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The report of Dr. Chamberlain dci-ives a special interest from tlie fact that it is a monograph devoted to the people of a single linguistic stock, or in other words to a people differing totally in speech from all other branches of the human race. In ray ' Remarks on North A.norican Ethnology,' prefixed to the Fifth Report of the Committee (188'J) which I venture in this connection to recall to mind — the fact was? pointed out that ' in America the linguistic stock is the universally ac- cepted unit of classification.' After explaining how, in my opinion, such stocks had originated, namely, ' in the natural language-making faculty of young children,' who in the earliest settlement of a new country had been left, orphaned and isolated from all other society, to frame a new language, and ultimately a new social system and a new religion of their own,' I added: 'From what has been said, it follows that in our studies of communities in the earliest stage we must look, not for sameness, but for almost endless diversity, alike in languages and in social organisa- tions. Instead of one " primitive human horde," we must think of some two or three hundred primitive societies, each beginning in a single household, and expanding gradually to a people distinct from every other, alike in speech, in character, in mythology, in form of government, and in social usages.' Since these remarks were written three publications relating to American ethnology, each of peculiar value and authority, have ap- peared. The earliest and in many respects the most important of these is the volume on ' The American Race,' by Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, Pro- fessor of American ArchaM)logy and Linguistics in the University of Pennsylvania. The general scope of the work is shown by its second title: 'A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America.' The author has con- densed within the liuiit of 40i) pages an immense mass of informa- tion concerning the numbers and locations, the physical, mental, anil moral traits, and the languages, religions, and social systems of the tribes of the western continent. It is the first and the only com{)re- hensive work embracing all the septs of the new world, and will doubt- less long remain the standard and indispensable authority. Of 'inde- pendent stocks or families,' we are told, ' there are about eighty in North and as many in South America. These stocks,' the author adds, ' offer us without doubt our best basis for tho ethnic classification of the ' See the Presidential Address of I'rof. S;ivee in the llcport of the Asxix'iafion f^'i^^^. Pacific N.'W. Histor- uc . • ^. u 2 7 2 •3 •h •0 ■•511 ,•61 )69 . » ,: k > PROVINCIAL, libraf:/ 2 RRrOUT — 18{)2. American trihea — tlic only baHia, indeed, wliioh is of any value. Tho eftorts which have been htM'etotbre made to eropt a pfeoj^raphic classifica- tion, with reference to certain areas, political or jihysical ; or a cranio- logicul one, with reference to skull forms; or a cultural one, with reference to staples of savagery and civilisation, have all proved worth- less. I select, therefore,' be concludes, * tho linguistic cliissitication of the Ameri(^an race as :^be only one of any scientific value, and, therefore, that which alone merits consideration.* The 'introductory chapter' of Dr. Brinton's work contains many valuable data and interesting suggestions. But I am diapo.sed to think that his view of tbe general res('nd)lance pervading the American tribes in their social institutions is rather a reflex of earlier opinions than a deduction from the facts collected with judicial and impartial accuracy in the subsequent chapters. Thus, while holding that Mr. Morgan's assertions on this subject were tot. sweeping, he yet remarks (p. 45) that ' Morgan was the first to point out clearly that ancient American society was founded, not upon the family, but upon the gens, totem, or clan, as the social unit.' In the next page, however, further considera- tion leads him to observe that this ' gentile system ' is by no means universal, and that ' it is an error of theorists to make it appear so. Subsequently (on p. 9'.>), in treating of the Dakotas, he states that some of the tribes of this stock had no rfeiifea, while others possessed them with widely ditfering systems of de8(!ent ; and ho then adds his final decision on this ])oint in terms which completely dispose of the elaborate theories of Morgan and his disciples. He holds that, accord- ing to the evidence we possess, 'the gentile system is by no means a fixed stadium of even American ancient society, but is variable — present or absent as circumstances may dictate.' Another recent publication of great importance is the paper of Major J. W. Powell, the distinguished Director of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology, on ' The Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico,' which appears in the * Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau,' nominally for 1885-8t), but published in \SUl, and actually coming down to that date in its informa- tion. The terms ' linguistic families ' and ' stocks ' are used by the author as synonymous. He tinds the total number of such stocks on the conti- nent north of Mexico to be fifty-eight ; and while he thinks it is not im- probable that this number may on further study be reduced by tlie fusion of some of these stocks, it is equally likely, in his opinion, that tho num- ber in the list will lie made good by the discovery of new stocks in portions of the region which have not yet been fully explored. A cata- logue as complete as can now be obtained is given, not only of the families, but of their tribes and dialectical subdivisions, with their leading names and the various synonyms by which they have been known. Major Powell does not think it necessary to give a reason for adopting the linguistio classification. He evidently regards the question as settled since the appearance of Gallatin's great work, the well-known * Synopsis of Indian Tribes' (18.36), by the general acquiescence of ethnologists. His pre- liminary remarks are chiefly, but not entirely, devoted to linguistic subjects, and present many facts and conclusions — the result of twenty years' study — which students of ethnology will find of special value and interest. It should, of course, \ye kept in view that in reminding his readers that, ' after all, the Indian is a savage, with the characteristics of a savage,' he must be regarded as referring in strictness only to the tribes m'ymmasm^- 1 ON THE NOUTir-WESTEUN TRIBES OF CANADA. 3 noTth of Mexcio, and that ho i'h too experienced an ethnologist to hold that all savages are alike in their characteristics.' His paper, it should be added, is illnstrated by a ' linguistic map,* which in clearness and fuU Bess is a model of what such a map should be. The third recent work of sj)ecial importance in connection with this study is the monograph of Mr. A. S. Gatschet, the eminent linguist of the Bureau of Ethnology, on ' The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon,' which fills two quarto volumes of over 700 pages each in the series of ' Contributions to North American Ethnology.' The work bears date in 1890, but was not distributed until the following year. It is doubtless the most complete and scicntiHi^ally exact account of tho character, language, and mythology of a people composing a single ' stock ' that has ever been published. Of their social organisation less is told. The author had made large collections on this subject, but lack of space has compelled him to defer their publication. He has, however, told enough to enable us to compare the main features in tho social life of these Indians, who are surely ' primitive ' and ' typical ' savages, if there are any such, with the systems devised by McLennan, Bachof'en, Morgan, and other ingenious theorisers. Mr. Gatschet, as becomes an investigator, is strictly impartial, and has no special system to maintain ; but by a simple statement of facts ho is able in four lines to upset as many theories. ' The Klamath Indians,* he tells ns, ' are absolutely ignorant of the gentile or clan system as prevalent among the Haida, Tlingit, and Eastern Indians of North America. Matriarchate is also unknown among them. Everyone is free to marry within or without tho tribe, and the children inherit from the father.' To those who possess Mr. Gatschet's volumes the comparison between their contents and those of Dr. Chamberlain's equally authentic and care- ful observations will be highly interesting. But probably to most students the comparison of this report on the Kootenays with the no less careful and accurate descriptions of the coast tribes of British Columbia belonging to the Tlingit, Tsimpshian, and Kwakiutl-Nootka stocks, as furnished to our committee by IJr b'ranz Boas in his successive reports, will be still more instructive. The notable ditlerence of character which ' I may be allowed to quote lie ^. n note from my ' Ethno<,'raiihy and Pliilology ' of the U.S. Exj>lorinK Expedition (p. i:»), which lias been thought worthy of citation by various writers on anthropological suhjocts: ' Notliing is iiiort; common in tho writ- ings of many voyagers than siioh jilirascs as the following: " These natives, like all savages, are cruel and treaclnjroiis " ; " The levity and fickleness of the savage character"; "The tendency to sup«'rstition whicli is found among all uncivilised tribes"; "The parental alfectiotis wliich warm tlie most savage heart," &c. Tliese exj)resttiona are evidently founderei)aration of this report, his manuscript vocabulary of the Upper Kootenay language. 2 ■7 ' •2 •3 ■h (0 )'5ll HI )59 • UKPOllT— 1802. Ah matoriul is Iiickinj^ for comparisons in cprtain (liroctims, wliijih naturally sng^ost tliiMiisolvcH, viz., with the Slioslionian tribcH of the region to the nouth, as ro^mrds lan^jna^'o, and with these, and with cer- tain Salishan peoples, witli respect to physical chanu'teristics, these (pios- tions niUHt bo deterred for consideration at another time. It may be stated, however, that from the examination of his material (only partially arranged) there appears to be no reason to displace tho Kootenay from its position as a distinct family of speech. ■ I BE! I. ETHNOGKAPillCAL. CoL'iTrRT AND PkOPLE. Tho Ki'tona'Qa, or Kootenays, inhabi. tho country included between the Kockies and tho Seikirks, stretching from tho forty-ninth to the Hfty- second parallel of north latitude, and watered by the Upper Kootonay and Upper Columbia Hivers and their tributaries. They preserve, how- ever, a distinct recollection of having formerly lived east of tho Rocky Mountains. Tho ethnic and tribal names are as follows : — An Indian is called ihjkts^mu'kinik^^ and a Kootenay Indian, tssn Oqkts'inCi'kinik, i.e., * flie Indian.' The names possibly have reference to the origin of the Kootenays, according to their legend, from a hole in tho ground, as the latter part of tho word 'lud'kinik may bo ex[)lained as con- sisting of iimilk (ground), -/-, a connective vowel, and the suflSx -nik, signifying ' ptuple originating from, dwelling at, Ac' The Kootenay also call tlituiselves Ki'ti'ma'an, the etymology of which is nnknown. One Indian connected it with hutund'qEuC', ' I am lean.' They are generally divided into two groups, viz., Upper Kootenays and Lower Kootenays, the subdivisions of these being as follows : — I. Ki'tonfiQa, or Upper Kootenay : (o) Aqki'sk'Enu'kinik (i.e., * peo- pie of the two lakes '), the tribe of the Columbia lakes, with chief settle- ment at Windermere, on the Lower Lake; (6) Aqka'mnik (t'.e., *the people of A'qk'atn,' as the region of Ft. Steele "s called), the tribe of Ft. Steele and the Mission of St. Eugene, of who> a large number camp at a place called liummer's Flat, Yaklkats ; (c) Yii'k'et aqkinu'qtlo'et aqkts'niil'kinik, or Indians of the Tobacco Plains (Ya'k'et aqkinu'qtle'et) ; these are better and more properly termed Atik'anequ'nik (i.e., 'Indians on a creek or river ') ; (rf) Aqklye'uik (' people of the leggings ' ?), Indians of Lake Pend d'Oreille. II. Aqkuqtla'tlqo, or Indians of the Lower Kootenay (Aqkoktla'hatl) River, partly in Rritisli Columbia and partly in Idaho. The number of the Kootenay Indians is ur certain ; they are genei-ally set down at 1,000, half of whom are in British Columbia, the other half in the United States. The reports of the Canadian Indian Department from 1880 to 1886 give tho number as about 400. Mr. A. S. Farwell, in a special report to the LegisLature of British Colombia ' in 1883, makes the following statement : — ' The Kootenay tribe of Indians number about 800 men, women, and children, and are divided approximately as follows : 450 British Indians domiciled north of the international boundary line, and 200 American Indians residing in Idaho and Montana Territories ; ' Fnr the alphabet used in this report see pp. 45, 4(5. - For a copy of this the writer is indebted to the kindness of the Hon. John RobtoD, Provincial Secretarj ON THE NOUTII-WESTKHN TUTBES OF CANADA. 7 the reinulninj? \W Indians aro migratory, receiving their shnre of tlie jitmnitit'rt paid by the United StatcH Oovornmont, at its agency on the .lin'ko Itivtr, in the Fhithead HcHiMvation, Montana Territory, and claim- ing to be Hritish IndiaiiH wlirn thoy watuhT north of the bounihiry lino.' Aliout 1^0 of the Jii'itish Indians inhabit the valley of the Upper Kootcnay and Columbia, the remaining 150 belonging to the Lower Kootenay. The Lower Koot(!nays, according to Mr. Karwell, whoso in- foi-mation was derived from Mr. 1). AlcLaughlin, ' number 157, divided aH fodows : H5 men, iU nuirried women, 8'J IjoyH, '^7, Mr. Aiichael lMiilip|)H, the Indian Agent amongst the Cana- dian Kooieiiuys, estimates their number as follows : — Coliiinliia Lako<) ....... AS Lower Kootenay IfiO St. Mary's 2:{6 Tubuccu riuins 30 Total , .490 The report of the Indian Agent for Juno 30 last (1891) ' states the numbers uf 'the Kouteuay Indians in British Columbia' to bo as follows : — Columbia Lakes 106 Kinbaiskets 41 Klatbow ir)9 St. Mary's 312 Tobacco i'luins 78 Total . .69(1 Ethnic Names. The Kootenays call the surrounding tribes with whom they have come into contact as follows : — (a) Blackfeet. Sautlil or Saha'ntla (bad Indians). In the past the Kootenays had many wars with the Blackfeet, but joined thera often in their butfalo hunts on the plains to the east. The Blackfoot country is culled Tla'wati nak ( i.e., ' over the mountains '). The Blackfeet often visit the Kootenays now, and are hospitably received. Such a visit occurred in the summer of 18Hl. (ft) Cree. Gu'tskla'we (liars). A few Crees occasionally visit the Kootenays, chiefly in company with the Blackfeet. In the old days of the Hudson's Buy Company these two peoples came more into contact. (c) Stonies. These Indians have a very bad reputation with the Kootenays, and are named Tlu'tliima'Ekfi (cut-throats). AlsoGutlu'puk. ((/) Sioux. Ka'tskagi'tlsak (charcoal legs). («) Shushwap. Tlitka'tuwii'mtlaEt (no shirts). This name was given because, when the Kootenays met the Shnshwaps firs*, the latter had no buckskin shirts (aqka'tuwu'rothVEt). (/) Okanagan. O'kina'k'On. Some of these occasionally visit the Kootenays. About ten years ago several o.ame to A'q^k'am. They are also known in Kootenay as KokEiiu'klce. 2 7 •2 •3 •a 10 i-511 $•61 )69 ' This information I owe to the courtesy of Mr. Vankouffhnet, the Deputy Super- intendeut of Indian AtTairH, Ottawa. 8 KEroiiT — 1892. (ij) Kalispolrn. Ka'iioqtla'tlara (compress tlio side of the head). Sorao years ago the Kooteuays and Kalispelms were very unfriendly towards each other. (/;) Colville Indians. Kqoptle'nik (those who dwell at KQoptle'ki). Some intermarriages with these have taken place. (i) Yakima. Yaii'kima. A Kootenay explained this as meaning *foot bent towards the instep,' but this "eems a case of folk-etymology. Some intermarriage with Kootenays. (j) Sarcees. Tsu'qos or Tco'ko, also Saksi'kwan. In the palmy days of the Hudson's Bay Com])any not a few Sarcees came into contact with the Kootenays. (k) Nez Perce. Sii'ptet. Said to be so named from the 'grass- baskets 'tvhich they make. Perhaps related to tlie word from which comes the name ' Sahaptin.' The Kootenay name for * white man ' is suyd'pl, in all probability a borrowed word (in ' Parker's Journal,* 1840, p. 381, the Nez Perce word for ' American * is given as sueapo). Another and an old word for white man is nnfhl'qEne, i.e., ' stranger.' 