the end of the fame year, by the dire^ion of our prime minifter, admiral Norris landed Mr. Laws, a fugitive from France, in England ; (Mr: Laws at that time was in cafli, the proper bait for corruption) he introduced himfelf by buying off the appeal of the relations, and producing at the bar of the King*s-bench, the King's pardon for the murder of Edward Wilfon, Efq; (Beau Wilfon) anno 1694, he wss difcharged : But his arrival in England being canvafled in parliament, and his infamous bubble in France being much clamoured againft by the popu- lace (Mr. Walpole, a confummate politician, by expe- rience, at times found that the vox populi was the fupre- ma lex \ . witnefs the excife projeflion upon wines and tobacco) his addrefs, his money, the countenance of the court, availed nothing } he went off, and died oi> they found in the India Company a fund for above 300 millions livrcs original flock, the nation were not fatisfied, it ftill remained in a fcrgient or fret ; Mr. Law was obliged to abfcond May 29, and rcfjgn his great ofHce of comptroller-general of the finances ; and the fcals were taken from M. d'Arcenfon his accomplice. May 31, the cdid of lall March for gradually abolifliing a gold and filver cur- rency was revoked ; and by Odober following, Bank notes had no /on^cr a cyfircncy, nothing was taken in payments but gold and filver * . V , ' fcurely fcurely OllSCUi govern The of Com icnt Ap the irre< deemabii (the bar not incJi purchafe the govej be contin 2nd from of 4 per miiiion ex pounds fit benefit of increafcd < proprietors fea compal to the pub ^^ry anno ] 'nenr, add( ftcrl. their 4*3^1,930. allowed to be obtained «ck capital. Next Daj South-fea ft «'^ Hy (th( to 1000. irs credit; . ^Aed, that Qividcnd i»t Cent, per anr '7> itock w; 0/ th Settle MZHTS in America, 8.^ Arurely in Germany'*, may this be the exit of all notori- ous cunning leading impoilors in any human fociety or goyernment. The South- Sea propoials were accepted by the houfe of Commons Fcbr^ i, 1719-26, and had the royal al*- fcnt April 4 following. They were allowed to ingraft the irredeemable long and fhort annuities, and the re- deemables of 5 and of 4 per cent, per annum intereii: (the bank and Eaft-India company annuities or (lock not included) to the value of 30,954,000 ^, ftcrl. by purchafe or by fubfcription : the annual payments from the government upon thefe ingrafted publick debts, to be continued as at prefent, until anno 1727 midfui.imer» and from thence the whole to be reduced to an Annuity of 4 per cent; the South- Sea engage to circulate one million exchequer bills gratis^ and to pay feven millions pounds fterling to the government for this libelrty and benefit of ingrafting fo much of the publick debts, the increafed capital ilock to be divided amongft all the proprietors. The preceding year anno 17 19 the 3outh- lea company by aA of parliament, for a certain fum to the publick, had ingrafted a great part of the lot- tery anno 171O) by which, and by this great engraft- ment, added to their original ftock of 10,000,000 ;f. ftcrl. their capital became 37,802,483 /[. fterl. (about 4>36i>930j£. fterling of the principals which they were allowed to take in, by purchafe or fubfcription could not be obtained, and remained as before} a vaft and impoli-^ tick capital. Next Day Feb. 2, after the bill paffed the Commons, South-fea ftock rofe to 150, in May it was fold at 375, all July (the transfer books being (hut) it fold at 930 to 1000. In Aiiguft the South-fea bubble began to lole its credit 5 and the diredlors to keep up the cheat, pub- li(hed, that 30 per cent calh, fhould be the half year's dividend at Chriftmas next, and not lefs than 50 per Cent, per annum for the next following 12 years. Auguft 17, ftock was at 830, Septem. 8, at 550, Sept. 29, at h' G a ^ ^ ^ 150 i $4 if Summary, Hiftorical and PoUHeaU &c. 150 ; at Michaelmas South-fea bonds were at 25 per cent, difcount. At this time all the (locks (bank ftock in July rofe to 245, but it foon fell again to its intrinfick value 130) and many fchemes were made bubbles, the capitals pro* pofed by the feveral projeftors and bubblers did not a- mount to lefs than 300 millions flerling. Moft people negledted their other bufinefs and attended fome favourite Bubble, and John Blunt of London, the arch-bubbler, was ere(5led a baronet, a fcandal to that honourable order of knighthood. This grand national cheat, became a parliamentary enquiry. In the report of the fecret committee, forty members of the houfe of Commons were charged with having ftock taken up for them in brokers names ; it was found that the directors bought dock for the com* pany at very high rates, while they wertf clandeftinely felling out their own ; that the directors had lent out by collufion, about eleven millions of the company's money, with none or not fuBicient fecurity. In the houfe of Lords, the whole of it was called a villainous artifice ; and it was refolved in parliament, that the diredlors, fo far as their eftates would reach, (hould make good the lolTes the company had fuftained by their frau- dulent management ; the eftates of the diredons deputy cafhier, and accountant amounted to 2,014,123 ^. fterl. properly forfeited, but by management a great part of it was remitted to them : the reliefs allowed by" par- liament are too long to be related here j to the cc 1 y was forgiven the I'even million which they conti^^cd to pay to the government, upon condition of two millions of their capital being annihilated, but this was foon after reftored to them. Anno 1722, the better to difengage themfelves from incumbrances, they fold to the bank 200,000 of their annuity which is four millions principal. ' ^ • * "^ . " Several government debts were by the Earl of Oxford Incorporated into one joint ftock of annuities, and 8 . were were ca. pany of Sea and iifliery. /ippi Co; pany; k £|ppi bub After J (the Eaft diftindt as Sea bubbi pitai was ; t\it 4,000. to the ban moiety of remain a jc Anno I fundry goi fund, jjbei > k Of the Settlements /» America. 85 were called, The corporation of the governor and com- pany of merchants in Great-Britain trading to the South- Sea and other parts of America, and for encouraging the filhery. As Mr. Law borrowed his Iham name of Mifli- fippi Company, from our cant name of South-Sea Com- pany ; fo we copied our South- Sea bubble from his Midi- lippi bubble. After a further ingraftment of all the publick debts (the Eaft-India and bank government debts remained diftinfb as formerly) that could be obtained, and the South- Sea bubble being fettled, 1723 June 24, their whole ca- pital was found to be 33>8o2,483£. (without induding the 4,ooo,ooo>r. of their flock which they had afligned to the bank) the parliament converted 1 6,961, 24 1;£. one moiety of it into South-Sea annuities, the other half to remain a joint flock in trade. Anno 1733 this moiety of joint flock in trade, by fundry government payments made from the finking fund, II became 14)651,103 ;f. at midfummer, three G 3 " i quarters II The finking fund was a prcjeflion of Mr. Walpole's, a cen* fummate politician, efpecially in the affair of finances ; it arifes from publick favings (the funds continuing the fame) by reducing the in- tereft of the publick debts firfl to 5 per cent, anno 171 7, afterwards to 4 per cent, and fome (Eaft- India company) to 3 per cent. This was not iniquitous, but natural juftice; common intereft had been |;educed by a£t of parliament to ; per cent, ever fince anno 1714. It was left to the option of the creditors of the govern- ment either to be paid off, or to accept of a lower intereft, they ac- cepted of a lower intereft : None of the companies or incorporated ftocks choofe to be paid off, but make intereft that the finking fund may not be applied to them : All tke national debt (navy-debt, army debentures, and the like excepted) confifts in the ftocks ; thefe are as transferrable as is common cafh, and therefore may be called- calh in cheft bearing intereft. 2. When paid off, they lofe the advance which the pafft paid would fell at, From this logwood cutting maroon life, there is a fmall incidental political advantage; as the logwood- cutters called bay- men, live a maroon, licentious, law- lefs life, it becomes in times of peace a receptacle for, and diverts fome failors and others from the more wick- ed life of pirating. A little to the eaftward of the bay of Honduras are a fmall tribe of Indians, the good friends and allies of the bay- men, and Spaniard haters : that is, they af- fedl the Englifh more than they do the Spaniards, and they reckon the governor of Jamaica, as their patron and protestor : our trade with them is of no confe- quence, being only fome tortoife-fhell, wild cocoa, and. farfaparille. The idand of Ratan lies about eight leagues from the Mufkitoe-ihore, and about 150 leagues W. by S. from^ Jamaica; here we have lately fixed a garrifon, and fi;a-> tion-lhips, but f»i ^^w I cannot fay. .,.,*» ii ■-- , ■ - , T ■; ' ■. -- 1, ■' i /J 1^' - The privilege of making and carrying fait from the idand of Salt Tortugas, in the gulph of Mexico, near the Comanas or windward part of the Spanifh coafi', was exprefly confirmed to us by the treaty of com- merce between his Catholick Majefty, and the King of Great- Britain, at Madrid, December 14, anno 1716. *' Whereas notwithftanding the treaties of peace and; commerce, which were concluded at Utrecht, July 13,, and Dec. 9, 1713; there ftill rcmain'd fome mifunder* {landings, concerning the trade of the two nations, and the courfe of it. Article 3. Morever his Catholick, Majefty permits the faid fubje^s of Great-Britain ta gather go ^Summary, Ulflorieal and Political^ Sec, ftathcr fait in the ifland of Torguga, in the gulph of Mexico; the/ having enjoyed that privilege in the reign of King Charles II. without hindrance or inter- ruption." Notwithdanding of this plain (lipulation \ anno 1733, in the fpring, a Britifli plantation's falt-fleet under con- voy of a 20 gun Britifh man of war, as they came to fail from Tortugas, were attack'd by two large Spanifh men of war from the Margaritas, and four of the Beet were carried off ; hitherto no recompence has been ob- tained. In times of peace, for the ufe of the dry cod-fifhery, •re imported in Maffachufetcs-bay, communibus annis^ 1200 tuns Tortugas fait •, and about as much more from other ports, viz. Ifle of May, or Cape de Verde iflands, £;:cuma or Bahamas, St. Martins or Rochelle, Lilbon, Ivica, Cagliari in Sardinia, ^c. The reafon why New-England dry cod is frequently falt-burnt, is from the ufe of Tortuga and ifle of May fait, which are too hot. In Newfoundland they gene- rally ufe Lifbon and French fait. By late afts of the Britidi parliament *, fait is allowed to be imported directly from any part of Europe, to the colonies of New- York and Penfylvania •, in the fame manner as fait may be imported into New-England and Newfoundland, by an aft made 15 Car. II. for the en- couragement of trade. . . .( V II. French difcoveries and fettkments. The French American colonies may be diftinguifli'd into their north continent America fcttlements, and thofc of the Weft-India iflands, Cayenne, near the coaft of Guiana or Surinam included. Their iflands do not fall within the compafs of our defign •, and having only tranfiently vifited them without any view of enquiry, my fixed refolution is not to borrow or tranfcribe fiom from c< cufe m] The nada or French noife, ir way be Quebec tick coK profefl!cd r. Ca fome fay, iaird int obfcure t give nam Veraza (Francis j Hdc of N< according minal poi Chefapcal^ St. Laure that fain Two (hipj J. Cartier, this river Monreal, 1542 Rob pie to fct About th< and Spanii Floridn. formed of • No pcrr hints from co \kk records ai ■% . 2 ^ 0/ the St TTLtMtifTB in America^ 91 from common authors \ * therefore the reader may ex* cufc my laying them afide. The continent French fettlements, I divide into Ca- nada or New* France, and MifTiflTippiorLouifiana: fome French writers, mention a French province called Ha- noifc, inhabited by above 16,000 whites, about half way between the mouth of the river Mifllflippi, and Quebec in Canada \ this is only an imaginary or roman- tick colony, we take no notice of it, leaving it to the profeffed writers of novels. .• -civ I. Canada. The original of the name is uncertain, ibme fay, it was named from Monfieur Cane, who early iail*d into that river: if fo, O caprice! why (hould (o obfcure a man (his voyage is not mentioned in hiftory) give name to New- France, as it is called ? Verazani a Florentine in the King of France's fervice (Francis I. was anfadive prince) coafted along .the eaft: fide of North- America, and went alhore in feveral places, according to the humour of thofe times, took a no- minal poflcffion for France, from 37 D. the mouth of Chefapcak-bay, to 50 D. N. lat. the mouth of the river St. Laurence, fo called, becaufe firft difcovered upon that faint's day ; he fail'd up the river of St. Laurence. Two (hips from England fail'd up that river, anno 1527. J. Cartier, a native of St. Malo, made two voyages to this river anno 1534 and 1535, he proceeded fo far as Monreal, and called the country New-France. Anno 1542 Roberval from Rochelle carried thither, a few peo- ple to fettle i they did not continue their fettlements. About the middle of the fixteentb century, the French and Spaniards difputed fettlements upon the coaft of Florida. Secretary Walfingham of England, being in- formed pf an opening fouth of Newfoundland, fitted • No pcrfoii can trace me as a plagiary ; my own obfervations, hints from corrcipondents, and well-approved authors, apd from pub' )ick records are ttte materials of this eliiay. out f$ /t SvidUAKYt Hifiorieal and PeUti i|ij fmall iflands, given to the French by the tnfamoui treaty of Utrecht 1 7 1 3. From Cape Rofier to Tadoufac on the north fide of the river are 80 leagues bad navigation* Tadoufac is no town, but a good harbour for large fhlps, navigable for (hips 25 miles, has a water communica- tion by the river Seguany, &c. with Hudfon's-bay. From Tadoufac to Quebec are 30 leagues, from Quebec to Les Trois Rivieres on the north fide of the river 30 leagues \ this was the Brft French fcttlement, it aboundf with iron ore, is the refidence of a fub-governor, this government (there are three governments in Canada) ex- tends 1 2 miles up the great river and 1 2 miles down the river : the tide does not flow much higher \ from Let Trois Rivieres to Monreal the feat of the next fub-gover- nor are 30 leagues. From Cape Rofiers along the fouth fide of St. Lau- rence to Monreal, is an almoft continued chain of hills or mountains, and the runs of water fliort and rapidi ic is fcarce habitable. A little above Monreal, the two ri- vers of Outauawas (comes from a country N. W. belong- ing to a large and powerful Indian nation) and Cataraqui meet : Cataraqui river comes about 50 leagues S. W, from the lake of the fame name ; from fort Frontenac at the head of this river by water-carriage to Monreal are 4 days travel, but from Monreal to fort Frontenac are lo or more days travel, becaufe of many carrying- places at fe- vcral cataracts called falls or fauts. ••' •''*' The communicating five great lakes of Canada, viz. Cataraqui or Ontario, Erie, Uenois, Hurons, and Upp^r lake may be called inland feas, lying from 39 D. to 51 D. N. Lat. the fmalleft Ontario is about 80 leagues long, 25 leagues wide \ the lakeSuperieure is 200 leagues feparated from Nova- Scotia by the gut of Canfo ^ leagues long, and I league broad. Cape- Breton ifland lies in length from N. £. to S. W. fcarce 50 leagues, itn greateft breadth eail and welt about 33 leagues. Louifbourg formerly called Englifh hatbour, is a good port and ftrong fortrefs : as this formerly belonged to Nova-Scotia, vvc ihall refer any further account of it to that fedion. ^ 1^ ^SvMMARV, Hiflorical and PblitUaU &(*. long, it iskraer than the Cafpianfea. They do nd freeze over, inow does not lay long within lo or la milef of them, their foft mellow circum-ambient va- pour mollifief the air *, the Indians fay that in hot wea«> tber the wind blows from the lake, and in cold weather into the lake, u do the land and fea- breezes in the Weft- Indiei within the Tropicks. All the French colonies are under the direAlon of the council of the navy of France, and of one of the four iecretaries of France, called fecretary for the Marine and Plantations, at prefent anno 1747 M. Maurepas. The French King'f charge per annum for Canada is about 200,000 crowns } but the high duty upon lalt fent from France, and the duty upon furs and ikins fent from Canada to France, overballances this charge. The King's bills of exchange upon the treafury are paid at 15 days fight ( the caftor bills upon the company are paid at three nnonth's fight. Their currency is the fame as in Franc?; being 25 per cent, better than that of the French Weft-India iflands. h ^ ^ a e r By information from capt. La Rondde and lieut. de Ramfey, envoys from the governor-general of Canada^ concerning the French indigating and furnilhing our ene- my Indians with war ammunition; anno 1723 there faii'd from Quebec 1 9 veflels for the ocean ; ouiit in the river of St. Laurence 6 veffels fit for the ocean. N, B. Up the river to the fouthward, is good (hip-tim- ber, lately they have built two or three men of war for France* , w _^ , ; ..• '-/.-v: ^-^-.-n The fcafon of navigation in the river St. Laurence, are the months of Auguft and September, for the ftore- iliips and caftor- company (hips. Ships have failed from Quebec to Rochelle in 18 days. Befides pehtrie they fend to France a fmali matter of lumber, timber, ftaves, tar, tobacco. Ships from France faring wines, brandies, and dry goods, and fail with Bour, peafe, and pork to the Weft- India iQands j and from thtnce boin« ly France with fugars, &c. In Canada from the ^ falling fecting ir and othei them by ciandeflir our Dutci Canada j mouth oJ Ontario, Indians of South-Car fon*s-Bay good wat( and confeq are more p ftaple as to Canada i fow no wii not much n cnce: the c a baker giv« apples grow ty; peaches try when th garrets durii food. They hav Quebec the general of C fortrefs; the lower town t vents (Jefuit of women, c ated, the re above Quebe as Quebec, b a fmaii town the river, bet government. Of the Se T T t E M t N T s f» America. 9£| fcttlng in of the froft until fumnner, no news from France and other foreign parts, excepting what is conveyed to them by way of Albany : many of the French furs arc ciandeftiriely carried to Albany } this is the reafon, why our Dutch fubjefls there are averfe from a war with th? Canada French, and their Indians. At Ofwego the mouth of Onondaguas river upon the eaft-fide of lake Ontario, there is a trading fair from Albany all fummer ; Indians of above 20 different nations refort thither, from South-Carolina in N. lat. 32 D. to the bottom of Hud- fon*s-Bay in N. lat. 51 D. therefore there, certainly is a good water communication inland, in all that extent, and confequently a vaft Indian fkin and fur-trade ; furs are more plenty to the fouthward, but not of fo good a itaple as to the northward. Canada is fettled only near the rivers and creeks ; they fow no winter-grain. The produce of the country is not much more thfin is requifite for their own fubiift- ence : the quality of their fummer-wheat is fuch, that a baker gives 38 lb. wt. fine bread, for a bulhel of wheat: apples grow well ; pears, plumbs, and cherries not plen- ty ', peaches will fcarce do : they kill their ftore of poul' try when the frofts fet in, and keep them froze in their garrets during the winter feafon, which faves grain, their food. They have only three towns of any confideration ; viz. Quebec the metropolis and refidence of the governor- general of Canada or New-France, it is their principal fortrefs ; the Cathedral is their only parifh church, in the lower town there is a chapel of eafe i here are two con- vents (Jefuits and RecolcAs) of men, and three convents of women, or nunneries. Monreal more pleafantly fitu- atcd, the refidence of a deputy-governor, 60 leagues above Quebec upon the fame river, is near as populous as Quebec, but not fo well fortified. Lcs Trois Rivieres, a fmall town and trifling fortification lies midway upon the river, between thefe two, it is the icat of the third government* The ^5 jt SvMUAKYt Hiftcrical and Political &r. The country is divided into about 80 diflridts, fome- what in the manner of our New-England townfhips (the New-England townfliips, in Old-England would be called country parilh, and their feveral precinAs, chapels of eafe.) All their militia or fencible men capable of marching, at this writing, anno 1747, do not exceed 12,000 men, with' about 1000 regular troops independent marine com- panies, and about xpoo Indians that may be perfuaded to march. - ^«? :^. ■'■ '..A^ -J '*. -' .XiS^u^ *' Befides the three towns or flrong places already men- tioned, there are, i . Crown-Point as above, a late intru- fion upon the jurifdiftion of New- York, laft year it was propofed to reclaim it by force, but the projeflion feems to vanilh. 2 . Fort Chamblais, a confiderable fort or pafs from the Englilh fettlements to the upper French fetile- ments in Canada. 3. Fort Sorrel, where the river Cham- blais, the difcharge of lake Champlain, enters the river of Can: .da or St. Laurence, an infignificant fort. 4. Fort Frbntenac, where the difcharge of lake Ontario, and the other great inland lakes, forms the Cataraqui branch of the river St. Laurence. 5. Fort Denonville near Niagara Falls (governor Vaudrue'il had it accurately examined, it was 26 fathom perpendicular) between the lakes On- tario and Erie. 6. La Trouette at Les Detroits between the lakes Erie and Hurons. N. B. Thefe three laft men- tioned forts, have bread and peafe from Monreal^ but no other proviHons. ^^ '^- '"r^^m-^ W--''~":0- 'j'tW^y ■ ' Befides thefe, by way of oftentation, we find in the French maps of Canada and Mifliflippi, man/ forts mark- ed out : thefe are only extempore ftockades or bloek- houfes made for a Ihort time of refidence in their travelling trade with the Indians j fome French ^ Indian traders when they fct out, obtain (a certain perquifite) from the governor an efcorte of a fcrjeant and a few private foldicrs for protcdion againft any Indian in- lults. ^^ '<^ ' ' .;/.'- .-v4 •1 "' There . (>f the S » T T i. E M E K T s iH Amcrlcia. 9;^ There is an annual patroul of this ni .-e from Quebec in Canada to fort Orleance near the mouth of the MiflTif- iippi» it is about 600 leagues travel with its detours of rivers and carrying -places i the direfb diftance or dif- ference in latitude falls (hort of 400 leagues : this long rout is not attended with fuch difficulties and hardfhips, as is commonly imagined *, there is a rivet falls into the fouth-fide of lake Erie, which leads to a carrying* place to the river Ohio, a branch of the river Miffif- fippi } the Indians hereabouts^ are by the French called Miamis. The French in their Weft-India or America fettlc- ments, have four governor^generals, the fmall fcttlement at Cayenne in Guiana not included, i. The governor-gene- ral of Canada, in his commiffion is ftiled governor and lieutenant-general of French North-America 5 he has un- der bis direftion the governments of Quebec, Les Trois Rivieres, and Monreal, with the commandans of the fe- veral out-forts already mentioned. 2. The governor- general of Louifiana or Miffifllppi ; his refidence is at Orleance upon the river Mifliffippii the other government upon the river Mobile, or Moviile, is under his diredlion; the diftance is about 40 leagues. 3. The governor gene- ral of the • French Caribbee-lflands, or Les IQes au Vent j his refidence is at the ifland Martinique. 4. The go* vernor • The prefent conftitution of the Weft India French governments, {$: A governor-generalj and intendant, who is their chief judge ia all affairs, and a check uf)on the general, and a fupreme council ; un- der their direction are fevcral Imall gcvernments, departements, or commanderies, but under the immediate command of a fub-governor, or lieut. du Roy, or commandant ; and thef^ diftrifts are divided into \ parifhes under the command of a kind of militia officer and fheriif called , Capitaine du Quartier. I Under the governor-general of the French Caribbse Iflands are the governments of Martinique (this is divided into thr6e, viz. Fort Koyal, - 8t. Pierre, and La Trinitee) Guardaloupe (including the commandarics of Grand Terre, and of Les Saints) Marigalante, Cirenades (including I the commandarics of che Oranadillas) upon the death of the governoi- H general. ■^8 yf S u M M A R V, Hifiorical atid Political^ &c. •Vernor-general of St. Domingue ♦ (Hifpaniola is fo called by the French) or Les Ides fous le Vent> his refidence is at ^:ij. -j^ ,b.: f^ ! .J ■•} nor-general is — ———who latehr fuperfeded Le Marquis de Cham* pigny, the intendant is De la Croix. St. Bartholomew is a neutral iflard, the property and jurifdiAion of it has not been fettled by any treaty; it is frequented by fome French, marooners. Fort-Royal in Martinique (from P. Feuille) N. lat. 14D. 43 M. W. from Paris 63 D. 2Z M. anno 1704 variation 6 D. 10 M. E. increafing about a degree in ten years ; a pendulum that vibrates feconds in Martiniq^ue, is id length 3 feety 6 and half lines, French meafure. N. B. Such pendu- lums increafe in length in fome proportion or regularity from the equator to the poles, but hitherto have not been reduced to a table ; ft Paris its length, as obferved by the Academy RoyaU of Sciences, is 3 feet, 8 and half lines. * Upon the weft part of the ifland Hifpaniola the French are be- come more numerous, and have much more conilderable fettlements, than the Spaniards upon its eaft part ; they have about eight (hipping or delivery ports, each with a military commanding omcer, wherr- of fome are called governors, others only lieut. du Koy, fome go b;, tht name ot comniandans, all under the governor-general who refidej at Leoganc. Cape St. Nicholas of St. Domingue and Cape Mayeze of Cuba dii!ance 1 2 leagues make the windward paflage. Nearell to tl;c Spaniard on the north-fide is their fettlement of Villedu Cape, N.lat. 19 D. 48 M. W. from Paris 73 D. 35 M. we call it Cape- Francois, it is their principal fettlement, and lends off more produce of fagars, &c. than all the other French fettlements there, and has a reft- dent governor : On the fouth-fide next to the Spaniih fettlementi is Fort Louis, N.lat. 18 D 18M. in the bay of L' Ifle des Vaches ; here lay anno 1741 the famous French fquadron under the Marquis d' Antin, dcfigned either to convoy the Spaniih Plate-fleet to Europe, or to hinder the jundtion of Vernon and Ogle, or to invade Jamaica upon admiral V crnon^s proceeding againlt Carthagena : although tkey efcaped an engagement with our fleet (reafons of flate are above my reach) in the utmoft diftrefs for want of provifion, with the death of many men and lofs of fome ihips, they returned t France, having efl'eflcd nothing, and d' Antin loon after died, fome fay killed in n duel by Marquij de Rocheville, a commodore imd«r him in this this expeditu gane. Grand pendant mari prefent govei iot. Some < ftine trade u colony has be thence in mol * The redi leaftri&ofm the^ French in their Indian c( partly at theii poor; and caj ibJdiers who ; prefs allows o: iiaps our mini France, unlefs ing of peace war; or withe never be recon fters in adminif government 01 reafon with ou \y defigned to on board for r Loui/bourg's fa obviate a popi land forces abor of blind fent ui has been thouc North-America* agreeable to 01 real war betwe< I^five war betw prefs it, a conci "1 our miraculf attending the I very, feera to cr for keeping of Of the Se ttt ttHtUt^in America. '^§ at Leogane^ the middlctnoft of their fectlements in N. Lat. i8D. 4oMk In the dominions of Canada^ Quebec is the metropolift and place of greateft flrengch \* when this is reduced, all this expedition. The intermediate fettlements are ^ort de Paix, Leo- gane, Grande Gouave, Petite Gouave^ &c. they have feveral inde- pendant marine companies, but dep&nd much upon their militia. The prefent governor-general is M. de Larnage, the intendant is M. Mail- lot. Some of our northern colonies at all times carry on a dande- ftine trade with them lately, though in time of war a neighbouring colony has been detefled in carrying fupplies thither^ and returns from thence in molaifes and indigo, under the blind of flags of truce. * The reduction of Canada might have been eite£led without the lead riik of mifcarriage) and the pofleflion maintained (not by putting the French inhabitants to the fvvord, as was the Spaniih principle in their Indian conqueits) by tranfporting the French fettlers to France* partly at their own charge where able, partly at our charge where poor ; and cantoning a great part of the country in property, to the ibldiers who ferved in the redudlion. The Britifli freedom of the prefs allows of furmifes, where nothing is pofitively aflerted. Per- haps our miniftry may judge, that no peace could be made with France, unlefs France were fo reduced as to accept the law, in mak- ing of peace at any rate, this might require many years expenfive or without delivering up Lo^i^>ourg ; the Britifh people would war never be reconciled to this, and might occaiion a diflike to the mini- llers in adminiftration, and perhaps a difaffedtion to the prefent civil government or eftablifhed fuccemon. This probably may be the reafon with our minifters, that the fleet and land forces, apparent- ly defigned to obferve Duke d'Anville^s fquadron with land forces on board for recovering of Louifbourg, did not proceed to prevent Louifllourg's falling again into the French poflfeflion ; that they might obviate a popular puzzle in making of peace. Thus our fleet and land forces aboard, apparently defigned againll Canada, were by way of blind fent upon that romantick defcent on Britany in France. It has been thought that our reduflion of Louifbourg, the key of the North-America C o d-F i s k b r y and F u r-T r a d b, was not fo agreeable to our miniilry, as to the populace of Great'Britain ; 9. real war between people of the different nations, but only a col- li^five war between their miniflers. But providence, or as fome ex** prefs it, a concurrence of many extraordinary chances or incidetits. In our miraculous reduflton of Louilbourg, and a train of diiaftcrs attending the French fleet and land troops defigned for its reco- very, fccm to encourage that fondnefs which the Britilh people have for keeping of LQuilbourg. This year anno 1 747, notwithftanding H 2 many lOO yf S u M M A R y, Hiftorical and PoUikaU &c. a]l th^ir New-France falls infcantly. Our pretenfions ta Canada fliall be enumerated in the fedlion Of Nova- Scotia, QueBcc (from De Hayes) is in N. Lat. 46 D. ss M. W. from Paris 72 D. 30 M. that is from London 70 D. 30 M. Bofton (from T. Robie) is in N. Lat. 42 D. 25 M. weft from London 7 1 D. 30 M. therefore Quebec is 4 D. 30 Ml north, and i D. 30 M. E. of Bofton j that is, in ge- ographical miles 270 north, and 68 miles (reckoning 45 miles to a degree of longitude in thefe parallels) eaft from Bofton. Champlain was their Hrft governor, he gave name to the lake Champlain (the Dutch call it Corlaers lake) the paffage from Albany, or New-York government, to Monreal, or the weft parts of Canada, it is 150 miles long, and ^q miles wide. M. Frontenac, who fticceeded anno i6yu gave name to the fort at the difcharge of lake Ontario, !?eing the fource of the Cataraqui branch of che river St. Laurence. Le Marquis de Nonvillc fuc- ceeded to the government anno 1685, and gave name to the fort near, Niagara falls, between the lakes Ontario and Erie •, fnno 1687, with 1500 French and Indians, he invaded the Sehekaes country : the year following, anno 1688, in revenge the Five Nations, with about 1200 In- Uians, invaded . the ifland of Monreal (the governor- ge- neral and wife being then in the town of Monreal) rava- ged the country, killed about loooperfons, and carried off a few captives. To return this in fome meafurc, in the beginning of King William's rcign, the French and their Indians, to the number of about 300 men, in the night- time furprizfcd Schenedtaday in New-York government, and murdered 63 people. In the beginning of Queen Anne*s war, the colonics of Canada and New-York agreed III I » . II — r— »— — ^— — — . many American Troops are kept on foot, by the direftion of the Court of Great-Britain, at a great cHarge, dengned for the redu(!\ion of Canada, the land forces dertined from home for this expedition, are diverted from a Canada expedition this feafon, and fent, to Flan- 5iers, for a grand.efFort, or critical trial of fkill, and likely may prove *tji(i cVifi: ox the prefcm war. ' ' -^ ' ■ for a net the war, : was carric Indians. The CO rals of Ne vcrnors an vice-rpy c indepcndar tember th< Canada, ar families, fo lift of aboi compleat, j not to be d voix writes, at that tim France, viz. men ; the 2 mount only panics) and c prefent gov< (fome return dant is M. C The Frenc fouth-fide of the New- En Lorette, a v( nonoak on LesTrois K\\ 10 leagues hi river St. Fran fide of lake fighting men I about 80 men Indians, runa^ river Indians. Laurence rive *-4m Of the Settlements in America. Hi for a neutrality between their rcfpeftive Indians during the war, and an advantageous Dutch trade all that time was carried on from Albany to Monreal by means o£ the Indians. The commanders in chief formerly were called admi-;: rals of New-France, afterwards vice-roys, at prefent go- vernors and lieutenant-generals. Anno 1 665 M. de Trac2» vice-roy of French America, brought to Canada four independant companies of regular troops *, and in Sep- tember the fame year, M. Courfal governor-general of Canada, arrived with a regiment of foldiers, and fome families, for fcttlers : at prefent their regular troops coh- fift of about 28 independant marine companies very in- compleat, a parcel of racaille or goal-birds from France, not to be depended upon. Anno 1714, father Charle- voix writes, that Vandrueil, governor-general of Canada, at that time, acquainted M. Ponchartrain minifter in France, viz. Canada has aflually in it but 4480 fencible men 5 the 28 companies of the King's regular troops a- mount only to 628 men (like our late Nova-Scotia com- panies) and difperfed in the extent of 100 leagues. Their prefent governor-general is Le Marquis de Beauharnois (feme returned prifoners fay he is lately dead) the inten* dant is M. Champarni. The French Canada Indians. On our fide, which is the fouth-fide of the river St. Laurence, they are tribes of the New-England nation of Abnaqui Indians, viz. De Lorette, a very fmall tribe a little below Quebec •, Wa- nonoak on the river Befancourt or Puante, over againft LesTrois Rivieres, not exceeding 40 fighting men ^ abcuc 10 leagues higher is the tribe of Aroufiguntecook on thj river St. Francois, about 160 fighting men •, on the eaft fide of lake Champlain, is the tribe of Mefiafluck, 60 fighting men •, a little above Monreal are the Kahnuagas, about 80 men, being a parcel of idle Ave Maria praying Indians, runaways from the New- York Mohawks and river Indians. Their Indians on the north- fide of St. Laurence river, are Les Eikimaux, or Bai bares of Terra H 3 de xoz yf S u M M A R y, Hiftdrlcal and Political, 6f^. de Labradore, they eat their flefh and fi(h raw, and go naked or covered with feals and other (kins, they are in fmall clans, very idle, and of no great benefit to trade, are ifiuch difperfed } Papinchos near the mouth of the river St. Laurence ; Algonquins about 1500 men about Quebec in faft friendihip with the French •, Outawawaaj a very large nation, extending back of the other N. W. to near the bottom of Hudfon*s-Bay •, S, W. are Les Ranards j further fouth we muft leave the Indians for future difcoverics. I'he general farms out the Indian trade to private cotiipanies or partnerlbips pf In^i^n traders ih certain diftri^S.-"^ • '' ' ' ^^^ ^ '''■■' J;i-4V J* '. *VV *•-.- < ».».-.5 V , Jfl '2. MississiPi or Louifiana. It was firft difcovered by Joliet a Frenchman, anno 1673. De la Salle comman- dant of /ort Frontenac traverfed th^ wildernefs with inuch fatigue, equal to the greated of penances, anno 1679, 1680, i68i, 1682, Jind 1683, he went by the way of lakes ^Erie and Ontario (in their communication he built a fort called La Trouette) to Miffiffipi. Anno 1684 lie pbtairted of the court of France 4 veflTcIs with 20Q foldiers aboard, and failed from Rochelie to difcover and fall in with the mouth of the river MifliflTipi -, it lies about the middle of the north fliore of the bay of Mejfico; he cxpefted to find it in the weftermoft parts of this north (hore, according as it was laid down in the erro- ncoiis fea-charts of that time, and accordingly landed in the bay St. Bernard, which he called bay St, Louis, here he built fort St. Louis but foon negledled, it is nearly In the fame meridian with St. Cruz 97 D. 30 M. W. from London : the French maps extend the Louifiana further fouth to Rio Bravo in 25 D. N. lat. From bay St. Louis he travelled by land and difcovered the mouth of the Mifliffippi 1685-, ^" '^'s return for Canada, anno 1686, he was killed by a mutiny of his men. The fource of theMifiilTipi is ni-ar Hudfon's-Bay, weft of the great lakes i the French have travelled up this river ift capoes to 45 D. N, latt The The fi d' Ibervil Spanifh ] at by Phi of France or treafui privilege years \ thi the regent it was con fifljppi-coc to be invcl would hav began to b This Mi Penfacoia ii the water i the mouth healthful fn by the diflc fmall fur-tr Movile, or fmall draug From ba Miffiflippi, about 140 fub-governc a Spanifh fe phine in N. or Z^ D. 30 caft to Capt * III Brazil is fiver Amaz^ * As a kvf i- but contraaedl CMfopcan natic ^ 0/ the S E TT LE M r s TS in America.^ io| The firft cftabliflim^nt of the colony was by captain d* Iberville, aono IJ698, and although a natural and tru^ flpanilh property, the French fettlements were connived at by Philip V. tting of Spain, grandfon to Louis XIV. of France. Anno 1 7 1 2, M. Crozat fecretary of finances or treafury^ obtained frpm the Kine of France the fok privilege of trading to and fropi the MiflllTippi for 1 5; years i this turning ^ no account, he relinquifhed it to the regent of France, and by the proje6tion of M. Law« it was converted iqto the memorable bubble of the Mif- fifllppi-company (any out oif the way remote, not eafily to be inveftigated fcheme of colony and profitable trade would have anfwered) this Miflilfippi iham company firft began to be hatched anno 1717. This Mifliflippi colony extends from bay St. Louis to Penfacola in a iea-lme of near, 200 leagues, but all along the water is fo fhoal, it is of no ufe in trade excepting che mouth of MiiTifTippi, and there the country is un- healthful from the inundations or floods at certain feafons by the diflblving of the northward fnow i they have 9 fmall fur-trade, and begin to plant indigos the bay of Movile, or L' I(le Paupnine^ admits only of velTds of fmall draught. From bay St. Louis or Bernard to Orlemjce upon the Mifliflippi, the refidence of the governor-general, arp about 140 leagues -, thence to L'Ifle Dauphiqe, where a fub-governor relides, are 40 leagues; thence to Penfacola a Spanilh fettlement are 1 5 leagues : from L* Iflc Dau- phine in N. lat. 30 M. 30 D. W. long, from Paris 92 D. or 89 D. 3© M. weft from London, are 7 1>^ 30 M. long, caft to Cape Florida. ,,, ,, , .^.^. ^y.^,^,.^ ^^^ . . ,, . . * III, Portuguefe difcoveries andfettUments, Brazil is a narrow flip, its fea-line extend^, from the river Amazons under the cquinodtial, to Riode la Plata. * As a few additional pages may conduce towards a full and diftin^t but contra^led, view of all the American colonies from the feveral &Mropean nations, we (iifpenfe a little with our limits tfirft propofrd. H 4 ■ By 1 04 ^Summary, H'Jorical and PoUtlcal^ $eci By treaty of Baden, anno 17149 Spain refigns to Portu* gal, in full property and jurifdidlion, the territory anU colony of the Sacrament on the north branch of Rio do la Plata *, Portugal not to allow of any traders to Brazil, but the European Portu^uefe, The Portuguefe have a fort on the north fide ot the entrance of La Plata in S, lac. 34 D. Brazil was a Portuguefe accidental difcovery ; in fail- ing for their fettlements and faftories in the Eaft-Indies. anno 1500, a Brazil fleet by the eafterly trade-winds was drove upon the coaft of Brazil. They made no fettle- nient of confequence until anno,.i549> King John fen^ over fcttlers and foldicrs. It is divided into 14 captain* (hips, whereof 8 belong to the king, and 6 to private proprietors } all under one vice-roy, who refides at Bahia, or Bay of ail Saints in S. lat. 1 2 D. 45 M. The Portuguefe upon their firft arrival in Brazil cru- elly murdered the Indians in the fame manner as the Spa- niards had done in Mexico and Peru ; doubtiefs the po- litical reafon was, there being too numerous to be kept under a continued fubjedion •, but their religious evafion v/9Si dominion is founded upon grace, therefore none have any right to life or land but the true Roman Ca- tholicks, TantUm potuit fuadere malorum religio. Portugal, confcqucntly Brazil, was in the Spanidi ju- rifdiftion from anno 1580 to 1640 ; Philip II. of Spain claimed as he was the fon of the elded daughter of King Emanuel of Portugal ; whereas the Duchefs of Braganza was a daughter of the fon of King Emanuel, a better title, The Dutch revolted from and at war with Spain, become mailers of tlie northern parts of Brazils for feme years-, upon the revolution pf Portugal in favour of the houfe ofBtiaganza, anno 1640, the Dutch gradually lofl" ground, the D'utch chufing rather to out the Portuguefe from the Spicc-iflands, than divert their force to keep poflcfllonof Brazil i by Cromweirs war with the Dutch, anno 1642 M.ayito anno 1654 April, they could not afford fufficicnt protection 0/ thi SBTTI.SMBNTS In America.' 105 protection to their conquefts there (anno 1641 the Dutch jnadc a truce with the Portuguefe, nti poffidetu^ for 10, years) and from the above confiderations and their fmall country not affording fpare peo{ile fufficient to fettle there, the Dutch made a total furrender by a treaty anno 1661. Their rich mines diverted them from their former fugar bufinefs, and the other European colonics have got into it. The yearly import of gold to Portugal, for fome years pad:, has been about 3 million fterlingp^ annum. Anno X 7 1 1 the French took Rio de Janiero and brought it to contribution \ it is from thence that mofl of their gold is (hipt. The Brazil fleet for that port in S. Lat. 23 D^ fets out in January •, for Bahia, in near 13 D. S. Lat. they fet out in February \ for Fernambuc in 8 D. S. Lat. fee put in March I and upon their return leave thefe parts in May and June. Mofl; of the Brazil harbours are a dan« gerous navigation, becaufe of funken rocks at a fmall deptn. ;; • _ ,?,.f. ^^.-L^.^ ."■«, The moft valuable imports to Portugal from Brazils are gold (generally coined there at Bahia marked B. and Rio de Janiero marked R.) found in feparate grains or upall pieces, or intermixed wich fpar, but not extracted or fepa- ruted from filver and other metals as in Mexico ; and of lace diamonds, generally t fmall and of a bad water* Cx\ r^ ttm t We have lately in the newspapers fronj Europe, a romantitle account, of a huge diamond fent home from Brazils to the King of Portugal of 1680 carats (a carat 134 grains) the news-writers, to heighten the romance, put it at 224 millions fterling value ; whereas even according to (he ancient high valuation of diamonds (formerly ^ diamond of one carat of a good water and well polifhed was va- lued at 10/. ftcrlin^, or 1 10 Dutch florins, the value of thofe more weighty was the Iqiiare of carats multiplied into the value of bne carat : diamonds m(Wt in demand «re from i and half grains to 6. grains) if ^ut and poiilhcd of the bed water would not exceed 28 millions ftcrling, and if only brute or not cut, not above halfth:.t value, and if vvc (uppul'c it of a bad water, as are moft of the Brazil diamonds, perhaps not much i^ ettcr than fpme curious well cut and polifhed pebbles, this will redute the vahie very much. Formerly (lie largcit diamonds known were, i . That of the Qreat Mogul (for- merly \oS yf S u M M A R y, HiJlorUal and Political^ tec, IV , Dutch Dijceverics and SettUtntnts, > The Dutch Weft-India company is of little or no con- fideration *, the price of their ad ions (or ftocic as it it called in London) 30 to 35 *, whereas the Dutch Eaft-India company anions at prelent are about ^50 f. For many years their whole bufinefs was depreciations or piracies upon the Spaniards and Portiiguefc, in which they were very fuccefsful i 6rft they took a Brazil fleet in Bahia or bay of All-Saints, next they took two (hips of the Spanilh plate-fleet neiir Cuba, fomc time after they Cook a Spanifh plate-fleet worth twelve miliioni of florins. At prefent the interlopers run away with the company's trade and proBts. After years true (the Port Spanifli j got Tome looting in ThcDi T7 ■*B*a*i nerly all diamonds of any value cuni from th« MokuPs dominions) of 279 carats. 2. That of the Grand Duke of Tu(cany of 139 ca- rats but inclining to a citron colour. 3. Governor Pitt's diamond fold to the crown ot France for a millions of livres or 135,000/. fterling, it was of 1 2 "> carats. f In Amsterdam-Bank, there ia no ftle of aAions or (lock, it is not properly a company. It wa:* eftabliihed anno 1 609 by a placacrt or afl of the vroedfchap or town-council; the ftate of Amfterdam oblige themfelves to make good all monies lodged in this bank. They retain the fame intrinfick value of denominations, as they were at the time of the erection of this bank ; thus for inftance, a ducatoon at that time was three guilders, and fo continues to be received and paid away there ; whereas in the common currency of Holland, it is reckoned 63 fUvers, and the par of the agio is 5 per cent. N< B. Here is a me- thod to prevent depreciation, and qualifies this bank for that univer* fal credit which it has obtained in all forei|;n trade ; notwithftanding we nay obferv&, that the bell conftitutions upon earth may be fliocked by viry extraordinary events, anno 1672 upon that fudden rapid inva- fion of the feven united provinces by France, the transfers in this Uank were fold at lo per cent, difcount, for current money, which with the addition of the agio is in effe£l 1 5 per cent. This Bank is the merchant's cafhier, and he negotiates his affairs by transfers in his folio, a bank transfer is a legal tender ; when the bank pays out fpecie, which feldom happens, they retain one eighth per cent, for keeping, telling, &c. Merchants of great dealings, for 10 ducatoons per an- num have the ftate of their account fent to their lodgings every morn- ing ; the charge of transferring a fum exceeding 300 guilders cofts oiuy one ftiver or penny. There was a bank ellabliihed at Rotterdam amto 1636, it is of no note. • After i;i-«tt 0/ //^^ S E T T I. E M £ N T s fif America. 107 After anno 162 1, upon the expiration of the Dutch la years truce with Spain, they difturbed the Brazil fettlcmencs (the Portuguefe dominioni were at that tinie under the Spanish jurifdiftion) and were Croublefome in Chili ; they got ibme footing in Guiana and retained a confK^erable looting in the north parts of Brazil, for fome years. The Dutch fcttlcments in America are not conflderabley viz. 1. Amongfl; the Caribbee idands, the fmall ifland of Statia or St. Euftace, a few leagues weft from St. Kits 5 here is a Dutch Weft-India company-governor \ notwith- standing the Dutch interlopers carry on here a conflde- rable trade with the French and Britifh people of the Caribbee iflands ; in this port the Britifh and French Ame- ricans carry on a confiderable intercourfe of trade i and from St. Kits much fugar and molalTes are brought clan- deftinely to fave the 4 and half per cent, and the plan- tation-dyty, and plantation-bonds. This idand is not capable of making above 100,000/^. wt. of fugar per annum. The governor of Statia fends a commandanc to the fmall ifland of Sabia, which raifes only fome (lock or market provifionsj he has alfo a commandant in St. Martin's ifland, this feems to be a neutral ifland, at prefent a few Dutch and fome French live there, but of no conOderation. 2. Amongft the lelfer Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hifpa* niola, and Porto-Rico are called the greater Antilles) upon the coall of Caraccoes or windward coaft of the Spanilh main, their principal fettlement is the fmall ifland of Cural'o, lies about 8 leagues from the Terra Firma in 1 2 p. N. Lat. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards, anno 1634; their chief bufinefs is an interloping fniUggling trade with the windward coaft of the Spanifli main. Adjoining to it are the Dutch fmall iflands of Aruba eaft- ward, and vvcftward are Bonaire, Aves, Roca, andOrchilla, of noconfiderution. 3. Guiana; tluir chief fettlement is Surinam. Jt was {akcn by the Dutch i;-om the Englifli in the beginning ot io8 ^Summary, WJiorical and PoliticaU tccl King Chsirlci IPs reign, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Breda anno 1667 in exchange for New-York con- firmed to the Englifh. Here are three proprietors con- cernedy viz. The Dutch Weft-India company, the town of AmftertJaffl, and admiral Somelfdilce's heirs. It is gar- rifon'd by a detachment of one man out of each Dutch foot company of regular troops. It is a fugar colony, they keep their books in light pieces of eight, royals, and iliveri } 6 ftivers make a royal, 8 royals make a piece of eight. Their currency is 20 per cent, worfe than the cur- rency in Holland, a Holland's guilder paflfes for 24 ftiversj their large currency is transferring bills of exchange upon Amfterdam, at the difference of 20 per cent ', a heavy piece of eight paffes for three guilders. New-England hasaconfiderable trade with Surinam for niolaflei. Surinam government by proclamation Jan. 2 7. 1 705. N. S. allow the importation of * horfes and neat cat- tle from ovr colonies, at an impoft of feven guilders per head, with tunnage of itv^n guilders per laft of two tun fl)ipping % there is alfo a duty of 5 per cent, out (6 per cent, inward) upon two third value of goods. Weft or to the leeward of Surinam is Barbice, a new icttlemcnt, belonging to a feparate company, in a very thriving way, (hares are are fold at a very great advance. Weft of Barbice is another Dutch fettlement Efquibc (the Englifti feamen, much guilty of corrupting foreign words, call it, Ife a Cape) this furnifhes good mill timber for all the Weft- India fugar fettlements, and produces quantitiei of Balfam Capivi, the beft of all the medicinal natural balfams. ' . . ; .. Cayenne a fmall French fettlement in Guiana, eaft, that \% to windward of Surinam, it lies in N. Lat. 4D. S5 M. it is a fugar colony. New-England fends 2 or 3 (loops to Cayenne yearly for molafies. * ' ' St. Thomas * In Ncw-tn;;;land there is a breed of fmall mean liorfcs called Jade* Of Suf innnicrs, \\\ck run and feed in the walle lands at little or no chsfgr, uiA are fhipt off to Surinam for the ufe of their aiiiis, &c. \n the iug.ir plr.^ hende our iei Danif} there j proceei of fuga Brandel and pui is the n as in Su good a Toba London, the Spar the river to the D of Engla fcveralgr St. Cri times clai from the V. BriJ I come rican afFai handling,] tedious t< enter upc fettlemeiii defigning] attention with the mother cc f VVeannI Wthc AmcrJ t!0:i: 0/ the Britlfh Settlements in America. 16^ f St. Thomas, one of the Virgin-iflands, is compre« hendcd in the commiffion of the governor-general of our leeward iflands *, at prefent it is in poirefTion of a Danifti company, feldom any company's Ihips to be feen there j the king of Denmark has a negative in all their proceedings, they may raife about 2,500,0001b. weight of fugar per annum, they raife fome cotton *, here is a Brandebourg or Pruffian faflory. All their ordinances and publick writings arc in Hollands or low Dutch, which is the mother-tongue of the ifland. Their currency is as in Surinam. It is a fort of neutral port, but under good ceconomy. Tobago lies in 1 1 D. 30 M. N. lat. 59 D. W. from London, about 40 leagues fouth from Barbadoes, near the Spanifh ifland Trinadad, which lies near the mouth of the river Oranoke, King Charles II. made a grant of it to the Duke of Courland to be fettled only by the fubjefts of England and Courland. The Duke of Courland made fcveral grants in it to Engliftimen, but continues not fettled. St. Crux. The Englifh, French, and Danifli have at times claimed it ; it continues a neutral ifland, lies fouth from the Virgin -iflands. V. BxitMhJirft American difcoveries^ and Weft-India ijland fettUments, I come to a clofe of the introdudtory account of Ame- rican affairs in general, it has infenfibly fwelled in the handling, much beyond my firft plan 1 I hope it is not tedious to the curious and intelligent reader. We now enter upon the principally intended fubjeft, the Britifli fettlements in America. An author, without oftentation defigning a common good, may endeavour to conciliate attention and faith in his readers. As no man is born with the inilindt or innate knowledge of his native or mother country, and does not generally enter upon fuch f We annex the following fhort paragraphs to render our enumeration of the American fculcments from Europe coxnpleac. refearches ii^y 1 k( 1,, I- -''sii-yHi rt6 JSV1AMAILY9 Bftoricdt and PoUiicai^ &e. r^fearches until 2$ Mt, the air bf the foi! and juvenilis converfation do not much contribute towards this * Therefore a pcrfon not a native, but not a foreigner, "^ho comes into any country at that age, and enters upon and profecutes fuch ihvelligations from perfonal obferva- tions, and credible correfpondencies for a courfe of thirty years, may be faid, as if born in the country. I hope criticks, natives of any of thefc our colonies, will not reckon it a prefumption in me to eiTay the following ac*" counts 5 efpecially as at prefent, no native appears to un- dertake this laborious btit ufeful performance ; I acknow- ledge it to be a performance not of genius, but of labour^ and method to render it diftindii and clear. The American colonies cannot be claimed by the feve- ral European nations from preocupancy (they were not derelifts but in poflTeiTion of the aboriginal Indians) nor by inheritance, nor by what the law of nature and nations deem a juftiBable conqueft *, therefore the adventuring European powers, could only give to fomc of their par- ticular fubjefts an exclufive grant of negociating and pur- chaHng from the natural proprietors the native Indians, and thereupon a power or jurifdiftion. Formerly priority of difcovery, even without a conti- nued occupancy or pofTeflion, was deemed a good claim : thus we originate our claims in North- America from the Cabots coafting from Prima Vifta in 66D. to ^4D. N. lat. although for near a century following, we made no fettlements there, and did not fo much as navigate the coaft i becaufe Henry VIII. was a vicious prince, the af- fairs of his wives, and perplexities with the church, gave him full employment; Edward VI. was a minor; Qy. Mary a wicked woman and bigotted Roman Catholick, her fole attention was to re-cftablifli popery, at that time wearing out of faftiion, in a moft inhumane, execrable, furious, zealous manner; good Queen Elizabeth, a great encourager of trade and navigation in fomc refpe^s, but had the diftrefling of the Spaniards, and proteftion of the Dutch, more in her intentions, than the making of I difcoverie? J Of iht BritKh Settle MENts/« America^ 1 1 f dircoveries and fettlements in America. Royal grants of lands if not occupied, and in procefs of time if ano- ther gr^rit (with occupancy) is made to others, the firft grant becomes void. Thus Duke Hamilton's grant in the Naraganfet country, Mr. Mafon's grant of New- Hampfhire, and many grants in the N. E. patts of New- England are become void. The Cabois of Venetian extract, anno 1495 obtained from K. Henry VII. a patent for the property of all lands they Ihould difcover weftward of Europe, one fifth of the clear profit is referved to the King. Henry VII. was a lover and hoarder up of money. They fitted out from Briildl anno 1496, proceeded along the north fhore of America till obftruded by the ice ; then they turned their courfe fouthward, and at length their pro- vifipns proving fcanty, they were obliged to put ofF for England. ThUs the Cabots in the name of, and by com- mifliohs from the crown of England, began to range the continent of North-America, before Columbus from the crown of Spain difcovered any part of the continent of America, from 1492 to 1498 Columbus difcovered only the iflands in the gulph of Mexico. The Cabots were good induftrious navigators, they were the firft who wea- thered the north cape of Europe. The next patent for difcoverics and fettlements in America was March 25, 1584, to t Sir Walter Raleigh f Sir Walter Raleigh, of a good but reduced family in Devonlhire, was handfome, robuft, and eloquent, had a liberal education, and was broueht up at the inns of court ; he wai much in favour with Queen EUzabetb, and difcovered Guiana anno 1595. He was in the plot againft K'. James I^ with Lord Cobham, Grey, &c. coftvidVed and con- drmned for high-treafon ; he was 1 3 years in prifon, and wrote the hiilory of the world ; he proje<5ted a fcheme to liberate hinifelf, by propoflng to the court the difcovery of a gold mine in Guiana, (he >vas naturally a mighty hunter after mines of minerals, metals, and precioits (lones) was fitted out, proceeded, and returned empty ; being unfuccefsful, and by the refcntment of Gundamore the Spaniib am.* bail'^dor at the court of England, his former fentence was averred, and he was beheaded. m 1 '#! Ii3 ^Summary, Hifiorical and PoUticali Bed and aflbciates, for difGOvering and planting lands U North-America, not adlualJy jpofleflcd by any Ghrilliari prince : that fame year two fmall veffcls were fent via Canaries and the Caribbee-illands (this, in thefe days was reckoned the only rout of navigation for any part of America) to trade upon that coaft •, upon their return^ in honour to the virgin Queen Elizabeth, it was called Virginia, reaching fo far north as the gulph of St. Lau- rence. Anno 1585 Sir Walter fent Sir Richard Grenville with feveral veflels and 108 people to begin a plantation ; they landed upon the iQand Roanoke near the mouth of Albemarle river in North-Carolina. Sir Francis Drake From the Spaniili Weft-Indies, by way of the gulph of Florida ftream» touched in at Roanoke anno 1586, thefe people fettlers diffatisfied, moft of them returned with him to England. Anno 1587 and 1589 Mr. White with the character of governor, brought over fome people to Cape Hatteras, but efFeded no fettlement. No further attempt worth mentioning was made un- til anno 1606, Sir Walter Raleigh by his attainder having forfeited his patent, feveral adventurers petitioned the king for grants, and a grant was made to two companies, in one charter, viz. to the London adventurers from 34 D. to 41 O. N. lat. the other company was the Briftol, Exeter, Plymouth, £*fr. adventurers, from 38 D.t0 45D. N. lat. Thus perhaps the uncommon and confequent- ly neglected part from Cape Charles to Connedlicut might fall into the Dutch hands. In the firft company of ad- venturers feveral noblemen and gentlemen obtained a patent with power of government for a certain diftrift, the jurifdidion to be in a prefident and ftanding council; they fitted out Capt. Newport with 3 (hips and loo fet- tlers ; they fail'd into Chefapeak-bay, and 50 miles up James- river, and began a fettlement called James-town, iiere properly begins the firft planting of our eldeft co- lony Virginia ; the further narrative of this cobny be- Jongs to the feet ion of Virginia. The t CalJec Vcnti dinan adven New-, Tbt anno 1 with p, George 1 614 I called I genera/, in trad( plan of 1 England di/Toived and anno company 40 in ni] keeping Beigia, a fent the I Penfyhi grants w and havir mud brej felons t_ the couqc The jSr fake Qut to fuffer tt mioei 'at lad .. «Power| 'enng grants '"«nt under t] 0/ /^i&« firitirti SjTTLEitENts in Atncrica. %t^ Irhe other company in the fame charter of anno 1^069 called the company of Plymouth, or Weft-country aii- VenturerSj t;iSf. Sir Johh Popham chief-ju(lice» Sir Fer- dinand Gorge goVerhor of Plymouth^ i^c, began cheir adventures in trade and fcttlcmems at Sagadahock in New- England^ about the fame time. Their firft adventure was taken by the Spaniard : anno 16^8 they fitted out captains Popham and Gilbert with people or fcttlers, and ftoresy and built a fort St. George pear Sagadahock v it came to nothing. Anno 1 6 14 Capt. Smith, fotne time prefident of Virginia, called the traveller, a good folid judicious writer in general) fitted out two fhips and made a good voyage in trade -, upon his return to England, he prefcmed a plan of the country to the court, and it was called New- England^ A9 ^fter a few years the London company diffolved, fo, it feems was. the fate of this company, and anno 1620 Nov, 3. king James I. did grant to a company of ^adventurers called the council of Plymouth, 40 in number, all lands from 40 D. to 48 D. N. lat. keeping up the claim to New Netherlands, or Nova Belgidi at that' time in pofTefiion of the Dutch^ at pre- fcnt the Britilh colonies of New- York, New- Jciies, and Penfybania. This t council of Plymouth made fcveral grants which were found faulty from their indiftindnefs, and having nojpower to delegate jurifdidion. Here we muft break ofi^ and refer the further Narration to th« felons of the New- England colonies, which were the the council of Plymouth grants. i-' < };. The firfl: inducements of the Englifti adventurers to take out patents for countries or lands in America^ and tofufifer fo mujcb in fettling, were the hopes of finding rich mines of minerals, metals and precious (tones, and + Tbo comply or council of Plymouth, by their charter or pntent haa a power to convey any portion of their granted lands to any of his majefty's fubjefts : After having; made many indiftinft and inter- fering grants, did furrender their charier to the crowa, by ah inftfii^ mcnt under their common fcal, Jure 7, 1635. 'I t iV aU 'H' -vnv ll^i M 1 4 ^ S Ij if M A R y , WJiorical an J Political &c. a thorough-fare to the Eaft-Indies or Spice-iflands. Af- ter feme time thcfc projeftors finding themfelves dif- appointed, the old patents were negledled or annihilated \ in the end of James I. reign, and beginning of Charles I. new grants were procured : but by reafon of the fol- lowing civil confuHons and divifions, the conditions of thefe new grants were not complied with ; and people fit down at pleafure and at random ; upon the refto- ration of King Charles 11. thefc fettlers petitioned for pe- culiar grants (as we (hall obferve in the feveral ftdions of colonies) particularly of Maryland, Carolina, New- York, Connedicut, Rhode-idand. The firft grants from the crown were generally ex- prelTed to run back inland lOo miles ; afterwards the ftile was due weft to the South-feas, or until they met with fome other Chriftian fettlement ; fometimes* it is •expreffed from fea to fea, eaft and weft : at prefent the words are to run back indefinitely. Many of the firft grants were by falfe or uncertain defcriptions, and did interfere with one another ; as we may obferve in the hiftory of their feveral boundaries in procefs of time rcflified and at prefent fettled. The fettling of our fundry colonies have been upon fe- veral occafions and from various beginnings. New-Eng- land was firft fettled by people from England, tenacious of their own non-conformift way of religious worfhlp, and refolved to endure any hardfhips, viz. a very diftani removal, inclemencies of the climate, barrenncfs of the foil, ^^c. in order to enjoy their own way of thinking, called gofpel- privileges, in peace and purity. Our Welt- India iflands have been fettled or increafed, fome of them by Koyalifts, fome by Parliamentarians; fome by *To- •ries, fome by Whigs, at different times fugitives or exiles "Whig and Tory, originally were reciprocal party cant names of contempt, they began in the reign of King Charles li. Tories af- I'erted' paffive-obcdience and non -refillance, as a prerogative of the crown ; Whigs maintained that liberty and property was a natural pri- vilege of tlic pi?opIc. . . froir. (torn their been for r trah/ported of Mr. Pen Lord Baltir ryland with increafed b^ Germany. "^^t antient Aveetnine, fuo-r] ^gJnetd, a not, 'of tile laftGrec Of the ftritifh SETJLEMENTSmA merka. 1 1 5 ftom their native countryj Virginia and Maryland have been for many yearsj and continue to be a fink for tranfported criminals. Pennfyl\wnia being the property of Mr. Pennj a Quaker, he planted it with Quakers (as Lord Baltimore for the fame reafon at firft planted Ma- ryland with Roman Catholicks) it is lately very much increafed by hufbandmen fwarming from Ireland and Germany. ^ ^ - ±. TheBtiuiiiifiatid fettlemenis. * . , ■ The Britiih American colonies, efpecially their iflands in and near the gulph of Mexico, are the Spanilh leav- ings ; the Spaniards, their firft difcoverers, made no ac- count of them i and when the Englifh began to fettle them, they were not difturbed by the Spaniard* as if be- low their notice. The Englifh at firft had no other de- fign there, only to diftrefs the Spaniards 5 thus Sir Francis Drake made fcveral depredations there, but no fettlemenr, anno 1585 he took St. Domingo, Carthagena, and St. Auguftine, and foon quitted thenik Anno 1597 Porto Rico was conquered by the Englifti, but dropt. The Britifh American ifland governments may be enumerated under thefe heads, viz. The two fmall fettle* ments of Bermudas and Providence, or Bahama-Iflands, and the three general governments of Barbados, Leeward- Iflands, and Jamaica : thefe three governments are called the Britifh fugar iflands. As at prefent fugar is of gene- ral ufe, and occafions a vaft branch of publick revenue to the nations of Great-Britain, France, and Holland, A digrelTion concerning fugar may be acceptable. ^ digrejfton concerning fugar. The antient Greeks and Romans ufed honey only for fweetning, fugar was not known amongft them : Paulus iEgineta, a noted compiler of medical hiftory, and one of the Lilt Greek writers upon that fub)(;^, about anno I 2 625 I' \ ^ *jv. m Is 1 1 5 ^ S u M M A R V, Hiftcricat and PoUtieaU Uc. 625 is the firft who exprefly mentions fugar, it was at firlt caUeil, Mel arundinaceum, that is, reed or cane honey. It came from China, by way of the Eaft-Indies and Arabia to Europe. As fpirits {fpiritus ardentes) not above a century ago were uled only as officinal cordials, but now afe become an endemical plague every where, being a pernicious ingredient in moil of our beverages : So formerly fugar was only ufed in fyrups, conferves, and fuch like Arabian medicinal compofitions. It is at prefent become of univerfal and mod nokious ufe. It fouls our animal juices, and produces fcrophulas, fcurvys, and other putrid diforders \ by relaxing the folids, it oc- cafions watery fwellings, and catarrhous ai)s, it induces hyfterick and other nervous diforders ; therefore (hould be fparingly ufed, efpecially by our weaker fex, they are naturally of a Fibra laxa. The ifland colonies (in a peculiar manner they vt called the Weft- Indies) had the fugar«cane from the Bra- zils } the Portuguefe of Brazil might have them from their fettlements in the || Eaft-Indies : At prefent the flao vour and fmell of our fugars, and of thole from Brazil diflfer confiderably, this may be attributed to what the French call, Le gout de ierroir \ thus it is with wines from tranfplanted vines ; Virginia tobacco, and Bfazil, and Varinas tobacco differ upon this account. Arundo facharifera C. B. P. fugar-cane, are the bo- tanical Latin and Englilh tribe names ; it grows to Bve, II China boafls much of the antiquity of its policy, and not without reafon, thev feem to be the elder brother of all the nations in Afia, Africa, and £urope ; we can trace« even in our records, which do Bot go back exceeding 2;oo years> many notable things from thence, fuch as the filk-worm, the fugar-cane, the fmall-pox, &c. America having no known land communication with thofe, and the intermediate navi- gation fo long, that until the late improvements in navigation, America and the moon were much upon the fame footing with rel'pe£l to Europe, Alia, and Africa : Hence it is« that upon our difcovcries of America, excepting fpeech, which is natural to mankind, they feem to have bten I only a gregarious fort of man-brutes ; that is, they lived in tribes or herds and nations, without letters or arts further than (o acquire the necefl'aries of life. ^x, or r gramineo in Auguf tht follow 22 montii great Jatin Jo/s: ifci but Jefs ri( moreover bcr, the p them grovi is cane-top inay yield 1 60 wt. of 1 gallon mol proof fpirii which runs provcment ( If mufcovai 35> Second The man produce or < the mil], thi ftore-houfe : by the Frer and third ch The cuiti' or knots Jai are half foo 30 good fie each joint or In Barbad ture of fugar in fome parti< an acre at a wt. fugar ; tl the price of i The rum dti Q^/^Briti(h Si TTLEMKNTS /» America. 117 i)x, or more feet high) articulated or jointed with a gramineous or reed leaf. The canes are generally planted in Auguft» and cUt down from Chriilmas to June, of the following, not the fame year } they are from 16 to 22 months upon the ground •, this produce allows of a great latitude as to gathering in* without any confiderable jofs: if cut feafonably and foon, they yield more juic^, but lefs rich than if left (landing a few months longer: moreover canes that might have been cut end of Decem- ber, the planters are under a neceflfity to keep fome of them growing until June, to furnifh provender, which is cane-tops, for their cattle. One gallon of cane liquor jnay yield about i pound 3 quarters of fugar *, a pot of 60 wt. of fugar, may drop about 3 gallons molalfcs ; i gallon molafles, if good, yields near i gallon rum or proof fpirit ; by claying fugars lofe above 9 fevenths, which runs into n^olafles : the difference upon the ini'* provement of fugars generally is in this proportion, vis. If mufcovadoe fell at z^s. per cent. wt. firft clays fell ac 35, fecond clays at 45, third clays at 55, The manufacture is reckoned equal in value to the produce or cultivation ; it has many chargeable articles, the mill, the boiling-houfe, the curing-houfe, ilill-houfe, ilore-houfe : fugars are diftinguiihed into mufcavadoes, by the French called Su^ar bis or brute y firft, fecond, and third clayings or reBnings. The cultivation of the cane ; a length of few joints or knots laid fiat or horizontally in holes, thefe lioles are half foot deep or better, 3 feet long, 2 feet wide ; 30 good field negroes may hoe an acre a day \ from each joint or oculus proceeds a reed of canes. In Barbados the charge of cultivation and manufac- ture of fugar (fuppofing the labour hired, as it happens in fome particular circumftances) is about i^J[^. per acre, an acre at a medium is reckoned to produce 2500^. wt. fugar i therefore all exceeding 12 j. per cent. wt. in the price of fugars, is clear profit to the planter. N. B. The rum defrays the ordinary expence of the planta- I 3 tion. A.. m- 11 ? ti6 yfSuMMARY, Hijlorical and Political^ &cr tion. They allow one good field negro for one acre canes, all labour included. The labour is very confir dcrable (fuppofing the ground well cleared and brought to) viz. holling, planting, dynging, weeding, hilling, and cutting. ^ After the firft purchafe, the charge of a fugar plan- tation negro, is very fmall, not exceeding 40 j. per ann. for cloathing and feeding «, v/hen full cloathed, it is jacket and breeches for the men, jacket and pettycoats for the women of Oznabrigs at 9^. per yard, and a coarfe red millM cap ; the negroes of one plantation live in contiguous huts like an African town ; are allowed fome (hort time, viz. Saturday afternoon, and Sundays, with a fmall fpot pf ground to raife provifions for them- felves i or if new negroes, are allowed one pint of Guinea corn, one fait herring, or an equivalent per day in other provifions of fait mackrel, dry*d falt-fifti, Indian corn, &c. Barbados requires a fupply of 4000 or 5000 new negroes per annum. The planters divide their cane-lands into thirds, v\i, one third (landing canes, another third new-planteii canes, and the other third fallow. In Barbados they plant every crop or fecond crop, in the other iflr'nds they have ratoons, or fecond, third, fourth, &c. crops from the fanae roots, but every fucceeding year they yield Icfs. •' The quantity of fugar imported per annum from the Brifilh fugar-iflands to Great-Britain is about 80,000 to 85,000 hogdieads at igoo wt. per hogfliead. In imitation of the French, by an adl of parliament 1739, Britifh fugars are allowed to be carried di redly, without cnli'ing in Great-Britain, to any foreign port fouth of Cape Finifterre, under certain rcftridtions too Jong for our enumeration. About 50 years ago the French were chicfiy fupplied with fugars from Grtiit- Britain, at prcTcnt they fupply ihernlelvcs, and can af- ford to undcrnii us in all marktt.s the M cd iter ran caii, Holland, Hamburgh, ^l. , , ; ■ : Kr\ 0/ tii Bridfli S £ T T L E M c N T s f » A merica. 1 1 9 ^ An cxaA minute lift of the fucceflfive governors in the . feveral idands, are fcarcc of any hiftorical ufe, unlefs where fome things remarkable have happened during ' their government j therefore without maKing much en- quiry, I Hiall only mention thole who eafily occur. The Weft-India iflands, together with Virginia, Ma- ryland* and Carolinas, are of vaft profit to Great-Britain, by the labour of above three hundred thoufand (laves, maintained at a very fmall charge. Here we obferve a ibrt of puritanical, grofs error, in the Utopian charter- conftitution of the colony of Georgia, not allowing of the labour of (laves, and by the experience of feveral years, this feems to be a principal rea(on of the fettlement com- ing to nothing. By a£ts of their a(remblies (laves or negroes are real eftate, but may be fued for and re- covered by perfonal action. If it were not for the ne- groes and Molatoes born in thefe colonies reckoning themfelves natives, it would be impo(rible to keep fo many able-bodied (laves in fubjedion by a few valetu- dinary white men : there have been from , time to time infurreftions of negroes; but' were difcovercd, , and the ringleaders executed in the moft cruel arid de- terring manner that could be contrived. Slaves in any fellonious cafe are tried, not by a jury and grand felTions, but by two juftices, and three freeholders, a majority condemns them and orders execution. They generally:\ value new negroes in this manner, a negro of 10 ^t. and of 40 /Et. are upon a par, from 20 to 25 ^t. is reckoned their prime i from 40 ^t. upwards, their va- lue gradually decreafes, as it does from 10 ^t. down^ wards. , - ' .":.'. Their voyages from London to Barbados or Leeward iilands is to 7 weeks ; but home to London not fo much, when out of the trade-winds, the wefteriy winds and a wefttrly fwell or fca generally prevail. In thefe iflands the rains (within the tropicks, the^ Indians number their years by rains, without the tro- i)icks they reckon by fuccelTion of winters) begin end •I 4 *f I if I Id JSvMM^KY, Hiftorical and Pcliticaly tc :, o/ May, cpncinue frequent for three months, and abate gradually to December. Hurricanes are from the middle of July to the middle of September: Barbadoes, and the Leeward iflands, are not much troubled with hurricanes j but have at times violent gufts of wind, when the trade or eafterly winds change per north (failors call it going againfl the fun) to welV, with a rolling Tea from leeward. The fea breeze begins between 8 and 9 hours morning, incrcafcs till noon, retains its full (Irength till 3 afternoon, and gradually decreafes to about 5 in the evening. Ev(in in their breezes, the air feems to refcmble tho fufFocating breezes along the fands of the deferts of Lybia, or like the (learn and exhalation from burning charcoal : their air fecms to be impregnated with fome volatile acid fulphur, which to a very inconvenient de- gr^ee rufts iron, and cankers other metals : it keeps the blood and fpirits in a continued fret •, in that climate I never could apply my fclf to a fcrious intenfe way of thinking exceeding half an hour; fome conftitutiona are kept in a continued fmall degree of a phren^y^ hence proceed the many rufh, pafTionate anions amongd the Creols. In the north continent of America for two or three weeks in July (dog-days are only aftrological cant names amongft the vulgar •, the hot weather of the fea^ fon., not the influence of the flars are in the cafe) the weather is fometimes fo hot, as to ratify the air too much, by relaiting its fpring and action occafions fuddep deaths, palfies, and the like nervous aifeAions {inajjuetis) in the human fpecies and other animals } beginnmg of July 1 734, unufually hot for a continuance of fome days 8 or 9 people die fuddenly: at the writing of this July 8, and 15, 16, little wind fouth-wefterly, intenfely melt- ing hot, but not fulphureous and iliHing as in the Well-' Indies, fcarce any thunder hitherto. Befides regulaj- tides, they have uncertain windward and leeward currents : with a windward current, new and full moon, tides flow about 3 feet i they flow longer than they ebb. J^^vi 4 ported liy har v;4xtr"''''"°"'^ freeholder's perfon on be arrffl^ f!^" "?""■ ">« no labour u TOt Joft to the puE L '*'''' ' """ Ail Eprapean tribe,, they f^^J' '^ ''"'°"» from our of botany, or ought to SrJ? S^""* « *'Wna fyftem ^ing to each tribe of Euto^"'"*, '° '"""'^ order by an" of theaffines ; but witS'^ ^''"«'' '""e "orollJ^ Pfwrads to ffiv, ,l!""'"<"i')' eleven d»v. ?' ^"ileau oT I X. Th cir I. Thdf bread kind. i. Ccrealia, (a) rice, (b) Guinea corn, ('^) Indian corn. 2. Legumina, or pulfe kind, 'z;/2. id) Ualnty -beans, (tf}peas. 3, Roots, viz. (/) yams. Of ) po- tatoes, (r*) Kkp is referred to the l'r<^ion of Carolina. (ffj MUhm IndUum album et n'grum Plinii ; Camir $ Sorgum. tab. Gi*mca corii ; it may be called a perennial, holding good many yean frt»5ti iJie fame root ; the grain is more nourifhing and wholfome than. InJfAn i:drt)« and goes further : the leaves and tops are good proven, dfef tax fjiulc. (c) Miiyt grants aurtis T. Frumentnm Indicum Map di€lum. C. B. P. Indian corn; this is a principal American bread kind: a further act count of it is referred 10 the Ye.^ions of New-England. (d) Pha ' «/ Indlcu: annuus Giaber, fruilu tumidiore mitiort vario. rum toUfuu, ih'quf bilo Kidney-beans, which in North- America are tallm Indian or frenii. ,.ans. This we refer to New-England. Pha/islui tnaximut perennis, fioribut fficatis fpeciofist albisy fitiqun hrtvilut latit, femen alhunt hilo alhido. Sloane. White bonavUl^ Jwfge m a common kidney-bean, much cat with boiled meat. ,_ '. Do, Gemini rufo, red bonavill. ^ '^/ ' * ^ Vha/telut ertilus miner, femine fph/trico albido, hili vi^ro j Pifum qnnrlum Jeu pifa Virg'miana. C. B, P. Calavances, this properly belongs to the fe^lion of Virginia. jDo, fruStu rubra, red calavances. (f) Pifum horten/e majus, flare fruHuque alha. C. B. P. Garden {?€»«, ^^Qtt\ Europe planted thrive well. /Ina^^rU In die a legumino/a, filiquis torojis. Hcrm. Par. Bat. Pigeon Pras ; iht9 fluiib or fmall tree grows to 1 2 or 15 feet high, and holds lor feme years i the fruit refembles a vicia, called horfe peas : they *iAi It with boiled meat. (f) Vbltthulit nigra, radice alba aut purpurafcente, maxima tuherofa, tfeuttnta, furinacea taule membranulis extantibut alato^ folio cordato ntr*y>i)'o, Sloane, Inhama Lufitamrum Clufiii H. LXXVIII. probably n came from Guinea. It is tiic principal and beft food of the ne- ^TGm i ^.cnce it is that in general to eat, is called to yaam. l^his root grows fometimes ns big as a man's thigh ; the reddifh are more r|>ungy \ the white arc beft, and not fo cloyingly fweet as the Weft- Iddia potatoe.<; t m -my of the beft white people ufe it for bread; to 11)^ it wfts more agreeable than bread of wheat- flower. (i) Pofafocs of two different kinds or tribes. Ltii-i fil'Vu'ui radice tube) fa efculenta dulci, fpirachla folio, flore mag- ^t, purpiircffftite pafulo. Batatas Clt'fi H. LXXVlil. Weft-India, FM«rmMd;t«!, Carolina potatoes ; tliey are natives of America, but do Vt thrive to the northward of Maryland, bec.nuie of the cojdnclB of i.\^ cluuiHe. Liufius's defcription and icons are good ; it is planted from 91 tatoes, ( nanes. fome fmal oculus or Irifli potal the flower many fma Do. Ri Do. Rt Do. Ra Thefe com ripe or lonj moft comrr Solanum fapas Ptrui potatoes ; t the froft tal iizes conne : ; -;. : 2^: J -^J^J Ha. Radice alba, ■• ^ . ^ • ". '. ■ '\ Do. Radice ceerulefcente. Thefe continue permanently the fame, are lufcioufly fweet; ivhen too ripe or long kept, they become fibrous or ftringy ; the yellow is the moft common and bell flavoured. Sola/turn efcuUntum tuberofum, C. B. P. Jracbidna Theepbrafli forte^ tafas Peruanorum C/uJii, H. LXXIX. his icons are very good. Irifh potatoes ; they grow kindly all over America ; in the northern parts the froft takes them foon ; the roots are a number of tubers of various fizes connefled by filaments, ftalks, two or three feet ered, the leaves alternate, conjugated with animpar, ofa dark green, the whole ha* bit hairy ; the flowers monopetaloiis in umbels whitifh, fruit foft, ivlth many flat feeds ; the large bulbs are ufed for food, the fmall bulbs are committed to the earth again, and are called feed potatoes ; an Irilh idiom, roots for feed. They are planted in the fpring, and iaginoj^ September for ufe. Gafpar Bauhine fays they were brougl^t (rom Virginia to England, thence to France and the other countries of Europe. Cluflus thinks it was carried from New Spain to Old Spain, and from thence to Italy anil the Netherlands, and propagated at prefent all over Europe. ,. > ' :/ * Do.' Radice a/ba, whitifh potatoes. Do, iJtfrflfV* r/{/i{/2:^«/^, reddifh potatoes. * '• . " Do. Radice flavefcente, potatoes with a bluifh cafl. Do. Flore albo. H. k. P. French potatoes ; thefe are flatter, larger, Jefs lobated, of a finer texture { this at prefent is much admired, d9 not yield fo well, are not fo cafily hurt by the froft. ; (b) Ricinus minor viticis obtujb folio, caule njerrucofo, flore ptntafe- talo albiJo, ex aijus radice tuberofa (fucco venenato turgiaoj Americani pattern co/ificiunt, Cafi'ada. The Englifh, after it is well dried, grind it and bake it into cakes. The French eat it in crumbles called farine, or farine de Manihot ; they viaual their Well-India coafting-veffels wiih this. (i) Mufa fruSlu citcutnerino litgiori, Plumer. Mjfa taudke ties, they have the fame bad effe^, taat chalk, clay and the like have inthz pica virginum. .^ (I) Cancer marinus chelis ruhrit. • .: • ^ ' Cancer marinus chelis nigris. (m) Tejiudo marina. They are two weeks in coitu, hatch their eggs in the fand ; they are caught either by turning them upon their back, or by harpooning : They are of various kinds, I fhall mention only two forts. ueftudt marina viridis. Green turtle, fo called from the colour of its fat : this is reckoned whoUbnie and delicious food. Ttftudo caretta. Rochefort. hift. des Antilles ; hawks-bill turtle, fb called from the form of its mouth ; the outfide plates or fcales of iti bony covering, workmen call tortoife-Ihell. (n) Malus citrea Jive medica. Raij. H. The citron tree, or pom- jne-citron : Foliis laurinis rigidis, like the orange tree, but without an appendix. The fruit is larger and rougher than a limon, with a thick rind which is made intofuccades or fweet-meais, and is ufed in making citron-water, called by the French l^eau de barbade^ they grow mollly in Scotland diftrift of Barbados and are fold a ryal per couple. ^ (0) Aurantium medulla dulci vulgare. fcrrar. H^ip. Common Oran^f : Of I tioncd, c trade, an called fro pine-treej orange: pen fruit is fragri AurantiuT) J.B. fevil, c J^urantium fure. Aurantium fru£iu limttnis pungent and 1 much ufed in 1 Aurantium ti as a human h( palate. (p) Limon n, Sour limons; green leaves, fc the orange an of a pale yelloi 'drink called pu Limon dulci « in much efteem. fq) Pa/ma i arbor, J B. C emits a racemu picafant lymph many Years. (r) Palmaai fparfo, Sloane cabbage-tree, every year near ccm us of flowers, (f) Ananas a Pine-appJe, fee ' legantly delineate rope It \& a mo grant fweetnefs, iiigheft fwects <;, acids; fo tliis, if /or the fame reaCo) Of the Britifh Settlements /« A merlca. iiy tioned, cocoa we refer to the paragraph of produce for trade, and (q) coco, (r) cabbage-tree, (f) pine-apple fo called from its rcfemblance of the fruit or cones of fomc pine-tree^. orange : perennial large rigid leaves, with a heart-Iilce appendix ; tlie fruit is fragrant, of a reddiih yellow colour and tough peel. Jurantium acri medulla vulgare, Ferrar. Hefp. /itirantia malut, J. B. fevil, or four orange. 1 his is the medicinal orange. Aurantium fintnf. , Ferrar. Hefp. china orange, is eat only for plea- fure. Jurantium /yl'Utfire medulla aeri. T. Aurantia fyhueftris. J. B. fruHu limonis fufilo^ limas de Oi'tedo. The lime-tree ; this is niore pungent and lefs agreeable and not fo wholfome as the Limon ; ic is much ufed in the American beverage called punch. Auraniium maximum. Fei rarij, Shadock-tree. Ft is fometlmes large as a human head, with a thick rind, a flat difagrecable tafte to my palate. (f) Limon 'Vulgaris . Ferrar. Hefp. Maiut limonia acidot C. B. P- Sour limons ; like the others of this kind, has perennial thick fiii* green leaves, but without an appendix: The fruit is more oval than the orange and with a nipple-like proccfs at the extremity or end, of a pale yellow, it is the moil delicious fowering for that julep-fafliion 'drink called punch. Litnon dulci medulla vulgaris. Ferrar, Hefp. Sweet limon, it is not in much efteem. fq) Pelma indie a nucifera coccus di£ia, Raij H. Palm a nucifera arbor t J B. Coco-tree ; palmeta leaves very large ; every year it emits a racemus of coco-nuts, whereof fome hold a pint of cool, pleafant lymph or drink ; this nut remains upon the tree, good for many Years. (r) Palnta allijjima non fpinofa^ fruQupruniformit minor t racemofx fparfo, Sloane Paitna qmntafeu Americana fruRu racemofo^ C. B. P. cabbage-tree. The wood is very fpungy or pithy, grows very tal!, every year near its top, about niid-fummer, is emitted a large ra- cemus of flowers, which make a good pickle. (f) Ananas aculeatus fruSiu pyramida/o, carne aureo. Plumer. Pine-applt; fee T. I. R. lab. 426, 427, 428, where it is moll e- legantly delineated They plant it as artichoaks are planted in Eu- rope It is a moft delicious fruit, not lulciou?, but a fmart brilk fra^ grant fweetnefs, it may be called the ambrofia of the gods; but as tfafe higheft fwects I'.egenerate into the moil penetrating and vellicatiiig acids ; fo this, if eut in quantiiies, occafions moll violent cholic pains, for the fame rcaibn, fugar and honey aie cholicy. 3. Produce I2S >fSvMMARV, UiftorUai and Politicali Uct 3. Produce that arc commodities in trade (a) cocoa, (b) zingiber or ginger^ (f) indigo, ( ated, fruHu trigono^ triloculari. They do not allow it to flower be- caufe it exhanlls the root. It is planted from cuts of the roots, and continues 1 2 months in the ground, it requires 6 or 7 weeks to cure it or dry it in the fun as the French do ; in Barbados they fcald it, or fcrape it, to prevent its fprouting : it is a very great produce, but forces and impoverifhes the land very much. (r) Anwit Atntri(ana folio latiori fuhtotunio. T. Annil five iniigt. Guadalouptnfii. H. R. P. Indigo. A pinnated leaf, red papilio- naceous flowers, feed refembles cabbage- feed. It is planted by throw- ing 10 or 12 feeds into each hole, after three months it is fit to be cut, and cut again feveral times or crops in the year. Indigp is tiie expreflion from the leaves macerated in water, and dried in the fun) the roots afford crops for feveral years. There are feveral degrees of its goodnefs, viz. copper, purple, blue» iron- coloured the word, They have lately with good fucccfs gone into this cultivation in South- Carolina, and have three crops per annum. {i) Xflon Brafilianum. J. B. Gojjipium Brafilianum Jl»rt flavi, Herm. Par. Bat. Cotton. A fhrub 8 to 10 feet high, reiembling the rubus or rafpberry at a diftance. An acre of cotton fhrubs may yearly produce i Ct. wt. coiton ; the poorer fort of planters follow it, requiring no great upfet, and is a ready money commodity. Xjlon lanafia'utfctnti. Yellow cotton. (*) Aloe Diafcoridit et aliorum. Its leaves arc like thofe of the 1'ucca, from their juice is the aloes hepatica or Barbados, of a dark iver colour, and naufeous fmelL The fuccotrine-aloes of the (hops comet from the Levant in fkins ; Barbados or horfe-aloesis pot up in large gourds. aloes.- Oft ftloesj (7 vitas, ( /■ {m) brazi //; CaJ^a rcfemblfne th conies a Jong long more or J with a black The Caj^afji IS preferable to (f } Tamarin no impar, the tiUum becomes or 3 protuberan feeds. The T better kind. (b) Guiaeuin. wood. A large ^} a dark colou ^ovttK of fix pe P"ffe. In the V reckoned a fpeci b« is itiJl ufed in OJ Rietnoides of the Bahama i ftJiter, gives a g, tills bark is of a ^ much thicker, it m Ja/minum fruOus, cofy, in A PJukn. The Dul Mecca N.iat. 2 Amfterdam in Ho ^^}l «> cultivat* (V Morutfruau ^bMncanumi fufti, growinthemanne M Pfiudo ram it « almoft exhauft< Thus, I hope, £"«».='■« wantJ I J^eft-India iflands Jfes, and commodj the tofte of fome ^ M'Me them much of the BHtilh Settlements in America. 129 tilocs> (f) caffia fiftula, {g) tamarinds, {b) lignum- vitas, (O while cinnamon, (Jk) coffee, (/) tuftick, (m) braziletto, campeche wood or logwood, nicaraga (f) CaJJia fiftula AmtricaHa : Caflia. reiemblinc; the walnut, yellow five petal flowers, the pilhllum A large tree, winged leaves be- comes a long round woodv pod* inch diameter and under, a foot long more or lefs, infide is divided into many tranfverfe cells, covered with a black fweet pulp, and in each cell & flat fmocKh oval Teed. The Caffia fiftula Alexanirina C. B. P. which comes from the Levant is preferable to that of the Weil-Indies. (f ) Tamarindus. Ray H. A large tree with pinnated leaves no impar, the flowers are rofaceous and grow in Clufters ; the pif- tillum becomes a flatifh, woody pod, three or four inches long, in 2 or 3 protuberances, containing a uringy dark acid pulp with hard flat feeds. The Tamarinds from the Levant and Eaft-Indies are of a better kind. (b) Guiacutitf lignum fenatum^ five lignum vit/e. Park. Pdck wood. A large tree, fmooth bark, ponderous wood, in the middle, of a dark colour, aromatick tafte ; Imall pinnated leaves, no impar, flowers of fix petala in umbels, the feed veflel refembles fhepherds purfe. In the Weft-Indies they call it junk*wood. It was formerly reckoned a fpecifick in the veneral pox ; it has loft that reputation^ but is ftill ufed in fcorbutick ails, and its rofin in rheumatifms. (i) Rieinoides tleagni folioy cortex elutheria^ fo called from one of the Bahama'\^2Ximy almoft exhaufted ; it is a grateful aromatick bitter, eives a good perfume ; bay-tree leaves, berries in branches ; this bark is of a yellowifh white roird up in quills like cinamon, buc much thicker ; it is ufed in place of the cortex IVinterianus. (i) Ja/minum Arabicum caftanea folia, flore albo odoratijfimo cujut fruSut, coffy^ in officinis dieuntur nobis. Comm. coffee-tree Britannis. Plukn. The Dutch Eaft-India company carried fome plants from Mecca, N. lat. 21 D. in Arabia-fselix to Java, and from thence to Amfterdam in Holland, where the berries may be feen in perfection, lately it is cultivated in Surinam, Martinico, and Jamaica. {I) MorutfruSu viridi^ ligno fiilphureo tinSlorio, Buxei coloris, lignum Amtricanum ; fuftick wood. It is a large tree, leaf like the elm, grow in the manner of afh-tree leaves. ^mj Pfieudo fantalum croctum. Sloane ; braziletto ufed in dying. It is almoft exhaufted in the Bahama-iflands. Thus, I hope, I have given an exa6l and regular account (fuch accounts are wanted) of the ufeful part of the produce of the Britifli Weft-India iflands under the heads of /ood, delicacies, or frian- (tifes, and commodities in trade : I am fenfible, that it will not fuit the tafte of fome of our readers, therefore, henceforward fhall not I diMe them much with the like excurfions. K wood 1 50 ^ S (T M M A R y, Hiftorical and Political^ tccl wood by the Dutch called ftockfiih-hout •, thefe laft two commodities or dye-woods are not the produce of our Weft-India iflands, but are imported to Jamaica from the Spanilh main. The general fupply for charges of government in all our Weft-India idands is a pol-tax upon negroes and excife upon liquors. Generally f'«r every 20 to 30 negroes a planter is oblig'd to keep one white man, two artificers or han- dy-crafts men are allowed equal to three common la- bourers i 120 head of cattle requires alfo one white man. The regular troops from Great-Britain to the Weft- India iQands are allowed by their aflemblies for further fubfiftence per week 20/ to a commiflion officer, and 3/ and 9 d, to the other men. In fome of thefe iflands, the nominal price of the fame fugars differ, for inftance fugar per Ct. wt. if paid in ready cafh at 16/. in goods it is j8/. in paying off old debts 20/. The 4 and half per Ct. upon the produce exports of Barbados and the Leeward-iflands granted to the crown by their feveral affemblies in perpetuity, feems to be in lieu of quit-rents. L. Baltimore fome few years ago in Maryland, to make an experiment of this na* ture, procured an aft of aflembly for 3/. 6d. per hogfliead tobacco in room of quit-rents : it was found inconvenient, and quit-rents were allowed to take place again. Being prolix in the general account of the fugar if- lands, will render the accounts of the particular iflands more fuccinft. A t ^^j'i'r ?< 1 1 Barbados. Barbados is the moft windward of all the iflands in or near the gulph of Mexico-, it lies in about 13D.J N. lat. 59 D. jo M. VV. from London by the obferva- > 2 tions Of a tiohs of C venturer in from Farn poflefrion G it is faid, | ties of a t /pread with human bom The Earl nirtg of the r ihc croWn ; the propriety 1661, the CI to the Earl ol allows to the half per cent c Thegreatef its greateft v^ feeding iqq, to keep a pJan 10 acres valuec voter in eledlio At firft they ton, and cut / • Capt. Candler '"';. by theboarc ti»c latitudes and io ' r r"'*' variations T Fians arbor ^ I'lnitudine, funicu Barbados fig-tree. f*e fruit adheres ti H^ as i\,^ top c wfnion. W Pcrtulara Cura ^01 much difFerim Fading, weed in' laud. • Of the Britirii SEtTLEMENts//^ America. 1 3 1 tiohs of Capt. Candler ♦. Sir William Curtcens an ad- venturer in trade, anno 1624, in failing home to England from Farnambiic of the Brazils, at that time in the pofTeflion of the Dutch, touched at this iQand, and as it is faid, gave the name Barbados, from large quanti- ties of a bearded tree t growing there, it was over- (pread with a fort of Purflane || : here he found fome human bones, but no living mankind: abundance of fwine. The Earl of Carlifle, a court favourite, in the begin- ning of the reign of Charles I. had a grant of it from the croWn \ this ifland continued in the poffeflioh of the proprietary and his heirs about 30 years. Anno 1661, the crown purchafed it of Lord Kinnoul, heir to the Earl of Carlifle, their family name was Hay, and allows to the heirs 1000^. per annum out of the 4 and half per cent duty. The greateft length of the ifland is about 26 miles* its greateft width about 14 miles •, contents not ex- ceeding 100,000 acres. Every freeholder is obliged to keep a plan of his land attefted by a fworn furveyor : 10 acres valued at zos. per annum per acre qualities a voter in elections. At firlt they planted tobacco, fome indigo, fome cot- ton, and cut fullick a dye-wood i at prcfcnt they plant * Capt. Candler in the Launcedon man of war, was Tent out anno 1717, by the board of admiralty, to afcertain by good obfervacions the latitudes and longitudes of tne Britilh Weft-India iflands, with the refpedlive variations of the compafs at that time. f Fiam arbor Americana ^ Arbuti folijs non /erratis, fruSiu Pid magmtud{ne, funicuUs e ramis ad ttrratn demijjis frolifira. Plonk. Barbados fig-tree. It is a large tree, with a laurel or pear-tree leaf > the fruit adheres to the trunks of the body, and. great branches, large as the top of a man's finger, containing imall feeds, fig- falhion. II Portulara Curafavica procumbent fol'o Juhrotumh. Parad. Bat. Not much differing from that Purflane, which is a troubU-fome iprendin^r weed in many of our gardens in Bolton of Ncw-£ng- lauJ. K j. no M Hi 1 ■H M||m| ■Jii mmM 132 ^Summary, lHJlorical and Political^ &C.' no tobacco, no indigo. Their firfl: fugar-canes they nad from Brazils anno 1645 : this ifland was generally ftttlcd by cavaliers in the time of the civil wars in Fngland. The governor's ftile in his commifTion, is captain- general and chief-governor of the iflands of Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincents, Dominica, and the reft of his MajeOy's ifland colonies and plantations in America, known by the name of the Caribbee-iOands, lying and being to windward of Guardaloupe : excepting Barbados^ the other iQands are called Neutrals -f, becaufe the go- vernment and property of them, hitherto has not been fettled by any folemn authentick treaty between Great* Britain and France. In time of the civil wars Barbados and Virginia were fettled by cavaliers and ruffians (excufe my coup- ling of them, I mean no refledion) in the fummer 1650 ^ord Willoughby proclaimed K. Charles II. in Barbados, and adminiftred the government in his name \ but in January, anno 165 1-2, he furrendered Barbados and the neighbouring iflands to Sir George Afcue admiral for the parliament. About the fame time Virginia fubmitted to the parliament. Their legiflature confifls of three negativeSj viz. the governor, the council (their full compliment is twclvej and houfe of reprefentatives (in all our colonies, in a f Anno 1722 a patent paiTed the great feal of Great-Britain, grant- ing the government and property of St. Vincent, and St. I.ucia in the A^^ft-India Caribbee-iflands, to the Duke of Montague : He attempted a fettlement at a confiderable charge, but was drove oiF, by the French from Martinique* becaufe of its being a neutral ifland not adjufted : this ifland is about 7 leagues eaft of Martinique, and about 25 leagues weft from Barbados. Upon St. Vincents, are fubfifting fome aboriginat Indians : as alfo I % community of negroes, which began fron* tne negro cargo of a Guinea fliip caft away there, and daily increafes by the acceflion of I runaway negroes from Barbados. I At Dominique is a large tribe of aboriginal Indians ; they affcft thej French moft. I particular Of particulat deputies, without V, in the par Their afle Their < chancery, , councii. ' viz. Bridgi others of tv Md four a(] Only on( fown: then yiz. Oftines, ii under the ftoms refidi.i Their cur whereof jy^ forty years fu a projedlion c «r a publick orders from t and governoi FROM THE TRUST, >|p,Y ^ATB Paper emiflion, fdj a great conft ifland. Anno 1717J all along its in which at having 308 cl islecured by Anno 1736, i; 0U526 were guards, two rl ^f^oot. The fa 0/ the Britlfli Settlements /» America. 133 particular manner called the aflcmbly) compofed of 2? deputies, tliac is two from each of the eleven parifbes without wages, or any allbwance j the eldeft councellor in the parilh is gcneially appointed the returning officer. Their aflemblies arc* annual. , Their courts of judicature. The courts of error, chancery, and probate of wills, are in the governor and council. The courts of common law are in hve diftrids, viz. Bridgetown diftridt confifts of three parilhes, the others of two parifhes each. Each court has one judge and four afllftants. Only one collcdion or cuftom-houfe office at Bridg- town : there are three more entry and delivery ports, viz. Oftines, Holetown, and Speights. This colledliort is under the infpeftion of a furveyor-general of the cu- (loms refiding at Antigua. Their currency is filver, Mexico ftandard by weight, whereof lyd. half^. wt. paffes for 6 s. Upwards of forty years fince they borrowed tVom New- England, by a projedlion of Mr. Woodbridge, the fallacious fcheme or a publick paper-credit, or paper-currency *, but by orders from the court of England it was foon fupprefled, and governor Crow had an inftrudion to remove FROM THE council, AND ALL OTHER. PLACES OF TRUST, ANY WHO HAD BEEN CONCERNED IN THE LATE Paper-credit. Thefe bills, foon after their emiffion, fell 40 per cent, below filver,. and occafioned a great confufion and convulfion in the affairs of the idand. ' Anno 1717, peaceable times, when I was in Barbados^ all along its Ice-lhore was a breaft-work and trench, in which at proper places were 29 forts and batteries, having 308 cannon nounted. The windward fliorc is fecurcd by high rocks, deep clefts, and foul ground. Anno 1736, in the idand were 17,680 whites*, where- of 4326 were fencible men, difpofed into one troop of guards, two regiments of horfe, and feven regiments of foot. The beginning of King William's war, Barbados K 3 fur- 134 -^Summary, HiJiarUal and Political, (^c, furniftied 700 to 800 militia*, with fomc militia from our Lceward-iflands to join the regular troops and fquadron from England ^gaind the neigbouring French iflands. There may be about 80,000 negroes in Barbados, may (hip off about 30,000 hogfheac^ of fugar, befides singer, fcalded and fcrap*d, cotton-wool, and aloes. Their duty of 4 and half />*r cent, in fpecie upon produce exported, is perpetual, and given immediately to the crown's difpofal : out of this the governor has 2000 ;^. per ann. falary, befides large gratuities and perquifites. The tax on negroes, mills and pot-kills, is generally 10,000 ;f, per ann, excife upon liquors imported yoooj[. per ann. for defraying the ordinary charges of govern- ment. Returned protefted bills of exchange, are allowed 10 per cent, and all charges. They generally worfliip, or profefs to worfliip, after the mode of the church oF England \ no diflenting con- gregation, a few Quakers excepted ; New- England had jomc of their firft feminary of quakers from Barbados. Some loofe account of their governors. Lord "Wil- Joughby of Parham at the reftoration was appointed go- vernor of Barbados under the Earl of Carlifle \ he was at the fame time governor general of the Leeward- iflands, and a proprietor of Antegua. Upon the reftoration James Kendal, Efq-, was appoint- ed governor. Upon Kendal's returning to England, colonel Francis • Sir Francis Wheeler, 1603, ^^^^ ^ fquadron of (hip?, two regi- ments of regular troopi. from England, and fome militia from iiiirba- dos and the Leeward-iflands, made dcfccnrs upon the i-'rench iilatid^, April 2 i they landed in M^ntitiique at Col de fac Marine, plinidcica and came on board again. April 17 they landed at St. Pierre, did nothing, and returned to Barbados ; and from thence to New-England; they unluckily imported a malignant fever (from 1692 to \':<}f> Biir- ^ado» coniii ued ftckly) from thence to Newfoundland, and home to ^uelaad. " . Kiiflll, Of RulTel, bi nor, with the countr until July ' 1698 Ri viJIe arrive anno 1701, commandei J 702 Sir home faJary annum, thji country, th( Pilgrim's pli J707Mii him. . J7" Rob tinued upon oi fcveraJ c( Kev. Mr. Go trader) he wa and called to , ftcr-hail, and th\s was the a 0^ the Leew£ nors, that the) imaii fuggcftic out of place. After a pre Worfley, Efq. voy at the couj ed governor, I 4 and haif per] ijini 6,000^. r ^oon found, th^i ^l^ere intervcnl f^^y viz. Lo( we he fct out Of tU Briclfh SittlementsiVi America. 135 RuITel, brother to the Earl of Orford, came over gover- nor, with a regiment of reguiai troops, and fubfrned by the country i he died anno 1695, and Bond was prcfident until July 1698. 1698 Ralph Grey, Efqj brother to the Earl of Tanker- ville arrived governor } he went to England for his health anno 1701, and John Farmer, Efq-, was prefident and commander in chief. 1 703 Sir Bevil Greenville, appointed governor ♦, his home falary was increafed from iioo^f. to 2000/]. per annum, that he might not defire gratuities from the country, they alfo built for him a governor's houfe in Pilgrim's plantation. 1707 Milford Crow, a London merchant fucceeded him. 1711 Robert Lowther, Efq-, fucceeded, and was con- tinued upon the accefTion of King George I. by reafon of fcveral complaints (the chict complainer was the Rev. Mr. Gordon of Bridgetown, on eminent Martinico trader) he was ordered into the cuftody of a mcITenger, and called to account in the proper coMrts of Weftmin- iler-hall, and coft him a confiderable fum of money : this was the affair of my name-fake- general Douglafs, of the Leeward-iHands, may be a warning to all gover- nors, that they are liable to be called to account upon fmall fuggedions when their friends die, or are other ways out of place. After a prefidentfhip of Tome continuance ; Henry Worfley, Efq; (who for Tome time had been Britilh en- voy at the court of Portugal) anno 1721, was appoint- ed governor, befides his lalary of 2,000 ^f. out of the 4 and half per cent, by his fincfle the aflembiy votc(i i)im 6,000 2^. per annum, during his government; they foon found, that this \^d& more than they could afford. There intervened two commilTions which did not rake tfifcd, viz. Lord Irwin, who died of the fmall-pox be- fore he fct out from England •, and Lord Bdhaven, wpon HlliW 1^5 y^SuMMARY, Hijiorical and PoliticaU &C; hif paflage aboard the Royal- Anne galley was cad awa/ and drowned near the Lizard-point. After this Sir Olando Bridgman and others were ap< pointed, but never in poffeffion. L. How was a much efteemed governor, and died ir^ Barbados. 1 742 Sir Thomas Robinfon, of him we have not much to fay. 1747 Arrives Mr. Greenville governor; over and above his home falary, they allow him 3000 ;£. per annum, during his adminiflration, and to his fatistac- tion, Britlfli Leeward ijlands, Thefe were firft difcovered in the fecond voyage of Columbus, the Spaniards defpifed them, and made pp fettkments there : they were feverally fettled by the Englifli at different times, and are all under the com- mand and infpeftion of one governor-general ; in each of the four iflands of Antegoa, Montferrat, Nevis, and St- Chriftophers, there is commiflioned from Great-Britain a lieutenant-governor-, in the fmall iflands are militia captains, or capitain de quartier copimilTioned by the governor-general. The general's commiflion is in this ftile ; captain- general and commander in chief of the iflands of Ante- goa, Montferrat, Nevis, St. Chriftophers, and all the Caribee-iflands from Guardaloupe to St. John de Porto Rico. In the abfence of the captain -general and lieu- tenant'gcneral (the lieutenant-general refides at St. Kitts) formerly the commander of Nevis, as being the oldeft fcttlemcnt, was commander in chief of thefe Caribbee- iflands, but by a new regulation, the fenior of the lieu- tenant -goveinors is to command. Each of the four iflands has a diftindt icgillature, of a governour, council, and reprefcntatives. Out of the 4 and half per cent, duty on- produce exported, exported, neral i2g 200/. fterJ inftrudion a fufEcien accept of J iflands fettl Antegoa ii Montferrat give about nature with Anno i; whites; wh Kitts 1340 guilla 80, ij Soon aftei was governc fame time gi Sir WiJlJa King Jam the revoJutio was fucceedei Chrifl:oper fucceeded by greatefl: propi badoes, and This family h in feminaries Sir Wiijian 1704. he died '706 arrive been Aide de( borough, and I of the critical nube in Germa furreftionofth I been a vicious planters wives. luce ked, 0/ the Britifli Settlements j» America. 