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My Dear Friends, Your old acqiuiintance Martin presents himself again to you in his original character of a sincere adviser, the more wil- lingly as he knows that many of you have observed his former Hints with advantage to yourselves, but grievously aware also, that t(M), too many who have not been a!)le or disposed to follow them, are sunk more and more in wretch- edness — sufferers under famine and disease — or instruments and victims of lawless depreda- tion. Many, however, to avoid these dreadful emer- gencies, have lately sought in emigration, a f)ru- dent remedy against the evils which hung over -^ .r,ii J.v./i them, and multitudes of relatives and neighbours only await a favourable report to follow their example. When I speak of this to you as a prudent re- medy, you may be sure that I approve and recommend the measure. Do not however ima- gine that I want to get rid of my old friends : crack-brained and improvident as you, my Irish ones, are, "I will love you still" and will serve you to the best of my power, and that I am doing so, at this very moment that I write, you will hereafter acknowledge. I do not want to strip the country of Its popu- lation — the landlords of their tenantry — or the snug farmer of his comfortable subsistence, by urging any wild and doubtful speculation. I am for letting " well enough alone," or if it is to be bettered, let it be at liome ; but I am very desi- rous to rescue from overwhelming distress, those who struggle without succeeding, paupers in every thing but i health and strength, in able bodies, and willing minds. A field is now open to such adventurers, and I would, from my heart, exhort them to try it. It is not that I am tired of you, but that I wish you well ; it is not that I am affronted be- cause many of my countrymen (in particular) have not minded my hints on wholesomeness and cleanliness, going on still with the old wig or stocking in the broken window, but it is that I would wish you where bodily strength will earn you bodily nourishment in abundance for iboiirs their mt re- e and r ima- iencls : my (I will that I write, pop II- or the ce, by I am s to be Y clesi- , tliose ers ill II able V open heart, that I ed be- ieular) neness Id wig is that :h will ce for I yourselves and families, and where an indus- trious offspring may rise by degrees, in affluence and comfort, to the possession of a hit of an estate to bo handed down, with tenements, stock, ^:c. to a succeeding generation. And though I would not advise the pra.sperous farmer or artisan, to relinquish his advantages and comforts at home, yet as those who contem- plate the subject of emigration are probably the best judges of their own private views and cir- cumstances, 1 shall try to suit to various classes the information which the following pages will contain, and which I have sought out for you, my humbler friends, with great industry, and now place before you, purely for the j)urpose of serv- ing you, and of putting you in the right way, by guiding you to UPPER CANADA, by ex- plaining to you its circumstances and advan- tages, and by guarding you against the blunder you might otherwise commit, by settling in the States, or in other parts of America. With this sole object, I have prepared the following sheets for your guidance and informa- tion, assuring you, at the same time, whether at home or abroad, of the kindest good wislies and heartiest good will of your disinterested adviser, Mautin Dovljl:. Ballyorloy, August, 1831. 8 £ .rol h THE CANADAS. Under the names of Upper and Lower Canada is comprehended a vast extent of country, open- ing a wide and happy field of occupation for those inhabitants of the British Isles, to whom want of employment and contracted means ren- der their own country unsatisfacti ry. To persons thus circumstanced, emigration naturally occurs as a measure of relief — a mea- sure hitherto embarrassed with cost and difficulty, uncertainty and delay acting as obstacles to its adoption, but now assuming a more attractive form, and recommending itself to all the honest and industrious classes, especially to the labouring and unoccupied poor, who experience insur- mountable difficulties at home, but by carrying with thc^m moral principles and habits, may, in another country, lay the foundation of a thriving nation, and have reason to bless God that they have been driven, as it were, from long continued struggles and distress into the possession of such profitable sources of present independence and future affluence. This is a subject for the deep and anxious con- sideration of Great Britain, whose interest it is to provide consumers for her manufactures. — The poor at home cannot afford to become pur- chasers, but by locating themselves in the British Colonies abroad they soon acquire such capital as enables them to consume the various articles of export, and thus to contribute not only 9 towards the increased employment of tlie manu- facturers of England, but of the various classes of shipbuilders, provision merchants, sailors, &c. engaged in convej^ng manufactures to the Colo- nies, And as to Ireland, where, though purely agricultural, her population exceeds the power of employment, it is an obvious advantage to occupy the overplus of her people also, in those more distant tracts which invite the notice of the husbandman, and allure him by their fertility. When I see so many unemployed and desti- tute persons with dependent families, hardy and industrious, willing to work, yet unable to pro- cure employment, I cannot help thinking that it is an act of kindness to point out to them a place where a man's industry is sure of full remunera- tion, where toil is recompensed to a degree which circumstances render utterly unattainable in these countries, and where he may easily acquire capital and independence. — I would not advise others to do, what under the same circumstances 1 would not most willingly do myself, and what I am not by any means sure that I shall not yet do, conceiving that the tempting project of emigi-ation comes at this moment recommended by various inducements to more than the lower classes, holding out a fair promise and prospect of relief from embarassment at home, political and pecuniary. I do not, indeed, want to get rid of you, but I want you to have a happy home in another portion of the world, if you have it not here, where the idle and distressed are always A 5 10 U & r.in rendered the tools of the designing and the crafty. To those who are favoured with steady em- ployment at home, who possess allotments of land, however small, which furnish them with comfortable subsistence, I say, " be contented — make no experiments — remain where you are — and trust that a kind Providence will bring order and peace out of the present confusion and dis- cord which distract these realms." But to those differently circumstanced. Emi- gration is most desirable, and perhaps no country in the world is more critically suited than North America to the Irish and Scotch poor in parti- cular; the very place of all others where those who hctve not a shilling in their pockets and who are accustomed to vicissitudes of climate and hard work, can live best; where all those who have been bred to farm and handicraft work, if indus- trious, healthy, and sober, have a moral certainty of succeeding. All such persons after two years find themselves in a thriving condition, and are anxious to have their old country friends with them ; but mv^re adventurers — broken down tradesmen, and scheming shopkeepers, may just as well stay and starve quietly at home — sucli persons would not live any where. Nor is North America suited to ladies and gentlemen of very small means, who are unused to do any thing for themselves ; such persons are in general too tenderly reared, too delicately brought up, to dispense with the services of do- agai 1 the ^ em- ts ol with ted— are — order d dis- Emi- )untrv Nortli parti- ( those d who Id hard have rtainty D years ind are Is with down ay just — such es and unused 3ns are icately of do- 1] mestics, whom they coukl not aft'ord to pay in a country wliere a good pair of hands is worth much, and who are unable or unwilling to bear the privations of the first two or three years of set- tlement in the woods ; though instances are n(K wanted of respectable families, with incomes varying from £50 to £200 a year, living most happily and prosperously, and eiijoyiv(j tjooil socieffj there; but these persons are generally the families of naval or military gentlemen ac- customed to roiif/h if, habituated to disci})line and self controul, and possessed of adequate /eal and energy. In comparing together the relative advantages and disadvantages which attend a settlement in North America, I am disposed, after a very gra\ e consideration, to yield a decided preference to UPPEH Canada, and I shall give you my rea- s^ons. First, as to the United States : So long a period has elapsed since these were colonized from the British Isles, that we have, in a great cegree, lost the feeling that they are of a common stock with ourselves ; but in the Canadas we meet thousands of our countrymen located there, (comparatively witlun a few years) with all the feelings, habits, tastes, ut is man - wheels, jountry er be a ear the tter the )f Lake t Great ses, and "reshing rom the seasons at lakes, istances stablish ination, 1, evory matter which it is necessjiry for yon to he familiar with, before you set off (as 1 believe many thou- sands of you will, in the next sprinm Lan- rgh and vest, at distance bout 180 lich are town- \urt, Co- ime and ing more » to your nd if you no means ^'^our emi- not as an an impe- of sailing, from lake Lible, time, 3assengers e falls to is obstacle upon the u will see connexion nger to be fiie of the i grandest works of the Almighty ; well worth the trouble and difficulties of a voyage to America to behold, even if there were no other matter in view. Ontario, as you will also see by a refer- ence to the map, flows to the sea, by the noble river St. Lawrence, which passing the great and thriving town of Montreal, on the boun- daries of the two provinces, (though at pre- sent belonging to the lower one,) holds its majestic course to Quebec, and after widening at length to the prodigious breadth of 90 miles, unites its waters with those of the vast Atlan- tic. What a country will this yet become ! Its free navigation, from the remotest parts of the interior to the Ocean, commanding the export of the finest wheat the world produces ; timber of the best descriptions, and all the other produce which the industry of man can raise in this most fertile region. The rise and fall of nations and of empires are under the control of infinite wisdom. If with the new settlers, religious and moral habits be introduced, it may please that Mighty Power, whose impartial judgment decides on ruin or prosperity, to use this secondary cause of Emi- gration, as the great instrument of rewarding individual merit, and raising up to a command- ing eminence this once savage and benighted country, through the light of truth and the blessings of civilization. And it must naturally occur to the well-disposed Settler, that though 22 !^ r.'rt J.iru In ■,rJ A 4: .In. Hi SI his lot, may perchance yr>r a short time,* be cast beyond the reach of regular religious instruction, yet that the good Christian has always a Frmid above, to whose willing ear he may address him- self; nor will the anxious parent pass over with- out thankfulness, the blessing of comparative solitude, ]f it shall have removed the objects of his affection from demoralizing scenes of bad example, and placed them where the good re- sult of religious exercise will not be defaced by " evil communications," and where a patriarchal life of faith and holiness, with industrious self exertion, cannot fail, (under God's blessing,) to produce prosperity and happiness. But to proceed with my details ; there are va- rious other lakes, which have not been mentioned — lake Simcoe, and many others on the northern side of lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence, which will, at no very remote period, it is probable, be connected by canals with each other and with the Ocean. One great water-course is now almost completed from Kingston at the eastern extremity of Ontario, 133 miles in a northerly direction, con- sisting of a chain of lakes joined by canal work, which unites them with the Grand, or Ottaw^a river, so as to avoid the navigation of the St. Lawi'ence from thence to T ontreal ; that por- tion of it being full of dangerous and troublesome rapids. The Ottawa meets the St. Lawrence a * The want of clerical attention can be experienced only in the infancy of a small settlement; wherever a congregation assembles, the services of a clergynoan are readily supplied. 