'I'lie Indians employ also (but rarely) the torin hiinmaqllu riqhts'md'kinik ('white man'). For 'negro' the ■word is kciink- 'k-d'kufl (lit. ' black '). A Chinaman is called Guukfldm. The Kootenays are much given to lording it over the Chinese, and not a few practically live on what they make out of them. 1 Senses and Mental Character. As compared with white men, the Indians, with rare exceptions, must be considered ititerior physically. The European, when inured to the climate, is capable of as great physical exertion and able to endure as many and as lasting hardships as the Indian. In running, jumping, wrestling, and other tests of strength, a good white man is more than the equal of a good Indian. There are, of course, exceptions, but the European, given equal chances at the start, can, as a rule, equal, if not always outdistance, his aboriginal rival. !Many of the Indians have largo bands of horses, and some of them are farmers. The chief of the Fort Steele Indians is comparatively well off and has a good ranch. Some of the Lower Kootenays do a little farming also, but are nmch more migratory and restless. Asa rule, the moral character and behaviour of the Kootenays are very good, and the writer, from his residence amongst them of nearly three months, can confirm the good words that were spoken of them years ago by Father De Smet. They are moral, honest, kind, and hospitable, and it is only when imposed upon by bad Indians of other tribes, or by bad whites, that any of the worse traits of Indian character appear. But it is exceedingly ditUcult to judge of the nature of the Indian, and to determine wherein he differs from the white man. The mental 'character of the Kootenays is rather high, and the efforts that have been made to educate them are not without fruit. Too much credit cannot be given to the Government of the Province of British Colombia for the firm manner in which, aided by public opinion, they have enforced the law prohibiting the giving or selling of intoxicating liquors to the Indians. This is the first and most nnrcbSAry basis for any development or betterment of the aborigines. Next comes the freedom fx^om contact with lewd and dishonest white ON THE NOKTH-WESTERN THIBES OF CANADA. men, which the Kootenays have enjoyed to a much greater extent than have many of the neighbouring tribes. To educate a moral and sober people ought not to be too difficult a task, if the right methods are employed. The founding of the industrial school for Indian children at the Mission of St. Eugene, a few miles from Fort Steele, has already been productive of good results. The writer paid a visit to this school, and had the pleasure of inspecting the teaching, as well as of examining the building and the various appliances connected therewith. The English language is taught in this school, and the young Indians learn to read and to write in a remarkably short time under the guidance of the nuns who have charge of the school. There were about two dozen boys and girls in the school at the time of the writer's visit ; they were neatly dressed, polite, and intelligent-looking, and the progress they had made during the few short mouths they had been there was very encouraging. This school well deserves all the support given to it by the Government, and it is to be hoped that the project of extending its usefulness so as to reach the children of the Lower Kootenays will meet with a proper measure of success. The great difficulty in civilising the Indian has been to prevent the relapse into old tribal habits when the school is left behind. The career of the future graduates of the industrial school at St. Eugene will be watched with interest by all friends of the Indian, and Father Coccolo, the head of the mission, and the Sisters in charge of the school, may be relied upon to do their share towards making the end good. No opportunities offered themselves for making psychological tests upon the Indians, but quick perception and rapid judgment arc charac- teristic of the better portion of these Indians, as their actions in hunting and travelling plainly show. The Indian A'mElu, although forgetting very often to take away some of the articles from a camp when a new start was made, had a remarkable memory for places. One day he left a knife belonging to the writer about halfway up a mountain some 7,000 feet high. The incident was forgotten by him for the time being ; but, on being asked many hours afterwards where he had left the knife, he described the place in great detail. On another occasion he left a knife in the woods by the side of the trail, and after we had made a journey of 150 miles and back, and had been absent from the spot a whole month, ho was able, on our return, to pick up the knife with hardly a moment's hesitation. The Kootenay Indians, especially the young men, are gay and lively, enjoying themselves as much as their white friends, fond of horse-racing and bodily exercise. They are of a very inquisitive nature, and the Indian A'mElu would run down to the river-bank and stand staring for almost an hour at the steamboat every time it passed the camp. The rest of the Indians were just as curious. The Indian A'miilfi went (for the first time in his life) on a trip up the river on the steamboat with tho writer, and the young fellow was so proud that he could hardly contain himself. No doubt he is now whiling away the winter hours by relating his experiences to his friends. The writer had occasioxi to notice tvro excellent exhibitions of Indian character ; in one case of pride and triumph, in the other of anger and disappointment. A young Indian had been convicted of a crime and sent to jail at New Westminster, where he remained some mouths. Owing to the exertiouB 2 •7 ' •2 •3 5 H) iBl HI )69 10 BEPORT — 1892. j-t" ;4 of a clever lawyer, his conviction was quashed on a technicality, and the authorities were obliged to return him to Fort Steele, where he belonged. The writer saw him the day after his arrival. He was dressed in all the finery he could command, and took the greatest pleasure in parading himself about and letting people see that he knew he had won a triumph over the whites. He was in the very highest state of pleasurable excite- ment, and continued in this frame of mind for a long time. The! other case was that of an Indian of about sixty years of age whom the writer was measuring. The Indian, however, after two or three measurements had been taken, demanded a large sum of money, and, on being refused, pushed the instrument away from him, and, angrily muttering, went outside the .jtore, where he had been standing, sat down on the verandah in front, where he remained all the afternoon, glowering and nmttering, and doing his best to impede matters. He continued in this morose mood for days, and even at the expiry of a month would not have anything to do with the writer. There is also another case in point. While the writer was at Barnard, B.C., he visited Mr. David McLaughlin's often, and one morning, while seated parleying with the Indians, a middle-aged Indian suddenly entered the house, threw his hat on the floor in a most excited manner, and for twenty minutes poured a perfect flood of abuse and threatening on the head of the writer, accompanied by most expressive gestures. After he had unburdened himself of his wrath, he picked up his hat and departed. Several similar, though not quite so animated, exhibitions of anger came under the writer's notice during his stay in the Lower Kootenay, most of them being traceable to the Indian trouble at Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, which had aroused the resentment of the Kootenays. While in the territory of Chief San Piel, of the Lower Kootenays, one day the chief and some dozen Indians came into the writer's tent and, seating themselves around him in a circle, demanded a large tribute for having intruded into their territory. A refusal to comply with the outrageous demand led to a very interesting display of Indian resentment and auger, as made known by speech and gesture, the faces of some of the savages being given at times an almost demoniacal expression, and their gestures just stopping short of actual assault. Still, in spite of these disturbing outbreaks, which sometimes occur, the white man who behaves himself is perfectly safe amongst the Indians, and need fear no treachery. The Indians have a keen sense of the ridiculous, and go so far as to laugh at the misfortunes which befall their fellows. If an Indian is thrown from his horse, misses the animal he shoots at, trips up and falls down, his raisliap is always greeted with laughter by the bystanders. A few hours after the excited speech of the Indian at McLaughlin's, the writer was engaged in measuring another of the same tribe, when the Indian suddenly rose to his full height, drew his knife from his sheath, and made a motion to strike the measurer, which somewhat disconcerted the latter, who, liowever, was almost immediately reassured by the loud laughter of the Indians who were present. The Indians take great delight in tricks such as this. A favourite amusement of the Lower Kootenay Indians on Sundays is furnished by horse-running. All the horses are assembled in a large open space near the camp, and the Indians form a large circle round them, and, provided with long whips, they drive the horses to and fro for an Vioar or so, laughing and yelling to their hearts' content. Even the little ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 11 boys take part in this sport. They also take great delight in breaking stubborn horses, and the whole camp looks on until the young man has succeeded in controlling his animal, gnying him unmercifully if he makes mistakes. ' The Kootenay Indians have marked artistic ability, although picture- writing upon rocks, Ac, appears not to be found in their territory, or, if found, is not attributed to them. Their skill in ornamentation appears in their various objects of dress and the implements of the chase. The writer took the care to have a series of drawings made by Indians (young and old) who had in no way received from the whites instruction in the draughtsman's art. Very good maps of the country in which they lived were made by these Indians, who seemed quite to have grasped the idea contained in such a delineation. Some of them were also able to recognise with ease the various physical features prominent in the printed maps of the Kootenay district. Their drawings of weapons, implements, &c., were excellent, and those of the Indian A'mElu, in particular, would never be suspected of being the product of aboriginal genius. Pictures of houses, railway trains, &c., have a certain conventionality that is charac- teristic of savage races. Several of the Indians were able to draw an excellent and easily recognisable picture of the little steamboat that plied up and down the Columbia Biver. In their drawings of human beings especial stress is laid npon the distinguishing features, and any peculiarity or abnormality is brought out with full force. Thus a Stony Indian woman has no nose, a Chinaman has an immense single braid of hair, a white man an enormous beard, a certain Indian a colossal nose, and the like. Colour Vocabulary. The colour vocabulary of the Kootenays, as tested by a card of 'Diamond Dyes,' is as follows: — White, kdmnii' qtl u. IMack, kiimk'OkO'kdtl. Red, kCino'hOa. Crimson, Cardinal red, Magenta, ^keikop Cardinal, Violet, Dark violet, tsijo q* nokuQCi' mck. Fast pink, ku p ) ) 5 7 1 •3 •7 •2 ,•3 >-5 »0 5-51 1 6-61 69 Kdmk'ok'o'kOtl >i a black horse. 12 REPORT —1892. Kd'tluQil'tletl Etltsin^ K' ka' sEno' stldm Ka'nokdi/iVkaqo Ka' notdhV aka' V Kd'makfii'k'o'wdt I'ntcuk k'o'wdt » »> » a horso half white, half black (Pinto), a roan horse. a ' bu(;kskin ' horse. a * blue ' horse. a sorrel horse (lit. ' yellow hair '). a mouse-coloured horse (lit. 'mouse hair ') . \ a < ill Social Organisation. The social system of the Kootenays seems a simple one. As far aa could be loarnt totems and secret societies, so characteristic of some other British Columbian peoples, do not exist, and probably have not existed, amongst them. The head of each tribal or local community was the chief (ndsn'kn'On, ' the good one '), whose office originally was hereditary. Women were not allowed to become chiefs, and it is probable that the age of thirty had to be reached before the chief.ship could be held. One method of selecting the chief appears to have been this : All the men, women, ami childnjii gathered together around a large fire. The medicine men then conferred with the spirits, and in some mysterious way the chief was named. In the time of the gi .at buffalo hunts a 'buffalo chief was elected, who had authority overall daring the expeditions. The selection of the chiefs by direct election has been of late years introduced by the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church, whose influence is now greater than that of the old chiefs, and whose power is much more feared by the Indians than theirs. When the chief wished to consult with his people he called them in a loud voice to come to his large tepee. It is probable that from early times a sort of advisory council existed. Each of the divisions (Columbia Lakes, Fort Steele, Kootenay Lake, Tobacco Plains) has its own chief; in the case of the Kootenay Lake tribe there is a deputy -chief also, and the Tobacco Plains Indians possess two chiefs. Isidore, the Fort Steele chief, inherits his dignity from his father Joseph. The chief (by right) of the Lower Kootenays is said to have refused the position, giving as a reason for his action that wars were now all over, the buHaloes were dead, and there was now nothing left for a chief to do. Slavery (ifii'iiaiid'ka, 'a war-party,' tci'kndfE'mdtl, 'a slave') was customary in the old days, and the Kootenays had amongst them many Blackfeet women and children, who were captured in their wars witli that nation. A curious custom, which has existed from time immemorial amongst the Kootenays, is the payment by the relatives of the debts of a deceased person. Debts outstanding for ton years have been known to be paid in this way. Terms of Relationship. As far as ascertained, the Kootenay terms of relationship are aa follows : — _, ., f tito'nam (said by male), uatncr, •j^^,,/^^,^ ( ^^ ^^ female). Mother, md'Knam. Qraodfatber, papd'nam. ( titr'iiam(si\U\hy male) Grandmother, . jxipd'nnm „ „ |_ or female). Great-grandfather, n'tsemUl. ito). House ks fjir as lie other existed, 'sn'Jitvcn, len were lirty had selecting children ionferrod led. In ted, who lie chiefs n'ities of 1 that of iiiis than led them [)m early i visions has its ity -chief s father to liavo ^ere now ir a chief e ') was m many ars Avith neraorial bts of a nown to ON THE NOTITH-WESTEKN TRIBES OF CANADA. 13 ^ arc OS )y male) Great-grandmother, /7.7«<'wW/. Uncle (father's brother), Qil'iiam. „ (mother's brother), fiafsH'iiam. Aunt (niother's sister), hoold. „ (father's sister), tr'tltet. Father-in-law, nuwa'spatl. Motiier-in-law, „ Husband, ntitld'kKnil. Wife, titlna'mu ( t-old woman), lirother-in-iaw, tthlt. Sister-in-law, atciV iviltx. Brother (elder), tate'nain. „ (younfrer), tm'nani. „ )m' koQd' niiltl. Sister (elder), titu'nam. „ (youn^f^r), nilmTnam. „ (ffeneral term), tUlifiroperty in land was unknown, the country belonging to the tribe collectively. The Lower Kootenays still make, through their chief, a demand for money of any stranger who intrudes upon their domain. The hunter had no absolute right in the product of his skill in the chase ; it was distributed amongst the camp in order that all might have food. Women could hold property as well as men. The horses were the property of the grown-up male children, as well as of the father, and could be gambled away by any one of them. The lodge seems to have been secured to the widow and children on the death of the father ; tho women inherited also the kettles and other utensils, besides their saddles, blankets, 'parfleshes,' &c. The horses, canoes, weapons, &c., went to the male children, if of age. In early times it seems that the dead man's relatives swooped down upon the lodge, poon after his death, and appro, priated the property pretty much as they pleased. The exact nature of this seizure could not be ascertained. If the dead man left no relatives, a 'strong man ' of the tribe took possession of his property. Crime. Stealing (va'iivi\ ho steals) is little practised by the Koot/cnays ; and though amongst them for months, when they had every chaiu-r to pilfer ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 15 from him, the writer never lost even a trifle. In the olden times it seems not to have bee:f panished, and probably existed but to a very slight extent. Adultery was not severely punished. In case of murder, the relatives of the victim were bound to avenge his death on the slayer. Members of the murderer's family were also liable to be killed. A wer- gild was customary ; the compensation depended upon the rank and importance of the victim. This compensation did not, however, entirely roliuve the slayer from danger of being killed by members of his victim's family. p , '■'•» Religion and Superstition. The sun-worship of the Kootenays, as described by Dr. Boas (* Report,* 1889, pr'S^S), which seems to indicate a belief in an over-rnling and beneficent spirit -though this is not certain — is confirmed. The belief that the dead go to the sun was strong with the ' pagan ' Indians. They also believed that the dead would come back from the sun at Lake Pend d'Oreille, where the Indians will meet them some time in the future. The Kootenays believe in the existence of spirits in everything animate and inanimate ; even little stones, bits of rag, shavings of wood, have their nipi'k'a or tcdk'ii'ps, as these spirits are called. These spirits can go anywhere, through glass, wood, or any substance, as through air. The touch of the tdpi'k^a causes death and disease. At the death of Indians their spirits may enter into fishes, bears, trees, &c. ; in fact, into anything animate or inanimate. While a man is alive his nipi'k^a may exist in the form of a tomtit, a jay, a bear, a flower, &c. The nipi'k'as of the dead can return and visit their friends ; and while the writer was at Barnard, B.C., one Indian declared that the night before the spirits of his children had come to see him. The spirits appear very frequently in the folk.tales. In the olden times sacrifices appear to have been made to the mpi'k^as of the mountains and of the forests to secure success in hunting, and to appease them when angered. The language of the nipi'k^as differs somewhat from the ordinary Kootenay, but the writer was nnable to ascertain in what respects, or to obtain examples of it. A great or strong man has many spirits. See also p. 18 of this report. Medicine-men, or Shamatts. ■ In the old days there were many medicine-men amongst the Kootenays, and they were very powerful, as it was their business to commune with the spirits. In the camp they had special lodges, larger than the rest, in which they prayed and invoked the spirits, who often would make their appearance in the form of a bird or the like in response to their entreaties. There existed, until recently, a tree in the Lowei* Kootenay region, in Northern Idaho, from which, on two successive occasions, Indians liad jumped off in obedience to the promise of the medicine-men that they should be able to fly like the birds if they did so. In the presence of the assembled caftip, men, women, and children, several Indians were hardy enough to do this, which was, of course, certain death to them. The invocation of spirits by the shamans now survives amongst the Lower Kootenays only. These shamans were also the doctors of the tribe. They treated the ;7 il !