137 exported, are paid falaries per in. to the governor- ge- peral 1200/. to each of the four heutenant-governors 200/. fterl. The prefent general Matthews .obtain'd an inftruftion, that confidering the 1200/. per. an. was not 3 fuflicient and honourable fupport, he was allowed to accept of additional gratuity falaries, and the refpeftive idands fettled upon him during his adminidration, viz. Antegoa 1000/. Nevis 300/. St. Kitts 800/. per annum; Montferrat did not fettle the gratuity, but do generally give about 300/. yearly : the peiquifitcs are of the fame nature with Barbadoes. Anno 1736 in all the Leeward iflands were 10,520 whites i whereof fencible men in Antegoa 1 500, in St. Kitts 1340, in Nevis 300, in Montferrat 360, in An- guilla 80, in Spanifli-town or Virgin Gorda 120. Soon after the reftoration Lord Willoughby of Parham was governor-general of the Leeward-iQands, and at the fame time governor of Barbados. Sir William Stapleton. King James II. appointed Sir Nathaniel Johnfon ; upon the revolution he abdicated and withdrew to Carolina, and was fucceedcd by Chriftoper Codrington, Efq; he died 1698, and was fucceeded by his fon Chriftopher Codrington, Efq; the greateft proprietor in Antegoa, a great proprietor in Bar- badoes, and fole proprietor of the ifland of Barbuda. This family has been a great benefador in pious ufes and in femlnaries for learning. Sir William Mathews fucceeded Col. Codrington anno 1704, he died foon. 1706 arrived for governor-general Col. Parks, he had been Aide de Camp to the moft renowned Duke of Marl- borough, and carried to the court of England the news of the critical and great victory at Hochftet near the Da- nube in Germany, anno 17 10 he was murdered by an in- furreftion of the people or inhabitants •, he is faid to have been a vicious man, efpecially in his amours with the planters wives. He ht ,' iiv' > ,^mM i 1 fi s! ijS /f Summary, Hijlorical and Political^ &c Vie was fucceeded by Col. Walter Douglafs, who was ft!,.crfcded anno 1714, and in the courts of Weftminfter- h.ii, was called to account for male adminiftration ; and h«)V. 19. 1716 by the court of king's-bench was fined tool, llerling, and five years imprifonment. 1714 Col. Hamilton appointed governor. i o him fucceeded general Hart. 1726 To general Hart fucceeded Thomas Pit, Lord Londonderry, he died in Antegoa Sept. 1729. Lord Forbes, next col. Colby were appointed. April 1733, Matthews, formerly lieut.-general, is ap- j* V generally ufc cificrn water. The negro pol-tax is J.V !i,r.tiiy very high, excife upon liquors imported about i-c..)-i/. per ann. .1 heir alTcmbly or lower houfe confifts of 24 reprefen- I.' v.s from II dift^ridts viz. Four from the diftrift or -t John's, and two from each of the other dilt rifts. ..•>: p'.rifhes, each minilkT or reftor is allowed as fa- U'-{ 16000 wt. Mukovatlo fugar, with a manfion iiouic an'i gLbe-land of 10 or 12 acres. Only one cul« Of the Britiih Settlements /» America. 1 39 coUeftion with four entry and delivery ports, viz. St. John's, Parham, Falmouth, and Willugh by-bay : the col- ieftor keeps his office at St. John's, where aifo refides the furveyor-general of the cuftoms of all the iflands, Jamaica excepted. About 250 vefTels enter in per annum. _ ' Courts of juftice. For common law, there are two precindls, St. John's and Falmouth, each one judge, and four afliftants *, there is alfo a court-merchant, being a fummary way of difpatching debts, owing to tranfient traders. The governor and council are the judges of errors, chancery and probates. St. John's is a good harbour, fmooth water, with good wharfFs 5 Englifli harbour, lately fortified by the care of commodore Charles Knowles, is a fafe retreat for King's ihips and others. Chief produce is fugar and fome cotton ; no indigo. • MoNTSERRAT is a ic^z, ii'lly ifland, fettled moftly by Irifli, two thirds Roi .? Catholicks; about 4500 negroes ; their whole annual charge of government does cot much exceed 1500/. per annum: not above five veflels per annum export?, their produce. One collection at Plymouth, have three entry and delivery- ports, viz. Plymouth, Old-harbour, and Kers-bay : three pariflies ; four divifions, each divifion fencls two reprtfentatives, be- ing eight in all ; the parilh minifters have 130/. per an- num from the country-treafury. Two regiments foot, one troop, hone- militia. Courts of judicature. For common pleas only one precind court held at Plymouth : the firft court to which a cafe or ad ion is brought, is called a court of grace (the inferior couits of the province of Maffachu- fctts-bay in New-England, in fome refpe(5t may be called courts of grace) the next court is a court of judg- ment, and may appeal to a third court, their grand {^{^■ fions coiiiiUs of the licut-goveinor, council, and chief judge. Their ; IS I ? 1^ 1*4 i40 ^fSuMMARY, Hifiorkal and PcUticaU tct^ Their fugars are very ill cured in cafk, arc fold green, retaining mnch niolaffes: a planter if much prcffed by a merchant for debt, in 5 or 6 days from cutting the canes, the fugars are aboard } they plant alfo fome cotton, and much indigo of the iron colour or word fort; have four crops of indigo perannum j \\z. April, Midfummer, Mi- chaelmas, and Chridmas. Nevis is one conical hitl \ gdod harbour, but great furf at landing, as is generally in the Weft-Indies ; have about 6000 negroes (the French fquadron under M. d* Iber- ville in Queen Anne's war carried off fo many negroes as were afterwards fold to the Spaniards for 400,000 pieces of eight. Only one collection at Charles- town, three entry and delivery ports, viz. Charles-town, Morton's-bay, and New- caftle •, they load about 20 veffels per an. for Europe. Five divifions or parifhes ; each divifion fends three reprefentatives, in all fifteen aiffembly men. Judicature, only one precinft, courts as iu ^^ntegoa. They cure their fugar in fquare pots, is better than that of Montferrat J fome cotton \ no indigo, no ginger, ciftern- water chiefly. St. Christophers about three or four leagues from Nevis. Upon its eaft end are falt-ponds and many fmall naked hills. The French formerly were in pofleffion of its eaft end to Palmeto-point, and of its weft end to near Sandy-point, but by treaty of Utrecht an. 1 71 3, quit- claimed the whole to Great-Britain. Have only one col- ledtion at Old-road the court or (hire-town, feveral en- tring and delivery ports : Baffe-terre Ihips off moft, next for fhipping off is Sandy-point. They bring their fu- gars to the fhipping places in Hds. not in bags, as in Nevis and Montfcrrat: they (hip off much niolalTes, do not raife much cotton, no indigo, no ginger : they run much fugar aboard the Dutch interlopers at Statia, to fave the 4 and half per Ct. the plantation duties, &c. May 0/ May i each fenc the moui Jamaica the difcoverei pftheifland: " Jamaica in Cromwcii • Sovereign p, (honour and hon lia, to tc. May CftU Britilh SEftitMtNt^ i^Americ;!. 141 May have abput 25,000 negroes*, about 9 parifhes, each fends two affembly men. Good river-water from the mountains. Virgin-Islands. The caftermoftis called St.Thomas^ &t prefent in the pofTeflion of the Danes ; a good harbour, fcarce any furf at landing ; good careening at this ifland^ a good town, the governor is Lutheran, the congrega- tion and mother tongue is low Dutch. The idand is fmall ; they raife cotton and fugar ; it is a neutral and free port, fome fay, to pirates not excepted. Salt-key, from which fome veffels bring fait. St. John's-ifland, two or three gentlemen of Antegoa have a patent for ; they raife cotton, and cut junkwood, or lignumvitae.— • Tortola produces the fame. Beef*ifland cuts junk- wood. — Spanifti-town or Virgin Gorda is the wcftermoft of the Virgins j they plant cotton only, being a mixture of Curafo white and yellow revel indifferently planted to- gether. 7 Other fmall iflands draggling between the Virgins and St. Chriftophers, viz. Anagada not fettled, Sambrero not fettled, Anguilla raifes cotton, St. Martins, fome Dutch on one part, and fome French on another part, St. Bartholomew a neutral iQand not fettled i Barbuda the property of Codrington, is improved for grazing. Jamaica, Jamaica is a long oval of about 50 leagues in length 5 the difcoverer Columbus, and his heirs were proprietor of the ifland : he called it St. Jago or St. James, we call it Jamaica in our idiom. : ^ni - > ■ ^ -r^ Cromwell without declaring war * fent admiral Pen ' ' ':-^'-i '^"' -■ -■-'■ ■■' -"■ ■■ - *.■*«-;., -I,-. -»■•-■ and * Sovereign powers frequently difpenfe with the law of nations (honour and honefty) : Thus the Spaniards, in the fpring 1727, laid fiege f, ,\ m, 142 yi ^VMMAHYi HiJIoricat and Political^ Bed, and general Venables with a confiderable fea and land- force, to annoy the Spanifli Weft-Indies : they mifcarried at St. Domingo ; but reduced Jamaica, anno 1655, ^^^ remains with the Englifh to this day. " Jamaica is much fubjedt to hurricanes and earth- quakes. Anno 1693 Port-Royal, during an earthquake was fwallowed up : it may be fuppofed, that for many years preceding, the fea did gradually undermine it, and upon occafion of this earthquake Port-Royal fub- fided. They carry on a confiderable illicit but profitable trade to the Spanifli Main, and return pieces of eight; and with the French of Hifpaniola or St. Domingue, the re- turns are moftly indigo. Port-Royal of Jamaica is 76 D. 37 M. weft from Lon- don t, and in about 1 8 D. 30 M. N. lat. The quit-rents were generoufly given by the croivn, to the treafury or revenue of the ifland. Lands grant- ed before, anno 1684, were at 2 s. 6d. per 100 acres fiege to Gibraltar ; the French lately re-fortified Dunkirk, before any dechrilion of war ; there can be no other reftraint upon princes but a ballance of power ; thus France, a nation too potent, can never be bound over to the peace, without being difmembered. f &y the fame edipfe of the moon June 1722, obferved by captain Candler of the Launcefton man of war at Port-Royal in Jamaica, and by Chriftopher Kirch at Berlin in Brandenburgh of Germany ; al- lowing Berlin 5 2 horary minutes eaft of London. The differeiKc of longitude between two places found by adlual obfervation of the fame cdipfes, appulfes, occultations of the celedial bodies, called lumi- naries, in both places, for the fame phaenomenon; is more exaii^, than where an obfervation is ufed for one place, and a calculation from tables for the other : thus I judge the difference of longitude, between London, and Bodon, or Cambridge adjoining, is well deter- mined by the fame eclipfe of the moon, March 15. anno 17 17, ob- ferved at Cambridge near BoHon by Mr. Thomas Robie, fellow a:id tutor in the college there ; and obferved at Paris by CalTmi and de la Hire, accadamiciens of the Koyal Accademie of Sciences ; the differ- ence in time was 4H.^; M. 40 Sec. ; as Paris is 9 M. 40 Sec. horary eafl of London ; therefore the horary dift'erence is about 4 H. 46 M. or 71 D. 30 M. Cambridge and Bollon arc weft from l^onJon. quit rent,! quit-rent, annum qui to be Joft, /ince J the annum. 1 Jong perio anno 1722, the intercft 1725. A few ye; white, in 9 1 of regular tn compliment, ytars /ince ii years he had ^rom Jam very Jargc, f; altered freig/n and their hoj 'Y^^y have oi wnes i about fonie coffee, j There is alv men of war, g miraJ. The g , F*" annum ou laflembiy gena Fr annum moi qiiifites do mak I annum. Duke of AJb filhing for a S and in cafe fuch tjat he might b or Jamaica: he [Molefworrh. Upon the rev h"'n was appoin rent,! Of tU Britifli Settlements /» America. 145= quit-rent, the new grants are half-penny per acre ] f^r annum quit-rent. I'he rent-roll was loft, or prett n. ' d to be loft, in the great earthquake, and never fttr' :? fince •, the quit-rents fometimes amount to 2000/. p r annum. Their revenue a6ts are temporary, but lov x long period •, thefe a6ts made anno 1684, expirii anno 1722, and were not renewed and confirmed {\^v the iniercft and application of governor Hunter) till anriv> 1726. A few years fince in Jamaica were 3000 fencible m; ;i white, in 9 regiments, befides 8 independent compan s of regular troops, 100 men per company is their i.jU compliment. The receiver-general, Mr. Crofs, lo; c years fince in Bofton for his health, told me, that i(^. .c years he had 90,000 negroes in his lift. From Jamaica arc exported fugar about 25,000 i> s- very large, fome of a tun weight j lately they h;vvc altered freights from number of hogfticads, to wripi.r, and their hogfticads will be fmaller in confcqucn :•. They have only water-mills and cattle-mills for ti^t ir canes; about 19 pariflies. Lately they begin to \^\\t fome coffee, and have planted fome logwood trees. There is always ftationed here a fquadron of BriHih men of war, generally under the command of an ati- miral. The governor has a ftanding falary of 250 T. per annum out of the country treafury in couric ; "^e affembly generally allow him a gratuity of ly^r- Q. per annum more *, thefe with efcheats and all other ^kt- qiiifites do make it a government of about 10,000^. ;. er annum. Duke of Albemarle concerned in Sir William Plv,s*s fiihing for a Spanifli plate wreck, had good luce- 1^ ; and in cafe fuch another fiftiing voyage Ihould pi t t, that he might be near at hand, obtained the govfii)'vv>t of Jamaica: he foon died, and was fuccecded by cuu; ici 1 Molefworth. Upon the revolution, anno 1690, the Earl of ]\v 'li- |quin was appointed governor*, he died upon the iluii^), .4.;d f-,!WI5!t?ij M h /'111 •'^^ 144 ^Summary, Hijiorical and Political ^^l and was fucceeded by Sir William Beefton lieutenanfi governor and commander in chief anno 1692 } he died anno 1700. Major-general Selwin was appointed captain-general and governor 1 70 1 1 he died foon. 1702 the Earl of Peterborough (famous in Queen Anne's wars in Spain) was appointed captain -general of the iQand, and admiral in the Weft* India iflands*, he never fet out for this government, and colonel Handafyde was appointed lieutenant governor of Jamaica. Anno 1696, Ponti, with a French fquadron made a feint againd Jamaica, but without making any real attempt, he put off for Carthagena, where he had good fuccefs. 1710 Lord Archibald Hamilton was appointed go- vernour, and fuperfeded the command of colonel Handa- fyde ; he was continued anno 17 14, upon K. George Fs acceflfion. \ 1716 Mr. Pit (formerly governor of fort St. George in the Ealt-India company, commonly called Diamond Pits) was appointed governor, and colonel Otway lieu- tenant-governor. 1 71 7 Mr. Pit refigns in favour of Mr. Laws a planter, afterwards Sir Nicholas Laws ; colonel Dubourgay lieu- tenant- governor. About this time the militia of Jamaica were dilpofed into one regiment horfe, eight regiments foot. 1721 Duke of Portland appointed governor (a retreat from South-fea difafters) he died in fumnier 1726, and was fucceeded by Colonel Hunter, who went thither, by advice of his phyficians, for his health ; and thereby did certainly ob* tain a reprieve for feme years. 1734 Upon col. Hunter*s death, Henry Cunningham | an. 1 734 went governor •, but foon died after his arrival. 1736 Edward Trelawney, Efq*, appointed governor,! anno 1 744, he was appointed colonel of a regiment of foot to be raifed in England, for his good fervices. Hel continues governor at this time 1747. I Bahamii O/d Cbmmor principal idi or Cat-iflanc in America, They wet eight propri .proprietors i from harbou it was re/b|v( the Queen di diate protect] dciice.** The propr iOands to a t con?pany: thi la the fpri Havanna an < gainft Providei yidence wicho in a ftorm. The banks Jteys are caliec of the guiph-f illand where ti U'es in about 2 and fecms to b rates and privat< jSpaniards may r jftream. Their Iwood, cortex E, Wt from Exeu |At prefent they j Ifor the Bons Viv They have i ""■oops from Gre; Ofjie Sriciih Silt tl t mbMts in America. 145 rham Fal. ;rnor, intoi He Bahama iflatidi^ Comitionly called, the government of Providence, the principal ifland. One of thefe iQands, called St. Salvador or dac-idand, was the firll difcovery chat Columbus made in America. They were granted by the crown of England to the eight proprietors of Carolina, anno 1663 ^ but as the proprietors took no. care to prevent enemies and pirates from harbouring and rendezvoufing there> anno 1710 it was refolved in the council of Great-3ritain, " That the Queen do take the Bahama-idands into her imme- diate protection, and fend a governor to fortify Provi- dence.** The proprietors formerly granted a leafe of thefe iflands to a number of merchants called the Bahama* comp^^y * ^^'^ turned to nO account. In the fpring anno 1 720. There fet out from the Havanna an expedition of 1200 men in 14 veffels a-* gainft Providence and South-Carolina 5 they vifited Pro- vidence without doing any damage, and were fcattered in a ftorm. .^ >. The banks belonging to this cluder of iflands and keys are called Bahama-banks, and make the eaft fide of the gulph-ftream of Florida j Providence the chief iiland where the governor and garrifon are ftationed, lies in about 25D, N. lat. It is a place of no trade, and feems to be only a preventive fettlement, that pi- rates and privateers may not harbour there, and that the I Spaniards may not be mafters of both fides the gulph- ftream. Their fmall trade has been Braziletto dye- wood, cortex Elutheras from the ifland of that name, falc from Exeuma, and ambergreafe by drift-whales : At prefent they afford fea-turtle, limes, and four oranges Iforthe Bons Vivants of North- America. They have one company of independant regular roopsfrom Great-Britain. Capt. ^oods Rogers cora- ls modore 'V;^ If 111 4, '146 y^Si^MMARY, Hiftorical and PotiticaU &^ modorc of the two famous Briftol South-fca privateers, in the end of Queen Annc*s reign, was anno 1 7 1 7 ap- pointed governor with an independent company. 1721 He was fuperfcded by Capt. Finny. 1728, Upon Capt. Finny's death, Capt. Woods Roger* is again appointed Governor. Capt. Rogers died anno 1733, and Richard 'itz-Williams, Efq-, is appointed governor. Fitz-Wij. liams refigned anno 1738, and John Tinker, Efqj fon. in*]aw to Col. Bladen, late of the board of trade, fuc' ceeded ; and continues governor at this prefcfit writing, Auguft 1747. Bermudas* / This name is faid to be from John Bermudas a Spani* ard, who difcovered it, in his way to the Weft-Indies. Henry May a paffenger aboard Barbotier caft away here, 1593, and tarried Bve months, we do not mention, be> caufe of no confequence. Sir George Sommers and Sir Thomas Gates, adventurers in the Virginia company, were fhipwreck*d here 1609, found abundance of hogs, a certain fign that the Spaniards had been there •, thefe illands are fometimes called in publick writings Soni' mers, or corruptly Summer-iflands. Some gentlemen| obtained a charter from King James I. and became pro- prietors of it : Mr. Moor was their firft governor, Mr^ Thomas Smith appointed governor 1612, and after threi years fucceeded by Capt. Daniel Tucker 161 6. Mr, Richard Norwood, a furveyor, was fent over by thecoml pan/ to make divifions ; 161 8 he divided it intoeighj tribes by the names of the eight proprietors or venturers, viz. Marquis of Hamilton, Sir Thomas SmitI many years treafurer. Earl of Devonlhire, Earl of Pei broke, Lord Paget, Earl of Warwick, Earl of Southai ton, and Sir Edwin Sands. Each tribe was dividi into 50 (hares } every adventurer to have his (hare cafting of lots in England, fome had from one to twel ihares} befides a great deal of land left- for comtni or pubiif and renia £0500^. wcipfurca 5^0 7 fee Az firf was in all with a ia, vcrnor, ai council an and councii Anno J »7oo Capt The pre, '747» "por thcr AJured tof trade an( vernor ^thc tenant-gover Bermudas weft from J from the ne Sputh-Carolii Tide flows / b« water fj squiring a 1 j;w, is upon & I ^. E. to faroadeft pjac croflcs the ifl north-weft, ar ' gufts of wind, and May is th account J their able; thejgov, about ,o/p ^'^nfibic men nc Span!' Indies, y here, )n, be- and Sir mpany, if hog?, i thefc] Is Som* ntlemcnl Uc pro- 'or, Mr, :er threi Mr :he coinl ito eighl or adl ts Sm lof Pel touthai dividi {hare :o twel icomrw Of the Britilh Settlbments/w America. 147 or publick ufcs} each fhare confided of about 25 acres, and remain fu to this day •, tiie value of a Hiare is ;^oo to^oo^f. proclamation money*, no wheel-carriages, no fnclpfures, they tether their catcle i high ways only from ^ to 7 feet wide. Ac firft they w«.nt upon tobacco as the humor then was in all the Weft-India iflands — 1619 Capt. ButlcT* with a large recruit of fettlers from England was go- vernor, and the legiQature was fettled in governor, council and alTemblyi being formerly in a governor and council. Anno 1698 Samuel Day, Efq; wa« governor; anno 1700 Capt Bennet was appointed governor. The prefent governor is — - fopple, Efq; anno 1747, upon his brother's death he fucceer cd \ his bro- ther Alured Popple, Efqj formerly fecretary to the bpard of trade and plantations, was appointed lieutenant-go- vernor Cthc commander in chief is defigned only lieu- tenant-governor) anno 1737* Bermudas is in 32 D. 30 M^ N. lat^ about 6^ D. iveft from London, lies 200 to 300 leagues diltance from the neareft lands, viz. New-England, Virginia^ South -Carolina, and Providence, or Bahama-iQands. Tide flows 5 feet, is well fecured by funken rocks;, but water fufficient, in narrow channels and turnings, requiring a good pilot. Their only, fcttlement of n(y- tice is upon St. George's- idand about 16 miles long from E. N. E. to W. S. W. fcarce a league wide in the broadeft place, in fome place the Ijpray of the lea croffcs the ifland. The winds from the north to the north-weft, are the moft prevalent •, fubjeft to fmart gufts of wind, thunder, and lightning. March, April, and May is their whaling time, but of no confiderable account •, their whale-oil and ambergreafe are inconfider- ablej the governor has a perquifue from the royal filh about lO^T per whale. In Bermudas there may be about 5000 whites, their fenfiblc men not much exceeding 1000 men, and many L 2 of I.. I'. '*:'■! ('iV >'1'l( Vt' ''■%:'^% 148 ifSiiMMARV, Wftorical and Potitica!, tec, of thefe generally at Tea, their militia confift of loa horfe, and one company of foot from each of the eight tribes, there is in garrilon one company of independant regular troops from Great-Britain always incomplete (as are all our plantation-troops for want of a proper check) the perquifite of the governor. Their diet is mean, and the people generally poor, fimply honeft \ but gay in a ruftick manner CBermudas giggs) they have the Deft breed of negroes, equal to ivhite men in their navigation. Their trade is of fmall account ; they build their own floops of cedar • of their own growth j fit for ufe in 20 years intervals or growth •, their keel-pieces, wales, and beams are [of oak 1 their mails are of white pine, from New- England. Their chief bufincfs is building floops of cedar, their own growth, light runners*, their exports are incon- fiderable, viz. (ome pot-herbs and roots for the other parts of America, a white chalk-ftone eaflly chizeled for Duilding gcntlemens houfes in the Weft-India iflands, Palmeto || leaves manufadlured into plait, better than the ftraw-work of Italy and of nuns in fome countries : they are noted for going to fifli upon SpaBilh wrecks, chey excel in diving f. This ifland (or rather iflands) is generally healthful. The famous Mr. Waller, a gentleman of fortune and y ■ ■ ■ ■ p * Ctdrmt BurmiuUanM nmlrt H. Juniptrut BurmuJiana H. L. Ber- muda! cedar, it is harder than the cedar of Carolina and Virginia ; they are all diftinA fpecies, as are the red and white ccdtu-s of New-England : we fluul give a more daffick, pra£iical, or median- kk and commercial account of them when we come to treat of ' '..>: V f This notion of a healthful climate, Mve occafion to a late fcheme projected by a whimfical man, dean fi— ~-l|, fincc biOiop of Q[ — ne in Ireland, of founding in Bermudas an univerfity college or feminary for the education of the Britifh American youth. Pro- je£lors arc generally inconfiderate, ra(h, and run too fall. He did not confider t u pUcei for health are accommodated for valetudina* riani and old people i whereas young people, where the (lamina vitas are good, feldoni want health (at Harvard-college in Cambridge near Bofton in New-England, not exceeding one or two per cent, per ann. die) this place is ot very difficult accels or navigation } does not pro- duce a fufficiency for the prefent parcimonious mhabitants. I'hit ab- ilraAed notion leems only adequate to the conceptions of a common fchool-mafter, to keep his bovs together (as a fhepherd does by fold- iBKof his (heep) while they learn to read Englifh, and labour at the rudiments of the Latin language ; whereas young gentlemen, fludents of the belles lettres, civil hiftorv, natural hiflory, or any of the three learn«l profeifions, require a larger field than that of a finall ifland divulfed (if we may fo exprefs it) from the world or continents of the eanh. He hired a (hip, put on board a good library (fome part of it be bountifully bellowed upon the colleges of MaiTachufetts-bay and Connedicut in New-England) and in company with fome gentlemen of great worth, after a tedious winter pafTa^e, put in at Rhode-ifland, a finall colony of New-England ; built a kmd of a cell, lived there a reclufe life for fome time, until this fit of Enthusiasm did defer- vefce, and was convinced of the idlenefs of the whim, did not pro- ceed, but returned to England. There are enthufiafls in all affairs of life ; this man of himfelf wu an enthufiaft in many affairs of life ; not confined to religion and the education of youth ; he invaded another of the learned profeifioni. Medicine, which in a peculiar manner is called the learned profeilion ; he publifhed a book called Siris (the ratio nominis I can* not inveftigate) or tar-water, an univerfal medicine or panatta \ he never kneyr it fail, if copioufly adminiftered, of curing any fever \ whereas many fevers, vix. that of the plague, of the fmall-pox, with I fymptoms of purples and general haemorrhages, l^c. in their own na- ture to mcft connitutions ^om firft feizure are mortalj by an univerfal L 3 necrofis m 'r- (:•« 1 50 yfSuMMARv, Hijiorical and Political^ 8rc. Formerly pine-apples, and Tome other delicious fruits of tile Caribbee iflands, were cultivated in Bermudas ; but y by ■«+■ necrofis or (\dApx\ blall of the conditution. It cures the murrain, rot, and all ot|)<;r malignant dillenipers amongft cattle, fheep, &c. The continued or long ufe of it does violence to the conftitucion; in afth- mag And rheumatick diforders, a fliort ufe of it has been beneficial, hiit our tnatoria medica affords more efBcacious and fafe medicines; it is At prcfent almolt were out of fafliion. Tar is only turpentine by fir« rendered of a cauiUck quality ; whereas turpentine (and confe- «j'j*'ndy its '.vatcr or depoi^ion) l?y the experience of many ages, has b^n found a mod beneficent, medicinal, natural balfam. He ought to hav checked this oiHcious genius (unlefs in his own profefiion way he had acquired this noilrum by infpiration) from in- truding into the affairs of a diilinfl prufeffion. Should a do£lor in inedtcine practice publick praying and preaching (though only in a quack or W-— d vagrant manner) with pious, private, ghoflly advice and exhortations to his patients alias penitents, the clergy would m- mediately take the alarm, and ufe their firuta Fulmina againft this other profeHion. This feems to be v/;U '.-xpreiTed in a London news-paper fey way of banter or ridicule. , j^, ■. , - . . , ...^ ., f J . , :, The bifhop's book annoys the learned tribe : -^ ' ' ' ' ' "' K.i .. They threaten hard, «* We'll preach, if you prefcrlbe." A« hii Bermudas college projeftion, and his refidence in New. England, have rendered him famous in North- America, perhaps it may not be impertinent to give fome further hiftory of Mr. B ly, fn his proper charafter as a divine : I (hall take it from his Minute Philofopher, a book compofed in New-England^ and confine it to his wild notions of myfterjes in religion. He fays, that f :,m a certain enthnfiafm in human nature all religions do fprout : from the faith whieh children have in the direftions of their parents ; from the great Ibare that faith has in the policy of nations (he means the Arcana Impcrit) and in common commerce or trade, we are led to faith In religions revelations. Since we cannot explain many obvious Irtjngs 1ft nature, why fhould we be obliged to dp fo in religion? fn a very loofe exprelTion, he compares myileries in religion to the enthufiaftick, and to demonftration non-entities of the phi- lofopher's ftone in chymjflry, and of perpetual motion in mecha- nicks. The abflr^idled idea of a triangle is ^s difficult as that of I the trlnitv j that of the communication of motion, as difficult as that of the communication of grace. We ought to have the fame I redfon (w truftingthe Priest in religion, that we have for truftingi $he lawyer or phyfician with our fortune or life j thus every mnrtl OUg|t| Of the by cutting c come fo c tender exoti ^^'J^^ Concerning mixed wi liance wii French In THAT more t convenient to I. A genera] ] Americans. 1 and improven tions lying uj America. 4. Britifh North-. ^general AS to the o we have whether allegor lof Mofes in the I / ought to have a lib is too general a tole J To conclude, th< landing of his pecu Folent genUemgn, Of the Britifli Settlements /« America. 151 by cutting down the timber and wood, the ifland is be- come fo open and expofed to the bleak winds, that tender exoticlcs do not thrivei > . ..., ■,-, * : 'f: ■y^'='r."'. SECT. III. Concerning the Indian tribes and nations', inter' mixed with, under the protediion of^ and in al^ liance with Great-Britain ; alfo Jbme bints of the French Indians, THAT the contents of this feAion may be the more eafily comprehended, perhaps it may be convenient to diftinguifh it into fome feparate articles. I. A general hiftory of the Weft- Indians, or aboriginal Americans. 2. Their religion, language, manners, arts and improvements in nature. 3. Their tribes or na- tions lying upon, or near the eaftern fhore of North- America. 4. Their wars with, and incurfions upon the pritifli North-America colonies. ■> great Arana fwth bvious Igion} Tigion ' le pH- mecha- ' that of I icult as I he fame truftingl ;ry insrti l ' Ar T I C L E I, A general hiftory of the aboriginal Jmericans, AS to the origin of things, particularly of mankind, we have no other account in credit with chriftians, whether allegorical or literal is not my affair, but thac I of Mofes in the fcriptural books of our Bible or religion. I ought to have a liberty of chufing his own prieft and religion ; this is too general a toleration, and puts an end to all focial religion. To conclude, the right reverend the bifliop of CI — ne, notwith- pnding of his peculiarities, is a moil generous, beneficent, and bene- holent gendem^, as appears by his donations in New-England. L 4 Doubt- un^'^ m JitSf '■iSi Jf Sv M M A R V, Hiprical and Political^ ^c, Doubtlefs there have been at times general or almoft liniverfal peftilencesy famines, deluges, implacable wars, ivhich have almoft extinguifhed the race of mankind in the countries where thefe general calamities prevailed j and muft require many centuries to repeople them from the fmall remaining (lock, and to reduce them by gra- dations * to large Ibcieties called tribes or cantons, na< tions, and empires. /v.i' . . ..,.. -.-f,.,! - 1i •\Vi The • From a country or continent thus reduced to a very fmall flock, we may inveftigate the various degrees of civil government. At firl( they were only diftinA families, lett Ifole, and their government was patriarchal, that is by heads of families : thefe heads of families foon Became acquainted and neighbourly, and for mutual protection and good neighbourhood, entered into aflbciations, by us called tribes, cantons, or clans : feveral of thefe tribes, upon fufp <^offomeam- l^itious defign of fome neighbouring powerful tribes., or confederacy 1^ tribes, for their better defence were obliged to enter into a' federal union, and at length were incorporated into one general diredlioi) called a nation or empire. Perhaps we may fuppole that fuch were the empires of Mexico and Peru in America, Sir Itaac Newton in his chronology of ancient kingdoms amended, |>y his incomparable fagacity inveftigates, that in ancient times Greece and all Europe were peopled by wandering Cimerians and Scythians ; the emigrations or excurfions which in feveral ages have occafioned revolutions, and newrpeopiing of the fouthern parts of Europe: Goths, Vandals, i^c. came from thence by fwarming, that is, leav. ing their native country for want of room or fubfiftence. Northern countries are the Icaft liable to the above-mentioned calamities, and inay be called nurfcries : they had lived a rambling life, like the Tar- tars, in the northern parts of Afia. We (hould have previously obferved, that mankind is naturally a gregarious animal, does not love fol.iude, but has a Ibopg pallionor propenfitv for fociety ; their natural reafon, and capacity of fpeech or communication of thoughts, inclines them to it. Pr. Heylin, from him moft of our modern hiftorians of this kind I tranfcribe, gives a very eafy novel manner of the peopling the feveral Rations from the poAerity of Noah ; we ihall not impofe this upon our readers. He fays the AtneriCfins proceeded from Noahi by way pfTarury. Others publift their conje£lure«, that North-America was peopled from Scytnia and Tartary -, that South- America was peopled fron) 0/ti Theb< or empirt river-s, hij bouring ni tick ocear nients upo the great Hudfon's The trit general der from the r of Sweden names of i Kimi. As Chin: • tlons of m; in nature J called the ^ no, civil g French call the forefl : ing or graz tity of may New-Englar of their fqi China and Japa thefe countries form the navigj it be performed this requires no Some authors nians might ha winds; but th< Anhiins who y tion of America the lead monun Therefore Wi ^h^f.thim Colt Of the Britilh Settlements//! America. 153, The bounciaries of their united tribes, called nations or empires, are natural, viz. feas, bays, lakes, great rivers, high mountains, thus fur inilance, our neigh- bouring nation of Abnaquies are bounded by the Atlan-' tick ocean, or rather at prefent by the Englilh lettle- ' ments upon the Atlantick ftiore, by the bay of Fundi, by the great river St. Laurence, by lake Champiain and Hudfon's river. The tribes which, at leaft nominally, compofe their general denomination of a nation, are generally named trom the rivers upon which they live *, as in Lapland of Sweden, the Laplanders are diftinguifhed by the* names of the rivers Uma, Pitha, Lula, Torneo, and. Kimi. vi % !^'j. 1 ..... As China feems to be the elder brother of all the na- tions of mankind as to their politia and improvements in nature; fo America may with much propriety be called the youngeft brother and meaneft of mankind ; no, civil government, no religion, no letters i the French call them Its hommes des boiSj or men-brutes of the forefl : They do not cultivate the earth by plant- ing or grazing : Excepting a very inconfiderable quan- tity of mays or indian corn, and of kidney-beans (in New-England they are called Indian beans) which fome of their fquaas or women plant *, they do not provide China and Japan, without reflefting, that according to the fituation of thefe countries it is impra6\icable ; our modern large (hips cannot per- form the navigation from China, in lefs than 6 or 7 months : how can it be performed in canoes i The Americans had no laige embarkations; (his requires no ferious animadverfions. Some authors whimfically alledge, that the Phaenicians or Carthagi- nians might have been drove thither by fome continued frefti eafterly winds; but the Phaenicions, Carthaginians, Grecians, Romans, and Arabians who were fuccefllvely the ereat navizators, make no men- tion of America ; and upon our arrivaT in America, we could not find- the leaft monument or token of their ever being there. Therefore we can carry the hiftory of the American countries no high^rth^ Columbus's difcovery, anno 149s. See p. 25. 63. for fh' i ^'^A^l 154. ^Summary, Hijiorical and Politiealy (^e^ for to-morrow, their hunting is their neceffary fubfift-' ence not diverfion ; when they have good luck in hunt- ing, they eat and fleep until all is confumed and then go a hunting again. The higher the latitudes, the Indians are. fewer in numbers and more draggling, nature not affording ne- ce0ary fubfiftence for many, and only in fmall bodies or herds : Their trade or commerce is trifling, having no produce, no manufa(5lure, but little game ; the diffi- culty of fubfifting requires almoll their whole time to provide for themfelves. Excepting that conftitutlon of body, which by ufe they have acquired from their birth, of enduring hard- fhips of hunger and weather ; they are tender, and not long-lived, and generally very fimple and ignorant} fome of their old men by ufe and experience in the world, acquire a confiderable degree of fagacity. New negroes from Guinea generally exceed them much in conftitution of body and mind. In the province of Maf- fachuifettsbay New-England, there was formerly a very good projedl or defign, to educate at college fome of their moft promifing youths, to ferve as mifllonaries for civilizing, inftrufting, and converting of the wild In- dians : This good piirpofe turn*d abortive from the ten- dernefs of their conftitution and aukwardnefs in learning, and at prefent is laid afide. They are not fo polite as the wandring Tartars ; no dairies. Like the wild Irifh they dread labour more than poverty *, like dogs they are always either eating or fleeping, excepting in travelling, hunting, and their dances ; their (loth and indolence inclines them to fot- tiflinefs} before chriftians arrived amongft them, they had no knowledge of llrong drink ; this chriftian vice not only deftroys their bodily health, and that of their progeny, but creates feuds, outrages, and horrid mur- ders. They are much given to deceit and lying, fo as fcarce to be believed when they fpeak truth. See annotations, page ii6. Their temper is the reverfe of Of/h 0/ the Britifti Settlements /« A mcrica. i g$ /sftheEaft-Indians, whereof fome cafls or fedtswill not Icill any ahimal j the "Weft-Indians or Americans are barbarous, and uppii fmall provocations kill their own fpecies ; fome of them exceed in barbarity, and in re- venge and fury eat the flefli of their enemies, riot from hunger or delicacy j fuch formerly were the Florida In- dians, they faid that the flclh of the Engiifli eat mellow and tender, that of the Spaniard hard and tough, the Bermudian filhy. >' . ., , ,: The aboriginal Americans have no honefty, no ho* nour, that is, they are of no faith, but meer brutes in that refpeft. They generally have great fortitude of mind •, without any appearance of fear or concern, they fuflfer any torture and death. In revenge they are bar- barous and implacable -, they never forget nor forgive, injuries 5 if one man kills another, the neareft in kin- dred to the murdered, watches an opportunity to kill the murderer -, and the death of one man may occafion the deaths of many ; therefore when a man is guilty of jnurder, he generally leaves the tribe, and goes into a voluntary kind of banifhment. They are a fullen clofe people. The Indian wars ought to be called maflacres, " or inhumane barbarous outrages, rather than necelTary a6ls of hoftility. The Indians have their hunting, fowling and filhing grounds, by a forked pointed pole, they ftrike or har- poon their fifli *, but their wives and children refide mott- jy on their planting grounds, they plant but little. They do not wander like the Tartars ; there are faid to be fome wandering Indians, they cannot be many ; becaufe the fettling Indians are very jealous of their hunting and filhing grounds or properties. Their ancient navigation was only crofTing of rivers upon bark-logs, travelling along rivers, rivulets and fides of lakes in canoes or fchuyties, portable by two men in their carrying-places from one river or pond to another, they are of birch- bark upon ribs of alh, fpw'fl together by fonie tough wooden fibres, and paid >.!l I J56 A Summary, Utfiortcd and VolHUal^ &c. paid (as Tailors cxprefs it) with rofin from fome pine t nd } tiiey ufe no fails and oars, only paddles and fetUng-poles ; they arc capable of carrying a man, his wife, children and baggage. Narrow rivers arc better travelling than ponds or lakes, becaufe upon the lakes, if ftormy or much wind, they cannot proceed, but muft put to the fhore. Many of our intermixed Indians are of good ufe as fervants. It is obfervabic, that aniongft the Indian fer- vants and negro (laves, the filly, thoughtlefs, and pu- filanimous anfwer beft ; fome perhaps may obfervc from this, that the blind paffive obedience and non-re- fiftence men, make the beft fubjedls and court Haves in Europe. The Indians between the Fropicks, their complexion is not of fo good a metalline copper luftre, but paler, ilature fmaller, not fo robult nxA courageous } but by reafon of the fertility of the country are in larger tribes and confequently more civilized } and from being civilized, their confederacies and federal unions reduced them into vaft empires f: Such were the empire of Mexico, i: eir moderator or principal man was Monte- zuma \ and in the empire of Peru, Attabaliba was their leading man. The empire of Mexico fcems to have been the more polite, that of Peru the more rich, as ha- ving vaft treafures of filver and gold. The northern tribes are fmall and diftinfl: ; a large parcel of land laying waftc (in winter-countries) for many months in the year, not fertile, and not cleared of woods, cannot fubfift many people, but thefe ■f- A Spanifh bi(hop of the Weft-Indies, a man of obfervation, many years fince wrote, " That the Indians are of a tender con- fiitutien : No part of Europe was more populous than Mexico, upon the Spaniards iirft arrival. The Spaniards in the firft forty years, deftroy'd about 20 millions of Indians ; they left but a few Indians in Hifpaniola, none upon Cuba, Jamaica, Bahama-Iflands, Porto-Ri- co, and Caribbee-Iilaiids, excepting upon Dominica and St. Vincent, where they remain to this day. fmall tftk Of the firitifh SiTtLiMfiNTSw Amcricl %§'; fmall || tribes, though much difperfed are allied by con- tiguity, language, and intermarriages •, thus it is with our neighbouring Abnaquies who border upon New* England ; the Iroquois or Mohawks who border upon Mcw-York, Fcnfyivania, and Virginia; and the Chirakees who bu'i'der upon Carolina j thcic may be called three dilHnSt great nation?. The Indians in the high latitudes are paler, (hort, thick, fquat ; cloathed with fkins ^generally feals-fkins) lowed with thongs; no bread- kind, no fire •, live upon whale and fe&l-blfabber, and other fifh •, and what beads they may kill with their arrows and darts \ their bgats and /anoes are of a fingular make, adapted only i^-'V one perfon i in the winter they live in caves. Indians in general paint their bodies, efpecially their faces (they affeft red colour) as the Fids and Britons of Great-Britain formerly were accuftomed. In the higher latitudes the Indians reckon by winters (years) moons (months) and fleeps (nights.) Between the tropicks they reckon by rains (the feafons of rains, end of lummer and beginning of autumn are periodical, as are our winters) moons and fleeps. In computing dlftjnces, they Kckon by fleeps or days travels (as the Dutch do by hours) viz. fo many fleeps or days travel from one place to another. ' ' Y^ • Notwithilanding of the unpolitenefs and want of fire- arms amongfl; the American aboriginals, the Euro* peans could not have effedled their fettlements, becaufe of vaft difparity in numbers, if fome difafFeded tribes, to be revenged of the impofltions and encroachments of fome neighbouring tribes, had not joined the Euro- pean fmall-arms ^ thus Cortez againft Mexico was II III Bible-hiilory we read that all mankind anciently lived in fmall tribes; Abraham and hit allies could mufter only 31? men; with thefe he defeated four great kings, who had conquered Teveral kings. Where lands lie not cultivated^ the tribes muft be fmall and inhabitants few for want of fubfiftcnce. joined h^\ ki 'J I • > M'*'*^ I 158 yf S u M M A R Y> Hijiorical and Political^ t^c, joined by feveral difafFeded tribes ; when the fettlerg of New-Plymouth firft landed, Maflafoit was glad of the countenance of their fmall-arnis againfl the Nara- ganfets. As to their make and complexion *. They have thin lips, flattilh faces, languid countenance, fmall black t>) * We cannot account for the abori^ lal dliFerences of complex- ions in the various nations, and the variety of their features. The people of thef middle and fouth parts of Africa are black, of various conltant permanent ihades or degrees, with flat nofes, thick lipj, ihort frizled or crifp black hair j perhaps the complexion of the tawney-moor of Barbary the ancient Mauritania, is not aboriginal, but a complication of the European white, and the African black ; our American complexion feems to be native and fmcere. The na- tives of the Indian peninfula, betwixt the rivers Indus and Ganges in the £aft/ ihe Britiih SnTTLBMtMts in Americi. 1 6| A digr^ton eoncmnng th religions of ancient nations. I do not prerume to write concerning the controver- fial or devotional points of our modern religions, nati- onal, or private opinions % that is the bufinefs of a pecu* liar profefllon or crafc, called priefts. Religion improves in nations, hand In hand with good policy, and as they become more and more civililed. It may be called the cement of fociety. The Romana did fight pro arts etfocis, for their religion, as well as for their country. Amongft the Weft-India buccaneers* the moft morally vicious of mankind •, the French im- movably adhered to one another becaufe of their being all Roman catholicks, the Englilh to one another as be* ing proteftants, and not from any other k^i^ard. Other* ways both agreed and afted jointly as pirates. As to religion, all mankind may be divided into three fedls. I. They who believe in a fupreme intelligence (or Intelligences) who by omnipotence created and framed the world, and by infinite wifdom manages itt they tniy be called the godly. With this clals, the divine attribute incomprehensible ought to refolve and com- pofe all altercations concerning this being t Plutarch fays* there is but one and the fame fupreme being or provi- dence, that governs the world, though worfhipped by multiplicity of names, by various nations and lectaries. This fedt admits of three fub-^divifions. I. Theifts, commonly called delfts, who admit of no modifications in the deity ; in ancient times, and to this day, they are improperly called atheifts. Amongft us, he who denies the Trinity, is in law deemed atheift and blaf"* phemer. Anaxagoras, the philofopher, palled at Athens for an atheift, becaufe he denied that the fun, the o- ther planets, and the ftars were gods. Socrates is faid to have been a martyr for the unity of the Godhead, refufing to pay homage to the various gods of Greece, This is the national (if we may thus exprefs) religion M 2 of : ■ I n ■' i-t t%iii ; I ^4 v^ S u M M A R V, Hiftorical and Political &c. of the Mahometans, having the largeft extent of all national religions. It is the private opinion of many who arc intermixed with and go by the name of Chri- AianSy and are generally defigned Arians, or Socinians, (Socinus of Sienna in Italy) \ they alfo deny original-fin, and providence. 2. Tritheifts or 1 rlnitarians. The diftinguilhing te- , net o^ all true orthodox Chrillians : they worfliip divi- , nity under three diftinffc modifications, which I Ihall not .pretend to explain or illuftrate, becaufe a myftery. 3# Polytheifts. Such were the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans : the poets had a greater variety of godfl than the philofophers, many of them to be looked upon as a machinery introduced to embellilh a poem, and to amufe the mind : they deified various parts of nature, and were great promoters of polytheifm. All the gods and goddelTes of the ancients were only mo- difications, words, or names, to exprefs feveral attri- butes of a fipreme Being, the excellencies in nature, and the virtues of heroes, and very eminent men ; as if in Britain we fhould fay Newton, the god of natural philofophy and mathematicks ; Addifon, the god of the belles lettres, and polite learning. II. They who admit of no kjpreme Intelligence, but fay that blind matter is the extent of our knowledge; thefe are the literal and true atheifls. Anaximander was the firft noted atheift upon record, about 6oo years t)efore Christ-, his noted followers were Lucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, ^c. in thefe late times, •f fomc Angularly fclf -cone cited of their own penetration,L ... have avowedly declared themfeives fuch, in lace of Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and VcnuSi So far back as ancient records do inform, we find that amongfl the Egyptians and Orientals, religion firfl: began to acquire a national confiftence or fyflem. The philofophers of Greece went to Egypt and Afia to fludy wifdom, learning, and religion f thofe of Rome went to Greece. They all did fo r/iuch indulge a poetical or mythological vein, that it is difHcult to diflinguidi between their true eflablifhed religion and gods, from the fabulous. The various religions at this time amongfb the na- tions of this earth (the feveral parts of the earth that can be of any confequence, are now well explored, and the Americans may be well faid to be of no religion) may be reduced to thefe general heads: i. The chri- ftian, or believers in JeCus Chrid, which perhaps is that of Mofes with additions and emendations : this may he called the religion of Europe, fome few Turkilh dominions in Europe excepted. 2. The Mahometan, M 4 which I i J.|]f. 'i 168 ^Summary, llijidrical and Political 6?^* which is much more qftjl^ive, and does prevail in 7^ great part of Africa, in a great part of Afia, and ir^ fome part of Europe. 5. That of Confucius, being the followers of the doctrines of Confucius in China, and the neighbouring parts of 1 artary. 4. May be com- prehended under the general name of idolaters, whp worfhip the obje6ls, or the images and reprefentation^ of the objeds which they adore from love or fear^ the Lama of the eafterp Tarurs I call an idpl. The negroes of Africa have a kind of religion which may be called idolatry j they worfliip fpme material ob- jedls, which in their nature may be extrerrjciy beneficial or very hurtful to mankind •■, the firit through admira- tion and love, the other through fear: but our ftupid American Indians had r< temples, no altars, no idol§ or images, no let times for worlhip, if it may be called worlhip •, it is only occafional, with frantick and ridicu- lous vociferations and gefticulations, in cafes of ficknef^ or great ralamities, performed by foms o\ their cunnine men called Powowers : they never haiiafs European cap- tives to change their religion ; no religious wars *, np confufions from convocations. The powowers are not parifli-prlefts or clergy, re- gularly fet apart to initiate the people into the myfte- ries of religion, and to perform fome rites and cere- monies called religious : they are of the fame nature with rafcally cheats and pretended conjurers, that iq the mod civilized nations of Europe (intirely diftind: from any fort of religion) impofe upon ignorant ^and * The civil admiiiillration in England, from experience, are fenfi* ble of the inconveniences avlfing from the meetings of the convoca- tions of the clergy, and for many years have not allowed them to fit : ithey are not cfiential to epifcopnl :hurch-government ; and when they meet, they j:aturally ferment or rather eftervefce, and occafion fevQcith paroxyfins in UiC church, and fomeiimes convulilons in the ftate. ■ ■ - " ;^ ■' •■ ■ ■ ■" • '* " weak oj rtli', f 0/ t^^ Britifti S E X T ^ E-M E N T s in America, i6^ weak people, by pretending tp fome familiar converfa^ tion with fome fupcripr fecret Being. Their powowers^ Jjy aid of this influence, becdme alfo their phyficians ; jthis feems to be natural j even with us a civilized people, our priefts, or Gofpel-minifters, by the fame aid, are very apt officioufly to intrude into the office of a phyfician, and ufe the fick as their patients as weljl as their penitents : priefts and old wonien of both fexe^ (as dean Swift humouroufly expreffed it) are the great jiufances to a regular medical practice. Expertus loquor. This perhaps rtiay be the natural reafon, why fome phy- ficians ufe the clergy with contempt. I do not find that Chriftianity is like to have any good footing among the Indians: i. We are not exemplary enough in common life, and commercial dealings : the Indians fay, that they cannot perceive mankind the better for being chriftians : chriilians do cheat them out of their lands and other effe6ts, and fome- times deprive them of their lives. 2. Our miffiona- ries are generally void of difcretion -, the Indians are in all refpe.£ls wild, know nothing of the general rudi- ments of religion: f The miffionaries inftead of firft taming and civilizing the Indians, and next inftruding them in the principles of natural religion and morality j •(• Mr. Brainerd a niiffionary from a fociety in Scotland for propa^ gating chriftian knowledge by Indian converfions amongft the De la Ware, and the Sefquahana- Indians ; in his journey printed at Philadel- phia, anno 1 745, iays, that his ftation was from Crofweekfung in New-Jerfies, about 80 miles from the forks of De la Ware river, to Shaumaking on iefquahana river about 120 miles weft of faid forks ; that he travelled more than i 30 miles above the Englifh iettle- ments upon Sefquaiiana river, and was with about 7 or 8 diltind tribes there, fpeaking fo many different languages, moftly belonging to the Sennekas : He was 3 or 4 years upon this miffion, lometimes did not fee an Englifhman for a month or iix weeks together ; all his exercifes were in Englilh. Meer journals are dr)', but otherwife it feems naif or natural. At that time there was no other miflionary amongft tht Indians of Jeriies and Pennfylvania. Notwithftanding of all his per* (pnal penances, and charge to the fociety, he effcded nothing, though i pious laborious miflionary, ' . ^- do M lii " a u :k h\ mi'< 170 jf S VMM AHYf HifoTical and PoUtitalf &e; do begin with the fublime myfteries of our religion, fuch as. How ntMy perfons are there in the Godhead ? and the like. Thus from the beginning they are bewildered and loft for ever. 3. Some pue fraudes^ which at firft may amufe, but afterwards when difcovered, leave a perma* nent prejudice againft the chriftian religion ; thus it is f«d, tfaiat fome French milTionaries in relating to the Indians the hiftory of our Saviour's birth and fufferings, tell them that the virgin Mary was a French woman, that the Englini crucified j£sus Christ. Language, Their mnner of expreflion is vehement and empha- tick ; tbeir i(>^ > being few, their language is not copious, it confifts only .;4 a few words ; and many of thefe (ill- contrived, by a rumbling noife or found of many fylla- bks, they exprefs an idea or thing, which in the Euro- pean languages is done by a fyllable or two: as their ideas increafe, they are obliged to adopt the European words of adjoining colonies. In numbering they ufe the fathe natural way of reckoning by tens, as in Europe, ten being the number of humane fingers. No chronicles, fcarce any traditionary accounts of things extending back further than two or three generations i fcarce any Indians can tell their own age. They had no * characters, that is, hieroglyphicks, or letters } they had a few fymbols or fignatures, as if in in a h were ti the leal 1 r.« i:| * There are fundry ways of exprefling our thoughts and lounds. t. The Egyptian hieroglyphicks Teem to DC the moft ancient: They were delineations, drawings, and paintings, or images of material thills, or allegorical exprefliont of tranfaflions in figures real or chimerical ; mutes feem to exprefs themfelves in hieroglyphical mo- tions : the dek& of this character feems to be, that ideas which have BO material figure could not be well exprelled,, and the writing too tedious and imperfe6t. 2. The Chinefe have no letters or compounding charaiflers ; every word has a peculiar character, arid inftead of being unrcafonably long, long, aswi 4II their v numerous, Jpamt. . 3. In E brought to in number words are fpuiids only Cy/^#Brid(hS£TTLBMBNT sill America. 171 Sn a heraldry way to diftinguifh tribes, the principal were the tortoife, the bear, the wolf. There was not the k9& veftige of letters in America ; fome years iince a certain credulous perfon, and voluminous author, im- pofed upon himfelf and others*, he obferved in a tiding river, a rock, which, as it was not of an uniform fub- ftance, the ebbing and the Bowing of the tide made a fort of vermoulure, honey- combing, or etching on its face; here he imagined, that he had difcovered the America Indian characters, and overjoyed, remits fome lines of his imaginary charadbers to the Royal Society in London : fee Philofophical TranfaCtions, Numb. ^39. «< At Taunton, by the fide of a tiding river, part in, part out of the river there is a large rock, on the per- pendicular fide of which, next to the ftream, are 7 or 8 lines, about 7 or 8 feet long, and about a foot wide each of them, ingraven with unaccountable charafters, not like any known character.*' This may be fuppofed wrote anno 17 14: at prefent, anno 1747, by the continued ebbing and flowing the honeycombing is fo altered as not in the leaft to refemble his draught of the charadbers. As the Indians were fo rude, as to have no letters or other charadlers, there is no certain way of writing their names of things ; all we can do is to exprefs their founds or pronunciations as near as may be in our own letters. Father Ralle of Noridgwog, and fome other fcholaftick French miflTionaries, have imagined that the Greek alphabet fuits their pronunciation beft. The Indians have a figurative way of exprefling themfelves I !l|S'J v'5 I' ■ :i. : They material s real or lical mo- kich have king too long, as with the Americans, there is in fome manner a neceifity for 9II their words being monofyllables ; thus their charaders are fo numerous, that a man of letters is a trade, not foon to be learnt. 3, In Europe a few arbitrary charafters, called letters, were firft brought to us from Phaenicia via Greece, and are in diiFerent nations in number from zo to 24 ; by thefe varioufly mixed, all European words are compofed and well diitinguifhed ; they exp'efs words or ipuads only, not things as in hieroglyphicks. as , vl,- jK •V \k '.4. 1 7 i ^Summary* Hiftorical and Fplifical^ &c. 9S if in hieroglyphics ) thus, renewing of alliances they; call brightning of the chain. ,.:i,,. ,» '^.?f ■ -. .. There is no general fixed way of writing Indian words, therefore we fhall not mind any particular orthography in that refpedt, only we Ihail endeavour to be underllood: for inftance, the Indian tribe upon Quenebec river in New-England, we write and pronounce it Naridgwoag, the French miflfionaries write it Narantfoack : the tribe of the Iroquois or five New- York allied Indian na- tions which we call Sennekas, the French call them Sonontouans^ t /,• :. < .. .;;,; There is not the fame reafon for preferving the Indian names of their countries, nations, tribes, mountains, and rivers ; as there is for preferving the Greek, Roman, and other more modern names of fuch things in Europe \ the Indians have no civil or claflical hiftory to require it. The Indians change their own perfonal names, and the names of other things upon trifiing occafions : our Indians afied to have Englifh names i thus Mafifaibit's two fons defired of the court of Plymouth to give them Englifh names % they were accordingly named Alexander and Philip ; this Philip, formerly Metacomer, was chief in a fubfequent Indian war, called King Philip's war. Cap- tain Smith the traveller refided 19 years in Virginia and New-England, and wrote a hiftory of thofe parts, anno 1624 ; he enumerates the names of many tribes, rivers, and other things, which are now irrecoverably loft. - As the Indian dealings and mutual correfpondence is much confined, their leveral languages are of fmall extent t» III. •f- Mr. Elliot, formerly minifter of Roxbury, adjoining to Bofton, with immenfe labour tranflated and printed our Bible into Indian ; it was done with a good pious defign, but jnuft be reckoned among th« Otioforum hominum negotia ; it was done in the Natick language ; of the Naticks at prefent there are not twenty families fubfiiling, and fcarce any of thefe can read : C'«/ bono i The Cf the Sritlfh S£tTtEAiENTii» America. 171 III. Foodand medicitte of the ahtriginal hdians, ai. Our Indians do not imitate the bees, ants, k^c, in lay-' ]ng up (lores, but like rapacious animals, live from hand to mouth i after long rafting they are voracious, and upon a gluttonous repaft can fall man/ days, by bracing in, or reeBng thtir girdles or belts. The far-north Indians of Weft- Greenland, Terra dc Labarador, 6fr. live upon the blubber of whales, feals, and other fifh, and their moft generous beverage is fifti- oil *, fcarce any quadrupeds or fowls, not only from the feverity and long continuance of their cold weather, froft and fnow, but aifo becaufe their n^eadows and other lands, inftead of grafs and other lierbage, bear only mofs. The Indians, in the more moderate climates, live by hunting, fowling, and fi(h •, tliey do hot clear and cul- tivate the foreft by planting and grazing ; lately fome of their fquaas or women improve in planting of mays and Indian beans. Their bread-kind are mays*^ or The countries in Europe being well civilized, with a great mutual intercourfe and ufe • / letters, their general languages, but in various dialeds, are very exteniive ; the antient Latin, in its various dialers and words, adopted from neighbouring nations, extends over Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal; the Celtic in Bretaigne of France, Cornwall and Wales of England, Ifle of M^n, great part of Ireland, and the Highlands of Scotland ; the Teutonic in Germany, Great- Britain, Low-countries, in Belgia, Danemark, Sweden, and Norway ; the Sclavonian in Mufcovy and Ruiiia, in Poland, in Hungary, and tiie other countries weil of thefe fo far as to the Turkiih dominions. * This hiilory was not compofcd into a regular, full body, before it began to be publiihed ; and its being publifhed only at various times of leifure, and humour of the writer, it feems to become too much of a mifcellany, but without negledting the principal view or defign. Notwithftanding of the> defigned brevity, concifenefs, or fummary, (which fpoils the fluidity or fluency of ftile) it fwells too much ; therefore at prefent to eafe fome of our readers, we lay afide or defer the defigned fhort defcription or natural hiftory of thefe things, which are ufed by the Indians as food, medicine, or traffick. , . Indian ! 'M^n :i 'U-^ ill 174 A Sv M M AKY, tiiftorical and PcliHcat^iecy Indian com, phafeolus, kidney or Indian beant, feveral ibrcs of tuberous roots called ground-nuts ; feveral forts of berries, particularly feveral forts of vitis idea^ in New-England, called huckle-berries. Upon a continued inarch, where hunting and fowling is inconfiderable, they carry with them, for fubfiftence, parched Indian com called no-cake. The Abnaquies, or New-England northern and eaftern Indians, becaufe of the hunting and fowling failing dur- ing the winter, are obliged to remove to the fea-fide, 9nd live upon clams, bafs, fturgeon, ^c. Their medical practice refembles that of officious old women in fome remote country villages of Europe; meer empiricifm, or rather a traditionary blind prad^ice } they regard only the ijrmptoms that ftrike the grofs fenfes moft, without reipea to any lefs obvious princi- pal fymptom, which may be called the difeafe, or to conftitution, fex, and age. The powowers, conjurers, or wizards, arc their principal phyficians. They do not ufe our way cf venefeftion, but praftife cupping ; they vomit and purge by particular herbs or roots ; inftead of veficatories and caufticks, they bum T»Mth touchwood. Their principal remedy is fweating in . i warmed by heated ftcnes, and thereupon immedi- " mmerfion in cold water : this feems to be a rational |)iaClice, firft by relaxing to give a free paflage to the obftrufted circulatory juices \ and after a free paiTage is fuppofed to be obtained, by cold immerfion to brace up again : in inflammatory aud eruptive epidemical fevers, V. g. fmall-pox, this praftice depopulates them. Their medicines are only fimple indigenous herbs; they ufe no exotick plants, no minerals, no medicinal compofitions, or chemical preparations. The virtues or proper ufes of their herbs were difcovered by chance, and their fimples, which have had a peculiar continued fuccefs, have been handed down or tranfmit- ted from generation to generation. As it is amongft 8 brutes Qf/^iBriti(KSifTLBMBNTt^ff America. 175 brutes of a fimpie fteady manner of regimen and liv* ins, fo with our Indians there is no multiplicity of mcmptrSf therefore their f materia medica is not copicui. Our Indians are fo tender, and habituated to a certain way of living, that they do not bear tranfplantation } for inftance, the Spanifli Indians captivated in the St. Au- guftine war, anno 1702, and fold for Oaves in New- England, foon died confumptive } this occafioned an aft of aiTembly to difcourage their importation. Europeans feem to thrive the better for being tranfplanted ; the progeny of Europeans born in America do not bear removals, the reafons I cannot aflSgn : for inftance» from MaiTachufetts-bay Province in New-England of 500 men upon the Cuba and Carthagena expedition, not ex- ceeding 50 furvived ; of 3000 men upon the Cape-Breton expedition, near one half died naturally in Louifbourg. or foon after their arrival in New-England } of about 300 perfons late prifoners and captives in Quebec of Canada about 70 died there. They are not fo lafcivious as Europeans, (Afiaticks are more lafcivious than Europeans, witnefs the feraglios and harams of the great men in Turkey and Perfia, and the difperfed Jews in Europe) they never offer violence to our women captives : but are not fo continent as is generally reprefented by authors i Mrs. Rowlandfon, f In Europe our materia medica is too luxuriant, and the greateft part of it trifling ; man/ of our medicinal preparations and compo- ntionr are filly and of no real ufe to the patient ; it is with plealure tlut I obferve, the various conferves, fyrups, diftilled wzters, and fome other Arabian medicines, wear out of faihion in Great-Britain, imoneft the regular phyficians, and are ufed only by quacks, and praAiung apothecaries. A proper regimen, diet, and not exceeding a dozen notedly efficacious medicines properly applied (this by fome of the clergy, old women, and nurfes, is reprefented as doing no- thing) is the true eiFeAual materia medica : where the nature of the diftemper and indications of cure are afcertained (in thefe confift the art of phyficlc). D. Pitcairn*s problem, Data morbo remtdmm invinire, it not vciy intricate, where incurable is not in the cafe. wife ^. ^!»^^o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^O ^ «, iiiie'^rd^ duee of their htlnting, moftly deel-^fl^ins and beaver. Beaver the furtrxr fouth, have lefs fur aiid more hairt lihe further north the ftapie is the longer: they reckon eight forts of beav^^ viz. winter, and fummer, fir, and city^Ue. the winter fat is the beflrf next to 'COMt*bea?er« whkh is beaver wore till it is well greafed. A beaver'ikin may weigh ftont one pound and a hal^ to two pound I an Indian pack of beaver may weigh about 80 lb. wt. Beaver breed once a year, 10 to 15 at a litter* In the very high latitudes there are no beaver^ becauie no wood^ beaver itqiiire wood, which they cut or rather gnaw with their teeth (thus fquirrels and rats gnaw timber) into lengths called junks or logs for making their dams, and part of their food or fabfiftence ii the bark of trees. Three quarters of the returns of the Hudfon'i-bay company is in beaver', to about the ^ value of 4^,000 £: fter.' pcr"ahiium, Thcfiifie gd6d 'Wn\mt^ affoitlf another commodity, caftoreiiim, call- lid beaver-ftd^e} this is hot according to a vulgar er- ror^ the teftkles, but fome infpiirated fecretion concain'd in a couple of dands near the anus of both males and femalef* ■ ^ "'-^''^ '■■"^ -^ ■ '' '^^ ^lut^wis*/:. ^m ^^^ i^^'tva?' Deer«(kini much more plenty fouthward i' South-Ca- rolina doef export per an. the value of 2^,p0ojC. to 30»000iC.(trr. indeer-fkins. -1 ,i .^ In the Jiigh hititudes, they deal ^'th a%^li matftf of featherif whale-bone, and blubber, or fifli-bir. i .^ Currencies. Of Curren is to the pound be dccr-ffcin They f( fmall curr they were iJngs) warn the fph-al t into ilrings flomrnation, heroffathc the hiftories "ganfet Ind in part a del Moheags in for monies d fettJcdin Nor cannot particuj feut bordering f'rench Indian Florida. 2. I Jut without ou Nova-Scotia, i hawks, or five , cararoes I do ] M'«, interfperfe ed lands $ thefe fo the Britifh, i whalers, and Cumrncie. ^h.- "' "*'"*«' America. ,77 pound be^er-lkh X ^(1.'." /^""""Americ.) j^ dw-ftia T^e. • •" "• fowhward per poJS They formeriv had ™j • y fmall currency (in Ne™lLf°7.P'»';« ««! retain for *y were ^ tender forZJfut^ '" ^'I'^aiter times, ings) wampum or wa^Lrn^^' r^'*""? f°«y ftil- tht fpirat turn, of a fcucSJS^'^®' ^P^ *"«" «» of iiommation. and iareelbm. ""^ '"^'«. was a large de- f offathoms of t^il^" 'i'^^^oncd by the^um- the hiftories of former tiT^t?^^ ' ^^l'"' we read in "ganfet Indians. fentV^ fehl'"'^''"". '^at the Na" ;n part a debt to Bofton^„i„ ""r?*^ wampum, to pay Moheags in Connfl fcu? nlw^ '' '^r'"^'"' '"^^''^-^ °f ^he fe monie, due to thT^^t^ '*° ^'"''°™ "^ wampuS »,""\f;* r-. Article IIJ^ trench Indians of Can^a T^? f ^''' ^<^^ are the ^""da. 2. Indian triftiJht '''« Spanim Indian of wt without our fettlemrats r„ 1. "*■ S^ws or charters car!^' °f 5'«'"?t'onsofNew!Y„r u^'""*' ">e .Mo- Mraroes Ido „ot call a mlw^' 'he emigrant Tuf- H ■nterfperfed with our r«rU ' ■^''- 3- Indian fam . I ^ lands i thefe are ufefu [o hT" "P"" '"^ian refem Serves Iff. if 178 ^"Summary, Hijterical and PoUiicaU &c. ferves are exdnfty and their lands lapfed to the pro- vinces. ■ The prefent names of the feveral Indian nations, o^' general great divifions, may continue in perpetuity, as ciaflical names in hit^ory : The many particular tribes included or which compofe the feveral nations or general diviHons ; their namts are fo various and changeable, we cannot enumerate them; and dill lefs known are the ' names and numbers of the villages or caftles in the feve- ral tribes. •? ^ • ' , The Indian nations or general divifions which lie upon or near the eaflrern (hore of North-America are the In- dians of Welt-Greenland, commonly called Davis's- ftraits, Efkimaux, Algonquins, Tahfagrondie, Owtawaes, Miamis, Chikefaus : Mikamakis, Abnaquies, Irocois or Mohawks, Chawans, Old Tufcararoes, Cuttumbaes, Chirakees, and Creek Indians : Some (hort defcription or delineation of thefe will make the face of the eaft fide of North-America more apparent and familiar to us, before we fet down the feveral niodern colonies fettjed there j In imitation, Ji parva magnis (omponere, of the Eunf£ antiqua 6? moderns, tables or maps. I. The Indians of Weft-Greenland, or of a north- eaft coritinent from Davis- ftraits reaching from Cape Farewell in N. lat. 60 D. northward indefinitely, and all the Indians in the fame latitudes ; are a few drag- gling miferable people, live in caves or dens under ground, becaufe of the feverity of the cold *, have no fire (no fewel) eat their R '^" and fifh raw, are cloth- ed in feal-fkins, much fu^^ to the fcurvy -f or itch tmm-mm^ mm 1 i ■ :■ h i ■ , ♦ Extremity of cold, ni3> equally be called hell, as extremity of helt; our i'criptural writers liv'd in a hot country, not in a cold di- inate. In the govcrtment of Mufcovy or Ruflia, tranflation or exile to Siberia the northern parts of RuiTia in a high latitude, is ufcd as a degMe of punifhment next to death, in felonious criminal cafes, parti- cularly in miniftcrial treachery. 'f Their fifh coaife diet, extremity of cold, and lone winter con- finements ; rentier their circulating juices rancid or putrid, and conlc- quently are very Icorbutick. (the f Here I cannot Iwite; they mention pimauxinLat. bi [continued enmity j \ J I In the high latii pme grey or filvci p colours; not frc J'tive colour, but b f native heat in th Cfihe^nti(k Sbt T L e MENT8 Iff America. 179 (the French call thofe of Terra de Labradore fouth of i;avis ftreights, for this reafon, the fcabbed Indians) have no produce or futyedt for trade. The £(kimaux extend from Davis's and Hudfon's ftreights north* along the welt fide of the Atlantid|c ocean to the mouth of St. Laurence river fouth ; thence range weftward crofs the lower parts of the feveral rivers which, fall into the bottom of Hudfon's-bay, and then northward along the weftern (hore of Hudfon's- bay to the polar circle f in 66 D. or 67 D. N. Lat. as Mr. Dobbs writes. Thus the Efquimaux, excepting a (mall narrow trad): upon the Labradore Ihore, are all quit-ciaim*d to us by France in the treaty of Utrecht, anno 17 13: excepting thofe who frequent the bottom of Hudfon's-bay, the others can be of no commercial benefit, they afford a very fmall matter of feathers, whale-oil, and blubber. >^, . P5,>,i.. ,f«'>u' Mr. Dobbs of Ireland, the prefent enthufiaftick fol- lower of a N. W. paffage projeftion, very credulous, I gives the names of many imaginary tribes weft of Hudfon's-bay ; but as in high latitudes not many peo- ple can fubfid |), and his tribes are not well vouched, we cannot mention them : Mr. Dobbs is an enemy of the Hudfon's-bay company *, he fays, that trade is got into the hands of about 9 or 10 of their principal men, who export not exceeding 3,000/. fter. per an. in Britifh pro<*- duce and manufacture, and keep up their prices fo high, Itbat the French fupply them cheaper, and carry away the trade, whereas if their charter was vacated, and the trade I f Here I cannot underftand what Mr. Dobbs and Capt. Middleton [write; they mention northern Indians in Lat. 62 D. and 6} D. and Tome Eikimaux in Lat. 66 D. to 67 D. and thefe two nations in a natural or ' oncinued enmity ; how Ihatl we reconcile this intermixture ? ^ra I In the high latitudes, towards winter fome of their animals, be- jtome grey or filver-coloured, and next fummer recover their na- • kve colours ; not from the fame hairs or feathers re aii'uming their Live colour, but by a new growth or coat : perhaps a like decag If native heat in the aged of mankind, occaiions their becominy N 2 laid i8o yfSuMMARYi Hifiorual and Politicaly $cei Jaid open i many traders would fettle fadlories or trad'* ing houfes up the rivers towards the French, and by underfelling of them, much increafe our fur-trade. Algonc^jins in feveral tribes reach from the mouth of St, Laurence river along its north^fide, extending dbout 150 leagues •, they are the French beft Indian friends j but frequently upon little differences give the French fettlers much difturbance i may be about {500 lighting men. Tahsagrondie Indians are between the lakes Erie and Hurons, perhaps from the barrenneft of the coun» try, they are of fmall numbers, difperfed, and of no gieat notice; they are friends of the New-York ni» tions. OuTAWAES, a great and powerful nation, they live upon the Outawae river, which JDins upon the Cataraaui river (the outlet of the great lakes) a little above Mon real, and upon the great lakes, and extend N. W, to near the S. W, parts of Hudfon*s-bay ; they deal con* fjdcrablywith the New-York trading houfes atOfwcgo» * Indians qf abov^ 20 nauons or iarg« tribes cdfhef h^re to trait in the fqifon of their fairs ; thefe Indians are diftingiiifhable, by tk variety and diflPerent fafhions of their canoes, the very remote IMkni are doathed in iHins of various forts, they all have fire-arms ; (gm come from fo far north as Port-Nelfon in Hudfon*s-bay N. Lat. 5; 0, and fome are from the Chirakees weft of South-Carolina in N, Lat, }{ p. this feems to be a vail extent of inland water carriage, but it ii only for canoes the fmalleft of cr^ft : in Europe our inland wmf' carriage vaftly excels this : for inftance, ( I do not iniention tlie ro^il canal in France from the weftern oce^n to the Meditf rranean-fea, nor the many canals, ibme were iinifhed, proje^ed in Mufcovy and Rufii, by peter the great, becaufe they are artificial) from Alia and the hk(;k' fea, up the Danube river, to near the head thereof; and thence i| (mail carrying-place to the head of the river Rhijie, which by it$ m^Rj branchings has an extenfive communication, and falls into the north$ro i ocean in Holland ; and from the fources of the Danube a fmall c»rry« | ing-place to the head of the river Rhone, which falls into the Med terranean-fea, in the fouth of France; up the river Rhone, andth^l Saone, a^d the Quiche, then a fxnall carrying placp to the iiud of tm 0/- tipoothe my9 am children, ametol fired to the Moba Hurom at rigeei» of iween cbei the French MnitWtr, w miaw th9 I ftm L»yr§ bv mimm an< whkh ii«M M AR Y, tiifiorual and PcUfkalt &c. fouth-welt of the Outawaes, called by the French, Lcs . ^enards •, j^hey are not within our knowledge. ' ! KliAMijES^ fo called by the French (we call them Twightwics) or Ilinois ; they live generally upon the ri- ver Miamis, and the lake and river Ilinois which re- 'ceives the. river Miamis: this Ilinois is a great river, and by it is one of Canada routs for their patroul and trade to the MiiTiflippi. Chickesaus feem to lie next to the Miamis on the . eaftem fide of the Mifliflippi % they are allies of and traders with the people of Carolinas. The Chirakees are next in courfe upon the eaft fide of Miflfiflippi ri- . ver ; but as they lie both (ides, and upon the Apalatian mountains y we (hall for method's fake (method renders every thing di(lin£t and eafy) refer it to the next range . of Indian nations. f.,/ ■ .01: r, We have given a general view of the more remote '.. nations of Indians, that is, of the nations that live north, and weft, and fouth-weft of the great river .St. Laurence, and weft of the Apalatian mountains to the great river of Mifliflippi : we now proceed to the next range that lie from the mouth of St. Laurence, livtr north, to the bay of Apalatie in the gulph of '.. Mexico fouth ; being upon the fouth and fouth-eaft i^ides of the river St. Laurence, and eaft fide of the whites on the river Ilinois was a French fort called fort Louis or Crevecoeir. Five leagues below the mouth of river Ilinois falls into ' the Mifliflippi the ^reat river Mifouris from the north- weft. Further c ; down is a French village and wind-mill, fome mays, a ifew vines and other European produce. A little further down the Mifliflippi, falls in : - the river QwbHche, Ohio, or fielle-Rivier, it heads near the welil branch of the Sefquahana in Pennfylvania. This is another rout forj *^ the French trade, and patroul to the mouth of the Mifliflippi. Here- ' abouts the Breach traders and Mr. Kellogg ended their voyage, and re- ' turned to Mbnreal in Canada by the river Miamis. We may fuppofel that about 37 D. N. Lat. is the boundary between the French two ge-l neral colonies of Canada and Louifiana or Mifliflippi, and that theitj Canada trading, licenfe extend(;d no further. Apalatian 5 0/th'i Apalatian \ from the • tario and H N. lat. 30 ] from the A their eaft-fic from the wc II. The fome of th< Green-bay, ton idand, a cced J50 fig tcreft, from the whole pr of Utrecht 1 duft it proc five miffions River, of C and St. John' allowed to be by his diredii The Abna nation, reach describe the I countries, by pedaotick, nc Wew York ri and fouth fro to the Atlant dwindle muc tercourfc with diftei ^ • M. Vaudrei famous falls to iieight, they wer /athom : It is trii Icend fomewhat fi bfth'e British SifrtsMkNTs/ff America. 1 83 ^palatian mountains or great blue-hills, which reach from the * Niagara falls^ in the ftraits between lake On- urio and Erie N. lat. 43 D. to the bay of Apalacbie in N. lat. 30 D. thefe mountains are generally 300 miles from the Atlantick fhore ; all the runs of water, from their eaft-fide^ falls into the Atlantick ocean, and thofe from the weft^fide into the grand river Mifliffip^i. II. The Mikamakes of rjecadie or Nova- Scotia, fome of them live along Cape-Sable (bore, fome ac Green-bay, Menis, and Chicanidlo, fome in Cape> Bre- ton ifland, and St. John's ifland : They do not much ex-* ceed 550 fighting men; they continue in the French in- tereft, from our bad management, notwithftanding that the whole province was quit*claim'd to us by the peace of Utrecht 1713 j from this fame neglcA or wrong con- duA it proceeds, that ^he French are allowed to keep five mifTions in this province, viz. That of Annapolis River, of Cape-Sable Ihore, of Mcnis, of Chicanifto, and St. John's river *, the bifliop of Quebec in Canada is allowed to be their fuperior and conitituent^ ahd tbev a(^ byhisdireaion..(. 'i -, 'V- «jnT'.;?:^r'C:A:!!*'.:*'V^/'> The Abnaquics, properly the New- England Indian nation, reach eaft and weft from the bay of Fundy (to defcribe the Indian nations as geographers in Europe do countries, by latitudes and longitudes^ would be ftiff, pedantick, not accurate, and of no ufe) to Hudfcin's or Mew York river and lake Champlain or Corlaef; r. v:h and Touch from the St. Laurence or Canada great river, to the Atlantick ocean : They are in many tribes^ but dwindle much and become lefs formidable -, their in- tercourfe with the Britilh and French has introduced ad- ditional diftempers amongft tKcm, particularly «ho(e I • M. Vaudreuel late governor- general of Canada cauiied thefe famous falls to be narrowly exaniinedt reduced to a perpcindicular height, they, were only 26 fathom; father Hennopin writes it 100 fathom: It is true that from the great falls, it continues ftill tode- fcend fomcwhat further by ledges or ilail-s, ."-;:, j^ ^^ixr.--: .-r ':! £ai^x-.: which ^ 1^4 ASvMMAiLYy Hi/ioHcal and Polkkaly Sctl tvhicb. proceed from the immoderate ufe of fpirits, brandy or rum i hence they become more indolent, and are ftraightned for fubfiftence} iheir hunting fails them* they have but few deer and beaver } a tinall matter of Indian 8orn< and kidney-beans, which their iiquaas or women> plant, is at prefcnt a confiderable part of their fubfiftence; they confided of many tribes, iome extindt, feme extinguifhingy and the others much reduced ^, let us enumerate them in their natural order. I . The Indians of Str John'is river, thefe belong to Nova^ Scotia, and have ai French milTionary prieft ; the mouth of St. John's river in the bay of Fundy, is about lo leagues from AnnapoJis^Royalr The St. John's river Indians in travelling to Quebec go up this long river, and carry to a fhort rapid river which falls into the river of St. Laurence a few leagues below Quebec i they da not exceed 150 fighting men. t. Penobfcot Indians are withia the Maifachufetts-bay grant, have a French mif- lionary ; they lay upon a great bay of the fame name, their numbers not exceeding 150 men fit to march} they travel to Quebec up the fmail river of Penobfcot ivbich comes from the weft wardy and carry to Quenebec river a little above Taconick falls, and thence follow the i^me rout with the Quenebec Indians. 3. Sheep- fcut Indians in the Mafiachufetts grant, upon a river of the fame name, which falls into Sagadahock (formerly called Sagatawooke) river or rather bay, from the eaft- ward •, not exceeding two of three families exifting anno 1.747. 4. Quenebec Indians, in the forefaid grant, up- on the river of the fame name, being the middle and • The proprietors of the eaftern lands in New-England, for fome -fcows^^f ^years have been much incommoded by the incuriions of thefe Indians j which renders their intereft there a meer dead ftock ; but very foon thefe Indians will not be capable to annoy them any more, and b;^ a law for fettling quiet pofl'elQon (this country's be- ing fo ofWW lettM and unfettled, bought and fold, the various claims arc vet^ intricate and title precarious) the lands there W{11 become vaUiablc. .,^ 4>u v/ - ^- • principal Cfihe Britifh S st tx s m z n ts in Amcrlai if ^ principal river of Sagadahock, their principal fcttlement or head quarters is at Norridgwoag, about i0O miks up northward from the entrance of Sagadahock ; they were much reduced in their war or rebeiiton, in the time of the wife adminiiVrfttion of William Dummer, Efq^ They huv« a French miffionary,. and travel to Quebec up Qucneber. river, and from the head thcrcofr by fcvcni ponds 0.ar.l carrying-places to the (hort rapid river L» Chaucilcrc* which falls into St Laurence river about fout kagu.s above Quebec ; at prefent they do not exceed 6a fighting men. 5. Ametefcogin Indians upon Pegepfcut or Brunfwick river, which falls into the weft fide o^ Sagadahock, they may be faid extin£b. &, Pigwacket In* dians on Saco river (they are in two fettlements) Pig- woket and Oflfepee at OITepee pond, Lovely and his party of voluntiers were cut on by the Indians, anno 1724.) lies about 50 miles above Winter -Harbour, the moutK of Saco river ; at prefent not exceeding a dozen fight- ing men, and formerly did travel (at prefent they are in the Britifh intereft) to Q\jcbec via Connedticut river up, and St. Francois river down to Canada river. 7. The Pennycook Indians, upon Merrimadc river in New- Ham pftiirejurifd iftion, but lately quite cxtinft. 8. The Walnonoak Indians, on the river Puante, called the mif- fion of Befancourt, oVer againft Lcs Trois Rivieres 3a kagues above Quebec, at this time in the Canada ju- rifdidlion, about 40 fighting men. 9. The Aroufeguiite- cook Indians, upon the river and mifiion of St. Francois^ about 40 leagues above Quebec, in the Canada jurifdic- lion, not exceeding 160 men fit to march. 104 Mafi- affuck Indians, on the eaft or Dutch fide of lake.Champ- lain i in the French intereft, do not exceed 60 fighting men. Thus the Abnoquie excenfive nation of Indians^ does not exceed 640 fighting men fit to march, ajI ''^.ir The Iroquois Indians. We call them Mohawks, the name of one of the five or fix imited nations ; thus the feven. united provinces of the Btlgick Netherlands are called Holland from the province of Holland \ and the . - ... ten ^t^ A SuMitf ART, Wflorical an3 PcHtiiai^ 6tC, ten Spani(h« now Auftrian provinces there, are calltd Flanders, from the province of Flanders : they head or Ke north of our provinces of New- York, Penfylvania, Maryhmd, and fome part of Virginia i the Senaccaas reach a great way down Sefquahana river \ the tribe oi about lob fouls called Shaumakins, lie below the forks of Scf- quahana about 120 miles weft from the forks of Dc U Ware river. In all publick accounts they ire lately called the (ix nations of New-York friend Indians the Tufcararoes, emigrants from the old Tufcararoes of North- Carolina, lately are reckoned as the fixth % we (hall rec-^ kon them as formerly. 1. The Mohawks } they live upon the Mohawks or Schenedlady river v they have a caftle or village weftward from Albany 40 miles, an- other 65 miles weft from Albany : the number of their fenfibte men about 160. 2. Oneidaes, about 80 miles from the Mohawks fecond village, confiftingof near 200 fighting men. 3. Onondagues, about 25 miles further (the famous Ofwego trading place on tiie lake Ontario, about 200 miles weft from Albany, is in their country) confift of about 250 men. 4. Cayugaes, about 70 miles funher, of about 1 30 men. 5. Scnekeas, fur- ther weft, about 700 marching fighting men. The fighting men of the five or fix nations of Mohawks, may be reckoned at 1500 men, and extend from Albany weft about 400 miles, lying in the New- York, Penn- fylvania, Maryland, and Virginia governments, in about 30 tribes or villages. Befides chefe, there is fettled a little above Monreal, a tribe of fcoundrel runaways from the Mohawks, they are called Kahnuages of about 80 men. ^v The Chowans on the eaft fide of the Apalatian mountains, or great Blue-hills, are reduced to a fniaH numbci', they lie weft of Virginia and North-Carolina i they live north of Roanoke river. Lately our Indian traders have found fevcral practicable paffes crofs thefe mountains, and keep ftores in their weft fide, or inter- vals of ridges ; they arc in continued or natural enmity with the Tufcararoes. Th^i O/l of Mexico, of St. Augi and Georgia Yamaftes : French and embrio; th( Ration of th iame projeC maturity. III. India lands interf^ t. The Chi upon the Miffifl not the Abnaq tvccn N«w-En n u 0//^iBriit(h SiTTLiMBNTS in America, il/ The TuscARAROis lie between Roanoke and Peni- lico rivers in North-Carolina, do not exceed 200 fighting men I being much reduced upon their North-Carolina infurre^kion, anno i7i 1 i and many of their nation drove oSy now fettled with the New- York Ave nations. Catabaws in courfe lies fouth of the Tufcararoes^ a fmall nation, of about 300 men. The Caubaws, Chirakees, and fome of the Creeks, are not (tiled fub- jeAs, but allies and good friends of Great-Britain. t Chirakees live upon the fouthern parts and both fides of the Apalatian mountains, are a populous exten- five nation of about 6000 men. Anno 1722, in a con- grefs with governor Nicholfon of South-Carolina, there were prefent of the lower and middle Chirakees the chiefs of 37 towns or tribes; and with their confent gene- ral Nicholfon appointed Wrofetafatow their commander in chief. The people of South-Carolina have a confider- able trade or trucking factory at Tuiiifcc, a Chirakee tribe upon the river MifTilTippi. Creek Indians of Florida about 2000 men. The lower Creeks confilt of 8 to 10 tribes, and run welt to Flint river which falls into the bay of Apalachie or gulf of Mexico, by inftigation of the Spaniards, particularly of St. Auguftine, are very troublciome to our Carolina and Georgia fettlements : efpeciuily the adjoining tribe of YamafTes: for inftance, anno 1719, there was fome French and Spanifh projection againlt Great-Britain in embrio ; the Abnaquies of New-England, by the inlti- sation of the French, began to be troublcfome upon the »me projedion : this projedlion in £urope came to no maturity. „ ,,, III. Indian families, or fmall tribes upon reiervcd lands interfperfed with the Britifh fettlements ia North- 1 ! f. The Chirakees are a conflant and Aire barrier between the French upon the Miffiifippi, and the Britiih colonies of Carolina : why (hould not the Abnaquies, by good management, be made a good barrier be- tween New-England and Canada ? ■ ■ ^■ ■■■■:.v--'^dilf':. America. I "iBS i^ S u M M A R V, HifiorUat and PolUUa!, t?A America* Upon the Jower parts of the feveral river j i^rhich run into the Adantick ocean in the firitifh fet. tlements, are feveral fmall diftinft tribes or related fa- milies, which are not reckoned as belonging to the fur-> ther inland large nations: they extinguilh apace from the infeftion of our European diftempers and vices, it can be of no ufe to follow a detail of thefe perilhing tranfitory fmall tribes or families ; as a fample, I (hall enumerate thofc in the province of Maflachufetts- Bay. By aft of the Maffachufetts-Bay affembly, anno 1745, the Indian' referves being diftinguiihed into eight par* eels ; guardians, or managers, for thefe filly Indians were appointed, i. Upon the eaftern part of the promon- tary or peninfula of Cape-Cod, in the townfliips of Truro, Eaftham, Chatham, Harwich, and Yarmouth ; thefe Indi- ans go by the feveral names of Pamer, Noffet, Pachee, PotOwmaket (here is an Indian congregation with a mi- nifter) Sochtoowoket, and Nobfcuflet. 2. The weftern part of faid peninfula of Cape-Cod in the townfliips of Barnftable, Sandwich, and Falmouth ; called the Indians of Wayanaes (the name of a formerly greateft fachem in that country ) or Hyanaes, Qoftoweet, Maftipe, Waquoit (Oyfter harbour) Scootin, and Saconoflet or Woods-hole, the ferry-place to Martha's- Vineyard. 3. The Indians of the ifland of Nantucket about 900 fouls, being more than all the others together, are very ufeful in the whale and cod-filhery. 4. Indians of Martha's- Vineyard ifland about 450 J lately many of them have gone to fettle in Nantucket, being a place of better employment. 5. The Indians of Plymouth, Pembroke, and Middleborough, called Namalket. 7. The Nipmugs (formerly comprehend- ing all the fmall inland tribes from Connedlicut river to Merrimack river ; Blackftone or Patucket river, which falls into theNaraganfet-bay, was formerly called Nipmiig river) formerly known by the names of Cutamogs, or l^ipnets in the townfliips and diftridls of Dudley, Ox- ford, Woodftock, Killinlbay, and Douglals •, the Hafana- miilcis miflets in totit Sto\ cafter anc with a m Indian WIS call It a wi <^"r grants. Cy ihe British Settlbmihtim America. 189 miiTets in Grafton and Sutton i the Nalhobie» in Little- ton, Stow, Aden, and Concord i Nafhaways in Lan* caller and Groton. 7. The Indian plantation of Natick^ with a minifter and falary from an Englifh fociety for propagating the gofpel amon^ft the Indians in New- England ; he officiates in £ngti(h» and his congregation are molUy £ngli(h ; it lies about iS miles weft from Boflon, not exceeding 20 families of Indians. 8. Puiv copag Indians, in the townlMp of Stoughton, being thre« or four families. Befides thefe, there is in the S. W^ corner of the province of Mailkhufetts-Bay, about 25 miles eaft from Hudfon's or York river, a fmall tribe of Indians, called Houfatonicks, upon a river of that name, called Weftenhoek by the Dutch j they are lately intermixed with the Englith in the townlhips of Shef&cld and Stockbrrdge. Excepting the Indians of Nantucket and MarthaV Vineyard (better imployed) all the others in a few years. will be extin«5t, moft of their men were perfwaded to en- lift as Ibldiers in the late expeditions to Cuba and Cartha- gena againfl the Spaniards, and to Cape Breton, and Nova-Scotia againft the French} fcarce any of them furvived, and the names and memory of their tribes not worth preferving. ^ : '!.^'/\ In the other Britifh colonies, where any tribes iht^f^ (nixed with our fettlements require notice, they ihall be mentioned in the proper feAions. This article I pro* fccute no further. AjlTICLS IV, ! M i n. Indian wafs with the Britiih colonies in North- America. :!< WHEN the country of the Indians at war with us, lies upon our frontiers but without our g;rants, I call It a war in the common acceptation } if within our grants, but without our fettlements, I call it an eruption. ,19^ ifSvMMARV, Hiftor'uaUndPoUtieal^Uc; erupCbn, in our proclamations againft them it is called rebellion, ai in all the New-England wars with the Abna- qiHei % if intermixed with our kttlemencs, it is an infur. region, fuch were the wars of the Pequods, anno 1637, and of King Philip and his confederates, anno 1675. In thif article I only mention the Indian infurredions or commotioni which happened from the firft landing of the EngUfli in the Annerican countries, until the Britilh * reroltitton in favour of the Prince of Orange, anno t689 ; after this period, though our Indian wars were generally executed by the bordering Indians, they were under the influence, and by the direction of the Canada French \ therefore I do not reckon them as meer Indian wari, but ai French wars in America, they went pari pajju with the Briti0i and French wars in Europe, and being intermixed with the European and New-England Britifh ocpeditioni againft Canada, Nova-Scotia, or L'Accadie^ and Cape-Breton, or L'lde Royale, we fhall give feme Aort iftCOUnt of them in the proper fe£tions. A detail of the fmall Indian fkirmifhes, at our firft fettling, can be of no ufeful information, and at this diftance of time is no amufement. A rafcaliy fellow, Capt. Hunt, anno 1614, by ftealth carried off fome In- diini, and in the Mediterranean of Europe, fold them to the Spaniards as Moors captivated from Barbary ; this oceammed s diffidence and difguft againft the Englifli Ctadera upon that coaft for fome time : In New-Eng- land, excepting the Indian wars with the Pequods 1637, and with the Packcnokets (called King Philip's war) and their confederates, anno 1^75 > and the French Indian wafV with tti during King William's and Queen Anne's wars in Europe i and an eruption anno 1722, to 1725, when the French and Spaniards were hatching a war againft * The rffV0l|ilion in a llrlck Tenie, was not the landing of the Prince of Oriinge» iftcrwards King William of bleired memory ; it was a pariiamenurv exclufion of all the Popifli branches of the Britifli royal {fittiWyt and wttling the fucceffion to the crown in the Frote(bnt branches xiittwit, againft Oftb Of the Briti(h Settlements /» America. 191 againft us in El . pe, which proved abortive ; and our prefent war with the French and their aflfociated Indians \ we had no Indian war of any kind, it is true, there have been private rencounters between the Englilh and Indians at times, from fudden flights of paflion or drunkennefs, as iiappens all the world over. Upon good enquiry it will be found, that our properly rpeaking Indian wars have not been fo frequent, fo tedi- ous, and fo defoiacing, as is commonly reprefented in too ftropg a light (hunger-ftarved, and cold-ftarved were our greate^ hardfhips in fettling) *, in New-England our only Indian wars, properly fo called, were the Pequod war* . anno 16:^7, it lafted three months, and King Philip's war, anno 1675, and 1676, was of about 14 months conti- . ince, and the war of 1722, to 1725. In our northern parts, the Indians generally appear in fmaii (kulking parties with yellings, ihoutings, and an- , tick poCtures, inftead of trumpets and drums *, their In* _ dian wood-cry is jo-hau, their war-cry may be expre0ed|^, woach, woach, ha, ha, hach, woach. .< \ The Indians are not wanderers like the Tartars, but ; are ramblers, and in time of war, according to the „ feafons, they may be annoyed at their head-quarters^ \ and ambufcaded or way -laid, at their carrying or land ^ travelling places. Their retreats or flrong places are « the fwamps (copfes in a morafs) Dr. Cotton Mather* , with good propriety calls it, being infwamped, in imi<^ , tation of die European term intrenched. Like the French in Europe, without regard to faith of treaties, ,. they fuddenly break out, into furious, rapid outrages, .^ and devaftations ; but foon retire precipitately, haying ,, no {lores for fubfiftence, the country is not cleared and , cultivated. Their captives, if they ficken, or are other- ^ ways incapable of travelling, they kill them, and fave I their fcalps; the Englilh thus captivated are fold to French families in Canada, but redeemable upon reim-^ iburfing the price paid, by an order from the governor- • '' Igeneral of Canada. .: . •.■•::., -^■-: ^^'^-^^^n i • Their " 192 /fSuMMARY, iltftorical and PoUtkal^ ^c. Their head- warriors are men noted for ftrength and courage ; fometimes in their wars they chufe a temporary chief ^ all the tribes of one nation engaged (at times Ibme particular tribe or village have declined joining jn war with the general nation) thus the Nianticks in the Pequod war, thus the Saco Indians in the prefent war or fcbellion of the Abnaquies i but not with a Roman didta* torial power: anno 1676, Madacawando of Penobfcot was chief of ail i^e eaftern or Abnaquie Indians, and Squando of Saco was bis fecofid ; anno 1637, SafTacous •was chief of the Pequod cables or villages. ,.^ Our Icout^ or Isdian hunters, in time of war, carry {neks, which at iirft fetting out may weigh 70 wt. being about 30 days provifion of bifcuit, or parched Indian corn, falc pork, fugar and ginger to qualify and animate iheir drink^ which is water : their method of lodging, pitching, or camping at night, is in parcels of ten or twelve men to a fire, they lie upon bruih, wrapt up in a blanket with their feet to the fire. Towards the better under^anding of the Pequod or Foquot, and King Philip's wars, it may be proper to know the Qtuation and circumftances of their adjoining Indians, as they were anno 1637. Along fhore firit vere the Cape-Cod, peninfula Indians in feveral tribes, the Nantucket, and Martha*s-'7ineyard iOand Indians ^ thefe were always in friendfhip with the Engiilh fettkrs : next were the PocafTets (at prefent called Seconet) of about 300 fighting men : the Pockanokets, or King Philip's men about 300 fighting men : the Nipmugs, adjoining to the Pockanokets inland, in feveral tribes, extending from Connedticut river to Merrimack river : the Naraganfers from Naraganfet-bay to Pakatuke river, the boundary between Connefticut and Rhode-iQand co- lonies, about 1000 men : the Pequods from Pakatuck river to near Hudfon's or New- York river, the Moheags at the head of New-London or Thames river about 400 men : the Conne&icuc river Indians in feveral tribes. 4* '1 ' Pequod PecUjod barbarous v tains Stone Brook 1636 cut-river, m Their contin liih traders, ^0 ; at Jengt I'encment. Anno 163, England mac fix Naraganic raganfet India to the pnglif} cordial friends cut-river India (a village of tl: [and 20 men fi IthedireAion 01 I Fernor of Conr bay under Mr. i I colony, had n Pequod fortni ington from Gi [Indians : a grej (neighbouring lauxiiiary Indian lall they had onl iThcEngliihpu [with great havo jtowards New-N jtivated children pves; Saffacou t This captain , pa large extent of polony of Conneftic . Of the Britini S£TTLEM£irTS/» America. 191 FEOyoD WAR. The occafions of this war were, i. A barbarous warFike nation \ they killed, «nno 1634, cap- tains Stone and Norton, traders. 2. Lords Say and Brook 1636, building a fort at the moutif of Connefli- cut-river, near their head (Quarters, offended them. 3. Their continued .killing, upon Connedticut-^river, of £ng« lifh traders, upon frivolous pretences, to the number of 30 \ at length the Englifh could pot avoid a proper re- Icntment. Anno 163^) Jilly t^- The affoclated colonies of New- England made a league ofTenfive and defenfive with the fix Naraganlet fachems : by one of the articles the Na* raganfet Indians confirm all former grants of lands made to the pnglifh. The Naraganfet and Pequods were not cordial friends with one another. 1637, in May 20, a body of 77 Eriglifh, ^o Cortnefti* cut*river Indians, 200 Naraganfet Indians, 100 Nianticks (a village of the Pequods in friend (hip with the Englifh) and 20 men from the garrifon of Saybrook-fort, under the direction of f captain Mafon, afterwards depvfty-go- rernor of Connedlicut (the 160 men from Maffachufetts^ bay under Mr. Stoughton, and the ^o men ffom Flymiouth colony, had not then joined them) took and burnt the Pequod fort near Myftic river (this river divides Ston^ ington from Groton in Connedicut) and killed about 140 Indians : a great body of Pequods came down from their neighbouring principal fort^ but the Englifh and theic ' auxiliary Indians made a good retreat to their boats ; ia all they had only two men killed, and 16 men wounded. The Englifh purfued the Pequods from fwamp to fwamp with great havock : at length, in a fwamp of FairSeld, towards New-Netherlands, they were routed •, their cap-^., tivated children were fent to Bermudas^ and fold for jilaves : SafTacous, their leading fachem, with about 3Q^. f This captain Mafon, for his good fervices, had a colony grant pa large extent of land ; tbefe lands are now in dilate between tho pony of Connefticut and Mr, Mafon's heirs. •', • ■.• .Qr . .^.•^. moTc.» ' f 94 -^Summary, Hifiorical and Political^ &c. more Pequods, fled to the IVIohawks, and were, murdered by them. In iefs than three months war, about 700 Pequods were deftroyed, and that nation reduced to about 200 men, who fued for peace •, which was granted them upon condition of their abandoning their name and country, which accordingly they did, and incorporated themfelves with the Naraganfets and Moheags f. N, B» They had not many fire-arms. After the Pequod war, there were at times between the Indians and Englifb, private mutual injuries, foms' times more general mifunderftandings, and threatned rup> tures •, but the union ofFenfive and defenfive of the four united colonies of New-England, awed them. By this union the proportions were,Maflachufetts lOO, Plymouth, Hartford, and New-Haven, each 45 men; this union was made anno 1643, the 19th day of the third month, Anno 1645 and 1646, the Naragarifets were privately hatching of an infurredion, but were foon brought to an open declaration of a fettled friendlhip with the Ens* liih. ^" . 1653 * the Dutch of New- Netherlands were forming f Perhaps fome expedient of this nature might b6 ufed with n^ to feme of the incorrigible clan^ of Highlanders in the northern in4 weftern parts of Scotland. * rhe Dutch have generally been called our natural and ^ friends, but as there can be no real friend(hip amongd rival! Jo trade, it is a maxim with merchants, there is no frundjhip in trait j the Dutch carry this higher, that there is no humanity in trait \ W* ought to be equally jealous of the French and Dutch. The Ytim\\ faith is in our times as notorioufly bad, as the Punica and Qrgm fides was in ancient times, therefore I Ihall not enumerate sny \fi* ftances of it. I Ihall give a few inftances how faulty the Dutch &i»# been itl this refpe^l. i. Not long after we had relieved them ffStt the Spanifh bondage in their vaderland, or native country, they ffuf- facred our fadory at Amboyna in the Eaft-Indies, never to be forgiv* en nor forgotten. 2. In our New-England wars with the Indians, anno 1637, and with king Philip's Indians, anno 1675, tteyj fupplied our enemy Indians with ammunition, &c. from New-Vofkl and Albany, 3. Anno 1653, when the Englifli and Dutch wcre^wwj \Vi Europe, our Dutch neighbours of NeW'Nether lands, 'h^ fgnit^l Of kconfedt England liottisnd Anno made war of Long'] by fitting Nardganfc P4C0NC chjefofehe Hope t^ecl Plymouth 1 Mefacomct tnouth gave mip i Alt instilment t mthtir con «|^f » in coftju f the Brim c kppenmg, prev, w,Mvaiflthef tm, were fetth pmh, jealous N««/aiiinteii ffefmnythoufi i^theifOoii to m mmkind, 4m mvidtd Foi f ths town anc nree houn or tw «'0tfW nm feccivt rmeh mtaaUinz ^«fl^« fin's ftifpe m^h in Flander m ifi/tfuaions, ;?««! 'Ik Dut( ihmfofe liable to %€««Wbef,nc« 0/ the Britifli SETTLEMfiNtsw America. 1^5 i confederacy with our Indians, to cat off all the New- England fettlements^ but a peace between England and Holland prevented it. Anno 1654, the Naraganfet and Niantick Indians made war aga^nft the Montaoke Indians at the eaft-end ot Long-iflandi but the united colonies of New-England^ bv fitting out 270 foot, and 40 horfe, foon brought the Naraganfets to an accommodation. PACONOKET4 OR Kino Philip's war. Maffafoit^ chief of the Wampanogoes, whereof Paconoket or Mount Hope Keck was a tribe, was a good friend to the firft Plymouth fettlers. He left two fons, Wamfucket and Metacomet •, at their own defire the government of Ply- mouth gave them the Englilh names of Alexander and Philip i Alexander died anno 1662 ; Philip, by a formal inftfument to the government of Plymouth, anno 1671, reftridled himfelf from difpofing of any of his lands with- out thcif conlent.^>,f V? . liiTH - ''- ' . ^ ft|)otf in eotijundlion with the Mohawks and eaftern Indians, to cut m (he BfitJdl colonies in New-England ; but a peace in Europe foon ifjippitiingf prevented this maflfacte. 4. A few years fince in the ifland ^ Java in the Eaft-Indies, in the fuburbs and country adjacent to fia- (»vkf Wero fettled about 90,900 Chinefe, multiplying very fail ; the dMht jealous of their numbers and growth, upon a pretended um- kflge Of an Intended infurredion, furprized, in cold blood, and maiTa- im msny thoufands of them, in order to reduce their numbers : gain i§ thelf Cfed I to this they facrifice every thing, even their own fpe- f,\e§f mankind. 