1 be cast ruction, I Frimd ess him- er with- parutive bjects of 5 of bad good re- faced by itriarclial rious self jsing,) to e are va- lentioned northern ce, which bable, be I with the >w almost extremity tion, con- nal work, )r Ottawa )f the St. that por- )ublesome awrence a jrienced only congregation supplied. i 23 few miles above Montreal, from which place to the Ocean, there is an uninterrupted sea naviga- tion ; this canal lengthens the distance from Montreal to Ontario, very considerably; but the saving in time and expense will be very great indeed — and should wars unhappily occur with the States, it secures a free intercourse be- tween Quebec, through Montreal, to the Upper Province, which might otherwise be frequently interrupted by the Americans, who possess one side of the St. Lawrence. In time of war such a passage could not be thought of — without this canal you could not feel security — with it you have the certainty, at all times, and under all circum- stances, of communication with Quebec, and consequently with your native country. From Upper Canada, the colonists can send their timber and corn either to Montreal by the lakes, &c. (the course of which, I have already pointed out,) or by the Erie canal to New York ; having two great outlets for tJie produc- tions of their lands, and for the return of pur- chased articles — clothes, furniture, implements, &c. &c. they can, according to the rates of freight, and comparative state of sales at Mont- real, Quebec, or New York, select th"^ most advantageous market. ''/ • • • With regard to the Soil,— Yvora the authority before quoted in page 15, we have these obser- vations : " Upper Canada is blessed with as productive soil as any in the world, and it is easily 24 U \n. brought into cultivation. The nature of the soil may be invariably discovered by the des- cription of timber it bears. Thus, on what is called hard timbered land, where the maple, beech, black birch, ash, cherry, lime, elm, oak, black walnut, butter-nut, hickory, plane, and tulip tree, &c. are found, the soil consists of a deep black loam. Where the fir and hemlock pine are intermixed in any considerable propor- tion with other trees, clay predominates ; but where they grow alone, which is generally on elevated situations, sand prevails. This also happens where the oak and chesnut ur e the only trees. These sandy soils, though naturally un- favourable to meadow and pasture, are found to produce the brightest and heaviest wheats, and can, with the assistance of gypsum, which abounds in many parts of the province, be made to bear the finest possible crops of clover and Indian corn. In moist seasons the clays furnish the greatest burthen of grass. Perhaps there does not exist in any quarter of the globe, a country of the extent of Upper Canada, containing so small a quantity of waste land, either of marsh or mountain, yet there is not any deficiency of water ; for, independently of the numerous rivers and streams which flow through the coun- try on every side, good springs are universally found either on the surface or by digging for them." Tlie country is generally level, and covered with timber. Every description of soil can be had, so tr leng swan tent, the swan popii whih whici dry rivei it is I an a< 25 of the :he des- wliat is maple, m, oak, ne, and ists of a hemlock propor- tes; but jrally on 'his also the only rally un- found to »ats, and , which be made over and rs furnish ;here does a country taining so of marsh iciency of numerous the coun- miversally igging for d covered 2an be had, so that the settler lias it in liis power to cliooso the description which he likes best : but unless he is an infallible judi^e of the qualities of land, I recommend his taking one who is perfectly so, along with him, when about to make his selec- tion. The surface is composed of a rich coat of vegetable mould, the deposit of decayed leaves, and wood, from unnumbered ages, which when tilled, yields several successive crops of great luxuriancy, without manure. In some places, on the banks of rivers are to be met rich and extensive tracts of alluvial soil, and beyond these, rise, in beautiful elevations, portions of land the most tempting in their situations. This excellent soil is, however, very unfairly treated by being kept under an unceasing succes- sion of corn crops without manure, and any land so treated, however naturally fertile, must be at length impo/erished. There is less marshy or swampyland, it has been just now said, for it«i ex- tent, in Upper Canada than in any other y){irt of the world; there are^ however, some low and swampy grounds, and these, until the progress of population and improvement, shjill nifike it worth while to drain them, are the onlv situations from which I warn you to keep clear, while hio^h and dry land, prudently chosen, near H^e lakes or rivers, can be purchased out and out — in /^V, as it is termed — for such a trifle as ten shillings an acre f f B 26 Just fancy yourselves possessed of real pro- perty on such terms — no yearly tenantcy — no terminable leases to breed interminable jealousies at the change of occupants, but pure fee simple — no rent to pay — landed proprietors- — estated gentlemen ! ! ! after labouring here for a shil- ling, or ten pence, or eight pence, or six pence, a day, and receiving even this perhaps in the shape of a receipt for rack-rent ! ! What a hap- py change would this be, and how irresistible the temptation to make the experiment ! And only think of the advantage of working a rich, maiden soil that will yield abundantly, instead of ploughing or digging a worn out one at home, without manure to mend it, and which without abundance of it, will not yield a crop sufficient to pay its labour. In trying the new country and the fresh soil, mind to fix yourselves near water carriage — I myself should prefer the banks of Lake Ontario,, but there are excellent quarters about Lake Huron, where the climate is still milder, and the soil is said to be admirable; in either of these districts you can procure lots of land, of sand, loam, or clay — please yourselves — no compulsion to buy one lot if you like another better. The soil in the Huron Territory is a rich sandy loam — suited to the culture of Tobacco, of which much is gp'own there. The Huron Territory, — is a tract of 1,100,000 acres, in the shape of a triangle, its on I 27 I pro- ' — no )usies imple stated shil- )ence, n the I liap- tstible And 1 rich, QStead me at which I crop ih soil, Lge— I ntario,. Lake r, and f these sand, pulsion The y loam which •act of rle, its I base being about sixty miles in length, resting on Lake Huron, and having a direct navigable communication through Lakes Erie and Ontario, with the Atlantic. » The chief Town in this district, called Go ie- RiCH, is at the confluence of the River Maitland with Lake Huron, which promises, from its local advantages, to become one of the most important and flourishing settlejnents in the Province. Several enterprising colonists, attracted by these advantages, have left their farms in tlic neighbourhood of York, to settle at Goderich, with the intention of erecting a brewery, distil- lery, brick-kilns, and a grist-mill ; a tavern and saw-mill have already been erected. The Harbour the only one on the Canadian side of the Lake, is capable of containing vessels of the burthen of 200 tons; and it has been established as a Port of Entry, which will insure to the inhabi- tants a great share of the trade with the upper countries, and their opposite neighbours in the new settlements in the United States. The scenery on the river Maitland has been described as more like English than any other in America. There is abundance of brick-earth and potters' clay in every direction round the town. The establishments at Goderich have been formed principally to afford facilities, encourage- ment, and protection to Settlers, who may be 2S U ceived. »ss how present irovided [tart fair uestions lay they luld not Icome to the spot only in May, or little more than t\^(i months before ; in this short interval with some sli^lit assistance, he had ch()j)ped, logged, and branded or burned timber on seven acres of land which were now mostly sown with wheat and Indian corn. This man had acco..ipanied the other settlers in 1825, but having no money, not even a single dollar, he had gone into the service of a gentleman settled near Peterborough, and by saving his wages, was enabled, at the end of a year and a half, to establish himself to greater advantage on the lot granted him by Government, than lie could possibly have done at first. " Both Pat and his wife, as well as their chil- dren, told me they were delighted with their new situation, though every one had been ill with the ague, and more than half of them had it still. Indeed I do not think we entered a single house, in or near Peterborough, where some members of the family were not suffering under this fe;reting, though seldom fatal com- plaint. But what is curious enough, it was con- fined very much to recent settlers, while on the older establishments, similarly circumstanced as to soil and situation, the sickness was not only less but was gradually wearing out. " The settler to whom I was now speaking, in all the pride of territorial possession, entreated me to walk over his grounds. In the course of our progress through the uncleared part of his domain, we came upon one of the most magni- 46 M r rtcent oaks, I think I ever beheld. I stood for some time admiring it, and thinking what a pity it was that such a glorious tree should be felled to the earth; and still more, that it should after- wards be chopped up, and burned along with vulgar pine logs, instead of being converted into frame timbers and into breast hooks for a first rate ship of war, its true destiny, if doomed to the axe. ' I wish very much,* said 1 to the owner, ' that for my sake you would spare this 2Tand oak ?' ' O, that I will your honour, Til spare twenty of them if you have a mind, only point them out to me. Sir.' ' No, no, I want only this one.' ' Very well. Sir, very well, it shall be yours from this moment ; and if you will give me leave, it shall bear your name, and a fence shall be put round it, and while I have breath in my body, there it shall stand, you may be sure, and even after me, if my children will respect their father's wishes. — Do you hear that boys ?' " I have since received a letter from a friend in that quarter of the world, in which the follow- ing passage occurs : " I have been over to see the good folks at Peterborough and Douro, since you left us ; your visit there, with Mrs. Hall, is held in the most pleasing recollection ; and Welsh, the Irish emi- grant, vows eternal vengeance against any one that shall dare to do the least injury to Captain Hall's oak." I 47 00(1 for t a pity e felled d after- ig with ted into • a first )med to to the )are this ? twenty ;hem out be yours ne leave, ill be put y body, ,nd even father's a friend ie foUow- folks at I us; your I the most Irish emi- any one Captain N The North American Horses are very hardy ; they are often taken little care of, and badly housed on the frequent journeys which they Jire forced to make with the sleicfk ; they are fed with the coarsest hay, and littered down with the boughs of the spruce and hemlock fir. The tender branches of these are also used with salt as winter food for cows, which feed well upon this provender. Two horses abreast, called in the Canadian phraseology a span of horses, will travel from forty to [ifty miles a day stopping to bait every ten or twelve miles; when the snow makes good roads, the Canadians travel about a great deal very coiv.fortably in the sleighs covered up with furs, and every kind of warm clothing. Farmers gen- erally carry their own oats and hay, for these are indispensable in ranging through the newly opened townships, where settlers and tavern keepers are not to be often met with. I'hese horses cost from £10 to £20 each. Oxoi are very much used in all farming oper- ations, removing trees, ploughing, harrowing, carting, &c. ; a pair of these may be estimated, if broken in, at £10 or £15, and an unbroken pair at about £8. ; these, as well as cows feed in winter on the boughs of the spruce and hem- lock firs, which being given through the winter, are a never failing supply of forage. SJieep do not answer in the woods, but after three years you can have pasture land for their summer, and Swedish turnips and pumpkins for 48 U It ■ .Toll Ji'-n/. N i\_. their winter keep ; they may be rated at 5s. 6d. sterling each, as stock; they should be penned up at night in the new settlements, lest wolves should attack them — but this precaution is not taken in the old cleared lands, from which those beasts of prey keep a respectful distance, and indeed in general the Canadian wolves are not ferocious in disposition — they avoid mankind; if you let them alone, they will let you alone ; the settlers do not fear them, and in the course of a few years more, as improvement of land and population increase, they will disappear altoge- ther, and be as unknown there as they now are in the British Isles, where history tells us they formerly appeared in great numbers.* Wool is highly valuable to the Colonist, who can have it <.*arded for two or three pence a lb. : if he have a wife or daughters, he has it of course spun at liome in the long winter nights, and if he have no money, he gets it woven, by giving part of the cloth — a large share by the bye — to the weaver for his labour. Hojs are an excellent stock to keep in Canada, for they can roam and fatten in the woods, where nuts and acorns are abundant. Mr. Pickering very judiciously recommends the Berkshire breed, as the most thriving when left to shift for themselves, and he also suggests the expediency of introducing the Ijucvstcv breed of sheep ; but cattle of all kinds will ])e improved in their res- * For every Wolf's Scalp prcMlucetl to a magistrut(\, a pre- mium of j£l. 10s. or j€2. is paid. 49 fc 5s. 6d. penned : wolves n is not ch those ice, and 1 are not lankind ; 1 alone; e course land and r altoge- noio are I US they Wool is II have it he have spun at he have part of to the I Canada, s, where lickering lerkshire I shift for idiency ep ; but iieir res- jiw , a pre. pective breeds, before a long time shall have passed, as they have agricultural societies in Lower Canada, and it is to be supposed, and hoped, that similar societies will be formed in the Upper Province, which will tend to intro- duce every variety of useful stock. Store pigs may be purchased at 4s. 6d. each, and breeding sows at about 15s. each. Deer may be shot in the woods, and few settlers will feel the want of a bit of fresh meat for the pot, if they can use a gun, or possess a little money or whiskey to give in exchange for veni- son to the natives. Hares and Rabbits also are in abundance, nor is the Buffalo to be omitted. Fowls also of all kinds, wild and tame, abound. Of the wild, Partridges are the most easily procured; of these there are two species — the Birch partridge and the Spruce ; the former kind is larger than ours, and of delicately white flesh: the Spruce (so called from its having the taste of the spruce fir) is smaller and darker coloured; both these kinds are so tame as to be easily killed — they perch upon the trees, which they will not desert, though their companions be shot around them, provided that care be taken to kill the lower birds first, shooting them in regular gra- dation upwards. Wild Pigeons^ are in great numbers ; about April they come in large flocks, and are shot in thousands — no fines for shooting them ; every one may help himself without scruple or interference with the property of another. Wild c 50 U fe geese, turkeys, and ducks, when tliey come to their haunts, afford profitable sport. The set- tlers shoot them on the banks of lakes or rivers (where I have recommended you to purchase your lots) from ambuscades in which they watch for the water fowl, and are often rewarded with a great fall ; cold work this, however — fur caps, buffalo cloaks, very warm stockings, and mit- tens, are indispensable, as