-2 )'7 1-2 f3 2-5 ()•() 6-511 6-61 1 0591 16 REPOUT — 1892. ^11 ) sick by pressure npon various parts of tlie body, by pinching, ''wrk, I sing). Tlic absence of musical instruments is very noticeable amongst tho Upper Kootenays, but they appear to have possessed several in the past. Among the»e were a sort of reed pipe and a kind of flute (?) made of the Icg-hoiie of a large species of bird. The Lower Kootenays still possess the Kooteiiay drum, made as follows: — A rather large stick is bent into a cirel(! by tho aid of tire, and over this is sti-etched, tambourine flishion, a piece of deer-skin. The Aqk'aye'nik Kootenays are said to be the only oiieswhonowmakethosedrams(Av7(7mr;7/'"; IV. Medicine Song. Ta'moQo'tlne tsitlwanii'knanu'kananma'mne. They beat drums sing very much. Yu'nak'a'psi k'ii'psins kEtcu'kwat Qfi'tkina'kine. Many things get he recovers. Drums are beaten, songs are sung, many gifts are made, the things are removed, and the man recovers. V. Gambling Song. Ka'tluwa'tsinam yu'naka'ne ke'skaQrai'tetl k'ii'psin. Gambling many are lotti things. K'k'a'tlaQa'etltsin se'tis aqka'tuwu'mtlaEt til' wo fiqktca'matl Ilorset blankets shirts guns knives ni'tlko. vwney. K'a'pe k'ii'psin ne'skaqmiti'tlne. Every thing lost. ON TitE NORTn-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. u kVi'tlnQiVKtltsin. horses. VI. War Song. NC'tlawa'tlnak ni'natlutluni'Hinam. Acrons the monntaina they go far aioaij . Atno'nltli'tlne sfi'ntia, ii'tkOnka'tlawusQo'nIya'rano. 2'hcy are much afraid of lilackfeet r* Atslo'nitli'tlne siVntla ; tlsQa'tlfu They are much afraid of Blachfeet ; fhcg will deal Atnu'pslfiti'yitlkri'niki'tine. They keep singing a long time. Ni'natlho'tloni'sinam tla ')pka'tloni'8inaTn. They go far away ; they cross the mountains again. No'kwankik'i'tlaqk'nl'yam. Ta'aQas iitka'kaskini'tlne. Kill all the buffaloes. Enough of singing. Tins song PanI explained as follows : — Tlio Indians cross the monntains to go to the distant Jilackt'oot country, where there are great prairies juid many hnffalocs. The Indians are much afraid of the Blackfeet. The youths form circles and sing. Tlie Kootenays are much afraid of the Blackfeet. They are going to steal horses. They sing for a long time. Thon they hasten to return across the mountains, having tinished kilh'ng buffaloes. VII. Children's Song. Kitki'nitl kano'he tlii'kitliik kiVwiska'kanfi'nam. Kiktci'kina'mnam iitsli'tkini'tlnO ka'ktiinkii'iyam. Atsli'tkini'tlne ka'tla 'tlkanifi niktci'kell. Hinnen netsfa'hatlna'na al'-A'u"te aqkinu'tlams. Nau't'na'na iitni'nsl kiyiVk'mu'tles iitni'nse aqkinfi'tlam. Paul gave the following explanation of this song : — The children join hands in a circle, and bending the knees assume a sitting posture, the wliole weight of the body resting on the legs below the knees. They keep rising up and sitting down, never actually sitting on the ground, liowever. One of them doses his eyes, and the gatno consists in the others stepping on his toes, &c., and pretending to be women, snakes, gauS) or the like. Hunting {hundnd'aC; I hunt). The Kootenays have always been great hunters. In former times they used to cross the Rockies to join the Blackfeet and other tribes in the great annual buffalo hunt. Since the disappearance of these animals they have been forced to confine themselves to the pursuit of bears, deer, wolves, and the smaller fur-bearing animals. The Indians are very skil- ful in the chase, and it is said that in the old days certain families hunted only some particular animal ; the bear or the beaver, for example. The fle.'ih of most of the animals killed is eaten by the Indians, and the hide iire disposed of to the whites. The Upper Kootenays kill a large nr:^iber i of skunks {aaaas), which they sell to the Chinese miners, who use them for medicinal purposes. II 0—4 5 5 J7 51 3G J-2 3'7 1-2 43 2-5 ,00 i6'51 1 J6'61| r059l 20 RErouT — 1892. Rinep tlio introduction of firoarnis atnonf^st ilio TntlianB, tlio old bows and aiTowH luivi' in ^voat |mi-t disapprarccl. Some of tlio cliildrcM uso tluMu to shoot birds, and licrc and tlirre njay be still .seen a few old nirn wirh bow and (juivcr sliin^' across llioir backs (tho (piivur bcin<:^ made of skin, and often [)rofns('ly ornamented with beads, strips of fur, *.tc.). In usinj; the bow tho Kootenays hold it sometimes iiorizontally, sometimes perpendicidarly. Tho arrow rest"* between tho first and secoml finLjers of tho U'ft hand, which jifrasps tiio liow-stick, while tho notch-end of the arrow is hehl between the thumb and first lin^'cr of the rii^ht hand. Tho bow-stick (ihjhild'Luln) was made of (H'dar (ilnioid't:/, Thuya gigantea) or maple {i>titt>lcik, Acer glabrum). Tho bow-atring {VCiwit'uikn) Fk;. 'J. -Mi!w iiiid !irri>\v (witli Hint point) miilo by Indian. 'J'he bow is l.'8i inches long. «-^ . <;sffc'" rSKV't*^ rSfTSOBf*" I'li I was made of the sinews (diil-ivl-d'tlki'i) of various animals (chiefly of the deer), and sometimes of strips of skin. The arrows used for shooting birds were entirely of wood, with a thick, blunt end. Other arrows (dqk) had points (nilflknt>'iii>) of bono or stone, and, latterly, of iron obtained from the whites, Tho stone arrowhead {ndtlko'tsap) was of flint {('((jki'i'islid) obtained by tho Jjower Kootenays from a mountain about twenty miles from Biirnard. B.C., and by the Upper Kootenays of the region about Fort Steele from the vicinity of Sheep Creek. The point of tho arrow is called dfjkinli-ri'kd, the feather dfjk'd'n'lcd, the notch iiqk'd'ti'/rdl; tho quiver idtidk, or d'ijkaitk'd'nam, the whole bow and arrows dqk''>'k'nidtlJln't fd'u'd. Long ago the Lower Kootenays are said to have caught ducks by means of a pole, to which was attached a net made of the fibre of the })lant known as d'qkdtla'kpis. The Indians used to lasso the * fool hen ' (khl'wdts) by means of nooses made of the same material. It was cnstomai'y for the hunter to distribute the product of his prowess amongst his relatives and fi-iends, and this iiospitality was almost a law of tho tribe. It is not quite certain whether an Int'ian would kill a bear or a fish into whicl he thought one of the spirits o*' his departed relatives had gone. FlSHi i (ydfl/l'kflauwa'li', ho fishes). The Lower Kootonaj are, to a great extent, canoe and fishing Indians. The Upper Kootenays, f i' tho most part, on account of their situation, are less given to travo' .ng by water or to the procuring of fish, except- ing salmon {>-fand'kEind)^ as a food supply. Afany motiiods of catching fish are in use, of which the following are tho chief: — Before the advent of tlkc; whites, tho Indians fished with a hook (tcd'ivdk) made of a bit of bone fastened to a piece of wood, the whole having much the shape of an ordinary hook. To this was attached a line mamrrrf i.jr • ON THE NoUTII-WEVrEHN TIlIBES OF CANADA. 21 iiiiulo of tlu) fibre of n'ljh-ntlti'l-pi'a. For liooks to catch small fish tlio s|iiii(S of a Hpt'cicH of gooseberry called kisyl'tin, were Bomttimos em- jiloycd. Kishiiipr throuj^h the ico was practised thus : Over a hole cut in the ice wiis laiil a hruiK^h or stick (jf wood, upon which was let down a branch liiiviiijj two prongs, the ends of whicli were tied togiither, and from tlierii liiiiiy; the hook and lino of d'likotla' lq>is. This method of lialiing was tt tmuhI nil' us'hitlu IdUiktCiV tHmr . Another mode of obtaining fish in the winter time was to pound on tho ice witli a club or heavy piece of wood, and ho diivo the ti^h into tho sliallows near the shore, where repeated blows stunned or killed them. This was called iji'i' k^itki' tuivi' I kU'i' ttn'itl . ( iiitrmg ( [I iVi' kiket-trap. The tirst of these {luik'' ivd'kd'i) is a sort of dam of sticks and wicker- work built across a stream or at tho entrance of a ' slough,' so as to pre- vent the escape of the Hsh when the water falls. Attacheii to those dams nro often wicker-work traps, cone-shaped, sometimes 10 feet long by ;> feet wide, into which the Hsh fall and are caught. Fishing by means of til is is called wnCki't'tlik. The basket-trap (yi'i'kn) is of wicker-work and cone-shaped (often as large as 10 Xo feet): withi:. it is ingeniously placed or worked another cone, called n'qklthn'is ija'ka ('the heart of the yil'ka^), ov yu'ka va'iin ('htlle yil'ka'), which elTectually prevents the exit of the fish, while atfonling them an easy entrance. Along one side of tho yCt'ka are placed riii<;s of bark, generally three in number ; to these are attached stout striiii,'s. which are held by three or four Indians. To fish with the yd'ka [is ii'i'wifski'i'eiic. There aro three kind.s of fish spears in use amongst the Kootenays. iTho tirst, called aqktla'Qa, closely resembles the spear of the Eskimos ; jtlie .second, d'qkintl'kmdk\ has three fixed points like a trident ; the third [hiiH a point of wood, headed with metal, shaped like an arrow-head, to hvliich is attached a string, so that the point is rehased when a fish is iBtnick and can be retrieved. The third sort is used for salmon and other llaigc Hsh. To spear Hsh is called gu'dk'n mn. IFk;. :5.- Head of fish-spoar called th/ktla'Qn. The original Ib 18^ inches long by 'Jj^ inches at widest part. The Lower Kootenays dry immense quantities of the fish called ind'til Mid upil't' for use during the winter. The fish are dried {ki'tkani'tlUitl) bu stages called d'qkilivd'sko, which arc erected near the lodges. 5 5 51 30 J-2 D-7 1-2 4-3 25 ,00 15-511 J6'61 ro69 22 REroRT —1 892. Canoes. The Kootenays have three names for canoes : tci'lc^F.nd, a canoe made of pine or spruce bark ; std'tldm, a * dug-out ' ; iidk'tsomvtl, a term for other than dug-out canoes. A steamboat is d'qkink'o'k'o ydktsu'metl (' fire canoe '), and a hirge ferry-boat is called atd'ddm. The bark canoe of the Kootenays is of peculiar construction. It is made for the most part of white pine {li'qkrim) or spruce ((ji'tiitsh'd'dl, Picea alba) bark (tnjk'wOlc), with the outer side turned in and chipped off', so as to be fairly smooth. Tiie upper rim, of about 4 or 5 inches in width, is made of birch bark. The Lower Kootenays use the bark of the tree called d'qkuni. to make their canoes. The sewing is done by needles of bone (din), and split roots serve as thread. The pitch (i' dl it was) nsed is obtained from several of the conifera?. The boat is much shorter at the top than along the keel, and at both ends runs down towards the keel, terminating in sharp points {d'qku), thus rendering it quite unique in appearance. The rim around th« top is made of bent strips (dqkn'k'yu) of hard wood, r \ is well secured by lashings of split roots And bark tibre. The edges of these strips cross at the ends. From the ends to the keel run two binding strips (dqku nicnk) for each end of the boat, which are fastened in the same way. The boat, besides being pitched, is often plastered over with a sort of mud (ii'vidk). The inside framework consists of longitudinal strips (dqki'kdli'tk) on t..e bottoms and along the sides, and the curved strengtheners {'n/h'/dlmd) running from top to top along the bottom and Vui. i. Caiioe of L(iw( r Kootoiuiy Indians. This drawing is after a model made liy Cliief Kustaii. The model eaiuK; i.s 22 inolies from tip to tip by 4.^ inches wide at the centre, and is perfect in its details. up the sides. The bark fibres or strips used for tying and lashing the various parts t,ogither are called niip'ltnl'nQd. The thwarts, three or four in number, are called d'qkE. The paddle {dli'sin) is generally of cedar; the blade is culled dtikii' tn, and the handle dqkd'n. The paddler kneels upon a number of flat pieces of cedar or other similar wood tied together, ' ivraeai guV nidi. These canot's are very ' cranky,' but the Indians can navigate one of them in the wake of a large river steamer with ease. The canoe is anchored by sticking the handle of the paddle into the mud of the shore and tying tiio boat to it by a string of bark, «tc. The Lower Kootenays make very good models of large canoes, reproducing in miniature the features of the original. See fig. 4. Houses. The houses (d'qkUld'nam) of the Kootenays consisted of a framework of converging poles (dqkits) over which were laid the skins of various ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 23 wild animals. The number of poles used varied from five or six to nine Often. There was no particular separation of men and women in the lodges; communal houses were unknown. In the old days it was considered a grave offence to let the fire in the tepee go out. Largfer loiio-es for the chief and for the medicine-man were the rule. Lodges vmvG also cousDructod of the rush called tiliuUl. Sweat-houses. The sweat-houses {ivisO'ydtl) were made of willow sticks bent over one another so as to form a dome-shaped structure from 2^ to 4 feet high and some 4 feet in diameter. This dume is covered with blanket, grass, bark, &c. A hole is dug in the ground in the centre, in which the bather crouches. Near to tlie sweat-house is built a fire, in which stones are heated red-hot and placed within the wise'yiltl, wheti water is poured upon them, and the naked Indians stand the almost suffocating tem- perature for a long tinie, until suddesily they rush out and plunge into the stream close by. Tlie Kootenays are very fond of these sweat-baths, and iiic writer has seen more than a dozen of the tvi.->e'y(Ul in close proximity on the banks of one of the many creeks of the country. ImI'LEMDNTS, &c. The use of the iisimo dqlm' fa f I for both 'flint* and *axe' seems to indicate of what material the Kootenays made axes in the past. Axes were also made of d- er or elk horn called a' qkCitle' et . Knives (dqlcfcd' miifl) were of similar materials. Needles and awls (tld'n) were made of the sharpened small bones of the leg of the moose (ni''ts'nd'jikfi) and other auiuials. Hammers (pi^'i^d,) of stone are still in use. ]\rANUFACTURES. Water-tight baskets, made of split roots and known as yi'tski, are still manutactured by the Lower Kootenays, but the art appears to be nearly FU4. 5.— Root-baskot. The original is ')\ inches high, S.V inches a-ross buttoni, and H^' inches across top. Fm. 6. — Moccasin, l)ea'led and orna- mented. The original is 10 by 6 inches. c^ •5 n 51 36 i-2 4-3 KVO )6 5ll }6'61 70 69 lost amongst the Upper Kootenays of British Columbia. The larger 24 RKl'OKT — 1892. si? 'i I varieties of tliese 'kettles' Jire called yi'tskJ, tlie smallei' iji'ltihl ua'wi. The terms yihia' nii, d'tcu, and a' (jatld' eIc are also in use, the last amongst the liower Kc-otenays. Those root vessels are often stained and orna- mented in curious fashion. The Kootenays also make haskets or ' kettles ' of bireh bark. These, which are sometimes very large, are called nu'hfik. All the Kootenay women make moccasins, gloves, and shirts from the skins of various animals, and these are often artistically embroidered and ornamented with silk and beads ; also pouches, bags, &c., of like Flu. 7. — Gold (lust bnpf. ()rii,'in;il is 7', iiu'lu's loiii:- by 2',' wide : made of buckskin, andonia- nioiitcd wilh bead- work. Fio. 8- Oclire-baG: of Indians, heavily bcadcMl. Original i.s u.j inches^ by ;5A inches. Fkj. !). — Glove, • made to order,' by Iixlian wonijiti. Ori^dnal is 8i inches by 4 inches. material. The skins used, after being dei>rived of the tlesh and fat adhei'ing to them, arc stretched over lioops of willow and a Hie built under I hem. After this treatment they are tanned with deer's brains, .so that they become very soft and pliable. Dkkss (d'qln/dhi'nti'ii, his clothes). The dress of the Kootenays varies considerably. Very many of the women and a large number of the men have, to a greater or less extent, adopted civilised attire. But perhaps the majority of the men still cling to the old blanket. legging (nqk-atu Idlv/i), the blanket («(■'/) formerly so much in use, and the customary moccasins (tld'Eu). The shirt of bu(;kskin (^dqkd' inn' nifld Et) is replaced by one procured from the store, which, as a rule, is worn over the breeches and not tucked in. The Lower Kootenays in dress, as in several other respects, are more primitive than the Upper. Some few of them dress like white men, but in summer most of them go bare-foot and bare-legged, having frequently no other garment than an old shirt. In this guise they wade through the swampy meadows or urge their horses over the grassy plains. The girls and women are, as a rule, attired like the whites. The boys ■wear nothing but a shirt and a very narrow breech-clout, tEskup'ukwd- ni'mO. Tn the winter the dress of the Lower Kootenays varies, some cliiigiiig to the old blanket, others dressing like the white man. Those Kootenays who do not go bare-heudcd wear felt or straw huts Wff'^'MiiPWiP^!?' ■^/iMm s?sr ON THE N()UTII-WE8TEUN TIIIUES OF CANADA. Ld (riijhl'lyiiltivil'nam, felt hat; dthl'tlqO, straw hat) adorned with various cliHrms or ornaments. Tlie Indians frequently pierce these felt hats with many holes or whiten them with a sort of pipeclay. In the olden time the dress of the Kootenays was different. The sicin of the moose {nf'is^nd'pku) furnished them with shirt and leggingjs. They also made ornamented shirts of buckskin, and the women had a special dross for festal occasions. The Lower Kootenays still make these fine shirts, which are often punctured with holes and highly ornamented with bead-work, bits of silk, and strips of otter and weasel skin. The moccasins were made the same as those in use now. The Lower Kootenays used to make them out of the skin of the horse. No hats Avere in use. The Indians wore bi'oad bands of wolf (hVqklu) or coyote (ski'iikuts) skin around the forehe.'id and sides of the head, leaving the top bare. This probabl}'^ survives in the narrow band of cloth which some of the older Indians still wear in like manner. More recently, the Upper Kootenays made little caps of skunk ((id'(ias) skin, and very buantiful ones from the skin and feathers of the loon {nOk'flu'/cwen). Very many of the Indians wear a breech-clout even when they assume the European dress. nAiK-DHKSsiS(i (/lOtcaktl'hnd'iiiclij I comb my hair). Many of the Kootenays wear their hair long and flowing. Numbers of the Lower Kootenays wear their hair cut short: this is less common amongst the Upper Kootenays, although favoured by the Mission. Most of the adult Kootenays braid (^hu tiitli' tltiukwa'tcJdland'mel:, I braid my liiiir) their hair in one or more braids {kd'tUlilkwa'tchtldm, my braid), and ori'.anient these with silk, bits of fur, &c. Three braids, one down the niiudle of the back and one over each ear, arc common. In the old iliiys the rule for both men and women was two braids, one over each tiir. The hair was not cut. Ohnaments and Chaums. The Kootenays are jnofuse in the ornamentation of their persons. Kfomliie hats, luMts (dii/cWvifavi), shirts, and leggings of the nitn ai-esns- jHMulcd twisted silk, beaded cords, gay ribbons, strips of fur, Ac. Strings <>i weasel {md'iijfih) fur appear to be most in favour, one Indian having as many as twenty dangling from various parts of his dress. Around the I'Ri. 10. — Knifc-sheatli of leather studded with brass tacks. This is post;ibly oi' white workmanship. lints strings of beads, silk, strips of fur, and bands of bright-coloured ilotli are worn. The belts, pouches (d^jhiitld'hui), moccasins, ttc, arc often finely worked with designs of leaves of plants, animals, Ac, in silk or beads. From the necklace (d'na) and belt arc suspended bits of ore or •5 27 51 3G 2-2 6-7 I -2 4-3 ■.2a «)•() )5-5ll i6-Cl 7059 26 REPORT — 1892. i 'li ; ni wood, perforated shells (obtained from the store), and little trophies of the chase. Feathers of the owl and chieken-havvk are highly prized as orna- FlG. 11.— Indian quirt or whip. Handle of wood, 15^ inches long by 2^ at widest part, studded with brass tacks. Tl\e lashes are 19J inches long. ments. Earrings (a' qJwkwd' tskah' it' ndvi) of shells with serrated edges are much worn by both men and women, and some seem to have their ears disfigured by reason of these ornaments. Fig. 12. Necklace of Kootenay Indian. Contains two bears' teeth, a few beads, and in the centre a st(»ne charn). The material is dark, slaty stone. The teeth are 2h inches long, and the stone 2] inches. Many of the Indians still carry about their persons the hor.se-shoe steel (ri(j/cti''moU) for striking fire, which the Hudson's Bay Conipany distributed long ago, and the nippers (tlnqthVtldlia'pkine'mOtl) used for extracting the liaii-s on the face aud body. 