5. In the autumn, anno 1740, when a French fqua- iron invaded Fort St. George in the Eaft-Indies, the Englifti women §f tbi town and its territory, fled to Pallicut, a Dutch fettlement, three hours or twelve miles north from St. George*s ; but the Dutch W§ttld not receive them. 6. The filent confent of the Dutch to the ffmeh attacking and taking of the Auftrian towns in the Nether- Mn4§ ', It is fufpefted in all our battles or engagements againft the ¥femh in Flanders this war, that the Dutch general officers had pri- fm iflftruflions, to give 'way, as- if in collufion with the French t§ttrt, The Dutch is an oligarehy, or a government of few, and fh#r«fofe liable to corruption, and would even bring their own coun- ify i§ a Hiarket, and fell one another upon occafion. The Dutch, if ihiy €Ould be finccre, are oar moil natural allies againft the encroach- O z This ij 1^6 y^SuMMARV, Hijtorital and PoUttcaU &c. This Philtpt fachem of the Wampanogoes or Pacano- kec Indians, was naturally a man of penetration, cnnningi and courage ; he formed a deep plot anno 1 6yc^ to ex« ttrpate the Englifh of New- England : with profound fe. crecy he effedted an extenfive confederacy wkh other tribes of Indians, viz, PocalTet, Naniganibti, Nipmugs, Connedicut- river Indians, feveral tribes of the Abnaquieil our eaftern Indians: the Canada French were io the fcheme, and by their emifTaries endeavoared/to keep up the fpirit of infurreftion } the Dutch from Albany were fufpedted of fupplying thefe Indians with, ammunition. By the New- Plymouth grant we Bnd the Pacanoket Indi« ans extended up Patuket or Biackftone, formerly Nip. mug' river, to the Nipmug Country \ but this boundary could not be afcertained by the late commiffiotiers for fettling the line between Plymouth and Rhode-lfland colonies. Philip began his infurreAion June 24, 1675, by killing of nine Englifhmen in Swanzey, adjoining to Mount- hope, his head quarters. The Englifh fufpedtingtjbeNa- ragaiifets, a powerful nation^ might join ^ilip, marched an armed force into the Naraganfet country, «nd awed them into a treaty of peace and friendfhip ; but notwith* Handing (fuch is Indian Faith) they joined Philip, as does appear in the fequel. Beginning of July the PocalTets begin hoftilities. In a Pocaifet fwamp. King Philip and his confederate Pb- cafTets, were environed by the Englilh, but by night made their efcape to the Nipmug country, leaving about 100 women and children. Middle of July the Nipmugs be- gin hrdilities by depredations in Mendon. Auguft 25 the Connedicuc-river Indians begin hoftilities by annoy- ing the neighbouring Englifh fettlements. ^ In Auguft the eaftern Indians, viz, Pennycooks of Mer- rimack, Pigwokcts of Saco,'and Amarefcogins of Pcgep- fcut- rivers break out, and by December they killed about 50 Englifh, with their own lofs of about 90 In- dians. The fe verity of the winter brought thefe tribes of eaflern Indians to a formal peace « but by folicicationi ■ r^; ' ■ ■ - - ■ - - ^d ty y pf phiiif joined by deftroy t came in ai The en of the iate fea as ne country; ( of the Nam ftom Midi Winflow of ^r an addi Iteccmber i fwamp, and Md children and 150 wou , Notwithfti "ig parties ou ?e Englifh, damage in H fliilcs of Boft clofe in garri Javing fome c Engiifli ; and m«e {thty ha< weir planting f«J MafTachuf tfcmation Juh «Jon to all Indi within 14 cia> tfleir refpe(5Uvc towards Hudfo ^as reduced to W, his own ^'ii;d Auguft I During Phiii, captivated and body reduced tc Qf ibi Brlciih Sittlbmentsi/i America. 197 of Philip they broke out again next fummer and were joined by the Quenebec Indians, kill feveral Englifh, and deftroy their ftock ; but Philip being killed they foon came in and fubmitted. The enemy Indians, im^bing that upon the foloting of the late trotty, the £ngU(h would deem the Naragan- fea as neutrals, in winter retired to the Naraganfec country ; but for very good reafons the Engliih, jealous oftheNaraganfets, fent thither 1000 men, 527 whereof from Maffitchufetts, under the command of governor Window of Plymouth ; they were increafed to 1500 men. by an addition of fome neighbouring friend Indians ; December 19, they attack the Indians in their fort or rwamp« and killed about 700 Indians, befides women and children, with the lofs of about 85 Englifh killed, and 150 wounded ; the fwamp is called Patty- fquamfcut. Notwithftandingof thisdiiafter, the Indians had fkulk- jng parties out all winter, they kept the field better than the Engliih, and harralTed our people much; they did damage in the town of Plymouth, and within a feW^ miles of Boilon, and the Englifh were obliged to keep dofe in garrifon-houfes. In the fpring the Mohawks having fome difference with the Abnaquies favoured the Engliih ; and the Indians being much harralTed by fa- mine (they had little produce, . becaufe of the war, from their planting grounds lait crop) fevers, and fluxes i the MaiTachufets government very wifely i'fTued a pro- damation July 8, 1676, promifing the hopes of a par- don to all Indian enemies or rebels, who Ihould come in within 14 daysi many fubmitted, many withdrew to their refpeftivc peculiar abodes ; fome travel'd weftward towards Hudfon*s river, were puffued and kill'd. Philip was reduced to ikulk about, and in a fwamp of Mount Hope, his own country, with 6 or 7 of his followers was kiird Auguil 12, 1676. During Philip's "War about 3000 Indians were kill'd, I captivated and fubmitted, the Naraganfets from a large I body reduced to about 100 men. The war being over. m twwm '\ I m igB if S u M M A R y, Hiftorical and Political^ &c. about 400 Indians by order met at major Waldron's of Catchecho *, 200 were culled out, who had been notoriouf< ly wickedly* mifchievous 5 of thefe a few fuffcred death, the others (of the 200) were tranfported and fold for flavcs. King Philip's or Briftol neck was fold towards defray- ing the charges of the war, and afterwards by the ge- lieral court incorporated by the name of Briftol with ibme peculiar privileges nnd exemptions. The colony of Connedicut was fcarcc touched in this war. We have no record of Rhodc'-Ifland afliftance. After Philip's war, there were no more infurredlions or rebellions of our intermixed Indians : The following wars were by eruptions and incurfions of the Indians within our grants, but without our fettlements, by in- iligation of our natural enemies the French of Canada, viz. from autumn anno 1688 (fome /hort truces inter- vening) to January 7, anno 1698-9, and from Auguft 16, anno 1703, to July 17, anno 1713, and from fpring 1744, when there were mutual declarations of war la Europe of the Britifh and French ; this war ftill fubfifls at this prefent writing September 1747. Here we may pbferve that our eaftern Indians in this pending war )iave not annoyed our fettlements eaftward, being called f)fF by the French to Crown-Point ; from Crown- Point ^he preneh and their Indians have done confiderablc da- mage upoa the New- York and Maflachufetts weftern frontiers ; and to Nova-Scotia, by invefting of the fort pf Annapolis-Royal •, and by the maflacre of our people at Menis, they have confiderably incommoded us. The late difafters of the French expeditions under the duke d*Anville and M. La Jonquiere againft Cape-Breton, Nova-Scotia, and our other fettlements in North-Ameri- »-■* y* ^*^. t 4 «.»#»# IW* %,#J W-^ , 'ITCll" •f Some facetious gentlemen, perhaps, ufe too much of ^ farcaftick freedom with our colony governments : for inftancp, that, in the fmalj colony of.R— — — de I d, ANARcnyis their .civil ccmftitution; It o Religion is in thfC room of an ecclefiaftical conilitution, apd they who are of any well-xegulated religion are non-conformifls ; jn fea-affairs they are the Porto-Rico of New England j for many years they have been the mt>ft noted paper-money bankers or Bualers in New-England, but at prefent are in this cafe ecUpfed by a nifi^e eminent enterpriilng ndghbouring colony : by this contrivance in over jlretching a provincial publick paper credit, they may in fome fenfe |}e faid to have become bankrupts, at prefent they pay 2/. ^d. in tile pound'; fuch is the prefent difference between }/. (the pric^ of one ounce of Mexico fdver ftandard, Oftob^r 1 747} denomination depre- ciated, and 6 s. Zd, the price of filver, the rate at wKich their notes pf credit were firft emitted. To render this intelligible to the loweft capacities : if this lofing negotiation of publick bills of credit proceeds, a fritiih half-penny will exchange for a (hilling New-England bafe currency, and a corkin pin for a penny in fmall change. Oldmixon, an erroneous fcribler, in his Britifh empire in America, printed in London 1 708 (he died 1 742) without any defign feems to favour the other colonies of New-Englaod } he writes, the govern- ment of Rhode-ifland is fiill feparate from that of New -England. Nu religion (I hope the above chata^ler may admit of confidera- ble abatements) is inconfiflent with fociety. The form of the judi- cial oath in that colony " Upon xhe peril of the penalty of perjury" ieems not to anfwer the intention of an oath, which is a folemn in- vocation of God's judgments hereafter, over and above the penalties which may be inflifted in this world ; thus by cunning and fecrefy they may evade the one, but by no means can be fuppofed to efcape the other: it is true, that in Great-Britain the affirmation of Quakers, 9nd in Holland the declaration of the Menifts, are equivalent to our oaths. Upon the other hand the frequency of oaths upon fmall oc- cafions, makes them too familiar, and by jcaking off th« folemnity and of. religious pertain to article in i Concerning North-. tents f a IN page thefe Sebaftia England,' fagetoChi and take p times, of about the iated)in'th had a roya fhould difc no fettleme ^irWal Elizabeth, tq land pe( at Roanok( planted for part of Ai memory of and a\ye of a profane fwea revenue, parti proverb, a cu with ; oaths g not think him confcicntious r telts of confoj of England. Cr' of tht Bricifh Settlements i» America. 2113 religious affairs, fo % as they may in fomc manner apf« pertain to the conftiCMtion of ^he cplonies* do make ati article in this fe^ion. Article I. 00 ov?j - Concerning aur frfi difioveries of, and trade to the Bricilh North- America j iefore^ it was by royal grants, pa- tent Sy and charters diyi^e4 into the colonies at pefent Juhjifiing. .^ ,.,,^1, r . 6. ..W \u. IN page 10^, &c. I gave fome anticipating account of thefe our firft difcovcrics. I Ihall further add. Sebaftian Cabot cpmmiflloned by King Henry VH. of England, to endeavour difcovcrics of the north-weft p^- fage to China and the Eaft-Indies, anno 1497, ^'^ difcover and take poffelTion, according to the forms ufed in thofe times, of all the eaftern coaft of North- America, from about the north polar circle to Cape Florida, (as Is re- lated) in the name of the crown of England ; the Cabo|:s had a rpyalEnglilh grant of the property of all lands they ihould difcover and fettle weft ward of Europe, they mstde no fettlemeht, and 'their grant dropt. 5ir Walter Raleigh a favourite, by order of Queen Elizabeth, anno 1584, fent two vefTels to North-America, t(^ land people that were to remain there ; they landed at Roanoke in North-Carolina, where they remained and planted for fome fhort time. Raleigh gave to all that part of America the name Virginia, in honour or pemory of the vi-ginity of Queen Elizabeth •, a conti- ' \ ■■ and a^ye of an oath rendeh them nearly upon a par with common profane fwearing ; the many oath* in the feveral branches of the j^evenue, particularly in the culloms, are of bad eiFei^, hence the proverb, a culloin noufe oath, that is, an oatli that may be difpenfed with ; oaths give a proflieate man of no religion (that is who does not think himfclf bound oy an oath) a vaft advantage over an honefi: confcientious religious man : the fame may be faid of the facramental tells of conformity, and ocMdonal conforniity pradlifed by the churc;h of EKghud. nued 't04, ^ SvMMARY, Hifiorkdl and Miticah &c. wnt^ but imall trade was carried on from England to theie countries for fome time, and by, landing at times in Aindiy placet, took further pofTeflion for the crown of Englindf. Anno 1606 April 10. King James in one patent incor- jporated two companies called the fouth and north Virgi. nia cpmpaniefl} the fouth Virginia company to reach from 34 D. to 41 D. N. Lat. they began a fettlement anno 1607 on Chefapeak-bay, and this part of the couotry retains the name Virginia in a peculiar man- jwr CO this day ; here we mud drop it, and rearfume in the proper fe&ion of Virginia : the north Virginia company, called alfo the weft-country company, had li. berty to iettle upon the fame eaftern coaft of America from 38 D. to 45 D. N. Lat. they kept a conftant fmall frade on foot, and fomeimes wintered alhore, as, for infUnce, ttSagadahock anno 1608 -, but made no formal bfting fettlement, until that of New-Plymouth anno 1620 \ here we muft ftop, and realTume in the feftions of Kew-England colonies. Thcfe fettlements were to have been at 100 miles diftance from one another, that is, from their chief place, each territory or colony was to citend 50 miles both ways along fbore, and 100 miles back Into the country, fo as to make a diftrid of 100 miles (quare : thus from the gulph of St. I^aurence to CspC'Fear we fliould have had feven colonies of equal dimenfions, but not of equal quality ; at prefent in that fpace we have about a dozen colonies very unequal and irregular, becaufe granted at different times, mod of them run back into the wilderneis indefinitely. This Ctent did not fubfift long, the companies were managed prefidents and council, but in a few years made a furrender. The Dutch took the opportunity to fit down in ibme parts of the degrees of latitude, that were in common to both companies, and kept polTeflTion of pro- pertv and jurifdiAion, almoft threefcore years. <- Opt. i^enry Hudfon anno 1608 difcovered the mouth of Hudfon's river in N. L. 40 D. 30 M. upon his own Of the Brid(h S e t t l e m E n t s m Amerlcju 20$ account, as he imagined, and fold it, or rather imparted the difcovery to the Dutch 5 the Dutch made fome fct- tlcmcnts there, but were drove off by Sir Samuel Argol^ governor of a fecond Virginia-company, anno 161 8, be- caufe within the limits of that company's grant ; but anno 1620 King James gave the Dutch fome liberty of refrefhment for their fhips bound to Brazils, which they afterwards in the times of the civil-wars and confuHons in England, improved to the fettling of a colony there, which they called New-Netherlands, comprehending all the prefent provinces of New-York and New-Jcrfies, and fome part of Pennfylvania ; their principal fettlements were New-Amfterdam, at prefent called the city of New- York on Hudfon's river, and fort Cafimier, fince called New- Caftle upon Delaware river, weft fide of it ; Hudfon's river was called by the Dutch, Nord-Rivier, and Delaware river was called Zuid-Rivier. Beginning of King Charles II, reign, by conqueft 1664, and the fubfequent cellion by the Breda treaty 1667, it reverted to the crown of Eng- land. The further account of this territdry belongs to the fedions of New- York and New-Jerfies. We may in general obferve; that fpices, precious ftones, gold, filver, other metals and minerals, were the firft inducements and objedts of our Eaft and Weft-India difcoveries ; (the trade for tobacco, rice, fifh, furs, (kins, and naval ftores, feem to have been only incidental) as thefe did not fucceed, our Brit endeavours or adventures for fettlements did not proceed. From hiftorical obfervations during the laft century and half, we may learn many of the fuccefsful methods to be ufed, and the inconveniencies to be avoided, in fettling of colonies. ,, A R T I c L E II. ,. ,^ Concernitig th general nature and conflitutm of the Britifh North- American (olonies. LL our American fettlements are properly colonies, not provinces as they arc generally called; province refpedls A 1! I i iS ?^p\ s n t I' *o5 -r^Si^M'AlAit^, Hiflorkdl and Political^ icti ifefpedts a conquered people (the Spaniards in Nfcxico and Peru may perhaps in propriety bear this appellation) un- der a jurifdiflion impofed upon them by the conqueror - colonies are formed of national people v. gi Britifh in the Bridih colonies, tranfported to form a lettlement in a foreign or remote country* The firft fettlers of our colonies^ were formed from various forts of people, i. Laudably ambitious adven- turers. 2. The malecontents, the unfortunate^ thene- ceffitous from home. 3. Tranfported criminals. The prefent proportion of thefc ingredients in the feveral plantations varies much, for reafons which fhall be men- tioned in the particular fedioas of colonies, and does depend much upon the condition of the firft fettlers: Ibme were peopled by rebel Tories, fome by rebel Whigs (that principle which at one time is called royalty, at another time is called rebellion) fome by church of England men, fome by Congregationalifts or Indepenci- ants, fome by Quakers, fome by Papifts C Mary land and Monferratj the moll unfit people to incorporate with our conftitution. Colonies have an incidental good effe6t, they drain frdm the mother- country the difaflfeded and the vicious (in this fame manner, fubfequent colonies purge the more ancient colonies) ; Rhode-ifland and Providence- plantations drained from Maflachufetts-bay the Antino- mians, Quakers, and other wild fedarics. Perhaps in after-times (as it is at times with the lord-lieutenants and other high officers in Ireland) fome malecontents 0^ figure, capable of being troublefome to the adminiftra- tion at home, may be lent in fome great offices to the plantations. In our colonies we have four forts of people, i. Ma- ilers, that is planters and merchants. 2. White fervants. 3 ■ Indian fervants. 4. Slaves for life, moftly Negroes. "White fervants are of two forts, viz. poor people from Great-Britain, and Ireland moftly ; thefe are bounds or fold as fome exprcfs it, for a certain number of ^ears, to re- »i ^ imburft Oft 0/ the Britifli S e t t t e m e n t s /» America. 207 imburfe the tranfporting char^es^ with fome additional pioHt ; the others are criminals judicially tranfported, and their dme of exile and fervitude fold by certain under- takersj and their agents^ In our American fettlements, generally the defignations are, Frovince, where the King appoints a governor} colony, where the freemen eledt their own governor: this cultomary acceptation is not univerfal } Virginia is called a colony, perhaps becaufe formerly a colony, and the moft ancient. We have fome fettlements with a governor only ; others with governor and council, fuch arc Newfound- land, Nova-Scotia, Hudfon's-bay, and Georgia-, without any houffe or negative deputed by the planters, according to the elTence of a Britilh conditution : thefe, may be faid, not colonized. There are various forts of royal grants of colonies. I. To one or more perfonal proprietors, their heirs and afligns J fuch are Maryland and Pennfylvania ; both pro- perty and government. 2. The property to perfonal proprietors ; the government and jurifdidion in the crowh ; this is the ftate of the Carolinas and Jerfies. g* Property and government in ;he crown, viz. Virginia, New- York, and New-Hamplhire, commonly called Pifcataqua. 4. Property in the people and their repre- fentatives, the government in thfe crown ; as is Mafla- chufetts-Bay. 5. Property and government in the gover- nor and company, called the freemen of the colony, fuch are Connedicut and Rhode-iOand. This laft feems to be the moft effectual method of the Bril fettling and peopling of a colony ; mankind are na<* turally defirous of a parity and leveling, without any fixed fuperiority ; but when a fociety is come to maturity, a more diftindt fixed fubordination is found to be requifite. Connecticut, Rhode-ifland, and fome of the proprietary go** vernments, are of opinion, that they are not obliged to attend to, or follow any inftrudions or orders from their njother-counlry, or court of Greats-Britain ; they do not fend :.l:i "^■m »,1 li 2o8 /fSuMMARYy Hifioncol and PoUtieal^ &c fend their laws home to the plantatk>n-ofHwed in their original language Id the forenoon, and in £ngli(h in the afternoon, ac- C6fding 10 any tolerated religion: as our miflHonaries dd not attend the fervice of Indian converHons, fome of them may be employ*d in this fervice : after the irft twenty years from their firfl: arrival; their publick wor/bipf ihall for ever be in Englilh i all their Cdflveyancesi bonds, and other publick writings, to be in Engtifh i thus in two or three generations (as de Foe numoroufly exprefles it ) they wiH all be^ I me true-born Englifhmen. We have an inftance of in New-England, where many Irifh in language lifld religion ( I mean Roman catholicks ) have been ifljported fome years fince*, their children have loft* their language and religion, and are eood fubjeds: I we have a notorious inftance of the baa effects in not .. .iring this regulation, in Nova- Scotia 5 the French liflhsbitants though in allegiance to the crown of Great- iBricain €ver fince anno 17 10, by allowing them a fepa- \tik refidence, with their language and religion conti- m^t are at prefent, as much eftranged f'-onn and mm to the Briiilh intereft, as they Wef: ^y years \ witnefs their behaviour m our prefent French war, their favouring and concurring with cur French Cana- ^i inemies, and the late expeditions from France: the )— ch in a neighbouring province, becaufe not well ? daflied ' -i'fliiC>T9-'>''!jErt!i " !f J'. :■ ';- ■■■ 1 • ■I- ^^;■ VJ-I lii+i :j&ft|,d:y m ^ i5 A tt M M A R Y, Hffiericat and PoUtieal, &c. dafhed of intermixed with the Engliih, though in alte. giance above eighty years ; do not fecm to confult out intereft fo much, as might be expefted. Although the colonies of various nations may learn the juvantia and the UdeHtia^ from one another ) there may be feveral political regulations in colonies foreign to us, which may have a good effe£b with themfelves, but may not fit our conftitution i for inftance, i. The Spaniards fay, that their vaft extenfive Settlements in America, hive continued in due fubjeftion abdut 250 years, by their principal officers ecclcfiaftical, civil, and tnilitary, being from Old-Spain ; in China (a polite na- tion) no man can be a Mandarin in his own country or diftrift, where he v^as born. 2. The French, Spailiflj, and Portuguefe colonies, are not allowed to make wines, and diftil fpirits of fugar for merchandize, becaufe it would hurt the vent of the wines ^nd brandies of their mother-countries: fome fuch regulations with regard to things commonly manufaflured in Great-Britain, not to be manufactured in the plantations have from time to time been laid before the court of Grcat-Bri. tain, by people difaffcCled to the plantations v, g, by Col. D^ r not long fincej but happily, have had little or no efFe«^. The feveral colonies, particularly thofe of New-Eng. knd, the mod fufpe6ted, have it neither in their power nor inclination to withdraw from their dependance upon Great-Britain : of themfelves, they are comparatively nothing, without the alTiftance and protedlion of fome European maritime power ; amongft thofe, the French, SpanKh, and Portuguefe differ fo much from them in re- ligion, the moft popular affair, and in an abfolute mon- archica! government, inconfiftent with our plantation le veiling fpirit, that we have nothing to fear from themi the Dutch being nearly the fame with us in rdigion,j and apparently (though not really) the fame as ^o a po pular government, they bid the faireft for carrying of - , .- ' i o '•'■-'• ■• •,:'■ "*■■' ■:.. our! Of «ir plani pardcular fome gen Botch. As in wbetendi furmife of revolt. S( at times \ fome popu] t\}R court { their pecuii in the refpe inflance a k pardcidar inannei* to be guarded againft *, if in time o. fonie general difcontent, a war Ihould happen with the putch. As in natural parentagc^v ^ infant- colonies ought to be tendeifly and'fiiialiy ufed, without any fufpicion or farmife of a future obftinate difobedience, defertion, or revolt. Some of the American colony-lcgiflatures, have at times been drawn into errors and inadrertcncics, by fome popular, wicked, leading men, which has obliged the court of Great-Britain to make fome alterations in their peculiar conditutions .; we (hall enumerate them in the refpeftive colony-feftions, "at prefent we fhail only inftancei a few relating to this "province of Maffachufetts- bay. I. Upon a quo waranto from the court of King's tench ilTued in trinity-term anno 1635 againft the go- Ycrnor and company of the colony of Maffachufctts- liay i and in trinity-term, anno 1037, judgment was given for' the king to feize the faid colony, and to take gavernor-Cradock's body into cuftody, but by reafonof the enfuing troubles, this judgment was never put in execution. 2. The heirs of Mafon and Gorge, pro- prietors of the provinces of New-Hamplhire and Main, complain'd to the king of the ufurpations of the go- Ternmetit of Maflachuletts bay *, the king by a manda- tory letter, anno 1676, to Maflachufetts-bay colony, re- quired an anfwcr to thofe complaints: the agents for Maffachufctts-bay, before the court of King's-bench, dif- daim*d thefe lands, and by an aft of alTcmbly of the colony 1675, all their encroaching grants were vacated. 3. Upon feveral pretended complaints their charter was vacated in chancery 1684, but thry obtained a new and more perfeft charter anno 1691. 4. Governor Shiite anno 1722 carried home feven. articles of complaints concerning their houfe of reprefcntatives encroaching upon the prerogative ; by their agent in England, they fubmiflTively gave up five of thefc articles, and the ge- neral aflembly accepted of an explanatory charter, where- V 2 ' by mm t 312 i^SuMMARY, Htftorical ofid PoUtiul^ &c by the other two articles were explained away ; all thcie ihall be related more at large in their proper place. 5. Se- veral bubling banks and fchemes defigned to defraud creditors and others, by depreciating the currency in New- England, being on foot, and not AipprelTed by the pro- per legiflature, (perhaps becaufe many of their leading members were concerned) fe veral worthy gentlemen applied home for redrefs, and obtained, anno 1741, an adt of parliament againft unwarranubie fchemes in Ame- rica. Upwards of thirty years fince, upon fome complaints concerning the colonies, particularly of South-Carolina ; the court of Great-Britain judged, that it might be for the general Britifli intereft, to have all charter and pro> prietai7 governments vacated by aft of parliament, and accordingly a bill was brought into the houfc of com- mons } but the New -England agent Dummcr, by an in- genious piece which he publi(h*d at that time giving the true (late of the colonies, by his vigilancy, affiduity, proper folicitations and perfonal addrefs, atid intereft with fome of the leading men, occaHoncd the bill to be dropt. The vacating of all charter and proprietary govern* ments is not the ultimate chaftifement that may be ufed with delinquent colonies } the parliament of Great-Bii* tain may abridge them of many valuable privileges which they enjoy at prefent ; as happened in an afifair relating to Ireland \ the parliament of^ Great-Britain anno 1720 palTed an a6t for the better fecuring the depend- ance of the kingdom of Ireland upon the crown of Great -Britain : therefore the colonies ought to be cir- cumfpeft, and not offend their mother-country j as for inftance, i. In abufing that privilege which our co- lonies have of raifing taxes and aiffeiling of themfelves} South-Carolina had not fupplied the neceffary charges of government, for four years preceding anno 1731; New-Hampfhire for five years preceding anno 1736. 2. In time of peace emitting of depreciating' publick Ofthtl bills of cred and making' coinage (and crown. Our BritiC privileges: i of their not b( but may be < their own tzr made fmce th the colonies, 1 of parliament. Ibail be valid 1 j difcovered in 1 dians from th( ofthegovernc I out the approl ! iiirt. There a it is not poilibi they were dcre tlcments, no I I f oifefrors, whc I ed governor^ po£(fion, a fc I Ncw-Hftmpfh Mr. Mafon ha In the begin lone houfe of die council or together. At I in Great-Britair 1 * In Saxon tin Jioufes ; the peen, the hereditary repn parliament there 1 vk. the peers, th^ ties, and the comn differently, but in jpittee-men from e Cy/i^Britifli Sbttls MINT 8 /» America. 2f| gts of credit for a medium of trade and commerce, and making them legal tenders ; this is equivalent to coinage (and of a bafe ftandard) a prerogative of the crown. Our Britidi American colonies have many valuable privileges : i . Ena^ing of their own laws, with condition of their not being repugnant to the laws of Great-Bricainy but may be otherways various from them. 2. Raifing their own taxes. 3. No a£t of the Britifli parliament made fmce the firft fettling of our colonies, extends to the colonies, unlefs exprefsly extended in the Britifh aft of parliament. 4. No private purchafe from the Indians jhall be valid (formerly much deceit and cheat has been difcovered in thefe purchafes, tending to alienate the In- dians from the Britifh intereft) without the confirmation of the governor and council in fome colonies, and with- out the approbation of the legiQature in the other colo- nies. There are lands in fome of our plantations, where itis not polfible to (hew any Indian conveyance, becaufe they were dcrelids s fuch are all our Well-India idand fet- tlcments, no Indims being there at our firlt landing : the pofTefTors, who were prior to patent or King's commilTion- ed governofy have no other title to their lands but long po^iTion, a fort of prefcription. Thus the old fettkrs of New-Hiimpfhire hold their lands, it being fuppofed that Mr. Mafon had neglefbed or relinquilhed his grant. In the beginning of our colony grants, there was only one houfe of * legillature j the governor or prelident,. the council or affiftants, and the reprefentatives, voted together. At prcfcnt, in conformity to our iegiflature in Great- Britain, they confift of three feparate negatives ; * In Saxon times' the parliament did not confiil of two diftindt Jioufes ; the peers, being freeholders of great territories, were deemed I the hereditary reprefentatives of their vafi'als and tenants In the Scots parliament there ever was only one houfe, confining of three dates, I vk, the peers, the commiflloners or reprefentatives of (hires or coun- ties, and the commiflioners for boroughs ; they all voted together in- differently, but in committees, and the like, the proportion of cdm- mittee-men from each, was limited. ? 3 thusj^ ifii I ^ n T-t * H Kflj^^ »»i 114 yi Sv MM A^Vi Hij^ meal and PatitUsl, Uc, thus, by the governor* reprefenting the Kmg, the co» Jonies are monarchical » by a council they are ariftocra- tical i by a houfe of reprefentatives, or delegates from the peoplf, they are democratical : thefe three are di- llin^t and independanc of one another, and the colonies enjoy the conveniencies of each of thefe forms of govern- ment, without their inconveniencics, the feveral neg|i. tives being checks upon one another. The concurrence of thefe three fprms of governmentS| feemt to be the highefl: perfection that human civil government can at- tain to in times of f peace with the neighbouring ftates: if it did not found too profane, by making too free wit!^ the myfticai exprefllons of our religion, I 0iould (:all it ^ frinity in unity. The fecond negative in our legiflatures, differs from that of Great-Britain. In Great-Britain it is an 1| he- reditary houfe of Lords ; in our American fettlements, the members of their councils fo called are only tem- porary, appointed by the court of Great-Britain duram •f- In times of war, perhaps a dit^atorial power in one proper per- fon woulid be requiHte, upon account of uifparch and lecrecy, but accounuble to the three negatives. This was the praflice amongil many of the ancient polite nations, particularly aniongil the Romans ; the only inconveniency feems to be, left this diAator, in the height of his power and glory, (hould render himfelf a perpetual didlaior, as Julius Csfar did, and introdace a monvrchical tyranny. Both in times of peace and war, if a continued fuccefilon of know- ing and virtuous princes were polTible in nature, abfolute monarchy would be tfce perfcftion of civil government, becaufe of the vvildom, fccrciy, ^id difpatch that would attend it : but as no fuch race of men are to be found upon earth, a limited monarchy is eligible. The po- litical conflicution, like the hunian, is tickliih ; and in the hands of) folafool, would fufTer much \ there are but few who underiland poli- (tick health and ficknefs. (I Hereditary nobility, and other great officers, where any confi- derable truft attends, are great incitements to good actions in proge- nitors, who arc ambitious of entailing honours upon their own me- mory or pofterity, but in nature feem abfurd, as if wifdom were he- reditary. This does not liold |',ood as to Jiereditary monarchs, becaufe all eleiSiions of a monarch would put tiie nation u moil dangerous f^rmcnti. keneplacitOf 0/ tkt Brk'i(h S £ T T L B M E N T s //I A m^rlca. 2x5 impiacitOy or by annual eleftions in fpn^e of qim' cola- pies. Ifi Carolina, at tirft, there was defignecl an heredi- tary fccond negative (ii;x place of a co),incil) of palatines jUid CaHiqucs, lords of large manors j this is dropc. ' Tliere are a few irregularities or exceptions from thefe three negatives in fome of our colonies, which (hall be take particular notice of in the proper fedlions, and doubtlefs in timi^ will be redified. i . In Connei^ticuc and Rhode-ifland their eledlive governor has no nega- tive. 2. In Penfylvank the coMncil has no negative. 3. In MalTachufetts-bay the council is hot independant ; ic is obnoxious ^0 the caprice of a gQVernor's negative, and to the humour of ;he houfc of reprefentatives who elefb them. In fome e^eflions the council and re|)refen« tatives vote together. J ^^^ . .. ; Kptwithftanding of a colony affcmWy*$ b^ing upon die point of diiTolving in courfe, according; to th^ir (tl vera! and various municipal laws, the govQrnQrs dlHipIvP them in form, as in Gre^-Britein, to'tep Ujp the ||?!t' rogative of the crown. In proprietary colonies, where the proprietors have retained the jurifdidion, the proprietors nominate the governor, with the approbation of the King in council. Excepting in proprietar and charter-colonies, all patent's for lands are in the King's name» tefi,^ his excellency i^ council. The municipal 1 iws, or laws peculiar to the feveral colonies, are too v uious and variable, as well as bulky^ to be inferred in a fummary ; they are remitted home from time to time, and are to be found in the planta- tion-offices in London, excepting thpfe of the proprie- tary and charter.governments *, by thpir patents they are not obliged (this was an original defeat in fuch patents, and may be redified by a6t of parliament) to tranfmic them to the crown for japprobatiQn or difallpwance. The laws of a colony may be various from, but not re- pugnant to the laws of Great-Britain. In our colonies the courts of judicature are various, ' P 4 but H H Hi' HI' ^i6 ^SuMifARY^ Hiftorical and PoUtieaU tzel but all of the fame nature with the courts in England $ ^/z. chancery (in the charter-governments jus (^ iequm are in the fame court) common law, probate of wills, iand appurtenances j a court of vice-ad mjralty for fea af- fairs, and a jufticiary-court of admiralty by Queen Anne's ..commiifion terfio regni^ purfuant to an a6t of parliament .11, 12 Gul. III. called. An a£t for the more effeSiual fup^ frejfm cfpiracyy confifting at lead of feven of the no- ininated from their offices *, and for want of that number compleat, any three of the nominated may appoint a compliment. Jiiv,»'iii.ii./<::i »«kj.J. ^ r*;; b Cafes in chancery and common law may be carried Iiome by appeal or petition to the King in council; Trom thence it is referred to the lords of the committee* pf council for plantation-affairs : from this comniittee of council it is referred or fent down to the lords commif. fioners for trade and plantations \ this lafl: board frequent- jy take the advice of the attorney and folicitor-general, and reports are returned back from one board to another, andilfued by the King in council. y^'ui di;^ u , The officers of the cuftoms receiving or' preventive, are immediately under the direction of the commillioners pf the cuftoms in Great-Britain. The commiflion of vice-admiral to our plantation- governors gives no command aSoat y their jurifdidlion IS only relating to wrecks, (^c, cad on (bore, to low- yrater mark, being of the fame nature with the fever^i vice-admirals along the coaft in Great-Britain, > r v» - Every King's comipiflfion with inllruflions to a go- vernor in the plantations, is a fort of charter to that co- lony or province durante heneplacito. Our plantationrgovernors have no power without or- ders from the court of Great-Britain, to grant letters of re- prifals. The French and Dutch governors have this power. » ' "■ ! ! ' " There are four ilanding committees of council, i . For foreign affairs. 2. Admiralty and navy. 3. Trade and plantations. 4. Grier vances, jn France thefe fevefal deprtments are called dillindl cpun- Ofihe Britiih SETTLiMtNTt^n America. %%f All our plantation-governors are liable to be called to account (on complaints) at the King's-Bench bar in Weft- jninfter ; for inftance, Douglafs of the Leeward*iflands» anno 1 71 6, and Lowther of Barbadoes 1 720. Formerly governors, if court favourites, had at dmes plurality of governments Cas fome clergymen, favourites of leading men, have plurality of benefices) *, Lord Wil- loughby was governor of Barbadoes, and the Leeward* iflands ; Sir Edmond Andros, in the reign of James IL was governor of all New-England, New- York, and the Jerfies •, Lord Bellamont was governor of New-York, MaiTachufetts-Bay, and New-Hampfhire ; it is not fo at prefent, except in the two diftinA governments of Penn- iylvania, therefore under one governor. In the colonies their revenue-a6ts are generally annual } in Jamaica, they are temporary, but of a long period ; in a few of the colonies there are fome perpetual taxes ; thus in Barbadoes and Lecward-iHands the four and half per cent, upon produce exported, and in Virginia 2 s, per hogfhead tobacco. All their provincial treafurers are appointed by their own affemblies ; excepting the four and half per cent, in Barbadoes, and the Leeward-iflands; the King's collegers are the receivers, and alfo receive the plantation duties laid on by a£t of parliament 1673, as not appropriated for the ufe of the treafuries of the feveral plantations, but at the King's difpoiali the id, per cent, upon tobacco of Virginia and Maryland is appro- priated for the Ixnefit of the college or femitiary at Wil- liamfburg. 'rJi^OMtnf a , . '-^'om.. ^^ ?':!^c;:Ji v:*;*\^ . • In the feveral colonies their general revenue is by a tax of fome pence in the pound, upon the principal of real cftate, perfonal eftate, and faculty *, and a pol-tax, im- pofts, and excifes. The produce for export in the feveral colonies fhall be enumerated in the proper feftions. Upon our firft difcoveries of America, we found no horfes, affes, cows, iheep, and fwine. In the inland parts of the con- tinent, efpecially upoi) the MiflilTippi, ^here was plenty of Uj .' i\< i. ffit yfSvMMARY, Hifiorkal and PaliUcalj ^, of buflfalocs, and in the Weft-India iHands, feveral forts of wild hogft, native s every where much deer, and th» Amcrkaa ftag or buek-moofe^ which di0ers from the German elkc, by its branched brow antlers : variety of gec(e» of ducks, and of wild fowl .called gibier by the French. In the colonies of the feveral European nations, they have A national exclufive commerce amongft themCelves, and with their mother-countries. St. Thomas, a Danish fettlcmcnt* only, adniit» of a free general trade. Thie French and Dutch governors (perhaps by a private in- ftrudion from their courts at home, and as a confiderab^ per<|uifice, do at times allow, or connive at a foreign importation of necefTaries (provifions, lumber, horfes, black cattle^ &c.) with which tjiey cannot otherways be accommodated, and are much in want of. Bv aA of parliament, anno 1698, no ve0els, unlels regiftred in England, Ireland, or the Plantations (by ih union, Scotland is included) upon oath that they were built there (foreign prizes are alfo qualified) ^nd that aq foreigner is diredly or indiredlly concerned. Plantation produce or goods as enumerated (com* tnonly called enumerated goods) by feveral a6ts of par* liament, are not to be carried, but to Great-JBricain } ap4 Plantation-bonds are given, and a certificate to be return- ed to the officers oi the (hipping -ports, of their being loaded accordingly. The enumerated goods are i^iaval ftorcs, viz. pitch, tar, turpentine, mafts, yards, and bowfprits i fugars, molafies, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, dying- woods, rice, beaver, 4nd other furs, copper-oar. Rice and fugars, by late a£ts of parlia^ ment, are indulged under certain conditions (too long to be enumerated in a fummary) to be .carried to certain foreign parts : logwood is not the growth or produce of our plantations, and by the condrui^ipn of the cotn^ miflkmcrs of the cuftoms, is exempted from being an enumerated commodity, (as we have no logwood the growth of our plantations) being imported from the Spanifli * It is nc better, to ; acquired a church of B from their years and J pular ken, the confider; iil/ Tobacco i,prtb0 Cotton half i. Indigp 2«v^*:- Coco nuts I. Of /^f Briti(h Settlenentsm America. 21^ Spanifli Weft-Indies to our colonies, and re-exported to Europp. , S"' 'V jO'o^" By an afb of the parliament of England, anno 1673* there are impofed plantation duties (produce carried from one colony to another) upon certain enumerated goods for a general national ufe, not for the particular colony^ viz. y'^'-' s.d. i^-^ ' Mufcavado fugars 1,6 pr Ct, wt. White do. 5* .'- «, * Ginger j. u<;f ; ; Dying woods . 6. that upon tobacco has been appropriated to the college in Virginia at Williamlburg. Our North-America trade to Great-Britain, is, the enumerated commodities above-mentioned, pig-iron, and fifli-oiF, fomctimcs Trheat and ftarcs to Irehmd. To Spain, Portugal, and Italy, dryed cod-fiih. To the Weft- India iOands, lumber, refufe dryed fifti, fait beef and pork, butter; and cheefe, ftour, horfes, and live ilock, the returns from the Weft-India iflands, are, fu- gar, molaiTes, rum, cotton, indigo, dye-woods, Spanifh money, and cocoa : fugar j rum, tobacco, and chocolate are much ufed in our cotonies. Anno 1729 the attorney and folicitor-general, gave it as their publtck opinion, that a neg^o (lave coming to Europe, or baptized any where, does not make him free. "■"':' ^' '■'■^^V ■'"•■"""^; ■*-' : '''"''^ifi: .tr^- .r^''-&:'' In our colonies * computations of all kinds, weights, and meafures are the fame as in England. ^^ />,):; :.uc , ■•. . . , -- '*•'>" Our * It is not advifable in any cafe religious or civile though for the better, to make alterations, in any affair where the populace have acquired a general ftanding prejudice ( the reformation from the church of Rome about two centuries fince, is an excepti<»)) imbibed from their infancy, or firft habitual way of thinking. The folar years and lunar months according to the O. S. are not within a po- pular ken, and being very erroneous, are perhaps at prefent, under the confideration of the fiiitilh legiflature, to be re£li£ed. Meafures and 'iM ^Summary, HiJIeHcal and PoUtiealy &cl Our fettlements upon the eafterly fide of North-Ame- rica» are much colder in winter, and much hotter in fommer^ than the fame latitudes, in the wefterly or European fide of the other vaft continent ; the globe of our earth may be faid to confift of two large continents, viz. the ancient continent of Europe, Afia, and Africa, and the new continent called America. Every man who has refided fome time in Europe, and fome time iu North-America, is perfonally fenfible of this : in Europe northern fifheries, for inftance, cod and falmon extend fouthward to 5 1 D. N. lat. in North- America they extend no further than 41 D. N. lat. ' ,. ^ ^ .. Mariners obferve, that in their paflages between Europe and America, winds are t almoft three quarters of the . .; year and weights, muft be afcenained for all nations upon our earth, and prevent much puzzling by redu£Uons, by taking the fixed length of a pendulum, that vibrates feconds in any noted place v. g. in London or Paris, and allowing for the fmall variations, eaftly inveftigated for fome very d'^.ant latitudes, n/.g. a. pendulum vibrating feconds at PoTto-BeUo hear the Equator, is founa to differ one hne, or the 1 zth part of an inch, from that at Paris ; let this pendulum's length be called a Measure, and this divided into decimals (being the mofi; cafy and general way of exprefTing fraflions) be called Tenths, and this fubdivided into Tenths, called Hundreds: thus all meafures uiight be reduced tp three denominations ; as in England money it xedttced to pounds, millings, aud pence : contentive meafures are eafily reduced, upon this foundation, to a like certainty : fuch a veiTel of fu(Ji certain dimenfions, containing a certain quantity of (incere 'ain water (which is nearly the fame all over the earth) may be called a Found, and this multiplied or divided may be called by fome fixed denominations of weights. -f The trade-win£ may be reckoned to extend 30 D. each fide of the equator (beiiig further than the common formal technical wny of reckoning, to the tropicks) which proceeds not only from the ion's, in his repeated courfe, rarefation of the air wellward, and confiiquently the elaftick air naturally expanding itfelf towards thofe weftward rarified fpaces by an eafterly current; but is complicated With another caufe not much attended to^ viz. the circumambient air near the equator, being of a lefs confiderable fpecifick gravity, than its correfponding part of the earth, it is lefs fufceptible of the earth's [daily rotatory motion, and with refpedt to the folid earth, has Of the BntiOi Settlements i/f America. 221', year wefkrly ; baron Lahontan a Canada officer writes* «* that, the winds from Canada to Europe are eafterly for * about 1 00 days in the year, and wefterly about 260 days ;*' this with an attending wefterly fwell or heaving of the fea» is the reafon, that the pafTages from North-America to ' Europe are much ihorter than from Europe to North- America. '; In North-America the dry freezing winds are from north to well, in Europe the dry freezing winds are from north to eafl: *, proceeding fro. '\ that great conti- nent which receives and retains the northern effefts of cold, viz. fnow and ice, lying to the weftward of Ame- n rica, and to the eaftward of Europe ', the current of air gliding along, becomes more and more impregnated with the cold, the terms of frigorific particles, or of a peculiar fait of nitre, I leave with the virtuofo idle no« tional philofophers. The fituation of lands occalions ' confiderable differences in the temper of the air; the, weather in Canada is generally in winter colder (in pro* , portion to its latitude) than in New-England, and more fettled ; as being furrounded with land of fome extent* ' and therefore the land influence from all corners of the ! has an eJFe£lual motion weftward, that is, in the appearance of an eafterly current of wind. The wefterly winds, in latitudes higher than 30 D. N. Latitude, are natural eddies of the eafterly trade winds. ' A northerly wind, is the natural tendency of a condenfed very elaftick air, from the polar cold regions, towards the rarified ait near the ' equator. A complication of this current of air, from the northern ^ polar regions to tlub fouth ; and of the eddy of the trade- winds from the weftward, makes the frequent North-America winds ftom north ; to weft ; and the north-weft is the moft frequent, efpecially in the win* ter months. In the fumimer-time, when the fun is much to the northward of the equator, our northern continent is much warmed, and theie north' to weft winds gliding along a vaft warmed continent, acquire more and more degrees of lieat- Therefore confidering the general cur- ~ ' rent of the extratropical (retaining the claiucal- terms) winds : the ' vaft continent of North-America being wcftward,of our fettlefflents^ our leeward North- America fettlements muft be in fummer much hotter than the European windward fettlements in the fame lati- tudw. ' !■ /^"-^ ^'*-' 8 wmdi; i3 ri-./rff «".''■ if- i. '■ i ' \i' 'M ■f4fii^i'A 'til A S UM«f Aklr, tJiJhrieal and Potkhal^ (ic, iRTinds, of the iame nature ; whereas m New- England to the eaftward is water or fea of a very different inflq. cnce frons the land or earth's fpecifick gravity or folj. 'dity in receiving or retaining cold or heat. By the foft- nefs of the vapour from the water, the fca-fhore is ■warmer than the inland, the fea warmer than the flior^, and the ocean or deep water warmer than the fea; Thus the illand of Great- Britain and its appertaining if, lands are much warmer in winters than the adjacent con- tinent, but with this inconvenicncy (a digrefTion) that this foft vapour or damp, difpoics the inh.ibir.int ; to % catarrhous or colliquative confumption •, this dirten;);^^, time out of mind, is recorded as an Englilh endeniial diftemper. The fituation of the various countries as i^ iflands, and head-lands, as to variety of foil, fandy lands which retain the heat, morafs, fwamps, and wood*lands which retain damps ; thefe a fum mar y can- not enumerate, with regard to the winds or current of the air and as to the temper of the air in our various colonies. Georgia excepted (Nova- Scotia and Cape-Breton I da not call colonies) our American colonies hiive been m charge to Great- Britain ; a fmall matter of artillery to fome of them muft be acknowledged, but witiiout am« munition. The Britifli men of war or king's ftatioR. ihips, of late, have been of no ufe only by their coun- tenance: The commanders are either indoit^nt, or In collufion with the purfers (not Jong fince they had the perquifite of purfers) take advantage of the proviljons of the non-effedtives, connive at their fhips b( ing ill mann'd, and upon an exigency or when called hom^y diftrefs the trade by preffing failors : There are excep- tions ; I flaall only inftance Sir Peter Warren, an afiuiu- ous, faithful, good, and therefore fortunate man. Our provinces have frequently grumbled upon this accouiit, and have lately made an experiment by fitting- our % provmce-frigate at a great charge in MafTachufctts-b-y; but for thefe lail two years fcem to be under li ; 0/ the Britifh SETTLEMENtsrw America. « ij fame cenfurc i where the fauk lies, I fhaU not, ac prefent fete. In atl our colonies are many good, induftrious, frugal, pious, and moral gentlemen ; I hope the following, ge- floral charadler oi many Of the populace will give no o^ence. i. Idlenefs, intemperance, luxury in diet, extravagancies in apparel, and an abandoned way of living. Our planters, efpecialiy their children, when they go home to Great- Britain, diftinguifh themlelves too much by their drefs, and expenfive way of living for a (hort time. 2. The people of all colonies (Britifh, French, &c,) do not feem to have fo much folidity in thinking as in Europe } but exceed the European mentd piupki as to fome little tricks and arts in bufmels acquired By education, and a continv ^d pradice. 3. By importing gnd expending too much of fuperBuities from Europe i and in fome colonies by fubftituting a paper -currencj^ they impoveriili themfelves, and are under a neccffity of fending their gold and filver, as returns, to Europe. 4. A prefent profit prevails over a diftant intcreft. To avoid prolixity, but with impatience, I muft defer \i SL24 ^SvMMARY, Hifimcal af/d Pelt'ltcal, 8cc: pound New-England, for one hundred pound fter* ling. * Timber-trees, efpccially white-oaks for ihip-building, the bed grow in New-England ; further north they are dwarfifh, and of an untoward grain i further fouth they are fpungy and foft, and do not afford compafs timber. In countries far north the mould is light and ipungy, being much diftended by the hard long frofts. Article III. i" ' ' ^e ecclifiaftical or religious conjiitution of the Britifh ^^/(Wiw i» North- America. • -•■ ».i. '/'j •'!'' I IN all the royal patents and charters of our colonies; the principal condition required of the patentees, feems to be the converHon of the Indians } and the crown on the other part conditions for the encourage- ment of fettlers, a free profelTion or liberty of confci- cnce : therefore a * Toleration for ail Chriftian pro- .. .. r . fr,^i^ ,r. ■ ;,,• .-. ■: ;tv . fcflions, * Religiofi and civil government in a general fenfe are, jurt divtMot but the various particular churches and dates, feem to be only dt faSot becaufe none of them have efcaped revolutions : An indulgence, or rather a l^;al explicit toleration for all (communions they are called) communities of religion which are not inconfiftent with a virtuous life, and the good of fociety, in good policy ought to be allowed ; the Romans, a very polite people (their Ju$ civue is praAifed every where in Europe to this day) made the gods (religions) of all nations free of their city or empire ; the Dutch, by an univerfal toleration (but their £ablick places of worfliip muft b« licenfed) have become rich ; the liflfenters in England by their riches are a great prop to the Prbteflant eftablilhment ; Ming excluded by law from feveral vain, idle, ambiti- ous offices and polls, they apply themfelves the more to trade an4 manufafiures, and become generally richer than the churchmen. The various decent modes, conuftent with fociety or humanity, of worfhip- Jiing a fupreme Being, may be tolerated ; as proceeding inriocently rom the bias of education, from the various conftitutions and tempers of mankind, and fattuons of the age ; but all with a good intention or soafcicncc. The Of tht Britifli SETtLEMfcNTs/» America. 225 fefllons of religion, is the true ecclefiaftical conftitution of our American colonies j the f I^oman catholick only 4mm The differences in religion generally amount only to this, viz. difFer«at people worihipping the i'ame GOD in different modes and faihions: prieilcraft ( 1 do not mean the pious, meek, charitable clergy) fets them by the ears to the difcredit of all religion, and tney make mountains of mole-hill difFfirences. Amongft all feAaries, there i« a canker-worm called bigots ; which put their feA in a ridiculous light, they are in a tacit fallen enmity with all mankind who ore not of their frantick or fanatical perfwafion, they believe implicitly in fome parfon, an idol of their own making* but not properly in Goo Almighty. f TIm Roman catholicks commonly called papift8> in all well-re' gulated governments, from moil evident civi| political reafons, ought to be excluded ; the conftitution of their religion renders them a nufance in fociety ; they have an indulgence for lying, cheating, robbing, murdering, and not only may, but are, in Chriftian duty- bound to -extirpate all manksid who are not of their way of think" ing, they, call, them hereticks : unlels the Pope (the head and orade of their religion) by (ome publick accepted bull explain this article of their religion ; popfery by the laws of nature, and jm gentium^ ought to be deem'd, ihconQIlent with human fociety. A doArine ax law, though iniquitous, if not put in execution, becomes obfolete and of no efFefl, and its evil tendency ceafes ; but this mofl execrable dodrine has, in a mod difmal horrid manner, frc quently been put in execution; 1 ihall give a few inftances. u The popifli perfecution of protcilants by the papifls in England in the reign of Qjieeh Mary, from anno 1553 to 1557; Bilhop Burnet fays that (he was a good-natured woman, but of a very ill-natured re* ligiori. 2. The oloody maflacre of the Hugenots by the papifts in Paris of France. De tierrft one of the beft French biilorians begins his account of this mafl'acre thus, O ma Fratttt! let chgfutux ma htriffonmnti fay horreur dt voir fur It the air » dt ton hiftoirejoutr une tres inhumatne iragedie. Upon a funday being St. Batholomew's day, 1572, in the reign of Charles IX. they took the opportunity of the time when the marriage of Henry of Bourbon King of Na- varre a proteftant, to Marguerite de Valois, fifter to the king of France, was to be celebrated j moft of the princes of the blood and grandees of France, who were of the proteftant or Hugenot religion, being ex- pedled in Paris upon this occafiott, they thought it a proper oppor- tunity to extirpate them by the furprizft of a maffacre. At this blow they maffacred ten thouland perfons in Paris. ^. The popilh gun- owder-plot difcovcred the beginning of November 1605, dcfigned to low up and deftroy the peers of England at that time in parliament alTcmbkd : thus they iiuag'rned to cancel one ot the three nega- Q tivjl I I'.^ I ■'■ . ■'■■■■ •- ' t-Si'i!* 226 yfSvMMARY, Htjlorical and Political^ &c. is excepted ; the nature of our conftitution, the horrid principles of that religion, and at prefent the popifli claims to our royal fuccelTion, can by no means admit of it *, the papids of Maryland, Penfylvania, and Montferrat, feem to be too much indulged. By an a£t of the Englifh parliament incorporated with the ad of union of Scotland and England, anno 1 707 *, the church of England is, and for ever hereafter (hall be, the eftabliflied religion in the territories belonging to England, viz. in the planta- tions : therefore, the church of England is at prefent, and mud continue in perpetuity the cftablilhed national religion of the plantations, being one of the fundamen* tal articles of the union *, Earl of I — 'lay, a great law- yer, upon a certain occafion, in a fpeech in the houfe of lords well obferved, ** That there were only two articles of union unalterable, viz. thofe relating to re* ligion, and the proportion of taxes.*' Antecedent to anno 1 707 it Teems that a general toleration limited as above was the religious eftablidiment of our colonies ; I. In their charters and grants, there is no preference give^ to the church of England. 2. The a£l of uni* tormity in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, was prior to the colonies in America. 3. In the a£t of uniformity, beginning of King Charles lid's reign, are snentioni^d only ** the realm of England, dominion of Wales, and town of Berwick upon Tweed." 4. By a late^ adl of the Britifh parliament for the naturalizing fo- feigners 'I ri the plantations; receiving the facramentin auy.protelUnt congregation is a qualification \ therefore k did not extend to the plantations. ^ .- > ■ . 1 know of no doftrinal * difference feet ween the laity oC: thei church of England, and the laity of the three - -: - denominations Miikk. tivfes of'thtf Englifli iegiflature. 4. The butcherly mafTacre of the pToteiVams in Ireland, anno 1641, by the Irifli papifts. Many Ai* fpedled, that it was by the inftigation and dire&ion of the court of £hg;TaTid, >rt that time making precipitate great advances towards the Roman catholicl: religion. * Predeffination awJ free-will feem to be only private opinions, o ■ • - ,' but 0//, denomina diftinguif] Of the Bricifh Settlements in America. 827 (denominations of procedanc dKTenters ; who are thus diftinguifhed from other diffenters, becaufe they take out V liccnfes ■Xr but not a i^tional church doArine, with us; they feem both to be orthcKlox^ the firft from the omnifcience and prefcience of a fupreme being, the other from the conftitution and inward feelings of mankind : how to reconcile them is a myfterv and not to be canvaiTed } here we oiuft fay with the fimply good Laplander (when queftioned concerning fome of our Chrillian myiteries, by a Swedifh milTionary) Goo knows. Flree-will> 7bai all tbt phyfical and moral ivih tubicb nui ptrctivt amongji mankinil^ frocetd from tht ahufi iu^ makt •/ tint libirty .* this opinion feems the moft confident with the good of fociety. Predeft|nation, Ibat fvery thing cotHet t» pa/t 6y a fatal nece^ty, in a ftri^ abfolute fenfe, is pernicious to a good life and to fociety, and encoturages an abandoned wicked life : it annihilates all religion, if good woWcs do not forward, nor bad works hinder falvation, the fear of GOD, and the keeping of his commandments, are of no effe6l. We muft acknowledge that jpredeftinatian in fome political views has a good effedl j this turns me into an annotational digreiliont There'are man^ things, which in a curfory, not well j^ointed view (as painters expel'siit) feem ihocking, but in a proper poliucal view are beautiful an4 unavoidably confiftent with fociety ; I fhall mention a few inllancies. i . Predeftination for military men ; Mahomet, and Cromwell, found a vaft advantage by this doflrine ; the Mahometans have improved this dodrine very much amongft their militia, viz. If they conquer they have profit and glory in this world, if killed in batde, they have paradife in the next. z. A diiTolute thoughtlefs way of life, biit u> regulated, as not to be enormous and prejudicial to peace and good Aeizbbourhood ; without this tacit allowance, we Ihould be at a lofs for a fufEcient number of foldiers and failora upon occafion. 3. Pinching of the very mean labourers or working people, by lowering or keeping their wages much under; hereby our merchants can afford in foreign markets to under-fell the merchants of other countries, and confequently vent more of their produce or manufaflure : befides, let us fuppofe, their employers in generofity and beneficence to allow more wages than are merely fufHcienc to pi-o- vide them the necefTaries of life, perhaps, fome few of them, may lay "p this furplus, and in a (hort ume afpire higher than this their mean labour, thus their labour is loll ; but the greateft part would idle way fo muck time (a day or two in the week loft to the publick good) as this furplus could fupply with necefTaries, to the leiTening of our manufadlures, isc 4. Encouraging of a great con- fiunption of Britifh goods by luxury and extravagant equipage in our colonies, is thought by fome wrong-headed men to be a benefit to the motlier-country : this is a grand millake, becaufe induOry and frugality in all fubfcrvicnts, is requifite, othcrways they cannot Q^z long "f\Zm Hi. It Si S' 228 y^ Summary, Hijiorkal and Political^ &c. Hccnfcs for their meetings or religious aflcmblies in England, I mean the Prcfbyterians, Indcpehdants, and Anabaptiils •, thefc lafl: at prcfent feem to differ from the others only in the manner and age proper to receive bap- tifm. My being prolix in this point, is defigned not to didlatc, but to contribute towards conciliating their af- fedlions to one another \ their do£lrinal religion is the fame, their eftablilhment or legal toleration the fame j they differ only nominally, or in denominations •, if any of thefe denominations fhould be angry with me, I give them this fhort anticipating anl'wer, I am independant, and of no party but that ot truth. The differences in the modes of Baptifm arc not cf. fential ; my voucher is the bilhop of London our dio- cefan, noud by his printed pious lupcr-exccllent paftoral Jettcrs \ in a letter to the reverend Mr. Miles, a reftor of the church of England in Bofton, dated Fulham Sept. 3, 1724. " I have been informed within thefe tew days, by a biftiop who had a letter from Bofton, that fome of the minifters there, begin the difpute about the validity and invalidity of baptifm ; adminiftred by perfons not epifcopally ordained. This was advanced in England lome years ago, by the Nonjurors, ene- mies of the Protcftant religion, and prefent govern- ment. The bifhops in convocation then affembled, fet forth a paper, proving and declaring, that baptifm by water in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft, by what hand foever adminiftred, or however irregular, is not to be repeated: this dodtrine, the great patrons of our church maintain*d againft the but epifcopal bap- tifm makes them immortal. The differences in offering up their prayers to the fupreme Being are not effcntial, whether, i. j3y liturgy, a printed form, called, in the church of England, com- mon-prayer. 2. Memoritery though generally compofed by fomc direftory, or cuftom, or habit, as amonglt the three denominations of proteftant diflcnters. 3. Random (xtempore prayers of the fober- minded ; I do not mean the profane enthufiaftick prayers of new-lights and others, which (hey impiouHy call, praying as the Spirit fhall give them utterance } infpirations are ceafed. 4. Mental prayers j thcfe are called Qujetifts ; fuch are the Englilh Quakers, the Dutch Mennifts or Mennonitcs, the Spa- nifh, French, and Italian Molinids *, they are of opinion, that in our devotions we are to retire our minds from ail exteriors, and fink into a pious frame of filenc? ; that ufing of words, or attending to words, interrupts devotion -, and they reduce all the exercife of religion to this fimplicity of mind. In (hort, Qiiietifls are of opi- nion, that the great God ought to be adored in filence and admiration •, tliat words and ceremonies divert true devotion to material founds and objeds. Oiir Quakeri fay that their filent meetings are the mod eciifying. A ftrlct uniformity in religion does not people a country, but depopulates, and particularly fends away tlie bell of their people, the induftrious, peaceable, confcicntious diffenters. Tiie revocation of the edid; of Nantz hurt France very much, by fending away mariy of thlir beft manufacturers and artificers, to the great benefit of i.i»iU.I i'i "iVt .■'•^■s; I130 JSvUMAKYt Hifimeal hnd Pdiittatltiti} Great-Britain aifd Holland, where ^ ^xteniite, "cojnpar* lionate, charitable' tol^tion, ileflfabliffied by lawi and plakkaatiL-' - ■ ■■, " -^ ^ nc doo.a ^ry n; ' -•■•;-. 3. Iri dtir coloiiic9 people of all rcligibiik are under the coercive power of the d^il government ; theWfore, 91 prefent, any other government in the feveral denotni- nations of churches, might have the bad effed of /fii^^ Ttum in imperio, 1. e. confufion. In fad, in our planta^ tions, at this time, there is no real provincial cmirch- govcrnment, and confequendy do not differ in this re- ipc&. i the bilhop's copimiffary is only a nominal office; f he annual meeting of the independant or congregational clergy in Boilon the end of May, at the folemnity of the (ledtion of a provincial council ; and the yearly pilgri- inage of fome Quakers, are only upon a laudable mend- ]^ account. Perhaps a fuperintendant of the mifllonaries wom the fpciety of 1701, might have a good effe^j with a pow^r apd in^ruftions to remove miffionaries froip one ftadon to another, as the intereO: of propagat- ^ig the gpfpel ipight require. As an hi(lorian, every ^hing is m my province. Some who do not underhand propriety of characters, think I ought not to mention the clergy •, but, as a writer of hiftory, I cannot avoid it, without being reckoned deficient and partial in the fiffair? of ti)e clergy. 4. The veftmcrits of the clergy arp not to be faulted i fhey are not eifential to religioi ; all communions feem to affe^ fomething peculiar in this refpeft } the gown, fpaffopk, girdle, role, furplice, 6fr. of the church of Eng- land ; the plain black gown of the officiating clergy in Geneva, Switzerland, and Hugenots of France *, the blacjc gown with frogs in the country minifters of Scotland j the black cloak of the independants ^ the antiquated hi^* bit of the Quakers, particularly of their exhorters.^ Perhaps, at prefent, many religions are fo loaded Urith verbal differences or controverfies, and with enthu* (iafticH devotional terhns, that they are become an a^alr f^pppf pietv, fincerity, apd truth, but a jumble of in- fignifiqpt Of ibe BHcifli Sf ttlbmskts in Amd'ka* 231 dgaificant technical wordi^ and cant-phrafes : as former- ly, inftead of true folid philofopby and natural hiftory, there was in the fchooli only a pedantick metaphyncal jargon, which by this time has received a notable refor- mation ; fo I doiubt not, that religion in time may admit of the like purity and fimplidtv. In Great-Britain there are tnree diftin^ focieties for propagating chriftian proteftant knowledge or religion in foreign parts, incorporated by royal charters. 1. Anno 1649. The parliament of England, granted a charter to a prefident and foclety, for propagating the gofpel in New-England i at the reftoration it was laid afide, but by folicitation a new charter was granted 14 Car. II. February 7, to a fociety or company for propa- gating the gofpel in New-England, and parts adjacent in America, the number of members not to exceed 45, and the furvivers to fupply vacancies i they appoint commif- fioners in New-England to manage affairs there: this charity has been helpful to fome of the preachers in New- England who have (mall provifion.. ' 2. Anno 1709. By charter there was eftablifhed in Scotland a fociety for propagating chriftian knowledge amongft the Highlanders ( 4 Geor. I, their charter was extended to all inBdcl countries beyond feas *, they ,^ have a confiderable fund, diey have had a midionary upon the New*England weftern frontiers, and another upon its eaftern frontiers ; the laborious Mr. Brainard, lately dead, was their miflionary amongft the Indians upon the northern frontiers of Pennfylvania, and the Jerfics. ^ '■■^* 3. A fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, eftabliflied by charter June 16, anno 1701, their certain fund is very fmall, they depend upon fubfcrip- tions and cafual donations ^ their fubfcribing and corre- fponding members at prefcnt, are upwards of 5,000 ; in the American colonies, near 60 miflTionaries ; then: annual expence exceeds 4^000^^. ftcr. We m^y find by their charter, by their annual fociety -fermons, pnd by the yearly narratives of the progref^ of tt^is fociety % ' 0^4 ' -. -: : jijat ijft A ftvkMAiiY) ffiprital and Fcftttedy^ii fbat the principal del^ is to propagate chriftionkhowi ledge, that the Indiana may tome \o the kn for this they are principally defigned, to convert the he^- thfn to the religion of their own country i by purity of do£trine and exemplary life to eftablifh religion and good manners amongft them ; tiKy ought chie^y to inculcate, that true happinefs confiJAs in health ana virtue } that the efTentials of religion are to be good and wife. Mr. Hubbard* in his hifiory of the troubles in New-England by the Indians, gjvQB a wrone turn, in terfaiing it, '* The Indians carrying on the de- iigns of the kingdom of darknefs,*' whereas we do not know of any Indians, that ever attempted to pervert our people in affairs of religion, nor to make them abjure the chriilian religion^ — The moft.notcd and definrving Englifli miflionary, that hitherro has appeared in our Britifl) Nortbi'Amenca colonies, was the rev- Mr. John Elliot of Roxbury, called the Indian Evangelift', he was educated at Cambridge in Eng- land, came over to New-England, anno 1631, was 60 years miniiler of Roxbury, adjoining to Bofton, his fucceHbr Mr. Walter is now livings, a very extraordinary inftance of no more than two incumbents in the fpace of 1 20 years in fucceflion. Mr. Elliot died 1 690, xt. 86. His Indian bible (it was in Natick Indian) was printed at Cambridge 1664 ; after his death it was republilhed with the correiUons of Mr. Cotton, nuniHerofPfymouth. 8 aries arjes in Qiiui from /eVfral; European natioq$, by their matlM^l^j^cal ftigea.^ty^i^,an4/tiici^ «wf»/Vi and every perfon who having ufed the fea, (hall bind himfdf apprentice to fervc at fea, fhall be exempted fron) beiflf imprefiecj'for the fpace of three years, to be computed from the time of binding. a. The navy may be ferved without violent impr(?fl*f§'> we have many inftances of brave, a6live, gallant coffi* manders, who have carried on affairs committed Co thiir truft with good expedition and fuccefs, without diM' fiflg of trade-, b»ic meerly. by voluntary inliftmeni;«» leaving gained the aflfe6tion of I'ailors in general^ by uf- .... .■• ' w% Of. Ibis Britiih SETTLiMki^TS iji America. 137 ing thoTe men with humanity and bencTolence s a noted in^«DCcf:we have of this in Sir Pster Warren, a gentleman of an univerfally acknowledged good character, naturally good and humane, always friendly to trade, benevolent, t^eloved by his ofHcers and common failors, afiiduoUs and conftant, therefore fuccefsfu) and fortunate. ^, If fhe foremail men aboard men of war were more humanely ufed by all their ofHcert, perhaps there w<)uld be no cccafion for impreffes: their -nrouragc- swtit in times of war is very confiderable, i^i. That nil officers, fcamen and ibldiers, on board every Britiih fljan of war, Ihall have the fole property of all (hips iM merchandize they (hall take after the 4th of January 1739 in Europe, and after the 24th of June 1740 in any ethir part of the world j to be divided in fuch propor- tion as the crown (hall order by pr6clamation, as alfo a bcfunty of 5/. for every man which- was living on board any veflTel fo taken or de(broyed, at the beginning of the fflgsigement y by proclamation the dividends were to the captain 5 Sths^, if ^nder the command of an admi- ral or warrant commodore, one of three eighths is to the admiral or commodore •, i 8th to the lieutenants and mii& } I 8tli to the warrant oilkers ; x Sch to the petty officers^ and 2 S^chs to the privafte men. By a£b of the general alTembiy of. MafTachufccts^bay, the provincial «fmed veiTels In dividing their captures, 2 8ths is allot- ted to the captain, and 3 8ths to the private men, bc- caufc the private men of a provincial privateer are fup- pofcd to be good livers and inhabitants, ihofe belonging Id men of war are generally abandoned vagrants, and ftny additional pence renders them more diliblute and in- capable or negligent of their duty. There are many other encouragements ttf provide the navy with voluntier failors ♦, and to prevent arbitrary and violent imprefles, unnatural in a free Briti(h cdnfti- totion; for inftance, : ''^^ *»^"'*: 4. For the better encouraging foreign feamen to fclrye Ott board Britifh Ihips, it is enacted, that evccy fuCh foreign 238 ASvMMAtYf mjlmcal and PoUtkali tctl foreign feaman, who (hall afcer the firft day of January 1739, have ferved during the war, on board any BritUh fnan of war, merchant-fbip, or privateer, for two years, Aiall be deemed a natural-born fubje^t of Great-Britaii^ and fhall enjoy all the privileges, dec. as an adtual na- tive of Great-Britain.-— Provided, that no perfon thus na- turalized, fhall be of the privy council, or (hall have any place of truft civil or military, or have any grant of lands from the crown. ImprcfTing of Teamen for the fervice of the navy, prevents the increafe of (hipping and feamen tn the colonies, and occalionally makes * riots and dangerous tumults ; the imprefTing of ^a- men has in part been redreiTed by a late ad of pariia* ment. There had long fublifted a difpute between the admiralty and the trade, concerning the imprefTing of Tailors: the firft infifted that, commanders of priva- teers^ and maftersof merchant- men, did encourage de- Tertion from his Majefty's fliips of war by entertaining and hiring deferters •, the merchants complained of the great hardfhips upon trade and navigation, from the ar£)itrary UnreaTonable imprefs of hands by indifcreet captains and commanders : to accommodate ^this affair '* Our province in a peculiarmanner (I am apt tocallMailachufetts. bay oar jprevinOe, becaufe, at this writing, of my refidence there) nquires iome more iievere a£ls againft riot, mobs, and ttimults. The le^ appearance of a mob (fo called from MohiU Vulgut) ought to be TupbreUed, ^ven where their intention in any particular af»ir is of itfeOT very good ; becaufe they become nurlenes for dangerous tu- mults ; I fhall give an inftance or two in Bofton. i . A few years ago/ a hoiife ofnOforious evil fame, known by the name of mo- ther Gr — ^|^*« was ranfackt by a fmall mob in the prefence of, fome ^y, by infticatipn of fome well-meaning ma^iftrates, the confeqiience wa^, (nemob ji; feyi^ days afterwards demolifiied the pubUck market- hou(e, 4nd carriied pi^ the materials for their, own private ufe. 2. For fome years paft upon the ^th of Nov.. bciog the anniveHary Gun* fi^wder-Treafon day, feveral mobs, have carried about pageants of the Eiope, the Devil, . and. Pretender ; thefe gun-powder-treafon mobs ye^^rly increafe; a few days after the gun powder-treafon pa^eao- tnes or mobs, an imprefs in Bofton harbour, with the recent acudent of. two men in Bofton, being murdered by a prefs-gang,' occafloned a very great tumult in Bofton. 8 th^ 0/ /i&tf Brltilb S B T V k B liTV HT * '• AflQerlok z^f thf pRfliament' of Great- Biiuin io '^ir wi£dom pafled anfiAanno r746, that privateers or merchant<;inf n . harr bouring deferters from the King's Ihips, (houkl foi^it c^l. iterK per mani and any officer of a man of war impreffing any Tailor (deferters excepted) on fliore or on board (hall pay 50/. (terl. for each man impreflcd* This i£jL is only in relation to the fugar-iQand colonies i it migbc eaHly, when in agitation have bepn extended to the continent colonies of North- America by proper ap- plication of their feveral agents ; in a particular man- ner I^w-£ngl|ind claim^^d tjiis exemption (if their agents had had that addtefs, intereft, vigilancy and alTiduity which their duty required) by having lately fuf&red fo much in their perfons and purfes by a voluntary expe- dition in favoi^r "of their mother-country againil; Louif- bourg : I ann 4pt to think that being too forward beyond oar natural abilitiejs, may give the miniftry at home fome reafon to imagine^ that New-England is fo increafed in people,- as to have many^idicrs to fpare ; as appears by their ©rder for two rcgiments^^f foldiers (or 2000 mtnf from:hencev in addition to theigarrifon of Louilbourg : atprcfcrtt, I'.4iope the miniftry are convinced that New- England cannot fp,9J*e idlers, (ufiicjent to. make one regi- ment compleat. I fpeak for tbeJnttieft of ^he country, a^d impartially ui general, my interefl: being in that coun- try feme may wrongly think that I am partial^moi z^^upv Before the; plantation or colony trade took jp^ce, the trade of England con^fted oniy In the exportation of tia5f i^W*. * Britain furpafles all the V/orl^ fctr woollen iihaftafa£hires and f^ tinj the Phxniciaiis had colonics in 1^^ CalRteredei^ or firitift iildnd$» becaufe of thfeir 1'in :' there is no known place of the earth, whidr^ fuch quantities of tih. are Z6 b6 found ; Mr. Davenaftr, a former ih'* fpedor-jgenerai of 'the iinports and ^6rts, in his reports annO 17! l^ wtit^s, that tiie cOrttraft for till, wis r60to tun fiaonety weight/ Or 1714 tun, 508lb. avoirdupois weight ; wHich is more than is taKerf«flr bvforeien exportation and home conr<(iinptiOh, and may tend to make t&cb£a9^iy adrug;^ ^ i\'^-'\ '''''-" 7^"?''^' •/ -a.u .0 ^.a: 240 ^Summary, Hiftorieal and PoUtkul^ &:c. lead, leather t, grain, and wool * : by colonies our trade and navigation ii vaftly improved ; Cromwell and the rump parliament had good notions of trade in ge- i^eral, and particularly of the plantation trade ; they had a fcheme to bring the Dutch to reafon, for feme out- rages they had done us in our fpice trade and other affairs } but the fubfequcnt reigns of the indolent Charles the fecpnd, and of the popi(h prieft-rid James the fecond, were great damps. The addition which the factories and colonies have made to our trade and na- f Great-Britain pro«iuces more Grain, than they can confume, and there are certain bounties given upon its exportation, when prices do not exceed Tpecified rates ; and upon the exportation of manufadures from grain, there are bounties and drawbacks, v. g. Upon malt, beer» malt-fpirits. In England from a conAimption of about 80,000 quarters of malt are manufaflured about 1,600,000 gallons of malt- fpirits, which pays upwards of 150,000/. fterl. per an. to the pnblick tevenue. * Wool and woollens are the greatefl and mod profitable commo- ditv of the produce and manufactures of Great- Britain, on which the Value of lands and the trade of the nation do chieity deptod. The gain in mannfaCluring of wool is (o conilderable, that the greaftfl penalties, even to death» prohibits the exportation of wool not manu- laflured ; the admiralty appoint cruisers on the coails of Great-Britain and Ireland, to intercept the exportation of wool ; thefe penalties \vere extended to wool from Ireland ; and afterwards to the planta- tions i by aA of parliament, after Dec. i. 16^9, no wool aor wooileos . the produce pf any of the Englifh plantations m America, to be fhippM .off on any pretence whatfoever ; as alfo that no fuch wool or woollens the produce of any of the Englifh plantations in America ihali be ioaden upon any horfe, cart, or other carriage, to the intent aad pur- pofe to be exported, tranfported, carried or conveyed out of the faid '*£nglifh plantations, to any other of the faid plantations, or to any .,other place whatfoever, upon the fame pains, penalties, and for- leitures ; which are, forfeiture of goods and carriage, and 500 /. fterl, '.'fine. Our woollens are above one third of our univerfal export. At a 1 medium our wool manufactured is double the value of the wool it- self ; and deducting all charges, one third of the neac profit goes to I - the landlord. We import about 5000 bags of Spanim or Segovi}! .wool per annum, it is of a fine grain, without a mixture of it nol fuperhne cloths can be made; but of a fliort flaple, it cannot be I wrought without a mixture of Englifh or oU^er woof of a longerj 'flaple. vigatlonl Vi|;ation i trade, c6 rice, fugai fides the f and navig renue to t 300,000^ fugars 15c in multi to advantaj flies produc the fame n: if wre increa plenty mufl The regi tered accon quire j for ftate 1726, produce din m to returr they fet out « neceffity t< rice is lately can-y plantai from Great- tliis would I plantations d pendency of i ihall cd North-Amer niary> by a Ionics. It „ alterations ar an idle fche towards refti emendations. ij tfthi Bridlh SiTi'LEkENTs/ff America^ 241 Vigation is immenfe, viz. the India trader fur and (kin trader, cdd-filhery and fi(h-oil, navai ftores^ tobacco, rice, fugar^ and other Weft-India Ifland produce. Be- v fides the proHts they afford to the planters, merchants, and navigation owners^ they yield great branches of re- renue to the publick treafury, the Eafl-India trade about joo,ooo^. ilerling per ann. tobacco 200,000^. (terling, fugars 1 50^000 ^. fterling, 6ff. In multiplying of colonies there are boundaries which to advantage cannot be exceeded : thus our fugar colo- nies produce as much fugar as we can vent to proBt i the fame may be faid of rice, and perhaps of tobacco ; if we increafe in thefe, their prices at market from their plenty muft fall, and not yield a fufHcient profit* The regulations in the colony-trade, ought to be al- tered according as circumflances of time, &fr. may re- quire i for inftance, feeing by an arret of the council of fiate 1726, the French colonies are allowed to carry their produce diredlly to other ports of Europe, but the vef- leis to return diredtly to the ports of France from whence they fet out : therefore Great Britain feems to be under a ncceffity to take off all enumerations (that of fugar and rice is lately in part taken off) but that the veffels which can'y plantation-goods to foreign ports, fhall clear out from Great-Britain before they return to the plantations, this would prevent their carrying foreign goods to our plantations direftly, and would maintain the proper de- pendency of the colonies upon their mother- country. ^ The Utopian amufement, 1 fhall conclude the general hiflory of the Britifh North- America colonies, being the firft part of our fum- maryt by a fcheme for the better regulating thefe co- lonies. It is not tc be expected that fuch confiderable alterations are to be made, and therefore may be called an idle fcheme ; but, perhaps, it may give fbme hints towards redtifying feveral things, which much require emendations. II By :l ,,U nMm ij^t >f Summary, HiJIorical and PoUiUal^tiCl By the general patent of King James I. anno i6o5, the Tea- line of the Englifh North- America, at that time called North and South-Virginia, was to have been di- vided into colonies f of loo miles fquare, being for each colony, loo miles upon the fea \ but this patent was foon vacated, and the propofed divifions did not take place : afterwards royal grants were made at fundry times, to various grantees of Tingle perfons or commu- nities, of different humours and views ; fo that bounda- ries (the countries not being well explored, inftance, Merrimack river with relation to the boundaries of Maf> fachufetts-Bay, and New-Hampfhire colonies) were un- certain, and their conftitutions different. The colonies at this time are arrived to a (late of confidera le matu- rity, and the conveniences and inconveniences of the policia or polity of the fcverul colonies are now apparent} perhaps it would be for the interelt of the nations of Great-Britain, and for the eafe of the miniftry or mana- gers at the court of Great- Britain, to reduce them to ibme gerieral uniformity \ referring to their feveral gene- ral alTemblies or legiflatures, the raifrng of taxes, and appropriating the fame, with the affairs relating to their diflicrent or fundry produces and trader thefe may be called their municipal laws. Previoufly, at the court of Great-Britain, there may be conftituted A Board of Trade and Plantations for direflion •, to be compofed of gentlemen returned home, who have formerly been governors of colonies, judges of vice -admiralty, confulsat foreign ports of trade, commodores who have lerved fome time in plantation* ilatiohs, furveyor-generals, and collectors of the cuftoms in the colonies, planters, merchants, and fadtors who follow the plantation trade : fome few of thefe may have fallaries, and obliged to a clofe attendance i the others i may be honorary, and with equal power of management whenprefent: the agents (they are properly their attor- 1 neys) of the colonies to attend when called upon. 0//'^#firiti(li Settlements in America. 243 This board being confticuted, their Brll bufmefs may be CO compofe a draught of a body of general laws for all the \ antations (it may be called the magna chart a Of THE British colonies in America) by perilling the prefcnt law-books of the feveral colonies, and from their own perfonal experience and obfcrvation, with the afliftance of the attorney and folicitor- general, or of fome other eminent lawyers. This draught of general laws for the plantations to be laid before the Britilh parliament for their approbation, and to be palTed into a publick aft of parliament •, in procefs of time, and as things may require, fubfequent parliaments may make additions and amendments. All thefe general laws may be comprifed in t one pocket- volume. Seme of tbefs plantation general laws, may relate to the following ar titles, ""' I. Property (hall permanently remain as at prefcnt, and transferable according to law, with a claufc tor qui* eting podeHlons. Proprietary and charter-governments to be vacated for equivalents, cither in money, or a further addition of land-property, and all governments of the colonies to be vetted in the crown *. , j 'I -. .- - ^-1 , ■ ; .1 ■ •« :i •••.? , ■ -' r^'v.. The f The laws of nations of long {landing have bv, <• reduced with |;reat utility into a fmall compafs. The Roman pei.^1 < :> are in fifty- one titles. Lewis XIV. of France reduced all the laws of that great country into two fmall pocket volumes, called Code de Louis des af-^ faires de mtr, and Code de Louis des affaires di ierrt. The laws of Scotland preceding the union, are in three duodecimo volumes. The laws of Denmark are in one quarto volume. * To fome original grantees, the government of the colony was equally their property, as that of the foil. It has been a pradice time out of mind, with the Britifh legiflatures, for a publick good ufe, to take away private property, allowing proper adequate com- penfation. In fuch grants of colonies, government and land-pro- perty are not to be deemed for ever infeparable ; the Earl of Granville (formerly, Lord Carteret) had one eighth of the govurnment as well R 2 ■ as l4+ ^Summary, Hiftorical and Political &^. ;Thc government of all the northern American conti- ncnt-coJonies being thus in the .crown, that country nay, at the plealure of the court of Great-Britain, he f-'vided into lundry governments more uniform, equal, and convenient for the attendance of perfons concerned in their provincial courts, than at prefent, without any damage or infradion of t property : moreover, the fc- veral colonies will be more adequate checks upon one another as of the foil of Carolinas ; lately he refigned his part of the govern- ment to the crown, retaining his eighth part of the foil, which is laid off diftinft, but fome think too amply, either as an cquivaleht for rc- iigning his Ihare in that government, or by way of indulgence as a court-favourite : the people of New-Jerfies were fo mutinous for two or three years, that the proprietors (the proprietors are many) for their own eafe, furrendred the government to the Queen in council, by an inflrument dated April 17, 1702. •f Where the property belongs to one family (as the Earl of Gran- ville, Lord Fairfax, Lord Baltimore, and Pen's) there is no difficulty, becaufe no damage is done to the property of the foil, by fubjefling fome parp of it to the jurifdiAion of one government, and the other part of it to the jurifdidion of an adjacent government : but where the property of the foil belongs to a community, as in three of the co- lonies of New-England ; in fplitting of colonies for uniformity and convenience, there feems to be fome difficulty in dividing or adjufting the property of colony -lands remaining, not granted to private per- fons, this difficulty vaniihes in courfe of years. The colony of Rhode- Jil^nd has made grants of Ji their community -lands to fundry private perfons many years fince : the colony of Connet^icut fold the re- mainder of their colony-lands, anno 1737, being feven townfliips in its north-wefl corner, to private perfons by publick vendue ; the in- tereft of the piirchafe-money is wifely applied towards the fupport of free-fchtfols. In the province of Malfachufett's-bay (their govern- ment ii in the crown, but the property of their lands or foil is in the community) of their old charter- colony lands, not exceeding the value of four or five townfhips or parifhcs of fix miles fquare each, remains not giranted to private perfons : in their additional province of Maine, t line of two tow;n(hips deep (the valuable part of that country) along the fea aiid rfvers is already become private property, fo that the re- mainder, of lefs value, may be refigned to the crown for fome valua- ble corifideration, to be applied towards paying the province debt. Befidcs, by treaty with the Indians anno 172;, all thofe lands hither- to not conveyed to private perfons, were referved to the Indians. i - ■ " N. B. /ill jy iiC?_ 0/ the Britifti Settlements i« America. 245 another in cafes of mutiny or infurrcflions. The feveral colonies as at prefcnt are at length, and with much dif- ficulty, become welUbounded and diftinguiflied (the line between Maryland and Pennfylvania excepted) and there- fore without any trouble may be reduced into the follow- ing governments, 1. Nova- Scotia. 2. Sagadahock, Province of Main, and New-Hamp- fhire. 3. Maflachufetts-bay. 4. Rhode-ifland, and Connedlicut. *^ 5. New-York, and New-Jcrfies. 5. Pennfylvania, and the three lower counties upon Delaware river, ,^ ^, 7. Maryland. • ..-'"M 8. Virginia. • '[ — - >'^>-^ 9. North-Carolina, , ' ' ' [ ; 0nt- ^''- * 10. South-Carolina, > sn unuVii.t/ 11. Georgia. . ,..^.^,,rtw \ ■' Hudfon*s-bay is not a colony, and confids only of very much fepar^ted fmall faftories or lodges, at the mouths of fome confidtrable rivers, where the Indians in their canoes con^e to trade with furs and (kins. Newfoundland is not a colony, but only a number of good harbours for curing of cod-Bfli ; the foil is good for nothing. As the country and rivers are now well explored and known, if the colonies were to be new-modelled, thty might be more dillinftly bounded as follows. Nova-Scotia, which is bounded by the river and gulph of St. Laurence, by the Atlantick ocean, and Bay of Fundi, fhall be further bounded by boundary, No. i, being St. John's river, 6fr. ' ; v ,. ' N. B. In thefe comtnunity'Coloniet, when they made grants to pri- vate perfons, if they had fufa^e^tcd the granted lands to fome fmall certain quit-rents, thefe quit rents would have been a permanent branch of the publick revenue to - The legiflaturcs may confift of three negatives : I. The governour with advice of the King*s or go- vernouf's council 'f* appointed by the crown, with re- commendation of the Board of trade and plantations > this may be called the King's negative. 2d negative may be fome particular hereditary lords of large manors (v. g. Ranflaer, Levingfton, Beekman in New-York government) appointed by royal patents : The qualifications may be a land eftate in conftituted townlhips or parifhes, not leG than three thoufand acres, find who fliall pay at leaft {^. fter. value in every thoufand pound province rate; fomething of this nature was defigned in the beginning of Carolina fettle- ment. Thefe Patricii or hereditary Optimates will be a credit to the country, and may be called the upper houfe of aifembly. Thofe lands to be in tail general, that is, to females in d>.tit^ of males (while in females that vote lies dormant, until a male, tlie iflue of this female ihall appear) indivifible and unalienable : this feems CO be confonant to the fecond negative in the parliament of Great-Britain, 3d negative is the reprefentatives of the common people from their feveral diftridts 5 and may be called the lower houfe of aifembly, or the common houfe of '*-i f In all our colonies, Pcnnfylvania excepted, the council is one of the three negatives in the legiflature j in King's governments it feems unequal (I do not fay abfurd) becaufe as the crown has the apjjointing of the governour, and of his council ; the crown is veiled with two negatives in three : therefore it is propofed, that the Kjng's or gover- nour's council, fhall have no other concera in the legiflature, than by advice to the governour in his negative. aflfembly. iF ml 8 48 ^Summary, liiftmcal and PcUHcat^ &c. afTembly. At prefent they are varioufly reprefented, a| tn4yT appear in the following feAions, concerning tht fever^l colonies. Perhaps a general uniformity might be expedient, that is, two or more reprefentatives from each county, and two reprefentatives from each (hire town : the qualiBcation for the eledkors to be 46 iu per annum llerling value of freehold, or ^o£. fterling value prin- cipal in any eftate real or perfonal ; the qualification of the elefted, reprefentative, or deputy to be — r-per ann. land rent, or— ^principal eftate of any kind clear of all incumbrances. As the reprefentatives of counties and towns are not eleded as agents for thefe counties qr tpwnlhips 9t the general court, but as their quota of the commons reprefentation in the province \ when they Hnd a perfon well qualified in knowledge and ho* neily, though not a town refident (in the out-town* ihips it cannot be fuppofed that the refidents or fettlers do underftand much of ftate-policy affairs) they may have the privilege of 'elefting that perfon, though a * non-refident, but with fome natural intereft of freehold in the county or townlhips. As upon frivolous occafions difputes fometlmes hap- pen between the fevpral negatives; and thereby their gener^ affemblies fpend much idle time, attended with extraordinary charge, and delay of bufinefs : therefore in times of peace, they ihall not fit at one felTion exceed- ing ■ 1 days ; which will oblige the repre- fentatives of the people to a quicker difpatch of bufinefs, and will prevent the governours from forcing them into their own interef|;ed meafures, by an inconvenient long attendance. As in fome colonies, their affemblies have refufed or * In the Maflachufctts-bay colony, 5 William and Mary it was enafled, that no town in the province fliall chufe any reprefentative, unlefs he b^ a freeholder and refident in fuch town for which they are chofen to rcprefcnt. f The diet of Poland foi: this reafon, have fuch 9 regulation, eflabJifhed in perpetuity. negledlecj Of the Britifti Settlements i/i America. 249 f cglcftcd for fomc years following, to fupply the ordi- nary charges of their governments : therefore if fuch a ncgleft happen in any colony for two years running, the board of trade and plantations Ihall be impcwered to tax that colony, and make an aflefTment in proportion to fome former affelTment, and the ufual or laft chofen col- leAors and conftables be obliged to collect the fame, and carry it into their refpeftive treafuries, to be applied as the faid board (hall diredb, but for the ufe of the charges of the particular colony, and for no other ufe. III. Religion. '• For the greater eafe and encou- ragement of the fettlers, there fhall for ever hereafter be a liberty of confcience (this is in the words of the charter of the province of MaiTachufetts-bay) allowed in the worlhip of God, to all Chriftians, * Papifts excepted ;** and without any peculiar religious qualifications for of- fices. As the church of England by the articles of union is the national church of all the Britifh plantations, their minifters mull be licenfed by their diocefan*, but all other communities, their places for religious worfhip, may be licenfed by the quarter feflTions, and regiftred. Upon any complaints in cafes of life or dodrine of the minifters, ^he quarter feflTions may appoint fome know- ing, difcreet minifters of the gofpel in the neighbour- hood (this is a jury of their peers) to enquire into the matter, and make a report of their opinion to the quar-!* ter feffions. Preachers and exhorters f not licenfed by the quarter feffions, who fhall intrude without the invi^ tation or confent of town or parifb-minifter ( as by their noife and npnfenfe they may alienate the minds of V^eak people frotn their own fettled minifters) ihall be decm*d iii; € 'i • Page 225. f Vagrant enthufiafts, fuch as are, at this prefent writing, Mr. W — f — d, and his brethren ; if they could be fo apprivois'e or tamed, ^s to fubmi: to regulations, the edge of their fiery zeal might be turnr ed toward Indians converfions, which would be of good ufe in a po- litical as well as religious view; this is pra£tifed with good efFeft by I !5] :^ 2 50 A SvMMAR Y, Hifiorical and Politicai^ (jf/, .deemed as fortune-tellers, idle and diforderly perfoni ^vagrants and vagabonds. That the parfons of the .church of England, and the minifters of the toleratt?4 communities be enjoined to live in exemplary charity and t brotherhcyod. That their pulpit diicourfes m^ principally relate to things which do not hV: within the cognizance of the municipal laws ; to preach up induv ftry, and frugality ; to preach down idlcnei'i, 4 ^\^. lute life, and fraud ; never to intermeddle in affatrs of iVate-i no pulpit inveflivcs againft tolerated r^Iigioui /efts, that as Dr. Swift humouroufly exprclTes it, *» thirir religious zeal having no vent by their tongues, jii-iy ^ turned into the proper channel of an exemplary Htfi*/*' IV, Judicatories. That in die feveral. colonics, (f?/. legiilatiiies or general aflcmblies, may have a power to eredl: Judicatories for crimes capital or not capital j for pleas At il, perfonal, or mixt -, and to eleft judges at]4 jufticcs not annually or durante heneplacito^ but for llff, or quamdiu fe bene gejferint •, and when by rcafon ©i age in the judges, their intellectual fl^culties b(;come las* by our French neighbours of Canada. At prefent their zeal i$ jjlr pointed; in towns of bufinefs, poor deluded tiadefmen and )»^f' ers (whofe time is their only eftate) are called otF to their ^xbdfi^' tions ; to the oriv'ute detriment of their families, and gregt &%m^^ to the publicic ; thus, perhaps, every exhortauon of W— £--4 wa$ about looOj^. damage to Bollon in New-England. That the mifiionaries be canton'd along the Indian frontiers, f^f^i cially at the truck or trading-houfes, under the direfliion of a fu' perintendant or travelling miihonary, one for each of the northern dfl4 louthern diArifls of our continent colonies ; thefe mi(nonari<;$ M alfo to ofRciate in the poor out-townfhips or parities not able to mm' tain a gofpel-miniftry. f Dr. Humphrey, fecretary to the fociety for propagating tb# gfl* fpel in foreign parts, in anfwer to fome complaints fent to the foej^ty Mjunjl fome of their mifiionaries by the Rev. Mr. William Wjlliaw* of Hampfhire, by his letter dated London, Warwick-court, ip Wftfwkk' lane. May 29, 173;, writes, that " the minifters of the ebareH ef England, were as little as may be, to meddle with any ipgttgf^ ^ •controverfy, but only to preach the gofpel and admini(ler the fwfS- ments according to the do^rine aiid difcipline of the '^;hur£)t §^ England." guidi Of she Britifli Settlements i» America. 251 Wu1» and their memories fail •, they may be allowed a certain yearly penfion ; thus thefe gentlemen will make the law their delight, ftudy, and only bufinefs ; and ^ under no temptation of being mercenary to provide for a rainy day. It muft always be fuppofed that the ofHcers of the court of vice-admiralty, the officers from the board of cuftoms, and the furveyors of the woods or flwfting- trees, are to be appointed by the court of Great- Bfilain s the juftices of the general leffions of the peace, ef (he inferior court of common pleas, of the fuperior cetJft of judicature, aflize, and general jail -delivery, and of probates to be eledive in the leveral provinces. TJiat appeals from the colonies fhall be to a court of dele- gates, being a committee of the board of trade and plantations ; and from thence in cafes of great confc- quence to the houfe of lords in Great-Britain, the der' tiitr refort of all juftice for the dominions of Great-Bri- tain, which is a court of law and equity in itfelf, as all Other courts of judicature ought to be. * The four principal executive offices ought to be in four t diftindtperfons or boards, i. The governor with hi» council. 2. The chancery. 3. The judges of the fuperior court of common pleas. And 4. The judge of^probate of wills and granting of adminifiration. As an eftate qualification, the judges of probates and judges of the fuperior courts, fhall have a clear eftate of any fort, above what will difcharge all incumbrances ; paying -« — in every thoufand pound tax : inferior judges and juftices of the quarter feffions a like eftate i*i»ii ' . 11 ■ - III — * In all nations of Europe, England excepted, law and equity are 1a the fame court, in our colonies ic would fhorten law-fuits, and pre Vettt much unneceiTary charge, by uniting two courts into one ; a number of good judges may reafonably be fuppofed to have a greater Wlle^ive knowledge, and more impartial, than a fole judge in equity, chancellor or mafter of the rolls j feveral chancellors have bee» con- ykled of iniquity. * In Virginia from bad policy they are all veiled in one board, the governor and his council : in feveral other colonies two or more pf them are in the fame perfon or boaid. paying 2^1 ^Summary, Hifiorical and Political tic^ paying— in every thoufand pound colony or province tax. Some regulations to prevent delay of juftice, that caufes may fpeedily be brought to iflue and execution ; fome exception may be made in cafes, where are con- cerned, infant Sy femme convert e^ non- compos ^ and perfons beyond feas. In all the ports, a court merchant, for the fummarv difpatch or recovery of debts belonging to ilranger and tranlient traders. > That the real eftate of inteftates f be indivifible, and go to the next in kin. . ' V. To ENCOURAGE THE GROWTH OF THE COLO- NIES. No perfon (hall be carried out of the refpedlive colonies, or required to march, without their own con- fent, or by a particular refolve of their legiflature, no levies of lands-men for foldiers, excepting in cafes o( foreign invadons, great incurfions of the Indians, or ge- neral infurredions in any of the colonies : thefe |] levies \ Inteftate real eftate divided among all the children or collaterals, and in the next generation iubdivided amongft their children or colla* terals ; will render a colony for ever poor, becaufe depending upon a fm^ll pittance of land, fcarce fufficient to produce the neceflaries of life, and being under no abfolute necefllty of ufing further induft^, they continue idle, and miferable for life ; whereas the younger chil- dren, if inilead of being freeholders, they become tenants (as a pab< lick good) they mull be more induftrious, and raife, befides a meer fubiiftence, a fufficient rent for the landlord, and acquire a habit of induftry : fome of their male children will become a nurfery for the publics land and fea fervice ; as for the female children, their want of real eftate will not difqualify them from being good breeders, but incite and oblige them to accept of hufbands when they offer. H There has been no repartition for many years; thelaftwasin this proportion. Maflachufetts-bay New-Hampftiir^ Rhodc-iflan4 '^ ConneAicut , ^, ,. . New- York ^^^-^"^ Hi yji ,^<^i 350 40 48 120 ZOO Eaft Jerfey Weft-Jerfey Penfylvania Maryland Virginia confiderable account. 60 60 '80 160 240 Since that Carolina at th^t time was of no time Penfylvania, from the great importation of forefgners and Irifti, is become near equal to MaftachufettS'bay, and the Jerfi^s eq\ial toNewToj-k. i4:> to Of the Britilh Settlements /» America. 253 to be in certain proportions or quotas for each colony, to be fettled from time to time, according to their pro- portional growths by the board of trade and plantations. No imprefs of failors, it hinders the growth of their trade and navigation, the proHts center in the mother* country \ imprelTes may occafion tumults and mutinies in the colonies, a noted inftance we have from that rafh unpftccdented imprefs * at Bofton New-England by com- modore Knowles, Nov. 1 7, 1 747. 2. Importing and na- /^ \ turalizing * Small mobs do happen in all feaport towns upon tmprefies ; the occafion being extraordinary this was a larger mob, and may be called a tumult i this occafion in a vote of a £eal town-meeting, is term- ed an unwarrantable imprefs, and in a refolve of the houle of repre- fentatives Nov. 19, it iscxpreffed '* A grievance which may have been the caufe of the aforefaid tumultuous difordcrly aflembling together.** The mob began early in the morning, by night were intoxicated with drone drink, and ufed the governor, upon his admoniihing them from the oalcony of the court -houfe, with very indecent, rude ex- preOions ; but with no rebellious defign ; as drunk, they were void of fenfe or defign. With fome difficulty I perfwaded my felf to publilh this annota- tion; becaufe, i. The inhabitants of the town of Bofton legally conveened, alledging that Governor Shirley in his publiihcd letters with regard to this tumult, had fet the town of Boilon in a difad- vantageous light, and that their charaAer and reputation were much aifefted thereby ; occafioned mifunderftandings ; but have fince by mutual explanations, been amicably compofed, and therefore ought to be buried in oblivion. N. B. An expreffion, in a former (heet of this hiftory, is faid to have occafioned thefe mifunderftandinzs ; as the author hopes that this hiftory may live, he thinks himfelf obliged to explain that expreflion. The governor's letters were wrote and delivered, though not printed, prior to the publication of that fheet (or pamphlet as it is termed) which was done by a private perfon, not by the diredlion, or in the knowledge, of the town of Bofton^, con- fequently the town was not in the qucftion ; the author himfelf was under no temptatipn to offend one party, or to pleafure the other party; he hoKIs no place under the governor, he is not a^oWn- officer, jic i^ever had, nor ever (hall defire to have any influence a- mong the populace ; government he adores, tumults he abhors. The expreflion is, " He was welcomed to town again (the toWn- addrefs or petition to the governor, fays " on your return to town'*) by the regiment of militia under arms, as is ul'ual upon the recep- tionofa new governor, or Rsassumpsion of the government" in allufion 4 54 i/^SOMMARV, fjtj»oHc^l and PoUticalj &c. turalizing of' foreigners conform to two afls of parlia^ mcnt, an. 174O) lee p. 234 i naturalized foreigners are not allufion to his reception when he arrived from Cape-Breton to rcaf. fume the chair of government ; there was no defigned infinuation of wealc conduct ; if any thing in the exprcflion is exceptioiuble it ought 40 be condrued only as an impropriety in di£lion« a lapfe nay be incident to any author. 