it wovdd be no joke to purchase the sport, or the food, at the loss of a frost bitten nose, or fingers. Aquatic fowl are particularly numerous at Rice Lake, where Seals are also met with. In the marshy grounds, the sportsman finds Snipes and Woodcocks, Fish of every variety is to be had. Salmon of fine size are frequently caught, with a rod or a seine ; a man on the banks of a lake or river can, almost always, have a luxurious dish for his table. And if he does not know how to cook it, let him learn from the practice of dear sweet beautiful Killarney, thus: take your Salmon fresh out of the water, and cut it into junks of an inch in thickness, have as many peeled rods as you have pieces of Salmon, stuck into the ground, and sharpened at the top ; put a slice on each, form- ing a circular line of upright spits. Prepare be- fore hand a fire of dry brush wood ; set fire to it, and keep turning your junks, as you go round, by turning these rod spits; in about fifteen mi- nutes and as many turns, your fish Mall be per- fectly roasted. Bass, Sturgeon, Trout and Pickerel are also plentiful. i 51 come to riie set- or rivers purchase ey watch ded witli fur caps, and mit- no joke the loss atic fowl e, where grounds, hs, ialmon of rod or a or river dish for r to cook ar sweet ion fresh f an inch s as you und, and h, form- pare be- fire to it, o round, een mi- be per- Pickerel Besides the net, and rod, (but who would spare his valuable time to trifle with the latter when he m.?y more profitably take his prey by wholesale with the former?) spearing fish is very common; it is executed in the following way, at night : the fisherman goes into a light canoe, which may be bought from a native for a few shillings, and takes torches with him made of the birch bark, rolled up in folds, three or four deep — one of these pieces of bark he inserts in the top of a pole split up, just far enough to keep hold of the birch — he then stands at the head of the boat leaning over and looking into the bottom of the water, while a companion gently paddles the boat forward ; he must be cautious, steady, and active — cautious, lest he should fright the fish — steady, to avoid tumbling over head and heels into the water —and active as well as practised to spear the fish, or to follow him along if the light should startle him. The natives catch a great deal of fish in this way ; their wives, per- haps, with the incumbrance too of a Papoose^ work the canoes, and thus obtain a needful supply of food — salmon, trout, and carp, are thus taken. It is curious to see an inexperienced person trying to spear a fish at the bottom of deep Avater; not allowing for the refraction of the rays of light, he strikes at the fish where lie thinks it is, and finds his spear perhaps a foot or two be- fore or behind it, and when pulling up the spear by its long handle he is jerked ^n, over head and ears, where, if he cannot swim, he 52 u T/m .roln fy^ may very shortly go to the bottom. If any of 1J0U make this experiment in deep water, take the precaution of leaving the wife at home, in charge of the bairns in case of your going down, else you may in your struggles carry the poor woman with you, and then who would take care of the children ? And never go to fish till you have every thing '^ecessary provided, or you may be as far from Liinging home a salmon as the Garryowen boy on the bridge of Limerick, who, lounging over the battlement and spying a large fish immediately below him, observed to his com- [Xinion, " Ov I had a boat I would gaiF that salmon, only that I have no gaff." Where salmon are abundant, it is of course desirable to preserve them for winter food, either by pickling or smoking them — a good supply of cured fish, with the accompaniments of geese and turkeys, and fowls, (wild and tame), venison, beef, &c. hung up during the frost, is a cheering prospect to the poor settlers in the winter months, and all these luxuries and com- forts he can easily have. — The usual mode is to kill fat deer, sheep, and fowls, at the commence- ment of the frost, in those districts where its long continuance is certain, and to expose them to be frozen for a night ; they will then, in this con- gealed state, keep fresh during the whole winter. A double purpose is obtained by this plan — the animals are killed before they lose their condition, and the food which they would otherwise consume during the winter, is saved. f any of er, take ome, ill g down, he poor ake care till you you may n as the 3k, who, r a large his com- ^aiF that f course 2r food, -a good niments dtame), frost, is 's in the nd coni- jde is to imence- its long m to be his con- winter, an — the )nditi()n, consume 53 The Animals which exist in North America, not used for food, are Foxes, IVolces, Bears^ and Beavers, Of Insects, Fire-flies are the most beautiful. In the summer season they glitter in swarinj^ upon the boughs of trees, and hanging over tlie waters' edge, present after sunset an inexpressi- bly brilliant appearance. A most agreeable and correct writer, treating of the vivid beauty of the sky and stars in that climate, thus intro- duces the luminous effect produced by the Fire- flies. " Hosts of other luminaries of lesser magni- tude flung each its particular shaft of splendor on the tranquil and shadowy sea. As I gazed, the air burst into atoms of green fire before my face, and in an instant they were gone ; I turned round, and saw all the woods upon the moim- tains illuminated with ten thousands of flaming tirches moving in every direction, ikhn- rising, now falling, vanishing here, re-appearing there, converging to a globe, and dispersing in spangles. No man can conceive from dry description alone, the magical beauty of tliese glorious creatures : so far from their effects having been exaggerated by travellers, I can say that I never read ari account in prose or verse, which in the k^ast ] ire- pared me for the reality." Mosquitoes are certainly confoundediy trou- blesome, in the uncleared districts and swampy places, but not in the cleared grounds : against these enemies and the small flies (not larger than 54 u t. fleas) which infest the woods before sunset, in close, damp weather, it is prudent to wear gauze veils, and these coverings will secure you from their attacks. The Snakes^ which are met with in great numbers are quite harmless ; thei^e are no noxious reptiles in America, A friend of mine Jias informed me that he once, when on horse- back, saw a snake three feet long, with an enor- mous head, gliding from under his horse, with a toad three times the diameter of his own body, sticking in his jaws, which were extended pro- digiously ; the toad having slipped about twelve inches down the snake's throat, with its legs stretched out at each side of the mouth ; he dis- mounted, brought the two animals home, and in about fifteen minutes the toad was sucked down completely, to the great relief of both parties — I mean the snake and the toad, — A snake often catches and swallows a great bull frog, which, as may be supposed, makes no trifling uproar while travelling down the reptile's throat. Frogs give regular concerts in the summer evenings, and in every variety of note ; they are sometimes joined in their musical entertainments by the little birds called 'Whip poor Will,' (from the resemblance of his note to these words, ) and by other musical animals ; nor is the chirping of the cricket, which finely harmonizes with the hoarse croaking of the bull frog to be omitted; in short, you must be hard to be pleased if such varied music does not please you. I had nearly omitted the Musquash^ a kind of water rat, 55 nset, 111 ir gauze ou from let with here are of mine 1 horse- in enor- le, with n body, led pro- i twelve its legs he dis- , and in d down iities — :e often which, uproar ummer hey are nments ' (from s,) and ping of th the initted; if such nearly ^r rat, which is a useful little animal, its fur beino^ used as felt of a coarse kind, for winter hats. In the woods are many Squirrels and Racoons^ wliich if they are not useful, are at least perfectly inof- fensive to mankind. Bees thrive and multiply fast in Upper Canada, and honey (and of course metheglin) may be had in abundance, by taking ordinary care of them. The Humminr/ Bird, which resembles a Bee in sound and flight, is also to be seen there. The chief Vegetable Productions — Trees, Corn, and Fruit. The Trees are of almost every description, and present towards the end of summer a most luxuriant foliage ; the flats in many places are occupied by the deciduous kinds, whose leaves in their decay, assuming every hue from brilliant scarlet and bright yellow to orange and dark brown, contrast their varied tints with the deep green of the pines, and produce an eifect une- qualled by any thing we see in the old country. This splendid variety of foliage indicates a va- riety of timber, and a variety of soil. The chief kinds of timber are the oak, ash, cedar, chestnut, beech, birch, willow, poplar, weeping elm, maple, hiccory, sycamore, white cherry, and black wal- nut, which last being comparatively scarce, and with the butternut, useful for furniture, should not be destroyed in clearing, neither should the maple of which the Canadians make an important use. 56 u 7m) i^^f ^ J. .Toliil fy^ From tliis tree, sugar is extracted, wliich is very easily managed for domestic purposes, and even for sale, at 3^d. per lb. The method of producing it, is by making an incision or notch in the tree, about an inch and a half deep by two inches wide, from which the sap, of a saccharine nature, runs off into small troughs, and from them is put into boilers on a slow fire : the longer this gradual boiling is continued, the more refined will be the sugar. When finished, it is poured into pots, and when cooled, is harder than lump sugar. The skimmings make excellent molasses; a well sized tree will yield, at an average, 6lbs. of sugar without being exhausted, and w^ill con- tinue to do so annually. Those useful trees abound in Canada where some persons make from 10 to 12cwt. in a season. Here also are the balm of gilead tree, the hem- lock-pine, the juniper, and various other ever- greens in abundance. The tulip tree, which grows to an immense size, is considered excellent for outward board- ing, taking paint particularly well, and, as it never blazes when burning, is less likely to cause accident by fire. The white oak and yellow pine are the trees most prized for making frame houses. The oak, ash, maple, beech and hiccory, point out the best soil; that of sandy quality produces pine, hemlock, and tulip; generally the strength and excellence of the different qua- lities of land are indicated by the growth and vigour of the trees they bear. The timber of th IS cl 57 liich is es, and thod of r notch by two cliarine id from longer refined poured n lump classes; e, 6lbs. ill con- 1 trees 5 make e liem- ir ever- the western townships on the shores of tlie lakes, is of a superior quality, and will be valuabK' to the colonists for sale. The Agricultural produce^ consists of wheat, barley, oats, rye, Indian corn, rice, peas, beans, potatoes, turnips, cabbages, tobacco, vetches, clover (of which there is little sown, though it thrives well) and grasses, of which the timothy is the most common. The Fniits are of every description, and of ex- quisite quality — pine apples raised without trou- ble, melons and grapes growing wild in the woods; peaches, nectiirines, plumbs, apples, pears, cherries, gooseberries, strawberries, currants, raspberries, walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts. None who are blessed with health, unless most tlioughtless and improvident, can suffer distress in a country so gifted in its natural productions. miense board- , as it ) cause w pine frame iccory, juality lerally it qua- ;h and ])er of Minerah — Manures. Iron Mines have been found, and manufactories for iron works are already established in many places, Mr. Pickering states that " iron ore is abundant and good in various parts of the province, cliiefly found in swamps, or sandy land; and forges and furnaces are now so common that iron and cast ware are plentiful and moderately cheap ; M'rought iron, which if well made, is very tough and good, fetches its price, and cast iron for mill machinery is about 2|d. per lb. ; stoves, c5 58 / '^4 lb, IMl \,:\f X V? .rohii \j^ pots, kettles, &c. (it an advance in proportion to extra workmanship." Lead and C wer have also been discovered; and Coals^ though v ery unnecessary, may also be raised. Limestone and Gjjpsum are abundant ; the latter is considered a valuable manure, acting upon land as lime does, and with great effect, but used in a lesser proportion. On newly broken soil, abounding with vegetable matter, these manures are most efficacious; but soils worn out by constan t tillage become more exhausted from the use of calcareous stimulants, and in all cases, an overdose should be avoided. In America, however, there is no danger at present of ex- haustion, or failure of vegetable matter. Salt is abundant, and in no country is it more copiously used. Every skilful cattle feeder i:i these islands is aware of the value of salt, and uses it with great effect ; it is very agreeable to most animals, promotes appetite, and preserves health. Whether it is owing to the unrestrained use of salt by sheep in America, or to the dry- ness of the climate, I cannot venture to pronounce but the fact is that the scab, which requires so much shepherding in these countries, is unknown in Canada, where sheep and hogs have access to it at all times in their feeding places. The use of it ought to be more general with us, for experience proves its utility. I myself knew a very extensive sheep farmer (whose herbage vas considered to generate flukes in the livers of his sheep, which often proved fatal) to have 59 ['tlon to ed; and ? raised, t ; the acting ; effect, broken , these orn out hI from 1 cases, merica, of ex- it more 3der i:i It, and able to eserves trained le dry- noimce ires so known jcess to saved his sheep at last by the use of salt, whicii he continued afterwards to give with uninter- rupted success. There are salt springs in various places, atid these arc frequently visited by deer, who will travel a considerable distance for a " lick," thus pointing out the propriety of giving salt to animals who would instinctively reject it, if it were not salutary to them. In short, a Cana- dian would apprehend the loss of his stock, were he too sparing of salt. It is to be regretted that the want of capital, or the more tempting investment of it in the pur- chase of land, has hitherto acted as an obstacle to the manufacture of salt from these springs. Salt is obtained from the United States, and at a loss to the Canadian much greater than if pro- duced at his door. If salt were cheaper and on the spot, the catching and curing of lake fish, particularly a species of herring, like the Loufjh- neagh Pullen^ which abounds in North America, would amply repay the fisherman for his time and trouble, and supply an agreeable relish to the Roman Catholic population in the towns during lent, and on the other occasions of theii* abstinence from meat. nth us, f knew erbage ^. livers ;o have Habitations — Employment — Prej)aration of the iSoil — Modr, of Farming. The first habitation which a settler thinks of, is the log house — and this is very speedily erected. 