'A y*L ^^^mm^m^ ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 27 The Indians are fond of brass finger- rings (d'qJcoJcwa'tsitsqa'Pnchn). One young fellow wore six : three (on first, third, and fourth fingers) on the right hand and three (on first, second, and fourth fingers) on the left. Many of the ornaments are undoubtedly charms, and the Indians are very loth to part with these. One blind Indian had more than a dozen bits of stone, wood, fur, &c., besides a sort of needle made of the small bone of the leg of a grizzly bear. Bear's teeth and claws are much worn, either in necklaces or pendent from the hair or some part of the dress. In the olden times necklaces of uqku'p^mah, a shell found in the rivers of the Lower Kootenay region, and wristlets of the same material were Avorn. Men, women, and children wore earrings made of these shells, the child's ear being pierced very early in life. No evidence of the existence of labrets, nose ornaments, or the practice of knocking out certain of the teeth could be found. Tobacco, Pipes. The Indians call store tobacco yd'k'dt, and their own sort, made of the leaves of certain willows and plants, tcakd'u. They have a remembrance of having obtained tobacco from the south-east. The principal plant which they use for making their native tobacco is that known as tcahVwOlc (thekinnikinnik plant, Arctodaphylos uva-ursi). The pipe-stems (uqJcil'tla) are made o( a'qkumO'^wuk (Vihunmvi opulvs) and other woods. The pipe itself {kos) is made of stone procured from the Lower Kt)oteuay. Tliese pipes differ very much in form and size, and are but little ornamented. Very few of them are now made. The Indians are very fond of cigarettes (ii/n'qWiit), and in making them prefer to use printed paper. See tigs. ];}, u. Food (kiketl). IMuch of the food supply of the Kootenays is now purchased. Tliey are very fond of such sweet things as sugar, sweet-meats, jellies, and pro- serves. The Upper Kootenays obtain the refuse when cattle are killed by tlie Chinamen and the ranchers. The Lower Kootenays will eat horses, and have been known to eat the dead bodies of cattle that have been drowned and have remained for days in the river. The Kootenays do not eat skunks (ad'Qos), cats (^r<.s), frogs (we' tdk), crovis (Qd' err), ravens {ku'kiven), certain hawks, various kinds of woodpeckers, owls, robins (tci'kEkn), plover (kd'uc'ts), jays (k'uk'il'sk'7, blue jay ; ivd'kuks, white jay), although the children occasionally eat the red woodpecker {md'Eka), and a few Indians will eat the owl (k^npi), and the hawk c&Wed i'ntldk (Accipiter Cooperi). The Indians eat the eggs (d'qkimu'qan) of a few birds whoso flosh they do not use as food, such as the yi'kets'nd and the tcok' tidtltld. The Kootenays have the reputation of being enormous eaters, and the writer's experience fully corroborates this. The Kootenays have the disgusting habit of eating the vermin (h'/'ke) which infest their heads, aiul even the chief has been seen picking the lice from one of his tribes- ruca's head and devouring them with evident relish. Food Plants. A large portion of the food of these Indians is of a vegetable nature, consisting of berries, roots, moss, Ac. The following are the principal : — Berries : sk'o'mO, service-berry (Amelnnchier ahiifnlia) ; kisyi'tin (Bibes oxijcanUioides), wild gooseberry ; dqkoko and gdtstldrfo'ko, raspberry ; ) 1 I 5 •5 27 51 3G 2-2 «•: 1-2 4-3 :2o <()■() 56 51I 36'(J1 7059 28 REl'OUT — 1892. ir. S-*^''|l U\^ Hi Fio. 1 3.— Carved and ]n\tc(\ Indian pipe. Niitural size. }5r(>k('n at to|i, but Iidd to- lictlicr by wire. 'I'iie stem of tliia |)ipe is iniu-ii loniivr t han the ligurc in the oiigiiiv- ing. Fi(i. 11.- Indian ))ipc, bowl, and stem. Natural size. Bowl of stone with lead covering at junction with stem. h''' '•i 'I' \t vi '' 9h i m : liW* I 111 ON TirK NORTir-WESTF,RN TUmKS OF CANADA. 29 W' thhn'ip'ifit bnckleberry; nn'mhuhnri'vintl (Rihes viscoHivum), apocios of gooseberry; (lijhoknp^ (Frngaria virginieiisis), strawberry; (jnptVtPtl (Slicji. hardia c.aiimhuisls), soap-berry (little eaten by the Kootennys, but much by tlie Shush waps) ; vdhdk, Oregon grape {lierhi'ris aquifolium) ; gu'llwCv (liosd pi ararpn) rose-l)ips ; nfipn't'mnll (Vaccinium ccespitosum). Roots: (h/nivdll {Allium ceruuum), wihi onion (^eaten raw or boihd) ; vitlL-ii' 111(1 (Llllum phihuh'lphlniDi), root of the orange lily; pu'lfiln'lsil (spec, r), boile'sfft, (Larix occidf^vtalis) are much relished, as alt-o is the sap exuding from the a' qkitstld! tlntld' tl , or 'gum- wood.' For making tea the leaves of the slirubs called di/kntlo'kprkd'nam (Liimcea horealis), kifkd rilli'ilkdtii mik, (jdkJdad'pnilk {Geaiiotlntx snmpii- vcufi), qnpdte'thlionk (Shephiirdia canadensis), gu.dlntld'tl {^Jiiniptrus cniumiinis), vtd'ttd {Meutka canadensis). Plants used Economically. From the fibre of a species of hemp d'qknfla'kpis (Apocynum cnvna- hiniini), fishing-lines, ropes, &c., are made. The spines of the kisyl'tin, or wild-goosiibet-ry, served as hooks for small fish. The bark of gldiulqfld'riwrik {Ela'ijnus argent ea.) is used to make ropes for catching horses. The wood of the maple, milskCk {Acer ghibruvi), was in the old days used to obtain fh'e by friction. From the plant emgnflnd {Evernia viilpiva), by boiling, a rod dye for moccasins, root-baskets, itc, is obtained, and the little seeds called gdkil flwanodhG plant gdku'thvanino'Os {I'ursltia tridentata) furnished a reddish dye. Plants Admired for their Smell or Beauty. The plant called dqhlf okfJ?i' atliid' Etrt is much admired by the Kootcnays on account of its scent. They may often be seen applying it to their nostrils, or, where it is found in great abundance, rolling about on the f,nonnd in evident delight. They fill bags with the plant called avd'nam {Miifricaria di.^roidea), and use them as pillows. The flowers of the k'si'i'k^nuk^ynk {Arenaria pungens) are much admired. The plant »/sri(V'y"'^/ {Onjzopsis nsperifoUens) is thrown on the fire in large (luantities on account of its good smell. Medicinal Plants. The principal vegetable remedies of the Kootcnays aro as follows : — For sore eyes: The inside bark of the birch, dqk' nd'tlfiwuk {Bctula papyri/era), boiled ; the peeled and boiled root of the ndhd'koitdk, or Oregon grape ; the bark of the shrub vn'/kirnk {Curnus sfnj out/era) boiled ; the root of the ml' mdtl macerated and boiled ; tlie plant ndmtld'sfik {Gicuta maculata ?) pounded in a mortar ; the burnt leg bones of deer poniided in a mortar. For horses, the Indians chew the tops of the plant mitsknkrifll't''iid. (Apiirynuvi (uidrnnaniil/dliin"), and spit it into the auimid's eyes. •5 27 51 30 2-2 6-7 1-2 11 ,4-3 ;2o <00 >5 5ll 36-61 70 69 30 REPonx — 1892. For consumption, coughs, colds, sore chest, &c. Strong decoctions of the various tea- plants, irft'mdtl, md'tfd (Mentha canadensin), &c. ; the grease in the tail of the otter ; plasters made of the leaves -f the tea-plant. For horses the plant rtqkinn'ktlu' qotui' Ehi (Bigelovid grauenlens)\H used. For belly-ache : Gn'imdwitstla'kpeh (Spinva hetnlij'olia) boiled in water ; luVvid'^t (A Inns). As a purgative : A decoction of the root of the ndhO'h'nvok, or Oregon grape plant. For wounds, cuts, bruises : (iVtl (Indsamorrhhm sngittafn) boiled and applied to hands, &c. ; the leaves of the dtln nidtl (Populns tremuhndea) macerated, boiled, for burns, &c. ; the pounded and macerated bark or leaves of the various tea-plauts ; the gum or resin of several of the conifera;.' Diseasp: (Ku'nitlqo'ni', he is sick). A very stringent and well-enforced law of the Province, which has the cordial approval of the settlers and of the Roman Catholic; missionaries, keeps the curse of liquor from the Kootenays, and not a little of their pre- sent good character is due to this fact. By common consent of travellers, missionaries, and settlers, the morality of these Indians is very high, and tliey are practically free from venereal dise.'iaes, and the l.'centiousness prevalent amongst some of the coast tribes is unknown. The experiences of Mr. Robert Galbraith, who for some years acted as the medical adviser to these Indians, bears out to the full this statement. The institution of the sweat-bath and other helps to personal cleanliness has its good results. The Indians sutler most from consumption and allied affections, and diseases of the eye. The latter are mostly caused by the smoke of the lodges, and terminate not infrequently in complete blindness. Scrofula is also prevalent. Some cases of goitre have been noted (one, that of a woman, came under the writer's observation), due, it is said by the settlers, to the immoderate use of snow-water. The Indian dogs are stated to be subject also to goitre. Running sores on the face and i ^k and in the ears are rather com- mon, especially with the children, and the cause of a recent death was given as cancer of the brain supervening upon a sore in the ear. Some of the Indians are disfigured by warts ; one deaf and dumb individual had his hand covered with them, and in the case of a little boy the face, thick with warts, was gradually being eaten away by cancer. Toothache, though very rare, is not unknown, and Mr. McLaughlin stated that he had known several Indians to suffer terribly from it. Besides their numerous native remedies, the Indians have frequent recourse to the supplies of the white man and the Chinnnian. The writer met with two deaf mutes and two blind Indians. Amongst the Lower Kootenays there is said to be an hermaphrodite, who keeps constantly in the society of the women. Illustrations of Articles of Kootenay Manufacture. The drawings which accompany this report I owe to my brother, T. B. A. Chamberlain, who made them, at my request, from the originals. ' For the determination of the scientific names of i)lants, kc, the writer is in- debted to the courtesy of Professor John Macoun, of (ho Ueological Survey, Ottawa, Cuuudu, to whom hu begs tc return his thanks. ON THE NORTII-WESTKllN TRIBES OF CANADA. 31 II. Mttholoqy and Folklore. Antronomical. — The moon (natd'nik, W tci' tlml' yd vatd'nih) is regarded as a man, the sun {natd'nilc) as a woman. There was no sun in the begin- uiii^i and after the Indians had vainly endeavoured to discover it the coyote {Kki'nkuts) was successful in making it rise above the mountains. Ancjthtr version makes the chicken-hawk {i'ntldk) cause the sun to rise, antl the foyote, getting angry, shoots an arrow at tlie sun, but misses, witli the result of setting the prairie on fire and making him run for dear life. The moon is said to have been found by the chicken-hawk. The man in the moon is an Indian, who once chopped wood all the days of the week (including Sunday), whereupon the moon came down and seized liirn, and he has been in the moon ever since. This myth may be of European origin. Tlie stars are mostly Indians, who from time to time have got up into the sky. The Great Bear is called tld'utld {i.e., grizzly bear), and waH an Indian woman. Being a female grizzly she is at times very angry, and the stars in the tail are Indians, upon whom she has seized. The Milky Way is uqkEmd'is nd'Etltsin,^ ' the dog's trail.' Tiie thunder (nu'ma) is caused by a great bird that lives far up in the sky. The lightning (^ndqkd'tlimu'yudti'tlek) is made by the shooting of its arrows. At first there were no clonds (dqk'dtl). The daughter of the coyote married the thunder, and her father gave her the clouds for a blanket. Ethnic OriginSy Sfc. — The Kootenays believe that they came from the East, and one of their myths ascribes to them an origin from a hole in the ground east of the Rocky Mountains. Another account says the Kootenays sprang up from the hairs of the black bear (m'pkO), which fell on the ground after he came out of the belly of the great fish which had swallowed him. There were no women at first. By-and-by an Indian werit up into the mountains, and from a spirit who lived there received the first Kootenay woman. Horses were made as follows : — A medicine-man took a piece of stick, made it into the shape of a horse, and threw it away, whereupon it became a horse. The Indians have a belief that the white men get their cattle from the sea. They say the white men go every year to the shore of the Pacific Ocean to receive the cattle which come out of the waters. Deluge Legend. — Sukpc'ka (a small grey bird, species ?), the wife of hitldk (Accipiter Cooperi), is forbidden by her husband to go to a certain lake, to drink of its waters, or to bathe in it. One day her husband goes out after deer and repeats the warning before leaving. Sukptl'ka busied herself picking berries, and, what with climbing the mountain and being exposed to the hot sun, she feels very warm, and goes down to the lake. Suddenly the water rises, and a giant called Ydwo Etii-k comes forth, who seizes the woman and ravishes her. Intldh is very angry when he learna of this, and, going to the lake, shoots the monster, who swallows up all the water, so there is none for the Indians to drink. Intldk's wife pulls the arrow out of the giant's breast, whereupon the water rushes forth in torrents, and a flood is the result. Intldk and his wife take refuge on a mountain, and by-and-by the water sinks to its proper level. In a variant of this legend the ' giant * is a ' big fish.' Intldk sees the 1 4 8 7 •5 I )0' 10 »o 27 51 3G 2-2 6-7 )l-2 )4-3 J2-5 HH) BB51 86-61 70 69 82 heport — 1892. comlucfc of his wifp, kills licr and the monster; it is tlio blood of iho fisji that ciinses tho d(!lu^i' ; and luthlk escapes by elirnbinfj to the top of a tree. The scene is localised as the Kooteiiay Jiivcr, near A'qk\lm (Fort Steele). lu another variant the 'giant ' is a ' lake animal,' aJid Infllk stops the deluge by placing his tail in the water, the flood ceasing to rise when it, had reached the last row of sj)ots on his tail. J fence the spotted tail of the chicken-hawk. Fish sininawx //»v/r. —TiOiig ago there was in the Kootenay River, near A'qk'am ( Fort Steele) a huge tisli. One day this tish swallowed tin; black bear (/i/'/*/.'-), who had btuMi an Indian (r). The bear remained in tlic belly of the tish about two moiitlis, when lu^ was vomit»>d out. The bear hist all his hairs, wliich, l;illiiif'(ivi>r {'l-'2 )4-3 22-5 S(VO 55 511 86-61 1 70 59 84 llEPORT — 1892, Miiijpi)'. — The magpie, called um'tn, tries to pick out the cyoB of tlio coyote while the latter is lying down apparently dead. Owl. — The owl (Ifi'fii) \8 represented often aw an old woman who steals children. She helps to kill the chipmunk, and is herself killed by the coyote, who helps the childi'en she carries in a basket at her back to escape. SudW'hlnl. The snow-bird (nisJid'Et) is represented as the wife of the rabbit, whom she helps to kill the moose. Tomtit. — The tomtit (///(7,>.7.v?7i«.v) is the prandson of the frog; after killing the caribou he is killeil by tlie wolf, in another tale he induces the moose to come across the river to him, and theu kills him with a knife. Fish. Tront. In one of the tales the coyote changes himself into a trout. ((f'uxf't), mid is caught by tlu^ India tis, who are about to hit him on the head with a club, when h«; calls out that he is the coyote, and not a tish ; whorenpoM they laugh much n^u\ let him go. W/inh', (ir Hill Fish. — The big tish (ijiiivi'tlli-il ifn'i'kqn) swallows tho black bear. He is finally killed by the bird called yi'nuii kiiatl. Insects. 'Dutferfli/. — Tn one of the talcs the coyote tries to run off with tho Imttertly (koli'Ii'i), thinking it to be a woman. The butterfly, however, turns out to bo a man, and the coyote is ridiculed. Cricket. — The cricket (dqknkHlkO'wum) is represented as the younger brother of the coyote, who carries him about with him, and is at times advised by him. He is sometimes mentioned as having a broken leg, and in one story the coyote breaks his own leg so as to be like his brother. The cricket seeks to kill the coyote, but is at last killed by him, Miisqnito. — Thei'C was originally one mosquito {tu'dstsiV ila) , who was fed with blood by the spirits until his belly became so large that it burst, aud from it came forth the myriads of mosquitoes that exist to-day. Reptiles. Frofj. — The frog (loE'tdk) is the graTidmother of the chipmunk. In one tale he takes to wife two of the chikiren of the grouse {tWnhuts). The most interesting exploit of the {'rog ly ihe race with the deer. The method of procedure is the same as Vaw',. by which the tortoise wins in the * Uncle Remus ' story. The frogs, in large numbers, are stationed in hiding at various points in the track, and when the deer approaches them, hop on ahead, so that the deer always sees the frog ahead of him. They look so much alike that he never suspects the trick, and consequently the frog wins the race. Toad. — The toad (k'O'ku) appears in a tale with the eagle, and is killed by the chicken-hawk. Turtle. — The mud-tu.-tle (kd'an) appears in a tale with the beaver chief, whom he kills by c itting off bis head. He is afterwards thrown into the river, and escape i. Other chara<;ters appi;aring in these tales are Indians, white men, ^iantK, spirits, the heavenly bodies, &('.. (i\ TIIK N()in'ir-WK5;TF.KN THIUKS ok CANADA. .•J.") [18, white men, Most of tlio talcs nro old, and iti Imt two or ihroo tlio white man apiH'ivrs, ami in Ihcst' In* is rfprcscnttMl as doinj^ something? ridicuiouH or obscene. The Indians and the. animals arc so confused at timns that it is impossible to say where the linman and where the animal character pre- dominates. Old men and women appear very often. The spirits, who appear with ^reat frequencj', are represented as giving adviee, being consulted by, or interfering with the actions of, the various characters. In one tale a mountain spirit is represented as harassincf the Indians very much, depriving them of game, and killing the hunters who ventured np the monniain. He is tinally outwitted by the coyote. There are s'lvernl giants, the princi[)al being the monster jiuim')' E»f.Je, •who is represon ed sometimes as human, sometimes as a tish, and some- times ns a Imge lake animal. He is shot by the chicken. haw'c for outrairiiig his wife, and this brings on the deluge. One of the giant tales JR as follows : -A woman was ont picking berries, and her child was lying on the ground near her. A giant ('"7,v7 ) came along, and said to her, 'How is it that you have made my brother (i.f., the child) so white and smooth?' 'Oh ! I roasted him.' said the woman. Then said the giant, ' Rnast mo too ; I want to be white atid smooth.' So she set the giant to work to dig a big hole, put plenty of wood into it, and lay stones on top. On this grass was placeil, and the giant lay down, and the woman piled grass, earth, and stones on him, so that in spite of his efforts he coald not rise, and was roasted tc c.eath. Tlie woman then went home, saying to her people, ' I have killed the giant.' As mentioned above, the moon and the stars (ri't/kitJn''>'hr)fi) are repre- iponted as occasionally visiting the earth. In one tale the star kills the ICHgle, who is found .sitting on the bram^h of a tro^e. Two very interesting tales are those of ' Seven Heads ' and ' Lame jKnee.' The first tale in abstract is this: — There was a young man, and his name was 'Bad Olothes' (S'Vnrik'dlri'Ent), and he determined [to find 'Seven Heads' (WisfddliT'dlrim) and kill him. After searching Ifor some time he met him, and the two fought, and ' Seven Heads ' [•was slain. The youth returned home in triumph, carrying with him the jtonpnes of the monster as a trophy. The outline of the story of ' Lame Knee ' is as follows : -Ko'matlk'a'vk(\ lor ' Lame Knee,' runs off with the wife of a chief and outrages her. The jchief pursues, and, overtaking ' Lame Knee,' cuts off his head with a jknife and throws it away, but as it rolls along the ground the head jappears to laugh very much. He then cuts off one arm at the shoulder, land afterwards the other ; and also the two legs are cut off one after the jOther. Only the trunk of the body is left, and this the chief gashes all )ver with his knife. At night singing is heard, and ' Lame Knee,' having risen to life again, kills the chief and departs, taking the latter'a wives l^ith him. Regarding the relations of Kootenay mythology to the mythologies of )ther Indian tribes, not much can at present be said. The coyote myths leem to point to the mythic cyclus of the Indians to the south-east, from ^he Nez Perces to the Navajos; the Deluge legend has an Algonkian spect; and some of the other legends point to the Sioux, and the |ribo8 of Western British Colombia. But more study is necessary to lake ont definitely any points of contact. H «— 6 ) B 4 8 t7 •5 50 10 )5 27 61 30 ,2-2 :6-7 )\-'2 54-3 22-5 800 55 511 86'61 7059 36 REPORT — 1892. I might here add a note on bird-crie^. The Kootenaja claioi to interpret the following : — Owl says: kd'UMki'tl pd'tlke; or, ktsii'tlkenetl pd'tlke. The bird called yi'kitsnd calls out: iske'tlo kd'niiqyu'qr.o=' no more bnckskin horses.' The tomtit says : tlo'maiyet ! tlo'maiyet ! = * spring ! spring ! (No more snow ! no more snow !).