2. I do not affefl fuch occafional articles, tiicy debafc a hillory of permanent defign, to the low cha- rafter of a tranfitory news-paper : but as this affair is too much mag. nified, and is reprelented home in a falfe and bad light, to the diT. advantage of this town and province ; I thought it incumbent upon me, as an hillorian in place and time, to give a (hort impartal relation of this incident, more efpecially to obviate the imputation of teing rebellious, which aniongll other bad effefls, might retard the reim- burfement of the great expence incurred by New-England in the re- du^ion of Cape Breton, and occafion a jealous regard from the court of Great-Britain j from thirty -years refidence in New-England, I am convinced that no firitifh iubjeds have a better regard for the Hanoverian race or fucceffion. Rebellion implies concerted meafures, lyith provifion of money, and warlike ftores (this is not alledged) no fire-arms, they did not attempt to take pofTefllon of town -batteries and ftores, they did not take pofleffion of the town-sates (fiollon is a peninfula, with only one gate open by day and by n'ght) or court-houfe, its lower floor or walks, is open and free to every body W'ithout beine reckoned trefpafTers. The governor's letters to the fe- crctary, wHich furprized the town, do not feem to be wrote with any premeditated defign of hurting the charafier of the town ; but perhaps vvit^ fome degree of warmth, and in " utmoA haile," and calls it an ** illegible fcrawl." "'Commodore K— s, naturally raJh and imprudent, without ad- vliing with the governor and council, and cautioning his offi- cers afliore in Bolton concerning a mob which might probably enfue upon fuch an extraordinary imprefs; in the night-time with armed boats did kidnap or ileal fhip-builders apprentices, and did rob (hips (cleared out) of their crews. Some of thcfe vefTels be- 16ng'd to Glafgow in Scotland, therefore he imagined, or was ill-in- formed, that the Glafgow mailers and faftors were the inaaagers of the mob ; and in a tranfport of paflion, as it was rumoured, faia, that all Scotchmen were rebels ; if this be made apparent, in quality of a Warrant commodore he is of notice, and may be obnoxious iofcari' datiim magnatum of all the Scots peers, and to the refcntment of every Scots loyal fubjed, in hiftory, or otherwife, even to the. minutia of liis charafter. la, the morning Nov. 17, 1747. Upon this arbitrary unprecedented too Of the Britifh Settlements /« America. 25$ not to fettle in feparate peculiar ciiilrifts, but intermix' edly with the original Britiih, fee page 209. Papifts or Koniurorsy (hail regifter their names and eitates. VI. Publicic i I too rigorous ifflprefs. Tome fhilors, ftrangers, belonging to two or three veflels bound to Guinea and privateering/ fearing the like'fate, did in their own defence afliemble or afl'ociate, but without any fire-arms, only with the rufty cutlafTes bdonging to their veiTels, fomc clubs and cat- iliclcs} this appearance, as' is ufual, attraded fome idle fellows of low circomHances, and lower character, boys and children, which made the mob appear large : This mob fufpedling that fome of the prefs- gangs were in town, went in fearch for them, and fome wicked aban- doned fellows (a mob is like a brute flock of fheep, they implicitly and without reafoning follow a ringleader or ibeaker ; therefore a i 'ng- leader or fpeaker, if conviAed as fuch, ought to fuffer for all felonies tnd other damages committed by the mob) propofed to make reprifals of the commodore's officers, as hoftages for the releafe of the town in- habitants. This mobbilh aflembly imagining that thofe officers had flieltered themfelves (the government was in duty obliged to protedt them) in the governor's houfe, or in the provincial court-houfe ; at noon they ap- peared before the- governor's houfe, and in the evening before the pro- vincial court-houfe ; by this time being much intoxicated (which after a few hours fleep fubddes) they ufed the governor, who appeared in the balcony, with indecent language ; and fome naughty boys and children, who in frolicks take pleaiure in the rattling of glafs (fome- times they u(e the window-glals of their parents houfes with the fame freedom) with brick-batts broke fome window-glafs of the court-houfe, but were reproved by the real mob. This mob was lefs impetuous than the generality of mobs ; they ufed the fea-oiHcers well, and difmifTcd them before the commodore had dif- miifed the impreiTed town-inhabitants : They did not feize capt. Auf- cough or Erlkme, but left him at large upon his parole. After the tumult had fubfided, the commodore advanced with his fleet to infult Bofton, which he imagined had infulted him. The ^o* vernor in his letter from caftle-iflandto the fecretary, Nov. 19, writes "I wiU endeavour to divert him from fuch thoughts, and to influence him to difcharge the inhabitants, and as many as I can in the end, but I cannot promife fuccefs from the prefent temper he is in;" thisinfi* nuates that the commodore was not mailer of his temper, which is ab- folutely requifite in a ftatefman, commander of an army, or commo- dore of a fquadron of men of war (hips. Nov. 19, in the morning after the tumult had fbbfided, the com- oiodore makes an offer to the governor, to come in perfon to the caftle If*': I 't5^ '-^Summary, HifierUal and PcUtmf ^t: VI. PuBLicK Schools and Hospitals. For tho education of youth, there (hall be one publick fchool ur more in each townfhip or diftrift, for teaching of read" ing Engiilb, writing, and arithmetick : In each (hire town a grammar-fchool for the learned dead languages of Greek and Latin, for Hebrew roots rccourfe may bt had to the divinity colleges } the mafters of the town and country fchools to be approved of by the quarter fe(rions : In each province, a fcbola illuftrisi or college, for what are called arts and fciencei, to be resulated by the legidatures: And near the center of the North- America continent colonies (therefore not in Bermudas^ Dr. Berkley's fcheme) an univerfity or academy to be regulated by the board of plantations, to initiate young gentlemen in the learned profe(rion8 of divinity, law« and medicine ; in the modern, commercial and travelling languages of French, Spani(h, and Dutch } in other cu- rious fciences of mathematicks, belles lettres, (^c. and caftle for the defence of the governor's perfon and of the fort ; thit appears with an air of vanity and afluming; but the Kovernor in an- fwer, joftl/ and with propriety of charaAer, acquaints hun, "That he " did not retire to the caftle for fafety of his ^rfon, and that he had " not the lead apprehenfion of the caftle*s beine in danger from an^ " mob." Finally the commodore found it advifable to retire with hu fquadron» and after a few days put to fea for the Well-India iflands. The affiur of the town-mihtia not appearing in arms when called upon, is not eafilv to be accounted for. Some lay, that i. Themiii« tia apprehended that the tumult was at an end, upon the rioters leaving the governor's houfe in the forenoon. 2. That as they were called up< on, inquali^ of peft comi/atus, that is, in aid of the civil ofRcers, and as the civil omcers did not appear to do their duty, they ir.ig;ht think it prepofterous to appear firft ; but in exigencies iuch formalities inuft not beinfifted uoon. 3. There was no legal nlarm, and no writ- ten figncd orders to tbe militia ; efpecially in cafe of being aflaultcd by the tiunalt, in going to their rendezvous, or at their rendezvous, in their own defence to fire (harp (hot. 4. I conje£lure, that they were fo ftumied by this rigorous unprecedented imprefs, and imagining the affiiir was in fupport of the imprefs, as being illegal, they thought in .confequence they could not be required to fujpport it. I am convinced it was not from any rebellious motive ; that is, difafteAion to the king and his fucceflion, or to the three branches of legiflature then convend in fiofton. I '. gentleman Of thi Britidi Settlements i» America. 257 gentlemen exercifes of riding the great horfe, fencing and dancing •, from fcliool to college, from college to travel* and from travel into bufincfs, are the gradations of a liberal education, but for want of elTedls the link of travel is frequently wanting. In every (hire-town there Ihall be a work-houfe, to oblige and habituate idlers to fome work : it is a better charity to provide work for the idle poor, than to feed them i as alfo an alms-houfe for the aged, inBrm, and incurable poor of the county : but J principally and efpccially, an orphan-houfe for poor children \ where parents are dead or unable to provide for their children, thcfe children become children of the common -wealth, not to be brought up to * idle learning (reading and writing excepted) but to trades and labour : generally thcfe poor children may be bound to proper mailers, as apprentices or fervants, the boys to 21 ^t. the ^irls to 18 ^t. by the county courts, or by three jufticcs Quorum unus, Vll. II To ENCOURAGE Trade and Navigation in ■^^T k •H* Vn' THE 11] :|: This fort of charity I admire, it is charity in a political view, as well as in humanity ; they may become ufeful members of the cammon^wealth : the aged, infirm, and incurable, are for ever ti&lefs, imd a dead weight upon the community ; in countries lefs humane, as in fome provinces of China, where there is fcarce neccflary food for their multitudes of people, as incumbrances they deprive them of life. * Some gentlemen of obfervation take notice, that the late humour of erecting in Great-Britain, a multiplicity of freefchools and charity- fchools, is a detriment to the common -wealth; bringing up fo many youth to learning, renders them feeble, idle, and above common hard labour ; the life of a country. > , The prevailing humour in the Engliih univerfities, of making a bufi- neis (called criticifm) of ufing and peruilng the Greek and Roman daificks, to difcover typographical errors, and the inadvertencies of a tranilator, are of no ufe to the community ; the cricick does not acquire more wifdom, and is of no benefit to arts and fciences ; but may prove an innocent, idle amufement to gentlemen of eftates. H The enumerated commodoiies (i. e. which are not to be carried direftly to any other ports, but to thofe of Great-Biitain) are tar, S pitch. Il i I 258 ^SuMMARV, tJifiorical and Political^ ht, THE Colonies, i. All enumerations be taken ofF, ex<* cepting u^n fuch commodities, that are the peculiar produce ot our plantations, and which no foreign nation can purchafe of any other nation. 2. As * animofitics fometimes happen between colonies, fron^ the mutual impofing of high duties upon the mutual importation or exportation of goods, which may tend to alienate their mutual afifeflions, and may prevent or much obftruft a very ufeful national intercourfe amongft the colonies: therefore no fuch colony-duties fliall be impofed, but by fpecial ads of parliament. 3. That all f combinations and agreements, between workmen concerning wages, &c. Ihall be unlawful : that the employer fliall pay the full prices agreed on, in money, not in goods, or by way of truck, with certain penalties. 4. That the Icgi- natures in each colony, may make their own l| municipal or local laws. 5. That the governors of the feveral colonies or provinces, fliall have their falaries out of the civil lift from home, but fliall have no falaries, or gra- tuities from the refpedive affemblies ; it has happened at times in all our colonies, that fome deflgning evil men, having obtained a wicked majority in the affembly, have thus bialTed and corrupted their governours. 6. When townfliips- exceed 500 legal voters for a town- meeting ; the legiflature, or the governour with his pitch, turpentine, hemp, malls, yards, bowfprits, beaver-fkins, and other furs, copper-ore, tobacco, rice, fuflick, and other dying woods, indigo, cotton-wool, ginger, fugar, and molaiTes. * Moft of our colonies have pafTed, at times, fuch a£ls in difpite to fome other colonies; for inilance, anno 1721, MalTachufetts-Bay, and Ncw-Hamp(hire by ads of their general alTemblies, did impofe unreafonable duties upon their mutual imports and exports. f This is conform to an a£l of Britilh parliament, anno 1726, with relation to workmen employed in the woollen manufactures. II P.oman colonies were foreign lands peopled (Coloniam ^ftftrtj by .native Roman families, though governed by Roman laws and om- fers i they had al(b municipal by-laws, made by the PnefeSlusy Staa- tus, Populujque of the colony, that is, in our idiom, by the governor, council, and reprefentatives. council, ^' 6/ the ^ritifh Settlements in America. 259 touncil, tiiay appoint a certain || number for life or num- ber of years, of the moft knowings difcreec, and fubftan- tial men of the town^ to ad in every thing, in place of a general town- meeting, excepting in elections of repre- fentatives or deputies for the general afTembly } in every townfhip all papifts to regifter their names and eftates. p That all veflfels^ thofe from Great-Britain not ex- ceptedi be liable to tunna^e or powder-money, it being towards the protection of their trade and navigation. 8. That no man (even with his own confent) (hall be inllfted in adual land or fea-fervice under 20 ^t. nor above 52 ^t^ This is conformable to a late a£t of par- lianient for enlifting marine foldiers. VIII. Taxes. Tlie different nature of the feveral colonies will not admit of any general taxations ; there- fore the various taxes muft be local, adapted to the con- veniencies of each colony. Here I fhall only obferve, 1. That in thefe colonies ^in North- Carolina there is no other tax) where there is a poll-tax upon all male whites from 16 Ml. and upwards i it feems not equitable that a chimney-fweeperj or the meanefl; of the people, (hould pay as much (as at prefent in MalTachufetts-bay) as a counfellor or prime merchant ; the people ought to be clalfed, and pay in proportion^ according to thtir rank and fubflance, 2. That as wines and (pirits are not the neceffaries of life (and therefore hardmip upon the poor is not in the cafe) there may be a confiderable impoft or cuftom up- on this importation *, and where fpirits are manufactured (for inftance rum in Bofton) an excife at the (till-head. Thus private tippling-houfes, that pay no excife, will have no advantage over the licenfed houfes ; upon ex- portation to draw back the duties of impoft or excife. 3. That there be a licenfe-tax upon all taverns, inns, and other publick houfcs of that nature. 4. A * fump- S 2 tuary II In the towns of Holland the vrotifihap is generally from twenty to forty men. * Sumptus^ amongft the Romans, was ufed to fignify luxury, and Khixx Jutnptuaria /ex, was alfo called ciba-ia Ux ; but at prefent it is generally ufed to fignify excefs in apparel and equipage. 26o >^SuMMARY, Ilijiorical and Political, &c. tUiiry excife or duty upon extravagancies ufed in diet or rtppari'l, excepting upon materials that are the produce ur manufatlure of Great-Britain. 5. As vexatious fuits in law, are a great nuifance in all countries, and the fmallcr the t charges of courts, the greater is the en- couragement to fuch fuits i therefore there fhould be a llamp duty upon all writings or inftruments ufed in law- affair* : whereas appeals from one court to another, are generally vexatious, no appeal to be allowed, unlefs the appellant J depofite fum of money : if the appeU lant is call, this money to be applied towards the charges oi the province or county. 6. In the affair of || rates, as in Great-Britain, the principal gentlemen of the county in the land-tax a6l are nominated ascommilTioners for the county, whereof but a very few are ading. In the plan- tations the juftices of the quarter- fefiions in the counties, i'c'tm to be the proper commiflioners to appoint affeffors in each parilh of the moft fubftantial men ; and in cafes of grievance, appeals in the firft inftance may be made to the quarter ieflions. IX. * That for the benefit of the Britilh trade, and navigation, more efpecially with regard to the American colonies. 'j- In Maflachufetts-bay fince the law-charges have been enhaunfed by a"s of ailembly, law-fuits in number are much diminilhed. :|. As in private life all good men learn from the example and prac- tice of one another, fo it is, or ought to be, amongft nations or coun- trm. In Holland, upon an appeal from the Laage Raad to thcHooge J^a.'ul, 75 guilders is depofitcd, and if he reviews from the Hooge I'.aad, he Jepofites 200 guilders. II in Great- Britain taxes are generally of thefe three denominations, hfiilA'dX (win'ch coniprehends the income of real ellate, of perfonal t'lla;c, and of faculty) cuftoms or import, and excife or confumption. * Many veffels have been loft near the channel of England and elfe- ivhcre, by not giving proper allowance for the difference of variation fjDCC the date of Dr. Halley's chart anno 1 700, 'J'lic utility of frequent well-vouched general maps of the varia- tton> is apparent alfo in inland-affairs ; I fliall only inftance in the a.Tairs of Maffachufetts-bay colony (the place of my refidence) in filtling the lines or boundaries with the neighbouring colonies. Anno ■.';j Of the Brltlfli Settlements//? Am'^rlca. 26 1 colonies, and fadorles in Africa, the Eaft -Indies, and China: and for the better adjufting the boundaries of the colonies or grants in North-America, there Ihail be fitted out at certain periods of years by the board of admirahy or navy board, a few fmaii veffels, fuch as are the man of war fnows called floops, with able obfervers or mathe- 1719, they agreed wr'i Rhode-idand to run their line weft 7, D. N. anno 1713 they run their line with Connecticut VV 9 D. N. Anno 1741 according to the deterniitiation of the King in council, upon an appeal from the judgment of the commiflioners appointed to fettle the lines; their line with New-Hamplhire was run W. 10 J). N. as if the variation were conlt^nt pr upon the increafe, whereas it was upon the decreafe: i. About anno 1700, Dr. Halley's period, the well variation in Maffachufetts-bay was about 10 D. and without giving any allowance for its decreafe in the fpace of half a century, did in the l^ft cafe fettle it according to Halley's chart; anno 1741, the vari- ation was fcarce 8 D. and the error or gore was in favour of Mafia- chafetts-bay. 2. The other line, between Maffachu(etts-bay pur- chafe, called the Province of Maine, and New-Hampfliire, was ndjutlged to N. 2 D. W. true courfe, and was laid out with the fame error N. 8 D. E. variation, and the guffet was in favour of Nevv-Hampfhire. 3. Line, or the Rhode- ifland line with Mafiachufetts-bay was iettlcd anno 1719, when the variation was about 9 D. laid out by agreement, W. 7 D. N, and the error or guflet was in favour of Mafiachufetts- bay ; thefe guffets contain no inconfiderable trafl of land, for in- ftance, this gore though from the ftation called Saflries, and Wo®d- ward, it runs only about 24 miles, it acquires a bafe of 360 rod, be- ing one mile and forty rod, commonly called the miU of land ; it is true, that after fome time Maffachufetts-bay gave to ilnode-illand an equivalent in watte lands, as to property, but not jurifdiclicn. 4. The line between Maffachufetts-bay and Connedlicut (a government of wife, circumfpedl hufbandmen) was laid out juft, beine; 9 D. variation, iVIr. Brattle, an ingenious, accurate man, obferved u Jofton, the variation W. 9D. N. anno 1708. Doubtlefs fundry navigators have good accounts of wiriations in their journals, and fome curious landfnien have at rimes amufcd thcin- felvesin this affair, but fcarce any have been publilhed to the world ; the only continued fet of variation obfervations, in my knowledge, is that of the Royal Academy of Sciences for Paris, thefe obfervations are annual and generally made in the months of December, from anno 1700 down to this time, and are to be continued by learned men vie II difciplincd, in pay, and therefore obliged to regular duty : our mem- bers of the P.oyal Society for philofophical tranfadlions in London ?re voluntiers, not in pay, not obliged to duty ; fome of them at firlt ^■"•-~ out, perform fome Coup d'Edaty but arc foon tirt'd, S 3 maticians fetting W:- y .,.::« i 262 ^Summary, Hifiorical find Political Zee] tnaticians, and a proper apparatus; in different rowti along the Teas of trade, to obferve the variations for the time being ; and to reduce then) to a general chart of variations, in imitation of the chart (the firft of tha| kind) for anno 1700, delineated by the ingenious, afTu duous, learned, and of blefled memory Dr. Halleyj from his own knowledge and obfervations, from the gootj accounts of others, and from the analogy of the whole y it was foon cavill'd at by our competitors the French academicians and navigators \ but afterwards concede^ to and applauded by the French * academicians. In thefe voyages, when on Ihore by obferving the eclipfes of Jupiter's moons, and of our moon when to be had, they may adjuft the t longitudes, and other requifites of places. The other nations of commerce, particularly France and Holland may do the fame at apublick charge, • The French are our rivals in every thing> and more particularly in matters of learning ; they keep up a laudable emulation ; thus Sir Ifaac Nev^ton and his followers did mveftigatc the earth to be an ob- late fpheroid, the French academicians ad'erted it to be an oblohg fphe- roid ; that is, the degrees of the meridian are fhorter towards the poles; from aAual menfurations (by triangles) of degrees of theme* ridian, from the north to the fouth of France ; but lately fafter a conteil of above fifty years) by their miffions to Borneo under the polar circle, and to Peru under the cquinodlial, they have given up the point. f The longitudes determined by fea-journals, by eclipfes and oc- cultations, before the ufe of tclefropes, micrometers, ana pendulums, were not fo exaft as at prefent j formerly the South-America fhorewas reckoned 6D. of longitude too much diftant from Europe ; by an ob- fervation of the moon eclipfed, Dec. 21, anno 1740, from captain Lcgg^j of the Severn nian of war at the ifland St. Catharine, on the coatt of Brazil, S. lat. 27 D 30 M. 49 D. 20 M. W. from Greenwich. iSenex's maps have placed that coaft about 6D. too much call ward. The China miffionaries (they cany the credit of able mathematicians to enforce the truth oiF their religious dodlrines) find that formerly fhe Cul^ern coaft of China was reckoned 25 D. long, too much diftant from Paris. Dr. Halley, anno 1677, w** ^^'^^ ^^ ^ government- charj',e ro St. Helena, to ubferve and take a catalogue of the fixed ftars in »:he hij;h ibuthern latitudes, which he accordingly reduced to a catalogue and tables : At that time the variation was ^.o-M. £■ of St. Helena. fhU3 Of the Britilh Settlements in America. 263 thus by means of fo many checks, we may attain from time to time fome certainty as to the variations \ this in- fenfibly brings me to a digrelTion. Ji digrejfton concerning the magnetick needky commonly called ^ . the mariner's comfafs, i ^^ That the magnet or loadftone attracted ircn, was known to the higheft antiquity in record : But the pola- rity of an iron rod or wire, touched by a magnet and af- terwards poifed, was not obferved until the 13th century of the chriftian gcra. The mariner's compals is faid to have been firft ufed in Italy (the principal place of traf- fick in thofe days) anno 1301. Cabot a Venetian makes the firft mention anno 1 544 of the variation or defledion of the magnetick meridian from a true meridian, vari- ous in various places. GafTendi, about a century and half fince, difcovered that this declination of the needle in each particular place, in procefs of time, had fome variation. It is not long fince that the dip of the needle, various in various places -, and the variation of this dip- variation in the fame place, has been difcovered : A needle poifed before it is touched, upon the magnetick touch, its north point with us dips from a horizontal po- fition ; for inftance, anno 1723 Mr. George Graham in London obferved it to dip 75 D. i he obferves, the ftronger the touch, the greater the dip i This needle muft be afterwards properly loaded to bring it again to an horizontal poife to ferve in the compafs. As the va- riations of the dip are at prefent of no ufe in navigation, therefore having no relation to our hiftory of the Britilh American colonies, we drop them. Magnetifm is fome power in nature, hitherto inexpli- cable, as are gravity and eledlricity; whereby a load- ftone (an iron ore or mineral) draws to itfelf loadltone or iron. No interpofed body can hinder this influence or attraflioni a large magnet broken to pieces, each fruftym or fragment, retains the attraction and polarity ; S 4 ftcci ii n !# I . If ;'v 'if m 264 -^Summary, Hiftorical and Political &c. ftecl is more receptive and retentive of magnetifm than common iron. The north poles of touched needles do not attrad but repel one another, and attraft fouth poles j Likewife fouth poles do not attract but repel fouth poles. If the different directions of the magnetick needle were permanent for the fame place, it might be imagined to prcceed from different accumulations of magnetick mat- ter in thefe different paits of the earth. Halley's amu- fing fancy, that the globe of the earth was one great magnet, with two contained nuclei (which humorouHy may be termed wheels within a wheel) whofe four poles are different from thofe of the earth, and from one ano- ther i and in cafe a third line of no-variation iTiould be difcovered in the South-Seas (which he feems to fufpcft from the accounts, anno 1670, of fir John Narborough, of the variation upon the weft coaft of South- America decreafing very fafl) he was to introduce a third nucleus: Thefe nuclei he fuppofes detached from the earth ai]d from one another, and to have a circuhitory or libratory motion, equal or unequal, according as the folution of the phcenomena might require ; but this pleafant novel does in no manner account for the irregularities in the va* riations, as hereafter related ; and until by future obfcr- vations they be reduced to fome rules, it feems in vaifl ■ to attempt any hypothefis. Dr. Halley, upc^n his return from his long voyages, de- lineated the variations as they were anno 1 700 in all the oceans and feas, the pacifick ocean excepted, from 58 D, N. lat. to 58 t). S. lat i Deliile delineates the variatioflg 20 D. furthn N. '.'^an Halley. This chart of Halley*§ being the fin . of its kind, will perpetuate his memory better than brafs or marbie, and will be a permanent credit to our Britifli nation. Since Dr. Halley *s chart of variations for anno 1 700, near half a century is clap- fed, which has produced great alterations in the varia- tions, feeing HalL-y*s Atlantick and Ethiopick line of no- yariation, in about the fpace of a century from 1600 to } 708, had moved (it palled ..nno 1600 by cape Agulb;i«i, the Of the Britifti Settlements /» A mcrica. 2 65 the fouthernmoft cape of Africa, by the Morea, and the flofth cape of Europe, in N. lat. 71 D. 24 M. and 22 D. 10 M. E. long, from 1| London) jby its north parts through Vienna anno 1638, through Paris anno 1666, weftward in all about 1400 leagues, and by its fouth parts only a« ttout 500 leagues. The anomalies or bizarreries of the variations, arc un- ;iCCountable, and no length of time, or feries of years is likely to bring them to a mean. I, The variations for the fame place, fometlmes have a direct progrelTive motion but unequally, fometimes are (tationary, and fometimes retrogade : I ihall inftance the variations at Paris for about a century and three quarters of a century; anno 1580 the variation was 11 and half p. £} anno 1666 no variation, is at a medium about 8 M. per an. Anno 17 15 variation was 12 D. 30 M. W. for (hat interval, is about 14 M. per an. From that time to anno 1720 it was generally retrogade; from 1720 va- riation about 13 D. W. for five years it was ftriftly ftati- onary ; from anno 1725 it was at a medium direftly in- cfeafing or progreffive to an. 1 732, variation 15D. 45 M. W. From 1732 to 1743 (fo far the memoirs of the Paris academy of fciences are publiflied) the variation was 15D. 5 M. W. that is a little upon the decreafe with a libratory motion ; Therefore (as I may conjedure) the general in- creafe of the European weft variations feem to be retard- ed, or ftationary, or upon the decreafe. 2 J Mr. George Graham of London, an ingenious and accurate mechanicien, obferves anno 1722 from Februa- ry 6, to May 10 (ths compafs-box remaining unmoved all that time) above one thoufand times ; the greateft variation (weftward) was 14 D. 45 M. the leaft 13D. 50 M. he obferves, that the variation is confiderably dif- ferent in different days, and in different hours of the fame day ; without any relation to heat or cold, dry or moift air, clear or cloudy, winds or calms, nor the jl Wc always mean longituJa from London, if not othcrwife exprefied. I height 1:1 m m '- :::^m 266 ^Summary, Hifiorical and P oMeaU heel height of the barometer. In the fame day he obferved the greateft variation from noon to 4 hours afternoon and the leaft about 6 or 7 hours in the evening. Mr! Jofeph Harris, in his return from Jamaica to London anno 1732 obferved, that the wcfterly variations were* lefs in the morning than in the afternoon. The curves of no-variation, and of each particular variation, do al- ter their curvatures fo irregularly and undulatory ; they are not reducible to any equation expreOive of their nature. ^. The variations have no relation to meridians ; ac« cording to Halley*s chart anno 1 700, at the entrance of Hudfon's freights, variation was 29 and half D. weft • at the mouth of Rio de la Plata, nearly under the fame meridian, the variation was 20 and half D. ead. As to parallels of latitude it is obferved, that the further north or fouth from theequinodlial, the variations are the greater, but in no regular progrelTion either as to diftance from the equinoftial or difference of time; M. des Hayes and DuGlos anno 1682 at Martinique, found the varia- tion 4 D. 10 M. eaft 5 anno 1704 it was 6 D. 10 m. E. this is 2 D. in 21 years ; in the fame interval of time, it increafed at Paris 5 D. 30 M. The further from the ]ines of no-variation, the variations feem to increafe or decreafe the fafter. 4. Capt. Hoxtonfrom Maryland, relates a ftrange phj- nomenon of his magnetick needles or compaffes, anno 1725, Sept. 2, a little after noon, fair weather, fmallfea, in N. Lat. 41 D. 10 m. 28 D. E. long, from cape Henry of Virginia, all his compaffes (an azimuth, and 4 or 5 more) carried to feveral parts of the fliip continued for about one hour, traverfing very fwiftly, fo as he could not fte(;r by them, but all of a fudden, every one of them flood as well as ufual. Capt. Middleton, in his Hudfon's- bay voyage of 1725, fays, that his greateft variation was 40 D. W. in N. Lat. 6^ D. 50 M. 78 D. W. from London ; where the compafs would fcarce travprfe : he fays, a great cold or froft hinders the needle from tra- : ■ . I verfing: Of fhe Britifli Settlements in America. 267 verfing: where near a great body of ice, there were great complaints of the compafs not traverfing: ho ^fpedled, that the age of the moon had fome innuence upon the variation. 5. The three lines of no- variation feem to be of different natures ; that line in the Atlantick and Ethiopick ocean gives eafterly variations weft of its line, and wefterly variations eaft of its line -, that line in the Indian ocean re- yerfly gives wefterly variations weft of its line 5 and eafterly variations eaft of its line; that in the paciBck ocean or fouth^fea, unexpeftedly gives eafterly variations both fides \ Pr. Halley and others, before this third line was difco- vered, feem to have laid it down as a law in nature, that where an eafterly variation terminated, a wefterly varia- tion muft begin, and where a wefterly variation termi- nated an eafterly variation was to begin, but further ol> fervations evince this to be no ftated law. There is a magnetick influence all over the furface of pur globe or earth ; the magnetick needle in fome places has a tr^e meridian diredion, in others the magnetick peridian has a deflection more or lefs in different places, eaft or weft : the points or places of no- variation, and of the feveral quantities of variation, when conne6led, form curves, but fo irregular as not reducible to any equation, and Of rio permanent figure, and not eafily to be clafted ; we fhall only obferve. There are at prefent three lines of no-variation, i.' Between Europe with Africa, and America in the Atlan- tick and Ethiopick ocean ; the variations eaft and north of this line are wefterly, and the further diftant from this line the greater, and their increafe or decreafe the fwifter, this is a general principle in variations ; Halley fays that in the beginning of this century, all over Europe the va- riations were wefterly and upon the increafe ; but at prefent, thefc weft variations in the eaftern parts of Eu- rope feem to be ftationary (at Nuremberg in Germany the W. variation was ftationary at 1 1 D. from 1 700 to 1 708) or Jipon the decreafe j for ipftance at Torneo in N . Lat. 6^ D. 50 268 ifSuMMARV, Wprical and Politicaly Sec.' ^o M. 23 D. E. from London ; M. Bilberg anno 1695. found the variation 7 D. W ; anno 1 7 36 the French aca- dcmiciens found it 5 D. 5 M. W. therefore upon the de- creafe, and perhaps belonging to the fyftem or clafs of the Indian ocean Jine of novaiiation (the line is not afcertain'd where the increafe ends, and the decreafe begins) as in the northern parts of Afia they belong to this clafs of Indian ocean variations •, for indance, at Aftracan near the Cafpian fea, N. Lat. 46 D. 15 M. and 45 D. £. Long, while the eaft variations decreafed at London, there the weft variations increafed even to 24 D. ; and as the weft variation increafed in London it diminifhed at Aftracan. Our North America variations belong to this firft line of no- variations, and are wefterly N. and E. of this line, and eafterly S. and W. of it ; thefe E. variations along the coaft of South-America increafe very flow ; at La Vera Cruz, in N. Lat. 1 9 D. 1 2 M. anno J 72 7 it was only 2D. 15 M. E; at Pariba in Brazil be- gining of this century S. Lat. 6 D. 38 M. it was 5 D. 35 M. E ; at Buenos Ayres S. Lat. 34 D. 50 M. it was anno 1 708, 15 D. 32 M. E ; at Cape-Horn 20 D j fouth ot Cape-Horn in S. Lat. 56 D. 42 M. it was 1 7 D. E. be- ing upon the decreafe, and ftrctching along the Pacifick ocean weftward or northward thefe eaft variations de- creafed. 1'his line of no-variation moves the quickeft ; anno 1600 it paflfed Cape Agulhas (about 2 D. E. of Cape Good- Hope) the Morea, and north Cape of Europe ; at this Cape Agulhas the variations afterwards became weft, viz. anno 1622 2 D; anno 1675 8 D i anno 1691 11 D^ anno 1732 lyD-, At St. Helena the variations were ani.o i6oo8D.Ejanno 1623 6 D.E; anno 1677 Halley found 40 M. E, anno 1 690 1 D. W ; anno 1 700 Halley found 2 D. W; anno 1732 8 D. W •, Halley anno 1700 afcertains this Jine of no« variation from four obfervations N. Lat. 31 D. W. Long. 64 D, N. Lat 2 D, Long. 1 8 D. W; S. Lat. 1 7 D» Long. 10 D. W ; S. Lat. 37 D, Long. 4 D. W. This line of no-variation fecms to move quick to the weftward, -■f*H:. Of ibe Britilh Settlements /» America. 2^9 weftward, in S. lac. 35 D. from atino 1700, to 1709, it niovcd 50 leagues weftward. A French Ihip, anno 1706 (being the firft that made this traverfc) from Rio de Galle- guas upon the eaft coaft of America in S. lac. 51 D. 68 D. W.long. from Paris, variation 23 D. E. made 1 350 leagues to Cape of Good-Hope in 34 D. 1 5 M. S. lat. 1 7 D. 45 M. E. long, from Paris, found the variation lines tending to- wards the S. pole, to become nearly parallel, and in fome places alter only one degree for two degree^ of longitude. The fecond line of no-variation, in Indian ocean, anno 1600, paffed through the Molui )ice-iflands, and a little eaft of Canton in China •, ury follow- ing, that is, anno 1700, it had not advanced eaft ward above 100 leagues; the W. point of Java Cand in the influence of this line) anno 1676 was 3D. 10 M. weft variation ; anno 1 732 it was only 3 D. 20 M. but the fur- ther weft thefe variations increafed, the quicker to the common axis of the variation parabolick curves, and then began to decreafe and terminate in the firft line of no-variation. The common axis of the infcribed parabo- lick curves, anno 1 700, paffed through Madagafcar, and the ftreights of Babelmandel, about 50 D. E. long, from London, where che increafing W. variations terminate, and the fame W. variations begin to decreafe ; Halley places the higheft of thefe weft variations 27 D. S. lat. about 530 leagues eaft of Cape Good-Hope. The third line of no-variation was found by Captain Rogers in the Pacifick ocean in N. lat. 14D. W. long, from London 125D. and in N 'at. 13D. W. long. 193 D. was 12 D. E. (and afterwards decreafing to the fecond line) the largeft of thefe eaft variations which reign all over the Pacifick ocean ; Ffvinch navigators fince anno 1710 have traverfed this ocean fouthward of the equi- nottical line, as Capt. Rogers did northward of it, and found the no- variation line nearly upon the above -faid meridian, and the other variation lines nearJy parallel with the meridians. Sir John Narborough, Dr. Halley, and Capt. Rogers were miftaken in their conjedure, that fouth I i m '",4; .a M ■K i'i ^\ fi.**:-;! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 n 1^ 1^ I.I am ■ 2.2 m I MRS NO 12.0 ^ V^ HM i^ < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. UStO (716) •73-4503 V iV •s^ \\ V 6^ 14^ . o^ ijo i/fSuMRiARV, tiiftofieal and PMeah ^cl fouth of the equinodical in the middle parti of this oceail there mud be a traft of weftern variationi* This 3d no-variation line Teems Co be a continuation of the firft inflected weftward into a circular arch whofe vertex at prefent feems to be in about 34 D« N« Jat. and 80 D. W. long, from London. All variations within this curve nwde by the firft and third line, being a fpaceof 140D. upon the equinodlical, are eafterly ; all without it, on its eaK-fidc, being a fpace of 115 D. to the fecond line are wefterlyi all without It, on it^ weft-fide are eafterly, being a (pace of 1050. to the faid fecond line. It is obfervable« that all variation lines, the nearer they approach to the poles of our eartbi the more they converge towards a parallelifm with the meridians, as if to terminate in the poles. The feveral variation lines feem to receive their flexures from the influence of their eafterly and wefterly no-variation lines, fo as to form parabolick curves, or circular arches. The alterations in the variations are not from any uni- form circulatory or libratory power } but as thefe magne- tick powers feem to be accumulated and a€t connedledly, it muft be by fome kind of flufluation ; in oppofition to this, it may be faid, that the fluctuation of any denfe or fpecifically heavier confiderable part of the earth would alter the equilibrium and diurnal rotation of the earth, and make ftrange changes in the fluid furface of the earth by inundations and ebbs. This digrelTion is too abftrufe and philofophical for moft readers : the defign of it is, to incite the curious, to attend the ufeful fpeculation of variations, more than heretofore. As the variations of the magnetick needle or compafs have not been much attended to in the colonics i I can- not pretend to be particular in that affair, and fhall only relate fome loofe hints that are come to my knowledge. The line of no-variation (which for diftinalon I call the Brft) from the eaftward, enters the continent of North- America, in Carolina about 33 D. N, lat. at this writing anno Of the 6riti(h Settlements m America* 2 7 1 anno 1 748 ; and by a flatdih flexure crolTes the conti- nent of North- America, and in the Paciiick-ocean con- verges fouthward, and forms what is now called the third line of no- variation. Capt. Rogers, anno 1 708, in 14 D. N. lat. 125 D. W. long, from London fell in with this line of no- variation. To the northward and eaftward of this No. i. no- va- riation line upon the eaftern coaft of North-America, the variations are weft ; and the further north the great- er, but all upon the decreafe i and the further north, the quicker is the decreafe. The greateft variation known was anno 161 6, in N« lat. 78 D. at Sir Thomas Smith's found '> Baffin's- bay, the variation was 57 D. weft. Capt. Middleton publifties that at the mouth of Churchill river (N. lat. 59 D. weft long, from London 94 D. 50 M. from an immerfion of Jupiter's firft Satellite) anno 1725, the variation was 21 D. W. Anno 1738 it was 1^ D. W. Anno 1742 it was 17 D. W. decreafing very faft. At Quebec in Canada, anno 1649 the variation was 16 D. W. Anno 1 686 it Was 15 D. 30 M. is half a degree iti 37 years , but after this, according to M. Delide, it va- ried I D. in eleven years. In New-England Mr. Brattle obferved at Bofton, anno 1708, the variation 9 D. weft i anno 174 1, upon a com- milTion for fettling lines between Maftachufetts-bay pro- vince, and the colony of Rhode-idand, a little to the fouthward, the commiflioners found the variation 7 D. 30 M. weft. In New-York city (by eclipfes of Jupiter's firft Satel- lite, governor Burnet found it 74 D. ^y M. W, of Lon- don, being in N. lat. 40 D. 40 M.) Mr. Wells, furveyor- general ct the province-lands, anno 1686, found the va- riation 8 D. 45 M. weft; governor Burnet anno 1723 found it 7 D. 20 M. weft. In New- Jerfeys, anno 1 743, the line, between the pro- prietors of Eaft and Weft- Jerfeys was run 150 miles, 20 chains, 9 D. 19 M. weft; but becaufe of the difference of *72 ^Summary, tiijtoricai and PoRticaly 0c, of variation iivhich muft be flippofed at the fouth and north terniinations of this line, it was alledged that i( mull not be a direct line : and upon examination it was- found that this h'rie Was in all refpefts erroneous, at the fouth point near Egg-Harbour the variation was only 5 p. 25 M. weft, and at the north point on Delaware* river in 41 D. 40 M. it was 6 D. 35 M. weft, this was to the prejudice of the Eaft- Jerfey proprietors. The ftreets of Philadelphia anno io82« were laid out with great precifenefs N. 18 D. E. Anno 1642, they were found to M 15 D. eaft ; this is 3 D. in 60 years. In the parallel of 39 D. running the line between Pen* fylvania and Maryland, anno 1686, the variation was found to be 9 D. weftetly. Anno i y^g^ in running this eaft and weft line it was found 5 D. 30 M, W. differ- ence is 3 D. 30 M. in 53 years. In Virginia, Cape-Henry in 37 D. N. lat. 75 D. weft from London, anno 1732 the variation was 4 D. 40 M. In the Carolinas, navigators upon the coaft give no allowance for variation, becaufe near the line of no- va- riation ; inland, in running a divifional line between the two governments or jurifdidlions of South and North-Ca- rolina, and in laying off Carteret's eighth part of the pro* perty of Carolina^ no account was made of variation. From the line of no-variation in N. lat. 33 D. fouth- ward the eaft variation takes place, increafing very flow; becaufe at La Vera Cruz, N. lat. 19 D. 12 M. W. long. 97 D. 30 M. anno 1727 the variation was only 2 D. 15 M. eaft. Here ends the firft or general part ot the fummary, concerning the Britilh colonies in America, with fome in- terfperfed hints relating to the colonies of the other European nations. In the following part we Oiall give particular accounts of our feveral colonies, in order, as they are enumerated page 15 and 16. Tbe END of Pari Erfi. ( ^n ) PART IL SECT. V. Concerning the Hudfon*s-bay cotnpan^^ their terri'* tories and trade, THE adventurers who endeavoured a N.W. paffage to Chin^, the Spice-idands, and the £aft-Indies» and in fearch for copper- mines, gave occafion to the difcovery of HudfonVbay, and its fubfequent fur and Ikin.frade. • The Cabots, anno 1496, obtained from Henry VII. of England, a grant of all lands they fhould difcover and fettle weftward of Europe. In qurd of a N.W. paflage, they coafted ihe eaftern fhore of North- America, ahd took a general poffcflion for the crown, qf England^ hu% made no fettlement -, the firft land they made was Weftr Greenland, in N. lat, 66 D. . . , t Fi:om that time this navigation, and thefe difcove* ries, >yere entirely negledled, until anno 1576, 1577, and 1578) Sir Martin Frobifher made three voyages to a ftraib which retains his name* but he made nO difcovertes. Sir Humphry Gilbsrt, by direj£lion of fecretary Wal- fmgham, coafted the north-eafterly ftiore of Anierica ,; particularly he took poffeffion of Newfoundland, and St. Laurence or Canada river, for the crown of England, ihd began fome iifhing- trade there, anno 15H3. ^ ■■■■■ ' ■ . . I II ■ I.I } *> "} • • Short repetitions or recapitulations, arc ibmetimes uied to render the matter more diftinft aiid tiuent. * ' . f See page 110. -' « • - ■ V T ■*■■■ ■ Capt. \ I iJ 2 74 -^ S u M M A R Y^ Ntjfdrical and Peliticaly &c. H- Cipc^iJphnDavis from E)arti*nouth, made three voyages thi9 way, anno 1583, 1586^ andi^S;, but imadc noilii; coverics : that branch of the opening (the opening at Cape Farewell, in 60 D. N. lat. a little further, at Cape Delo- lation, branches into two openings) which reaches north- wcftward, retains the name of Davis's-ftraits, and is the .. W. the Iiidiahs com6 to a iea, where were great veflels, and men with capif and* beards ga-. thetipg of gold. . About a century fince, anno 1640, Barrliolomew de Footes, vice-roy vf Mexico and Peru, hearing that the £ngliih were, endeivourii^ a N. W. palTage, he failed to the river of Los R^ys ih' J] D^ Nk lat. upon the weft>lide of America, and detachfcd capt. |leri oanll, who failed to 77 D. N. lat. (here he found it as wtirp is 10 D,! le(s N. lat. upon the eaft*ilde of the Amerkan continent) upon this coail he met with capt. Shapley from New*England (this is an unaccountable firetch to prove a north-well paifag^ ; th6re is no record tilSi t)1a[dit1bh' of this in Ktw-England in my knowledge. Mr. D-rbs is as particula^ in giving ^ouD^ pf diftant nqt-f^equented countries, as i( he wede de- fcrjhing Great-Britain or France j an4 propofes that Grieat-^ntJun^l^jbif fett|eaaexte«ofc6untrifeS,HibY6 thin all Europ6couWdFi*ft. '* ' ^ Uu^hH^Vfiiaisk the ftories of the French fathers, and bf ^heXoil'-' KQrt des B<»j|^ . relates ftraoge thipgs . From lieut Jerpme it Apubtjels k native of Gaicqny) be relates, that in the diilrid of. Hudfon^A-bay^ are tobefeen lOyOOp ydii-deer in a herd, and large mines of virgin copper. ' The French were, at this raie, moft egreg'ous fodls to'give wp fo tafily, by the treaty of Utrecht anno 1713, two fuch viluable at-tlcle»' of dffr-lkins.^nd <;opper. Northward is a ^rait with Aosfting ice^ pro* bably a psffage .to the weftern-qceai) or, South-leas, tlxc north Vvjlid raifing&e tide 10 feet above the drd«n^ry' tides. At the peace oft/tr^^w^^ in Quebec were 4000 to 5000 troops in garrifon. On't'he weflf roiiiV aretEe copper-mines, on the eaft main are the lead mines. He g^ive* large lilU o^ na,|nes qf imaginary tribes of Indi^fls, their^ lakes and ri.-t vers; wherej^s the feveral iflands, head-lands, b^ys, riv^rs^^r.' do I not retain th^ir Indian names, as i^ fome of our colonies, \i\it&\t Called bytKc namqf'bf the feveral adventurers or difcove>^ers. Mr. D~b's nanu^ a»4.d^cribes i^I thefe tl\ings ntintitely, and wj^. the fam^ eafe as if.they were the bell known, moil police, and well r^^tiUted coun- tries ujMjaeiiijrth.^ ' .' . ' . ,■'"'■ "'■ ■ T 2 ■ ■ :■ Sir l|^^6 i^SvMMARYi Hifierical and PoUticaU Ue, *"'* iBirXhomas^ Button, fitted out by prince J^nry anno i^H^ pJilft^ Hudfon's-ftr^ts, and ratling we^ward, dif- covered ft large continent, and called it NewrWaJes', its Iba and bay retain the difcovercr's name i he could not ^oceed further than 65 D. N. lat. and called it Ne Ul- i^si he wintered niiferably upon that ivefl; continent at Pbn NcMoB in 57 D. R lat. i'iV.5»^wVs v u*. • Cdpt. Thomas James, from BriAol anno 163 1, made fvnrthtnr difcoveries in Hudfon's-bay j he wintered near tjiclbottQm of the bay at Charleton-ifland in N. lat. 52 D. 'liiid pubiifhed a good journal of his voyage. ^i< Anho i6i:6; Mr. Baffin, by the north- wefterly oprn- ^ng called 'Davis's-ftraits, carried fhe north- wefl affairs fohrghasN. lat. 80 D. to no purpofe, and gave his namjB tb the fea or bay in that high latitude. .;c\ \; he wintered there i tide 14 feet. ' The bejginning of the lail century the Danes went upon the north-weft difco very, and took pofTelTion of the north- eafterly ihore of Davis's-ftraits, and called it New-Dane- -inarki and made a miferable fettlement in N. lat. 64 D. jFromthat time they have afTumed the fbvereigiity of the ieas in X>avis's-ftraits, and keep a royal frigate ibtioned tiiere during the whaling-feafon, which does i>ot continue abovefevcn or eight weeks. The- civil wars in England prevented any further at- Xenipts of fuch difcoveries for fome time, until Prince Rupert and company, anno 1667, fitted out capt. Gui- lam ; he landed at Rupfcrt-river in N. lat. 5 1 1), upon the 'e⁢ continent of HudfonVbay, built Charles's Fart, traded with the Indians to good advantage, and laid a . fduifdadon for the companies fur and deer-ikin trade. -' V . A royal charter was granted May 2, anno 1669, to a governor and company of adventurers of England Jrad- • ing into Hudfon's-bay, whereof here follows an abftraft : /ir<»i>r/»f^ Rupert count Palatine oflk Riiine^-, (p George o:::-v-^ ^ ' '^' dvM Of name 0/ //&tf Hudson*8*Bav GoMPAKt, 177 ^'Duke of Albemarle, to William £or/ of 'Cravcrt, and to fifteen oth&s^ and to ethers tvhom tbey JbaW admit inffaid body corporate^ power to makt a common feal, and to alttr id to cbufe annually fame tint in Novembrr;^ a governor^ a deputy- governor i and a committee of /even, any three of the committee with the governor or deputy-govtrnor^ to it a court of direSfors : frejmen to he admitted {their favors and fervants may he admitted freemen) at a general court ^ a power to difmifs the governor^ deputy governor^ or any if the committee, before the year expires \ and upon their iijmiffiony or death, to ele£i others in their room for the reinainder of the year: to have the file property of lands^ trade-, royal'fijhery, and mines within Hudfon*s?ilraics^ mt aSiually pojfejfed hy any Chrifiian prince, /* he reputed as one of our colonies in America, to be colled f Rupert's lend, to bold the fame in free and common foccage, to pay thefiins of two eiks^ and two black beavers, as ^tenasthfi king or queen fhall come into thofe lands i power to uof- Jmble the company, and to make laws for their government aid other ajfairs, not repugnant to the laws of England \ oft eitdufive trade, without leave obtained of the company j fmolty forfeiture of goods and /hipping, one hjalfitOj the Itifig, one half to the comparry. In their general meetings f(tr every 160 £. original fiock to have one vote I'tn/ify ap- point governors^, factors, and other officers, in aify qfi their ports ', the governor and his council to judge in aU mat- ters civil and criminal, and execute jufiice accordingly : wb&4 there is no governor and council, may find th'm to iny place ^here there is a governor and council, or to Eng- land, for fuftiie : liberty to fend fhips of war, men, and ommurUtihn for their proteStion, ereSt forts, tie, to make ^ce or ^dr with ^ny people who are not Chrifiians, may appeal to the' king in counciL ;.?. -iv.) fiir/. i 'jhr.TT Anilo 16^6 Mr. Baily, with 20 men, was fent over by the cQtnpaAy to Rupert river. Port Nellbn .was the next fettlemertt; anho 1673 i and Mr. Bridge was lent. over > ^ I II ' II I— »— —i I O n J. , 1 ^ i ' I ■ ■ t 'This name has never been ufed, it is called Hudrdn^i^bay Cdlony. 'J' 3 governor I 11 t;' ^Summary, Hijtorical and PoUHtaU &c. governor of the weft main from Cape Henrietta-Marit. Anno 1683 the factory was removed from Rupert- river to MoCfe-rivcr : Rupert-river is not ufed,' becaufe ex- pofi d to the depredations of the French \ from Tadoufac 30 leagues bcJow Quebec upon Canada-river, thd:e is water-carriage to lake Midafin, which communicates with Rupert river. The trade at the mouth of all the rivers which fall into Hudfon'sbay is fecured to Great- Britain by the treaty ot Utrecht, but the heads of the fouthern rivers are within the French bounds, and the French have trading-houfes which do very much inter- cept and Icffen our Indian trade : the company do not mucii ufe the caft and fuuth parts of the bay, becaufe of the bad neighbourhood of the French. In the fummer anno 1 686, in time of peace, the French from Canada became matters of all our Hudlbn's-bay fac- tories, port Nelfon excepted. Anno 1693 (he Engljfh recovered their factories, but the French got pofleflfion of them again foon after. Anno 1696 two Englilh men of war retook them. In Queen Anne's war, the French from Canada were again matters of thefe faftories •, but by the peace of Utrecht, anno 1 7 1 3, the French quit- claim*d them to the Englifh fo far fouth as 49 D. N. lat. hitherto we have not heard of any attempt made upon them by the Canadians in this French war which com- menced in the fpring 1744. Mr. Dobbs reckons that this country called Hudfon's- bay, may be efteemed from 51 D. to 6^ D. N. lat. and from 78 D. to 95 D. W. long, from London; the true definition of it, is, from the treaty of Utrecht 1713', viz. from a certain promontory on the Atlantick ocean N. lat. 58 D. 30 M. runs S. W. to lake Miftafin (this includes the weftcrn half of ^erra Labradore) thence S. W. to N, lat. 49 D. and from this termination due weft indefinitely *, the northern boundary may be rec- koned: Davis-ti raits, becaufe of the Danifh claim, and ptherways north indefinitely. Jhe entrance of Hpdi'on'&'ttra|;s a( H^folution-ifland is about 715 k^uq wide, tide flows 4 fkcl^om, winds K. W. appac 9 mopths in the year, not freieof iti^abb^l 3 monchs in t^e year \ fails and rigging freeze in Jiif^ it is 14Q leagues in length to the bay : at the botto^' of the bay only 4 feet tide. Capf. Middleton in 2 k voyages never could arrive at the taftories, above 5 or 6 times, before the loth of Auguft *, and it is a ftandini^ order not to attempt coming back the fame year, unlHl they can fail from the fadlorirs by Sept. 10 i it is' genifj rally pleafanC weather *, Middletpn in all his voyagf?s Weveif fu&red Ihipwreck; Auguft is the proper momh for the navigation of Hudfon's-bay and itraits ', always good foundings. This grant is divided into the weft main or continenit formerly in charts called New- North and South- Wales, and the eaft main called Tirra de Labradore or ^tw- Britain : the French claim'd the bottom of the bay as belonging to New- France or Canada, but they difclainiM it by the treaty of Utrecht. " , Becaufe of the unhofpitablenefs of the country^ho towns or plantations, can ever be fettled there} it mu(^ for ever remain a number of fcattered difmal lodges or fadories. Hudfon*sbay and Georgia are improperly called colonies, they have no houfe of reprefentatives *, the Hudfon's-bay company in London make their laws and regulations, as the trudees for Georgia in London do for the fettlers in Georgia. Hudfon's-bay colony, as it is called, confids of feveral lodges at the mouths of feveral rivers for trade with the Indi^ins, viz. on the weft continent are Churchill river, Nplfon*s river, Severn river, Albany river, and Moofe rivqr % on the £. continent ^re Rupert river smd Slude rtycrv:. '^ • '': V-';r -^"^i ' ' «& -^^M Churchillriyer (Prince of Wales fort) is the nioft northi- erly, beirig^ about ^^ D. N. lat. and 94 P. 50 M. W. long, from London, the moft wefterly part of Hudfon*^ bay i here Capt. Middleton, anno 1742, upon a N. W, difcovery wintered miferably. At the moUih of this ff- ; ;■; t 4 ■•■---^ ^-W, i I *7 280 !/f S u M M A R Y, Hipncal and Political^ &r. vcr, the tide'comes from N. b. E. 2 knots ) they return about 20,dob beaver-fkins per. an. the company keeps here about 28 men : it is navigable 150 leagues. NcIfon*5 river (Fort York) called by the French Bour- bon river •» its port lies in N. lat. 57 1>} it is the fined and largeft river in the bay, it communicates with great lakes, and briinches of rivers of Indian trade :■ tide 14 feet ( the company have here 25 men. New -Severn river, the French call it St. Huiles, in N. lat. 55 D. it is at prefent flighted or negledted, a barM river. Albany river in N. lat. 52 D. W. long. 85 D. 20 M. 4 feet tide : from the middle of May to the middle of September fine warm weather; anno i7S'» *'8 canoes came there to trade ; the conipany keep here 25 men. ' Moofe river in N. lat. 5 1 D. 4 feet tide ; it is a much larger and finer river than Albany river 5 the company |iavc here 25 men. P. Rupert river on the E. fide of the bay, N. lat.- 51 D. is at prefent neglefted. Slude river on the E. fide of the bay, in Ni'lat. 52 D. here are 8 or 9 men kept by the company. The OJmpany's profits are very great, and engroflcd by a few j their (lock has been fold at 300 for 100 ori- ginal]) they may export annually about 3,000^. fter. va- lue, and their half-yearly fales are about 2 5,000 ^f. fter. 8 or 9 mercha;)ts have engroflfcd about nine tenths of the (locki the charge of the company is about 120 fer- yants, . 2 or 3 annual fliips, having in time of war about 12,0. mer> aboard. Thty import deer-fkins, caftoreum pr be^ver-ftone, feathers, whale-bone and blubber; but beaver- flcin is two thirds of the whole, and is the fta'nd- ;4rd of their truck or currency. v-t, ''« ttii*?t,J ii Mr. Dobbs thinks it would be a publick national be- nefit, ithat the Hudfon's-bay company's charter wereva- ,cate.d, and the trade laid open ; thus we (hail underfell the Frenph, and carry on a greater trade with the Indians /the company keep the price of goods too high) and wc 0/ /^^Hvdson*s-Bay Company, ati we would have tradingrhoufes up the river, the com* pany have no fuch trading-houles *, the company by their charter are obliged to endeavour a N. W. palCigCf which on the contrary they difcourage. ^^.,j /. • t As this is a country of excluAve trade wi havWtlony we are too much confined to the accounts of their own navigators. As a fpecimen we ftiall uke i medium voyage of Capt. Midleton*s anno 1735' He fet oge from London May 2 1 , June 1 2 made Cape Farewell in I^. lat. about 59 D. W. long. 45 D. 50 M. var. 29 D. W. July I. in N. lat. 61 D. W. long. 7oD.*'ioM. var. 41 p. W. he was fad in thick ice with fogi and rain 1 Auguft 3, he arrived in Moofe river, N. lat. 51 D. W. long. 83 D. var. 22 D. W. he fail'd from thence Sept. I. makes no mention of ice in his return ( arrived in England OA. 7. As for the climate, Middleton, in the journal of his N. W. difcoverv*voyage anno 1741 and 1742, fays, he arrived in Churchill river Auguft iO( firft fnow waaSept. i. geefe iDyingto the fouthward i Sept. 27, thermometer as low as in London, time of the great froft ( Oft. 21, ink and water froze by the bed-fide » beginning of Nov. a bottle of fpirics full proof froze in the open air: after Nov. 11, no going abroad without being froze (N. B. forgetting himfelf, he frequently mentions the company's fervants, and Indians being abroad after that time^ April 2, begins to thaw in the fun, about this time the ice at the (hip was 10 feet thick with 13 feet fnow over the ice. April 10, large flej^ks of fnow (in the pre- ceding months the falling Ihow was as Bne as duft) a fign of the winter's being fpent -, April ?2, a (hower of rain Cno, rain for 7 months preceding) beginning of May geefe begin to appear*. May 13, got the (hip into the ftream, and July i, we fail'd upon the N. W. dif- cfvery t he piroceeded no farther north than 6^ P. 44 M. becaufe beginning of Augu(t from a higli mountain we perceived to the S. £. at about 23 leagues di(tatice, a llrait covered with an impenetrable folid body of ice/and therefore no communication with the caftern Tea ^ and 4 ' "'^ ""'fthc 9l2 A Su M M A R Y, MifiMul and PiUiUafyhe, the tide of Bood coining from tiicoce, we. hod iiki hopes of pafiing that way into the weftern or Pacific^ oocani and Augpft 8, we bore away to tlie fouthward. In the northern fa^ories, the great thaws begin end of April ; the waters inland are froze up firom the b^in- nmg of October to the beginning of May» • In North. America we judge of the inclemencies ot their feveral climates, by the times of the flights of their paflag^ birds : in thefe fadtories wild geefe and fwans fly foutb- ward beginning of OAober, and return northward end of April, and • beginning of May. Seldom a night in winter without an aurora borealis. Some deer 1 2 to 13 bands high ; here are white bears, fwans, ducks of feve* ral kinds, and other water- fowl ; in their meadows, in- ftead of cerealia and gramuia^ that is, bread com, and graffes, they have only mofs, fome icurvy^grafs^ and forrel. Hares, rabits, foxes, partridges, beginning. of Odtobtr, from their native colour, become fnow-white, and continue fo for 6 months, till the feafon produces a new coat : wind blows from the N. W. about 9 months in the year, they have 9 months ice and fnow \ the cold fogs and mifts damp the pleafure of their (hort fummers. I formerly hinted the vail advantage that the European weftern north latitudes had of the American eaflern north latitudes } by way of amufement, I continue further to obferve, that in 50 D. (for inftance) N. lat. in the N. eailerly paYts of America, it is as cold as in 60 D. or upwards N. lat. in N. weflerly parts of Europe; the ocean and its mellow vapour being to the windward of Europe ; but a rude, rigorous, chilly, frozen, and fnowy continent is to the windward of the other. I vouch this by a few inflances. i. From ChurchUl river fort there was no going abroad without being frozen in winter ; from Torneo in Lapland, anno 1736, nearly under ohe polar circle, to inveftigate the length of a degree of latitude there, the French academiciens in the fe verity of the winter, were 6^ days in the dcfert, procuring a compleat fet of triangles. 2. 1 he boccom of Hudion*s-bay is fcarce i'.' ■ habitable 0//i&« Hudson's-Bay Company. a$3 habitable in winter, though fcarce fo far north as London, a mod agreeable c^Ium or air. 3. In the Orkneys (where the Hudfon's-bay Ihips call in to hire men and boys at 5 to 10 £. fter. per ann. according to the years of their in- dented continuance j they are called N. W. men) there is good wintering ; barley, peafe, and oats, cabbages, odier pot-herbs, and ufual roots, grow kindly % not much fnow and ice i Orkneys is a little north of Churchill- river. * Capt. Middleton, in his too minute journals of his many voyages from England to Hudfon's-bay, obferved, that in Hudfon's-bay, in the fame longitudes from Iut had no trade : proceeding further north, we doubled ano^I^r head-land, and called it Cape-Hope ) and failing further to N, lat. 67 D. E. from Churchill fort n D. 20 14. from the .mountains we faw a narrow dangerous (Irait /rozen over, and no probability of its being ckar thU year, deep water^ no anchorage *, being afraid of freez- ipgup,; we returned to N. lat. 64 D. here were many wiiale-bone whales *, we examined alt along to N. lat. ^^J)\ tide from the eaftward : Augult 15 we bore away ^or England j, and Sept. 15, we arrived at Kerfton in tlic prkrr\^ys;. ; . • ^ Iftiall by way of amufcmcnt mention the arguments ,' /r • ufcd Q^ /i&« Hud son*s«Eay Company* 28^ ufcd on jbdth iides of the t|ua'' n, in fnvoiir bf, and in prejudice againft a N. W; 'pafkge to Chirtk.' ' 1^ • vv:M^ In favoqr of a N.\Vl paflkgc. i. The WliiUi found in plenty on the >jEft fid« of HudfonVbay^, as therie is no mention o^ Whales in Hudfon's-ftrditS^ they do no^ come that way ; they cannot come from Davi^^s-ftraits b^ the frozen ftraits of Middletoh, becaufe of a wide and large field of ice; whales cannot pafs und^r a large trad of ice, they cannot live without blowing at times in the open air ; therefore thefe Whales muft com^e ft-Om th^ weftern or paciBck ocean^ by fome ftraits 6r thorough- fare in Hudfon's»bay : It is more probable that the great whales in Davis's-ftraits, when the fea thett bejgins to be froze up, pais into the ocean, or deeper w^ter, becaufe warmer: Thus the cod*fi(h upon the co^ft of New- England In very cold winters retire into '>ffv( f ' ••■■■ TH I S is a fiflieiy of longer (Unding, than «re any of our colony or plantation fettlements ; it is no colortyg it is not coined to any patent or excluHve company, but is an open gimcral Britilh cod>fi(hery, confiftin^ of many lodges, or commodious harbours for curing ot cbdrfi(b,j for the Spanifti, Portuguese, and Italian marketSrf'5-?hj£o * Our cbiims of difcoveey, not occupancy, rUn fo high^ as the tinnes of the Cabots coaftiag along the eaftem* •paia,.tMidfhc Buyiontt i vtsiM, Eraacej^ere contempotary, if not niore,eaiJ/.j|)^th^ fifl^ery,. than England, ttv the treaty of Utrecht, the Guijpufcoc^hs; and the ' othet fume^ of Spain, were allowed their clafmed pfivittge of fifhlnj^ ' at the Uun^ df Newfoundland : by the fatae treaty the French were v aIlowed;tji9filh» and cure their fifli on that part of Newfoundland from^j Cape,6on9,vil^9y l!^. lat. 49 D. joM. to the northerix^oil ,part 9f.the,t iilaiidin N. lat. $t D. 30 M. and from thence running dbwn by 'th«' weRisrh fide to Poiiit-Riche in N.lat. 50 D. 30 M. by the cod-'fiw • being mpre plenty, and bv falling in nearer the Ihore, theOod^fiiheryif; of4& noith nart of the ifland feenut to be more pro^ahh; than npoir/ the fott|hern narbours of the ifland ; by this concefilon befdre the war, / anndi 1744, tbc trench had the better of us iii the^od-fi'lKery trade-' '^' * Kiag vh&rles I. bobbled by the French, gav^ them a liberty df fi an Engliflv convent in France with filh. , Thu Cod-filhefy Is not only a confideratle addition' t6 Wie'iraitt " and wealth dT Great-Britain ; but by the tnaiiy rt)fifl), is a good nurfeiyifbro^r navy-w and other navintion (the plantation^trade, ihc; fiihery, j)i|j^ey;(foiljfu;tfv,^ land, the coal trade of Newcaftle, and the' w«ennen upiSi the river of Thames,, are the great narferies or feminaries of our^navi* vi« <-* iii d,. gation) 288 yfSuMMAR YfHiftoncal and Political^ &c. fhore of North- America upon a N. W. difcovcry, and their taking poflefTion for the crown of England, from place to place ; they fettled no fiihery there^ but gave it the name anno 1507 of Terra de Baccaleos with good propriety ; that is, cod-filh land : the French called it, ^erre Neuve^ we retain their name, and call it Newfound- land. Secretary Walfingham, anno 1583 ^about this time all the trading nations of Europe were intenfe upon a N.W. paflage to China, and the Eaft- Indies) being informed of a wefterly opening north of North- Virginia (the prefent Nova-Scotia) fent out Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a gentleman of cftate upon the difcovery •, this gentleman failed up the gulph, and fome part of the river St. Laurence \ and in form took polfeflfion of Newfoundland and Canada for the crown of England ; he fettled a fiihery at Newfound- land, but being caft away upon his return to England, the fifhery was foon relinquimed *, but profecutcd by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguefe. / aefHvsi^«i«.. Anno 1608 this fiihery was again undertaken by John Guay of Brifiol merchant ; feveral Englilli men, womel), and children wintered there, anno 1613. Anno 16 10 King James gave to the Earl gf Southamp- ton JLord-keeper, and others, a grant from Bonaviila to Cape St. Mary W, of Cape Raze ; fome families were fent over ; it did not anfwer, they returned to England. Anno 1620, or 1623, Sir George Calvert principal Se- cretary of State, afterwards Lord Baltimore, obtained a patent for fome part of Newfoundland, from the bay of Bulls to Cape St. Mary's ; he fettled a fort and plantation at Fairyland •, but in the time of the troubles in the cItH war of England, it was difcontinued, and was cuted gation) if the French coold by treaty be excluded from this fifherjr, it would contraA their navigation-feminary very much. Canada does not increafe their navigation much, their trade employs a very fmall incon- fiderablc number of veifels : their inland fur and Ikins bufipefs is mana- ged by a few French Cturturs di$ Bois, and Indians called Les Homitt ^t Ikif I therefore Canada cannot people fall. ,..,.,- " • - ' by •"!'#<►* Of Newfoundland. '*"**^ 289 by Sir David Kirk. A. 1654. having retained fome claim until that cintie, lord Baltimore a zealous. Roman Catho- lick came abroad (as the firft fettlcrs of New-England did in their religion way) to enjoy the freeexercife of his jtjjigion in quiet: from Newfoundland he removed to Virginia, but the Virginians being as zealous for the church of England way, as he was for the church of Rome way, he became uneafy, and went further up the bay of Chefiipsak above the Virginian fcttlcments j and after- wards obtaihed a mod ben^^cial patent of thofe lands now called Maryland, which the family enjoy to this day; at pitftnt this family isChriftian Proteftant."^''"* The French made a fettlementat Placcntia in thefouth part of the ifland where the cod-fifh firft fet in yearly • this was reliniqurfhed to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht A. 1713, and by way of equivalent, the French had given to them, the iflands of Cape Breton, and all the other iflands in the gulph of St. Laurence, and li- berty to catch and cure fi(h in the northern harbours of ' Newfoundland : the French pretend, that they have had a conftant filhery at Newfoundland ever fince it was taken pofleffion of, for Francis I, king of France, by Verazano a Florentine. In Cromwell's time Sir David Kirk's family refided fome years in Newfoundland, he invaded Canada feveral times, and had a grant of lahds north of St. Laurence river, called Canada : but king Charles II, always more in the French intereft (kings may be bought to betray their own countries intereft) than in that of Great Britain, quitclaimed Canada, as ilfo Placentia, St. Peter's, &c. of Newfoundland in the [gulph of St. Laurence, to the French. ' i'|».A"' i-^- The Engl ifh have been for a long time in the life of lis fifhery. A. 1545, there was an aft of the Englilh par- ' liament, for encouragement to the Englifli merchants fradingto Newfoundland : the firft family fcttlements mh continuance feems to have been A. 1610; at pfefenf khcre are nine or ten fettlements called harbours, npp. pwns, where they cure and fliip off their dry cod-fi&s Vol, I. T : »'»at i 'fti ■'7 k-Mm 2^ ASuMMARY,HisTORicAL and Political, &c. at this writing A. 1748, there are about 4000 people winter there : they filh and cure filh from May to Ofto. bcr, the fiihcry is generally off the mouths of their har- bours, they do not fifti much upon the banks. M. Bcllin fays, that from good obfervations Cape Raze, its fouthernmoft point lies in n. lat. 46 d. 50 m i its northernmoft lana in the ftrairs of BeJIe Ide, lies in n. Jat. 5 id. 30 m. : itsgreatefl: breadth (the ifland refernbles an ifofceles triangle) pr bafe is from Cape Raze to Cape Raye about 80 leagues. From the northern part of Cape Breton idand or St. Paul are 15 leagues to Cape Raze, or rather Cape Sud, the entrance of the gulph of St. Lau- rence : the north cape of Breton iiland lies in n. lat. 4;d. 5 m. The great bank of Newfoundland lies from n. lat. 41 d. to 49 d. and 90 leagues from £. to W } diilance from Cape Raze about 35 leagues. As to the regulations, difcipline, or oeconomyof New- foundland. Differences amongft the filhermen of the le- veral harbours, are at firlt inftance determined by the ad- mirals (o called, being the firft fhip mafters who arrive for the feafon in the refpedlive harbours; from this judg- ment, appeal lies to the commodore of the king's ftati- oned (hips, who determines in equity. Felonies in New- foundland are, not triable there, but in any county of Great Britain. Newfoundland having no legiQative af- fembly or reprefentativc of the debtors of the country, their currency is not perverted but continues at a fterling value. At prefent the commodore of the king*s (hips | ftationed for the protection of the filhery of Newfound- land, is governor of Newfoundland, during his contN nuance there, by the title of governor and commodore in I chitfof Newi'oundland, and of the forts and garrifons there; there are alfo lieutenant governors of the forts of Placentia and St. John's at 10 s. fterl. per day. As we hinted, the rnafler of the vefTcl who firft arrives in thefc' veral harbour?, is called, admiral of that harbour, and] fi6ts as 4 niagiflrate, and is called lord Qf the* harbour, OfNlM'^rOUNDLAND. Igt* ♦ The annual quantity of cod-fifh (hipt off by Britifli fabjedts from Newfoundland is various frono 100,000 quintals to 300,000 quintals ; generally they make dou- ble the quantity in proportion to what is mack in New- England. Capr. Smith, a man of credir, writes A. 1623, that there fifhed upon thecoaft of Newfoundland yearly abouc 250 fail of £ngli(h velTels, at a medium of 60 tuns, and itturned the value of 135,000]. llerling annually : their method of (baring at that time, was one third to the owners, one third for victualling, and one third to the Ihip's company. The commodore of the king's (hips at Newfoundland, when the H(hing feafon is over, receives from each har- bour a report in diftindt columns. 1 fhall inftance the year 1701, being in time of peace, a medium year, and the accounts the moft diftindt. -r • tWdi ?:h • '" The ftate of Newfoundland, Anno 1701. Number of (hips, fifliers. Sacks or purchafers , Burthen of faid (hips Number of men belonging to faid (hips Number of fi(hing (hips boats Number of inhabitants boats Number of by-boats ''^ "?-' Quantity of fi(h made by (hips Quantity of fi(h made by inhabitants Q.of train or liver oil made by (hips Train or liver oil made by inhabitants Number of ftages 7*991 V tuns '^ Number of men Number of women Number of children Number of fervants ■>i-^'" via ?ii\ 338 97 79,820 quint. 1 3 6, 500 quint. 1,264 hhds. 2,534 hhds. 544 461 166 256 2,69 s >: :?£tii •The eftimatcs in a late pamphlet, called, The Importance of Ope Breton confidered, are too much at random, and erroneous. T z Anno 2y6 ASuMMARY, Historical and Political, &c. Anno 1 716, exported to Spain, Portugal, and Italy 106,052 quintals. The filh fhipt off from the fevcral h9rboqr3, I /hall inftancc a year of fmall filhery. jriiU i;.Mii. Anno 1724 were /hipt ofF From the harbours N°. velTcls S,t, pett-r's and PUcentia TrcpaiTay Forrhoole . , , ,, . Renufc . j^ St/ John's Conception-Bay , .^.,n 1 rinity Bona Vifta Fairyland ^^ Say of Boils iVJ^*"- -r>ft> ^^fh livef} I 2 I 20 4 5 I 4 > . y Quantity offilh 3i5Qo quint. 3.7QO . 3»30P I,200 37,000 IIiOOO 11,200 4,000 ? 9,000 7,200 I V • I \ . * . ' 59 111,100 Anno 1732, nvere Ihipt off from Newfoundland aboi|t : 200,000 quintals*, laft year being A, 1747, were ex- ported fomewhat more. In Newfoundland they reckon, when well fifli'd, 200 quintals to the inhabitants boat or (hallop, and 500 quintals to a banker. The liberty allowed by the treaty of Utrecht to the French, for fifhing and curing of filh in the northern pnrts ot Newfoundland, abridges us of an exclufive navi- gation ; fuch as the French fully enjoy, by an edidl A. 1727 (by virtue of the 5th and 6th articles of peace and Jicutratity in America, concluded November 6, A. 1686) jt is peremptorily declared, that all Englifh veffels fail- :r;g wirhin a league of the flaores of any French ifland, iljAll be fvrized and confifcated, without any Other proof of trade. , St. Malo and Granville are the principal French co&-fi'"hery in North America •, there are fome tVom i>t. Jean de Luz, Bayone, and Nantes ; before Cape Brcron jately fell into the poflbnion of Great Britain, tlje .French bankers v,'hen Io;ig thus we fhall have tlv- monopoly of the cod fifhery i at a low etiate, we can afford at a medium 300,000 quintals per annum, whereof Bilboa the dry cod filhcry barcadier takes off from 70,000 to 80,000 quintals per an. to fupply Madrid, and fome other inland countries of Spain, T4 * To 296 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. To render thefe accounts diftind, I ihall reduce them to five heads, i. I'he Whale-fifliery. 2. Herring- fi/hery. 3. Cod-fifliery. 4. The fmaller filheries ex. portable, but of no great account. And, 5. Some fifli not exportable or merchantable, but of great benefit in prefent fpending, efpecially for the poor, .^vj » I, Whales. See a digreflion concerning whaling, p. 56, We Ihall further add the following remarks; Whales, that is the true or bone whales go fouthward (they are paflengers according to the feafons) towards winter, and return northward in the fpring. Formerly in New England Cape-cod embayed them, but being much difturbed (they leem to have fome degree of rea- fon) they keep a good offing. The fmaller whales, viz, fperma-ceti, fin-backs, hump- backs, &c. which ne- ver go far to the northward, but ftroll confiderably fouth- ward, are apt to ftrand upon the llioals of North-Caro- lina and Bahama banks : they become drift whales, and fome afford drift fperma-ceti. In their paffages north and fouth, having kept an offing to the banks, though they were incommoded by the whale- filhers; at prefent in their paflagcs they keep deep water ; and upon a peace the whalers are to fifli for them in deep water. Nev/ England whaling at prefent is by whaling floops or fchooners with two whale-boats and 1 3 men ; each boat has an harpooner, a fteerfman, and four rowers: the whale-boats do not ufe thaughts but noofes for their oars, upon account of expedition •, bccaufe only by let- ting go their oars, without loofing of them, they keep cxpeditioufly long fide of the whale. The beft place of llriking a whale is in her belly, about one third from her gills; the fad is a rope of about 25 fathom i then a drudge or ftop-watcr, a plank of about 2 feet fquare, with a ftick through its center ; to the further end of this ftick, is faflened a tow-rope, called the drudge rope, of about 15 fathom; they lance, after having faftned her by the harpoon, till dead. •■ The Of Newfoun D LAND. 2gy The New England whalers reckon fo many ct. wt. bone, as bone is feet long : for inftance, 7 foot bone gives 700 wt. bone : New England bone fcarce ever ex- ceeds 9 feet j and 100 barrels oil is fuppofed to yield 1000 wt. of bone: whales killed in deep water, if they fink, never rife again. „.•"". •'■ i Spermaceti whales do not go far north ; they are gregarious, or in Ihoals ; they go fouthward to the Ba- hama iflands in Odlober, aod return in the fpring : mo(^ of the Bermudas whales are finbacks, ^o to 30 per an, caught. A whale (Iranded back of Cape-Cod, yielded 134 bar- rels oil, and — w'^. of bone j this whale was fo fat, that, fome poor people tried the mufcular Befh, and made 30 barrels more of oil. In New England whaling, they go upon fhares, one quarter to the veifel or owners, the reft to the company, finding themfelves vi(5tua]ling and whal- I ing gcer. The whalers in deep water, or it a confider- able diitance from Nantucket, fit out in the beginning and middle of March. Third week of July, anno 1738, arrived our whalers from Davis Straits. The New England true whale, is the fame with the European North-cape whales, are not eafily killed, being agile and very wild ; the Dutch do not fifli them. Sperma-ceti whales do not go far north, they pafs by New Eng- land in October, and return in the fpring. Grampus's, Ibottle-nofes, .and the other fmall cetaceous kind are IcalJed black fifli. It is not eafily to be accounted for, that whales do not lin courfe of years become fcarcer > confidering the con- jtinued great Haughcer of them by the whaling nations ; jtliey bring only one calf at a time after many monthi eftaiion, whereas other fifh fpawn multitudes. Fi(h-oil is, i. That from the true or whale- bone vhale, and the other large whales. 2. Vitious oil from [he fperma ceti whales. 3. Black fifh oil from gram- pus's, bottle-nofcs, porpus*s, &c. of the fmall cetaceous tind. 4. liiver-oil from the livers of fundry fiflics, efpecially 498 A Summary, Historical and PoLiTfCAL,&c.' efpecially of cod-fi(h. 5. That from the Wubber or fenictila adipofa of feals and fea-cows. There are two forts of feals, one fort has its flcin dappled or in fmall fpots, the other fort calledthe IcC'fcal, hath a large black patch, runs flow, and is killed by a fmall blow on the head ; 500 have been killed in a harbour at Newfound- land in a morning ; the flcins and blubber is their mer. cantile produce. The fea-cow or morfe is plenty upon the coafts of Nova-Scotia and the gulph of St. Laurence particularly at the ifland of St. John's j it is of the big. nefs of a middling cow (it is not the fame with the I manatee of the gulph of Mexico) a very thick flcin with | hair like that of a feal. In cold winters the whales, as do other fifli, keep in 1 deep water. The New-England people whale with a drudge or (lop-water, not with long ropes or warps as the Hollanders. Upon the coafl: of New-England, whales go northward from the middle of March toihel middle of May. About 30 years af,o, ccmmmiksi annisy were exported from Ncw-Engbnd about 5,ooo| barrels of fifh-oil, at this writting anno 1748, abouti 10,000 barrels, notwithftanding the whales keeping a| greater ofEng. 2. Herrings. In this tribe of fifhes there are manJ fpecies or diftinft kinds, viz. The fliadl, the trueher-f ring, the alewife, the Sardinia, the anchovie, &c. In this article, I write only of the true or merchantabld herring; in good quality and large' quantities, thejl feem peculiar to the coafts of the Britim iflands, and! Xhall in the firfl: place mention thcO* a*! a fhndarcl. •^ Upon the coafts of Great Britain, hci rings make theij firft appearance northward Cat the Weltcrn Jflands Scotland they appear in the fpring) as it is commonlj faid, at the * Shetland iflands in n. lat. 61 d. b^ginninj • Shetland iflands are the uUl/nn Thulr of the anricnts: in winter the feasare open, but harkaHcd will) vviittuucd ilorn)s, foi rings J It is u Of Newfoundland. " 299 of June; by cuftom the Hollanders do not begin to fifh until • June 24, and return to Holland in Auguft and September: 2000 buffes (a pink-flerned catch of about 40 to 50 tun) have at one time fifiicd in Braffa found ; about Midfummer herrings are in the greateft perfe(flion. Itisfaid, they come from the northern deep waters (we jiear of no herrings about Ifcland under the Northern Polar Circle ; a cod-lifliery has been attempted there, but turns to no good account) in a large body or ftiole, and meeting with the iflands of Great Britain this fhole isfpliti one part or wing takes along the eaftern fhore, aid make in fucceflively into all the Friths of Scotland, more efpecially in Auguft to the Frith of Forth at Dun- bar and Fife Side •, their next great apppearance is at Yarmouth roads upon the coaft of England, where the Dutch prefume again to fifh for ihein ; thence to the mouth of til J river Thames, and thence to the fouthcrnand weftern parts of England ; at lifracombe, n. lat. 51 d. 10 m. within the mouth of the Severn river about two leagues tofca, they HHi herrings from Michaelmas toChriftmas, and make 10,000 to 12,000 barrels pi^r an. In the au- tumn the herrings l]^awn, become lank or lean, and are only fit for being cured by fmoaking called red her- rings-, it is imagined that foon after Ipiwning they dif- appear in deep water fouth of the Britifh iQands : the weftern Ihoal or wing of this great body, pafs amongft jtohave no communication with the other p^irts of the earth. The ])utch Eaft- India flupr by a (landing order always return between the [Orkney and Shetland iilnnds. In Shetland their mother or indigenous pongue or language is Norl'e or Norwegian; it was originally a Danifli property, and upon king James Vi of Scotland marrying a daughter ofDanemark it was quit chimed :o Scotland. The people of any jconfiderable bufmefs there fpetik Englifli, Norfe, and Dutch. * By a refolve of the fenaie of Hamburg, no herrings are deemed ) be in maturity, kt to be imported to a market until Midfummer. iamburg is a principal mart forhertinga, it fupplies the north-ead barts of Germany by the river Elbe and its branches, as Dantzickfup* |)lies Poland by the VVefel or Viftula aud its branches. Lewis's m mi J . 300 A Summary, Histor ical and Political, &c. Lewis's or ^ Scots weftern iflands, thence this p;irt of body of herrings fubdivides when they meet with Ire, JandjOne column proceeds to the weftern coaft of Ireland the other column pafs along St. George's or the IriflJ chanel to the mouth of the Severn. Itfeemsmore reafonable to think, that thefe herrinos are conftant retainers to the iflarids of Great Britain, foine times difappearing in det'p water, and at other times ap. pearing in Ihoal-water, according to their various feed- mg and fpawning grounds; fo as annually to make the circuit of thefe iflands ; and as is the manner of all Paf. ienger fifh, go northward towards fummer, and fouth- ward towards winter or cold weather, and in very cold weather take to deep or warmer water. And in faft or obfervation we find the herrings appear amongft the weftern iflandspf Scotland in Ipring, they are at Shetland and the north parts of Scotland in fummer, they area- long the eaft and fouth coaft s of Great Britain in au- tumn, and in St. George's chanel in winter. < TheBritifh herrings fpawn in Auguftand September: when they fpawn, the fifhermen call it fouling of thewa* ter ; it is faid they go by pairs to the bottom, and rub their bellies in the mud and fand until their f milts and rows are difcharged ; foon after this the herring-filhery is fuppofed to be over, and that the herrings take to| fea or deep water. Dantzick is the principal market for the Scots am Dutch whitQ or pickled herrings ; next are Hamburg am Stockholm ; theDutch re-pickle their herrings in Holland The herrings of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia am New England, are either of a different fpecies, or of a quality, and if in curing their quality could be remedied, they are not of a fufficient quantity to fupply the her ring markets : they are caught in feans or malhes j the - * Called by the ancient geographers ^budac or Hebrides. Hen are plenty of cod and lo^^g iiih : may confid of about 40,000 fouls o| inhabitants. f Laflcj. 5. CoD-Fll and the New , quality ; they England when filb, is the befl Ijiefsand will b will anfwer in Iland, they are khes in Jengt Itiie tail, and : JAuguft and Sej ;argo in the R( Vf that time isl The. New El [ortugas, Capel las, Lifbon, af 'ifhfalepork om the begiri ire called fum I'l fifh or win h fait fleet ngland about! New Engla Of Newfoundland. ' ^- ' 301 have been pickled and barrelled for the Negroes in the Weft-India iflands, but turned out not merchantable, I and that branch of fifliery was dropt. In Newfoundland they come in by autumn, being their lad bait fifli. In I»Jew England notwithftanding of their being a periodical Ijilh, their periods are uncertain ; at prefent they are not fo plenty as formerly and generally fet in to fpawn to- I »ards the end of winter. Periodical fhoals or paffengers of north fea fifli upon Itheeaftern fliore of North- America, are not found fouth of 41 d. n.lat. fome ftragling cod and falmon are fome- times caught to the fouth of Nantucket or this latitude, but do not anfwer the curing. 3. Cod-Fishery. The Scots or north fea dry codj land the New England winter dry cod, are of the prime quality ; they will bear watering -, fummer fifh of New England when watered, breaks. Large winter cod dry jlilh, is the beft for Bilboa market ; it retains its mellow- (jiefsand will bear land-carriage to Madrid ; fmailer fifh Iwill anfwer in other markets -, in Great Britain and Ire- lland, they are not reckoned merchantable if under i S Inches in length, from the firft fin to the fetting on of jilie tail, and are allowed no fait debenture or bounty, luguft and September are the beft times for felling a fifh argo in the Roman Catholick countries, their Lentftoclc that time is expended. The. New England filhery have their fait from Salt- fortugas. Cape de Verde iflands, Turks iflands or Baha- nas, Lifbon, and Bay of Bifcay. The fifliermen viflual ffith fait pork only, bifcuit, and rum. All cod-fifli caught bm the beginning of June to the beginning of Odtober jre called fummer fifli, the others are called fjpring and all fifh or winter filh, and are of the better quality. rhe fait fleet from Tortugas generally arrives in New England about the middle of April. New England dry cod-fi(h, is more fait burnt than kofe of Newfoundland, becaufe in New England they generally ^-^ 302 A Summary, Historical and Political, 8cc. generally ufe fair from Tortugas and the Ifle of May I which is too fiery i at Newfoundland they make ufeof fait from Lifbon and the Bay of Bifcay, of a milder quality : in Newfoundland they work their fifh belly down, in New England they work them belly up, to re- ceive more lalt» and add to their weight. No fun-burnt i fak-burnt, or that have been a confiderable time pickled before diicd, are to be deemed merchantable fifli. Marblehend in New England fliips off more dry'dl cod, UirtH all the rell of New England befides; Anno 1732, a good fifh year, and in profound peace, Marble. head had about 120 fchooners of about 50 tuns bur- then, 7 men aboard, and one man afhore to make the iifli, is about 1000 men employed from that town, be. lides the feamen who carry the fifh to market; if they had all been well fifhed, that is 260 quintals to a fare, would have made 120,000 quintals; at prefent anno 1747, they have not exceeding 70 fchooners, and make 5 fares yearly ; firfc is to the Ifle of Sable, the cod-fifhfet in there early in the fpring, and this fare is fullof fpawnJ formerly they fitted out in February, but by ftorrny wea- ther having lofl fome vefTels, and many anchors, cablesl and other gear, they do not fit out until March ; their fecond fare is in May to Brown's Bank, and the other banks near the Cape-Sable coaff, thefe are alfo called fpiing fifh ; their third and fourth fares are to St. I George's Bank, called fummer fifh; their fifth and laftl fare is in autumn to Ifle of Sables, thefe are called winterl fifh. New England cod is generally cured or dry'd i)poii| hurdles or brufli. Anno 1 72 1 , were cured at Canfo ofi Nova-Scotia 20,000 quintals of cod-fifh ; bur, asitisl faid, the officers of that garrifon ufed the fifhermen illj and no fifhery has been kept there for many years. Atl prefent anno 1747, there is cured in all places of Briti(h| North- America about 300,000 quintals dry mer'iaiit'; able cod. ^ There are feveral other particulars relating to the cod" 6fhery inttrfperfed in the former ilicets, which we m I to the m ch we m mi Of Newfound LA/ND. A 30^ not repeat, left we (hould deviate from the charafter of a fummary. We fhall obferve, that the French have been too much connived at in carrying on a con fide rablecod- filhery near the mouth of the river St. Laurence at Gafpee, contrary to treaty, becaufe it lies in Nova-Scotia. Continued wefterly or dry winds are not requifite in cur- ing dry cod, becaufe they muft be fweated in piles by fome damp eafterly weather. Winter fifh ought not to I be fliipt off till May j for although the preceeding frofts makes them look fair and firm, if ihip'd oflftoo foon, the fubfequent heat of the hold, makes them fwtat and ipiitrify. The flock fifh of Norway and Ifeland, are cod cured without fait, by hanging in the frofts of winter upon flicks, culkd flocks in Dutch. ,,,..,. 4. Smaller Fisheries ufed in commerce; we (hall I mention a few. Scale Fifh fo called, viz. Haddock, Hake, and Pol- |luc, which in New England are cured in the fame manner as dry cod ; thofe together with the dry cod that is not [fit for European markets, are fiiip*d oflF to the Weft-India ds, towards feeding of the Negro fiaves, and make a Iconfiderable article in our trade to the fugar-iflands. Mackrel, fplit, falted and barreled for the Negroes in |t!ie fugar-iflands, are caught either by hook, feans, or mlfhes ; thofe by hook arc the beft, thofe by feans are word, becaufe in bulk they are bruifed ; mackrel will not take the hook, unlefs it have a motion of two or three knots, if quicker they will take the hook, but their ff being tender gives way, and the mackrel is loft. here are two feafons of mackrel, fpring and autumn, e autumn mackrel are the beft; thofe of the fpring ppear about the inidJfe of May, very lean, and vanifh two or three weeks. Sturgeon very plenty; fome are 12 feet long, and eigh 400 wt. formerly a merchant of Bofton contraft- dwith fome fiflimongers in London. Anno 1 72 1, he lent ^00 cags of 40 to 50 wt. (the contra<^ was for 5000 cags '>Vt .'l!l m ■ I m: \ ^04 ASuMMARYjHiSTORICAL and POLITICAL, gfC; cags per an. j the fifli were good but too fait or ill, cured ; this fifliery did not anfwer, and it was dropt. London is fupplicd with fturgcon from Dantzicl^, Ham- burg and Pilau. ■ ' Salmon are plenty in all the Britifh North-America rivers from Newfoundland to about n. lat. 41 d. rhey fct in to MalTachufctts-Bay about the middle of April j they do not chufe warm weather, therefore do not con. tinue there long after having fpawn*d ; further north they continue many months. This falmon is not of a good quality, and is not fo good for a market, as the i'almon of Great- Britain and Ireland. Alewives by fome of the country people called herrings* they are of the * herring tribe, but Ibmewhat larger than the true herring; they are a very mean, dry, and infipjd fifli; fome of them are cured in the manner of white herrings, and fent to the fugar iflands for the flaves, tut becaufe of their bad quality they are not in requeft : in fome places they are ufed to manure land j they are very plenty, and come up the rivers and brooks into ponds in the fpring, having fpawn'd they return to fea -, they never take the hook. 5. For SPENDING FRESH. Be fides the abovc men- tioned fi(h, which are alfo eat when frefh, there are many forts which are not cured and (hip*d off. In New-Eng- land they are generally well known, and are much the feme as in Britain : we Ihall refer them to the fedionsof I New-England. Many fifli go up the rivers, and into ponds, earlierorl later in the Ipring to fpawn, viz. falmon, (had, ale- uives, tom-cod, fmclts, &c; and many good laws have been made in New-England, to prevent their paflagcs from being ftopt by wares, &c. as they are of great bene' fit to the inhabitants near thefe rivers and ponds. * The pilchard or halccula is not found in thefe parts} it is no where heard of, but upon the coafts of Devonfhireand Cornwall in Kngiand ; Dartmouth lies in the centre of the pilchard fifhery; theyj are caught from the beginning of Auguft to thg beginning ofNo- ^eaaotri ii ii finallcr than a herring. Of Nova ScoTiAi 3(55 SECT. VII. Concerning Nova Scotia^ or UAccadie. THIS country was called Nova- Scotia by firWIlliam Alexander, fccretary of ilate for ScotJind; by means cf fir Ferdinando Gorge, prefident of the NcW. England or Plymouth company, he obtained a royal grant, Sept. 10, anno 1621 ; he was afterwards created lord Alex- inder, vifcount of Canada, and earl of Stirling, anno 1633. The French call it L*Accadie, an abbreviation or corruption of Arcadia in the Morea of Greece, a north- ern hilly country of the Peloponnefus : Hitherto, it can- not be called a colony, it is only an impotent Britifli garrifon in an ill- regulated French fettkment : The French fettlcrs and the Britilh garrifon officers (with much impropriety) call the inhabitants Neutrals, though under the prptedlion and in allegiance to the crown of Great-Britam ; there are no Britilh fettlcrs to compof6 anaffembly or Icgiflature for making of laws and raifing of taxes. The French had early fettlements in L*Accadie or Nova-Scotia ; capt. Argol from Virginia, anno 1613, vi- fited Port-Royal and St. Croix, and brought away two French vcffels. M . Biencourt was at that time governor of Port-Royal : Argol broke up fome French fettlementS inSagadahock and L*Accadie,called part of NewFrance, or Terra Canadenfis ; at prefent the country north of Sr* Laurence river, only, retains this name : this expedition of Argol's made way for fir William Alexander's patent. Sir William admitted fome afTociareS, anno 1623 •, they fent over a fhip with fome fettlcrs, but they all returned j to England the fame year, and the French proceeded in their (ettlemenis. K. Charles I, anno 1625, "P^" ^^'^ jhiarriage with Henrietta Maria, a daughter of France, I quit-claim'd Nova Scotia to the French. -. .-v, r " There have been many revolutions in the property and [dominion of Nova Scotia; Vol. I» U i. Anno v-^''::^m jo5 ASuMMAk1r,HistORicAi anclPoLiTiCAL,&c. 1. Anno 1627 and anno 1628, fir David Kirk and alTociates, upon a private adventure, but by commiflrion from the king or crown of England, conquered the French fettlements in Canada and Nova Scotia j and patents were obtained from the court of England, by which the lands called Canada, north of the river St. Laurence were granted to fir David Kirk, and the lands called Nova Scotia fouth of the faid river were confirm- ed to fir William Alexander. 2. Sir William fold the property to M. Claude de la Tour D'Aunay, a French proteftant, and anno 1632, March 29,by treaty king Charles quit* claim'd ittoFrance. 3. Cromwell fent col. Sedgwick *, he reduced it anno 1 654, and it was conBrmed to England by treaty in the year following •, M. St. Eflienne, fon and heir of th; above Claude de la Tour, came tor England, made out his claim, and had the property furrendered to him^ this La Tour fold the property to fir Thomas Temple, who was governor and in pofTcflion of the property until anno 1662 i it was then delivered up to the French by king Charles II (that race ought to be called fons of France, not fons of Great- Britain) who agreed with the Temples for a fum of 10,000 1. fterl. to be paid them (but it never was fatisBed) upon account of their right. Menival was appointed governor, and built a fmall llockaded fort, called Port- Royal, upon a bdfon, nine | miles from the bay of Fundy •, Nova Scotia was confirm- ed to the French by the Breda treaty, anno 1667, in the I manner of a quit-claim. , La Tour, a French protellant, upon his returning to the Roman Catholic way of wor- iliip, had it confirmed (as to property) to him by the court of France. La Tour in the various viciflltudes, was Proteftant when the country was under the dominion ■ of England, and Roman Catholic when it was fubjectto the king of France. La Tour built a fort at St. John's river; M. Donnee the French governor of L'Accadiejj ^deemed it irregular, and inconfiftient with the royal pre- while La Tour was in France, he reduced itJ and! rogaiive ■ ^ Of Nova Scotia. 307- ind inhumanly deftroyed La Tour's wife and family. La Tour became poor, borrowed a large Turn of money of M. Belle IHe, a rich merchant and trader to North A- merica, and afTigned over to him one half of the pro- vince or feigneurie. . 4. The French of L'Accadie being troublcfome neighbours, New England fitted out an expedition of 700 men under col. Phipps, at their own charge, anno 1690, (Nfenivai governor, the fort ill fortified, and ill provided) they demolilhcd the fort; the French took the oaths of allegiance and |idelity to the crown of England, but foon revolted in conformity to Roman Catholic and French faith, and continued their fettlements j and by the treaty of Ryfwick, anno 1697, Great Britain quit-claim'd it to France. N. B. The New England expedition failed from Bofton (Nantaflcet is in Bofton harbour) 28th April, came before Port-Royal nth May, in two or three days Menival furrendered, and the French garrifon was (hipped off. * Anno 1704, major Church with 550 voluntiers vifited PenobfcuttPafTamaquady, and Les Mines*, they brought off about 100 prifoners i in July they attempted Port- Royal, but in vain. Capt. Rowfe of Charledown, anno 1706, as a Bag of truce was fcnt to Annapolis to exchange or redeem pri- foners i he, with> fome of his owners and affociates in Bofton, were under fufpicion of fecret contracts, • to fupply the French enemy, indictments were laid againft them for high mifdemeanours ; they were fined, but their fine remitted : one trip they brought home ly prifoners, next trip only 7 prifoners. * At prefent, anno 1747 and 1748, the fame game is played, im* punci from Rhode Ifland, New York, and Philadelphia ; if this illicit trade fupplied th^ enemy only with fuperfluities and extravagancies at a good price, perhaps in policy it might be connived at ; but to relieve their neceffities inftead of diftreffing them (which the procla- mation of war in exprefs words requires) feems to be a degree 0^ . treafon, or at leaft of high mifdemeaner. U 2 Anno 30^ A SuMMARY.HisToiiicAL and Politic AL,8:c. Anno 1707-8, March 13, from New England there proceeded an expedition againft Port-Royal, under co). March, with two regiments of militia, Wainwright and Hilton, covered by the Deptford man of war from Eng- land, and the province- gal ley *, this expedition had no cfFc6l, and the officers of the Deptford were blamed as negligent or refraftory. Anno 1709, col. Nicholfon and capt. Vetch apply at the court of Great- Britain, for fea and land forces to re- duce Canada ; there being at that time a fort of court war, it was not attended to, but upon their follicitingan expedition of lefs confequence, viz. to reduce Port- Royal and the Country of Nova Scotia, this was obtained. 5. Nova Scotia continued with the French from anno 1662 (fir William Phipp's reduction and pofledion of it anno 1690 may be faid to be only momentary) until anno 1710, it was then reduced by a force from Grea' Britain, and from New England, under col. Nicholfon, and confirmed to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, and thus it remains to this day. This expedition under general Nicholfon (with in- (Iruflions to all the governors of New England to be af- fixing) and adjutant general Vetch, was as follows, anno 1 7 10, July 15, Nicholfon with fome Britilh officers, and col. Reading*s marines arrive at Bofton from England, for the intended expedition: the armament fet out from Boflon, Sept. 18, confifting of the Dragon, Falmouth, Leoftaff, and Feverfliam men of war, the Star bomb, and the Maflfachuflets province-galley, with tranfportSjin 9II 36 fail ; the land forces on board were, one rcginieni of marines from England, two regiments of Maflachiif- fets-bay, one regiment of Connet5licut, and one regimeiu of New Hampfliire and Rhode Kland, cornmiflioncd by the queen, and armed by her gift -, they arrived at Fori- Royal in fix days-, (the grenadiers of Vi^alton's regimeni 'were commanded by Mafcarene, the prelenr governor 01 'Annapolis fort, and commander in chief of NovaScotia) after a fmal! aftair of cannonading ar.d bombarding, the K^'w Fici'.cij Of Nova ScOTlA. 309 French governor SubercalTe capitulated, and OAober 5, (he fort was delivered up, and col. Vetch according to indrufllons becomes governor. The termi of capitu- lation were, that all the French, being 481 perfoni with- in the Banlieu, or three miles of the fort, (nail be under the protedion of Great Britain, upon their taking the proper oaths of allegiance ; the other French fettlcrs were left to difcretion, that in cafe the French make in- curfions upon the frontiers of New England, the Britifh (hall make reprifals upon the French in Nova Scotia, by making fome of their chief inhabitants flavei to our Ind»- ani} yet notwithdanding, the French of L'Accadic* com- mit hoftilities, but the Port-Royal and Cape Sable Indians define terms of amity and alliance i the garrifon allowed to march out with fix cannon and two mortars, afterwards bousht by Nicholfon for 7499 livres 10 fols: the garrifon conlifted of 258 foldiers with their officers, and other in* habitants, in all 481 perfons male and female, were (hip- ped to Rochelle in France*, general Nicholfon fent major Livingfton, and M. SubercafTe fent baron St. Caftcen to the marq. De Veaudril general of Canada, to acquaint him with this event ; they arrived at Quebec, Dec. 1 6, The men of war and tranfports fail for Bodon, Od. 14, leaving a garrifon in Port Royal, nc called Annapolis Royal, of 200 marines and 2 50 New England vohintiersj they were relieved nextyear by 400 of the troops dcftined forCanada. The New England d . irge in this expedition was upwards of 23,000!. ft. reimbiirfed by parliament. The French governor's comn.iirion was in thcle words; Daniel Auger dc Subercafle, knight of St. l.ouis, go- vernor of L'Accadie, of Cape Breton iflantis and lands adjacent from cape Rozier, of the great riycrSt. Laurence as tar as the eaft parts of Quenebec river, Hcreit isnot improper toannex the followingdigrclTjon, A Digrejfton concerning feme late Britijh expeditions a- gainjl Canada. Anno 1690 the New Knglanders having reduced Port- Royal, and all the reft of Nova Scot'u or L'Accadie, V 2 were jio A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. were encouraged to attempt Quebec in Canada the fame year 5 they fet out too late in the year, want of experi- ence in their principal officers, ficknefs amongft their men, and the army of 1000 Englifh with 1500 Indians, who at the fame time were to march from Albany, by the way of Lake Champlain to attack Monreal by way ofdiverfion, to divide the French forces, not proceeding, occaHoned a mifcarriage, with the lofs of 1000 men, and a lofs of many of their tranfports in their return, with a great charge incurred, which charge occafioned the firft cmiffion of a pernicious ♦ Paper Currency by way of * The odium which I bear to this fallacious and defigned cheat of a plantation government public Paper Currency, leads me to anti- cipate a little upon the article of Paper Currencies defigned for the ift.ppendix ; this pindaric or loofe way of writing ought not to be confined to lyric poetry ; it feems to be more agreeable by its va riety and turns, than a rigid dry connedied account of things : fome perhaps of no tade blame me for want of method ; and on tiie other lay a ftridl obfervance of the propriety of words, they call pedantry. I have obferved, that all our Paper-Money-makingaffemblies have been legiflatures oi^ debtors, the reprefentatives of people who from incognitancy, idlenefs, and profufenefs, have been under a neceiTuy of mortgaging their lands : lands are a real permanent ellate, but the debt in Paper Currency by its multiplication depreciates more and more ; thus their land eHate in nominal value increafes, and their debt in nominal value decreafes ; and the large quantities of Paper Credit is proportionably in favour of the debtors, and to the difad- vantage of the creditors or induftrious frugal part of the colony : this is the wicked myftery of this iniquitous Paper Currency. A public credit Paper Currency, is a great promoter of expediti- ons. I . Thefe bills to defray the charge are foon expedited, but with a confequent diftant but certain ruinous efFe£l. z. This afflu- ence of paper credit invites or encourages people to borrow and run in debt, beyond what they ever can extricate. 