60 u I in K''r,l ' l/t Proceed in tlie following way :— After eleurliii^ the underwood, (of which iu some phices there is hut JittU») with a peculiar kind of lu>ok, like our billhook, except that it has a lout>- handle, gather it into a heap and set fire to it, then cut down as many trees as will answer your purpose ; these divide into lengths from 14 to 20 feet, according to the size of your family — square and dress them with an adze as well as you can ; then lay three of these pieces thus | : morticed at iliv angles, on the ground, and raise correspond- ing logs over them, fitted into each other by notches previously cut, until youv walls are 8 feet in height, building up the second gable at the same time with stones, to prevent danger from the fire, which is to be j)laced on a flaggetl portion of the floor next to it; then fasten on your rafters for the roof, which is to be covered with l>oards lapped over, or if permanence be intended, witli short pieces of boards called shingles which are more easily renewed than long pieces — you then cut out a door and window ; the crevices in the walls, appearing between the logs, are to be closed up with clay and moss, then floor the liouse either with smooth boards or rough ones, thrown across sleepers ; timber being too abundant, and dryness essential to health and comfort, a clay floor is never used in Canada. An oven will be essential, especially in summer, when the heat would render the operation of baking inside the liouse very disagreeable, and this is frequently e>i ;es til I' re M)k, like liundUs then cut )urp()se ; t>() feet, I Hire and [in ; then rticed at respond- )ther bv Is are 8 gable at : danger L flagged on your red with ntended, es which es — you 3vices in ire to be he liouse thrown ant, and , a clay will be the heat Inside the }quently made of clay, and perhaps raised on the stump of a large tree. The S/iantifi diifers but little from the loir or block house ; it is roofed like a shed, on a small scale, and was originally introduced by the woodsmen as a temporary shelter. As the settler finds his circumstiinces improv- ing, he either enlarges his log house, or builds a ^iH)d frame house. A barn and other offices are successively raised of square blocks of wood, and with a rapidity which is quite surprising, the cir- cumstances and habits of the country ])roviding assistance for those in want of it. The older colonists about you, if solicited will come and help at what (from the bustle and ac- tivity of the work,) is termed a Bee, they first draw the timber together with oxen, (provided that you have it previously felled, cut into the proper lengths ani squared,) and raise up your house ; this kind of work is called a raisimj Hee, and in the same way, assistance is mutually given in beating out tlie Indian corn from its kusks, in what is called a huskinr/ Bee — the nature of the work always determining the denomination of the Bee, Such is the friendliness of the more establish- ed settlers, that they will dispense with your giving them breakfast and dinner, if your cir- cumstances render you really unable to provide them ; some whiskey, and the evening frolic are sufficient inducements for the attendance of your neighbours, whose accommodating mode of as- 62 sisting each other, and of doing as they wonld be done unto, is highly creditable to their feel- ings. It will, however, be expected, and very fairly, that you will repay these acts of kind- ness by giving labour in return, on similar occasions. You should, if your means will permit, and that you are handy enough to use them, take with you a box of tools, I do not mean heavy and cumbrous ones, but those which occupy but little room and are suited to nice work. Cabi- net-makers and carpenters will of course take out their chests of tools, but every one of you should, on going to the w-"*ods, be provided with the following articles, such as the Government gave in 1825 to t.ie emigrants whom they sent out: 1 American axe, 1 Hammer, 1 Handsaw, 1 Iron wedge. I Auger, 3 Hoes, 1 Pick-axe, I Kettle, I Spade, 1 Frying pan, 2 Gimlets, 1 Iron pot, nails, and a small portable Hand-mill for grinding corn : — a gun, and fishing nets will be of great service if you have means to purchase them. You should also have good warm frieze coats and jackets and worsted stockings and mittens for the winter ; linen trowsers and jacket for the summer, as many linen shirts as you can nfford to take out, (linen being dear in Canada,) and a short flannel shirt to be worn next the skin, both I 63 ill summer and winter. In the former season, it will be found most comfortable, as it absorbs perspiration ; without it, the linen shirt becom- ing wet, and cooling upon the body, is apt to give cold and produce ague^ the only com- plaint which the settler need dread ; and this, I am convinced, is usually the effect of incaution, when heated, and of exposure to the air at night, when damp fogs are not unfrequent, but which disappear at sunrise, before which time no prudent person should be out. And here, it will not be out of place to give a few simple Hints on the general subject of health ; In the newly surveyed western districts of the Upper Province, to which you should press for- ward, for the reasons already stated, physicians within visiting distance, and Dispensaries^ are as yet not to be found. You should therefore provide yourselves with such simple medicines as may preserve the bowels from irregularity, by which many disorders, proceeding from neglect of those important organs, may be prevented ; after the long voyage in particular, medicine is necessary — many persons have had bilious fevers and agues from not making use of it, and have attri- buted to the effects of climate their want of Jiealth, which probably originated in their igno- rance of medicine, or their inattention to the use of it. As to furniture, a man who is possessed of any ingenuity can make, by degrees, what is most 64 necessary, and at tlie same time simple in its construction. — -The bark of the bass tree, woven or laced across his bedstead, will support his mattrass, and that mattrass need consist of no- thing more expensive than the boughs of the spruce fir, or dry beech leaves ; a buffalo skin will answer for quilt and blankets. Now a man need not serve a seven years apprenticeship to supply these matters. When there is no out-of-door work, time may be usefully occupied in the making of furniture. A friend of mine, a gentleman too, unaccus- tomed to what is called labour, who took out three sons with him, youths, who in this country had been in the habit of practising at the Lathe, of making implements, &c. found them invalua- ble to him in his settlement near York — in a very short time they made all the wooden furni- ture of his new frame house — sofas, and tables of every kind, from a lady's work table, {with roped pillars of black walnut,) to the kitchen table; chimney pieces, painted, polished, and varnished; bedsteads, carts, waggons and wheelbarrows — they were also equally expert at smith's work, and shod their own horses. They had taken out a good box of tools with them, the use of which saved them large sums of money, and when I last heard from them they were putting up a frame- barn 65 feet in length, 35 in breadth, and 20 feet in height, with an ice-house under it, and a store-house for roots, to preserve them froni frost. 65 1 have already told you that abundance of employment in agricultural labour awaits the poor emigrant in Upper Canada, where he cannot fail to earn a sufficiency of food and clothing-, besides accumulating capital for the purchase of land, which he should not think of settling on, until he has sufficient means to improve and turn it to profitable account. There are few instances of sober and industrious men remaining long without some freehold land for themselves, and it is a most satisfactory con- sideratior to those who go out utterly dependent on their industry, that their personal labour is, to them, a sure mine of wealth. The labourer who has no money, should at once go to service with a farmer in the western district ; if he is an able workman, he will earn, in felling timber suppose, 10 or 15 dollars a month, often paid in agricul- tural produce, wheat, flour, or cattle, and some- times in land; there is besides plenty of job work in clearing land, cutting staves, cordwood, &c. at w^iich vigorous and handymen earn about 15 dollars a month. An American accustomed to the work will chop an acre of soft wood in a week, or little more, and any kind of liard wood in a fortnight at farthest, and he receives from £1 to £3 per acre for this, witli excellent diet. Besides chopping the timber, he must clear all the underwood and lay it in heaps for burning, and cut up the trees into proper lengths (with their heads together,) for removal; and the timber of 4 or 5 acres will (through the kind 66 medium of the loafjbKj Bee) be drawn off the j^round in a sinj^le day. Wlien timber is burned, if a potasliery be near, the sale of the ashes will produce a smart sum. If he have a wife and daughters, they may earn four or five, or perhaps six dollars a month each, particularly if they can spin and card wool; (pretty labourer's wives and daughters they will be otherwise ! ) and hardy boys and girls can earn three or four dollars a month each. Now what a nice stock purse can thus be made up in a very short time ! all these wages are clear gain — board and lodging being always provided — and they are well fed on animal food, and all kinds of good things, the very mention of which would set your chops watering. But again and again, I must press this important point upon you, that male and female, if they expect to prosper, must be willing and accustomed to work; — the idle, the drunken, and the desponding, have no business there, where all is energy of mind and body. Dr. Franklin, himself an extraordinary in- stance of industry, temperance, perseverance, and talent, called America in his day " a coun- try of labour," it is so still, for in the British Colonies, as well as in the parts to which he referred, the industrious have nothing to fear; — the certainty too, of making the most of their time and labour, urges to extraordinary efforts, and utterly, and at once, casts off all that com- parative indolence and dejection of spirits which, many of you, from having so little stimulus to exertion, frequently manifest at home. I wit wit hor but bee the^ has 67 Many persons, wlio some years ago were without a shilling, now possess in Canada, farms with 70 or 80 acres cleared, large stacks of corn, horses, oxen, cows, sheep, hogs, and poultry ; — but on the other hand, some, who might have been in good circumstances, are very poor, but these are they whom disgusting intemperance has ruined, and such persons would not thrive any where. Perhaps you would like to see the rates of labour of all kinds : WAGES — BOARD NOT FOUND. Stone Masons earn from 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. a day. Bricklayers, 7s. 6d. to 8s. 9d. a day, or 12s. 6d. to 15s. per thousand bricks laid. Brickmakers, 5.9. to 7.s. 6c?. per day. Plaisterers, 7s. 6d. a day, or 9d. to IQd. per square yard of work. Carpenters and Joiners, 6.9. Sd. a day. Cabinet-makers, 7s. 6d. a day. Sawyers, 7.9. Gd. a day, or 7.9. 6^/. per 100 feet of pine. And 8s. 9d. ... oak. Painters and Glaziers, 5.9. a day. Coopers, 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. Shipwrights, 7s. 6d. to 10s. ... Blacksmiths, 5s. Wheelwrights, 5s. ... Waggon, makers, 5s. Saddlers, 5s. ... Curi'iers, 5s. Tailors, .£1 for making a coat, 5s. trowsers, and 5s. waistcoat. Shoemakers, 22s. 6d. for making a pair of top-boots — 13s. 9d. for a pair of Hessian boots — find 12s. 6d. for Wellington boot>. Labourers and Farm Servants, 3s. 9d. a day. In harvest time, 6s. 3d. Reaping an acre of Wheat, 12s. Od. Cradling ... ... 6s. 3d. Mowing ... Hay, 5s. Ploughing an acre of Land, 6s. 3d. Harrowing 2s. 6d. 6S Now these are great wages, particularly when it is ascertained that the articles of food are very moderate according to the subjoined table of Rye 3s. 3d. Oats Is.6d. Indian Corn 3s. 9d. Petise 3s. 2d. MARKET PRICES. Wheat per bush. 4s. 8d. to 5s. equal to 37s. 6d. to 40s. per quarter. Barley ... 3s. 2d. ... 25s. 4d. 2Gs. 12s. 80s. 25s. 4d. Flour, 25s. per barrel of 196 pounds. Beef, per pound, 3d. or by the quarter 22s. 6d. per 100 pounds:. Mutton ... 3^d. Pork ... 3d. or 25s. per 100 pounds. Tallow ... 4^d. rough. Lurd ... 5d. Butter ... 9d. Fresh. 7|d. Salt. Cheese ... 5d. Eg-gs, per dozen, 9d. (reese, per couple, 3s. 9d. Ducks ... Is. lOd. Fowls ... Is. 3d. Turkeys ... 3s. 2d. Hay, per Ton, £'2. 