* The Indians like this bird very mach. Thf robin says : okwd'nukte'tlamtcl'yd ! = ' by-and-by plenty of rain ! * SIGN LANGUAGE. Sign langnage is still in use to a considerable extent amongst the Upper and Lower Kootenays. The writer was able to obtain the following, known to members of both tribes : — 1. Across. — Same as first sign, described under * Across,' in Clark's ' Indian Sign Language ' (1885), p. 24. 2. Afraid. — Hands extended in front of body, back of hand outwards, index finger extended, rest of hand closed ; the hands, which approach quite close to each other, are withdrawn with a downward movement to a distance, and in a degree corresponding to the fear to be expressed. See Clark, p. 25. 3. All. — Right hand held in front of breast, palm downwards, moved around horizontally. Same as Shushwap sign for ' all.' See * Report,' 1890, p. 039. 4. Angry. — Right hand closed, moved rapidly before and close to forehead, keeping back of hand always to right. See Clark, p. 31. 5. Axe. — Left forearm extended in front of left side of body, hand bent at wrist and fingers inclined downwards ; then right hand with thumb and forefinger (rest of hand generally closed) seizes left hand just above wrist. See Clark, p. 56. Downward motion of hand to imitate chopping. 6. Bad. — Same as sign described by Clark, p. 58, except that the downward motion is not very marked. 7. Bark. — Index of left hand held up stiffly, rest of hand closed or fingers drooping ; right hand, limp, is then passed around index finger of left. The idea is 'stick-around.' See Clark, under ' Grass ' and * Tree,' pp. 192, 383. 8. Basket. — Elbows resting against oides of body, bring points of fingers together, so as to form rude half-circle. See Clark, under ' Kettle,' p. 227 ; ' Basket,' p. 62. 9. Beads. — Bring right forearm horizontally in front of body above breast, thumb touching index near the end of the latter ; pass hand to and fro across neck, other fingers drooping. Compare Clark, p. 63. 10. Bear {Orizzly). — Close the hands (or sometimes let the fingers droop) and hold them close to side of head, near ears, with backs towards head. Sometimes the bands are shaken or moved about slightly, to indicate better the ' ears,' which are the basis of the sign. Clark says a similar sign is used by the Crows (p. 63). 11. Bear {Blank). — Same sign as for grizzly bear, wifh the addition of j raising hands, with thumb and index placed together, to the level of tlie eyes, and pointing to the outer corners of the latter. The conception * small eyes ' is at the base of this sign. 12. Beaver. — Same as Shushwap sign described by Dr. Boas in T^ ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 37 'jss~ vo more » Report,' 1890, p. 639, with the addition that the right hand is given an up.and-down motion to imitate the movement of the animal's tail. 13. Bell. — Right hand, with fingers drooping, brought close in front of neck and given a wagging motion. 14. Belt. — Bring the hands (flat) together at middle of waist, then move them gradually backwards across body. 15. Berries. — Same as sign described by Clark under * Rosebud,* p, 321. Sometimes, however, the sign for ' small ' is made with right hand, by brinpfitig thumb and index of right hand together a short distance from end of index ; then the motion of picking something off the back of the left hand is gone through. 16. Bird. — Crook arms at elbows, hold hands up with palms turned somewhat outward, and give hand an upward and downward motion, fingers droopinj?, gradually increasing the elevation of the hands. 17. Black. — Touch hair with right hand, and rub back of left hand with right Land. 18. Blanket. — Same as sign described by Clark, p. 73. 19. Blind — Shut eyes, bend the head slightly, and with hands closed, hacks turned upwards, touch the eyes with the thumb and forefinger of each hand. 20. Blood. — Hold hands together ( forefingers parallel, other fingers and thumb drooping) near mouth ; make slight motion of hands forwards and upwards. See Clark, p. 74. 21. Boat. — Both hands brought close together in front of body, and then moved alternately to right and to left and downwards. 22. Bone. — Rub with forefinger of right hand the left hand at bony part of wrist. 23. Bow and arrows. — Left hand extended in front of body, palm towards breast, then pass right hand backwards over left, for motion of drawing arrow and shooting. Compare Clark, p. 7Q. 24. Bread. — Hold hands, fingers closed, palms up, in front of body, then alternately move hands together and open and shut them. 25. Break. — Same as sign described by Clark, p. 81. 26. Bullet. — Hands extended in front of body, fingers and thumb drooping, foreBngers held parallel ; then right forefinger is made to touch left forefinger, and to pass quickly forward, touching its whole length. 27. Colour. — Same as sign for ' black.' 28. Come. — Same as sign defer i bed by Clark, p. 122. 29. Gome here. — Raise right ha id, palm down, above head, give hand an up-and-down motion, and then move it backwards more or less quickly. 30. Deaf. — Press both ears with palms of hands, then raise them a little and move them io and fro over ears. 31. Drink. — Same as sign described by Clark, p. 156. 32. Dumb. — Place right forefinger or palm of right hand on lips. 33. Evacv', the boweh. — Assume stooping position, pass right band, index extendeu, rapidly across region of buttocks in the direction of the ground. 34. Fish. — Same sign as described by Dr. Boas for the ShushwapB, •Report,' 1890, p. 640. 35. JFly. — See ' Bird.' Same sign used for both. 36. Great, large. — Hold the arms expended at fa'ii length, fingers stretched in front of body, so as to give idea of large half-circle. 2 fi 4 8 :0 )7 ,•5 I 50 ' 10 )5 .27 61 31) t2-2 ;» lti-7 I 31-2 54 'H 22 o 800 65 51i 86-61 70 69 38 REPOUT — 1892. i! \M mM< 37. Hntigrij. Touch or rub abdomen ; or open mouth and move fingers of right hand, so tliat the ends, lingers drooping, are just witliin the mouth. 38. Lake. — Same as Shush wap sign, described iu 'Report,' 1890, p. G40. 39. LevgfJi. — Extend the left arm in front of body, and "with index finger of right hand mark off on the left arm, beginning with the ends of the tingers for small objects, portions corresponding to the distance meant. 40. 3fo?<«/(f/'?/. - Same as sign given by Clark, p, 262. Eocky Moun- taiuft. — Same action performed with both hands at once. 41. Ni(iht. Sanu' as sign for 'nightfall' amongst the Shushwaps. 'lieport,' 18110, p. (140. 42. P.a/(//.'.— See 'Boat.' 43 Jm'cI. — !Move right hand, paim inwards, towards cheek, rub cheek with ends of tingers. Tliis sign arose from the red paint used by the Kootenays. Anotiier sign is to touch the tongno with the forefinger of the riglit hand, to which is added sometimes the sign for 'colour.' 44. iv/(A'.— Same as sign for 'rider' with Shushwaps. 'Report,' 1890, p. 64(». 45. Rock.— Same as Shush wap sign. ' Report,' 1890, p. 640, 46. ISlet'p. - Bring the hands, palms inwards, close to sides of head, close eyes, and incline head towards the left and slightly downwards, so as to appear resting on palm of left hand. 47. SviaU. — Extend right hand in front of body, press second, third, and fourth fingers against palm ; extend index finger, and place thumb against it a short distance from the end. 48. *S«fl/rf.— Stretch out right hand in front of body, palm inwards; press thumb, second, third, and fourth fingers against palm, extend index, and witli it make sinuons motion to imitate movement of snake. 49. Sunr IK p. -Slime as Shushwa]) sign. 'Report,' 1890, p. 640. 50. Sunset. — Reverse of sign for ' sunrise' 51. Wiiter. — Same as sitrn for 'drink.' Following are a few of the signs used to denote individuals of various Indian tribes : — Flathead s.-Psdma of hands, fingers pointing upwards, pressed against sides of head. Pend d'Orpille. — Sign for ' boat ' or 'paddling.' Nez Ferces. — Index finger of right hand pressed against cartilage of nose, to give the idea of ' pierced nose.' Shoshoui or Snaku LidiuiiK.- -Sign for ' snake.' III. PHYSICAL CHAHA(n^ERISTlCS. The Kootenay Indians are physically well-developed, and between the various gron]ts there appear to be no well-marked differences. Their stature places them amongst the tallest tribes of British Columbia, nine out of thirty-six adult malas, or one-fourth, having a height of mure than 1,739 millimetres, and one individual actually measuring 1,846 milli- metres, while three others weie 1,767, 1,760 and 1,770 millimetres respectively. Two-thirds of the individuals measured are included be- tween 1,660 and 1,779 millimetres, with an average approximate /at 1,610 The women, if we nuiy judge from the few cases here recoi'ded. .ivs mucli ON THE NOKTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 89 shorter than the men : three females, aged 14, 18, 40, measured rospec- fcively 1,557, 1,570, and 1,582 millimetres. There appears to be not so jrreat a difference between the heights of the boys and girls. The index of finger- reach seems to be slightly less than that of the Bilqnla and some other tribes, two-thirds being found between the indices 1U2 and 106, but nearly one-third falling below 102. The index of height-sitting is also lower, two- thirds having an index of from 50 to 5o, and but ten cases out of thirty-five having au index of more than t>l\. The mdox of length of arm has the largest number of cases at 45, and two-thirds of the total come wilhin the limits 43 to 4G. The indices of height and width of shoulder are more variable. The index of height of shoulder shows the greatest grouping (ten cases out of thirty-fonr) at 85, and between 82 and 84 two-thirds (twenty-two cases) occar. Of the indices of width of shoulder two-thirds (twenty-one cases) are found ranging from 18 to 20. Tlie indices of face show a range from 77 to 03, with the greatest accumulation (nine cases out of thirty-two) at 88, and having nearly one- lialf (fifteen cases out of thirty-two) the number of cases with an index of between 8(5 and 89. The facial index of the Kootenays is therefore l;.g! 'v than that of the western tribes of British Columbia. ■^' .? indices of the upper part of the face have their greatest grouping li '' ' i-»gbt cases out of thivty-three), and nearly two-thirds are contained let leeu 52 an'^. 57, while eight cases, or nearly one-fourth, are above 57. The nasal indices show the greatest grouping (six cases out of thirty- foar) at 70, and there is none below 58. Thus far we have dealt with adults alone. It seems allowable in the case of the cephalic index to include all individuals of five years and over. This gives us, of pure blood Kootenays, seventy males and fourteen females. Of the females, thi)-teen have an index of over 78 (correspond- ing to 7() on the skull), and eiglit have an index of more than 83 (81 on the skull). If one is to judge from these fourteen cases, the Kootenay women are brachyccphalic ; a fact which would correspond with their seemingly much shorter stature. This apparent brachycephalism may, however, be the result of the con)paratively small number of individuals measured. The cei.'^ali? ndices of the males range from 72 to 8f) (corresponding to 7(> and 84 .>a the skull), with the greatest grouping at 77 (75 on the skull), lift) 'ive oases are found below 80 (78 on the skull). More than half Mre tl la " eaaticephalic. It is just possible that we have here an intermixture of a brachycrphalic type, but this would perhaps be sus- tained if several hundred measurements had been taken. The cephalic indices of the half-breeds show considerable variation, and the females tend towards brachycephaly, as was the case with the pure Indians. It is usuajly impossible to obtain the weight of aborigines owing to the lack ' ;' weighing apparatus ; hence the few cases here recorded will be of cor Ml' ,t»ble interest. They are presented on next page learranged accord i ilk., *■ « ge: - - These ii ^'aauicmonts were taken when the Indians had a normal amount of summer clothing on. The average weight of thirteen adults (from 19 to 69 years of age) is bn pounds. 2 .fi ;4 ■8 10 J7 ;-5| 50 10 0-5 127 61 31) ?2-2 16-7 I 01 -'i 54-3 22 5 8()'0 65 511 86-61 7069 40 UKPOUT— 18fi2. ^i Name Age 1 Sauiull Piel 2 Andr6 4 SkG'kKm Joe Nana . 5 PolNiina . ' H Piel . . . . 10 Piu . , H Baptiste . ! 15 Andv6 16 Piel . . . . 19 Kusta i 1» Eustace Benwll 1 1» Joseph { 20 Wf ijtht in Pounds 25 81 40 48| 04 1(H) 123 134i 142 177^ 137 134^ Name Joseph AlUElfl . Kaplf) Vol . Halwi'i Q . Bku'kKni Joe SimO K. . Wiiyaui Q Dominick Blaswa Old Joe . Age 20 22 26 28 81 33 61 51 59 60 + 65 Weight Ml Puundti 153 177 150 1501 147 15Gi 14l| 1471 149^ 146 135 Iji w( The eyes of the Kooteiiays are dark-brown, the hair straight ami black. There are, however, quite a number of cases of brown hair ; but as these seem to occur with children and those adults who habitually yo bareheaded, the difference h~ colour may be attributed to exposure to the air and sunlight. In a ft / • < a also the hair is quite wavy, in some, even curly ; and one of the t Steele Indians is nicknamed ' Curly ' (Kdnfifi' lutldin) from this fact. But one or two cases of the 'Mongolian eye ' were observed, the Indian Giaqkatl Sa.16 being one. The colonr of the skin is, in general, brown, varying from rather dark to a dirty white. Many of these Indians, as far as colour of skin is con- cerned, would be quite indistinguishable from the dark-skinned natives of Southern Europe. The contrast between them and the Chinese — the writer had the opportunity of seeing them very often together — is marked, and they would never be mistaken one for the other by experts. Hair on the face and body is not common on account of the practice of removing the hairs which the Indians more or less practise. Still, beards and moustaches are possessed by some of the Indians. Kootenay Pete, an old Indian of Columbia Lakes, had a white b^ard, small in size, but at least CO millimetres long; Chief Eustan, of the Lower Kootenay, had a number of white hairs on his chin; and another Indian of the same tribe, aged about (50, had a slight beard and moustache, both whitish, and dark and heavy eyebrows ; an Upper Kootenay, aged 31, had aL^. a slight beard. An Indian, named Blasois, aged 17, had a few hairs on his nose. The noses seem rather flat. The shape of the nose itself varies ; the largeness of the nostrils is very striking in many cases, as is also the depressed root of the nose with prominent glabella. The nose of one Indian was so perceptibly large that it formed a constant point for the merriment of his fellowL', and one of the names of the Indian Patrick (GnUlF.md'kastla'Eldk) refers to his ' big nostrils.' The point of the nose is in most cases short. Straight noses with pointed ends are not unknown. In a few cases the ears of Indians are distorted and lengthened by heavy earrings. The ears of the great majority are, however, medium- sized, most often with round and attached lobe. The mouths of many of the Kootenay s seem disproportionately large, and the lips are often very thick, as in the case of the Indian A'mFjlu, Mrhose ears, it might be remarked, were rather small. The teeth of these Indians are remarkably well preserved, the writer having seen but a single case of caries, and that in a boy. The chins are, Weight in Founds straight ami wn hair ; but habitually go posure to tlie avy, in some, imed 'Curly' le ' Mongolian ira rather dark )f skin is con- med natives of Chinese— the er — is marked, lerts. )f the practice ractiso. Still, ns. Kootenay 1, small in size, i ►wer Kootenay, ian of the same ;h whitish, and lad aLv, ^ slight .„ on his nose, lelf varies; the l, as is also the |he nose of one „ point for the Indian Patrick mt of the nose is |e not unknown, lengthened by ever, medium- rtionately large, Indian A'mKlu, Irved, the writer The chins arc, IV. Mixed Kootenay and other tribes. V. Metis, Upper VI. Kootenay and Whites. Malea t a Ji 6 5,1 20 , mm. 1 1,644 ' 1,392 658 734 ', 1.714 ! 866 \ 392 ■ 196 156 i 115 : 77 i 143 I 65 I 48 134^ 4-7 4*6 4-2 ?--7 !3S 9-6 13-83 !0'42 8-17 i •0 'a II WIS 22 mm. 1,702 1,441 622 819 1,785 907 385 205 163 143 86 161 68 44 177 84-7 48-1 104-8 53-3 22-6 74-6 66-95 94-70 75-86 Male !3 «3 'C o a S « a 0) c o * ?3 rtKj; b mm. 1,228 990 460 530 1,227 649 256 177 137-i 96 64 121 45-1 30 80-6 43-2 99-9 62-9 20-8 77-6 52-89 79-33 66-94 Em a W ^ 11 mm. 4 1,3«2 •4 1,120 iO 486 3 i,:^'8 iO J5 3U7 76 186-5 47 .25 150 110 73 1 70-5 131 44 35 64 - n-7 16-2 82-2 46-7 37-6 lOl-'i 51-8 6-»"' 21 7 1 22- 83-5 Sl)( 56-73 65 *)6-4l 86-61 79-54 7055 111. Mixed Urper and Lower Kootenays. IV. Mixed Kootenay and other tribes. Kootenay and ^ Mnle3 Males Male Number . . • 1 2 1 2 I / 1 d J i 1 ^^ 1 JT - 1 W-2 ■§. •3 J:4 s Name . . • • n 1 1^ 1 i > w g b ; a 1 < 'l^ i ! 1 1^ ra and letis nay ^ S ^ \ Tribe - 1 F. Lower Kooteni M. Upper Kooten F. Upper Kootenay Lower Kootenay, J M. Flathead Koote (Part Colville) F. Colville M. Flathead Koote a u 1 F. M6tis (French an or Ojibway from N. M. Upper Kooter (Columbia Lake Age 26 59 20 22 8 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Height, standing .... 1,745 1,680 1,644 1,702 1,228 Height of shoulder .... 1,436 1,420 1,392 1,441 990 Height of point of second finger 668 615 658 622 460 Length of arm ..... 768 805 734 819 530 Finger-reach 1,799 1,714 1,714 1,785 1,227 Height, sitting 910 819 866 907 649 Width of shoulders .... 875 375 392 385 256 Length of head .... 195 195 196 205 177 Breadth of head .... 150 152 156 163 187-5 Distance from root of nose to chin . 132 125 115 143 96 Distance from root of no^e to be- 79 81 77 86 64 tween lips Width of face 145 143 143 151 121 Height of nose .... 65 62 65 68 46-6 Width of nose 43 45 48 44 80 Weight m pounds .... 150 149^ 134^ 177 — Indioet : Height of shoulder .... 82-3 84-6 84-7 84-7 80-6 Index of length of arm . 44-0 47-9 44-6 48-1 43-2 Index of finsrer-reach 1031 102-0 104-2 104-8 99-9 Index of height, sitting . 621 488 62-7 58-3 62-9 Index of width of shoulders . 21-5 22-8 23-8 22-6 20-8 Cephalic index 769 77-9 79-6 74-6 77-6 Index of upper part of face . 54-48 56-64 63-83 66-95 52-89 IFacial index 9103 84-71 80-42 94-70 79-33 Nasal index 78-17 72-58 7817 75-86 66-91 V. MM3, Upper VI. Metis, Upper Kuote- Kootenay and Whiks. nay and Whites. VII. Metis, Lower V III. Meti.'i, Luccr Kootenay Kootenay arid W/oites. and Whites. Male 3 V 8 M ^ a . c3 *^. c o w .