3. Debtors when cal- led upon by theircrcditors, from inlifting, by afts of their legiflatures, are indulged or relpiitd for fome confiderable time ; thus towards the Cape Breton expeditioi), anno 1745, in lefs than two months, in the province of Malfachulicrs-Bay, out of 20000 fcncible men capableto march, 3000 enliik-d, and were a dead lofs to the province : 2000 more, that is two regiments, were propofcd by to be added to the garrifon of Louiiburg, bat cannot be compleated ; and two or three thoul'and more towards demoiiihing of a French out-fort called Crown-Point, which we cannot pretend tun;antain, butabai^dontobe pubLc OFNovaScotia. 311 public bills of credit to pay this charge : there failed frotn Bofton frigates and tranfports 32, having 2000 land- men aboard; the admiral called the Six Friends carried 44 guns-, they failed from Bofton, Auguft 9, did not arrive before Quebec till Odtober 5, landed 1400 men under general Walley about one league and half from the town, were repulfed two or three times with great \[ik. Baron La Hontan, who was then at Quebec, fays, «» The New England men did not want courage, but wanted military difcipline ; that fir William Phipps's conduct was fo bad, that he could not have done iefs than he did, if he had been hired by the French, to Hand ftill with his hands in his pockets ; if they had come dire<5lly againft the town, it would have furren- dered, but they were dilatory in their confultations at a diftance, which gave time to reinforce the place with regular troops, militia, and favages ; fir William bom- barded the town from four veffels, and did damage to the value of five or fix piftoles ; in the town were only 12 great guns, and very Jittle ammunition." Anno 171 1, the fcheme and expedition for reducing of Quebec and Placentia, and confequently all Canada rebiilt by the French for one tenth of the charge which it may coft us in reducing it : (Quebec reduced by a force from Great her nwijcfly's-provint? to fpare any jncre men : ihcrc were i iCo tifcfli'vc laud forces and ilo farlors incur tjanfports. '. ' in i CURRENCY, 1 Of Nova Scotia, '' ji'j in the bay or harbour of Gafpee on the fouth fide of the en- trance of St. Laurence river, to wood and water, Aug. 23 in the night-time, contrary to the advice of the pilots, in a fog they fell in with the north fliore, and upon the iflands of eggs loft • eight tranfports, and 8 84 men. In a cooncil of war, it was refolved, that by reafon of the ignorance of the pilots, it was impradticable to proceed ; and that advice fhould be fent to recall gen. Nicholfon from proceeding to Monreal. The fleet anchored in Spanifli river off Cape-Breton, Sept. 4. and in a general council of war, it was refolved not to attempt any thing againft f Placentia, but to return to Great Britain. They fail'd from Spanifli river Sept. 16, and in 21 days were in foundings near the chanel of England. 0(5t. 16, at St. Helen's, the Edgar, with the admiral's journals and Other papers, was blown up, and the voyage (as fome fay) in that inhumane wicked manner fettled. The charge incurred by the province of MafTachurctts-Bay was ibmething more than 24,000 1. fterl. allowed by par- liament, and converted into debentures transferrable, and bearing intereft 5 it is probable the Maffachuflfetts de- mand of 178,0001. fterl. charges incurred in reducing Louifbourg, may be fatisfied in the fame manner ; thcfe debentures to be transferable only towards cancelling the provincial bills of public credit, that accursed paper CURRENCY, in which the honeft, induftrious, frugal peo- • Whereof one was a New-England viftualler, whofe men were jfaved. j By an intercepted letter from Cafta Bella governor of Placentia, Ito M. Pontchartrain French fecretary of flate, it appears, that the I French had not exceeding 700 men in that garrifon and country, coh- [fequentlymult have proved an eafy conquell. When they muftel-ed at Spanifh river, the number of men aboard Ithe men of war and tranfports were 7643 ; although they had not levceeding 1 o weeks provifion, at Ihort allowance ; in two or three myi Placentia might have been reduced, garrifoned, and the fleet Idifpatched to Great Britain without fufFering for want of provifions; |I cannot fay fuch was the fatality, but fuch was the deflination of the piiairbya wicked minifiry. pie .» fi-i a ^14 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. pic have loft aimoft the whole of their perfonal cftates by depreciations ; but not to be intrufted in any fhape 'with fallacious money* making and indebted g.^ — fj and a— lies. Our • next Canada expedition proved abortive in a ihorter time from the conception j but may be fiippofed to have been occafioned by fome natural good f policy caufes, and not from premeditated defigned means of mifcarriage, as in the former. By orders dated —April 1 746 from the duke of Newcaftle, fecretary of ftate at * Romantic expeditions have been the bane of our northern co- lonies, by incurring a paper public credit, made a currency and le- gal tender. The ill concerted, and worfe executed, expedition anno I 1 690,againft Canada, introduced this vicious currency : the very, veiy, very raftj, but very, very, very fortunate expedition againg Cape-Bre- ton or Louifbourg, I hope may terminate public paper current y J the damage to all indudrious frugal people is flagrant ; that is, filvei (by this expedition from 30 s. per 02. was depreciated to 6cs. percz.j thus all good honeft men (real eftates, fpecialties, the falariesand wages of our legiflatures excepted) loll one half of their eftates; and! by taxes to cancel this debt, do lofe in courfe of years, perhaps onel quarter more of their principal eftates ; that is the indullrious and fru-l cal, from the begi'*ning of the projeft of the Cape Breton expedition, I in the fpace of t>\^ years have loft three quarters of their ellates; if I reimburfed from the parliament of Great Britain the taxes being only I one quarter will be eafed : fome fay this is the natural confequenccl from the indebted members of the legiflature. I + Vulgar minds cannot dive into myfteries of date, no more tkl into tnyfteries of religion ; that is, whether this not followed Canada! expedition was only a feint, to make the French fecure and guardlefsl upon the coaft of Britany ; that the (hips, m.erchandize, and floresaJ Port Lewis, Port L'Orient,&c. might fail an eafy prey : orwhetliertheT allowing duke d'Anville's fquiidron with land-forces to fail early ioj the fummer without mole'- 3ao ASuMMARy,HisToftiCALandPoLiTicAL,&c. garrifon officers of Annapolis : the mofl favourable ac- count, is. That Du Vivier acquainted them that he ex- pe^bed (in the mean time they might have guod terms of capitulation) from Louifbourg fome men of war, one ot 70 guns, one of ^6 guns, and one of 30 guns, with can- non, mortars, and (lores, and a reinforcement oi 250 more troops ; the anfwer of the garrifon, was, That when tliis force arrived, it was time enough to make propofals; after he had tarried there three weeks, difappointcd and difcontented, he retired to Minas •, next day after hisde- camping fome trifling veffels with cannon, mortars, and warlike Acres, arrived in the bafon of Annapolis, and hearing of Du Vivier's being withdrawn, they were afraid of our frigates annoying of them, they foon re. moved, and as it happened, they narrowly efcaped our veflels : Du Vivier from Minas went to * Bay Vert, and thence to Canada, and from thence home to France. As the Cape-Sable and St. John's Indians, perfiftedii their hoftilities againft the fubjefls of Great Britain ; in November 1 744, the government of the Mafiachufctts- 1 Bay declares war againil them, declaring thei.i enemies I and rebels; becaufe they had joined the French enemy in blocking up of Annapolis, had killed fome Britifli lub- jecls, and had committed other depredations •, the Pali- maquady, Penobfcor, Noridwoag, Pigwocket, and other I Indians weftward of St. John's, are forbid to have any correfpondence with thole Indian rebels; for all Indi3iis| eaftward of a line, beginning at three miles eaft of hlV maquady, and running north to St. Laurence river; ti'iel government fettles for a fliort time premiums, viz. looll new -f- tenor, for a male of 1 2 ast. and upwards rcalp'jj * Bay Vert is the embarkadier from Canada to annoy Aniiapolk and other places in Nova Scotia; here are only four miles lanJ-l carriage to Chiconedto bay, whicii falls into the great bay of FunJil of Nova Scotia : upon this pafsafort would be of good fervicetol prevent Canada incarfions, r -d to obviate the perverting of tlJ French inhabitants of L'Accadie from their allegiance to the mm of Great Britain. I f Whereof at nrcfcnt anno 174S, ;os. is equal to 20 s, ft ; c'l tenor is only one quar:erof nert" tenor. ar, *IfDu Viv: reftly proccedec Sf. John's Jndi Annapolis. Vol. I. Of Nova Scotia. 321' 8n(3 105 1. new tenor if captivated i for women and children 50 1, fcalps, 55 I. captives. Somciimc after- wards it was found that the Penobfcot and Noridgwog Indians alfo joined with the French •, the affembly of Maflachufctts-Bay colony Auguft 23, 1745, extend the premiums for fcalps and captivated Indians to all places W. of Nova Scotia, 250 1. new tenor to voluntiers, and 100 I. new tenor to troops in pay*. Anno 1 745 in May, M.Martin, a lieutenant from Ca- nada, captain of a company of Salvages or Indian rangers, a true pirn'zm, with about 900 reggamuffins; Canadi- ans, other French and Indians ; comes before Annapojis; they continued but a fliort time and returned to Minas, and I fuppofe by orders from Louifbourg, went to relieve Louifbourg at that time befieged : capt. Donahew in the fervice of the MafTichufeits colony met with them in Afmacoufe harbour June 15, being 2 floops, 2 fcooners, and about 60 larr^e canoes j upon the further appearance of Beckett and Foncs, this body of French and Indians retired and returned to ivlinas. From that time until de Ramfay's attempt in Sept. 1746, the garrifon of An- napolis fuffercd no infults. From the beginning of this French war there have been quartered at Minas and Chironido and ihe neigh- bouring French villages, a difpufed number of officers and foldiers from Canada ; but from Marin's leaving of Annapolis in the beginning of July, 1745, to the arrival ofdeRamfay in September, 1746, the garrifon of An- napolis enjoyed their wonted reft. In the fummer 1 746, a force of about 1 600 men, re- gular marine troops, Canadian militia, and Coureursdes Bois,with French Indians, under iheconmiand ot M. de Ramfay, arrive in Minas, to join the forces expedted from *If Da Vivier with his qoo men, which reduced Canfo, had di- reftly proceeded to Antiapolis, and been joined by the Cape-Sable and St. John's Indians, he mult infallibly, and with eafc, have reduced I Annapolis. Vol. I. X ' France id 322 ASuMMARYjHisTORiCAL and Political, 8cc. France under • the duke d'Anvillc, they were much ca- reffed by our French fubjefls there; and our Minas Tub- jedts, gave to the garrtfon of Annapolis deceitful, and no * In the Tprlng 1 746, the French fitted a flrong armament at Brell to be commanded by duke d'Anville lieutenant-general des Arineci navales, to recover Louifbourg, and diftrefs thefiriti(h North- Ame- rica; they did not fail from Rochelle until June 22, they efcaped or were overlooked by the Britiih admiral Martinis fquadron of ob. fervation ; the court of Great Britain had certain information of their being failed, and of their dellination; but perhaps for certain reafoni of ftate, did not fend after them, though we had at that time an equal or better armament ready to fail. This French fleet, after a tedious paflage, and having fuft'cred in a ftorm near the ifland of Sable, did not arrive off of Chebu Ao in Nova Scotia until Sept. 1 o. The arma- ment confiHed of 11 line of battle (hips, fomc frigates, 2 /ireihip;, tranfports, &c. having ;i ;o land- forces aboard. Duke d*Anville') indruAions were, to proceed againfl Louifbourgh, and when taken to difmantle it, thenco to proceed againft Annapolis in Nova Scotia, aid when taken, to garrifon it : thence he was to fail for Boflon, and bum it ; afterwards in ran;;ing along he was to annoy and dijlrcfs the coad of North-America, and finally to vifit our Weft-India fugar iflands. D'Anville detached 3 capital fhips and a frigate under the con. mand of M. ConHanb to convoy the trade to Cape Fran9ois in Hifpa- niola, and to return and join the grand fquadron; thefe were the^ French men of war which near Jamaica fell in with a Britiih fqua* dron commanded by commodore Mitchel ; but Mitchel, in effe&,rt' \ fufed taking of them. M. Conflans's orders were, that for advice,he was to cruife upon the Cape-Sable fliore between Cape Negroeand Cape Sambro for a limited time, and then to fail directly for j^'rancci | they received no advice, and never joined D'Anville's fquadroni thefe were the Ihips that fpoke with fomeof ourfilhing fcooners,an(i| gave a feint chace to the Hinchinbrook man of war fnow Sept. ij, they avoided giving any alarm to our Louiibourg fquadron. This French armament, from their being long aboard before thtv I failed, and from a tedious paflage, were become very fickly (dukeC'l Anville died and was buried at Chebudlo) they put in to Chebuftohar were tlicf ritiih {qua> n effeft.te- r advice, be ^egroc and 'or France; fquadron; ;ooner5,aiid |W Sept. 15, Ion. before tk ;ly (dukeD' [hcbudtoliat. Is place, neai and dyfen. ^ndthiscampl ■ereduccdbf Ions from outl Iconiiio ; tjie| ;ording to in- ifionsturnifc- Of Nova Scotia. 32J t\o other intelligence : here they continued fome monthi, but the winter feafon approaching, and no tidingi of the French armament, the French troops deemed it advif- gble to return to Canada ; in their return, duke D*An- villtf's armament arrives in Chebufto of Nova Scotia, and an rJcprefs was fent to recall them ; about 400 of ihcm were overtaken, and returned with De Ramfay. cd to the Canadians and their Indians, from the commencement of this war. Our fauadron at Cape Breton under admiral Townfhcnd, didnot vifit the French fleet when dillrefled. The feafon of the year being too far advanced, their ftrength much impaired, the detached four men of war nor having joined them, and from difappointments, and the officers in a fret with one mother, it was relolved in a council of war to proceed againfl: Annapolis- Royal of Nova Scotia : they failed from L'hciiii^n, OQ. 1)1 after four days they met with a florm off of Cape Sablei, and in I council of war it was refolvcd to return direAly for France. Two of the fquadron were in the bay of Fundi, (hips of 60 a d 36 guns 1 that of 16 guns came into the bafon; our (hips, theChelter, Shirley, snd Ordnance fri^rate, well-mannM with land-forcei, went in chacff of tliem, the Cheller ran aground ; the French (hips, aficr having put alhore an exprefs, with advice to De Ramfay that the French fleet were returned to France, efctped and continued their vovagc home. This French armament upon the coad, for verv goou reafoni, a* larmed Bofton ; in a few days, with great expedition, it wnt rein- forced by 6400 country inland militia ; the militia of the fca coait countries remained at home for their own defence, to prevent depre- dations: upon occaflon Connecticut was to have fent ui 6soo men, beins about one half of their militia. Tne French in Chebudo were eight fliips of the line i whereof the Perfait was burnt, as incapable to proceed { upon the coall of France the Nottingham took the Mars, the Exet* r c'^'ove the Ardent alhore, and burnt her ; this was rlie fate of :he great French armada or armament againft the BritUh North American colcnies. The Britifh fquadron. commanded at fird by admiral Warren, and afterwards by admiral Leftock, with land-forces under the command of lieut. general St. Clair, which feemed defined againfl Canada; and to obfcrve the French fquadron in North America, after many delays, on account of contrary winds arid other pretences, wa» I converted to an invafion upon the coaft of Britannf ; the troops I landed at Quimperley bay, Sept. zo, and bombard(?d Port TOricntj Sept. 26, the troops retreated, and left 4 pieces of cannon, and a [ten-inch mortar, ammunition, and flores • fome marines and fattors vere left behind ; 0(\. i embarked at Quimperley ; afccrwardi fome ind at Qgibcron, and did a fmall matter of damage. X 2 Culon» i'lP m M m 324 A Summary, Historical j^nd Political, &c. Culon, and La Corne, three captains of marines, and che'/aliers or knights of the order of St. Louis. Towards the end of September, De Ramfay comes before Anna- poJis, made no aflault, but encamped at fome diftancc; the Chefter man of war of 50 guns, the Shirley frigate of 20 guns, and the Ordnance fchooner, at that time were in the bafoii of Annapolis ; three companies of re- inforcements for the garrifon from Bofton were arrived, and De Ramfay having had advice of the French fleet being returned to France, made the French decamp OAober 22, and return to IVIinas. His defign was to quarter at Minas and Chiconi(flo, during the winter, and to join the French fleet and land- forces which were expedled to reduce Annapolis, in the fummer ; governor Mafcarene of Annapolis, judged that in addition to the three companies of voluntiers whic*! arrived from Bofton in autumn, icoomen of reinforce- ments from New England, might be fufficient to diflodge the French enemy, and to confume (by purchafe) all the French inhabitants provifions produced there, in time coming to prevent the fubfiftence of the enemy, who might lodge there and corrupt the inhabitants •, and Bri- tifh forces being quartered among them, might influence them to continue in their allegiance to the crown of Great Britain : Maflachuflcts-Bay aflembly vote 500 men to befent, RhodcTflrnd ^oomen, andNewHampfliireaoo men •, the Rhode Jilancl men were fliipwucked near Mar- tha's Vineyard, thole from New Hampfliire fetout, but put back upon fome trifling excufe, and never proceed- ed, the 5G0 men from Bofton only arrived ; the difip- pointment of the Rhode Ifland and NewHampfhiremciil was the reafon of our fubfequent dilafter at Minas. Our firft parcel under capt. Morris arrived at Minas, Dec, 12', when all were arrived they did not exceed 470 men befides officers-, water-carriage in the winter- (ealonl being in^practic.iblc, they marci.ed by lantl_ 30 leagues,! Virh much h.irdfnip, in eight days j every man let oii:| v/,'.h 14 dj/s pioVilion upon Im baci^ j the; main bodfl Vim lfagues,l l\ let ou:| am b:j >vas| Of Kov A Scotia. 325 was quartered atGrand Pre,in a very loofe, lll-contriv*d, fcattered fituation, but upon alarm to repair to the main guard i col. Noble fuperfeded col. Gorliam in the chief command ; Gorham and major Phillips with a fmall ef- corte fet out for Annapolis, Jan. 29; they were but nine miles on their way, when the French bigan their attack. The French, well informed of our fcattered fituation, as to cantonment, and not regularly provided with am- munition and provifion, fet out from Chiconiflo, Jan. 8, forMinas, which by heading of creeks and rivers isabout 20 leagues diftance, and by cxcurfions to bring along as many of the fettlers and Indians as polTible, did not ar- rive at Minas until Jan. 31, and began about three hours in the morning by many diHant atcacks or onfets at the fame time, in parties of 70 to 50 men ; they were about 600 of the enemy, Canadians, inhabitants, and French Indians ; they killed many of our men in a nioft inhu • mane bafe manner ; col. Noble, lieuts. Lechemore (ne* phew to the late'Iord Lechemore) Jones, Pickering, en- lign Noble, with about 70 ferjeants, corporals, and pri* vate men ; made prifoners capt. Doane, lieut. GerriHi, and enfign Newton, in all about 69 men, the wounded included ; many of the prifoners were fet at liberty. The French were well provided with fnow-fhoes-, this neceffiry winter- marching article we neglcfled : however, a confiderable number of our men got toge- ther, but as they had not exceeding 8 (hot per man, and provifions being fcanty, they capitulated, i. We are to march off with arms fhouldered, drums beating, colours flying, through a lane of the enemy with relied fire- locks. 2. To be allowed fix days provifion, one pound of powder, with ball. 3. Not to carry arms' in the bays of Minas and Chiconidto for fix months. De Ramfay being lame was not in this onfet,M.Culon had the command j and after Culon was wounded, M. La Come commanded ; this affair being over, they re- turned to Chiconido, and expecting La Jonquicrc's fqua- dron with land-forces from France in ihc lummer, they X 3 continued i?. :li $1$ A Summary, Historical indPoLiTfeAL,8eq, continued at Minas and Chiconi£lo« until they receive4 advice by fome (lorefhips for Canada, which had efcaped •of La Jonquiere's fleet being dcftroycd, May 3, 1747. then they returned |:o Canada, and have given no furthec difturbance to Nova 3cotia : notwithftanding, for the better fecurity of the fcrt and garrjfon of Annapolis, Maffachuflcts Bay this fpring, 174.8, fchdj a reinforce- ment of 7 companies of militia. Having briefly related the French bickerings with us in Nova Scotia, we proceed to fome further accounts of that country. , Annapolis in 44. d. 40 m. N, Lae. tide 33 feet, Iie$ ppon a fine bafon, but the rapid tides in the bay of • Anno 1747, in the fpring, the French Bred and Rochefort fleets joined atRochelle, and failed irom thence { they confided of 38fail, viz. feven men of war from 74 to 44 g«r»i j of'thefe the Invincible of 74 guns, and a frigate of 44 guns (the only man of war that ef- caped being taken] were to convoy the fu End India ihips; theo- ther five men of war, with tranfports and merchantmen, having fol. diers, flores, and goods aboard, were defigncd for Nova Scotia and Canada. Admirals Anfon and Warren, Wiih 1 3 line of battle ihipt, 2 frigates, and a firefhip, fell in with them, May 3, in N. Lat. 43d. 46 m. and fruftrated two French expeditioni, to North -America and to the Eafl-Iiidies ; fix of the men of war were taken, all the £x £aft-rndia company (hips, and many of the tru(l mention (becaufc not nearly related to our fubjefl) the aAion of admiral Hawke, 0£t. 14, 1747, near Cape Finiftre, with a fquadron of 14 capital Hiips ( he felt in with a French fleet commanded by M. De I'Entendiere chef d*Efcadre, of 8 large line of battle (hips, and 1 80 merchant-men j four of the men of war were deftined to bring home a fleet from Martinique ; only two of the French men of war efcaped ; the merchant'men in time of the aAion made the bf ft of their way, but fome were picked up by our priva- teers loon aher, and in the Weft'indicf. ■ ' P'undj Of Nova Scotia. 327 Fundi make a difficult navigation *, into this bafon comes a river of good water-carriage, without falls for 25 miles, and near it are fcveral fmall villages or parcels of French fettlements, which in time of peace plentifully and cheap fupply the garrifon with frefli provifions and other neceflkries : from cape Anne near Bofton harbour, to cape Sables are 87 leagues, from cape Sables to Anna- polis are 30 leagues ; capt. Campbell in the Squirrel man of war, failed from Marblehead near Bofton harbour ((horteft courfe) in 23 hours. The Englifh have no other footing in this province, befides the fort of Annapolis ^ and before this French war, a fmall fifhery at Canfo. Aglate la Tour, grand-daughter to the before menti- oned La Tour, by management and for fmall coniidera- tions, obtained procurations and quit-claims, from all the heirs of La Tour, au ' Belle-ifle 5 (he married a fubaltera officer in Phillips's . ti :nt ; (he went to England, and fold the feigneurie »;''^; operty of all the province to the crown of Great Britain, Anno 173 1, for 2000 guineas i the fole property of all the province is now in the crown, and at prefent yields not exceeding 1 7 1. fterl. per ann. quit-rent: By the peace of Utrecht, the French in Nova Scotia, upon their taking the Britifh government oaths, were to continue in their po(re(Iions ; the not appropria- ted lands by the king of Great Britain's inftrudtions were referved for proteftant fubjedls ; f notwithftaiiding of this inftru£):ion, the French Roman Catholic fubjedts, as they fwarm (as they multiply in families) make free with thefe crown lands. t Perhaps governor Phillips and lieut. governor Armftrong, for fecrct valuable confiderations, made to the French inhabitants fome conceflions, indulgencies, or connivances. When we recoiled fuch mercenary connivances of governors ; a.nd while our French inhabi- tants retain a language and religion the fame with France^ our natural enemy, and entirely different from that of Great Britain ; they mull naturally and unavoidably, upon any mifunderftanding between the Britilh and French, favour the French intereft : therefore they muft be removed by fome fubfequent treaty, or be elbowed out, or their language apd religion mull gradually be changed. * X 4 ^ Anno i 3*8 ' Summary, Historical and Political, See. Anno 1 71 7 col. Phillips was appointed governor of Nova Scotia in place oi Vetch, and of Newfoundland- in place of Moody •, the four independent companies, of Annapolis, and the four independent companies of Placentia, with two more additional companies were re- gimented in his favour, making a reduced or reformed regiment of 445 men, officers included. After the French redudion of Canfo, our foldiers prifoners arrived at An-, napolis, being about 60 men, the poor remains or re. prefentatives of four companies; three of thefe compa. nies were incorporated with the five companies of Anna- polis, and with the fourth company of Canfo: thus at Annapolis were fix companies, at Placentia one company, and the three new companies to be fent from England to St. John's in Newfoundland, made up the regiment of ten companies, to be com pleated to 815 men, officers included, the compliment of a Britiflt marching regi- nunt: the reinforcements and recruits for this regiment from England, by mifmanagement and ncglcfl were very unfortunate j and tlic regiment remains in an abjcdtlow ellate, tlio* in time of war, and continual jeopardy, from our neighbouring Frencli, and armaments Irom France. In oilier to colonize this country, g!>vernor Phillips had a royal inllruft'on to form a council for tire man.ioe- rnent of ihc: civil cii7ai:s of the province j and according- ly in April 1720, did ap'or'rt 1 2 cour.cellors, viz. John Douce'j, litur, goM-.nc)., j.^aiircnrt! Anviflrong, Paul Maf- rarene, Cyprian Southack, J* jlinHarrifon, Arthur Savage, John Ad.irns flcibcn Newcnn, William Skecn, Will:am Sherrifr, IVter B: udrie, a;id Giilam Phillips, eiqrf, Ry the i5fth iniK'neliori, if any of the tcuncii be abftnt from the province cxcceuiny 12 inonihs, wjihouc have troni the commander in clu' f, or ablVnt two years without the ildrg's leaxe, lii.s nhcc Hull be deeni';d void or va:ant. In the abfcnce cf the governor and lieuf. govcrno!', the eldeil ci)ui;ieli(.r is co dct as ptcfident ol ihe council, and CO take upon r.i-.) I'rx government : tiiur. .inn. ij^^cj, live Jr^vn ot [\y the faid jst. Laurence river ; eafliward it is bounded by the gulph [of St. Laurence and gut of Canfo, which dfvides it from the illand of Cape Breton, and fouth-eaiterly it is bound* eJ by Cape-Sable fhore. The n^od valuable article in this province is theCape- I Sable coaft, where is a continued range of cod-fi(hing banks, and many good harbours; it is true, that along the Cape- Sable (hore and Cape- Breton, for fome weeks in fummer, there are continued fogs (as upon the banks of Newfoundland) from the range of banks to the eaft- ward, that the fun is not to be feen ; but without ftorms or bad weather ; the reft of the year is clear weather, veryfuitable for dry cod-filh — along this coaft to keep Iplear of lands-ends or promontories, of rocks, and of jlhoals, the courfes are, from Cape Anne near Bofton to Cape- Sables E. by N. 87 leagues to Cape-Sambro E. by N. half N. 50 to Canfo E. N. E. 45 to Louifbourg E. northerly 18 200 leagues. Some of thefe harbours are called Port Latore, PortRof- wy, Port Metonne, Port Metway, La Have, Malagafti, -hebufto. In Chebudto in the autumn 1 746 lay the French jirmada under duked'Anville, deftined to deftroy or dif- pfs all the Britilh North America fettlements : this bay I the reduAion of Louifbourg, and prefervation of Annapolis, but M:kon them oiiicioufly daring : notwichdanding the reprieve which hefe expeditions give to debtors, and by ftretching our paper-credit, [tpreciate the nominal currency in favour of our landed debts ; per- aps a majority of the leg — ture; we may favourably conftrue it s don?, in duty to their country, and to the intereil of all the domi- Jwas of Great Britain. and i! ^1 53^ ASuMMARV,HisTORicAt and PoliticaLj&c. and river of Chebudlo bids fair in time to become the principal port of Nova Scotia and its metropolis ; from this there is good wheel land-carriage communication with the bny of Minas *, that is, with La Riviere des Ha- bitants or La Prarie, with the river of Cobaquid , with the river of Pifaquid, and the beft parts of the province. It is true Annapolis lies upon a fine bafon, and is more in- land for a large vent or conlumption (thus London, Brj. llol, Liverpool,Glafcovv have become rich) but thccoun- try round it is bad, and the tides of the Bay of Fundi ren. | ders the navigation difficult. Upon the oppofite or wcfterly fhore of theBayofl Fundi are the rivtrs of Pafamaquudy and St. Croix, being! about 17 leagues N. W. from the gut or entrance of the bafon of Ann;-[>olis j the river St. Croix is the boundary between Nova Scotia government, and the territory of Sagadahock, o; the duke of York's property -, for ihel prelent in jurifdidion, annexed to the ntighbouringNewJ England provmcc of IVlaffachufctts-Bay. Upon tin's Ihore i'urcher northward is the river ot St. John's lol leaguesdiftant from thegut of Annapolis; this is apro(it{ able river of long coijrll^ a conlKJerable tribe of the Ab-I naquie Indians are fettled here, but always (trom the in-l dolcnce of thegfivcrnmcnt of Ni)va Scotia) in theFreiicli| or Canada intcrcU : the prodigious falls or rather tidesi this river near its mouth of 30 fathom, arc not acataradl from rock', hut from the tide being pent up in this liverl between two llecp mountains: by tiiis river and carm ing-places there is a communication with Qiiebec m metropolis of Canadn. When we reduced Fort-Roya( 1710, major Livirgfton and St. CaOcen went by thisrij ver to acquaint tlie general of Canada concerning tluj event. Higher or niorc ncrthward is Cape Dore, abouj 30 le;!g-jcs from Ar.Uiipolis ; here is plenty of mineral toal for fiiip.g; fome years fince, this affliir was iinderj taken by a company, but loon dropt with lofs; htrearl fome flender venis of ccpjier ore, fonle thin lamina ol virgin co]^p:i-, ai.d a rrojj f ilphur mauafitc. Upoj Of Nova Scotia. 333 Upon the eafterly fhore, or gulph of St. Laurence, is Canfo gut, a fafe and fliort paffage from the Britilh fet- tlcments to Canada river, 6 leagues long, i league wide i a good navigiition, from the journals of Capt. Gayton anno 1746, upon a criwze to Bay Verte. About 25 leagues further is Tatamaganahou, a confiderable No- va Scotia French difirift or fettlement, and good road for vefTeJs -, 14 leagues further is Bay Verte, (hallow wa- ter, but theembarquadier from Canada, todifturb us in Nova Scotia ; from this are only 4 miles land carriage to the river of Chiconi(fto ; here we may obferve, that up- on the Chiconidlo bay fide are 1 1 Lthom tide, upon the oiilph of St. Laurence or Bay Verte fide, are only 4 to 5 feet tide. Further (Ifle Bonaventure and Ifle Percee intervening, where the French by treaty of Utrecht do rightfully cure dry cod fifh) at the fouth entrance of the river of St. Laurence, is Gafpee, a deep bay and good harbour j here unrighteouQy the French dry cod fifli ; ] obferve in the late French charts publifhcd by autho- rity, there is a territory prickt off, called Gafpee, as if not belonging to Nova Scotia or L'Accadie, ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht ; fuch a paper encroachment, if not attended to, may be conftrued after many years a juft claim by prefcription *, fuch is at pre- fent the difpute between the Baltimore family of Mary- land, and tlie Pen's family ef Penfylvania concerning the o!d Dutch charts, and our new charrs in relation to Cape Cornelius tho fouth cape of Delaware Bay, and Cape Hcniopen, ;.o miles fi)uth wefterly from the mouth of De- laware Bay, in running the line between the three lower counties of Penfylvania and Maryland. Nova Scoria is divided into 10 or 12 diftrids ; each ftridt annually chufes one deputy to be approved by [the commander and council at Annapolis; he is a fort f agent for the diilridt, and reports the (late of thedi- rift from time to time ; they are in no legiQative or x^ciJtive capacity •, the Fiench mifTionaries, who are not illy appointed by the bi'hop f^i (^Kigbcc in Canada, but , under $$4 A Summary, Historical and PoLiTfCAL,8cc. under his direction (a fcandal to the indolent govern. mcnt and garrifons of Nova Scotia) in their fcvcral di. ftrid^sand villages, adt as magidrates and judicesofthe peace ; but all complaints may be brought before the commander in chief and council at Annapolis. The New-England bills of publick credit, ever fince the celTion by the treaty of Utrecht, have been their common currency ; until the late intolerable deprecia- tion by immenfely multiplying this credit beyond its bearings, by expeditions, and in fa<^ the credit of iholj bills is almoft funk *, or rather loft ; the French inhabi- tants abfolutely refufe them in currency. ^and of Sables. This ifland muft be deemed in the jurifdiflion of the province of Nova Scotia, as it lies upon the latitudes of that coaft, though at a confiderable diftance*, and tbe Britifh exclufive line of fifhery by the treaty of Utrecht 1713 beginning at this iHand, implies the fame to be- long to Great Britain ; the name is French, and were* tain it with much impropriety ; wc ought to have tranf- lated it to Sandy ifland, in the llune manner as we have turned Point de Sable (a former French diftrift in St. Chriftopher's) to the prcfent Britifh name Sandy point. The property is loudly (that is in the publick news-pa- pers) claimed by fome private perfons; I Ihall not in- quire into the merit of the affair. I am informed by people who were fiiipwreck'J there,! and lived fome months upon the ifland, that, from Canlol * In ameflageNov. 5, 1747, fromthehoufeof reprefentativcsol the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, relating to the pay of Canadil forces, to their governor, it is reprefented, " Should fuch a furtlieil fum be emitted, as is neceffary for the purpofe mentioned in yourEi- cellency^s mefiage, we apprehend it muft be followed by a great im>| pair, if not utter lofs of the publick credit, which has already beeol greatly wounded." Thus the odium of this iniquitous or balemo-l ney currency is thrown upon Mr. S ley, by the proper nionefj branch of tite legiflature. , a Wl Of Nova Scotia, 335 to the middle of the ifland are 35 leagues fouth •, it is a low land, With fmali rifing knowles of fand called downs, in form of an elbow, the bite to the northward, [about 20 miles in length, and narrow } by reafon of (holes of fand, fmall tides 5 or 6 feet, and a great furf ; it is inaccelTible, excepting in the bite, where boats may lind. Formerly fome perfons of humanity put cattle alhore to breed,, for the relief of the fliipwreck'd, and by multiplying, they anfwercd that benevolent charitable jendi until fome wicked, mean, rafcaliy people from our I continent, deftroyed them to make gain (thefe robbers of fcafaring people, called thefe depredations, wiakingof I a voyage) of their hides and tallow. The fouth fide is in 43 d. 50 m. n. lat. no trees, their principal growth is juniper buHies *, huckle-berry bufhes, -f cranberries, Ubent-grafs; fome ponds, abundance of foxes and jlealsi gieat fnows in winter, but do not lay long. At this ifland, which is deemed 30 leagues eait ward I from thj Cape Sable (hore of Nova Scotia or L'Accadie, by the treaty of Utrecht 1713, begins the Britifli exclu- five line of fiflicry, running S. W. indefinitely, and in- [duding the BIhing banks belonging to the ifland. Cape Breton IJlands, Cape Breton cannot properly be called aBritifli colony, luntil confirmed by fome fubfequent treaty of peace, and lannextd to the dominions of Great Britain ; but notwith- lilanding its retarding the profecution of this hiftory, I Icannot avoid taking notice of the reduflion of Louif- *Vitisidaa atigulofat I. B. Vaccinia nigra ^ Park, black whorts, or bill-berries. t Oxycoccus five vaccinia palufif is, T. B. Mofs-berrics, or marfh ivhortle berries ; the {<'tench of Canada call it Canneberge ; it is plen- |y ail over the northern parts of North-America ; and is a moft ex- ^uilltely agreeable acid iauce for all roaft meats, and for pallry tarts» Ji (iV mtn/picatum, Jccalinum, marititnum, maximum^ /pica longiore VSprtrim fpuafum, pungent oceattUum, I. B. £nglifh or Dutch h matwced. bourg, 336 A Summary, Historical and Pot iTiCAL,ace. bourg, being in our neighbourhood, an event recent and very memorable. I fhall endeavour to relate it with cx- aftnefs and impartiality. By afcribing every ftcpof jtto Providence, I hope it will not beconftrucd asdetradling from the merits of the country of New-England, the place of my abode or home. The motto may htAudaca joriufta juvaty and with good propriety may be termed Dignus vindice nodus^ and without imputation of cant, |;(j afcribed to fome extraordinary intcrpofition of Provi. dence in our favour : Governor Shirley in a fpccch ob- ferves, that ** fcarce fuch an inflance is to be found in hiftory :" A colonel in this expedition gave it this turn ** that if the French had not given up Louifboiirg, we might have endeavoured to ftorm it with the fame pro- fpcd of fuccefs, as the devils inight havs flormcd llta.l ven." The annual convention of the New-England nij. riders, in their addrefs to the KING, call it, "The I wonderful fuccefs GOD has given your American h.\ ces :'* A clergyman from London writes, " This prof. perous event can hardly be afcribed to any thing Ihoriofl an.interpofition from Above, truly uncommon andextra.f ordinary." Tliefe exprefllons of the Governor's, &:c, ought not to be conftrued as derogating from the mo(l| bold adventure of the New-Englanders. The redu(5tion of Louilbourg was much above capacity ; in fliort, if any one circumftance had takenil wrong turn on our fule, and if any one circumftancel had not tnkcn a wrong turn on the French fide, iheexJ pedition mult have mifcarried, and our forces wouldl have returned with fhamc, and an inextricable lofs to| the province i as this was a private or corporation ail| Venture without any orders from the court of Gieat Brij tain, the charges would not have hcen reimburfcd 1)|| the parliament ; and the people of New-England frooi generation to generation would have curfcd the advifcrj and promoters of this unaccountably rafli adveniure. •Perhaps our ai ittornica ior the i "'ith our Icgiflatui Nucedthcm, inc I" before they ari ''^'"cign legiflatu Of Nova Scot I A. 337 tn the congrefs of Utrecht when the French demnnded Cape Breton ifland, it was propofed, that it (houM lie in common for the ufe of the Britifh and French fifhery, wiihouc any fcttlemen*- or forts, but open % the French , would have acquiefced \ but in this, as in fome other ar« tides, our abandoned wicked minidry of that time gave the French nation more than they really expe^ed, viz. iheexcluAve property and dominion of the ifland, with theliberty of fortifying. It is generally thought, that by next peace Louifbourg will be demolinicd, and the illand laid open and in common to both nations : It is ttrtain, that the duke D'Anville had an inftruftion, if belucceeded in recovering Louifbourg, to demoliih it. As this was a private adventure, upon furrcndcr, we .night havedemolifhed it foon, and converted the artille- ry, other warlike (lores, ^nd many other valuable things, to the ufe and beneBt of the New England colonies con- jcerned, and fo have put an end to a great accruing charge: The charge of maintaining a garrifun there with men, provifions, warlike ilores, and repairs in time of peace, will be a great and unprofitable article of national expence, and as both nations are much in debt, neither of them will incline to be at the charge, but agree to demoliih it. As Great Britain are a fmall peo- ple, but at prefent maders at Tea, their game is to pro- cure all the advantages of an extenfive commerce ; we [are not capable of peopling and maintaining land-ac- quirements : Perhaps the promoters of this very popular adventure do not receive the fincere thanks of the mini- Iry or managers at the court of Great Britain (this may ^ the rcafon of the remoras in our foliciting a ♦ rcim- * Perhaps our agent or agents at home (who are in the nature cf kttornict for the province or corporation) to ingratiate thctiireivei kith our Icgiflature, have reprefented the affair wrong, which hat Induced them, inquality oFa colony legiflature, tocouat their chiclc- in before they are hatclied, and in fome fenfe, to prcfcribe to the ^)V(rci£n tegiilaturc of Qreat Britain, concerning the difpoAdon of y - burfement 3^38 A Summary, tjisTORiCAt and Political, &c. burfemeni) bceaufc thereby they have incurred, to pleafc the populate, an annual charge of 6o,qoo 1, fterl. pqr ann. or 600,000 1. New-England currenc y, a confider- able article where ways and means were difEcylt. If the adfc of parliament againft iropreffing of feamca in the fujgariflands, had been extended to the northern American colonies, we fliould have been cafyunderii Britifh fquadron ftationed at Boflon, and their bills home for fupplies, would have made good returns for our mer- chants ; our traders could not have fuffered above 2 or 3 per cent, difference of infurance, which is a trifle coni' pared with the great charge incurred by reducing of Louifbourg, and of maintaining it during the war. Here I fhall give fome fhort account of evenements in the northern parts.of North America, from the com. mencement of the prefent French war to the prefent time May 1 748 i I (ball not notice fniall affairs, which q not require mention in a general hiftory. The French declared war againft Great Britain March 15, 1744, N. S. Great Britain declared war againft France March 29, 1744, O. S. The French in ihefel parts had more early intelligence of the war; at Boltoq we did not proclaim this war until June 2. May 13, M. Du Vivier with a few armed fmall veiTels, and about 900 regular troops and militia from Louiibourg, takes Canfo without any refiftance, and carries the nominal fourl companies, being 70 to 80 foluiers, and the few inhabi- tants, prifoners to Ix)ui(bourg. Here is a notorious inltance of the French too forward! rafh condudl •, contrary to exprefs inftruftions fcnt by thel court of France to the garrifon of Loui(bourg, along witkl the declaration of war (my information was from IVf.le| Marquis de la Maifon Forte, Capt. of the Vigilant) thatl this money. There is a late incident not in our favour, the Dukeo Newcallle, concerned in ail our colony expeditions, is removed frojl being eldell occrctary, that is oi tiie iouthern provinces, to wJiiciiIrt land and the Tlantations arc annexed. confideiin Of N o V A S e d 1 1 At ^^9 eonfidefihg thewe^kahd mutinous ftate of their gah-i'^ fon, ic ^as hot &df ifeable for them, until further ordersi to attempt arty expedition which might alarm the popu- lous neighbouring Bi^itifh colonies. 2. If inftead of taking the inHgnifkant pbft (did not deferve the naitic of fort) of Canfo in their neighbourhood, the foonCr fo humour the vartity of an eclat } had they with the fame force gone directly to Annapolis, by furprize it would have ealily fubmitted. About the fame time a fmall inconfiderable ai*ma» tnent from Louifbourg, commanded by M. de la Brotz^ made fome depredations about St. Peter's of Newfound^ land, and threatned Piacentia ibrt« This de la Brot^^ in a French privateer (loop of 1 8 guns and 94 men, was foon after this taken by the Malfachufetts province fnow Capt. Tyng, upon the coaft of New- England, and Car- ried into Bofton. A fmall privateer from Louifbourg takes a flobp with whale-oil aboard from Nantucket ifland bound to Bofton. See the feftion of Nova Scotia j p. 319, for the at- tempts againft Annapolis in June, by fome Indians under the direftion of M. Lutrej a French mi(fiOnary prieft 1 and in September, by fome French and Indians com- manded by M.du Vivier, who burnt Canfo in May. End of July Capt. Roufe in aJiofton privateer, arilved I at St. John's harbour in Newfoundland from the great banks; he brought in 8 French (hips with 90^000 mud- ii(h. In Augufl;, Capt. Roufe in confortlhip with Capt^ Cieves in a fhipand fome fmall craft, and 50 marines^ fitted out by the Britifh man of war Rationed at New- foundland, fail in quell of the French (hips that cure cod-fifh in the northern harbours of NewftJundland ; Augud 18 at Fifhot, they took five good French lhips» fome dried fifli but not Well cured, fjnd 70 tons of liver- oil} thence they proceeded to the harbours of St. Ju- llian and Carrous. Capt. Roufe hereby merited, and laccordingly^was made a pod or rank captain in theBri^ Itilhnavy. ' Y? In ■4 si «i ' 540 A Summary, HisTomcAL and Political, &c. In September dies Du QuffncI the French governor oF Cape- Breton, a good old officer^ and was fucceeded ia command by M. du Chambon an old poltroon. In October Capt. Spry in the comet-bomb, upon the coaft ot New-England, takes a French privateer in her firft voyage or cruize, Capt. Lc Grotz, 16 guns 100 men, whereof fome were Irifh Roman-catholick folditrj formerly of * Phillips's regiment from Canfo ; thisprj. vateer was called Labrador^, from a gut in Cape- Breton where (he was built 1 (he had taken two or three of our coafters from Philadelphia. 'About this time Capt. Wa. terhoufe in a Bofton privateer rcfufcd a French Eaft-In- ,dia (hip richly laden i and Capt. Loring in a fmallBo- fl:on privateer was taken by a new French man of war from Canada bound to Loui(bourg. Nov. 19, fails from Loui(bourg the French grand fleet of fi(h (hips of fur (hips from Canada, &c. This fleet confided of 3 Frencl- .w-n of war, 6 Eaft-India fliips, 31 other (hips, 9 b.igantincs, 5 fnows, and 2 fchooners i 7 w(rels remained to winter at Loui(bourg. This is a (hort hiftory of the (ea campaign (as the French cxprefs it) in the northern parts of North Ame- rica for anno 1744. Anno 1 745 in March, f La Rcnommee a French fri- j gate of 32 guns, 350 feamen, and 50 marines, charged with publick difpatches, and defigned for obfervation, in cruizing along the Cape-Sable coa(^, met with feveral of | our fmall armed veflTcls, and with the Connedlicut tranf- ports, which upon any other occafion (he might have I deftroyed with ^afe : If flic had put into Louifbourg, bn the addition of good ofHcers, of men, and of (lores, the g;irrifon would have been encouraged, and perhapj have rendered our expedition vain ; But, having difcover- * In this regiment they have been much guilty of inlifting Roman- catholicks, becaufc cheap and eafily to be got. t This was the bcH advice boat tho French had, (he. was taken in] a^vovape to liifpaniola. • • - - fd iifcuver- g Roman- 1 taken in ed Of Nova ScoTiAr ' 341 ed an expedition againft Louilbourg in great forward* nefs, flie made the beft of her way to carry immediate advice thereof to France ; and a fquadron jnder the command of M. Perrier was foon fitted out from Breft for the relief of Louilburg; la Renommee failed in this fquadron, (he was an exquifite failor, and at length taken by the Dover, 1747. In May the f Vigilant, a French man of war of 64 cransand 560 men, with a good land -fall, inftead of go- ing diredlly into the harbour of Louifbourg, attacked a Britiih man of war of 40 guns, the Mermaid, capr. Douglafsi this prudent officer by a runningfight decoy'd the French fhip into the clutches of commodore Warren in the Superbe of 60 guns; in company were alfo the El- tham of 40 guns, the Maflachuffcts frigate of 20 guns, f Commanded by M. le Marquis de la Maifon Forte, fon-in-Iaw to M. Chiconeau firft phyfician to the French king. This gentleman was too raih in firing ; as he met with BritiOi men of war, he (hould have made the beft of his way to port, and only have put his men in a pofture to prevent boarding, without firing, which ftops the I Ihip's way, and have received the fire of our fhips filcntly. Not- I withilanding this mifcondu^l, the marquis was a man of good fenfe I and obfervation ; he made this good remark, that the French officers I of Loui/bourg, in bad policy, hindered the Englilh from viewing at all times the ilrength of their forts ; becaufe if the Englilh had been well informed of its ftrength, the moft fanguine, ralh, wrongheaded Iperfon, if not a natural fool, could not have imagined fuch a redudlion I without regular troops, and without artillery ; our proper cannon |(the 10 guns of 1 81b. fhot lent us from New York excepted) were i, old, and honey-comb'd, 4 of them fplit in firing. He further Iwell obferved, that our allowing the French ofHcers prifoners freely jtovicw Bofton and the country of New England, would cfFeftually Idifcourage and forbid any French attempt to invade a country fo |well peopled. Here we may obferve, that the warlike names of the French men nf war, found more elegant, proper, and bold, than the Hat appella* pons of the Britifh men of war, by the names of counties, towns, ind perfons : for inftance, in the French navy there are, le Terrible, rArdent, le Fougueux, le Mars, le Neptune, le Jalbn ; le Vigilant, leGloire, la Renommee, &c. In the Englifh navy our names are m, the Kent, the Devonlhire, the Cumberland, the London, the E- jinburg, the Chcftcr; the Prince Frederick, the Princefs Mary, the Vager, &c. Y 3 and ft 341 A Summary, Historic At and Politic al,&c. 4nd the Shirley galley of 20 guns ; the Vigilant (Iruck to the Mermaids M^y 18, and was nianned chiefly from New- England : if il|e Vigilant had arrived in Louifbourg coniidering the many good officers aboard, a large num< ber of failors and marines, with great quantities of (lores, yre ihould have been difappointed in the reduflion of Louifbourg, If the propofal made three days before the Vigilant was feized, had taken place, viz. of laying up the men of i^ar in Chapeau rouge bay, and landing the Tailors and marines to join our fieging army j the Vigilant would have got in and fruftrated the redydion of Louilbourg. M. Marin, after a vain attempt ag^inft Annapolis in Nova Scotia, with 900 French and Indians, in fmall (loops and canoes, was bound to the relief of Louifbourg by molcfling the fiege, in Afmacoufe harbour they were difperfed by fome of our fmall armed vcfTck June 15 ; Jee Nova Scotia fedion, p. 3? i. The French fquadron of 7 men of war, commandd by M. Perriei;, dcfigned for the relief of Louifbourg, fct out from France too late. July 19, in N. lat. 43 d. 45 m. W. long, from London 40 d. 30 m. E. off the banks qf Newfoundland, took our prince of Orange mart fhip, lieutenant governor Clark of New- York aboard j here the French learnt that Louifbourg had furrt* ndered j without I this intelligence, they would have become a prey tooilr l-ouifbourg fquadron ; the French altered their meafures, and in a florm lyere difperfed -, la Galette of 32 guns did not rendezvous •, the Mars 66 guns, Si. Michael 62 guns, and the Renpmmee of 3 1 gunsj put back to France; the Parfait 46 guns, Argonoute 46 guns, and le Tournoir 32 guns, put into thjB harbour of Carrous in the northern parts of Newfoundland 51 d. 5 m. N. lat. lay there threej weeks, and failed a convoy for the French fifh fhips. Some homeward-bound rich French fhlps, ignorant oPI this eye:nt, came before Louifbourg to refrcfti, and werjf taken by our fhips ; as all the Britilli men of war had! entered into a contra^ of joint fharing, I fhall not parti- i ^ cularizel cularize thi tookanEal foon after tl was taken packer' capi In July, to bring aw to France : curely weni French and J Od.s. fi the two Eafl there, confo fhip, for cer ceed : the V were left to Our prov lo^ in a flor Our fea c autumn 174 giments foo panics of Fra ter upon this England, N( put into Virg at Louifbou England mil rifon there a render of the received a cc as lieutenant territories til cafions callec Governor an faid, he beha Admiral from our W( Of Nova Scot I A. 343 cularize the (hips that made the feizures: July 24, they took an Eaft-India (hip from Bcngal,Value 75,000 1, fterl. foon after they take another Eaft-lndia fhip. Auguft 22, was taken a South-Sea (hip (decoy'd by the Bofton packef capt. Fletcher) value about 400,000!. fterl. In July, we fcnt feme fmall craft to St. John'r. ifland to bring away the French inhabitants, to be tranfported to France: fome of our meh imprudently and too fe- curely went afliore, they were ambufcaded by fome French and Indians, we loft 28 men killed and captivated. Oft. 5- failed 5 men of war, via Newfoundland with the two Caft-India ftiips for England, to be condemned there, conform to an adt of parliament ; the South-Sea jhip, for certain reafons, was condemned as unBt to pro- ceed: the Vigilant, Chcfter, and Loui(bourg fire-(hip were left to winter there, i Our provincial privateer fnow capt. Smithurft, was |o(( in a ftorm, and all the men drowned. Our fea campaign, anno 1 746, was as follows. In the autumn 1745, were (hipt off from Gibraltar the two re- giments foot of Fuller and Warburton, with three com- panies of Frampton*s regiment; they arrived in the win- ter upon this bad coaft (I mean the winter coaft of New- England, Nova-Scotia, and Cape-Breton) and therefore put into Virginia to wait the fpring feafon ; they arrived at Louilbourg May 24, 1746, and relieved our New- England militia of about 1500 men that had kept gar- rifon there at the charge of Great Britain from the fur* render of the place June 1 7, 1 745 •, commodore Warren received a commiffion as Governor, and col. Warburton as lieutenant Governor of the garrifon of Louifbourg and territories thereunto belonging. Admiral Warren's oc- cafions called him home, and Mr. Knowles was appointed Governor and Commodore of a fmall fquadron there, it is faid, he behaved ih a moft imperious, difguftfui manner^ Admiral Townfhend with a (quadron, was ordered from our Weft^India fugar iflands, for the prote^ion of Y4 Uuif- );' 11.1 544 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Louilboiirg, he continued there in harbour all the time that Duke d*AnviJle*s French fquadron was upon our coaft, without giving them any moleftation in their great diftrefs doubt!efs from fome fecret inftruftions, whicH he did not think proper to communicate to Mr. Knowjcs. Townfhend with eight (hips failed in November from LouiflDourg for England. The ftory of d*Anviile's expedition that autumn in thefe feas, we have already related in the fcdion of Nova Scotia, p, 322. In the fummer by an order from home, the fevera! northern colonies did raife forces towards the reducing of CanaJa •, fee p. 324: this was perhaps only a ftate- amufement, without a real defign to profccute iheaf« fair: the M.ilTichufctts-Bay voted 3000 men, whereof 2000 were inliPced, and by an order from hotiie, they were difmifled m Odober 1747, after having further in- volved the province in a confiderable debt for inlifting, vi^tua'Jing, and providing of tranfports. Anno 1747. In the fpring, a French fquadron with Tranfports ar)d land forces, fitted out in France, for the annoyance of Cape Breton, and reduflion of Annapolis in Nova-Scotia, were intercepted, beginning of May, by admirals Anfon and Warren's fquadron; fee p. 3,26. M. de Ramfay, with his party of Canadian French and Indians, had wintered at Chiconiflo, to join the land forces from France-, but upon the newsof Lajonquiere's difafter, they returned to Canada j and from that time to this prefent writing May 1748, Annapolis has been in perfedt fecurity and tranquillity; there is at this time a rumour of fome expedition on foot in Canada. Beginning of winter commodore Knowles from Louif- bourg with a fmall fquadron, was joined atBofton by the llation fhips of North-America, leaving their trade ex- pofcd to the depredations of French and Spanilh priva- teers ; he failed to our windward fugar iflands, and from thence to Jamaica j having made up a confiderable (qiia- ,'.. H ' dron Of Nova Scotia. 34^ dron with land forces aboard, he was to diftrefs the French harbours and fettlements on Hifpaniola (the French call the ifland St. Dominguc) as much as pofli- ble, he has already reduced and demolilhed a ftrong fort in Port Louis } here, 1 741, lay a large French fquadron tiiitier the marquis d'Antin, defign'd to prevent the junc- tion of I'^ernon and Ogle, or to awe our expedition riinft C uihagena, or to carry home the Spanifli plate fleet; neither of thefe were efFeftcd, but returned to France in a v6ry diftreffed condition. Ar no 1 748. The adjacent Britifli provinces, or co \ Ionics, are negotiating an expedition againft a French 'irtat Crown-Point, upon the Dutch fide of LakeCham- I plain, and confequentiy within the jurifdiftion of New- York; when the affair is narrowly canvafled, perhaps it will be deem*d * a filly, but chargeable affair : as hither- to nothing is concluded upon, we muft drop it. Cape-Breton was formerly in the Nova Scotia diftrift, |tlie French call it L'Ifle Royal ; by commifllon, M. Subercafle, the lafl: French Governor of L'Accadie, is ailed Governor of L'Accadie and Cape Breton iflands, |from Cape Rofiers at the entrance ot St. Laurence ri- ver. f 1 • As to the reduftlon of Crown-Point a French fort, and lately a Wiceofarms for the annoyance of the Britifli fettlements of New- fork and the N. W. frontiers of New England, i. Unlefs all Ca- uda were in courfe to be reduced, which we cannot pretend to efFefl jritbout an armament from Great Britain ; this when reduced, mufl tther be demoliflied, but foon rebuilt again by the French, at one Intiiof our charge in reducing it j or garrifoned ftrongly, at a great targe, becaufe of its great diftance from us, and vicinity or eafy wa- ii- communication with Canada. 2. It is not in the New-England m\&, jurifdiftion, or government, and confequentiy not under our [region fo as to make any advantage of it in the flcin and furr de. 3. If we were to aft with the fame fordid private intcreft jfws, as has formerly been praftifed by the Dutch fettlemcnt, but at elent Englifli government of New-York ; for inftance, in the late |eei; Anne's war with the French, thcfe our Dutch fubjeils contrived a neu- j4^ A Summary, Historical aAd Political, &c. vcr, to Qucncbec river : by the treaty of Utrecht 1713 all L' Accadie or Nova Scotia was quit-claim'd by France to Great Britain ; excepting the Cape- Breton iflands, that is, all the iflands in the guiph of St. Laurence : thefe Great Britain quit-claim'd to France. The great ifland of Cape-Breton lies from 45 d. to 4^ d. n. lat. its moft northerly point diftant 1 5 leagues from Newfoundland, the gulph of St. Laurence inter- vening i here a few cruizers might preclude the French Canada trade > it is fcparated from Nova Scotia by i thorough-fare, which we call the Gut of Canfo ; the French call it the PafTage of Fronfac j the Mermaid a Britifli man of war of 40 guns, 1 747, upon a cruize, failed through this gut, found it fix leagues long, jj narrow, but good anchorage, flood from the north; from the Gut of Canfo 40 leagues to Bay Verte, where are about 10 or 12 French huts, upon the Nova Srotia ihore, fl^illow water ; here is the communication o\ the Canadians with our perfidious French of Nova Stotia, by a fliort land-carriage or neck of about 4 miles toj Chiconi6lo. Taramaganahoe is a large French vill 14 leagues weft foutherly from Bay Vcrte, a harbourloi large (hips. Louifbourg, formerly called Engl ifli harbour, is in 11 lat. 45 d. ^^ m the paflage by fea trom thence to Que bee is about 200 leagues, and has been performed in days. In Cape- Breton ifland, there is a gut lakp orio' land fea, called Labradore about 20 leagues long, andthti a neutrality between the New- York or Five nation Indians and tU French Indians, and thereby ingrofTed the French and Indian tradeij tbofe p.'irts, and the French of Canada with their Indians were allli Joofe to diftrefs Nova Scotia and the eaftern fettlements of New~ land ; at prefent it might be advjfeable, tacitly to content to thecoi tinuance of Crown- Point as a rendezvous and place of armsfoitl French and their Indians ; thus the eaftern frontiers of New Englj would be fafe, formerly much harrail'ed by the enemy Indians; tn war they have not fuffered much ; our weftern frontier cxpofeilij the excurfions from Crown-Point are covered by New-York andtl lasc addiiion to the goyemai^nt of NdW-HampihiF^ when fettled. I Of Nova Scotia; 347 or four leagues wide i here they build fmall veflfcls ; the French privateer called Labradore, capt. Le Grotz, ta- ken by the Comet bomb, 1745, was built there. In the north part of the ifland is a good harbour* St. Anne's, in a good foil i here was laid out fort Dauphin, to be found in the French charts, as if finiflied. The other iflands in the gulf of St. Laurence are pri- vate French property ; St. John's and the Magdalene iflands were granted to the Conte Dc St. Pierre i St. John's is about twenty leagues long, good land, many French and Indians ; Governor Knowles of Louilbourg negledcd the poffcffion of it •, the ifland of Anticofti is the property of Sieur Joliet a Canadian; it lies in the mouth of the river St. Laurence, is large but inhofpi- j table, no good timber, no good harbour, plenty of large I cod-fi(h : below Gafpee on the coaft of Nova Scotia, at I L'Ifle Percee and L'Ifle Bonaventure already mcntion- |ed, the French make cod fifti. After a fliort defcription of the late French colony {of Cape Breton iflands, I Ihall briefly, without interrup- tion and at one view, relate that memorable event df reducing Louifburg, the French American Dunkirk, by a few New England militia, with the countenance of I Jome accidental Britifli men of war. When Louifljourg was given to us by theFrench, we Ifound 6go regular troops in garrifon, with about 1300 Imilitia, whereof about one half were called in from the adjacent feitlements ; the main foflee or ditch 80 feet ■wide, the ramparts 30 feet high, (the fcalado or foaling [ladders which we fent by the direftion of Mr. Bradftrcet, at prefent lieut. Governor of a fort in St, John's harbour,. "Newfoundland, were too fliort by 10 feet, and never »ere ufed) upon the town ramparts were modhted up- wards of 65 cannon of various fizes *, the entrance of khe harbour defended by a grand battery of about 30 guns of 42 pound ball, and by the ifland battery of 30- jgns of 28 pound bail; provifions for fix months, ammunition M 34^ ASuMMARYjHiSTORICAL and P0LlTICAL,8cC; ammunition fufficient, if wel! hufbanded from the be- ginning *, ten mortars of thirteen inches, and fix of nine inches. M . Vaughan of Damarafcote, in the territory of Sa. gadahoc, in the dominions of New England, a whimfi. cal wild proje(5lor in his own private concerns, entirely ignorant of military affairs, and of the nature of tiic defence or ftrength of a place regularly and well forti- fied at an immenfe expencc, dreamt or imagined that this place might be reduced by a force confiding of 1500 raw militia, feme • fcaling ladders, and a few armed fmall craft of New England. It is faid, that f Governor Shirley was taken with this hint or conceit, but imagined that 3000 militia with two forty gun king's fhips, might do better; this expedition was refolved upon and profecuted, without any certainty of Britifh men of war to cover the fitj-Je, and prevent fupplies ; a packet was fent to commodore Warren, ftationed at our Weft India fugar iflands, by a loaded lumber floop, defining the afliftance of two ihips of 50 or 40 guns, and if he could not fpare two, to fend one, which perhaps might be fufficient : Mr. Warren's anfwer was, that for want of further inftruc- tionsfrom the Admiralty, he could in courfe fend only two fhips to the New York and Boflon ftations ; but foon after this he received inftruftions to proceed to I North America with the Superbe 60 guns, Launceflon 40 guns, and Mermaid 40 guns, in order to fuccour Annapolis, or any of his majefty's fcttlements againft attempts of the enemy, and to make attempts againft the enemy : in proceeding to Boilon for provifions and other fupplies, fome fifhing fchooners, by letters from * The ladders fent with this expedition were 10 foot too lhort,| from bad intelligence ; but if fufiicicntly long, they were not prac- ticable. t In oiir plantations fome capt. generals, and colonels even of I regular troop.>, arc not to be fuppofed military men. • Governor Of Nova Scotia. 349 Governor Shirley informed him, that the expedition had proceeded, and dcHring that he would immeJutely co- ver them by his procedlion, without touching in ac BoftoHi the good, alTiduous, and public- fpirited Com- modore Warren diredkly proceeded and joined this ad- venture*, he is now an Admiral in the navy, and Knight of the Bath, in reward for his good fervices. Thcafllmbly of MaflkchufTcts-Bay, Jan. 25, 1744-5, by a majority of one vote, refol ved upon this expedition j Feb. 2, the inliftments began for voluntiers, and failed end of March for Canfo 3000 men compleat ; we had in good condu(fl and precaution, three weeks before this, lent out fome privateers, to block up the harbour of Louifbourg. At Canfo they remained three weeks; at this time the (hore of Cape Breton was impraAicable from fields of ice which came down by thaws from the I river of St. Laurence or Canada, and by eafterly winds I drove upon that coad : at Canfo was built a block-houfe of 8 fmall cannon, garrifoned with Somen. The expe- dition failed from Canfo, April 29, and next day arrived in Chapeau-rouge bay, a little fouth of Louilbourg •, here in landing our men, we were oppofed by a body of up- wards of 100 regular troops (whereof 24 were of the Swift company) commanded by Maurepang, formerly a noted fea rover; we fufFcred nolofs, the French retired with the liofsof 8 men killed and 10 made prifoners ; from Canfo Iwe had fent a fmall party to St. Peter's, a fmall French [fettlement upon Cape Breton, and burnt it. May 2, we detached 400 men to march round, under cover of the hills, to the N. E. harbour of Louilbourg ; upon the furprize of our men's burning the ftore-houfes and fifh-ftages there, about one mile from the grand kttery ; the troops in the grand battery (to reinforce the {own, the harbour being fufficiently guarded by the Ifland battery) retired to the town precipitately, with- put deftroying the trunnions and carriages of their cannon, pnly fpiking or nailing of them, which were foon drill'd ' . and *!J i"f •"I 150 A Summary, HisTomeALftid PbLiTtcAL,ltf. •nil did ferte againft the town, * we took poflTcfTior •>; it May 3, and found 350 (hells of 13, and 30 of ;o ^hes, and a large quantity of (hot. The New England militia before the town were in all about 3600 f voluntiers^ whereof not exceeding 15$ ^ Here we may obTerve, that by the herculean labour of our ni. litia (many of them were ufed to mailing and logging) whofegrtu •tchtevementt were noft remarkable in quality of pionerrs or I4. )»ourert 1 they dragged thefe heavy caraon opon fledges over monf. Ibs not praAicable by herfet or oxen : by good providence, they had ■o occijion to fhew their condudl and courage in repulfing of falljo (May 8» there was a fmall infigniAcant fallv from the town j it wat iaid, that the mutinous difcontented garrifon could not be inhi without the works, for fear of defertion) or ftorming of the worki; ibme capricious writers have called in queftien the New Englini conduct, but not their courage. f The New England armament for the reduAion of Louiflionr;, and in confequence towards the acquifition of the province of Cipi Breton iflandi, or iflands in the gulf of St. Laurence, was ai followi, Province of Mailachuifeta-fiay. Land forces. \. Regiments of Lieut, gen. PeppercU ' Brig. gen. Waldo t- Colonels Moulton Hale Willard Richmond ^ Col> Gorham« called of the whale-boatfT Col. Owight and lieut. col. Gridley, of the train of artillery. Capt. Bernard's independent company of carpenters or artific(ni| Sea forces Ship MaflachufTets frigate, capt. Tyng Catfar Shirley-Galley Snow Prince of Oranga Brig. Bofton packet Sloops 20 guns Snelling 20 Roufe 20 Smithurft 16 Fletcher 16 Dohahew 1 2 Saunders 8 Bofch 8 Ship hired from Rhode THand Grifiin 20 Colony of Connedicut. * Land forces I rcg. of 500 men. Major general Wolcot* By fea Thompfon 1 6 guns Colony iloop 16 m Of Nova Scotia.' 351 iDin were loft (the prince of Orange fnow excepted, Joft I ;. a '\orm) by fortune of war, viz. killed by burftins of Ictnnoii, by fAot from the town, killed and drowned in I (be ulh attempt againft the ifland battery : upon our firft Imcimping* from the damp of the ground, there hap- pened a general flux, or rather Ample diarrhoea or mer« Province of New Hampihir*. Lftod forces I rcff. of 3;o meiif Col. More. Their province floop. • ' Colony of Rhode Ifland. , Land forces none. By ica their colony floop. The colonies fouth of New England furniflied no auotai of land lor liM force, they made fome fmall prefents of proviiioni : the Oo- Iwior of New York lent lo good cannon of ih It, ihot) withonC llicic, and the French unexpefledly abandoning their grand bitttcry, Iwr expedition muft have been ineffedlual : Gov. Shirley rays,*' That jwithout thefe cannon, we could not have had the fame proiocA of Ifiicceft, and all other preparations muft have been fruftrated.'* I At the deflre of General Pepperell and CommodorcWarren, in luna Ithe MaiTachuflets- Bay fent a reinforcement of 400 men, and Con- Igefiicut fent 200 men ; they did not arrive until after the fiege waa nrer. When the town or fort was in our pofleflion, the New Eng- Jind militia garrifon proving very fickly, they were recruited from [tiae to time by the colonies of New England. The Britilh men of war that arrived from time to time before )ui(bourg, intimidated the earrifon ; they were Commodore Warren*s fquadron from the Weft India (agar iflandi, Superbe of 60 guns, Launcefton and Mermaid 40 guna each* joined in the adventure. 'he Vigilant, a French fhip of 64 guns, defigned to reinforce iniibourg with men and ftores, was taken by Warren*! fquadron. lay 19, and added to the fquadron; flie was afterwarda manned lollly from New England. 22, The Princefs Mary of 60 guns, from England, viaBotioni as ditto from England. called in from Newfoundland. called in from convoying the loofeneii % The Hcflor of iJiiBCio, TheChefterof 1 2, The Canterbury of Sunderland of Lark of Eltham of few England znaft-fhip» for England. M Mi mi I-: 35^ A SuMMARV, Historical and PdLiTiCAL,&c. Joofenefs, not mortal, and foon over. After we got into the town, a fordid indolence or floth, for want of u dif* cipline, induced putrid fevers and dyfenteries, which at length in Auguft became contagious, and the people died like rotten Iheep ; this deftroy*d, or rendered inca- pable of duty one half of our militia. During the fiege, the French made only one in.'ioni. ficanr fally. May 8 ; the garrifon was mutinous, ^and coUi J not be trufted at large ; this rendered us le.cure and the fiege was carried on in a tumultuary randonj manner, and refembled a Cambridge commencement. In the beginning of the fi^'ge, fome of our men in- 1 confiderateiy ftrolled, and fufFered from a body of French Indians, May i6, a party of about loo men in boats, landed] in the night near the light- houle point, to furprize our men who were erecting a battery there to play upon the ifland battery of the French : this party was timely cjf- covered and obliged to fly into the woods, and html joined by fome Indians, had feveral Ikirmifhes with curl icouts. May 26, in whale-boats (fo thin and light that a few! Tiiefe efFeftually covered the fiege by cruiflng, two fmall French I veflels only got in by a fog ; and when it was refolved by the feal and land officers, to ftorm the town, June 18, the depcnded-upoal attack was by fea, while our land forces by way of diverfion madeaj f«int (but without any practicable breach) to florm it alhore : at| that time we had Britiih men of war One of 64 guns h, , .. .. Four of 60 * One of 50 Five of 40 And upon capitulation, commodore Warren's boats took tk Mi pofl'eiTion of the town, and his marines mounted guard forW days. I II In military difcipline there are fundry articles befides themaJ nital exercife of the mufkct and the evolutions : 1 (hall tnentioi upon this occafion only two, i . A due fubordination to fuperiorofJ ficcrs or command, which the levelling fpirit of our Plantations doa not well admit of. z. A proper care of their men, as to clean drefd wear, eating, drinking, lodging, and a proper regard to their fick. I mufket ba ralhly atte ^0 guns oj ioft in this 116 prifoni t As tc in this mar yards diltai we erected inch, one 1 t I /hall fa tlie managers province in ge capt. Snelling', tile country le\ appeared in tl remove thefc h bay; miraculo tliey efcaped th tion abortive ir unferviceable B bad, were callei tiat would hav( iverenotfent t tkis, ourbeii next day, June ough and a Blake for fame, Z do 1 ■■ ^ 354 ASumMarV, Historical and Politic AL,8ic. do no execution •, May 7, a battery was made at 900 yards diftance, and we fummoncd the town; May 17, a battery was advanced to 250 yards diftance from the weft gate ; May 20, on the other fide of a creek was eredled a battery of five 42 pounders, called Tidconib's battery, to batter the circular battery and magazine. ' We made no regular approaches Dy trenches, that is, by parallels and zigzags, but bombarded the town at random, and did much damage to the roofs of the houfes ; the weft gate was defaced, the adjoining cur. tain and flank of the king's baftion were much hurt, but no praflicable breach. The Canterbury and Sunderland being arrived, it was refolved to ftorm the town by Tea, June 1 8, by three 6oi one 50, and four 40 gun fhips, while the land- forces made a feint or divcrfion alliore: the French were afraid to ftand it, and capitulated June 17, to march out with the honours of war, not to ferve for twelve months, to be allowed all their perfonal effcfls, dnd to be tranfportcd to France, at the charge of Great Britain. The place was put under the joint adminlftration of Pcpperell and Warren j and all future charges were to be defrayed by their bills upon the Pay mailer general and Ordnance. According to the cnlifting proclamation, our militia were to be dilchargcd ib foon as the expedi- tion was over ; Governor Shirley arrived in Louifbourg, Aug. 17, and perfuaded them to continue; but not- withllanding, if the Vigilant, ihc Chcftcr, and Louif- bourg fireftiip had not conti/iucti there over winter, tlie militia might have been (!ilcour.ig(tl, and thepliceii danger of being furprized by the French, and their Indi- ans from Canad.i, Nova Scoti;i, and St. John's ifland. When the Launccfton's guit.s were landci! and mount-| ed upon the ramparts, we had 266 good cannon mount- ed in the town and batteries. Capt. Mouta^uie ol tiie Mermaid carried home the advice of Louiiboiirg be- ing lui rendered. - Asl As it is pn J upon a peace town and its I the grand bat I trance of the of the harboi in pofleflion ( great cannon quifhed, the t I with a great a foJly was lefs [not poffibly [ from the grani town, is 1857 I execution. Fr JE. N. E. 1273 liight-houfe, N. As the Fren.\ Iduced, and nc jJ(|uadron fo far jwitli fufficient fJ [corps (befides lordnance) in gl jmen, may be r{ Ifeformed men pkttk, and bl 'cotiaj continuf lime. The prefent t>br, confift 0] * A little before le French royal nl ' fliip of 9I 9 of 4 of ■ I" thefe may be s. ,"^\ prefent French] M the number. 355 Of Nova Scotia; As it is probable that Louifbourg will be demolifhed upon a peace, I (hall not give any defcription of the j town and its fortifications ; I only mention that from the grand battery, erefled to range and defend the en- trance of the harbour, to the light- houfe at the mouth I of the harbour, are about 2000 yards ; after we were in poffeffion of this battery, and drill'd fome of the great cannon which the French had nailed and relin- quiihed, the town and battery cannonaded one another with a great and ufelefs expence of ammunition; this folly was lefs excufable in the French, as they could not poffibly have any recruit of (lores; the diftance from the grand battery to the circular battery of the town, is 1857 yards, which is too great for much good execution. From Maurepas gate to the ifland battery, E. N. E. 1273 yards: from the ifland battery to the llight-houfe, N. E. 11 33 yards. As the French royal navy at prefent are much * re- Iduced, and not capable of fending any confiderable Ifquadron fo far abroad ; perhaps in good oeconomy and Iwith fufHcient fecurity, the prefent nominal chargeable [corps (befides the large detachment from the train of jordnance) in garrifon at LouKbourg of about 4000 Imen, may be reduced to 2000 effc<5tive men, and the Ireformed men may with proper encouragement be fent ][o fettle, and be intermixed with the French in Nova cotia i continuing them in corps and in pay for forne time. The prefent garrifon troops of Loui(bourg, if corn- pleat, confift of • A little before the commencement of the prefent Spanifti war, ihe French royal navy confifted of I fhip of 90 guns 9 of 7+ 4 4 of of 7 flilps of C>2 guns .^ of 60 t of 50 T v.. w^ 8 of 40 to 46, 1 thefe may be called line of battle Ihips; but in the progrefs of [lis prefent French war to this writing, they arc reduced to near |i!t" the number. Z 2 Fuller's 64 t.m :; > I' 256 A Summary, Historical andPoLiTicAL,&c. men Fuller's reg. 815 -rM v \ Warburton*s 815 < Officers included J ^^^^™%\ Frampton's 3 comp. 245 . H regiments | SirWm.Peppereirs 1000 ^ for officers not in-C may be •^eluded add 80 or.^calied ma^ Col. Shirley's 1000 (^ more to each ^rines 3875 The projedt of raifing two regiments in New Englan, was faulty in two refpeds. i. A young fettlement, al ready much reduced in their young men, by late expe diticns ; to exhauft them more by ftanding levies, is grievous hardlhip -, it not only retards or flunts tli growth of the colony, but in fa<5t miniorates them, am puts them backwards; this is the general complai of the country, extravagant price of labour, and vvani of labourers. 2. The public difappointment of tli intercil of Great Britain, where 2000 men are depend ed upon ; of thefe 1000 perhaps are and ever will! non- effectives, it being impradicable for the count to fpare fo many men, for ftanding or continued r gular troops. Perhaps the fpeculative original defign, at might appear fpecious, that is, i. A garrifon of m indigenous natives of, or habituated to, the climate. That by rcferving fome officers ccmmiflions to t difpofal of the colonels, the gentlemen of our mili who had didinguiOied themfelves in the expeditio might have Ibmc reward for their merit-, this Liftdi fign was attended with the f inconveniency or bti perverted, by beftowing thele commifllon? to purchafe to relations, and to friends. Some of our good farmers, artificers, and othsr t When I write with freedom, impartial difiiitereilcd reader,! ■ excufe me in quality of a dirmterelled hiltorian ; I have no peri difregard or malice, and do write of the prcfcnt times, ai il things had been tranl'adcJ ico years fiiicc m A) ' U or Nova Scotia. 1^57 bourers, leaving their feveral occupations for a Ihort time, to ferve tlieir country upon an exigency, in a mi- litary way, is very laudable ; this was in practice ampngft the Romans J fome of their great generals have upon this account left the plough, and when the expedition was over, have returned to it again •, fuch ought to be rewarded with places of profit or honour, without pur- chafe, fubfcriptions for prefents, aflignments of their pay for a time, and other * avaricious contrivances. In the fummer 1746, the aflembly of Maflachuflets- Bay, fent to the court of Great Britain, -f accounts of their provincial charge in reducing of Louilbourg, to the amount of about 178,000!. flerling ; this affair is ftill depending, and is imputed, rather to the inadivity md improper application of our agents, than to dilato- rinefs in the miniftry and parliament; the righteoufnefs and generofuy of our parliaments are notorious, and a reimburfement is unquedionable ; and if properly puQi'd toefFeft, we might have had for fome time paft, an an- nual accruing intereft upon debentures of 7000 1. fterl, • Hungry or indigent animals are voracious, and amongft mankind I this may proceed further, to a Cre/cit amor nummi quantum ipja pe- I mia cre/cit, which is in itfelf indefinite. f Thefe accounts were in fundry articles. ' " ' ''" " 1. Account of the firft mufter-rcJls in the expedition to Cape Bre- [ton, as made up and paid by order of the General Aflembly of the iMaffachuffets-Bay province. 2. Account of the feveral fums paid by the committee to the of- Ificersand foldiers who continued in your Majcfty's garrifon at Lou- lilbourg, until they were difcharged by your Majefty's order. 3. Account of the charge of tranfpovt vcflcls employed in your [Majefty's fervice, in the expedition to Cape Breton, and for the fcr- Iviceof the garrifon at Looifbourg; exclufive of fuch as were laden jwitii ftores by exprefs order from the General and Admiral. 4. Account of the charge of the veflfels of war in the pay of the |Maflachufiets province, in the expedition to Cape Breton, and after Ireduftion of tlie place. 5. Account of the cofl and charge of tranfporting warlike and o- Ither ftores, for the ft-rvice of your M^jefiy's fortn and j?;arriroii at [Ioui(])ourg, by order of Admiral Warren and General Pcppcrell. With fome contiiigc.it charges. ^■3 per ■^ «ill'^ j #;^^-*il Pi ii. n m hP '-. f i-,^ j; 1 ^« '*^! 358 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. * per ann, which at prefent is 70,000!. New England cur- rency j this would much leflcn our yearly provincial tax. At Louifbourg their currency founds as if it were fterling value j Bririfli coin cannot be exported, there- fore Spanifh coin, which is the moft general in all the commercial countries of our globe, reduced to a fterlinff value, is called fterling by us. Immediately uponoDr pofiefling of Louifbourg, the Gibraltar and colonies currencies cheat, began to take place ; that is, the com- miflaries or pay- mailers, what was charged to the pro- per officers or boards at home at 5 s. fterl. they paid off] (to their own private advantage of 1 1 per cent, a cheat) by a mill'd piece of ei^ht, value 4 s. 6d. fterJ. If Lou. ifbourg fhould continue a garrifon, a confiderable article in the Britifli annual fupply, thofe commiflaries, from the example of our American colonies and Gibraltar, xvould foon improve their profits, to pay away a light piece of eight, value 3 s. 66. fterl. for a Britifh crown or 5 s. fieri. The impofition at Gibraltar of i s. fieri. for i6d. currency and pay, it is faid, has lately been un- der confideration of the Britifh parliament -, may it in- troduce the confideration of the abufes in our plantation paper currencies, where the abufe is vafily more; in j Gibraltar 1 s. fterl. is paid away for a nominal i6d. in MaiTachuffets-Bay ; from a ♦ very b — d adminiftration, we have exceeded all our colonies, even North Carcl Jina, where their paper money was at a difcount with a fallacious cheating truck, it is 10 for i fterl. i| ours is Ibmewhat worfe in good bills fterl. . • Lofers are indulg .u to c ■ nplain, and naturally do complam and are clamorous. Is it p-ufible for a man in xhe fpace of a year or two to be gradually robbci of one half cf '.is perfonal ellate without I complaining? The co^r plaint is feafonable, being at the opening of I the new alTembly of the province of Mafl'achufets-Bay, the raollf confiderable of all our colonies. Some men do not care who finks if they fwim ; if our eftates are ftill more to be reduced by this cheating game, feme perlbns will complaii^ jnore loud ; and perhaps fome anecdotes or private hiliory of thefe affairs, gathered from the unguarded information otlonic From -iw, Of Nov A Scot I A. 559 From the furrender of Louifbourg and territories thereto belonging, June 17, 1745, to June 1748, there r.'^' ^/*'»' ■^'••"^ have blabbing confidents, may require to be communicated to the public ; toaman aggrieved, there is rome pleafureor fatisfadlion in vcuting himfelf by complaining, even where there is no redrcfs. From time to time, anticipating the affair of currencies referred to theappendix, may be excufed: this pernicious defolating torrent be- coming more and more violent, requires a more fpeedy rcfillancc. The colony of Maflachufetts-Bay was the leader of paper curren- cies in the Britiili plantations, and have now at length carried this fraud to the utmoft (even beyond North Carolina management) if carried further the ftaple muft break, and the fraud of the wicked projeflors (in all affairs there are limits whicli in the nature of things cannot be exceeded) ceafe. I Ihali enumerate fome of the many mifchiefs attending the bad fraudulent management of paper currencies. I. From an equslity with fterling, afterwards with proclamation value, they have reduced thevalueof our currency to lo for i fterl. li. The Governor and legrfiature keep up their falaries and wages to the fterling value, but feemingly allow all other tranfaftions to run into confufion and ruin- ous depreciations. III. The depreciations might have in a great meafure been obviated , even when there were great exigencies for piel'cnt money ; thus after the firft emiffions being 40,000 1. anno 1690 and 1 69; , to pay off the publick debts incurred by Phips's Ca- nada expedition, when there was an appearance of an enfuing de- preciation, if more were emitted j the government did wifely borrow thcbills already emitted, from the poileflbrs, with good effeft, and thefe bills did not depreciate : if, in the Cape-Breton, and amuffng late Canada expeditions, we had done the fame, it would have had the like good effeil with refpedl to the public, but would not have an- iwered the wicked intentions and occafions of the promoters of thefe bill?, viz. I. Ofthofe who had acquired the craft of negotiating (in troubled waters good fifhing) thefe depreciating bills to their own advantage. 2. Of thofe who were to liberate their mortgaged tllates by defrauding their creditors with a depreciated nominal va- lue, inllcad of the true contradled value ; well knowing that a multi- plied paper credit, depreciates itfelf more ?.nd more. IV. By ad of aflembly a public bill of credit explicitly in its face promifing only 20Z. 1 3 d. ii gr. filver, ihall be equal to a bill promifing 5 oz. filvc; , that is, in common arithmetic, 8 fliall be equal to 9. V. In the fame kind of impofitions, ufed by Lewis XIV, of France, who by recoinages from time to time niiniorated his money, at length findiug his people reduced to infenfible dupes, he favcd the charge vf re- coimng, and uttered the fame coin with only fome little mark ni- fump, at a further depreciated value; in June J/i-l, to fave tb.c Z 4 charge- ill H ijift l-.'S/, U :- m Hi ■ H •ft 360 A Summary, Historical and Politic al,&c. have been feveral tranfient commandants, but no coti- lind«d eSffsbiifhed Governor j if the court of Great Bri. tain were in earnett to retain this place, many candidates would have appeared, and fome perfon of great intcreft cftablifhed -, whereas from a colonel ( Warburton) being Lieutenant-governor, it is now reduced to a Lieutenant- colonel being Governor. The commandants in fuc. ceflion have been as follows from the furrender : 1. The General, Pepperrell ; and Commodore, War. ren, nuturally joint adminiftrators. 2. • Admiral Warren Governor j col. Warburton Lieutenant-governor. ' " j "'3. f Commodore Knowles Governor ; col. Warbur- 1 ton Lieutenant-governor. 4. Hobfon, Lieutenant-colonel to Fuller, Governor; Ellifon, Lieutenant-colonel to Pepperrell, Lieutenant- governor. , , „ , charge of new plates, we miniorated the value of emifTions of Nov. | 1741, by a few dafhes upon the fame plate. Finally, feme fay, ci)at as it is a maxim in the ciiril law, ^/ chm I fervare potrjl^ et ncnj'crnjat^ occidit ; the proper check negative in the | Jegiflature, ought to bear all the blame of thefe iniquitous depreci- ations and abfurdities which expofe the province. * Admiral Warren went home, and has fince done great fervice, I acquired much glory, and a very great fortune. + Commodore Knowles went to command a fquadron from Ja- maica, to reduce St. Jagode Cuba, a neft of Spanifh privateers, or ra. I ther pirates : his condud and fuccefs was as formerly ; no benefit to the publick, no profit to hlmfelf ; in failing out, ihe norths (as lie writes) would not allow him, and in returning to Jamaica he vifitedl St. Jago, but could not be reconciled to their preparations for de- fence; as a by-blow, he furprized, in March 1747-8, the French I Port Louis of Hifpaniola, with the lofs of two good captains, Rentonl and Cuft, and fcvcral other men ; and the fine man of war fcoonerl Achilles, built by the ingenious Ihip-builderMr. Hallowel ofBolloii,[ in carrying advice from Mr. Knowles to Jamaica, was taken by two! Spanilh privateers. Admiral Knowles deftroy 'd and carried off fomcj iron guns; it is faid, that by capitulation it was to be deemed a free! and neutral port, and confcqucntly proper to fupply the French wit!i| provifion and ammunition liom all nations; this cannot be creditedl iii the wo/il of condudt. d:-'^' S E' C T I *>} JlJANiI'*^'/' t>»' 4^|Ol«0||0ii0||0i^|Oi4^|fl» lU 3i^w r"i'*; SECTION VIII, I b^ciUI^itfJn Concerning the province of MaJfachufettS" Bay. TH E next four following feftions concern the do- minions of New-England, at prefent divided into fourfeveral colonies or goyernments. To render the ac- counts of them more clear and diftinft, we fhall begin : this fedion with an introduftory article, in general, con- cerning the fundry grants and fettlements made, before I they were colonized by royal charters and patents : As MalTachufetts-Bay province, is compofed of many dif- jferent grants, united at prefent in one charter; fome general account of thefe feveral territories may be ufe- tul', afterwards we proceed to more particular accounts of thefe territories in fo many diftincSt articles, beginning from the northward. a itnt Article I. I7 fb';'n i}-,-'u!.,. ^omt gefieral account of the dominions of New-Eng- IW, and a general account of the territories incorporated \lj royal charter into one province or colony by the name of iMaJfachufetts-Bay in New-England. ■^i iri'im "i '/';' This is a laborious affair, being obliged to confult jMSS records •, the many printed accounts are, i. Too Icredulous and fuperfticious. 2. Too trifling ; IVIuft the [infipid hirtory of every brute (fome men as to intellefls [io not exceed fome brutes) or man-animal be tranfmit- |ted to pollerity ? 3. The accounts of every white man and Indian mutually kilTd or otherwaysdead, would fwcil md lower hiflory fo much, as to render the perufal of fuch m 362 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. fi}chhiftories (excepting with old women and children) impradicable. 4. The fucccflion of pious pallors, el- ders and deacons, in the feveral townfliips, parifh^;, j congregations, I Jeave to ecclefiaftick chronologers- canonization or fainting feems not confident v.iu our protcftant principles. 5. The printed accounts in all | Tefpeds anc beyond ail cxcufc * intolerably erroneous. • Mankind are not only to be further informed, but ought a!foupoij| occafion to be undeceived; for this reafon, and not as a fnarling critick, I have fubjoined the following annotation, concerning fomt of the mofl noted writers of New England affairs; at prefent 1 Jhall mention only two or three of thofe that are generally read ; and in I the fequel of this hillory, may animadvert occafionally upon fomel Others. I find in general, that without ufing judgment, thcyborrowl from old credulous writers, and relate things obfelete for many yeanl ysitt, ab if in the prefent ftate of the country. I Dr. Cotton Mather's map of New England, New York, JerliesI :^nd Penfylvania, is compofcd from fome old rough draughts of tliel ill ft difcoverers.with obfolete names not known at this time, andJiaJ fcarce any refemblance of the country ; it may be called a very er| roneous antiquated map. I Capt. Cyprian Soufhack's land map of the caRern North An\erica,l IS WQrfe; it is as rude as if done by an Indian, or as if done inthofel ages when men iirft began to delineate countries; it gives no inforT ination, but has no other bad efFeft, than turning fo much paperioj wafte ; But hh larr.e chart of the Coalt of Nova Scotia and New Em lani', being o :e continued error, and a random performance, majj be of PERNic lous confequence in trade and navigation ; thereforJ it ought to bepublickly advertifed as fuch, and dellroyed, wherevcij it is found amongft fca charts. Oldmixon's {he died anno 1 742) Britilh empire in America 2 Vol] Svo. Lond. 1708. He generally writes, as if copying from fomeillj founded temporary news paper. Dr. C. Mather fays, that Oldmixoi ia q6 pages has 87 falfhoods. He prefixes Mather's filly map; m confcil'es that he borrowed many things from Cotton Mather's MaJ nalia; leaving out, the puns, anagrams, miracles, prodigies, witcIiB fpeeches, Lnd epiftles : Mather's hiftory he calls a miferable jargoi 1< ded with many random learned quotations, fchool-boy exercifaj roman like legends, and barbarous rhimes. Neal writes, the lony of Connefticut (urrendered their charter 1688, and havelioldtj ro courts fince. N. B. Upon Sir Edmund Andrews's arrival 168611 Governor of the dominions of New England Sec. they dropt the miniHration according to their charter ; but their charter not beinj Of M A ssACHus B TTS Bay. 363 The firft Englifh difcovery of the eaftcrn coafts of Korth America was bytheCabotsin the end of the 15th century. The firft effeflual royal grant of foil ' or vacated by any legal trial, upon the Revolution they were allowed to profccute the adminiftration, and to hold courts as formerly — 400 lludents in Cambridge, New England — His Account of the Indian re- ligions, or rather worfliip, is falfe and ridiculous —The Indians live commonly to 1 50 a;t.— Plymouth Bay is larger than C^pe Cod, and bstwoHnc Illands, Rhode Ifland and Elizabeth Idand— New-England is bounded weft by Penfyl vania — Dorchcfter is the next town to Bofton forbignefs — AtBofton there is a mint. N.B. Perhaps he mean iic mint i6;2, afl'unicd in the time of the troubles and confu/i in England — An indefinite number of more errors, the repetiti u tbem would be confutation fufHcient. Ncal's Hiftory of New England, 2 Vol. 8vo, London 1 720. In. u much upon the hiftory of the low ecclefiafticks, borrowed from the toted Mather's Magnalia Chrifti Americana. He gives a tedious filly I (iJicalous conjecture account of the fettling of North America from Scythia and Tartary, and the foutherh parts from China Natick is j ID Indian town, confilHng of two long ftreets, each fide of the ri- rer; as if he were dcfcribing one of the large Dutch voting towns j with a river or canal running through it : N.B. This Indian town at prefent confills only of a few ftragling wigwams — Orange Fort of Albany is 80 miles up Hudfon's river — the Indian government is firiaiy monarchical. N. B. The Indians of a tribe or clan, live together Mike friendly, but mdependent neighbours ; their fcnators or old men, havenocoercive or commanding power over their young men, all they Icanufeis only perfuaiion. — Quebec has ; churches and a cathedral; IN, 6. Only one parochial church, which alfo ferves as a cathedral, land a conventual chapel in the lower town. — The great frefh water [lakes behind New England, are conilantly froze over in winter from JNovember; which occafion the long and hard winters of New Eng- land : N. B. Thefe lakes are upon a fmall ftorm of wind, tempeftuous, Jid never frozen over ; and becaufe of their foft vapour, not much Ifaow lies within 12 or 20 miles dillancc from thefe lakes. — The whale filhing is almoft negleded in New England; Newfoundland ialmoft engroffed it. N. B. In Newfoundland they make only a linajl quantity of liver oil. — The clergy of New England are not re- Vowned for humanity and politenefs. — The French in New England p very numerous — ^ The conveniency of fifliing renders Cape Cod bopulous as moft places in New England. N.B. Ac prefent Cape tod called Province Town, may conflft of two or three fettled fami- lies, two or three cows, and fix to ten Iheep — To enumerate the other Irrori and blunder,-! of this performance, would be copying of it; but |i\v:l! not bear luch a new imprelTiou. property iik h W4 ft i r i^ 'm ^y IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // ^/ ^ A 4^ m 1.0 I.I K' Itt 12.2 Sia * 140 2.0 I IL25 i 1.4 1.6 ^- ^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) S73-4503 364 ASuMMARY, Historical and Political, &r property was anno 1584, to Sir Walter Raleigh and aflbciates ; he gave the name Virginia to all the conti- nent in general, fo called from the Englilh queen of that time Elizabeth, a virgin queen becaufe never married. New England was firft difcovered to anypurpore,by Gapt. Gofnold 1602, and the fifh, train oil, fkin, and fur trade thereof, with the Indians for fome years, was principally carried on by fome Briftol men. A rafcally fellow Capt. Hunt, carried off fome Indians, and in the Mediterranean fea of Europe fold them to the Spaniards as (laves, Moors of the coaft of Barbary •, during fome following years the Indians had an averfion to, andjea loufy of, the Englifh traders; but at length anno 161 they were brought to a thorough reconciliation, whici made the beginning of the New Plymouth fettlemcnt more eafily carried on. This Capt. Gofnold of Dartmouth, was an affociaieof Raleigh's; anno 1602 from England inftead of the for- mer wide indiredb courfc to Virginia by the Canary and Caribee iflands ; he failed a more dired or northern courfe, and fell in with this coaft, was embayed inN. Lat. 42 d. 10 m. where he caught many cod fifh, and called it Cape Cod ; thence failing fouthward he gaveQ. Elizabeth's name to one ifland-, and to the nextifland, where he found quantities of wild grape vines, he gave the name of Martha's Vineyard •, thefe names are re- tained to this day. Capt. Gofnold at his return to England gave a good charadler of this new country, which induced feveral gentlemen jointly to obtain a royal grant anno i6ofl (Sir Walter Raleigh from his attainder having forfeitedl his grants in North America) ApVil 10, they weretwi > 1^ ^- ( i » ^ f ^-■ This anrtotation is .ilready too prolix for an amnfemetit, we ram defer to feme other occafion the amufements from Cotton Mathtr'j Macnama, or Hillory of New England, from S;"1mon's nioden hiftory, from At'as maritimus ct commcrcialis, from Jcflelin, m from Hubbard. companid :al, &r, ileigh and the conii- 1 queen of lufe never in affo'ciaieofi ad of the for- te Canary and I or northern n^bayed inN.I cod fifh, and I rd he gave Q. I \e next iflandJ rines, he gave] lames are re- d gave a good! nduced fevetall int anno i6o{| avingforfeidl they weretwc Of M AssACHussi tts-Bay/ $6$ companies in one charter to plant und (iifpofe of lands there : fee p. 204. They were much ehe fam« diftf idts as are our prefent fouthern and northern diftri^i of cu- ftom houfcs i the fouthern diftridt wan called the Lon- don company, which does not belong to this part of our hiftory. The other was called the northern diftrift, IJorth Virginia, or the company of Plymouth or Weft country adventurers ; Lord chief juftice Popbam and Sir Ferdinando Gorge were of this company i Lord chief juftice Popham was their patron and principal promoter, he dying loon after, the fettlement dropt, but lomc trade for fifli, Ikins, and furrs was carried ©n for Ibme years. Their firft adventure was taken by the Spaniards anno 1606. Capt. George Pophan, -ppQjnted Prefident or Dircftor of a fettlement to be made there, came over with capt. Gilbert in 2 fhips with familiei and flores anno 1607 -, feme families wintered at Sagadahoc near tb'' mouth of Quenebec river (here many good rivers meet and difcharge themfelves into a bay called Merry- meeting Bay) anno 1608, but foon left le with the cha- rafter ofacold, barren, inhofpitable defert, ;.'?>? *j- Capt. Smith, called the traveller, ibmetimePrefident of Virginia, an ingenious man, anno i6i4« with tvvo veflels came upon this coaft for trade and difcovery of mines, of minerals, metals, and precious ftones j tf«r/ y 44,(], 1048 d. is dated Nov. 18, anno 1620, to Duke of Lenox, Marquis of Buckingham, Marquis of Hamilton, &c. the corporation to conHl^ of 40 } upon deaths the vacancies to be fupplied by a vote of the furvivors }, being in pro. eels of time divided among themfclves, they furrcnder'd their patent 1635, and fome of them, v. g. Duiteof Hamilton, Sir Fcrdinando Gorge, &c. obtained fromK. Charles I, peculiar grants or patents : their patent was defignediy extended much north and fouth, to include and keep up the Engiiih claim to New Netherlands in poffeflion of th - Dutch to the fouthward, and to L'Ac- cadie, lince called Nova Scotia, then in poflcfllon of the French, to the northward •, i" fee a large account of thcfe affairs, p. 109 and 205. To be a body corporate, to have a common feal, make laws, and difpofe pf any parts thereof, but could not * delegate the jurifdidion without an additional royal charter. This council of Plymouth or New England made many indiHind and interfering grants*, at this time many of | their grants are become obfolete, fuch as Duke Hamilton's of the Narraganfet country, Mr. Mafon's of NewHamp- ihire, fome grants upon Kenebec river, &c. The mem- j bers of this council of Plymouth differing amongft them* ' fXhus Nova Scotia and Sagadahock, or the formerDuke of York's | property, at that time in poffeflion of tiie French, were by the Maf- I'arhufetts charter annexed in jurifdidlion to Maftachufetts Bay ; the! court of Great Britain, notwithltanding, feem tp referve their pro- perty and jurifdiftion there, and ar'-ordingly have withdrawn Nova- Scotia from the jurifdi6lion of t- »• Ance of Maflachufetts-Bay.andJ conllituted it a King's governmc. ^ no purpofe ; perhaps if it iud] continued annexed to a popular government, fome progrefs might] have been made towards a fcttlemtnt. 1 * Lately the comrniffioners appointed from home to determine the] boundaries between the colony, of Rhcde-Ifland, and that partoftlcj JViaiTachuietts province, formerly tailed the colony of New Plymoatiij the jefcft of a fubfcquent royal charter to New Plymouth, wasthel rsafon why the commiffioners determined, and afterwards confirnieilj by the King in council ftridly according to the royal charter of Rhode-] Jfland, though 38 yeaispoltcrior to the New Plymouth grant. • c - i. fMi 'J Of Massach usbtts-EaV* 3^7 IfclveSi occafirtncd the furrendcr of their charter to the UuFt; by an inftrument under their common feal dated June 7* 1635 ; there has been no general Britifh com- pany in America (ince that time. Here we may obferve in general^ that Laud *, arch- bilhop of Canterbury, noted for his immoderate zeal to promote uniformity in the church, occafioned an emi- gration of Non conformifts in great numbers to New- England, preceding anno 1641-, but from that time, until the reftoration of the family of Stuart, being about 20 years, very few came abroad j the Independent or congregational manner of religious performances having the afcendant in England, as mod t fuitable to the civil * Archblihop Laud m^y be called the Father of New England; liie was a confuierable ftatefman, prime minifter or principal advifer |to Charles I : His adminiftration was rigid againil the good and reli- jnooi Non-conforniills. He was accufed and convidled of a deiign to Introduce Popery, and fubverc the conllitution: for which he fuffcr^d athbytheax, Jan. 10,1644. t Cromwell's reducing the church of England to feparately cove- ^mted independent congregations, was a mafter-piece in politicks ; I true policy all civil governments ought to encourage the congre- itiopal (cheme. A national eftabliihed church, epifcopal or pref- byterian, in a civil national governuient, is imperium in impeno, a Ivbeel within a wheel, as it is commonly expreffed : which renders jhe movements more perplexed ; and by a national church affuming lediredlion or pointing of our natural enthufiafm, it clogs and endan* I the civil conftitution. Our New England congregationaliils feem ) deviate from their primitive difcipline : in imitation, perhaps, of a lew convocation of the clergy of the church of England, at theopen- [igof a new parliament; our congregational miniftcrs of New- ogland have a formal fynod or meeting at the time of the general ledion or opening of a new legiflative civil aflembly ; they afTume le conllitution of a fynod, v.g. at times they addrefs the King in lis flyle : The paflors of the churches in his Majefty's province of "achufetts Bay in New England, alTembled at their annua*! conven- bninMay ; their papers are figned in form by the Moderator, in bitation of the legal national (by aft of union eftabliihed in perpe- nty) general aflembly of the prefbyterian church of Scotland, my pa mater. The Quakers have fallen into the fame error, by their anerly and annual itinerant meetings, which in time by cunning |cn, that is ftacefmen, may be unproved to the difadvantage of the fil government. admi- 368 A Summary, Historical and PoLiricALji^c. adminiftration of thofe times. In the reigns ofl Charles II, and of James II, many diflfenters came over f Lately the long leafes of the farmers in the north ofl Ireland being expired, the landlords raifed their rent}! extravagantly: This occafioned an emigration ofmanyl north of Ireland Scotch prelbyterians, with an intermix.! ture of wild Irifh Roman Catholicksj at firft they chofefl New England, but being brought up to hufbandryoJ raifing of grain, called bread corn. New England did! not anfwer fo well as the colonies fouthward; therefore! at prefent they generally refort to Penfylvania, a go grain colony. A national church adminiftrationdiftinfl from the national civiladj ininiftration, is very inconvenient : The moil abfurd notional opi-l nions in religion, if not eilabliflied by the penal laws of a national! church, are of no confequence, and from their abfurdity do drop, [i allowed to take their courfes ; but if forcibly ftopt, or damm'd up, theyl gather, and in time may break out into a rapid torrent cat-ryiigi before them ; the civil wars in England Car. I. are a notorious inJ fiance of this. To qualify this imperium in imperio, the Roman Eq] peror was Pontifex Maximus, and the King of England is called He of the Church. f They crefted a prefbyterian meeting houfe in Bofton, Mnjohd Morehead their prefbyter ; as appears by an inlcription, in two c» lumns, and not elegant ; The firft column, "" ^ischb.ofprejbyterianftrangersy ijoas congregate J anno dom. 1729, Jinnodom. 