10s. You will thank me for giving Mr. Pickering's advice for the guidance of the settler who has obtained land : " To a person who is about to settle on entire woodland, I would recommend the following system : clear well a few acres in the immediate vicinity, and all round the site on which the house is intended to be built, that the trees left standing may be at a sufficient distance to be out of danger of falling on it, and let a small piece be fenced off for cattle to lie in at night, out of the same danger, in windy weather ; then cut down, on ten or fifteen acres, the small and de- 69 when I very of quarter. pounds. ering s lio lias entire lowing lediate ch the 3es left be out I piece out of len cut lid de- cayed trees and under-brush; burn them, and girdle the remainder of the trees; sow this ground with wheat early in the fall (autumn), or part of it with oats in the spring, and with them clover and a small quantity of grass seeds mixed ; the clover and grass to be mowed the first year or two, and grazed afterwards. Do the same next year wdth a still further quantity for six or seven years in succession, and likewise clear a small piece quite off for corn and potatoes, cabbage, &c. in front of the house, and next to the road or street. In about six or seven years the roots of the trees will be rotten, and some of the girdled ones fallen ; then begin and chop down ten or fifteen acres of these girdled trees yearly, in a dry time, felling them across each other to break them into pieces ; put fire into them in various parts of the field and it will burn most of them up ; what little may be left un consumed, must be collected into heaps and burned. It is necessary to keep a watch over the fences while this is going on, that they do not take fire. After this you may plough and plant what you please, as, generally, the ground will be in pretty good condition." It is necessary to explain the term girdling which means, making an incision two or three inches deep round the tree at the height at which it is usually cut down, four feet from the bottom ; this kills the tree, which remains with its throat cut until there is time to cut down and clear it away; the object is to prevent the trees from 70 overshadowiii<^ the crop around them — and a verj'- expeditious and economical mode it is. The cut however ought not, I think, to be so deep as to cause any danger of the trees- falling from the wintry blast, lest it might tumble on the cattle, if they should have a range through the girdled portions of wood, or upon the fences which may be close to them ; a shallow cut effectually des- troys the circulation of the sap and of course ^he vegetation of the tree, and this is the object sought. Take great care when chopping not to bring the trees on your own heads ; the boughs too, when recoiling from the ground, sometimes strike a severe and dangerous blow to the woods- man. After the trees are cut down it is usual to leave the stump and roots standing until age rots them away, or until there is time for burning them. The reason w\\y the stumps are not rooted out, is because time is too valuable to be expended in any labour not immediately profitable. By clearing away the trees which obstruct the passage of light and air, enough is done to insure a succession of crops — and as the introduction of the plough at first is not essential, the loss of ground is merely that occupied by the stumps and their roots ; an inconsiderable portion of the whole surface... the more you can clear in a rough way the better ; the clearing of the stumps is to be an after consideration, when you shall have first got rid of the trees themselves, and raised crops enough to render you independent. If a man's 71 light »ssion [ough Ind is their ^hole way Ito be first jrops lan's lal)oiir can clear half a dozen acres of the over- shadowing timber, in the time which it would require to clear one acre of roots and all, and that those six acres could be brought into ime- diate tillage, it follows that time would be mis- pent (in the first years of settlement,) in taking out those stumps. A native would rather cleur an acre iXnm falloiu one. Many prefer this new land to old cleared ground on account of the great crops it produces ; besides, in some few places the timber is so \ viu^ble, as in the Otter creeks, that land can be civared for the price of the pines which grow upon it ; and a heap of cord wood (which is 8 fc^t long, 4 feet high, and 4 wide) fetches in t ? neighbourhood of towns and villages from six to seven shillings. The land, as soon as the trees have been hauled off", can be planted w ith potatoes, or Indian corn, and the mode which you are to pursue is very simple : plant three cuts, six inches apart, with a hoe or spade, in holes 2^ or 3 feet asun- der, and as the potatoes grow up hoe them up into hillocks ; this is a plan which I have myself pursued with success, the mode diifering only in this respect, viz. drawing furrows, with a plough 3 feet one way, and then 3 feet across, planting the cuts at the points of intersection, and earthing them as they grow up, with a hoe, in mounds of one yard square. Your potatoes, if out of the ground In an early season, can be suc- ceeded by wheat, harrowed in around the stumps; and spring sowing is but seldom practised. 72 The mode of sowing Indian corn is to drop two or three grains of the seed into little holes made with a hoe, in the same way, but not altogether at such wide distances, as for potatoes. This corn is most valuable for man and beast ; it makes (when ground) good pudding, used like stirabout or flummery with milk, arul the meal is also made into cakes ; you have seen, and per- haps eaten some of this flour (imported from America) during very scarce seasons into these Islands. The unripe ears are sometimes boiled and eaten like greens, with melted butter ; it is a hardy vegetable, but requires to be hoed; this operation, however, prepares the land for suc- ceeding crops of oats and clover, or wheat. It is fine food for pigs, and oxen, and is one of the most essential crops for the settler. May is the season for sowing it, but it will not be too late in June ; the stalks are very nourishing for cattle, and they are very fond of them. When ripe, in September, it is cut and saved in the following manner : — " With either a sharp short handled hoe, or a sickle, in one hand, you put the other round a bunch, or what grows on one hill, and chop it off" close to the ground, when it is set up into shocks of two or three armsful together, and a piece of stem wrapped round the top to pre- vent their being blown down — after having stood a week or two, they are dragged round a centre, and the husks stripped from the ears by people sitting in a circle — the husks are thrown in a lieap in the middle, and the stalks tied into shea (|uit( ears pose, of sr long, short to tJl( over inclin corn < much a ban twent Pm cipall) with whicl cattle Tli^ years rowing by oxe the fin the stu for the third c •25 to ; £8. at f< a 73 drop holes t not itoes. ,st ; it ilike leal is 1 per- from these boiled ; it is l; this >r suc- it. It of the , is the )0 late cattle, De, in owing indled other and set up , and pre- stood entre, )eople in a 1 into ^5 slioaves, and ai>aln set into sliocks, to remain till (|uite dry, before beint^ stacked for fo(l dostructnc iiahit, should trust liimself as an einio-raut to a country, where the facilities of ohtaiiiino- t!iis destructive poison, will repel all attempts at industry, and plunge him deeper and deeper in misery and ruin. The Sfvcf/is/t TfU'uij) is a ^^alua]7le article for winter keep, and possessing a great proportion of saccharine matter, is most nutritious for all iarming* stock, particularly for horses. I have known a decayed old horse, whose teeth were Mot ofood enoupJi to masticate oats, or even hay, a'ithout much difficulty, thri\'e and fatten upon )S\redish Turnips. They are of a solid and un- watery nature, which resists frost, but in the Canadian climate they must of course be drawn before the snow falls, and packed in houses se- t'ureiy for the winter. T'he culture of Artificial Grasses is essential to the j)roduction of good winter forage, in a country where hay from natural grass does not abound, exce|»t in the case of Beaver meadow hay, if ^har can be called natural which is really pro- :!aced in the nu)st mmatnral and ariilicial man- ner, by those most carious animals, the Beavers, who by a {powerful instinct, and with heads that i'an only be exceeded l)y their tails, (which are t.hy:r trowels) form an industrious community of masons, hodcarriers, and labourers, (I had almost said carpenter'-) for the construction of their houses and villages of brickwork; and, damming up the streams for the preparation of their bricks iiid juortar, produce thereby, for the occupier of Th( us an ies of pel all eraiid -le for )ortion for all I liave 1 were '11 hay, ri upon md un- in the draw* Lses se- itial to ountry ^ound, lav, if ly pro- d man- ^ cavers, ds that ich are inity of abnost f their imming r bricks iipier of // the soil, a coarse water meadow free of all cost and trouble. The pastures of Canada beiiig rank, coarse and unsuited to sheep, it is considered desirable b^ experienced persons there, that the Fvsrtns and other grasses a(la})ted for this pur})ose should be more abundantly imported and sown. A chief meadow grass indigenous to that coniiti^w is cr(»- mised, on behalf of the Company, to set apart one-half of the prices obtained for town lots, as a fund for building a school house, and maintain- ing a school master ; while sites for churches, and burying grounds were given gratuitously to conjrresrations of all religious denominations applying for the same. As a further induce- mkU SO -^f^' Jr-i.^. ment to early settler?;, the yr'icii at first f^xi d for town lots of a quarter ^)f an acre each, was twenty dollars, with the pnvilee;e to purchasers to take farms in the vicinity, of fifty acres each, at 7s. 6d. or one and a half dollar per acre. These prices however, being- insufficient to pay the expenses incurred by the Company, were subse(|uently raised, first to thirty dollars, and then to forty dollars for town lots, and to lOs. and 12s. 6d. per acre for the farms; and at these different ])rices, accordiui^ to the respective dates at which the contracts were made, above •200 town lots, and 16,000 acres of land, had been engaged previously to the first of October, at which period seventy-six houses were built, or building — a saw-miil was in operation — a kiln of bricks was actually burning —a grist mill was in progress — a rriarket house ; two ta- verns and several stores had been opened. Se- veral traf^'^^men and mechanics had established themsel\ ., and found advantageous employ- ment — a temporary school house was regularly attended by above forty children, the founda- tion of a stone building for a permanent one had been laid ; and a printing office was in pre- paration. Settlers, with capital, who prefer establishing themseh^es on land, on which partial clearings have been made, and log houses erected, will generally find lots with such improvements ihi' sale. This arises from persons going originally in very destitute circumstances, or rather tie- ^■'(^■W:'-''% ^•^"fl si jli, was -chasers 3S each, ir acre, to pay ^, were irs, and [ to lOs. at tliese spective >, above nd, had Jctober, re built, ition — a -a grist two ta~ d. 8e- dblished employ- gularly oiinda- ent one in pre- blishiniy:; Learin^s ed, will ents for iii'inallv prndenton the Company's assistunce wUh. li;rvijii>' succeeded on their lots, are Vv'illlng to seii their land at a reasonable proiittonew comers, from f* -ir to six dollars per acre, with the improvemenf *•>» the same. These persons ju-euerally remove farj t weshcard, and, having acquired suificieiit know- ledge of the country, make new purchases, upon which thev may execute further improvements, and according to the extent of his mcmt.s^ each j)erson can be accommodated — the ])oorest la- bourer, and the largest capitalist, will find })ro- |)ortional settlements. The man who can com- mand a hundred pounds on his arrival will be able to support his family in comfort — he )javs down at first to the C'onijxini/ but one-hfth. that is, £*20, the remainder by similar instalments, of one-fifth for each of four years more ; and o liberal are the terms of the Com}>any, that thev will in future take the instalments, not i- ^aonoy, but in farming produce on the spc^ anii of course relieve the occupier, so far, from ^ht c(>st and trouble of taking it to market. Another advantage may be made avfulable to (he purchaser, who, by making a deposit of any portion of the payment in London, will not I »Ne the benefit of the current rate of exchange, x.i Up})er Canada, which is sometimes as high as ten per cent. In short both individuals, and associations of iiulustrious emigrants are treated with, on the most liberal terms, and may have the most ex- tended credit — and, perhaps, advances made to D .J 8-2 u c P them, as far as may be consistent with eventual security to the Company. But by what course, and at what expense are yon to reach this desirable land ? I shall now tell vou JIov' to arrive at Upper Canada^ hi/ New York, and at ivhat cost. Frwin Bristol to New York, — liiverpool, ditto, . . . — Dublin, ditto, — Cork, ditto, . . - — Limerick, ditto, . . _ — Sligo, ditto, . . - — Londonderry, ditto, — Belttijt, ditto, - - - — Greenock, ditto, _ , . — New York to Albany, .... — Albany to Buffalo Point, by Canal Boat — - Bntt'alo Point to any part of the Cana. diau side, provisions included Steerage £5 10 5 4 10 4 10 4 10 5 10 (3 (4 >) Cabin. £2.) 30 U i2(» (.1 ib 18 For those to whom expense is not a verj/ seri- ous consideration, I recommend this passage — First, because the sea vovaj>e is shorter — the banks of New Foundland are avoided, which is the most dangerous part of the course, and the navigation of the St. Lawrence, with the proba- bility of baffling head winds there, as well as in the Gulph, avoided. Those to whom money is an important object, (even though they be of a higher class of Emi- grants, suppose half-pay officers with their fa- milies, or gentlemen of limited means with tw(> or three hundred pounds in their pockets,) will act wisely in not going out as cabin passengers : they can bargain for part of the steerage accom- modation, partitioned olf for themselves, and v/hen they land, it will be better for them to have the cabin fare (a huge sum if families are 1 w^^ m rentual rise are ill now and ol Cabin. £2.-) (t 3(1 U i2(» 1. lOs. OTOWU l)c'C is [)r()per () out, V sea- weeks, uiiii^est to one otliiiiiT vovaye se En- biscuit, s, split porter, and should of loat of its unac- whicli r lives, 1 indi- 4st. of sugar, '»ur, from Mb. of tea, 4st. of butter, -JOst. of potatoes, and a few dozen of egy^s, which should be well oreased, to exclude the air, and consequently preserve them fresh. I must add a (/uarf or tw(» of whiskey, for emero^encies, and no considerate agent would recommend or allow a much greater quantity. Wooden noggins and trenchers, and tin porringers are much better than delft-ware, which is so liable to be broken in a rolling sea, or by accident — a few simple cooking utensils are of course necessary. As to dress, linen being dear in Canada, I advise you to take out as many shirts and shifts as you can, and a good sup])ly of short jackets of light material, for summer use, with duck trowsers ; and, for winter, strong (Ircddnoni/iLt fireat coats and trowsers, plenty of woollen stockings, mittens, shoes, and a })air of leather gaiters; fur caps you will find necessary in winter, and much cheaper here than in Canada. When the emigrant lands, he and his family are kindly looked to by the Company's Agents, at Quebec, Montreal,* and New York, and will (if he contracts for land, and pays ;i first instal- ment at any of those places) be expeditiously con- veyed, and free of expense, to the head of Lake Ontario : and if the Emiijrant does not even- tuaily purchase land from the Comj)any, his dejujsits are returned to him, after deducting merely the expenses of his transmission to * A Kcnt^vulpnt Society liiis been lately i>et;iblitre-.