„ b t»> a. a r ' ^ mm. 1,228 990 460 530 1,227 649 256 177 137-5 96 64 121 46-5 80 80-6 43-2 99-9 62-9 20-8 77-6 52-89 79-33 65-91 Females 1 o 3 - •3 o o . o ps< o o O H mm. 1,208 972 431 541 1,212 669 249 177 143 98 62 120 46 33 80-5 44-8 100-3 64-1 20-6 80-8 51-66 81-66 71-78 mm. 1,260 1,038 441 597 1,312 679 265 173 146-5 93 65 127 50 27 82-4 474 104-1 539 210 84-5 51-18 73-23 54-00 Males I GO 19 mm. 1,653 1,405 649 756 1,631 851 351 182 150 113 73-5 )^1 o4 33 85-0 45-7 98-7 51-5 21-2 82-4 56-10 86-26 61-11 m -go i-j a o en a .a p s 00 «* d 52; .S o a o •-3 mm. "05 709 428 151 153 130 90 68 108 33 26 « g O Si.M .2 g 14 mm. 1,575 1,638 264 1003 60-7 21-4 84-9 53-70 83-33 78-78 187 166 111 84 135 66 32 3 :c9 CD a -. o Em O 27 FeuialeB a ^' .S ^^ n bii^ 51^6 s ■ =4:25 H«« yi- ^ = ^ "^ r<^ ^ »rt o _ 1> t-^-s , ^J («5 ... ^1 o o mm. 1,693 1,435 652 783 1,755 918 317 186 143 115-5 76 139 57 35-5 mm. 1,094 855 374 481 1,100 616 218 mm. 1.175 960 385 575 1,185 636 241 mm. 1,386 1,142 512 630 1,412 730 277 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 84-8 78-2 81-7 80-5 82-7 — 46-3 44-0 48-9 45-4 45-2 1040 103-6 1 100-5 100-9 101-9 102-5 — 54-2 56-3 54-1 52-7 51-6 16-8 18-7 20-0 20-5 20-0 17-6 82-9 76-9 800 77-3 73-5 70-6 62-22 54-68 55-34 5517 61-34 6G-S6 82-22 82-73 62-50 76-72 86-56 90-22 5714 62-28 80-98 78-93 62 00 64-58 165 176 185 200 : ! 132 136 136 141' i 98 89 103 120 67 64 73 76 121 116 119 133 1 40 38 50 48 ' 25 30 31 31 in. Mixed i^"^'"^'*V , I •Number Nana ri"": 1 .9^ 1 s-^ ' ^o i O o 1 1 (^ h ! 'ul i i a - "■r ---.(..•»«=.- ervY 1 14 ? 2 2 ) 2 ) r > J J ) ) mm. 1,661 1,373 622 761 1,703 866 292 200 141 120 75 133 48 31 j ( i j 82-7 46-2 102-6 616 17-6 70-5 66-8« 90-22 64-68 l[ 7 1 a m :e8 f J ) >? • a O o (4 11 m. ram. ,14 l,3fi2 174 1.120 i80 486 ',94 634 ':13 1,378 i«0 740 J85 307 176 186-5 147 150 125 110 73 70o 131 127 44 51 35 3G 64 — 81-7 45-2 107-6 1 51-8 217 83-5 65-73 i»6-41 79-54 82-2 46-7 101-2 543 22-5 55 611 86-01 7059 II. Lower Kootenai/. I. Males 23 m O a 24 a o >» >-, rt a a C 0) 0) o o o o W w (H M 01 OJ tJ ts o o H^ h^ 25 25 mm. mm. 1,710 1,732 1,42!) 1,431 fiOl 722 7f)S 709 1,821 1,S12 009 931 316 350 201 151) 124 78 140 38 83-6 44-9 uu',-r, 53 2 18-5 77-6 55-71 8857 65-51 195 lf!4 120 80 145 ()1 44 82-fi 40-9 104-7 53-7 20-2 84-1 55-17 82-75 72-13 V . _ „—. __- . ... . — ■— - ■ m 1 p/>ar -*T il TI P.rr, alea — 34 35 36 37 38 39 I J " •" 33 V , ■* :r > "^ ;« o So a r— » 5: < a ^ S 'O'd i m 3 I d H Jo CO g 2" d M « 02 y 4 o rt ."2 .2 2. — a ITS o ,0 4) He - o '\a a (•^ >, >» 5? rt rt d d rt rt d ' a « a o o a o C o a (U d) m 0) s w W W W w W W •'i o o o t; t •4^ ■s o ■3 i-i o o 1.1 1 o o h4 3 o h o u if o W i-i 1 o o o u V o 14 4_ •a c :^ 1^ 3 o ^ ^ 35 35 35 39 40* 45* 45 69 60 60 60* 60 65 5 40 68 mm. 1,623 mm. 1,695 mm. 1,683 mm. 1,611 mm. 1,760 mm. 1,770 mm. 1,695 mm mm. 1,653 1,420 ,1 l,3f;i 629 732 1.442 698 744 1,434 721 713 1,354 630 724 1,575 733 842 — 1,428 682 746 l.S. 1.590 1,33a 630 700 1,615 840 1 323 1,710 l,44.i 622 823 1,775 903 324 mm. 1,685 1.402 mm. 1,563 1,270 mm. 1,555 1,300 mm. 1,011 805 mm. 1.582 mm. 1,412 1,210 1.72i 8.53 1,772 937 1.713 849 1,701 843 1,765 919 — 1,725 924 1.7 8 631 789 609 793 543 727 568 732 : 368 437 ^— 477 733 32(i 309 200 155 120 318 312 330 — 313 191 151 120 3 ]_ ] I 1,785 879 341 1,725 851 307 206-5 1,641 805 321 1,650 8.50 ; 336 ; 968 601 201 ^^_ 1,510 756 292 191 141 128 180 143 114 194 146 119 195 151 119 — 203 150 122 77 200 156 132 80-5 216 189 194 166 181 80-5 132-.") 76 135 80 136 78 138 82 137 77 142 8' 14' 15f5 127 84 160 137 91 155 127 80 156 118 81 143 100 655 — 161 110 73 63 55-5 59 60-5 61 64 132 57 42 40 39 41 39 38 43 4 •- 140 62 47 141 63-5 41 151 62 43 135 60 40-5 151 60 42 j 119 45 28-5 — 131 61 38 — — — — 135 — — 83-9 85-1 85-3 84-0 89-5 84-2 84 45- 1 43-9 42-4 44-9 47-8 44-0 \'i 83-7 440 [)1'5 1 52-8 20-3 73-9 )8-32 »2-42 r3-68 10(v2 f.2'o 201 73-8 60 60 93'i)3 104 '5 55 3 lS-2 77-5 56-29 88-8 101 8 50-4 189 76-9 58 02 83-82 1056 52-3 01-2 75-3 5()-52 86-23 100' 3 52-2 18-8 77'4 59'85 8(;'8(5 — 101-8 54-5 18-3 79-1 54-22 84-.50 lOf .J.- K 58 84-5 48-1 03-8 1 52-8 18 9 780 85-9 47-7 08 1 53 2 20-(; 7222 83-2 46-0 02-4 1 50-5 18-2 77-4 81-2 46-5 05-0 1 51-5 20-5 82 83-6 47-1 1 06-1 i 54-7 : 216 ! 80-4 79-6 432 95-7 594 19 9 86-1 72-27 84-03 63-33 — 1 86 7 51-9 07-0 53-7 20-7 8:i-4 55-72 83-97 62-29 63-49 70-27 69-48 64-47 62-29 — 67-19 61 — 1 57-50 94-28 i 71-81 ■ 59-57 90-07 64-56 60 26 90-72 1 69-36 5926 94-07 67-50 53-64 78-14 70-1 — M ^ Pi II. Lower Kootenay. 1,' 116 17 =3 16 W 18 83-4 431) 101-3 f)()-4 20-3 760 53-02 8(i-82 66-67 20 798 42-8 l()0-4 51-6 18-4 85-1 55-63 82-70 70-79 ao 21 22 r- o c« ja o •J is 1—4 A ^ ■H ^ o o ^ >, >. >» CIS ca rt a a S m B, o O o o O o w \4 i4 IH u «-i a> m V Es ^ it o o o I-] h3 J 20 21 25 mm. mm. mm. I 1,7M 1,641 1,732 11,471 1,409 1,463 678 599 659 7!»3 810 804 1 1,757 1,764 1.791 8!t2 908 9;".9 346 200 312 331 194-5 182 162 152 166 130 119 121 75 72 75 Ml 134 136-5 61 56 60 36 40 43 — — 84-0 85-7 84-5 45-3 49-3 4G-4 100-3 107 3 1034 50-9 55-2 54-2 19-8 190 191 810 83-5 H5-3 53-19 53-73 5421 92-19 88-80 88-64 5902 71-43 71-67 mm. 1,710 1,429 661 768 1,821 909 316 83-6 44-9 106 5 53 2 18-5 77-r, 55-71 88 57 65-51 u 27l'^ I 28* ( H, 1< 2 ''^ ,^.)-04 >l-75 .^4 65 I 84-6 46-7 1106-4 57 5 18-2 72-1 55-71 84-9!) j 59-00 • 29 00 -3 ;^' nm. rnt 714 1,7 450 1.4 650 «; 8(10 7 S24 1,8 )85 9 S12 3 >08 If 0-5 1/ 19 1 78 40 ;f 5-5 4/ !3 7 o 4 '2-( 5 .-i- 2 i): ) 10 •27' ••32 Number Nam* Tribe Age . Height, standintf Height of shoulder . Heifjht oi point of second finger Length of arm . Finger-reach . Height, sitting . Width of shoulders . Length of head Breadth of head Distance from root of nose to chin . Distance from root of nose to be- tween lips Width of face Height of nose .... Width of nose Weight in pounds . Indioet : Height of shoulder . Index of length of iirm . Index of fing< r-reach Index of hei-lit, sitting . Index of width of Blioulders Cephalic index . Index of upper part of face Facial index Nasal index mm. 782 61 m 250 .S5(i Tito 218 26 77-S 45-6 10102 279 776 CI78 7321 7600 31 48J 7fl-l 45'5 9(i-r>5 r.8-i)() 24-71 87':< f)0'()0 76-G 659 mm. 1,120 912 .192 .520 1,110 607 2.55 170 173 179 132 1.51 149 82 9.5 100 58 62 62 112 124 135 40 44 43 30 29 34 81'4 4tV4 99' 1 542 22-8 8H'2 45-92 74-07 77-27 M mm. 1,185 976 422 554 1,240 661 248 82-4 46-8 1(14-7 55-8 209 .SO 6 54-16 83-33 66 34 mm. 1,280 1,0 H 4,52 589 1,277 70.5 272 81 3 4(1-0 99-8 55-1 21 3 774 50-39 81-89 7234 !?•■ 64 11 mm. 1,362 1,120 486 6H4 1,378 740 .307 186-5 150 110 70-5 I. Upper Kooteni ,M I- 82 2 46-7 101-2 54-3 225 80-0 5561 86-61 7069 140 55-5 38-5 83-9 46-0 100-5 52-2 19 7 79-4 62-14 81-42 69-36 M 13 mm. 1,315 1,110 510 6(10 1,421 680 275 10 13 81-3 44-4 l(K)-5 5;!-6 218 790 60 78 84-37 70-10 11 13 14 mm. mm. 1,468* 1,531 1,214 1,258 573 685 1,559 788 297 82 7 45-7 102 6 51-8 20-3 75 I 5000 8 1 -.34 71-57 100 82-2 44-7 101-8 60S 24-5 74-1 53-78 84-84 78-84 I. Males 13 16 14 15 123 81-8 44-4 100-24 61-8 18-1 79-7 50-36 84-17 89-58 16 16 17 M .34^ 19 mm. 1,735 1,451 721 730 1,751 925 355 142 mm. 1,846 1,662 732 830 1,882 ftOO .196 6.5 64 T I. JJfpw Eootenay$ es II. Females 13 S a < 16 17 18 19 20 ■n 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 2C Oh a a "A 30 31 S3 33 34 35 3 -H ^6 3 "-1 B 0) O 36 37 1 "ft % i o o 38 39 40 "a ■M o is 3 1^ s s. 1 J3 Ou o ••• 1^4 a -< 1 "a V c Q f ^^ 1) O 1 o 1 •I a a. eg 1 ■< o 3 a < 93 •s J W r 1 a a) 'u t o X 1 c 01 4J "5 3 02 ^ S? ir n 1. o 1 ^ a- o s? ^ a o o o a o o 1 ^ s g SE" X ea ^ a o o u 1 11 MM » 0) II 4> &> s o o 1 U p 2 o o a o M a a 1 1 o o 0) in 01 s 1 ^ « 1 I IS s 3 1 o O w a § a o c 'it t3 .3 P 1 a, c S (J M o 1 a a a 3 Oh i a- P a. o o J P a 3 i a, P Cm P 'o H H o o o a o O o 16 o 1 O O H H U O 19 19 _...4 ■ 9 20 21 28» riO 31 45 51 01 60* 60* 7 1 mm. 9 11 11 mm. 11 11 nmi. 12 13 13 14 18 70 nm. mm. mm. 11 im. mrn. mm. mm. mm. mm mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm, mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. fiH5 1,7H5 1,846 1.(74 1,673 1,675 1.734 1,767 1,645 I,fi0.i 1,670 1.660 1,603 1,670 1,111 1,171 1,350 1.355 1,376 1,454 1,480 1,460 1,4^6 1,557 1,570 1,411 4:j2 1,451 1,562 1,~ -M 1,38] 1,430 1,478 — 1,360 1.371 1,40.» 1,425 1,334 1,405 1 877 945 l.KW LIOS 1,152 1.217 1,230 1,-.'18 1,190 1,288 l,d30 1 ,208 «:i2 721 732 k 60 614 638 685 — 656 570 6i!7 578 620 619 1 1 395 438 484 'b,i 512 554 530 530 616 660 615 504 810 730 830 760 1,?60 870 365 767 792 793 — 704 801 733 847 714 7S6 1 ; 482 607 616 597 640 ^63 700 688 674 728 735 704 81)8 ;u3 1.751 925 335 193 146 121-5 69 1,882 90(1 a96 j l,7:i8 875 400 1,760 810 354 1 ,815 886 377 i,7()l 905 370 198 163 120 73 1,695 882 287 185 1,52 122 80 1,784 891 31)5 196 153 130 80 1,714 878 381 1,710 830 364 1,7,50 i 1 1,082 603 232 1,173 653 268 1,362 716 287 1,398 741 315 1,400 718 305 177 144 101 72 l,.-)',8 778 342 181 152 109 68 1,510 763 322 1,532 788 344 1,510 748 305 1,670 825 350 183 159 113 73 1,580 830 325 1,567 734 302 201 l.M 80 2J0I 170 ll32 83 195 145 128 82 I9:i 152 12rf 81 190 15.5 130 81 20O 150 130 77 mo 160 135 89 1!'8 170 130 78 163 134 90 63 172 l49 98 68 174 160-5 100 66 178 147 105 70 179 147 105 75-5 184 155 109 66 . 176 151 110 72 182 155 110 68 194 148 105 68 14S ja-5 40 1416 53 33 k49 65 135 (il 38 14-, 61 4;! !46 68 42 148 62 46 — 148 58 45 1.38 58 41 148 60 41 132 64 45 150 4.1 146 _ 115 45-5 31 125 51 41 126 48 34 6 130 63 33 130 50 33 140-5 55 36 136 C3-5 32 141 60 34 138 52 34 138 54 40 140 44 35 135 53 42 135 34i 142 1 137 153 — 160J 147 — 1411 147.1 — — — 151 5'0 8'1 836 421 84 45 •6 •0 85-0 46-4 82-6 45-9 85-4 47-3 8J-3 4.V7 1 _ ! 827 ■12vS ! S5-4 499 838 4!' -9 85-5 50-8 83-2 44-5 841 47-1 78-9 43-4 80-7 43-3 81-5 ' 45-6 ' 818 44-i«; ■''83-7 83-7 83"1 83-4 82-9 82-7 84-7 85-5 4' 15 l(iO-92 liil •95 101-73 103-82 1 05-07 101-67 — )o;;-64| 105-60 106-8 102-9 106-7 104-8 1 97-39 51-27 20-9 82-2 54-77 78-26 68-13 to .T 100-17 55-78 20.1) 46-5 45-6 47-3 47-1 46-9 46-8 45-5 499 )\-A 533 4iJ -8 5V0 52-3 48-7 61-1 1 55-0 ! 550 53-4 52-7 51-8 nil Ofl l-,ii;<-i8 53-03 : 5,i.(j8 101-8 103-6 102-0 104 9 105-2 t07-3 100-7 111-1 O-H 20-6 21 4 21 2 23 9 21-1 212 ._, 225 179 23-7 2V-9 22-7 ' 52-2 53-5 51-6 54-0 52-1 53-0 52-9 52-0 1'8 70 49 72 41 741.9 77 58 70-68 68-.38 J 70 32 8114 ~ 7J .17 t,:o.77 71-87 j 62-26 77-69 6fJ-00 77-5Ni 65-4 5| 77-20 59-81 77-30 G800 711-71 65-38 81-88 7407 78-57 79-64 77-8 79-3 L I ,:'¥; ': ' \~\ ; I i : • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 •4H o : i a i-i 1 a ^« rt . e o 525^ 1 1 ■«1 0) O a , :c3 1 ; .2 ! r^ * 0.x. ^-0 1 o o M CO Plains atenay o o M 1 8 r o o a 1 \ •• »4 1 I'- 1. 1 1 1 r\^' 1 • mm. '■ ^ 2 4 5§ 8 9 10 11 1,1 lii 1 1,483 1 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. ()80 782 870 1,120 1,185 1,280 1,314 1,.362 803 6()G 688 912 976 1,0 «1 1,074 1,120 1,760 1 . 250 2'.»2 .392 422 452 480 486 ' 971 , 35r. 396 520 654 589 594 631 : MR . 7!»0 840 1,110 1,240 1,277 1,413 1,3.8 w ^ . — 513 607 661 705 680 740 1 1 • • 218 215 255 248 272 285 307 1 170 173 179 180 186 176 186-5 82^ , 132 151 149 145 144 147 150 j 1 . 82 95 100 100 104 125 no 9 3-64 55-0 1'2 5 <23 |9 32 n-08 r7-68 882 891 287 395 1 185 196 152 153 122 130 80 80 1.38 148 58 60 41 41 85-4 499 105-60 55-0 141J- 83-8 4:--9 106-8 53-4 1< 179 23-7 '. 8-J-2 78-1 ^1 57 97 54 06 i 88-40 87-83 1(1 70-68 68-38 1 I ti l l— ■^' rv ON TUB NOUTH-WEjiTERN THIBES OF CANADA. 41 24 2J 1-^ •4J • fH o £c M C-' 1 ^ ^ (1> <5 1 IfH 02 >. C4 C V ^ o cS o s M o a t4 *c3 b 0^ V a. o &. u P o ^ O H 45 51 mm. mm. ,n05 1,(570 .^71 1,40>) 570 r.(;7 801 7H3 .fijtf) 1,784 882 891 287 185 396 19(5 152 153 122 130 80 80 138 148 58 60 41 41 1411 83-8 4"-l) lor.'S 53-4 '23-7 78'1 54 05 87'83 68'38 H las a rule, well formed, both in men and women. The foreheads appear to Ibe broad and straight, lu the ease ofau Indian (Andre) aged IG the Idistance from chin to the hair-line was 187 millimetres. The glabella jiH generally 8 to 4 of Bi'oca. The saperciliary ridges are quite prominent I in many cases. The faces seem broader than they really are, and the [cheekbones often prominent. The limbs appear to be well-shapen, but in not a few cases the hands are rather large, the shoulders stooped, or [the legs bandy. To distinguish a Kootenay from an Indian of some other tribe may be I at times difficult : mix one Shnshwap amongst a few dozen Kootenays, [or vice verm, and he may remain perhaps undetected ; but arrange twenty I Kootenays in aline facing twenty Shushwaps or twenty Stonies, and the great diH'erence that really exists between them will flash on the observer jin a moment, iind if another Shusliwap or a Kootenay happens to conio [along lie will unhesitatingly be ns«tat . 40 41 42 43! ! 1 2 2 4 1 ! 1 ~ 4 5 4 ;; .5 2 : — - . 4 1 I -- 5 17 5 ;i 1 1 jNumter iof Cases 49 60 1 1 1 ! - 1 22 1 1 I 10 — i 1 1 I 33 Cephalic Ii'dices (Males over 5 v/car*). Tribes Lower Kootenay L'piu'r Kooteniiy MixiiJ Upper' and Lower Kooteniiy Total Indices 72 : 73 1 74 I 75 76 77 i 78 | 79 ! 80 81 82 ■ 83 2 i 2 I 1 i 3 1 6 ! 6 3 I 3 - i 2 3 1 1 -~ 84 ! 85 86 Number [of Cases 4 I 2 i 3 2 3 j 2 i — 1 3 3 I 1 ' 2 2 12 1 44 24 2 2 2; 4' 6: 7! 91 8 7 I i ;> ; 5 I 3 - 3 Cephalic Indices (Females over 5 years). Tribi's l.i'wer Kootenay 'lipor Kootehuy Total . li 111 ices 1 Number 72 73 74 76 76 77 i 1 . ' , ' 78 i 79 1 80 ; 81 1 82 83 i 84 1 1 .' ■ 1 85 of Ciisea 86 i , — "~ — __ 1 ; , 1 — 1 _ _ 1 _ 1 1 2 • — — ■ 1 — — -11 3l-| 2 5 — 12 — — __ 1 — _ 1 -i 1 3!-; 2 6 1 • 1 44 REPOllT — 1 892. Cephalic Indices {Metis, Kootenay and Whites, Males over 5 years). Tribes 1 Indices Number of Cases 72 73 74 76 1 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 Lower Kootenay M^tis Upper Kootenay M6ti8 Total . — _ -1 1 — 1 1 1 — — 1 1 — — 2 I 3 Cephalic Indices ( MSl is, Kooteiiay and Whiter , /' emales over 5 years). Tribes Indices 1 Number! of Cases \ 70 71 72 73 74 78 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 83 84 86 86 Lower Koote- nay M6tii! Upper Koote- nay Metis Total . 1 1 — 1 I — __ — 1 . — 1 1 1 — 1 — — 4 3 — — I — 2 — 1 — 1 — — 7 ; :-i ' Index of Upper Fart of Face (Males, 19-51 years). Tribes Indices 1 Nurabefj of Cases I 47 48 1 1 49 60 51 1 1 62 2 1 83 64 65 & 3 8 66 2 2 67 1 1 68 2 2 59 1 1 60 2 1 3 61 1 1 62 63 64 66 u6 1 1 67 _ Tjower Kootenay Upper Kootenay Mixed Lower and Upper Kootenay . Total .... "l 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 22 10 ; I 1 i 33 Index of F ace {Males 19-51 years )• Tribes 1 Indices Number uf Cases 33 ^ \ ^ 32 1 76 77 3 3 78 7. .0 1 1 81 1 1 3 82 S 2 83 2 84 2 1 3 1 86 86 3 1 4 87 1 1 1 88 89 1 80 91 92 i 93 1 1 3 04 96 Lower Koot«nay Upper Kootenay Mixed Upper and Lower Kootenay . Total .... 8 9 1 1 ~ 21 1 ON THK NORTH-WESTERS THIBK.S OF CANADA. TnJex of Nose {Males, 19 51 yfurs). 45 5 years). ^H ' 86 86 Number of Cases 1 — — 2 I 1 3 ^^^H Tribes Iiidicea Number of Cases 23 10 1 5b 59 2 2 60 61 62 1 1 2 63 1 1 64 3 1 4 66 2 2 66 67 1 1 1 — 2 1 68 1 1 69 1 1 70 3 3 6 71 2 2 72 2 1 3 73 1 1 74 1 1 76 76 77 1 1 78 1 1 2 79 80 _| 1 81 82 83 84 1 Lower Kootcnny Upper Kootenay Mixed Upper and Lower Kootenay Total . 1 34 er 5 years). 1 1 1 Number, of Cases 86 86 1 ~ — 4 3 — — 7 i -.). 3 64 6S u6 671 iNurabcFi of Cases 22 10 1 1192 93 04 1 1 1 21 1 96 Number uf Cases 23 9 1 -I 82 IV. LIIfGUISTICS. The Kootenay, spoken in two slightly differing dialects, the Upper Kootenay and the Lower Kootenay, forms a linguistic stock by itself. The writer's examination of the material he obtained does not lead him to expect any serious modification oi this position. No traces of connection with, or relation to, the Blackfoot tongue were discovered, and except a seeming similarity in a few points of general structure to the Shoshonian and to the Siouan tongues, no points of resemblance except of the vaguest and pan -American kind have been found with the neighbour- ing languages. The Kootenay is incorporative (both as regards the pronoun- and the noun- object), abounds in prefixes and suffixes, both in the verb and in the noun, has certain inllections of adverbs, nouns, and pronouns by suffixes, and possesses an elaboration of structure which the writer hopes to be able to explain and illustrate after a more thorough study of the linguistic material in his possession. The incor- poration of the object-noun in the verb is characteristic of Shoshonian tongues, but the Kootenay is remarkably free from forms b^- reduplication, and so marks itself off from these languages in which that peculiarity is highly developed. The few details that the writer has been able to work out will be found in the following pages. As examples of the exceedingly composite character of the Kootenay language, a noun and a verb analysed into their component elements may be given here : — Crown of heaid = Jqki'nk'dnu'ktld'jiinam = dqki'ntan (top) -t- wA (point) +th''m (head) + nam ( = somebody's). .^y^m^Yl'w is further to be decomposed into dq + kin + kdii, the last being probably the radical for • top.' He is going to bite us-UQiltli'toanilwa'sinc — ts-^-iidtl (prefixes of future tense) + ii«a(«) [to h\i(i-it, to do + ««(«), with the ti °th] + •^-(verbal ?) -f drvat ( = he . . . us) + f (verbal) + ne (verbal). Phonetics. The Kootenay language possesses the toliowing vowel sounds : — a as in German Mann. Qanr tlku'mtis ni'kul d'rndks, a star is going along, [and] I sees a little chilr! eating dirt. Oqlinnd' miik^ kd'vxdk'd' nH k u'ttsdtx, the chipmunk sits on thfe willows. ta'aas kdntld'tlte Hki'nkiits tld'ittlilx, the coyote struck the grizzly bear. nd'nalmQl'mne ne ilh'i'inuki'»ti'k, these two children go away. mi'pQane ijfi'nd Ka'pd tlM'muidnic'kes, he sees many children. ki' iidhl'sakul'tlkd vijn'kdiiV nt\k ?, where are you gone, spirits? tinaa&'mnh yu' ndUiV psi tlhVmuni'niik, many children enter. Combined with the posse-ssive pronouns, nouns are declined as follows :-— k'dti'to, my father (father of man). tito'nh, thy father. tito'is, his father. kdti'tDnd'tla, our father. iitoni'gkHl, your father. fitoi'sis, their father. When declined with the possessive pronouns, some nouns .somrtimes lose one or| more of their prefixe.s. thus* : — dqklfld'ndm., house. kdkUld, my house. d'qklfUV.^is, his house. The word for 'horse' presents some peculiarities. The Upper Kootenay form 'A kYitlttQU'EtlUin, the Lower Kootenay q-itWd'thiQu' Edltdn, the latter being "the rami primitive. The etymolf-yy is apparently ' elk-dog,' ' elk ' in Upper Kootenay beingl gitlk'd'tle, and in Lower Kootenay ifi'dlkWdli. In declension, however, the word fori • elk ' drops out entiiely, !ind we have only c iKtltshi (dog) left. This does not alwaMJ occur, however. horse, k'd'tlaoti'Etlttin. OUT horse. hlQdBtltMnvd'ila. your hor>e, nrJ'ntltsii'Hi'uki'/l. ON THE NOnTir-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 49 rular and plural The noun denoting the object possessed, or in the penitive, may proeede or follow the goveriiinjif noun. Thus : - mi-'lak fitr'tH ko'tsilte, the frog, grandmotlier of the chipmunk. gi'mn' i/il'kwJ titty nisi' is that the hat of your father? euii nind aqko'tdtla, it is beaver grease. COMPOSITION. Some compound nouns are formed by the simple juxtaposition of two substantivea, thus : iT kOmV tUm k-m tla ; kitld k-Kniik no' /ion ; not ; nils viitak kdkutl itlmi'yit tin itInd'hDi; nO'us kat kiitla'kpS'k Leg . ' sdk White nu'qtld Tail (of ! nftkmdEnd bird) I Independent Form I Examples of various CoropositionH tVqkitsk-a'imlm iVqkinko'kO ilqko'ieilt il'qkolWmnilm ; Ci qkt la' III ml m ilqko'ktlS liqkitlil'ntlm iiqko'k-Knuk htno'hdi a'qkinmi'tuk d'qkiiiko'kotl ilqkilliiil'yit dqktlu dqkithid'hui dqkd'tunum u'qkotla'kpt'kEnam uqksdk kdmnv'qtlO d'qkinii'kmd'Knam gd't»'m(l' kansk a' indm, ' first fin- por.' sn'niiik Ok'o'iiP, • the fire is bad.' 7t-i'ftinkukd'nP, 'there is much Hre.' intciik'ko'n'dt, ' mousfl-onloured ' (lit. •mouse hair'). kdiiohd$thVm na'iia, ' little red head' (a bird, spec ?). dqko'ilhTm,*hvM\o{h!nT' guii'i'tlk'flP, 'mountain eheop' (lit. ' it has bij,' horns'). hlk'itld, ' my house." th'i'nii, ' tlie house is.' skik'k-y.nu'kil, ' tliore is a lake.' yojxVkKniik, ' bay in a lake.' ki'tKiifinitlinP'tfit, ' red sky at sun- down.' kitJiiifi'ntik, ' to paint the face.' na'imaii III itu' kind, 'there are two rivers.' ko'iianmi'tilk, 'dmvn stream.' kdmd'nkuko'tl,' Sand Point ' (place- name). si! H itlmi'yit, ' bad weather.' kdnu'sitlmVyit, 'aurora' ('red sky') ndtlu'ni', ' it is covered with snow.' tloma'ii/Pt, 'spring.' gwriimi'ktlu, ' Chinook wind.' gu'n-itliw'hdft, ' evening star ' (lit. ' big star '). knmi'i'ktcano'Ds, 'Yellow Star' (personal name). tlitka'tine, ' it has no tail.' ffrkdfla'kpi'kd'tl, ' lettuce.' kl'tskdki'thdk,' Sioux' (lit. 