1 744. by a /mail but generous Ilia manebit, Labilis e contra Ji Jit nana Sttprema, DeftdtrioJ.M. hujus eccUJiiS. " The fccond column, Tbiibuildivgtjoas kegun anno dom. 1742, and fin'tjljed Unmber. Hujus fundamen faxum eft. Domus Peribit. Gloria Chrijli lex nojlra Chriftique pajior, and frjl preached in May Ctb. . Latin and Englifli interlarded is new, excepting in'burlelquej \ wife the difpofuion of thefe lines is fingular, and to be rightly derftood mull be read by joining the feveral lines of each coIiid This church is a neat convenient building, and doubtlefs in til may be endowed with more learned ^nd elegant padors ofi' prefbyterian mode. . '- ^ n, m two CO. Of Mass A CHusETi's Bay. 369 This council of Plymouth parcel'd out tli^ir grahc into fcvcral colonies or fcttlcments. ^' ,'/,'''; !'' Robert Brown, a f hot-headed ^oUhg'"em11\Mktt!l(3l clergyman began anno 1580, to preach againft the c^- lismonies and difcipline of the church of England ; he I was perfeCiited or baited and teazed by the t>ifhops ^ courts*, he with fonde difciples left England, and formed idiurch at Midleborough of Zealand, in the 'Dutch Low countries i after fome time this efFervefcence or ebullition of youth fubfided, he returned to England, recanted, \and had a church of England cure beftowed upon him, and died in that communion, anno 1630. A congregation of thefe Brownifts was formed in Yar- I mouth 1602, being harralTed by the eftablilhed church of England ; with their paftc they tranfportcd them- Ifelvcs to Leyden in Holland ; here they became more moderate under the direftion of their paftor * Mr. Ro- binfon -, and from Brownifts changed their denomination to that of Independents : being of unfteddy temper,they Irrfolved to rerilove from amongft ftrangers, after 1 o years Irclldence, to fome remote country in fome wildernefs, Iwhere without moleftation they might worfliip God in Ithcirown devotional way : thus the firft fettlements in [New England were upon a religious account, not pro- Efly for produce, manufadturies, and trade, but as rreclufes: amongft fhe Roman Catholicks are many Icommunities or convents of unmarried or fingle perfons ^cdufe; but thefe were reclufe families. - -ni^^vxfcu^ After having obtained an inftrument from king James I, for the free exercife of their religion in any part of Imerica ; they fold their eftates and made a common t Mr. Wh Id a young Clergyman of the church of England, as lately appeared in the fame manner, preaching againil the bad ondua of the clergy of England ; his difciples are called Methodifts, eparatifts, or New Light, N. B.sThis New Light is an unnatural ompofition of free-thinking and devotional cant. * Mr. Robinfon*5 foa Ifaac died at Barnftaple, New England, p7o6, art. io6'«^;'^;'t:' i'^'f ''^f^^.4 '■v?"r>3i ''yr "nr-.-Qa'-j^ 'j/ •. , Vol. I. . s . . A a ^L:uui,nx Tbankj| 370, A SuMMAtlYvHlfT0ll1CALandF0LITICAL,&c. bank, and entered into articles of agreement with the adventurers called the council of Plymouth, to fettle on the banks of Hudfon's river, now in the government of I New York % after the misfortune of being twice put back i they fail'd 120 perfons in one (hip from Plymouth (they gave the fame name to their new fettlement) Sept. 6, 1620, and fell in with Cape Cod Nov. 9 *, being too late in the feafon for proceeding to Hudfon's river ; ^\. though without the limits of their agreement they were obliged to fit down in a barren foil, and formed them. felves into a voluntary alTociation or colony, fubfcribed I by 41 men, but had no communication with the Indians of the country until the middle of March following; about this time thefe Indians by fome epidemic maiig. nant illnefs and inteftine wars had been much reduced. They chufe Mr. Carver governor for one year, but he died in April following, and was fucceeded by Mr. Bradford; from the length of the voyage, other fatigues, and extreme cold weather, about 50 of their number died the firft year of putrid fevers, and other fcorbu- tick ails ; all was in common for the firft two or three years, having divided themfelves into 19 families, me*[ nages, or meflcs •, yearly they received a few recruits ofl people; anno 1624, when they received their grant, thel whole fettlement confided of only 180 perfons in 321 mefTes: from fo fmall a beginning in the fpace of about 125 years, New England is arrived to its prefent glory.l They purchafed their lands of MafTafToit, the Indian Sa- chem ; he was glad of their alliance and ailiftance, being then at war with the Naraganfet Indian numerous trlbcl They had no grant of their lands from the council oti Plymouth until anno 1624 i this grant was not to t!ie| company of adventurers and freemen, but toWilliaml Bradford, his heirs, aObciatcs, andafTigns; he was af'l terwards perfuaded to aHign this grant to the freemen ial general : this aflignmcnt (as 1 underftand it) was afterj wards confirmed by a new grant from the council oil Plymouth to the company of freemen, Jan. i629-30;j .-.,- . . . • . ^m Of M A S S A C H U S B T T 8-B A Y. ^7^ I they never had any royal charter or patent, confequently po jurifdiAion; the council of Plymouth could convey property, but could not delegate jurifdi^ion. Here we loiuft break off, and reaflfume the hiftory of Plymouth colony, when we come to the article of Plymouth at liconftituted colony. It is certain, that the firft fettlers of New- England I not (as in fome of our colonies) come over indigent rcriminals, but as devout religious * Puritans) they were fervants to the adventurers as in fome colonies. Before we enter upon the four well fettled and confti- uted colonies of New- England, wefhall but juft men- bn fome grants which have, in proceis of time, been in* orporated with thefe four colonies, and their memory oft or fwaliowed up in them, and of others become ol> bjete. Some of them Ihall be related more at large in cir proper places. Mufcongus, or Lincoln grant, of 30 miles Iquare. Pemaquid grant. Shepfcut purchafe, orNagwafackpurchafeof Robin- an Indian Sagamore, Nov. i, 1639, between Saga- bhock-Bay and Shepfcut river : thefe three are in the [rritory of Sagadahock. * Thefe Paritans were pious, honeft, well-meaning people) but DCODtrafled, rigid, and iingular in their difcipline and practice of Totion: they would not allow of the Englifli St. George's red croft [the military enfigns, colours, and ftandards. In common aifain of V theyaiFefted to ufefcripture terms, and thefe not always proper ft jrinDflation is not good. Ancient terms in common life, ufed [the polite Greeks and Romans, they called profane, and did not them; for inftaiice, inftead of December 25, they wrote the 'tday of the tenth month ; inftead of Monday, they faid the fe« 1 day of the week ; fome of them made confcience of a pun o( |iu : thus fome good old women would not brew on Saturdays, anfe the ale or beer would in courfe work upon the Lord*a day lowing. The generality of the firft fettlers foon became more moderate and ' K while others became more obftinately and intraAably en* ailick; thefe laft remove'd, and gave birth to the voluntier fet* |>entsof Providence, Rhode- Ifland, ConneOicut, and New Ha* in the dominions of New-England. A a 2 Nehumkia ^a ASuMMAtrv Historical and Political, &c. Nchumkin purchafe of the Indians, O^ober 1 3, 164A I both fides of Quenebcc river, in this lies Richmond ford Plymouth grant,Jan. 1629, to William Bradford and aflbciatcs, lies both fides of Quenebcc river i in ihis'J Cufhnoclc falls i is in all about 280 acres. [ Taconick purchafc of the Indians 1653, here arcTi. conick falls about 40 miles fromNoridgwog •, thcfcthrcel are upon Quenebcc river, one half in Sagadahoc, onel half in Province of Main. Pegapfcot purchafc each fide of Pegapfcot river ex*{ tending to the weft fide of Quenebcc river i Mr. WharJ ton purchaicd it of the Indian Sagamores 1683, beinga{ bout 500,000 acres ; at prefent belongs to nine proprieJ tors, Thomas Hutchinfon, etc. it interferes with NaJ humkin purchafc and Plymouth grant. Province of Main granted 15 Car, I. to Sir Ferdinando Gorge, extending from Pifcataqua and Newichewenocli rivers to Quenebcc river, and 1 20 miles inland ; include] the Pegapfcot purchafe, was purchafed by the colony ol Maflachufetts-Bay» and is annexed by the new charter.] Province of New-Hamfhire ; from Pifcataqua river, td within three miles of Merimack river, granted to Mr) Mafon 1624, fold by Mr. Mafon's heirs to Mr. Allenf London ; at prefent that grant and conveyance feemi be obfoletc ; the property of the fettled land is inth fettlers, the property of the wafte land is in the crown and the jurifdidtioh of the whole in the crown; iteil tends 60 miles inland, and lately there is annexed aninj definite quantity of territory belonging to the crovi formerly claimed by MaflTachufetts-Bay. . Colony of Plymouth, the mother colony of Nei England *, extending from Old MafTachufetts to the fa viz. to Mafiachufetts-Bay, the ocean, and within tbn nriles of Naraganfet-Bay 5 it is now annexed to Ma" qfaufetts ; they began a yoluntier fettlement, 1620. • Mr. "Wcfton, one of the Plymouth adventurers, tained afeparatcgrantof fome land ; and in May i622fe| 4)ver about 00 men to m^kc a fettlement at WeymouB Mi-fff U - ■f»-P'l Of Mass achusitis-Ba Y. 371 [^^ 15 miles fouth from Bofton, thty manged ill» k(came idle and dilTolute, and foon broke up, and their iBiemory is loft. Mr. Gorge, fon to Sir Ferdinando Gorge, annp 1623, I brought over fome fettlcrs ) he had fome commiflion Loni the Council of Plymouth, as Governor General i jbon ciifcourag^d, he returned home. About the fame time Mr. David fhompfon attempt- ledafcttlement at Pifcataqua, the memory of it is lolt. Some adventurers propofcd to make a fjttlement Lorth fide of Maflachufetts-Bay. Anno 1624 they began. afmall fettlement at Cape Anne, the northern promon- tory of this bay, and are now become the moft confider- iblcBntifli America fettlement, and byway of eminence iscommonly called New England; they have had a firft I and fecond charter, asfhall be more fully related. Anno 1626, Capt. Wolafton and fome others, with {iervants, provifions, and other ftores, began a fettle- ment at Braintree ; but not anfwering expeftation, after two years they intirely broke up: fome went to Virgi- |nia, fome to New Plymouth. Anno 1630, Earl of Warwick had a grant of a traft lofland along fhore from Naraganfet river, 40 leagues weft foutherly, and bark inland to the South Seas. Earl of Warwick afllgned his grant to Vifcount Say and Seal, and to Lord Brook, and nine more afTociates ; finding {many difficulties in k-ttling, they aflTigned their right to the Connedicut and New-Haven fettlers ; thefe fettlers were emigrants from MaflTachufetts-Bay ; originally they had no title, but did fit down at ple^fure, and do at pre- Ifcnt enjoy a royal charter by the name of the Colony of Connefticut. Part of this grant, viz. from Naraganfct bay to Connefticut river, when the council of Plymouth furrendcred their patent, was given, anno, 1636 by the King to Duke Hamilton*, he never was in pofTcfTion, and I the claim is become obfolete. Anno 1642 Mr. Mayhew obtained a grantof the iflands [of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, etc. and began to Irpakc fettlements there. A 3 There J74 A SuMMAHY. Historical and Political, 8ec. There were feveral other grants and purchafes fori fmall confidcrations, and now become obfolete } forjn. {tance« the million purchafe from Dunftable (ix mileieacb fide of Merimack river to Winapiflnkit pond or ]a|(( granted by governor Andros and council in the reign of James II \ a claim of this grant was by fome of the grantees revived about 25 years ago i but as illegal and! cxJious it was dropt. . Originally according to capt. Smith's map, approved of by the court of England, New- England extended from 20 miles eaft of HudfonVRiver, northward to the river St. Croix, or perhaps to the gulph of St. Laurence, including Nova-Scotia, a fubfequent peculiar grantJ ivhen James II. fent over Sir Edmund Andros governor, his commiflion or patent was for the late colonies of Maf> fachufetts-Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and Rhcide- Jdand, called th^ dominions of New-England, diflin^ from New- York and Sagadahoc, of which he was alio appointed governor. N. B. New-Hampfhire and Pro* vince of Main, at that time were of no confideration, be* ing under the protection, and, as it were, tacitly annexed to the good Bourilhing colony of MaiTachufetts-Bay. The dominions, or rather denominations in New-Eng- jand at prefent conj[i(l of four colonics, or feverally in* I dependent kgiflatqres, viz, Maflachufetts- Bay province, province of Ncw-Hampfhire, colony of Rhode* Ifland, find colony of Connedicut : for fake pf perfpicuiiy, to tach pf thefe js afl!Jgned a didinCt feClion. The new charter of Maflfachufctts-Bay, anno 1691, ii a + union or confolidation of fcveral feparate grants into one legiilaturc anci jurifdi(5lion j for the ipore effeftiial -)■ Anno 1 643 there was a union of 4 cploniet or fettlementi in New-England for their mutual protection againft the enemy, Freocii and Indians, to be managed by a deputation of two from each, la church fellowihip ; they were quotaM, Maflachufetts-Bay 100, Fly* iofpmfi 45, Cj9nn , when the reprefentatives dropt about one half of the former year's council, becaufe averfe to a cer- tain pernicious cheat, or paper- money fcheme called the land- bank ; the words of the aft of parliament ** mifchievous undertak- ings and unlawful,** this fcheme was difannulled by an exprcfs a6t of theBritifh parliament 1 741 ; and governor Belcher could not avoid I negativing 1 3 of the new ele£led counfellors. Mr, Belcher, at prefent governor of New-Jerfeys, isgenerou?, void lof covetoufnefs, ftudious of the real good of the countries under his Idiredion, and a ftri£i obferver of royal inilrudlions : if he had conti- loued two or three years longer in the adniiniftration of the province lof the MafTachufetts-Bay, their paper-currency would happily have [been obliterated or cancelled, and muft naturally and gradually have jfallen into a filver currency, the general currency of the commercial world ; Mr. Belcher was not a paper money governor, he was well acquainted in the commercial world, , .' , > laws fei.. 578 ASuMMARY,HlSTORlCAL and PdLITlCALjScci laws^ ifnof repugnant to the laws of England to ♦ appoim dll civil officers^ excepting the officers of the courts of juftice^ to tmpofe taxes to be -f difpofed hy the governor ani council. The converjion of the Indians to be endeavoured, The governor to have a negative in all aSls and eleSfions, All a£ts of affembly to be fent home by the firfi opportunity io the king in council for approbation 5 if not difallowed in three years after their being prefented^fhall continue k force until repealed by the affembly ||. The general ajfemhh may grant any lands in late Maffachufetts-Bay and Ply. tnouth colonies^ and in the Province of Maine \ but no grant of lands from Sagadahoc river to St, Laurence ri. zer fhall be valid, without the royal approbation. Ttt governor to command the militia^ to ufe the law martial in lime of aSiual ivar^ to ereSt forts and demolifh the fame at peafure. No perfon to be tranfported out of the po. vince^ without their own confent^ or confsnt ofthegemral affembly. The law martial not to be executed without con- fent of the council. When there is no governor, the lieul. governor is to a^\ when both are wanting, the majority of \ the council to have the power. The admiralty jurifdiSiion is referved to the King or Lords of the admiralty. Nojuh- je£f of England to be debarred from fifhing on the fea-coaft^ (reeks, or fait water rivers, and may ereB lodges andjia^ts I * In the eleflion of all fuch civil officers the council and repre- fentatives vote together, but not as two feparate negatives ; tbefe of- ficers are, the treaftrer, the impoft officers, the excife officers; the I general commilfary of provifions, ftores, and traffick for garrifons and Indian iruck-hcules ; attorney general, and notaries for thefe- j vcral fta-ports. •f Anno 1732. The council and reprefentatives of the province of I Madachufetts-Bay applied to the King in couucil, concerning tbe[ right which the houfe of reprefentatives had, to pafs upon accounts, brought againll the public before they were paid : It was determined by the King in council, that the houfe of reprefentatives had no fuch right. D By the former charter the provincial lands were granted to 20 proprietors, and fuch as fhall be admitted freemen ; but by (^is new churttr, thefe lands are granted to the inhabitants in general, to be ^.'fpofcd of bv their rcprefcnti^tives or general affembly. OfMASSACHVIBTTS-BAr* 179 in any lands not in p'^effion of particular propriitors. jfU * trees Jit for m^Ji / 24 inches diameter and upwards 1 2 inches from thegr^jnd, growing upon land not bere^ tofore granted to atrf private perfons^ an referred to the trown ; penalty for cutting any fuch refervea trees 100 /. fitrl per tree. About 20 years fince, the aflTembly of Ma(&chul«tti- Bay received and accepted an addirional or explanatory charter from the court of Great Britain 1 the hiftory of the affair is as follows : In the adminiftration of Go- vernor Shuce, a good-natured gentleman, and though no great politician, was tenacious of the prerogative } a few hot-headed turbulent men, who had |0t the afcen- dant over their fellow- reprcfentativei, and in fome mra* fure over the council, endeavoured the fame over the Go- vernor, by affuming fome articlei of che prerogative : in the end of anno 1722, Mr. Shute in jperfon carried home feven articles of complaint agatnft the houfe of reprefentatives encroaching upon the prerogative. 1. Their taking poifeinon of royal mafts cut into I logs. 2. Refufing the Governor's negative of the fpeaker. 3. AiTuming authority jointly with the Governor and {council to appoint fads and thankfgivingf* * By an adl of the Britifh parliament anno iptt tfcif daafe h ex* [tended: viz. That after Sept. 21, 1722, in N«W'£ngland« New* JYork, an.d New-Jerfey in America, no perfon flwll cut Gti^tiny any Iwhite pine trees, not growing in any townibip Of its boufidls, witli- lout his niaje%*s licence; on pain to forfeit rbr evmy white pin« ]tree,of the growth of 12 inches diameter And under, at 3 foot from liie earth, 5I. fterl. for every fuch tree from f 2 to fS in€h«f, 10 1. bm 18 to 24 inches, 20 1. from 94 md upwArdi, 56 1. to bi fued lefore the judge of ajlmiralty : and all whit« pine tref f , ffltfis or loga nadeof fuch trees, which fliall be found cut or filllfd without th« king's licence, (hall be forfeited and feized for th« ttfe of the crown. ^y an aft of parliament 1 729, the penftlty in this eltufo of the ' rter is con/irmed ; and t^ adl of 1 72t !« exe#fl4ed to All the firi* provinces in America ; and confines the Mception to the pro* 7 of private perfons only, nptwithftanding thejK grow within tho Ditsof^ tQwnihip. 4. Ad- m 380 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c; 4. Adjourning themfcivt-s for more than two days at ft time. 5. Difmantling of forts, and ordering the guns and flpres into the treafurer's cuflody. 6» Sufpending of military officers, and mutilating them of their pay. 7, Sending a committee of their own to mufter the king's forces. Upon a hearing before the king and council Mr. Cook agent for the houfe of reprefentatives, and his council or lawyers in the name of the houfc of reprefen- tatives, gave up or renounced the i, 3, 5, 6, and 7ar. tides, acknowledging their fault, induced by prece. dents of former afiemblies, but wrong and erroneous; and that it was a former alTembly, not the prefent, that had been guilty ; the other two articles were regulated by an explanatory charter, and th.ey direded to accept! the fame. • This explanatory charter is dated 1 2 regni Geo. 1, | Auguft2o, and counterfigned Cocks. " ff^bereas in[ their charter, nothing is directed concerning a Speaker of\ the houfe of reprefen tatives^ and of their adjourning the felves : it is hereby ordered. That the Governor or mander in chief, fhallhave a negative in the eleSlion of tk\ Speaker, and the houfe of reprefntatives may adjourn thm- felves not exceeding two days at a time. By the prudentl condudk of Governor Dummer, the aflembly were in{ duced to accept of this explanatory charter, by a publicj adl of the general court, anno 1 726. We may obfcrve in general, that the asconomyor| mode of junfdidlion is much the fame in all the tourco' lonies of New-England, by juftices of the peace and thei quarterly fefTions, by inferior county courts of commoi law ; and by provincial ambulatory fuperior courts foi appeals, where cafes are iflfued, ;t is alfo a court of Juili' ^wy, or oyer and terminer. . They are divided jnto conftituted diftri^s called tow^ lliipsj OrMASSA'jHussTTS-BAr. 38^1 IhipSf they are a kind of bodies corporate, may fue and be fued, eledt all proper officers, fend deputies to the legidature houfe of reprefentatives, and make by-laws.' The management of town(hip aflfairs is in a few (called Sele£t-men) annually eleAed by the qualified voters of the townfhips or diftrid^. In moft of the other Britilh colonies, their conftituted parifhes, by cuftom, a^ as bodies corporate, the management is in • Veftry-mcn, (b called, who generally are for life, and the furyivora fup- ply vacancies. • . V ' ' In the four colonies of New-England juries arc return- i^ cd to the feveral courts by eleftion in certain quotas from the feveral townlhips, but not by the appointment of thefheriffs. ^ In the rigid, and furiouHy zealous church and (late ad- miniftration of Laud, Archbifhop of Canterbury (he carried both church and (late beyond their bearings, and confequently in the nature of things they did overfet) many puritans and other nonconformifts flocked over to New-England; this occa(ioned a (late proclamation April 30, 1637, forbidding any fubjedls to tranfporC themfeives to America, without licence from*his ma- jefty*s commiffioners. Anno 1640, the people in New- England did not exceed 4000, and in the 20 following years many went i" home from New-England, their way of worlhip was then in great vogue in Old-England. N. B. Many of the firft Englifh fettlements in Ame- rica, were by companies of adventurers, with a joint * Perhaps fo named, becaufe they commonly meet in the veftry-^ room of the church, where the prieft is fuppofed to keep his facer-* I dotal veftments, and may be called the dreffing-room. f It is faid that amongft others, Oliver Cromwell was ftopt froni I coming over : this feems to be an idle furmife ; Cromwell was an a£iive politic man; it cannot be imagined that a man of that genius, and in the prime of life, wouj^ chufe a wildernefs or defert for his fcene of a£lion ; befides, a perfon of his caft, and who probably might prove turbulent at home, in good court policy ought to be allowed t9 I withdraw. r ftocki % 382 A Summary, Historical and PoLiT^CAL,&c. (lock ; annually in London, each company chofe a pre- (idenc and treafurer for managers. "We proceed to the feveral articles concerning the co. lonies or territories, united into one province by the new charter of MalTachufetts-Bay. Each article goes no further than the time of this charter union : from that time the hi (lory of their joint a^irs is carried along in the article of Old Maflachu- fetts- Bay colony. t ^ Articls IT. Conctrning Sagadahoc^ formerly called the Duke of Tork*s property, KING Charles II, March 12,1 663-4, granted to his brother the Duke of York, a certain territory or trad: of land, thus defcribed, " All that part of tbt main land of New England, beginning at a certain places called or known by the name of St. Croix adjoining to New- Scotland in America \ and from thence extending along tbt fea-coajl, unto a certain place called Pemaquin or Pema- quid, and fo up by the river thereof to the furthefi head of the fame, as it tendeth northwards, and extending from thence to the river of f^enebec, andfo up by thefiorteji courfe to the river of Canada northwards** This was called the Duke of York's property, and annexed to the government of New- York. The Duke of York upon the death of his brother K. Charles II, became K. James II ; and upon K. James's Abdication thefe lands reverted to the crown. At prcfent the territory of Sagadahoc, is fuppofed to extend from the river St. Croix eaftward, to the riverof Quenebec weftward, and from each of thefe two rivers due north to the river of St. Laurence ; thus St. Lau- rence or Canada river is its northern boundary, and the Adantick ocean is its fcuthcrn boundary. When Nova Scotia Of Massachusetts-Bay. 383 Scotia was in pofTcflion of the French, Sagadahoc terri* tory was included in -the commiflion of the French Go- vernor of L'Accadie or Nova Scotia ; thus it was in the time of granting a new royal charter to Maflachufetts- Bay, therefore to keep up the Engli(h claim to this ter* ritory, as well as to Nova Scotia, the jurifdiAion of both were included in that charter. Upon the peace of Utrecht 17 13, Nova Scotia and Sagadahoc were quit-claimed by France to Great Bri- tain; and the court of Great Britain realTumed the jurif- diftion of Nova Scotia, and after a few years more, the crown purchafed the property of the foil or feigneurie of all the French claimers ; it is now a feparate King's go- vernment, with the property in the crown : but this ter- ritory of Sagadahoc remains in the jurifdiiflion of Maf- fachufetts-Bay, and fends one member to the council, but hitherto not any to the houfe of reprefentatives of MaiTachufetts-Bay : the general aflfembly cannot difpofe of lands there, without the confenc of the King in coun- cil. The property of peculiar grants there, remain good to the feveral claimers, until the crown do purchafe the fame, as was the cafe in Nova Scotia. Col. Dunbar projected Sagadahoc territory to be fet off a feparate government for himfelf ; thiswas introduc- , by obtaining a royal inftrument or inftrudion, to fee 7300,000 acres of good mad and Ihip- timber land, for the ufe of the crown or navy ; it was forwarded by royal inftruAion to col. Phillips, Governor of Nova ;otia, April 27,1730, to take pofleflion of the lands be- een St. Croix river and Quencbec river ; accordingly detachment of 30 men with an officer, made from e four companies of his regiment in garrifon at Canfo Nova Scotia, was fent to take poffeffion of that country, keep garrifon at Frederick's fort on Pemaquid river ; re the detachment kept for fome time : upon appli- ition hom'e of the Mufcongus company, proprietors in It of Sagadahoc, by their indefatigable agent Mr. aldo, this in(lru<^ion was revoked, Auguft 10, 1732, and col, 1... ;t,. ,-'«-{')'dH '■{<: 'i'^iHn j^4 A Summary, HfSTOitrcAL and Political, 8;c. col. Phillip's detachment wai called ofF. Atprefcnt, the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, to obviate cavHsor complaints, of their relinquifhing the occupancy of this territory, keep a truck-houfe and garriron at George's, and a garrifon at fort Frederick, and is likely to continue under the jurifdi£tion of MfflTachufetts-Bay, and is at prefent annexed to the county of York, or province of | Maine. " ^ In the beginning of this French war anno 1744, the fencibk men in this large territory of Sagadahoc were only at George's and Broad- bay 270 Pemaquid 50 Shepfcuc CO but at this writing 1748, very few of thcfe remain, being I much expofed to the Canada French Coureurs de BoisJ and their Indians. ' ' '^'' ' t In the beginning of the laft century England and I France indifferently traded to Sagadahoc. Under thedi. redlion and countenance of Chief iuftice Popham, the Englifh made the * rtrll New-England fettlemenr, 1608,! at Sagadahoc, but of fhort continuance. Anno 161 3, Capt. Argol from Virginia broke upl fome French lettlemcnts at Sagadahoc. The claims to lands in the territory of Sagadahoc,! are of various and perplexed natures, viz. Some by old! Indian grants in druntcn frolicks for none or not vala{ able confiderations j fome by grants from the council of| Plymouth ; fome by pitcnts from the Governors New- York, when under that jurildi ;■ . ■ • Where a repetition i» fliort, it ought to Ije allowed, becauleij faves the reader the trouble of turning back by a reference. | A . ' merchaBtj Of MAS8ACHVS£TTS-BAy. S^f.' nerchant, ^ ' to Mr. Leveret( of Bollon in Lincoln* 0)ire, and tiieir aflfociates, called this Lincoln company or fociety, viz. from Mufcongus, now called Broad-Bay, t little eaftward of Pemaquid to Penobfcot bav lo leagues along Ihore, and from this termination and that of MuA congus ID leagues inland, fo as to make a parcel of land of 30 miles fquaie. This Plymouth grant feems to have been confirmed by a royal grant of Charles II, figned Howard, privy feal ; that was about the time when the Connedlicut and Rhode-Ifland charters were granted. Leverett's title laying dormant. Sir William Phippi purchafed of Madakawando, chief Sachem (as it is (aid) of the Penobfcot Indians, the lands each fide of George's river, fo high as the fecond falls ; Spencer Phipps, ad- opted heir of 3ir William Phipps, made over nis righc to the heirs and afTociates of Leverett) anno 1 719, it was convey 'd to feveral alTociates, fo as to make 30 equal jharesin the whole*, the new alfociates obliged them- felves to fettle two townfhips upon George's river, of 40 families each } but an Indian war breaking out, the con* ditions were never performed : the Indians hitherto have not formally quit-claimed it. Mr. Waldo, a gentleman well qualified for an agent, a partner, who eflfeftually ne- gotiated the affair at home, againft the contrivances of [col. Dunbar to annex it to the crown, has acquired a |Tery confiderable part in this grant. George's truck- houfe and fort lies near the center of Ithis grant, is about 12 miles up this river ', at the mouth of the river is a bar of a very fmall draught of water i 5 dies higher are the firfl falls of George's river j Broad- bay or Mufcongus is only a large creek or bay with a ball rivulet running into it. ■.' In the territory of Sagadahoc not much good (hip- pber, fome white pine for mafts ; may be of good lervice to BoftoA in fupplying it with firewood. The |oil is not bad« The grants of the Shepfcut lands, and of the Pema- |uid lands, feem not included in the D.of York's property. Vol. I. B b Moft 386 A SumMahy, Historical and Political, &c; ' • Moft of the grants and conveyances in this territory are not to be found upon record » which occafions great confufion in claims* Article III. ; ^ Concerning the province of Main* THIS being the firfl: of the territories at prefent called New-England that falls in our courfe; for the readers more ready conception of the New-England affairs, we (hall ab initio^ recapitulate fome matters al-| ready delivered. King James I, by letters patent bearing date Nov. j,| 1620, granted all that land and territory in JmericaJa^A ing between n. lat. of 40 , fettled the line with the Province of Main, viz. From the mouth of Pifcataqua river to the head of Newiche* wanock, a little north of Lovel's pond, upon a great pond from whence proceeds Mouflfum river, about north- wefterly 40 miles, thence N. 8 d. E. by. needle (the commiflloners, and as afterwards confirmed by the King in council, fettled thi^ line N. 2 d.W. true courfe) which is by allowing 10 d. variation, 30 miles; tbii furvey was in March, the fnow and ice melting rendered the further furvey progrefs impracticable i thu$ 40 miles of this line remains to be run. Both governments of Maflachufetts-Bay and of New* Hampfliire were in one and the fame perfon at that time; and it was fufpedted that the Governor favoured Mafli* chufetts-Bay ; therefore the general aflembly of New* Hampfliire brought on a complaint againft the Governor, previous to the appeal's coming on. The commiflionen began to fit Augull i ; the general aflembly of New. Hampfhire was adjourned by the Governor to the 4th of Augull, which retarded them 3 or 4 days in appointing managers and giving in their pleas : the commi(fionen| pronounced judgment Sept. 2, the Governor proroguci' the aflembly from Sept. 2. to Otl. 13, that they migli not have an appeal ready to give into the commiflioo crs in fix weeks from judgment given, the time li- mited by the commiflion. The complaint was hedj before a committee of the council, they found the coiih plaint juft, and their report was approved of by tfctl r> ■■* -: King in c Separate and %\it Hampflii Them ofMaflac Gorge, tc manner, i the Provii of the col the townfl aftridlfer exercife an Gorge cou we find on ifance, m t rifl?, corifta is Ogned E Prefidcntoj The nor miles, the about 80 m Main may fcnt granre orfca-iJne c( "^^K Ard North YariJ wick, and tj . Jand line, cj ganfet, Nol Powers, ancf 1 'n this tJ Jchafcsfromj a/Tcmblyofl to difpute J •nerchant ir iOO,ooo ac miics wel OfMASSACHUSXTTS-BAV. 389 King in council. To prevent th- Ike inconveniencies a leparate governor was appimccd t )r New-Hamplhirei and the governments of Maflfacliufjitii-Bay and Ncw- Hampftiirc have been in two dillin^t perfons ever fincc. The metnod ufrd before the new charter by thccolony of Maflachufetrs-Bay purchafc of he heirs or affigns of Gorge, to convey or dfpufe of lands there, was in this minncr, forinflance, July 26, 1684. The Prcfidcnt of the Province of Main, by order of the general aflcmbly of the colony of Maflfachufetts-Bay, makes a grant of the townfhip of North- Yarmouth to fundry perlbns. In aftrid fenfe, the colony of Maflfachufetts- Bay could not exercife any jurifdi^tion there, becaufe the heirs, etc. of Gorge could not delegate juriididlion*, notwithflanding, we tind orders of jurildidtion figned in Bofton •, for in- itance, in the war againfl the Indians, an order to Ihe- rili^, cotidables, etc. to imprefs boats and land carriages* is figned Bofton, Sept. 16, 1689, Thomas Darnforth, Prcfidcnt of the Province of Main. The north and fouth lines running inland are 120 miles, the front or fea line, and the rear line may be about 80 miles ; that is the contents of the Province of Main may be about 9600 fquare miles*, whereof at pre- fcni granted in townfliips or diftrifts, are only the firft |orfea-iineconfifting of the townfliips of Kittery, York, Wells, Arundel, Biddiford, Scarborough, Falmouth, North Yarmouth, George-Town,' or Arrowfick, Brunf- wick, and the fettlcment of Fopfam ; and a fecond or in- land line, confiding of Berwick, Philips-Town, Nara- Iganfct, No. i. Naraganfcr, No. 7. Marbleheadtownfliip, [Powers, and others townfhip, and Cape- Anne townfhip. I In this territory ot Main, there are fome private pur- Ichafcs from the Indians, which the proprietor-general, the laflembly of the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, feem not [todirputei for inftance, anno 1O83, Mr. Wharton, a Imcrchant in Bolton, purchafed of 6 Sagamores, about 1500,000 acres called the Pegepfcot purchafe ; bounded miles weft from Pegepfcot river, by a line running at B b 3 five 590 A Summary, Historical andPoLixxcAL, &c. five miles diftance parallel with the river, to a ccrtaia fall in faid river, and thence N. E. about 44 miles in a ftrait line to Quenebec river ; it includes the eaftern di- vifions of Nahumkee purchafe, and of Plymouth pur. chafe; Plymouth purchafe extends 15 miles each fide of Quenebec river. Wharton dying infolvent, the admini. itrator fold this purchafe for not much exceeding 100 1. New-England currency, I7i4> to eight or nine proprie- tors, viz. Winthrop, T. Hutchinfon, Ruck, Noyes Watts, Minot, Mountford, etc. It is bounded S. wder- ly by North-Yarmouth, which takes in a fmall part of this grant at fmall point ; George-Town, Brunfwick, and Topfam are in this grant. At the breaking out of the Fiench war, in the Pro- vince of Main were militia, or fencible men 2485. Men Townfhip of Kittery 450 York 350 Wells 500 Arundel 95 Biddiford 120 Berwick 150 Philip T. 150 SirW.Peppereli*s reg. 1 5 ^5 Men Scarborough 160 Falmouth 500 N. Yarmouth 150 Brunfwick 50 Naraganfet N. i. zp New-Marblehead40 Sagadahoc 9201 370 Col. Waldo's reg. 12901 but at prefent rnany of thefe have left th^ir towns and! habitations, beingexpofed to theFrench and their Indians.! For fome time during tjie old charter of MaflachufettsJ Bay colony, ihey extended their claim to 3 miles norilil of the northernmoft part of Merimack riv^er, called EnJ dicQts Fref, near the crotch or fork where Pemagawafrtf river, and the wares or difcharge of WinipifiakitporJ or lake c!o meet, and from thence extended their duteaif and W. line to the E. and W. oceans, that is, fromtliJ /Ethiopia ocean to the South-Sta or Pacific ocean; thoj ih.y aUumtd (as being prior) almolt t!\e .\v!\ol(' of m •The! i property [ 'conquert I property [ owners, therefore! I council r( l/houldnc [Srprotecl Of Massach usetts-Bay. 391, fon*s grant or New-Hamplhire, and the S. E. corner of (Jorge's grant, or the province of Main fo far as Black- Point, near Saco river, both in property and jurifdiftion; jnd did accordingly make grants of lands and conftitute townfhips .-which fent reprefenratives or deputies to the genera! affembly of Maflkchufctts ; but upon complaint of the heirs of Gorge and Mafon to the King in council and the courts in Weftminfter-Hall ; Maffachufetts- Bay difclaimed thefe lands, as hereafter Ihall be more fully related. The whole of the Province of Mainatprefent confti- tutes only one county, called the county of York, and to this county is * annexed the territory of Sagadahoc. In the Province of Main and New-Hampfliire, from the firft fettling of the Englifh, for about 50 years, that is, until King Philip's war, the Englilh and Indians kept a good friendly correfpondence ; but ever fince, (luring the European French wars, the French of Cana- da have made ufe of the feveral '.ribes of our neighbour- ing Abnaquie Indians to diftrefs our fettlements i vide Seift-III. Article 4. Prior to the Mafllichufctts-Bay purchafe, the fettlers in the Province of Main never had any other protedion ; but that of the colony of Maflachufetts-Bay. When the court of England,much corrupted, began in an arbitrary defpotick manner to re-afTume grants, charters, &:c.; it was ordered by the King in council, July 24, 1679, that the Maflachufetts-Bay government, upon the reimburfe- mcnt of 1 200 1. ft. paid Gorge's heirs for the Province of Main, Ihall furrender it to the crown, being a purchafe * The lands eaft of Quenebec river were never a fettled French j property with pofTenion andjurifdidlion; and the French tranfitory conquefl of it, was only a fufpenfion of the former Britifti owners property ; and updn re-conqueft or a peace, returned to the former owners, jure poftliminii, or a right to one's former inheritance; therefore in col. Dunbar's cafe the board of trade, and committee of council reported to the King in council, that the Mufcongus affociatcs (houldnot be difturbed in their potTeffion, and to be under the defence I sr proteAion of Maflachufetts-Bay as formerly. Bb4 made i 392 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. made without his Majefty's permiffion. The new char- ter of MafTachufett's-Bay, 1691, put an end to that and all other pretended claims. Geography and chronology, are two the moft confi. derable elements of Hiftory. The moft effential and in- variable things in the geography of a country, are its general pofition upon the furface of the earth as to !ati. tude and longitude ; the remarkable mountains and great hills ; the fea-coaft ; and the runs of rivers and rivulets from the inland into the fea. In the Province of Main, the remarkable mountains and hills are, i. The White Hills, or rather mountains, inland about 70 miles north from the mouth of Pifca. taqua harbour, about 7 miles V/". by N. from the head of the Pigwoket branch of Saco river ; they are calJed White, not from their being continually covered with fnow, but becaufe they are bald a-top, producing no j trees c^r biufh, and covered with a whitifh ftone or fain. gle : thefe hills may be obferved at a greatdiftance, and are a confiderable guide or direction to the Indians in travelling that country. 2. The Pigwoket hills, at a fmall diftance frome the White Hills, are much inferior to them, and fcarce require to be mentioned, 3. Aqui-i manticus Hills, well known amongft our failors, are in the townfhip of York, about 8 miles inland j it is a j noted and ufeful land-making, for veffels that fall in I northward of Bofton or Maffachufetts-Bay. Upon the fea coaft, Cafco-Bay is a large, good, and, fafe harbour or road for veffels cf any burden ; being Iheltered or covered by many iflands : here fome of the contra<5t mart fhips take in their lading. Along this coaft are many harbours, commodious for fmall craft in lad- 1 ing of lumber and fire- wood for Bofton. The capes, promontories, or head-lands belong pro- perly to fea charts; I fhall only mention Small- Point at I the fouth entrance of Sagadahoc, Cape- Elizabeth in the S. E. corner of Cafco-Bay, Black-Point, 4 miles N. E. of Saco river. Cape- Porous in Arundel, apd Cape- Ned- djck in Wells, * Jk\ j*t Of Massachus itts-Bay. 395 The confiderable rivers arc, i. Quenebec And Its mouth called Sagatialioc, which divides the province of Main, from the Old Briftol purchafe of Pcmaquid, including the Shepfcut purchafe, and from the territory formerly called the duke of York's prop. 1 ty, all which flt prcfent are called the territory of Sagadahoc. From the entrance I of Sagadahoc to Merry-meeting Bay are 18 milei, thence to Richmond fore and truck-houfe n(?ar the mouth of Quenebec river, are 12 miks, ihcnce to the firft falls, I though only a ripling called Cuflinock fallg ire f 8 miles \ 1 thence to Taconick falls are 18 miles, here in M. Dum- mer's Indian war our people left their whale-boats, and I marched 40 miles by land to the Indian village or towa called Naridgwoag; they dcftroy'd the ftttlement. brought away the (calp of the French midionary father Ralea Jefuit, with about 26 Indian fcalpi, fome Indians were drowned in crolTing the river precipitately : thus from the mouth of Sagadahoc to Naridgwoag art about J06 Englifh miles, and the province of Main cannot ex- tend above 20 miles higher ; thefe Indian! in travelling to Quebec, with their canoes go much higher up the ri- ver: the Naridgwoag Indians with their French mif- Ifionaries, have in the French wars been very troublefome |to the Englifh fettlcments ; but by Dummer'« well Imanaged Indian war, and a late mortality from a putrid fever and dyfentery, received, when in cuHofity they vi- Bited duke D*Anville's fickly troops and fquadron at 'hebudo, upon the Cape-Sable coaft of Nova Scotia ; liheyarenow reduced to very inconfiderable impotent numbers. 2. Amerafcogin river j up this river, not wny years fince was a tribe of Indians, but ire now ex- kinft; near the mouth of this river is Bnififwick fort ; [his river is particularly noted for plenty ©f good ftur- Beon; not many years fince a merchant of ikfton con- [rafted with fome fifhmongers of London to Aipply them mh a certain quantity of well-ciued llurgcon every [ear, but whether froni the bad quality of the fi(h, or ra- bfrom the negligence of the people employ'd in cur- ing 1'! _ hi 194 A Summary, Historical and Political, fijc, ing of it, there was no fale for it in London, and the fore. did Indian war breaking out, that filhcry is given up. 3. Saco river, its confiderable branches arc Pigwacket river, it rifes about 70 miles north of Pifcataqua harbour, and Ofllpee river, from Oflipee pond about §5 miles N. wefterly from Pifcataqua harbour : about 50 miles from the mouth of Saco formerly were Pigwacket, a confider- able tribe of Indians with a French mKnonary, they are now almoft extinft ; this river is navigable only a fmall way to the falls for fmall veflels ; here is a fort and truck- 1 houfes ; at the mouth of Saco river is Winter Harbour fo called from Mr. Winter, who had a farm there. 4. Maufom river comes from fome ponds near the famous Loveli's pond, about 40 miles above Pifcataqua harbour: at thefe ponds Bryant the furveyor began to fet off the N. 8d. E. line between the province of Main and New. Hampfhire ; this river falls into the ocean in the townJ ihipof Wells. 5. Pifcataqua river, which for the ."pace of 40 miles divides New-Hamplhire from the province of Main 5 from the mouth of this river or harbour to thel inlet of Exeter bay are about 10 miles, thence to thel mouth of Catechecho river, which comes from the W.l N. W. are 5 miles, from this upwards, Pifcataqua ri-[ ver is called Newichawanock river, and higher it is calledj Salmon falls river. The fmall rivers or runs of water and of Ihort courfel are many; Recompence river. Royals river runningj through Cape-Anne grant or townfhip, and througli| North Yarmouth to the fea; Prefumpfcot river, com from Jabago pond, by Naraganfet N°. 7. through F2IJ mouth i where it falls into the fea; Falmouth rive Stroul Water of Cafco- Bay ; Quenebunc river dividin«| Arundel from Wells ; York river in thetowndiipof York Article IV". Concerning the late colony of Plymouth, WHAT relates to this colony, prior to their mo hjfed and determined grant, anno J629, froml Council of l-lymouth, fee p. 370. Sonil OF M A S S A C H U S E T T S-BaY. 395 Some Englifli Puritans belonging to Mr. Robinfon's Ithurch in * Leyden in Holland, with fome of their friends in England, obtained of the council of Plymouth, anindiftinft imperfed grant of lands in North-Ame- rica i their defign was for Hudfon's river, but falling in with Cape Cod late in the year Nov. ii, they were obliged to winter there, and in a fhallow bay and poor foil within the great bay of Maflachufetts, they fit down and call it New-Plymouth, in remembrance of Plymouth in England, from whence they took their departure. *-^ They had no particular grant from the council of Iplymouth of the country where they fettled, until 1624 ; and this was fo indiftin(5t, that they obtained a new grant 1629, but dill fo obfcure as not to be underflood atprefent, as appeared at a hearing 1741, before com- miflioners appointed by the court of Great Britain, to Ifettle their line with the colony of Rhode-Illand. We fliall only briefly obferve, that Capt. Smith the [traveller, with two fliips, 161 4, made a good voyag© [upon thefe coafls, and by his means the country was [named New England by the court of England. Anno 161 6, four or five fail of fifliing veflels from [London, and as many from Plymouth, make good fares Anno i6i8, only two fail from Plymouth in Eng- [land fifh upon the coaft of New-England. Anno 1619, only one /hip of 200 tuns, made a good Ivoyage. I Anno 1 62 1, ten or twelve fhips from the weft oF England, fifh upon the coaft of New England, and make [good voyages with their fifli to Spain. Anno 1622, there were upon the coaft of New-Eng- lland 35 veflels from the weft of England. I Anno i623,Capt.Smithwrites, thattherewereforthat [year 40 fail from England, fifhing upon the coaft of New * In Leyden to this day, an Englifli prelbytcrian congregation is maintained iu their works by the ftates. ( England. :lf • K. 396 A SuwM ARY, Historical and Politicai, &c, England. That Canada and New-England in fix ycarj Jad pad, had (hipped uflf 20,000 beaver-fkins. After fome time, a number of people, from New Ply. mouth, purchafed of the Indians, a parcel of land called Noffc; near Cape- Cod, and gave it the name of Eaft. ham^» their purchafe upon this narrow promontory reached about 30 miles from north to fouth. The firit two years they livt-d without any fupply from England cleared and planted 60 acres with Indian corn. At iirdj they feemed to have a fort of Lex Agraria for each mefsj or menage ; or rather their poircfTions feem to have beei in common. ♦ Mr. Edward Window their agent, anno 1 624, im ported the firft cattle, bting a bull and 3 heifers ; aboui this time Plymouth fettlement confided only of 180 per- fons *, the adventurers, as it is faid, had expended 7000IJ fterl. being entirely carried on by adventures, butbeini difcouraged, they fold their intereft to the fettlers for trifle ; the grant at firft was fole to Mr. Bradford, hi heirs, aduciates, and adigns ; but at the requed of tbi general aflfembly, he adjgned his right to the freemen upon Governor Carver's death, April 1621, he wasai nually chofen governor while he lived (excepting oni year Mr. Window, and two years Mr. Prince) hedii May 9, 1657, xt. 69. Governors. Mr. Carver from Nov. 1620 to April 1621. Mr. Bradford the grantee fucceedcd, and annualljl chofen governor until his death. May 1657, excepdnl for three years j he was a man of no family, and of learning. Mr. Prince, who had twice been chofen governor J Mr. Bradford's life- time, fucceeded, :.ir} was annuallJ • Mr. Winflow died in Cromwell's Jii'panicia expedition 165J sef. b|. 1 chofcl Of Massachusetts-Bay. \., 397 Ichofcn governor till death, Aug. 29, 1673, aet. 71. He Las a man of good natural parts, but ot no learning. Mr. Prince was fucceeded in annual cicdions by Jofi- lihWinflow, who died Dec. 18, 1680. Next Richard Trent was unanimoufly elcded, until Itbeir charter was dropt or fuperfeded. I find that upon the Revolution, the commander in ichief of Plymouth colony is called Prefident, not Gover- Ipor; thus major Church's commiflion from Plymouth Itogoagainft the eaftern Indians is figned Sept. 6,16899 iThomas Hinkley, Prefident. N. B. At firft this colony was only a voluntary aflb- ciation ; in the beginning the Governor had only one afllftant, afterwards three, and fometime after five, at bgth, anno 1637, they chofe 7 affiftants. As the boundaries by their grant were ill-determined, kherc were continual difputes between this colony and jk of Rhode Ifland. By a commiflion from Charles |I, 1664, to colonel Richard Nichols, fir Robert Carr, Jeorge Cartwright, and Samqel Maverick, to determine ontroverfies concerning feveral boundaries in the con- [inent of North America ; they paflcd judgment con- trning the boundaries between Rhode Ifland and Ply- nouth colony ; as it was only by way of amufement to Ijuiet the minds of the people in thefe colonies, and ne- p confirmed by the king in council, it had no eflTedt. Ever fince the colony of Plymouth has been annexed I the province of MaiTachufifets-Bay, thofe difputes have ontinued or been revived from time to time ; the chief jifpute was concerning Attleborough Gore, which if laffachuflets-Bay had quit-claim'd to them, Rhode If- ^nd would have given a general quit*claim in all other oncerns ; and prevented the lofs of Briftol, and (bme part FBarrington, Swanzey, Tiverton, and Little Compton j lit the influence of a few ill-natured, obflinate, inconfi- lite men, f prevailed in the legiflature to the damage If Here we may obferve the pernicioas confequence of blindly flowing the dictates of inconfiderate, improdenc, clamorous, or plent leading men. of Mi I ' M 398 ASuiitMARy,Hi8tORieALandPoLiticAL,^c. W the province of MafTachufett^-Bay. Rhode Ifland by memorials Tent home, the agents ofi Maflachufetts-Bay giving confent, obtain'd a commiirJ for the eidcft counlellors of the neighbouring govern] ments to meet and adjuft their boundaries; accordingJ they meet at Providence in fummer 1 741, and found thad the lad determined grant for Plymouth colony, 1620] ifpeciHes it in this manner, viz. between ConohalTet * J vulet towards the north, and f Naraganfet river, toward] the fouth ; and between the % ocean towards the eau] and a ilrait line extending direAIy into the main land from the mouth of the faid Naraganfet river, to theucl mod bounds of the Packanoket country, alias SawamfJ country, the famous king Philip of Mount Hope hi] country, to the § Nipmug country, which determinadoJ is now forgot, and from CohafTet back into the mm land wedward, to the utmod bounds of the Packanokei country. The better to undcrdand the boundaries of the colony of New Plymouth (now annexed to theprovind of Maflachufetts-Bay) with the colony of Rhode Ifland] I mud in anticipation, give the boundaries of || RhodJ Ifland colony, as delineated in their charter, viz. bound) ed wederly by the middle channel of Pakatuk river, anj up the faid river northerly to the head thereof, andthcna In a drait line due north to Maflachufetcs fouth bounds] extending eaderly three Englifh miles to the E. N.EJ of the mod eadcrn and northern parts of Naraganfej bay, as it lieth or extendcth itfelf from the ocean ^ bound] cd foutherty on the ocean, unto the mouch of the rivd • Now called Bound Brook. t The mouth of Taunton gut or river, or Seaconnet point. X Or bay of Maflachufctti, \ Plymouth grant vvai up Blackftone, Patuckct or Nipmug rirtj Co the Nipmug country ; this Nipmug country could not be ?fce tain'd by the lace commiiTionrrs for fettling the line withRhodelH II In matters not as yet upon record in public hillories, it is propi to be particular. ■ • . whi{l| »»/ tlCAL,«5C. the agents oil i a commiiTioq aring goycmj •, accordinglJ and found thaq colony, 1629] onohaffct * rJ : river, towardJ wards the eaftj the main Ian} iver, to iheuJ alias Sawamfd [oant Hope hi] h deierminatioiJ L into the mainl the Packanoksq iries of the lati [ to the provino »f Rhode IQand iries of H Rhodi ter, viz. bouni [katuk river, am reof, andthcni Its Ibuth bounds [o the E. N. E s of Naraganfei e ocean-, bound uth of the riv laconnet point. let or Nipmugrkij ] could not be ?k Jne withRhodelf! lh)llories,itisFOpi '^•' Of Massac husbtti-Bay; 39^ tfhichcomcth from Providence*, and from the town of Providence, along the eafterly bank of faid river called Seaconck river up to Patucket falls ; and thence due ^^ to MafTachulets South line, where is the moft weft- eriy line of Plymouth colony. — The Rhode IHand claim vas 3 miles E. N. E. of Affenct creek of Taunton ri- ver, and thence due S. to the ocean ead of Seaconnet point', dnd from the faid E. N. E. point, a wefterly courie to Fox point, being the mouth of the river that comes from Providence town, thence along the eaft fide of Seaconck river to Patucket falls i and thence due north to MafTachufetts South line. Upon a hearing at Providence in fummcr 1741 of the [Committees or agents of both colonies before the conj- milTioners appointed by royal patent to fettle this line or [boundary -, the council of Plymouth patent, nor any copy of it was produced ; therefore the recital of faid letten latent, in their deed to Bradford and aflbciates, was noc liifficicnt evidence againft the King's charter to Rhode illand i this commifTion was not to meddle with proper- '^y, but only with jurifdidbion, which is afcertain'd to Hhode Ifland by royal charter, notwithftanding of their charter being pofterior to the New Plymouth colony grant •, becaufe the council of Plymouth could only de- legate property, but not jurifdidlion. By no evidence It was made appear that the water (a fait water finu^ pommonly called a continuation of Taunton river, it is ailed Taunton great river in their private deeds) be- veen the main land on theeaft, and the iQand of Rhode Ifland on the weft, was ever at any time called Nara- janfet river. The determination of the commiffioners, anno I74i» mhy theKing in council 1746 confirmed as final. Arid tothisefFed, viz. From the province of MafTacliu- ets-Bay, fouth line, a meridian line (allowing S. 7 d. 7. variation) to Patucket falls ; and thence down the afterly fide of Seaconck river, to the S. W. corner of fullocks neck 5 and thence N. E. 3 miles (fuppofinga N. E, 400 A Summary, Historical and Political, 8cc; J'■> 402 A SuMMARv,HisTORicAL and Political, &c, rivers, fall into this bay. 2. Cape Cod harbour, fafe and deep water ', but from the hook or flexure, and confcquently different courfes, veflels with difficulty get out to Tea •, it is no Tea port or place of trade. This cape by its particular * form and by ftretching into the fcj becomes a fnare for itinerant or paflfenger fifh, viz, whales, herrings, mackarel, &c. but the whales by cxj'eri'^nce have learnt to keep further to fea in travel, ing, the other fifheries are negledled, from the fifhcr- nien, who were generally Indians, being carried away upon romantick expeditions : The tide Hows within the cape about 20 feet ; upon the back of the Cape it flows only 5 or 6 feet •, Billingfgate, a precindt of Eaftham, is noted for oyfters. , The fmaller inlets or harbours from the difchargcof rivu'ets are as follows, i. Upon the inficle of the great Bay of MafTachufetts (that part of it is called Barnftaple bay) Situate, a bad harbour, no confiderable run of water. All the harbours in Barnftaple Bay to Cap^ Cod are fhallow, becaufe of a fandy flow llope of thefhorc, and the inland runs are ihort and fmall, not capable of making chanels. In Sandwich is Mill river. In Barn* llaple is a fmall inlet. In Yarmouth a fmall inlet. In Harwich a harbour called Point of rocks, not fafe. In Kaflham is Stage harbour, and Billingfgate, the beft of I thcfe fmall harbours. 2. Upon the outfide or ocean] fide of Cape Cod promontory ; Head of Pamet, no pro* per harbour, it is in Truro, and high tides, as anno 1723,1 pafs over the meadows from fea to fea. Sandy Point orl Monymoy in Chatham, is a good harbour for fmallvelTclsJ • Capt. Southack in a mod falfe, therefore pernicious fcachrtoll the coaft of Nova Scotia and New England, delineates a thorougi.f fare from the great bay of Maffachufetts to the oct an in EailhamJ near Sandy Point ; no perfon, himfelf excepted, ever imagined orl dreamt of this thorough-fare ; his dream or wcrds are, " the placel where I came thro* with a whale boat, April 26, 171 7, to look afiH| BeJlame the pirace." our, faff, xurc, and iculty get rhis cape, kto the fea fifli, viz. IV hales by in travel- the Biher* Tried away I within the ipe it Aow} Eaitham, lifchargeof )f the great I Barnftaple I ible run of oCap^Cod >f the ihore, : capable of . In Barn- II inlet. In not fafe. In thebcftof e or ocean met, no pro* 5 anno 1723,1 idy Point orl fniallveffels, • Of Mass achusbttS'Ba Y. 403 I but the bar fliifts. Bafs river in Yarmouth. Hyanacs, thcbcft of thcfc harbours, in Barnftaple, is much ufcd, Oder Bay in Barnftaple, Falmouth Bay. Woodcs hole j or cove, called Soconoflct; here is a ferry of about one niilc to Elizabeth great ifland-, and of about 3 leagues I to Martha's Vineyard. We may obfervc, that along lis fliore is a bar at about half a mile*s diftance, with Ifmall inlets j within the bar is water of fome fathoms. U. InBuzard's bay are many good creeks, fait water rivers, or harbours; excepting in Rochefter the runs of water that fall into thefc creeks are of (hort courfc: Agawam, Wagwaguntit or Mill river, Sipacan harbour, MatapoilTet, Acculhnot, Polyganfet, and Coaxit *. The confiderable rivers in Old Plymouth colony, are I. North rivfcr, divides Situate from Marfhfield j deep Iwatcr, but velfels in a ftorm cannot put in there, the [entrance being rocky. The tide flows 9 or 10 miles up bis river; here fhips and other veflels are built to advan- agc, timber being plenty ; from this river, Bofton has I confiderable fupply of firewood. 2 Taunton river j {from about 17 miles up Taunton great luver on the kaft fide of Naraganfet Bay, according to the late royal determination of boundaries with Rhode Ifland, be- gins Plymouth colony upon Taunton river ; the tide Bows up this 1 iver from 440 rod below Falls river, the pundary between Freetown ai. J Tiverton about 25 miles I near the mouth of Sawamfet or Midleborough river, Ifhich comes from Afawampfit pond in thefouth parts, |f Midleborough, and fallsmto Titiquit or Taunton ri- ler: in this river and the adjacent to wnfhips of Dighton lous fcacbrtofB • The fea line of the late colony of Plymouth is about 220 miles, a thorougi'Mut have only one fea port for foreign trade, viz. Plymouth : the m in Eailham.^iier harbours are v^ry fmall, and ufcd only by fiihermen and coaft-i r Imagined ocHj. xhe other New England territories do much exceed it in trade, - " the placeMthough their fea lines arc much fmaller ; the fea line of the pro- re, 7, to looii altet»,(;eof Main does noi exceed 80 miles, of New Hampiliire 20 miles, ■ OldMafl'achufetts 80 miles, of Rhode Iflaud 60 miles, ofCon- bu^Hdicut 140 miles. C c 2 and I' !; ''i'/^'. i'^'': 404 ASuMMARYjHistORiCAt and Political, &c. and Swanzey are built goodfliips and other veflels. 3. pg. tuket or Blackftone, formerly Nipmug river, naviga. ble from Rhode Ifl'and boundary at Bullock's neck, iq miles to Patucket falls •, in Rehoboth or Seaconick arc built fome good veflels. The capes, head-lands, or promontories are, i.Tfie Gurnet head, being the north point of Plymouth bay. it lies weft foutherly from Cape Cod 7 leagues, and that part of Maflachufetts Bay within this line or coiirfe is called Barnftaple bay. 2. Cape Cod, a noted promon- tory on the weft fide of the Atlantick ocean, in N. Lat. I 42 d. 10 m. lies from Bofton E. b. S. foutherly, about 1 8 leagues : this is a narrow long promontory ftretchinff into the ocean, and from the pitch of the cape toBu- card's bay may extend upwards of 60 miles, which with a medium breadth of 6 miles, makes about 230,000 a. Cres ; confifts of the townftiips of Falmouth, Sandwich Barnftaple, Yarmouth, Harwich, Chatham, EafihamJ Truro, and Province town •, thefe make the county of! Barnftaple. 3. Sandy Point, in the charter it is calledl Cape Malabar, about 10 leagues north from idand otj Nantucket. ^ •f Befides the promontory of Cape Cod, the latePIy-l mouth colony may be in value of 40 miles fquare is i6co| fquare miles, or 1,024,000 acres; is in the whol« •f" I am afraid, that by being fo particular in thedefcriptioncfourl territories or cblonies, I may be found guilty of an impropriet)', ial giving the geograpliy inftead of the hillory ; but we mud coniideii that thefe countries, young and dependent, cannot afford many llatcj revolutions, therefore oar hiftory muft chiefly conflfl of delineadoi and of foaie accounts of their various produce and commerce. I fliall not be very minute in the inland geography : In my mufement hours, I have compofed the actual furveys (as upon cord) of each towniliip and difirid in the four colonies ofNfl England, into a plan of about 3 and half feet fquare, by a fcaleoj 5 miles to one inch. This plan, of many years colleiSling, and | feded at a confiderable charge, is a free gift, for a publick beneliil| the Provinces of New England, each townlliip or dillriiSt is to tail ft copy gratis, to be lodged in the town clerk's office. aboiii '■« Of Ma SS AC HUSE TTS-B A Y. 405 about 1,254,000 acres. In this old colony, there are no vacant or colony lands ; all the lands are the property of townfliips or private perfons, as granted by the general affembly from time to time. Plymouth was called one of the affociated colonies of j>Jew- England before the ftrider confociation (the 12th (jay of the third month, 1643) of the four colonies of NewrEngland, it was an alliance like that of the Swifs cantons. This colony affifted in the Peqiiod Indian war 1637 i th\s war was only of a few months continuance, and ended with the entire reduction or extinction of that tribe} fee p. 193. \ ' Concerning the ijlands near Cape-Cod. The noted idands are Nantucket, Capawock, or Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth iflands. The north fide of Nantucket, or the town of Sher- burn, lies in N. lat. 41 d. 10 m. about 10 leagues from the main land ; contains about 23,000 acres, the value of fix miles fquare, beach included ; it is in twenty-fcven proprietorfhips, but all in common, excepting 40 acres home lots to each proprietorfhip •, each proprietorihip may keep 560 fheep. It is a county of itfelf, a very induftrious people ; they make fome dry cod-filh, their I principal bufinefs is whaling; anno 1744, in the begin- ning of the French war, they had about 40 (loops and Ifchooners in the whale fifliery, 13 men toa vcffel, do make from 7000 to 10,000 barrels of whale oil, per annum •, their bone feldom exceed feven feet. A whale iGf 100 barrels, yields xooQ wt. of bone. In this illand are about 900 Indian fouls, of great ufe in their fifhery. Martha's Vineyard about 8 leagues weft from Nantuc- Iket, and 3 leagues fouth from Woods Hole in Falmouth lupon the main, is about 20 miles in length ; the eafi; end lis about 8 miles wide, and tapers away to Guy Head, at Ithe W. end 3 miles wide } much of the iflarKl is very Ibarren, being heaths and pine land ; 3 poor town' C c 3 fliip'?!,^ !^^ 4o6 A Summary, Historical and Political, jjc. ihips, Edgar- Town, Tifbury, and Chilmark ; about 200 fencible white men, about 450 Indian fouls. With the Elizabeth iflands it makes* Dukc*s county. Elizabeth iflands lie in a range, S. W. half way be- tween Martha's Vineyard, and the (bore of Buzard bay- they make Buzard'sbay ; the largeft ifland one mile from f Woods Hole, or the main is about 8 miles long, but very narrow, belongs to Thomas Lechmere^ Efq^ and Mr.i Bowdoin's eftate ; it is called Nafbawn ifland j here is a good harbour Tarpaulings cove; on Martha's Vineyardis another good harbour, Holms's hole, of good ufe to vcf. fels that navigate this chanel ; next is Tinker's ifland Slocum's ifland, and Cattehunk iflands, thefe belong to Slocum, Ward, and Sanford's heirs. Slocums ifland lies one league fouth weflerly from the wefl end of Martha's Vineyard, is in value one tnilel fquare, it belongs to Mr. Norton. Article V. Concerning the old colony of Majfachufetts-Bay, THE old writers of the hifl:ory of New-England arel fo trifling and erroneous, that the late f fcribleisl and hackney writers who copy the affairs of New-Eng.[ Jand from them, appear, by their obfolete and erroneoiisl • Before the Maffachufetts-Bay new charter, all thefe iflands bl longed to the government of New- York ; and the receiver of tlel quit-rents of New- York does make demands of the old arrears of thcirj quit-rents. I f At prefent I fhall only in (lance, Salmon's modern hiflory, aiiit| the Atlas maritimus et ccmniercialis. Salmon feems to be aTory, or rather a Jacobite; he vindicates tlel treaty of Utrecht, and difcovers a very filly prejudice againft Ne»| England's firft fcttlcr?, viz. That they came over to fecure a retreati for their brethren, in cafe they did r/.ifcarry in fubverting church audi ftate at home ; this is a very idle furmife, becaufe the firft fett dl emigrants did not exceed 100 perfons, and of thefe not above 60 fiiiT vived the firll winter. From Salmon I fliall only give a few inllar.ces, \('hich at iirll ligkj m 's modern hiftory, aiil -es. ifrhichatfirftdg' Of Mass ACHusBTTVBAr. 407 account of affairs, in a ver'y ridiculous Ilglit,and do afford me no affiftance. Anno 1625, Mr. Conant and company in trade, made fome fettlement at Cape Anne, the north tafterly pro- montory of Maflachuletts-B.iy ^ they were moftly from Dorchefter, and the weft of England J this g ive rife to aprojeft, firft concerted in Lincohiihif^, ©f procuring from the council of Plymouth, a gr4nt for fhtTing a co- lony in Maffachufetts-Bay,with a reMntkn that the prin- pal town thereof be called Boston, from a f^aportand are very ridiculous, without any comment—*' fn Virginia abundance of cod fifh— Virginia is feparated from Florida by the Apalachian mountains— In the fort near Newport are too etflnefl— North-Caro- lina is a well-peopled flourilhing colony''^ N, U. ii k the fink or naufeous drain of all our colonies; in all tb© €Q\Qny only two or three I Gofpelminifters, very fickly, and very bad flflvlptloo,— •• In New- England both men and women are put to death far adaUery — Cam- I bridge univerfity confifts of three colleges f'* N, S. They are only tliree buildings (the fcholars are all of one edUf,e) making three Ifidesofa defigned quadrangle.— " The New-Yefk forces againft Monreal were to go by the lake Ontario/* N. Si It was by lake Champlain.— " Our Indians go naked in fumffltr, and wear deer- Ikins in winter ;" N. B. They wear blankets fufflfflfif atid winter.— " Penobfcot river divides New-England from Nova ^eotia " N. B. The river of St. Croix, more eaftward, is the boundary-"*' Hudfon's jriver divides the fouthern parts of New-England fwm NeW'York." N.B The dividing line is 20 miles eaft ef Hudfon^d rJVcf." — His [enlarging much upon trifling and fabuloM§ things, to ffltiltjply Iheets, land his many obvious inconfiftencies, (hew him to bi a fcribbler, and [no accurate hiftorian — His abftraft of the laws of New^England, are Ifroman obfolete old charter law-book. A few inftances of abfurdities from the /////// mntitimiti tt eom- Xmmalisy printed London 1 728, fold to fubfer ibers at 1 1, i 5 s. fterl. — r New-England is four governments in one ehHrier-= New- London |colony-Connefticut and New- Haven coloHJe.*, have- Rliode-Ifland ind Providence under t!ie fame jurifdi'lion--''r«rjtieH€k from New- England — Moft of the towns in New-Hampfliire are fortified.— New Ifork apply chiefly to whale fifiiing, and whfUe the moft." N, B. rheydonot whale in any refped. — " Meiimaek rivtr rifcs in Nova Bcotia. — In the two colleges of Cambrjiijre abmjt 400 ftiidcnts.'" N. B. They exceed 100 fcholars. — " In New --Kh^^land 62 market |owns,and 27 fortified places.— Jerft-ys ha« two fea-pofts, Perth and jknd Amboy." I joireliii, Hubbard^and Mather's M.igiialiii, v»e fiviW fyj the prefent per, C c 4 parliiV 4o8 A Summary, Historical and Political, jcc. parliament town of that name in Lincolnfhire ; being joined by fome adventurers of London and Dorfcifliirc they obtained from the council of Plymouth, March io| 1627-8, a grant in the name of fix aflfociates and their afligns, of all the lands in New-England from three | miles fouth of Charles river, to three miles north of Me. rimack river, eaft and weft from fea to fca : thefe fi; did afTociate twenty more perfbns, and March 4, 16280, obtained a royal grant with a charter, counterfigned I Woolfely ; it is commonly called the old charter, whereof | i^n abQrad is as follows : Kifig James l, anno regni 18, Nov. 3, granted by fa.\ Unt to a council at Ply7ncuth in Devon^ and their ajfoci- ates and ajfigns for ever^ the property and jurifdi^mon the lands in America (called New^ England) from 40i/. N. lat. t04.Sd. N. lat, and eaft and weft from fea tQ\u'\ if not pojftffed by any Chriftian fiate^ nor within the limm of a foiithern colony lately granted \ the quit-rem to k\ the fifth part cf all their gold andfilver ore. This ctin\ pany by deed granted and fold 19 March, 3 Rt^A Charles I, apart of their patent lands to fix gentlemen Jin Henry Rofwell, &c. their heirs, affigns, and affociatesjA ever, viz. All lands from three miles northward of am a' i every part of Merimack river, to three miles fcutb\ ward of any and every part of Charles river, and of Mm fachufetts-Bay, E. and W. from fea to fea, with alliflaniil on the eaftern or weft em coafts. This grant was confirm^ to thoje fix gentlemen and their 20 affociates by np charter, March 4, 162 8-9. The faid 26 grantees withslli ftirh others as fhall hereafter he admitted and nadefnm the company, fhall for ever be one body corporate an^^iX tick, by the ncme of the Governor and Company oif THE rVlASiACHUSETTS-liAY IN NeW-EnGLAND. m corporation to confift of one Governor, one Deputy-govmm and eighte n /Iff ft ants, to be annually elected out of them men of the company ; the King did nominate for them year, Matihsw Craddcck^ Governor, Thomas Goff, lk\ tenant- governor i with i8 /iffiftants. %he Govetnor *Thi tHel P Of Massachusett s-B a v. 409 I (all an affembly at pleafure, the Governor and AJ/iflants not \ under /even may once a month meet to do buftnefs. Four \ptat and general courts or ajfemblies of the freemen an^ \fUlly, on thelaft Wednefdays of Hilary^ Eajier^ Trinity^ Uni Michaelmas terms ^ whereof the Governor and fix of uheAjft^ants^ at leaft to befeven^* with the reprefentatives Ujthe townfhipSy to admit freemen^ constitute officers ^^make umi^but not repugnant to the Jlatutes of England: an- mlly upon the laft Wednefday in Easier term fhall be an \iliiiion of general ajfembly then convened, of a Governor ^ Deputy governor, 1 8 Jffiftants, and all other officers. Li- \krty to tranfport from England any people effects , and merchandize free of cuSfoms both outward and inward, {hrtJpefirSi feven years, and quit from all taxes and cufloms \inNeiv England ; alfo for the fir Si feven years, and for i^ years more, excepting the five per cent, duty in England^ I upon all merchandize imported. All born in this country, Urinpajfages to and from the colony, be deemed natural'- km fubje^ls of England ; the general court may make or-' Uin and laws, conftitute officers, may impofe fines, impri- umment or other lawful corre^ion, according to the courfi c/ other corporations in England-, -f eftablifJoing of the IChriftian faith amongji the natives, is in this charter de^ \ckred tobe the principal end thereof', may encounter and I f4f by force of arms, by fea , or land, any who faall in a manner invade faid plantation', if any of faid colo' n]jfjall injure any fuhjeSl of princes in amity with us, they >wcr « f government: they afted many iinjuft and opprt:rinve things 5 for in. ftance, in property, thry aik-Jged, that the people's conveyances were not according to the laws of Eng. land ; and that upon rhcir charter ceafing, their former titles ceafed •, and oi.jigcd them to takeout new grants I or titles at high rates and extravagant tees; particularly the King afTumed the abfolute government, and the pro- perty of the unapprop'iaicd lands, the granting of lands, raifing of taxes, making of laws, with the executive | part likewife. Upon the arrival in April i689inBo{lon, ofthenewsl of a thorough revolution in England, there was a kind of popular infurredion in Bofton againft theGovernorSir Edmund Andros and his officers, who furrendered, and were fent home; a convention of ihc principal gentle- men of the colony was held in Bofton, who appointed a council, Simon Bradftreet Frefident, or committee for the fafety of the people, and confervation of the peace i and fummoned a convention of the reprefentativcs of the people; accordingly, at ii:ft meeting, 66 repiefentativesl of 44 towns and diflrids were prefent, and May 24,1 there were reprefentatives from 54 places*, they refolvedl that thcGovernor,Deputy-governor, AfTillants, and otherl officers, as chofen May 12, i6b6, fliould a6l in theirre{ fpedliveftations, viz. Simon Bradftreet Governor, Tho-I mas Serjeant Major-general, Ifaac Adington Secretary,! John PhilipsTreafurcr,ThomasDanforthPrefidcntoftlie| province of Main, etc. Thomas Oakes was Speaker of thJ houfe of reprefentatives ; they relolved upon fix rates ofl taxes, whereof one rate was to be in provifions; alltliisl was tranfaded with fubmiffion to the king and qucen'sl pieafure when notified. Itl Of Massachusetts-Bay; '^j^ It was propofed by a writ of error to have a rchear- lingconcerning the New- England charters, in Weftmin- Ifter-Halli but this was dropped. There was a bill Ibrought into the convention parliament, for rcftoring Ithc New- England charters -, it paffcd the lower houfc ; Ibutihe convention being diffolved foon after, it dropped. [Upon granting the new charier, the King allowed the lagentstor Maflachufcts-Bay to nominate their firft Go- Ivernor ; they nominated Sir William Phipps. The further provincial proceedings we defer to the iicxt article. ' - \ The boundary lines of Old Maflachufetts-Bay colony. The fouthern line is, i. With the late Plymouth co- ony4i miles; being 15 miles due W. 23 mjles W. 18 |i.S. feep.401, and W. yd. N. 3 miles and half; upon bis line lie the townfliips of Hingham, Weymouth, ^raintree, and Stoughton. 2. ♦The line with Rhode- (land colony, from the interfedion of the north and ath line from Patuket Falls to Maflachufetts-Bay iith line, as fettled by agreement of the two colonies, lay 14, 1719? and afterwards confirmed by the King I council, is W. 7 d. N. about 20 miles to the N. W. omerof Rhode-lfland, being a produ<5tion of Connec- cutand Khode-IQand N. and S. line, as fettled by irccment of thefe two colonies, anno 1738. N. B. fere the differences of variation, allowed per agree- cnt with Rhode-lfland of W. 7 d. N. and with Con- licut of W. 9 d. N. occafions a notch of i mile and rod in the townfhip of Douglafs, from the Rhode- land N. W. corner to the Connecticut N. E. cor- '5 upon this line lie the townfliips of Wrentham, [liinffham, Uxbridge, and Douglafs. 3. The line * Maflachufetts fouth line was fet ofF according to the letter of the Iter, from 3 miles fouth of the head of Stop-river in Wrentham, bg the moft foutherly branch of Charles river ; it falls into the pa bod;^ of Charles-river at Medfield, 4 with 1^1 p;r uj 1 4^6 A Summary, Historical and Political,8cc. with • Connedlicut, run anno 17 13 from faid N.E.| corner of Conncdlicut, W. 9 d. N. to the N. W. con ncr of Connedlicut 72 miles } viz. from faid N. pi corner of Connecticut toConneClicuc river (90 rodnorttjl of theN. E. corner of Suffield) 38 miles, and froml thence to Connedlicut N. W. corner 34 miles, in all -ji miles upon Connc«5licut ; this line was f fctikd per a{ grecment, and afterwards confirmed hy the King \jt council : upon this line lie the townfhips of DudkyJ "Woodftock indented, Sturbridge, Brimficld, Sonifrs] and Enfield indented, Suffield indented, Weftfield] Bedford, Houfatonicks, No's 3 and 2, and Sheffield. ^'^Ai an equivalent, for fome indented lands properlJ belonging to the colony of Conncfticut, but fcitlcd,anj for fome time alTumed under the jurifdidtion, of MaltJ chufetts-Bay -, anno 17 13, the province of Maffachufcnsf Bay allowed the property, but not jurifdiflioi) of fon of their vacant province lands, containing 105,793 aI cres in four feparate parcels ; ihefe equivalent lands wcrl fold at publick vendue by the colony of ConnedicutAI pril 25, 1716, for 683 1. New-England currency in if fiiares, viz.Gurdon SaltonftalljGovernorof ConnefticuJ Mrs. Saltonftall, Paul Dudley, Addington Davenpori Tho. Fitch, Anthony Stoddard, Wm. Brattle, miniftej Ebenezer Pemberton, a minifterof the goipel, Willii and Jofeph Dummer's each one half of a fharc, Jdmih^ Belcher, John White, Will. Clark, nearBofton commo John Wainwright, Hen. Newman and JohnCafwall,ca(j one third of a Ihare, Nath. Gould, and Peter Burs, ea one half of a Ihare, John Stoddard and FJilha Willian •In N. lat. 4'J d. 2 m. asobferved by the ingenions, learnedi inquifitive gentleman William Burnet, efqj lometime Governoij New-York> and afterwards Governor of the province of Mailitlj fetts-Bay j a worthy fon of the worthy, pious, and honeft, tho'| tical Bilhop Burnet. t A late petition to the general court, or general affenibly forj indented townfhips of Maflachulett's-Bay, to be fet off to thejij dii-lionof Connedicut is idle and vain, becaufc the jurifdiftioiil been fome years fince finally iiTued by the King in council. OTMassachusetts-Bay.' 417 _ one half ora(hare,and toJohnRead one (hare : about ]^,ooo acres of chcfe lands by the late fettlemcnt of a Une with New HampQiire fall into the jurifdidlion of New iHamplhire upon Connedticut river above Northficld. The weft line of MafTichufctts-Bay hitherto is not fet- [tledi the people of New York pretend that their eaft line is Connedlicut river *» becaufc the Dutch colony* Wir prcdeceflbrs, extended their pretenfions fo far, and hid a confiderabic trade in ConncAicut river : but we nayobferve, that fome years fince, anno 1725, when Jew York and Connedlicut fettled their line, which was ifterwards confirmed by the King in council; their fun- amcntal agreement was, that this boundary line (hould at 20 miles caft of Hudfon's river, and parallel with laid river i therefore naturally this line in the fame cir- iin(lances muft extend northward, and bound Mafia- bufeits bay and New Hampfhire provinces. The t north and eaft lines have been in continued Ijifputes in oppofite claims, of Maflachufetts>Bay and Mtw Hampfhire. Anno i739» the King in council, [pon appeals from the judgment of commiflioners (per ^reement of both parties) appointed under the great al of Great Britain, finally determined the fame. As all difputable claims are now excinguifhed, we may ckon them as obfolete; but for the curious (antiqua* Its perhaps may be an improper term in a young coio** |i) we (hall give fome fuccindfc account of thofe claims, it is frequently very difficult, and almoft impoITiblcio concile the letter of the boundaries of two old grants j ^caufe generally more was granted, than had been fur- ' ycd, or perhaps more than had been difcovered; there-' • ire the lines were ill exprefs'd, in loofe general termS) ' ]• Anno 1726 fome of the MafrtchofcttsBay people in fettling loufatonick townihips, were arreftcd to Albany court in an action 1 trel'pafs againft a grant to fonne Dutchmen from my lord Corn« try, Governor of New York. [t It was defigned to refer the hiftory of this line to the fe£llon New Hampfhire, but it feems more naturally to fall in this place. Vol.1. Dd and 4i8 A Summary, Historical and PotiTrcAL,&c. and frequently interfering*, which cannot be adjufted but I by amicable voluntary conventions and agreements of j the parties concerned ; to be explained and confirmed by I the Kingiin council, the original grinter. nri' "Immediately upon the royal grant or patent to the New England company, called the Council of Plymouth that. Council granted to fir Ferdinando Gorge, Governor of the. fore of Plymouth, and fpmetime Prefident of fai(j[ Council, and to Mr. Mafon mcrdiant of London, thi Secretary, jointly v from Neumkeag or Salem river to) Quencbcc river along, the fea fhore, and fixty miles in. f land.: foon after, they had feparato^girants of feparatt parcels of land ; here, we are ontyto] relate the difputes with Mr. Mafon's heirs and affigiSj and in the fe^tionl of New Hampfhire muft be referred lOii p>iij :t{)x,i .jAnno 1621,; March 9, thecouncil of Plymouth grantJ ed to John Mafon, efq; of London, their fccretarv, his I htks and.afllgnfi, m traffc of land from Neumkeag tol Mcrimack river. . Anno 1629: they-jgranted to ditto J tr^ft ?" of land, between ^Mcrimack. river and Pifcataquaj rii^, 6ormi!es. up leach river, and thefe to be boundedf bf giiiinc .acrofs frotn river to river.: Both thefe grantsl were joined in a new grant 1635, April 22, fromthej council of Plymouth' xo faid Mafon, viz. 60 miles upl Neunfikeag river, &.c. and from thcjentranoe of Neura-f keag:(A creek hetwcen Salem and :lkverley) round tbft feanfliore to the middle entrance of Pifcataqua riverJ up.Pifqitaqua river, ind Newichawennpck river to thej head thereof, and thence north weftward till 60 miles! be^accempiinied ; and crofs from the termination of eachj of ihcfc 60 miles, to beicalled New Hamplhire. Ann ife;5* AiUguit 19, King Charles- by patent confirms tbij grant called New Hamplhire, with power of govern mcnfand jurirdidion'(as in the Palatinate or Bifhopric oiDijrham) with power of conferring honours. • This patent is pofterior to that of Maflachufetts-Bay, 1628 9,aiiilj therefore void« a;> tlie lands between Neumkeag and Mcrimack riverJ '-'.".. ^' " Tlicl 1 20 degJ «»li ■ MaV' iii'ij Of Massachusetts-Bay. .41^ The complaint's from time to time of Mr. Mafon's Iieirs to the King in council, and the determinations thereupon, have been already related in p. 410 ; we fhall now mention fome very large private claims from Indian grants, where both colonies of Maflachufetts-Bay and [New Hampfhire were fuppofed to be concerned in pro- perty as well as in jurifdi»Jition. a--./ .,xi,<.» Anno 1629 the chiefs of the Indians of Merim? :k fi- ver fold to John Wheelwright and others of the Mafla- chufetts-Bay colony ; all that land beginning " at the end of 20 miles N. W. from Pantucket falls, and thence Irupning a N. E. line to interfed: Merimack and Pifcata- qua rivers, and thefe two rivers to be the bounds of it, from that line to the fea.'V This, together with other llands, included all the late province of New Hampfhire •, lihis claim was revived by Mr. Cooke, and others about bo years fmce, when fome Irilh Prefbyterians petitioned both Affemblies of Maflkchufetts Bay and of New Hamp- bire, for a fettlement or townfhip of lands*, thefe emi- Igranis are fettled upon part of thofe lands by charter or grant from the Governor and Council of New Hamp- lire; their townfhip is called Londonderry (formerly Kutfield) and flourifhes much; they area noted pattern Ind example of induflry and frugality, particularly [hey excel in the fabric or manufadure of linen cloth. lay the other townfhips of New England copy from hem 1 This townfhip lies a few miles eafl of Pantucket iilis of Merimack river. Anno 1683, a large traft of land called the Million urchafe, both fides of Merimack river above Souhagen ver, was granted by the Sachems of the Weymafet or |wcr river Indians, and the Penycook or upper river Mans, to Jonathan Tyng of Dunftable for valuable hfiderations. This trad: of land extended upon the fftfide of Merimack river, from the mouth of Sough- |en river, where it falls into Mtrimack river, fix miles la half up faidSoughagen or Souhegonack river, thence 2odeg. wcftwaid, ten miles, thence in a dirt 61 line Dd 2 from 420 A SuMMARYjHiSTORiCAL and Politic AL,&c; from the northward as far as the moft fou^hcrly end or part (meaning I fuppofe the prod udion weftwardofa line from the foutherly end of faid pond) of the great pond or lake commonly called Wenapefioche lake; ex. tended upon the eaft fide of Merimack river from Bren. ton's lands or farm (in LitchBeld) fix miles in breadtli eaflward, and thence running in a direfb line northward unto and as far as the moft foutherly end or part of We- nepafioche lake; neither of thefe weft or eaft lines to | come nearer to the river of Merimack than fix miles; an Indian plantation of three miles fquare is referved. Thefe lands were conveyed in feveral parcels, and at I fundry times to certain perfons by transfers, anno 1684,1 1685 and 1686 ; of which transfers fome were acknow- ledged before the magiftrates of the adminiftration ofl the old colony of Maifachufetts-Bay, and fome before thefe of K. James Il*s reign. After thefe conveyances and transfers were confirmed by Robert Tufton Mafon proprietor of New Hampftiire, April 15, 1686, fo faraj falls within the royal grant of New Hamplhire, at a quit- rent of 10 s. fterl. per ann. when demanded j they were| regulated into twenty equal fhares, viz. Jofeph Dudley Samuel Shrimpton John Blackwell Charles Lidget WilliamSroughton Peter Bulkeley John Uftier Richard Wharton WilIiamBlathwayt| £d wardRandolph ThomasHenchman Jonathan Tyng John Hubbard ThaddeusMacarty Daniel Cox RobertThompfon Edward Thompfon j-ii Asr> .n : fm) and th'-ce other perfons to be hereafter named and \\ greed upon ; no benefit of furvivorfliip -, to be divideda foon as may be, and each (hare may take up 5000 acn at difcretion for the prefent ; thefe grants and regulatia were alfo confirmed July 12, 1686 (and entredNoven ber 9 following) by Jofeph Dudley Frcfident, and bytisl Council of his Majelty's territory and dominion ofNw England in America ^ with an addition of the iomm J. ■ :' -■■■ J. ■ I s, anno I Of Massach ussttI'Bav. 421 I of Concord, Chelmsford, Grown, Lwctfter, Stow, and I Dunftable, and 1 2 miles more of land. This claim was in a manner revived about 2$ yeari Hnce, but foon dropt ; 'it is now again revived by an idvertifement in the Bofton Gazette of June a 1, 1 748. Thefc lands at prefentare in the jurifdidion of New-Hampfliirc, and muft be claim'd in that province. Not many years fmce Mrs, Rind from New-England, heircfs or reprcfentative of Thomas Goffe, one of the 26 original patentees or proprietor of Maflkchufttts-Bay grant, entered a claim in Chancery accordingly, and gave fomedifturbance to the MaflTacbufetti-Bay veffcls in the river Thames in I^ondon, by entering a Ni taeat inChan- leery, pretending they were the pr^uce of that colony^ Uiiich the 26 original proprietors nad never jointly affign- Icd to the fettlers \ but upon her death, and none of the Iheir' 0* he other original proprietors appearing, the af- Ifair drc ; nd the fettlers by their reprefentatives in ge- {neral A....i.tiiy, continue in quiet ppiTenion by pre- Ucription'. ^ :'!•.. tv-'^' ''^' --'' *^' '•'■'■ ••'■•' i-'> *rn-v For many years there had been a dirptite concerning Ithe north boundary of MaflT^chufettS'Bay colony with INew-Hamplhire •, New- Hampfhire claimed, from three Imiies north of the middle chiinel of the mouth of Mer- Irimack river due weft, until it meet with Other Britifh 207.rnment3 i Mafluchufetti-Bay claimed, from three k's north of the Black Rock, whcfe Merrimack river emptied itfelf into the ocean, when the charter was granted; thence running at three mileidiftance parallel itli the river, to tiiree miles north of the fork or botch where this river firft receives the name Merimack, jind from therice due weft to the South'Sea, or to any of ^is majelty's other territories, ♦ Anno 1 73 1, the general AfTembly of Ncw-Harap- y'i.,v ...... ,. , : (hire * I have been the more particular in thf» ftfair, that It may fervc, \) way of inftance, to illullrate the Ungtb oi t»»« required to I 422 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. fhire appointed Mr. Rindge their agent, to follicitat home, for fettling their bondarics with the province of | Maflachufetts-Bay ; 1733, the petition was prefented; 1734, Jan. 5, the Boa.d of Trade and Plantations, fcnt| to the Attorney and Sollicitor-general, this queftion, •' From what part of Merimack river, the three miles *' limitation ought to be taken ?'* March 19, there- port was, '* From three miles north of the mouth of I Merrimack river." 1737, April 9, by the confentof| both parties, a com million under the great feal was if. fued to fome Gentlemen of the councils in the neigh. bouring provinces to hear and judge in the affair. The commiliioners met at Hampton in New-Hamplliire, Augull J, and gave their determination Sept. 2; both parties appealed to the King in council, and the com- miflioners adjourned themlclves to Augufl i, 1738, to receive the King's pleafure. 1739, March 5, the ap- peals were heard before the proper committee of privy I council, and afterwards their report waS heard before the King in council, ^here the affair was finally determined. Conform to this determination the lines were run by tiie| province of New-Hampfhire exparte^ the MaiTachufetts- B.iy government refufed to join in the furvey ; thclinel between Ncw-Hampfhire and the province of Main by Mr. Bryant; the line parallel with, and at three miies (on the north fide) diflance from the river Merrimack by Mr. Mitchell, and the line from Pantucket falls flation \V. lod. N. to New- York eaft line by Mr. Hazen.| Thefe lines or furveys were in May, 1741, lodgcid with! the records of both provinces. We come now to delineate the northerly line ofMaf. l^Khufetts-Bay province. The commifTiontrs for fettlingi of It, 1737, put it thus, " if the fame lands were grant- bring Plantation aflairs to an ifTue at the court of G reat- Britain, | 'Tha afFair of the boundaries between Lord Baltirporc of Maryland, anjd the Peiins of Pci.fylvania, is cf a much longer Hanging, andatj a;i yet illucd. OFMassachuset ts-B a y.' 425 l«cd by W. and M. charter, as by that of Charles Ij*-* I then this line (hould run 3 miles north from the Black iRock at the mouth of the river Merrimack, and parallel with the river to three miles north of the crotch wherlft the rivers of Winnepafiake and Pemcgawaffet meer, and thence due weft; but if otherwife, then the line is to begin at three miles north from the mouth of faid river, and run from thence due weft : upon the appeals the King in council iffued the cafe in neither or thefe ways \ but that after the parallel was carried fo far as the flexure of the river at Pantucket falls, it (hould proceed no further ; becaufe if the parallel line were to jbe continued further, it would be eaft, and not north, [from the river ; the courfe of the river from this [flexure becoming north and fouth 5 and from a fta- (tion three miles north of the flexure or falls, the line Ito run W. 10 d. N. by compafs, to New- York eaft :")i--. ! j;:-- Mr. Mitchell's line parallel with Merrimack river be- gins at three miles north of a Black Rock, to Pantucket Utation, being W. 9 d. S. by compals 27 miles. This parallel line pafles through and cuts oflT part of the fol- lowing townlhips of Mafiachufetts-Bay government, viz. Salifbury, Ameft)ury, Haverhill, Methuen, Dracut, and ktingham 5 the colony of Maflachufetts-Bay had ex- jiendcd thefe townlhips beyond the three miles north of lerrimack, not fo much upon account of their having kiTumed the jurifdiftion of that country, at the time of granting thele lownfliips, but chiefly becaufe they were Indian grants to Maflachufctts people. Mr. Hazcn*s line from Pantucket ftation three miles [aft of Merrimack river, runs W. i o d. N. by compafs to [ut Connedicuc river (i mile and 3qrs. north of North- leld meeting houfc ; apd about 10 miles fouth of fort )ummer) 53 miles 58 rod ; thence to New York line (20 lilcs eaft from Hudfon's river, 36 miles 60 rod, in all )out 90 miles. This line continued falls in with Hudfon's |ver 6 miles above Albany church, and a little below the D d 4 mouth ■42;4 ASuMMARY, Historical and Political, 8cc, mouth of Mohawks river. This linepaflfes through, ancll takes off from the Maffachufetts-Bay jurifdiftion, fonul garts of the following townfhips and lands, viz. Dun. abIe,Groton, Townfcrd, * Ipfwich new lownfhip,Cj.| nada to Rowley, feme province vacant lands, Canada tol Sylvcfter and others, Canada to Roxbury, Winchefterl Northfield, Fail-fight townfhip, Bofton new townlhipl No. 2, and province vacantlands to New-York caftlme. I The Tea line of the old colony of Maffachufetts-Bayl does not exceed 80 miles. I The fuperficial land contents of faid colony we tnayl eftimate in this manner : i. Its northerly line in a direAl courfe, north fide of Merrimack -river, W. 9d. S.tol Pantucket lUtion is 27 miles, thence W. 10 d. N.tol New- York eaft line are about 90 miles, being in all abouti 117 miles. 2. Its foutherly line is from Conohaffet rockj| to the notch in Bridgwater, 15 miles, thence W. ij fouth to the ftation tree 23 miles, thence W. 7 d. N.tol Rhode Ifland, N. W. corner, which is nearly tli( * A few years fince, the general aiTembly of the Maflachufett Bay, was in the humour of diflributing the property of much vacai or province land ; perhaps in good policy and forefight, to fecureti the MafTachufetts people, by pofleOion, the property of part fome controverted lands ; accordingly it came to pafs, that uponil royal commifTion from the court of Great- Britain, to determine tlii controverfy, the jurifdiftion, but not the property, was allottedt New-Hamp(hire, or rather to the Crown. Some of thefegrao called townfhips, were tp the inhabitants of the feveral old tow fhips, V. g. to Bofton three townfhips, to Ipfwich one, etc; nin townfhips were voted, but only 7 granted, to the defcend.ints ofil^ Naraganfet or Pequod Indian war foldiers 1637, called Naragani townfhips ; 9 townfhips were granted to the heirs of the militia,: foldiers who wentagaii.ft Canada, anno 1 690, and are called Caiiii townfliips. A parcel of thefe townfhips, the furthefl up in the com try, runW. 5 and half d. S. acrofsfrom Merrimack-river 35 milesii Connecticut river, as a barrier againfl the Indians, they are alltl the double line of towns ; whereof No. 3, 8, and 9, are very moiai cainous, rocky, and flony, not capable of fettlement No. 4 are the befl lands. . At prefent there remains in the territory of Old MafTachufettsi colony, vacant or provincial lands, not exceeding the value ofi lowaihips 0/ fix miles fc^uare each. OFMassachusett s-Bay. 425 fiflic with Conncfticut N. E. corner 24 miles *, thence W.9 d« N. to Connefticut N. W. corner 70 miles, being I in all about 132 miles. 3. The meridian diftance I from the abovefaid northerly and to the foutherly line ' is about 47 miles. Thefc 47 miles multiplied into 125, I which is nearly the medium between the northerly and foutherly line, produces 5875 fquare miles, which are 3,760,000 acres t* * As to the fituation of this American province of I MalTachufetts Bay in New-England, upon the ft ; .!of thcterreftrial globe; we (hall obfcrve that Bos ton the chief town or metropolis of New- England, from the obferva- tions of the late ingenious Mr. Thomas Robie, fellow jof Harvard alias Cambridge college of New England * This line by a produdllon of about 20 miles falls in with Hud- I fon'i river, about half a mile below the mouth of Efopus river. •j- By a late determination of the King in council, the province of MaiTachufetts Bay, has loft of its claimed lands, about one half in I number of acres ; thus eftimated ; the foutherly line of the claimed ds difunited from Malfachufetts, is 1 1 7 miles ; the northerly line lissom Endicot's tree, three miles north of the fork of Merrimack [rirer, 3; miles to Coniie£licut river, and thence to New York eaft [line about 60 miles, being in all about 9; miles, whereof a medium jextent eaft and weft is 1 06 miles, this multiplied into 5 ; miles, the [meridian diftance between Pantucket falls and Endicot*s tree, gives [{830 fquare miles, which are 3,731,200 acres. There are fome aflual furveys of extents which ought not to be )ftin oblivion; as for inftance, from Merrimack river due weft to [Groton meeting-houfe are 1 2 miles ; from Groton meeting-houfe (as Ifurveyed by col. Stoddard, major Fulhani, and Mr. Dwight, by lonier of the General A fTembly) toNorthHeld meeting-hcmfeW. i6d. En. by compafs, are 41 miles and half: from Deeriield meeting" [houfe near Connecticut river, a little higher, to Albany church upon jtie weft fide of Hudfon's river, W. m and half d. N. are 57 miles p rod. From fuch a£lual furveys the public roads may be laid out Jto better advantage than at prefent : for inftance, the prefent road [from Bofton to Albany (this is the road to Monreal in Canada) by way of Springfield, the Houfatonicks, and Kinderhook is about 200 [miles ; a new and better road, but not as yet well improved, is (via JLancafter and Nichawog to Sunderland upon Connefticut river 84 ailes,and from Deerficid a little higher to Albany 01657 miles, being I all only about 150 miles. determined 426 A Sum MARY, Historical andPoLiTicAi, file. determined it to be in 42 d. 25 m. N. lat. and*wtft| from London 4 h. 46 m. which is W. Jong. 71 (j, 30 m. t ^he general bijiory under the old charter adminlftraticnl continued. This charter was dated March 4, 16289 ; by charter ^^r.Cra(lock was nominated dicir lirlt Governor, but by realbn oF his advanced ag,e» he declined going over-, and Mr. F^jidlcot, Dcpiity-governor, but being of no notes h^- vva'i (lioj)ped s the company in London cliofc Jolui Winthiop Governor, and Thomas Dudley, De- piity ?;overnor. Anno i6''9, the Company fcnt over 3 50 people, 115 neat cattle, fome horfcs, Hieep, and goats (moftof this flock died in the palTagc) fix pieces of - .i.uon. with ftorcs ; they landed at Ncumkeag, now Salem, June 24, 1629*, Mr. Endicof, their leader, gve it the name Salcm. 1630, In April, Mr. Winthropand Mr. Dudley, with Tome ot the uUvcnturer.*} and alTiftants, many fcttkrsand fervant?, provilions and ftores, in all 17 fhips wereftnt ever tliis year: of the fettlers about 100 died thefirft year, and, the iurvivors 'f luffercd much for want of pro^l * By the fame cclipfc of the moon, March 1 5, 1 "^ 17, obfcrvcdbjl CafTini and 33e la Mire iit I'aris (which is 9 m. 40 feconds in time eajll from London) and by Mr. Kobe at Can)briiJge of New-EnglandT Two oblci vatioiis ih (K-i'cr aftcrtain thediiVercncc of time betweeal two remote places, thuti a» obftTvation in one place, and a calcula-[ tiononly for tlicoilu r. t Deputy yovcriior Dudley, March 28, 1631, wrote hometoliJ friends in I'.n^I.in;!, *' 'Mic 180 fcrvants which we had fentover, »| could not .-woid ry Vane, was chofen Governor -, he cam] eve an cnihufiallic rigid Puritan j his condud wasi agrcf^able to the people, he was dropp'd the year followin] and Mr.Winthrop chofen as foruitrly. He wasaftaj % mi Of M A S I A C H U S E T T S-B A Y. 429 I wards Member of the long Parliament in England, and Icxecutec* as a traitor 1662. set. 50. 1645, Thomas Dudley waseleifted Governor, Mr. [Winthrop Deputy governor: Mr. Dudley was born ac iNorlhampton, he was a Puritan, and bred in the armyj |he was about ten years fteward to the Earl of Lincoln, Lcrameover Deputy-governor 1630, and was at times Ichoiin Major-general of the colony •, he died in Rockf- Ibury, July 31* 1652, aet. 77. His fon Jofeph Dudley Ifuftaincd many great and arduous pofts. Colony-agent, Prefident of the council, Chief-juftice, Member or par- lliament in England, and Governor of the province of iMaffachufetts-Bay, as Ihall be in courfe related more at llargc. His grandfon Paul Dudley efq; is the prefent Ichief-juftice' of the province of Maflhchufetts-Bay, of llong experience in the laws and cuftoms of the province; llie is noted abroad in the world, by fome ingenious [pieces, relating to the natural hiftory of New- England, Mifhed in' the Philofophical Tranfacflions of the Lon- don Royal Society, for the years 1720 and 1721. 1 653, John Endicot was choDn Governor, he died 1 66 $, I1665, Richard Bellingham, a lawyer, a very old man, m elected, he had been an affiftant or magiftrate 30 years before •, he was chofen Governor for leven years licccffively, he died 1671, set. 80. He had formerly leentrcafurerof the province, he was very fevere againft ^nabaptifts and Quakers ; his memory is perpetuated by [hetownlhip of Bellingham, being called after his name. 167 1, was chofen John Leverett ; he was annually ontinued Governor till death 1676 in the autumn. His lather Thomas Leverett, with his family, removed ^633, from Bofton in Lincolnlhire of Old-England, to Vew- England. 1676, Simori Bradftreet was eleded Governor; he was InnuaUy rechofen till anno 1686, the charter being va- cated, he was fuperfeded by Prefident Dydley: upon he Revolution in New- England, April 1689, fubfcquent I and confequent of the Revolution in England, Nov. 1688 » » I I m '43© A Summary, Historical and Political, 8:c. 1688 •» by the advice and dirc6lion of the principal in, habitants of the colony, with the other colony ofHrcrs u| eledted 1686', he rcaflumcd the government, til] the| arrival of the new charter, May 1692. This was an. proved of, and confirmed by W. and M. He was bornl m Lincolnfliirc, had been a fellow of Emanuel College in Cambridge of Old- England i fucceeded Govcmorl Thomas Dudley, as fteward to the Earl of Lincoln ; hj married a fifter of Governor Jofcph Dudley ; he died March 27, 1697, set. 95 j he was the longeft liver ofa||| the firft planters of New-England. Some fhort time after the fuccefilon of K. James II.I the charter being vacated, Jofeph Dudley, cfq; whohadi been fent over the colony's agent, arrived in Bofton June 1686, as Prefident with a council, he Turned thel adminiftration ; he was fuperfeded by The arrival of Sir Edmund Andros,Governor of New- England, in Dec. 1686 •, he continued Govcriioi, untill fent home, with his officers, by the Revolutioners in thel ipring, 1689. He had been Governor ofNew-York underl the -J^vke * of York and Albany for levtn years pre{ ceding 1684, when Ue was fuperfedcd by Col. Duiigaijl a Roman-Catholick : anno 1692 in Virginia he had thel chief command, having fucceeded Francis Nichollbnj Yffio was Lieutenant-governor under I.orcl Howard,! principal Governor, dilmifled •, Sir Edmund continuedl Governor until 1698, when col. NichoHon Jrom MaryJ land fuperfeded him; Governor Nicholfon returned tol England 1704, and was fucceeded by the Earl of Ork-I ney. Here weinlcnfibly anticipate affairs belonging tol the fedion of Virginia. .V- The fucceflTive Major-generals under the old cJiarJ ter, were, Thomas Dudley, John Endicot, Edward Gib-I bons, Robert Sedgwick, fiumphrey Atherton, Danidl •The city of New-York was fo called from his Englilh titlj and the city of Albany from his Scots tile. I ■:..'*■*- ' ........ - DcnnifoJ TICAL,8cC. principal in. I fiy officers, 15 nent, till the I'his was ap.1 He was bornl mucl Collcgel cd Govcrnotl Lincoln j hel ley 1 he diedl ,eft liver of all K. James III , efq-, who had! eel in BoftonJ le ' Turned thel ernor of New-I lovertloi, uniill uiioners in thcl ;w-York underl ;vcn years pre- J Col. DunganI inia he had thel icis NichoHbnJ .Old Howard,! und continuedl on from Maryl Ion returned tol c Earl of Ork{ rs be longing to| the old cbaM , Edward Gib-I herton, Danid| his Englilh titlcJ DennifooJ OfMASSACMUSlTTS-BAYi 43! iDennifon, John Leverett, Daniel Gookin, and Thomas Setgeant. The fucccfTive Secretaries were, William Burgis. Simon BradiVreet, Increafe Newel, and Edward Rawfon ; between the old and new charters in the intermediate irbitrary opprcflive adminiftration in the reign of Jamet Ill^Jtmes Randolph was fccretary. Col. Uflier at the Revolution was Treafurer for the dominions of New Engbnd i upon this Revolution he went oflf abruptly. 1 « I ■^f*'« if - Imtfingularly remarkable laws and cufiami in the old '} charter adminiftration, ^ "r^ , > Their cnafking ftyle was, // is ordered hy this eourt^ the authority thereof. For many years from the beginning, the Gorernor, ^ffiftants or Council, not under feven, and Deputies or cprefentaiives in a Icgiflaiive capacity f voted together; It from long experience divers inconveniences were und to ariiie, and it was enadled 1652, that the magi* |ntes (Goivernor and Council) fhould fit and vote apart, jftitutirig (I a fcparate negative. i The Governor, Deputy-governor, and Aflfiftants, or ncil (billed magiftrates^ were the fuperior court for [ht. civil cafes ^ and were the court of oyer I* Tkfe minutes and common place from records, and obferva- Ins of felf and friends, I hope, are exa£l, and all matters material ly be depended upon ; but the bufmefs of my profeffion -.rA other airs, do not allow me time fufHcient to reduce them iit c w drift ' method 01* order ; therefore they appear niifcellaneoas, but in DC loofe manner digelled, for the ufe of future writers. |t In Scotland before the happy union i7< 7, in tbclr parliamentt, !{feers, commiiTioncrs for ihirei> or counties, and comniiJfionera [burghs or borou|ghs, made only one houfc and voted together. Th« colonies of Connefticuc and Rhode Hlmi lol lowed their nplc, and their legiflature to this day tonfiils of two negatives | |Govcrnpr has no third negative, as in the provinces ilridly be- ging to the crown i but in the upper houfe or negative, in cafe lei^uivote he determines the afl'air. and 432'A Summary, Historical and Political, jfc. and terminer in cafes of life, member, baniihment and di7orce. After they were conftitured two diftinft houfes, if they happened to differ in any cafes of judi.j cature civil or criminal*, the affair was to be determined j by a vote of the whole court met together The gc. neral court 'only, had power to pardon condemned cri. minals. The Governor when prefent was Prefident in ail courts. No general court to be continued above one year. The Governor, Deputy-governor, or majority of the Affiftants, may call a general aflembly, but this af. fembly is not to be adjourned or diflblved, but byaj vote of the lame. '•- '- .i;'^\■•^wu^^.»>^*^^■ .iN.vr...vMii;^4f- County courts may admit freemen, being •church. I members, that is, of the independent or congregational! religious mode; only freemen were capable of in civil affemblies; 1662 upon the King's letter thul Jaw was repealed. ; I Formerly fome townfhips had it in their option, tol fend or not fend deputies to the general aiTembiy. Thel deputies of Dover and fuch other towns as are notbTl Jaw bound to fend deputies, may be excufed.iu;^ 01)^,1 . The officers annually eleded by the Freemen in g^| neral (not by their repreiencatives or deputies in thel general' court or Aflembly) wei^e the Governor, the De«J puty -governor, the Affiftantsor Council, the Treafurcrj the Major- generalv theAdmiral at fea,theCommi(non for the united colonies, and the Secretary. ; By an aft 164^ the freehaen of any fhireortow have liberty 'tp cKufe deputies for the general court fj Bii >« .'J t Wi ' iai,A\ i>jwp31 (??' '?■.'