-t'd fjinyrant.s uho may unfortunutely from illnei=;t«, or other (•ausct^, be unable to pro- <«'»'d without aid. \ ork ; a liberal measure ^^']lich has been received with much satisfaction in that country. Such is the demand for labour there, that every person able and willing to work is sure of being employed at the high rates, ami with the other advantages, which liave been before enu- merated. It may be fairly stfited, that for £6. a single labourer will find himself at York ; aiul he mi\y easily calculate the expenses of a famib/ move- ment. It is quite necessary, however, that each should be secure of having a small sum, say £^. on reaching his point of destination ; this may be effected through the Agents, by a deposit at first made by the individual or his friends ; bet- ter than to trust it to the temptation of disburse- ment on the journey.* CONCLUSION. c ii, \ It is to be regretted that there are still vast portions of the Canadas unoccupied. Many of the crown reserves, which form a seventh part of the land, have remained as waste, in the hands of Government for more than thirty years. Now if we estimate the effect of their being so neglected even in the case of a single lot of 200 acres, (the usual admeasurement of a distinct farm,) what a loss in point of revenue! * Much distress was experienced last Spring^ at Quebec, by a consi. dirable luunber of Irish eiiiig^rants, who arrived there peiinyless : their uiif<'eliiig- landlords havinar paid their expenses no farther than that port, lu^tead of fiirnishinf^ them, [throuijh the Companies Agents) with the iriean;; of prf»ceedintr to tlie Upper I'rovince, where abiuidant einploy- nieJit awaited thirn, 87 in«^le vast. y ^>f part the lirty their ingle of a lue ! ronsN tlu'ir It port, th thi> mjiloy- Ilad it become tlie settlement of an industrious family what would it not have yielded in thirty years to the mother country — in consumption of its manufactures, — to the province, by the in- crease of its productions and natural strength, — to its own immediate neighbourhood, by the support of the industrious, contributing at the same time, to the healthiness of the surrounding farms, by the clearing of the forests ! — Whixi a prodigious loss, when the calculation is made not on a solitary lot but on 2,750,000 acrer- reserved for the crown and foi the clergy equal to i:7,500 lots of '200 acres each. Some of these it is true are under lease, but the proportion is inconsiderable. Since our last war w^ith the United States, settlers from them, though a hardy and useful class of people — expert as axemen, and indus- trious as far: .^rs, ambitious of a competency and peculiarly delighting in the labours of a new country, have not met any welcome from the provincial Cxovernments — many of them would have made valuable subjects of Cireat Britain, as has been proved in the instance of Quakers from Pennsylvania, and American Ger- mans from the States, accustomed to farming, wlio, in forming their settlement, brought along with them their cattle, waggons, horses, house- hold furniture, and, of greater importance stili — habits of morality, industry and economy. Nor would the numbers from the United States have been more than a fair proportion, to ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ||JLI_ 11.25 Lil2.8 12.5 U 111.6 <^ Va /a '/ /A Photographic Sciences Coiporalion 33 WEST MAIN STRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4S03 A b A ^>' ^ (A M ^ % '^juTM.': 88 instruct the British colonists iji tlieir hibours, for the United States present to their own la- bouring citizens too wide a field for their indus- try at home, to give cause for apprehension that they would leave their own boundaries, in overwhelming numbers. If wastes be unprofitable, how is the evil to be remedied ? — By emigration, — and this is now most deservedly encouraged. Too rapid a niul- plication need not be feared; the natural increase of the present population (about •250,000) can be but small, compared with the vast quantity of labour which so many millions of acres demand. The number of tradesmen and hibourers, which will be required in the British coh)nies of North America, cannot possibly be calculated : for, with all the zeal and enertry of a new world rising into life, that country will probably con- tinue to advance in improvement, for many centuries to come. The clearing of land, build- ing of houses, cutting of canals, and forming of roads, will employ countless multitudes. It is the avowed intention of the Upper Ca- nada Company (whose spirited proposals for the sale of farms, the rates of which I have already stated, and whose liberal plans for the accommo- dation of settlers I have also put forward) not to assist mere idle apecuiators^ but to encourage the occupation of lands by a steady and industrious agricultural po|)uhition ! to individuals, or fa- milies (ft" that description, well recuinmended troni the Parent C'cnintrv tliev tVecnientlv make 89 111 advances on security, for the cultivation ot lots, until a cro]) shall be raised to rej)ay the loan. In no other country in the world can such comforts and advanta":es be obtained in exchantje for labour and industry ; but, at the same time 1 do not recommend those, who enjoy happiness and comforts at home, even with a life of toil, to emigrate on mere speculation ; or from the love of Change to forsake the land of their birth and their afi'ections. To such (as has been well observed) the epitaph " I was well — 1 would be better — here I am," would apply — it would be a mournful inscription on a head stone in a foreig'u land, expressive of the speculative folly and blighted hopes of the disappointed ; but it fortunately and critically happens that the peo- ple most wanted are those who have no induce- ment to remain at home — the poorest classes — with risin<^ families, able and willing to work, but unable to obtiiin employment ; and this fjict deserves observation, that since none are more averse from leaving their ccunitry than the Irish, nothing can more strongly prove the fascinatlou of Upper Canada than the extensive emigration which (from the facilities afforded, and the favour- rable reports of the emigrants) has taken place within the last year from the Irish ports; and it is likely to increase in future. Those with whom any change must be for the better, are the obvi- ous subjects for emigration ; but to other and higher grades it is equally tempting ; to the far- juer who cannot improve his capitaK and has .,>.i^^ T-r'--^-' ifiiiiiiM' ' "f TW \T 90 just enouo^h to settle liim safely there, to the half-pay officer with an increasing family, and to the young and zealous Clergyman who may be fortunate enough, if without other prospects, to procure one of those desirable cures which are there provided by the British Government. I have thus endeavoured to supply the Emi- grant with the most necessary points of informa- tion to guide him to an economical, convenient, and prosperous Settlement. I have presented him with a concise and cheap book. Were it dearer, he might not wish to buy it; and were it longer, he might not like to read it Within such limits minute details cannot be expected ; but for its extent, I hope its commu- nications will not be considered useless or unim- portant ; they are the result of deep and anxious enquiry, from the latest and most approved authorities ; from intimate friends, prosperously settled in the Country ; and from intelligent persons now here, and about to return to the scene of their successful improvements. I trust that the Hints I have put together in the foregoing pages may be serviceable, especi- ally to my own Countrymen ; and so impressed am I with the advantages which are offered to the Settler in Upj>er Canada, that were I not en- gaged in public and private duties, 1 would join the first merry-hearted set of Irish Emigrants m planting ourselves, and our potatoes^ on one of the richest Townships in the Huron Territory. 91 to the and to nav be 2CtS, to ich are It. APPENDIX. 3 Emi- iforma- enient, jsented jQve it ivere it not be Dmmu- ' unim- nxious proved Touslv llijjent to the her in ispeei- ressed •ed to lot en- d join nts m one of torv. Extracts from original and iivjmblished Letters, 1. "Brockville, June lOtli, 1827. " My dear [Mother, ♦*I am happy in having this opportunity of writing these few lines to you, hoping they will find you, with my sisters and brothers, in good health as I am at present : thanks bo to the Lord for it. " With regard to my voyage ; we sailed from Pnssfige, on the 13th of April, and landed in Quebec the 4th of May : we had a pretty favourable time of it, only one day and night unpleasant enough to makes us wish ourselves in the old country again, 1 thank the Lord I did not get one hours' sickness since I left home as yet — not a soul on board could say the same. Dear Mother, I did not stop in Quebec as I intended : I found that the hire of a clerk is lowtr than that of a good labourer; besides, I should serve tw(» years apprenticeship, and learn two kinds of French. So I tliocght it better to go on and see my sister and friends, and all my old neighbours, and kindly they received me. Dear Motiier, I am afraid you will blame me for what I have done. 1 have bound myself an apprentice to a joiner in Brock ville, for three years: he is an eminent tradesman, and of good principles. He is allowing me 401. for the three years, M'ith every other accommodation. I have as good boarding as any man in Brockville. and am pleased witii what I have done. 92 With regard to tlio country it is, in my (.])iiiio!i, a groat deal bet- ter than Irehmd. The land in yenei'al is very trood, and not as liard to he cleared as you may think I have seen as good corn and meadowing as ever I saw in Irelan«l ; and mountains of dung not made aiiy use of. Every stone you would see is linu*- stone. And there it plenty of marl — and none made use ot. They can jdant potatoes, and liave them excellent for tahle in seven weeks. — Barley in liki' manner. The ajtplcs, plums cherries, gooseberries, currants, and grapes of all kinds, grow naturally in the woods. Yet I would not encourage any person to come here for fear (»f any thing happening to them. Let any man who can live withouv working at home, stay at homo ; but lor him who cannot labour this is tlie best country : he will get from 201. to 301. a-year. Tradesmen of all de- scriptions ouglit to come here : a blacksmith, if he is able to work on his own account, can earn from G to 8 dollars a-day ; otherwise a dollar a-day. Joiners, tailors, and shoemakers, 7s. 6d. a-day. Samuel Hendrick and his family, are doing well ; he has 200 acres of good land, and twenty of it cleared. He has 8 acres of wheat (and better I never saw) vmd 2 acres of potatoes, and kitchen vegetables, &c. George has half the land, and two parts of the stock : Ixe is an en- deavouiing and well-respected fellow. * * * are doing well. *' Remember me to * * * <' Your ever affectionate son, '* Thoniui; Graltnm." To M/s. Eliztihc'th Graham, Clonduu; Near Enniscorthify Ireland. O. FROM Tin; SAML JO THl. SAMK. " June J 0th, 182H. " Dear ^Mother, •" I received your affectionate letter, ar.rl am happy to bear that you were all in good health, as I am and have been (;ver since I came to this country ; thanks be to the giver of all gttodness. at cloal bot- aiid not as ■* cfood corn (untains ot" see is lime- ade use of. it for talde )les, plums inds, grow luraire any ig to them, lie, stay at it country; ; of all de- e is able to liars a-day ; lioeniakers, are doing .'cnty of it never saw) George ; IS an en- doing well. on, Graham." I, 18-J8. j>y to bear ; i)een evei" ■■iver of all \)\\ " I remain with Mr. Reynolds still, and am doing verv well. Last Jfinnary I was offered 1 00 «l(dlars a-year, if J would leave my master; but I would not accejit it: so you may jtulge I have made pretty go(jd use of my tiu'.e. My master is a sober religious man, and be takes great pains to instruct me in my duty to God, as well as my trade ; so I hojie it was the L(jrd who put courage into my heart to leave Indand. With respect to diet, it is always good here : no difference in this respect from one end of the; year to the other. « « * John IMorris and liis family are doing well ; he has bought a farm from his brother, and say« that he is now settled for life. As to * * * he is doing but middlincr — he has good wages, but thev are not enough for him, as he is greatly given to drink, and de- bases himself in consecjuence. » * * ]\Ien must la- l)our very hard here j but they are well fed and well paid ; and what a man has is his own; there is no landlord or tyrant to reign over them. Men who came here some years ago, have large clearances now, and are taking their ease. The chief objection folks have to this country, is the want of pleasures, but these are vanities. This country answers well for young men, or men with grown up families; by in- dustry they will have peace and plenty. * * * Gold is the most profitable to bring here. * * With regard to the climate, as far as I can judge, it is quite temperate: last winter was the finest winter I have ever seen ; there -was a keen frost, but no wet or wind, nor much snow ; so that it was quite pleasant. Neither is there any intense heat. I have not felt as warm days as in Ireland last summer. The fall and spring are the disagreeable seasons. * * * I am making great way in my trade, and if God spares me, I hope to do better than ever you could provide for me in Ireland. I am sorry that poor Sam settled himself there, for this is a better country for industrious people. Land is getting pretty dear here in the settled parts, but yet there is room and many chances, of which there are none in Ireland. I wonder why folks think so hard of leaving that distressed country, surely it is only a few weeks journey. Dear Mother, I would be glad to see you all coming liere, where you could nourish 94 yourselves wiUi the fruits of jOur labour, but choose for yourselves. It I was as Joshua and Sam, and kno%\'ing as much of this country as I do, I would sell out all, and stay no longer labouring under the heavy yoke. With a little money and my industry I could possess more property here in three or four years than I could ever have in Ireland, and I could call it my own. If some of Michael Redmond's sons, or some more of those brave boys would venture here, they would do well ; but I suppose this will be sore news to some of their people. ♦ ♦ * £. K. was going to get married List June, but unfortunately her spark got drowned ii few days before the time. * ♦ * It is useless to bring much fine clothes here, they are almost as cheap as in Ireland." * * * 3. « York, Upper Canada, April 2d, 1830. " My dear Friends, " We received your kind letter, dated April, in June, from wliich we understand that my Mother died in March last ; and, though we have natural feelings like other people, yet we dare not complain, but must say that He who gives has the same right to take away, and must consider it to be a loud call to ourselves, saying, < be ye also ready, for in such f>n hour as ye think not, the Son of man cometh.