'char- coal legs '). gdwd'nsdk, ' to crook the leg at tlie knee.' gl'imuqtlu'm'nd, ' rabbit.' a'qkinfiqtlu'tldm, ' white-beaded eagle.' gon'i'tlnvknuV Kiid, ' peacock ' (lit. « big tail '). 'l\: > This use of independent and composi'ion forms, differing in the way indicated! above, is very extensive in Kootenay, but the manner in which the differentiation of the I two is brought about — simply by the addition or the subtraction of particles, each of j which no doubt will be discovered in time to have some definite signification — marks! the language off from those tongues in which a similar distinction is brought about, f according to some writers, by the arbitrary dropping oi one or more letters of the! independent form. These letters, however, may ultimately be found to have each its! particular meaning, and then the arbitrary cutting down of a word, dO much spokenj of, aiay be explained as a regular grammatical process. The independent and the composition forms in Kootenay appear to be from the! same radical, which fact distinguishes the language from those tongues in which there! is often no connection between the independent form of a word and the form used in[ composition. ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA.. 51 ONOMATOLOOY AMD Sbmatoloot. Explanations of some of tho nanioa of individuals and places arc given below. The following list will serve to indicate the nature of very mnny of the compound Kootenay names and appellatives : — gH'tlwd {i.e., ' rose-hip '). aqkH'tatl (i.e., * flint '). gtlnft'qtlHh (cp. kdmnil'gtUl, * white '). tli'ttlatl {i.e., 'without eyes'). gil'ktUtl k'kO'ktoJ ('.»., * variegated sugar '). tttUv'kmSn (i.e., • he is good '?). tlittlii'kn'fJ (i.e., 'unable to speak'). Kk'a'tlaQil' Ktltmn {i.e., ' elk dog '). tli'ttsKnuVkd"n? (i.e., ' not strong '). hVnh-uttlio'lh-nJi (i.e., 'red foot'). ki'tKnu'gtimu'tl (i.e., 'instrument used when painting tb« face '). k'tntlml'tjit natfl'nik (».(•., 'niefht sun '). gv' ivit Ik u' n-dt (i.r., ' it has l)ig ears '). tlti na'na (i.e., ' little awl '). /Iqk na'na (i r.,' little cartridges ; shot'). n'qhdki.J'ilra ghinkfits (i.e., 'eyes of coyote'). kd'mkflko'kotl ktl'tinnV nitlJict (i.e., 'black shirt'). 1'nkd (i e., ' muskrat skin '). gl'iinvqil'um'na (rp. kamnM'qtlv, 'white'). tldtli'ttlii (ie., ' no more snow'). tVqkitlno'hog (cp. h'lno'hof, 'red'). k'kv'ktel (i.e., 'sweet'). nvthl'kine (i.e., '.strange'). fl'qkinko'ki) {fdhVi (i.e., ' fire waggon). gdmi'tlkij t'ri'nkntx (i.e., 'big grouse'). natd'mk na'na (i.e., ' little sun '). tvii'v (i.e., ' water '). ni'pikd nm'il (i.e. 'spirit water'). nvfliTkinP nul'fi (i.e., 'strange water '). svyafjn vfi'v (i.e., ' white man's water '). Iwife tiilnd'mii (i.e., ' old woman '). apple axe bald blind cfindy chief dumb horse light (IMi) mallard mirror moon mule needle peas plant (spec. 7) priest quarter of a dollar 1 rabbit spring (ver) 1 Ftar 1 sugar thistl« train turkey watch vvhiskv HEDUPLICATION AND ONOMATOPCEIA. Formations by reduplication and by onomatopceia seem to be very rare in Eoote ■ nay. But a few examples can be given : — I'ndn i'okn'ukl uJudk icotcfl vi'tcn'itc Iqu- Im'kl ^u'pu bvi magpie. blue jay. (This imitative word, in various slightly differing forms, is found in many Salishan dialects.) a large black bird (spec. 7). fish-hawk. a small river-bird (spec. 7). crow, rook. hammer of stone. cat. It is worthy of note that the word for ' cat ' is not reduplicated, as in the 3hinook jargon ( jriispiis). Tbrsonal Names. No name-feast appears to have existed amongst the Rootenays. The relatives athered together, and some old man or old woman bestowed a name (0,'qkltll'ydm) fcpon the child ; often, however, the parents named their own child. Frequently the |hild was given the name of his parent, and thus many names are now in existence, ■he signification of which has been forgotten, but which have been hereditary in the h6— 8 Vi 1. 1 '0 62 REPORT — 1892. family for generations. The custom of diop|)infr a word wliioh resembled, or was the same as, the name of a chief, .<:c., who had just died appears to have existed amongst these Indians in the past, but the writer was unable to obtain any examples of its application. The Indians are very loth to te-U Hieir nnnjes, and it is often even difficult to get an Indian to name a particular! ndivid-tual who is pointed out to him. Many of the Kootenays now use their ' mission names ' to the exclusion of their real Indian ones. The following examples of Kontenay personal nauies may prove of interest : — Upper Kootenays: Gon-Vtlkd KiV'kcii ( Big Wolf ) ; K'k-a'thn kh Mfi'iyuk (Three Weasels); Guwl'tlk-tlv (Big Horn Sheep); J/J/,;' (Bone); Ktsd' K7it Id' i:m {Qwrly Head). Lower Kootenays : MVhiuk -V/'flf/^w (Weasel Iron) ; Sri'h' (Stone) ; M'dlko JHi'mn (Iron Paddle); StVk'iiipc'k-iT (Good Spirit); KiTdlmliioknuV Knd (Three Bird-tails); BjoQd'min (Pismire) : Kiima'ktcinho'us (V'dlow Star). Children are .)ften cnlled after their ijnrer.t'; : thus, Ko'tnii Na'na (Little Ko'mn) ; GliVtlil AW ixi, (Little Swallow), until coming of age, when they as^sume other names. An Indian m;!y have several names referring to personal Deculiaritics, deeds accomplished, and the like. One old fellow, called Patrick, had more than twenty names. Th(> writer was aide to obtain only ten of these, as follows : — I. (r('i iihV fhnnrmV tlfik. Ilis head is liurt. '1. (iiTflihiQd'nko. He carries tret-s. ;{. (imro'ktlufliiQa. He has hair on his chin. 4. Oruifi'ijtlothitla'Qa. He has a white beard. .'■(. G'njv' iifiiUVko. He has nianv pockets. 0. Ku'i)!. kdk (blind of one eye), Kdnii'qthlk (bald). The name given to the writer by the Upper Kootenays was K-iWndki'nkdJui'- hixnd'mh, wliiidi was said to mean, "he uses the long stick," in refer'iuce to his anthropological measurements. Place-names. The Rocky Mountahis. the Columbia Hivcr. tlie Kootenay Lake, are usually called \ ch mean simply ' moun- (Upijer and Lower) an; ...V. ..vw^ ...J ....v,v..,,.t„ ,..,, ,.,,. v,AJiiiiinjin, i\nfi, iiif i\t)oi t'liay 1j by the Indians : Aqko' konflr-'at, Aqkhimi'trik, .\i/k<->'ki-:nf/k,v.h\ch mean simplv'moun tains," river,' ' lake ' r.'spt'ctivtdy. 'i'he t wo Columhia l>akes ("' The Kootenays can tiieir country Aifruid',j,i iimd'kh (the K"^!!rf. ''Xhen the snow leaves.' Also tldtli'tm (no more snow),! Summer. G''k,v, kil ' Wh.'r, ti,in-s are getting warm.' Msu tlumd'iyPt nd'mf' I Autumn. K fcnrnd kr,1. ' When the leaves, ^■(.., fuH; "^ j Winter. \\a'nuir,ia'mtu 'When si w and rain come.' VI ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. tf3 The month-names are : — Ndkta'uok (U. K. and L. K,). ' The beginning (?) month. Nipkfl'hok (U. K. and L. K.). ' Tlie month of the black Lear with younsj.' C Tliko'k {Vi.'K')\ 'The month when the water still remains on the \ DlUui'h ( i ;. K . ) /' sronnd .' Guflku'mck (U. Iv. and L. K.). 'The month when the earth {d'mak) broalis open.' ■s /ij;-' - \i r' N ' The month when the rivers rise. \ 0(11 II linn (L. Iv.) ( {(lo'hohfi' jil/o (I). K.). ' Monti] wh(>n the ku'pko ripens. Kdini'i'iiifi (L. K ). 'The nicuitd of tla; ducks vviih vouncr.' Gd'kFifko'mii (U. K.). ' i'he iiiontli when the service-berries (j»/(vr)'/«/)") ripen.' Ktridlmv'yitkKdli'qunul'ntHk-v'mo (L. K.). 'When the service-berries ripen at niirlit.' I K trifhu'i' ii kulW kKwiT Kt (U. K.). ' When the service-berries ripen at < nijilit.' \ And'dlE/iik (L. K.y 'Time of rish-spawn (i/nik).' September Kojjn'kjii'h. ' Month wlicn leaves Vjejrin lo fall.' , , f K'td'tlrwIdi-ri'pFn {V. K.)\ ' Tlu' month of the ruttina' of deer Hit. ' the UctoDor Y K'tri'dldk tefi'pk'd (L. K.)/ \vhite-taile(l deer {tciVpka) call out ").' NovembcM' Misf'dmfi ! r, u f Gu'tliiu'ihl'ko (\]. K.)~| ,,.,. f ., . . -. X • u • . December -i .,. ,, .,, .... ), „ ' v Time of the ripemmi? or certain berries. \liadlma bilco {h. K.) j ^ ■' Both Upper and Lower Kootcnavs yvive bnt twelve months. Possibly their lockoniii;; has been cluinacd by reason oi' white iiiiiiicnce, or, jicrhaps, one month (January ?) may count fur two. Tin; word now used for month is titifo'nik (moon) ; 'year' is rendered hy inu'k-dt \ aKo by ntii'klrf, translating the jurp)n expression ' fillGW.' The days of the week, introduced by the missionaries, are known as follows in Upper Kootenay : — January Febriiary March April May June July August Sunday, gokirp'txhi iiiT' ijTit. Monday, {ilCi') o'kv.ii iiir'ijft. Tuesday, \tl) Hi me'iji't. Wednesday, {tla^ g-il'tlmii niv'tjH. Thursday, (th'i) qiV Efsnii mr'ijit. Friday. (tJiT) i/r'kini, mP'i/rf. Siiturday, (/"/.■/) K)u/ii',viii inc'ijPt. Lower Kootenay names the same with Md)>titutions i-// for ti\ and 'Viv'ijPI for ■mv'ijPt. Th(! name for a clock is natd'n'ik (sun), and a watch is iinid'nik nu'nn (iittiesnn). Time of day is now expre.s.';ed as follows:— one o'clock, f/o'kn'i' nniu' nlk lui'na. wiuit o'clock ' k'll'kiifi luitil'iiik nn' na .' eleven o'clock, P'toiro'iii tin o'k/rP utitd'/iik nit'na. half-past eleven, e'tDwu' m tlfi o'kn-P xtldktl'ii/tikd'in'i iiato'/iik nn'no. AUJECTIVKS. Adjectives usually precede the noun; the exceptions, siich as the words for 'male, female ' (not always), 'small' (the adjective ««'//5, 200, a'sitl(E)i'tfiwii'nflwfl. 300, k'a'tlsa tlEi'tuwu'nuwu. 400, Qa'Etsa tlEi'tuwu'nuwu. 500, ie"kO 600, enmi'sa „ 700, wista'tla „ 800, wOQa'Etsa „ 900. k-aiki'tuwO' „ 1,000, ki'tuwu'uuwiitlEi'tuwu'nuwa ; e'tQwu'nuwutlEi'tfiwvl'nawQ. In certain cases the letter n-, or g- (A-), is prefixed to the numerals ; the reason ^or this is not known. Thus : — go'kn'e natd'tiik na'na, one o'clock. QiltlQo'ne aqks(l'k?x ko'kirPs, he carries one leg. nUttiie id'j/inr, two are dea(' ne'tumu'ne ni'tlkd, ten dollars. Regarding the numeral system of the Kootenays, the following remarks m.\y be Oiule. The words for three, four, xix, contain a suffix -sa (-.y<7). Four and eight are ile.irly rcilatt^d, the hitter being possibly the st'cond four. In the decades a sufhx f>'(i (-w(?) is found, which makes it appear that 'twenty,' ili-w5 is 'two tens." riiis is confirmed by the fjict tliat a word «? («0=^' two' does really exist, though ily in certain phrases and compositions. £.g. : — kdimd'kwOt, two years ; nd'iman mitil'kine, there are tWo rivers, kc. In certain locutions : two rivers running into each oth(!r, two trees, mountains. Ide hy side ; two sticks, and especially when speaking of two plates, cups, puila, i:i 56 BEPORT — 1892. !■ i ;i forks, boxes, kc, set one within the otlier, or of two pairs of breeches, two coats, hats, &c., worn one over the other, ai (di) is used. Examples :— na'iman mitii'Mne. There are two rivers. „ kd'une. „ „ „ sticks. „ itHQlil'F.ne. „ „ „ trees. ha'iman kv'Ht'ni. Two t(>oth. yia'imatU'kinr. There arc two tracks in the snow. na'imanQo'mc. Two logs lying side by side. OUDINALS. The ordinal numerals are : — o'smili ; o'smT'k, first. kdsd'm'tl, second. itIiuThali ; hi' iydkuT ivom' q(}, third. a'niihid'hak, fourth. These ordinals take tlie inflectional -.< like adverbs. The words for 'third' ;uid 'fourth' ;u'e closely related to itikd'hak, ' far, at & distance.' Above 'fourth,' and sometimes for all above 'one,' the cardinals are apparently in use. Numeral Adverbs. a'k' ^i' I *'"*^'® ' '"^''*'"'" "'^' twice ; k'dflxd'fiP nd, three times, 3:o. Ri' I,; i ./ In these words nd probably signifies • here,' ' now.' Another series is : — gokn'if' ndtl, once. gdskd'tletl, twice. td'thwQd'fUtl, thrice. lid'Htmad'tlctl, four times, &c. Another : — ho'pdh, the first time ; kdno'pnh, koQil'jmk, that one first (7). (^tld) /id'sendtl, the second time. DlSTBIBL'Tl V K NUMKRAUS. gHk' kd'ntik, one each. gds kd'ntik, two each. hd'flm k^'ntlk, thror each. Qd'ntsa kii'ntik, four each, &c. Ta rt I r I r e N t; m br a ls. kd'iydhd'ivo ; fsvMxy.'kd, lialf. o'ki tlEtSKkmE'ku, one and a h\x\i-o'kc lid hViydkil'wS. PERSONAL PKONOUNrf. The disjunctive ])ronoun.>5 are :— kd'mh), i. kd'mind'tld, we. ni'))h'i. thdu. vi')ik(')'iK, lie, she. w«-he. 7/i'iiki>'iiiiik(''ll, you. ninkdi'sis, they. "The word for ' he' looks like a genitive of ni'iikS, ' thou.' 'I'hese pronouns are used where the verb is not expressed, in answer to questions, ta'Qnn ni'nkP ! you [have said] enough ! km'ne i'nmk • D'miiik kd'min: Says the chicken-hawk, ' I fwin gol first.' Mats kd'min ! Not I ! < l b j The pronoun m, in the objective case form ni'if, is very frequently used as the ON THE NOKTH- WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 67 5ches, two coats, object, or as the complementary object, of verbs, where the incorporated pronoun does not occur ; thus :— ioi'tln? ne'is thl'uthJs. He kills him the grizzly. ijii'tlnv nH'iK na'iianvs. He iiills him the caribou. The subject pronouns used with verbs are ho . . . nif-^ I. hin . . . ne~ thou. — . . . ne = he. hn . . . 7ii7tl(V(nii) ■=\ve. hin . . . /iiitkt''fl/ie = yoii. — ... lu' = they. It is interesting to note that, in the past and future tenses of the verb, the first personal pronoun seems to be ffu- {ku), eg. : — gvtxniVtlip, ' I will kill ' ; imTkMstla'ketl, ' I loved.' The incorporative forms of the personal pronouns as objects have been given by Dr. Boas (♦ Report.' 188!)), and the examples given below in treating of the verb will sutfice to illustrate their use. ADVEURS. The position of adverbs in the sentence varies, as the following examples show : — Pi'hfiks i'pine kn'md. Long ago my mother died. O'pmnr d'.Viiis /i/i'Q/nu'it. He sees the caribou on tlie other side. Ta'uas tcina'ar v'l'llnuvi. He went olf early in the morning. KdhP'nc sJii'nkfifx : 'o'.smil'kd'min.' Said tlie coyote: *I [will go] first.' K'kanml' yit wl'tliunii lu'th'i'tlne ii'ihmmu'ls shl'nhMs. The next day early the coyote spoke to his wife. Kdna'Qe ski'nkftts o'xmi-ki. The coyote goes first. Adverbs may or may not take the inflectional suflix -.'». One can say, for example, jii'kiik i'pine ha' ma or pi'kaks i'pinv kd'md. The exact rule for the use of this sutiix is not apparent. I. Time : Pe'hlh or pi'kuk, long ago. iri'niki'tine, if is long since. td(jtd', by and by. ndta'Qd, now. d'qMiiml'j/if,ii\\\ayii, every day. kiinml'yit, to-morrow. ■lid ' h dsd'n, in ey 1 7 he , to-day . ri'd'flkivd, yesterday. ■ivi'tlndin, early. II. Hepotition : fid, again. f/'f/Av, again, more. HI. Place, direction : nd, here. 7i(', there. tid'a, outside. vd' Etd, high, up. ii'inml, flown. fir' lie, across, on the other side. k-d'niin ini'tdk, down stream. IV. Interrogation; k'd'a, where ? k'd'ken, whitlior ? /■V7.V, wliere is ? k'ii'i)iti(i)), what ? why ? k'd'h'm(ii), how much ? how many? V. Affirmation, negation : n'a'Qd, no. md'Kfs, no. (iP, yes, certainly. nd'qkiiii, perhaps. Adverbial offices are also performed by certain prefixes and suffixes, and by letters {attached to the verb. These are oiscu.s.sed elsewhere. ITEUATIVK AnVKRB. The adverb tld is used with compound numerals and with verbs denoting repeated let ion, f.^. ; — e'tfimd' tU a'kwe, 'eleven ' (lit. ' ten again one'). b'krtlEtgF.kii'iiu'kd, ' one and a half ' (lit. • one again piece '). tUl'mlne'nPy ' it bobs up and ch)wu.' tUlwa'ae, ' he returns.' tld'f cilia' Qp, ' he goes away again.' ./ 58 REPORT— 1 892. Nboation. There are two disjunctive adverbs of negation, md'Ets (or vidtt) and wa'Qd. The distinction between them seems to be this : wa'Qil is equivalent to the English ' no, not that ; that is not right ; don't do that ' ; while md'Kts is used with pronouns and verbs in the imperative, and also in cases where a contradiction and a correction is intended. Following are examples : — Ma'ts hVmbi I Not I ! {Lc, someone else may do it). Md'Kts itltVnin ! Do not do it ! JUd'Ets klo'iu; tld'nii. Not klu'nTt but tlo'ne. Tcin ni'tlho md'nts dqhohjw'u. The iron [barrel of the gun] not the stock. Kinv'wax ? 7va'QU. Are you hungry 1 No. Kdkv'ne thl'utld : ' wa'Qd ! ' Said the grizzly bear : ' Don't do that I ' KdWne i'ntldk : ' o'smik I/d'min.' Kdkft'nP ski'nkufn : ' tva'dd.' hawk : ' I [will go] lirst.' Said the coyote : ' No.' Said the chicken- In conjugation and word formation the negative particles kd, 'not,' and tlif, * without, deprived of,' are employed. They are sometimes prefixes and at other times infixes. Examples : — Kdi'ne si'nd. It is not beaver. ho'k'di'kini. I do not eat. kd'k'du'jjuanii. I do not see. ho'kdi'sinctld'iw. It is not my house. hotli'ttdtvi'tP. I have no gun. hotH'xt? dtfktcd'mdtl. I have no knife. tli'tilHh blind (■tli'fl = eyes). tli'ftldtli'tif, immarried man (/Zf7^//7/^ = married man). tlittsii'vid'kd"na, it is light (^tSE'indkd'ne^ it is strong). The radical fit is seen in fU'tltKia ' worthless.' There is still another particle, tlo (probably = ' none left ') used as follows :— tlo'ne ni'tlkO. There is no money. tlu'ne Kd'psin. Nothing. tlo'na. There is no ... . tlo Wd'psin. Nothing. tlO'il CONJUNCTIONB. Few conjunctions have as yet been determined. The equivalents of some English conjunctions are : — ^'(^Al, and, more. Ka'min d'qki ni'nlid. I and you. A' qkl ni'nkS. Yon too. 'And'j ven. she is dead. 8 was dead. If you go. Interjections. But little was learnt regarding these words. A few are real interjections ; the I rest are parts of speech used interjectionally. hd'K I hd'B a aha 1 (expression of surprise). nos = l have many beads. hutU'tdwu'te = I have no gun. The tense-sign for past time is nd litij use : — vxl'kutxtld'ketl -I loved him. nuVkud'pQanis = I saw you. Past Tense. The following examples will serve to indicate vidM'ep = He died. mdktsekutl = Ue drank. ts of some English Future Tense. The future tense-sign is odtl .