.. ; >fh :. . -- ' ;« '^''. '■■■* This wiTJ^tootifth-ow and confined, perhaps more fevere thine was pradifed by the church of England in its moft bigotted vtAhi tied periods ; the prefent generation in New England are of anexti £ve charity to i\\ Proceftants, though differing va fome peculiar I not efTential modes or ways of worfhip. t This law was not re enafled under the new charter adminil tion, but by a fpecial ad, refidence was required ; by the in of a party or fadion averfe to a polite affembly well verfed ia( ^crcial and other public general affairs of the \yorld. eitt OT Massachusetts-Bay; 433 either in their own (hire or town, or elfe where as. they Ijudge iittefti fo be itj they be freemen and. inhabUiiig > ihisjurifdiaiort'. ,_^^. By a law made 1654, no perfon who is an ufual or ; I common attorney in any * inferior court, ihall be ad- mitced to fit as a deputy in the general court or af*. licmbly. ' '^^ '^J*' Where the country or colony laws are deficient, the Icale fliall be determined by the f word of God. i; ^ Disfranchifement, and banilhment, were the ufual [penalties for great crimes. Governor and Deputy -governor jointly agreeing, or [any their Affiftants confentinjg, have power out of court, Ito reprieve a condemned maTcfadori till the next court [ofAfliftantis, or general court; and that the general Durt only hath power to pardon a condemned male- Ifaftor. .yi>mMi> ;*;;. i^i. ■ 1652 Enadbed^ That a Mint-houfe beeredled inBof- |lon, to coin filver of fterling alloy into i2d.6d, and 3 d, pieces, in value lefs than that of the prefent Englifh; m by 2 d. in the fhilling; the (lamp to be, within a [loubie ring, on the one fide Massachusetts, with itree in the centre-, on the other fide New-England, Hththe year J 165V, and the- figure xii, vi, and in,. ccording to the value of each piece ; with a private Dark* Excepting tlnglifli coin, no other money to be urrent in this common- weilch ; ^per cent, for || charges. If coining to be allowed by the owners of the filver [rought into the mint to be coined. Exportation of lis coin, except twenty fhillings for neceffary ex- enc6, is prohibited on pain of confifcation of all vifible I* At this time the general alTembly was called the fupreme or ge- [ral^urt. |t Oar Bible in thefe times was their body of laws, civil as well as jclefiafticat, efpecia-Ily in criminal cafe:. It All the New-England coin is dated 1652, though for many llowing years they continued coining. [i In Greftii'Sritain the coinage charge is defrayed by the govern; Vnt; for this uTe the parliament allows 1 5,000 £.per an* I Vob. I. E e eftate. . t 4^4 A SuMitAny, HistdRicAtand PotiTiCAL,2EC. eftate. Coinage is a prerogative of the Sovereignty, not of a colony. Scarce any of this coin now appears, with all other filver coin« it is drove away by a multiplied fallacious baH^ paper currency. Befides fome fmall duties of itnpoft upon ftrong [[. quors imported i and a fmall excife of 2 j. 6 d. per hhd. upon cyder, and malt iiquors retailed) and tunnage, 6d. per tun, upon (hipping; the ordinary revenue was a poll tax or capitation upon all male whites of i6£t, and upwards, and a rate oi ^~md, in the pound ofprjn. cipal eftate at fmall valuations : thus for inftance, anno 1 65 1, the tax was lod. per poll, and a rate of i i in the pound eftate. v -«-i'^ - Anno 1692, when the old charter expired, a tax of 10 J. poll, and a rate of 30 s. upon every 100 1, of principal eftate ^ was computed to raife 30,000^. value equal to proclamation money. Anno i6^r Court merchant is appointed. When a ftranger's affa..6 do not allow him to tarry the ordinary, terms of the courts j the Governor or Deputy, with any two of the Afliftants, or any three of the Aftiftants, may call a fpecial courts 4> Several ads for fairs and markets in feveral townsJ for inftance, in Bofton two yearly fairs^ and a weekly market upon the 5th day.* Enaded a fmall body of good maritime laws in 2){ iedions. The oeconomy of their militia was after this manner. All white men of 16 aet. and upwards, were ii no company of foot to be under 64 private men (fmi towns are to join) no troop of horfe to exceed 70 mei The non-commiflion officers to be appointed bytfii commiflion officers of the company. The commiffi officers of a company to be chofen by a majority of ti men inlifted in that company, to be approved by • It is not cafily to be accounted for, that the Couit-mercji and weekly markets vere not re- enabled under the new ckaiter-il'l •iJniftration. ...... , - .^ : .M ' couiiryi ■c liobntjir iotfaiit r county^ i jmand of hen'eral, a lieven aflif Iflbi'tobe To jpre [wages for jiaiy merch fourt whei jreguiate thi Thcfori bf the Liv fe great I By ihe gr( ")I^. Thi |lie oc'cafior AnypeH cords, tii( * Powow |loman Cat] tturn, to to the tAJItiis is) j place near f oedallthefel ftlieOatr, ar n^ici being ■Hert hit innor 65^,1 wtuted a t leral, but tt Ida of each I "cutenancj Thefewcl Itib^-ctAiirt oV fcteons, AI! the compafilts of 'one kin^ or i^^hftent by '4 Majority ^iTithe men belonging iothtt rejgimcht itc to fchufe • ffilfeknt-niljor of tl3 coonty, the cbrtibiandcr Of dwt regjfmeflt* Hiexomi* Uand of all the miKtia 9f the eolony wii in a M*ajdr. kcn'cral» anhdairy chbftn by the General iflifrnblyf. Any fevcn affiftants whereof tlic Governor or D^puty-Govcr- Inortobe one; may imprcft foldieri. To prevent djjpreflion, any perfon tiking, ejcdeffive [wages for work dohe; or unreaionable prices JPor nfeefef- [iaiy merchandize i (hall be fined at the difcretlbn of thh tourt where the offehdi is jircfcnfed. The i^le^ meh t6 fregulate the wa^es of porters, ' * n^^vaim The fbrms of their judicial bathf were. By the f^ame bf the Living,^ and fometimei Ever-living Gotr^By [fe great Kani^ of the Ever-living Almighty Gob— . By the great and dreadful Name of the Ever-lryin|j 3D. Thefc were ufed according to the folemrrity S neoccafion. Any pei-foh inay view and have attefted copiei bf any icprds, the journals of the council excepted. "■^^- ^ » Powowoers to be fined five poundf. Jefultsi cf any |loman CathoHck ecclefiafticki, to be baniflied ) if they tturn, to fbffcr death : this law was afterwards extend- to the Quaker& m iu ' A^?/ ' ik ; t All this is fully exprcffed in a fev/ werds in the Ddf clieRer Diiry- f place near Hofton, upon a grave- ftoneefMf/ AtllCf ton j hefuf- odall thefe cbmniands> as alfo the ofAet of AMAMt m Magiftrate Ithe ftatr, and Deacon in the church Qr si^ngregatiofl } the poetiy ttde, being co mposM in the infancy of the aomiry i . ^ . ^ j ^^^ Hmliet our Captaitt, aftd Major ef Siiff§lk fwaiwilfMlf ' ll, A fodly Magijir ate was he, atid major gf 914^14 » ^nDO i6;i;, Cromwell divided England Iflto el«V€fl dldii^s, aiid iftitated a military commander in eacb^ by the tiame of Major- beral, but this was foon difufed, At prsfcet m Of eat Britain, the litia of each county is under the diteai^tt ef it lord lieutenant, or ^lieutenancy of the country. ' Thcfewerc jfn^ian conjurers and fortwn9't' .- ■■ I In old ch,^rter times the colony was at firft divided jintQ the three counties of SnfFolk, Eflex, and Iviiddlefex ; vhen tb,?y aflbmed the jyrifdidtion of New Hampfhirel »nd province of Main, and fettled compadtly upon Connedlicut river, the colony, 1671, was divided into ^hefc fix counties : Ec 3 Coun- cil ^3 ^ A Sum MAR V, flisTORjc^i-; s^jj JPp^i;^[ ^?! al, ^ Nprfplk s < Pifcataqua o nMidd!elex ^ |yorkiijire . ^j^liampfhirc ^■^»^i -*J-X I I Salem an4 Ipfwich. . V < Cbver and Eort^fmouth. .S I CWlcftbwn an^ Cambrid^ ^^^or^hawpton and SpnngBti ;, '^ms.Jffairs. le various JcSapes ; pr modes c; 'Tt;anfa^hns relating to thdr Kd:. . Some account or the various 1 religious difcipline and worlliip in the ieveral. Britilh A rnerican colonies^ was defigned for tj^.e fsd''"^ of J^hode liland colony, that plantatioi* being pi odi^^ve or re- ceptive of v*fry many fed^ries ; but as the pcrfccutionj {k\ called) of fundry fe«5taries in the old colony bf,Maf!| fachdetts-Bay, is too much and tod iippartially note(| by many hiftorians; I could not avoid in this place, to give a few and matter-of-faft account of , th^fe t^iiig^' I. Ccncerning the congregational way of religious dif« cipline and worship a$ generally pradife^' in thecoloniq of New England. II . Some narrat ive of the feveriticj iif^d in the MaiTachufetts-Bay, towards various fe$arie$ or commuDions of rigid Brownifts, Antinomians, Miig^ gletonians, Anabaptilts, Quakers, and * Witches f, ■ ■ I. il Some confcientious non-con for mi ft s haraffeic) b)f the bilhops courts, &c. in the reigiji of James 1, ob- tained a loofe grant from the council of Plymouth called the New England company, of fome lanfds in North- America J they tranfporccd themfelves to New England, * Witches are Enthufialls or Maniacs, and may Wi'tlji propriety o| words, be faid of the devil's coiDmui^ion. I ' t By the many Controveriies in >irevealed religions, the fevenfl lefts ex pofe the inconililencies and abfurdities of one another's opi- r nions, aod occafion the wife and thinking part of mankind to regohtt themfelves by natural religion only, and to conclude thataUr14i»>r' i sril.i 4 ■*<>■ * ^Qtlinigbut a reBgibas hei^t or zea1» at ihat time conid have [withAood . the feverities of their winters ; at prefeot their winters larie leis rigid from the country being more and more cleared of Iwoods, and expofed to the fun, which diflblves their fnows fooner [tliaii before It was opened. I t Robert Brown firft appeared 1 580. Sir Walter Raleigh Wi-*8s, max in i $92, there were in England near 20,000 firownifts. I tt This mode of religion feems to be laudable and well adapted to Iprevent imperium in itrtpenoy that is, a phurch government from con- feouling the Hate or civil governraent. Cromwell, a very great lilatefinan, as well as general, was fenfible of tbii, they were his fa- jyourites upon that account. E e 4 Anti- .%4o ASuMMAUv, Historical and POLITICAL, jcc. Anttriomlansi Mr. Williams, Mr. Vane, andMrs. H^tJ chinfon were their leaders ^ this fynod continued thne I .weeks: this occafioned an emigration, ana the fettling •of the colony of Rhode IHand. 2 Sept. 30, 1648, by lorder of the le^iQature, a fynod ^Vas called at CatnbridgJ •to eft.iblifh unifc rmity % they agree to the Weftminltcr xonfeflion of 1646, in matters of faith and dodlrine, but COfTipofe a platform of their own for dilcipline. 3! Anno| / -ic J2 in the fpring in Bofton a fynod was called bydi- .redtion of the general afltmbly, concerning the rightl :that grand» children of church-rncmbcrs had to baptiftnj .ODncerning the confociation of churches, and fome other affairs oi church-membei-niip. 4. Anno 1679 another 'fynod in Bvillon vfAS appointed by the legiOature, tol jConfuIr what was proper to be done to remove thccviljl which co.,ui*ucd 'oaffli(5l the people of New jEnglandjI :%{>7H. n^ li^ iiad died of the fmall-poxi the refoltwail that mi the rhurchci. flioiild renew their covenant. Thcjl I had a ficund Iciiion, May 12, 1680, and agreed upon J :C>nfcifion of faith, nearly the fame with thatpfthel rJndcpendents in England, O^obcr 12, 1658, called the! 1 Savoy conftflion of faith, and feemed, to renounce thel : models of Geneva and Scotland. 5. Anno 163; thel niinifters of Mafliichufctts-Bay colony, jointly feniaol addrefs of thanks to King James II, for his * indulgencel jG^F, general toleration of religious o^:>inions and congre-r : gations ; this was fcnt over anc! prelented to King Jamal by Mr. Increafc Mather •, he and his conftituenis were| not politicians fufHcient to penetrate into the wicM "«nd pernicious contrivar.cc of that toleration. 6. A-l ];^but 30 years fince, it wa^ propofed in the general AfJ Tembly to call'a fyiiod of the congregational church of the province oi Maftacluifetts-Bay ♦, this was refufe(i| or dr-opt, bccaufe by the a Of M A S S A C H V S S T TI-BaY, 4^^ yemment, in all the Engiilh colonies was for ever efta^ bliibed. Here the,hiftory of New England cburch-fynodf ihiift cetrtiinatc. All convoc4Cion$f getjeral aflemblies, fynodit etc. of clergymen, by their indifcreet zeal or hcati, rather in-^ I creafe, than heal .the diftempers of the church. In other articles, the New- England Independents be- I come Icfs contrafted, and of more extenuve charity. Although a church properly confifted of no more per- fonsor Chriftians, than could conveniently meet together in one place, cemented by a holy covenant, and admit- ted into church-membcrihip by perfonal publick con- fcfllon ', at prcfcnt they have relaxed of that rigidity, and I. In many of their chi^rchcs, do not require that perfonal publick confelTipnal appearance, in order to be i|dmittcd into church-memberlhip 1 bu( only a private application to their pallor or minifter to be communica- ttd to the church only, if required. 2. They admit oc- fcafionallv mfcmbers of other churches to the Lord's (upper, by iettci-sof recommendation. 3. A minifter may occafipn^lly adminifter the facramentsto a neigh- jbouring vacant church. 4. The brethren of the !i:hurch''at the ordination of a minifter do not lay oii ands^ it is done by the laying on of the hands or the iniilers f of Tome .neighboqring churches invited for Jiat purpofd \ this is a confiderable feftival day in the ownfhip or parifh. 5. A lay elder may teach and erform all offices, excepting the adminiftration of the lacraments. At prefent the Congregational ids of New-England ay be efteemed among the mod moderate and chari- ble of Chridian profelTions. The perfecution of fecftaries in New-England, parti- larlyofAnabaptiits and Quakers, is not minutely re* I * In a New-England ordination, five diftinfl perfonages or parts wrequired, i. A preparatory Prayer, 2. A fuitable rerinon, 1. A liarge, '4. Another Prayer, 5. The right hand of fellowihip | wme ''hers join in the ihipofitioD of hands. lated '44t A Sy MM ARY^HlSTORXCAi andPbLITICAL,^c. lated here ; as being only local and temporary from the I l^ong- pointed zeal of the tinies> without any political I l^rVrd'defign ♦, | If by Teftaries are meant DifTenten from the genera] mode of the religion of the country at that time ; the I church of England worfhip was formerly a diiTenfion in JJew- England , the firft church of England congregi. tion formed there was in Bodon 1679 i ^^ ^^1' Wik\ and ftourifhes J and befides a reftor in the eledion at thp charge of the congregation, there is an annual! royal bounty for an aflidant minifter, fouietimes called ledhircr ; hitherto, excepting in Bofton, there is nol church of England, but miiTionaries ; at this time, annol 174.8 (including Mr. Price for Hopkint on, appointed! '"' ' • ' ■• ■'- .. ---^i-'^ . ■ ' ' ,■■ ■-"■ . ■ ' * Manlcind in a' natilrki unpoliflied ftate is animal fu^e-rftithfuM'X tMs is the natural rekfon of the great influence of the clergy. Al isiy hot religious zeal, or franticknefs, with variety of iyoptoBttl OK tenets, like other bodily diflempers, at times becomes contagioi/ ^nd epidemic, principally amongft the weak conftitutions of mind] as bodily ails feize weak conftitutlons of body : for inilance, ju Gr(cat Britain, the Lollards, Anabaptifts, Independents, Quakerti Witchts ; this zeal, if left to nature, after (ome (hort time defer! T^ccs and fubfides ; bat if ufed with |urih violent admiaiibatioiu[ that is, with perfecutipn, the diflemper becomes more intenfe, oion hilling, and more contagious or fpreading : In all religious diftenij jpevatures, lenitives by long experience are found to be die mof efficacious medicines ; thus, of the above-mentioned, fotne \At diiappeared, the Lollards and Witches ; the others are become ver] moderate, tra£lable, and ibme of the bell inembers of the commoitl wealth or civil focicty. At prcfent the difterences amongft the various communions, con inanities, or perfuafions of Protellants in the Britiih dominions. 3i notdoArinal, or elTential ; being only different modes or fa(hions,ij church-government, ceremonies of worfhip and veflments; theQaj ker himfelf, in his old-fafhioned formal drefs, feems to fome,tobei[ fuperflitious, as a clergyman of the church of England in hit go« cafi'ock, and other pontifical accoutrements. For this reafon, t' civil government of Great Britain tolerates, or connives at ail Prott ant denominations of Chriftians; there are only the three denomii lions of I^refbyterians, Independents (in New England theyarecalli Congregationaliih) and Anabaptifts, who take out toleratibn licenfej Speculative private opinions can never dilluib a ftatc. pf M A « $ A c H V ^ 1 T T S-B4 y; ^4^ It not as yfit arrived) in the new charter provincf^p^ ..,_jchu^tts-^ay, are feven mifllonary congreg^oofL and aboyit 200 independent congregations, be^des foqii^ ppgregations of Irilh Prelbyterians, Anab^ptifts Q^a? I^rs, an(i lately Comt muftiroom meetings of Separa^^ ^ifciplcs of Mr. Whitefield, ^nd, as of fhort durationt fcarcc dcferving mention. By the articles of union of the two nations of Great- Britain, May 1707, the church of England is eH-ablidiocl ui perpetuity in all the territories at that time to En» gland belonging ; but before this period, in all charters and Governors patent*, a general tolerafiQn for all Chri- llian religious communities (Roman-Catholicks except- ed) \vas the eccleriaftical conflitutiop of. our American colonies, without any preference*. I. The rigid Brownifts f arealmoft extinfb; nothing iolent, or out of the cqmmon courfe of human reafon, an hold long *, we have already given fome tranlienc lints concerning them '^ in the infancy of thefe colo- ie? there \yere many degrees of rigidity, || whereof fe- * The minifters of the congregjUional perTuailon. or difcipUne, in lie province of Maflachufetts-Bav, continue to meet annually about wiimeof the anniverfary provincial eleflioh of counfellors (being I annual jubilee, or feftivaJ. or concourfe front all parts of the co- Ay) not by affuming any ecclefiaftieal authority, or combination, lutonly by way of friendly or brotherly intercourfe. f True fmcere Enthuftafts may b« of good civil ufe, if well point- d; I do not mean Freethinkers and Libertines, who for worldly bds, oiay a£l the hypocrite in any ihapie ; but fuch as make a con- pence of religion in general, and of their own way of thinking 'i Wular, and are zealous for making of converts in fpite of all pe- aod fatigue ; fuch may be uifeful miflionaries amongft the hea- D, and promote religion and trade with them. This £nthufiafm light to be encouraged and promoted. I Mr/^ Locke, in a letter to Mr. Bold, dated Oates, May 1699, Vs, " I deiign to take my religion from the Scripture, and then, ether it fuits or fuits not any other denomination, I am not much iceraed ; for I think at the lall day it will not be enquired, whether kas of the church of England or Geneva ; but whether I fought I embraced truth in the lovt of it»*! ffS»ji('I ^,UtU,'«:l- ;W.l I -' - 1 .*i.'4 J. •<;>*' fif'V^ ver^I • \ 1^4 A Summary, Historical and Ti. TTtcAL,&c. vertl were puritanic and fanatical, of v 7 fhort cond* nuance. The Rigids generally * feceded from tb.' more inoderate f, and removed with their teachers or minir. ters without the limits or jurifdidbion of the colony. An- no 1634, Roser Williams, minifter of Salem, wasba. niflied becaute of his || Antinomian and 4 fanatical doc* trine5 j after fome removes, with his dilciplcs, he fci- tied on the fouth fide of Patuckct river, i^nd callai their fettlement Providence plantations, which name it retains to tMselay } they purchafed it of the Indians, or I had liberty from them to fettle there: an inftance of his formality, is a letter from him, dated, Nantigganficit 24th of the firft month, commonly called March, the fecbnd year of our plantation (by way of epocha, or in imitation of the V. C. of the Romans) or planting at Moothifick, or Providence/ ' 1 When the people get into the diftemperatiir^, or hu* mour of differing and dividing, efpecially in religion J ihey proceed to fubdivifions, and feparations upon fc-, parations. Anno 1636, in tHe*fummer,romcdircontent-| cd Rigids to the number of about one hyndred,went frqml the townfliips of Newtown, Dorchefter, Watertown andRock(bury, under their leaders and teachers, Home .' ♦ Some devotees would facrifice their King (or «ny other formo civil government) and country blindly to the enthufialtic fuperftitio injuntVions of their priefts antf exhorters. The laws of nature and r tions require the curbing of thefe. f The feveral fefls, 6r communion! of Protcftants, feer^toagti in the elfential dodrines of the Chriilian religion, and differ only! fome fanciful modesand external fafliions of worfliip. 11 Antinomian* hold, that the law of Mofes is unprofitable nn. the Gofpel, that j unification is without good works; thatmorali and good works are no help to falvation, but rather a hindrance: fuij pernicious doftrines are inconfiflent with civil fociety, and "" goodnefs and honefty, or a private life. ^ The various cnthufiaflical modes at their firfl: appearance \ai world, were frantick with a violent, jndifcreet, religious zeal : t' generally agree in two pernicious articles ; i . They difclaimat magiltracy and temporal punifliments; and, 2' Their own wild) ti^nji.are by themfelves called impulfes from Goo. bf Maiiachuibtti-Bay. 445 Hopkins, Ludlow, Hoolcer, etc. removed weftward to I pleafant country upon Connedicut river, and gradually midc the fcttlemcnts of Hartford, Wcthersfield, Wind- sor, SpringEeld, etc. thofe of them who found their fetrkments without the limits of the Maflachufetts-Bay charter, entered into a voluntary aflfociation or jurifdic- tion which continued until they obtained an ample royal charter in the beginning of the reign of Charles II \ as lhail be more fully related in the feftion of Connedlicuc colony ', thofe are at prefent a moderate, induftrious, well-governed people. Some of the Scparatifts were concerned in the fettle- ment of Rhode- 1 Hand (it was then called Aquatneck, and anno 1 644, it was called the Ide of Rhodes, or Rhode* IQand) 1637-8 by a voluntary incorporation of 18 per^ jbns: this belongs to the feflion of Rhode-IHand. 2. The Anabaptifts, at their firft appearance in New- I England, were cnthufiafticaily troublefome ; they chofe among themfelves the meaneft of the people for their minifters *, they call themfelves Baptifts by way of ab- breviation of the name Anabaptifts,after the f Lollards, who were the Brft in the Reformation, followed the Lu- therans and Anabaptifts, || fome of them vainly imagine. t The Lollards (fo called from Walter Lollard, the author of this IfeftinGennany in the 13th century) were our firft Reformerp, their liuune is now loft, the firft Reformation beine fubdivided into many IdenomiDations : they firft appearM in England, under WicklifF, D.D. |of Oxford, about the middle of the 14th century; they clamoured ■eainil tranfub^antiation, auricular confeflion, celibacy of the clerey, luerarcby, and feveral pecuniary perquiiites of the Roman Cathohck jclcrgyiwith fome enthufiaftical notions, viz. the church confifts only gf the predeftinated, converting of church-effeds to other ufes is no rileee, neither publick nor private fucceiTion is indefeafible, &c. I The Anabaptifts, a particular fort of devotees, firft appeared a- outthe time of Luther*s Reformation, and prevailed chiefly in the Netherlands and Weftphalia i their effential or diftinguifhing do£lrine V, not baptizing of infants, and re-baptizing by dipping fuch as had ten baptized in their infancy; hence is the denomination of Anabap« "ij they pretended that infant baptifm was not to be found in the ;:; . that iyi>>' *-',.. i . i * 7^6 A StrMMAiiy, HiJiToiiicAt ^nd PbtiTtiCAL, &e. that they ought to be called by thkt name in a plec^in,^ inianHfrr; theit* baptifm being th^onlyTcriptiii-al ba^j'ni,! they wbiild ntk coitimiihlcate with perf^Hk baptised in inftncy bnlj^i if occafibnallj' in a cblrtgregationaT mctt- ing, upbn a child's being pr^fehtdd ror bdptifm, they withdrcwi to the great difturbahde of the cbngre^tii)n{ fines were eridfled ^ Hoim^s, betiiiife he Would not pay his finie, was whipt 36 lafhesl Anno 1644 ahd 1645 laws were made ag^inft difturbersof the p^ate inaiiy church in time of divine fervifce; and agalnft raillery of magiftrates 5 thai all who fhall cohrfemn or oppofeihe baptifm of infants, or that ftiall purpofeljir depart tht congregation at the adminiftratibn of that ordinance, or that (hall deny the order of magiftracy j every pcrfon contiiiuing obftinate in thiefe, after tht propfer thearijcf convi<5lion have been ufed, Ihall be fentcnced to banift. kttent. In the beginning they generally kept 'the fab- bath with the congregational churches ; their firft fepa. ration to form a peculiar church was at Rehoboth,i65r, and were much perfccuted all over New-England : from their church in Swanzey, proceeded a church in Bofton; May 28, 1665, which to this day continues a very or- derly peaceable chriftian fociciy: the young vagrant; Mr. Whitfield, by hispreachings,or rather ftrong youth- ful vociferations, did draw off fome of the congregati- Bible : at fird they were moderate anJ orderly; Lather requedied tht Puke of Saxony, that they might be favourably dealt with, becaufcj ( their notional error excepted, they feemed to be otherwise good men. They foon ran into many pernicious wild doArines : they condcma- ed all civil adminiftration and magiftracy ; corporal puniihmebrs [tij a divine prerogative,) they referved to God Almighty ; they defpiftdj Judicial oaths; difregarded the fcriptures, pretending to apenoo^I :ind of peculiar illumination; a community of goods, etc. John Buck'] hold a butcher, a native of Leyden, commonlv called John ct Jackl cf Leyden, having embraced the Anabaptiftical feditious nbtioos, be^j came very popular, with a great following ; the cry or parol^wts^l Repent, and be re-baptized ; in his itinerancies, at Munfter in Wtft>| phalia, he fell into open fedition, and was mafter of the city for fonrl time : the Biihopby blockade recovered ft, and Buckholdfufieredai[ exemplary painful liiigring death, 1534. Of Ma s Sack u s b f t &^6 a v j' 44jf Igoalift^ weak minds, to an Atuinomjan, or ^ttmorat I llty reparation i this occafioned a Reparation amo'ng^ tlie Anabaptii^y and their Separatifts have: a diftii^ coof g^gation under Mir. Bounds, the leather breeches-mj^ ker} and two more Separatifts, minifters from thcCoiif gKgationalifts, are Ihortly to be ordained, yiz. Klr« ICiolTwcil and Mr. Clark in Boftqn^ 3. The * Mugletonian books, anno 1654, by aO: of lAffembly, as being full of blafphemies (they go ^ndet the names of John Reeves and Lowdowich Mugleton, who pretended to be the two laft prophets and witnefles of Jesus Christ) tg be brought to the next magif- trateto be burnt by the common executioner in the Imarket-place of Bofton upon a market-day : penalty Iten pound fcjr every book difcovered not brought in. 4. The t Quakers firft appearance in New-England |was 1654, from Old-England and Barbadoes; their beha- viour, was ludicrous and indecent ; they copied from the lAnabaptifts. in their mod enthufiaftic ftate ; the firft in Mon were |1 Mary Filher and Anne Auftin from Barba-» does: they feem'd to join with the Antinomians and Ana- ^Mogleton was ajournciyinan taylor, he pretended to b6 a great prophet) and to an abfolute power of damning or faving whom he iJeafed. f Their firft appearance ir. England was anno 1644, George Fox . ihoemaker was their grand Apoftle, and were called Enthuilafts, no i6$o, they firft obtained the name of Quakers from their ofcil- ttory, or vibrating bodily devotional adion. H Women (fome women are qualified with an agility or glibnefs of kogue, efpecially in railing againft their fuperiors and neighbours) Bve officiated as preachers, further back than hiftory reaches; the by Is and other oracle deliverers were women ; the oracle church or hem( (a modern word for religious fe&aries) of dodrine, the moft jentof Greece, was fetup after the model of the oracle of Jupiter amon at Thebes in Egypt ; the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, was :inoft celebrated in Greece, and their top preacher wa^ Fythia or i'thoniiTa a woman : thus we find that this woman-preaching reli<* is very ancient : what is lately called by bur enthufiafts fceking the Lord, refembles the confulting of oracles among th& aa- p l-l.fe M i ;, %4% A SuMif AKYi HrStORieAL dhd Pbiltt^AL, kc, ba()tifts, they had many coilverti in * Salem, and it was their htead-^uarteis. -They impioufly declared, that they "Were innncdiately ftnt from 6pd, ^nd blarphemouf. , iy alTerced they were infallibly afllfted by the Holy Spi- fit 5 they defpifed and fpake cvi ' of dignities, or civil I rn^igiftrates, to the great dift^rbanice of civil jur|fdi(^ion. By reafon^f their crtormities, fome laws were made againft the importation of Quakers, and their proceed- ingsi]; as being obftinate rogues, vagabonds, 1656, 1658, and 1659 ; and as difturbers of the peace of the commonwealth, they were fubjedbed to finesj imprifon' ments, whipping, cropping of ears (1658 three Quakers Kad their ears cropt) and banifhment, and by adtofaf- femblyupon their return from banifhment, 1659 *" whereas they were V!yfcoibutic ftains, incident to aged ^ttfiam. I IP-' Vol. II. F f and 4^0 A Summary, Historical and PoliticaLjSjc. and fome neighbouring ngly old' women, who from their difmal afpedt were called witches *> and by the end of May 1692, about 100 perfons were imprifoned upon that account : about this time Sir William Phippsar- rived Governor, and June 2, for their trial a fpecial commiffion of oyer and terminer was iffucd to Lieute- nant-governor Stoughton, Major Saltonftall, Major Richards, Major G id ney, Mr. Wait Winthrop, Capt, Samuel Sewall, and Mr. Sergeant; thus 19 were hang. cd, one preflcd to death -, fome died in prifon j in allrl men, and 23 women had been condemned •, not any of the 50 who confefTed themfelves witches, fuffered death; Mr. George Burroughs, minifter of Falmouth, who had left his former miniilry in Salem, was one in thisfacri- fice, perhaps in refentmenti none of the executed con- feffed guilt, many of them wers pious perfons : after thefc twenty difmal deaths, many of the very popular,! but very weak minifters or clergy, addrefltd Sir WiHiaml Phipps, a very weak Governor, with thanks for what] was already done, and exhorting to proceed. The accufers were fome perfons faid to have thel fpedlral fight, and fome confelTing witches-, but over-l adting their parts, fome of Gov. Phipps*s, and of thel Rev. Mr. Mather's relations and friends being acaiftd;! as alfo fome of the accufed good Chriftians, and of good! eflates, arrefled the accufers in high adions for defaJ mation •, this put a (top to accufations, and in the fupeJ rior court, Jan. 1692-3, of 56 bills which were prcfeiredl againft witche?, the Grand Jury brought in 30 ignora{ mus •, and of tiie remaining 26 the Petty Jury convi&d| only three, who were afterwands pardoned •, accufation were difrcg.irded, and upon Sir William Phipps'sgoi.ig home, at this time about 150 were in pnfon, and :co| more accufed i they were all dilcliargcd, J^Jying ; each, to the Attorney- (ieneral. Many of the conlVfTuig witches figncd a paper, imponj ing that moft of their confefTions wcie only ailtuiingi or repeating what they were directed to ; bcir^wi Of* Massac H USE Tt s-B AY. "451 in mind, and under terror, from the putting to death all perfons accufed, who did not contefs : In December 1696 a general faft was appointed by the affembly ; praying that God would pardon all the errors of his fervants and people, in a late tragedy raifed amongfl: us by Satan and his inltruments ; at this faft Judge Sewall andieveralof the jury, gave in papers figiied, heartily alkingforgivcnefs of all, and declaring that they would not do fuch things again for the whole world. When [thisperfecutionceafed, no more witchcraft was heard of. May thofe over-zealous provincial miiiakcs in the Iwarlareagainft the devils and auxiliaries, be buried inob- jlivion; efpecially confidering an a6l of parliament 1736, procured by the Jate good Lord Talbot, has e£fcdually liberated the dominions of Great- Britain from all bug- j bears of this kind j by this aft " no profccution (hall J" be commenced, or carried on againft any perfon for " witchcraft, forcery, enchantment, or conjuration, or " for charging another with any fuch offence: if any " perfon fliall pretend to exercife or ufe any of the a- " bove, or tell fortunes, or from occult arts pretend to " difcover ftolen goods ; penalty one years imprifon- I" ment, and once in every quarter of the faid year to I" {land on fome market-day in the pillory.'* k^i ,. . ,1 Perhaps I am already too tedious in the paragraphs concerning the various religious fedaries that have ap- peared in New-England, therefore fhall wave two late re- ligious appearances to the fechon of Rhode-Ifland, tho* [falling within the period of the new charter of the pro- vince of Maflachufetis-Bay province*, I mean the North- hampton converfioiis, or pouring out of the Spirit, an- r.o 1735, this enthufiafm muft have iprcad (ihey were [in the tribe ofenthufiafts convuUionanes*) if fome felo :leff, and other flagrant diforders had not expofed them ; 2. The followers of Mr. Whittfield, an ador, orperfo- * Such were the Sevennes, or French Prophets about 40 ycarf lince, antl ac preient in France the Devotees ofl'/ibb? Paris. F f 2 nat^.d 451 ASuMMARV,HlSTORICALandPoLITI(iAL,&c. nated enthufiad, endued with a proper genius of low adlion ; hefirft appeared in New-England, anno 1740. his followers hitherto, 1748, are not all returned to their right minds ; very lately in the town of Bofton was or- dained a country fhoemaker, and reinftalled a renegado from a country parifli, to encourage this feparaiion, or enthufiaftic diviHons. I now proceed to Ibme geographical account of the old colony of Maflachufetts-Bay ; their mountains or hills, rivers, and fca-ports. Mountainous parts may be clafled into mountains or hills, and continued high fpringy jands •, thefe with ri- vers, bays, and promontories are permanent : therefore a proper bafis in the defcription of a country called its geography ; as this with chronology are the bafis of hi* Itory. The great Blue Hill, 1 2 miles S. S. W. from Bofton, j with a continued ridge of hills running eaftward to Bof- ton bay i upon this hill the townfhips of Milton, Brain- tree, and Stoughton meet ; the fummit of this hill is very I proper for a beacon in cafe of any fudden invafionby an enemy i from thence a fire and great fmoak may be * vifible to liven eighths of the province •, in a cleat day from it are diftinftly to be feen, Pigeon-Hill, N.E.|] eafterly about 40 miles, a noted land-mark upon Cape. Anne, the northern promontory of Maflachufctts Bay;! the great Watchufet, the great Menadnock t, Wate- ticks,, ^nd '^her noted mountains. The great Watcliu- fet hiii in Rutland, Jics W. N. W. northerly about 50I miles., The grand IVlenadnock in wafte lands of tlie pro- * Some years fince by direftion of Col, Byfield of Briftol, froil great fmoak made upon this great Blue Hill, Mount- Hope inBiif ftol was found to bear S. by W. and by eftimation 45 miles direct t The Wateticks are partly in the province of Maffachufetts-EfJ partly in the province of New Hampfliire, and lie call of a townftpj granted to Ipfwich. vifiCJl Of Massa CH usetts-Bay. 45J vince of New-Hamp(hire, lies about 20 miles further N. than Watchufcts. From the high lands at the meeting-houfe of old Rutland diftrid near the Watchufet hills, are the follow- ing bearings. Great Watchufet hill, N. E. half N. Eaft end of Wateticks, N. N. E. northerly. Great Menadnock, N. half W. Mount Tom in Northampton, W. b. N. half W. Mount Tobit in Sunderland, W. N. W. Middle of Northfield hills— N. W. Thefe are only general expreffions of what I obferved by a pocket- compafs ; and as a fpecimen, how with proper compaflVs or needles from feveral well concerted places of obfervation, and with adlual particular furveys compared and adjufted, an exa^f): plan of the country (for utility or amufement) may be obtained -, I have employed fome vacant, and fometimes borrowed, time in this affair ; which I defign as a prefent to the pro- vince. Upon or near the river Merimack, there are feveral mountains or hills on its weft fide -, viz. Anahoufick, Oncanouit, etc. but are not within thejurifdicflion of this province, and by a late determination of the King in Icouncil, they belong to the jurifdidionof New-Hamp- fhire. Upon or near the great river of Connefticut in this I colony, are the following mountains. In Sunderland E. fide of Connedlicut river, is Mount Tobit, a groupe of [hills -, and oppofite on the weft fide of the river, in the fouth parts of Deerfield, are the two Sugar-loaves, or I Pikes of Deer fie Id — About 12 miles lower upon the: eaft I fide of this river in Hadley, is Mount-Holyliock, a ridge of mountains, running 8 or 9 miles N. E. irom [the river; here I did take the bearings of all the moun- I tains and high lands, fo far as the naked eye could rcich, {which I do not inferr, as minutenels is not coniiftt-nc Iwith the charader of a fummary: oppofite to this F f 3 (Icaviiig I! I Iti hi Tit -■ 454 A Summary, Htstorical and Political, &c. (leaving only a paflagc or chancl for the river) on the weft fide in Northampton is mount Tom, a fhort ridcrc of mountains, running in the fame diredion. The hills and mountains higher up the river belong to the fac- tion of the province of New Hampfliire, as do the moun- tains noted in Hazcn, W. 10 d. N. divifional line be- tween MafTachufctts Bay andNew Hamplhire provinces. At 15 to 20 miles diftance weft of Conncdicut river is a long ridge of hills called the Weftfield Mountains. There is a confidcrable range of mountains 7 miles eaft of Houfatonick river, another ridge 7 miles weft of Houfatonick •, this laft is in the province of New York. The Weftfield and Houfatonick mountains render the old road from Bofton to Albany not fo commodious, as a late projedlcd road, via Deerfield. f - - ■* Much elevated high springy lands; Ifliall * Such are, but in z much more extended manner as to courfcj and great lengths, I, Jn Europe, in Switzerland of the Alps, within afmall compafs arc the fountains of three great and very long ri- vers ; I . The Danube, which running eaderly through the circles of Swabia, Bavaria, and Auftria of Germany; through Tranfylvania, andtheTurkKhciominionft in Europe, empties ordifemboguesintotlie Black Sea in Bulgaria of Turky. z. The Rhine, which running north- erly paffcs ihrouji^h the lake of Conftance, and many principalitiej of Germany, in fome places dividing the German dominions from the French; fails into the German or Northern ocean in Holland, byfe- veral mouths called the Yfliel, Lech, and Wahaal ; the old Rhine after paffmg Utrecht and Lcyden is loft in the Duynen or Downs (fands accumulated by the Aormy ocean) and does not reach thefea. 3. The rapid Rhoinc, running through the lake of Geneva, for a con- fidcrable ipace weftward to Lyons j thence fouthward to the Mediter- ranean fea, in I'rovcncc of France. II. In the northern continent of | America 10 or 12 miles weft from Hudfon's river, and about 80 or 50 miles north from the city of New York, are the Cat-kil mountains, very lofty, giving iprings which cxtenfively run ; For, i. A Brancli | falls into Hudfon's livtr, thence to the ocean near New York. z. A Branch falls into Lake Uniario, thence in the great river of Canada, or St. Laurence, which difcharges into the Atlantick ocean, betweea j Nova Scotia and Cu[>f Hicion, and Newfoundland. '3. A run falisinio the river Ohio or UcJIc Kivicre, which falls into the Mififlippi, which Of Massachusett s-B a y. 455 mve two inftances in this province or colony, where very diffufed runs of water originate. ' I. In the lands where the townfliips of Worcefter, Lci- cefter, and Rutland join, about 50 miles weft from Bof- tori; here fprings i. Quinepuxet river, which falls into Nalhway river, which falls into Merimack river in Dun- ftable of the province of New Hamplhirc, which empties itfelf into the Tea or Atlantick ocean at Newbury, of the province of Maffachufetts Bay : upon Quinepuxet and Nafliway river, are the townlhips of Rutland, Holden, Lancafter, Bolton, Harvard, Groton, and Dunftable. 2. Half-way river, which in its progrefs is called Black- ftoneand Patuxet river, which empties into Naraganfet Bay of Rhode Ifland colony -, upon thefc, are the town- lhips of Worcefter, Grafton, Sutton, Uxbridge, Mendon, Attleborough, and Rehoboth of MaiTachufctts Bay -, and Cumberland, Smithfield and Providence, of Rhode Idand . 3. Stony or French River which falls into Quenebang river in Thomfon parifli of KillingHey, which falls into Satucket river in Norwich, and this a little further fiills into Thames river or creek, which falls into Long Idand found at New London-, upon thefc are the townfhipsof Leicefter, Oxford, Dudley, of the Maflachuletts Bay; and Killingfley, Pomfrec, Plainfield, Canterbury, Norwich, Groton, and New London of Connc^licut colony. 4, Seven Mile river, which falls into Qi^Jcbang river in Brooklield, which falls into Chicabee river in Kingflon (agrantcu but not conftirutedor incorporated townil^ip) called alio the Elbows, which falls into ConnciSticut river in Springfield, which empties at Seahrook into Long Ifland found j upon theie are the townfliips of Rutland, LeiceRcr, Brookfield, Weftern, Kingflon, and Spring- field of the Mafliichufetts Bay •, the townfliips which liu upon the great rivers of Mcrimack and Cunncdicuc empties by many mouths into thebny or gulph of Mexico. 4. A I ftream heads Delaware river, and tails into ihc Scfquahana river, which falls into Chefapeak Bay, and this enters the Atlantick occnti in Virginia. 5. A ran of water falls into Delaware river, which falls into the bay and ocean between Pcnfylvauia and Jcrfeys, F f 4 fiiall 45^ ASuMMARY, Historical and Political, &r. fluIJ be related, when we give forac (eparate diftind aj, count of thefe rivers, au Jia 'rifi rftjw'j^oiq Km:)» ' II. Lands not appropriated, called Province lands I adjoining to, and N. W. of Hatfie'J,, weft of Conneftj. | cut river i from thence are branches or runs of water I. A branch to Houfick river, running weft, has upon it fort Maffachufetts, a frontier againft the French and I their Indians, which falls into Hudfon's river at Scaicook a village of Indians 20 miles north of Albany. 2. \ branch to Houfatonick or Weftenhopk river, which run- ning fouth to Stratford in Conned:icut,falls into the Long. Ifland found ; upon this river are the townlhipsof Bofton grant No. 3. near New- York line, the property of JaJ cob Wendell, Efq. of his Majefty's council of tiieproJ vince of Maflachufcts-Bay ; Stockbridge, Upper Houfa^ | tonick, Sheffield, of MaflTachufetts-Bayi Salifbury, Ca- naan, Sharon, Cornwall, Kent, New-Fairfield, New. Milford, Newtown, Woodbury, Derby, Stratford, and Milford of Connedlicut. 3. Farmington river, running I through Houfatonick No. 4. Houfatonick commonage, parr of Houfatonick No. 3. and part of Bedford in Mafia- chufetts-Bay, through Colebrook, Winchefler, Berk- hamftead, New- Hartford, Farmington, Simfbury, fallj into Connedicut river in Simftjury. 4. Weftfield river, with many branchings paflfes through Naraganfet No. 4. J Houfatonick commonage, part of Blandford, part of Weftfield, and falls into Connedlicut river in Springfield | by the name of Acgawaam near Springfield lower ferry. Rivers. The two great rivers of this colony are, Merimack river, which comes from the crotch or I fork near Endicot's tree, where Pomagewaffct river and! the difcharge of the pond or lake Winipifinket meet and] acquire the name of Merimack (fignifying in the Indian language a fturgeon, this river abounds in Iturgeon) froni| this fork it runs foutherly about 50 miles to Pantuc- ket fell?, the elbow of the river in Dracut ; and thcncel it runs eafterly about 30 miles (round reckoning) to ^ • ' Newburj >fhire; dford. OFMassachusett s-Bay. 457 l^ewbury Bar. Upon this river (thefc great rivers tho* indifFerent provinces, are beft underftood and compre- hended, when delineated without interruption) the town- ihips in a defcending order lie thus, i. Upon the caft and north fide are Gilman-town, Canterbury, part of Rumford, part of Suncook, Harrys- town, Litchfield, Not- tingham of New- Hampfhirc; partofDunftable,Dracur, Methuen, Haverhill, Amefbury, and Salifbury of Maf- fachufetts-Bay : upon the weft and fouth fide are the Itownfhips of Contacook, part of Rumforc^ t of Sun- Icook, Canada to Gorham and compar Naraganlct jNo. 5. Merimack, and Dunftable of Ne )unftable, Chelmsford, Tewkfbury, An* and Newbury of Maflachufctts-Bay. Tlie bar at the nouth of this river has only about 10 feet of water, and hifisi it is navigable only about 18 miles, to Mitchci*s Ithefirft falls) falls in Haverhill; here they deal chiefly (nlhip-building, the adjacent country abounding in (hip- limber ; the tide flows to Mitchel's falls; from Mitchcl's [alls, 7 miles higher Bedels, 2 miles Peters, 6 miles to Pancucket falls, &c. The falls in this river are many; excepting Dracut krPantucket falls about 30 miles from the bar, and A- nulkeag falls about 25 miles higher ; all the other falls |re paflfable for floats of timber, and for canoes or fmall pts in frefhes or floods of the river. Many of thofe ailed falls are only riplings or veins of fcattered great ock ftones. There is at times when the river is low, j fording place a little above Swans ferry, 24 miles up rom the bar, and a little above Hunt's or Dracut ferry another fording place. The ferries crofs this river Ire many, I (hall not enumerate them. The elbow or (exure of the river, tailed the horfe fhoe, is about miles above Pantucket fiills. T^he rivers and rivulets ( fmall runs I Hiall not men- on) which fall into this great river of Merimack: Onirs porth and eafl fide, are Howow river in Amef- ijry from ponda in Kingllon, about S miles above New- bury IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ^.^ 1.0 1.1 biy^ |25 ■so "^^ ■■■ 2.0 us I IP |ii |i6 6" ► ^ Photographic Sciences CQrporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4S03 ^^^ o s ^ ^ c\ \ 'I 458 A SuMM ARY, Historical andPoLiTicAL,&c. bury ferry; eaft river and weft river in Haverhill below I Mitchel's falls; Spigot river in Methuen, a little below Bodell's falls ; Bever brook from Beverpond in London- derry comes in between the two falls of Pantucketd miles below the horfc-fhoe; 1 1 miles above the horfe. ihoe is Nafumkeag brook in the fouth parts of Litch-I field in the province of New-Hampfhire; 6 miles higherl is Little Cohoes brook ; one mile further is Great Cohoesl brook, the outlet of Maflabifick, a large pond in ChefJ ter townfliip; thence to Amufceag falls are 4 miles I and 4 miles higher is Loufy brook in Harries townJ thence 6 miles to Suncook river in the townlhipofSunJ cook. 2. On the fouth and weft fide of Meri mack river I are, Falls river from Boxford, comes into a creek wcM fide of Piumb-lfland, and thence to the mouth of New! bury or Merimack river; Hantichook riv^r about J miles above Newbury ferry ; Catetchuck brook, froii a pond of the fame name in Andover; Shawflcin rivci enters in Andover, about one mile below the entranci of Spigot river, on the other fide 5 Concord river aboui one mile below Pantucket falls; this Concord river i of a confiderable courfe, and higher is called Sudbun and Framingham river; itfpringsin Hopkinton, uponl lie Hopkinton, Framingham, Sudbury, CoQcord,Bei ford, Biilerica, and Tewkfbury; Stony Drook, whicj fprings in Harvard pafles through Littleton, Weftforl and Chelmsford to Merimack river; Salm&A brook froij a pond in Groton, difchargies into Merimack in Diinftalii ol New-Hampfhire; a little higher falls*inNaniwayriifl already defcribed P. 455 ; thence to Naiitook brookj miles; thence 2 miles to Souhegen river, uponSouheg river lie Souhegan eaft called Naraganfet No. 5, Meij m^ck townfhip, Souhcgan weft, called Naraganfet No.j Monfon townftiip, fome peculiar grants, a townll granted to Ipfwich,Townfend, and fome part of Luna burgh: a little below Amufceag falls is Pifcaiaquai brook, which waters a townftiip gran fed toSimplona pthers, afterwards purchalcd by Lane, and others otT Of M A SSACHUS E TTS-BaY. 459 [ton, It waters a Canada townihip granted to Beverley, lind a Canada townihip to Salem, and another to Ipf- wich : the fouthern branch of Contacook river waters IRuinford or Pennycook, No. 5, of the double line of [tarrier towns called Hopkinton grant. No. 6, of ditto, [called Marlborough grant, fome unappropriated lands; I grant to the town ot Concord, purchafcd by Mr. Peter prefcot and others, and Canada to Rowley town : next }ve Contacook grant is Naamcook brook ; and next titwve that is the fork or beginning of the denomination pfMerimack river. t The other great river is Connefticut. .in Indian Iford fignifying a long river ; upon this river lie three ifthe New England colonies; Connecticut lies upon it [bout 52 miles ; thence MalTachufetts Bay by an indent 9 miles which makes the townfliip of Suffield weft |de, and infield eaft fide of the river, to the W. 9 d.N, naginary divifional line of Maflachufctts Bay and Con- eifticut; from this divifional line, the province of MaflTa- hufetts Bay lies about 47 miles direft, northerly ; and |irther North is New Hamplhire indefinitely, or crown nds annexed to the jurifdiction of New Hampfhire. > From the bar at the mouth of Connecticut river to the Dundary imaginary line of Maflfachufetts Bay and Con- ^icut are about 60 miles ; from this imaginary line, I per a provincial furvey by Gardner and Kellock anno 737, to the great falls in No. 3, f about 20 miles di- above fort Dummer, are in Meridian diftance 72 nglifli ftatute miles and 120 rod, and thefe great falls The reader in all fuch dry accounts which are local, and do tfall under the cognizance of many ; muft excufethem, asdefign- Ifora local benefit, and may be fuperficially paffed over by fome, peing of no general concern; In many articles, by fome readers I may be cenfured as too pro- or minute ; my defign, I hope, is laudable, to prevent a lofs ; pub- :records are at times lolt by fire, &c. as happened rot long fince Villiamfbourg in Virginia, and latt year at Bofton in Mafiachufetts- province. 4 . f •■■ arc 460 A Summary, HisToricALand Political, l^c, are 1 8 miles 140 rod eaft of the Maflkchufetts and Con. nefticut boundary Jine, where it intcrfefU the river; and above thefe falls, for about 10 or 12 miles, town, ihips are laid out and appropriated ; the garrifon in No, 4, on the eaft fide of the river, as a frontier againft tlie French and their Indians, is well noted in the New, England hiftory of the prefent war. The greateft extent of New England, dircftly inward is from Seabrook bv at the mouth of Conne^icut river, to this No. 4. about 150 miles. This river of Conneflicut, from its long courfc, it fubjeft to fudden flood ; or frelhes, and v. g. atHartfod fometimes rifes 20 feet; the tide (the influence of (Ik| tide comes fo high) or rather the ftoppage of the rivi from the tides below, rifes only a few inches. Tl ihoaleft water from Suffield fi. I Falls to the mouth the river, is about one mile below Hartford town, ing about four feet. This river, as the adjacent peopi obferve, becomes in procefs of time * more fli4llow| From the mouth of this river to about 150 miles uJ to the eye it does not alter much in its width (thougl in that fpace it receives many confiderable ftreams) ing generally from 80 to 100 rod ; for inftance, fro Hadley to Northampton the ferry is about 80 rod, in at medium times runs 2 or three knots, fcowed overi about 9 minutes f : at the mouth of the river, the ti( flows from 4 to 6 feet, upon the bar are about 10 toij feet water; the general courfe of the river is N. N,J and S. S. W. ; a S. S. E. wind » carry a veffcl all the reaches of this river, fo far conftituting onePoft-Mafter-Genc- ral for all the Britifh dominions; to keep a general- pofl:- office in London, the Poft-Mafter-General may keep 3ne letter-office in Edinburgh, another in Dublin, ano- jier atNew-York, and other chief offices at convenient jplaces in Am6ric^.s|nd the leeward Iflands, arid appoint deputies for manaiging the particular rates for the poftage pf letters in the Plantations i requires too muich roop for ifumnnary, \\ is referred to Stat. 9 Annse Cap, iqt-Wc 'lallo^ly relate* that all letters from on boarq an^ Ihip, iall be delivered totheDeputy-Pofi-Mafter of the place, penalty 5 ^f . fl:erl. for every offence •, the l^oft-mafter Vol. I. G g paying 466 A Si^MMARV,Hi^To&tCALlndPoLiTiCAL,2cc. laying to the deliverer one penny fterling per letter.] N. B. This claufe is not much attended to, becaufethel a6t exempts merchants letters, and thofe of maftem ihips, fo as fuch letters be delivered to the perfons i whom they are directed, without receiving any progj for them : and any letters lent by private friends, or by any meflenger about private affairs or bufinefs. i From Pifcataqua or Portfmouth, to Philadelphia, iJ a regular poftage, from thence to Williamfburgh is unJ certain, becaufe the poft does not proceed untn Icttenf are lodged fufficient to pay the charge of the poft-ridenj iFrom Williamfburgh in Virginia to Charles-Town iq South-Carolina, thepoft-carriage is ftill more uncertain There is a Deputy Poft-Mafter-General for Americ appointed by the Poft-Mafter-General inLondon; NewJ York is appointed for his official refidence, bqt byconJ nivance he refides any where, v.g. at prefent in Virginiaj ElliotBenger,Efq; formerlyMr.Loydd inSouthCarolin Here it properly belongs to give an account of the i Xieral and frequented travelling roads fromPenobfcotBa]! N.Lat. 44 d. 30 m. (further north is D. of York's pr perty and Nova-Scotia, no travelling roads) to Stjui or St. John's river in Florida, N. Lat. 3 1 d. thisbyaij agreement with Spain anno 1738 is the termination 1 our property or claim in Florida : This is 40 miles N| of St. Auguftin belonging to the Spaniards; from St.Au guftin there is a land communication to Moville, from thence to Miffifippi -, thefe belong to the Spanill and French, which properly do not belong to our hiftoryl We fhall begin at St. George's Fort and Block-houli upon St. George's river, a lew miles S. W. of Penoh icot bay -, from thence ' Milcj p rxo Mufcongus or Broad-Bay ' _ '~ Frederick's-Fort at Pemaquid V ^Damarlcotti falls and mills The fettlement on Sheepfcot river Arrowfick, or George -Town in Sagadahoc bay of Quencbcc River, via Wifcaffet 21 Georg tn^- a ♦-V,-', i , O - I r Of MAilACNUIBTTS-BAr. Georoe fort in Brunfwick RoyaT'f river in North- Yarmouth Prefumprcot ferry in Falmouth < Stroud-NVater ferry in Falmouth 46f 22 14 9 4 Saco or Winter- Harbour ferry in Biddiford 20 Kennebunic ferry in Arundel 10 Welles meeting-houfe ^ 6 York ferry 16 Kittery ferry over Pifcataqua R. to Portfmouth 8 143 , r Hampton meeting- houfe 1 4 ?< Boundary line Hamplhire and MaiTachu- ' ^ t fett'fi- Jay provinces * >» m i«- . ^v.,*. ^ 6 :)\i^ »■•( ' 20 Of Merrimack R.F. dividing SalKbury frbm *** Newbury 3 Ipfwich ,12 Beverly ferry dividing Beverly from Salem 12 Winifimet orChelfea ferry (of 2 m.) to Bolton 17 Dedham 11 Naponfet river in Walpole , ' ^ . ] \ j? ^. Wrentham meeting-houfe 1 .t 5P Attleborough meeting-houfe: "' 9 Rehoboth, alias Seaconck meeting-houfe 7 Patucket river ferry, boundary of MafTa- w chu&tt's Bay prov. and Rhode-IH. colo. 2 i I- > < i « ' (.< .,..; e;. 89 ^r Providence town 'g^ jThro' fevcral fmall and dlftant fettlements to ' |^< a little weft of Pakatuke bridge, Pakatuke ^ ) river divides the colonies of Connecticut IC and RhodC'Ifland i. t ■^.i'}. Gg2 58 m .0£ 46I ASuMMAKYyHiiTom&AL tnd Political, a^c. "Myftick riv. dividing StQningconfromGroton 7! Thames, riv^ ferry, dividing. Grocon from New Loi^oa 31 A rope ferry over Nahantick gut Stybrook rivfr ferry, divkiing ^yroe from Saybrook j( Killingfworth • 10 Guilford eaft parifh GoUford we$ pariih Brantford (generally to be understood) old mceting-houfe ^ Eaft Haven pariih ferry New Haven i MUford Stratford river ferry Stratfield, a pariih Fairfield Norwalk , ^..^, SlamfolxJI '> '^.M S 'v' Greenwich or Horfe-Ncck ^Byram riv. dividingConnefticut fromN. York 1 nl jrRye 2 NewRochel p Eaft Chatter /'^v ►5 King'sBridge to the Ifl. of New- York county 1 Half-way houfe tavern 31 Hair- way ^ City of New- York gl Ferry to Staten Ifland point P^ v.By land to Elizabeth Point ferry »jy j^Woodbridge g^ Brunfwick ferry of Raritan river ^ I Prince Town 5 'i J J 3 a Ma I m Of Mass ACHUSiTT8*B A r. 469 Trent Town ferry over De hi Ware river dividing the Jjrovincc of Nc# Jerfcysfrom Penfylvarfia 10 54 y ^Briftol, oppofite to Bridlingtcin or Turlington zo ~ Philadelphia • to Schuyhkill river ferry . ' » « Derby *^^ 4 Chefter 9 Brandewine 14 Newcaftle ' '*". o Boundary line of Penfylvahit and Maryland 1 2 < » 1 % ^Elk-River ^ 1 North-eaft river " " ^ Sefquahana river ferry Gunpowder river ferry Petapfco river ferry Annapolis the capital of Maryland Upper Marlborough Q Pifcataway V ^Port Tobacco v 7« 5 7 9 16 16 ? How*s ferry Southern's ferry Arnold's ferry • 4 • * ■*%' a." 144 'Potomack fer. dividing Maryland fromVirg. 4 20 36 g I Freneaux ordinary ".'- ^^ » r ^ 12 o < Williamlburgh the capital 3 ■ ^ : 16 3 1 Hog Ifland 7 ? j me of Wight court-houfe "-^^ '^ »8 Y* I^Nanfemond court-houfe ^ 20 C g 3 Bennet'a S* Glaybom's ferry 47© A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. S. Bennct's creek (near this is the boundary line ^ between the provinces of Virginia and N. I Carolina) . it 30I Eden Town, formerly the capital ' Chowan Sound ferry « j. 30 3 I Pemhco ■ ^. Ferry to Bathtown ^1 ^ § Newbern ferry (the prefent capital) where News river and Trent river mecj: ^21 Whittock river . ' 20 *>■ <-\ *-^ ,.$•< New river ferry ;^—M ----:• V 301 __ ^ Newtown or Wilmington on the forks of 2^0 Cape Fear river, 30 miles above thqbar 45! ■ ** Lockwood's folly ) r*' ; 15I Shallot river S3 ^' 9» Little River, boundary line between the two governments of North and South Carolina 8| ^ i r- /">#* S97 t 2 o ^Eaft end of Long-Bay .., j ,, .. ^ : ; f iJ Weft end of Long Bay "^ ^^^^:<^f 25 Winyaw ferry ■ - - ;i;!.n..bano3,s ^ ^i Santee ferry ;_ __ '\'\^^ '''^'^' ^ ' '^^'^ <^'^^^f ""■■ iif Sewcc ferry ' ' ^i Charleftown, the capital 5 here is a ferry 3 ^ g < Port-Royal ^- ?* Frederica in Georgia, on the fouth branch of Altamacha river ^| St. Juan or St. John's river, yielded iq Great- Britain by Spain per agreement, anno ^ j 1738, ic is 40 miles N. of Spanifh fort, ,.g.i. St.Auguftin ■■•■^V •*?;"''• .&> n £3 Pi « 30' S J<«.i)^*<><^ ^ t. Of Mass achusettVB(.ay. 47^ In the new fettlements they reckon by computed not I mcafured miles, confequently there may be in feveral of I the diftances, an unavoidable error of a mile or two. This is a road of great extent, well laid out and frc- Iqucnted, itfhows the vaft extent of the Britifti planta- tions along the eaft fhore of North America j the feve- - ralBritifh provinces and colonies, extend upon this great road as follows, . Miles is- "m 247- ... 1532 Eaft divifion of Maflachufetts-Bay . New-Hanjplhire *, , Weft divifion of Mal&chufettsBay Rhode-mand .h:i^^^^v{^ Conpedticut New- York New-Jerfeys Penfylvania Maryland Virginia North-Carolina South-Carolina and Georgia *«' --jft ■■ n r The many ferries, and fome of them not well attend- d, are a confiderable hindrance in travelling : but by hefeit appears that the country is well watered, a great dvaatage in produce and manufadlures ; and as many f the rivers, founds, and bays are navigable, a confi- brable diftance inland i they are of great benefit in avigation or trade. .1 v,*^. ■J., .-;« As the conftitutions of all the BritiOi plantations are early the fame, being minute in this article, may fave ppetitions and Ihorten the following fedions ; there- pre perfpicuity and diftint^nefs require this article to ' divided into fubfedtions. 51- 4^2 A Suii^ii»A*V, Historical and P6htical,&c. § I., Concerning the Civil Adminiftratian, This adminiftration imy be divided into the tegiflaJ tive fupreme court, called the General Court or Gene, ral Affcmbly of the province 5 and the fubordioatc| executive courts. The Great and General Court or Provincial AffcmJ bly, confifts of three Negatives, viz. the Governor, the Council, and Houfc of Reprefentativcs. The Governor is by patent or commiffion from thel King durante beneplacito, wlii a book of inftrudionsj which inftruftions tho* binding to the Governor (fre-l quently broke in upon by fome Governors) are notfotol the Houfe of Reprefentatives, as they have from timel to time reprefentcd to the Governor % for inftance, one! of the inltruAions requires a falary of one iithoofandl pounds fterl. per ann. to be fettled upon the GoverJ nor ; this is always obftinately refufed, but are willincl to grant them a yearly fupport, fuitable to the dignitjfl of his Excellency, and confident with the ability of the| people their conftituents, of which it may be fuppofec they only kre the proper judges. The military government by fea and land, is folcin the King*s Governors ; they grant all commiffions intb militia, which gives the Governors a vaft influence; pic in the Plantations are readily bribed by diftinguif tit^es TheGovernors in rhe Plantations have that cofl fiderable power of negativing or fufpendingCounfello without afligning reafons ; Governor Belcher at on time negatived 1 3 Councellors in the pernicious Landi] bank intereft ; this management of Mr. Belcher's^ in a high manner approved of by the pafling an ach the Britifh parliament foon after; this Liand-bankisdtJ figned in the words of the adt, *' mifchievous under] takings in America, and unlawful undertakings ;"butf it is, that this aft of parliament is not fully put in 1 ecution at this day, Chriftmas, 17.48. They nominal^ dumnto beneplacito all Judges, Juftices and Sheriffs,whid . - beinij Of Ma ssachuset t s-B at. 473 Ibdngj with the militia-officcFS of ?' fcvcral townfliips, h great majority in thfe lower Houfi gives the Governor Lyety great influence there : the power of negativing the Imeinbers of the upper Houfe makes his influence there Ifoconfiderable, th^t he has in a great meafure two Ne- Lcives in the legiQature ; the King at. home cannot Kegativc or fufpend any member or the upper Houfe lallcd the Houfe of Lords. Vast Governor has the opportunity of recommending I the Houfc^ agents or provincial attornies, his friends or creatures ; to manage their affairs and his own at the . ourt and boards in Great-Britain, and to procure for hem handfome gratuities : for inftance, the Governor ameflage to the Affembly, March 16, 1743-4, re- ommends a generous allowance to Mr. Kilby, he hav- j ferved .the province upon particular orders of this jrt, with great induftry, faithfulnefs and fuccefs. A governor by fVequent and long fpeeches and meffages othc Houfe of Reprefentatives (fometimes near one half |if the Journal or Votes of the Houfe of Reprefentatives ififts of.thefe fpeeches and meflages) feems to zSi as , member of that Houfe, or rather as the Speaker or )rator (a French expreflTion) of the Houfe ; fometimes jovcrnors proceed further-, for inftance, anno 1744 the jovernor defires of the Houfe of Reprefentatives, that the rccefs of the General Affembly (which muft be bort intervah, becaufe of late years the General Aflem- ily at a great charge to the province have had very ]uent and long fittings) upon any fudden emergency, iGbvernor and his council may be impowered to draw ^pon the Treafurer. The Governor has a Negative not iy in all bills of affembly, but dfo in all their dee- ms, that of a Speaker not excepted. Thus the Governor commiffions all militia, and other lilitary officers, independently of the council or alV ibly } he nominates all civil ofScers, excepting thofe incerned in the finances or money-affairs, and with talent of the council^ they are accordingly appointed : a He 474 ASuMMARY,HlSTORICAL and POLlTlCAL,Sfc He calls, diflblves, prorogues, adjourns, removes, jiQd btherways harrafles the General Aflembly at pleafure; he frequently refufes his aflent to bills, refoives, anj orders of the General Court ; whereas our Sovereign in Great-Britain, excepting upon very extraordinary qccj. iions, does not exert this prerbgative •, thus we (ee | delegated power aiHiming more than the fovereign COA' ftituent authority chufes to venture upon. His juft pecuniary perquifites are confiderable, anal, lowance or grant of loool. fterl. or nearly its valyj per ann. has one third of ail Cuftom-houfe feizures, the naval ofHce belongs to him, and many fees of varioyj natures. In time of war there are fees for granting letters of mart or mark to private men of war, cajlej privateers, and many emoluments arifmg from multi' plied expeditions. Notwithftanding of this great authority, a Gbvcrner^i ftation is very flippery ; upon frivolous and fomctim^ falfc complaints he is liable to be called to account, fu. perfeded by fome expectant at court, and if the mik» adminiflration is notorious, he is alio mulded. J By charter the Governor cannot imprefs men intotlic rhilitary fervice, to march out of the province, without an a£l or refolve of the General Court ; the Governor, by his nth inftrudion, is not to give his afTent to m act for repealing any of the {landing laws of the pro. vince, without a fufpending claufe, that is, until a copyj thereof be tranfmitted and laid before the King. By tk\ 1 2th inftrudion the Governor is reftrained to 30,000/, ftcrl. per ann. emiflions of public paper credit j butii on account of unforefeen incidents in the time of tl late war with Spain and France, he was in this artide, left at large; this gave a handle for unlimited ruinii fjmiffions, a privilege, faid to be by his Majefty's indu! gence ; the Governor in his fpeech, July 2, fays, " I arii freed now from the chief reftraints I was under, wherebjf depreciations enfued to the great finking of all the ^^ fonal eftatcs in the province, f^ccialti?§ excepted/' Of Massachusetts-Bay. 475 S0t account of the Governors^ from the arrival of the mw charter, in the province of Majfachufetts-Bay, Sir William Phips, ♦ fon of a blackfmith, born anno l6^0) ftC a defpicable plantation on the river Quenne- l)eck s after keeping of fheep fome years, he was bound apprentice to a mip-carpenter for four years, afterwards went to Bofton, learned to read and write, followed the arpentcf*i trade, and married the widow of Mr. John Hull* merchant } upon advice of a Spanifh wreck about tbeBflbamai, he took a voyage thither, but without fuc- cdii) anno 16S3, in a King's frigate, the Algier Rofe, Ikwu fitted out upon the difcovery of another Spanifh wreck near Fort de la Plata upon Hifpaniol^ but return- ed to Endand unfuccefsful : foon after 1687, he prevail- ed with the Duke of Albemarle, at that time Governor of Jimaicat and fome other perfons of quality, to fit liim out with a royal patent or commifTion to fifh upon |lhe kmt Spanifh wreck which had been loft about 50 m% finoe » by good luck in about feven or eight fa- water* hie fifht the value of near three hundred pounds flerling (the Bermudians found good iinsf there after his departure) whereof he had a- 1 16,000/* fieri, for his fhare, and the honour of ighthood, and obtained of King James II. by purchafe, Nconftituted High Sheriff of New England, but was 'er in the execution of this patent, and returned to £n- ^, |688» (N. B. he had not received baptifm until 'ch t%Of £t 40) and foon after came back to New England* Upon the breaking out of the Indian war ^fSf he fbllicited an expedition againfl Nova Scotia, ' ^\^Q0, and had good fuccefs againfl the French; but iubiequent expedition in autumn, againfl Canada, fame year, was difaflrous, as has been already narra- I and, in the words of Mr. Mather, " tho' ufed to div- ig for plate, this was an affair too deep for him to dive * Thif iccottflt If mainly t^kpn from Cotton Mather, D. D. 9* " into," 47^ A SuMMAR Y, Historical and Political, &c. into;" amongft other bad confequences of this ill-con- trivcd and worfe managed Canada expedition, was the I introducing of a pernicious, fraudulent paper- currency or bills of publick credit, to pay the charges or debt incurred ; the operation of this injurious currency is fuch that all perfonal eftates (fpecialties excepted) are reduced to one for eight, reckoning by heavy pieces of eight (or feven eighths of an ounce of filver) at 6f. ; thelofsl of men was of very bad confequence to an infant colo-l ry, which was not by the enemy, but by a camp fever I the fmall pox, and difafters in returning home, not-L withftanding, as Dr. Mather exprefles it, " the wheel ofl prayer for them in New England was kept conftantlyl going roun^/* Soon after his return to Bofton he went! for London, to petition the court of England (notwithJ Handing of former difafters, and his own incapacity to[ manage the affair) to encourage another expedition J gainft Canada. Upon obtaining of a new charter dati Ocl. 7, 1691, at the defire of the New England Agenti Sir William Phips was appointed Governor of the Pra vince of Mafiachufetts Bay and territories thereto belong] ing; he arrived with the new charter May 14, 16925 and June H, the Afiembly under the new charter, metfoi the tirft time. He was ordered home to anfwerfomel complaints,and failed from Bofton, Nov. 17, 1694, an( died 01 «i malignant fever in London,Feb. 1 8, following*' a 'si ■/■:,.■• i ■ ■-;*.;->'!■-. .. -. ^ • ■ =, ' • V,i ' ', t' 'J-O 'W I-'.- t i» I V ( ,; . ■ . * Mr, Mather his advocate, writes ** nor indeed had the Irnnp of a falary, any Tuch impreflion upon him, as to make him dedii doing ail poffible fervice for the publick — That he was not to berecl koncd aniongft thofe who were infamous for infinite avarice and fi lainy. Magnalia, Book II. — He was not afhamed of his formaldi circumftarces ; once in failing with a confiderable command in fijf of Quennebeck ; he faid to thofe under his command, "Young inn k was upon that hill that I kept iheep a few years ago, you doii| know what you may come to.'*--Upo'n his death Dr. C. Mather wn an elegy, beginning thus, [-.J^ Jnii to fKOrtality afacrifce ' ' " '* '.' "■■ •*" i '"' FalL he, iKhoje deeds tniift him immortij/lze. ^hie is not very fluent, but meant well, " Of Massachusetts-Bay, 477 If he had been difoaiflcd from his government, he dc- figncd to have gone upon another Spanilh wreck, whicU ' id Governor Broadille aboard. William Stoughton,Efqi Lt. Governor, was comman-' dcr in chief from Governor Phip's going home in the Au-, Itumn i694,untii the arrival of Governor Lord Bellomont liojune 1699; after a few months Lord Bellomont return- ling to New-York, Mr. Stoughton was again in the chair, and continued till his death in May 1702. In honour to Ibis memory a^townlhip is called by his name. ti'Viti-'-^ In May 1702, upon the abfence of the Governor and Ideatbof the Lieutenant-Governor, coilform to charter, lihe majority of the council affumed the government un- [lil the arrival of Governor: Dudley, June 1 1 , 1 702. * .^ Earl of Bellomont in Ireland, being appointed Govcr- Iwr-Gcneral of New-York,Maflachufetts-Bay and New- iHampfhire; in his paflage to America in the end of the jyear 1697, from this bad winter coaft, he was obliged to [bear away to Barbados ; he did not arrive in New- York May 1698. In the fummer 1699, he met our Af- jfembly in Bofton *, his being a new Governor, cunning, [)mplaifant,and of quality ,did ingratiate him very much wth the people, he was allowed 1000/. falary, and 500/. gratuity : In the Autumn 'he returned to New- York, and died there in Februaf^y 1 700- 1 . ' Jofeph DudIey,Efqi arrived Governor June 1 1, 1702. le was fon to Governor Thomas Dudley, fee p. 429 ; liewas chofen afTidantCthat is of the council) 1682*, upon charter being in danger, he was fent home jointly ?ith Mr. Richards as Colony- Agents : Being a native bf the country, a good politician, and cunning man, (.e.of fubtility, the court of England deemed him a proper perfon to introduce or facilitate a change in the |idmimftration of the colony > accordingly upon the charter** I! "47^ A Summary, HisTORfCAL and Political, &e. charter's being vacated, he was appdfaited Prefident or pro tempore Commander in chief April 1 686, and arrived at fiofton the June following: In December of the fame year arrived Sir Edmund Andros as Governor,Nicholfon Lieuc.Governor, and two independent companies of fol. diers ; Mr. Dudley is appointed Chief JulHce, but was outed in the New>£ngland Revolution, April 1680. Anno 1690, he was appointed chief Juftice of Hew* York. . Upon going home he was chofen, anno 1701, member of parliament for Newtown of the IHe of Wight, which introduced him to the government of the Pid. vince of Maflachufects-Bay his native country. King AVilliam died before he fet out, but his commilTion was renewed by Queen Anne; he continued Governor until Nov. 1 7 15, when Col. Tailer was appointed Lieut-Go- vernor under Col. Burgefs appointed Governpr ; Col. Tailer produced an exemplification of Col.Burgefs*sconi. miflion or patent, and as Lieut.-Governor under him ailumed the government Nov. 9. N. B. Queen Anne died Augufl i.^ 1714* Mr. Dudley continued in goyem< ment according to the adt of parliament for continuing officers for fix months after the demife of a SovereignJ that is, until Feb. i ; the fix months being expired, the council, in conformity to the charter, took upon them* felves the adminiftration i butMr.Dudley having,Marcii 21, via New- York, received the King's proclamation for continuing all officers till further orders,ne reafiumed tiie government, and contyiued Governor to November, as I above : He died at his houfe in Rockfbury nearBofton, Anno 1720, set. 73 5 he left furviving fons, Paul, at prefent chief Juftice of the Province, fee p. 429, and William, who ferved in the fuccefsful expedition againilj Port-Royal of L'Accadie, now Annapolis-Royal of No va-Scotia j he was afterwards appointed a Judge, for many fucceeding years elected one of the council,! as being the heft acquainted with the property of landil and other provincial affairs j he died a few years fine a great lofs to this country. ,/ ; -„, : Wiiliaffll Of Ma s i a h u s e t t s-Ba y. 4Jr^ Willi^ Tailer, Efqi who had ferved as a Colonel of a New-England regiment in the redu^lion of the aforefaid i Port Royal ; for this his good fervice, he was appointed Licut.-Govcrnor under Governor Dudle/, and arrived in Bofton from England,Oftob. 3, 1711:1715 he afTumed I the command in chief, as Lieut.-Governor under Cover* nor Burgefs. Col . Burgefs did not come over to his Go- vernment, and was fuperfeded by Col. Samuel Shute; hpon Mr. Shute's arrival in Bofton, Oftob. 4, 1 7 1 6, Mr. Tailcr's command in chief devolved upon Col. Shutc, land as Lieut. -Governor he was fuperfeded by William Dummer, Efq-, he alternately fuperfeded Mr. Dummer lasLieut.-Governor under Governor Belcher 1730 j he Idled at his houfe in Dorchefter near Bofton 1732. He lagenerous, facetious, good-natured Gentleman. Samuel Shute, a military man. Brother to Lord Bar- ^ngton, was appointed Governor March 14, 1715,16, Dythcfollicitation of Jonathan Belcher, Efq; a very noted ncrchantof New-England, and afterwards Governor here : Col. Shute arrived in Bofton 06lob. 4, 1 716, Mr. )ummer (I cannot avoid heaping encomiums upon him) vashis Lieut.-Governor; Mr. Dummer an honeft man, ^is knowledge in politicks did not bias him ; he was a atural patron of his country, and his good management I the Indian war during his adminiftration, with fmalt ipcnce, will perpetuate his memory with all true lo- [ers of New- England. Col. Shute, being a good-natured ify Governor, fome ill-natured deligning men in the oufc of Reprefentatives, attempted, by wayof precc- ent(if paffed) to encroach upon the prerogative; Col. liute, inftead offending home,was well advifed to carry be complaints*, and back them there. Which ac- r Governors and other royal officers when complaints are lodged, [to be lodged at the boards in Great-Britain, pro or con ; thefe icers appearing at home in perfon, always turns to their befl ac- pnts. Attorneys or Aeents do not anfwer fo well ; many inllances \y be produced, but ue cafe is notorious, cordingly 4?^ ASuMMAiir»HisT0RxcAtandPeLiTrcAL,2;c. cor^inglyhc did, Nov. 1722 > being f had a com- .mZiuhU'^ . Hh 2 miffion 484 ASuMMARY,HisTORicAL and Political, &c. mifllonasjudge for New-HampfhirejMaffachufetts-Bay Rhode Ifland, Connefticut, New- York and Jerfeys. Nathanael Byfield, Elqj Dec. 13, 1703, had the % commifllon. John Menzies, Efq; of the faculty of Advocates in 1 Scotland^ appointed Judge, Aug. 26, 1715, forNew.| Hampftiire, Maflachufetts-Bay, and Rhode-Ifland. Upon the death of Judge Menzies, 1728, Robert! Auchmuty, Efq-, was appointed by Governor Burnet! Judge pro tempore. Nathanael Byfield (formerly the Judge of Admiralty) was appointedjudge by Governor Burnet •, and confirm-l cd from home, Nov. 5, 1 728, as Judge for New-Hamp.| fhire, Maflachufetts-Bay, and Rhode-Ifland. [ The abovefaid Robert Auchmuty, Efqj fucceededl him Sept. 6, 1733. Mr. Auchmuty was fuperfeded by Chambers Ruirdl Efq; Sept. 1747. All the officers of this court of Vice- Admiralty a power of fubfl:ituting or deputizing. The prefentDcii puty Judge is George Cradock, Efq; of many yearJ experience in this court. ■ '- * Befides this court of Vice- Admiralty, ineachoftli Provinces and Colonies there is ajuft:iciary Court of Ad] miralty for tryal of piracies and other crimes comniitl ted upon the High Seas ; the Members of this court! various in the various Colonies j in the Province of Mai fachufetts-Bay, the Judges are, the Governor, theCouj cil, the Secretary, thejudge of Vice- Admiralty, theCap] tain of the King*s fl:ation fliips of war, the Surveyor! neral of the northern diflirid: of cuftoms, and theCoJ ledlor of the Cuftoms for the Port of Boftcn. The furvey of the royal timber, efpecially of nial ing trees, extends over the Northern Provinces andCij jonies : the officers are appoined from home, and a Surveyor General, with four lubordinate Surveyon] the whole charge of this furvey is Soo-1, fterl. per a Political, &c. Maffachufetts-Bay, rk and Jerfeys. 1703, l:iad the like I Ity of Advocates ml 6, X7»5» for New- 1 I Rhode-lfland. izies, 1728, Robert! \i Governor Burnet, Judge of Admiralty)! Jurnet •, and confirm-| idge for New-Hamp. ide-lfland. I luty, Efq* fucceededl by Chambers Ruffelj F Vice- Admiralty havJ zing. The prefentDtj , Efqi 'i--.'V 4 i >P^ OfMASSACHUSE.TTS-BAY. 485 with confiderable riding charges, paid by the Navy- OiRce. '"' '•'■.■. t A .;-'♦ The officers belonging to the colleflions of cuftoms^ 1 are from home appointed by the Treafury-Board, and warranted by the commiflioners of the cuftoms in Great- Britain. In this province there are but two colleftions, iBofton and Salem. A Deputy- Auditor, is commifTioned by the Auditor- ICeneral in Great-Britain, to audit the Treafurer*s pro- jvincial accounts; but anno 1721, this was declared by ^he General Aflembly of the Province, to be inconfiftent vith their charter ; it never is put in execution. Ime account of the fecond negative in the legijlature of the Province of Mafjachufetts-Bay ; that is ^ of the King*s of Governor* s Council, called the Honour able- Board, of many yed miralty, in each of tl Jufticiary Court of Ad other crimes cominiij ;mbers of this court in the Province of Ma he Governor, the Coun ice-Admiralty,theCapl ' war, the SurveyorGt /cuftoms, and the Co ort of Boftcn. nber, efpeciallyofraa them Provinces andU ed from home, and a r fubordinate SurveyonI isSoo-l.fterl.pcranniii' This Council confifts of 28 Affiftants or Counfellors, [obeadvifing and aflifting to the Governor, and to con- ]itute one negative in the legiflature, analogous to the loufe of Lords in Great- Britain. The lirft fet were ap- 3inted in the charter,and to continue until the laft Wed- efdayinMay 1693, and until others fhall bechofenin ^eir Head. I do here infert the names of the 28 Coun- cilors appointed by charter, whereof there are none fur- iving at this prefent writing, as it is an honour to their imilies or pofterity. Simon Broadftreet John Richards iNathanael Saltonftali J Wait Winthrop John Phillips ,. James Ruflel Samuel Sewall Samuel Appleton H Bartholomew Gidney John Hathorn Eliflia Hutchinfon Robert Pike Jonathan Curwin John Joliffe Adam Winthrop Richard Midlecot h 3 Joha f Illi 486 A Summary, Historical and Political, &q. John Fpfter Peter Serjeant Jofcph Lynde Samuel Heyman Stephen Maibn *■ Thomas Hinkley ,rm- William Bradford John Walley Barnabas Lothrop John Alcot Samuel Daniel SylvanMS Pavis, Efqrs. When the new charter firft took place, the allowance or wages of a Counfellor was 5 s. per day exchange vith London, 133 1. New-England for 100 1. fterling ; it prefent their Wages are 30 s. per day exchange with jondon, eleven hundred pounds New-England, for bne hundred pounds fterling, Chriftmas 1748; in this pportion a multiplied public paper-credit in bills has Bepreciated the New-England currency ; a vaft progref- fvelofs inall perfonal eftates, fpecialties excepted*, v ■'i'i i^.i .1'. • -I - ., ,, •■•'■' Jii l,*U;fc.J, " . '. ^ ; ■ f • ' • We muft not reckon depreciations indifFerently by public allow- nce advanced, becaufe the variation does not obfcrve every where he fame proportion, v. g. the firft allowance to Counfellors was i; s. prency per day, at prefent it is 30 s. which is fix for one, deprecia- pn allowance ; the Governor's allowance was 500!. common cur- fcncy per ann. at prefent it is 9,60® 1. old tenor, or common cur- pcy, which is about nineteen for one ; fo much the Governor is at Went favoured by the houfe of B.eprefentatives, while they them- jives accept of 20 s. prefent currency old tenor, for the original 3 s. pday, which is only fix and two thirds for one. This difference in loportions, is eafily accounted for, and, if requiiite, fhall be taken We of in the appendix. ,.■...... ,^ ^0 ihuij'j ;;.:! H h 4 Some 4S8 A Summary, HwTORiCAi. and Political, Jjc. Some account of the third I^egative in the legijkture ofih\ ^ jirovtHce of* M^Jfachufetts-Bay \ called the Honm<^l\ y Houfe of Reprcfentatives. -^-■^■^;^ :^,^. The province of Maffachufetts-Bay is refrefentccjiijl their lower houfe, not by a deputation from counties, cij ties and boroughs, as inGreat-Britain, and infomeofty Britifti colonies -, but from certain diftrids of land Ofl country, incorporated by the names of townfhipg, vml unequal in extent; thus Springfield contains upwards J 100,000 acres, Medford does not exceed 2000 acre«l but generally they are the value of fix miles fquare, j)€,| ing hearly'23,000 acres: their number of inhabiurii! is as various, and confift of one to five parifhes, The charter declares " each of the faid towns places, being hereby impowered to eled and depute twj perfons and no more, to ferve for and reprefent thea re{pe(5tively in the faid great general court oi* aflcmblf To which great general court or aflembly, to held as aforefaid, we do hereby, for us, our kin and fucceflbrs, give and grant full power and autfe rity from time to time, to dircdt, appoint, and i clare, what number each county, town, and ^\m\ fhall eleft and depute, to ferve for, and repre them refpedively, in the faid great and general cc or aflJembly." This laft claufe gives a very great latitude to ourgfj neral aflemblies to regulate the repre fen tation of country, i. The charter fays, each place is impower^ to depute two perfons and no more •, Bofton is allowJ to fend four-, ir is true, that equitably, confidcringtlifil taxes and number of inhabitants in proportioiuo I whole colony reprclentation -, they migiit be alM to fend twenty, but fuch proportions are not c!)!trv?| inGreat Britain orr mother-country, perhap'j iontafoi C( Ci C( C( «( • So called, from the. nnmc of thetrihe of Inflians living t!iff<| abouts, when the Englilh ttrit began Icttiemcnti thcic. Of MASSACHUS£T*r S-B AY* ^ ^ 489 Iff ftate« 2. By a£ts of AfTembly all townfhips under ito qualified voters are refbricled to fend one and no more, whereas by charter any townfhip may fend two. p The charter does not limit the number of qualified vdteri m any townihip or place conilituted, to enable them to fend reprefentatives ; they feem to be limited b^ 0^1 of aHembly, but with this reafonable qualifica- 1(160, that no townfhip, confiding of lefs than 80 legal voters ihall be obliged, that is fined for the not fending ofaRcprefentative. 4. Lately (by inftruftion to the Governor, orotherways, I am not certain) this province juth conftituted townfhips, with all town or corpora- tien privileges, excepting that of deputing Reprefenta- tives to the general afTembly ; tho' the charter exprefly Hiyf, that they all may fend Reprefentatives : it is true, that the multiplying of townfhips, efpecially by fub- dividing old large well-regulated townfhips, into many fmill jangling townfhips, has been, not many years igd, pra^lifed with particular views ; but has occa- ttea an f inconvenient number of Reprefentatives ; m fmall townfhips, under 80 voters, being qualified [(9 fend, but not obliged to fend Repiefentatives -, upon J emergency of a Governor's, or any defigning party lintereft, they are prompted to fend a Deputy to forward [fcffle party affair. .,,;^ ...... ri , * Incorporating of townfhips with all other town pri- lyjkgei, excepting that of fending Reprefentatives ; itm to be inconfiftent with that privilege efTential to Itheconftitution of Great-Britain, viz. that all freeholders f Msflachufctfs-Bay government, though lately curtailed, at pre- |f$M 4« fttififfton about 1 ;o Reprefentatives, being more than all of jlbf fellewitig five provinces. Mew York . , . *t F/aft «tid Weft New- Jerfeys • ' zz ffiflfylvafiia proi er or higher - : ^f^ 'I he three lower countiM . ; .; . 1 18 Soath-Carolina 4' ' '• ' ',^ "' ■ ' :•-' v- . ' -■', . «39 of 49© ASuMMARyjHisTORiCAt andPbLiTicALj&c; of 40s. per annum income, and others legally qualified are to be reprefented in the legiHature and taxation j as in New-England there are no county reprcfentations and as they are not in the humour of being reprefented by counties though agreeable to charter j it fcems con- fonant to the condicution, and will at the fame timeob. viate the above inconveniencies, that is, that two, three four, or more of thefe new or fmall Townlhips, be joined in fending one or two Reprefentatives, after the model fettled by the articles of Union in Great-Britain, for the i fmall Parliament-Towns in Scotland or North-Britain ♦. : --.Br ' • Our Plantations in America, New-England excepted, havebwn generally fettled, i. By malecontents with the adminiftrations from time to time; 2. By fraudulent debtors, as a refuge from tbeir creditors; 3. And by convifts or criminals, whpchofe tranfporta- tion rather than death. Thefe circumftances make the juft civil adminiftration in the colonies a difBcult performance. An indebted, abandoned, and avaricious Governor, in collufion with fuch fflifcrc ants or villains, is capable of doing great iniquity and damage in a Pro- vince; therefore the court of Great-Britain ought to be very «• cumfpeA, and appoint men of probity and wifdom, for Governors the only checks ; the recommending minifter. may be interrogated: Is this candidate, or his wife, any relation, particular friend, or arnica ? but we muft not infift upon Utopian governments. The incident difficulties which may arife between a Governor in high power, and a licentious people, are problems not eafily foivedi liberty without obedience is confuflon, and obedience without li- berty is (lavery ; to fupport a coercive power over a giddy people, and to fecure the people againll the abufe of this power, aredilHcuk problems. When the generality of a province are difgufted with their Go- vernor, let thie occafion of this difguft be any how; perhaps it may be advifeable to fuperfede him by another of equal or more virtue an^l qualifications for government, efpecially where a Gover- nor's avarice and villany arc notorious ; we gave inftances in Lovf- ther and Douglafs. All numerous combinations, aflbciations, orpartnerftiipsinan?'- folute Sovereignty, or depending provinces, tend to the fubvtiL^ ruin, or, atleaft, confij(ion of the fociety ; we have a notorious in- flance of this in the provinrc of Maflachulctts;l>av of New-England. Anno 1740, acombinaiionof Di sptRATK Dkktors, by the bubble a^ine of" Land-Esnk, h^d formed a prevailing party, v.hichnoi- v.uiif i •Ji\i 01 M^"t^-ri OFMassachusett s-B a y. 49 i By cuftom, all elcftions, provincial, county, or town, arc determined not by the major vote, but by the ma- jority of voters ; becaufe where there are more than two candidates, a perfon may have a major vote, though not a majority of the voters. The votes or journal of the houfe of reprefentativcs, is regularly printed at a public charge, one copy for each townfhip, and one copy for each member. The houle of Reprefentatives infift upon feveral pri» withltandihg of tlieir being timely ftigmatized and damned by an aft of the firitiih parliament, their influence in the aflTembly cominuea to prevail to this time 1 749 ; in a lucid interval anno 1 746, Journal p. 246. the houfe of Reprefentatives, fay, " We have been the means of efFe^ually bringing diftrefs, if not ruin upon ourfelves/* And in fummer 1 748, at the defire of the houfe of Reprefentatives, jifall is appointed, ** Upon account of the extreme drought, a pu- nilhment for many public fms we have been guilty of.** Thisfeema borrowed from the account of a general faft appointed by the aifem- bly, praying God, " That he would pardon all the errors of his fer- vants and people in a late tragedy (meaning the affair of Salem witchcraft) railed amongft us by Satan and his inllruments.** Here is an obvious political obfervation, that notwithftanding the I proceedings of a community may be much perverted or vitiated ; tliere are certain boundaries which humanity and the natural afFe<;- tion which mankind bear to their progeny v:annot exceed 1 I ihall [give feme few late inftances of it in this provincial government,—— 1748, June 3, the board of Council ^nd houfe of Reprefentatives in. I a joint meflage to the Governor, fay, ♦* The great lofe of inhabt- tants for hufbandry, and other labour, and for the defence of an in- land frontier of about 300 miles ; the vail load of debt already con^ trafled, and the unparalleled growing charge : the annual charge of Connefticut government, at this time is about 4000I. to ;ocol. old tenor, whereas Mafl'achufetts-Bay government, only about one Itiiird larger, is at the annual charge (meaning the prefent year) of [400,0001. old tenor. Moreover, Connefticut is almoft out of debt, land we are almoft two millions in debt ; insupportable diffi- [cuLTi Es !" Jn the fame journal, the houfe of Reprefentatives com- jplain, that many thoufands of inhabitants have been carried off from jus, by the expedition againft the Spanifh Weft Indies, by the expe- dition againftLouifbourgh, by forming and recruiting the twoAmeri- [can regiments at Louifbourg, the protedlion of Nova Scotia, themain- jtftining of provincial privateer vefiels, and the defence of our frontiers. vlleges. 2ii 40 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. vileges, I fhall mention a few, i. The Governor's in- llru^ions from the Secretary of State, of the deport, mcnt, are recommendatory, but not obligatory upon the reprefcntatives of the people. New England was no mill. tary acquifition or conqueft of the crown (fuch acquifi- tions, until formerly annexed to the dominions of Great Britain, are by the prerogative abfolutely under direction of the crown) but originally and eflentially belonging to the dominions of England ; and therefore ads of parliament only are obligatory ; and no inftrudion pe- cuniary, procured by the patron, the friend, or the money of a Governor, with an arbitrary (perhaps) an- nexed penalty, of incurring the difpkafure of the Cnm^ is ftridlly obferved. A noted and repeated inftanceof this we have in the inftrudion for a fettled falary upon the Governor i moreover, they affert, " Thaf: they are at liberty to vary from any former grants to Governors, &c. Governor Shute, a good inoffenfive man, was re- duced from an allowance of 1200 1, per ann. common currency, to loool. 2. That the council may Anno 1747, the Governor infilling upon a further emiflion of thefe depreciating bills ; the reprefentatives, tho* a paper- money roakii; houfe, could not avoid remonftrating, ♦* If we emit more bills, wt apprehend it muft be followed by a great impair, if not utter lofsof the public credit, which already has been greatly wounded." June 16. The Board of Council remonftrate, '* the neighiwurinj provinces have been at little or no expence of money or men; whik this province is reduced to the utmoft diftrefs, by bearing almolltlie whole burden of the wars." " With public taxes, we are burdened almoft to ruin."— " The province is at a prodigious daily charge, beyond their ftrength," •* Which has involved us in a prodigious load of debt, and, iai manner, exhaufted our fubflance." 1746-7, March 14. Tk lioufe of Reprefentatives refolve, " That not only from theimraenfe debt the province is loaded with from the Cape Breton expedition, but alfo from the decreafe of the inhabitants ; they will make no elta- bli(hment the prefent year, for any forces which Ihall not be polled within the bounds of the province." — ** Should the wliolefuma- pended in the late expedition againfl: Cape Breton, be rcimburfedi!;, ■we have ftill a greater debt remaining, than ever lay upon anyoM of his Majelly's governments in the plantauons. I conc'Ji L1TICAL,&C. Governor's in- of the deport, gatory upon the md was no mill- n (fuch acquifi- ninions ot Great ^ under dircftion itially belonging berefore afts of D inftrudlion pe- e friend, or the iry (perhaps) an- ire of the Crom^ )eated inftanceof sttled falary upon , "Thaptheyart nts to Governors, five man, was re- per ann. common :ouncil may irthercmifllonofthrfe paper- money making e emit more bills, m lair, if not utter lofsol itly wounded." " the neighbourinj money or men ; while by bearing alraoll tlie oft to ruin "-"Tk leyond their ftrength," lad of debt, and, in»' 16-7, March 14. Tk lonly from theimmwfei jape Breton expedition, Ithey will makcnoelli- lich {hall not be poW lould the whole fumu- ;ton, be rcimburfedu^ ever hy upon any OM i5. conC'J Of Massachusitts-Bay. 493 concur or not concur, a tax or any other money-bill, but may make no amendment*, the affair of fupplying; the treafury always originates in the Houfe of Reprefen- taiives. $> Not long fince all accounts of public charges, fome very trifling, were rendred, audited, and paffcd by the Houfe of Reprefentatives ; not only at a great unneceffary charge (our aflembly-men are all in pjy) of upwards of lool. per day, at that time, for paffing a controverted account of a few pounds •, but contrary to charter •, the words of the charter are, «' The aflembly to impofe and levy proportionable and reafonable afieflments, rates, and taxes ; upon the cftates and perfons of all and every the proprietors or inhabitants of our faid province or territory ; to be if- fued and dilpofed of, by warrant under the hand of the Governor or our faid province for the time being, with the advice and confent of the council." Some years fince, upon complaint home, the King in council has explained this affair. -.-ss/;^!- * ^^'^^ rK.vm . In this article we fhall have frequent occafion to men- tion money-affairs, viz. emifTions of public provincial bills of credit, called paper- money ; fupplies of the treafury •, annual taxes, falarics, and other government hargesi all which at various times have been expreflfed various tenors j viz. Old tenor, middle tenor, new enor firft, new tenor fecond, which in the face of the ill is about 12 percent, worfe than new tenor firll, ut from the inaccuracy of- our people, and an aban- oned negleft of a proper credit, pafs indifferently at' ;he fame value. But that I may be the more eafily un- erftood, I fhall, by means of a fmall table (which is k moft concife and diftind: manner of reprefentin^ uch things) reduce all tenors to their value in old te- lior the original, and to this time 1 749, the denomi- nation of common currency : and to prevent the read- er's trouble in reducing the vaU t: of our old tenor [rom time to time (as it has been generally in a pro- jreflive ftate of depreciation or pejoration) to a pror per i' |M| mm nHl 494 A SuMMARV, Historical and PoLiTtcALjfe. per llandard of exchange with London, or value per oz* Mexico filver. The exchange with London is lool, fieri, for — I have added the acceiTions of Governors, for the iaft half century, to make it apparent how much our paper currency has depreciated in their refpeftive adminiftrations. . . ,r. -.ri-- -■-■V---fy'tA '■■:'■■ ■ ..'^ Periods Exc.with Lond. I oz. Silv. Accef. of Gov, A.D^ 702 ^33 6s. lod-i-. Dudley vm n^5 ^35 7S. ri lu'ditto ^f.T *7»3 150 8 s. ditto 1716 ^75 9s. 3d. -Taylor & Shute •,y.. 1717 225 I2S. ditto .H' • 1722 270 14 s. Dummer •iit^ '728 340 18 s. Burnet t . i7$o 380 20 3. Belcher M' ^73.7 500 26s. . ^r,.ditto 1741 550 288. • Shirley r^v 1749 1 1 00 00 s. t ditto Exchange continues to rife rather than fall, notwith- ftanding of the generous reimburfement granted by the 1 Britifh parliament, towards paying off orr provincial debts incurred by a private corporation adventure, in the Cape Breton expedition : perhaps the merchants and others are diffident, and fufpe£t that fome fubfequent General Aflembly (with the countenance of a fuitable :r-ii 'v' Eaft-Jerfeys Weft-Jerfeys Fcnfylyania Maryland -urrency 1 1 00 190 IQO 180 180 200 •{[is i^jTiiii;.' V 4 That we may the better eftimate the differences of Mallack< ietts prefent currency from the prefent value of currencies in the other Britifli plantations, colonies and provinces ; we exhibit titdi prefent ( 1 748} exchanges with London. Currency For 1 00 1. (lerl. New-England ^ e.'- '^••;' ' New- York U'i;:^:;:. Virginia 120 to 125 North- Carolina South- Carolina " Barbados Antegoa St. Chrilloph,ers Jamaica ;,^, I00( 75«| i;o| I7otoi8o( m 'Ui-rs ■,, Governor) Of MAssACHussrrs-BAY. 495 Governor) worfhipers of that wicked idol, the iniqui- jtous, bubling| paper- currency, may pervert the proper application of this bounty or donation. Something of I this kind has lately been a remora at home, and has prevented the province from receiving of it by their agents hitherto. June 15. At the commencement of the new charter jurifdi^tion, 1692, enaded, a continuance of the local and municipal laws of the old charter jurifdidlion, if not repugnant to the laws of England, until Novem- ber 10 lollowing. — The fundamental law or general political principle of the colonies of New-England, is, that natural and falutary maxim, Salus populi eft fupre- \m lix •♦ they do not countenance the flavifh doftrines of non-refiftance, palTivc obedience, hereditary indea- ifeafible right, and the like. j The prefcnt enacting ftyle is, Be it enadlcd by the iGovcrnor, Council, and Houfe of Reprefentatives. Thankigivings and falls, ever fince Governor Shute's bmplaints, have been appointed by the Governor and [.ouncil, at the defire of the Houfe of Reprefentatives. r Bccaufc all acts of aflembly are required by the jchartcr to be fent home for allowance or difallowance, herefore many things are done by the name of Order br Rcfolve. Late years, the Governors are dire<5led by their in- llruftions not to confent to bills of fundry kinds, until hey be fent home for approbation — Thus it is in the kiiament of Ireland. ' The General AiTembly by their accepting of an expla- btory charter upwards of thirty years fince; have cur- ^iled the Houfe of Reprefentatives, from the privilege felcfting their own Speaker abfolutely-, that is, a ower is rtferved to the Governor, or any other com- mander in chief, to negative or difapprove any Speaker Icftcd and prefcnted j and that the Reprefentatives fo Bemblcd, mall forthwith eledl any other perlbn to be eakcr, to be approved or difapproved, in manner as atbrui' 49^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. aforefaid : as alfo from adjourning of themfelve;, not I exceeding two days at a time, without leave from the Governor, or any other commander in chief of il^ province. When a joint Committee of both Houfes is appoint. ed, generally one third is from the Council, and two I thirds from the Reprcfentatives. Although the military, are the abfolutc prerogativcl of the King, and of his Reprefentativc the Governor, f the Aflcmbly, efpecially the Houfe of Reprefcntativcj do, upon extraordinary occafions, in faithfulneis to their conilituents, complain, and, in fome meafureadmonillil the Governor : We fhall adduce a few late inftanccs.*.! 1 746, The Houfe, by meflTage to the Governor, fay^ that they fufpedl the Governor's inlifting men for hul Louilbourg regiment, out of the imprelFed fronticrl forces : The Governor denies this, but ack^owledgejl that he had allowed the frontier foldiers to be inlifteilini the Canada expedition, and to imprefs men in their placcl —It does not appear to us ncccflary or convenient, fori this government, any ways to concern themfelvo inl building of a fort at the great carrying-place fromHudJ fon*9 River to Wood Creek in the government of NewJ York.— The forces, particularly upon the eaftern fron-| tiers, have been very negligent in fcouting, and all othti military fervices ; there have been many inefFe *' The great and fadden depreciations of provinccbilL is owing to the immoderate price of exchange and filver.~- ^.M I ;, I 741-2, '* The inftru£lion, containing a reftraining daafei&t mitting bills of credit, is remitted : as this is an alteration, which,] am perfuaded (fpeech to the AiTembly ) will be very agreeable lutg, you, and has been occafioned through my acceflion tc^ the govegJ ment} I mention it to you with no small Satisfaction —j.Ii a fpeech to the Affe'mbly, " from 1718 to 1743, in conftantprac] tice all debts upon book, note, bond, or mortgage, were uifchargel in province bills penny for penny, that is, in the nominal foig] which he deems to be equitable, becaufe both creditor and debtorl tacitly run the chance of the rifing or falling of thofe bills." N. This was the common cant of the land bank managers and od debtors ; the forbearance and indulgence of creditors is ridiculed,] much, as if a perfon intrufted by another with money or go (liould turn bankrupt, and laugh at his friend for his truft, alledg that it was in his option, to truft or not truft him. How provoii^ is this, to an honeit man, for his good nature and compailion, toi his eftate firft by a private, and afterwards by a more openanddaraj combination of the debtors, reduced in a reverfe proportion of 12] to 30 s. the price of ftlvcr from anno 1 71 8 to 1 74;, and from 301 to 60 s. z.i it is anno 1749 ; and afterwards be laughed at mi fool. And infaA, how could a perfon remedy himfelf with the (Irifli fagacity in the following caies? A man lets out money uponi gage, May 174;, exchange with London 6;ol. currency fori(xi| ft((rl*; in the fpace of three years, May 1 748, exchange is 1 icol rcncy for lool. fterl. — a creditor all this time cannot recover hisi ncy, ' «caufe by the laws of the province, near one year (by apoi ai)d reviews) is required to bring a bond to final judgment, aodil c^ijity of redemption is thice ycais more : moreover, the pylir Up obfcrve, that, i, . r and more freqoeat,! 1 746» did fit about 30 are all in pay) of net Ir. Belcher was fupoJ , it is about two fflj ions of provincebil andf1lver.~4.jaj reftrainingckufeini n alteration, which, I 36 very agreeable unu xefiion tdj the goven] TISVACTION— J.Ii 743, in conftantpncj tgage, were uifchargeJ , in the nominal foal ch creditor and debtiir| ofthofebUls." N. ik managers and reditors is ridiculed,! with money or go" for his truft, ailed? bin*. How provokii and compaiTion, tarn ' a more open anddanl rerfe proportion of ii« o 1 743, and from joj be laughed at asif limfelf with the iltl£ out money uponm 50I. currency for looj exchange is iicoU t cannot recover hisi ear one year (by apj final judgment, aDJ moreover, the puM Of MaYsachusetts-Bay, 499 Ufion the arrival of the new charter of the province \i\ Maffachufetts-Bay ; their firft General Affemblyf I flublick loans, and the private bank loans were conditioned at i o to I,' years forbearance, which, with the abovefaid four years additio- loal ; makes an uhavoidable forbearance of 1 4 to 19 years : furjher, Ifome of the loan 171 6 (a great damage to the pi^blick) is not fued jbatat this prefent writing. How is it pofTible to provide againft the Icontinued great depreciations during fo many years ? i Ai it does not belong to any provincial aiTembly, to explain a£ls trpiuliament ; becaufe they may be deemed fufficient to execute (hemfelves, ander the agency of the colony executive courts ; I do hot pretend to be ftatefman fufHcient, to account for a bill brought Lo our court of legiflature yearly, for thefe eight years laft paft ; ytied, A Bill for the more fpeedy iinifhing of the Land-Bank fchitne; as it is nevei: brought to an ifTue, perhaps fome may call it, her a Bill of Grace. Governor Shirley, in 'his fpeech, Oflober 14, 1741, *' Nothing- J more eafy, than to fecure to every creditor his juft due, let the bills Utpreciatc never To much, by enabling the King's judges to do jiif- Iceto every creditor in that particular — It is the injuftice of our bills jrhich has plunged us into thefe diiHculties." But as this advice*has jbtbeen followed or repeated^ tlie creditors have generally fufFered ithereverfe proportion of 60 to 30 in a few years ; fuch is the ma- [goa&t nature of this depafcent ulcer, that nothing but the extirpa- on or excifion of this, can fave our body politick. Deknda eft. '^ I deiire readers, not affefted with paper currencies, may excufe olixity i when this vile chimaera, or monfter, comes in my way, I iDBOt contain myfelf. 1 This fcheme for fraudulent debtors to cheat their creditors, was jfS projeftedi anno 1714, by J. C. The maxim, or bads was, by igltiplied emiffions, to depreciate the nominal value of our currency ; IDS the difference between the nominal value, at any time when ^id) and its real value when lent or contracted for ; was a frauda- nt gain to the debtor, and a very injurious lofs to the honefl creditor; rioftance, anno 171 3» exchange with London 150I. currency for )1. fterl. — at prefeat i749,by depreciations we are at 1 100 1. cur- pcyfor 100 1. fieri, that is in fucceffive dealings, the creditor has \^ infeven of his debts or contrads, which is the debtor's crafty There were various eflays made from time to time, to arrive [this depreciation, the lall was miraculoufly the moil fuccefsful. jEmitting bills of publick credit, not only for the ordinary and ne- ~xy charges of government, but for publick loans to private pcr- viz. anno 1714* ;o,oool. anno 1716, ioo,ocol. anno 1721, ^000 1. anno 1727* 60,000 1. at long credit; this had a confider- ! eSe^ in favour of debtors, but fome inconvenicncies and in- Ii3 ■ W\ OJ- 500 A SuMMARY,HisTORiCAL and Political, S;c. or legiflature convened in June 1692; in the firft place they continued the municipal laws (not Repugnant to flruAionsput a ftop to it. s. Poltponing the cancelling of eniffions; thus emiflions yearly multipKed, and the cancelling of them delayed,' increafed this flood of a bale currency . 3 . Notes of private ailocia. tions defigned to be upon a par, current with publick bills of credit would have multiplied this falfe currency immenfely ; but frota pn! vate complaints fent home, thjs was cruflied in embrio, by aAof tlie Britiih parliament, 1741. 4. At length by multiplied expenjlve expeditions, they compaiTed their defigns to the greateit extent, « toa «« ftui ultra, which, it is to be hoped, the parliamentof Great Britain, in their wonted goodnefs, will reftify in their prefeu. feflion. I am forry that, upon any occafion, or in any refped, I flionlil give offence to any particular perfon, or to any number ofnen: it is not from malice or refentment : it cannot be imagined, thu it courfe, writing unavoidable hiAorical truths, I ihould defigntdij and malicioufly reflect upon the country and its municipal jurifdifiiooij tJiis ii my altera f atria, from upwards of thirty years reiidence. 1 However, the creatures of any miniftry at home may, from tintl to time, find fault with the liberty of the prefs, which they repreiotl as licentious ; the courts of judicature, which, by good Providence j are independent of the mihiilry, vindicate the prefs, if not too licea-f tious, and find fault with their defpoticaccufers. While I write mere fa^ls, with proper vouchers, and in a ^ light, I ufe only that liberty (not licentioufnefs) of the prefs, wliidi| feems facred and eflential to the Britifh conftitution ; aswehaveoel general intendants as in the French conftitution, every hiftoricalwn turned to the houfe of reprefentatives from ten ym) to ten years (to mention eyery year would be tedioyj, and of no ufe) in each county. The whole legiflature, for reafons beft knoyn to themfelves, k at times jointly vary from their former notions of affairs : A n^ inftance of this was anno 1741, a fum of 127,129 1, in publicfcifls 0/ credit to i^e cancelled by taxes, conform to the emitting sds $( aflembly J fo high a tax was judged inconvenient, and it wass!) vided amongft the three fubiequent years: Anno 1748 the proviw poorer by expedition loffes of working men, and by fhip-builifei^ and other articles of trade failing, the province tax for the yof is ena£](ed, at upwards of 4-0,000!. The rcimburfements granted!