* * * •• North America altogether is in a prosperous way, and I havo no doubt but it will continue to prosper more and more ; but people who come here must not expect to see a clear and improved country like England, for you know England is a small stock of country and an old improved one ; but this is a lai^e stock of country newly settled and comparatively un- improved, and roads bad, in consequence of which, it hab a wild appearance to an Englishman just arrived, and whoever comes hither, must make himself acquainted with the ways and manners of the people, and not expect the people of America to comply with his manners and customs. ♦ * " If they can be patient for a while and look about them, they will in general rind that they can do better here than there. 95 lioose for lowing as and stay h a little serty here I Ireland, ledmond's iure here, 5 news to ng to get , drowned i to bring ap PS in >d, 1830. iii June, n March r people, ho gives it to be Y, for in h.' ♦ * y, and I id more ; lear and and is a t this is vely un- it has u whoever he ways eople of m, they there. You wish me to give you my opinion, which is the best [)Lne to come to, the United States or Canada ? to which I would answer, farmers who come to Canada, I think will do better than they would in the United States ; Hrst, because farnis can be more easily obtained in Canada, than in the States ; secondly, because Canadian wheat and flour have the prtt'er- euce in the English and West India markets; and in conse- quence of which, produce is generally at a higher rate in Canada than in the States. Mechanics can do as well hert* as there, and labourers likewise. Manufacturers might du better in the States than here, but I would advise manufac- turers or workers in factories, (cloth, cotton, or silk,) not tu depend on getting into their different branches of business in America. People coming to (Canada can always find a way to turn themselves, and do well if they are careful and steady, and I think the climate here is better adapted to Englishmen than is that of the United States. * ♦ ♦ When you write, pay the postage to Liverpool and write • Via New York,' on the letter; I shall receive it in half the time, and at a less expense than by the Falmouth Mail or Packet, " We remain, &c. &c. " John and Martha Deal."* 4. « Yarmouth, August 9lh, 1830, " Dear Parents, " I suppose that by this time a letter from me will not be very unwelcome, particularly when I inform you that I have no doubt of doing very well. In my last letter I quite for- got to tell you, that we saw no ice on our voyage ; as soon as our vessel came to the wharf at New York, there came se- veral persons on board to enquire for servants ; we were also asked as wc passed the streets, if we knew of any English people who wished to obtain servants' places, either men or women. We also saw many who were about to return to England again, from whom I endeavoured to gain all the in- formation they could give me respecting the country, and their reasons for leaving it ; and from all, I had every reason 9« to ronchule, tlmt it was intcniporanre, or home siokness that made them dissatisfii'd witli AmiM-ica. * « • * (ji,| Mr. (f told us tlu'V were as happy as tlie day was lontf ; they only grieved sometimes to think when they sat down to a well supplied tahle, and reflected that perhaps many whom ihey well knew at home, were in want of what in this coun- try is thrown away. I have seen the heads of cows and sheep thrown out for the dogs, and calves' heads too. Mr. (r says, they have every thing they want to make them happy and eomfortahle, and are saving mciuey ; they had no douht but all who came, couhl do well here ; hut they never would persuade any, as there are some who do not like the country. I did not like New York, because it was so hut ; I could have had plenty to do if I had stayed there. 1 enquired respecting Mr. C , and was informed that he was doing very well, and that he had agreed with a Captain in New York to bring over his family, of which I suppose before this you have heard. We left New York on the 15th of June, and went on board a steam boat, and arrived at Albany, 160 miles in 18 hours, for 4*. dd. each. We then engaged with a Captain of a tow boat to take us to Buffalo, a distance of 363 miles, for lis. Sd. each, in your money. From Buffalo we had to cross Lake Erie about 3 miles to Port Erie, in order to take ship to go to Kettle Creek, 150 miles. » » » ** A Quaker gentleman who had come up with us from Port Erie, on a visit to his friends at Yarmouth, 9 miles distant, had heen there, and informed them that a shoe maker was come, and a pon of a farmer accompanied him with a light waggon to bring ns and our luggage to Yarmouth, as a shoe maker was wanted there very badly. We remained at farmer K 's eight days, where we received all the kind- ness imaginable. We are at present living in a large school- room, (which is not used in the summer,) as there is no house vacant ; there will be one in about two months, which, if I stay here, I may have with two acres of land to it, for three shillings per month. I see plainly there will be work enough if I had two or three hands. I have a great deal more now than 1 can do, and they tell me there will be more alter liurvest ; 97 ess tfiiit • Old as lonif ; down to jr wliom lis coun- ows and 0. Mr. ,ke them \f had no )nt they not like t was so here. 1 that lie Captain suppose the 15th irrived at W(; then Buffalo, money, miles to eek, 150 us from 9 miles oe maker m with a uth, as a ained at lie kind- e school- no house bich, if I for three enougli if low than harvest ; hut tiu>ro is no jxHsihility of tfcttinu' iiands; ihe iiihiihitaiits am all farmers, they kill their own meat, j?et their skin-* tunned and cunied, so that thi'y find their own leather. I had l.'Js. (id. f(»r makint^ a pair of Wellintrton jtoitts, which will Gfo nearly as far apain in provision here as at home; the price tor men and womens' shoes is alike, 48. Gd. lor liirht, and'Ss. fid. for stout ones; they find their own thread too, >o that 1 liave nothins^ to pet hut wax and hairs, nor have 1 nnythins to do with finishing off the uppei>. As I .save money now very fsist, I shall soon be aide to Imy my own h!atlu!r, which will he more profitahle. At the same time I am not satisfied with this situation, as there is no meetinir within three miles oi'us, except the Quakers, and they onlv have it once on a Sunday, they are nearly all (Quakers here ; they ar(! very kind indeivl, they all want us to visit them. WC liave as much as we like for fetching of potatoes, frenchheans, ciirumhers, peas, onions, he. in great abundance, from auv of the neighbours, with a hearty welcome. The beit mutton is '2^d. per pound, veal *2d. tea and sugar full as cheap again as at home, butter (id. I tell you the price of every thinif in Knplish money to prevent mistakes. Taxes here are verv liirht ; Mr. K owns 'itX) acres, has a considerable live stock, and all the tax he pays is thirteen shillings annualiv. We have all, through mercy, enjoyed excellent health ever since we have been here ; the climate is perhaps a little warmer here than at home, but I do not find a very great dit. ference. Flour, 1 should have said is hardly three farthinys per pound, potatoes 4id. per peck now, but they Avill !»»• cheaper soon it is expected. The inhabitants of this place am principally from the States ; they say it is decidedly better here. Their land is from 9s. to 18s. per acre. There are several Englishmen here. Farmer]) took us up to South Wold, to see Mr. A , 17 miles hence, without charge. Mr. A likes the country better than he could have ex- pected, and says he would not leave it for any money, and in- deed all who caiTie over with us, like it very well. We should be extremely happy if there were a meeting near us. I want to be at Frome on Sundays, and here other days. Now I hope you will make up your minds to come, and 98 brinif with you a numlu>r of truly rcliuloiis peoplf, and Hinoncr tlieni an humblu pronrhcr. I huve no iloul>t but thut much HOod in a spiritual way niipht be done, for those who arc not (Quakers, say they wisli there was preachinc liere, as they do not like to j^o to the Quaker's* meetinjj^. There ir no doubl but all industrious persons who come will do well, the people here wonder that more do not come. We were told at New Vork, that 7000 had landed there in about 4 or 5 weeks, and *20() families have landed at this creek this summer : but thev are lost almost as a drop in a bucket. From all the iniormu- tion I can gain, there is not the shadow of a doubt, but that all who are willing to work, can get plenty of work, and good pay. Mechanics they say arc wanted very badly. I have no doubt but after we are a little more settled, we shall be able to save 30 shillings per week ; but you have heard there is but little moiicy here — wheat is considered thi same as money. V/hen I make a pair of shoes for n person, he asks me at what mill I will have my wheat lodged, I tell him, he then take* it and brings me a receipt ; I have then to say whether I mean to sell or have it ground for my own use ; if I sell it, I can get ca3h for it by waiting about a month ; this is the way the trade of this country is carried on. But it is a gi'owing coun- tiy, and money gets more plenty every year. We are a great deal more comfortable than we expected to be, in so short u time. I want to advise you all to come, for here we are all free from anxiety as to getting on. But the difference between having and not having religious privileges is so great, that I can- not conscientiously persuade you to come, till I can fix on a place where they are more happily blended with temporal ones, unless you could bring, as I have before hinted, a number of Christians, which would consummate our happiness. I should be happy to hear that two or three thousand were coming from home, as it would be the best thing in the world for them, there would be plenty for them to do, and a plenty to eat and drink ; in this there is FiO mistake. I seem to want to tell this, that, and the other story about men who came without a single shilling, but have now good farms of their own ; but they would be so numerous, I can only say that all the good accounts I have read of America, I believe to be correct. J liv. 99 md uiunncr ihut rnucli ho arc nsage. I hope you do not entertain th»! melanrh(»ly icea ot never meeting again, I iiave no doubt of it. Hut I must now roii- • hide with our sincere love. '* We remain dear Parents, »* Most affectionately youi>, .5. " Dundas, September ;W, iKK). " Dear Friends, # • « '« Health is a beautiful thing, Jiud it depends on God to give it, for were it in the hands ofc man, health would decline as many other things have in Eng- land : such as labour and victualling; which, if (lod gives up our health, is quite plentiful with us. We have plenty of good beef and mutton, flour, pork, fish, fowl, and butter, and by one day's work, a man can supply himself with these neces- •saries sufficient for three days. You have a good many cold bellies to go to bed with, or things are greatly altered since I was with you ; but here, if you choose, your belly would be so warm for three half-pence, that you would not know the way to bed. I will give you the outlines of our voyage * * We were landed on the 8th of June, at Quebec, and then agreed with the Canada Company to qo to Guelph (which is a new township, about 700 miles from Quebec) to take land. # # # Harvest work is one dollar a day with board, other work three-fourths of a dollar. A woman who goes out to washing, half a dollar a day and board. Women wh(» <:an work well with the needle, earn good wages. # » Beef and mutton sell for 2d. and 3d. per lb. ♦ * # Henry, you may depend upon it that all this is true, so that you see here u all the chance in the world for a poor man td live. -* * -* * ''■ Your loviny cousin, " Win. Sn^li/roif." S.rs. Women jout 1/. per lave no poor ,r in France, he gi*eat la- lore need to s of land, at d we have ir, between years ; it is road to onr rood sale for t 25 chains, ht through shall never s, chiefly t-l water. AVc le expense ; stone tor ter Canada ; cr we have no sickness since we have been here, and are slouttr tlian we were in England. But there are many who were sick at tirst. We should be very happy to see all our friends here, old and young, if they could ; we are providing a home. Saralt woub' ''« c"lad to see all her friends here, but does not wish to go bai k. If any should come, we should be glad to have brought some cabbage seed of early kinds. Hazel nuts, all kinds ot k<;niels, or gi'afts, pears, jtlumbs, cherries, gooseberries, thorn berries, and turnip seed, carrot seed, leek seed, we should be irlad to have brought. Bring hooks, hatchets, scythes, reaping- hooks, and fire irons ; but no wood. We expect to clear 20 acres by next harvest ; we cut the trees about three feet above trround, and put fire to it, and burn it root and branch if we ran. I have sent two letters before ; I should like to have one from you. Thomas Hunt is in good health, had no -sickness by sea nor land. We are about seven hundred miles from Quebec, that is but little here. James and Jemima Hunt never wish to return to England, but wish that all our i'riends were here ; for here is plenty of work, and plenty to eat and drink. We all wish that our fathers, mothers, bro- thers, and sisters were here, for here is plenty of room for all there is in England They that think to work may do well, but if our fathers and mothers were here they should never be obliged to do a hard day's work, for we would keep them without work, if they were not able. But if any of you should, I would wish you to make up your minds beforehuixt, not to be faint hearted ; you may expect rocking, but I dont tear the raging seas, for perhaps more may come as safely as we, for the God that rules the land, rules the sea ; it may be that one might have a long passage, but they see something wonderful every day : such fish ! the sights will be worth their passage. There are some that came here this year, turned back before they knew whether 'tis good or bad. But thank God that we are here. *• J. and ./. Hnui. Nelson, District of Gore, Uppper Canada. Nortli America. E 3 102 7. ♦* North Biaiifli of Talbot, December 10th, 1830. " Dear Brotliers and Sisters, * * * * " We landed here last July, and like the country well. We are settled about two miles I'ronii Siloox. Clements and I have bought 100 acres of land be- tween us. I have cleared on my share about 25 acres for 70/. and have paid down for the purchase 12/. 