•— kotsQdtli'kinS = I shall eat. ku'fsQatli'pitl = l shall kill, tsQdtli'pitl:=He will kill. hotsad'tleku'tlm = I shall drink. The desiderative coincides with the future :— tsQ/l'thuna' Qd - It will go. Mtsad'tW ne =1 shall be . . . gu'tsaatlkd'ketl = I shall tell! ifQ'l'tldna'Qe = He wants to hunt. kintSQa'tlSk=>Do you want to eat / ho'tsQiJtli'kine = 1 want to eat. k'tsd'tli't(ia = }le wants to bite. to some extent by Imperative. i'kS(n) = eat thou I DwD'ken = get up ! tePM'ten - take care I iM'kin = give me I itki'nin = do it I mats Oni'tlin = don't be afraid I *'A«)'7«?i'tfvkn'd'tlamki'nvu-k = l smooth down my liair with my hands {dqk-o'tldm = hair). kd'k-dwv'mdtl = To cut open the belly (dq/iTi'wom = belly). tlil'ktsdtld'ine-^ He cuts off end of nose {d'qkinuk-tm'tl/l = end of nose). ffo7vd'ntlik = l move my foot about {d'qkflik = ioot). /id'fUlilmki'nc = Ee takes [carries] the head in his hand. rrd /I k O'tlditiki'ne = lie shakes the head in his hand. Following are examples of the incorporation of the object pronoun in the verb :- hvtd'tQani'sinc = I bite you (ho-ts-itQi7-/i-is-i-ne). Radical is i'taa, ' bite.' / hife ynu hi'nt$Qdtlhd'tlj)utl7id'2)inc = Yo\i will honour me {kin-U-Qdtl-ilpdtl-n-dp-i-iih) you hear me Radical is hdtlpdtl, 'hear.' UQCi'tlipitli'siyw = He will kill you (ts-Qatl-ipitl-iK-i-ne). Radical is ipi'tl, ' kill.' kill you lats(iatlk-d'ittldtli'sine=^l will strike you (^ho-ts-Qdtl-kdntldtl-is-i-ne). Radical is / strike you k-dntldtl, ' strike.' nu'pQana'pind = He sees me {n-UpQa-n-ap-i-ne). Radical is v^paa, ' see.' see me hinu'pQon&'pine = Thou seest me {hin-vpaa-n-dp-i-nii). Radical is u'pQO, • see.' yuu see me hdna'pQani'sinS =- 1 see thee {hn-n-TipQa-n-is-i-ne). Radical is u'paa, ' see.' / ."V 1/0 u ion is being ask t'll, ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA 61 tiQd'tlitQn'ni7n'a'sine = }Ie is going to bite us {t,»-Qatl-itQa-n-awas-i-nB), Radical hite us i'tqa, ' bite.' tsQii'tltcu'fiimH' sine = lie is going to get you (ts-Qiltl-tcvfiwiU-is-i-ne'). Radical get you tcii'hvrit, ' get.' PREFIXES. The [ircfixes ;?- and g- (/<;-), perliaf)s tho same as those appearing in the numeral, are fmuid with certain forms of tlic vcrlt. In others they do not appear. Their siirnilication is not icnown. The following examj)les will illustrate their use:^ Pi'hlJin V pini- hii'mn. hong nffo my mother died. Tii'quk ii-(Vxnr i)-i'piiir tUV itlhls. Two grizzly bears died. iSk'i' nJddK ipi'Hi)? //P'ix //'fi'pig. Tlie coyote kills him the owl. AdkP'iift luHiipVlliir kfi'p'i. He says [said] 'I kill [killed] the owl.' This V- appears in the tViird person singular of very many verbs, and also in the first prrson singular. Kxiiin])les of the pretix k- (dtlk\si'tlep. He thinks : I will eat the eyes of the coyote because he is dead. KCi'tliil'iie Weps. He thinks she is dead. An infinitive, or perhaps a participial form in -.« [-.w] seems to be indicated in I the following : — Hdtlpd'tlne k'ft'pis tdtld'ksi tltl'ne. I hear the owl saying • come.' Kuna'ae tl'qkitlnd'hds, rtu'pQane flkd'inftn /ii'ki<'t fi'vtdks. A star comes along [and] sees a child eating dirt. O'pQtinP skd'si tld'iitlds. He sees the grizzly bear coming. O'/ma/te ni'tltsiks sh't'se. He .sees the buffalo bull coming. O'pijane tlilpskd'sS piipd'is. He sees his grandmother coming. Occasionally a form in -sin occurs : — (/pQune skd'aiti k'd'qkPns. He sees the wolf coming. ii l« 62 REPORT— 1892. These forms in -itl [-«Qamd'tlnB, 'he finds' ( ■ 'he sees together,' -mad, together). „ skiktle'tshu\ 'he is sleepy.' kdtlB'tsdtB'j/dm, 'to dream.' It will be observed that many of the radicals, <•.— continued with rortain parts of vorl)S with iuljective.s and verb8 kya- \ Ki- nd' two together, junction (.') ? demonstrative with certain nnmerula and verbs $hik- demonstrative trK7n-^ t tmm- J t/A again tut- privative, negative tlo- negative n-itl- large yitnil- on. on top of, up many klrp, dead ; llrk, eaten. l/iin'i'tlJitl, hirge : /ffnri'tlfft/P, hify horn sheep; gudtld'uhin,, to breali in two witli the hand. (jlld'lihilmri' i-iKim, junction of two trails: /i7/(7'/(////«/7«X',twobranoli(>s of a river, round an island. itUiiV liitk, very far; d'liliitlnu' hox, .star. •nil-ii'ti'\ woman; Hfmu'kn'Pn, chief; nd/ioKilii mi'i/i'tkr, \()-i\ny; ndtii'au, now. no'kirr, one ; ni'pinP, lie is dead ; «?7.'/wr, he cats ; ni/fi't/nP, ha kills; ■nil'miP, there are two. tki'k'k hinl'ksP, th(>ro is a lake; xkik'- nfi'k'x'i, there is a stone ; nkiktle'tslnP, he is sleeping. tcFinna' na, few; tsnmd'kPtL very. tl<7n'a'Qp, it returns ; ili'irotltlKvnii'ia, twenty-six tH'fki:»i, viiin, worthless; tlittlPtl, blind ; f/ifflokn'iJ, dniuh, speechless. tlii'nP k'li'/i.sin, there is nothing; tlrik'ii'/>,ii)i, nothing. trtllhtV iiP, it islartr'': iiriwi'llkiiffln'kqd, whale ; ho ivillki'nP, I shout ; 7ri'//}i'tinP,faT; /ri'f/tliti'tinP, rich. I i/ri'(lki'iiP,he nibs on; i/riaiin'Qp, he climbs to the top; hotnyuQfta'k'- fifi'nP, 1 climb the mountain; yfi'tfiki'ii, to press the hand upon anything. y(7'«^7Zv7'w/"', there are many; yu'ndn,- mitPi'kinP, there are many rivers; kdj/fi'nil/tP'k'nfimo'KnP, T have many friends ; i/fi' lulk'a'psin, many things, TnK PKEKIX (Iq-. The most characteristic prefix of the Kootenay language is the noun-prefix dq-, the signification of which 1 iiave as yet been unable to decide. In some cases it is omitted, and even in giving the most indefinite form some of the Indians did not use it in certain words, e.t/. : — jvd'tlona'kEnavi, tongue. The following list of composition with dq- will indicate the manner of its use generally, and may suggest [)ossible explanations of its proper functions : — dqk, arrow. dqltv' , th>k'arts of canoe. d'qkP, again, and. dqkd'txkd, gun-flint. dqkd/tU cloud. dqko' ivdtl, wild onion. dqkii'mP, gopher's hole. dqktldm, bat. dqkd'ivo, cord. dqku'tla, pipe-stem. aqMca'Didtl, knife dqkPi'tlak, meat, flesh. d'vKltl, oalf (riti/fim). (Vqhlnhii'n'il, winfj;H. tVqkinfi'h'tlc, lomahawk. ii'qkinii'knjiuli, (It)Wt'r. il'iiklimtlktiiViikri, pit cli. iVqhink'u' mdfl, cnidlc. ihjhi'i'lio, rasplKM-ry. ih/kii'iiiiui'i, cri'i'k. ,h/kr>, pointed ends of canoe. I'i'/kh't, one-year-old Itear. riqktlfik, l)ai'-k. ,i''/m/';on-fly. fuihhili'tVtl, forehead. (I'l/kiiiQii'motl, button. nijli'i' lOinQo' n 'k, (Teek. i'i'(//niiii'kiiii7k\ (isli-spcar. ,l',ll;iiiiVkt/r'rf, prairie. n'l/kiiii'i'ktlilk, Kickin},' Hnr.se River. iViik'niki'i'tl, sand. I'li/lti'iiko, forked stick. iVi/kinkihiri'qflilin, crown of head. d'l/kinu'qmd' Hnd, ia,i\ of bird. (I'/llatli'i/iim, name. (l'q/:'it.lil'nih/i, lioiise. iVqlih/r'nik, thigli. /h/ki tlin, he.irt. H'l/kif/mr'i/it, sky. iViikitlno liitg, stiir. il'i/kif/in -«■> r.-,,, will,, t!,f liju'lv -d' tlkrki'sl ih, 1 \V(i women. ijd' k(i>>i nki' iiii ird' ski , (iod ; ud'hosd' iiiiuyr' Iki , .o-day. ik'iI U)o ii'r. lie (.arrie.-- oii lii.s back ; iiUqo inrh lie down. i'/ijtn/P, lie biles. dsmd'tlnr, two tor;other: k'lsdwd'//»r, along with, together. ifari'mrk, to lie down. -wr',/.-^/ suflix with nnme.s of atmn-('"^^':.'^^"";.'/'^' •'^'^>" = 1' tcHlnir y?f, niKht : ■m?'uit ! spheric phenomena, names-, ''■"">"'' /I'''' to-n.orrow ; knEinisitlnir i,ri -mi'uii ] 01' days, &c. I •'^"1 /ky at sundown; hnki'tnnmrij,' • •' \ .Sunday. ■mntl suflix with names of imple- HV/;/^^7'.v)r'/«fV(', mirror; dqkti'' nml,'n\Q.-^\n\ \ ments, instruments, cVc. ndnii' ukomo'tl, broom. nd'hak in certain adverbs and nu- /^/w^V/flA-, fourth: ifhid'liaks, next. meral adjectives suffix with predicate adjec- noni'lInP, he is afraid: i'taanP. he bites, tives and veriw /^(///(.x"/'///"', lie carries on his back; ni'phu', hv is dead ; wif/kd'nP, it i big. suflixofgeneralitvwitn nouns dqkiihV iidm. a hou.se, .somebody's house, suffix of intinilivc(?) wi^l /,s(.),7'//r7w, to speak. certain verbs dqk'd' iiin'ik. Indians of Fort Steele. jid'llkP, woman: jid'tlkPni' nfik. women. Ird'thii, three; nil'Kinit, four; iiuii'tm, six. d'd'a'i, coming. -ne •niim •ndin •iiik dwelling ; t -iii'/it'ik suffix of plural •m, -xd suffix of certain numerals ■xl suffix of inlinitivc or p;irli .•iple (.') 'tl suffix of certnin transit i\( verbs •fle'St extent of coimtry (?) i'/il/iP, he dies : ipi'//,ir, he killn him. ■flo'k ■ Ilk ■ok 'ii'ok • ijiim iidmflP'i'f, erlio ; nqkiirii' qilP'PI . firairie : dqkd' irPkllP'PI, moimtain ; qo n-itltli Pi , fai kd(ifi' llPi'k, goose: f/dsjii'/liVk, crane f/ikdk, March (water left): ipfi'kiiiP, lie drowns (dies in the water) ; tdhii'kxP, get under water; d'likiinni't.Tik, river; dqko'- k-Kiiiik. Iak(> ; qi i/d' kok. \\ii\rv falling ovei stones woody substance, shrub, tree dqlrod'trirPk, birch tree, suffix of inlinitive(.') in ccr- ijulxhr qam lo lie. tain verlis in certain bird name f in the water ; wnter w J .SUFFIX -iNdf/. le, an isitig whilhl!v"^u '"f '""• " V^. ''""VOTtrnt one, and is combined with other particles. wJiich have ilic fu- nion ol further .,pocialising the iustrumcnt. The fullowin- li.t ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 67 'iflhhl'h, wrist ; schiiil'/hic, aloiiK ;u.'st be given at i)iesent without an exact knowledge of tiie import of these otlier allixes :— with -te- : aqkfe'mofl, lire-flint. hi'tEiiu'>it?'mdtl, mirror. gi't K m ' t Ltlupku 'pi crAi; ' m oil, yeast, with -Ira- : (jVlvhtitlUra' moll, pen, pencil. (jiV kmiomdh'o' moll, weigliing-scales. k^pifxlnl' moll, seytiie. kihfi' irfilrri ' moll, tubacco-cutter. with -ho- : tfiiri'k-o'/tio/L key ol' metal. (jruid' iilromoll, broom. li'h'oh'tlft'inho' moll, auger. kilkriUi-Urhomoil, null, with -Qu- : k'tld'kojHio moll, stick lor l)eating on log. kiltV mdiio moll, (Irutustick. (jilo'litlilQo moil, branding-iron, with -II?-: ki'tcvlio' lU-'mfilU fork. ki'iUTi'lnriikii)?' nidll, handkorclii'. i". hlh'l Ci'koiic' moi I, si )a | ). kihd'ltoiiPijonr' moll, t owcl. wilJ. -li'tc- : ijopko ird I liho iialc' limdi I, broom. I{(ii)lid'llmdkivd1}'trindll, candle. hdmi'tQdIlii'lemdU, hammer of gun. l/'Iri' iio'i' iltHli'lrmdll, map. tribes is the suinc, such ditlerences as do e\ist between the speech of the U|y|»er and that of the bower Kootenays might better ne termed 'provincialisms.' The jieculiarities of the Lower Kootenay language as compared with the Upper K'liitciiay lire as follows : — I. PlioiieticH. The Lower Kootenays speak more rapidly and have a tendency to Hiicopate words, which retain a jiurer form amongst the Upper Kooteuavs J'his i,s Men in tiie wor»is for coat, letjijiiKjx. nlmiik. In some " ses monosyllables with long Vowels are produced by the contraction of dissyllabhs, f.g., fds^ta'Qits (enough). Certain vowel-substitutions are made. Thus, in all the Lower Kootenay words in which the siithx -mP't/ii of the Upper Kootenaj' appears, it is uniformly pronounced ■mriifii or -mu'i/il. This -md'i/il is, hcvvever, occasionally heard amongst the Upper K'lotenays. Another case of vowel difference is Upper Kootenay /■)/?«'/ = Lower Kootenay ipd't (white fish). The // (^explosive /) of the Upper Kootenays is represented always in Lower Koot«nay by dl (palatal-dorso-apical ; see ' Report,' ISS'J, p. 802), Thus :— - Upper Kootenay. tlP'/w oni'llnP gd'Utvd dqkd'l.lak wisfyutl Lower Koott-nay. d Iff 'lip. nni'dlne go'dlwd ilqkn'dUJk whP'ifddl English, across afraid (he is) apple beef sweat-house f)8 REPORT — 1892. When the Lower Kootenay half-breeds sjx^ak Indian, they tend to make this (U a simple /. English halt-breeds of the Upper Kootenay tend to make it /.;/, as do most Europeans trying to speak Kootenay. II. (9/'«/«/wrt?'.Tiie grammatical differences are few indeed. The persistence of the siiltix -nam in titk'il'iF.nam (man) and jtCMke nCim (woman) is worthy of note. The sufhxes -taiya in qdtttaiya (skunk), and 'ndk in inUski'kKndk do not appear in these words in U]>iier Kootenay. In Upper Kootenay ' to do ' is kltki' iiitl, in Lower Kootenay kil i' dbnudUii' ii'ull,m\i\ tin.' insertion of -id/iniidi- continues throughout tlie conjugation of this verb in Lower Kootenay .s]iee(;li. III. Vocahidary. — i?ou:e dilfereiice is caused by names of things which arc not found in the Upper Kootenay region, trees, birds, and the like, x'here are, however, a number of words, e.g., hlaukft, p's/i, (flore, ynoife, vuiUard. many, jiai-iridge, j)latt\ .lit dotvJi, siUi, sleep, lovallow, which in Upper and Lower Kootenay are derived from two distinct roots, having no relation whatever to eaeli other. Thus : — EllL-l blanket fish glove great sh (.my) Lower Kndtenny yfidld' niddl dp jJd'd.lyd, nod Id' 71? L'oot did III dp •-} lUi'dl- Upper Kootenay ydcVf (jldiilia 'dqhd'tl iclUhd' ne. Root cU. ? ? witl- many trdiye'ne ivdiye- yu'iudtd'ne yfi'iLo There are other differences caused by syncoi)alion of words, as noted above. Tlie cause of the differences between the speech of tiie Upper and that of the Lower Kootenays has not been e.vplained. TIk; writer believes this to be the lirst scientilic record of them. Tlje following word-list will be of interest : — ill English always bacon bird bird (species ?) bird (species ?) blanket (my) V)lanket-leggings (my) climb (to — a tree) coat (my) creek (rivulus) day-atter-to-i aorrow evening-red few fish flap of tent glove (of ])uckskin) go away ! goose (wild, spec. ?) g-real (it is—) grouse (rutted) hen hor.> make this tU a b kl, as do most ! persistence of worthy of note, o not ai)])ear in V nitl, in Lower tlirougliout tlie s whicli arc imi ru are, liowevcr, fridge, 2)lait\ nit jrivetl ironi two Root elt. ? ? vitl- yv' no- ted al)ove. The it of the Lower le llrst scientilic • Kooteiiiiy F.lll'ii' eI'. qdlo (whitcy). III). ■Kt. 'Ijif. m'dl. Ikcdl, III (I Ell a ' i-.dUsiii. m. 'nidi. Hki'ne. '/I'id/mfi'yit. uitanik. rain (it rains) SMCk sit (town shoes (my moccasins) silk skunk sky sleep (I-) lie slee[)s we sleep sleej) tlimi ! sleep ye ' swallow (/lirii/idd) to-day to-n\orrow white fish (species ?) woman Upper Kootenay nul'tluk'k-d'k-ui'tine (Tt.sfi'tld ynnk-tV min fja-tJfi' Eti ailkiflii'ktcu QlVcjOlf d'//ki//iii7'yif h('i'/,sk'riiiiiu'''/iP- k'i'iiiiiu'"iir h uflk'o ' III nriu'i ' t Id k'o'iiinin k'finiiu'krfl ;/'i{i/)fi'//'l iiilhri'xaiimPyr'tM kii II mi'' yH rfpa'l jid'tlke Lower Kootenay oka.' dlnlki' dine. a'tmiwtVdla. tsisii'k'nfi. ffiJ-dli'i'mil. dUi'itira [French de la soic']. Q/istai'yd. a'qkidlmd'yit. krifs/iu'p'ne. tiTi'ji'iiP. ]iodInv2ina'dl(l. ml' pi II. II I'l ' jikrdl. teidPok. Villi n'.iii II III oye 'tke. kit inn u' yet, ■i/iil't. /nldlkr' mlm. Tiie two tribes of the Kootenays, TTpper and Lower, converse witli each other with apparent ease, as each knows by heart most of the expressions which are differ- ent in the sjieech of each. Those l'f)per Kootenays who never visit the Lower Kootenay territfirv are very ignorant re^-ardini,' this dialectic ditfenMice. The resiili of our linguistic investigation has been to fix the place of tlie Kootenay llms; — Ki'tona'cja. or Kootenay. An independent linguistic stock, with two dialects, dilfcring slightly in phonetics, granunar, and vocabulary : — \. Upper Kootenay. \\. Lower Kootenav. KOOTENAY JARGON. As usually happens where intereour-e with the whites takes place, a jargon has sprung up, although its devcilopment h >< l)een hindered by the use of the wide- spread Chinook. Many of tho.■^e who >peak this ' Kootenay jargon ' imagine Xho.y are acquainted with the real aboriginal tongue ; but it consists, in fa.ct, of Kooienay Words changed in I'onu and sound to conform to English grammar and phonetics. A few examples will suflice to indicate its gcm'v.d character : — Jargon k/i'tlahii'luin d'kiklii'c skii'tiiklPf kld'klniml'kdi kil'mliifi'/iijaiiv sii'iifldho'n ni'lko English horse house (his) cold (it is) Stony Indians sec (I) sick (^hc is) money Kootennr k\ltliiii(l' F.tlt^n. tl'qkltld'i.'i. 7iixk'at tier' find thl'tliiind' Kku. hi'inu' pQdne. ad' iiitlqd' ne. ni'tlkd. By means of tliis jargon, which conHistK (A a Kootenay v^ ^bulary mntilated lo' suit European ideas of photudogy a' itj f a luuuber of r'^- .settlers manage lo t'ct along with the Indians, and to -- i r. imtation for speiiking the Kootenay language. 8LA*r/ Amongst the young men of th«- t/M^ Kot^^xtm^r. .4 ».*H.*<«-r of dlang words are used, such as — k'u ' hOM«. ii'! ;i!; wmm 70 REPORT- -1892. Colloquial expressions, which are not regarded as quite correct, are the following ;- tinu'nm, ' butter.' wJV/A'fs'bcll.' Lit. ' iron, motal.' tldo'lm-e, ' eleven.' For c'tJnt'otlao'hwr;. And so with ' twelve, &.C. ilqkinto'ki)', ' match; For uqhte'motl. *ifAi'«A- : (spec. (lra(>on-tiy)J " " Xtta'iwasu'ltw' ; xiluwash'ko. Vuv (/(-,' tci7/c\ * „ .. (j-rwa'lcko ; g-otla'tsko. (chipmunk)/ The Indians are very much amused at the mistakes made by whites in trying to learn thiir language, and laugh long and heartily at their expense. A few of these nrrors wliicli came under the writer's notice miglU be chronicled here. For hinkujiie?, ' bread baked in a frying-pan,' was said tlinkuptc?. which reminded the Indians of r«7//'*<7/s, ' grouse.' and set them in a roar of laughter. The same effect was produced by — Qd'ntis, ' skunk,' said for qiI'uiT, ' crow.' u'qkam, ' pine.' „ A 'f/k'ilw, ' Fort Steele.' r/fi'.s'w.'horsetly,' ,, hii'siniii), 'rainbow.' k'ii'pl, ' owl,' „ kh'i'pok. • woodpecker.' Even the seemingly trUiing mistake of saying I'l'qkotWkpPk' for a' qkntla' kjtrk, ' leal',' wati provocative of much merriment. BORROWED WORDS. There appear to be but very few borrowed words in the Kootenay language. These are as far as ascertained From Nez Perce i^ni-npo, Kootenay xTij/a'pi, 'white man.' „ .' Klikatat /loulini, 'otter,' Kootenay ixi'ksnk, ' marten.' ox vice versa. ., French Ic caput. Kootenay tll'kdpo' {tlLi'hripo'^. 'coat.' „ Chinook jargcm Ho'sti-.n, Kootenay Jii>'st):n, 'American.' „ ., ,, KindznW, ,, Kindjatc, ' CanaiUan.' ,. French dc li: .•ic. Lower Kootenay dld'is>i'u, ' silk.' „ a Sulishaii dialect, stii'tlum, canoe, / Appendix. SHUSHWAPS. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. The measurements of the thrt-f females here recorded were made at the mission of St. KuKene, win re they were attending llu- niis.sion .sciiool. The measurements of tin' Shushwap Antoine were made at the penitentiary of New Westniinstii', B.C., by I'l K. Roas, and were kindly placed at the writer's disposal by him. From so few ca.«' -< nothing absolute can be determined. 'I'iie stature of the women resembles that of the Kootimay women, and the cephalic ii\dices of the three individuals are practicrillv identicr.l H4 (or 82 on the skull), the ind-x of the male being 8'2-9 (or 80-9 on t lie skull), all beiiiy hrachycephalic. These data go towards strengthening the view that the Shu.shwaps resemble the coa.st tribes (see ' Report,' ISitO. p. k^^^2). Jlu^ females belong to the colony of Shushwap,^ on the Columbia, within the Kootcna;' f'liintrv ON THK NOKTM-WKSTIIRN TKIHKS OF CANAOA. :he following :- ve,' &c. lunning, and ttie he distortions of uns : — 'luiva'sko ; .vlutvasr'ko. Itla'tsku. lites in trying to A few of tliese e. '. wliich remindeil •liter. The saaie for (I'qkritla'kpP'h, language. These or vice versa, in,' ;in.' Female Hi'iirht. standing , llciiriit of -slioulder llciuht of point of second finger Lciiuth of iirm Kiiijrer-reac.h Height, sitting Widtli of shouldens I.cntrth of head . Ilroiidtli of head . i>i>riiiice from root of nose to cJiin nistaiK^e from root of nose to between Width of face Hfiijht of nose Widtli of nose Index of lieight of slioidder Indi'x of length of arm Imlox of tinirer-reach . Inde-K of height sitting Index of vvidlli of shoulders <'ft|iliaii(r index Index of upper part of face . Index of face Index of nose lips mm. mm. 1,631 1,383 1,340 1,138 594 534 746 604 1,759 1.385 S77 751 375 ! 314 103 183 160 154 126 110-5 80 1 72 150 1 130 5 53 55 39 40 82-2 S2;; 45 7 t:i-7 I07<.t loot 5:? -8 54-3 23-0 1 227 82-9 1 84-3 53-3 55' 17 84-0 84-67 77-1 72-72 . , , 2 3 Amelie '5 1 l-i (Sister of No. 17 17 mm. mm. 1,555 1,583 1,289 1,307 580 591 709 716 1,601 1,628 HIO 834 355 357 186 175 1565 147 117 5 112 77 78 136 140 54-5 52 33 34 82-9 82-6 46-7 452 103-0 102-9 521 55-2 22-8 22-6 84 84-0 56-62 55-71 86-39 80'0() 60-55 6538 :,S. e at the mission nf asureraents of tin' nster, B.C., byl'i From so few ca.*' ■* resembles that ol' lals are practicaUv 2-9 (or 80-9 on t lie rthening the view K90, p. 632). 'I'lio iiiu the Kooteiia." "Ui>fTi:i) ny .Sl'ol'll.'-Nriiiait .\.Mi 1(1., NLWiiiUKtl «(^UAll» JLuMUuK