^ parljiaihent weredcfjgncd to pay off the public bills of credit, tijijif the provincial debt contriidled by the Cape^Brcton expedicioo. Of Massachusetts-Bay. 503 'tjf of Precepts fent, and of Returns made 1 708 to 1 748* lU I York Tetal 1708 < 1718 c «9 •7 It 8 1 6 li % 3 I 97 »3 17 18 6 5 4 7 2 I 1 74 '4 20 20 7 8 5 10 3 3 I 9» >3 a »5 '9 20 7 8 5 9 3 2 I 88 ^ 1728 . n n n 16 '9 28 II 10 8 12 7 3 I ?3 ft (E 3 «7 18 20 7 9 6 II 5 94 < »738 •7 20 33 12 18 '3 9 »5 10 »3 »S» n •-► c P 17 20 22 7 8 10 6 10 7 108 ^ 1748 8 I » J5 18 «9 32 »7 22 »3 6 II II 3 I •53 I I «S 9 5l t 8 lOI N»B, Anno 1731 fome townlhips were taken from [the counties of Suffolk, Middlefex, and Hampfhire ; and Ifcrmed mto a new county called the county of Worcefter. As thii hiftory feems to fwell too much for the peru- llslof the people in our infant colonies, who in general |«i net bookifh, and do not apply themfelves to read 'k% of any confiderable bulk \ I muft forbear infert- |iflg the long lift of the townQiips in Maflachufetts-bay pwioce. We (hall here only obferve, that our townfhips or |(Mfi£l8 of land, may be diftinguifhed into four forts. ]ji Incorporated townfiiips which are ferved with pre- \y and generally fend reprefentatives, this year they Jfein number 95. 2. Incorporated townlhips, which ire fifved with preceprs, but generally do not fend re- refent«tives,,this prefent year they are 58 ; their num- Jjlf belttg fo large, is occafioned by their poverty, which fOCeeds from their labouring young men being taken ^Wiiy, (hilt is, depopulated by multiplied expeditions, and ibeif being peculated by multiplied taxes ; formerly our pviflte tax was from fix thoufand to (in great exi- 1 i 4 gencies) 504 ASuMMAfey, Historical and Political, &c. gencies) forty thoufand pounds per ann. *, M^hereas thit { prcfcnt year 1748 the provincial tax upon polls andtf^ rates is three hurfdrcd (eventy7feven thoufand inline hun- dred ninety^twb pounds, and excises doubled ; thus they cannot well fpaic 30 s. ad^y, the prefcnt wages of are- prefentitiye. 3. Townlhips incorporated, but inexprcfs words debarred from fending reprefentatives ; thefe ar( but few in number, becaufe lately introduced ; this feems | anti-conftitutional, (that as we have no county- reprej fentatives) perfons of good eftates real and perfonal Ihould in no qianner be reprefcnted, as if they were aliens, fer. vants, or Haves. 4. Townfhips or difiridls granted toal number of proprietors, but as the conditions of the grant, particularly the fettling of a certain number of families in a limited fpaceof time, are not fully performed, they are not as yet qualified to be conftituted, by ad of alfeoiblJ with all town privileges; of thofe there are many, td pecially in thofe lands which lately were taken fromttie province of Maffachufetts-bay, and annexed to the crown in property, and to th? province of New HampfliireJ junfdidion. N. B. This late boundary line cut off from Maflachufetts-bay province, the conftituted, but notrcJ prefented townlhips of Rumford and Litchfield upon Merimack river *, of Winchefter upon Connecticut riverJ with part of the conftituted townfhips of Nottingham and Dunftable, upon Merimack river •, part of Groton, and Townlhend, part of Norihfield upon Connf(ffat| river : the other diftrids or grants not incorporated 4nncx- ed to New Hampfhire, were, Herrys town, Contacook,, the nine townfhips commonly called the double row of frontier towns againft the French and their Indian auxi| Jiaries, the row of four townfhips upon the caftfiii of Conneclicut river, the rovv of two townfliips wdl fide of Connedicut river, * Canada to Gallop and otlierJ • About 20 years fince, and for fome following years, the pm til APifmblv oi the province were in the humour o{ dividing aojl OFMasbachvsett s-Bay. 505 kanada to Sylvefter and others. Lower Alhuelot, Upper Ljhuelot, Canada to Rowley, Canada to Ipfwich, Canada ItoSaletn, Canada to Beverley, Naraganlet No. 3. Nara«» Iffanfec No. 5. Lanes New Bofton, townfliip tolpfwich* linall 29 grants transferred eo New Hamplhire jurirdi^«> Ion : the other granted, but not conilituted townlhips, Lhich remain in the province of Malfachufetts Bay, are, Ijn the province of Main, townfliip to Cape Anne or Glo- Icefter, townfhip to Powers and others, townfliip to Mar- approprlatlng mod of the then reckoned provincial or unoccupied lands i that in cafe of future claims by the crown, &c. by poflef- fionthey might retain at leaft the property : this was provident and kood policy, and accordingly upon fettling the line between the Iwo provinces, the property of the abovefaid diftriAs, was in the Itominiflion referved to thefe pofleifors; but lately the heirs and i^gns of Mr. Mafon, original grantee of New Hampihire, have in- bi^ated the Maifachufetts proprietors, and brought fundry of them te compound for a valuable quit claim ; whereas if by contribution bf the prefent proprietors (a mere trifle to each of them) they by [etition had carried the aiFair before the King in council, they would have been quieted in their proper ty» and obviated any further claims^ Iich as the claims of Col. AUen^s heirs, Mr. Mafon^s general iffignee; and of the claims of the million purchafe lately revived* khich may likewife be converted into bubbles. Our general afiembly at that time were in fuch a hurry to appro- briate the vacant lands, that feveral old townfhips were encou* aged to petition for an additional new townfhip: and when they jrere fatiated, the afTembly introduced by way of bounty to the |efcendents of the foldiers in the Indian war of King Philip (fo ailed) 167s, and of the foldiers in Sir William Phipp's expedition gainft Canada, anno 1690; thus nine townfhips were granted to acb of thefe expeditions : thus no lands (excepting in the inland lack wildernefs of the province of Main) were left to recompence bedefcendents of the particular fufferers (the province in general las an unaccountable fuiFerer) in the unforefeen and inconceivable puuferafh) expedition againft Louifbourg; our adminiftration per* ■psdidnot underftandthe doArine of chances; but by good pro- jidence, though the chance was upwards of a million to one againft )i we i;ained the prize, not by playing away men (as is the phrafe I Flanders) in being killed, but by the poltroonry of the French irrifon ; this mull not be underlloodi as detra£^ing from the New Mand militia troops, who are noted for their courage as bull ks (excufe the expreffion) where they fix, they never quit hold, jitil they conquer, or are cut to jpieces. ' blehcad. ! ! $o6i A SuilMARV, Historical and Politic A L,&c^ blehead, Naraganfct No. 7, Naraganfet No. i , and PhjJ lip's town upon Salmon Falls river •, between Mcril mack river and Conncfticut river are Canada to DorchefJ ter, Canada to Ipfwich, Canada to Rockfbury, townfhipJ Welles and others, townlhip to Salem, Nichawoag, pJ auioug, Naraganfet No. 6, Naraganfet No. 2, TownJ lend : on the weft fide ofConnefticut river, are tha grants of Fall fight townfliip, of Canada to Hunt, and others; Naraganfet No. 4, townfhips to Bofton, No.i,2| 2, Upper Houfatonick, 4 more Houfatonicks, andBdf ord : making in all grants not incorporated, 28 inth {>rovince of Mafi&chufetts Bay not alienated j and agtranf) icrred as tojurifdidtion, to theprovinceof NewHampj I 'fhc affair of the above townlhips is variable, and of 1 permanent ufe, but this may ferve a future cui^ous hil) rian, as an accurate account for the ftate of the year 174J There are a few things, in which the houleof rcpre] fcntatives of the province of Maflachufctts Bay in Nm England (whicb in all relpc6ls is the principal Britifluo lony) do vary from the practice of the houfeof comJ mons in Great Britain. I fhall mention two, which mul not be deemed conftitutional, as being only by fundi] a<5ls of the general aflembly, and confequently if inconJ venient, may be repealed or altered by fome fLibfequeiil| aft. iH.d Hi I. That a reprefentative mufl be a ♦ refident intliJ townfliip for which he is elcded. As the reprefentativ(| of a diftrift or townfliip lb called, is not a peculiai agent for that townfhip, but is their quota of reprefo tation of the whole province in the general affembljj ♦ It is faid, that anno 1693, there were fome Bofton gentlenm reprefentativcs for fome of the out-towns, but not agreeable to tl< then Rev. I. M~th— r ; Mr. B— f— d forBriilol is mentioned;! M— . of great intcreft with the weal; Governt)r Phipps, and m the devotionally bigotted houfe, procured this adt. aacM Of M A SSACHU S E TTS^BaY. £Qf gentleman of good natural interefl and refident in the rovince; a man of reading, obfervation, and daily coR'^ verfanc with affairs of policy and commerce, is certainly Ibetter qualified for a legiOator, than a retailer of rum and inall beer called a tavern keeper, in a poor obfcure ountry town, remote from all bufinefs; thus this ountryman wiH not be diverted from the mod neceiTa- and beneficial labour of cultivating the ground, his roper qualification, to attend (late affairs, of which he lay be fuppofcd groQy and invincibly ignorant; thus [he poor townfhip, by gentlemen at large ferving gratis irgeneroufly as the quota of the townfhip, will be freed om the growing (in ope year from anno 1 747 to 1748 is charge was advanced from 20 s. to 30 s. per day) ibarge of fubfifting an ufelefs reprefentative : therc- TC) if this claufe of refidence in the ad of aflembly 693, is not abfoiutely repealed, may it not be qualified this manner ? viz. The reprefentative if not a rc- ent in the townfhip, being a refident in the province, all have a rent roll of**** per annum in the place, Ihall be the proprietor of **** hundred acres in the wnfhip for which he is eleded. J2. That counfellors and reprefentatives do ferve their ptry upon wages. The honour, and plealure of doing i, are recompence fufficient to a patriot ; thus the [ovince will f fave a very confiderable part of their As favings, that is frugality, in private oeconomy is a connde> ble Lucretian, fo it is in the publick charges of government ; for pnce, the taking and maintaining the fort of Louifbourg in the nd of Cape Breton coft Great Britain ; confidering other un- jiidable vail charges, not conveniently able to aiford fuchan extra geupon a placb which muft in policy unavoidably be reftored, to great difguft of the brave New England men, who in loyalty, Ipatriotifm to the Britifh nations, ventured not only their lives Ihe number of upwards of 2000 of an infant colony, dead, but their lanes (that is their country, notwithftanding of the generous rc- purfcment of the Briiifli parliament, reduced to great dillrefs) I taxation; 5o8 A Summary, Historical and Political,J((j taxation; forinftancc, thisprcfcnt year 1748, thci vincc would have faved about 25,000/; the whole, nual provincial charge from the commencement of A charter, fell fhort ot this fum, until anno 171^5. {|, year, the rates were 31,000/. old tenor; thus in tin to come two of the negatives would be under no teinn tation of having their wages augmented by collufio with the third negative; the Governor's allowance bein by them immoderately advanced f. The allowances or pay of the three negatives forth fervices, are fettled by themfelves from time to tin therefore they do not fuffer by the depreciation of th own publick bills of credit. I (hall here annex a 1 (ubles contract things into a more eafy, lefs diffuH and therefore more diftindt view) of the pay of thethn negatives in fome fucceflive periods, and of the pn vince rate; the province polls in thcfe refpe6ivc ye fee afterwards, as taken from the valuation a^s ; jn 1 bout feven years periods, a valuation or cenfus is mi for quotaing the affcflmencs of each towhlhip or diftri towards the provincial rate or charge. A. D. 1702 ijzoi 1730 Guvrs. 1 Dudley Shute Bflcher l,r. An. J 600 I200 2400 ^«""^- I < s. 6s. ios. j>r. Day J Keppe. 1 pr. Day i kates. 3 s- 6000 4 s. 6000 6 s. 8000 1^40 174} ditto Shirley 5 100 3O00 15s. I o s. r 2 s 3<;ooo,6ooo3 »74? ditto 60Q3 i8s. 12 3. 1 2 0000 •747 ditto 76CO 301. 20 S. 16^324' 1 n fty itcofl about 500,000 1, fieri. .1 dead lofsto Great Britain,wki(( a fmall additional charge in the b'^cier j^hrrifoning of Annapolis, I ccntia, and St. John's ; with a few additional fhips of war i Great Britain, under the diredion of an utiive commander, fiici| , Sir Peter Warren or Mr. Knovvles, would have not only fcciiredi| , northern colonies and tho^ trade againd all French armi the French being in that tinie notoriouily weak at Tea ; butalfowd have cut off all communication between Old France, ud i\i France or Canada. f By acl of aiTembly, Governors are exempted from ratol taxt;s ; tlierefor« Ibme Governors cafily confcat to and laugh {| l»igh tax. Of Maiiacmusetts-Ba Y. 509 Any well-dirpored perfon without doors may fubmif- llively offer advice or propofais, even afcer a bill is en- becaufe afls are frequently explained or altered rubfequent a^s for the publick good: all legifla- jres and their laws ought to be facred and tenderly iifed, without cavilling or cenfuring: thus in Great-Bri- lin ic has been a praaice time out of mind for writers of the legiflature, freely and decently to give their dvice and fehemes. As the affair I mean is only nporary* I /hall fubjoin it among the annotations*. * [l U tn'ogantf In Tome meafure feditious, and a great fin againft i divine inititution of. fociety, for any perfon or perfons, to ex- iim againft the aAiof Iceiflature; the following are only fome irivate fpeculationa, concerning the negotiating of the late Cape-Bre- B expedition reimburfcment money, and i\it fudden tranjfliion from I immenre bafe papcr*currency, to that good and univerfal medium flilver'moncy. 1, The late aft for receiving and negotiating our reimhurfimtta noniy, granted by the parliament of Great-Britain, impoweri, Sir _ fm Warren, Mr. Bollan, and Mr. Palmer, or two of them, the faid olUn to be one f perhap* the g'ving of a negative to Mr. Bollan, V difguft the other two gentleiuien, fo as to prevent their aftin^, Icomequently occasion a farther delay of the rt'mbur/ment i did t Mr. Bollan** bcin^ formerly appointed fole agent in this aifair, gull bis fellow provincial agent Mr. Kilby, a gentleman of know- dgeandfpiritin tranfaAing ofbufinefs; andoccafiona memorial fnercbanti and others, Sept, 21; 1748, to the treafury of Great* Iritain, to deUy the remittance of the reimburfemtnt money, for rea- M therein fpecificd? This delay is a damage to the country after lerate (I mean the intereft of the money ) of i i,oco 1. fterl. or lio,oocl. old tenor per annum; as if fome debtors managers, ftu- m methods to dela^ the melioration of the denominations of our Brrenciei, by doggmg the affair. 2. The amount of our provincial debt (that is of our publick bills, paper currency) anno 1748, was about 2,^o;,ocol. old tenor; r this aft a pan of it 712,0001. is to be funk by very heavy rates pon a reduced poor people, in the years 1748 and 1749; and the ^naioing i,69^,co«l. old tenor, to be redeemed or exchanged the reimburl'em' .it filver ; commiffions, freight, infurance, and ne petty charges oeing firil deduced. li ufe the words, a poor reduced people, 1. In conformity to Wry expreiTions \nitA at feveral times by the Houfe of Reprefen. ■kivw, io their me/Tagfs to the Governor, " With publick taxes wo In 510 A Summary, Historical and Political, ^q In this province there feems to be a (landing fa^jQ. confifting of wrong heads and fraudulent debtors \ thJ wn burdened ilmoft to ruin."——" The province is at a prodigioi. daily charge beyond their ftrength, which has invr ived us in apnK digious load of debt, and in a manner exhaufted our ^ fraudulent contrivance of a currency, I cannot avoid tbiaking, that this is the moft falutary method. 1. Tm noneft and honourable wav of paying a bill, it, accord- iogtothe face of the bill ; that is, all bills with us of 6 s. in the face of the billsf fliould be paid in a piece of eight} whereas by the aft liM^i ^ P'^*^^ ^^ ^'S^' ^^ ^^ received in payments for 1 1 s 6d. w tenor; thus thefe bills in their own pernicious nature, from jo 1742 to 1748 have fufferijd a difcount of about 10 s. in the and: Mr. S— 1 — y in a fpeech or meffage in relation to the firft iffion of thefe new tenor bills infinuates, th>it he had contrived Js which could not depreciate : but notwithftanding, thefe bills have reatly depreciated in palling through feveral hands ; and as it is im- offible to adjufl: the proportion of depreciation in each of thefe letdi, it is unreafonable that the laft pofl'elTor fhould have the al- )wance of the fucceflive depreciations : therefore the aflembly in e- uity have allowed the poiTeflbr only the current value ; but here the Tembly feem to allow themfelves to be bankrupts at the rate of 1 o s. the pound, from 1 742 to 1 748. Perhaps if a piece of eight had been the new proje^ion enafted equal to 1 2 s. new tenor, which is 48 /. Id tenor, the general price amongft merchants; it woold have een no injullice to the pofTeiTors, it would have prevented their be- \l hoarded up, and the reimburfement money would have paid off oat 6 per cent, more of our debts, that is, cancelled fo much more our iniquitous currency. N. B. Perhaps, the Aating of a piece of light (feven eighths of an ounce of filver) at 6 s. currency, and one Qce of filver at 6 s. 8 d. is out of proportion : the true proportion 6s. 10 d. two7th8. ;. In place of fending over the reimburfement in foreign-filver** in, if the provincial treafurer were empowered from home and re, to draw partial bills for the fame upon the Britifh treafury, or ere elfe it may be lodged ; this would fave commiffions, infurance, ight, and fmall charges, to the value of about 1 2,000 1. Sterl. ache 183,0001. reimburfement, fufficient to difcharge 1 20,000 1. tenor, of our debts. I (hall not fay that private pecuniary views, t not economy are in the cafe. Upon the (uppofuion of this rcimburfenient money being remitted }mney^ SH A SummarV, Historical iiidPoiiTidAL, 2c& ft^h pr pMck hiUs of credii^rcceWthlcm aUtlealing,. (ipoqiflt^es excepted) as n legal csndtF* oj b^' jbiilif «f occhtnge, cMfalting the beft advantage of thpp^ vmcei. Mcbaps by araidpraiting one htlf of the nimbttrfement iu' tfaatdk!;'oiOy«ool. O.T. of Oar ^cbt or bills would in the noft { cnedHiomnuumerbe influtlyfodc; all merdhants, ihop-keepen, I auModtcfa weald gladly porchafe with our (itaper fuch goodatd poadoal bUlt pr^^ble to any other private bills of exchange : tin t1«> the two years 1 748 and 1 749, perhaps oppreffively \aA- cd, wil . bemucheafed, and the infatuated paper>currency men nude eaiy by fipking of it gradually ; with the provifo of an aftof jarlii. nentpiohibithig, fortvir hereafter, any more pablick bills orcndi to be enitted. [ This reapamii^ 1,495,000 1. paper-currency, abftraAing iron the 9R'),oool<,filver, part of the reimbarfement, is more thui fufficie It medium for trade and bufinefs, in a ouick circulation, ii the pn^vince of Maffachufetts-Bay. Let us recoiled, that in thelu-f terpart of Governor Bclcher^sadminiftration, 1741, immediately pn- ceding Governor Shirley's acceflion, this province initsfullvigovl and ex ;ent of trade, feemed to be fufHcienuy fujpplied, by a Aim out I exceed iiig 1 6o,oeo 1. a fund for taxes not afle^cd, for taxes aMeii| but no: colIeAed, and for arrears of loans ; let us fuppofe a likefiutl of i6c,00D'l. from the neighbouring governments, obtained a (r^ I dit of circulation with us (the four colonies of New-England hither'f to as; currencies have been as one province ) makes 3 20,000 1,;| atthit time filver was at 29 s. per ounce, at this time 1748 its I 56 softer ounce; therefore upon this foundation we muft fuppoiil 640,$pol4 old tenor value, the medium fufficient or requifice iotj our -jti ade and bufinefs, whereas we have allowed i,49;,oool. m tenor value, being more than double that. fum« to remain for a pip| eurreocjf. _. .^ - , ' ' 3. Townlhipl Of M ASS A C MUSEtTS-BAV. $f^ 9. By charter all vacant or not claimed lands were veiled in the col left ive body of the people or inhabi- ntSi and their Reprefcntatives in General Court af- neinblcd, with confent of the Governor and Council, jake grants of thefe provincial lands, to a number of private perfons, to be incorporated, upon certain con- ditions, into townfliips *, there are alfo fome peculiar grants which, after fome years, arc by afts of affembry nnexed to fome neighbouring townlhip. If, in granting of thefe lands, they had been fubjefted {to an eafy quit- rent to the province •, thefe lands would have fettled compaftly, and improved fooner •, whereas, ktprefent, fome proprietors of large trafts of lands do U fettle or fell, becaufe being at no charge of quit- cnt, and not in the valuation of rates or taxes for the brovincial charge of government j they chufe to let [licm lie unimproved many years, for a niarket. That bis might have been prafticable, appears by lands in he townfhip of Hopkinton fubjefted to an annual quit- ent for the benefit of our provincial fen^jnary, called iarvard-College ; which, notwithftanding of quit- ent, is well fettled and improved ; the Rev. Mf.Com- niflary Price is their prefenl miffionary minifter, and is iconfiderable proprietor there under quit- rent. ^ The townlhips are generally granted in value of fix piles fquare (fome old grants of towuihips are much wger) to be divided into fixty-three equal lots, viz. vne lot for the firft fettled minifter as inheritance, one j)t for the miniftry as glebe-lands, one lot for the enefit of a fchool j the other fixty lots, to fixty p6r- I A ftranger may think It unaccountable that in the beginning of lovernor Shirley's adminiftration, anno 1 741 » the proje^ed fpeedy ocelling of about 130,000 old tenor bills by the taxes for 1741* ould be judged too opprefllve for one year, and was therefore di» ' ' amoiigft three fubiequent years ; whereas the 103,000!. new |»or, or 41 2,000 1, old tenor, taxes of 1 748 (although ^ve have the' nburrement money to alleviate this grievous weight) tOw;uxls tht idf his adminiftration, is not lightned. foL. I. Kk f9AS 514 A Summary, Historical sin^ Poli'i;ical,|!^c. fons or families, whoihall, within (ive yeiars ffom grant, ercGt a dwelling-houfe of 7 feet (iud, and^ jeet iquare, with 7 acr<^s cleared and improved, fitfol Inowing or ploughing ; to ere^t a houfe for pubij worfhip in five years, and maintain an orthodox mji^ iter. Every townfiiip of fifty, or upwards, hou^olden to be conftantly provided with a fchool* mailer, toteiu children and youth to read and write, penalty for neglo Ao 1. per annum i as alfo if confining of 1 00 or upwan Jioufliolders, they are to maintain a grammar-ichool] penalty 30]. per annum, if confiding of 150 families] penalty 40 1. if confifting of 20Q families ', and hioh ^nuKics pre ratif, .., ; In eacn towhfhip, by a general aft of affembiJ there are conftituted certain town-officers to be eleftei at a town-meeting annually in March. I fhall inftaoq Bofion, for the yeiy 1748 were chofen the followin officers : f." . payward i 10 Cullers of ilaves jo Viewers of boards, Ihihgles, &c. 4 Hogreeves 12 CJerks of the markti 2 AfTay-Mafters , l^'Cqlleftors of taxes «j2.Cftnftabks. ' . '- - ■ vir*' ""li Ji ■ ,^ »«»; . . ;>^^.- J.J- Any man rateable for 20 1. principal eftate to thepn vince-tax, poll no** included, is qualified to vuteJo| town- meetings, excepting in the choice of Reprefenti ttves, which requires a qualification of 40 s. per annuo freehold, or4ol. fterl, perfonal eftate. Sqmetimes portions of adjoining townlhips arel gft/of.aflembly. incorporated into a parilh or precind for the better conveniency of attendu^g divine fervici ' Town-Clerl<: ip 7 Sele6t-Men Town Trcaibrcr 12 Overleers of the poor 7 Aflcflbrs .iwi^H.i' lo Fircwards 5 Sealers of leather 6 Fence- Viewers A Surveyor of hemp Infornicrs of deer ^%^i^ «■■ ifcii^* 3 Of Mass ActtusETTs^BiAri^ ' '^t^ |but iii aU other refpe^s, excepting. in inbiAefiAlmtJ^ hey beliihg to their original towi»3itps.) ' • /i i ^jO*. ^ The plxiQtaciohs and farms in the oTd tDwnflMps iRelr ifton, are genepally Ijecome fmal), iQCcario»ed>'t>J>'ii QVintdal a(S of afiefonkbly, which diyides thejrfClil> 'Wf^- Cafco-Bay v/^i{ York County %i Duke*s-County Nantucket. .'(» [N. B. The Attorney-General is annually chofen ; the Vcrnor and Council pretend to have the fole privilege I appointing him j the Houfe of Reprefentatives l\i- K k 2 therto ^: 5^6 A Summary, Historical and PoLitfeAi,^ therto have not given up this point, but the periboi pointed bv the Governor and Council is the a^ingoOi Becaufe all a6b of aflemblv are required to be { home for allowance or difallowance, therefore lc tranfadtions formerly have pafled by way of Order* Refolve only. A member of the Houfe of Reprtfentativei ig gn 208. old tenor, for every day's abfence, without let or good exGufe. Every fclTion there is a committee appointed toi pare a lift of the travel (20 miles travel is the { with one's days attendance) and attendance of thei bers of the houfe for the feffions.— Their v/im paid out of the general provincial fupply or nllf^ public credit, emitted for the ordinary and extra nary charges of the province for the year \ the this article are drawn in again not by a general pro cial rate or tax, but by a peculiar rate iiYtpoied the feveral towns who fend Reprefentatives. The townfliips that have precepts fent to them, make no returns, are liable to be fined at thediferji of the Houfe; but are generally excufed, and f out of 50 delinquents (fome are excufed by law^ ing under the number of eighty families) very i fined; this article, though very imall, is one of 1 articles for calling in the public bills of credit fii year to year. Perhaps an aflembly grant, as is the prefent pri in the beginning of every year's adminiltratisfl efl Governor ror his fervices to be done during theno^ifi fequent year, may be thus qualified ; to be uai4»(t?fi[ months, if the prefent Governor's life or aominiftrij cGUitinue lb long, otherwife in proi>ortion tg tbi of fervice : Wc^ have a reniarkabie inftance of the worthy Governor Burnet i Ibme Ihort tiim his de^th, there was a vote of 6000 1. lor the Mj and-ctf-ent year's fervice, which, for want uH mi fence, did not take place ; loon after the comti CfMASSACHUSBTtS-BAV. ^if It of the then current year. Governor Burtiet died» bif hxyv ' » Barnfta'pir!. i.air Tuefday in June, -^ 'Ihirci Tuefday in March, Odobtr, ii»d 'anriarv. ■ Bnilol Midaiefex Ha, ire... Flyiaotith ' fl»*4>t»- " ■* ,-t 1, 1 »^ . Iriftol Of Ma ss A CH u si ttVB A Y. 519 {Briftol. Second Tuefday in March, June, . Septeml^r ahd Decembet* . r York. Firft Tuefday of April, Julyj ' Ifork •< Oftober and Jknuary. < Falmouth. Firft Tuefday in Odobcr. , , ^ C Edgartown. Firft Tuefday in March, ,kes-County| hft Tuefday in Oaober. , f Sherburne. Laft Tuefday in March, antucket | firft Tuefday in Oaober. l!befuperior courts of Judicature and AJftzes* •ji». {Bofton. Third Tuefday in Auguft and February. C Salem. Second Ti'^fday in Novenib, \ I pfwich. Second Tuefday in May. {Cambridge. Firft Tuefday in Auguft. Charieftown. LaftTuefday in January, f Springfield. Fourth Tuefday inScp- X tember. {Worceifter. Third Tuefday in Sep- tember. < Plymouth. Second Tuefday in Jqly^ LvcUtyi^^'^'^ft^^^^^ Third Tuefday in July. iftoi < Briftol. Fourth Wednefday inOftober. irk < York. Third Wednefday in June. JTex {iddlefex fampihire Forcefter lymouth [By ad of affembly, occafionally, bu^ not ftki.wij, limes of the fitting of thefe fevcral courts are va- i And in general as thefe cour|:s may from time [time be varied by afts of the provincial general af- ibly, the above is only a temporary account. [The Juries never were appointed by the Sheriffs of ; counties, every townihip of the county at a regu- ly called town-meeting, eledled their quota for the unty i but as fome evil, defigning men, upon particu- ;occafions, officioufly attended thefe townfhip-meet- K k 4 ings. 520 A Summary, HisTORicAt ind Political, &c. ings, in order to obtain a packt or partial Jury; Iate|. the Jurors are by lot, being partly by chance, partly M rotation. N. B. The privilege of Jupes feems to M the people a negative, even in the executive part of the| civil government. ' I In each county the Governor and Council appoint one High-SherifF with a power of deputising, and anyl number of Coroners. " The Judges of the fevcral courts, appoint the Clcrkji of their feve^al courts, but generally conform to the reJ commendation from the Governor. N. B. Judges ihould be independent of, and in no refpedt under, thel diredlion of a Kin^ or of his Governor. Theoth^r civil courts, fome are appointed immediat^l ly by charter ; a court for probate of y^ills, and grantingl of adminiflrations, which is veiled in the Governor andl Council i they appoint a fubftitute, called the Judgeofl Pfobate, with a Regifter or Clerk in each cotinty, frooil which there lies an appeal to the Ordinary, the GoverJ nor and Council. 2. In time of war, a Court-Maniall by commiffion from the Governor with confcnt of tliel Council, to exercife the Law- Martial upon any inhaJ bitants of the province. — Some are by commiffion froral the court and boards in Great-Britain ; i. A court of Vice- Admiralty, fee p. 48 3. 2. A judiciary Coinl of Admiralty for trial of pirates, &c. fee p. 484. All thefe have cccafionally been formerly mentioned. Generally in all our colonies, particularly in New-I England, people are much addifted to quirks in thel la*W} a very ordinary country man in New- England is| afmoft qualified for a country-attorney in England. In each county, befides the civil officers appointed byj Governor and Council, and the military or militia ofif cers appointed by theGovernor asCaptain-General, there] is aCqunty-TreafiircrandCounty-Rcgifter, orRecordcrl of'decds or real convey aiKcs •, thefe are cbofcn by ajoiia v/rittcn vrtfj of the qiia'iucd voters in each townfliip( ti:c coi'iity. ;rr.d ic::;-d in ri e m >:: Cubfequent quafwl «-w^ Of Massachvsitts-Bay. 521 I feflions for the county. The County-Treafuren yearly I fender and jpafa their accounts with a committed of tho I (General Allcmbly. Taxet and Valuations, ir.^ (ij The provincial taxes of Maflachufetts-Bay, ^onfift of three articles, Excife, Impoft, and Rates. '' -^ )t Excife. By aft of Affembly, after June 29, 1749, for the fpace of three years (the excife * is farmed for three years) the following duties, old tenor, (hall be paid, being double of the former excife. Every gallon of brandy, rum, and other fpirits dii^ taied, 2 5. , .-'»^—V :-.:io^f' Wine of all forts, 2 s. .u^j ^c. ' Every hundred of lemons or oranges, 20 »; if^ixv ^ Limes, 8 s. the vender or retailer to fwear to the account by him rendred to the farmer; 20 per cent, for leakage to be al- lowed duty free. —Penalty for retailing without Hoenie 12 1. toties queties % retailers are deemed fuch as fell fmaller quantities than a quarter-calk or 20 galloni 1 the taverners, innholders, and other retailers, are not Co plead their licenfe for vending in any other houfe, be^ iides that wherein they dwell. Formerly the CoUeftors were chofen by the General Aflembly, at prefent the Farmers are theColleftors.— Licenfes are from the quar- ter-feflrions of the county, by the recommendation of the feleft-men of the town(hip, where the tavemer or retailer lives. — The Farmer is accountable to the Trea- iurer once every year. •' :nai.ifp fiur<;''„ The excife for three fuccedive years from 1748, is doubled, this with the increafe of our rioting and drun* Icennefs, introduced partly by our idle military expediti" ins } has increafed the revenue of impoft upon liquors * Bofton, with the reft of the county of Suffolk's excife, is farmed for lOjOool. ol(iteiior, being about ioool. fterl. per an. imported ^t A Su M^ A R Y, HisTok rt a*l' iind Pbti t i c a t , 8fc. iHiportcd, ^d excife upon homfc confumbtion, but hluch to the damage of privkte families, and the oeto. nomy of the country in gei^eral. The impoft and excife of i7io> 171 1, 1712, did not exceed a fum of 7000 1. old tenor. 1 715 were eftimated at 7000!. old tenor. 1726 Impoft 5,200 1. Excife 3,600!. 1747 Excife, impoft, andtunnagc 17,616!. 174:8 33*480 1. 2. Impoft and tunnage by ad of Aflembly June i'748 for one year j fait, cotton-wool, provifions, the growth and produce of New-England; prize-goodj condemned in any part of the province, and goods f^n Great-Britain, are exempted from impoft. The impoft payable, is Wines from the Weftern Iftands per pipe 4 1. old teno^ Madeira, and other forts 5 1. 1 Kliiii per hogfhead pf 100 galloi^s; SxJgar IWtolaireJi ■fi. .yjMn 4I. Z S. 16 d. 2!. \> '> . Tobacco Logwood per tun all other goods 4 d. for every 20 s. value. Foreign goods imported from other places, than that of their growth and produce, to pay double impoft. Upon refhipping for exportation to be drawn back per pipe of Weftern Iflands wine 3 1. Madfira and other forts ; ' 3I. 12 s. per hogftiead of rum * 3 I. For liquors allowed 1 2 per cent, for leakage, and de- cayed liquors, or where two thirds are leaked out, ftiall be accounted as outs free of duty^ Stores may be al- lowed to the matter and feamen, not exceeding 3 ptr cent, of the lading. * } The general Impoft-Officer or Receiver may appoint Deputies in the out ports ; the general Impoft-Officer his falary is 2 ool. old tenor, and to each Deputy in the our-ports no!: exceeding 40 1. eld tenor per ann. All Of Massachusstts-Bat. j2j yVll forfeiturei are one half to the province^ and half to the informer, the informer's part to bear the charges of fuit -« The fee to the Impoft-Officer for every finglc entry is 28.— Matters of veffels to report their veuels and cargoes, within the fpace of 24 hours. All vcflels not belonging to Great-Britain, Penfylva* nia, Eaft and Weft Jcrfcys, New- York, Connedticut, New-Hampfhire, and Rhode- Ifland •, or any part of a yelTel not belonging as above, fhall pay every voyage, a pound of good piftol powder per tun, called tunnage. Jhe naval omcer is not to eive letpalTes, to any vef- k\ outward bound, 'cill impoS and tunnage Is certified as pftid. 3. Rates are taxes upon polls and eftates *, polls are all white men of 16 set. and upwards*, eftates are real, perfonal, and faculty, or income arifing from their I trade and bufipefs. At the commencement of the new charter, the taxa- Ition was by — number of rates, a fmgle rate was i2d. poll, and id. upon 2q$. principal eftate, fix years in- come of eftate real, perfonal and faculty, is deemed aft the principal. Anno 1692, to pay off Sir William iPhipp's unfuccefsful Canada expedition, a tax of ids. Ipoll, and one quarter value (is 5 s. in the pound) of one lyears income ot ellate, real, perfonal and faculty, was pmputed to raife 30,000 1. t At this time the poll is generally 3d. upon every icool. rate, and for every lid. poll, id. rate. - ' t About twenty veari after the New-England revolution, aniio 1710, towardu the cnarges of the expedition againft Port Royal now niuipolii-Koyat, the quotas of the four New-England colonies for try 1 000 1. was in this proportion. , ^ . . . ^ ^^^;^ , '' ~ 1. s. d. '■ " T * Maflachufettj-Bay 638 7 9 '" Conoefticut iru,.. ;; „ . 194 14 3 halfpenny a Rhode- Ifland , »'» 5 3 halfpenny New'Hainp(hir<; 55 >2 6 refent, 1749, Conneflicut much exceeds that proportion in men, Rliode'Ifland much exceeds that proportion in eSe&s . Affeffors '514 A SuMM A Ry, Historical and Politic AL,8ec. AlfefTors are to eftimace houfes and lands at fix yean income, as tlicy are or may be let, Negro, Indian, and Molatta flaves, proportionably as other perforal eftate •, an ox of four years old and upwards at 8 1. old tenor \ a cow of three years x>ld and upwards at 6 1. a horfc or mare of three yea/s old and upwards at 8 1. a Twine of one year old and upwards at 32 s. a (heep or goat of one year old and upward at i z s. ^^ As townfhips, in like manner as private perfons in procefs of time, do alter their circumftances \ for the more equal adjuftment of their quota's of taxes, theit is after a number of years f generally once in feven years) a luftration or cenfus, called a valuation, made through. out the province ; there is anno 1749) a valuation on foot, lad valuation was 1742, there were valuation) 1734, 1728, &c. we (hall here infert the valuations of | each county, and of fomeof the townfhips the higheil and the lowed valued, a& a fample of the whole •, being their proportions in every 1000 i. rate. Before 1278 | Since i742,4Cerore 1728, | *f> n Counties of Suffolk 2^7 ^ EiTcx 198 Middlef.i 71 Hamplh. 55 * Ply mouth 7 7 f-' '" Briftol 9? VI Uarnli. 66 York 37 J)uke*s-Countyi 1 Nantucket 1 3 Worceflcr 268 196 138 54 79 96 4* 6 60 4Bollon i8j * Salem 27 *lpfwich zf* * Newberry 2 2 *Marb!ch. 20 ♦Charlcft. 17 *Dartm. 16 * Had ley 5 * Stow 3 * Bcllingham *rown(hcnd Since 1742. An. 1734. •73 180 28 P 28 *3 !C >9 U 5 & half 3 zhiir 2 1 > •) i-^; J iiiif Worccfter, July lo, 1731, was taken out of thccountieil of Suffolk, Middlefex, and Hampfhire. ''^^'"^ The AflefTors may abate or multiply upon. particular! rates, ib as to make up the Turn fet upon each townoij - The exempted from polls arid fares, rr^, ThcGo-l tcrnor, L,icut. Governor, and their families j the Prti- m L1TICAL,8CC. nds at fix yean ro, Indian, and perforal eflate •, 81. old tenor \ c 6 1, a horfe or ,t 8 1. a f wine of p or goat of one •ivatc perfons in (lances ; for the i of taxes, there ce in fcven years) 1, made througtw 9, a valuation on were valuation? the valuations of ifhips the higheii the whole •, being M IZ zo '7 i6 Since 1742. An. 1734. •73 28 23 :0 »9 14 5 & half 3 2 ?» 26 '9 «3 '5 2hilf| 1 y out ofthccounti«| lire. jly upon particular! upon (;aeh town oil .tes, fre. The Go- dmilicsi thePrtfi- Of MASSACHUtKTTt-BAY. 525 dent. Fellows and S(udents of Harvard- college \ fettled minifters, and grammar fchool-mafters 1 and pcrfont by age* infirmities, and extreme poverty, to be deem- ed as invalids. Taxes may be paid, not only inpublick bills, emitted* but in certain fpecies * of goods, formerly called (lock in theTreafury I but as thefe goods are receivable in the Treafury, at a value not exceeding half their market- price, it cannot be fuppofed, that thefe goods willbe brought into iheTrcafurv : Thefe goods are,coined filver and gold, merchantable hemp, merchantable IQe of Sable cod-fi(h, bar iron, bloomery iron, hollow iron ware, Indi- an corn, winter rye, winter wheat, barley, barrel pork, barrel beef, duck, long whale bone, merchantable cor- dage, train oil, bets wax, bay berry wax, tried tallow, peafe, (heeps wool, and tanned fole leather. 1 he ways and means are apparently very eafy, but in confequence ruinous, being only a manufacture of publick bills of credit, without limitation of quantity, not incumbred with any intercft,and not to be redeemed till after many years *, that (Irangers may have a diftinft view of our depreciating oeconomy, I (hall annex a table of our prefent currency in bills, which is our only fund, as they ftood Chriftmas 1748. The lateral left hand co- lumn, is the times when they were emitted, the top line is the periods at which they are redeemable. * In the firft years after the New-England revolution, at the firft cmiflion of the fraudulent publick bills of credit, as a currency { I their tenor was — This indented bill o^*»»*» due from the Maffachu- fitts-Coleny to the pojfeffor jhall be in 'value equal to monei ; and pall it accordingly accepted by thi Treafurer, and Recei'vers fubordinate to him^ in ell publick payments f and for any Jiock at any time in the Treafury. Bofim in New- England, February the third 1 6go ; By order of the Ge- neral Court. At that time the ways and means to fupply the an- nual charges of government was by fo many fingle raies (as in Germany by Roman months, and in Scotland by months eel's) \yhereof a certain proportion was receiveable at the Treafury in money, and a certain proportion in prod^ice and goods enumerated, and at a fixed price, which were called (lock in the Treafury to be lold for provin- cial bills. W V • c VO — ad .8 1 .5 3 §•1 - 5 4* — ~ 4) N =5 8*' •gvO 0\ 2 05 * , rent don: and vine fpaci (lucr vino bytl amqi T,l ofev( ofGc n I funds I broug fiui Fin Itativei Pol Toi lyear Th Our rticlei For ai War Alio Exp Com Rep o o n o o N t.r\ O o N vr^ »A mm o o o 'i'^ I I . c VO — =( •5 hi I 3 u w w KQ4 o M u J3 " rt > . '3 « i^ N WO " S.- 2 .'^ Ov in Tnal Of Mas s a c k u s.et t s-B^v, - .527 This table is reduced to old tenor, becstufe our c^f^ rent way of coipputiiTig is by ol^ tcqor, tlie d^notnin^- tions of iliiddle tenor and npw tenpr, are top whinpiTical and captious to take place. TJius ^hp d^bt of the J^ro- vince, exemfe 1748 was 2,466,712 1. comraftecl in tlip fpaccoffour years, by projedting whimfical expeditions (lucrative to the projedlors, but pernicious to the iPro- vince) from certain applications, not rejeded at home by the Miniftry, becaufe the populace are pleafed an^ amgfed with expeditions. Ikre muft be a confiderable addition to the taxes ofevVry year, fubfequent to 1 748, for the annual charges I of Government. The cancelling of bills each year is by four differei^ I funds; thus the fum of 1.415,512 bills of old tenor is 1 brought in ^ , _ .... But excife, impofl and tunnage 1. 33,480 Fines of townfhips delinquent in Reprefen- Itatives 360 Polls and rates 364,000 Townlhips tax for Reprefentatiyes of laft :^ lyear -';•;,.'.... ^.r '■■ ly^Sji ^i.r;::- . ••-•:^c._,,-^ . J — ; — -T-r Total4i5,5i2 The town of Boflon paid of that year's tax I. 65,529 Our annual fupplies or appropriations are in fundry fticiesi thus of the 1. 400,000 old tenor emilTion anno For garifons, armed veffels, forces upon the eaftcrn and we^ern frontiers 1. 1 60,000 MVaridie l^ores andcommiiTaries difburfmentsi36,ooo All(Wanc6s and grants 72,000 Expended wh^re no cftablifhmcnt ^ -\. 12,006 Contingencies 1- t, - 2,000 Reprcfentativcs wages ' ;; '' :^ • r 1 8,000 ■»' A n 1 ^1 Total 1. 400,000 Not % f .. ,(.■ '52S A Summary, Historical and Political,&c. Not long fince there were extra (immenfely chargeable) articles of expeditions to Cape-Breton, Canada, &c*. in gratitude, we ought not to forget the compaiilo. nate goodnefs of the Parliament of Great-Britain, the parent of all our Colonies. The expences of the pro. vince of MalTachufetts-Bay, in taking, repairing and * To reprefent at one view the vaft depreciated promifcuous pa. per currency, or rather publick debt of the Colonies of New-EngUnd asitisatprefent. ' ^.,.,, Emitted by Maffachufetts Bay .^ ^ j ,. , 1^m66,7u| :•' , Connefticut about 281,000 |ijv r- '•?• Rhode Ifland about -- ■^*^ " 550,000 New -Hampihire about 4$o,ooo Thus the prefent depreciated (10 for 1 fieri, in round numbenj New-England paper currency is about 1. 3,748,000. The Parliament reimburfements on account of the reduAionof Loniibourg, when received will cancel to Maflachufetts-Bay s^^ 1. i»836,49o :• , Conneflicut - - - - 280,000 -. ' Rhode-Ifland - - - - 63,000 ^ New-Har .uC - - - 163,000 t. . !• 2.342.490 there will remain about I . i ,40^,000 New-England currency ; to tiiii| muft be added about ; per cent, deduced from the reimburfemotj money for charges of receiving and tranfmitting about 1. 11 7,000 it| nearly one million and a half remaining currency. ConneAicut (that Colony is managed by men ofwifdom andpro-i bity) has not much more outfianding publick bills of credit, thai their reimburfcment grant from the parliament may redeem. New-Hampfiiire has about 1. 450,000 old tenor value ; tbeirrcinJ burfement, may fink in round numbers, about 1. 1 50,000 ; thnl will remain about 1. 300,000. About one third of the whole wai| lent to the inhabitants upon mortgages to the Government at a I period j the remainder excepting Tome (mall fums for charge» of G(ii| vernment was liTued towards the late abortive Canada expeditioJ and has no other fund for drawing it in again, befides foffleexpdi-| tiont of being rcimburfed the Canada expedition charges. Rhode-Ifland may have about 1. 550,000 old tenor, wbe 1. 75,000 will be funk by bills of exchange dtawn on their . on recount of the Canada expedition ; 1. 60,000 will be fu the Cape'Breton reimburfement ; there will remain about 1. 4ij/ioo| lent upon mortgages (of long periods, reaching fo far as anno ifS (Q the Gpvernment. fecuriM Of M A S S A C H U S E T T S-B A V. . 529 fecur'ing of Louifbourg on Cape-Breton, till may i "jx^^ \vhen his Majefty*s regular troops arrjved ther6 to-de- fend it, amounted to 261,700!. new tenor paper New- England curfency, which according to the exchange of that time, amounted to 183,6491. fieri, i Kut vvheli the accounts were fent home, our currency was fo much depreciated, that the 261,700!. new tenor, was iji value equal only to 104,680!. fieri, i.malcing a differ^ ence of 78,9691. fieri. This produced a queftion ac Court and in Parliament \ whether the faid Province ought to be paid a flerling fum, equal in value, to the funi in bills of credit, expended upon the expedition, according to the value of thefe bills at the time the ex- pence was contrafled, or only a flerling fum, equal to the value of thefe bills in their prefent depreciated ft^te ? In goodnefs they determined according to the favourable fide of the queftion, and allowed us the ful! fum of 183,649!. fieri. ■ ■ ' '" ;-* 'HmMr of inhabitants^ produce^ '„ianufci^ures^ trade and mifcellanies. Inftead of imaginary cftimates, I conceived it might be of better credence to adduce loofe records andpyb- lick accounts of things. .<, vi. i\s>t'. a* «»rt<9»«? Before I proceed, i mufl make this general remark ; [that our forwardnefis towards expeditions may have oc- cafioned the court of Great-Britain to deem us felf-fuf- ficient-, from 1739 to 1749 in the Spanifh and French war, Great-Britain fent us only the Succefs, a fixth rate Iman of war for a few months, whereas in times of the profoundeft peace we had a conftant flation man of [wac from Great-Britain. Our provincial armed vefTels a great charge, befides their ferving as tenders to [the Brinfh fquadrons in the affair of Cape-Breton, Itheir.only fervice feems to have been the eafy capture of la Brench Privateer floop Capt. De la Brotz, no man kill- led on either fide -, the fault was not in the New-England Imen (they are always forward in fervice) but in the ma- [nagemcnt perhaps. ,,. , Vol. I. 'Li Anno 53^ A SummaryjHistoricAl and Political,^^ Anno 1 656, we had three regiments militia, Suffejjj Middlefex,and Effex; Anno 1671, three more re^\mm were formed, viz. Norfollc or Fifcataqua, Yorkfhjrcef ProvinceofMainjandHampfliireuponConncfliciitrjvgfi Pifcataqua regiment is now in the Province of ^^, Hampfhire, the other two continue undivided large f^gj, ments (perhaps Yorkfhire regiment has lately bcco^jj, vided)anno 1748, Hampfhire regiment Col. StOiWar^j was about 2600, York regiment Sir William Pepperff|j 2755, thefe with Bofton regiment Col.Wendellof 250^ men, are large enough to be fubdivided intobattallioflj, Anno 1706, the militia of Maflachufetts-Bay int^j^ addrefs to the Queen call themfelves 12 regiments, Anno 1 7 1 1 , Admiral Walker upon the Canada cxpg, dition, dem.anded of the Government of MaflTachgffff^ Bay, a fupply of failors ; the Governor and Couofilff, prefented, that their ordinary garrifons, forces upon tig inland frontiers, and men detached for the Canada ««. pedition, were upwards of 2000 men, which an mm than one fifth of the fencible men of the province, In the fpring anno 1722, the fmall pox being (W?f by order of the Seled-men, Mr. Salter made a pstkl tration of the town of Bofton-, he reported 10,679 fouls; this fmall pox time 5980 perlbns were fe^ with this diftemper, whereof 844 died, and aimn ik fame number fled from Bofton ; thus we may c(Hi}!«g| about 1 2,000 people in Bofton at the arrival efffe fmall-pox. After twenty years anno 1742, by 'nm valuation there were reported 16,382 fouls in U(4fl, add to thefe fome men lately gone upon tlut Cu\m^ pedition, feveral ions and apprentices clefignedjy oy^- looked to eafe the quota of Bofton*s provincial ta, n may reckon about 18,000 inhabitants at that tijne; ifj in the fpaceof 20 years, from 1722 to 1742, Bo(t«()ii' habitants had increafed one third, or 6000. Taking tb in another vr , a year of middling he^ifi, and immediately prececding the fmall-pox, the buriilsjt Bofton were nearly 3451 by pliilofopijical and [idmi m.H Of Mass AdfusETTs-BAV. 53 1 Lfitlimeticians it is eftimated that in a healthful country (iiich J»Bofton) i *in 35 dies perann. is nearly 12,000 Uabitantsj anno 1742, a year of middling health in Mon*^^''^ buried about 3 1 5 by 354makcs nearly 1 8,000 jflhabitants. In the valuation of 1 74?., of thofe in Bof- tofl were 1200 widows, 1000 of them poor; in the l«lffli-houre III, in the work-houfe 36, Negroes "514 5 ISweJling-houfes 1719, ware-houfes 166, horfes 418, |j^$ 141. 1722 Governor Shute returned to England j in his re* Ipflftto the Board of Trade and Plantations, he fays,Thac |[fl the Province ofMaffachufetts-Bay, were 94,000 peo- BJc, whereof 15,000 were ih the training lift (the alarm lift males fro rn 16 set. and upwards, is about one third I0fc than the training lift, becaufe many are excufcd fom irtlprefles and quarterly trainings) difpofed into |i6 regiments of foot, and 1 5 troops of horfe. About 15,000 tun of fhipping in the two colle6lions of Bofton Salem at that time. In (he valuation of anno 1728* for Bofton were about p^Q rateable polls, males from 16 3Zt. and upwards^ I is nearly the fame with the alarm lift : For in* lifice,annoi735 therateble polls in Bofton were 3637 ; \mo 1^33 the alarm lift was about 3500, which al* wlflg for two years increafes is nearly the fame. N. B* uf this time, Capt. Watfon, one of the Afleffors, in tjfidfity examined the books, he found the chur^ch of ngland people charged not exceeding one tenth of the Itci Of taxes in the town of Bofton. 1715 The provincial valuation was 35,427 polls wliltg men of 16 astat. and upwards) 2600 Negroes, 7,^0 horfe kind of 3 years old and upwards, 52,000 t cattle of 3 to 4 years old and upwards, 130,000 ecp of one year old and upwards. j;42 In the valuatioh were 41,000 white men's polls. • Pfom the eftimatcs of Drs. Halley and Newman, of 35 births, lifuhop, trare girls. L 1 2 1 949 ^ga ASuMMARYjHisTORicAL and Political, &c. . 1749 A valuation is on foot but not finifhed ; here iivill be conHderable dedudlions. i. Trade much de- cayed, and taxes infuppdrtably high has obliged many to leave the Province. 2. Men annexed to New-Hamp. (hire and Rhode Ifland. 3. Deaths occafioned by the Cape- Breton expedition. 4. Loft in the Minascf Nova- Scotia French maflacre, 5. Killed and captivated uoon bur frontiers by the French and Indians. 1747 The houfe of Reprefentatives In a mtfTage t^ the Governor, fay, that 3000 is, about one twelfth of | our fencible men. As by charter the General AiTcn^bly of the Province! is impowered to create Judicatories for crying all cafes civil or criminal, capital or not capital •, accordingly hy I it6\' of afienibly in the beginning of the French war,! Auguft '744; the commanders in thir-'f, mayat;oy time cali a, Court martial, which for munity or defer- lion may infisrl death. Although ir* fucceflion of yedrs, things vary muchJ we {hall for the information of the curious of after! times, infert the prefent oeconomy of our officers civil, iand military, and fea military. N. B. Exchange being) 10 to II, New-England old tenor currency for one! ftcrl. ,, ,. , . ., it.*' i ulllowancts old tenor to civil officers for iji{?-. «i To the Governor ' , • ■ Secretary with extra's . 5 Judges of fuperiorcouit Treafurer with extra's CommifTary with extra's Prefident of College Profeflbr of Divinity r Clerk to Reprefentativct. Door-keeper Two Chaplains .j;^- ..Gio ijr'« 15 \S i"*'"4 ■*'?'*• W I. 9,6oo| Sool 400o| uudl i6ocl 14001 ^ool ]n m Of Massachusett s-B a y. 5S$ ((hi land military eftablijhment for Cape-Breion, 1 745. 1. s. To the Lieutenant-General per month 60 ■> Colonel 48 i IJeutenant-Colonel 40 ' IVlajor * 34 Captain of 40 to 50 men 18 "^-^^ Lieutenant f> vii w i j j.v l; r 12 ^ Second Lieutenant: or Enfign ^ tiai u'8 Adjutant-General 11U4- r'* % 18 Adjutant to a regiment ■> ■> 1 -. -^-i- la Serjeant -i '^^^y ^ '-^'5 ; 6 Corporal Clerk Quarter- Matter General Surgeon- General Surgeon of a regiment Surgeon's mate Prum Major Common drum Chaplain Armourer of a regiment Commiffary of ditto .. 5 s6 - 18 5 24 8 12 8 8 12 Three thoufand centincls each 5 The Jrlilhry ejiablijhment for Cape- Bret on. "L ^CfOti i^t*' Xo the Firft Captain per month Engineer Second Captain Firft Lieutenant ■ Three Lieutenants, each ' Firft Bombardier Three, ditto, each _ Four afliftants, each '. X jl Thirty Gunners, each *' g The artificers for the train were 1 2 houfe-carpenters, and 4 (hip-carpenters, commanded by Capt. Barnard. L 1 3 Th9 I. 36 34 20 16 8 . 34 534 ^ Summary, Historical and Political, 8{c, The General was allowed 2000 1. for extraordinary contingent fervices, to be accounted for. The encouragement to private men for inlifting was 4 1, bounty, one month's advance wages, a blanket, 20$, fubfiflence which was afterwards advanced to 30 s. per week, their firelocks to be dedu(fied out of their wages. By foilicitacion from hence, orders came from home to raife two regiments of 1000 men regular troops each for Louifbour{7 garrifon ; but by a good providence in favour of the jountry, they never could be rendrcd effedtive, and probably upon Louifbourg's being eva- cuated, thefe men may return to their labour, for the benefit of this country. To tbefea military eftablijhmfnt^ '745* To the Captatain per month Lieutenant /i rvv, Mafter , , ii, Surgeon - ^ Chaplain Gunner Boatlwain ;rwy^' Mate Boatfwain*s Mate Steward .• Cool^ .^... — . ^ Gunner's Mate Pilot ' Carpenter Cooper , Armourer •%^* " Coxfwain ' - ' : • Quarter- Mafter * ^ Midftiipmen ■:.'' Common failors ' " 1. "'h.; tiff.- iniei j ■ v/te_ .1 ,• *, 22 14 8 12 8 12 8 12 8 10 V .10 "^'••j\^' ■■}- f v.,.-,f f '.:.; 9 ■tS:..'» 4 m:>:J^. m ' 9 : ->:^-9- L, i*v" ,;. 9 9 }0 10 :■•■ 8 N. B. Anno 1745 in the time of the Cape-Breton ex- - - 1 - ■ i I ^ pedition, ■i0-' Of Ma ss A chusettVB A Y. 535 pcdition, exchange with London was 7 and half for one; afterwards, as our currency depreciated, failort could not be got at thefe nominal wages, and a com- mon faiior*s wages was fetat lol. per month.— In the winter months, when our armed veflels are laid up, the Captain, Gunner, Boatfwain, and three common lailors only are kept — Our inland frontier fummer forces (in time of war) are reduced to one third of their compli* ment in winter. Anno 1743* the year preceding the French and In- dian war, our military charges were very fmall. Caftle William in Bofton bay Richmond fort on Quenebec river Brunfwick fort on Amarefcogin river Pemaquid fort eaft of Sagadahock St. George's fort near Penobfcot Saco river fort Fort Dummcr on Connefticut river Pcovince ftore floop Men 40 m f -■'J:.-:^. $3 'I so 10 IJ4 The parties in Maflachufctts-Bay at prefent, are not I the Loyal and Jacobite, the Governor and Country, Whig and Tory, or any religious fediary denomina- tions, but the Debtors and the Creditors. The Debtor fide has had the afcendant ever fmce anno 1741, to I the almoft utter Fuin of the country. Our late bad oeconomy is very notorious ; for in- Iftance, anno 1725, Caftle William in Bofton harbour was viftualled at 7 s. per man, per week ; anno 1748, vic- tualling was 38 s. per week, becaulc of depreciations. [By expeditions, we loft many of our labouring young [men; this made labour fo dear, that in produce or ma- [flufafture any country can underfel us at a market. For many years, in the land-fervice, the allowance* LI4 oi 53^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. of provifions to each man was-, garrifon allowance 1 1. bread per day, half pint of peafe per day, 2 1. pork for three days, 1 gallon molaflTes for 42 days-, march- ing allowances per day, 1 1. bread, 1 1. pork, i giU rum. A centinel or private foldier's pay per month was anno 1742, 30 s. old tenor, anno 1744, at the breaking out of rhe French and Indian war, it was ad- vanced to 5!. anno 1747, 61. 5s. anno 1748,8!. ^ Captain's wages were double, and the other officers in proportion. . ^ The encouragement for privateers commiflioncd by the Governor, was 10 1. old tenor per head, for each enemy k'lled or taken prifoner ; and captures made by the provincial armed velTeis were to be diftributed, to the Captain 2 eighths, to the Lieutenant and Mailer 1 eighth, to the warrant officers i eighth, to the petty officers I eighth, to the common I'ailors ;^ eighths ; aboard the provincial privateers, the viflual ling allow- ance was to each man per week, bread 7I. beer 7 j-al. Ions, beef 3 1. pork 4 1. peafe i quart, Indian corn I pint. The Captai^ns are to make up their mufter rolls, and the Commiflafies their accounts before the men are paid off. The alacrity of the New-England militia may beob- ferved, by the alarm from d'Anville's Breft French fquadron, end of September 1746 j in a very fliorttime 6joo men from the country, well armed, appeared in BoUon common, foiiie of them {v. g. from Brookfield travelled 70 miles in two day, each with a pack (in wliidi vas provifon for 14 days) of about a bufhel corn weight : Conrefticuc was to have fent us 6000 men, beinjA one halF of their training lift ; thcle men were paid by the province for their travel and attendance, Thisfecticn concerning the province of M 11 frachufctts- Bay, is levelled fo much, that fome heads in corr.mcn to all New-England, fiiall be deferred- to the following New-England fedion, and at prefent only mention i - "' > • Timber Of M A 8 S A C H U S E T T S-B A V. 537 Timber of many forts. Many kinds of pinff trees, i whereof the principal are the white pine, a beautiful tree of the bed ufe for mafting, and joiners work i and the pitch pine, the mother of turpentine, tar, pitch, oil of turpentine and rczin. Various kinds of oaksi the principal for (hip- building, and other con- (Ini^ions, are the white oak, the bed, the fwamp oak, i and the black oak. f Grain of various forts, fcarce any of them are na- [tivesor fpontaneous. Indian corn is the principal, rye thrives tolerably, as dolikewife phafeoli or kidney beans of fcvcral forts, called Indian or French beans •, all the I varieties of Englifli grain are fown, but do not grow icindly. Apples are very natural to the foil and climate, I flax grows well, and lately the people from the north of Ireland have improved the fabrick of linen and all other fpinning work. The foil feems not ftrong enough I for hemp, many trials have been made. Fiflicry, fee p. 294 ; whaling, I mean fifh oil and I whale-bone, have at prefent * failed us much, and our cod-filhing •, fifliing Icooners are not half lb many as a few years fince; anno 1748 only 5^ filhing fcooners latMarblchcad Cape- Anne 'i <''' '" 20 Salem ' ■--'•';.• 8 ' ' ^ -;'''* Ipfwich -^ 6 iThofe fchooners of about 50 tun, fifli in deep water (the deeper the water, the larger and firmer are the cod) •j" Oor continent fouthern colonies are peculiarly adapted for Igrain, tobacco (in South Carolina they are making trials for indigo, jcotton and filk) and deer-fkins. Our northern continent-colonies prcducc kindly pafturage, cyder, iifliery, furs, naval ftores, and I other timber. ' • Witliin thefe few years, our cod fiihery, whaling, .nnd (hip- j building hiivc lailed much ; and by peculation and depopulation, we iwerc like to have been carried into ruin; but it is to be hoped we jmay have Utter times ; at prefent our trade is not halffo much, at»tl jour taxc$ from 30 to 40 times more, than they weie a few years ago. ....... feven 538 ASuMMARY, Historical and Political i if VCR hands to each fcoonor, communibus anm:\ .,,y make 600 quintals per fcouncri generally five fai'.'j year, two feres are to the banks of the Ifland of Sable the other three fares are to Banquero, and to the other! banks along the Cape- Sable fhore. The merchantable dry cod are carried to the markets of Spain, Portugj] and Italy ; the refufe cod are fhipt off for the Weft! India iflands to feed the Negro (laves. Concerning the ftnall fifli, fee p. 303. A ftiirgeon fiihery in the fe.| veral branches of Sagadahock, fome years (ince, was en- couraged by a fociety of filhmongers in London, but from the mirmanagement of the undertakers, efpeciallyl as to proper vinegar, it turned to no account, and was] negledlcd ever fincc Mr. Dummer*s Indian war. Our provincial ftores in the truck-houfes for Indian! trade has always been very fmall j anno 1 746, when the Indian trade ceafed becaufe of the war •,, the Com- miflary for that trade reported, that he was accountablel to the province foraballance 13,324!. 6s. 4d. old tenor, in his hands. In New-England, beaver, other furs, and deer fkins, are become fo inconfiderable, they are fcarce| to be reckoned an article in our trade, fee p. 176. To givp u general view of the navigation of Mafla- chufetts-Bay, we may obferve, that in this province arcl two coUedlions or cuftom-houfes, Bofton and SalcmJ At Bofton cuftom-houfe, from their quarterly accounBl Chriftmas 1 747 to Chriltmas 1 748, foreign veffels clear-l cd out 540, eiurt'd in 430 -, about 10 years ago nearly the fame number : from the quarterly accounts ofl Bofton diftrid naval-office, on foreign voyages Mi- chaelmas 1747 to Michaelmas 1748, cleared out 491] vefiels, viz. Ships Snows 5' 44 Sloops Scooners 24J 9J Brigs 54 49'| Exckifive of filhing and coafting veffels of the preil vinces and colonies of Maffachufctts-Bay, New-Hamp' ■'4 ^^^\ Of Massachusetts-Bay. 5^9 ]hi% Connedlicuc and Rhode- Idand. This cuftom- boufe returns eommunibus annis, 200 1. fieri, for Green- wich hofpital. '^ Salem collection includes the ports of Salem, Marble- Ihead, Cape-Annu, Ipfwich, and Newbury. N. B. By amiftake p. 456. Newbury was laid to be a branch of the colledlion of New Hamplhire. From the cuftom- houfe quarterly accounts of Salem, from Michaelmas 1747 to Michaelmas 1748, cleared out vefTels upon foreign voyages 131, cntred in 96 ; viz. [Cleared out, Ships 4 I Entred in, Ships Snows 1 2 Brigs 2 1 Sloops 3 1 Scooners 63 »3» Snows Brigs Sloops Scooners cj I II II 18 55 |n which were Ihipt off to Europe 32,000 quintals of |iry cod-filh, to Weft-India iflands 3070 hogflieads (at 5to 7 quintals refufe cod-filh per hogfliead) for Ne- pprovifion. New- England ihips off no pickled cod- Mr.Blaiichandin, in anno 1721, of the cuftom-houfe fftrift of Salem, fays, That in the courfe of feveral ears preceding, communibus annis, he cleared out about lo veifels upon foreign voyages per ann. Ship-building is one of the greateft articles of our ade and manufadlure ; it imploys and maintains above f veral denominations of tradefmen and artificers -, lit as in all other articles, fo in this more particularly kr a few late years this country has the fymptoms of Igalloping (a vulgar expreflion) confumption, not fo fl'perate but by the adminiftration of a (kilfulphyfician, may recover an athletic ftate of health ; .fublata caufa p«r effe^us. I fhall ilkiftrate the gradual decay of pp-building, by the fliip-building in Bofton, meaning -fail veffels. , Anno 540 A Summary, Historical and PbLiTicAL,&(\ Anno 1738 on the flocks 41 vcfiels of 6324 tuns 1746 ao '749 15 2450 As to the decay of our cod-fifhery, I fhall only men- tion, that anno 17 16, upon my firft arrival inNev-l England, by the books of the two Cuftom-houfe di- ftri-ts of MalTachufetts-Bay, were exported i2o,'>(<4| quintals-, anno 1748 exported about 53,000 quintals. Rum is a confiderablc article in our manufadlures. It is diftilled from molafies imported from the Weft-In- dia iQands ■, it has killed more Indians than the warsl and their ficknefles -, it does not fpare white people I efpecially when made into flip, which is rum mixed! with a foul fmall beer, and the coarfeft of MufcovadQi fugarsv it is vented to ^U our continent colonies to| great advantage. Hats manufadlured and exported to all our colonies I is a confiderable article. Iron is a confiderable article in our manufaftures; iq confifts of thefe general branches : i . * Smelting-fuJ naces, reducing the ore into pigs; having coal enouolJ and appearances of rock ore ; in Attleborough wen erefted at a great charge three furnaces, but the or proving bad and fcarce, this proje(5tion mifcarriedast pigs : they were of ufe in calling of fmall cannon foj Ihips of letters of marque, and in calling cannon-bi and bombs toward the redudlion of LouKbourg. 2I , Refineries, which manufafture pigs imported frou New- York, Penfylvania and Maryland furnaces, in bar-iron. 3. Blodmeries, which from -f bog or fwarail ore, without any furnace, only by a forge hearth, re| * 1 20 bufhels charcoal is fuHicient to fmcit rock ore into cneti pigs; the compliriient' qf men for a furnace is 8 or 9, befulesci; I tcrs of the wood, coalers, carters, and other common labourers. + Bog or fwampore lies from half a foot to two feet deep; about 20 years from digging, it <];rows or gathers fit for another di^ jns ; if it lies longer it turns rully. and does not yield well: Tli '6 1 tuns <^{" hvamp-ort; yield about one tun of hollow ware. C'J Of Massachusei ts-Bay. 541 duce it into a bloom or femiliquidatcd lump to be beat into bars, but much inferior to thofe from the pigs or refineries. 4. Swamp * ore furnaces, from that ore fmelted, they caA hollow ware, which we can afford i cheaper than from England or Holland. Oil of turpentine diftilled from the New-England turpentine^ which yields the mod and beft oil •, and from Carolina turpentine ; as alfo refin or its refiduum, we defer to a digrelTion concerning naval {lores in the Ncw-Hampfhire fedion. , - ^/iifcellanies. The light-houfe at the cntrartGe of Bofton harbour was ereded anno 1715, colt 2385 1. 17s. 8 d. currency. Light-houfe money was id. in, and id. out, per tin. Anno 1 742 it was enacted at 2d. I old tenor in, and as much out, per tun, in foreign voyages. Coafters from Canfo in Nova- Scotia to j North-Carolina, 4 s. per voyage. !.' . * . ,< In caftie William, of the harbour of Bofton, are 104 I cannon, befides mortars ; whereof 20 cannon of 42 lb. ball, and 2 mortars of 13 inches Ihell arrived anno 1744* with all (lores, excepting gun-powder, at the charge of I the ordnance. 1711, Od. 2. In Bofton, the provincial court- houfe, land fenior congregational meeting-houfe, with many other good houfes, were burnt down; 1747, Dec. 9, [the provincial court-houfe was burnt, moft of the re- [cords in the Secretary's office v/ere confumed ; the [county records of land conveyances were faved. There is a public grainery in Bofton> for fupplying j)0or families with fmall parcels of grain and meal, at; [10 per cent, advance, for charges and wafte •, this jrainery is fufficient for 10 to 12, coo buftiels of grain It a time. * Col. Dunbar, anno 17^1, informs the Ponl-d of Trade and Plan- attons, that in N-jw- England were fix furnaces, mcpning hollov/ vare furnaces, and ic; forges, meaning blcnuiCiu.., i,oc :ciincrie3 ; 1 V lictbat time we had no j;>i^- furnaces, nor rcn^criCJ of pi^s. in 542 A Summary, HistbR ical andfoLiTicALjfitc. In New-England the people arc generally Congregai tionalifts. Many of the congregational churches havd Jaid afide public relations of their converting experien^ ces, which formerly was required previous to the admif. fion of their infant progeny to baptifm, and of them, felves to the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper j giving fatisfaftion to the minifter, of their faith and good life is deemed fuflicicnt. In Maflfachufetts-Bay are 2co "congregational churches, in Conne<5ticut about 120 in New-Hamplhire about 301 in Rhode-Ifland only 6 or 7, being generally Anabaptills, Quakers, and of fome other feiftaries. The feveral religious focieties in the town of Bofton annb i 749, are three churches of England, one North of Ireland Prelbyterians, 9 Congregationalifts, one French Hugonots, who by length of time have incor- porated into the feveral Englifh congregations, and at prefent are no feparate body, and have lately fold their church-building to a congregation of Mr. Whitfield's difciples ; two Anabaptifts, viz. one original, and one feparatift, one Quaker-meeting very fmall, Whitfield's feparatiftj and a feparatift of leparatifts. The ability and numbers in the feveral religious fo.| cieties in Bofton, may be gathered from a Sunday's con- tribution for charity to the poor of the town much di-l ftreffed by want of fire-wood in the hard winter, Fcb,| 1740- VIZ. 1. Dr. Cutler Mr. Price Mr. Daven- port 72 34 ^33 is. d. 1. s. i\ 14 2 Mr. Welftced 58 001 10 o Mr. Hooper 143 col 3 5 Mr. Foxcroft ^r, o| Dr. Col man — Di". Sevvall — . Mr. V/ebb — Mr. Gee ^ French church 14 11 jl 164 10 o Anabaptift 14 20I 105 105 71 o o Iriih meeting 27 5 o o Mr. Chcckky 72 12 oj 40 2 0| iQ .-:; Mr. Bvles IkiV.i Of MASSACllUSETTS-BAy. Harvard-College * in Majfachufetts-Bay, 54j Chcckley 72 12 o| Anno 1636, Winthrop Governor, Dudley Ddpiity- ICovernor, and Bcllingham Treafurer ; the General Af- Ifembly granted 400 1. towards a collegiate fchool, but lafterwards called a college ; this was not then applied ; jit received the addition of 779 1. 17 s. 2d. a donation Ibequeathed 1638 by Mr. Harvard, minifter of Charles- own i the name of the college perpetuates his memory ; lit is fituated in a healthful foil (not above one per cent, ofthefcholars die perann.) formerly a diftrift of New- Itown, and conftituted a townlhip by the name of Cam- bridge. 1640, The income of the ferry between Boilon and Charleftown was granted to the college •, it is now jet at 600 1. New-England currency, or 60 1. fieri, per inn. this ferry is about three miles from Cambridge. Anno 1642, The General Affembly appointed over- eers of this college, viz. the Governor, Deputy- Go- Irernor, the Council called Magiftrates, and the ordained ninifters of the fix adjoining towns of Cambridge, Water- jown, Charleftown, Bofton, Rockfbury, and Dorchefter. Their charter bears date. May 31, 1650; the cor- poration to confift of a Prefident, five Fellows, and a rreafurer or Burfer, to eledt for vacancies, and to make klaws ; the Overfeers have a negative. Thecollege-buildingconfiftsof a court built on three Ides, the front being open co the fields ; the building on liefiril fide was by a contribution, 1672, through the [hole colony of 1895I. 2 s. 9d. whereof from Bcf- I* In the continent of North- America, we have four colleges ; Thereof two are by charters from home, that of Virginia is dated jnoi692, that for New-Jerfeys is dated Oflober 22, 1746; thf Iher two are by provincial or colony charters. Harvard or Cam- Mge college of Maflachufetts Bay, and Yale College of ConneAicut. My do not alfume the names of univerfities or feminaries of univer- I learning ; perhaps the firft defign of the college in Maffachufetts- ly, was as a feminary for a fucccflion of able and learned gofpel- Inillers. a'i I toil |I44 A Summary, HisToftifcAL and Political,! ton about 800 1. it was called by the former namcHif. I vard College ; the building on the bottom fid^ ^^ erected anno 1699, at the charge of Lieut. Goverflj* Stoughton, and is called Stoughton-CoUegei confiftjflft of 16 chambers, garret-chambers included', thethim fide was built anno 1720, at the charge of the proviflg; and is called Maffachufetts-Hall, confiding of Zl chambers. Befides this court, there is a hoqfe fof i^\ Prefident at fome diftance from the court, and u J fmall diftance behind the Plarvard fide of the court jj- neat chapel, the gift of Mrs. Holden of London, wi- dow of Mr. Holden, a late director of the bank of eJ land. *^ The refident inftruIa».es, kfpc the iiniianiat a diilancc, and by harraiTiiigif ' them, brought them to a hapny peace. The Houfe of Reprelenti. tivcs have frequently voted, that our inland frontiers are bell fecur^ by fcoucirij:; paities in tune of war. i 744, they voted that the km on the froiuiers have n;K been employed in ranging according to thfj • v6tei-^(m .11 fcatteritip;garrirons, without making cxcurfions intotit 1: 'lian country, avail nothing j this war we had upwards of 50 . at a time. . »M 'rj-j^^ Houfe of Reprefentatives at times find fault with the managt. inept in our laft vrir. 174"', Feb. 6, It being rcj refcnted to 1 Hou e f Kepreftnrative?, that many of tiie foldiers railed for ta , (panada cxptdition, as \vtll ns thofe railed for the immediate Icn of the province labour under divers grievances prof er for the con deration 0/ this houle j therefore a comraittee is' appointed : wlnn'J levies fur the Cape-Ereion cxj edition were daily coming to M> g ♦ Vr? >" vV? _t' Of Massachusetts-Bay. ' 551 ind ranging parties further than our frontiers ; thus ihcy arc k(pt.if a diftancc from our fettlemenis, they are in- jjmidati'il, and fuhjcdt.ri ro the inconvenienciesof fick- pcfs hungf r-(hrvi;cl, and cold-ftarvcd by continued ha- rading. gt' Xhis U^ French and Indiiin war, we h.ive praflifed, the cantoning of our frontier forces in m.iny fmill par* ct'h, iind very little fcouting : but luckily the In'lians were muc!i reduced by former wars, and by their intem- pranre in th< ufc of rum ; ?nd of the fmall rem; .icr fome were called oft" by the Canada French to C n- Point, and f ;ine to Nova-Scotia : the only confic app/arance of the French and Indians upon our from.c.s this war, was in fummer, 1746, June 19, a large party appeared' a gainfi No. 4*, upon Connedlicut river, Capr, Sti;vc'ns, with 50 men fdoubtlefs private property con- (luad to aniriuite them) made a gallant and fuccefsful dLftncc ;ig.;ii 11 a large party of ihr enemy. Auguft 19, apntfy ofthc tr.c my commanded by M. Rigaud de Vau- CKil'l, ajpaud bff(jre Fort Mr-flachulctts ; the garri- fcn I'lirrCDiicKd prifoners to be iflieved the fijftcppor- tiin fy ; the tr.cmy plundered ihe fort, and burnt it ; this foit Wiis ly t li( alT; mhly dcfigned and allowed to be the b'ft fi.ppljicl w til icTces and (lores, becaufe it flanks cui frcriiJtr, Ltirg in its N. W. corner, and theneared r according to th;! the rcpicfcntativcs by meflage defire that the forces may be fent on board ihc tranf; ores, and other forces prevented from coming in, left they (liould be infeded with the fmall- pox.— 174'), June 13, voted ibata comiTiittce be appointed, to enquire into the complaints of the foldjtr* in fhc ciPern and weften frontiers, with refpeft to the fup- ply-of provifioiis. — Anda committee to prevent children under 16 act. from iiililt-ng.— 1 746, July 1 6, The Houfe in a meffage reprefent, that inducing of the men inipreiTcd for the frontiers into other mili- tary krvice, there was a great diftrefs upon the people, as requiring further imrreilcs; this may di'courage future houfes from (hewing tbcir zeal in like manner a^ this houfe has done. * Fhinca? Stephens and others, having made good improvements in No, 4, a little above the great falls ot Connedicut-river in the prO" vince of New- Ham ^fliire ; to maintain their fettlements, built a fort which wMaftetwardsgarriioncd by the province of Mafliichufetts-BflyJ : . l\l m 4. ■' ' ;iBf -^'«-'i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^/ .^ kf * A 1.0 i^UtUi «« lAi |22 I.I 11.25 £ lit £ 111 |1£ i mmit M ^:^^ ■^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 11 WHT MAIN tTMIT WIMflff.N.V. I4II0 in*)l71.4»03 '4^ ■4- fS^ A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec to Crown-:Point French fort ; in Maflachufetts forx were only 3 wpmpri, 5 |:hildren, 22 men, whereof onlji eigfic were ^in. health, a ferjcanc was the commanding officer,*- they were (hor^ of' an^munition, had only re- maining three |r four pounds of powder and as much ^ lead. The defi^ of ^ barrier again^ the Canada Frenci! jmd Indians, perhaps Wbuld have better been anfwerecl by foipt^ong places well fitted, viz. one on Quenebec ^iYer,.a)inle above Richmond fort, another high ypNa- wichawanock, or Salmon falls river, a third at the f crotch, or fork of Merrimack river, and the fourth at No. 4) on ConneAicutr|fer; thefe forts to ferve as places pif arnps for rendezvous, and as magazines for provifioiu and other 0ores ; 2qo e^e^ive men to be allowed to c^ch of* themi^ay be reinforced upon ocpfion) not •\ impceiTed men, excepting for occafional reinforcements, but voluntiers in good pay, with generous fcalp and captiyt pipeni|iums i one t^M^ of the men alternately to t)e^b)road in the wilderntfs 4t a confiderabllltidvanccd ^ifl^m;e from ;he barrier, ranging and fcouting; the pther half to remain \n garrifon. In this fitu.ation o(< fcjjifiyeand defi^nfive, no flculking parties would venture ^o attempt our fettlements, and our out-plantatipns or farms would uninterruptedly continue under cultivation for the general good 91 the province, as well as for the private intereft of the proprietors. Bpfides the ordinary forts of George's, Pemaquid,Rici\. mond,Saco, and fort Dummer, there were additional new forts or block-houfes in the weftern parts, fort Maffachu- feits, Pelham, Shirley, Colerain, Fall-town, Dinfdale, Northfield, Deerfield, 'Road-to\vn, New-Salem, "Win- cheftcr,Lower Afhuel6t,Upper Afli.uelot, No. 4, Pequi- oag, Nafhawog, Naraganfet, No. 2, Browns, Leoniinfter, * liere we fuppofe MafTachufetts-Bay and Ne>v-Hampflure ailing ^concert. f ImprejTed men cannot be long detained from their families and bufincfsf consequently muft be frequently rdieved by a rotation ff jaw men. not accuilomed to this duty. , ,. , , ^ , ^■ ' . Lunenburg, 4k f Of M A S S A C Hy,S E t T S-B AY. Jfj^l tpnenbvirg, Town(hend, Groton, New Ipfwich, Salem, panada, Souhegan Weft, New Hopkinton, Great Meft- |(lows, Concacook, Rumford, Suncook; i(i the eai^ern jMits wcrePhilips Town, Berwick, Kktery, York,Wcll«, krundel,Btddiford, Scarborough, Falmouth, Sacarippee» NaraganrctNo. 7 orGorham's, New Marblehead, North Yarmouth, Xopfom, Wiflicaflret or Unkfechufet, Rices pfCharlemont, George Town or Arrowfick, Wifcaflet, Sheepfcpt, Damarafcotti, and Eaft George's j tseing in all 56, generally infufficient cantonments ; whereof 15 [are in another province. In the inland frontiers many of the oqt farm houfes I have jets in their corners, with loop holes for fmall arms, and may be called cazernes. For the feveral tribes of the New England or Abna- qui Indians*. In the late wars with the £ngUni9 by cold and hunger, by ficknefs, apd by immoderate ufe offpirits, thefe Indians decreafe faft. It is true, that in hhe late wars with the Indians, we loft more people than [the Indians loft, becauf^ we had more people to lofe,and Ibecaufe the Indians know better where to lind us, than Iwe know where to find them. The variety of enfigns or fignatures of the Indians of' North America, are the Tortoife, Bear, and Wolf. We have given feme account f of the New Eng- land Indian wars or incuriions down to the Revolution, pd from thence we now proceed. King William's re- solution in Englarid was November 1688, m New Eng- land the Revolution happened in April 1689 ; from that [ime to anno 1 749 in Ipace of fixty years we have had ; Indian wars. ' . 1. In the adminiftratlon of Governor Phipps and Jeutenant-governor Stoughton from 1688 to January I 1698,9. 2. Under Governor Dudley from Auguft 10, 1703, • July 17, 1 7 13. !P. 183. t P. i8g, i'c.| - . f y .3. Under / 554 A Summary, HisTORicALand Political, &c. -3. Under Lieutenant-governor Dummer from Julyl t5» «722, to Dec. 15, 1725. I 4. UndcrGovernor Shirley from November 1744101 1749 We (hall takfc no notice of the Spanifh war, whichi •was proclaimed ^n London, Odt. 1739, and inBoftonl of New Kngland April 1740, becaufe it did not inthj Jeaft affcjft our inland frontier, nor our fea coaft; the exJ pedition againft theSpaniih Veft India fettIements,coni.| jmonly called the Cuba expedition, ordered from home I was a very great difadvantage to our young colonies of North America ; the American reG,iment, divided intol four Battalions, confifting of about 3600 men, whercof[ fcarce any leturned , depopulated our plantations very! inuch i of the 500 men Tent from MalTachufetts B iv,| not exceeding ao returned. The New England men compofed the third battaliion, excepting the two Rhode-] Ifland companii'S that were incorporated into the firll battaliion in place of two North Carolina companies in-j corporated in the third battaliion. The feveral coioniea ■were at the charge of levy money, of provifions, and of tranfports for their rtfpedive quotas*, th'°y werd paid oft or ciifmififd Gel". 24, 1 742, and allowed to keepj ^ tiieir cloathing and firelocks. The 50a men froni JViairachuft't s iliy for the Cuba expedition coll us abouq 37,500!. old tenor, which ai ihat time was equal tq 70001. llerl. '\^,i ; - • . 5 r ; I. Phipps and Stoughton's Indian war. Anno i6S8j general vyar began to be hatched in Europe-, aad diJ caftern Abnaquie Indians by inftij^ations nt the Canadi French, up!'>n prerencebl the Kn^^ulh encroaching upcil their lands and cheating them in trade, became uiieafJ and begr.n an open rupture by depredations atNortf Ykrmoiith and Shcepfcot, when Governor Andros v.'i in his o her gcjvcrnmeiit ol New York; captives verj made on both (idts-, A.ndrosupon his return fromNcwl York returned the Indian prifoners, without receivi:^ QfMASsACHusETT s-Bay. 55^ Iffom t^? Indians the Englilh which they had captivated. [in the fpring 1689 at Quochecho in New Hampfhire, a large party of Indians killed major Waldron, and about 20 people more, they carried away about as many cap- hives; the preceding winter Governor Andros with 1000 men marched to theeaftern parts and built fmall forts atPemaquid, Sheepfcotand Pejepfcot. Nov. 1689 our army went into winter quarters, and left garrifons in IWells, York, Berwick, and Quochecho* Anno 1690 MafiachufettsBay fent 160 men to Albany I in New York government for their protedtion againft [the Canada French and Indians. Anno 1692 Sir William Phipps with 450 men marches hothe eaftward, and built a good fort at Pemaquu eaft of Quenebec river ; in Auguft 1696 at Pemaquid the French lanc^ed a few men to join the Indians, capt. Chub who had fucceeded capt. Church in the command of the fort with 95 men double armed, bafely furr«ndred, the French demoliflied the fort; in this fort were fbur- I teen cannon mounted, whereof fix were eighteen pounders. Anno 1693, June 12, arrived atBofton Sir Francis I Wheeler's fquadron, fitted out to diftrefs the French co- lonies in America, he made fome vain attempts upon Martinico and Guadaloupe. Purfuant to inftruftions Sir Francis propofes to the Governor and Council, the jitempting of Quebec in Canada, to fail by the beginning I of July with a recruit of 4000 men, and four months provifions; this could not be complied with upon fo I Ihort notice, the fquadron imported a malignant, ill conditioned fever, which deftroyed many of our people, and failed from Bofton Auguft 3, attempted Placentiaof Newfoundland in vain; arrived in England October 13, with hands fcarce fufficient to bring the fliips home. How inhumanly do fovereignties play away their men! TKfe' Canada French not capable to fupply the Indians with provifions and ammunition, occafioned a fubmif- fion of the Penobfcot, Quenebec, Amarefcogin, and Saco jqdiansjby a treaty at Pemaquid, Auguft 12, 1693; the . . articles # #■ N' 556 A Summary, Historical and Political, 8cc A ^^ I articles were, i. To abandon the French incerefti 2. To deliver all captives. 3. A free trade. In fome ftort time Canadar eceived from France confidcpablc fupplies and the Canada French perfuaded the Indians to break out again July 18,1694, by killing and captivating many ©four people upon the frontiers : and afterwards many fcuffles of no confcquencc. Anno 1697 A fquadron from France was defigned to make a defcent upon New England, but were difperfed in a ftorm. Soon after the French peace of Refwick 1697, ourl casern Indians fubmitted Jan. 7, 1698,9. 2. Dudley's Indian war. About feven weeks af'-'^r an| infidious congrcfs at Cafco, with the Penobfcot, NV ridgwoag, Amerafconti, Pigwocket and Penacook Indianj Auguft 10, 1703, M. BobalBer with about 50^ French and Indians in feveral divifions, by lurprizc invaded a frontier of about 40 miles extent from Cafco to Wclb and York, and made a moft barbarous havock (a FrenchI ir.ifllonary maflacre) fparing neither age nor fex \ about 200 men, women and children were murdered. (The affem.bly voted 40 1. premium for each Indian fcalpor captive; in the former war the premium was 12 1.) This maflacre was foon after the congrefs with the Indi- an delegates in June 20, 1703, the Indians then made I great piofefllons of friendlhip, they received our pre- ients, trading places and price;s of commodities were I agreed upon. All this war, the five nations called the New York Indians (land neuter, and by this ftratagem the! Dutch of New York by means of thefc Indians carried on | sun advantageous trade with the French of Canada. • Anno 1 703,4, Feb. 29, the French and Indians about I 25CK, commanded by M. Arte'il made a moft barbarous inhumane incurfion upon Deerfield ; they killed about 60 perfons, captivated about 100 with Mr. Williams their minifter, of the captives they killed at times about | 21 when unfit for travel. . .. . Annol Of M A S 8 A C ff U 1 1 T T 8-B A y. 557 Anno 1704, June. Caleb Lyman at CowafTuck on Connecticut river, with i Englifliman and 5 Mohegan Indians, killed 8 enemy Indiani out of 9 ) ourafTembly gave them a reward of 31 1. Major Church with 550 I voluntiers vifits Penobfcot, Mount Defert, Pefanftquady jind Minas of Nova Scotia, but made no attempt upon Port-Royal *, he brought away many prifoners. M. Boocore, with 2 miflionariei, and 700 French and Indians I defigned an incurHon upon New England, but from dif- ferences amongd themielves they difperfed, fome of them conforted and did damage at LAncafter, Groton, Amef- bury, Haver- hill, Exeter, Oyftcr- River, Dover, &c. In the winter col. Hilton with 270 men vifits Noridgwoag^ but found no Indians. In the winter feafons the Indians I do not fo much damage as formerly, the Englifh having got into the ufe of raquettes or fnow-fhoes. A French privateer fhallop was caft away upon Plymouth fhore ; I aftorefhip for Canada was taken by an Englifh Virginia fleet. The French from Placentia do damage, 1704 and 1705, in feveral Englifli harbours in Newfound- , land *. Capt. Crapoa in a French privateer, carries 8 of I our filhing-veflels to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia. Anno 1706, the Indians do damage at Oyller-river, , in April. In July, 270 French and Indians made in- curfions atDunftable, Amefbury, Kingfton, Chelmsford, Exeter, Groton, Reading, and Sudbury. Capt. Rous with a flag of truce was fent to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia to negociate prifoners ( his management was fault- ed f. Mr. Shelden was fent to Canada twice to redeem captives. Col. Hilton with 220 men ranges theeaftern fromiers, and killed many Indians. About this time the premiums for Indian fcalps and captives were advanced byaftof afltrmbly, viz, per piece to impreffed men 10 1. to voluntiers' in pay 20 1. to voluntiers ferving without . |pay 50 1, with the benefit of the captives and plunder. Anno 1707-8, March 13, from Bofton failed CoJ. il '* ► ^y • See p. 290. t See p. 307, JJ* ^' » V- Church, 55S A Summary, Histor ical and Political, &c; Church, with two New England regiments, upon an expedition againd Port-Royal, SubercafVe governor*, he I leturned rt infeSfa ♦. Anno 1708 in the fpring, a body of 800 French and Indians was formed, with defign to invade the inland frontiers of New England, but diflTering amongd them* ielves they feparated, 150 of them concerted and madej an incurfion upon Haverhill, killed the miniiler Mr. Rolf and many others. Col. Hilton with 170 men vi- fits Amarafconti and Pigwocket. » Anno 1709, in April and June, Deerfield was haralTed I by 180 French and Indians commanded by M. Revel, ibn-in-law to M. Arteil. Col. Nicholfon and Capt. Vetch at the court of Great Britain propofe a conqucft iOf Canada by fea and land forces -f; this in appearance | or iembiance was encouraged by the court, and inftruc* tions were lent to the feverai provinces to furnifl^ certain I <]uota'«, to be cloathed, armed, and paid at a Briti(h thai^e, but by political management at court, after a confiderable expence, this was dropr, and an expedition againft Port-Royal of Nova Scotia was diredted for thej following year || . Anno 1711, near Exeter the Indians kill feverai peo- ple, col. Hilton and others were killed, and fome capti- vated : in Chelmsford major Tyng and fome others were I killed ; and weft ward, fome were killed at Marlborough, Brookfield, Simfbury, and Waterbury. In winter col, Walton ranges the Clam bank fliores eaftward. The ab-| ortive fcheme for reducing Quebec and Placentia, con- (equently all Canada and Newfoundland, by an expedi* tion under General Hill and Admiral Walker §. In A-l pril the Indians do damage eaftward. We loft 20 fifhingi veflels on the Cape-Sable fhore, by the negligence of ourl <5uarda la Coftas. Capt. Carver takes a French privateerj from Placentia of 45 men. Upon the frontiers of Vir- •^ • See p. 308. t See p. 308. ]| See p. 308. § See p. 51'. ■ ' ^' .*'" ginia,! '*:, W - ' t I m OfMASSACHUSBTTS-BAY. $$9 jginia, the French and their Indians murder many inha- Ibitants. Upon advice of a rufpenfion of arms between Great JBritian and France in Europe, the Indians applied for an accommodation by fubmiflTion •, accordingly at Portf- inouth of New Hampfhirf, July ii, 1713, the Indian delegates had a congrefs with the commifTioners of the New England colonies ; the bafis of the fubmifllon was the treaty ar Penobfcot, Augu(tii« 1693; And that any difference between a Briton and Indian, fhall be if* fued in a Britifli court of judicature ^ thefe Indians were called of the rivers of St. John's, Penobfcot, Quenebec^ Amerefcogin, Saco, and Merimack i Mauxis was their I chief. 3. Governor Shute and Lieut. -governor Dummer*s Indian war*. The Canada miffionaries 171 7 perfuaded {the Indians, with thrcatnii gs, to claim fome lands fettled by the EiigliOi, this was compromifed at ArrowHck in JAuguft. Anno 17 19, the Indians were moved by the Canada French to renew the fame claims, but a limall ifcout of 60 men kept them in awe. Anno 1720, the I Indians were atlviita by the French to be more infoient, bykillingof catric, and ihrLatning the lives of the inha- [bitantsi col. Wa'toii with 200 men brought them tofub* jiniflion, and received tour Indian hoOages for their future good btliavipur. I'ht Car ada French continuing untafy I bt'caufc of our enlarged T-rtlements, anno 172 1 M. Croi- izcr from Canada, M. St. Caflecn from Pcnoblcot, Rolle andDe laChafle French mifiionanes with nbout :joo In- dians, make a geneia' appearance at Arrow fi k an ifland of Sagidah )ck, thrcdtning that if theEnglifh did not re- move from the ( laimed Indian lands in three weeks, they would kill the people, burn the houfes, and deftroy their |caitle; accordingly at Mcny-meeting bay oi Qucncbec river, June 13, 1722, the Indians made a beginning and captivated Love, Hamilton, Hanfard, 1 refcut, and * See fome anticipating accounts, p. 199 and 317. Edgar, \t **;, ■'% ^.- gSo A Summary, HisTombAi and PoLftxcAL, &c. Edgar. July 5, 1722, in Bofton thefe Indians were proclaimed enemies and rebels* Capt. Herman with 1 Kouc killed feveral Indians upon Quenebec Hner. A body of Indians at Arrowfick kpl fome people, burnt 66 dwelling-houfes, and deftroyed 50 heacf of cattle } they in vain attempted Richmond fort upon Quenebec river, tnd St. George's fort near Penoblcot ( ttiey feized an Englifli floop at Pefamaquady, * in vain attempted An. napolis of Nova-Scotia, they furprized 16 of ourfi(hing ▼eflels near Canfof . Lovel with hit fcouting party of I voluntiers was of great fervicc, but at lafl; unfortunate. The great havock of Indians by a large fcouting party made at Noridgwoag ||. At Noridgwoag a fcouting party fome time before this feized fome letters from the Governor General of Cnnada to miflionarv Ralle, ex- horting all the French miflionarics, notwitnftanding of | the profound peace between Great Britain and France, to incite the Indians to adb vigorouHy asainft theEnglilh. . The Indians at times did fome fmall damages upon our | frontiers ; they invefted fort St. George near Penobfcot,{ 30 days without fuccefs. Anno 1723, Auguft 21, arrived in Bofton 63 Indians of the Six New York nations, with a fham propofai of | alliance againft our Eaftern Indians 1 their real projeA was only to receive prefents ( they returned home with* out ftipulating any fuccours. • Anno 1723, Nov. 17, arrived in Bofton a me%e| from the general of Canada, by capt. Le Ronde Denie, and Lieut, de Ramfay de troupes marines. 1725,1111 January, col. Thaxter and Dudley, from Mairdchuretts> I bay, and Mr. Atkinfon from New Hamplhire, fctout with a meiTage to expoftulate with the French govern- ment of Canada, concerning their inciting and aflllling of our rebellious Indians, The Indians much harralTed by our frequent fcoutsto Penobfcot, Noridgwoag, White Hills, &c. and by our * See p. 317. t Sec p. 317. jj See p. 199; ' rangers Of Mass AC Hu setts-Bay. 561 I nngcn vifiting their carrying- places, clam-banks, Bill- ing, fowling, and hunting grounds ; fubmicted to our own terms, f Bofton, Dec. 25, 1725; which was after- wards ratiBed at Cafco, Aug. 5, 1726. By this Indian war, th^fe Indians weric fo much reduced, that in the 'late French and Indian war from 1744 to 1749 v/c fuf- ifcred very little upon our frontiers. All the fuppliei from 1720 to 1725 inclufive, did not exceed 242,000 1. whereof 10,000 1, old tenor pjr ann. defrayed the ordi- nary charges of government, a notorious inrtance of ho- , nefty, frugality and good management. The forces, were allowed per week, 10 s. pay, and 6 s. provifions. 4. Governor Shirley's French and Indian war. ^he, war againft France was proclaimed in Bofton, June 2, 1744; and to guard agaihfl; the French and Indian in- curfions, 500 men were impreffed ; whereof 300 for the eaftern frontier, viz. 50 from each of the militia re- giments of Pepperell, Gerrifh, Berry, Plaifted, Saltonftall and Phipps; and 200 men for the weftern frontier, viz. 50 from each of the regiments of Chandler, Ward, Willard and Stoddard 5 25 men from each regiment of Wendell at Bofton, and Gouge, for reinforcing of the or- dinary (landing garrifons, viz. George's fort to 40 men, Pemaquid to 24, Richmond to 25, Brunfwick to 12, Saco to 20 men ; no detachments were made from the militia of the old colony of Plymouth. ^6 barrels gun- powder were fcnt to the fcveral townlhips, to be fold to the inhabitants at piipie cod including charges. In fummer 1 744, upon the breaking out of the French war, the Prefident col. Mafcarene, and council of Nova Scotia, reprcfent the weak ftate of the garrifon of An- napolis, and ill condition of its fortifications ; the af- fembly of the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, generouQy fent them a reinforcement of 200 men in four compa- nies, allowing 25 1, levy-money per man (the men to t See p. 200. Vol. I. Nn iBnd §6i A Summary, Historical and Poiitical, ftt find their own arms) and 3 months provifion, their pay I Rnd further vidlualling was from Great- Britain ^ they Cdntinued about 18 months in pay,^ and were of gooj lervice a^ainft M. Lutre and Duvivier's attempts upon Annapohs*. I The'Cape Sable and St. John's Indians of Noya-Sco< Cia having in fummer under M. Lutre made an attempt upon Annapolis, they were proclaimed rebels and ene. miesat Botton, November 1744, from three miles eaii • of Pafamaquady river; and 400 1. old teoor granted a premium tor each fcalpt or captivated Indian. When it was found that the Penobfcot and Noridgwoag In- dians had joined them, tl)e declaration of war was ex. tended to thefe, Auguft 23, 1745} thcfe Indians having burnt a fort at St. George's, fome houfes> and killed | many cattle. This war, fo far as it relates to Nova- Scotia, has al* I ready been mentioned f . i. M. Lutre with 300 CapcJ Sable and St. John's Indians, did attempt the for: of An- napolis in June 1744. 2. Duvivier with the fame In-j dians and fbme regular troops from Louifbourg, in alU- bout 800 men, in September invefted and fummpned the | fort, and after 3 weeks retired to Minas. 3. M. Marin from Canada, with about 900 French and Indians in May 1745 made a (hort appearance before the fort, and re* tired to Minas, thence to proceed towards the relief of I Ijouifbourg ; they were intercepted. 4. M. de Ramfay with about 1600 men French and Indians from Canada arrives at Minas in fummer 1746, defigned to join Duke d'Anvilk's armament at Chebufto i towards the end of September he came before Annapolis, but made no af- fault ; being advifed of the return of the French fleet for France, he retired to Minas and Chichani6to, and from thence next fummer to join a French fleet and land | forces towards reducing of Annapolis *, in the winter 1746-7 about 500 to 600 of De Ramfay *s men from ♦, , ,f See p. J19. t See p. 3x9. Chicanifto, or MAtSACHUStTTVBAV. $$$ jChicanidlQ, furprized the New-England forces cantoned at Minas, and did much havock *. The French return to Chicanifbo waiting the arrival of la Jonquiere's fquih dron from France, but upon advice of this fleet being dedroyed in Europe, deRamfay returns to Canada, and [Nova Scotia fufFered no further diflurbance. Thofe 500 men of the Canada levies, were the fecond {reinforcement fent by Maflfachufetts-Bay to Nova-Scotia, (hey were about 12 months in pay, and the remains of I them returned to Bollon in Autumn 1747. Odtob. 31, 1 747, all the Canada leviesweredifmi(led» land next day, November i, about 270 of them in fix I companies lided as a third reinforcement for Nova Sco* tia, they were allowed Britifli pay, and a full cloathing, I but foon wore out *, they were ordered home in the (e* verity of winter, 1748-9, and in rags, but by kind Providence, they generally arrived fafe, and were dif- mifled February 24, 1 748-9. For the three Canada expeditions that have been prO' I jtCttd, but not eflTcded fince the Revolution, fee p. 309, etc. The Canada levies of 1 746 were under the direc* tion of Sir Peter Warren and Mr. Shirley, with an in- (Irudion to employ them occafionally, as in difcretion they might think proper *, accordingly,' late in the year, when the river of St. Lawrence was become i mpraftica- ble, they cantoned 900 of them, part of the Crown- Point de (I inat ion (2000 under Waldo and Dwight were the whole) along the frontiers in double pay, national and provincial, and 500 were fent to Nova Scotia. In eutumn, 1747, Knowles and Shirley, by indrudtions from home, had the dire^ion of Nova Scotia. For the afl^ir of Cape-Breton, a miraculoufly fucccff- ful expedition f , our colony people love frolicks^ they continued in pay about 1 8 months. For the North- America fea campaigns of 1744, 1745, 2 746, and 1 747 §, to thefe we may add, that in the winter •Seep. 324, fSeep. 33;, 34S. JSeep. 338,ctc. Nn2 *748-9» i I 564 A StTMMAny, Historical and Political, &c; 1748-9, all the (lation (hips of North-America \vere| tailed offf to form afquadron againft St. Jago dcCuba, but ill vain ; the French and Spanifh privateers improv. led this opportunity of « naked coaft, took many of our velTelSf impime they failed op Delaware river to withifll a few miltis of Philadelphia, and many leagues up CheJ ■f^peak bay of Virginia, and up Cape-Fcar river of| North- Carolina. Toward* the Crown-Point expedition, 1746, wefentl by water to Albany four months provifions for 1500 men with tents, a 13 inch mortar, and — barrelsol gunpowder i the ricknelTcs at Albany, and the alarm from d'Anvillc's fquadron luckily put a check. I III the fummcr, 1748, notwithftanding of a cciTitioni of anus in Europe being notified, fome aflbciated ban. ditti Indians in the French influence, did damage at Saratoga at fort Maflfachufetts, in our eadern country ; I and at St. John's river of Nova- Scotia, they killed Ibmc men belonging to the Anfon and Warren of the ordnance. There arc ieveral mifccllany affairs belonging to this article, to be related in a fhort loofe manner ; which may fcrve as common place for future hiftorians. The n^ Indian nations of New- York, by the Dutch trading influence, didamongft themfelves refolve to ftand neuter, the Oiicicles and Cayuges, French prieft-rid, re- fufwd a niftfing of delegates dcfired by Governor Clin- ton, In Auguft and September 1746 MaflTachufetts- Bay fent Gommiflloners to confer with thefe Indians at Albany t and 1748, Mafldichufetts fent their Gover- nor and otiicr commiflioners there to concert war affairs when the war was over. 1746, The French and their Indians from Crown- Point commit many barbarous murders and depredations at Kararogo near Albany. 1747, The militia garrifon of Saratogo carry oflr" the ordnance and ftores, and burn the fort, without orders from the Governor or govtrii- inent, as it is faid. . in the rpring, 1744, arrive in Bofton the KingV. gift 10 Of Mass achusett8-Bay. 5^5 [to Cadle- William of 20 cannon of 42 pound ball, and h mortars of 13 inches, with all ftores, excepting gun- Ijiowder. I Anno 1744, the provincial aflembly voted a range |of forts to be built between Connecticut river and New JYork boundary line, viz. Fall-fight, Colerain, Shirley, iPelham, and Maffachufetts. In the fpring 1745, the province frigate Maflachufetts Uas launched, the fund was 6d. per ton each voyage up- lonveiTels in foreign voyages, and 6d. per ton perannuni |oDfi(hing and coafting veflels of the province. For the years 1745, 1746, and 1747 the premium for llndian fcalps and captives loool. old tenor per head jtovoluntiers, and 400 1. to imprefTed men, their wages |ifld fubfiftence-money to be deducted. 1747, Auguft, arrives in Bofton, 2 1 days paflage from iQuebec in Canada, a French flag of truce with 172 pri- Ifoners and captives Briiilh j 70 of the Britifh died in IQuebec ; their allowance there per day was one pound indahalf bread, half a pound beef, one gillofpeafe, «th fpruce beer. 1747, we fenta flag of truce, Augjfl: i, from Bofton mh 63 French prifoners, delivered at L'ifle de Bafque, j5 leagues below Qiiebec, and received 16 Britifh pri- bners, returned to Bofton Odlober 3. On our eaftern and weftern frontier, and in the inter- Dicdiate province of New Hampfliire, befides ordinary arrifons, there were, anno 1745, about 747 men for [ummcr j 1746, about 1270 men for fummer, and 315 for winter ; 1747, about 1676 men (the Canada 900 levies included) for the fummer, and 509 for winter ; 1748 (including 200 men from Conncfticut) 1410 men for fummer, and 524 for winter, 50 from Conne(5licut Included. 1749, beginning of February, the peace which hai eenfigncd at Aix la Chapelle the 7th of Oftober, 1748, vas proclaimed in London, and in Bofton May loth [allowing. After : H "¥* ^66 A Summary, Historical and Political,&c; After the conclufion of the peace with France and Spain J by order of the general of Canada confidera, ble number of people, confifting of (as it is faid) fomjl {-regular troops, Canadians and Indians, made a fhortap pearance near Bay Verte of Nova Scotia, they pretendedl that their bufinefs was to cut fire- wood for the expecitt^ French troops to garrifon Louifbourg, but the real deJ iign feems to have been, to keep up their claim to foJ part of Nova Scotia, left Great Britain in after tiniejl ihould claim, prefcription from ah uninterrupted pofJ fcffion J fome Ihortiime after this the Governor- generall of Canada by a formal letter to the Government off Nova Scotia, put in a French claim to the nonhenil parts of Nova Scotia*. Peace being now fully fettled, the court of Great! Britain feems to be in earneft (fince the peace of Utrechtl negledled) in fettling of Nova Scotia, as appears by thel ibllowing extract from the original piece. . WbUehallf March 7, i748-9,j APropofal having been prefented unto his Majeftyj for the eftablifhing a civil government in the pro-l vince of Nova Scotia in North America, as alfo fori the better peopling and fettling the faid province, andl extending and improving the fifhery thereof, by grant{ ing lands within the fame, and giving other encourage, ments to fuch of the officers and private men lately dif.[ miffed his majefly's land and fea fcrvice, as fliall bev;il.| ]ing to fettle in the faid province : and his majefty hav- ing fignified his royal approbation of the purport of thel faid propofals, the right hon. the Lords commiffionersi * The General of Martinico's French claim laft winter to thel ifland of Tobago, 4c leagues louth from Barbadot* s, and compre- hended in the commidlon of the Governor of Barbadoes, was fomej thing of this nature. It is probable, that claims of this kind will be brought before thel commiffaries or commiffioners ufually appointed to fettle fome conT ccrns, which otherwife would have prottaded the negotiations tor al general peace. ■ t "' fori % Of Massachusetts-Bay. g6f hjt Trade and Plantations do, by his Majefty's com- Land, give notice, that proper encouragement will bd ' ■given to fuch of the officers and private men lately dif- LiTed his Majefty's land and fea fervice, and to artificers IflecefTary in building or hufbandry, as are willing to ac- Icept of grants of land, and to fettle with or without Ifamilies in the province of Nova-Scotia. To the fettl^rs qualified as above, i. will be granted Ipaflage and fubfiftence during their paiTage, as alfo for the (pace of twelve months after their arrival. 2. Arms and ammunition, as far as will be judged necelTary for their defence, with proper utenfils for Jiu(bandry, fifli- ery, erecting habitations, and other neceilary purpofes. 3. A civil government, to be eftablilhed with all the privileges of his Majefty's othei; colonies or govern* Lents in America, and proper meafures will be taken I for their fecurity and profedion. The lands granted Ihall be in fee-fimpic, free from the Ipayment of any quit-rents, or taxes, for the term of ten years ; at the expiration whereof no perfon to pay more than one Ihilling fterling per annum, for every fifty acres fo granted; the lands are to be granted with the fol- lowing qualifications and proportions. 50 Acres to every private foldier or feaman, and 10 lacresover and above to every perfon (including women and children) of which his family (hall confifl, and fur- ther grants to be made to them, as their families (hall lincreaie. 80 Acres to every officer under the rank of an enfign lin the land fervice, and that of a lieutenant in the fea fervice, and 15 acres to every perfon belonging to the {family. 200 Acres to every enfign, 300 to a lieutenant, 400 I to a captain., 600 to any officer above the rank of a cap- tain in the land fervice; in the fea fervice, 400 acres to a lieutenant, 600 acres to a captain ; 30 acres to jevery perfon belonging to fuch families. Reputed fur- gcons. i; ■^■■mt m*. .-'^^ K. -it., 1^ 15* A Suhf^iARY, Historical and Po|.iTicAL^c. V j|cpns, whether they have been in his Majefty*s fcrvicc . „;j^r not, (hall be in |he capacity of cnfigns. . ;^W All perfons defirous to engage, are to enter their names in the month of April, 1749, at the Trade and Plantation office^ or with the Commiflioners of thei Navy ^efiding at Portfmouth and Plymouth. Omitted in the article of Cape- Breton, The French people tranfported from Louifbourg to I France (including the Vigilant's men) preceding July ' , 17, 1745, 4130, whereof 1822 via Bofton, and 76via New-Hamplhire. The French, while in Bofton, were ^f. allowed in old tenor per week, viz. an inhabitant from ''^' Cape- Breton 20 s. a failor 15 s. captain of the Vigilant 5 1. fecond captain 3 1. each officer 405. \ N.B. This volume begins January 1746-7, and ends May 1749, i0^ End of the Firft Volume. * * i' rCAL^C. f^ fcrvicc, Jntcr their Trade* and ers of the! jifbourg to ' eding July and 76 via jfton, were jitant from he Vigilant I i May 1749. .»>^1