10s. and the remainder I have five years to pay if I have a house and barn ready to go into. S. is hired by the year for 12/. lO.s. with board and Iodising. Men's wages are from JJs. to os. a day take the year round, with board. Clements and 1 cut, threshed, and winnowed in four days, 84 bushels of peas ; and lor our wages, got 21 bushels, besides our board. Wheat here sells for 3s, the bushel, — peas 2s. lOd., — oats Is. 3d., — Indian corn 2s. lOd. We liave a very healthy country. It any of you have any notion of coming here, be sure to pro- vide strong boxes, as ours went all to pieces before we got half way. Whatever earthen ware you have, pack among your clothes in your boxes. * *■ * Farmers live well here, as they have all they can make, and no rents to pay, and but very little taxes — for 200 acres of land, with stock and improvements, twelve sldllinys will pay them. Josiah, if you can, bring a good set of carpenter's tools, picks, prongs, door hinges, hooks, a good hay-knife, rings, wedges. Tell Khoda and Tabitha to bring me ;> good hay-cutting knife, and tell brother Nathan or Noah to send me the iron of the lathe. Tell brother Elisha not to come by way of Quebec, as New York is much cheaper and safer ; you can come by water within seven miles of this. " Believe us to be, as usual, " Your affectionate Brother and Sister, "Esau and Elizabeth Prongleij." 8. " York, Upper Canada, January, 29th, 1831. " Dear Brothers and Sisters, * » ♦ ♦ " I have got a shop and sell all kinds of pastries and groceries ; we are doing very well ; tell Ben- 0th, iHao. July, and miles Iroiu ►f hind be- 5 acres ioi J«. and the house and r 12/. lUv. 5. to JS. SI and 1 cut.. r peas ; and J. Wheat 5 Is. 3d., — iuntry. It ne to pro- \ve got halt mong your rs live well its to pay, with stock Josiah, if ks, prongs L'"es. Tell ting knife, ron of the f Quebec, come by Sister, \Pt'ongle!/.' 9th, 18.'il. |l kinds of tell Ben- 103 jajuin to learn the pastry business well and to come hero, where it is a very profitable business. I like America verv well, but should like it much better if you were all here ; make up your minds and come to us, dont fear cnjssing the sea, for when vou are started vou will think of it no more than crossing the Thames. * * * " This is a ilourishing place, a new English Church is to be l)uilt here this next spring; two Presbyterian Chapels, and two Methodist ones; a new College is also to be built, as large as Cambridge; Parliament House and Prison; a large Hospital ; there are five large steam boats on the lake, and one of two hundred horse power, which will* be finished next spring. More emigrants will be coming next year than ever. (iood land is sold with timber upon it for 10s. per £icre. (xood beef at 2d. and 2^d. per lb. a good goose f * "N&-r«;i J 04 did ill England, and be sure to bring a good gun, tor you need not be afmid of shooting, lor this is the place to live in. I wish my father and mother would venture to come ; we would keep them as long as they live, and keep them comfortable. •John when you arrive, I hope we shall have a merry meeting ; tell my brothers, John, William, and James, that i.arpentcrs have a capital trade here all tho year rouud, and l»«sket makers would soon get a good fortune ; all trades are very good indeed, and (jrod send you all out with sspeed. Go to Samuel Stint and tell them to come directly, and tell Stint to ^o to Mr. Gillet and tell him to come here, for stone-work is plenty, there is more work going on than we can tell them. Tell my brother John if he will come, he can do well here; but if he carnot raise the means to come at present, I hope in the course of another year we shall be able to help him. When you come, you had better come by Ne\v York, than come by the Canal. Bring some good sharp apples, lemons, beer, and cider, cheese and onions, pickled cabbage and vinegar, those are the particular articles you will want " Dear Sister, as soon as you receive this letter, let Ben- jamin copy it and send it to Frome," as John Hill, his wife and family, are coming out as soon as they receive it ; bring out i>ome lace and net for caps, and needles of different kinds. When you come, you must come to York, Upper Canada, and enquire for Young-street, near Dulchee's foundry. Your aifectionate Brother and Sister, Geortje and Anne (^irpentcr.'' To Mr. Henry Beelbeck, •J, Adam's-row, Hampstead-road, Loriilon. 9. "Back-street, Soutliwold, loth March, 18;3i. " My Deal- Father, " As it is now nearly twelve mont'— since J left (Jorslcy ; I thought I would write you h few lines, to infonn you how J am situated, and vi^hat's my opinion of this country. When I 105 • you need ive in. I we would mfortfible. > a merry imes, that ouud, and trades are )eed. Go , and tell here, tor I than we come, he io come at all be able e by New ood sharp ,s, pickled s you will let Ben- s wife and bring out snt kinds. Canada, y. ster, arpentcr." L-h, 18.-3r (.'orsh'V ; ou how J When J first came to Quebec, I felt desirous of going tiiroufrh tlir country up to Mr. J. Silcogs ; I found my means very small, as I had 900 miles to go, I got my sister a good place of -ervice, and as some of her acquaintance stopped there, she seemed very willing to stay. I then borrowed some money of JeiTy Annett; we both set otf for Upper ('anada together. We were eight weeks and three days coming to Quebec, and four weeks coming to Southwold. I then went to work for Air. Silcog four months, and Jerry Annett W(n'ked on the next tarm. I have worked some at my trade ; a person that can work well, can get a dollar and a half per day, and in the harvest Held we can get a dollar per day. I like this part of the country very well; I jntend staying here this summer; ] design working at my trade. I have been working on a farm, chopping, and other work ; but I have been very unfortunate, Ive cut myself four or tive times : I cut my hand in the suuimer whilst mowing with Meredith Orman, on Mr. Silcog's lield ; I cut my foot very bad four weeks ago, its not well yet. I cut two of my toes off, Mr. Silcog sewed them on again ; t hey seem to be getting on very well considering the time. Vou must not think that 1 dislike the country on account of my misfortunes, for if I was to cut my leg right off, I should not think of returning to Corsley again, for I could do much better here with one leg than in Corsley with two ; there is j)lenty of hard work here, we can always have plenty to do ; we bo'^d and lodge with the persons we work for. I am chop- ])ing now for Mr. Allworth, on his farm joining Mr. Silcog's. If any of my old acquaintances have got tired of being slaves and drudges, tell them to come to Upper Canada, to William Singer, bricklayer, he'll take them by the hand and lead them to hard work, good wages, and the best of living. If James and George Moore, Thomas H - kins, Thomas Batcher, Isaac Cuff, Mr. Tyler Blacksmith, or any others, with your- self and my Uncle, should like to come out, I'm sure any ot ihem could do well hc'e; I should like you and the family to come out, for vou would do much better here. Old George Silcog likes the country very well, but if any one was coming out he wished you to bring a cask of James Knight's strong hkiiiXy as we cant get any so good here ; we can get whiskey r^>^^ T»4i,;?*:/'' 106 at about half a dollar per gallor., as strong as the giu you get in Englaud ; if any one was cewiing out, I should be '^\nd it you would send me a plaistering trowel, as we cant get any here. I could have earned a good many dollars more, u I had got one ; I should be glad to see you all here, but if you do not like to come yourself, I should like you to send my eldest ^'rother out, as I could do much better for him than he could do at home. I hope all the llaraily is well, likewise all my acquaintance and friends. " William Dredge is at Dundas, about 100 miles from me ; his wife died about two months ago. We have eight English families in about two miles, all from Corsley and Westb\iry ; they are all well, and doing well ; they are all very busy making sugar ; this part of the country is very fine. The winter has been more than commonly severe, but I've net found it colder than in England. I should like you to send me a letter a* fcoon as you can, filled with the news of your country. I hope you look well to the children, as they have got no mo- ther, or any one but you to look to ; let my grandmother know, if she is living, and my cousins at Westbuiy, that I am well. '' William Moody told me, he was coming out, but I have seen notliing of him ; he had better come ; his trade is as good as money making here. I shall conclude, by hoping you and all the family are well ; and assuring you that I remain your loving son, *' William Singer. '" To Mr. John Singer, Bricklayer, (>orsley, England. S'ut(t.—l have taken no liberty with the foregoing Letters, except in s f*'w cases that of improving the orthography. M. D. lo: ?iu you ifct be gl.id it nt get any more, ii I but if vou o send my im than he 'kewise all } from me ; ^ht English Westbury ; usy making winter has nd it colder a letter as ountry. I ^ot no mo- randm other iiy, tliat I but I have trade is as hoping you at 1 remain Sinqer.'' ECCLESIASTICAL DEPARTMENT. 8, pxc»»pt in s M. I). (•LERf;Y OF THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF ENGLAND The Houoroblc and Righf Rovorcml Charles James Stewart, D I) Lord Bishop of Quebec. The Veneriblc Gcorjye O'Kill Stuart, L.L.D. Archdearon of Kinjfsfon. i'he Honorable and Venerable John Strachan, D. D. Archtiearot* of York. Domettic Cfxiplain, <^r.— Reverend Robert D. Cartwright, A.M. I'lxitiug Misiionan/ to the Dicrexe.—Uev. G. Archbold. EASTER DISTRICTN. f Rev. F. Myers. .V - - ■ Matilda, S(c. -^^^^ ^ Robertson, Assistant Ministio. Willinmsburgh andilHev. J. G. Wea^ant. Ostutbruck, \\\ev. V. Mack, Assistant Minister Cornwall, Sfc. { Rev. J. L. Alexander, Curatr. BATHURST DISTRICT. Perfh, ^r.— Rev. M. Harris, A. M. Beckwith, ,^c.— Rev. II. Harte, A B. Birhmond, Sfc— Rev. R. Short. March, ^-c— (Vacant.) Brockville -\ JOHNSTOWN DISTRICT. Rev. J. Wenhani, Chaplain to the Lord Bif.h., (absent) Rev. Gunning, (in temporary charge.) Prescott, (^rc— Rev. R. Blakey. Yof^fi, Sfc. — Rev. R. Elms. O.rford and Malborough — Rev. H. Patten. MIDLAND DISTRICT. Kingston, ^jj^.^, ^, Handcock, A. M. Assistant M,,mter. Bath, Etifhestoipn, SfC. — Rev. J. Stoughton. Adolphustmrn, Sfc. — Rev. J. Deacon. HalJou'i'//, S(r. — Rev. William Maeaulay. Rdlcrilk, *c.— Rev. T. Campbell. Carrt/ing Place, {Toicnship of Murray,) 4rc.— Rev. J. Grier NEWCASTLE DISTRICT. C^fioure, D. Archdeacon (»f \«-rk. Tnrontu, <^r. — Rev. J. Magrath. Markham and Vavglum, — Rev. P. MayerhoITi'r. GORE DISTRICT. Ancnster, Bni'tf>n, 1 Rev. J. Miller, M. A. and HamilUmand Dumhis, J Rev. R. Leemiiig. Missiiynaries to the Six-Nutimi 7 Rev. R. Lugger, and Tndiam on the Grand River, 5 Rev. A. Nelles. NIAGARA DISTRICT. Niagara, — Rev. T. Creen. Chipj^eiJca, Stamford, and Queonston, — Rev. W. Leoming. Crtrnsby, Sec. — Rev. R. Grout. St. Catharines, *c.— Rev. J. Clarke, A. M. H'aterho, Fort Erie, ^-c.— Rev. J. Anderson ' • ^i;^_feW-s«-B '^'^^ mmmmm 108 LONDON DISTRICT. Sf T/inm/tx, ^r.-nrv. M, Burnh:im, A. B. WmtHhotixp^ (!yc.— Rpv. F. Evans. London, Sfc — llev. E. J. Buswell. WESTERN DISTRICT, AmhcistJmrght Sfc.—Wt^v. U. Rolpli. .SVi/>//friVA,— Rev. William Jfthnson. C/tai/uitn, ^r.— Rev. T. Morley. CHAPLAINS TO THl. FORCES. AVnff.v/rtw.—Rcv. R. W. Tnnn<'y. York,— Hoy. J. Hudson, M. A. (ORPORATIOX FOR SUPKRTNTENDING AND MAXAGIVO THE CLERGY RESERVES. The Lord Bislinp. 'I'he Established Clerjjy. 1'he Inspe<"tor GeiuTHJ. The Stirveyor Oeiernl. Sfrretan/,— The Honorable Georpe H. IVIarkhuid, Agents,— Tho resident C'lerjry in the several district"'. Meetinf^snf the Board— the first Tuesday in the months of Febni.iry May— August— and November. N.B.— A General Meeting is held in February. ( LERGY IN COMMUNION WITH THE ErtTABELSIIEI) CHURCH OF SCOTLAND WiUiamst'Cyii'n — The* Rev. J. M'Kenzie. /,or/«V/— The Rev. J. M'Lii"»"Jn. Oynnralt — The Rev. ivlr.' Urquhart. Martintoum— The Rev. A. M'Counell. Perth— rha Rev. Thomas Willson. Bfjftoipn-r-ThPf Rev. Mr. Crookshank. Kingston — The Rev. J. Machar. Ancmter — The Rev. Mr. Sheed. JSV«^rtm— The Rev. H. M'Gill. London — The Re*^-. A. Ross. Amherstburgh—Tlui Rev. Mr. Gale. ROMAN CATHOLiC CLERGY IN UPPER CANADA. Ci /en garifj— Right Reverend Alexander M'Donoll— Bishop of Kiiig-fon ■ Very Rev. W. P. M'Donald, 7 ... ., ^ ,..,.. , Very Rev. W. J. O'Grady. k f '^^rs Gniemf. Rev. Jamc-8 Campion, j Chaplains. Rev. Dempsey — Seeretur?/. •> 4ndretrs and Cormntff — Rev. William Fra^er- .irntt and Brorkvif/e—Rev. Timothy 0'Meava> JSt/tou'n — Rev. Angus M'DnneM, Perth— Roy. John M'Douell, A'inirstnn ^^^^^^ ^*'^- ^"^ ^- ^'Donald, Kingston— i^^^^ ^ Lalor. Halloirell and Marmora — Rev. Miehael Brennan, Poterborr, igh — Rev. Jf»nie8 CroAvlev, Ynrk—\ory llev. Vf. J. O'Grady, Toronto) and Adjala — Rev. Edward Gordon, Siagara, GiM/ph and Dunda.of Kiiift-tmi /?rrf,: