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IL's letters to Baltimore, 121- (.'barter of Avalon, I'M — Lord Baltimore, l;i2 — Beothics, 1.'13. PAOR CHAPTER VF. HKi(i\ or CiiAiu.Ks I. (1G25-104:*) Vauf9 — Ct»nimissioners, 101 — Treworgie, the first real Governor. Hili- Shipbuilding. 1()5. 158 CIlAPTEPt VIII. Heiox of CiiAiu.Ks IL (lOOO-K)'-'.')) . The Restoration, 172 — Attenipt to administer justice, 17;> — Martin's defence of St. John's, 17*1 — William Hinton, 175 — The French occupation of Placentia, 170 — The Basque fleet, 180 — Child's proposals, 18S— Parlia- mentary Report, 190 — The attempted expidsion of settlers, 192 — Dutch attacks, 197 — New Emjflanders, 197 — Irish fishermen, 201— Continued ojtposition to a settled (iovernment, 201. 170 CHAPTER IX. Rkigxs of Jami:s II. Axn William III. (1085-1702) The fi.shery, 210— Frontenac. 211 — Williams attacks I'lacentia, 212 -Ilolman's defence of Ferryland. 212— Nesmond attacks, and D'Iberville captures and destroys, St. John's. 2i:{— William Ill.'s Act, 225 — The Fishing Admirals, 220 — Larkin's report, 228 — Rev. J. Jackson, 229. 209 CON'TKN rs. r.\(iK 80 CMAITKK X. |{i;i(.\ 111- AwK (I70J 1714) L(.nl Dartmouth's n'i)f)rt, 2;{t!, -Jtiii— (iriiy.loirs and W'ulkci-'H iittiick.s 011 Placfiitia. S;!?—]''!-^!^! attacks on IJonavista. L>:!!i ~M. Ciill.L'U — Tiatliam's (lofeni-o of F(jrt Wi'liam af,'ainst Snl)oroaHO, 2I-I- -KukHsIi attack on tlio I'etit Nonl, 21.6- Sc. Ovide's capture of St. John's, 2H— The elfect of the wars upon the fishery, 250— Major Lloyd, 252 -Captain Cn.we and Sir N. Trevanion's laws, 2.") f. 271— Treaty of Utreclit, 255— Aec.unt of the c inipaiKn of 17U1., 2tJl— Tiic eai)ture of St. John's in 17(IS. 2'W. PAOR 1:M CITAPTKI? XI. Reign op Gkorge 1.(1714-1727) . . ..-1 Result of peace, 274— Plaeentia, 275 -Hiseayans. 27<;-Riir]v Kn:<— Persecution of Koman Catholics, 27-The seal fishery, 2!t8— Intercourse with New :kiv.,']and, 29!»-i'he Molasses Act, iiOO -.Instices in 17:<2. MOl. 284 170 209 CHAPTER XI If. Rkigs of Gkorge hi. (1760-1820) Captain Webb, :504— The capture and recapture of St. John's :!05 41-^ -The Treaty of Paris, 309-Captain (iraves. :514-Local events, Jil.WCaptain Cook s survey, :J16 -Interpretation of the French treaties, ;il8 :?:{:{ :!:{7— The last of the IJas.pies, ;i20-New En-hind smugtrlers, :{2:5 -Labradi .r and the Eskimo, :{21-Trade and population, ;!25 - Lejral abuses, :i26 -French and Indians, :i27-Wesleyanlsm, ;^:J1- Moravian mission, :J:L>-Hon John «y ron, -.m - The Peothics, ;i24, ;585-Lord ShuMham, :!:i5_Titles to pro- perty, :i;56--Comniodore Duff. ;{:{7-The American wars, :J:!8, ;J88- Social conditions. :J4l-Palliser's Act, ;!14-The Bermndians, 345, 416-t;overnor Edwards, ;My-The Treaty of Versailles, ;552_Admiral Milbanke. 358- I he Supreme Court. 359- Admiral Campbell, 302-liishop O'Donel 3(;:{_ 1 rmce William, 365-The French attack, 367-Lord Kadstock, 37-'-The mutiny on H.M.S. Lahnw, 372-Adniiral (iambier, 375-Sir E Gower 3/8-l^ie truck system, 379-The Benevolent Irish Society, 381-James McBraire, 382-Sir J. T. Duckworth, 3&I-Removal <.f ships' rooms, 3H6- Sir R. Keats, 388 -Colclough. 390_Titles granted for land, 395-Dr Carson, 396-Faction fights, 401-The troubles of 1815-18, 'W3— 'J'he Winter of the Rals, 405-Admiral Pickmore, 406-The American Conven- tion, 409— Butler and Lnndrigan, 411-The Conspiracy of 1800, 418— The early seal fishery, 419. 3()J VI CON'rKN'I'S CIIAITHI.' MV. Ukm.ns ui- (iK.iui.i; IV. AND W'li.i.iAM IV. (IH'JU 1h:;7) Act for till' Ix'ttiT iiilniiiiistratum of justici'. I"JJ— 'I'lic opciiiiiu of the Sii|)n'iiic Court, lilJ— Sir T. Cocliranc, l-iJ •• MorriH'!iiiiii(lilft, l:i(l — 'I'lif a>,'itatioii for a local k'Ki.slaturc. |-J7— 'rtn! (irHt lious,' of AHScmlily. 4-J!»— 'I'lii' Ntruj,'),'lc l)L'twO('ii the rpipcr ami liowcr Housch, l:!:! — ("ontinj^cncy iJillK, 4ni.— ("aptain Prc.-fcott, I'Ki— 'riic ilcaiiloi'k in the If^fiHlatiirf, It'.S— Apf.L'iil to the I'rivy CouiK-il, l:is_|'. H. Cos.-ic. V.V.K VMIK l-Jl CIIAITKI.' XV. llKKiN ov VrcTouiA (1837-H"'o7) ......... The I )el('>^ati',s to Ktujlaiid. Ho — Kiolly i'. farnon. It-rj — Sir John Ilarvoy, l-M) — Hon. James ("rowdy, l-."iii — The sprinjj; Hcal fishery, l-^O — Spanish Iraderw, .tr,;;_'l'lu! Aiual^'aniati'd HouHt-, fr.tJ -'I'Ir' Firo of iK.Ki, irw— Sir J. ti. Ia' iMarchaut, Uil — '['he First Constitiitiou aj^ain, tti;! — (iovernor Maniiltoii, fli.") — lie.siionsililc (iovfrniiiont in IH.V), -U'tii — Thi' h'rfnch Convention of isr,7. 171. •H.J CllAlTKi; XVI. JlKKiN OF Vl( TillUA (IS-'ir-lHI'.-i) ......... liiots in Conception Hay, W:i — Sir A. ISann'rnian, Wt -The J5urin contest, 485— Mr, Kent's administration, IHo -The coastal steamer contract, -ISti — The I'rinee of Wales, -1.87 -The dispute aliont jwor relief and the currency, •t88 — 'J'lu- St. .lohii's riot, W!> — Steanii-rs commence the seal fishery, 4!J;{— St. .lolin's waterworks, UK! — C!) — Railway survey, yUO — The Halifax Commission, .'(01 — IJailway construction, oO() — Dry dock, 5(»!1-Rope factory, r,l(» Hattle of Fo.\" Trap, 51:i-The Harbour (iruce riot, 51:5- -The I'lacentia railway, .")14— The Hait Act. ^l-'i— The (Jolonial ConfenMiee, 5l!t -The Queen's Jubilee, f.U)— The Trinity May disaster, .VJO— Th- Hre of Kth July, A^l— The (ieneral Election of 18it:{, .VJ!>— The Blaine- Bond Convention, 51?;') -The election petit icpus, .'jli.'j — Bla.'k Monday, •"):>(> The future of the Colonv. -I'-'iT. 4S\ ClIAI'THU XVII. Tmk 1'kksknt I'osiTioN oi- THK FuKX( II FisiiKiiv Qi;k.sii(j.n .... 5'59 The Bait Act, 53!>--Knglish and French lobster factories, 5-K) — The French claim to sovereign rights on the Treaty ^»llorc, 541 — Definition of the French privileges, .>1'2 — The proper mude of carrying out the Treaty, 54G — French and English naval officers, 547 The "Modus Vivendi" of 18K0, 5-18 — The delegation to EngLind, .550 -The English resiresent position of the French fishery, 5.>1 — Captain Camjtbell's report on the lobster factories on the west coast, 5.'( Muji ki.on, tiik Fkexcii Coujny ..... 504 The early iishery, .5(it)— The English occupation. 50(3 — The Treaty of Paris, 507 -The murder of Mc Keown, 507 — Cassini's account of the fishery, 501' — CON TKN IS \ II 'I'lh' |{.'\(.1iiI;mii. .'i7J— Till' .lacnliiii Cliili, '.?;!— 'I'ln' (' mittfc i.t I'ulilir Siit'i'tv, .'(71 --'I'lif Aciiiliiiii><. ^71 -Miiji'i- 'I'lionir's dinner |iiii'ty. •"'" I Tlif Krciii'li Hiiiiii,'>,'liii>,' tnulo with Ncwl'iiiindluiiil iiikI I'liiiitiia. ■>7!i— 'I'Ih' cDnlisfiitidii of till' scliooiicr Muri/, TiKl -'I'lif Ailniinil (Jdvrnim'.s, •'•Ml — 'rill' "("la|ilp(>iiril Ki'viilntioii." "iMj — Cliatcaiiliriiiiicrs (li'scii|iti(iii nf St. I'ifrri'. !>»■> Statistic-;, ".si;. I'AdK ('IIAI'Ti:i{ MX, A Ih.SKlUV OK h.MillAlluU. t .NUKIi TIIK .1 1 KISI)f( lloN (If N i: WKOI .\ HI, A M> 'riio diseovcry of Labrador, fiH? — The Eskimo, .MX) — The Moraviuii Missions, .1!M— The Monta^'iuiis, r,!t5— Ur.'st, -Wti— Tl..' Kiijrlish tishi'i-y, 507- New Knirlandi'rs in fiahnidor, .')!>7—('artwriu:ht's journal. .MW — '{'ho expansion ol' tho h'n','lish tislicry, t>(L' — Dr. (ironrcirsai'conntol' the Doi'p-sea JVIissiim, (inl — Northern iiaWrador, iM ••'">— The winter post to rii>,'ava, tin7- 'rhe siiiiiiner mail service, tiOl) -.^f|•, Hryanl's deseription of the (irand Falls, till— The neep-.,eii Mission Uejiort. til I— The Lalmidor trade, Olti— Th,- Census of 1H»1. (!17--A. 1'. liow's survey. <>1H. .-.87 ClIAI'TKU .\.\. UmI.WAV CoNSIHl ( IKi.S IN IMI', ('oj.UW . . . The ]iriinitive i>aths and common roads. Oil*— The Conception Hay Hallway, tiUt — The Halls J5ay Line, i;-_>l» -The results of ojieninjr up the country, tVJO— The j)rojected extensiou to i'ort-au.x-Hasijuis. ti-J-J The failure of the first promot.'rs, (!!•;!— The Heid contract for the Halls Hay Lin", liiil— The Xorthern and Western Kailway, liilli — Its proliaMe effect on the fishery. (!:'><> — ( )|>portumties for sport, ()32. tilO CIIAITKU XXL TKI.KfiUArilK CoAUUNK ATIO.V IN .\ i; Wl'Ol N DI.AM) ...... fi.SJ. Bisho]. Mullock's letter, (vil— F. X. (Jisborne's overland line, (i;).") C. W. Field's ocean cable, 6:i7— The Atlantic table and Heart's Content, by F I'erry, 01:2. ClIAl'TEIl XXII. Tin: \i:\vroi NHi.AMi Fi.siikkiks Commi.sskin. 'y |{ev. M. Harvey. Lij.l). . (117 CHAPTER XX II I. CllU i.\Ul,0(iY, JrsTU lAUV. AND HoiSK OK AssKMHl.V 652 CHAPTER XXIV. BiBLIOtliAl'IIY. M8S., J'l.ANS, KiaoUDS, A.Nl) Ni:\VSKAKKIiS 6i)fi CHAPTER XXV. StaTLSTUS ok TllADK, I'OKI I.ATIOV, Fl\AN(K. A-( . ; Cl.I.M ATK. Soil,, TlMHKK, Ml.NKS AM) Ml.NKltAI.S, STOKT AND (iAVK TjAW.S .... IXDEX 692 710 J/AIUiK KULDIM, .MaI' HY StaXKOIU). LIST OF full-i\v(;e illustrations. To fnof iini)e Views of QuiJi Vidi, FiO^y Hay, ami Torlmy ....... lu " Ilarleyaii" mill I'. Di'siu'llit-r'H iiia|is ........ 40 I). Hoiiieiii ami .lulin Dw's iiiajm ......... 58 ViewH of (ylarki)'s Ueai'h, HriguH, ami Harbour (iraii' ..... 104 „ „ Toji.iail H('assay on the development of oiu- earli<'st colony, is a (locumont tlu! iniportar, , and the iiuerest of which should, as it seems to me, render any oth'-r preatnhle ([uite iinnecessarv. Yet I can but bo toucbed by the kindness of his invitation, Avhich stirs ancient memories In me, ami if I accede to if, it is not from personal complac(Micy, but becaus{} an ohl Tamil v tic with N<'wfoundlaiid compels mi! to a pious interest in the colony. I write these few words because 1 aiu siuv that, wer<' ho alive, my dear father would rejoice to (h) so. In the early years of this century, Pooh*, in Dorsetshire, uhero my people lived, was abnost an offshoot of Newfouiul- land. It Avas the Eni'-lisb ])ort and emporium of the colon v, and eacb owed to the other a ij^reat part of its prosperitv. Xothinf,^ could b«; more natural than that the lads of Poole shoidd look to start in life at 8t. John's or Harbour Grace. Thus, in fact, more than one member of my family did start, and in particular my father, afterwards so widely kno\vn as Philip Henry Gosse, E.K.S. One Sunday, sixty-ei-ht years ai^o, as tlio bells were rini,nn^ people to church in Po()l(>, lie was carried away, Avitb a sinking heart, to a countini^-house in / p. 272U. 1) IMlKKATOItV NOl'K. CarboiKviv. I nocd not rci)oat the twice-told t;il" of liis inno- cent adventures there. As will bo I'enienihered, it was in Newfoundland tliat he hei^an his zool()ii,ieal, and particularly his entoniolofis. But down to mv own childhood th(5 mystery of Newfoundland was preservcnl in the English lionic. K(\2^s of cranherric^s and of delicious capidin arrived from Harbour Grace as ])unctual as tlu^ seasons. A i>Teat oil paintinu* of tli(> port of Carbonear, more topo- graphical than artistic, perhaps, more consciiMitious than iiosthetic, hmig in a sitting-room. Cases of insects, charts, and family stories kept alive the colonial sentiment,, and our house in Devonshire Avas a tiny plantation of Newfouiulland. It had been my father's Avish and hope to revisit his old haunts, but his crossings of th(» Atlantic Avere not to ho repeaii d. In his later years he anxiously collected all that thrcnv light upon the antiquities of Newfoundlaiul, and it is pathetic to mc to realise Avith Avhat ecstasy he and my uncle, ^Fr. William Cosse, Avho survived, at a A'ery great age, until ISl);*,, Avould have Avelcomed, Avould have devoured, Judge Prowse's admirable and exhaustive lustorv. It is in their nanu^ that I come forward with these brief prefatory phrases. At a fortunate moment, I think. Judge ProAvso has brought out his chronicle of the most ancient and the most unfortunate of our colonies. lie has found his material in records Avhieh ar(^ many of them entirely unpublished, and h's book is an original and Aaliiable contribution to early AnuM'ican history. 'Vho sorrows of NeAvfoundland have at last awaken(>d the sym- pathy of tli(^ motlun* country, and I'higlishmen wcvr nev(>r so ready as they n(U\ are to learn more about its inliabit^mts. To PIIEFATORV XOTE. XI road tho oiisuiiii,^ pa,o;os is to study a record of extraordinary strui?i,dc and vicissitude. Xot now for the first or tlie dozenth time is Xewfoundlaiul in a foi-lorn condition. Frost and fire, tlie ca])rices of cod and wliale and seal, have reduced lier in past years, no doul)t, to a far lower ehh than we find Iier in her present emharrassuvents. She has suffered much, and her Ideographical position requir(>s that she should always stand prepared for snlfeiin-. iJut her s[)irit, we love to think, is indonu'tahle, and if her natural resources are liahle to collapse, they are not less liahle to sudden and hiilliaut revival. It may be that before these words see the lij^ht, her fortunes Avill onee more be in the rapid ascendant. The perusal of Jud<'e Prowsc's book can hut increase tlu; number of those who cordially desire that it may be so. ED:\[IJND C0S8E. London, March 1S<),'>. h 2 "% # INTRODUCTION This work is an atti'inpt to describe liow England's first colony, Newfoundland, Wiis founded and developed ; to show the influence of its discovery on the niakincj of England, ^[y plan has been to cite ct)nteinporary documents, for the most part hitherto uni)rinted. Newfoundiaiul occupies nearly the same position in the new world that Britain does in the old. Stretching for out into the Atlantic, the nearest part of North America to Europe, she became the half-wi.j- house, the stepping-stone between the two continents; by her shore ])assed all the great discoverers and the flowing tide of European emigration which peopled North America. Here Eiigjand flrst obtained a foothold in the new world, and laid the foundation of her Colonial l<:iiipire. For more than one hundred years Newfoundlan\n the West Country seaports, it is only by brief references in the chronicles and Acts of Parliament that Ave can trace the development of a great industry, which niU'it necessarily have had immense influence on the maritime prosperity of the lesser England of the Tudor age, when the burthen of the whole Royal Navy was less than the tonnage of a modern tiist-dass cruiser. The mo t remarkable part of this story is the supremacy and control exercised by these proud beef-eating ICnglishmeii over the great host of foreign flshermen on the Island. The liistory of their most ancient Colony should be of interest to Englishmen ; not onl)' does it contain the story of the dawn of English colonisation, the foundation of our Colonial Empire, the gr.idual develop- ment of England's naval power, it also throws new light on contemporary annals, and is really an important minor cha])ter in the history of England. In the policy pursued towards our Island we see reflected, not in a glass darkly, but clearly deflned and i)aralleled, the character- istic moods of the "various English sovereigns, and t'.ie rule, or rather misrule, of the Home Government. The (juaint old chronicle of Weymouth, in which the Mayor has recorded his intiTview with the King about securing the Js'ewfoundlaiid fleet against the attacks of the Turkish pirates, gives us a vivid picture, a complete coi'j) d'tril, of Laud and his soveieign. To the early American settlers Newfoundland was the [larent Colon}', a meagre and liagg;ird kind of mother, yet for all that she saved the ancient Colony of Virginia from semi-starvation by a timely cargo of flsli. "When the New York settlers flrst tried to establish a lishery at Sandy Hook, it was to this Colony tliey ajjplied for ap- ])liancesand men. The same Devonshire adventurers a\ ho traded to and colonised Newfoundland Mere the flrst to make a similar attempt in New England. The Newfoundland trade was by far the greatest English enterpriry of early struggles and mutual aid between Newfoundland and especially New England. It must be borne in mind that from 14U7 to the j'erniiiiient settle- nient in Virginia and the landing of the I'ilgrim Fathers in 1620, Newfoundland was the only Colony and the only possession in North America occupied and governed by Englishmen ; this period of over a 1NT110J)UCTJ0X. XV coiiiury is coini)letuly overlooked hy American lusturiaiis, as, only Avith rt't'Lavuce to tlio discovery of Oabofc, does it concern the early history of the American Coloniis. At another period from 1713 to 17(i3, fn»m the Treaty of Utrecht to the TiVc.ty of Paris, there wei-e virtually only two Enidish Colonies in Aiueric ..Xewfoundiand, and the cimtinental Cohmies, the nucleus of the present United States: the history of the trade and intercourse b.'t\veen these two British possessions is set forth in these ])aht cattle and corn ; they bartered these for fish and train oil, for gold, wines, olive oils and dried fruits, which the Devonshire fishermen smuggled with their salt from Cadiz, and Sj)anish fishermen brought from Bilbao. Besides smuggling goods, they smuggled men, headed up in casks. They embajk»,'d also in another great industry, the manufacture of New England rum ; their greatest customers for this product (and onions, biscuits, and Yankee notions) were Newfoundlanders and Nova Scotians ; the chief distilleries were at Nantucket. In the dispute with the Devonshire men, the New Eng!anders sided with the settlei-s. The Parliiimentary Blue Books of tho early Georgian era are full of fierce denunciation for the assistance they gave to oui' planters, and their sturdy refusal to let Maine be turned into a second and improved edition of Newfoundland. I have endeavoured to tra-.e the early and intimate association between Newfoundland and the continental colonies. All through this strange, eventful history, Newfoundland settlers of a'l kinds, from Guy and Baltimore down to the poorest waif from the West of England, had to Uglit for their lives with the dire hostility of the ship-fisheiiuen or western adventurers from England. In the olden 1 INTRODUCTION. xix tiiiio tlii'so men liad con(|UeriMl tlie country, and they looki'd upon it ii.s tlu.'ir own. Charters were given them by the Crown, conFcrrln^f on tlieni outraireous ri^dit-i and privik'i^cs. From tlie (hiys of tlie si'eond Charles, the Home Government always supjtortL'd their ])retenHioiH. In his evidence before the House of Commons, ;i(>th Alai'ch 170'i, William Knox, one of the Under S^'cretaries of State in the American Department, tlius explained this policy : — '* The island of Newfoundlaiitl has Ijceii cousidercd, in all former times, as a great shi]) moored near the Hanks during; the fishing season, for the eonveiiienco ol Knglish (ishormen. The (icvernov was considered as the ship's captain, and liiosc vho ■wore concerned in the fishery business as his crew, and subject to naval discipline while there, and expected to return to England when the season was over. The English had then no rivals in the trade but the French, and, though the French fishery exceeded theirs, the English gradually increased, and those who carried it on were generally successful. Tlio Treaty of I'liris, by adding Canada and all Mova Scotia and Cape Bi'clon to the Hrilish American Dominion, deprived France of the advantages they luid for the employment of the inhahilaiits in the fishery, but at the same time a new rival was raised nj) to the English traders and fishermen in those and the other Morthern British Colonies; as the j.rofit the French inhabitants had nnide under the French (iovei'nmcnt by the fishery on their coasts, as well as on the coasts of Kcwl'oundland, luituraily turned the attention of the British subjects to the same busineso, many settlors emigrated to Newfoundland for the ])urpose, wliilst others spread themsehcs along the nhores of I>lova Scotia and Cape Breton, so that there ajjpcared evident danger of the trade and fishery being lost to Enghmd, and that, instead of it being a Urilish fmliery, as it had hitherto been, it would become a Colonial Jishcrtj. To prevent tlie increase of inhabitants in the Island tlie nio.-t jiositive instructions were given to the Governors not to make any grants of land, and to reduce the iniiiiber of those who were already settled there. Their vessels, as well as those belonging to the colonies, were to be denied any priority of right in occii])ying stations in the bays or haibonrs. foi cuiing the fish, over the vessels fiom England, and the Governor was instructed to withhold from them whatever might ser\ e to cncourago them to remain in the Island; and, as Lord North expressed it, 'whenever they ' wished to have roasted he was to give them law, and whenever they wished to ' have the raw he was to give it them roasted,' with a view to secure the return ol' all the iiBhtrmen carried out." Whilst Nova Scotia and Canada had money lavished on them l»y the British Government, the policy so cynically ex})ressed by this Engli.sh official was carried out towards Newfoundland by the British Govern- ment down to the verv beoinninif of this ceuturv. It is no marvel that Newfoundland did not thrive under such a I'egime ; the real wonder is that the settlers lived at all under such oppressive restrictiuii.s. But for their a'lies in New Eui^land, doubtless they would have been obliged to abandon their settlements. Our treatment by the Briti.sh Government has lieen so stupid, cruel, and barbarous that it retjuires the actual perustd (jf tht; State Papers to cojiviuce us that such a policy was ever carried out. The Homo XX INTROUUCTION. Oovcrntnont liavc ,siuTilic*fr trade nor cateh anythint^ Imt cor/ with the atlvcnt of Sir Thos. John Cochrane : no man ever did so much for Newfoundland as this excellent Governor. On the 1st of January 1833 he opened our first Parliament. Since that date, notwithstanding great fluctuations in the fisheries, and disasters like the great fires of 1817, 1846, and the last terrible calamity of the 8th of July 1892, and worst of all the financial crisis of 1804, the Colony has progressed ; lun- resourees in minerals and timber are being greatly developed, railways are being extendefl, steam connnuincation and telegraph lines' are INTUODUrTION. xxi I Franco. ini(H"H on imnoi' ill iccrrt art! lur catch ich men- held tlie n a way ni. At tn-.ont of principal , and by (lovci'n- country 1 Act of ointed in a certain e fishing ho naval ieers like 1 opinion laVily ; of idition of n, as the i simply the fiist ippointed uhiiirabie ilvice and al reform with the in\ich for ary 1833 istanding it fires of 1892, and ssed ; her , railways lines' are promoting,' civiliHation and advancement. The immense resonrces of tho {^reiit ishmd have been oidy, an it were, tapped here and there. Afi;ri- cnltnre is slowly prof,'re^siiig. A <,'reater impetus will be ;,dven to the Colony when the railway to I'oi't-aiix-Basipies and a steam ferry across the (lulf l>rin' 5(i" ami .')!"' UD' north latitude, and hetwcen the for the newest Atlantic steamer. The island forms an important link in the direet ronto from Europe to Montreal. Cliiciifjo. Min- meridiann of :>2° 37' and 59" 24' M" west neapolis, and tho Pacitic slope; with fast lonpitude. It is only lH miles from North steamers, and a railway to the (Julf, mails America, across the Straits of Helle Isle, and could ho delivered in the West mueb quicker 1,()40 from Ireland, about 60 Lours steaming than by New York. XXII IXTKODUCTIOy. Hon. A. M. Miickay, iiiwl 1). Ryan. To iiiy oltltst son T am indobtoJ for noti'H, vioWH, ami maps, colloctt'il chit^tly at tin; IWitiMh MuHciun ami tlu) Ruc fiHlh'ry forty yt'iirs; " I iniiy yt't bu as iynorant as tho n«>v!ci', but I ;,'iv(i my ()i»ini2. Prior to this jrreat and ever- "UMuorahle adveuttiro, there are stories of voyages, islands, discoveries; allusion, in Aristotle, Plato, and Seneca to a great country dimly seen I'eyond the western ocean. Nearly every European country had some such ohscure tra.Iition ; the Spanish Basques, the Bretons, the Italian^ Avitl. tlien- story of the brothers Zeno, the Irish Saint Brendan, tlie trip across the Atlantic of a Welsh prince in a ship of ylass, with an able crew ot twelve harpers,-ull these stories are interestino- .ud romantic soine, perhai^s, authentic : at present, however, thev lie outsi.,i;harius, first Archbish.ii) of llani- })mg, (laltd y:U, i).il)lisho(l by LindciibimMns "' I. 'Ml (p. ia.j), (,vhich also indu.los Adaiu of IJrenieirs work) we read— "We make kii„w„ to the present and future M.ns ol (iod's Holy Cliurch that, in .mr (lays, by tile divine jrruce, a door is opened lot j.reachiug the Gospel in the uorthern / p. 2/33. iVfTions, viz., Denmark, Sweden, Xorwav (^rc'iiland, Halinfjalandon [most probablv l.aplandj, Iceland, and Seredeviudou [110 donht FinlandJ." "- I'ojie Ciregdiy varies llie names of some ot these northern peojde who were ineliided in this new dioeese so mueli that some ean seiireely be reengnised now. 'I'lie Danish Uironiele, it seems, makes Grouelmid to have been diseovered as early as "70; bnt accord- ing to tne Iceland t luoi,i,le, not before <)8L', it being by this last account peopled by a Norwegian wlio had tied to leehtml. The TIIK PRK-COLUMBLVX IMSCOVEUl' OF AMERICA. liuilt t'liurclu's, forts, [iiid liousi-s. .Most minute pavticuliirs iilM)iit tlu.'S(^ HIV ^^iveu ill tlie s.i^a of Eric Rjiuile or Red, Dr. Riuko, in his History of Greenland, .says : — - "111 a country ivlieio no tree can t^row, the faintest trace of former buildings can he made ont. . . ". . Kukortok Church contains three sopaiiito entrances ; tiie jirinciiia,! one is cdvored with very lartji' thit regular stone, measuring aliout twehefeet in length. In the opposite or oantern wall is a wiiulow most skilfully arched, but apparently likewise constructed from rough stones." Alioiit a luiiidred ])laccs have lie^n found .scattered alon^' the coast of Greenland, and these localities can he ideiiti- tieil liy reference to the ancient sa^^'as. The dajinji; ch.iracter of the Northmen is shown by tiie fact that their small crazy v,i. . .*t they made Arctic voyaifes. F(jur miles beyond Upperiiavick, at Kinffitoarsuk, a st(jne lins been found with a Runic inscription, stat- ing that it was rai.seil by Eriing, the son of Sio^vat, and Knride Oddsven, in 113.*{. When thi'sc ad- venturous Northmen ivached Greenland, the mo.st cii.stern part of North .Vmeriea, tlieir disc.()very of Labrador and Newfoundland W(adrthiiini, ill tiio Trtiiis. of Hoi/iil .Socirli/ of Cunddii, vol. viii., .sec. ii., p. Hl'.i. " 'I'Ik' stronjj r('M'iiil)''iii(;i.' liotwocn the (Jrconlitiid of this nmp, ,1. dc la Coin's, iind linvscli's, jioint to sonii' comaioii source, t'itlu-r Xorsc or Kuglish, prioi- to, or as tlie ri'siilt of, Cabot's vovnge ; more likely tho foriner. A. " This is where the Kuglish liavr eoiiie, and has ii iiiiine t'oi- liari'emiess, eithee from sun or cohl." 15. '• 'I'liis is near wlieru X'iiiland lies which is called jiood. Our conntrymen [Icelanders] have llioiight that to the soiiili it ends with the wild sea, and that a sound separates it from America." C. " l-aiid of the plants." l-'or other itderenci's .vet' WiNsoii's A' ij' C. H. of America, I., loO. 4 CHAPTER II. liEIGN OF HENRY VII. 1 485- 1 509. 1492.— First voyage of Columbus; sailed Srd August ; discovered America 12fh October, 1 l'J2. 149G. — On the Petition of .loliii Cabot, a patent granted ou 5th March by King Henry VII. to liiin and his sous to discover new lands. 1497. — .Tohn Cabot's voyage in the ship 3f(»//^€'H', of Uristol ; discovered North America and Xewfoiindhind ; saili'y =ft forth in tlie of Helps, or the y, the critics have ids, scene of his of our discoverer, itolica, no devoted li(>st annals. Tlie ineiica, as told by Every picturesque so pregnant with e low level of a [Hid still slirouded nts in hi^story ; it ■ig-ht of discovery, cieiit Continent — rderly and settled mighty industry chest, fairest, and it have been our f Enj^land sailois, what would have itli chronic revolu- s, and fusillades, of North America not derived from a fair degree of and (jther eminent ars of Venice, and ls, in Spahi. John Cahot was aOenoese navigator and merchant adventurer, experi.-uced and skilk-d in all the ii mtical knowledge of th().se day.s. Italy-home of art, sci.Mice, literature, commerce, and navigation -gave to Spain, France and England Columbus, Verrazano, and Cibot. Very few facts are known about John Cabot's life : he was made a citizen of Venice in U7U ; he had been to jNlecca, where he saw the caravans arri villi: from the E ist with nil VKMCK AUDIT lli2U.' Frmii an uhl print. far spices, iVc. riio date of his arri- val in England i s u n c e r t a i n. Stachey says 'n 149(5 he was n a t u r a i i z t; d (" ideiiized "), and living within Blackfriars, pro- bably only while he was pressing his suit at Court. There was an important colony of Italian merchants and money lenders in London during this reign, who may have helped our explorer with the kinc : Lombard Street perpetuates their memory. All tiiat we do know positively is that Giovanni Gabotto, or Cabotta, or Gabote (anglicised into Jolin Cabot), .some time before 149(), was living in Bristol, then the chief city of the West. At this period Bri.stol di Hiinavistii ltii,\ , is the pliici' wIuto Cabnt iTi'Ct iiiiiiiy vovajios iiiicliTtiiUcn Iiy hi^r iiiiTchiiiits f(l till' iuins of Vi'iiicu, the winged lion, on his and tlie great expense thev lii;d incuireil. first v(nai;e. ^ Axsi'ACii's /y/.v'o;// of Xvirfniinilland, - Sn; Appendix, p. '1\, Thk Icklaxd ISlK, p. a,"). I lia.e not been able to trace FiRHKRY. .Viisjiaeli's authority, but thi'nj is no reason ^ Henry IV. had given exemptions to to doubt the aoeuracy of the statement. Ilristol from certain dues, and a separate s REIGN OF HENRY VIT. the Icelamlic ex|otlition.s to America. In 1493, when Coliuuliiis returned from his famouH voya<,'e, "All men at the Court of Henry VII.," says Sebastian Cabot, '' affirmed it to be a thing more divine than " human to .sail by the ^^''est to the East." Cabot approached the King with a Petition for discovering new lands: — • "To the king, oui- .sovcreigiie Lord. Please it yoiir Ilighnes of j'our most noble and hahiindaiit grace to graiint unto John Cabotto citizen of Venes Lowes. iSebastjan and Sancto his soiiiieys your gracious letters patontes under your greto Hele in due forme to bo made according to the teiioiir hereafter ciisuying ^tlie draft charter is lost] and they shall during their lyves [iray (rod for the pro9porou> continuance of your most noble and lloyale Estate, long to endiier." ■i This is the earliest document detinitely connecting England with tlui New World. William of Wyrcester and Ayala do indeed mention voyages made at the expense of Bristol in 1480, and fi-om 1491 to 149G, but if they bore any results they were kept secret. The records tell us that the monarch gave him very little en- couragement. At last, however, through the influence of the Bristol niei'chants, he was ]Me- vailed on to grant the Genoese a charter, l)ut solely on tlie condition that he was to have a royal share of the pi'otits, but on no account to bear any of the expenses. It is dated otli ]\Iarch 149G (11th year of the reign) : — • " Henry by the Grace of Gjd, Ac, &c. . . . Be it known to all, that we have given and granted to our well-beloved John Cabot, citizen of Venice, nnd to Lewis, Seba.stian and Sanctus, sons of the said John, and to their heirs and deputies, full authority, etc., Ac, ... to sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, of the ^\ est and of the North, under our banner and ensigns, with five ships, and to set up our banner on any new-found-land, as our vassals and lieutenants . . . upon their own proper costs and charges, to seek out and discover whatsoever isles ... of the heathen and infidels, which before the time have been unknown to all Christians . . . . to pay to us the fifth part of the capital gain so gotten for every then voyage ; and to return to the port of Bristol. " SEAL OF HENRY VII. m m ■'■;* ■•(■I ."4 THE FIRST LANDFALL. 9 % M Cabot, like a wiso man, inserted the names of his sons in order to extend the duration of the chaiter to tlie full extent of their younjjf lives, Imt there is no record to show that any of them accompanied him. On the second of May 1407 John Cahot set sail from Bristol on his famous voyage, accompanied by a Burguiidian and sixteen Eni^lish sailoi's, in a little West of En Fust MSS., Hill Court, Gloucc.ilrr- shire. See ii«c7. IJiit., Uth fdit., vol. iv., p. 3.")(). The word Aaicrifa shows it is not a contemporary document, and its genuineness has been doubted. - The Cubot mappemonde is now in the Paris National Library; it came from Ger- many. M. Harrisse suffjfests that !S. Cabot placed the English landfall on Cape IJreton when the Freucii had begun to colonise 10 T?EI(iN OF IIKNRY VII. tlioiv is no otlier fvideiice to Hupport this (.liiiiii ; in fact it is at varianco with conti'inpomry at'counts of the vnNa^'i', ami the int'eivnces to he (hawn fVun» the earliest maps. In this enh)ny lui nnhrokm tradition points to Cajx' Bonavista, New- f.-undiand, as tht,' tirst hind seen.' This tradition is contiriiied hy 'in En;l,disli ina]) of Newfonndliind made hy Tolin Mason, a distinguislie.iout KiKi; opposite to Cape Bonav' ta lie writes these words, proliahly copying the woidin;;' of an older map : " Ft rsl fou ml b'/ Ciibut " — " A ( 'nfnt/o jirnn u ht rrjxrhi." - ( )n tliis groini'1, and for other reasons, as a Newfi undhuKh'r, I claim for Cape lionavista the honoiir of Iti'in;^' the first land seen in Noiih Ameiiea. In all i)rohaliility, 8t. John's was also discovered either on Cahot s first or second voyaj;"e '' It is possible that althon;;h John Cahot discovered Cape I'onavista, he did not so name it. Some of the Portuguese associated in 1501 with Eliot's com]iany were from the Azures, and niny have called the headland after Bonavista in the Cape de Verd Islands; hut against thi.s Caimdii ill order to fritiii llic fiivour of tlic Kiijrlisli iinil si'ciiri' liis ri-'turii, iiml that liis I'iill in l.')47 was tlir ri'Milt of tliis pied- of (liiplii'ilv ; the Ilia]! could not liavi' liccn ])nl)- lislu'd nnich liefori' l.JIG. Mr. .Instin Wiiisor, till' AiiHTiciin liistdiiaii, savs : "The niap, ill its (.'onfnscd nonit'iiclatiiri' and aiiti(|iiati'(l ffi'Ofr; 'lifal notions lliroMf;,liout, indicatis that till' draft was niadi' liv a 'p''''"''''*^' '''H'd — prolialily hy sonic Italian map fahricator." Two thinfTs arc (piitc clear, the landfall of f'ahot V as either on the l.ahnidor or P^astern Newfoundland coast, and this niaii is not the orifjiiial one made hy Johii ( 'ahot. ' " Honavista ! t)li ! -looil sifrht !" is the natural exclamation the olil Jtalian nii;ilit make, as after his loiij: and danverons voyajre he first caii>.'lit sijjht of land, briirht and jri'ceii with the spriiifjing t;rass of June. There is no other cajie with the same nauie on the eastern shore of North .\iiierica. Cortercal struck this jiart of the coast on his voyafies, and, curiously enough, (.'artier made Capo Honuvista on his first voyajre (l.');U). Sailing vessels coming to Newfound- land from Northern Kurojie nearly always sight C'a|)e JJonavista. .'siijiposing Cahot to lie steering towards Labrador, he would meet i<'e and run south, and he very likely to make in with the laiiil at this point; or even without meeting the ice the Labrador current would drag his vessel south. Tradition, probability, and the pertain evidence of Mason's map ol Newfoundland, made 27S years ago, de- monstrate almost to a certainty Cape JJoiia- vista as the landfall of John Cabot. Cape IJace — Capo Hasso, Cape Spear— Cabo Spera or Espera, Bonavista and lionaventura, are among the earliest names ou aiieieiit maps. The T?cvcrond fieorgc Patcrson funiislies very valuable intormaliou concerning the Portuguese explorations, and their attempted setllemeiit in Cape Ureton. I think his en- thusiasm carries him rather far when he makes out nearly all the iiaiues on our east coast as I'ortuguese. Conception Hay is so, but Umimtrixlit is tlistinctly Italian (so is /iiioiin \'fiiliii(i — good fine'' lucky liit I). In Spanish it would be /{iiciiii }'i.sl<( ; in I'ortuguese Boti I'i.tta. Jiaso is also Italian; it means shaved, cut off — an cxcelknt desLri|i- tion of our faiiKMis headland. The English word razor is from the same source. Cabot made at least two voyages to Newfoundland ; he was a skilled seaman iii^d map-uiiiker, and though the originals of his maps have all dis- ap[ieared, there can be no doubt that he made a running survey of the coast, named the headlands, and markcil them on cliaits. The Kill!/ maj), l,')(i2, is the earliest to contain a name that has mrvived (unless the su|)- ]i()sition that the Cape lOnglisb of J. de la Cosa and modeiii maps are identical is correct) ; its Ca])0 IJaso is distinctly Italian, although the map was probably made in I'ortugal, thus showing strong presumptive evidence of its being ci pied from a Cabotian chart. - .SVc p. lOC. ■* 1 feel convinced Cabot saw our cajiital in all its primitive beauty, the bold outlines of the surrounding hills clotherl to the water's eilge with the dark verdure of the forest ; it must have been n beautiful scene; his navi- gatoi's eye would s|iccially iioti' its uniipic value as a land-locked hailiour, the most per- fect of its kiiul in the world. 4 /iiniiiu'e s to l)t' a, Xew- l liy ail iguislnMl to Cape <<■ ol" an f^ 1."- On •laini tor I North ither on onavista, 501 with ilU'd the Liiiiat this 311 f\irillslR'9 •fi'iiiiig the r iittfiiipteil ink his t'li- ir when he on our €ast \ Huy is fo, ili;iii" (so is iiolty hit!). J'(.v/(/; ill :il>« It^iliiin ; lint (h'strili- rlie KnfTiisli uce. Cabot ,;! n t'oiiiiilliind ; i-Miiiker, and have all dis- hat lie made nanu'd tlie .,; cliaits. The to foMtain a ss tlie snp- ■^ .I.df la C'osa m is correct) ; an, altlioiifih ortiigal, tliiis idenee of its irt. 1 w our caiiital m lidld oiillinrs i 1(1 the water's the forest ; it ic i his navi- (• its iini(iiie \\v most jier- V ■i ''f '^ ■'■% (,) IJ U ) 1 '.' U i 1 i.or,\ HA'* •«*fw?^^'' i Olsl'AV ACCOUNTS OF THE FIRST VOYAGK. 11 ar^nniuiit is the fact tliat in most Portu^niose mnpn BonaviHtiv clors •i«>t H|,|„,ir, whilHt in tlu' imi|) of (Jaspar Vi('<,'as in ir.lU it is j^iv.-n as n'Hivyn, a translation into r..rtuoufs.' from tlu- orij^inal Italian Hiwmt- viata. Vi,.,ra.s and others appear to have received tlie name from Bailors on the coast, and not from the jroo^'rapliers. On his return to En^dand, Au^mst (ith, 141)7, the old Venetian navi^rat.H ,vas received with j,neat rej(.icin^^ On tlie 2:h-d of August, M'venteen .lays after liia ariival, ras(|uali},w, a Ventitian in London, writin;,' to his brother in Venice, say;s :— " Tho EiiKlinh rnn after him like mad. His name is Zuan Cabot, nnd they call him the great Admiral." ' The most interestinj,' account of the voyaf^'e is contained in nn amuninj,' letter from Riiimondo di Soncino, London, to the Duke ot Milan, 18th Decemher U!)?:— •' The king has gained a great jmrt of Ania withoat a stroke of the sword. In this kingdom ia a i^pular Venetian culled Zoanno Caboto, a iiiaa of con- siderable ability, most skiUiil in navigation, who having seen tlic mo.st serene kings, first him of J'ortugal. then him of Spain, that they had occn|>icd unknown islands, thought to make a similar ac(|nisition for His Majesty [Honry VII.J. And having obtained the royal p'ivilegos which gave him the use of the land found by him, provided the right of possession was reserved to the Crown, lie departed in a little ship from Bristol with 18 persons, who jdaced their fortunes with him. Passing Ibernia [Ireland] more to the west, and then ascending towards the north, he began to navigate the eastern jiart of the oecan, leaving for some days tho north to tho right hand, and having wandered enough he catne at last to firm land, where he planted the royal banners, took possession for his Highness, made certain marks, and returned. " Tho said Messer Zoanne, as ho is a foreigner and jmor, would not be believed if his partners who are all Englishmen, and from Bristol, did not tesiii'y to the truth of what he tells. This Messer Zoanne has tho description of the world in a chart, and also in a solid globe which ho has made, and he shoius where he Imulcd ; and that going toward the east he passed considerably beyond the country of the 'i'anais The sea is full of fish which are taken not only with tho net but also with a basket in which a stone is put so that the basket may plunge into water .... And the Englishmen, his partners, say that they can bring so many fish that the kingdom will have no more business with Islai^da [Iceland], nnd that from this country //tei'c will bo a very cjr eat trade hi the jinh they call stock fish. '* They say, now they know where to go, the voyage will not take more than 15 days if fortune favours them after leaving Ibernia. . . . The Admiral, as Messer Zoanne is already styled, has given his companion, a Burgundian, an island, and has also given another to his barber, a Genoese, and they regard themselves as Counts, and my lord the Admiral as a Prince. And I believe that some poor Italian friars will go on the voyage, who have the promise of being Bishoi)s. And I, being a friend of the Admiral, if I wished to go, could have an Archbishoprick." '^ ' Venetian Calendars, i. 2G2. - This letter, in the State archives of Milan, was first published in 1SG5 in the Annuario Scientifico, 12 REIGN OF HEiVRY Vll. The kin<^ does not seem to have been much moved by tlie enthusiasm of his .su])jects. In an entry in the Privy Purse expenses of the monarch, this item is found : " August 10th, 1497. To hyn\ that found the new isle, 10^," ' This may have been paid to the great A(hniral, thougli iiiord probably it was a gratuity to the sailor who tirst sighted land. However, on the 18th December of tlie same year, a pension of 20^. a year wa-t granted to John Cabot, payable half-yearly. This was sealed on the 2iSth January following (l-lDcS), On the 3rd of February 14!)8, the ft)llowing warrant was issued to John Cabot : — " To nil Men to whom theis presenteia shiill coino gi'ctying : Ktiow ye that Wo of our Grace espet'ialc and dyvcrs causes us uioviiig, We have given and grnuten, and by thest' ]jres(Mits gi've and grannte, to oni- well beloved John Kaljotto, the N'enecian, sufRcicnto auctoi'ite and jiower that he hy him, Ids Dopu'io or Deputioa, sufficient may take at his ])lensure VI Englisiic shipes in any Porte or Fortes, or other places within this, our Realme of England or Obeisance, bo that, and if the said shi])pL'S be of the burthen of CC tonnes, or under, with theinpparail requisite and necessarie i'or the safe conduct of the said ^hippes, and them convey and leado to tlie Londe f ibis sliip sailed also out of Bristow three or four small ships fraught with sleight and grosso wares, as coarse cloth, cajis. luces. i>oints. and such other." -' "April 1st. IIW, a reward of t'J to James Carter, for giving to the new isle." " To Laiislot Thirkill. of London, upon a prest for his hhipp going towards the new Ilande, ±2iid },hn'd\, 1 li»S, £20." " Delivered to Launcelot Tirkill going towards the Now lie in prest £20." "April Idt, 149H, to Thomas Bradley and Launcelot Thirkill, going to the new Isle, fAK" ^ ' Bkntlkv's Excerpta Historkn, 1831, p. 113. ' Stowi'.'s Annairs, '.fil.'i, p. 182. " BKNTLEv'b Etvi'iphi IJiatoriva, p. 116. FISHING AND TRADING COMMENCED. 13 d by tlie 3 expenses To liyiu ) the grtat lailor who me year, u alf-yearly. the 3rd of ot : — ' yo that Wo iiid grantcn, Iviibotto, iho or Deputies, ir I'ortes, or ., and if the ■ail requisite By and Icadc and by our in or lor our terms as if Mil himself, revenue of iiig of the Iful of the L\st voyage, gear and istol and •y, and the adc ; also, ly way of xtow, . . , , slaiid which H merchants saiU>d also ;o wares, as low isle." towarda tho ; .€-2()." I to tho now p. 482. oricn, p. 116. i ■i Jfic Cuftom-houfc onuBacK of&iltolL In 1 >G J we have nnmistakeable evidence from Spanish sources of English discoveries, in the map of Juan de la Cosa.^ Cape Race, oi', possibly. Cape English, in St. Mary's Bay, is repre- sented by the " Cavo de Ynglaterra " ( " English Cape ") ; further we^t on the same map is an inscrip- tion, " Mar descubieita por Ingleses " (" Sea discovered by the English"). This map probably .shows the results of Cabot's -.second voyage.- Tiie pension and warrant are the last records of the famous explorer, John Cabot. lie utterly disappears from liistory about tliis period ; whether he di( d or left England, we cannot tell.'' He discovered a new con- tinent, and no man knows his grave. In March 1.501 John Cabot's patent seems to have been cancelled, and a new chariVr ';vanf,ed to three suKstai'tial merchants — • T'ioiiMsAsnL'nlHn>t,Kiehard W-jJe, aMo'. John Thomas, and thive Portuguese from the Azores — John Gonzalo and John and Francis Fi"'nando, In December of the CVSTOM H0U8K, UlUSTOL. From Millenl's Map. Iii71. ' .iCAN nic l.\ CuSA \v;is ii (l!';iiii;i^iiisli( liisciiyaii liuvifiutor and <;eoi.rrii]ilii'r, iiadve oV Siuifonu. In the list nt' tlie ijnw of ('i)lun''.)us' vesi"'! — the Santa j^/.i/'/c — lii' i*^ mi'ntioned as " Maostre," w " Sailinjf JIaster." lie. was a iiu'niliiT of tli > cck-- bniloil Confr.ictation House of Seville 'or the )ii' eouise of his regular business as a nieiehant. As the originator, pfobably. of great-eircle sailinjr, John Cabot showed himt-elf a man of great originality, no mere servile imitator of ( (ilumbus ; he noliee lla■^ ht'cu tlioiifiht to !»■ the liiirtjiiMiliaii wlio went ill ( 'iibot's first v(ivaK>' ; lliis map, however, was coiiiiioscil, it is fvidciit, at a somewhat later period. - I'cissibly the rortitguese granted Eiig- lisliiiien fri'e(h):;i to trade in tlie Tirazils and clsrwliere in exehanj^e for the- rijrht ot' tlshinj; ill N(!«t'oiiiidluiid. •' Spain and I'ortnsial clainied tlie new world as their own; tliev hxdied upon tho I'!ii<;lish r. ■ ]ioaehers on tlieir presi'r\es. I'opo Ah'xander VI., in I4'.t:!, drew a lino of deiiiar- eiition 100 leagues west froiii tlie Azores and PORTUGUE SE EXPLORATIONS. 13 FTuch Eliot rancis Fer- powers, ami S^S e is a special cts we shall As far as much waste ^iiese \'oyage itov, Gaspai* the Kinp; of lis death his Nova;' The le (Ireenlaiid llic l?r:izils !\ncl c- rifrlit of tisliiiif; limed tlie new lodUrd npiiii tlu! |)r('-:('r\ fs. l' V :\ lino of dfinai'- 11 the Azores mid (H)jist nnd madt! this island aii vessels Hailing to Newfoundland, and in l-'ioo l"iO fishing vessels. Eipial numbers sailing from Oporto and other ports, gave a largo increase of revenue." ' This is not the only or, to us, the most important of the •' lost chapters " of our liistoiy. As regards England's share in this great Transatlantic codfisliery, most writers have declared that, for the first half of the sixteenth centurv — from 1500 to 15G0 — there were no Enolish ti.sliermen or traders in Newfoundland. As I read the testimony of the Records, this is al)Solutely an incorrect view of history. Tlie silence of liistorians on such a subject is no evidence whatever. Such a vulgar subject as the fishery and fishenuen was quite beneath the dignity of history. Tlie ainials of the kingdom were the acts of princes. The destiny of nations was truly, in these times, the sport of kings: con- sequently, we have every vagaiy, religious and matrimonial, of Henry the Vlllth, the cut of Elizabeth's ruHs, and the colour of her petticoats, while there is not a word aliout the daring fishermen v.ho left little oliscure western ports to found our Colonial Empire. Tiie public — the con\mon pt'0[)le who formed the British nation — seem to be entirely Cape Verde I>laiids, measured from a point midway between tlie two ; all west of this line to beloiiji to Spain, all east to I'orlupal. It is doulitful whether the I'ope ori^'inally intended to frrant the I'eninsiihir I'owers territory in America north of Spanish latitudes, especially whiMi wo consider that Kiifiland was still a Honian Catholic country and frienli to claim all America ^^e^t ot'lheline. I think the Portuguese claimed our island at lii>t under pretence of prior dis- covery, and not hy virtue of the Papal deci-.ioii. In the earlier maps Xewfouudlaiid wus placed niiieli too far to the east t.i come within the Portuguese jurisdiction. Kiliero, the Spanish oHicial cart'iirrupher, i;ives Cireeiiland only to the Knglish, whilst our island is marked Tiera Nova de Cortereiil, and the I'nited State-, as Tiera de Ksteva (ioiui'Z. In the Maiollo map our island is marked Cortereal, In the fine map of Menator » 1. ■)(;'.•) we liavo much fuller geographical iiitormation, anil the Portu;;uese and Spanish preteiisi(Mis as owners of the whole new world are no loiipfer iiiaintaiMcd. ' I'niiis. J{i»/iil Sorirfi/ of Cdiidilti. v(d. viii., sec. ii., p. Uj, I8'J(>. 77ic I'or- /h(/mc,s(; on the iiorfh-rast cmist of America, ^c, by Key. G. PAiriiKsox, D.l). .„JK^ 16 REIGN OF HENRY VII. igiiorct\\\ ubiuuiaut on the west coast, I'lipiajay is from a l'ortu>;iusc word, " pana^'iiyo,"' fur a l)iif;ht- loloarcd l)ird, piohahly an nwl or liawk : tlu'se hinN aiv very abundant on the i>liind, and in {ircat varii'ty. ^ It is fr,.|u.,„ily tli()Mf:lit tliat tlicsi; natives wiTe bicaifriit (ivor in 1")02, and tiiat Sfliastian Caliot's name was an erroneous interpolation of some later transeril)er. •• JJTowE'b AiiKuks, Itjia, p. 485. EXOLAND'S SHARE IN THE NEW FISHERY. 17 31* Poiiod, I America, history of lid Acts of lent docu- t'oundland }st period, d that the that there icw isle in 1 the Nowe- e Itfliiiid, £1. 3 catts and catts of tbe ye Newfound ese men were ijo as no man in the king's jlishuien, and foremost in that these s race in all usinoss and to anyone nf Htirfieur, to Newfoinidland ill I50(i;' he is said to have made a map of the Island, which has been lost. In tlie Piiris National Libi-ary the following record has been found l>y M. Harrisse : — ■ "Let ,a noto be made of the niafk of my txiats and harks which I h'avo in Newt'oundlaiid in tho Imvon of Jean Uenys' called Rouirnonst." - As we have set'n, the first and chief result of the discovery of North Americii was thi' inuiiediate e.stiiblishinent of a gn-at fishery. In all ages of the worM the fishery has been the mother of con)merce, the parent of navigation. The cod fishery, pursueil by Englishmen first in Iceland, anil afterwards on a larger scale in Newfoundland, made Englishmen sailors, and Britain a groat niivritime Power. De Witt savs : — "Tbe navy of Eiujlaiid hociinio formidable by the discovory of the inexpressible rich tishing bank of XewfouiuUaml." SEllASTlAX C.\110T.» ' HAMfsto's Dclle ytivij/iitidiii, l."),")0, time at Whiffliall.froin \\lu'ni'c it clisajuwarecl. vol. iii., p.4-J.'3, \o. Mr. liiildle found and imivhascd \t, hat '•' I'aris Xdfinudl Lihrurij ; MSS. nid'(>rliMuitcly it was hiiriit at his liouso in FraiK^dis, 24,2011. I'itlshurfrh. Va.. in IHI.-), not, however, I.cfore ' .^'"'.'.V ^VJ^■soll's A'. iV C. Hist, of two jrood eojiies had heen inadi', from one of .•fmci/cd, iii, 5, Mr. Charh's Deane (.>'. y f '. which, hy Ciia|iinan, this ciiiiravins is inucie. II. of A; iii. 31) say.s the orifjinal portrait The ['ortrait represents ("abot after his return is mentioned hy Purehas j it hung for some to liughind, when he was a veiy old man. / p. 2729. W •"^^^mm 18 IIEICSN OF HENRY VII. It was tliis inihistry tliat first starti-'d tlie early colonisation of North America; the tisliery was the ])o\verl'ul incentive that bound England to the New World for a century. The fir.st attempted settlement of New En^dand by Gosnold and Brercton in 1G02 was to prosecute this fishery. It is amongst the popular fictions of American history that when the Pilgrim Fathers moored their barque on the wild New England shore, their sole oliject was to worship God in their own way, and to kill Quakers after their own fashion, but sober history tells quite a different tale. In Winslow's " Brief Narration of the True Grounds or Causes of " the first Plantino- of New Enjiland," it is stated that when the Puritans sent agents from Leyden to the High and Mighty Prince James to gain his frnscnt to their going to America, the king at once asked, " What profit might arise (' " They answered in one single woi'd — " Fishing." " So God have my soul," said the I'oyal Solon, "'tis an honest trade; 'twas the Apostl<>s' own calling " ; and so they obtained leave to go. They sought a place for theii- settlement convenient for cod fishing and whaling, and in l(j24 they sent to England a ship laden with salt- C '"' h. The time of the discovery of Newfoundland was a fortunate period for England. Henry's love of money kept him from war, and under his peaceful reign Britain began, as it wvre, to gird up her loins for the great onward race that was to commence in the succeeding reiarns. In order to understand the importance of the discovery of the New World to England, we must first try to realise the contemporary history of the Mother Countrj'. At this ilistance of time it is difficult to jncture to ourselves how small and unimportant England then was. She had a comparatively small foreign trade, principally in wool. To encourage this manufacture, it was made law that evervone dving should be buried in wool. Even this small commerce was principally in the hands of foreigners. Fancy an age that had neither ti'a nor coffee, when potatoes and tobacco were uid'cnown. Except foi- very rich ]ieople, who had game, there was no fresh meat to be had all through the M'inter.^ Fish, fresh and salted, formed the chief article of winter diet. To our forefathers of that age, therefore, the discovery of the fishing grounds of Newfimndland was a veritable God-'-end — a piscatorial El Dorado. Codfish was gold in these m ' I'iircK« OF !Mi-.AT ANP Bi:i:r!. — Tlie pvici' of iiiciit in tin- Tudor iifi(^ ; 1 <•« t. of lictf, 4.V. 8(/. ; bt'i'l and ))ork, al)oiit .',(/. ]u'i' 11). ; inuttoii, ;i fartliiiifjs por 11). ; wlion tlit^ (|iiaiti'i' of malt was •_'.«., ale was one lialfpciiiiy per {ralloii i wlieu it rose to 4s., tlie gallou of ale was one penny. S])anianls were astonished at tlie Enfjlish food. " 'I hey live in jxx)!' liouses," said tin; lordly dons, " but they fare as Well ns a kinfr." These priees should he nndtii.lied several times to bring them up to modern money value. old days.^ is evsentiii It is i rumours o in Nortliei after s])nn ribbed ice, called the : age -to ga TIk'SU hundile ca NewfoiHidl trade; oils exchnngcd caps, and Ik liie West eastei-ly w fislicd on tl met in St. they sprca< fisliery, eat foiu- to si: nacion's sli Wl.iLst Spaniard's » ' I'lUCE TKIiCv's Iloi SI paid 10 the i'er.'y lo Miakt for the expens\ after ijd ohol s" the hole soi the said stoel .\x.\iii jd (:iSs. •Same .leeoi riufrs for S^.ilt fish c( year IUmI herriii, Salt salmoi N"< wfouiKlland r.lizaheth, was eipial to .")(i,s. p Uj) to the old ?:CRirTIOX OF THE EAIJLY FISIIKRY. 10 111.] (lays.^ The HiKtory of Xewfoundliuid, cspcciiilly its oarliest annals, is t'jseiitiiilly a history ol" the cocayau Cove, Frenchman's Cove, .e4 10s. wvrc West of England cloth and Uridport (•(inlafji". lucn in our time, the S|ianiar(lM l)ou;rlit Gundrv's linos, twines, and cordajic iu !St. .John's to take hack to Spain. ■* The name? on the east eoast of New- foundland, especially ahoiit Conceplion and Trinity Bay, all prove the early occupation of these localities hy the Kn,';lish. There is not a solitary foreifjn name in Trinity Bav. To escape the exactions of the luifjlish, who ruled over all from the very coniuiencenient of the M!«hery, the I'ortuguese spread them- selves Sjuth, west, anil north. C'artier met rortuj:uese vessels in the Straits of Itelle Isle, and we see from the liasipie records (pa.(\vfounillaiilii'n did ill iiitiT tinu's, a iiincli wider arcii than the name implied, I'nil alily fisiiernieii frecinentlv liioMj^'lit their prodiiets to Wosfnianey, not .;niy from " (iiiiinliL'oni's Skerries " mid the east eoast of (Jreenliind, liut also from Ward- house, heyond ('i\\e North, and from the JiUtt'oden Irliind!), the hifiher priees realised for tlie eiire of the real Iceland fish iiiiikiiii,' it proHtahle to lirinii fish from other loealities to he re-soid as " Ii-eland." The extent and rHmiti.''utioiis of the trade and exehaiifre formerly carried on in leelaiid and the adjaeent seas, and Kiigland's share io it, lire not fully realised hy historians. The mention of a " Jilolnrhoii.ic" in the will of .lohii Sparks, of t'roiner, in 14ti.T ( Kyk's Cromer, I'asf and I'nmiil, p. 51), and the depiction of an Kii<^'lish ship whaling in Oi,Ai;s Ma(!ms' Curlii Marina, Xtt'M) {srv Wi.nsok's A^. iji- C. H. (,f A., i. Vn), look as if Kn^lishineu, as ivell as Uiscayncrs, were eiigHued in the lifleenth century iu whaling. Mr. Palmer says the Kiiglish merchants went to Wardhouse for luirings, I suppose for bait ( I'ai.mkk's Manship, i. ;J11). Kiiglish tisheriiieii, accustomed to range over tlu' whole noitli-eastern liltoial of the Atlalitii!, would not he likely to allow the new o])ening in the west to remnin long undeveloped. There seems some ground for siijiposing that tlu: Lahrador section of our fishery, reached hy way of ("ape Farewell, was at first reekoiu/d as a jiarl of the Iceland voyage, and the catch sold as Iceland fish. (Cf. Zii:OLi;u'.s niiip of (irotilnudia and Terrii liacallaos, 15;i2 ; we read [from Kast (jreeiilaiid], "hide contiuuator littori teria) Baccallaos.") Hohtrt Uacon, a mariner of Cromer, who captured .lame!- I. of ScoiUnd in 140."), claims to have heen the discoverer of Iceland (Hvk's Crtimi'r, Past and Vrfsent, p. 4U) ; this, prohahly, only means that he was the first Cromer man who engaged in the trade. In 1400 England had fishery rights around the Island (Cotton M SS.), hut even in i:!60 it must have been a regular voyage, for one Nicolas of Lynn liad been five times there, on one occasion making the voyage in a fortnight. (Zaktsiann's Nouvelli:i Annates.) There is an undated MS. at Hatfield, No. 18C/72, about "the priviledge of ancient fishing !■ ^ ■••land." Kohl, in his DiKfitrrrii tif .1, , 113), (iu"iiiig from .Magmieseii. siiy . in one snowstorm in A]>ril 141'.', as niiiny as 'I'l Knglish vessels were wrecked, and llicir crews drowned ; the tlisitster was altriliulcd to the treachery of the islanders, and an armed force was sent from Knglaiid ti> lake revenge. Kohl also says that Knglisliiueii frtipieiilly landed and fortified theiiisi'lves in Iceland, and acted as if they intcndiil to retain permain-nt posses- sion of the island. This stalrinent is borne out by a map made about l."i"JO, marked No. 4 in Kuntsmanii's atlas, which shows the English standard on the island. The following records from Hymer's Firdrra show to some extent the course of English commerce in the north in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, FuoM UvMEu's Ftfdera. Letter in 1217, f- Henry III. to the King of Norway, su \e will gladly ju'o- niote coniinercial int > with that realm. Letter from the Kin^ iN'orway in 1284, asking Edward to protect the Norse mer- chants from the (iermans while iu England. In 130'.), Edward II, told the King of Norway he would be glad to renew the ancient friend- Khips between the realms. In 1311, comiien- sation was clainicd for injuries committed on the sailors of an English ship wricked in Norway. In 1 31. "J there are two complaints from Kd'.vard II, to the King of Norway, that certain Kiiglish saih^rs were imprisoned iu Norway, and Edward asks the Norwegian king to listen to the petition of the English merchants; and later on, in the same year, he requests the restoration of the goods of the Englishmen, In 1316, compensation was claimed for injuries done to some mer- chants of lierwick by Norwegians. In 1361, Edward III. demanded restitution to W. de Stokesby and other English merchants whose ship was plundered at Cost, in Norway. In 1408 license was granted to the English mer- chants in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, to elect (/orernors. In 1411, Henry IV. informed the coimcil of North lierne [Hergen], that he had for- bidden the Haiise inerchftnts to leave England in consequence of the injuries done to English merchants ; he also informed them that he had granted licenses to nine merchants at St. Kotolph to leave England. In 1412, the merchants of Lei:n (Lyuu) were illtreatcd by TIIK ICELAXD FISIIKRT. 25 Kohl, in ), iiu"iiii>r movvstiirru is-ii vi'Ssi'Is wiii'il ! thf 'lU'lllTV of was si'iit Kohl also iintlol ilixl (1 iirtrd v.* ent |)ossf>- t '\» horni' 0, nmrki'd shows the 1 ]{ynu'r's 1 course of h in the h ceiiturius. III. to the jrladly jiro- thiit ii'iilm. y in 1284, Norse iner- u Kiighiiul. of Norway Ment tViend- 11, comiien- inmitteil on wricked in eoniplaints orway, that prisoned iu Norwepiaii the English same year, the goods anipensntiou some mer- . In 1361, II to W. de hants whose way. In ■■.nglish mer- Jenuiark, to i 1 the council lie had for- ave England e to Eof^lish lein that he merchants at In 1412, the illtreated by the Hnnnc ; Henry IV. desired the I.yiin and Hanse inerchiints to iin intimate the mutter. On 28th November 1415. the Eiiftlish kinj; i( rlii'.dt) tishirmen goiliR to leelanil and the other islands of Norway and Denmark, exeept in nicordance with (iiicniit ruHlimii. In 14 1i>, a .hip wiis granted to the Danish ainbjissador to return home. In 1 l.'l-' there is a resolution to send andiiissadoi's to Deinnark. Ou 'JHth .lanuary 1 i:IH, a license was given to John lip. of Slialholt in Iceland, to take a ship to Iceland and >end it hack with iiureliancli.se [?lish] for tlie payment of his creditors. Siniilar license to .John Up. of llolar. On Utlth I'eliruary a license to .John Secheford and .li hii (andeler, to export corn and other victuals to Iceland for the use «( the Up. of Scallielle, confessor of the King of Denmark. On I'Jth May 1411, there is a lu'oclauuition t'l the sherilTs of London, Nor folk, anil six other places to forbitl all persnns going to Iceland or other parts |)rohibited by the liing of Denmark. On Ith December 144d, there is a safe-conduct to (iodsnin, 15|i. of Slialholt, to go to Icelau, tli. ic is the exemplification of a safe-condui until !Michaeliuas ll.'il from the King of Denmark to English merchants, and of a license from the marshall and nuister of the chamber of the King of Deinnark to John Wolffe, of England, to trade to Iceland. Danish ambassadors were in England in 14C4, and a treaty was made in 14(1.') with Diii- niark, at llaiiiburgh. In 1 4 '.'<, Edward 1 V. promised to keep the treaty for two years, and hold a diet to .settle ditt'ereiices. The King of Deniniirk himself proposed to or did come to I'lngland this year, tor a safe-conduct was granted to him. In 147<), the treaty was renewed to 1478, and again to 1480, during which time u diet was to he held. A fresh treaty was signed in 1479. On 22nd October 1478, there is u license to John and Thomas Alcok to trade to Iceland, and on Ajiril 24tii, 1483, a further license to Kobert Alcok, of Kingston-on-llull, to send u ship ladeu with merchandise to Iceland. In the course of the negotiations in IGOO, Hyraer notices the exemplification of a treaty niaile in 148'J-0() ; this was evidently the basis of all arrangements during the sixteenth eeiitiiry. It mnst have been in settling this treaty, or in the further discussion which took place about 1492, that Cabot was emiiloyed by Henry VII. (cf. Anhi'.vcu's U of Neiv- Jbundlitml, p. 2o ; no authority given). In 1531 the Danes complained of injuries done to their subjects, and Henry VIII. made a counter-complaint that 50 Englishmen had been killed that year in Iceland, and Cromwell in 1334 has a "remembrance" of the losses of a .Mr. Hoiiyng there ( Hrcoriix). The English also hinl imiii) coiilliels with their rivals, the llarisc iiierehaiils. 'I'iiis fishery hnd another special danger i ihe Scotch used to lay in wait for the ships on their way home and capture them— they did this even late in lli/abcth's reign (, tinoni.t, l.'iHHi for this reason we eonstniitly read of ships being sent to " waft " the Iceland Hct t past the Scottish coast { Idiinils, 152:t). It was the custom at Varnitnitb, at a Corporation dinner given (ui Mlack Eriilay 'Jiefore I'alin Sunday ), to remind the mayor to write tor a convoy for the Iceland tleet ( I'Al.MKlt's Miiif ship, ii. 02). The following iutcrcstiiig Icelandic .Annals, which .Mr. York I'owell has very kindly literally Iraiislatcil for me, give a griijiliic picture of the early (ishiiiir, and show the close social, ceclL'siaslicii; , and I'linmercial connexi(Hi which existeil between tli" two countries in the fifteenth century. iMr. Voik I'owell says there are se\(ial notices of the Iceland fisliery in Cooi'Ku's Appendix to the Fdderd. EnTKIKS in TlIK lOKI.A'SnK! AmNAI.8. " 13.'16. Ariie abbot of Lysa beheaded olf England and all his ship's crew by the Duggars and all cast overboard. " i;i4!(. At that time a cog sailed out of England with many folk aboard and laid in otf Itcrgen-bay ami was but little unladen when all the folk died on board and as soon as the goods came into the town off the ship the totviifolk straightway began to die. Then the sickness went all over Norway and laid it so waste that there did not survive tuie- third i>art of the people of the land. Eng- land's cog sunk with nigh all tlie goods and the (lead and it was not unladen. More ships and busses sunk with their cargo and men yet unladen. " 1412. A ship came from England east of Deerliolmsey ; they ro ill I'iipov otl l';ifcllii'li. 'I'liori! sailed liillier out of Kn^laiid that siiinnier 30 fishing boats or more. " 'i'hfio caiiu' ") I'jij;lish ships to leelaiiil and lav iiisido llic W'estniannt'js. 'riicre eaiiie (lilt a k'ttiT sent Iroiu the Kiif;lisli kiiijj to the (.Jonimonalty and I he best men in the eountiT to allow leave of trad<' to his ir.eii, espeeially ill the slii]i that belonped to him. At first they talked ahoiit the Herfieii tarift' hut the Kii^lifhiiuu wimlil not take part therein. Afterwards they tiadiil eaeh man as it suited liiiu best. " Two nii;hls before Al!' allowsiiiass there •was a tire at lierfreii. The tire broke out first ill the /Ciii/lisliiiirii\ i/nnl. " 111"), 'i hat same suiiimer G shijis from Knpland lay near Ilatiinrlirtli. FranUliii Vifrhis Iwaiss'.ii sailid out to I'iiif^land, and lie had with him (ill la.-'l.s of dried li^h and a good deal of pure silver. " 141;;. On Thursday there caiiie siieli a bad fjale with snow that far and wide round the land lMif;lish ships were wrecked no tewer than 2,), all the men were lost but the goods and pieces of the ship-- were washed up. The storm eaiiie ( n a little before dayiueal and did not last till hij;h day. " The Icelanders wrote this year to Kiiiij Kric' of ronieninia resiieetiug loreij;n traders I'.nd fishers. '■ 1 I JO. Thorliif Arnasoii sailed hence and f(iiii;bt with the I'.Mf'lish at sea and made IS'orway s.ifely. " 1 l'_'."i. Theiu were taken on the West- manneys iialta/.ar and Sir llamos and ililted over to Kngland, fev tlmufiht that a loss. " 14l'(). Haltazar came out and was greeted as (iovernor by all. He sailed back to iMi^land that same summer, with tbeiii that he hail come with. •' 14-27. Hislio]) .Iidiii .lolinsoii of Holar came out to Ilafiarlii lli with the I'jiglish. " 14'Jrt. Many shipwrecks by reason ot the great storms at sea 18 ships wrecked at Acreness. Two sexareens were east up at Aliisariiess far on to the mire, all iinhiirt. " 14-'.l. T'lie Lord Uishop .loliii .lohnson came to Ilolai' IVoiii I'.iigland. [He had gone back to i:ii;;laiid for a while in 14'J7.J " 1 I. 'in. In that same year there came out hither to this country Hishop .loliii (ieridisson Hishop of Scalludt he came with his shi|) to llafiiarlirth ^\'ednesdiiy mxt after the mass of .lohn the lla|)tist. The loiil bishop came out of IJiglaud where he had stayed the wiiitir bebue . . . two priests came out hither with Lord .lohn ilisluip lin by name mid he was calh'd ' hutter-nose.' . . . Smue years after in 1,")18, or thereabout, there was a fight between the Knglish iiud till' Hamburgers in Hafiiarfirth. " 15.'?0. I'irland of Str.tnd and his men fought with the Knglish in lirindwiik . . . he also slew two Kiiglishinen guiltless . . . one naiiied .bdin Ualton . . . the other was called Nicholas. " In the da_\s of Hishop (iredmuiul the Dutch [(Jermans] and iMiglish fmight at (irindwick . . . The Dutch came on tlieiii unawares and ilrunken. There fell 14 Juiglishnien an 1 their skipper Kicki liraj. " l."i^O. Sir Martein sailed nine winters with the Knglish. . . he first sailed with Hohert that married his sister (iitdlang Kuias's daughter here. The bridal was at the cut of the English. The I'liiglish brought a tun of wine out of every ship and there lay '.) ships there. The feast lasted halt a month. They sailed thence that same summer and Sir Martein with them, he went to an bjiglish seliooi [university].'' Hristolatone time toidi a leailing position in the Iceland trade. In 1 l.'lij Henry \I. granted a license ti> John, the liishop of Holar, who was tluii in London from Iceland, in which he authorised him to engage .lol a .May [of IJristolJ, with his shij) the Kdlhtiiiw, for a voyage to Iceland. .May was to act as the bishop's attorney, and to transact his business, as the bishop did not wish to leave Ilngland (Kvjii;u's I'mlirn)- 111 N")!), all ships were "stayed" from tlie Iceland and l''iniiiaik voyages, exception only being made in favour of two hliips of William C'anynge, who had lent the king nnmey (cf. Skvkk and (iAi.i.vw.w). I'or the next fifty years al least, Ihistol, through ("anynge's cnteriirise, was the 'diief market for dry-cod, and lur historians claim tlie most important port in Kiirope ; from her wharves the products of the Northern fisheries were distributed all omt the Jiatin States. The merchant marine of the At. intic seaboard was employed largidy in <'arrying for this trade; Cohiinbus in 1477 and, no doubt. Cabot and Cortereal engaged in it ; in fact, Cabot nmst have had great experience in leelaiiil to be entrusted to conclude an iigreeineiit idiout the fishery with Deuiuark. i i THE ICELAND FISHERY, 27 ioui'iMl the Hiorn wiw anil in uniiiier sliu ijlish >laiii ml with 11 op Sti'phcii S 1h'I"L'011 [an loo- I'liiirlishnii'ii >ir John hy ld agreement with Deiiiiiark was probably to give relief to tlie cast coast traders, who were already feeling the etVcet of Newfoundland competition. In l.MT there wen; .'500 Knglish traders in one luirt, llafiiar l'"iord, but in l."iHl the entire fleet ai)paiently numbered only '.'on, probiihly all from Sutlolk and Norfolk (•2:i Eliz. cap. vii.y In l:").').'?, for some reason, only 85 ships, all from the cast coast, appear to have composed the Iceland fleet; til''; paid CIM duly on their e.iti'h. (Jitr(iiil.-<') In \'f2',\ we api>ear to have further evidence that the opening ii|) of our fishery wasi alfecting this trade, for we find Christian II. asking Henry \'III. if he wi.--!ied to trade to Iceland {llcrard.f). The freipiciit changes also in the Chiuters of the Sloek- hshmipiigers would seem to indicate that there was a disturbing element felt in Loudon in the early part of the sixteenth century (ef. IlKuni'.ur's Tivcli'f Liiin/ (.'o.'s). In 1.)I2 the cost of "great dry llisse- loiide iish " was ;iS.v. iil. for every liil; next year it was sold to Government for the army" at jVJ.s. \)\(I. per lool (I!,, .,:c:>r to have been attended to, as there is an Order in Council on July :2j, " for redressing the wrongs of the Knglish in Iceland " ( Hironlt). On the I'Ist .Iiine ini.O, the King of Denmark wrote tliat iie had received the charge of (J. I'cikins, the tjiiceii's ambissador, but must defer replying thereto as his coun- sellors are absent. (Kyjikk.) A further petition was presented by the Kast t'oaot traders in l.")'.il : — " Time out of mind we havi> luoceeded to Iceland for the buying of stock fish and t iking of green fish such as eiidd, ling &e. Now are prevented at Westuiaiiey [IcelaiidJ from pitching booths or buying fish. Used to pay when we had booths ,") marks, if only for fishing one angel and a barrel of suit or a barrel of beare no more.'" (Iluljitld MS.) The loss of revenue was evidently keenly felt in Denmark. We find a wan int in l.'iStJ allowing the king himself, in his own ships, to import a cargo of fish duty free to Harwich, and take awav some Wiltshire wnollcn goods and tin. iUlil.lhhl MS.) Matters reached a climax in 1.5;)J, when the agiecinent allowing the iMigl:,"!!! to fish in Iceland hud not lueii renewed for twelve years, tiioiigh terminable every seven years, and the King of Denmark was "offended" (lit lords) ; the rca.son seems to liave been that the trade was carried on at a loss, for lialeigh next year said i' ■ Ncvfoundland was the imly jirofitable fislicry, 'the New- I'liuiidland voyages are the only ones making any profit." ' {//aljirld MS.) On the 8th ".Inly l,")'.l,>, the King of Denmark wrote to l-iiizabeth to say he could permit Knglishinen to fish in Iceland exci'pt at Westniancy, which is reserved for the Court; he ciunplaiiied of tlio eoiiduet of iMiglish tisherineii. (livMnu.) In 1.51)8 the senate of Denmark advised Sir T, Kgertoii. Lord Huckl iirst, ami tlie Karl of Essex, to use inoderaiioii and prudeiici^ ill settling the differences between i\\i two kingdoms. (Uvmku.) This year Dr. I'erkins was sent to Den- mark to make fresh arrangeinents with the Danish king iUutJitld MS.), whose " re- mcnstrauees " were considered next year bv the Knglish Council {Ji.M. M.S. Tcs/i. CXIV.) In 1600 there were apparently some further attenipt.s at a settlemuut (_cf. K'l.MKir.s ^^" 88 REIGN OF HENRY VIT. notice of Uie 1479 treaty in this year). In February ICOO, Klizabetli complained tliat her fishermen had been forbidden by Danish officers to fish in the " deep sea " in the north. (Rymkr.) No terms seem to have heeii arrived at, for in 16o2 the King again prohibited fishinff in Iceland to all strunfrers without license. {Lansdowiw MS.) In tliC xanie year complaint was made of injuries done to Kn^lishmen ; (.'hrislian IV. justified the seizure of vessels from Hull, and complained of the cajiture of Danish Vf.ssels. On .July l.'ith Klizabeth said she would send commissioners to Hrenien by (September 2,")lh to treat of commercial matters. The conmiissioncrs met in October, but returned liome on heariufj; of the death of the queen. A treaty was ratified in 1G21. (RVMKR.) A careful perusal of the Kecords seems to show that the Iceland voyage was gradually di'serled by all but the Norfolk and Suffolk fishermen, who were frequently consulted about the decaying character of the trade. {Ihatidd MS., Aug. 7, IC)(»2.) In 15'.)4 the inhabitants of lieeson and Sherringliam are mentioned incidentally as being tlie chief traders to Iceland. (Hrronls.) The relative insignificance of this fishery in the latter half of the sixteenth centuiy is shown in a petition in I !)SG againstthe importa- tion of foicign fish ; the petition speaks of the time "irh' r the Icrlaiid voijiti/e was most jWijiiciilrd." (Hatfield MS.) It evidently was not then, nor had been for sometime, any longer the dominating factor in the stock-fish market, and the statement of I'arklt\n-st in Hakluyt, made eight years before, which has led many writers astray, that it was still the chief English fishery nnist be wrong. It is only fiiir to state that Mr, Palmer (>iiy» (Maiishij) ii. 8!() : — "During the reign of Charles I. the Icelan 1 and North ISea fisheries for coil, &c., which had lung been jirosecuted with success, attained their greatest ])r()sperity. About l.")() vessels were then employed in the North Sea (ishery off the coast of Norway and about 20 vessels went aniunilly to Iceland. The half dolesfroin these fisheries alone from 1G4.'J-1'.>, averaged £'MM ]ier annum, but shortly afterwards they fell off, the fisheries became unsuccessful, and in 1740 only one vessel went to Iceland and doled ^47 In l(i()7 the half dole only produced £l:t.') on an average." If the £414 paid by H.5 shi])s in l.W.'l was this same dole, the east coast fishery, or at any rate the Iceland section of it, can hardly be said to have reached its highest point in the seventeenth ccnt\iry. I suggest that the merchants of Norfolk and Suffolk were en- couraged to re-embark in this trade on aeconnt of an unusual demand for fish caused by the civil war and the consecjucnt cessation of agriculture, &c. Two special causes helped to increase the Newfoundland fishery to the detriment of the Iceland traders. One was the advan- tage taken by the West Countrymen of the Act 5 Kliz. cap. V. to embark in a large export t.'-ade to nuike iq) for the diminishing demand in the home market ; " the poor inhabitantti of Norfolk and Suffolk" petitioned in 1568 against " the new evil of the privilerlge of exporting fish free of duty." {Uecord.s.) The Act 2:t Kliz. VII. (1.^)80) recites :— - '• Where[as] the merchauntes of divers places of this realme [? West Countrymen] have for their private gaynes ingrossed unto tlieir hands great (juantities of fish taken by ulienes, being in goodness farre inferiour to the lysh taken by Englishmen [? EastlandersJ in the Island voyages there be of late decayed, not onely the immber of two hundre ' yle or n\ore of good ships that yearly ..d to Island for taking fish usuallye soldc iL this realme but alsj the number of maryners." The oilier cause which militated against treeless Iceland (Kutilishmen were not allowed tofishiiiNorway. — I'ai-jikk's Mdii.shij), i.31 1 ) was the abundance of wood in Newfound- land for making stages ai\d barrels. Tlumgh the ([ueetion of barrelled fisli, which was so much pgitated in the trade from ITjOO onwards for many years (cf. 5 Eliz. V. and Laus- dnwiie MSS. from l.'JHO forwards), partly related to Dutch herrings and Cornish pilchards, the demand for licenses by West Countrymen like Downing {Lunsdoivne MS., 1")8;}) and Sir William Gorges (Ldti.sdowiie MS., 1,")H6) to inqiort barrelled fish, and the lirohibition in the Act 5 Eliz. cap. V. again.st importing cod in barrels, show I thiiik, that the practice of packing NewRmndland fish in this way was in use at this early period, and the facility it gave for easy distiibuti(Ui was no doubt one of the many causes which heli)i'd to transfer the English interest from Iceland to Newfoundland. Tlie wording of sec. 7 of .") Eliz. ^^, that " forasnniehe us ther ys much deceiptfnl Packing used in (>)dd brought in Ihirralles into this Healme," all fish must be brought in " loose in Hulke and by Talc " refers, 1 venture to think, to dry fish as well as green. The barrelling of cod fi.sh must not, however, be understood to have originated at this time. In 1482 by L'2 Edw. IV. e. 2, and in UU.'i by 11 Heiiiy VII. c. 2,1, most stringent regulations were laid down for barrelled fish, prescribing the size of the barrels, the size of the fish, the manner of splitting, boning, and packing ; there were to be no " broken belied " fish ; salmon and other fish were to be " xxvij inches from the bone of the fyn to the iij joynte of the faille, the bone to be taken away into tl:o luivei, the fyshe splatied [split] down to a handful [within a span] of the taile and not to be paekeil double in the barrel " ; soarehers and gangers were to be ap])ointed to see the Act was curried out properly. 1 ■^ €: SEBASTIAN CABOT. 29 This note is simply a compilation of old records. Certain points arc mere conjecture. A closer examination of the documents ([uoted may prove that t'ney will not In^ar the inter- )ire"tation put upon them ; the history of early English commerce has yet to he written. A study of the Iceland fishery is interesting to Xe- -foundlanders ; it helps to some extent to throw lijrht npon the way in which our own was carried on at first, to fill u hlank in our Island history. FInglishmen seem to have '• commanded all there," to have fearlessly traversed the northern seas to reap a golden harvest which built up the ancient towns of Korfolk and Suffolk. This fishery is again receiving the atten- tion of Knglishmen ; fast steam trawlers are now supplying the English markets with fresh fish from Iceland. II. Pedro de Ayala's letter to Spain. [Orii/i licit in cipher. '\ 2.5 July 1-(9S. " I well believe that your Highnesses have heard how the King of England has e(|ui])ped a fleet to discover certain Islands and mainland that certain persons who set out last year for the same have testified that they have found. I have seen the chart which the discoverer hasdrawn, who is another Genoese like f'oluinbus, and has been in Seville and in Lisbon procuring to find those who would help him in this enterprise . . . The King determined to despatch an expedition, because be had the (crtaiuty that they bad found land last year, 'i'he fleet consists of five ships provisioned for one year The Genoese went on his course. I have seen the course and dis- t:Mice he fakes, think that the lanil they have found or seek is that which 30ur Highnesses ])ossess, for it is the end of that which belongs to your Highnesses by the convention with l'(Mtiigal. It is hoped that they will return by September I believe llir distance is not 400 Icngues. And I told him that I thought they were the Islands discovered by your Higbiu'sses, and I even giive liiiu a reason, but he would not hear it ; as I believe y_v the coinpjiss. He lied to Spain, to Italy, and to En<;land. Kdward VI. frave him a handsome pension — i:\C>r, Mix. -4(/.— hut less than the sjilendiil salary he had in Spain. In Queen Mary's time he had, no douht at the instanee of her hushand, Philip II., to divide his pensicui with Worthinptoii, and, hetween them, all his nui])s disappeared. Doubtless he was foreed to sell them to the Spanish (Jovernment, and this may account for their total loss to the world. Sebastian Cabot's instructions to Sir Hufrh Willoufihby show his character. " There is to be no dicin;;, carding, tahliufr ; morninff and ■venin'r prayers are to be said." On other hand, " the natives of straiii^o countries aie to be enticed aboard and nmde drunk with your beer and wine, for then you shall know the secrets of their heart;-." They were also to he "cautious about certain (creatures with, men's lieads and the tails of fishes, who swim, with bows and arrows, about the fords and bays, and live on hunuin Hesh." In their insular prirloried in his wonderful exploit, and resolutely ifjnored tlie real discoverer, his illustrious father. The works of Jtiddle, Justin Winsor, Desimoui, and Harrisse contain tho fullest documentary records of Ihe Cabots. Recently there have been several lu'w contrib\itions to 'he history of .Tohn and Sebastian CaV)nt — books by Sr. F, Tarducci, an Italian, and E. Madero of IJueuos Ayres — and a review in " La Espana Modernn," by Captain Fer- nandez Duro of the Hoyal Spanish Xavy. They throw very little fresh lijrht (m the lives of the t'abots. Duro brands Sebastian as ii traitor to Spain ; Tarducci exalts him as a patriot. The name of Sebastian's Spanish wife is given-— Catalina Medrauo — and his daughter Elizabeth, and a last letter shortly before his death to Charles V. Captain Duro, a veiy well-inlormcd writer, considers that Sebastian was not in the first voya<;o, and that he was a great schemer. The latest work oa tlie Cabots is by Dr. S. E. Dawson. pid)lished in " The Trans- actions of the Koyal Society of Canada," Hus voyage ; stole a French ship in Newfo:„ullan,rZr camf hl^ s^^-fi Y!:ri balthshmongers Companies reunite. nomt. .^tocUhsh and 153D.-()laus Magnus' map showing an English ship whaling near Iceland 33 Jhin:;1^nf ';^/'''ttTfot^ p!'r'' %f"f ."->• Q-"-. called Cbarlesbourg. Sixty French ships in Newfoundland. ■'•'"""crt and Noel there returning to France. 1512.- John Kotz presents a map, showing the New World, to Henry VIII 1M4.-TW0 French ships left for Newfoundland every day in .la.mary and February. ^^^:^:^^cZr^;::^:f^^^^ - ^^^^^^-^^^ »„ a large scale. No w 32 REIGN OF lIEJsRY VIII. In tracing the course of our Inland History during this remarkable reign, one of the great debatable grounds of English History, we are fortunately not concerned in any way with the fierce controver.' ' war that wages around this period. Luckily our subject is piscatorial and not polemical. The enthusiasm aroused by the great discoveries of the last reign had not sensibly aV)jiLed. Henry was stirred up to make sevei'al futile attempts to discover the north-west passage to India. France came late in the field, but, though last, her explorers, Veri'azano and Cartier, were not least amongst the world's great navigators and discoverers. The age produced no great coloniser like Raleigh to arouse and direct the energy of the nation towards founding Greater Britains beyond the sea ; the thought of a great Colonial Empire in America never entei-ed tlie minds of the two first Tudor sovereigns. To Henry VIII., however, belongs the credit of founding the Royal Navy ; he fully realised that England should be a great naval power, supreme at sea. Under his fosterino- care colleges were founded for navigation, ho.spitals for retired seamen ; he passed a law fixing the rate of wages for shipwrights, and gave a boiuity of five per cent, fur sliipbiiihling ; he employed Italian shipwrights to teach his subjects the art of naval construction. In consecpience of these measures, during tliis period English trade and navigation made wonderful strides; English ships were larger and better l>uilt, and large sums were spent on coast defence. England reaped the benefit of these preparations in the Armada year. There were also regular voyages to Spain, the Mediterranean, and the Bi-azil. Though he regulated shipbuilders' wages, when a new man-of-war was to be laid down the ships' carpenters were corralled like so many cattle, and kept in durance vile until their work was completed ; the oi\\y difference was that they were paid projierl}^ for their work whilst prisoners. Hawi: de the King the Lords G'entilmen and Comons w(;ro alwais well served of fisshe in Market tuwncs of a I'easonablo price and also by reason of the same fisshing many men were made and grewe licho and many poure Men and Women bail tberebie there convenycnt lyving, — to the strengtbe cncreasing and wcllthe of this realme. " And Whereas many and dyvers of the saidc fis.^herman for their singuhir bicre and advantage doe lave the saide crafte of fisshing and be confederate w' Pyeardes Flemyngbes Norman and Frenchemen and sometyme saylc over into the costes of Pyearche and Plaunders and sometymo doo mecto the snid Pyc.irdos and Plemynges half the see over. " Penalty on subjects bying fishc in Fiannders &c., or at sea to be sold in England £10. " And l)e it fiirder enacted by the aiictoritie at'oresaide that it shall be lawfull to all and every fissher estraungcr to come and to sell. " Provided furthermore that this Act or any thing therin contcyned shall not extcnde to any person whiche shall bye eny fisshe in any parties of Iseland Scotlands Orkeney, Shotlande, Irelande, or Neivland — [Newfoundiandj." ' There are rcfjulations on tliis subject (1{yk's Croiiifr, I'list mid Piiwriit, pp. 4.'i, 40), diitiiisj as far back as l;jr)H. At first it was jnlered that no fish slionld he landed until the masters of tlie ships had settled a price with the nierchan!?, so that tlie fish sluiiikl he sold at a reasonahle price at the fairs. It was foiuid, liowever, that the merchants, conaivinji; amonjrst themselves, refuted to li\iv except at an unprofitable price, and tlie fisli rotted. To remedy this, the fishermen were allowed after six days, if no price was settled, to land their fish", and sell as best they could. Mr. live thinks they jauil have had wells to keep their fish alive. / p. \i729. In Palmkh's Miiiis/iip (ii. 8\) there is further information on this subject. Mr. Palmer also says : — " A practice seems to have grown up at an early Jieriod for the rishermen to leave the sale of their fish to the ' hosl.s' or parties with whom they lodged in the town, who thus acted as hrokers, paying dues and demands, and being accountable for the Iiricc. If we may judge by the numerous ordiminces made for their reguhitiou, ve must su|)piise that tlity attemi)ted to monopolize the trade and to take undue iidvaiitage ot their ]>osition, liy appropriating to t'aeuiselves loo huge a share of the profits." "^ :u KF-lCiN or IIKNIIV VIII. Here we have an explanation of tlie expreysidii " Halt' seas over " — wlien the EnijliHh met tlie Picardeis there would be a h'\vliicli Ihinu they fl'> willingly, so Uint you t.iko ii.^tliiiifir froiii tliom more tlmn a lidiit or two ol (*alt ill re-spt'ct of your i)rotccti()ii of tliuiii atjainst loverii or utlioi' violent iiitriiderj, wlio do often put tlioin from good harbours." Ill \')H:i, Hiiyc's, ill h'H imriMtivc, iil*o sa3'.s : — " 'I'hc Enylish nici'dinntu tliiit \vfr(>, and ahvnvM lie, iidniiral.s hy turns inter. (■lian^e:dj!y (iver the llei'ts of llsiiernu'ii within tlio sumo lmv\ju\w, fur our Engl ii>li iturclrnits comuiiinl lUI timrc." lliiw could they speak of Knjflish (lr)iiiiiii;'ii and u'>a;^c iii tlie Cnliiiiy ill I'lTN iis an aiiciont custom if tlic En<;'lisli did not jiartifipati! in tlio lislu'iy diiiinL,' these past seventy or eighty years ? 'IVue, History is silent on tlie subject, lait tliis furnislies no nrotniicnt ; the tisliery was «piite beyond tln' scope of history as then understood, mid we know, from the recoiy liim, Idit the olaiiii IiikI no sdliil t'nimdntiuii, and was never iTcoj^'nisefl liy I'ln^laml.' The first otlieial voyuifc (liat we know of actually niaije umlcr (lie (lii'eet onleiH (if lieiify VIII. was in JfjliT; CDnne'teil witli thi.s udventiu'e tiiere are many diHiculties arisiniu'ti'iitt'(l in tlu' linhricH llnij.iil jiid Maiiii ile /.urctti, soutli "f Cajx' Breton lu-tovf this; Viniaziun) t'nuu lol'J to I.Jl:! ; lie was ;i ycimian nt' J!at- ti'inid tin- )iMtives (Hiito prepared to trude, and elitVe ; had a iMMision of CUi ])er aiinmn, ahle to drivi' 11 {;[()iiyli till' loss ol" his (.'(insort, lie lll•ou^llt lionir n (•ar;,'o df Msli. Koyiil ships often tnnlcMl in this ivii^ni, iiml wcif liinil \'i>v coiimiicicc ' and advt.'Mtiin' ; thi'iu was |.ractically no ditr'nin c lictut'eii tlu' aniif I iiii'i'chiintniaii of those? days tiiid the 'I'udor llnyiil Navy ; thnc was no iiniloriii, iiothiiiij to iiiiirk the ilistiiictioii lictwrcn the scrvict's, A diti!;'nlty alioiit tiiis voya;^o a'iscs from llalvlnyt's mention of '• Till' ('. lion of Saint I*;inl." Tht; dilij^'cnt chroniclrr, in his coll ctidii of " jiivcisc Voyages," afti'i" s])'akin.f of " woi'tliy Mast t Hol>ert Tlmnu's ■• lar^c discourse to th(! KiiiLf," tells us "that he was informed \,'('wf(iui,(ll;in(ls tlio "Jl day of Jul}' and al'ter we liad left the sight ol' Selle SciUy Islands^ we had never s'-!;t of any land till W2 iiad .-iglii of Capo dt; Uas. ' John Ei;t's Lkttkk. " I'lea-ing your Ilououiablo Grace to I'.oarc ol' ;• nir s(>rvant .lolm lint with all his eouipany iierc in go id health thanks he to God and y iir Gract'ship — Tiic Mar;/ of GilfiirJ, ' w\l\i idl her thanks he to tJod — and if it please your hoiiourablo Grace we ramie in onr course to the .Vordiward, till wu catne into .>'« degrees, there we found many great Islands of iee and deepe water; we fiuiiid no sounding, and then we durst; not go no furllier to the Northward lor I'eaie (jf nere ice evidently n.aking for a norlh-west passage |, and tiien wo cast al.out to the Souiiiwaid, and within foure daye.s 'ifter we had one liuiulred and sixtie futienu and then we canie into 5:1 degrees and fell with the niaync land and Aviiliiii ten leagues of the luayne lande we met with a grtat Island of ice and caaie liard hy her for it was slaiiornie and inncli fold weather —i trusi in the Ahnightie .le>u to hoaro good iicwc s (if her — and jilease j-our (irace W(; wi're considering and a wriling of all our Older. hi'W aewuuhl wash us, and what course we would iind when tied (hie send ioui" weatliei that with t ne C (le S| lei shoe should go- and he that coini fr.-t ,ld larrv the space of >i.\e weeks one tor another, iind waleri'd al ( ajie de Sahi m /{. I'islll'lil f: I if till' .1 ■jKirt iif l/ir /I, il t'liundhuid. It luav Ir.ivc In the (■ inn nun r^riis. Is.-.M. Wa>liiri;;l(in, Itiii', shown on iilil niii|is iicai' ('ape Haiilil. IpC (Il Sec Note '2. ji. 4.'1, aliiiiu Sjiauiards iidt lieinfr nu tilioiied in Oviedo's lai Acciiiuit (.f llie \ietii;ds and \\a;:es of Miirii thiililfurd. per iiaisii r and pius'r. itiil 14.V. \il. Lode 1 1, a Ml ( iipi lia -Cai.e Liaiild, -pKilialily Cape de Grace ni;istcf and crew at (ji/. per ti iiiiilh-east point of Ne«- picniagi time ol' Fvciicli -"Tf 4^ '"^'W' ^H^ »•" m /. ... -.-v. V , V ;. f\ ■:;"/">^ • * '* Vi-v...... l^ ^i ■ K \ ."♦>-' *. \ ^ \ '•~'»-. •> HARl.t:YAN MAP. ABOUT 1542. "••*a^ Wi hi U3\ IIOIIE'8 DISASTROUS VOYAGE. 41 Bi-'s ten days oracriiig of your Grace nnd fi.shing, luul sodepartd to the Southward to seek our fellowc; the third day of August we entered into a good Harbour called St. John aad there we found Eleuen Saile of Xornians and one BritCiiine [Bretouj and two FortTigall Bai'ks all a fishing and so wo are leady to depart towards Ca])e de Bas that is 25 leagues as shortly as we have fished and so along the Coast until we may mcete with our fellowe and so with all diligence that lyes in mo toward parts to that Hands that we are commanded at our departing [it is evident he had strict instructions to make a vigorous attempt to find a NW. passage ; instead of doing so he was making up a cargo of fish], and thus Jesu save and keepe your Honourable Grace and all your Honourable Keuer. " In the Haven of St. John the third day of August written in haste 1527, by your servant John Hut to his uttermost of his power." ' It si'oins likely that Rut iui.l Albert de Prado wrote tlieir letters hastily to citcli one of Master Gruhe'y ships returning to Europe with lier freight of fish. The only outside evidence - of any kind whieh has come down to us about this voyage is the mention by Cartier of a Cape Prato"* ni the Gulf of St. Lawrence, showing that perhaps the Mary of Gmklfonl penetrated there ; wdiether the information was given to Cartier by the vessels which were fishing in the Gulf as he passed along, or he got it from a map showing Prado's discoveries, cannot now be nscertiuned. The natural curiosity of the hunuin mind, and the spirit of adven- ture which leads all surts ami conditions of men, even in the present day, to Africa and the wilds of Asia, prompted in the reign of bluti" King Hal one of the uu)st extrat)rdinary wild-cap expeditions it has ever' been the lot of the historian to describe; it is recorded by the industrious Hakluyt as — '•The voyage of Master lloro and divers other gentlemen to Ncwfonndland and Cape Briton in the yere 153'3. " ]\laster More, of London, a man of goodly stature and of great couriige, and given to the study of Cosmographie, in the yere of our Lord IStJO. encouraged divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the king's favour and good countenance, to acc.impany him in a voyage of discovcrie upon the n(U'th west paits of America, wherein his j)ersuasi.)ns tooko such effect that within a short space many gentl'enu ■ f the Inns of Court and of the Chancerie, and divers others of <',)0(i worship desirous to see the strange things of the world, very willingly entered 'iiito the action with him 'l"''e whole num\)er that went in the two tall ships the TrinUlc and the 2r!„!on were five score persons, whereof :!(l were genth>meii, which all were mustered in warlike manner at Gravcsend, and after the receiving of the sacrament they embarked themselves in tlic endt' of April loll). " * I'liteiiAs' flis rHijiims 102.-). this, und the fact tliat tlie ship uiontioned When we reiuein btr that 'i'lioipe li:ul by IIiTiara >\ loiiied, bud coiiie fnan the sill iip selliiiu lit, 'l\><>n, ill tile Spiiiiisii Wi'st Imlifs, Jliualliios, c ros.^i'il the (iiilf Stniiiii, and \o>l a iiriiKiur for 1 liiii, it st'iMiis (iiiili I'ieiliiKiiit pilot in a fifilit witli the natives eeees>i!irv to coiiiio ct (Huiiti.ir and Coititv arrival of an Kiiglish three-niastor at noed in no way apply to Uiit's expedition. This niav have b^ KiweviT, onlv a I'orto K with this expedition. Kiii;li>h iiatnial liaiiie (I'rado— a field) aiijilied to the ips wore, 1 believe, freipieiitly in the ihaz beautiful gras.s-eovered Magdalen Islands. iiiut iilon g tiie coast of Maine, even as early 42 KKTGN or HENRY VIII. Tlicy iippoar to liavo lieen su l)a(lly victuiilled thiit they woro guilty of oiinnilialism ; tluy hail no pilot, othenviso thoy would have gone on the ^v ell-known track to Newfound- land. What thirty idk^ tfentlenien and hrielless 1 larristers ex- pected to find or do in these unknown re- :>r la inuchii ijanancia ,|U(. produci.u fsti.a viages so habi.in abindonado los to Flaudes, Inglatiemi y otros parti's, &c.' The celfbnitvl v<)yfi<,a"s oi Jiic(iucs C^irticv in 15:^1, 1535, uud 1541, o-avu Fmnec tlu; title to ('unada. Carticr hiul proljably been an old tisliernian on tlie Newfoundland coast ; his native port, St Malo, every vear sent out tishennen to the New World. It is to C'artier that we owe' the first ilescription of tlie no\)le river 8t. Lawrence, and a true con- fiff-aration of our island ; althou^'h his enterprise was barren of results and his attempts at colonisinji' Canada failed, lie g-reatly enlar<;-ed our know- leili>v of the New World, and laid the foundation of the niiglily empire of New France. Sieur Jean Francis de la Roche, Seij^neur de Koberval, who had sailed in August 1541 with three ships witli two hun(h'ed jiersons and " divers ijentlenien of (juality," atFords another example like Hore, of the failure of landsmen in naval atiairs. On lus way t'j Quebec he met iTallobert and Noel, two of Cartier's captains, in St. John's.- His expedi- tion to New France was a series of disasters. In the autumn of 1543 he and all his followers abandoned the Colony. The account of Roberval's voyage is very meagre, and we can only gather fr(jm it that our harbour of St. John's, even in that early nge, Avas the capital and head-ipiarters of the Transatlantic ti.shery. On his arrival, Roberval tells us that he found seventeen ships of fishers in the harbour ; un- fortunately he does not give us their nationality. He also had a dispute with some Portuguese fishermen in the Sti-aits of Belle Isle. Clearly these old cod smacks had discovered all around the St. Lawrence long- before the court gallants and their grand expeditions. Cartier's patent was strenuously o])posed at Court by the Breton merchants, who considered these exploring ex]»editions would injure their fishing rights in the Gulf, and even when he obtained his grant, they were able to JACQUKS CARTIKU. yiftcr an old portrait. ' ('. F. Onto's Arm dc AW, p. :U4. arrival at St. Joliii's was most likely in the - llaUlnyt's statoiiu'iit tliiit IJoliiTviil iiu>t autnuiu of 1.J41 : this may iicc'onnt fur thi' Ciutier is (iispvdved by (iosMlin. UoIilmv al's small numlicr of vossols ho lui.'t there. 46 KEIGN OF HKNUY VIII. provi-nt liis n't>ttiiig' a crew until the kini; sent poveuiptoiy orders tu tlie juitlioi'ities nt St. Mii'o. Cartier mentions luectini^ KkmicIi fislier- ST. .MAI.O ,MI;irT \tVll\. From nil ciii/rnriiirj nf Mcri ni's. men in the Gulf, prolmMy at Brest — Entre dii Golf — iVoni tlio veiy eavliest tiuiL'S the nortliei-n he;.(l-i|nartirs of tlie Gull' (i^lieiy. ■f^j^y-- '*••'»*.!. jl'JJW,i|! Dim ;*AS From ftti tir/ritriiif/ of Mt ri ni's. There is little to note concernini;' onr Tslaml histoi-y duriny this rei<;n. Far from the jairiuo; .stiife of Europe, the fishermen ])ursue(l their humble trade in Xewfoundland : year bv vear tliev built ui) a jfreat business, whieh ni'cw and pi'ospcred ;uid enriched England. Both the iiTcat Tudor monarehs were statesmen — men of eneryv and ability — yet both failed to yrasp the id> a oK ii Colonial Em[iire : just as in our days parish jiolities in the Colimies and nai-row views at liome obsL'Ure from our countrymen the grand idea of Imperial Federation. 47 APPKNDIX TO CHAPTKI} 111. 4 i':* I. The Basqiie Fishery. The words '• J5i^(■;lMlH " mid "(iuipiis- (•(i;iii " (icciir l'!-ci|U('ntl_v in tlit' i)ld writers; tlic\ ri't'i'r til two divJsiiiiw nl' the I5,iM|iif |iiiiviiu'i-i ill Spiiiii, tlic tliird |ir(iviiii'i', " Alava," Iiuinj;' iiiliiiid. is not iiiL'iitioiicd. Till' Spaiiisli l!:iS(|'U'S wcio MiiiDiifjst the most advi'iiliiioiis navigators in lOaroiic, thev wore tliL' firi'at wliahM's of aiicienl davs. There are very i-.irlv not'oes of their eodtisliinj; ; a treaty was made lietweeli tiieiii ami Ivhvaril III., sifjiied 1st Aii^Mist l.i.")l, which eom'eiled to them the ri','hl to lisji oi\ the Kiiglish coast for certain paynK'Hts duriiifr twenty years. XAVM;i!i;ri;, vol. i., ji. (H, says : — ■ " !•:! padre Las ( 'asas, cpie posey(5 los papeles de Colon, (li^i) (pie el Admirante, (I'liia apuntado en sii lihro de menioiias, eiilre olros indieios do la existeiieia de tierras al ( (ecldeiite. ipie iin marinero tiUMto, en el piierto de Santa .Maria, y otro (lallejro, en .Miireia, le haliiaii dicho. (pie nn viaije ipie hieieron a Irlamla, desviados de sii di'rrota, mivejraron lanto al N ( >.. ipie avistaron una tierra (pie iiDaiiinarioii ser la Tartaria, y era Terra Nova."" '• Father I/is (asas, wlio had posses- sion of ("ohimhus" papers, sai.s that the .Vdmiral had mi entry in his note hook, amoHj.'-st oliier indications of the existence of lands ill the West, that a eO(d<-eycd sailor in St.Mary"s I'ort andanotlier.(;alle;.'o,in .Miircia, had told him that on a voya;;e w liieh lliey had made to livlaiui, throw u rut of their course, they sailed so far to tlie north-west that they saw land, whi'di tliey iinatriued to he T'artary and was Newfoundland."" 'I'liis i'j a very doiilitful story. If land was seen, it was most piid)alily (tr(?enlan(!, wliiidi uppe;ire(l upon maps hetor,' ('oliimhus' voyage, and was nndoiililedly xi-ited hy traders, most likely lil-cayaii w lialers, liefore C'.iliot"s discoveiv. The name Labrador (jrixcn ajiparciitly to all the land ncu'th of Xcwfoundlaiid at lirst) has liien claiineil as that of a liiscayaii whalinj; captain. Scori.shv"s hook contains much inforinaliou on this whale fishery. The facts i:i\ en in the text are strongly afraii'st the elaiiii that these men fished in Newtimndlaiid lietiu-e 1 I!l7. m de la Co-a, a lii-cayan, and the hinhest autherity of his (l.iy, doi's not aiipear to know iinr coast, iicu- do there appear to lie any names of a liiseayaii source on the earliest ina])S. A 3])anisl\ writer. Tome C'aiio, declares, that since the Spaniards lost this fishery 'IHTi-'OO (|lls. have heeii annuaUy con-nmed in Spain, eostiiifr t;(i()(i,(iii(i. liad f^ov.'rnmeiit has heen the curse of Spain, and of all the Spanish colonies; it fill most liea\ily on these fair Mascpie provinces. -Ml the industry, liotli hy sea and land, of these hardy loilers, thi'se hr;ive industrious ( 'aii- tahriaiiH, could make no headway af^aiiist kiiifjs, who, notwithstanding repeated royal promises to res|)cct their riehts, laid an eiii- liaigo on tlndr sliijis and toid< llndr lahoiircrs iind scMiien to niaii the royal iKets. There is no more piteous story in F.nropean hist(uy than the decay and inipoverishmeit of thi> great Hascpie nation by Spanish inisgo\ ernment. .\ witty proverb Weil expresse> iliis clirouie ciiiseof national decay. The saintly .Mi'onso was in such lii;;li favour in Heaven that the Holy \'iri;iii coiiM not refuse Irs prayi'is ; he supplicated that the Spaniiirds might he the bravest, and their women might he the most lovely, and their eoiinlry the nio^t fertile ; all Wiis granted. " One iiKire favour. Holy Mother,'" said the king, " give Spain a g.iod government." " .No, my son,"" said the \'irgin, " if Sjiaiii had a good government I would not be able to kee|) an angid in Heaven a day longer." I';elievete gives an account of the Spanish fisliiug and whaling fleet being caught in the auliiinn of l."i77 and frozen up in some port in Newionndland or Labnidor (in the original record the name is lefi blank), that five hun- dred and fiirly men died, and that seventeen of the best sailors of Zaraiu were anioiigst tht'iii. We know from ^\'hitt)oul■ne and (•iiv"s iiisfnu'tlon-^ that the I'.iseayans remained in Ne\"foiiiidlaiid until very late in Deicniber. With their poor appliances for iieiiting ainl ragged elotliing they may iiave succumbed to the rigours of an niiu-iially hard winter. Ity a sudden clningeof weather, very coinnioii in this eountiy, they iiiav have been frozen lip. A number (d' Ijiglish crews were caught in this w.iy in the winter of IS 1 7 iis far south as Renews. 'I'he Hasipies had tine vcssids. liiiighiiin meiilioiis the cjiptnre of Ireland of four hninlic-d tons with crew, mostly boys, and very ragged. We learn fn in the Spanisli Uecorda that, in l.'i-l'.i, a liiscavan Catholic priest ministered to the spiritual wants of lli^ (ievoiit con lit rv men in Newfinindland ; the Spanish Itascpies, Ilk," the noble Mretons, being distinguislied for their loyalty to the riiurcli. 'I'he liasipics in our times are celebrated as Catholics, In L")HG oae (itr a large -18 im:i(}n of iiknuy viir. CoiiHi'i'vativrs, and C.irlNts. " Dios, I'alriu. y Hi'V," is til • innviiiciiil v.iir crv. " l')l'.l, Miii'/.o •_'.(. Mriiiiiiial cli' .liii'iilic lie lliai'i'ln Marsini lie Niiii iin'\ irii'lc) pan 'i ))i'>(M (If 'rcna Nova jiiiliindd (Utiainri'ios l>aia ([lU' uii cUri);!) (|iii' llcva a liordo (iiicdi' di'i'ir iiiisa i^ii a(|iicll.i 'ricna." — (^'"//cc. \'(irj/li Iticords -.tat.' fliat iic'itndf jdmiit tlii-ir intiTi'sts, but tlii'V did not wisli to have liis sliips willi tlicin ; theirs were lea \\ to sail, and tlu'V had cxp.'ndi'd two hinidrc 1 thousand ducats liitinj; thcin oat. Thi' order was revoked. The ISiseayans ar^rued that tliev were safer ^loint; tojjether in twos atid threes than in a fleet. 'I'hey were very jealous of their ))ro- viiieial rijihts, and reltelled afiaiiist the requisi- tions made on llu'in by IMiiiip Il.foi shijis and men. We have pres;>rved the report to the tiueeii of a conversation (d' Sii- T. Chamberlain with the Kini; ot Spain, l.')lil : — •' In lliseay they hail for a loni; time felli'd timber for Iniildinij shi|is, and jdanfed none, so tlieii' was seareely any tiow, anil that double the priee it was ;!(t \ears ajro. Tiiose of Hiseay frankly deehiied that their ships liad been so (d'teii stopped for the king's service and so badly paid, that they had to turn to other trades, lie [ChamberliiinJ idlei;ed another reason to ]irove the country was not destitute reBsing forward the riggingof ten large slii])S, he gave VValsing- hani advice of. And whereas it was prohibited in all the I'mts of La I'rovenre and Hiseay that none should go forth iint,) the Newland a fishing, of late it is permitted and they are prcparmu as thev of custom have done hitherto."— (,//(i//iW(/ MS.\ This is confirmed by the Spanish Heeords. A royid order forbade any ships to sail to Newt'oundlanil without license; the ships were wanted for the .\ruuida, then preparing. It was only on the l,")tli .Inly that instructions were sent to releasi. them, with a warning to go well arnu'd, and be ear.ful iibiMit luiglisli pirate* 1'iom jtochclle. The scare of tb;' impeii ling coidlict vir- tu illy destroyed the liisc.ivaii fisjuiy l''rom thi- tint ■ forward the .Newfoundland lishery was principally It Knglisli hands. The great Sp luisli fleet d«indleil down in a few years from one hundred niiil fifty s:iil to less than ten. Kor we learn in l.'i'.l.'t, from Sylvester Wyat, who mide a voyajrc from Itrislol to Ni wfoiindl ind, that be I'oiiud only eight Sp inisli vessels in a fleet of iipw.irds id' eighty sail of Krei'di and Iviglisli. The Spanish fishery not only sufTered from the war, but from the excessive duties imposed on their products. It was the most flourishing indnstiy in Spain, but the im- pceunioiis ( ioverninent, instead of encouraging it, hel])eil to destroy it by .1 load of taxation and severe restrictions, I'specially the niono- pidy id' salt. In lliiej seven Hasipie vessels went to Newfoiindlund for whaling, and many more for fishing. In If'illl the lilscayan lishery to New- foundland was in very low water; in KlUri only six sliijis went out; in KiltS thirty ships were in the business. In IfiSI, however, from the Port of Passage iilone, there were 1.1 vessels of 2 8I(> tons and .'i.'id men for codlishing in Newfound- land, iind niiK^ vessids of 2,(i'.<() tons for w haling ; they carried from .'') to 2ti guns. Jn ItiHl the I'renidi iirohibitcd the Itas'iues from lishing in Newfoundland. 1 do not think this order was over really carried out. I''riiin the Knglish Heeords it appears very distinctly that the Hiseayans fished with til'.' I''reiich, and were on the most friendly terms. The Spanish and I'"reiicli Hasipies were alwavs most closely allied. In KiitO, according to the S])anisli Iteeords, the Kretieb iigain refnseil to allow them to lish there any more, as it was a Ku'iich colony. From a resume of the sworn testimony taken at St. Sebastian in IC'.IT, given in Captain Duro'sbook, we have fuller information on the subjeid of the Kreiieh excluding the Hiseayans from Newfinindland. The first witness called was Ca|itaiii Martin De .Sapiain. His tcstlinony is as follows : — " t^iie en cl tieiiipo de su memori.i, ipie la ticne de cuarenta y oelio alios .a esta parte, babia visto (pie los naturales de esta provineia ban ido a las islas y costas de Terra Nova a liacer pesca de baeallao en cualipiier pucrto, eoiiio son Traspas, Santa Maria, Ciinillas Phieeiieia, Petit Placeneia, Petit Paradis, Martiris, Hiiria Clmniea. IJuria Andia, San l.oren/ Chuinea, Han Lauren/. .Vndia, San Pierre, l-'ortnna, Mnpude Portu, (^hasco Piutii, Senoria, Opot Portii, Tres Islas, Portuidioa y Kidiaide Portii que cste ultimo lo deseulirio .Iiian de Lehaide," TllK I'KKXCII NEWt'OUXDLAN!) FISIfKIiV. 40 lliiviiiff tliii" KtnU'il timt, within liin iiii'iiKirv <»r t'(>il\- iylit vt'iiis, lu' Ims M'fii that Ilisciiviins liiiil ),'inif to llic i-lumls iiml o(iii>ts ol' Ni'wrdiiiiilliiiiil III tisli in iiMV iMiit, Mh'li MS till' I'liliiiwiii^ jus iiliiivr , iinil itt IM-Iiiiiili' I'lirlii, wliirli WHS ilisi'iivi'icil li.v Jimn I'li'liindi', n iiiiliM' of St. Siliii>tinii, SMpiiiiu swyn : — " !Ii^ kni'w Kcliiiiilc, who ilinl fiiity jchim aao [I().')li], lii'in;; tlii-n iif,'litv M'ius olil. Tliiit in noni' of llirsr |pi>il> li;ul liii'iv I'vor lictii liny cniliiirfji) or iniprilinirnt h\ the snliji'ct > (it till' Kill); 111' Kiiinrr or ol' liny iitlii'i' kin>:ili>iii, iinil tli;it, without distini'tion or |iii'l'i-ri'iin', wliorviT umipiril first in tlii' liiiilioiir hull till' iircfiiviH'i', iiri'iinlin^ to iiii- inciniiriiil c'li-lnni. w lirri'ut' tlu' nirinoi'v of iiiiin riiinirtli not to tln' contnirv ; iinii in' hiis mtii this until till' iiri'-ii'iit yi':ir, whrn llii'v havj liri'ii inlitriipli'il liv tin- I'rt'iicli." With till' plnilurN of >nri'i's-.flll whlllillir, )i-liiii^', iinil sriiliii^ in Ni'wfiiiinillunil, the Sp:inisli liiisiiiii's hiiilt till' siMli'ly olil lionsi's whii'li all' ihi' iiiliniiiitiiiM of travi'llcrs, aiiiiil.-t till' iirern hills ami lovriv valrs of Ahua, A'israya, ami ( iiiipiisi'Dii, till' l'airi'>l M'riirs in .ill Ndiihiin Spain. .Many of ihc ulil Iti^i'ayan I'aiuilirs liavi' a irlidlr in tlii'ir coats of arms, sliowiiii.' that tlir fonmit-rs iiiaih' tlii'ir forliiiirs in llii'lisliinc((i/(7/.'./.v) from time inimeinorial in hnats ; that liathii uml the first Kii;;lish w halinif vessels were in the liahit of shippini; hoals' eiews of Itascpn's to harpoon the whales ; also that the woril " har- Iioon " is (leiiveil t'roiii the lfasi|iie voril •' (irjiiil," the root heiiiir '■ es from eiiemics who had taken their best ships. In 1542 there is a letter from the I'l'ivy Council to the .Mayor of Itristol to disihargu II l''ieiii'h ship hiden with lisli out ol New- foiinillanil, wiiicli wa- arrested tor certain eonsiilrr.itioiis in that port. In I'l.'ll the Lil Ihtrtnlid, of " ScMit Uridge in," .lolin (Jillaye. mister, with fish from NcwhiiMidhind Is'iiiul, was slr.imled at " Itaniinersgiiii'." I''ri'ni'li lisliing in New fonndlaml was so tlonrishing in I."i40 that the iinlhinilies of Si. Malo had to stay ships in order to get Tartier a crew, in l.iH and l.'')4'J no less than sixty Krencli ships were lishing in New- lonnillaiid (I iussKl.lN). In 1 ,')4ri we have the report of .lohn {''riiii 'is of Koan (lioneii) lieing spoiled liy an I'.nglish pirate of .New land fish. III .January and i'lliriiaiy l.'il4 from Havre, Koneii, Dieppe, and llaitleiii' iihout two ships left I'Miy day for rhe fishery. In iri4.") no slii|i of I'ranee left lor Canada for fear of tliu IS|iaiiiards. liy the foreign iiiti'lligr'ici from l''r.ince we leiirn that the Knglish igcnt f'o'.niil lit St. Main on the loth Ajiril i.'itiU tveiity-livo ships waiting for a fair wind hir '.'ewfimnd- liind, and at Carcolle five ships reedy to start with those of St. .Main. From the Kecnrds in I.Tiil ve know that thirty slii|is left for N'ewland fi nr the little towns of .Inmieges, X'aterville, iii.'' I. a IJoiiille, and that the tonnage had risen from seventy to one hiindred and fifty tons for these ships, ami that many of them wefe " well appointed " Neither of these stateiiielits agree with I'urk- Imrst's description. Elizabeth's Goverinm'iit seem to have heen always eager for information about the i''ieneh Newfoundland fleet. On .\piil liil l.'iljl 'i'hrockmoiton reported to the (nu'cii ; — " The Coiistahle of I''raiiee said that he knew no more abmit the rigging of a ship than about the day of judgment, nor of army, men, inunitions or artillery for these ships; that now Wiis the time their men used to prep:irt' to go to Newfoundliind for fishing, and per- adventnre some would go to Koiiit: [a neat hit ;it the I'rotestaut WalsinghaiuJ. That thev made three notable Miyages in tlie year, in the spring to New fnnndluiid fishing, in .Vii"'nst to the Hoiirbage, and in Octolier to Itdchclle and Hordeiiux for wines." The French fishing fleet was by far the largest during the early period from l.")04 to l.iHO. Owing jirobiihly to the wars and the distracted state of France, the French fishing declined during the reign of I'^liz ilHth,and on 50 Ui:iGN OF IIKNUV VIII. till' ailvcnt of .linnet ti> tlic tliioiu", nut of IIM) vi'->(l> ciifinj^i'il ill tilt' tr:iili', llir Kiijilisli liiid •'SU and liitiT '_'7l> ; ol' ilic viiimiiiiii^ l.'iO vi'ssuIm tlii'ix' wc'iv iu)t prolialilv iikhc llinii 70 (If **(• Kii'iii'li. In 1 <'.•).■) tlic French wcii' till' (inly rivals of the Kii;;l:s!i in Nont'oiiiitl- liliid 1 their nunibi'i's weie tlii-u ivekdiied ut 10(t siiil. In tlu' fiillowiiif; i'hii|iters I .sliiill rcCei to this iiii|iiirtiiiit .siilijcct nuirt- nt li'ii^rth, in oider to nIiow tilt' greiit chiuijiu which took ]ilm'c in till' relative |i()sitiiiiis iif the {.M'.'iit crinteiidin;,' pinties. Diiriiif; till' nijiii of the Tiid'irs, until the oe('ii|i:itinii of I'laeeiitiii li.v the I'rcneh, and I'Veii for a lew years later, they h-lied, in eoiniiMHi \tith the l'',ii;ili-h. all ahoiit the ei ast, iiiit ehiell\ on the noilli part ol the Island, eallel liy tluin " I'etit Nord," extei.d- in^' tVoin White l!:i\ to (iuirpon, ami on the south and wi'st exteiidinj.; from (ape Itiue to t'.ipe Kay. I .01 ti'lldill^ ruil')rn, Ip.v the el', tlicy II {ibollt t III thv rxti'lid- on till! Uiice to CUAl'TER IV. jtEiGX 01' j: nil Mil) /'/. I ')47-i5r).i. 1.")I7.— 'Jiiil sSt :inl Kdwiud VI., Act "f I'lirliiimriit iimii>liiiii.' otliii'i>uf ilii' Atliuiniltv (or tiikiii;; hiilii's from tlit- ti^licriui!!! of NiwfoiiinlliiiKl, Ic.liiii.l, Mini Iivlan.l. 1,">4'J. — A pri.'st iiccompaiiii's tht- UiiS(iuc tit;et to New foiMii!l:iiid. i:.JO.— Muj), H..M. -MSS., 17,'.>:>H/<, Hhowiiig Kiigli>ii iiithn'iuv. HE ION or MAIiV. i553-i;)r)8. l.-,5;)._Si)!iiii>.li onliiiiiiiee thiit tlii' liasijiie Ncwfoiiiidliiii(l tlci't slioiild 1k' I'oiivovrd ; ordiT rev. iked upon protest of the iiiLTclii'iits. RE ION OF ELIZA HE Til. i558-i6o3. l.'.IU). — Twciitv-tivr vi-isids ut St. Miilo, waiting for a fair wind for Ncwfouudhiiid, anil five iit ('ai'(;oll('. l.'iOl. Sir T. ( li luilMiIain's report on Hasquc sliipiiiiifT. 'I'Ih' ( 'on-iatilf of Franee's repoit upon tlir iiiuvuiiunt nf ImciicIi ships; thirty sliips f,'o frcin Jiiiniffjfs, Vatcrvillf, iind \.x lioiiiilL' to Newfoundland; dispnto about pavinoiit of titliL's to tile cdiureh of ISt. Seba.stiau by liasipiu NewfoiiudliiiKl fisiiernieii. 1")(!J. — Aet contjiiiin',' and it llrd Kdward VI. l.j(>4. — .■) KHz. c. v., Aet forbiildini: cod to be imported in barrels. l,-,(i.-,. — Hawkins, on his way from West indie-, stoppiiii; en tiie banks to fish. Fndiisber's vov,ij;e of (liseovi'ry for a noith-wist piissajre ; names Fioliisliei's straits. ),-,(;«. — Petition against importation of dried fisli falsely marked iis '• leid.iiid." i:)77. — Mas(pie fleet fro/en np in Newfoundland or Labr;idor ; five liuudiud and forty men )ierislied. 1.57H. — Anthony I'arklnirst's voyai^e and deseriplion of the eoiiiifry ; fifty b'li^Hish vessel;; eiieaiied in Newfoiiiidlaiid fishery; Fraiiee and Si.ain, or.e linndred and fifty sail each; I'ortiifiUese, fifty. Sir II. (iilbert's first voyajre ; stayed a short time; lo.-t a ship and a boll captain, Miles .Morji'iiii ; defeated by Spuniards. ]57'.l. — Whitboiirne's first voyajje to Newfoiiiidhind, in a sliiji of Master Cotton's, in' Soiithainptoii ; loaded in Trinity. l.")So. — Demand of Denmark for payment of usual licence fees in Icclaml. C'liarte'r-prirty for Nowfoundlaiid fish at lO.v. pur lOi), and oil at KVl, freight to liordeaii.\ at*.v. 1581. — Only two liundred traders going to Iceland ; 'li Kliz. c. vii., relating to the fishery. l")8-_>. — Voyage of Sir Thomas Ilainiishire to Newfoundhind with five sliijis ; settled the tenure of ships' rooms. ].-)8.'{, — Sir llumphrcy Gilbert's last voyage; came to St. .hdin's to get supplies; took l)Osscssi(m of the ( '(dony : made several grants of land; lost on passaj^e home. First important description ot the country by Hayes, the caiitiiin of the only surviving vessel of the expedition, reckhiiiu's Hrief Discourse. (Jver two hundred s;ul of Spanish Pniscpies fishing, whaling, and sealing on our coasts and Labnidor. I'etifion of Downing to import bauelled fish; further jietitioii in 1.586 of Sir Win. Gorges on the same subject. laB.'!. — Sir Walter Italeigii's first eohinisaticm iit lioanoke, in Virginia : colony destroyed. Sir Uernard Drake, with a cdiiimission i'rtmi Flizabeth, seized several Siianish and Portuguese vessels iu XewfoundlaiiJ ; met Whitbourne in St. .lohii's. 1U:UIX UF EDWxVUD VI. I.'.SC).— Iiiili-iitiiio of N( \vf(iiui(lliiii(l (i.-li fof till' iiniiv ill Iroliiiul iit 2(1.9. per 100. Biisqiic til ( t torliiiMi 11 ti> !j() 111 Ni".vti)iiiiillaii(l. DiaUe ivi)oits "the I'liNSiige " lull of JMewfoiiml- hiiid li^li. '■ nuw and vi-rv goiid."' l.''S7. — Kiiiba !■.;;■<: mi Ila-iiur llcci not w i:liili:!\vii this vt^ar till I.'iih .fuly. I.",HS. — S]la;l!^h lii\ iiicililc .Vrninihi .tc(I hy the l-liif li-h ; Kiii;H>h Now fmindhiiiil tk'ct >ta\cil at home In tij;ht ; urciit fleet ot .Simiii.sh llascnus iiractically disappear.s from New- I'l'Uiic'laiid I'liiiii tliis (lal>\ l.')^'.). — ( hilv l(i,lJ()(l Newfoiiiiilhind ii^h on the iiiarl(et in the West of Kiiplaiiil. ^rerehaiits lit' the Wi«t piohihiicd iiipiii tiailiiifr to Iiiiltany (then in tlie hand- 'if tlie l,eagiKrs), and oidcivd til gii t(i Jersey and (iiienisey iuslead. l.V.il. — IVtitioiisof I*, de Ilddy and Ilanines for festitnfioii of sliips and fish eaiitmed by lii'isiol pii\ateers. I'elitioii about ancient riuht of Enirlish to tisii in leihiiid, upon pa\ iiu'iit of nil lely noininal lieeiiees. 15'.i- — 'I'ueiity Spani-li sieps-of-war nil' Sciily tiyiiig to intercept the l-ji^li^ii Ncwfoniidiand tleet. l.V.i.i. — Itichaid Stiaiific inaih' a v(>ya;ie to ])roseepte Heal fishery; hcad-ipiafters at lianiea, (iiilf of >>t. Lawrence. S\ Ivester Wyet from liristol found only eif;ht .'Spanish ships in a tleet of liuhtv : staliiiu'iit in thi' House of C'lunnions by l!alii;.di, on lUtli l''ebiiiaiy, that the Xewfiiundlaud tlslier\ was the sta\ and suppoit of the West nf Kiifiland ; there is also ii letter of lialeiifh's iif tlii^ \ear, stating- Ilia* ilu New foinidlaiid " voyajics "' were the only ones iiKiking an_\ prnfit. -1594, — Captain l.'ic'c Jones, of liiislol, made a voy:ij;e to \e-.\ fdundland, and prosecuted the (isher\ at St. i'ierre. (iiienisey destilule of ]irovisioiis and Newfoundland lish. Newfound- laud fleet ill daiif^er from tlirie Spanish men-of-war; Halei^h writes to Cecil, tlnit all the Ts'ewfciiindlaud fleet of oue hundred sail maybe taken, " tliv i/rciilcsl fdhciiili/ iiliic/i roiild Ixjiill /'in/id ml." Ij'.i."). — .Siip])lie> friuii Newfoundlanil fur ;iriiiy in Ireland. ],-,i)(3_ — Kreiieh pirate, Michel ile Sauce, ca|iliire(l lMi^li>h vi ssei conima'.idcd by Itichard Clark. |.-,ci7 — ( liarlc^ I,ci;:h and Abraham \'on lleruie, London merchaiils, came out to do business in Newfoundland. June l,"ith to L'lth — Sir Anthiuiy Shirley rex ichnilleii in Ncw- foiiiidhmd oil his way to Kn;:laiid. liutcli, Irish, and I'"reiieli sliips at I'ImhouiIi in Sejiiember, waitiim to buy tish when the Ijiijlish Newfoiinilland tleet arrivci'i. );iC)S — LiiiS*' '''"'-'"'^ of Newfoundland tish broiif^ht to Soutlnif.iploii and I'nole ; jC'i','i>ter part sold liy Ociidicr to jxd to Spiiir. by way o: l-'raiice. .•< •j5iii( Licence to Howjran to export t;ii,iiiio Newfoundland (isli from I'.iij^laniL ](;(iii. Sir Waller I'aleiiib. (iovjrnor (f Jersey, iiiauMiiralcd trade between the Island and Xewfoiiiidl:ind ; .leisev a free port. Newfouiiillaud fish sellin;:' in Ilayonnc at 14 to 13 roy;ils, '• accordiiif.' to j;oodiies«.." jOiil. Siianish vessels allciniitina' to intercept the N'cm foniidland fleet. ](',(|.j. Spanish Newfoundhi'id f'eet reported to he kept hack to take troops to Ireland ; seven ISascpie vessel-, go to Newfoundland for wbaliim-, and many more for fishiiii; from «t. .lean de Lnz. Cosnold's voMij;e to New i:nj;laiid. l(;,,:j Attack on an F.ii^lish ship in New ('(Uindland by seven Freiieii vessels; dama;;i' C'J4!'. Dtiiiiii;' t'lc rt''oiis iiL' Edward \\. and M;ii'y times (if nrcat ivlii^ious and iMil't ical oM'itfiiK'iit fninuu'icc ai'd inai'itiiiic iid\ riitiiic Ijilioiiislii'tl. Tlici-f was. liowcMT, ;ili'c;idy a cdiisidi raMc llra/.il fradi-, .aiKl iinicli (•oiiiiiHi'ci' to till' L('\ant and Spaiiisli Aiin'iica. Sii'.lclni 1 liiwkiiis in % AL r OF K1)\VA1{1) VJ. 53 r 100. ri;is(|Mc of .Nuwfomiil- fouiullund fleet Ills from New- id. !Mei'eIinnls I.eagiur.sJ, iuid itdi ('Mpllired by , upon p:ij nieiit Xowrouiidhiiul iters at Tiiimeii, sllips in ii fleet rtiiii'v, ihiit tile ' is also a letter ly ones uKikiiig ami pioseeiited sh. Newi'ound- il, that all the /// irliic/i foiilil led liv IJiehanl aiiie out to do milled ill Xi'w- li in yeptciuher, i'onli'; jfjiealer lid. the Island and 14 lo 13 royals, Mi|is to Ireland ; or fishing from e.ssels J damage cut l('lit:ii)lis ■ laiiguislu'tl. , ninl iinicli Hawkins ill liLlZ.lDIClll. From nn mni-nrinq nifnr the NewcDinc jiicfiire. l.'(J2 Ueiiun the traffic in ncii'rocs liftwccii Africa and Suutli Anu'vica — •' the cianinndidus and i^ainl'ul vdyai;-.' to tlie Brazils," as Hfikluyt calls tills ininunaii trade. Up to the cud ol' Mary's reij^ii tiic trade to Spaiiisli x\inciMca w.'.s partly open (n tin- KiioJish ; in lirr time trade lierwcen Eno'land and Russia also eoiuiuei\ced. There aiv. h(i\V(\cr, no recopded voya<^'es to this ('ninny. The Xewt'ouudland tish trade had for some time Ki'en a settled business. Not only a laru'"' tidiery. Imt a laro'c trade was cairied nil m Newtnundland, as shown hy the ]ire.sence of merehant shijis, like Mr. (iruhe's two vessels, noticed in the last chajiter. The most important information ahout tlie island in this reio'n i'~ contained in the follonving Act of Ktiward \"I., provin^f conchisively the niaonitnde and i-niitinuity oi' the English fishery transactions and tiade to the new land " -Iwl & :Jr(l Ed., Cap. Vi., A.D. loi«. " ^Lt Art ,.ij,iiii the whole ('■ver it hi', for any Licence to pass this uealin to ^' said Voyages or any of them, nor n|)on any Re.^pect conecrniii' the said Voyages or any of them : upon Fain to forfeit for the first Olfem;;! trel)le thi^ Sum, or trelile the N'ahie of the Reward, Heiietit, or Aihautaye that any .'^uch OtH'cr or Minister shall hcrcaf'er liave to lake ui' any such ^Merchant I Hi REIGN OF EDWARD VF. or l''islifrman ; for tlio \\iiicli Fc.i'.'v I'lro tlu' Pa-rty ^i-u'vcil, ami ovcr\ ntlu r I'erson or Persons. \vhatsoov( r he or tlioj' be, "hnU and may sue I'or the same liy Jnf'urmation. Bill, i'laint or Artion of Deiit, in any of tlie King's ('onrls oi' Hceord, t'lc Kir.LT to have the one Moiety, and tln' Party complainins^ rln otln'v l\roiet.y : In uhiidi i! or forffit his or ih.'ir (JItice or <_)l!i.;o< in the Admiralty, Ijuc also to make fine and Kaueiom at the King'^ Will n!id I'leasurc." hui'iii.;- til'' w liolo 'ruilor I'crio I up to the oarliin- ycfir.s of Klizalit'tli's i'('i;j,ii, KiiL;'liUi(l as an ally ol' Spain, iiiadc !io rlli'ctUiil i)])])ositi(iii tn Iht e.\clusi\r (loiiiiiii'ii in AiMcrica. IJiidci a .spiriti'd sovet'oio'ii, lioweviT. like Klizalictli. iMii^li-limon could no louocr cmluiv the oallino' yoko and jcaluus cxciusiNcn's.s of tho Spaniards in Soiitli Ainnici. Jn Xcw I'outKliand the |)cvun tislicnucn loavnt liow to nicasuit' ilicii' strcn;;tli with thcni, to coniiuci' and to rule thi' I'liscay.m and tlir l-)a,s(pii'. S'unn the En^li-h. t'ollowino- tin' cxanijth' ol' the liardy >ram(Mi oi' Hi-ittaiiy. licoan to inlcst thi' S]);inisli West Jndics, Thi' snniL;i;lin,L;' piratical tia(h' ln'o-un hy th" Fi'onch was I'ollowod up hy Drake, Hawkins, ami counthss othci- daring West ("ountiy adxcnlurers. Knuii- , histiirians do not .icknowIedoi> the fact, hut it is (|niti' clear that tih' tii'st Ic-.soii in tuniin'.;' the Spaniaid was h'arnt lo' the coura;^' iius 1 tr\ ■ .nsliin^ tishenncn iii Xewh)tindland. ■■ Tlh spac''i> d-'ys oi' (il'eit l'"l', '.ahetll " form the Ul'ist liiiin.int neriod of En-n-^h hi-titrs'. 'i'o this oMldi.u ;io',. u.^' l-hmd stor\- i.s unit-^d t-r inipt rishiddc liands linked for e\'er with (he lumioitals \\h(( h.i\e niidr tlu' Kli/.al'.-tlian a'^e the wondri' and the nho'y of ad time. 'Idle nuvsin;^ mother iii:\Ki:. Fi'i.iii a print in tlic li.M. I ELIZA BETir. ■■jo very otl\( r e sunic by of Hi'corii, Unoty: In 1(1 for the li.'ir Olllce iiiir'.s Will iza 1m 'til's • 11 to III'!' liinvevcr. iio' y<'l<'' ioi. Ill uv dicir illl.l the V scairicii iinL:i;liiio,- • Dmkc. (Mitiirers. itc clear li'- the 'm lili.lllt >inry is II HUM tnls o'liiry (if I' Divine 11 rjiiv's lelicc he e |i(ilicv (! Mines ell there oTeates^ •nisation inaoina- Kiiolisii itesiiian, oldwiijo' el lies ot' and the nUfl the liohjer nijiareil witli former reiojtis, Shaki'sj)eare's time seems straiioely ii oilem. Tlie plavs that •lpliLj;h*'il tlie stiltjocts of tin? virgin tjiieeu still oharm tlie ?.ti1>j«Tts (tf Mcteria. Cecil, Prime Minister of Elizalieth, has a (lire(^t ii«nl still more iiliistrious de-cendant in Jnrd Salisbury, Piinie Minister of our (n-vii iinie. No iith"r ( lovernnieiit in Euro[)e ean show sneh stiihiiity and centiiniity as this. And then the great nueeii lu rself is strangely fanii'iar to us, ever in puhlic, graceful, itiajestie; ready t(i make a sjieeeh en ail ocoasions. The Hei'ce liglit that lu-ats upon a throne ha-* Wrought out all her follies and frivolities. Granted that lier spoeeh and manner would not suit our modern sensibilities, still she will evei- remain a great personality, the most picturesipie figure in English history " the Pilot that weathered the storm" — the great .sovei'eign that ever sought the public Aveal — " that wrought her people histiiig good." ()urown liistmy in this ago also ojiens up more clearly. We are no longer gi'o|'ing in the dark, with oliseuri; I'eeords iind contradictor}' te-timony. From the illustrious writeis of the period we are able now to give " the very age and body of the time his form and jiressure." In the lirst years of her leign Raleigh V'jis a boy, and neither Elizabeth nor lu-i' eoiu'ciliia-s had any thought (jf American colonisation; sh(/ was, however, most favourab'e to voyages fif di.seovery. She gave s'il»st;iiitial aid to the dariiio' Frobisher in his arctic voyao-u to disc(jver a north-west, passage to India.' She was her fathm's daughter, anil her masculine mind thoroughly realised that England should be mistre.ss of the .seas. To this end she encouraged the Hsheries as the true fotnidatioii on which naval supremacv nnist rest. One of her first acts (f5()2) was to confirm tlie law of Edward Vr. jirotecting the Newfoundland tishernicn from the jilundering officials of the Admiraltv. She further encoiirnired thjir business liv passing a law to compel everyone to i.'at fish on Wedm.'.sdays and Satiu'days : — ■ ACT :. ELtZABETIT, c. V. " Toiii'hiiig ci'ff'i'iii iKilili'fh coiisfitiUions/'jr tJn' nuiintinnnice nf tin' Xary.'' Sec. XrV. sets out: •'.\nd for "^he iiicreii.so of the jirovisimi.s of fish bv the more usual and comninu catiiiL; tin feof Beit further enacted, hy the iiutlioiiiv aforesaid, that from ihe Feast of Saint -Micliacd the Archangel l.'itil-, every AVediicMlay in every wmIv throii'.flioi r th ■ «h ilo year which hcrotofon! hath ndt ' 'i'lh' iuea "t :i iiDith-Hi'st iia>is:i;:e to iK^'Vcr real'sed tlie iiiiilieiise /nu'lieni exteii- Iiiiliii lliniii-rli siiiiie str:iit north of Liilniidoi- sion ol' Aincricii. Tlioiigli tdc wliole Ihrcc «;is not MiiiiatiirjI. 'I'lie Kliznlielliim seiiiiuii voyages of Fioliislier are n.ost t'antnslie aiLniiMl. if iIktc whs n |»assil;i;e soiitli, wliieli theie eiiii lie no (jiiestioii iilioiit liis daiiie'. .Ma;.'ellaii lial foaiid, tiiere must also lie one Froliislier Straits is a |ierpetiial r.uiuument ill a eornsjioiidiiig )"i-ilioii mirlli. fluy to li iiieiiioi-v. .'6 REIGX OF ELTZAHETII. by the laws or cn.-itonia nf tho roalinc Ix'Cii used and observed as a fish daj' s^lial] bo horeni'ttr obsei'Ved and kept as Satnrdiivs in eveiy week be of ought to bo upon |)nin th:it ovoiy |)erson ofTeiiding herein shall fovleit tlirco iiounds for every time he or they siiall olTeiid or else sull'er three months' ch)se imprisonment without bail or mainprise. Sec. X.XXIX. : "And because no manner of person shall misjudge of the intent of this cstatute limiting oidera to eat ii^h and to forbear eating of tlesh but that the same is purposely intended and meant |)olitickly for the increase of fishermen and mariners and rejiaiiing of ports towns and navigation and not for any superstition to be n aintaineil in the choice of meats. Sec. XL. : " lie it enacted, that whosoever shall, by preaching, teaching, writing or open speech notify that any eating of lish or forbearing of tiesli mentioned in this estatuto is of any necessity for saving the .soul of man or that it is ihe service of God, otherwise than as othei' jiolitick laws are and be, that then such ]iers(in shall bo punished as the spreadcT's of false news are and ought to be. Tlu'sc old Acts an- imt only ((Uaint ami full '•'" ii certain dry liniiKUir, they contain also tlic very pith ami niaiTow of Enylisli liistorv. This politic ami ingenious device to create a Protestant Lent, and coinjiel Engli-hiuen to eat lish for a luindreil days in the year, was a dismal failure. The proud stoniaclis of our aiu-estors have always resented interference with their lieef and beer ; like Falstatt', they would not feast or fast upon coiupulsion. Fishnionj^ers petitioned HerxMajesty that the tish da\s were not oliserve B.^^. 3rss.;rr,iri. Loni^ before Gilbert's famous adventure, the trip to our Islani i was an everyday voyaf,^o, and no ]i)n<;er an expedition of (HscoverT. All ai-omid tlm coast of Newfoundland, the Gulf, and Cape BretoB, d*n^'n t<> the State of Maine, English and forei^-n fishermen fisheti iind exiplorcd. It is expressly stated l>y Haye*, the survivor of (Jilherts miserable, ill-fated expedition, that they went by way of our Island to }fet a supply of victuals, and not on a voyaye of discoveiy, or to take pi^sisession oi' the Island. Sir Anthony Shirley re-victualled in Newfoundland an/. Newloundland is split up iAHto I'Xpiorations in the (iultdf St. Lawrence car- islitn.hs. reut ill Spain and Italy; it is similar to the ■^ 58 nEiaX OF KLIZAIiETII. Capo of Fldvidii s 'tr'Hi nortlnvMrd, mid would liavu fiirtlicrcd Lrvi'aHy our iia\ i- ^alioii, diMLrhl lo shape a ('()mH!! most likidy tn iiiinisti'V sii| ply : and that was lo take the Now ro\ini!lii:id in nur way wlrpic beiuif usnally at tlnit time of tlie year until tlio line of Aiv^'iist a iiuiliitndc ol' ships ropairini,' thitiier lor fisli, wo should he rulimi-d idmndanlly with iiMiiy iU'Ci'Ssari;'S." 1 tliiiik I liavo Conclusively pi'tivt^d tlie Cdntiniions >l()tiiiiiioii iiiid pdssi'ssioii (d'tli;> rii^Hisli in NcwIoiindlaiKi. It appciifs (inite (d(.^ai' tlia^, tiikin^ oih' year with aiiotlun'. twenty years ]i(d'(»i'e riilliei't's voyaoe, at least til'ty Knoiisli vessels (,'ni,oto'ed in the 'i'l-aiisatlantic fishery : as thes" old slii|i^ earried ahiait ti man to a ton, tlii'V woiiM ^ive I'l'Mni tw: thousand live hundred to three thousand n;eii en!j,ao-ed in this linsiiiess. Hut hcsides the actual Hshini;' vessels, there were also nierciiant shijis fr(*in Lundon, South.anijiton, and other ))orts eiii(fi^'e(l in the trade trs t*r(d<^hters. The little tishin^ vessels, after n ;fo"d voyai^'e, (Miuld not carry all their (ish to iiiarket, so these I'li'i^hters, known in tlie tra''(' as " satdv ships," traded and earrieil ; [nvdiaMy the name was derived i'rom sack (slieiay , lieeause these vessi^ls (d'teii la'ooolit salt and a sn|)|ily of t e, <^ Hid wines of Xeres to Dexonshire and Newloundkand. 'I'hat St. .I(dm's was a oi^at iilaee for tradi — a tiicat mait — is shown hv the Irish (iovci iinieiit sendini;' out twn sjiips to ;^'et fi-h iind nf/n-r sii/>pliis in 15!)5.' It will thus he clearly sei n that the |irevailinL;' idea .ihout (Jill crt s cxjieditioii heini^' a voyaoe of discovt'iy to Xewfounilland is entirely eironeius; he eame to St. dohn's h(.eause it was a w<'lhknown poit, where his |)oiir, half-starved company would he sure of an am|il(! supply >{' food and nece ries. l)ur;n^' iienly all the Tudor I'erioil, l'?n^land was a elosi' ally of SpHr'tt, ami the Kii^li-»T'i ti^iiine- ships had. th,- imii of all the Spanish and It^dll'tn ports. TVii' I'ennisula, has always heen our iit'eitest customer. \t K\\[i' lllije SjKiin coasunied halt" a million <|iiinials of Xewfoiiiidland fis** : latrriii Elizat'wth'n reiu'ii, when she was at war, l)e\onshii'e hecanie tl*ii- j;i'M»t 4hips frci^^lited it to Fi-atiee. ai>' ) thence to the .Meditei'ranean. In the *\ppendix Hill he jouinl ii charter-])jirty for freie'htine' a eai'i;'o of fish from Chest' •• to rraiiee. and a licence to expoit (ish in j.")!)!*.'- ' III rill" /r»«4 Shili- I'liptr.i Sir '.) We onunot fix tin* precise year in wliieli fH'ttloiiicr.t coimiicnccil ii\ N('\\ rouudljiiKl ; Sul>iii(! Htfitu« tliMt in l.")22 thrrc wnc Forty or tiity lio'.ises ill Xi'wCouiKll.'ind ; Imt. IVoiu .;c;itt('iclniiy is CDiitjiiiicil ill a letter From Anthony I'ai'klnirst, a iiicrehant of i!ri>tol, to llaklmt, (luted Novemlier |:Uli, loT^". lie says: — Uv 1 iiiiiili' T'liir v(»yiit;i'8 Id .New roaiiilliiii(l, iunl liiid Hciifclinl Ihc linrlniiiriJ, frc(>ks. and liiiids, ni'irc than iitiy otlicr Eiiirli.-jhiiiiiii. 'Tliat ilicie wi'i^ o;i.n('rally lUDi'o than !••(» sail of Spaniards takinti <'()d. and IVoin li" to li i killitm- wluilcs ; Ti'i Hail ol' Portniini's- I'iimlisli only Ti • sail the harhonrn in I'lii sail of French and IJiotoiiH, mostly very sniiill; lait nl" .VcNcrtholi'ss he addS' thn V.nqlinh (in' (•iimiiiiinJii hmJit nf irlirfi' thi'ii jUh. and nnf nil Htvaii'i'VA lirlp iii y/sA///;/, il' need roiinire, accoriliini til an. uhl cuatom of the roiiiitrii ; which ihiiiLr they dd williiiLily. sn liint yon take iiothinLT t'roiii them more tlianalmat or t w) of salt, in respect (jf ynui' prot.'Clion of ihi'iii a'j:aiiist rovers or other violent intrnih'rs, who do ol'teii j)Ut them ffMni harli Kll.I.l\li WAI.III S. Fru'ii III I'ler'.v Wm rafhUili. , iC'i-,, The avroiaiK'i- of the old We-^t Coiuiti'V hiiceancer is ainiisii 1"' tl le cool way ill wliicli lie speaks aliout phuiderino- the inoti'eiisive tbreion ti>liei'iiien : evidently the l:'ortu;;'iiese had lietter ships and sti'onyer erews, For the liold Antonic abuses them as " Vih; Poriine;als, descendin<,' oF the Jews and Judas kind." AFter eniimeratino; the vai'iotis kind oF tish in NevvFoundland, he says: "The mussels all contain jieirls: that " he had heard oF a Poituyal that Found one worth :iU() ducats." — •' That " in lialF a day ho could take as nniny lobsters as would find 'M){) men " with a day's meat." OF llie trees, he says : " The ti'ees is most tir, " yet plenty ot pine-ii]iple trees; Few oF those two kinds meet ti; mast a " ship of three score and ten tons." The important expeditioji oF Sii- Thomas Hampshire to Newfouml- land, in 15.S'2, shows the wise and enli^^hteiieil policy of the oreat queen ; liefore Sir Thomas's arrival it had been the custom for the first corner in sill T. IIAMPSHIHES HE( ILLATIONS. CI eac'li liiir'noiir to .sci/c niiy piece of t' spiciioiis i'roni the i.'uilicst tinu'S tor tlieir old West ( 'ouiitiviiu'ii Xi'wt'oiiiidla'Kl was bkill at AV(ioSoutha;iiptun." men killo 1 purtridfjos with cuilgfls. Dr. Vausliiiii. iibDiit 1020, (ells of one mini killinjr ."lUD ]iiirtridL't's (willow grou.sL'). Ahhi Jirtiiiloin (l(i'.)O) speaks with wonder of the niarvi'Uous woodcraft of the Xewfonnd- l!incayans, and Cotton's ship was to have b.ien engaged in the same daring enterprise. Whit- bourne says : — - " Wo wire ixaind to the Grand Bay (which licth on the north side of that land) pur))orting there to Jxade then with the .savage ju'Ojde (for whom we carried sundry commoditie.->), and to kill whales iind t > make trayne oil as the Biscaines do theie yearly in great abundance. But then our intended voyage was over- throwne by the indiscretion of our captaine and faintheartednesse of some gentlemen of our conijianj-, whorenj)on we set saile from thence and bare with Trinity Harbour in Newfoundland, where wc killed great store of fish, deerc, bearcs, beavers, scales, otters, and such like, with abundance of sea-fowle, and so returning to England we arrived Esafe at Southampton." Throughout these early narratives there are notices of the aliorigines of Newfoundland, the Beothics. Whitbourne speaks of them as tiactable if well used. The French everywhere in America seem to have had more f r'endly relations with the Indians than any other Eurojjenns ; in the very beginning of the fishery the French Avere assisted by the Indians in curing their fish, any use,' to colour their bodies, bowes and arrowos, and canowcs withal; they use the rinds of spruce treis %••' I .y\.^. \-m .---''"' .:y^- j^'^ If! """-^li:-rlrzf:i^~. _^j« '% .^.^':^ri=^' IIKSI.KV ISI.ASU. ¥ri>m a ih'nirhiri h]i the lion, iiiul Jlir. 11'. Grd//. round and deopo in proportion like a brnss kettle to baylc their meat in, which hath been well proved Ijy three uiariners of a ship riding at anchor by niee who being robbed in ttie night by the savages of their apparel and divers provisions, came suddenly upon them where they had set up their tents and were feasting . . . by nhooting otf a musket they all ran away naked without any api)arel . . . . all their three caiinowes, their flesh skinnes, yolkes of ogges, targets, bowers and arrowes, and much fine okar and divers other things were brought away and shared, and they brought to nic the beet cannowe, bowes and urrowes . . . . which may seem to invite us lo find out some other trade with them." CharlcH I. issuod a procluiuation in 1G30, ])rohibiting disorderly trading with Ked Indians. The most hopeful effort to establish friendly relations with these poor savages was nuide in JG12, whcin Guy and Captain Whittington met the Indians. Pui'chas says : — " They met at Ilandom in Trinity Bay, eat and drank together, and exchanged furs and skins for hatchets aud kuives, appointed a meeting for next year bj a sign THE IDEA OF COLONISATIOX. 03 v^ when the grass should be of such a height to bring down all their furs and skins for trafBck with tho Knglish. At the time appointed for their meeting, instead of Caf)tain Whittington and other agents, there canio a fisherman to this place to make a voyage j seeing Indians and not knowing the reason of their coming, ho lot fly a shot from aboard; Indians ran off, imagining they >vere Guy's men, and now will not trade." ' Thus, unfoi'liumtely, there was nn end to tlie overtures Avhich niiglit linve resulted in renewed amity iuul pence witli tliese poor pei'.seciited sfivages. With Mic-Mac and Eskimos, Europeans easily esbihlislied cordial relations, but OILBEBT'S map, I")7S. 7''/v))H Winsor's X. and C. II. of America. strange birds anert's ; one passage arjfiiinif against r the \vin<(s of a inaii's life are plumed with the arrows of dcatli," shows that, if penned by hiin, it was conoeived and dictated \*y Italcij'li. " I will [it coiitinnos] nmlcrtako to fit cut phips well armeil for Xcwr.jundliind, wb'^rc they will meet with nil the ^rcat ships of France, Spain, ami I'ortugal; the licst T will bring away and hiirii the rest ; comrnit, uh afterwards iih Pirntus if yoii will, but I shall ruin their sea forcf.', for they depend on their fishermen for their navies." Poor Sir Humphrey was a dreamer, an enthusiast; the expeditinn was a complete faihiie; he arrived out in Newfoundland, and, prol»alily in a fitjfht witli the Sjjaniards, lost a tall slup and a bold captain, Miles Moig,\n. Gilbert was terrilily crippled and impoverished, l»ut sooner than forfeit his large patent, which wjis for six years, and would expire next year, 1584, he sold a large part of his estate, and with the aid of Raleigii (who fiu'nished one ship), Peckham, Hayes, and otheis, a little fleet of five ves^sels and two hundred and tifty men were got together.' There were of all tnides; " hobby hor.-es and morris dancei-s, and many like conceits nil-: NAHiiows, SI. Joiixs. "were provided to win the savage people by all fair means possible." (}ill>ert's crew consisled jiartly of the off scouring.^ of the jails, and the result, as might be anticipated, was mo~t disastrous ; one ship took to piracy, and a great portion of his villainous followers deserted. On the 8rd of August loH'S, Gilbert arri\ed at St. Julius with two ships and a pinnace — the A'^/^/cY, Admiral's ship, 120 tons, the Gulden Hind, 40 tons, and the Squirrel, 10 tons. ' JiecorcLi. some iiifliii'iice in gaining Gill)ert Mie siippo't * Davy Injjram's ai'coiuit of the country oMVikluiiu and utliei.<). Ihroujrh wfiifh lie passed sci-iiis to Inive liail i: 2 68 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. Before tlie entniDCe of the harbour they found the little Sxvalloiv, of 40 tons, lit anchor, which the English merchants would not permit to enter : — " These English merchants that were ond alwnys bo admirals by tarn inter- changeably over the Heet of tishermon within tho same harbour." In reading; this narrative we are forcibly impressed with the dominion exercised by these extrnoi'dinnry English merchant adventurers in Newfoundland ; they looked upon the whole island ns their own dominion, gained by their own valour, without the t^lightest assistance from the En^jlish Government. They therefore resented the entrance of a mere courtier into their domain. They knew full well that they had (.nly their own strong right arms and stout hearts to depend upon; in tliose days there was no such thing as international justice. If by chance a French vessel captured one of ottrs, there was no redress, they would be fortunate to escape with their lives from a howling French mob. To be captured by a S[)iiniard was to fall into the very gate of death ; a captured Frenchman had a show of justice in England, but no sul)stantial I'eeompeiise for injury. There are many cases in the records like the following : — " April 18, 1m91. Petition from Bayoune to the Privy Council ihat a ship of Peter do Hody of Bayonne from Newfoundland with 108,000 dry fish, 4,000 green. 14 hhds. of Train oil, total value 6,000 crowns, had been taken by a ship of Sir VV. Raleigh, and brought to Uphill near Bristol.' ' Hody spent five hundred crowns, but got no redress from the rich victuallers of Bristol, who had received the proceeds of the merchandise, and kept tlie ship ; so he returned to France. " Sept. L')9I. The Eliza, Beneventure and DwUey took a ship The Holy Ghost from JI. do Harqnes of St. Jeande Luz with 15,000 dry fish, 60 hhds. of train, and 48 men whom they sti'i[)ped to their shirts. De Harcjues and his two brothers have been suitors in England for past eight months.'" ' The ship was afterwards ordered to be given up, but the owners did not get lur — xhn ran ashore — a regular West Country trick. In our clay these daring adventurers would be dubbed " pirates." The only way tliey exercised dominion was by a reckless dare-devil courage, which made the very name of Englishman a terror to the Spai'iards. It was the almost fiendish cruelty to English prisoners that stirred tlic whole nation against Spain. They have a proverb in tlie Peninsula expres,sing the highest tribute to the valour of our ancestors : — " Con todo el mundo guerra, Mas paz con Inglatierra." '• War with all tho world, but peace with England." ' Records. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FISHERY. 69 Ml-. Oppcnlieiin, in the " En^linli Historical Review," says : — " It speiiks sutKcionlly for tho coniago of tlio Elizal)ethan sailor that Hnring tho whole of tho reign Imt two fingliish men-of-war, the Jt'sna of Luhccic and the Revenge, were captured by the Spaniards, aiul then only after deopcnito fighting against overwhelming odda." We n aliso tlio power of Elizabetli, when even in I'emote Newfoundland the moment the merchants knew of lier commission they oheyetl Gilbert's orders. Tliis nnrrative will also disabuse our minds of the ide;i of the Xewftmndlaiul trade as carried on by a few poor lisliermen. It com* s \\ riSTOI.Kl'S MAP, liJS7.' B.M. MSS. Kg. 1S/.1-S. out clearly in this Histoiy that nearly a century before any English colony was founded in North America, England had a great trade a'ld ' This map is of French oripin, and differs French explorations in Newfoundland and verv little from that of Descellier, piven at Labnidor, particularly from Notre Dame Hiiy p. 4(>, John Dee's at p. ."i'J, and Vnllard's to the Struits of Belle l.sle. The Knj{lish made at Dieppe. It shows the rtsiilts of early standard is shown near Hamilton Inlet. 7.) liEKIN' OF ELIZABirnr. I fisliory in N<'\vf(niinll»ui(l. In 1504, Sir Wiiltor Ru'eif^h saitl that it' any liarin hIiouM liappon to the Nowfuimdland Hoot it would be the greatest Ciilnniity wliidi could befall England.' 1'he entertainers of Sir Humphrey were inercl. iiitss. St. John's w)w even then an important free jMU't ; a large international trade was carried on, the owners cnnnng out with their lanstcMs, and superitj- tending it tliemselves. It is also expressly told us that they had houses, for the (Jeneral lived ashore with them for the three weeks he stayed in St. John's. The character of this business will bo easily luiderstood ; it was an altsf)liitely free trade; no Custom House otticfr to trouble the merchant's pocket or his ctaiscience. The principal traffic consisted in sellirig for cash — or bartering for fi.sh and oil — Mediteirancan products, salt, olive oil, fruits, wines, also West of Kngland coidige, cloth hats, caps, hosiery, SheHield wares, and general English merchandise. The mnst<;r and his crew fished, the nierchant had his store and tradid; considering the lai'geninnbir of fishermen of all nations, probably about fifteen thon.sand, resorting to Newfoundland, it must liave been an extensive and, I need not add, a lucrative trade. There are three narratives of Gilbert's expedition — Hayes', Peckham's, and Clark's. Hayes says : — " Sntiinlny, Srd August, wo mado ready our tiglita and prcjiared to enter tho linilionr, iinj- lesistancu to the central y notwithstanding, there being within of all nations to tho number of !it5 Hail, " But (ir.st tho General [Gilbert] despatched a boat to give them knowledge of his coming for no ill intent, having commission from Her Majesty for this voyage wo had in hand; and immediately wo followed with u .slack gale, and in tho vcy 01, trance, which is but narrow, tho Admiral fell iij)On a rock [Cahill's liock] on the larboard side, by great over^^igbt. " After the English merchants hpd been shown our commission they wero all satisfied. Tho merchants with their masters definrtod. They caused forthwith to be discharged all the great ordinance of their lloet in token of our welcome." Afterwards arrangements were made to fit out this poor iil-provided expedition with necessary fo(jd and supplies. Hayes continues : — " Commissioners were appointed, part of our own company and jiart of thcns to go into other harbours adjoining (/or our English vjcyclintitii roinnmnd all there) to levy our provision ; whercunto the Tortugals (above all ether nations) did most willingly and liberally contri.jute, " In 80 much as wo were presented (above our allowance) with wines, marmalades, most fine rnsk or biscuits, sweet oils, and sundry delicacies ; also, we Avanted not of fresh salmons, trouts, lobsters, and other fresh fish brought daily unto us. ' Halfidd MS. HAYES' NAUKATIVE. 71 " Miircovor ns tlio manner in in fisliinp every wock to diooso their Atliiiinil anew, or ratlier they succeed (uieh in orderly eonrne, iind Imvc weekly tlieir Adniirara f< ant Holeninized, even bo the General, ciiptiiins nnd nnistors of our lleet were continunlly invited nnd feii.stcd. " Xext inornin^f being Siindiiy, -Ith Angnst, the General and hia company were lironglit on land \>y the English luerclinnts, who showed unto us their necustonied w.ilks into a place they eallcd 'the rjanlen.'^ Hut nothing appeared more tliim nature itself without art, who confiiHcdly hath liiought foi'th roses aliuiidantly wild, hut odoriferous, and to sense very eorafortahle. Also the like plenty of raspherries, which do grow in every place." It i.s (piite evidi'iit that (JilKurt iind his coniiiaiiiinis had a very jovial time in St. John's, tlien, and now, fnni(ai.s tor itii hospitality. It seeiiis, says Hayes, speaking' oi' .St. John's — '• A place very populous and much freiiuontud." And Sir George Peckham says that the l^^nf^Iish merchants — " Before endeavouring to fraughto themselves with fish n-p.iyrcd unto Sir Tluiuphrey and assisted liim in his designs." Hayes continues : — " Upon Monday heing the fifth of August the Gcaeral caused his tent to ho Hct upon the side of an hiU- in the viewe of all the tlote of Knglish men and slraiigers, which were in number between thirty nnd forty sail ; then, being accompanied by all liis Captains, Masters, Gentlemen and Soldieis he csMised all, the Afasters and priiicipall officers of the shippes as well Englishmen as Spimiai'ds Portiigals and all other nations to repayre into his tent and then and there in the iiresence of them all he did cause his commission under the great seal of England to bo opeidie and solemnlie reado unto them whereby was graunted unto him his hoyrcs and assignes by the Queen's most excellent Majestic many groat ann. but it was prohnMy some- where about t'lu'iry Garden, ou the banks (if Waterfonl Uriilfje ]{iver, tlie most ]m'- tnresque walk about St. .lelni's. A path wduhl >:o along there into tiie woods. It is in the tlireetion in which sailors would naturally take a stroll on a Sunday after- noon. - Tlie hill would be, probably. Garrison Hill, the centre of the harbour. In H itlon and Harvey's lli-.|(iry the (ieneral is deseriiieil as standi iii; on llie beach of St. John's Harbour to jierfoiin the cereniony, and th(^ jiillar as beini; set up near the water edjre. Peekham's narrative slutws lliut it was on tlir hill. a . f 7« HETGN of ELIZABETH. " !1. Aiiyimc iittoriiij; words of dishonour to Hor Majosty should lose his ears and iiiirc Win ^'nods and ship conflKcatod. '■ All Hjon ilid vrrie willingly Hubmil thcmbolvos to those lawuo. " Then \w causi'd the (.Queen's MajostioB arms to l)u engraved and sot upon a pillar of wood not far from thn tent with great solemnity. " After this divers Englishmrn nuulo suit unto Sir Ilnmphrcy to have of him by inhcritancu tlieyro accustomed stages standings and drying places in sundry parts of that hind for tlicyre fish us a thing thoy do make great accompte of. Which lie grunted unto them in foe fftrmo. '■ And 1)}' ihis means he hath possession nmyntained foi' him in many parts of that country. '■ To l)c liricfe he dyd lette, sotte, give and dispose of many things as ahsohUo OovoiJior there by virtue of Ilcr Majesty's letter jiatent." ' He ^iiVH title to a ^vcnt many Eii^'HhIi lui'i-cliaiitH for thcii- tiHJiiiijj; pliipt'.s ill St. John's uiid the noiglibourinj^ Jiarhourw. Souio of tho St. Johns iiuTchants wanted lar<;ei* grants ol:' land. *' Now says Hayes] he became contrarily alVect(;d, refusing to make any so large grants, esjiecialiy of (St. John's, which certain English merchants made suit for, olVeriug to employ their money and travail [work] upon the same ; yet neither by their own suit nor of other of the company whom he seemed willing to plea.surc, it CDilId he oblailied.'" The nioi'C'liants c-vi- dontly contoiiiplated jici-- manent settloniunt and cultivation, and only wanted to be secure in their tenure ; and it tells some- what aj^ainst the jraliant knii;'ht that his " con- trariety " lielped to re- tard tlie pro<;ress of tlie Colony. The splendid harbour of 8t. John's and its luiique position, midway between Cape Bonavista and Cape Race, where at fir.st all the En'dish Hshiiii'- optn-ations were carried on, made our capital, from the very beginning, tlie metro- polis and head-quarters .-II! lIl.MI'aiiKY (ill.llKHT. From lloUand's lleriaolcjw- of the Newfoundland fish trade, both Englisli and foi-eign. It was a grave misfortune for the Colony that the first great ' IIakluyt. OILHEUrS DEATH. coloiiNrttion Hclicine fell into the hands of a poor, bankrupt, incaiiahle luuii like (Jilliert ; to use Hayes' words — " IIo tlirnHt liimsolf inlo tlic (iction lor which ho wivs noh fit, prcHuming tho cauHo protoiidt'd on God's bohnlf would carry him to tho desired ond." ' What shall we say of a j^reat patentee like Giihert, owner of lialf a continent, refusinir the EnLflish niei'chants in St. John's a title to hind around the infant capital, on which tluy were willinj,' to spend their nionciy, time, and labour. Later on, when an ofHcial settlement was made under tiuy, he was directed bj' the patentees lo go to Con- ception Bay, not to St. Jolni's. The directorK of the c "' harbours of the east coast had been appropriated l)y merchants and li.>-i;ernien. Ciilbert had with him a Saxon ore refimr named Daniel; he was so impressed with the mineral wealth of t^ - Colony that iu proposed to lenve Mio settlement and di.scovery of the south to iiayes, for, he said, " I am now bef;omo a north "rn man altogether, ;i id my heart is set on " Newfoundland." Our Colony undoubtedly possesses great niiiieral wealth ; this has been proved : whether Sir Humphrey and his miner really found anything but the glittering iron pyrites known a.s 'fool's gold '" cannot now be nficertiined, as ore, paper.s, and everything else were lest ai sea. The end of this ill-organised expeilition was dire disaster ; on the 20th of August their Admiral's ship Jjt'lii/lit was lust oft' Capu Sable, tlirough utter carelessness and l)ad seamanship ; the little frigate Squlirel and the Gulden Hind escapeil ; on the 31st of August they bore up for England. Poor Gilbeit hiis been ])ainted for us as so complete an angel that it is a relief to find hini at times mvino; wav to human infirmities and acting like an ordinary man. After they had passed Cape Race on their return voyage, Gilbert came aboard the Hivd to get a wound in his foot dressed ; afterwards, on a fair day, he came aboard again " to " make merry, together with the captain, master, and company, and " continued there from morning until evening," no doul>t drinking the good wine they had received in St. John's. On the same day, for the loss of some mineral spe'^imens, " he was not able to contain himself, but " beat his boj'^ in a great rage." Lest I should be charged with misrepresenting the qualities of this most unfortunate ailventurer, read his character drawn by Kingsley in the fascinating pnges of " Westward Ho " : " a philosopher^says Amyas — but not so much of a general, not able to control men." ' Haki.uyt. ! I 74 KKKJN OF KLlZAUKTir. Tlu' (lontli of Sir Hum|>Iiioy was as sail and trajjio an oml ns cvci' liofi'll a hero. It soiMus tlie Knollys t)r souio of his fiicniii's liail (piostionod his conratro on sliip itoard, soamansliip lio liad nono ; so to prove his infttl(> ho rorusod to loavo the wivti'hed little tub vl' a Squirrel (KMons). Ilesai.l:— " ' 1 \\\\\ iiol forsivkc my littlo roinpjniy tjoinij lituiicwnrds willi wlioin I Iimvo ]i,'issi'(l so iiiMiiy slorms ami ]iiM'ils.' albeit [snys Hayes lliis was rather I'nslincss tliini advisod resolution, to prefer tin' wind of a vain rejiorl to tlie >veiu:lit of liis own life." ' Unfortunately h»" was no sailor or he niijjht liav known her eoi\liliiin. overweiofhted on deek with " liijhts nettino; and small artillery," eundiersonie for so small a boat to pii'^s throuo;h the ocean at that pei'iod of the year. (^n Monday. !Hh 8eptenil>or, in the afternoon — " The friijate S\/)n'rn7 was near oast away e|)]>i'essed hy waves. y(>l at Unit (iino recovered ; and iiiviiitr forth signs of joy. the (i(Mu>ral , (iilliertl sittinir aliaft with a hook in his hand, cried out to us in the Jlind (so oft as we did MpiiroiH'li within heririnii"), ' We are as near Heaven liy sea as liy land.' ri'ileratinu; the same >i)eeeli ■well heseoiuiuLT n soldier, resolute in Jesus Cliri-;t. as 1 can testify lu' was. " Suddenly on Monday nisjht we lost siijht of the ^'>qnln■d's ]i,!j;ht. Our watch cried out the ( i cue ral was cast away, which was too true; for iu that inoniont tlie frigate was devoured and swallowed u]) of the sea." ' Poo'- (Gilbert I jivobably he was so disheartened by failure and los-es that he alninst courted death. Hayes, a practical sailor, by bis skill, and the good seamanship of blaster Cox, of Limehouse, ari-iveil safe in Eno-land. and to him we are indebted foi- ])robal»ly the mo.-t interesting narrative contained in tlie voluminous collection of JIakluyt, the Story of the Unfortunate Expedition to Newfcunidland. Hayes concludes with a fitting tribute to the piety anil courage of his unfortiniate lender : — "But such is the ii\finito Imunty of God. who from every evil deriveth ,L;ood. For lu'sides that fruit may grow in time of our travelling into these north-west lauds the crosses, turmoils, and aliiictions, both in the j)reparation i.nd e.\ecutiou of this voyage, did correct the inteniporato huiuonrs whicli before we noted to ha ill this gentltMiian, and made unsaxoury and less deliglitful his other manifold virtues. Then, as he was relined and made nearer drawing unto the iiinige of (iod. so it jjleased the Divine will to resume him unto himself, whither both his and every other liigh and uoble mind have always aspired.'' ' Almiist imniediatelv after the T. IJALEKJir. 75 slionMePH, tV'll on \m illuHtrious Imlf-brothcr Itiilci^'li.' Hi.s ])liuis for I'oiMHlir);^ Vir^'inia wen! not HncccH.st'nl in his liftitiinc, lnit with untirlnj^ oncv^y iiml i:iictiU, aiid to the AJuentiitciv ttt pjruculat. Togctlicr uitli tJic fntinet aiuI Scene and alloneJ. At Londonj Tmtedh l.C.Yar lohn Hinde, dwelling in P»nlei Chiitthyjrdc, ai Aaao. nty TITLK TAt^iK OF TKCKIIAM's BOOK. Friiiii a copy nfthcfrst vdilion in the B.M. ' "Guernsey, April l.')94. — Guernsey des- titute of provisions for soldiers except C0,0()() Kt'wland lish, a barque of herriiifis, and 40 funs of cider." Jersey must have had o much larger share at this time in the New- foundland trade Uiaii her ^nlalll•r sifter island. - This is the title of a later edition thau ♦he one illustrated. SIR G. PECKHAM'S BOOK. 77 and will be found more beneficial to our country than all other voyages at tlii3 diiy in use aivd trade amongst us."' The work is a most sensible, clear-headed, business document, and the author sliows himself as a shrewd trader ; he offers attractions to everyone^-sport for the gentles and nobles ; fishing for all ; a north-west passage to India from Newfoundland for the scientific and adventurous. Tiie hundred pound subscriber was to have sixteen thousand acres of land with authority to keep Court Leet and Court Baron ; to be chosen one of the Council to make laws ; to pay one half-penny an acre for the building of forts, towns, churches, &c. The smallest conti'ibutions were accepted ; even the subscriber of ten shillings had his rights and lands in proportion. The whole pamphlet is an ingenious attempt to get money from the public and to keep Gilbert's chai'ter alive. Sir John Gilbert maintained his brother's shadowy claim for years after, as I find some Devon fishermen complaining of being prevented by him from going to New- foinidland, probably for claims due under Gilbert's charter. As we proceed with this history we shall see other instances of the extra- ordinary and fantastic way in which kings and potentates flung away islands and continents to adventurers and Court favourites. All the ver}'' early ones came to naught ; the later ones caused strife and difl[i- culty everywhere. This book marks the great advancement of the age ; the resources of the island are set forth, perhaps, in too glowing terms, but its innnense advantage to England is not in any way exaggerated. The proposal to make St. John's a fortified town was thoroughly practical ; it would have secured our capital from the attacks and destruction it afterwards suH'ered from the French. Besides the patriotic endeavours of Sir George Peckham to encourage settlement and relieve the distressed poor of England by emigration, the gallant Sydney and Carlile, sons-in-law of Walsingham, wrote and ad- vocated the planting of colonies in Newfoundland and North America. Their only effect was to encourage the prosecution of the fisheiy, which increased by lea[)S and bounds. We have an account in Hakluyt of Strange 's prosecution of the seal and whale fishexy in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; of Rice Jones's fishing at St. Peter's. Piracy was prominent ; Cecil and Raleigh engjiged in it under the guise of privateering. A notable French pirate, De Sance, behaved very cruelly to one Richard Clark, which is duly recorded as follows, but 78 EEIGX OF ELIZAHETir. little is sniJ of tlie constant raids made by Enj^lishnion on ships ol' all nations : — " 1696. Report of Richard Clarke and othnrs concerninj^ the p'vacy committed hj- three French ships at St. John's Ncwfonndlaiiil. The Cap'ainol: the Admiral [commodore of the Ihrco ships] was named Michel do Siincc ; the ^[awtor of tl^o A'ice-Admiral Martin do Sanco. Having been nsed with kind entcrtaiinncnt and invited to breakfast on the 25 September, in re(|nital he invited the Frenchmai'. aboard his shij) the next day. The captain of the Admiral feigniHl an excnso and sent for Clarke to visit him in his sickness; upon a sudden the French i'ell on Clarke and his men, ciilliiig out ' rcndez Tons, rendez vous.' He and nine men were kept prisoners nine days and their ships pillajrcd. Witnesses: Ric. ("larke. Matt Ryoes and I'hil. Fabyan, Mate Sam Clai'ke, Surgeon, and seventeen others." ' The most interesting of these voyages is the adventure of Charles Leigh, a London merchant ; in Cape Breton he lost one of his sliips, the Chancellor, and came into collision with a big Biscayan ship, wliose captain, surroimded by his countrymen, dared to treat him ill. The Englishman wanted to fight, but the Biscayan rr.n off. Next he aip- tured a Spanish sh'.p in the St. Lawrence. A comrade ves.sel came to her rescue, so Leigh had to give up his prize and prisoners in orJer to ml SilKATOXS MriHTIIOrsK. rKxr.KK roiNT. DliAKlv's ISr.AXIl. Till-: iioE, ri.YStorTH. MOUNT KUOECdMUK. AI.MAD.V MKMORIAr,. From n phofnyraph hji A. II. Propose, Esq., 31. D., of Clifton. I» rescue his prize crew. Finally, to avenge himself for all these mishaps, he attacked a big French vessel in St. Mary's, captured her after a hard fight, and so leturned with two ships and a valualdo cargo. The whole story exhibits the daring, reckless character of the English adventurers of the day, and the extraordinary difficulties under which business was carried on. Though nominally at peace, still for all practical pui'poses Eaglaniig before the discovery of Newfouiid- hind. Iv is referred to in Don Quixote in the queer scene between Maritonies and the arriero. In the sixteenth century, and iaiei on, " bucalao" was used as a trade word h\ all the Eurojiean nations, just as we now use the words "(;iiano'' and "tobacco" — both i^panish words which havi come into general use. - In April of next vear, 1.5H9, Moys writes to Lord Hurjjhley from Plymouth : — "Tlie whole couutry cannot sup]>ly above a hundred thousand Newland fish for the fleet." In ordinary years the stock on hand was twen;y times this amount — two million fish, a strikini; illustration of the destructive iuHueuce of war ou connuerce. / p. 2723. F 82 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. Newfoundland Iriuk' than any port in England, save London or Topshnm ; says Kinys'ey in " Westward Ho '" : — '•It is to the sea life and labonr of Bideford and Diirtniouth, and Topshara and Plymouth (thou a potty ])lacc), and many another little western town that England owes the foiuidation of hor naval and commercial f^lory. It was the men of Devon, the Drakes and Hawkins, Gilberts and Ralcighs, Grourillos and Oxenhams, and a host nioie of ' forgotten worthies,' whom we shall learn one day to honour as they deserve, to ivlinm she owes her commernc, her cdonies, her very oxistcnc'o.' THE AKMAUA. From Pine's engraving, i'.lS. Whitl)Ourno was there in his own large ship, and some smaller vessels titted out entirely at his own expense ; Bristol, Bideford, Dirtinouth, Plymouth, To[isham, Bridport, Exmnnth, Poole, all had their share in the fight. The Royal fleet, even in Elizabeth's reign, was less than the tonnage of the Teutonic, bnt the English ships were wonderfully strong and well built, thanks to old Hawkins and his father ; they were practical stamen as well as shipbiiilders. Kingsley states that Young and Prowse, who fired tlie Spanish fleet in the Calais Roads — " Let their names live long in the land " — were both Devonsiiire men ; the records, however, declare that Young belonged to Chichester. Prowse was undouVitedly from Devonshire, and probal)ly connected with the New- foundland tiade. Like Whitbo\u"iie, their valour was their own reward. The action in the fireships was a most gallant ex})loit, and had the most decisive rosults. These daring old merchant captains received no honour WEST COUN'IRY LORDSTIIP. 83 save tlie inipori.shaljle glory of being recorded in liistory as tlie saviours of England. ::-M The defeat of the Annada left England supremo mistress of the seas ' ; the terrible nightmare of Spanish contpiest had no longor any terror for the bold islanders ; they mocked at all Philip's later attempts to subdue them. The benefits of Eli/;abeth'.s bold policy to trade were sim])ly in- calculable Besides the exclusive control of the tran.satlantic eod-tishery, England now traded everywhere, and mightily increased in wealth, material pnjsperity, and territory. Nearly all the great British possessions were gained without tlu; aid of Government. India was won and held for a long time by a trading company, so were America and Austi-alia, and by the same means in our diiya England will gain a great empire in Africa; such eflbrts suit the particular genius of Knglishmen. The landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, their dangers and privations, on the wild New England shore, has been an inexhaustible theme for the poets and historians of the Uniterl States; but the earlier coiuiuest of Noi'th America, the more wonderful exploits of the daring West Countiy fishermen, who alone and unaided maintained the English sovereiefutv in Newfoundland and North America ayainst all comers, a century before the Maujloivcr, are still unhonoured and inisung, and really unknown. In the whole eventful history of English adventure there are no events more remarkable than the doughty deeds of these Devon men, who for a hundred and fifty years kept this colony for England and ruled over the thousands of foreitrn fishermen wlu) resorted to the island. The consequences of this early dominion were widespread. It has coloured the whole of our history. Having won the country, the W^estem adventurers believed thcj' had a right to keep it as a perpetual possession for fishing, and nothing more ; for this reason, after the death of Elizabeth, they banded together to resist settlement. Had France or any foreign power over-mastered the Devonshire men and gained Newfoundland, how would New England and Virginia have fared ? If once France had possessed the island with her twenty thousand hardy fishermen she woiUii have held the key of North America, and with her sea an«l hnd forces the colonies would have ceased to exist as independent coiiununities. ' About 800 Spanish und Dutch ships were destroyeil or ciiptiired in the years immediately follow) nj; 1588. F 2 '1 1 84 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV. {■ H I h I II. i I. Charter Party and Sale of Newfoundland Fish. 26 Sept. 15H(). " It is ii;.'ii'i'(\ tliis (lav lielwixt Win. Miissic iiiiil TliDiiias Tetlow, nieieliaiits of city of Cln'stiT, of tli«!OtiL' part, ami Win. Dali', innslci' of ye (jood ship ciiIKmI i/c William of LimiU)u. of tile otlitT |)art, ami ilotli liaiyaiii uiiil .sell ;t 1,0011 Nt'wiaiiil tisli, nu>irhaiital)lf at lo.v. tlu' 100, ciiiTfiil inoiicy in Kn^rlanil, al^o loiirc toinics tfaine at £12 per toiiiic. In consideration the said fish and trainc to jmy ill "JO a( once, and rest at Ladyday in Ijcnt next ensuiii;:. I'rovided always that the sai:'V and transport from thens the said ((uantitie of fish, to carry the same to what countrey or ])lace he shall thiidv hest for his best market, and therefore you shall not nedo to take any boudes of him in that behalf, permittinir him also to traiis- l)ort the same in a French bottonic or any other strannge bottome whatsoever; not in- creasiiifj any cnstomc unto him in that behalf. And this 1 ehar;:c yon to se accomiilished. towards him with all favourable and jiood despatch, for so is Her Majesties pleasure ; he paicinjj such custome only as others Her Majesties subjects are wotit to doe. This 17 Sepr. I.W.). " Lord Treasurer, F. BucKHriiST. " To all justices of the peace, nmiors, baillifes, and other lied officers. As likewi.se to all customers, controllers, fjovernors, and surveyors of portes in the counties and portcs of Devon ami Cornwall." if! ,' III. Insurance Policy on Newfoundland Fish in 1604. An Asmuhasok. " In the name of God A men. He it known unto all men by theis prescntes that A. J. of L( iidon Merchftiinte and (.'onipany doe make assurance and cause themselves anil eiiery of tli.Mii to be assured Losteornot Losie, knowne or not knowne, from the newe foiinde Land to Toiilone and Marcelleze uppon fishe already Lideii or to be Laden in the jjooil shippe called the HopftrvU cf London of the burthen o' lUO tonnes or thereaboutes whereof is Master under God in this presente voyajro li. G. or whosoener els shall (?oe for Master ii the said shippe or by whatsoeuer other iiame or names the same shippe or the .Mr thereof is or shalbc named or called. Hi-gin- iiinpc the adventure from the day and hower ')f the lading of the said Fishe ahoorde the ■laid shippe in the newe found land aforesaid and so shall continewu and endure untill suche time as the same shippe with the same fishe slialbe ariiied at Tonlone and Marcelleze and the same their dischardged and laid on Land in <;ooil safetye. Touchinjj the adven- tures and perilles which wee the assurers hereafter named are contented to beare and doe faithfully promise, by theis pieseutes, to take iippon us in this presente voyage, arc of the .Seas men of warre, Fier, Kneinies, riratey. Hollers, Theeves, .lettesons, Letters of Mark and counter Mark, forrestes, Hestraintes, and detaynements of kinjjcs and princes and of all other persons, barratrye of the Master and Marriners of all other |)crilles, Losses and misfortunes whatsoeuer they he, or howsoeuer the same at any time before the date hereof haue chaunced or hereafter shall happen or come to the hurte defriinent or damage of the said Fishe or of any parte or parcell thereof. Although newes of any Losse hath alreadie come or by the coinpntacioii of one League or three Knglishe Miles to one bower might haue come to London before the subscribing hereof, any order, Custome, or usage hcreln- fore had or madv in Liimburd sfreiic or nowe within the Hoyall Exchange in London to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. And that in case of any misfortunes, it fliall and may be Laufull to the assured, their factors, servauntes or assignes or to anj' of them to serve, Labor, and traveil for, in and aboute the defence, safeguard, and recoiiery of the said fishe or of any parte or parcell thereof without any prejudice to this assurance. To the charges whereof, wee the assurers shall INSUUANOK POLICY. 68 conti'ihiife orlie one, accordliij; fo the rate mid i|iiiiriti(ie of his some hi'n-iii UHgiireil. Vt is to Ik' uiiilcrKtiiod thiit this pn'sonte wriliiiir and itHsiiranoe beini' inudc and rc^'istrtd iiccordiiijr to thu tjuccnos Muji'sIv'n nrdi'f niid up|i()iiitineiit, .shaihe of asniiuh tlnruo, >livinjftii, and i it'utc as the hcst and iiKistc siiicHt p(ilk;cy ii. writiiip' of assiiianch whicli li:ith Iici.'iu- flier hcrtot'orc used to W tiiadc, liDsto or not Losti', Knownc- (H' not knowriu in the foresaid streete jr Kovall ICxcliunKe in l.oii(h)n. And so we the assurerc iiie eonleiited mid doe [)roinise mid hinde ourselves and entry of ns, our heires, executors and gooih'S liy theis presentcs to tlie aasiirede, tiieir lOxecntorf", Adniinixiratois and assigiies for the triK! perfornianei! of the preiuis.-es, Suh- tnittinHf ourselves, as well the assniede as the assurers to the order, detfrniinaeion and juntcs at the haiidcs (pf A. J. after the rati' of Seaven per Cciitn. And in testi- mony of the truth, wee tlie assurers haiie heremito severally sulisiiilicd onr names and somes of money iissuiiil yeoveii in the oHice of assurance within the Itoiall Ivxchange in London. .'J. (). UiOI. " U. C. V. K." {Fidiii tt I'llirorlh .\rs. Ill/ iiiTiiiis.^iiiii iij t/tr liiflht IJdii. Lvnl J.irijiijivld.) The ahove is the oldest known rcord of Fnjrlish marine insurance, the earliest men- tioned by Mr. .^blrtin is in l(il:t. The Act re- ferred to was passed in KiOI to create a eouit to settle underwriters' disputes anil rcfrnlate assurancing, which the Act recites had been " tynio nut of inynde nn iiNiia^e ainon^ste " merchants of this realnie and forrainc " naeyons." The rates varied. About l.'itil) !^ir Thomas (inslimn paid live per cent, lor ii cai'i;o of warlike material from llambiir^'li to London, iiisiirinf; to half the \aliie. The above insur- ance was at seven per cent., but the follow iiii; entry shows that the rale fell as low as four per cent, under ihe tirm bnei;,'n jiolicy of ( 'romwell : — llirtlioline Laine Id Oct. 'ii.")l Tho. fill Newfound- (iriMllh fioni land. .Newfoumlhiiid to Naples in the .Xii/ilin Miiihiiiii V at 4 per c'. - I 01) III) ( Uilii hiiMiii .1/ S'., /iiiilli iiiii I. ill.) Whilst the owners of sack shijis from Londciii .ind the hir>;ir ports used the above comparatively inodcrii method of payini; premiums aixainsl loss, it seems likely that the niiich more primitive form of lioltninry was employed by the West I'oinilryiiien in the tishin^f trade. This system is th lUfibf to have been in use amon^'st the I'lueiiiciaiis, and is referred to in the Ilaiisealic articles at Wisby about liiiio, and ^^a^ hij.'lily developed at liriifies in the XI \'. century. Instead of payiiij; a pieinium, the ship owner mvind a sum of money by way of inorl;.'ajic upon the hull or Imtliiiii of the ship ; if she was lost the mortfragor forfeited all his advance, but \slii-n she returned safely he received buck his capital with an additional bonus. Kottnmiy is fre(|iieiitly mentioned in connection witli our trade liuriiifr the .W'll. century. Iii- snraiipe frainis were very common even in the fourteenth century. (For fuller informa- tion, see Mr. F. .NLvutin'b Hisloiij of Lloyd's.) If^ H(J CIIArTER V. JtKlGN OF JAMES /. i6o3-i625. li f ;.' :;j|i 1003. — >rnrtfn Fnnjj's voTage fo New Eiigliiud from nrisfol. KiOI. — Insnraiit'L' on i\ freight of Newfoundland fish at seven per cunt. 1005. — Two hundred nnd fifty Eiifilish uliips in XewfouniUand iiccording to Sir J. Child ; ti«h Mold at S.v. per 100. Henry Hudson's third ioyajjo. 1008. — Foundation of Guy's Company. KiOi). — Sir (icorije Somers and others wreeked at Jlermuda. 1610. — Charter to Lord Hiicon iiiul others j instructions to Guy ; arrival of Guy at Cupili utnl l'(irtii^'iir!'i', ( 'iMiiiiiis<.iiiii Id Mii-xiii ti> diki' ii|i >lii|is to Mipiiri'^s jiirai'v. l.iiiiilni},M)t rilgriiii {''iiilii'i'M. I'lililiciilioii of .Miisoir> l)i)ok oil Nt'ivloiiiiillaiiil. IGJl. — Coll III V foiiiiiK'il liy Ilii'iiiiioie i twelve iiu'ii ciiiiir out wiiti ('ii|iiii'ii Wyiiiii', (iovcriior. S;iM' Miill aiiil;:il.st iiiill lit (.MiirkcV ItciU'li iliiiiiii;.'('il liy lislu rinrii. .\lii>oii it avis Ncuroiiiiilliiiiil. .lacolisfii's iiiii|i ct' NitMt'oiiiiiliiiiiil. Aut loi I'rei'i' (i.iliing in Ni'wroiiiKllaiitl mill Vir^iiiiu tliiowii out, 1622. — W'^iiiii'V am) I'ow.ll's KitiTii of '.'xtli July to llaltimori' : f'liitlitr Iciti'iN from U'yiiiii- Mini " \V. II " to Italtiiiiori.' in Aii^^ust. (iicat liufsl (ire luar Ki rr\ l.iiid iioiici-il liy " \V. II.," who iiiaili' a ^pnrliiii; t'Xriii> on inlainl I'lililicilimi of \Vliiili(mriii''s liiiok on Ni wlouinllami. Sir VVilliaiii AloxaiiiltT's Nova Si^oliii colonists wintir in Ncttrouiiiilaml. lOi.'J. — First iiccouiit of caitio of tisli sent from Xowfoiinillainl to Vir;,'Iiiia. Halliiiiorf's charter. Ili catch v.ilncil at ':iau,iM,ii; li»!i s.lliii^r at ei |iur 1,0. )i), itiil oil at CU per tun ; silt costing JUi/, jicr bushel. Two nicn-ol'-war convoy the Kiij,'lish licet. The ejivly pfivfc of tliis reign nifirks colonisation period in Eii^fli.sh l)isU)ry. iiliko of it^nionint entliusiiism, of noble projects, in Eliziilieth'.s rei«;n luul (.'oiin! to noiijrlit : neither Engltind, nor Fnince, tit the liej^innin;^ of the Stntut period, po.ssosHed Ji .sinjifle settlement on the Americiin continent. The Calendar of St;ite Ptipers at the lieginniiij^ of this century is full of ap]dic!itions from all sorts and con- ditions of advontnrer-«, cliiiniing to ho the fortunate discoverers of new islands and territories, teeniiiif^ with gold and valuable commodities; tiie ci!i/,e of the seventeenth century was colonisation. The jiages of tlie Records read more like soiiie fantastic mey the Spaniards. Foreigiiers, and especially Frenchmen, always endeavour to i^ain an advantage over England when the country is under a weak sovereign and a vacillating miuistiy. It was to please the king of Sj^ain that Raleigh was executed, and the plan of his last expedition betrayed. Though huiinliated and iieaten, Spain still with proud persistence claimed all that had been given to her by the Bull of CArTMX SMITir. Frniii liix Hi.sfiiri/ af Virfiiiiiii, i(uO. ' \('w Enpliin>mitli ; he wrilis: — "If Newfoumlland doth yearly freight near 800 sail of ships, with il •iilly, lean, skinny iioor-john and eoor tisli, an(l those who ailventiire there ean gain tlio' they draw meat, drink, and elothes, ami all their necessary gi'ar and outfits, from second, third, fourth, or fifth hand, ami from so iiumy parts of the world, ere they come together to he used in the voyage, anine(l with a colonisation sc' -me. The Puritan element is to-day the hackhone of much that works for good in America, both p(jliti- cally and morally. New England was colonised by a ]Hire, unmixed race of Englishmen, mostly from East Aiiglia : the same stock that carried out the great English revolution, ruled the n(nv Colony. These sober, self-reliant, deeply religious settlei's were led and ruled by the same class that charged a' Marston jMoor, and gave P^ngland freedom. To the Piu'itan party is mainly due modern English Parliamentary Government. In the new world they achieved almost a greater result ; iii.i!\iniA. Frinii Siiii/li'D I'irniiiia, tOjii ' In 1609, July 28tli, tlio Sea Venture, with Sir (!ei). Soniors, Sii Thomas Gati's, mid Captiiin Newport on their way to N'irjjiniii, was wrecked on .he lUrmtidas. Tlicy took possession of tlic Islands for the English Ci'ovii. Tliey were divided and settled in an orderly manner, and have a eontinued and very interesting history I'rom tliat date. Tlivir early annals do not coneern oar history save that uie object and destination of every runaway from the I'luntations both iu Vir- ginia and its dependeney r!eranida was to reiieh Xewt'oundlaud. Thesi' Islands were originally discovered liy Hennndez, a Spanish ('ii|itain, in his vessel La tiitvza — "The heron." The Spaniards ealled the Islaiali " I.a Garza," the ICnglish Kinietinies " The Soinei's Islands " after the gallant Sir George, hut hindly the old euphoidoiis Spanish name of Herinndii. liecame the permanent designation of these lieiiatiful islands. " Records. 90 REIGN. OF JAMKS I. as clciir-lieadwl, practical Eiio-li.shinon, tliey inlierited tlio national <;-i'niiis for ^ovonnnont. Tlioy laid the keel of the constitution of tlio United States in the compact, wi-itten in a cral)l)ed liand idioard the May- Jl'nver, with a boldness and cunninjf woi'thy of the jirogenitors of tlie Yankees ; they maintained an absolutely f''ee Republican Government ai^ainst all the English sovereigns, and developed a great English colonisation, which has outstripped every other attempt of the kiiid, ancient or modern. The American historian, especially a New England writer, dwells on this marvellous story with pardonable pride ; he expatiates on the spiritual and moral aspect of the Pilgrims and their genius for govern- ment, but, like his English prototype, he ignores altogether the plain, simple fact proved by the clearest evidence, that his anc-estors, mostly humble, God fearing people, came to Xcw England to earn their living by fishing : and whilst their great political success was chieHy due to the circumstance that the best settlers, gentlemen like Winthrop, governed, their unexampled material prosperity was laid in the tishtrry. Great C'ounnercial nations have everywhere, in the hi.stoiy of ti.e Avorld, risen from the same humble foundati(jn, witness Carthage, Venice, Holland, England ; and clearly and directly New England's connn.erce, and her great maritime prosperity, which, at one time, b;s to bo (It'iivi'il Irom !i niniilxT of works on Xcw Kn^liiiid, Imt rliiutly from tlio iidniinililo iv|ioit of I.oniizo Siiliino. liosidos f ho evidence irivdi in Winslow's niiiT!iti\o iibont tlio intorviow \vith KiiifT Jiuiics I. wo luivo the faot that Jvow England liofoio Kl'Jii was cliioHy Un'^vn as a fTood ti>hiiij; eountrv. In Itotz's map, pivsfiitod to Il.nrv VIII., 1.">I-' (|). ;!4), tlio soa foiitli of Xowl'oiindland is failed " the Xewfoundlando whore i:itii go a fishii j;." Cio-inold's and Smith's histories refer l)rin- eii)ally to this industry. Weston, one of the chief K, -xiorters of the I'ilgrims, advised them to settle near (/ape fod for tishinjj. Their erazv hark the Spifdwcll was houirlit for that puiposo. Captain John Smith savs : — "At last, njion these indnei-ments [fishing] some well disposed lironnists [a name for the I'ilgrinisj as they are tearnied with some ji'entlemen and "nerehants of Layden and to see their owne error; for sueli humorists will never heleeve well till they bee beaten with their owne rod." In the next chapters he refers to their they they have Amsterdam, t( th eir own eonehisions, tho Milh I'harife th( s, would try ilh 'teat loss and niiieh miserie, till lime hail taught them prosperous eonilition (1(124). "Since have made a salt »>>rke wherchy prescrye all the fish th 'y take, they fiaughted this yeeiv a shiji of ISO tons," 'I'he reciirds show tiieir sojourn at tape Cod. 'I'he "Shoal Hope," of (iosnold, was fin' fishinli and furs; one wiis eapturiMl by Tnikish pirates cdf the Knglish Coast. In Itj'JH they were sidling fish and corn to the Dutch at New York ; by KM:* they wore shipping fish to Malaga, and in IClV) their first vessel visited liay Hulls to fish and trade. ENGLISH COLOXISATION. 01 understand our history, it is absolutely nocessiuy to coniprohend theirs. Tlie New En<;'lander of to-day is the strongest advocate of temperance and abolition ; his Puritan ancestors were just as loud in their claim to export free rum to Newfonmlland, to send their refuse Hsh to the West Indian negroes, to suuiggle, and defy the British navigation laws, to trade with this ancient colony, notwithstanding all restrictions, and to steal the Devonshire men's servants. This last point will probably be denied by American histoi'ians, but the fact is too clearly proved by official documents, of which space only allows me to quote a few. The seiond pei'iod of our colonial annals connnences with the reign of James I. of England and VI. of Scotland. In studying this period of English history, all feel more or ie-^s the glamour of the Stuarts; the. beautiful Queen of Scots has to this dny votaries from all lands, and ardent and enthusiastic souls are still the champions and defenders of King Charles the Maityr. The subtle, all-pervading influences of art and poetry have shed such a halo of glory around these unfortunate sovereigns, that neither the haid logic of facts, nor time, nor reason, have been able to deaden or destroy the almo.^t univa^rsal sympathy for this picturescjue dynasty. Even for the slobbering, shuffling, uncouth pedant, with his niiniele>s vices, the first English Stuart^ " the most sagacious, high, and nughty Prince Jame>^," there is still some sympathy. In his policy to Newfoundland he appears, at first sight, in a favourable light; he was guided, in the early years of his reign, by Elizabeth's miidster, Cecil, Lord Salisbury, and liis colonial policy was the liberal juid enlightened policy of his great predecessor ; his advances to Guj-'s associates were libei'al, and in markeil contrast to his tyrannical and tieai-herous dealings with the Vii-giiiia Company. James, the pupil of the great schnlai', George Buclianan, had undoubtedly a love of learning; his lifedong friendship and strong attachment to his great chancellor, Bacon,' is one of the redeenung features of his reign. The illustrious English philosopher is known to us by his glorious wcn-ks, to his contemporaries his cl.ief charactt'ristic was eloipience , this is the theme of "rare Ben Jonson's " discourse on him. How cuuld a vain pedant ' Lord C'liHl'Collor in tlio rcipliy, whose ri'|iiitiiti(m is woild wiili', took a lU't')) iiitt'ivst ill cohinisafioii sohcnios ; hi' wrote his eelel)rati'(l I-lssay on IMaiitations to fiiitlicr thi> scttU'inents in Aiiiciioa; he showed spceial mtcfest 111 CJiiy's I'hintatioii by heeoiiiiiif; a sliaivlioMer iiiid suliseiilier to tlie eoiii]iaiiy. On no siihject does the genius of Hacon show to fficaU'i' advantajje than in his Kssay on IMaiitations ; one passafie alone proves iiow far he was ahead of the age of monopolies iu which lie lived; — " lift there be freedom from eustoius till the lihiiitation be of streiifith, and not only freednm from eiistoin, but fieedoiii to carry tlk'ir eoiniiiodities where they may make tlu' best of them, except there be some special cause of caution." Hacon, like IJaieifrh, preached even then the dcictrine of free trade. Hacon sfronj,''ly ailvocated settlement in the (Jolony, and described in his elcfrant and ulowiiij;- laii- HuajiC tlie inestimable value of our lisheries to Kiifrlaiid. 02 REIGX OF JAMKS I. li! ; I like James resist the adroit flattery, the eloquent adulation, of surh a sultjecb as Bacon I It wa.s entirely due to the (^reat chancellor's influence that the kins,' ^aanted the advances and issued the charter to Bacon and his a;ssoeiate3 in Guy's Newfoundland Colonisation Company. We shall And that all the other patents jijranted during this reio-n for the settlement of colonies were given to the Court party, personal friends of the monarch. Both Sir William Viuv^han and his lirother, Lonl Cnrherry, were great allies ami supporters of the kiiig's political views. The first Lonl Falkland was his ileputy in Ireland, an honoui'alije and enlightened man, and, strange to relate, a friend of James'. Eternal disgrace rests u])(in our colonisers. Bacon and Baltimore. Bacon — " the greatest, wisest, meanest of man- kind," the la.st English .statesman to use the rack and to pervert justice, — to please his master used all his great influence and genius against English liberty and parliamentaiy government, to further the divine right and alj.solute authority of the king. Baltinn re — in private life an amiable, enlightened mim, a sincere and honest Catholic — earned his sovereign's gratitude in the Spanish niaiTiage ([Uestion, and as a parliamentary tool to bribe, bully, and ai-gue in the Hou.se against the great Coke and the noble band of patriots who strove to give England a free Parliament. t'l-DIII III! fill t'fflf'lit. Soon after the accession of James the eai'ly cha^ ac period of our history comes to an end. England began at last to give more attention to her ancient Culony. A rude attempt was niade to gixcrn and settle the island by nu-ans of a Royal chartered company, like the East African schemes of our own day. This was part of the policy of Elizabeth : Bacon, Peckham, CJiiy, Falkland, and Baltimore were all biniply adopting the projects of Raleigh and Gilbert. I have called this period, 1010 to 1711, the Ashing admiral period, sim[ily becau.se of the baneful rule of these ignorant tyrants under the sanction of the Hou.e GUY'S COLONY. 93 Government ; the century might also be called the colonisation period. Through evil re])ort and good report, amidst the fiercest opposition from the Devonshire ship fishermen, small hands of settlers had, for years before Guy's arrival, been settled on the eastern coast, Itetween Cape Race and C;ipe Bonavista. The first of these colonies were planted in the neighbourhood of 8t. John's, and gradually extended around Conception Bay, thence north to Cape Bonavista, and south to Cape Race. The story of the formation of Guy's Colony, called by the founder " Sea forest plantation," is one of the most interesting episodes in our earlv annals ; as there is no detailed information aliout it in anv extant history of Newfoundland, I have set forth all the facts that can now bo gathered from tlie contemporar}'- recoids. Young Alderman John Guy is a striking personality, shrewd, pushing, energetic, and full of ambition. The company consisted of most of the men of light and leading in James's Court. Bacon was undoubtedly the guiding spirit in the enterprise, whilst Guy and Eoberrow were the working u'.embers. We find the same individuals who were in Peckham and Gilbert's com])any members of Guy's association. Tliey had become so im- poverished by the dismal failure of Gilbert's unfortunate advejiture and Raleigh's colonisation schemes, that when John Roberrow, John Guy, and others, were appointed a com- mittfe to confer with their London associates, they decided th;it the scheme was quite feasil)le, and Avould lie profitablo and of great value to the kingdom, Imt a portion of the charges should be liorne by the Government. As far as we can ascertain, this took place in 1607. Undoubtetlly the company was the outcome of the various projects put ft)j-ward by Peckham and Algernon ►Sidney and Carlyle, who were both Walsingham's sons-in-law. It was only by immense Court in- lluence that money was olttained from the (lovernment. The Stuarts as a dynasty were peieiniially impecunious, and it took three yeari' pleading and all Bacon's infiuence to get the desired subsidv: it must have been considerable, as AliMS or Till: lOMKiX AND llHIsTOI, CnMl'AXV FOU LOI.oMSIN(t M;\V1\)U.M>1.AM). m REIGN OF JAMES I. ft .HI Mr. Aldernnn Guy and Iiis slii'ewd merclmnt ass )ciat?s appear to have only put in a noniinnl suin, less tluui £100 cacli, payable in five yeai'ly instalments. In KilO the charter to Bacon and hi.s associate.s was issued under the Great Seal.' This instrument is very full and com- l^rehensive, it is a far more practie d and statesmanlike document thin the loose grants of Elizabeth ; the extent of territory covered by the charter is detinel — fi'om Cape 8t. I\[ary'& to Cape Bonavista. The public ri;.flit to tlie fishery is specially reserved. Guy's instructi(ms show clearly that the charter was a dishonest attempt to give away to Court favourites land occupied and possessed by En^-lish- men lon^ anterior to the gr;mt. After obtaining his title deeds, Guy sailed fi'om Bristol, 'Slixy 1(110, with his brother Philip, his brother- in-law Colston, and thirty-nine ])ersons, in three ships. From the records of Bristol and other sour(.'es wo are able to give a })retty accurate account of their proceedings. They had carefully chosen the site for their new colony. Old Newfoundland traders were evidently connected with the company, and all their arrangements were planned by persons wt'll ac(juainted with the trade. There remains a MS.- containing the — " IxsTiacTioxs to John Guy from tlic Associixtos of liis Compmiy, 1010. ■" you shall furnish yniirsolf with at loiist twelve months victufilles with mnni- ,.'i uiis niul with all niiinner of toolcs ami impl<;mcnta [niul you shall make choice . ; vjj "-kill and niaimall arts of such as arc to go Avith you that you shall think '•..» :*■■ -it for the advancement [of the colonic]. ' .' ■•: the bcnolit and use of domestic creatures without whom not onlic any desolate conntrie but also a [civilized countriej could not well he inhabited we ' .S'/c iijipcmlix to till;. ctuiiitiT. iiiciit of tlic ])l!\nt:iti()ii ; the piipcr lias been * 1 WMS t'lirtuiiiilc cnoiifili to finrl this inntiiillv liiuiit, hut the priiicii.iil imit of tlu! most inti'iotinif ti mlions ooiuciits have lu'eii iiK'servcil. — ll.M. MSS. from Guv's associate ahout the nuiiiiiuc- Ollii /■,'., V] 1 1. .O. SE.VI, OP J.i.MES I. GUY'S INSTRUCTIONS. ■would have j'on tiiko with yoii a small number of evrie kind of them male and femnlo water and 1)1 liL'P tliinsjn noedrul for their transportation not [placintj tliera on the Bca shoixv hut cither hy iKlands or necks of lands between ]3iiyt's wliero together with the caro of a herdsman Lhey shall escape from wild beasts and so inereaso and mnltijilio of which number [wo would] not have anyone killed without gresit and nrtrcnt cjinso. " When i*; shall ph'ase God to send you and your Companio into the Newfound- land Ave wouhl have yen make choice of some pi. ice Avhich you shall find littcst within the limits of the countr\' assigned unto us in order to plant our said colouie. The Paye of (Jonccpsion we prefer before oth(>r places for the first attempt. " Upon your first arrival there the sooner to operate our patent and to jirevent yo murmuring ',f suspicious and jealous persons that perhaps will not [fail] to spread abroad ihiil Ibis enteri)riy.e wilbe to the jirejudice of ye ti ;hormen as well of our nation as others. AVe do honld it expedient that you call an assemldy of all the fishei-men that shall be nero thereabouts and there in their presence openlie and distinctlie cause to be read the grauiu under the King's Mnjesties great seal which you shall ha\o along with you, that by tlio tonour of it they may bo satisfied that thoi-e is no intent of depriving tiiem of their former right of fishing which being done yon shall ('cclare in the presence of them all that you enter upon that place to take actuall sea/.in and ])ossession (never by grace and assistance of God to be discontinued) in ye name of the whole country compreiieuded within the said grant to the use of us and our associates our heirs and iis>i()ns to be holden of our sovereign Lord the King by the rents and services secured by the said graunte and that by such your acte the King's Majestic of England is actually invested with the title and supreme digiiitie next under God of the said country. " IIow you lire to spend your time there wo need not particnhu'lie [put] you in mind of being in good hope that according to the opinion we do conceive of yon all matters shall be carei'iillie providently and paynefuUie ordered and that there shall be no wasting of the vietnalles nor time misspent in idleness but all industrious courses ])ractised to set forward the (.'Uierprize as namelie buildings to be erected tor habitation . . " . . (text burnt) . . [With the] refui'uo of the ships after the fishing is ended all fish [which you have] made [and shall] not need for your own use [rc]ceive to bo trans]iorted to England and if it maybe [bought.''] you may also send some quantity of that wine wiiieh you .... that trial may be nuide of it as also of the zansapMiilla [to see if it] be good and what else you shnll judge fit to be sent. " If you can buy any train [cod oil] for eight pounds the tonne or [thereabouts] we would have you to dialc for it for the use of the Companie and charge us by exchange for the payment of it and to take or send to BiistoU and failing thereof to keep it in your warehouses \intil Ave do send for it in the Avintcr time for we doubt not that ships may harbour themselves there in the Avinter in Januarie or Febru.irie seeing out of the Grand Bay being 4 degrees to the northward it is a thing yearly experimented that ye Biseainers remain until December. If you can buy there fiO.OOO of good dry fish reasonable you may likeAvise do it and charge us ho lie by excbaiijie and ])lace it in our warehouses until avc send a bark thither to take it in and to go Avith it there home to Spain which coming there ahme may sell better than that Avldch came first the great glut marring oftentimes that market. " You shall as soon ns may be conveniently done make choice and bring to the seashore a ships huling of masts sparres and deal boartls to be in a roadines to reload any sliip that sludl happen to be sent unto you Avith siilt which you shall niiloade and lay ii in your warehouses to be rcadie there for our use to b" used in fishing or to be sold to ye lishermen. By employing of shipping of great burd'U w^ m REIGN OF JAMES I. |U tho trndo between TJristoll and Newfoundland may Ijo profitable. We are in good li()])cs that you shall find sufficient cargo there with which the said .ship shall bo reloaden. " And if anj" persons omployeil in this service shall bo found to be seditions mutinous or in any manner unlit you shall by the next retui'ne of any ship from there home send tliem homo to bo discharged giving advertisement of their behaviour. " And for tho succession of the principal or liead of this entcrprize if it. should ]ilj«ise G-od to take hitn away it i^t thought meete that such person shall a icceed him as the said .folin Gu_\ nhall nominate under his hand writing and for default thereof tho .succes.-eams from cucimd)ers. It is clear, however, from this paper that tiiese recommentlations were prepared by keen traders, who knew all about Newfoundland and the business they were endmrking in. At first everything went well with the new Colony ; the}' had a remarkably fine passage out, in twenty-three days they sighted theii new home in the deep Bay de Grave (now Port de Grave), Conception ^-- ■'/^f^'- ^SAmm^ Cl'PIDS. Bay. In the bottom of this estuary lies the beautiful little land- locked harbour of Cupids. It Avas so far embayed that the resident fishermen, who Avere then sparsely scattered about Hai'bour Grace, Carboneoi', and the bottom of the bay, had ])assed by this little sequestered nook as unsuitable for the fishery. The selection of the site for the new Colony was a happj' one. At the head of the inlet of Bay de Grave, now known as Clarke's Beach, two beautiful rivers dis- charge their waters into Conception Bay. There are many picturesque scenes in the peninsula of Avalon, but Ave know of no more charming p. 2729. Q 98 ia:iGN OF JAMIvS T. Ill v'stii in nil NowfoundliUKl than tlM-so lu>nutiful rivers with tlieir lovely wooilfd luiiik.s imd .sniilin;i; Hclils. At ('upid.s, (iiiy built thrt: > hoii.se.s lu'-sideH his wlmrvo^, .storts, jind tiHhiuj^ I'stahlishnicnt. A fort ninety feet wide l>y a hundrnl imd twenty feet Ion<; was encloHed ly a stronj; stockade, and a ttery /■ was mounted with three ^uis. On Soutliern River they erected mills, houses, and farm buildings; a considerable quantity of land was cleared and surrounded by stone walls. Early in this century the remains of tliese buildings were foun<', together with mill stones, coins, &c.^ A paper was read on the suljject by Admii-al Robinson, brother of our late Judge Sir Bryan, before the Royal Geographical Society. There was much discussion on the subject, but no one identified the remains as Guy's. Recently some of the old oak beams were used in the constiuc- tion of a bridge. Happily we can now have no longer any doubt about the identification of Guy's buildings, as in the Record.s we find an account in 1620 of damage to the Company's mills reported by Governor ' Tlu'ro liiis hi'cn coii.siderabK' iiiisa])- pri'heiision ivfjiudilifr the site of Guy's settU'iiu'iit ; ill most XcwfouiKll.iiul liistorifs Mosquito Cove is named as tlie locality ; all doubts about the locality are set at rest by the Eiifjlish Citlendar of Stale I'apcr.s, Colonial Series. These volumes have been of inestimable value to me in preparinfr this work ; it is a fjreat misfortune that our own records have not been published in the ad- mirable way (ieneral Lefroy has written the Chronicles i f Uermuda. The late Sir \i. J. Piusent, D.C.Ij., was for some time engaged on this work in Xewfoundland. 1 hope some one may eventually give the public the benefit of ali the labour he has bestowed on our Colonial Calendar. Early iu tins century a party of settlers proceeding up So\ithern River observed at a distance of six or seven miles above the bay the a])pearance of stone walls rising above the surfi'ce ; on removing the sai:d and alluvial earth they ascertained these to be the remains of an( ient buildings, with oak beams and mill stones sunk in oaken beds ; enclosures re- sinibling gardens were als(> traced out, and plants of various kinds not indigenous to the island were growing anmnd ; anu)ng the ruins wiTc fouiul different Kuropcan coins, some of Dutch gold, others of copper. That these were the remains of (iuy's buildings is proved by the fact that in 102 1 Guy's saw mill aiul grist mill were ])artially destroyed l)v the West Country ii.shermeu, and iLe damage ia estimated at it4U. aUY'S LAWS. 99 Mason. Guy and Colston's letters, wliicli will 1)o found appended, aro interestinj;, an sliowing how little cl)an<,'e has taken jjlace in our climate. The Alderman was not the first settler ' or the first Kn<,diHlHnan to discover that Xewt'ouiidlan. No person to set fire in woods — Penalty .CIO. ". So person, at end of voyage to destroy stage cooke room or flakes that he hath that year used — Penally €10. 8. No nuislcr of any ship to receive into his ship any person of the I'olony, that are already planted by virtue of His .Majesty's gracious Patent without speeiall warrant under the haiidwiiting of the Governor of the Colony or Colonies iu the Newfoundlande aforesaide. o 2 f lOJ REIGN OF JAMKS f. ii^iiinsh it.' Dovon, in this and every sncceeTKI{» UV \kwkoisdi.anij, Dki'H. KilH. 1. That tlioKi' of t)it' Plantiicioiis there hiivt" put suiidiit- of the Pftioioiicrs from the I'liii'fe.st jiliUM's of tfishiiijif there and disposed uf the gaiiie to such as pleased them. 2. That they have taken iiwaie great (piaiitities of salt, casks, boates sta;.'es and other provisions there lelte by tlie Peticioners uiiil converted the same to their own use. .'1. That they have denied and U'tted the I'eticioners from tjikin^ hirdes upon the Ishind of Haccalean, tlie tlesh of which birds the Peticioners luive heretofore used for baite until the ordinarie buit coiue upon that Co::ste. 4. That in tlie chiefest tynie of flRshin(;e those in the said Plantncion have summoneitieal jmrty iu fhe KiiglishChuicli, which we uow cal! Kvuii^eliciil or Low Cluirch n.-* dis- tiri'xuished from tlie Kitimlislic party, wlio in the days of Elizabeth and the Stuarts adhered to nearly all tlie doctrines of the Koman Catholic Church, except papal .supremacy and the worship of the \'irf;in Mary; he appears to have been a luirrow minded sectary, and a troublesome, meddlesome busy- body. In Conception Hay he ministered to ii considerable conjirepition, between I.i0 and 2(ti) permanent settler.s, besides iui. ' Durinp Guy's year of office lie resisted a ici[ui.sition for f'J.SdO inadf \i]ion the city to sujjpress piracy— coutendiug that £1,000 was enough coniparoil with amounts sub- scribed by London, i(ic. PIRACY AND LAWLESSNESS. 103 in " Anno 1614. — ('nptain Manoringo with divcra other captaiiii-' nirivecl in Nt-wfoundland the ith Jnne having 8 Haila of warlike shipH one whoioof thi y took at the bank another upon the maync of Newfoundland, frcm all the harbours whereDf they commanded carpenters maryners victuals munitions and all necesparies from fishing fleet after this rate— of every six maryners they take one, and t'ao one first part of all their victuals ; from the Portugal ships they took all Iheir wine and other provisions save their bread ; from a French ship in Harbour de Grace they took 10,000 fish ; some of the company of many ships did run away unto them. They took a French ship fishing in Carboneir &c. and so after they had continued three months and an half in the country taking their pleasure of the fishing fleet, the 14th Sep. 1614 they departed having with them from the fishing fleet about 400 mariners and fishermen, many volunteers, many compelled. " Anno 1616. — Captain Jacob a Flemish pirate with one Captain Ellis an English pirate took a French and Portugese ship — damage done to both being at least £1500. They took all the ordinance from a ship of Bristol and a ship of Gurusey to the value of £200. " Aimo 1618. — Part of the fleet of Sir Walter llaleigh in their return from Orenoqe consisting of two ships and a cartcll wherein was chief commander one Capt. Wollaston with divers other captains who took from four French ships their lading of dry fish which they carried away and sold at Ligorne in Italy to value of £iiOOO. More three ships they took and carried with them which they sold at Ligorne to value of £2400. One PVench ship they left in Newfoundland which was immediately sent home by the Governor of plantation, yet loss of her fishing voyage was £500. On first coming pillaged French fisheis 500 pounds. Thiv." taxing of fishermen in all the liarbours of Newfoundland for powder shot &c. amounted to £2000. besides one hundred and thirty men they took away. " Some few instances of certane misdemeanors and injuries comitted by the fishers this last yeare in Newfoundland. 162J. " Eight stages In several harbours worth at least in labour and cost £180 maliciously burned by certain English fishers, besides many more in the harbours of the country, greatiy to prejudice of fishing trade, and not punishable but by good laws to be settled there by L^ia Majestic. " A man slaine in a controve/sy for ' halingo of a Seyne.* " Certain English fishjrmer. entered aboard a Portugal ship in the night in St. John's harbo-jr W'+'i swords and axes wherewith they cut many of his ro|)es and would have cv.i his cables io the overthrow of the ship had they not been restrained by certuiv .naBtcs of English ships. "A great combat be^.wieno some insolent English a"' • I'ain Portugals in Petvie Harbour, and one cf ih > English dangerously hurt witn a pikj. " Great damage done by certain English }i?hors to a saw mill and a grist mill bailt by the plantacon not to bo repaired for forty pounds. " The woods daily spoiled by fishers in tal.ing the rind and bark of the trees and iiOOO acres of wood buried maliciously ly the fishers in the bay of Conception anno 1619 with many '.noro thousands of acres bi.rned and destroyed by tbeiu within these iiO yearii. " Harbours frequented byEng'nh near 40 in number, almost spoiled by CRSting out their balast and presse stones into th m. " Portugals. French and all oth^r nations frequonting that trade are more conformable to good orders than the Englisu fibhers." 104 REIGX OF JAMES I. In Kilo the stroiif^cst ami uLlost rulor of all appeared on the scene — Captain John Mason.' The connection of this remarkable man — the fnture founder, with Sir Ferdinando Gor<;'es, of the State of New Hampsljire — witli our Colony has been entirely i T.viin, Norfolk, Miifiliiiicl ; lie wa~ ;iii Oxford man. nnd a clasNical scholar; vi>ry carlv in life lio cntcn-'l till' Hnval Navy; in llioC) he went ^\ith Knox, Hi-hop of the I>les, to reclaim the islandiTS of tlie Ilehrides. !Sa_vs an Knglish admiral: "The Christian world could not show a move harharous, more hloody, or more imtanied freiieration." !Mason had eoaimand of two ships of war and two v.inniices, and did his work well, hut received n. ] ayincnt whatever from .James, hut (iro- >)ahly to requite l.ini in some way for liis vaiuahle services he was aiip''intcd Governor of the Newfoundland I'lantalion. .Mason came out to Newfoundland with his wife in ilil.), and reiuaincil six yi'ars ; he cxjilorcd the Island, luat'e a map, the first I'lijiiish elnirt from actual survey wliicli apjuoaches to any dei;ree of accuracy ; he also wrote a .-h(Ul treatise .1 /iriif Di.tctiiirsc (if llir A < »- JiniiiilhiUil, pnhllshcd in K'l-.'O, and sent to his triend Sir .lolm Scott, oi' Kiliiduir^'li. Jn I'll.') just l)ef(U'c Mason's departure' from the Nland on the petition of divers Scollish ,iil\( iiturers, application was nniile t( the Kiii'i to send two ships of war to Newfound- land, and to appoint .Tohii Mason Kiiif^'s Lieutenant in the ls|an une association with the white men, he hai gained tlie control of disease and death ; that he could bring them out of sickness, or bury them at will. This remarkable Indian spoke three languages, and hud embraced four religions ; first, his native heathenism j seco. dly, the genial friars in Midaga (in my experience, the kindliext Christians in the world) made him a good Catholic ; Mistress Anne Masin con- verted him into u sound High Churehnnm ; finally, the Hrownists captured him ; his last request was for Governor Bradford to pray for him that " he might goe to ye Engli^I,. man's God in heaven." The early part of Bradford's historv is fidl of Squantum and his services to the "Pil- grims ; with his death the Indian trade for the tune ceased. When he died, in 1022, he ivas most sincerely lanieiitiMl. Governor Bradfonl says his useful services to the infant settlement entitle hnn to grateful remembrance. I am in(!ehted to my friend James Phniney Baxter, B.A., for this note. ' The full address: — "Deliver theis, — "I desire Moyses Slaney to repairo downe to Whitehall with this letter and to n.qu.re for 8ir Willyam Alexander, Master of the Requests for Scotland, and to procure of hnn conveianre for this letter accordingly " It shows all the trouble that had to be taken to forward a letter iu those days. M 106 REIGN OF JAMES I. Mason begins hy describing the geographical position of Newfound- laud ; next the climate. He says : — " It is fruitful! enough both of somtner and winter corne .... wheate, rye, barlio, oates and pease, which have growen and ripened there as well and as timely as in Yorkshire in England." This is not in the least exaggerated. Sir Terence O'Brien, K.C.M.G., our Governor, has lately imported some Russian wheat; the return crop, grown by Mr. Ross, Grove Farm, showed splendid grain. Barley, rj'^e, and oais are lipened every year in Newfoundland by our farmers. Splendid wheat has been grown over and over again ; the price of flour, however, is so low that there is no inducement to grow it. Garden vegetables, peas, beans, cauliflower, &;c., are grown to perfection. j^j Is/ii^iJk olim -voaUa Tfoua ff Term , Nevfovnd jlajntd ^ ^ ^■c: tS«i^ a^^"3^rL/''C'5(,^^a5i mason's map.' i^rom T'««i/AR, the only contribution of Mason v--. .iij: ' the great Lake or Sea" — Fortune Ua^ which he probably rrw from some hill in Placentia ]Jay ou one of his exploring expeditions. The map » '.ongs to the Anglo-l)utc^ group., and is niaiuiy of French origin, MASON'S DISCOURSE. 137 betwixt 25 and 30,000, worth, with the oylc arising from them, 100 or 120 pound. And the fish and traiue in one harbour called Sainct Johns is yearly in the summer worth 17 or 18 thousand pounds. Julio and so till Novenibur hath Macrill in aboundance one thereof as great as two of our.s. August hath great large Cods, but not in such aboundance as the smaller, which continuetli, with some little decreasing until December. " I have heard some countries extolled for their two fowld Haruest which heare thou hast tho' in different kinde yet both as profitable. . . . that country say I which in one month's time with reasonable paiues wil pay landlord's rent Beruants wages and all household charges." He notes the four advantages that Newfoundland possesses : — " let. The nearenes to our owne home. In March April and Maj', which alwayes accommodate faire windes to pass thether in li or 20 days seldome in 30 days. Return in June to Novr. in 12, 16, 20 and now and then 30 days. " 2nd. The great intercourse of trade with our nation these three score years and upwards in no small number frequenting the Newfound- land and daylie increasing iraploy- ing 3Q00 seamen also fraiting 300 ships. . . . Revenue to the King by the customes of French Spanish and Straights goods im- ported from the proceeds of this fish trade at least £10,000 yearly. " 3. The conueniency of trans- porting planters at the old rate 10/- the man and 20, - for victuals . . likewise other commodities by shippes that goe sackes at ten shillings per tunne out and thirtie shillings home. Whereas Virginia and Birmooda fraightes are fiue pounds the man and three pound the tunne . . . " 4. Securitie from Foreign and domesticlvo enemies. Few savages in the north. None in the south, by whom the planter as yet never suffered damage. Ice a bulwark in winter. In summer we have nine or 10,000 of our own nation with maney good and warlike shippos who must defend the fishing season for their living sake as they have formerly done in the warres with Spaine." " In the midle of the Month of April many Ships arriue of the English, some French, and in the midest of May some Portingalls. All which as so many Reapers come to tho Haruest, gathering in aboundance the wonderfuU blessings of the Lord. " I might heare further discourse of our discoueries, conference with the Saluagos by Master Jo/t»i Gi/e. their maner of life. Likewise of the managinge our busiinesse in our Plantations, with the descriptions of their situations in 2. places 16. miles distant from other, on the northside the bay of Conception ; of the mann'.T charge and benefite of our fishings with the seuerall strange formes, and nat'/res of Fishes, projects for making Yron, Salt, Pitch, Tarre, Tirpintine, Frank-Inccnsi;, Furres, Hope of Trade with Saluages nnd such like, with many accidents and occurrences in the time of my gouermeiit theie, but these may BuflSce as Verhum siqiienti ; being of sufficient trueth to remouo errours of aJim^^ p^ 108 REIGN OF .lAMES I. conceiuing the Conntrie more pleasant by reason of his nntnrnll s'ght in the Spheare, then it is indcode, also to convince and take away malicious and scandelous speeches of maligno persona, who out of enuy to GrOD and good Actions (instructed by their father the Deuill) haiic sought to dispoile it of the dewe, and hlaraish the good name thereof. " And lastlie to induce thee, gentl" Reader, to the true consideration thereof as a thing of great consequence to ou Nation not only at present, but like to bee much more beneticiall when the piaintations there shall increase, which God grant to his owne glorie and the good of our Common- Wealth." i' r OOVERKOR'S house, PORTSMOUTH.' From a print in the B.M. In May 1 (520 Mason received a connnission from the Admiralty to suppress tlie pirates. We do not know bow many he seized in Newfoundlan(i, but we have his own account of the capture of a Sallee Rover, the Good Fortune, in Crookhaven in 1625."^ ' Most probably the house where Mason spent h\» lust days. 2 Commission to Mason and Bushkll. " Grant of a Commission from George, Duke of Buckiii<;ham, Lord Admiral &c &c. to the TreasurcT & Company of tlio Colony of Newfoundland, to take up & press such ships with mariners. Soldiers, gunners, muni- tions of war, stores &c as may be iiecessary for the purpose of suppressing pirates and Sea Hovers, who interfere with the sea traffic, & plunder &c the merchant ships. That the s"* Treasurer & Company are to set forth in a voyage to Newfoundland the good ship Peter tS Andri'W of London of 320 tons hnrthen, Capt. lohn Mason, & W'". Unshell, nmster, with men, ordnance &c. for the ))urpose of taking such pirates or Sea Uovers& their ships, & to bring sueh ships into any of our poits. Creeks &c. And nil Vice Admirals, Justices of the peace. Mayors, Sheriffs, Constabli;s & Gaolers are to aid & assist the s'' Capt. John Ma?on, & W'" Kushell, & to carefully keep any pirates in prison as may be broiight to tbeiu, until their trial tu answer to Justice, & suffer the pains of the law for their piracies, or be acquitted thereof. And the said Com- pany is authorised to take possession of such ships as may be captured, a moiety of their proceeils to go to the Admiralty & the other moiety to the said Company. " Given in the High Court of Admiralty 29 Mav 17 K. James. A. I). 1G20." —Dom. Eliz. l.-iDO. Admiralty. Eliz. James I. ^- Charles I. Vol. 237. ss. 30-32. Mason gallantly captured a Sallee pirate called the Marts Desire or Grod Ffortinie at Crookhaven in Ireland. In the report of his claim to the Adniiralty about the ship, which was 100 tons," she was oontinuallie iniployed in pyracyes these 3 or 4 yeares, and their- fore Mr. Wyen needs not make any scruple to proceed legallye to a condemnation." It appears the Admiralty case came before the great Sir John Kliot, Vice Admiral of Uevon. Eliot distinguished himself by the capture of pirates, especially one Nutt ; this corsair had powerful friends at Court, and, at his suit, Kliot was imprisoued, THE SIX COLONIES. 109 Mason, like Guy, was young, restless, and ambitious ; his little book stirred up a Colonial fever amongst his Scotch friends. On his visit to England in 1021 he found his services in requisition ; Buckingham wanted a capable, reliable man as Treasurer for the Navy.^ and so poor Newfoundland lost a ruler under whose prudent and energetic sway her destinies might have been completely changed. Probably sweet Mistress Anne Mason, a High Churchwoman, influenced the gallant Governor ; she found Cupids and the long preaching of Erasnms Stourton rather dull, and loni-ed for a livelier existence in London.'^ Even the pleasant trips and picnics up Southern River did not reconcile her to banishment from England. Guy's Company appears to have existed up to 1628, at least. In that year we find negotiations going on between Slaney the trea^^ui-er, through a Dr. Meadus and Lord and Lady Conway, about a purchase of part of their grant. On June 27th, 1628, Dr. Meadus writes to Lady Conway : — " Have conferred with Mr. Paino about the Newfoundland business; he will part with his Presidentship if John Slaney, the Governor of the whole lanri, consents. Hopes of mines of iron and silver in Newfoundland; present profit by fishing, furs and sarsaparilla." There is another letter on June 30th on the same subject. In 1637 Hamilton and Kirke's grant recites that all the patentees had abandoned Newfoundland. This statement, however, is doubtful. All writers on Newfoundland history, except Chief Justice Reeves, seem to have gone entirely astray on the subject of the various colonisation companies in the reigns of James and Charles I. A study of the records and various writers would have shown them how these different projects were founded, and how long they existed. Bishop Howlev speaks of the Alderman's Colony having been abandoned some ten or twelve years previous to Lord Baltimore's settlement in Ferry- land, and the Hev. Dr. M. Harvey says, " We have no authentic account of Guy's settlement." Evidently they were unaware of the existence of the books of Mason, Hay man, and Vaughau on this subject. Reeves ' gives distinctly the boundaries of Baltimore's grant. The Rev. Dr. M. Harvey says Lo)'l Baltimore obtained a grant of the whole southern peninsula of Newfoundland between Trinity and Placentia Bays ; ' It was in Mason's house Buckingham was stabbed by Fclton. s KobLTt "Hayuiau, a poet of the Quigley and Swaiiborough type, in 1628 thus ad- dressed her: — " To all those worthy women who have any desire lo live in Newfoundland specially to the modest and discreet gentlewoman Mistress Mason wife to Captaiue Mason who lived there divers yeeres : " Sweet creatures, did you truly uuderstand The pleasant life you'd live in Newfound- land, You would with teares desire to be brought thither. I wish you, when you go, faire wind, faire weather." QuodliLels (1G28), II. Bk. p. 31. i-i. no REIGN OF JAMES I. Bishoji Howlcy, more eautiou'*, ijuotes from Kirko, and ways Bultiinoro's fjrant '' ap])lieH to tho whole peninsula of Avalon, and this in the common opinion of nearly all hisforiiins." Richardson, ho quotes as contending that Baltimore ohtained the whole Island. Then his Lord- ship goes on to prove that Jialtimore estal)lished the Catholic religion in Newfoundland — a pure tiction. His further statements (p. 80), that Guy's Colony " failed tlu'ough the incursions of the Indians," and that Baltimore bought out the Company in 1(521 (p. 82), are entirely opposed to the evidence in the Records. All the time there was extant and well known, Baltimore's grant and the exact boundaries of his province. Pedley attributes the large proportion of Irishmen and the influence of Roman Catholics in this country to Lord Falkland's Company, a bogus concein that fell flat on the market ; its prospectus will be given later on. Fortunately, we have at hand all the materials to correct these error.s. No less than six colonies existed in Newfoundland during the i-eign of James I. Guy's, the parent Colony; "Bristol's Hope," an oti'shoot from Guy's at Harbour Grace ; a distinct Colony of St. John's, extend- ing south fiom Cape St. Francis to Petty Harbour, and to the pre!=ent Holyrood ; Vaughau's Colony, with head-([uartersat Trepassey ; Falkland's comprising part of Trinity Bay, called North Falkland and South Falkland, between Renews and Aquaforte ; and lastly, Baltimore's Plantation. The exact division of Baltimore's grant is given, and it will be seen fiom these minute boundaries, how small a portion of Avalon he really pos- sessed. Though Guy had a large nominal grant, the territory in his actual pluutation can never be made boneficial by Huch itlle fclloWH as I found thoro in IfjIH when I was there witli power liy virtue of a grannie from tlic Patentees, Avhiih people had remained there a whole yoere before I came theare or know any or thera and never applied theniHelves to any commendable thing, no not bo much as to make themsolves a house to lodge in, but lay in such cold and 8ira])le rooms all the winter as the HhIk) nien hud formerly built therefor their necessary occasions the yecre before those men arrived there," Tliese wretched emigrantH nppenr to have ruineil poor Vaughnn ; instead of lookitig after their work and superintending their hibours tlie learned Sir William was busy prepjiringhis fantastic works ; friends in England advised him that the best chance for selling his books was to give tliem curious titles, thus we liave his " Newlander's Cure " and his " Golden Fleece," most extraordinary medieys about religion, medicine, and coloni- sation. King James appears to have been generous and kind to this remarkable exile, a great scholar and most absurd pedant, after the king's own heart. A grant BALTIMORE ARMS. From WiiiKor's \. <0 C, II. of America, was made to him in hia extreme need, and partly at his instance, in 1023, two men of war were sent out to convoy the Newfoundland fleet home. The names given by Vaughan and Lord Falkland to the southern shore have entirely disappeared ; all the other official colonisation schemes, from Bacon to Baltimore and Kirke, failed. They had elaborate charters prepared in the chambers of kings; princes and potentates lent the weight of their names and dignity to these great state documents ; they offered court barons, court leet, and territorial aggrandisement to their associates ; later on they had those remarkable dignitaries, the Nova Scotia Baronet:^ ; all these fantastic titles and aristocratic forms, the devices of principalities and powers, faded and died away in the rude free air of the Colonies. None of the great patentees, from Gilbert to Baltimore, exercised the least permanent influence on the history of the Colony, least of all Baltimore ; he came and stayed an uneasy LORD ILVLTIMOUIO. 113 rliHoonteiited slay of two seiisoiiH ; all his coiniiany of forty pci-Hons left the colony to^^ftlicr, ai\il tlifii his Lordsliip and his .si-niinary priests' and his nolile irti'MH! ami his Wi'Ish colonists vanish t'runi oui' annals. There has been much acrirncmious discussion aliout Calvert's char- acter ; on one side he is lauded as a saint, wliilst some extreme writers have denounced liim as a bigot. With his liastard son he can hardly be .set down as a saint, but lie wivs far ahead of his age in enlightenment ; his relijiion was real and sincere ; his zeal for the Catholic faith was genuine and honest, it was o])|ioaed to all his worldly interests. The truth is that, though an amiable, gentle and honest man in private life, in public affairs Baltimore was a weak man ; in I'arlia- ment he prostituted his talents for Court favour ; he was undoubtedly brave and an enthusiastic jiioneer in coloidsation, but the nide life and rough winds of Avalon were morally and physically too strong for liim ; ho was neither an epuch maker nor an empire founder, simply an honest religious Cavalier. The treatment of his son by the Stuarts, whom the father had so loj'ally and abjectly served, is one of the most treacherous and dis- honourable acts of Charles I. St. John's and the neighbour- hood, from Petty Harbour on th<* south around by Cape St. Francis to Holyrood, Co3iception Bay, was the first settled part of the Island : from the very earliest times St. John's was the capital, the metro- polis and head-ijuarters of the great fishery and exchange carried on in Newfoundland ; the rendezvous for all the convoys, it was connected with the neighbouring settlements l)y rude paths cut through the woods. Newfoundland was coloniseil not by aristocratic an-h laws and the ho.stility of the Devonshire ship-fishermen that the settlers planted their homes in creeks and coves ; where ships ould not safely lie. In these open roadsteads they were free from molestatiim. This ex[)lains the eai'ly settlement of such ]d!»ces as Torbay, Pouch Cove, Giates, and Bonavist^r, which soon became large settlements. Official returns about tlie popida- tion are misleading; the settlers purposely concealed their miiid)ers from the naval authorities. We notice a great discrepancy between tl.e nund ers as given by the Fienc.h Abbe Baudoin and the official cen-ius. Ihe year 1015 nuirks the first prinntive attempt to create a formal court of justice in Newfoundland: our old friend Sir Richard Whitbouriu^ was sent out to hold courts of Vice-Adnnralty in the Colony; it was all carried out at the poor old captain's own exjiense ; he had not so nnieh as a bum-bailift" to serve process, or a room to hold court in, or any power whatever to enforce his decrees. Was there ever such an al)surd plan of governing a country, maintaining Gi'der, and administering justice, as this cheap device of King James ! ' A ImU si'iit lior serviiiit — an out- '' Thi- Mistress wants to know, ' Mmu,' if you harbour iiiiui — to iisk a friiml to ^o ciiUin^ wii) go crMic/m/ with Iht this nfternoon." with liiT. I lie iuts.sage delivered was : — ^ IUudoin'b MS. Diary, Queltec MSS. WHITBOURNE'S VICE-ADMIHALTY' COURT. 113 Most extraonlinaiy things have been done in nio'levn times in tl.e Colony ; early in this century an ardent liberal medico started on a pan of ice to aid Ypsilanti, the Greek patriot. This project was hardly a wilder scheme than Whitbourne's Vice-Admiralty Court. Of course it was the duty of the doughty Sir Richard to ma!:i[nify his duties, and tilled with all the dignity of office, and rejoicing in the confidence of his sovereifjn, he tells us, in his own inimitable wav, the result of his judicial round of lectures to the wild rovers and daring BXETER. From Speed's Prospect, 1610. adventurers that then carried on the Newfoundland trade ; no doubt they listened to the old mariner with respect, and all promised to beliave themselves. During the next two or three yejirs disordei's were woi'se than ever. Whitbourne tells us : — ' I set forth from tlic Port of Excotor on the 11th Mny 161o in a Hark victualled and maiuieil with 11 men and boyes at my own charjie ; tm tho 4tli June being Trinity Sunday, I anchored in Trinity Hiiibour and thoro in tho name of tbo Holy and lndiuidur.ll Trinity I called tv)^cther by virtue of my commission the mnstcT-s of the Ene'lish ships ther(> lyinj?, and so begun to hold tho first ('otirt of Admiralty in your Majesty's name that ever was u^ I believe hoUlen in that 11 2 I'l 116 REIGN OP JAMES T. ll( Country to the use of any Christian Prince and proceeded therein according to course of law as the tcnoiir of my commission did warrant mo therein ; also in other Haiboiirs of the said Coast 1 did the like." ' Having carefullj' inquired intii- B ut these two bane a relation and dependency, tbe one on the other, that neither can subsist without the other. I will not therefore diuide your Jliiicstie from your Subiects ; your Highnesso prosporitie being their bappinesse ; and their wealth, your Maiesties riches. " The first thing which is to be hoped for, and which hath eiier been your Maiesties principall care, is the propagation of the Cbriatinn faith : and by that meanes onely, the poorp vnbcloeuing Inhabitants of that Countrey may be brought to the knowledge of God, and a eiuill kinde of gouernement : and it is not a thing impossible, but that from those slender begiiuiings which may bee made in New-found-land, all the regions adioyning (\\ .loh botweene this place, and the countries actually possessed l)y the King of Spaine, and to the north of Ncw-fonnd-laud, are so spacious as all Europe) may be conuerted to the true worship of God. " The next is, the vniting of a Countrey so beneficiall already, and so promising vnto your Maiesties Crowno, without bloodshed, charge, or vsixi'palion, wliich must needs be a perpetuall Honour to your Maicstic, in all succeeding ages; neither will it be an Honour onely to y^. ir Highnesse, but a benefit to the State, by a new accesse of Dominion. And what Prince can enlarge his Territories by a more easic and luore iust racanes then this, seeing that of right it appertaiueth to your Maiestie, and therefore desernes to be imbraced ? " Now if it please your most excellent Maiestie not onely to lend your care to a Proiect of this nature, but also to approue the mutter proiected, and vouchsafe the furtherance therein, the which out of my soules deuotion, and zealous afCection to do seruice to your Maiestie and your Kingdomes, I tender on my knees ; most humbly beseeching your Highnesse, both to accc|it of my honest and zealous intent, as also to pardon my boldnesse and presumption therein ; for it is, and so hath euer been my resolution, rather to beare the burden of pouerty, than iustly to deserue, or giue cause of reproach ; and to subiect all the daycs of my life, and the manifold dangers thereof, thereby to approue my selfe a profual)le member, both to your Maiestie, and to my countrey that gaue mee my first breath; for which onely cause I haue adventured to publish this my simple and plaino Discourse, whereunto my very conscience hath a long time, and still doth not forbeare to soUicite me. " The prosecution and perfection of the worke, I leaue to the pleasure of God, and your Maiesties happy directions, in the discourse and discouery whereof, if 1 haue either been tedious, or any other way oil'ensiue, it is to 1)0 imputed to my want of learning: and so, though perhajw 1 doe not satiefie some men's curiosities, yet I hope I haue sufRciicntly infornaed their iudgcmonts ; and beseech God to incline their aH'ections to tho furtherance of so pious and so profitable a businesse, as this appeareth to be. " And so I rest, and euer will remaine, a faithfull and loyall Subiect to your Maiestie, an hearty and true louer of my Countrey, and a zealous welhvisher to this intended plantation. " RicHAUD Wjiitbourne." ' With a twinkle in his humorous old eye he tells us of the " mosquitos '' : — " Those flies seerae to have a greate power and authority upon all loytering people that come to the Newfoundland ; for they have the property, that when tbey find any such lying lazily, or sleeping iu tho Woods, they will presently bee * Whitbol'R.ne's Discourse. 118 EEIGN OF JAMES I. !l more nimble to seize on them, than any Sargeant will bee to arrest a man for debt ; neither will they leave stinging or sucking cut the blood of such sluggards, untill like a beadle they Ijiing him to his Master, where hee should labour ; in which time( loytoring those Hies will so brand such idle persons in their faces, that they may l)e known from others as the Turks doe their slaves." ' Wliitbourne's book, with its quaint conceits, took the fancy of King James, himself a " Royall and noble Author "; he gave him the sole right of printing and selling it for twenty-one years, and orders were sent to the archbishops for its distribution in every parish in the kingdom. Our author seems to have made some profit out of his work, as there were no less than seven editions of the book published between 1021 and 1G23. The last we hear of o!d Sir Ricliaid is a petition to the Stuarts for a small post under the Crown as inspector of provisions for the merchant ships ; he asks — " To be allowed to superintend the orderly salting and preserving of victuals or the well baking of biskett bread, the tymolio and well breewingof bcare, and also the filling of sweet casks for the same. In which kind of employment he has had long experience." He also prays to be appointed superintendent of one of I he western ports, or to get command of a ship ; he proposes a method, at no charge to His Majesty or to His Majesty's subjects, for keeping two men of war and pinnaces for the protection of the Newfoundland fisherJ^ Whitbourne's relations belonged to Widdecome, in Devon, where many yeomen of his kith and kin lie buried. There is no monument to mark the last resting place of the poor old battered and decayed Elizabethan hero, our constant ally and friend, Sir Richard Whitbourne.^ Lord Falkland, the nominal head of the Dublin Company for colonising Newfoundland, nmst not be confounded with his son, the ' WniT'iotTRNK's JJisroiirse. - 1626, XoveiiibtT 10, in u Petition to tlic Duke of liiickingliuui, in tlie I'eijrn of Cliailes 1. (contained in the Calendar of State Tiipers), 'NVhitbourne states : " A traveller and adventurer into foreij^n countries at 1,5 years of aj^e, lie was ca|)tain of a f;oo(l slii]) of his own in 158S, and rendered jrood service J lias often been frreatly wronged by pirates in Newfonndhuid, wliere he was subsequently emjiloyed, by eoiiiinission, for the reformation of abuses yearly eoniiiiittod there, and other special affairs on that const ; wrote a large discourse, which was presented to Kiiif; .lames, and ordered to be printed and distributed in every parish throughout K' land, to show the benefits of settling a plantation there. lias been twice to that country to help advance iv jiluntation underlaVeu by Lord Falkland : encloses a certificate of his good services and losses." AVhitbouriie was probably knighted for his " Large Discourse " and his services in ttie Armada fight, which lie states " is to be seen recorded in the book at Wliit(diall." For this sturdy old sailor every Ncwfouiid- laiidcr should feci a deep affection. His love for our island was wonderful ; through good report and evil report he always stood by us ; his description of the Colony is in the main a true report, and agrees with contemiKirary •I'.iiunts of Pe 'kliain, Mason, Vaugliau, Hayes, &c. ; he tlirew in ii few wondi'rfiil tales, such as the " Mnrniaide " and the " Mosquito," to tickle the ears of the ground- lings. The Hon. 11. IJond did suitable respect to the nieinory of the old '* Worthy of Devjn," by naming our first important railway junction " Whitbourue." LORD FALKLAND. 119 distingui.sheil patriot and hero of the Civil War. Falkland's colonisation schome embraced a settlement between Baltimore's and Vaughan's colony : it extended six miles wide from a straight line drawn half-way between Aquaforte and Fermeuse to Placentia Bay, and a similar line drawn west on the southern boundary. Henry Gary, the first Lord J^alkland, was made Lord Deputy of Ire- land by James I. ; he was a man of considerable literary a])ility, and took a deep interest in schemes for colonising America ; the organisation of his colony was carried out by his associates ; he appears to have taken very little active part in the company. The colonists were like tlie uncivilized Welsh brought out by Wynne ; it was the custom of the age to captui-e men for all kinds of service, and in all probability Vaughan's settlers and Falkland's colonists were simply coiTalled like so many cattle, and sent out to the new settlement. There was no practical farmer to tea.h them how to clear the land ; they wei'e green hands, and no use at the fishery ; it is no marvel, therefore, to find, after reading Whitbourne's account of their idleness, and Hayman's description of tlieir management, and the dishonesty of agents like Wynne and Powell, that they were failures ; these causes, combined with the want of a practical, energetic, experienced man at the head of affairs, fully explains why these aristocratic schemes to colonise Newfoundland did not succeed. We can admire the enthusiasm that set them on foot, the eloquent language with which they were recommended to the public ; the colonies were f-ettled by poor hard- work "ng fearless men, not by these courtiers and enthusiastic writers or the poor slaves they sent out to people the New World. Not a vestige of these colonies now remain ; all the fantastic names of New Falkland, Cambiiol Colchos, ^'aughan's Cove, Brittaniola, &c., with the one exception of Baltimore's Avalon, have disappeared from tlie majis, and there is not a Welsh family remaining on the whole southern shoni of Newfoundland, except the honoured family of Williams of Bay Bulls. Lord Falkland's proposals were printed in a book entitled : — " A short discourse of the New-found-land contayniug diver.so reasons nnd inducements for the iilantiiig of that couutrey. '• rublished for the satisfaetioii of all such as sball l)e willing to be adventurers in the said Plantation. " Dublin : Printed bj the Societie of Stationers MDC.XXIIL FIRST LOUD i'ALKLANU. From an /•iirirnving after Ilcirding. I ;-f * • 120 REIGN OF JAMES I. " To the Right Hun. Henry Lo. Gary Viscount Falkland Lo. Dcputie Genenill of Ireland and one of Hi^ Majesties most honourable privie Cuuncell in the Reulme of England. •* My Lord. " I present with the view of your judicious censure the short Discourse or rather an abstract of a discourse, intended only as a satisfaction unto such as may be willing to joyne with your Lordship in so noble a designo as is the j)lantation of the Newfoundland, wherein it is not to be doubted but that many will follow your Lordship's stepi)8 in so honourable a worke especially in the Kingdome where the name of a Phtntntion is so farre from being a stranger as it hath been the originall oause from whence very many have derived their happinesse. I caimot deeme but that the weake handling of this discnurse better beseemes the poor demonstration of my zeale to your Lordship's service than any possibility to comprehend the worthinesse of the action within the compasse of a bare relation. " Reasons for planting — it is for the Honour of G>)d and the King ; that Part of the Country is not inhabited ; His Majestys undoubted right to the Country ; that the London Plantation has been f ettled 13 years [Guys] ; the Bristol Plantation 6 years, and Lord Baltimore the two years last past; the advantages of Trade from Ireland to Newfoundland. " Conditions are, that any one paying £100 is to have half a Harbour on the north side of Trinity Bay and Stages Room in Fermeuse or Renews, and 1000 acres of land. For £200 a whole Harbour in Trinity Bay, 4000 acres north of Trinity- Harbour, and stage room for 2 Rooms at Renews and Fermeuse. Other amounts paid, to obtain benefits proportionably." The pamphlet is very well written. Sir Francis Tanfield, who figures in Guy's Company, was appointed governor ; it appears he never came out to his kingdom, and the whole scheme fell through. In the latter part of James I.'s reigii a very im- portant point about fishery rights in the plantations began to be agitated ; it raised the whole question as to the absolute authority of the Crown over the colonies, and had a dire effect on the Stuart dynasty. The Plymouth Company claimed the right to charge the English ship-fishermen who fiequented the coast a licence fee equal to eighty-three cents per ton, and to forbid vessels engaged in commerce to enter any port along the entire coast without liability to seizure and confiscation, and such punishment for JACOBSCZ' MAP, 1021. THE NEW FISHING ACT. 12I the captain nnd crew as the Council thought proper to inflict. Bradford says : — " -^''0°*^ ye later end of Juno came in a sliip with Captaine Francis West who had a Comission to be Admirall of Now England to restraine interlopers and such hshing s^hips as caiao to fisli and trade without a licence from ye Counseli of New England, for which they should pay a rounde sume of money. But he could doe no good of them, for they were to btrouge for him and he found ye fisher men to be stuberne fellows." The West Countrymen brought their grievunce before Parliament. A discussion aro«e, in which Calvert, the Secretary of State, defended the patentees' right to this monstrous monopoly. He argued, "America " )8 not annexed to the realm, it is a plantation solely governed by the " Crown." The great lawyer Coke' made Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the principal patentee, come to the bar of the House. Coke argued :— ' " Your Patent contains many particulars contrary to law and the liberty of the subject; It IS a monopoly, and the ends of private gain are concealed under color of planting a Colony; to prevent our Fishermen from visiting the Sea Coast tor hshing, 18 to make a monoj^ly upon the seas which are wont to b« free • if you alone are to pack and dry fish yon attempt a monopoly of the wind and sun.'" On the accession of Charles T., the Commons passed a Bill for the maintenance and increase of shipping and navigation, and for liberty of fishing in Newfoundland, Virginia, and New England. The Bill was thrown out by the Court party in the Lords ; on this the Commons refused to grant the king a subsidy. It was one of the first difficulties between Charles and Parliament. ' Coke posed as a reformer in this matter ; the real motive was his bitter liatiud of his rival, Bacon. All the same, he rendered great service to England as adviser to those who opposed the tyranny of the Crown. The London Company, who led tbis attack on Gorges, and the Plymouth patentees had a similar nionopolj. For further information on this interestinfj subject consult Sir Ferdi^ Ttando Goryes, by James Thinney Baxter, ii.A. 122 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER V. I I. London and Bristol Co.'s Charter. {l/arl. 580,/o/. 8.) James ^y tlie Grace of pod kinpe of England Scottland ffrance and IrolaiuU- de- feiiiliT of the faith to all people to whume these presents shall come greeteiug, Enowe yoe whereas divers our Invinge and well disposed subjectes are desirous to make plantaeon to inhabite rnd establisiie a Colohy or Colonies in the Southerne and easterne p'tes of the country and Islande eommonlie called Newfoundland unto the coast and harbours whereof the subji^cfs of tliis our Itealine of England liave for the space of fiftie veares and upwards yearlie used to resorte in noe small numbers to fishe, in- tendinge by such i)lantacon and inhabitinge both to secure and make safe the trade of fishinge to our sirtijeefes for ever, and alsr, to make some commendable benifitt for the use of man kinde by the land and profitt thereof which hitluTto from the bcginniiige, (as it seemeth luanifest) hath remained unprofit- table. And for better performance of such their purpose and intencons have humblic besoughte our royal auilioritie and assislaiirt; we beinge well assured that the tame country adjoining to the foresaid coastes, where our subjects use to fishe remaineth so destitute and so desolate of inhabitaunte that scarce any one salvage person hath in many yeares beene seene in the moste p'tes thereof." And well knowing that the same lyeing and being soo vacant is as well for the reasons aforesaid as for many orhtr reasons very commodious for us and our dominions and that by the hnvo of nature and nations we maie of our rcyall authoritie possesse ourselves, and nuike graunte thereof without doeinge wronge, to anie other prince or state, considering they cannot justely pretend anie soueraignitie or righte thereunto in respect that the same remaineth soo vacant and not actualiie pos- sessed . .id inhabited by any Christian or any other whoniesoever, and therefore thinekoinge it a matter aiid action well beseeming a Christian kinge to make use of that w'ch Uod from the beginning created for mankinde, and thereby inter ding not onlie to worke and pruve the benifitt and good of many of our subjeetes, but princii)allie to ourselves to enorease the knowledge of the omnipotent God and the jiropagacon of our Christian faith have graei'juslie assented of their intention and suite. And therefore doe of our speeiall grace, certaine knowledge and meere motion for us our heires and successors give granule and confirme by these p'ts unto our right deare and right wellbeloved cossinne and fellow Henry Earle of Northampton, keeper of our privie scale and to our trustie and right welbeloved Sir Lawrence Tanffield knight cheife barron of our exchecpier (Sir John Doddridge knighte one of our serjaunts at Lawe Sir tfraunces Bacon knight our Sollicitor generall [here follow forty-two names including] ,Tohn Slany, John Guy, I'hilip Guy and Kobert Aldwonh, theiro heires and assignes and to soo many as they shall liereafter udniitt to be joyned with them in forme hereafter expressed, whether ihey goe in their persons to be planters in the Iilantacon or whether they goe not but doe adventure theire moneys goods and chattells. That they shalbe one bodie or com- munitie perjietuall and sliall luive perpetuall possession and one common scale and that they and their successors shalbe knowne as the Tresorer and company of aducnturers and planters of the cittie of London and liristoll for the colony or plantaeon in New- foundland and tliat they and theire successors shalbe from lienceforth for ever enabled to l)urchiise by that name (license from us first obtayned) lande and goods within our realme of England and Walles and that they shalbe likewise enabled by that name to pleade and to be impleaded before any our judges in any of our courtes and in any actions. And under the reservacons limitacons and deelarac~)ns hereafter expressed all that p'le and portion of the country eommonlie called Newfoundland w'ch is situate, lying and beiny to the southward of the parallel lyne to be eonceaved to passe by the cape eommonlie called Jionwiste inclusive w'ch cape IS *o the Northward of Trinitie Ray and also w'ch is situate to the eastward of the mercdian line to pass by the cape St. Maries inclusire w'ch cnpe is to the eastward of the bay of Placentia together with the shoare and islands lyiny within tenne leaynes of any ]i'fe of the sea coast of the country and alsne all those countrycs lande and Islands eom- monlie caliid Newfoundland w'ch are situate betweene/or^^ and sixc deyrees of Norlherlie latitude and two and Jiflie degrees of the like latitude and all the lande soile grounde havens, pones rivers mines aswell royall mines of gold and silver as other mine-alls pearles and precious stones woods quarries GUY'S CIIAUTEll. 123 marshes waters fishing hunnting hawkinge fowluingc coinmoditit's niid huruditaiiiL'iits whatsoL'ver tojffther w'th all prerogativen jurisdiutions royailties, priviledges franchizea and preliemintes thereto nr thereahoute hoth hy sea and land heloii^ing or appertainiiige and w'ch we by our letters pattente caniio graunte and in as ain()lu manner as we or any of our noble progenitor* have graunted to any adventurerit or undertakers of any discuverie plantacun or tratii(|uo into any forraigne p'tes and in as ample manner as if the same weere heerein p'ticuiarlie mentioned. Nevertheless that there be saved and reserved unto all manner of persons (if what nation soever and also to all our loving suhjectes u'ch doc at this p'nt or hereafter shall trade or voi/adge to the partes aforesaid for fishing all liberties powers easements and all other bcnlfiits as well concerning their fishing as tcell all other circumstances and incidents thereunto in as ample manner as they have heretofore used and enjoyed the same without any impedimente disturbance or oposition any tliinge in these p'uts to the coutrarie notwithstandinge. To have and hould all the lands Countryes and territories, with ;ill the pre- mises to the sole and proper use of tlieui, &c. to be holden of us our heires and suceessors as of our manor of Kast (Jreene- wieh in the county of Kente in free and common soccage ? and not in eapito, Yeeld- iuge to us the fifthe parte of all the stoire of gold and silver gotten and obtayned for all services duties acd demands : And for as much as the good and prosperous suecesse of the pluntaeon (raiuiot but cheifelie depend most under the blessing of god and the support of our royal! authoritie upon the provident and good direc- tion of the whole enterprize by a carefull and understanding counsell, and that it is not convenient, that all the adventurers shalbe soo often drawen to meete and assemble as shalbe requisite for them to have meetings and conference about their affaires. Therefore *!>»♦ these slmlbe per- petuallie one counsell consistinge of twelve p'sons here resident in London w'cli shall governe the plantaiTon or any colonies to be established, w'ch counsell shall have u scale, besides the legal! scale of the company, each of w'ch shall have our armes engraven on the one side and our portrature on the other and that the legal! scale shall have round about on both sides these words : Sigillum thesauraru et commimitatis terra nova and that for the counsel! : Siyilum Regis maynac Jiritanniae fraunciae et hiberniae and on the other side: Pro concilia terrae novae. And further that Willoughbie Knight John Sir Percivall Weld Escjuire Raphe ffreman, Richard fBsheburne, Joim Stookely William Turner, William Jones, John tjlany, Humfrey .Slaney, John Weeld, Thomas Lupon and Tboiuas Jones shalbe tlie counsel! and Johu Slany trcsurer with authoritie for the warning of the counsel! and summoning the eotnpunic and the counsell and tresurer shalbe chosen continued displaced changed and supplied as occasions shall require out of the adventurers by the voite of the greater p'tc iu their assembly for that purpose. And that the companie maie cause to be made a coine to passe current betweene the people inhabitinge in these territories for the more eas ; tratfiique and bargaining between and amongnt them of juch imture mettle manner and forme as the counsell there shall lymitt and appointe. And that if the tresurer for the tymc being be sicke or absente from the cittie of Loudon he may constitute one of the counsell to bo deputie with power to doe all things which belong to the tresurer. And further to nominate by such names or styles as shall seeme good to them (and likewise to revoke) all governours, offtcei s and ministers and to make lawes, formes and ceremonies of government and magistratie and revoke and change not onlie Mithin the precincts of the cokmie bu* also upon the seas in going and coming for the good of the adventurers and inhabitors there. And for divers reasons and con- siderations that immediately fiom and after such tyme as any governour soe to be nominated shall arive in Newfoundland and give notice of his commission in that behalfe, all officers governours and ministers former!}' appointed shalbe discharged, stra'ghtlie com- manding them and everie other p'sou resident in the Colonic upon their alleageance that they forthwith be obedient to such government an the counsell heere resident shall have named and to all directions w'ch tliey shall receive from them as well iu their ji'nt resigneing their authoritie as in all other attendance as shall be by thorn required. And that the counsell heere resident in London or any five of thiiu the tresurer being one shall have full power to admitt any other person with their companie orfreedome. And further in a general! assemblie of the adventurers with the consent of th',' giviter p'te upon good cause to put any person out of the freedoine. And by direction of the governour there to digg and to search for gould silver cooz-iron lead tynne and other minerells as well M-ithin the precincts as within ani/ p'te of the maineland not formerlie graunted to any m 1S4 TirAGS OF JAMES I. oHwr and to Imve the gnuld &c. to t]io use of the coiiipiiny. Teelding tlienrefrom yearlie unto us BH aforesaid without any other innnner of profitt or acuounto to be given or ycelded. And to '"ke into that voyage and for ani towards the pluntaoon all of our loco- ing suhjects or uny other straiingers that will hecoine our sulij>-ets and live under our fillt'geance as shall willinglie aocouipnnie them with suHieient 8'iipp ng wei-jious vittailes and such niarehandize or «ares as niaie be fitting to transport into those partes; and elothiiig, iniplenieiits, furniture cattle, horses and mares and all other things neeessiiry and for the use and desoine and trade >v"th the people there, yf any be inliabiling in that country or shall come out of other p'tis, there to trade with the plantaeon and passing and return- ing to and froe all such coniodilies or nuirchnndize as shalbe from thence brought without ])ayiug custume for seaven years. Provided that none of the persons be such lis shalbe hen-after by speciall name restrained and for their further iucouragenient that they shalbe free of all eustomes in New- foundland for the space of tiveuty one years, and from all taxes for ever upon any mer- chandize at any tynie hereafter either upon iniportacbn thelher or exportaeon_//"»»i thence into our lieulme of Enylaud or into any of our dominions (except onelie the five pounds per centum due for custonie upon I'U Mich goods as shall be brought into our Heaiine of England according to the ancient trade of merchants), w'ch five pound per centum onelie being jiaid it shalbe thenceforth free f(>r the Baid adventurers the same goods to exporte out of our said dominions into forruine p'tes witliout any custonie. Provided that the said goods be ship- ped out within thirteen months after the first luuding. And every governours maie for their de'eiice and saftie repell by force and armes by sea and land and by all waies and ineanes all persons as without the speciall licence of the trcsurer shall attempt to inhabite within the severall precincts and also all persons as shall attempt distruction invasion hurte detri- ment or annoyance to the Colonic and to take all persons with their shipps and goods and other furniture trafficking in any harbour creeke or place within the linimitts of any colony to be made within any the limmitts aforesaid and not being allowed by the com- pani'j to bee adventurers or planters of the Colony untill such time as they being of any realme under our obedience shall paie or agree to pay to the officer deputed ovtr and above cuch subsidie as the coiiipany is to paie five pounds per centum upon all goods so brought in thither othtr than tuch as shalbe brouyht in for the necrisarle use of f shiny as hath heene herrelofore uvoistomeil and also five pounds per centum upon all goods shipped out from thence other than flshiny and othir necessaries requisite to _tishing and being Btraungers and not under our obedience until they have paid over and above such subsidie as the company is to pay tenne p(uind per centum and the sniiic somines of money during the space of one and tu-en'ie years shalbe wholly employed to the henejitt of the rimt- panie and the one and twenty years ended the same shall be taken to the nse of us by such officers as by us shalbe thereunto appointed. AiSOe that all persons being our sub. jects w'ch shall goe and inhabite within any Colony and cverie of their children and posteritie that shall to be borne there shall enjoye all liberties of free denizons and naturall subjects within any of our other dominions to all intents and purposes as if they had beene abiding and borne within this our liealine of England &c. And for as much as it shalbe neces- sary for all our loving subjects as shall inhabite within any those territories to deter- mine to live together in the feare and true worshipp of allmightio god Christian peace and Civill quietness each with other whereby every one maie with more safetie pleasure and profitt, enjoy that whereiinto they shall attuiiie with great paiue and perrill. Wee graunte that governours officers and ministers according to the nature and liniitts of their offices and places respectively shall in Newfoundland or in the waie thither and from thither have absolute power to punish, pard n and rule all suhjects of us as shiill adventure themselves in any voyage thither or that shall inhabite in the precincts ,.i the land according to such ord'.TS as l)y the counsell shalbe established and in deserte thereot according to the good discretions of the governour as well in cases capitall and eriminall as civill both marine alid other, soe alwaios as the stttutes as neere as con- venientlie maie be agreahle to the lawes of this our Realme of England. And that such principall governours gball have full power to axercise Marshall lawe in cases of rebellion or mutinye in as our liuetenaiints in our counties of England have by force of their commissions. And furthermore if any Adventurers or planters shall transport any moneys or marchandizes out of any of our kingdomes with a pretence to laud sell or oiherwise dispose them within the limitts of the terri- tories and j'et nevertheless being at sea or after he hath landed within the territories shall carry them into any foraigne country there to dispose thereof that the goods GUY'S LETTERS. 12.5 togot4ier with the nhipp wherein such tranti- |)ortucon wuh iiiiuIc Khiilbu forfeited to us. And farther that in my (lifflciiitic of oon&triictioii i>r intcrpretHtioii of anything contained in these our letters patients tlie Name gbalbe taken and interpreted in most urnpio and benefieiall use of the company unii everj member thereof. And finally our will is that all persons w'eli shall hereafter adventure any Honinie of money in and towards the plantaeon iind shall he admitted as adventurers in forme aforesaid and shall be inrolled in the bo.ike or recorde be aecoun'cd and reputed adven- turers and enjoye all priviledges as fully as if they had been named iu these our letters paltents. And lastly because the principall effects which we can desire of this action is the conversion of the people in those \)'les if any be there inhabitin^r unto the true wor- shipp of god and Christian religion in which rcspeete we would he loathe that any j)'son should be permitted to passe that be suspected to asserte the superstitions of the Church of liome. We6 declare that none be permitrcd to pass to any voyage but such as shall first have taken the oath of supreniacie for which purpose we doe give full power to the tresurer and any three of the counsell and to any our Mayors Haylielfes or any other our elieife officers in any portes where any person shall take shipping to tender the oath to all persons as shall be sent to remaine and plant there. Provided and we doe hereby de- clare to all Christians kings princes and Slates that if any persons which shall be of any Colony or any other by their license or appointment shall robbe by sea or land or doe any aete of unlawfull hostilitic to any the subjectes of us or any kinge being in auiitio witli us that upon couiplainte of such prince 01 their subjects we shall make open piocla- maiTon within the partes of our rcalme of England commodious for that purpose that the i)ersons having committed any robberie shall within the tyme to be limitted by such prochnnacon make full restitution so as the said princes and others soe complayning may liold themselves fuUie sattisfied and that if the persons should not make satisfaction accordinglie within such tyme that then it shalbe lawfull to us to j)ut them out of our protection And that it shalbe lawfull for all to pursue with hostilitie the offenders. In Witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be made ])attente Witues our selfe at WKSTMINSTEU the second day of MAIK in the eighth year of our Raigne of ENGLAND FEKANCE and lUKLAXD and of SCOTLAXD the three and tortieth, I'vr hreve de primito aiijillu. II. Letters from Cupids. (a) Master John Giir, his letter to .Master Hi.ASEV, Treasurer, and to the Counsell of the Newfound-land plantation. IhiiiiT Wonsmi'Kiru, — It may please you to understand that it was the tenth (hiy of this month of Jfay before the barke of Northara, called the Counvnl, arriued here iu New-foui\d-land ; notwithstanding that a ship of Itristoll, called the Lintie.sse, came to this countrey the second of May in a moneth's space : and the 'J'n'al of Dartmttuth arriued here before in sixteene days. IJy reason of which stay of the aforesaid barke, nothing could be done to take any of the places desired : all being possessed before. So that the ship that coniineth, whereof as yet there is no news, is to trust to the place here, which is reserved for her ; which 1 hope will prove a good place. Some yeares as great a voyage hath bin made here, as in any place in this hiLcl : God send her hither in eafetie. I bane not yet scene any of the country to the south- ward, or northward of this I5ay of Conception since this sjiring, because 1 expected daily the arriual of the barke and thought it not fit to be absent here hence until she were arriued, aiul dispatched : but presently upon her departure, no time, God willing, shall be lost. The care that was taken to rei|uire generally the fishermen to assist us, and to supi)ly our wants, if any should be, was nifist joyfull and comfortable to us which was most willingly accomplished by the most part of those which I have yet si-en. Yet, (iod be praised, such was the state of all things with us as we were in no want of victuals, but had a great remainder, as you shall after understand. 'J'he state of the autunine ami winter was in those parts of Newfounilland after this manner. In both the moneths cf ( )ct()ber and November there were scarce six days wherein it either frce/ed or snowed, and that so little that presently it was thawed and melted with the strength of the sunne : All the residue of the aforesaid two months being both warnuT and drier thnn in England. In December wo had sometimes faire weather, sometimes frost and snow ami sometimes open weather and rainc, for in the latter end it was rainie, and was open weather. .\11 these three moneths the winde was variable as it would euery fortnight visile all the j/oints of the compasse. The most part of January and February into the niiihlleof March the frost continued : the winde being for the most part westerly, and now and then northerly ; notwithstanding three or four times when the winde was al south it began to thaw and did raine. That which fell in this season was for the most part snow, which with the heate of the sunnu 120 REir.N OF JA^IES I. would be consiiincd in the open pliicoH within a few duyes. That wliich abode lonj,'est wns in February. I.hirinf; this time many dayes the HUDne shone warine iind bright from mornin)^ to night : notwithhtitnding t)ie length of this frosty wcutlier, Kniall brookes that did run almost ill eiiell with a slow course, wen- not the whole winter three lights oner frozen so tliicke as that the ice could bare u doggc to goe oner it, Mhicli I found by good proofe : for euery inoining I went to the brooke whiiih runneth by (uir house to wash. The snow was neuer above eighteeiic inches thicke generally out of the drift; so that the feare of wanting wood or water neuer tooke hold of us : for albeit we made no provision for them, yet at a minute of on houres warning we were furnislu'd where there were lakes of fresh water that stood still and did not run, there it remained frozen able to beare a man almost three monetlis, and was not dissolued untill the middle of Aprile. But where the ayre had entrance and issued out of them, there was no frost. When the spring wind in the winter time in Kn/jland is at the north- east one inoiietb together, the frost is greater, and the cold more sharpe, then it is here at nil. There was no moneth in nil the winter that some of our co'npany did not travel in, either by land or by water, and lie abroad and drinke water, in jtlaces distant two, three, foiire and five leagues from our habitation, and sometimes lay in the woods without fire, and leceiued no harme. When April came our sjiring began, and the first that did bud was the small kesei or tbe cornith tree. Our C(mipany was not letted in working abroad and in the woods and open ayre fifteen days the whole winter. AVe neuer wanted the company of rauens and small birds ; So that the doubt that haiie bin made of the extremity of the winter season in these jiarts of New-found-land are found by our e."pcrienee oauselesse ; and that not only men may safely inhabit here without any need of stoue, but navigation may be made to and fro from England to these parts at any time of the yeare. Concerning the hcalthfulnesse of th«. c countries, we hauiiig bin now more than ten moneths upon this voyage, of nine and thirty persons, which was all our number which wintered here, there are wanting only foure ; whereof one Thomas IVrey, sawyer, died the eleiienth of December of thought, hauing slain a man in Kocbestor ; which was the cause, being unknown unto niee until a day before he died, that he came this voyage. And one other called John Morris Tyler, miscarried the first of February by reason of a bruse. The third, called Alarmaduke Whittington, was neuer perfectly well after he had the small poxe, which he brought out of Bristoll with him, who died the fifteenth of February. And the fourth, called William Stone, having at the first only a stiffness iu one of his knees. kept his bed ten weekei", and would never slirre his body, which lasinesse brought liiui to his end, who died the thirteenth of .April. Of the rest foure or five haue bin sieke, some three moneths, and some four moneths ; who now are better than they were, except one. All of them, if they had had as good will to work, as they had good stoumckes to their victuals, would long since haue bin recovered. Olio Richard Fletcher, that is master pilot here and a director of the fishing, reported unto me, that he was one of the company, consisting of forty pcrslankers to scoure the quarters. A boat, about twelue tons big, with a deck, is almost finished to sailo and row about the headlands : six fishing boates and pinnesses : a second saw-pit ut the fresh lake of two miles in length nnd the sixth part of a mile broad standing within twelue score of our habitation, to saw the timber tn had out of the fresh lake, in keej pairs of sawyers to saw planks for buildings, in ridding of some grouii'i >\v corn and garden seeds : in cutting in ind for the collier, in coling of it : in working at the smith's forge iron workers for all needful uses : in costing both by land and sea to manj- places within the Hay of Con- ception : in making the frame of timber of a farre greater and fairer house, then that which as yet we dwell in which is almoit finished, nnd diuors other things. We haue sowed all sorts of graine this spring, wh'ch prosper well hitherto. Our goats haue lined here all this winter ; and there is one luetie GUY'S LETTERS. 11^7 kiddie, whicli was yenned in the dead of winter. Our swine prosper. I'idijen.H iind eowies will endure excecilui^rly well. Our poultry Ii:iue not oncly laid eppes plentifully, hut there are eigliteen younp chiekcns, that are a week old, besides others that are a hatching. The tVare of wilde heasfs w ' haue found to ho almost needlesse. Our f;ieat rain-poat was missing fifteen dnys in Octoher, und ciinie lionie well HKuine, and is yet well with us. If the industry of men and presenee of doinestienll cattli- were applied to the pood of this country of N'ew.fonnd-land, there would Bliortly arise just cause of contentment to the inhahitants thereof. Many of our masters nnd sea-faring men seeing our safetic, anil hearing what a niilde winter wo had, and that no ice had hin seen fleeting in any of the hayes of this country all this yeare (not- witlistunding that they met one hundred and fifty leagues off in the sea, greate store of islands of ice) doe hegin to be in lone with the countrey, and doe talke of eomming to take land here to inhabit, falling in the reckoning as well of the commo fishing ships to cntertiiine a fit i.umher of men to niaintaine here the winter, and to set over them and to tiike the care of all things here, with your patience, oiu' nuister William ('olton, a discreete young man, ami my brother, I'hilip Guy, who haue uintered with me, and haue pnunised me to undertake this eiuirge untill my relurne the ni'Xl spring, or till it shall be otherwise disposeil of l)y you, and then together with such of the cimipany as arc willing to goc home, and such others as are not fit longer to be entertained here, I intend to take passage in the tishing ships, and so return hoine, and then betweene that and the spring to he present, to give you more ample satisfaction in all things, and to take such further resolution as the importance of the enter|)rise shall recpiire, \vherein you shall finde rae alwayes as ready as euer I have bin to procecde and gne forward, God willing. And because at my eomming home it will be time enough for niee to lay before you mine opinion touehing what is to be undertaken the next yeare, I will forbeare now to write of it, because you should be the sooner nduertised of our welfiire, and because such of the company as are sent home both for their owne good, and tnnt the unprofitable expense of vituals and wages miglit cease. I have laden little or nothing baeke, that the said company might the better be at ease in the hold. Onely there is sent three hogs- sheads of ehnreoels, where niiiiu'rs 1' is, they are of bureh. No. 2 is, of pine and spruce. No. ;V' is of firre, being the lightest wood, yet it makcth good coles, and is used by our smithe. I send them because you shall see the goodnesse of each kinde of eole. Also I send you an hogshead of the skinnos and furres of such beasts as have been taken liere, the particulers whereof appeare in the bill of lading. Wliile I was writing I had newes of the Vineijard, the ship which you send to fishing, to haue bin in company with another ship that is arriiied on this side of the liankc and that the master intended to goe to Farillon or Kerland. God send her in safety. So pray- ing God for the prosi)erity of your Worships and the whole company, with hope that his diiiine Maiestie, which hath giuen us so good a beginning, will alwayes bless our proceedings, My dutie most humbly re- membered, I take my leaue. Dated in Cupers Cove, the ICth of May, IGll. (6) Guy's Letter of Jti.v 1612. RioiiT Wonsnn'FiLi., by my last of the 17th of Jime [not preserved] I wrote you of the estate thru by the Holland ship, which 1 hope is long since safely arrived, together with Master Colston who hath (I doubt not) made by word of mouth full relations of all matters. Because the proceedings of one Easton are most fit to be knowne who ii ' m 128 REIGN OF JAMES I. remained in Unrhonr do Grace triinminj» and rcpairinir his siiippiiiir iinhed l-.v Christmas Eve. This is all the building witi ■ hen 'louse, that we have been able to accomplish btfiire Christmass. Jinny things else were done by us in the interim, as the getting home of timber tiees, firewood, the raising up of a ""ace of 'lefence t') t'.ie waterside ward, with ilie "artb hut we digirt'd both for cellar & Kii'hin roome (which we found a very laborious ;vorki')also t>'c sowing of some wheat for a triall, and many other businesses besides. After Christmas, we imployed our selves ill the woods especially in hard weather.w henct^ We got home as numy boord-stoeks, atioided us iil)ove two hundred boords and above two hundred tindier trees besides. We got home as nnicii or as maoy trees as served us to pali^adi) into the I'iantation about foiire Acres of ground, for tlie keeping off of both man it beast, with post aiul rayie seven foote high, sharpened in the toppe, the trees bting pitched u]iright and fastened with spikes and m. les. We got also toijether us much fire wood, as ■will serve us yet these two moneths. Wee also fitted nuieh garden groaml for seede. I nieane, Harley, (lates, I'euse, and Heanes. l"'or addition of building, we have at this present a Parlour of foureteene foote besides the eliininey, and twelve foot broail, of coif* venient height, and a lodging chamber over it ; to each a ebimney of ttr)iie worke wiih staires and a staire case, besides a tenement of two rooms, or a storie and a halfe, which serves for a store house till we are other V ise |)rovided. The Korge hath been finished this five weekes : The Salt-worke is now / p. U720 almost ready. Notwithstanding this great taske for so few hands, we have both Wheat, Harley, Gates, Pease, and Heanes about the quantity of two acres. Of Garden roome about luilfe an acre : the corne though late sowne is now in earing ; the Heanes and the goodliest Pease that I ever saw, have flourished in theii bloomes this twenty dayes. We have a ))leiitiful kitchin garden of Lettice, liaddish, ( Jnrrets, Coleworfs, Turneps and man;' •;ther things. We have also at this p;'esent a flourishing medow of at least three Acres, with many haycocks of exceeding good hay and hope to fit a great deale more against another yeere. In the beginning of the '•;st winter, sunke a well of sixteeno foote «' in the gnuind, the which affords us watci' m a sufficient measure. The timber that wee have got home first and last, is above five hundreil trees of good timber. There have heme about three hundred boords besides the foiiiier, sawed since the arrival of Captaine Pi'well. We have also broken much ground li.r a Urew-houte roome and other Tenements, We have a whaife in good forwardnesse towards the Low-waterinarke. So that our indevour that way att'oords a double benefit, the one of ridding and preparing the way to a further worke, th ■ otiier of winning so much voyd or waste ground to so necessary a purpose as to en'arge this little roome, where on (with your Honours leave and likiiiL') I hope to fortifie; so that within the same, for the comfort of neighbour-liood, another row of buiUling may be so pitched that the whole may be made a prettie streete. For the country and climate ; it is better & not so cold Knglaiid hitherto. My comfort is, that the Lord !- with your Ihuionr, & your designes : for wee have prospered to the admiration of all thi' beholders in what is done. And thus with m** humble dutio remembered, I rest, Your Honour's most humble and faithfull servant, Kdw.vuu Wvxne. Feriyland 28. July, 1622. I'ost scr. — The sliii) with the rest of our provision arrived liefe this nioiiiing ; and what is omitted by me, -hiiU by (iods help sboitly be performed. Your Honour hath greater hopes here, then here to fine 1 have been able to discerne. All things succeede beyond my espeetjition, (/j) I'OWKI.I.'S LKTTlilt TO li.VI.TI.MOIt K. ]{ight Honourable : May it please your Honour to under- stand, tiiat on the 18. . of May (Uod's Holy Name be ever praised for it) wee all arrived safe it in gm d health in NewConnil- land. Our journey proved so hmg by reason of the contrary winds we continually had. M 130 REIGN OF JAMES I. ; 'I For nt the least three weeks to-gether, wee ■Here forced to traverse tlie Sens to nnil againe, and got not forward to the west ward in all tliat time one hnndred leagues. The accidents which happened in our overbound passage were these : The first weeke after our being lit sea, three of our Ewe-Goats, by reason of their extreme leane-nesse wtien they were bought and brought aboord, died, so that now we liave but ouely one Ewc-Goate and u Uuck Goate left : the other I$uck dying like wise within few dayes after our landing. On the Ifi. of May the furnace in our ship tooke fire, and as God would have it, burst forth in tlu' daytime otherwise it had endangered both ship and us. ()u the 20. as aforesaid, early in the morning we descryed laud in New- foundland, a little to the north ward of the Hay of IJulls, and before night came to anchor in Capeling Bay within one league of Ferry- land. The next morning our ship came about to Ferryland Harbor and there lauded all our jieoiile, where we found the Govcrnour & all his company in good health, as we all continue in the same, praised be God for it. The Coast and Harbours which we sailed by, are so bold & good, as I assure my self there can be no better in the world : but the ^00(1.-. along the Coasts, aie so spoyled by the Fishermen, that it is a great pity to behold them, & without reiln f,se, undoubtedly will be the mine of this good laud : For they wastfiiUy barke, fell, and leave more wood behinde them to rot, then "ley use about their stages, although they iniph.y a world of woud upon them : and by these their abu.ses doe so cumber the Woods every where near the shore, that it is not possible for any man to go a mile in a lung houre. The Laud wlnie on our (jovernour hath ])lanted, i-; so go(id and commodious, that for the (piantity, I thiidv there is no better in many parts of England. His hoiist- which is strong & well contrived, standcth very warnie, at the fnote of an easie ascndiiig hill, on the juth-east, and defended with a hill, standing on the tiirthir side of the Haven on North-wist : 'llu IJcaih on the North and South sides of the Land locke it, and the seas on both sides uie so neere and iudilferent to it, that one may shoot a liiiil-bolt into either Sea. No cold (Mil offend it, although it bee aecoimied tlu' coldest Harbor in the Laiul, and the Seas doe niak the Land behind it to the South- Kast, being neere IttUO Acre's of good ground for lay, feeding of Cattcll, and plenty of wood, almost an Island, safe to kee))e any- thing from ravenouf. Iieasts. 1 have, since nij coinmiiig, beenc a little abroad, iind tindc n.uch good grt a faire fresh Itiver which did (|uench my thirst as well as Ueere. A\'e travelled three days but found no Dcerc save their lootings which came to passe by meanes of a great fire that had burned the Woods, a little before, ten miles compasse. It begin between Ferniouse and Aqiuifort, it burned a week and then was quenched bv a great raine. " I know not who or what hi' was tliat gave fire to it but I think he was a servant hired by the deuill who will pay him for his worke. In the night the Woolves being neer did somewhat affright us bu 'd not hurt us for we had dogs, fire -.'.nd : r.l to welcome them." Then follows a further description of various sorts of game and fish " Manny faire Flowers I havo scene heero, which 1 cannot name, although 1 had learned Gerrard's Herbal by h''art I wrote in liaste to satisfy myselfc, desiring you to looke througlit it as tliorow a prospeiti\e glasse, wlieriu you may disceriie a f;irrc off, what I have seem' neere hand iS;c. Your servaut to be commanilid, N. 11." IV. The Charter of Avalon to Lord Baltimore, 1623. (.S7()((//c .)/.S.S„ 170.) JAMES by i!ie Grace of God King; Whereas our right trusty Counselior Sir George Calvert being excited with a laudable and pious ze.Tle to enlarge the extent of the Christian worl.'. and therewith of our Empire hath heretofore to his great coste purchasc'2H there was a disimte between Lord Baltimore and the merchants about the French prizes taken in Xewfouiidlaiul by tlieir ships, the /y('ne(/(c//oM and the ]'irti>ri/. Balti- more claims for his jiart according to the consort ship, and very cunningly asks to have I'is letfer-of-manpu' tiiitcdatvd to enable him to receive his proportion. We have only Baltimore's version, so we cannot decide the merits of the case. From Ferryland 25.— Ciipiure of 27 NowfoiiiifJland >ihi])san(1 '200 persons by Turkish pirates. VaugliDii's " Golr.len Fleece " j)i:blislie(l. ^Mason's capture of tlie iUtod Fortune, at Crook- haven. Baltimore jireveiited from visiting Avalon. Bill for niaintcnaiice, &c. of shipping thrown out by tlie Lords. 1026. — Three hundred and fifty families of Knj;h'sh settled between Cape Race and Bonavista ; '_'.'J0 Knglit^h vessels fishinf: in Xevvfoundluud. Whitbournc's appeal for a Government post a.s inspector of provisions. 1G27. — Lord Brillimore visits Ferrylatid for a few weeks; bronglit two priests; found itdiabitants and an Knfjlish clerirymau, Stourt(;n, in Conception Baj\ Pateui to Sir \V. Alexander, of Nova Seutia, in 1621, confirmed by the King. jiC'18. — Baltimore returned to Ferryland with his wife and family. Dr. Meadus negotiating a purchasi.' of pait of the jduntatiou from Slany for Lord and Lady Conway. Hayuian's " (Juodlibets " published. Baltimore drives away a French pirate, named ])e la IJaile : jirays for a convoy ; one shij) granted ; dispute between Haiti- more and the merchants abotit French prizes, lialtimore banishes Stourton. Ki'JO. — Baltimore's priests come to England under assumed names; he again prays for a ship to protect his s;'tllements ; complains of Stourton, and asks for a gri. it in A'irgiuia, and permission to move his family and dependants there. Baltimore abandoned Newloundlaud ; fouiuled Maiylaiid in Virginia. 1G30. — I'rnelamation of Charles I. prohibiting disorderly trading with the Bed Indians. Ilaynian's iiropositioii to the King. lC:i2.— Death of Baltimore. .^t. (iermains. 1 (>;!:!. — Charles I., through the Star Chamber, made his ec'ebrated code of regulations for the governimnt of the Newfoundland fisiiery, establishing fishing admirals ; first skii)))er arriving fiom lOiigland to be judge or vice admiral for fishing season. I'roclam.Htiou for the observance of Sunday in Newfoundland. 16;!4. — Star ChanihRr issued a charter " to the merchants aiul traders to Newfoundland." Order in Coimcil i)assed making the Bishop of Loudon Ordinary of the I'lantation. 1035. — Charles I. gave permission to the French to cure and dry fish iu Newfoundlaml on payment of . mci cent, on the produce ; continued for 41 years. This was the first eomuienc inent ot our difficulties -with the Freucli. Death of Mason. 1036 — Mayor of Weymouth visits the king at Woodstock to get a convoy for the New- foundland tie 't. 10;i". — Cecil Lord Bahimore's petition ai^ainst any alienation of his grant of Avalon. (irant to the Duke of Hamilton, Kirke, and others, of all Newfoundland. 1038.— Arrival of Sir D. Kirke at Ferryland. 1630. — I'omjione de Bellie-. re complains of Kirke's collection of taxes from French subjects Bishop of Exeter and otiiers petition against Kirke. Kirke's letter to Laud. (Juebee, Port Uoyal, &c. restored to Fiance at the i)eaeo of ..u VAUCf HAN'S "GOLDS>7 FLEECE." 13.3 IC-IO. — Further coinpliiints against Kirkp. Kirke disinissod, and John Downiiiff, senior, iippiiiiited (iovernor by Patentees. Memorandum about Dutch tradinj^ in Newfoundland. lu^l — Cargo of dry fisli shipped from Hoston to Europe. 1642. — Civil war between Charles and the Parliamentary Party. 1043. — First carpo of fish sent from HoRfon to Bilbao in Spain. KU.j. — First vessel sent from Hoston to fish at IJay Bulls seized by a royal citiiser. 104G. — Treworgie nuirried a Mis3 Spencer, of Newberry, Mass. 1017. — Governor Wintlirop records a fireat storm in Newfoundland. 104U. — Letter from ('harles to Kirke about asylum for Lady Hawkins. Kirke offers the kill;.'- an asylum in Newfoundland. Trial and execution of the king. ('onuiKiiiwealtii cruisers .sent to defend the fi.-ihing ships against Prince Rupert. Kirke only allowed to take to Newfoundland sufficient men to man his ships. The .'ilioi't and troiiMeil roign of this unfortiinato king is, and pfobalily always wilJ l)e, the battle-^Tound for a fierce political discusHioii between Monarchists and Republicans, Cavaliers and Koundheails. Our colonial records throw a vivid side-light on this nced entirely bv his personal feelings for his inline Hate adherents ; whilst he defended and ])erpetuated the ab.snrd nionojxjly of the Ply- month Coni[»aiiy in New England aii'ainst the riylits and claims of English merchants and Hshermen, he pursued an exactly opposite course in Newfonnd'anil. The king carried out his policy towards this Colony deliberately. From fiood, honest men, well ac- (piainted with the Islnnd, settlers, who had lived there, he received the ^•ery bes^ advice as to how the Colony should be governed and settlement encouragetl. Sir Williiim Vaughan, his intimate friend and a staunch supporter of Roytilty, in his " Golden Fleece " says : — -^ "Many slii|is from Newfoundland taken by Moorish Piratn."?. . . . ACoro confusion amongst Fisliormen of Nowfonndiand than any o'.her for want of being suUicieutly guarikd. . . . King Jamos did about three years past [1622 or 16253] cnviii.Ks I. Frnm nn oigrnvhig nflcr X''iiii(liiki'. ' Part II., p. 102, 1626. 13G REIGN OF CHARLES I. soc into the cliscomfnrts and directed a commission at tho suit of the corporation ^(jny's Company] for plan of Newfoundland to provide a couple of good ships in the eliarge of the tishernien to ])rote('t them from Pirates who a few years bi'foro had pillaged them tlie extent of £40,ft0ii besides 100 pieces of ordnance and had taken away 1500 mariners to the hurt of Newfoundland and the Planters." Vaiighau urjreH tliat — - " The ships should be retained both in peace and war, That God had reserved Newfoundland for Britain as the next land beyond the sea and not above 9 or 10 days sail that it miL?ht bo inhabited the sooner liy Youi' Majesty's subjects . . . that the same God overlooks Newfoundland as Eui'ope. ... I am sorry to (ind 80 many hopeless in my country of Wales whereas close by us in Dc^vonshire 150 ships go 1,0 Newfoundland transporting from thence tliose commodities without which Spain and Italy can hardly live. . . . Experience of this fishery sheweth that it yearly maintains 8000 people for six months in Newfoundland . . . products of the colony, tar, pitch &o. codfish, salmon, mackerel, herring &c. &c. " The bonelits of a colony would be to restrain our own tishernien [ship fishers] who seize on one anothers stages ; it will serve to restrain their insolence who brag that thoy are there ' West and by law.' Organization of a colony would prevent the depredations of the ship tisliermcn, firing the ', oous, stealing salt, and fish, casting ballast into the Harbours, &c. &c." All these practical suggestions were addressed to royal ears that would not hear. The colonies under Charles were as much neglected and misgoverned as his Royal Navy, with its rotten ships and unpaid sailors. Vaughan says : — ■ " Capt. Wynne and Welchmen settled Ferryland for Lord Baltimore. One man near llenoos killed 700 Partridges ; 3 men catch in 30 days 25.000 to 30,000 fish worth with oil £160; many sail to Newfoundland in 12 to 16 dais about 600 leagues [1800 miles]; 500 to 600 ships yeiirly resort there; freight 20/- per ton 10,- for a man passenger. Newfoundland a good security for Spain and other foreign enemies as there are constantlj"- between 300 and 400 of our ships there. [This includes fishing ships and cargo vessels.] " 1623. King James sent two ships of war as convoys. " 1626. Discontinued l)y Charles I. Woden house best for cold weather. Exercise best to keep off scurvy. Strong liquor prejudicial in cold countries, barley water & spruce beer best. Salt costs England £J0,ti0i) annually ; may be made in Newfoundland for M. ])er bushel. French salt costs 20d. per bushel.'' It is absolutely necessary for us to see the contemporary records before we can believe that any king or government should decree that this great Colony was not to be inhabited, that any chance .settlers remaining sliould be persecuted, hatnpered, and impeded in all their labours and industry, that though they were fishermen and had to live l)y the sea, it was solemnly decreed that none of them should reside within six miles of its shores ; all these barbarities were made law in order that West Country fishermen should catch fish on the coast, and a few courtiers make their fortime. Besides the good, sensible advice contained in Vaughan 's book, there is more of the same character in another work written at Harbour Grace, in 1G30. lOlljAll. lll.AlJ. •;^-:^-' SALMON COVI',. Tin; nouLDS. nicar hkigus. IIAYMAN'S rilOPOSITION. 137 "A projjosition of profitt and honour propnuL'd to my driiul tind grfttioiis Eovcreigne Lord King ChurlcH by Rohurt Ilnytnftn," Haymnn Hiicceoded John Mjxhou as Governor of (iny's Colony; oiio part of tho Company Hccm.s to have separated from tlie Coloriy at "Sea Fforest," Cuj)ids, and formed a plantation or colony at Harlio)n' Criice, which they named " Bri>tolls Hope." We learn from jMason's Utter that he had a fishing r B..U. MSS., Eg. 2.041. CIIVSIPLAIN S MAP, UVM, ANCIIONT FRKXCFI CUSTOMS. i;n) for tholr fjovcrnniict', from which the Kiinlisli fl.sh(>rnion hy * x])rc.s,s t'lmctii'ont wiTc to 1h> iit all times oxt'mptccl. These hiws will he loiiinl ill tlu( ApjH'udix to this chapter utnler the head of Star (^liamher Rules.' The extraordinary provision in these rej^ulatiouH, makiiii; the tiist rude Enji'lish skipper who entered the harl)our admiral and judj^je overall I'd' the Hsjiinj;' season, seems to us, in this a<;'e, a monstious anomaly ; but it was, as the Uules {h'vhivc, <( a A nciiiit Caslom, now for the first timt; le!,faliset who entered hailnmr was the admiral, [nexailed not oidy amonj;st the Enj^lish Imtwith all the fcjreign Hshermeii. The ancient i)raeti<;e, h'ives the following- llules for the Newfoundland tishery : — ■ " 1. The first vho shall arrive at or send his hi)at to the Harbdiir called Lo rTavro du Petit Maitre,- shall have the choice, and take the sjiaco of jj^round necessary for his tibhery ; he shall then put up at the place called the ' ScalVold ol' the Gi apple' a Bill signed by him stating the day of liis ai rival and the Harbour which he has chosen. " 2. All other blasters on tlieir arrival shall go or send to the same place, and write down on the bame bill, the day of their ari'ival, the number of their me!<. and the name of the Harbour and place, which they have chosen, in proportion to the burthen of their ships and the number of their mariners. ' NoAKiss, the franier of these rules, was Attorney General and the inventor of ship money ami other illtgal exactions. - See Jaoobsz's map, 1621, p. 120. Hi HO REIGX OF CIIARLKS I. " 3. The cnptjiin tliat nrrivcs first shall cause the Bill or placard to he guarded hy one of his men, wlio shall remain upon the place till all the .\rasters shall have made their declaration, which I'Tterwards shall he pnt into his hands. " 4. No Master or ^[arincrs may settle in any llarhonr or station, till they have made their declaration in the form aforesaid; nor shall they distnrh any other master in the choice that he may have made under the penalty of 500 livres." Tliis law apjiliod to all the coasts of New France. The first captain was to keep a correct account of .lU offences connnitted aj^ahist this oidinance, and on his retnrn it was to be delivered to the judge of the Admiralty Court. Ships tishini; on the banks were not allowed to set sail at night. All French s-ulije ts, of what quality or condition soever, might cause ships to be bnilt or Vionjifht, and carry on a trade at sea, by themselves or agents, without its being considered derogat'ay to their quality, provided they .sold nothing by retail. The first French Master who arrived in the harbour was constituied, like his English jtrototype, Admiral, supreme Ruler, and Judge over all the French fisher- men in the port. The fishing admii-al still survives in the French prud'liomme of the N. 1^]. and West Coast. i STAR ClIAJI- .rt. n The Star Chamber Rules were for the benefit of the Duke of Hamilton, Sir P ivid Kirke, and other parti^^ans. Wiien this extraordinary patent was granted, the Newfoundi.And settlers }iad been in possession of their homes for a >ng period. They had built hous s and .itages, and cleared small | atclies of ground. All this expenditure of money and labour, all their lawful title to their THE STAR CHAMBER RULES. HI hai-(l-fanu'(l possessions, was rutlilessly swt-pt awaj', in oi'der to cratifv tlie cupidity of a few courtiers. As far as the king's grant could annul all the rights of fonner occupants aiud patentees under King James's charters, this new title to Hamilton and Kirke was intended to do so ; there is no saving clause, no reser\-ation ; the whole Island is granted to the new patentees. This charter to the Duke of Hamilton. Kiike, and (jthers has such an important hearing on oiir history that it is set out fully. Nothing .shows more clearly the treachery and ingratitude of Chailes than his dealings with Lou! Baltimore respecting this new grant. The king was bound by every sentiment of pei'sonal feeling and gratitude to treat the Calverts with kindness and consideration. The tir.st Lord Baltimore had i)een the faithfiU, abject servant of his fathei". and his own great personal friend. The records show us how Charles acted in the matte. In February 1037 Cecil Lord Baltimore. in a petition, sets forth hi>i grant and the large sum of money — i. 20.000 ■ — he had ex[)ended in the Colony ; and that he had left a governor in the Island up to the time of his father's death. He says : — " It is reported that eomc persona of qualilj' have a design to demand custimis upon all fish taken or sold in Newfoundlaai'!, which must needs trench U], m hia riahrs; desirps that nottdng niiiy \>f dwiio to his prcjndioo before His v^'ounsel i-; heard and satisfaction given. If really for the King's siervicc .ill lay his i-ights at His ]SIajesty'8 feet, confident that Lis groat charges will be taken into consideration." In reply to this petition, in May of the same year, this answer was sent : — •• The King to the Coiutnissioners for Foreign Plantations and all other officers and Ministers . is infornn d by Lord linltiniore that some grants concorniiig Foreign PLintatioi>> may pass the seids prejudicial to his lett;'i's jiatent for Newfcvidland mid ACaryland. They are therefore commandi'd not to permit any patent commission or other warrant I'or plantation or discovery near the Provinces of AAjulon and Maiyland to pass which may in any way infringe up'in tlie ri^ts or privikiiii's of Lord Baltimore and his heirs tor ■whose better encouragement tlie K'ukj eiiijiiiji'ii his Rixjal v:ord nvvor to 2wr)iiit onij ' quo u-ii'i'inito' or other iJroi'eering for infringing or overlhroxoing eithar of his 2>iiteitt8.'' To show the \alue of the royal word of Charles I., on the 13tli ^«o^■eHll)er of t le .same year, lii;i7. the charter was granted U) Hamilton Kirke, an"'' others of the whole Island of Newfoundland ; and the reason for f-i-i>s grant is set out, that Lonl Baltimore, Lord Bacon, and others, to \\ liom grants have been made, have deserted the Island The eontents of this remarkable patent afford a strikino- illustration of the higl't-handed tyraiuiy of Charles I. ; without the sli'htest rey ird for the settlers in the Colony, or the interest of the former patentees. Baltimore, CJuy, Falkland, d^'^c, who had expended laige sums of money in developing the resources of the Island, he 142 REIGN OF CIIAIILKS I. Drives away to straiiireiv all their valnablc ixissrssioiis lu'lil amlcr (nants from his i'atlior, James I. The inihiunco of Dcvonsliiiv s< iiiis to have U't'ii all powerful at Court : all their policy is embodied in this deed. Settleis were not to dwell within six miles of the shores, and pi'aetieally all their ri-dits were ffiven over to the ship Hshermen from the West of England. Special power is j;-iven to the patentees to collect taxes from all sfir'io-ors. Under this charter .Sir Davitl Kii-ki- went out to Xewfoundla id and took possession (A .ill Lord Baltimores propertj^ On this o-i'ant, ohtained hy fraud and Court influence, the J)evonsliire tishermeii alrt-ays based their claim tr exclusive vi^lits .4' iishin;,;' and their I'iffht to lianisli the settlei'sfrom thesliore. About the 20th Felnuary l(i:}4 a cliarter was issued out of the Star Chamber ty an arm of the sea .... and all rivers, Ilarlioxii'S, stages, ports, and forts, land and woods, lakes and buildings and al! and all manner of lish whatsoever in any of tlie seas or river.s gold, gems &c. . . . Patronage and advowson of the churches which are or shall hereafter be built and all Eights Jurisdiction &c. . .which have at any time hereiofore been held or enjoyed and tliey, the said Hamilton &c. to bo the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors of the said Continent. Island and region of Newfouiidliind except only the allegiance due to Ilis Maj'' tye. " Neithei- Hamilton itc. nor any Planter or Inhabitant shall fell wood nor luild icllhin six mill's of the sea between ('aj)e Race and Cape Bonavista save only that the Planters shall have liberty to fish there and cut wood for iishiug as other our subjects have and enjoy .... And also shall have full power and liberty to build any fort or forts for defence of said Conntiy and fishing and shall have timber where it may be spared to the least prejudice of the Tishor}- .... Inhabitants shall not take uj) before the arrival of the fishermen all the best beaches within the capos afoi-esaid . . nor take away burn Ac. any stage or any necessaries which tliej' nniy leave thcri> . nor shall commit any net or thing to alter change or dislmb hinder or interru]it the manner and use of fishing now or al any time hereafter used cir accustomed and all our subjects borne or to be borne within our Kingdom of England or in any of our Kingdoms or Dominions may from time to time and at .ill times pcaco.'ibly hnld USD and eiijoj' ye freedom of fishing, in anj- of the seas, lakes, or I'ivers. of the said Island or in or about or adjoining with full liberty to land, salt, and dry fish. Yielding the one fifth jiart of all gold &e. to the Crown. " Power to make laws with the assent of the freeholders or the najor part of them. Freeholders to atUnid when summoned. Power to put the laws in execu- tion and exact the penalty .... But the so; (Z laws arc vot to extend tonnij fiflit'rinen who arc to ho for ever free from the jurisdiction of the Government of Newfoundland who are to bo subject to and immediately under ye order rule and government of us our heirs &c. as We ehall from time to time nii[ioint make and direct and unto the laws made in the 9th year of our n-ign Avhich laws shall be inviolably kejit and observed by the lishermen . . ])()wer to grantees to appoint magistrates .... to punish and pardon oll'enders .... to execute justice and to sec the said laws be observed if r )i contrary to the laws of England or jirejuilicial to the lisliery .... Pro])rii ^ors to make laws in case freeholders cannot be called ... to ])ubliah and make them known. Leave to all to congregate there, and build forts, all the Inhabitants and children to !>•■ free denizens and to enjoj' all English priviledges, to transjiort their goods witlmub paying Cust(/ms providt'd thoy get leave in writing from the said Treasuier. Power to make wnrre and call to their stiindard all persons whatsoBver and wheresoever (excc[)t fishermen) and to appoint a General .... to declare martial law .... lo confer honours .... to incorporate Towns . . . only to jiay customs on goods sent to Englaml as natural born subjects . . Power to build forts saving always and reserving to us .';c. frco and ainpli3 liberty of fishing in any of ye seas lakes rivers &o. Hi REIGN OF CHARLES I. " Strangers to pay five per cent, after Christmas day next and the same by all strangors who shall hny fish, and the same for all oyle-i made there . . . and we will and require the saiil Proprietors to put this in execution . . Collectors of Customs to receive the same before they load or depart. Proprietors to be collectors and to account to His Majesty. For their trouble Projjrictors to have five per cent, from all strangers making use of any ground and the same five jjcr cent, from all strangers that com;; thei/e in sack ships and the like out of the oj'les . . . Those customs to last 51 years. The Crown to have ton per cent, thereof, and giving account of all gold &c. . . . The Proprietors confirmed in all things but the fishing and 1 he sole trade of the country excejit the fishing. Power to admit partners merchants and others who are to have tho same privileges n.s the others, not to pay any tax. Their ships not to be detained at any port except in case of invasion of England. Every one over Twelve years old to take tlic naths upon the Holy Evangelists before Hamilton Kirkc or his Deputy to establisli the orthodox religion . . . Power to transport necosBaries thither . . . All his subjects to aide and assist them." No county in Eno-laud contains so many small proprietors as Devonshire ; no other county pi'oduced so many courtiers during the Tudor and Stuart period as this fair southern shire. The influence ot this western aristocracy was hound up with the Devonshire adventurers to Newfoundland, and it was entirely to suit tlieir selHsli monopoly and j^reed that laws were enacted. Nt.'wfoundhmd, for nioi'e than a century, had been pourinfj wealth into the western counties. Tlie landed jrentry were directly or indirectly interested in this lucrative trade. Tlu'ounh this business the landlord was often paid his rent. The hard ridinjf, hard drinkiny squires obtained their i)otent .sherry, and i)ort, and SALLEE ROVERS. Uj aguardiente from the Newfoundland fleet ; the housewives' pi'pserves, niarmahides, (h-ied fruit, and oil, all came from exchange with, the foreigners in Newfoundland. Manufacturers of Bridport cordage and West of England cloth made a large portion of their sales through the Transatlantic fishery and trade. Devonshire was largely in- terested in the fishery ; the western coui'tiers, powerful at Court, used their influence with the king to carry out the seihsh, grasping policy of Devon. For two hundred years following we shall always find the Courtenays, Carews, Northcotes, and other great county families, uniforndy assisting to keep Newfoundland simply as a fishing place for their countrymen. The fatal effect of this influence really hegins in this reign. It had been attempted before, as we have seen, against Gu}^ but had failed. Now, however, it burst forth in ftdl vigour, and for two centiiries it fell like a blight upon the unfortunate Colony. Paralysing all progress and advancement, it was a fatal barrier alike to agriculture and the p)eaceful development of the great resources of the island. A Devonian myself, I should be utterly recreant to my duty as a historian if I did not fully set forth the dire effects of West Country influence u[)on the progress of the Colony. Wliilst nothing can palliate the selfish and persistent attitude of Devonshire traders towards the island, the only possible excuse for their c:mduct lies in the ignorance of the age, and the claim, or pretended claim, which the West Countrymen set up, that Newfoundland was their own possession, gained by their strong right arms, without aid from the Ci'own, and defended against all foreign foes by their own dauntless courage. The real blame attaches to the Government, who permitted such a destructive policy to be carried out. In all ages the rule of traders has been si'lfish and narrow. Bacon had the Devonshire men in his mind when, in his essay on plantations, he said : " Let not the Government of any " })lantation depend upon too many counsellors and undertakers in the ' country that planteth, but upon a temperate nund)er, and let those be " rather noblemen and gentlemen thau niQi-Qhiints, for theij look ever to " the present gain." We have seen the constant danger to which both settlers and ship fishermen were exposed from pirates in the preceding peril •.'. In the first years of Charles's reign a nevv peril arose from the Turks. In many instances these so-called Sallee rovers were renegadr Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Spaniards, who adopted the Turkish e»>ign simply as the most couAenient flag under which to carry out their iepredations on the peaceful connnerce of Europe. The following letter from the Mayor of Poole to the Privy Council sets out in graphic terms the danger to am I^EIGN OF CHARLES I. E whieli the ship fisliernifn were exposed from this new enemy, and tlie dis- m-acefvil conion as shall Jeeir.e best to Your Lordships which are not onely threatened to bo surprised by this tieot of Sallye but also meiiacing that within this two years they will not leave his most excellent Majesty Sa} ' rs to man his Heetes. Thus leaving the liusyneese of soo great consequence uuto Your Honourable consideration soe with all huuilde dutye take my leave." ' Also from ^layoi- of Plymouth, August 12th, 1025 : — " Says there are general fears for the ships from Yirginia and Newfoundland. The Turkish pirates -' had taken in ten dayes 27 ships and 2u0 persons." * And in the Weymouth Records ' a<^ain of September 163G : — " The 300 Entrli-li ^hips fromXewfoundland will be in great peril from Turkisli Pirates. Tlie M^^-oi of Weymouth foJln, > .[ *ho King to Woodstock to get help foi- the [fishing] Heei but was only told the [Royal] tlit-i should come down witli tlie first fair »md. Tlie Mayor said this woijld uly t .itigate not cure tho business. The Arehbishoi) [Laud' •**riking his hnrni u[)on his breast said while lie had life, lie would do his utni.isl to twlviince so coii-erpiential a bui-^iness, tiiat within this twelve iiiontiis, not a 'l'*rkl*ki "^'j' '•»'uhl I'c ulile to putt oin " This extract gi\«-» a vwid picture of the time.s, a remarkable illusti'a- tion of the churactw f in> iviiantinen on Avhicli four fair counties wen* dep-ndt-nt almost for their existence, on whose wifety hwrif; the lives and fortunes of \uiV th- .seamen from Devon, Dorset, Connval], and Somer.sct. The answ<-r of the king shows his utter incapacity to appiec-jate thv vital interests of hi^ subjects. How * tSucli iiiiincs an " T'lrku Got" »iid ♦ H. .1. Mori.i . Dencriptive Cutalugiw "Turks Cove" ill .'t-wfouiull.iiid rov/pi tlie of Ihc Ckarttrt of Wrfmouih lueiuury uf thcttv t«.'riM»l« curMtutt. sill D. KIRKE. 147 (lifferontly ElizjiliL'th or Cromwell would have acted ; all their pride and patriotism wouM have been roused by this daring attack on Enf^lishmen by outlandisli pirates. How iuimiiicnt must liave been the danjjer, how terrible the anxiety a!id fear of the cliief ma^nstrate, when it nerved his worship's poor diflidei.. •. mjjue to insist most strenuously, even in the aujLjust presence of majesty, on the necessity of sendin*; ofi" the Royal ships. Perliaps the most striking'' part of the story is the arrogance of Laud — the swell- ing pride of this little Protestant Wolsey — with his vague threat to annihilate the Turkish jiirates. How nuicli more practical it would have been had he used his influence with his Royal master to send immediate help to the endangered Newfoundland Heet. Besides tlie ocean pirates, the fishermen suffered grievously from the pressgang ; not only were men pressed for the Royal Navy, but even girls were captured to be sent out to the plantations : " October 1!), I(il3. " — In Somerset it was reported that forty maidens had lied from their " homes to obscure places to escape the pressgang." Sir Dnviti Kiikc, tlie active manager of Hamilton's Company, was one of the most reuitirkable lieroes of this age ; his gallant capture of Quebec and destruction of the French power in Canada, the most brilliant naval ex[»loit in colonial history. The pusillanimoiis king threw away, at one blow, all the immense advantages he had gained for the struggling English colonies, and, v.'ith true Stuart ingratitude, left Kirke and his assoclatt.s to bear the enormous expense of the expedition, undertaken undei' a direct connuission from his sovereign. The policy of scuttle is supposed to be oik^ of the products of modern English statesmanship, b\it a knowledge of the dealings of the Stuarts with the English dominions in America will convince us that they fairly rivalled the nineteenth centurx' rulei>i of England in this line. Sir David Kirke and a few gallant adheienrs had won Nova Scotia for the Crown of England ; British sovereigns elainu-d the ei>untry by right, of discovery ; James I. had matle a grant of it to the eecentric Sir William Alexander; Englishmen had it in possession; the young colonies of New England clamoured for its reti-ntion as a barrier against tliL'ir ruthless foes, the French ; yet, at the peace of St. Germains, l(i.S2, notwithstanding England was then in jio.-session of the principal French territories in North America — Quebec, Port Royal, St. Croix, and Pentagoet — by the thii'teenth article of tlie treaty, all these })laces were restored to France. Cromwell felt the loss of Nova Scotia so keenlv that, even thou^rh at peace with Franco, he re-occupieil the Colony, and sent out a Coveriior, K 2 IIH KEIGN OF CHARLES T. Sir Thomas Tomple. In 1 002 Charles II. intended to j^ive it hack to France, hut New England sent such a s|)irite(l petition to the House of Connnons, that the treuelierous liand oi tlie king was stayed for a time ; by the treaty of Breda, however, Charles ceded Nova Scotia again to the French ; the stout, old Governor Temple stood out ; lie and his adherents had spent lai'ge sums of money on the fortifications, and the country was not finally surrendered to our enemies until 1(j70. In the policy of scuttle, the Stuarts have a fair claim to j)re-eminence. Bishop Howley and Mr. Henry Kirke's accounts of Sir David are not quite in accord witli the testimony of the English records. Kirke and his l)rothers, Louis and Thomas, were Lorn in Dieppe; David was a member of Sir Will'am Alexander's company; it was probably in some way to recompense lii'i for liis losses in the Quebec expedition that the king granted the patent, which was at first in his name alone. He came out to Newfoundland with one hundred men in 1G38, accompanied by his wife and family ; having taken possession of all Lord Baltimore's property at Ferryland he vigorously set to work to make money in the Colony, cliarged I'ent for stage rooms, sold tavern licences, and did a roaring trade in everything. The charter gave him a ithority to exact dues from foreigners ; so he travelled all around the Island, and made every Frenchman and foreigner pay him a commission on their catch ; so stringently did the old mariner wring these taxes from the French that on May 1.G, 1G39, Pompone de Bellievre, Seigneur de Grignon, the French Ambassador, complained to King Charles, of Kiike's imposition on French subjects in Newfoundland, in the following letter :— " L'ou iii'a nussi donnd avis que le.s nommc Kcrq nvoiont line jiatcntc dii Roy de la Gr. ]{. ])Our lever quelque those Kiir la pescho dcs iiiorueM, co qu'ils bo ])roi)osent do prendre iidii seulemoiit sur los sujots dii Roy de la G. B. mais goneral- iiicut sur tous cpux qui iront pour I'aire cofcte pesclios, ce qui seroit coutrairo a toat droit et a la liberie avec laquelle on en a usd juif|ue9 icy, ce (jui fait que jo iii'iniafj;inc que le Roy de la Ir. R ne I'ent 'ud pas ains}' et (juc personne autre que ses sujets ue se rcsoudra a le soull'rir." " I have also been int'ornicd that the said Kerq[s] have a patent from the King of Great Britain to collect something on the cod fishery and that they ])ropose to take this not onb- from British subjeets but also from all who go there to fish. This will be conti-aiy to all justice and to the freedom whieVi has been enjoyed there up to this time, I surmise that the King of Great Britain does not know what has been done and that no one but his own Bubjects will submit to tiiis." The king, in reply, referred the Ambassador to the Council Board, who reported : — " The liords having been acquainted l)y Mr. Attorney with the Commission granted to Sir David Kirke the Lord Uliamberlain and others, it was decided that a firm but A SHAM MAJf OF WAR. 119 fair answer should bo given and the imi)Osition Liid by the French on English merchants coiisidcred in justification." ' For once Charles was firm and decided. The ibHowing ludicrous incident, duly recorded in the Calendar of State Papers, illu.strate.s the extraonlinary mode in which mercluuit ^^^1Ki.i ENar.ISlt MATf-OP-WAR. From Dudley's Arcino del Mare, •ifi'/i. vessels Avere transformed into men-of-war, and the wretched condition of the Royal Xavy under Charles I. : — "Petition of James Marquis of ITarailton and the rest of the Adventurers of Newfoundland To the King. John Kirko Manager of their business in London sold to Nathan Wright and Richard Craudloy Merchants of London tiOOO qtls. of Newfoundland fish at 10 - per (|tl., far under the value, on condition of their setting out the Confident as a man of war to attend tlie Petitioners fleet ; but Edward Mabb the Master discovering to the French that he ions no m'ln of war the French afterwai'ds refused to ])ay any more ground leave, and Wright and Crandley will not pay for the luOO (jtls. of fiah value £1310 previously delivered by the Frenoh. Pray that the business may bo referred to some honourable persons to determine. Referred to Lord Keeper ifec " ' In dealing with both the Tudor and the Stuart period we must always remember that in our sense of the woi-d there was neither organized goverinnent, army, nor royal navy then existing, no civil service, or great departments of State, home, foreign, or colonial ; there were only the rudiments of such institutions. In many of the writers, even of the Stuart peri(jd, we have mention of a " man-of-war of Torbay," a ' man of war of London " or " Bristol " ; these were simply ' Hi'.vurds, 150 REIGN OF CHARLES I. aiiiiod iiierchantmon, .soinctimos witli a royal coiiiniisHton, soiiK'timos witliout, ill inuiiy cases simply jiiiatioal ci-iiisfi-s who iiunlc wnv on FrouchiiR'ii and S|ianiar(ls, occasionally wliun no buttoi- opportunity ottered plundt'rin1 joint inatructioriH dolivor'il unto ymi & Mr. Rigby wherein wo wcniM Imvo you to iidvise togotluT, & iis^iist oiio anotliur nil that you can, soo long as Mr. Iligliy ri'iJiaint'th in tho country. " In regard Sr Dav'd Kirke lie is to (lomo over hither, wo would have you to stay and remain in tho hou.so in Ferry hiiid, wh(>rein Sir David Kirkc now dwelleth, nntill you shall receive udviee i'roni utj what to nt (juantity of provisions to nuiintain you, and the Colony all tho winter. 'I'he next year there s^hall bo further supply, with what further shall bo necessary, hh W(> shall receive advice : iu case you should want any provision sooner Mr. Kigi)y will a ■<\nt you in jjrocuring same, from Bomo ships in tho Country or otherwise, but wo presume there will bo no cause, otdy thu.s woe write that you may know what to doe if tho Worst should hapi)en. " Wee would have you give ua all needlul advice from time lo lime by all conveyances. And soe we rest. " Whitehall ye 20th June It! 10. Hamilton PKMnuoKK MoNToo.MEity Holland." All through tlie Colonial vocui'ds in tho first liaU" of tlu' sovonteenth century there; are con.stant proofs of tlu; importance of this Island as a <,'reat centre of trade; nowhere else in America between Iti^O and 1()40 were so many Englishmen o-atliered together and employtid in one occupation as in Newfoundland. To the poor, ill-treated colonist, who groaned under tlio tyranny of Argall in Virginia, or the white slavery of Bermuda, Newfounilland was the haven of refuge to which his longing eyes were turned ; we have several instances in these early annals of the hair-breadth escapes of inen in open boats fleeing to gain their freeilom fimongst the settlers and fishermen of the ancient Colony. In 1023, when Virginia was in a terri()le state of poverty and want, their hopes of succour from nungei- and stiu-vaticn lay in the timely arrival of a cargo of tish from Newfoundland. When the infant Colony of New York was struggling into existence, the Conunis.sioner Mavericko thus writes home : — " Tryalls havo boon made severall times tiiis spi'ing for codfish with very good success, a small ketch sent out by yo Governoiir hath fouiido severall good fishing bancks, amongst ye rest one not above two or three leagues from Sandy Hook, on which in a few houres four men took from ] 100 to 1200 excellent good codd the last time they wore out ; and most of yc vessels that goe to and from Virginia take good ijuantities. A vessel to goo to Newfoundland to get fishermen, 'incs hooks and other nocessaryes for fishing. I doubt not but this coast will aH'ord tish in abundance." ' The first authentic accouni of trade between New England and New- foundland occurs in 1045 ; by this time the conunerce and shipping of the American Colonies had marvellously increased ; everything was 11 Records, Ai ■,%. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m Ilia ^^^ m 1.4 M M 1.6 V} m '^1 ^. e/A '<5. l my '-^r /^ >' ^ o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation , (lone to promote the great fiMliing industry; in 1(530 an act wiis passed by the local government exempting fishermen from niilitaiy dut}', and all Ushing property fi'om taxation ; l)y IGil Governor Winthrop records that three hundred thousand dry tish were sent to market, probably first to England. In 1()4-} the excellent Governor mentions the return of the Trial " Mr. Thomas Graves, an able and godly man. master from a voyage to Bilbao and Maliifia. her outward cargo consisted of dry codfish which she solil at a good rate and she brought as a return wine, fruit, oil, iron and wool which was a great advantage to the country [and which jirobabh' the godly man smuggled] it gave great en- coni'agcment to trade." ' In 1044 a Bristol sliip was cap- tured l)y a cruiser of the I'arliamentar}' party in Boston ; the sympathies of the majority were with the Common- wealth, and after some wrangling the ("romwellian \essel carried off' her prize. Even in distant Newfoundland the effects of this fierce civil war fell like a blight upon the fi.sldng trade ; Winthrop, in 1()45, tells of a fisliing expedition t(j Bay Bulls, Newfoiuul- land, sent by meichants of Boston and ( 'liarle.stown. When the vessels had nearly completetl their loading the ship and most of the fish wei*e seized by a Royal cruiser, and retained to the great loss of the merchants. Newfoundland appears to have l»een RoyaHst, or at any rate neutral, and the Devonshire men were under the protection of the king's party. Charles, however, recognised riglitly that New England's sympathies were ' Hvcnnls. NEW ENGLAND TRADE. 153 with his opponentH. Ho seems to have had grave Joubts about their loyalty, so as an additional precavtion passengers going out to the Colony were compelled to take the oath of allegiance. " Petition of Stephen Goodyeare Merchant, John of London about to piococd to Newfoundland and Spain. Leave jjranted to carry goods and jjassenge'-s to New England on taking the oath of allegiance at Gravesend. 1640 Jany. 26. "Similar order about Charles of Gloucester freighted for a voyage to the foreign Plantations and thenco to Newfoundland. Passage allowed for 100 to New England on taking the oath of allegiance. May 27, 1640. " Same date similar order for Amity. 120 passengers to New England." ' The sack iMiips or freigliters, now generally known in Newfoundland as " Foreigners," were constantly employed during these early years transporting freight and passengers to New England, many of the New- foundland merchants were also concerned in the New England trade and fishery ; tlieir ships were sent from Maine and New England to fish about the Newfoundland coast before the New England traders made a regular business of the Newfoundland barter trade. By 1652 there was a steady commerce and connexion between New England and Newfoundland ; traders came every year to the Island and bartered their corn and cattle for the Newfounflland fish and oil ; even thus early in our history the New Englanders began the practice of stealing away the Devonshire fisher- men's servants, in which afterwards they were so extensively engaged. Hubbard relates in 1(552, concerning a petition to the Lords Com- missioners of Trade and Plantations with respect to regulations about the fishery, fees for culling, kc, on which disputes had arisen between the Government and the fishing interest, that the petition was only signed by twenty-five : — " These were for the most part, either young men who came over as Servants and never had over much shew of religion in them, or fishermen of Marblehead feared to be profane persons, divers of whom were biought from Newfoundland for the fishing season." ' The New Englanders of that age showed all the cuteness and unscrupulous cunning of the Yankee inventor of wooden nutmegs ; Charles II. was terri1)ly wroth at the audacity of the colonists in coining shillings with a rude figure of a pine tree ; the colonists roundly swore to His Majesty that it was not a pine but an oak, and was intended to show their loyalty and His Royal Majesty's providential escape in the oak tree. The merry monarch was a humorist, and he enjoyed the fine flavour of this -mpudent falsehood ; to further conciliate His Majesty they sent him ten barrels of cranberries and three thousand dried codfish. The earliest account of the New Englanders in the Colony from tho Newfoundland records occurs iu John Downing's narrative, 1076.- ' Records, ^ See p. 205. 154 5 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI. I 4 I. Star Oiaml) )T Bules of Charles I. and additions by Charles II. Order of Star Chnmber 24th Jaii'y 1 633— On 20th Feb'y foil'}; Charter was praiitcd accordiug to tenor of this or.ler unto yo Mer- chants and Traders of Newfouiidlanil which was since on 24th Jan'y 1660 renewed and confirmed by his Majestic with an additional provision.— (tf. 7'. NJld., Vol. 3,/). h.) In renewal of Charter by Charles II. the Patent of Chas I. is recited— " Whereas our late Hoyall Father of blessed Menioric by his Lettres I'iitent tinder his (Jreate Scale of Knfjlande beareing date at Westminstre the tenth day of Ffebruary in the nyut.h yeare of his rcigne hereby reciteing that the rejrion or Countrey called Newfoundland had been acquired to the Dominion of his Progenitors, which he held iStc&c" His people had many ye(»rs resorted to those parts — enij>loyed themselves in ttish- ing whereby great number of his pcojjle had been " sett on Worke " & the navigation and mariners of the realm much increased and his subjects resorting thither " one by the other and the natives of these parts were orderly and gently intreated " till of late some of his subjects of realm of England planting themselves in that Countrey " upon conceipt that for wrongs or injuries done there cither on the shoares or in the sea adjoining they could not be here imju-ached " & the rather that he and his progenitors had not given laws to inhabitants — subjects resorting thither injured one another & " used all manner of excesse " to hindrance of voyage and common damage of realme — for preventing of such ineou- veiiiences for future he did declare in what manner people of Newfoundland ai:d seas adjoining and Kays and Creeks and fresh rivers, there sh'd be guided and governed k did make and order &e " We doe by these presents renew ratify and confirme the laws fullowing in the things after specified " — 1st. If any man kill another or steaie to value of forty shillings to be brought to prison to England & the .crime made known to Earl Marshall of Eng'd & if proved by two witnesses — deluKjueiit to suffer death. 2. No ballast to be thrown out to pre- judice of harbor. 3. That no person deface or spoyle any stage, Cookroonie &e. 4. That such ship as first entereth a harbour shall be admiral — wherein for time being he shall reserve only so much beach & flakes as is needful for number of boates as he shall use, with overplus only for one boat, as privilege for bis first coming, after pontent themselves with what he shall have use for with keeping more to prejudice of others next coming — any that possess several places in several harbours with intent to keep all before they can resolve which to choose shall be bound to resolve and send advice to such aftercomers & within 48 howres if the weather so serve, said aflercomers may likewise choose — so none receive prejudice by others delayes. 5. That no person deface or alter the marks of any boats to defraud the owners of them. 6. That no person steaie any fish, trayne, or salt or any other provision belonging to fishing ships. 7. That no person set fire to the woodes or rinde the trees except for Cookeroomes. 8. That no man case anchor or ought else hurtful which may breed annoyance or hinder the " haleing of seanes " for baytes in places accu.stomed thereto. !). That no person robb the nets of others out of any drift boate. 10. That no jierson set up any taverne for selling wine, beere. stnmg waters, cider or tobacco. — by such means fishermen neglect their labours, and spend wages upon which their wives and children depend they are likewise hurtful in many otlier ways — men make themselves hurtful by purloyning and stealing from owners. 11. On Sunday Divine service to be said by some of the Masters of ships, such prayers as are in Hook of (.'ommon prayer. And moreover an'7 further then was ordayned by the laws of ■ .ir said late ffather and for the encouiagement of our subjects in said Newfoundland All owners of ships traort of trade. His Majesty was ])leased to order that they sh'd be added to the former Charter viz — 1. That H.M's Subjects niny take bayte of fish in Newfoundland provided they submit to established orders. 2. That no alien take bait. .'}. That no jUanter cut down any wood, or plant within six miles of sea shore. 4. That no inhabitant or plunter take up best stages before arrival of fisheiuien. 5. That no master or owner of ships transport seamen or fishcPiien to Nfld unless belonging to his ship's Company. 6. That no person carry more than 00 persons to a hundred tonnes, 7. 'I'hat every fifth man be a green niiin [that is] not a seaman. 8. That masters of ships provide victuals in England according to number of men, for whole voyage, salt only excepted. 1). That no fi.shing ship part hence for Newfoundland before the month of March. 10. That Masters give bond of :C100 to respective Mayors not to carry any persons to Newfoundland as aforesaid .Si to bring back such as they carry out, or shall employ with fish for market voyages. 1 1 . That no nuister take up a stage with less than 2.5 men. 12. That no fisherman or seaman remuin behind after fishing is ended. 13. That Adm'l, Vice Adm'l and Hear Adm'l do put these orders in execution and preserve the peace. 14. And bring offenders for any crime into England. 1.5. That they proclaim on 20th Septr yearly H.M.'s orders. IG. And keep Journals. 17. That liecorders anl Justices of the Peace be Joyned in Commission vitb Mavors. 18. That reasonable fines be imposed on offenders. 19. That a Bill sh'd be prepared for the Create Scale, for eonfirm'n of sailed in a short time." {Eiidorntd by Laud rec. Jan. 1G40.) There is considerable difficulty in iiscer- tnining the exan there upon the property." Cecil Lord Baltimore, on the other hand, lestififs that " his father died in l(i;i2; that be, Cecil, had sent out Captain William Hill as his deputy ; Captain Hill repaired thither, took possession ar.d gave him a yearly account of his prooeedinga and the profit, and resided four or five years in Lord Baltimore's house in Ferrylaiul. Not long before the beginning of the late war, Duke Hamilton loG REIGN OF CHARLES I. :ir li! and others by tlieir power at Court pro- cured a I'liti'iit of ull Xewtbundliind, in- cluding tlierein t)m I'roviiioe of Aviilon, whereupon in I6;ts Sir I). Kirke went to Ferrylund in Newfoundland, and h_v force of arms turned ('a|)tiiin Hill out of Lord Balti- more's chief Miinsicm house (where the said Lord Daltimore h.id at the time divers things of jfood value) ami took possession of the whole Province and of divers cattle i nd horses belonging to Lord Ualtiniore." Balti'.nore prays for redress through Parliament, " his propeity being now in possession of persons sent by the Council of State to dispossess Sir David Kirkc." These Commissioners were Captains Raynor and Ptaree -, their characiers are given in a gossipping letter from Charles Hill, Ferryland, 12 Sep. IGOl, to Mr. John Kirke, London : — Hir.i. TO Kirke. Ferryland 12 September 1G61. Mr. John Kikkk, I was advised by Mr. Geo. Kirke of what you was pleased to write to niee at the end of his letter, and could wish I had more pleasing intelligence to write to you than the continuation of the calamity of this Country occasioned not only bv the continuance of had voyages, but to the Inhabitants in a more particular maimer by the late Governors arrival here, who have sought themselves so much that I believe they will have but a few Tennants in ye Lord Baltimore's part of Avilon. Upon their arrival here the Inhabi- tants, as also the masters of ships were summoned, when their patent granted them for ye space tr term of 14 years from the now Lord Baltimore was read and then a letter from the Kings Majesty under his hand and privy seal, wherein it was signified that there had beene a tryell between your family and Baltimore about the patent and ijpon report of His Majtstys two Justices of Common Pleas and other Councel it was declared that ye Patent of ye old Lord Baltimore was a good patent and that it was surreptitiously- taken away by Sir David Kirke and that therefore His Majesty did recpiirc Sir Lewis Kirke &c. to surrender to Lord Baltiniore all his houses lands goods &c., aiul that all Masti'rs an J Admirals of ships should be uyd- iug and asf^isting Lord Baltimore if iv((uired. I pre-advised My Lady and Mr. Geo. Kirke what answertornake unto the Governours, they being absei:t at ye reading of the Pro- clanmtion, when they came with the masters of ships to put tliiiu in free possession, who liaving made a complaymentall demand was Kuddenly answered that since it was His Majestys pleasure to order ye same they xhould not in the least dispute but with all readiness surrender it to his use and service, and as for what oould be approvedly visible to belong t.> I/ord Baltimore. But as for the bouites built by ijir 1>. Kirke at bis own cost My Lady would attornie tenant for the same and pay the acknowledge due to Lord Balti- more for the same. My I^idy and Mr. George have been much threatened to be dispossessed but (he fitt is now over for the two Governors do one so thwart the other that they dissent in their judgments. Captain Kaynor is a desperado an(l looks not for right ; but Captain Pearce is more a braver soldier and I believe would (piit his ingagement upon honourable termes ; he hath had very nmny civil expressions and good affections to your family and said he was resolverl for England again, and should be loth to act any thing in Newfoundland that lie might not answer in England. He hath heretofore been Sir Davids Leeftenant in ye King's ships and howsoever he was tre- paixed into this employment, hath very large respects to your familey. They pretended to have a Commission from the King for lull management of all his concerns in the whole Island, which was granted but three days Itofore they came nway. I know not how true, you can advise yourself ; but thereupon and pretending ye King's letter, Captain ]tayiu)r hatb received rents and arrears out of the precincts of Avilonia, and hath beene so hard to some that I think few will trust them longer than the nextyeare. There hath beene but 150 qtls. [of fish] per boat for the generalitie. Many planters have not made soo much. I know Mr. George hath advised you at full. Tis reported Captain Rcynells is returned fur England, he is of a good family, who may do something for him. His B(mrt is ,C 180 [security for return to Lord Baltimore]. If you advise next yeare shall send it if opportunity present to exportation [probably some fish]. I shall further advise ycu ; in the interim shall pray for jour welfare with the tender of my humble services reraayne. Your Servant to command, Chaules Hill. (B.M. MSS. Eg. 2395.) The ingratitude of the Stuarts to their devoted adherents is proverbial; alltheKirkes had fought gallantly for their King, all were deserted and abandoned in their sore hour of iii^ed. The curtain closes over the gallant Sir David Kirke's family in misfortune and j)overty ; all poor Lady Kirke's appeals to her sovereign were entirely unheeded. In 1673 a Dutch squadron of four .ships of 40 guns each entered the Harbour of Ferryland where " tby plundered, ruined, fired, and destroyed th ■ commodities, cattle, household goods, and oihir stores belonging to the inhabitants." The family of Sir David Kirke were then residing there as ordinary Planters, consisting of Lady Kirke, her son (ieorge and his wife and four children, David with his wife and one child, and Philip, un- married — altogether they had 66 men servants, 14 boat*, 8 stayes, and 3 oil vats. We learn SIR DAVID KIRKE. 157 this from a letter of Dudley Lovelace, a prisoner ubourd the Dutch fleet at the time ; he says, Lady Kirke and her family were the greatest sufferers on this occasion. (Public Keeords j quoted by Browne in his History of C. Breton.) The following accounts of Sir David Kirke's government may have been sworn to in 1667 to support the opposition to the Newfoundland settlers' petition (18th March 1667, IJ.M. MSS., Eg. 239.')), that his son, George Kirke, shoulil be appointed governor of the district from Petty Harbour to Ferry- land. These fk-positions probably were modelled after those of 1639 to support Exeter and other petitioners against Kirke. Dkvositioss take.v at Topsiiam, bv viutuk of a c0.mhis8iun datki) August 28, 1667. Thomas Cruse of Ashprinton deposes above fifty years last jmst he went to ye Newfoundland in a ship of Topsham on a ifishing voyage at which time there was noe Governour there, or above two or three poor people inhabited there, and such salt, hoates, Btaiges and other materialls for ye ffishing trade left by ye shippes the tforiner year they tisually found in ye like condition without hurt or any diminution ye following year. And about thirty-two years past he went from London to ye Newfoundland and arrived there in ye Harbour of Bay Ihilk, where he inhabited eighteen yearcs ; which was about four yeares before Sir David Kirke the ffirst Governour that came there after ye Lord Baltimore who was there only one winter and then left the countrey saying it was an uufitt place for man or beast to live in. During all which time of this Deponents aboadc there noe nation did ever in ye leaste attempt to molest or trouble ye Knglish there or thare ffishery ; neither were thare any tt'ortittications erected untill the coming there of Sir David Kirke who planted some ft'ew gunns at Pferriland ami two or three other places ; and that before Sir David Kirke came there noe one paid any custome or tax con- eerning the said tlishery or otherwise, butt all was free. But after Sir David Kirke arrived there (who brought with him about thirty servants) he imposed taxes on all ye iidiabitants to pay a great ffine and j'early rents for the houses and ground by yewater side in several Harbours and ffishing place- as this Deponent did fTor a house and some ground graunted to him by ye said Sir David Kirke as by writing made in ye year 1640 Ifor which he paid the yearlly rent of ^3. 6. 8 and a ffat hoj or 20/ in lew thereof. And the said Sir David Kirke .lid sum- mon ye Inhabitants of ye severall harbours to repair at Fferriland and compelled them to take estates in land in severall harbours for erecting of houses and flishing places by ye water side, and to pay great ffines, tax and rents for the same and in case of retfu.sall threttned to expel them out of ye land ; au:ies letter of appointment and instruetion, were real Governors : — " You have hereby full power and authority to command such Hhips and vessels as are upon the coast, to keep together or otherwise to diBposo of them- selves as may bee most for the comon safety .... nud all Captaynes of Convoys are hereby reciuired to bo assisting to you in the execution thereof and you an- to consiiler in what manner any of tho Harbours and Hayes belonging to the Country may bee f<i' of tin; Ann ami Joi/cc ; iiiul Captniti VVillitiiM Hiuiiluok, OoiuiiiHiiilur of tho Anicrica, wlio, together with other ('oiuinissioiu'rH — Redwood, (Jrif^'^s, I'yie, C'lotwoithy.tuid Hcndy — ail! to take exaiiiinatioiiN toiu'liinj; the iiUHcarria^i'H coiiiiiiitted by Kirke. 'J'lio tii>t-iiaiiit'd ('oiiiiiiiM,sion»'rH are to take charge (»f the p)verniMent, niid ])artirularly to coUeet the iri)|iositions on fish paid l>y stran^ern. Our histurv does iu)t concern itself with tliese various Conniiissioni rs. • _-"J ^/ \ ' ■ ' •"■•■•-}••• . «> .■■••■•.•••»■.'■*• 'U-jiv. — r' ' A- ;....-.'■' i;.> N^ y\.\^- ^-r^<' :■■■ . :-^-~ ■ -'N. :■■■ rl- *i" i!i,i;' ~ TOAD 8 COVE. From a (Iriiwhti) hij the lion, ami Utr. IV. Gi-aij, Mr. Sikes appears to liave been, like Sir David Kirke, troubled a good deal about his accounts with the C'oiunionwealth. The chai'ges against the Governor, after being put otf from time to time, were at length Hnally dropped. His brother. Sir James, having managed to secure Cromwell's son-in-law, CUiypole, on his side by tiie bribe of a share in Lord Baltimore's ]t]antation at Ferrylaiid, a charter seems to have been granted about Kioj to Sir James Kirke, Claypole,. and others. It came utterly to naught. U' \ TUEWORaiB. 103 ra t^M t \ \ !■ X('wf()unilliiii'ewfoiiiidlandj without intcrrnplion oi' arrest, and that ho may be secured against them." ' By order of Cromwell the petition is referred to Colonel Jones and others, "to consider of away for the Petitioner's indemnity." Under the Stuarts, such an interference by the courts with a Colonial Governor would have been visited with summaiy punishment; under tlie orderly administration of Cromwell the couits of justice, even when they acted perversely against his own offioei's, were never interfered with. Riyalists like Kiike and Baltimore could freely iiring their differences before the Pioteetor's courts r)f law without any fear of such Governmerit action as was the rule uniler the Stuarts. Under the fostering care and able management of Trewoi'gie, which extended from ](i.');} to lOOO. the settlement, trade, and fisheries of the Colony were largely increased : no injustice to planters was permitted under his firm control ; the cultivation of the land was eneoui'aged ; trade between the island and the continental colonies was promoted ; the celebrated Trelawney of Richmond Island, i\Inine, sent ships to Newfoundland. Tivworgie himself was connected with the tiade of both colonies. New England prospered inunensely under the Commonwealth, and so did our island Colony. Amidst the dreary record of wi'ong and opjiression, Treworgie's seven years administi'ation is the one Viright spot in our history. 1 ' I ' Records. SHIPBUILDING. 165 The records show thau there was a large amount of Ijoth ship- Imilding ' and boat-building going on in the ('olony at this period. The English naval officers mention the great superiority of tlie English-lmilt 7. ^ 7. ^ fishing boat as compared with the Frencli, ami very stringent orders were given to prevent our rivals obtaining Newfoundland boats fioni the settlers. Even at this early period there was a smuggling busiu(.'ss ' In the Piirliamentary Re]iort of 1718 it in the Tolony. Spurriers huilt bnnines. hriirs, is staled that nearly all the I'oole vessels eii- iuid ships at Oderiu, Uuriu, ami St. Law- iragtd in the Newfouudlaud trade were built rence. 166 THE COMMONWEALTH. going on with the French ; it continued after they were removed to Louisbourgh, Capa Breton, and is in full activity up to the present time. The New Englanders were so keen about tiade that they actually sold to their enemies the very bricks and boards they afterwards battered down. By the eud of the Commonwealth period the New England trade was firmly established in our Colony ; it had a general agent in St. John's., with branch agencies in all the principal settlements. P ^ V 107 to ne. )ld •ed nd in APPENDIX TO CHAPTER YII. I, Treworgie's Instructions. {Domestic Stale Papers, Inteiregnwn. Coun- cil of State Order linok. April 29 to July 1, 1G53. Vol. 97.) Friday 3d of June 1C53, afternoone. Majo (ien" Desbrow the Lord Genonill, M, Gfii" ]>iinbert, Col. Jones, M. (ien" Harrison, Mr. Strickland, Col. Stapley, C.)l. Tonilinson, Coi. Bbunet, Mr. Moycr, Sr. Gilb. Pickering. IxsmiTTioxs to John Tkewouoie Gent, appointed Coniinis'' for numageing and ordering the affaires and Interest of this Comonwealth in Newfoundland for this present yeare. WHEHEAS upon consideration bad of the present state and condition of atfaires in Xewt'oundhirid relaleing to this (^oiTmnv.calth, The Counccil have thought it expedient to continue you for this sumer upon the place as a Comissioncr : for manageiog and ordering the affaires there. Yoa are therefore to dc- nicane yo'selfe in that trust and iinployni' accorJiiig to (he powers instructions and authority hereafter mentioned. 1st. — You are hereby required and autho- rized to take care for the Governm' and well oidering of the said country of Newfoundland and the peojile there inhabiting, anil likewise the fishery according to such lawes and onlinanccs as are hereto annexed. and. You are by yo'selfe or such fit per- sons as you shall appoint to collect the ini])ositi()n of fi'-h due from and i)ayd by strangers, and likewise the imposition of Oyle for the use of tliis Comonwealth. aiul Adventur" aforesaid, until the Snpreanie authority shall declare their further pleasure therein. 3rd. You are to use j-o' best endeavo" to secure the fishfry there against any that slmll attempt to disturbe or interrupt it and to that end you have hereby full power and au;hority to coiTiaiiil such Hhips and vessells as; are upon that coast or in any of the Harbo" to keejK' together or otherwise to dispose of tbenisclves in such manner as may bee most for the coiTion safety and to use sucli other meanes for the end aforesaid as jou shall judgi! meet. And all Captaynes of Con- voyes aie hereby required to bee assisting to 30U in the execution thereof And you are to consider in what manner any of the llarbo" and Hayes, belonging to the country may Ih'C fortified for preservation both of the country and fisliing. 4. — Whereas securitie is givrn by Sr. David Kirko such as the C(uincell doc approve of, for his appearance to the Councell and being responsible as to any matters to bi;e objected against him, I'pon which the sequestration or former seisure upon his Instate is to bee taken off, You are therefore to deliver up unto such person or persons as lie shall appoint all that remaincs of his there that was fonuerly scquestred or seised, or that belongcth to him,(inely of the Ordnance or any other things that doe properly belong to ye Comonwealth you are to take a par- ticular notice and inventory, and unto the person or persons in whose charge you shall leave the same you arc to give strict direc- tions that they take care the same bee pre- served and forthcoming to the use of the CoiTioDwealth. Y(ui are to receive and ex- amine all such complaints as shall Ice made unto yiiu as wi'U by strangers as others of any wrong or injury done unto them by any ]K'ison or persons whatsoever and to certitie their particular cases ento the Councell. You are upon thi' close of this siiiTiers fislu ry to returiie back into EuL'luid and to repaire to the Councell or the Supieanie authority of this Comoinvt'alth and to give as well a just and true acciunjit of all such money and jirofitts as have come to yo' bands due to the Comonwealth or Adventurers, as of all yo' proceedings and in what conditit.n you left all things there at yo' coniint; away. Lawes, liules, and Ordinances where- by the Affaires and fishery of Xew- foundland are to be' governed iintill the Parlam' shall take further order. 1 . — That noe Ballast, I'rest stones nor nnythiiig else hurtftill to the Harbours bee throwne out to the prejudice of said Harbours, but that it be cariyed ashore and layd where it may not doe annoyance. 2. — That noe person whatsoever either fi-r coiners in those places as expect his resolution and that within 48 houres if ye weather soe serve that ye said after Comers may likewise choose their place and soe none receive p'judice by others delayes. 4. — That noc person cut out, deface or any way alter or change the murks of any iMjates or trayne fatts whereby to defraud ye right owners, and lliut no person convert to his own use ye said boates or trayne fatts soe belonging to others without their consents nor remove tior take them fro ye places where they be left by ye owners except in ease of Jiecessitye, and then to give notice thereof to ye A dm" and others whereby ye owners may knowe what has become of them. 5. — That uoe person doe deminish take away perloyne or >teale any of ye fish or trayne or salt which is putt in caske Trayne Fatts or Cookeroomes or other houses in any of ye Harbo" or Fishinge places of ye coiintrye, or any other provisions belonginge to ye fishinge Trade or to ye ships. 6. — That noe person sett fire in any of ye woods of ye countrye or work any detrim' or destruction to ye same by rinding of ye trees either for ye seeling of ships houlds or for roomes on shoare or for any other tises except for ye coveringe of ye roofes for (/Ookeroomes to dresse their niL.;','- und these roomes not to extend above 30 foote in length at ye most. 7. — That noe man east anchor or ought else hurtful! which may breed ai.noyanct or hinder ye haleing cf Saynes for liuyte in places accustomed thereunto. 8. — That noe person robb ye netts of others out of any drifts boate or drover for bayte by night, nor take away any bnyte out of their fishing boates by their ships sides nor robb nor steale any of tliei- netts or any part thereof. 9. — That noe person doe sett up any Tavernes for sellinge of wyiies benre or strong waters Syder or tobacco to enterteyue je fishermen because it is found that by such meanes they are debauclied, neglecting their labors and poore ill governed men not onely spend most part of their shares before they come home upon which ye life und muynteu- once of their wives and children dependeth but are likewise hurtful! in divers other ways as by neglecting and nuiking themselves unfit for their labor by purloyneiug and steaiinf; fro tl-'ir owners and by making unlawfull shifts to supply their disorders which disorders they frequently followe since these occasions have presented themselves. 10.— That noe planter be permitted to keepe uny more stage roome than he hath fishinge men in posson for ye manageing of it and y' every planter in each Harbo'' may take their stages and fishing roome together in one part of ye Harbour and not scattering as they now doe wasting as much roome t'or one or two boates as may serve 6 or 8 boates. 11. — That noe planter be permitted to build any dwelling house, store house, court- ledge or garden or keepe any Piggs or other cuttle upon or near ye ground where fish is 8aV(.d or dryed. 12. — That a!! provisions imported for sale neeessarye for fisliing be free for any person to l>uy for his own present occasion, soe it be demanded within six dayes after its arrival!, and not to be ingrossed by a few to make benefitt on others thereliy. i;j. — That upon ye Lords da.v ye Accoin- panyc assemble in meet place for divine worship. Signod John Disbrow Ps'. Whitehall 3d. of June 1653. II. Petition of John Treworgie. To the Kiarht Honourable the Council of State. The humble Petition of John Treworgie Commander of the Colonic of this nation in Newfoundland, SlIEWETII, That your Petitioner being in the year 16.53 commissioned to ye Newfoundland by the Council of State for the managing of the affairs of that Country hath according to his instructions, yearly given them an account of his proceedings therein and for want of a due supply from heare hath been ;iecessitated to return unto Kngland and now takes on him the boldness to intbrm your Honour with the state of affairs in that Island and also to acquaint your Honour of six years sullaiy due to your Petitioner. May it therefdre please your power to take the matter into considera- tion and to grant unto your Petitioner a Com- mission for the advising the affairs there and to appoint two or three frigates (which vessels have been there to assist yiuir Petitioner in coileciing the impost suipri/.ing of such Spanish ships as shall be found and to conduct English shipping from heare. . . . \ I T MR. POVEY'S REPORT. 169 ». .' III. Mr. Povey'B Report, May 11, 1660. To the Kifxht Hon. the Committee of the Council for Foreign Plantations. After reciting the various Patents. , • After the death of Duke Hamilton the Council of State did in 1650 give a Cora- mission to John Treworgie merchant who WHS there upon the place to order affairs there for the best advantage of the State which Coniniifsion was also renewed in 165H. Sir David Kirke the only survivor of the former Patentees obtained in 1055 [prob. Sir .lames Kirke] a Commission from the late Protector Oliver wherein John Claypole Fsq. and Col. John Coffin were joined with him but little or noihiutr was acted thereupon. I.'pon the whole matter it appet reth by reason of ye severtt'.l jjatents for the scttloinent . . . . . the disorders of the late time the interest of State suffers. . . . and it seems very expedient that some suitable person be employefii ai'd instructed to hasten thither to munaf^e Jlis Majesty's alfuires therefor ye next season of fishing whereby many advantages .' nd profits may arisi- to His Majesty which nmst else be wholly neglected and lost of which the person em- ployed is to give an account here in Kngland at ye end of the ycure. For the present it may be expedient that yc aforesaid John Trewor(iie hath a commission and fit instrument to goe to Newfoundland therefore forthwith he having been a person well used and experienced in those affaires .... liberty to return to England and give au account of his Trust. J. POVEY. Endorsed : — By order of Committee of State sitting and taking care of Government in the intervall between ye suppression of ye Kuiup of ye Parliament and ye return of His Majesty which was not many days before the datii of this lieport. 11 I i V 170 CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF CHARLES IT. i66c-i68: 1G60. — rroc'lnmafion for strit'tcr ohseivance of Lent. Petition, on June 11th, of Sir li. KirKe and otliers for l)et:er proteetion of the fisliing fleet, Petition, in Juno, of Lord Riiltiniore for a renewal of his patent ; Sir O. Hrifljieniaii and Col. linch report, on .Tune 17th, that the jjatent is good, and still iu force ; that they cannot ealculate the money expended hy the Kirkes on the plantation. Warrant granted to Haltiinore to taiie possession from the Kirkes. Gargot probably received eoinniission as Governor of Placentia. ICG! — Cap'ains Kaynor and IVarce at Ferryland as »;iltimore's commissioners. Charter to Western merchants renewed on 2Gfh .Taniiary ; no jersons other than those going to f:sli or to settle to he ]iennitte(l tc sail ; "duty i>n salt remitted. Petition of Lady Kirke that she and her ehiklren are starving. Letter from Hill to Kirke iu September. -Placentia founded by French. Immediately after accession of Charles If., who was a vassal of Frau-e, Louis XIV. sent out 150 men, guns, and amiuiinition of war '"laeentia. lialtimore obtained renewal of liis patent. Mathews, tent by se and Raynor to Placentia, arrested by the French, but escaped. 1G62.- to Placentia. Pearse i 16G:?.— 5 -Mayors, ^tc. instructed to enforce an order prohibiting masters of vessels from carrying settlers to Newfo'.indland ; fisheries exempted from tat or toll. The celebrated .Tames Young in Xewlouudland as surgeon on the Reformation. 1 GG4.— Deposition and complaint made to King Claries 11. of French proceedings in Grand Placentia in 16G-2, when, as swirn to by one Isaac Dethick, soldiers, women, and men landed there from a great French ship, sent to the king by the hands of Mr. Robert Prowse. First agitation agaiupt French pretensions in Newfoundland. 16G.5.— First edition of " S'r .T. Cliild's Discnurse." I\isition of the Newfoundland fishery fully debated wiili reference to the Dutch war ; only one ship of Dartmouth to go out. Ii; .Tune, I)e Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, plundered and destroyed Ht. .John's and several other harbours. C. Mnrtio tiideavoured to deft'iid St. John's. IGGG. — II. d'Almy's propositions about the fishery. ' 1067.~William llinton in Newfoundland hoping to he made Governor. Petition, on 18th March, to niiike George Kirke tiovernor. Petition of Tofues, &e.' on a.sth August against a (Jovernor. Depositions taken on 28th August, at 1G69.— Merchants petition the king against sending out a Governor to Xe vfoundland as projio^cd by Captain Robert Robinson on Ijth December; Robinson summoned to London. J:! m CHRONOLOGY. 171 ' ir.7i.. ]()72. 1C73. 1G7-1. 1675. 1670. Ffbninry 4, Order in Couticil tlint a chnplnin should lie 8cnf witli the nmiuiil convoy to Newfonndlnnd "for kceinng people living there in C'hri>tiiinitv." «iiles issued by the Lords of the Couneil to regulate fisheries ; every fifth man to lu- ii preen man; caj tains to give bond for £100 to bring back every fisherman ihey took out, &'c., &c. Janico Young, who kept a diary of his journeys, wrote about the fisher)-. On 23rd ])ecember a petition, presented by Western merchants, tor the regiilation of the fishery. -Derosit'on of Mathews sworn on 27th January. Letter from I'rowse to Gould on 1 4th March. -Order enforcing bonds to prevent men going to New England ; ships r.-quired to be better armed. —Dutch squadron cf four fhips plundered the Kirkes nt Ferryland, hut beaten off from St. John's by Christoplier Martin. The king appointed n Select t'ommittee to take deposit ons in the ^^ est about the fishery. -Orders made by the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations forbidding planters to inhabit within six miles of the shore, from Cape Uace to Cape Honavista. Sir J. VVJlliumson alludes to Lord Haltimore's house nt Ferryland as being still habitable. -Charles II. gave up duty of r> per cent, paid by French. On the 12th February both sides were heard about the fishery; on l.'ith April the Council for Trurle reported against a fiovernor and fortifications ; and on .'ith May they required the settlers to return to England, or go to other plautalions. Letter on 1 2th September, from 13erry to Southwell, about the jilimters. Troate's report about a nuirdor in St. John's not investigated, though known about by Captain Carter, &c. 1676. — 27th Janiiary, old charter rencved with additional clauses. Captain Russell com- pelling several ship fishermen to rebuild stages they had destroyed. Onler to Sir John llerry to burn houses, and root out population ; owing to the exertiors of John Downing, a resident merchant, an order fvom tl.e king procured to annul it. Mr. John Alyrod's account of riaeentift. 2-(th October, I »owMtng's narra- tive ; first mention of New England traders. Downing's petiti:)n of 7th November heard. T. Martin treated by the merchants in St. John's as an alien, and forced to hire a stage. Thompson's report on I'lacentia. Dutch reported to have destroyed many French fishing vessels. 1677.— Petitions of C. and T. IMartin and Troate, of I) .M.S. Swan ; and on 2.")th January and 23rd March further petitions of Downing. Order sent on March 2Htli, by the Sf. John's Mvrchnvt, directing ship fishermen not to molest the settlers ; con- firmed on 18th :\ray by Captain AVheler. Petition of St. John's merchants on lOtli December brought to England by Sir W. Poole, II.M.S. Lcnpurd. T. O.vford's petition reciting danuige done to stages. 1679. — Petitions of W. Downing on lOfh February and 2nd April ; of Oxford on 2nd Ajiril, rcciiing that bis family had a warehouse in St. John's for seventy years ; of Oxford and Downing, on April 29th, for a Governor, fortifications, aiul a minister; also petition of Oxford, about his negro .servant, on 3rd July ; and of Downing on 4th November. T. Weighinou*' breaking into Downing's rooms. Captain Wright, H.M.S. Eeverse, keeping order in St. John's. 1680. — In May, Robinson asking leave to builil a fort at St. John's. Petitions of Ilinton and" Downing. AV. Downing jindiably diod on his way to Newfoundland. Account of Downing's family. Captain l^obert Robinson and three merchants nt 15ay Bulls, on 2yth September ; condemn four fishermen to be ducked for damaging French room at Colinet, fic, and two merchants to fay the damages. 1081. — Destrick and Molin's report of Placentia. Fort in ruins. Twenty-two Ras(iue vessels from Port of Passage fishing and whaling in Newfoundland. French attempting to prevent Basque fishing in their neighbourhood. Captains Talbut and Storys on the coast. Bad fishery. 1682. Captain D. Jones, H.M.S. X>/«»(OMrf, reports abour N<'w Englanders, on 12th Sep- tember, from Bay Dulls. Captain Wren at Bay Bulls iu the Cciituiiun 1683. — Petition of Downing on the 1 1th October. 1684. — Captain Wheler, H.M.S. Ticjer, reports on French settlements and fishing; no wood to be had within two miles of St. John's ; good fishery. 172 REIGN OF CHARLES II. i;i i» The Commonwealth liad only been maintained by the strong; luuul of (^roniwoll ; soon after his death the EngliHh repultlic came to an end. The general voice of the country was in favoin- of a limited monarchy and a hereditary sovereif,'n. Under the astute tactics of Monk the Restoration was brou{,'ht about — unbj-idled licence, in place of Puritan severity. Fr.im the records, rcpta-ts of naval officers (which be^^'au in this reiyn), and private letters (now for the first time published), we arc able to give a pretty accurate description of Newfoundland under the Resto- ration. It was an unfortunate change for our poor Colony. Charks v'.s((7>ie of their content". Informa- tion about the Colony is much fuller in this period. There was no regular post in England, but we have the rudiments of a newspaper, the short- lived Pablique Iiitellujencer, and the still existing Lomlon Gazette. The two most important events in this reign were the irruption of the French into the Colony, the foune great (hmver to ships passing so near the coa>tt to and from Aiiicrita. " In Itjiio and lliCT ho landed his guns and built araall forts with earth and with his own aniinuniticn defended the harbour. In October li!7:!, with (i gnus out of the J'Jliiie Andrcwa defended St. Johiifi nguinst Iloliandera on their way from Xow York i he was there with iirovisions ; defended St. Johns against Captain Evei'son njid three other men of warr and with less than 30 men forced them iiom the Harbour's mouth. " Considers a Uorernor and increaao of inlinbitants absolutely necessary to keep ott" the Freiieh who have three (juartcrs of the Island and i'lueentia ationgly fortified." ' In view of the constant danger to which our infant Colony was expo.Hed from pirates, and the still more fornudable encounters witli the fleets of out enennes, it seems very strange that there were no military or naval prepaiations to resist this constant, ever menacing danger. Beyond the o)iti()ii From an old atid fuitliFuI rctaiiu^r rcooivcil no rcspoiiHc ; ('harlt's'H niinistors were lirilx'il and controlled by Cliilil and the West Countrymen. The only other rival for the (Invernorship, which was worth £400 jiev ainnnii, was William Downing. He proposes — "'I'ho jnst and readioHt, way the tax upon the boats may bo collected is through (ioorgo Kirke E8(iuii-o at Kt'iniouzo, JSIr. John Downing at Qui- do Vide, Mr. 'I'lioinas Oxford at St. Johns, Mr. John I'inn at Havre do Grace ; ' nil thoso perscns having corri'spondcnri' throu.;h tho v/holo country would collect till' moimy at no trouble to tho Governour." ■ The Do\vnin{r,s were the sons of the former CJovernor under Hamiltcui's charter. Mr. Thonuis O.xl'ord appears to have been, like Hinton, a man of some position. He kept a nei^'ro house-.seivant — a most aristocratic appendage in those days — whom tlie West Country- men foix'iltly took away. ""' Many of the Devonians, more .sensible and patriotic than their fellows, strongly urnfed the appointment of aCiov.'rnor and tlie fortifi- cation of the principal harbours. Weymouth, Bristol, and London were stronjfly in favour of the appointment. Their efforts were in vain. The popidation of Newfoimdlnnd durino- this rei<,'n is variously I'stimated. The various rou^h calculations are j;-iven in the statistics ; they appear to understate the niunber of the resident planters. By far the most important event in this reign is the occupation of the Island by the French. It may be argued that the assumption as to the turpitude of Chai'les in this transaction is based on very slender grounds. I do not think .so ; the character of Charles is so vile that, to use a New- founiUand expression, we would not " put it past him." He gave up Dui cirk at the very same time. To fitlj' describe the epoch in English annals known in our histor'es as " The happy restoration of Our Sovereign Loi'd King Charles," one has to borrow the epithet which an American authoress applied to the administration of Indian affairs in the United States — " A century of dishonour ; " and truly the sovereignty of Charles II. was a vex'itable reilisli policy, I'oivign ami domestic, heing virtually governed by the French king. Out (jI" this arose the war with our ancient allies, the Dutch. seller's map. Fraiii die EiujUsh I'ilo/, ifi"; I . Tlie details of this arrangement are now published, but there were many other questions agreed u|)on known only to the two conspirat^•erlu)rs of the Fei-ryland ])laiitation. Kaynor and Captain Pearce were deputy -(governors and also anents for Lord Baltimore when his i-)atent was revived in KiliO. Haviu"- to take proceedings arfainst a Mr. Russell, in St. Mary"s, aliout a claim for rent, they heard at the same time tiiat some Canailian Indians, who were aUies of tlie French, were .shooting and trapping in the" .same neighliourhood (then and now the finest game preserve m the .T.,iand). They despatched John Matthews to arrest Ru.ssell and tlie leader or chief of the Indians, and bring them to Ferryland to explain tlieir proceedings to the Deputy-Governor. Matthews gives a giaphic account of his adventures : — " 'J'he-o are to cci tify to whom it may concerno that I .Tuhn ]\rattliows in ye yoaro l(;ti2 lieing in yc Xcwfourulland wa.s sint by Captain i'.urce hi l Mr. Eayuor the Ilonblc. Deputy-Govornois wiih their warrant.s to St. Marys to Ijring" one Mr. RiLsscll ye Inb^iliitant there and ye mister of ye Indiaii.s (w'ho came to kill beaver,-! and other beast.s for tl'iirres) before them to Fferryland ; but iimtead of having the warrant obeyed, a Freiieli Captain seized on me demanding what 1 e;vme for. 1 repljed for ye said .Mr. Kussell and ye Master of ^-i Indians logo befoic ye Governours to answer and give an account of their action.s for making an attempt upon ye Islamic without any authority from }Lis Majesty of Great Briltaine; which ho scornfully answered, saying we had no power there nor in any other of ye Southern parts oi ye Lgnde but all did belong to yo Ffrench Kiiigc whereupon I averring that our Jving was King thereof and of all for about 30 or 40 leagues around about it, waa taken prisoner and so kept for about 2 daves when yo French carryed me aboard and sett forward untill we came nigh Plaisance Fort which was furnished with 2« guniis fi-om whence a shallop came out fj'om yo Governour with command for our returne to St. Alaries in pursuite for ye Indians wheie by Gods pr'^vidcnce I made my escape. •'I also further humbly testify that iu the year (50) or (51) I having then a lawe- suit deperding there against (me 2^icholas Ri dhood did procure a Commission out of ye High Court of Adniiraltie directed to Sir David Kirke tlie then Governour to ex.aminc witnesses in that cause which said Commission was speeded and returned hithei- to ye A.dmiraltie in due forme of lawe. "And whensov(r any ditl'erenees arose between ye Planters and Inhabitants these ye said Sir David Kirke did always judge and determine the same ; whereby ye said lande was peaceably and ([uietly governed to ye goncrall Ifcnefitt of yo population and no persons weie suffered to carry wood away in shipi)s, only to cut what was necessary for fishing and all this I do testify upon my certaino kuowledge to be true witness my hand this 27th day of January 1G70. " Jo. M.\TII1EWS."- Lady Hopkings also states, " That the French declared that " King Louis had a grant from the King of England to take as hi.s ' Records, 2 n.M. MSS., £,j. 2395. M 2 n 180 KEIGN OF CIIAELES II. " proper rii^lit from Cape Race i-oiiml liy the soutliward and westwanl " to C'aiH' Hoiiavista." ' I tliink we inav fairly ijfatlier from these statements and from the formal action of tlio French, their takinf TM.visance spread out before him ; below is the beautiful north-east arm dotted with islands, cotta<;'es, and farms, . 1 ! . i f! !^^ ' lOCO [? l()7(i.] ' Tlie iiifiiMiiutioii iiiKi rcliition of the L:isi'w('(imiii11:mi(1 to iiiiike kiiowiu' to Mis lioyuli Alaji'sty UN ffollowt > : "Tluit tin' l:\t Sir David Kiikclitiiifr M-nt for oviT liy till' l:itf u-uipfr and nil liis ostiiti' taken away Uor liis f'ailhf'iil strvict' to His lati' Majo>ly in Nowroundlaiid and ^iiice deceased. "That 1-laiid liath Im'cii without a (i(i- vonimir and tiio I'trciii'' takinj; notice thiicdf lia\i; settU'd a fiarrison ahoiit lijjiit or nine years since at I'lesenlia and about two Vi'ars since another at ('hiipiiiii liaiii/f -J.) Iea;;iies •listance ITro.u tlie other (whiei, in Sir Davi.l j;,,,,, jjonavista to vc Xor«ar(l." Knke 8 hietinie they never dirst iittenipt) n \r nr ■ ■ ' i- and by their yeerly iiitiif-niiip and tlircateniiif; (.o.J/. J/.S>., At/. '2:VJ.).) of ye luifilish gives liieni just cause of ai)|)re- [The (kite KiCiO is eviih'utly ■\vronjr ; it lienlion ot liieir own satteiy and the hisse of has heeii added by some IJoard of Tnidc the Island to ye jireiit jnejudice of His oHicial.J ^[ajesty's affaires, if not tiitndy prevented, and the rather the (iovernour for ye Ffreiicli kee[is ten \essels all ye winter there which oarrye :f() or 4ii men a jieee and a;;- very well titteil to coast ; which vessels are siillieieni to destroy the Kniilish ]dantalion as now it stands. And by sad ex]ierience the riitter[i'] comintr . . there without controUe took yimnes [iriins] shippes cattle, goods and what he pleased, to ye rninitig of His Majesty's sub- jects in .Newfoundland for want of (iovern- nu'iit. '• The I'fiench this year have given out that the I'li'iich King basse a grant IVrom the King of Kiigliiud to take as his proper writ from C'ai)e I) race all to the Westwiird and I 4 I : ! rL.VC'EN^TIA. ISl beyond is tho sliiiiin^ sea, tlie lioach, niid the town, witli its beautiful Catholic chapel and houses. As the ti'aveller descends a very stee]) <^)'ade to the Jersey side, tho other part of tho -lish. The first fort erected in l(i(i2 was at the i-ntrance of the <;-ut on the Placentia side;' tho defence was afterwards strenj^'theniM I by another battery on the Jersey side. Tlie larn-(! battery on Castle hdl, Fort liouis, is mistakenly placed by IJishop Howley and Dr. Mullock at the enti'ance of the gut: the small batteries at Ci'e\ecour and Point Vonl ai'e of later date Placentia was the Gibraltar of North America. ' This fort T.c Hmiliiii cU'scrilics : — 'It stood ii|>()ii II piiiiit (if huid so I'loso to tlic niiirow eiJtrance of tlie llailioiir [llio frnt J th;it sliips goinj? in },f|iizi.' so to speak upon t'lK' iiii}.'li' of till- liiistidii." 'I'liis first fort on tlic Pliicciitiii side of the gut must not be eoiifuscd with i'"ort Louis on the hill, liiiilt afti-rwards, or with tlii' second fort erected on the Jersey side, whicll made Placentia so stroiifi. I,e llontan was on duty at I'laeentia •or several years; he did not iiear u very j^ooJ character. 182 1{KKJN OF CIIAin.KS .1. '11 Ft suoressFiilly rcsislcd CoiniiKKlorc Williiiiiis' nttafk in l()!)2, and tlio still iHorc foriiiidiihlt' s(]U!i(lri)n (>r Hovcmlfii WalkiT in 1711. 'I'lic site was not only adniirahly situated for military |turposos, it was (MHially Wi'll clioscii as a ini'tr()}H)lis of their tisli trade. It was a j^i'cat oversight en tlit- part of tlio Kn^disli not to have socureil this desii'ahlo liMrliour; its free(loni from iieM iee in the spring makes it earlier than the eastern hays for tishin<;' ojjerations ; its proximity to Cape St. Mary's a'ld its all nidant supply of spriiin- herrin<;- for bait renders it one of the \ciy hi'st ])laees for the eod lisheiy. The uut was then lari^^er ami nuieh deeper than it is at present ; the heaeh, with an extension at Little Tlacentia, an admirahU' shij) harbour in I'laeentia arm, jirovided .safety \iuv their tieet and (byinj,' room for the laij^c Fi'eneh eateh. StrateM'ieally, politically, and piseatorially, Placentia was aihiiirably cho.sen as a capital place of ih-fence and (i.shin<;- oentiv. At a later period it lu'came prominent as the only settlement in Newfoundland where there was an im|)oitant resident French population, chaind, substantial forti'ess, and uari-ison. Oui' enennes did all in their ])ower to entice the Eui^'li.sh to settle th.ere. I)y a proclamation of J.ouis, about l()(j7, masters of ships were jillowetl five livre.s for every man and thi-ee foi- every womjui tliey caii'ied to I'lacentia. .New found Ian. U'rs were oH'ercd one year free sulisistenee- afterwards increased to three. 'J'lie Colony did not llourish. The first royal ov)vei'nor was an adventurer name(l (laiv-ot: he ha;- admirals were under the Placentia fiovernor; they liad to I'eport ami lie p)verned by his instructions. Naturally the French are much more subseivieiit to theii- superiors than the Fn,nlisli. (Nirneau tells us the French Newfoundlanders were a free iind haidy race. They chafed under the tyranny of Gari-ot and his successor De La I'oype, and petitioned the kinir against their harsh rule.' Five times before KiH") Euolifsh buccaneers raided Piacentia, and stripped the inhabitants of all their moveables. The French t!ovei-n- I'.e.nt, like the J"]ng]ish, soon began to grudge the expense of the vi IhiroM T.cIIdiitiin .sn.vs :— " Tlic Freiich .xdvi's ; so fliiit tlio imhlio poo.l inu!.t iilwin s Govi'i-pors l.uik 11)11111 their ],l;iccs us a jitild iimieli licliiiiil privatu iuleivst." ujiuu tii\Ln tlit'in lu i.r.lir to luricli tluui- I'l.Ai.i-.N 1 lA. I i;(jM iiir. |i.ksi:v siiu.. 1 -*5aj-.. alk. fcT ('Laci;ntia. ri;c)M mou.n'i i'I.kasani ACl.Nl lA l-kfJM i ill'. 1 l-.l K^- ^LACE^"rIA defenceless. 183 garrison and fortifications at Placontia. Captain Wlielor, Commantltir of tile English convoy in lGiS4, says: — " The French leave Placentia in July. They have large ships of 30 guns, ahout 30 vessels altogether. The French iiihaljitunts are much fewer than ours, they have hut one old ruined fort and little anununition ; the Inhabitants are as negligent ns ours in the matter of strength. " Or.r ships are not denied liherly to fish in the French distrif'ls. No forainers Hfeh up the Eastern Coast, Imt ui)on the B:inks the French l're(|uent much. '■They have a Governor ut Placentia. The first Master at each port is Admiral but recinv(!S his orders from the Freiu'h Governor who is of great use to measure out rooms [and thus put an end to the constant fighting that went on about the dehateable s.ibjccb of fishing premises, known in Xewfonndland as rooms']. " Seldom any convoy for the French Merchant vessels. At Trepasse but two or tliree French families where our .nation and theirs fish without disagreeing. Tho French begin to fish about 18 leagues north of Bonavista for 10 leagues [along tho N.E. coast] and are at utter variance with the Indians [Red Indians— Beothics, I presume, on account of the terrible massacre mentioned by Kii'ke] who are numerous and so tho French never reside in winter and always have their arms by them. Six years since their trade was great— 00 great ships. Any ship of another nation Ijearing proportion of expense of defence [in those days the attacks were from pirates] might fish. They catch about 200 qtls. per boat with five men and give high wages; the French come in June and stay sometimes until October. Trade decaying extremely. About 52^ N. some Biscayners used to fish with no improvement. " French have advantac^e of us, as there are plenty of fish at Placentia, and going sooner to market, their fishing ships gain considerably." ' This is a plain narration of facts, and agrees witli the history of the times. To understand this weakness of hoth Frencli and English in Newfoundland, we must bear in mind that fioin lG(;o both countries were at war with tlie Dutcli, then the greatest naval power in Europe. They made two successful attacks on the English in Newfoundland — in l()(i5 on St. John's, and in 1073 on Ferryland. In 1G76, from tho English Nc^vh Letter of October 3, we have an account of a successlul Dutch raid on the Frencli : — " The Merchants hear that six Dutch capers have (|uite destroyed tho French fi-hing fleet in Newfoundland having taken 90 out of 100 sail that were there— Till y had afterwards landed and taken the Castle of Canida." - It is piobable this refers to Placentia, and may be exaggerated, but we may readily believe if the Dutch attacked the English settlements they woukl not spare tlieir inveterate enemies tho French, who had commenced a nu)st unprovoked war against them. Curiously enough, in studying the early history of the French colonies in Aiiiej'ica, we lind the same causes at work which retarded ' Records, Historical MS. Comn. Report. ist RE ION OF CHARLES II. ai NewfoniKlland. The first Finicli scttlovs in Canada wore nn'ler tlie control of " The coniitiiny of one Imndrcil associate^', " — tlicy were y-ri'cdy monopolists ; like the Wi-st Country adventurers in Xcwt'ound- lanil, Hsliiiio- and 1'urrin.n' were their only occupations, and tliey ,()()() people, besides the 400 .soldiei-s, is clearly exaggerated; after the treaty of Utrecht in 171.'} only one hundred and eighty persons from all the French settlements in New- foundland left the Island (in war time they would be within the for(s), all ha<[ to go by the terms of th.' treaty. The only inhal)ite.l places then ^mentioned as belonging to tin- French were Placentia and St. Pieri'e. Baudoin says that the French .settlements wei-e small compare.! with the English, hi 1 70l>. when Sir ,h>hn Leake destro3-ed St. Peter's, there was only one small fort with six guns. Theic were French residents in Fortune Pay in KJ.SO, but few in number compared to the Jersey and English settlers. We get the following descriptif.n of Placentia in lOSl from two Englishmen residing there, Stephen iJe.strick and one Molius Thev say :- •> '• 'J'ho pnyment of French Fishermen is made l)y boat [bounty]. " The Fort of 12 guns i.s in ruins, not ahovo 3 guns now mounted. ' Board of Trade, Ncufoundland. II 18G RKIUN OF CIIAULKS It " Tlio (ioviTiior hiiM no allownnco from tho Kinu; iinr nuytliiiiu; iillowod for arms find iininitinitidii Ijiit ho lUlics as oiIut pliinturs do and Ut'i'p.s 8 l)o:its. " Tlio froiicli liavo caiifjfht this year IJUO to 400 qtlH. por l)!)Mf. " Fish canii' in sooiht upon that coast than on th > HistiTn shore. " Thcro arc sliip.s of 'JoO to tnO tons from Uordcaux and .St. Jean do Liiz, and I') to It! Uiscainoi'M of 20 and 21' vfuns. " Ships of St. Jfailoos fish at 8t. I'oton Tiiuro are 1^ ) ships from St. Mary's to St. Fi't'TS nnd the trade is incrcasiiij^. "They lot no Kiij^IIhIi livo amoiif^ thorn exi'ept they turn Honian Catholics; nnd there is a I'riust in evui-y ship and they leave some l)ehiiid t i keep tho poojjlo i^t' adiMst ill their roliirioii. " The Fioncli have few plantations inoro than for herbs and roots and a few cattle and do so as wo do in winter. " Flench gem rally bavo a bu'tter catch and livo cheaper, consocjueutly make more liain. " A fort at St. Peters is reported. " There is no trade between iho English and French jjlanter.?. " Till! BlKC'tii.ers with shi|)s of great forre do tish to the northward of Bonavista and Sahago, and fre(piJiitly with the French but not with us." ' I'l.ACKMIA FARM AM) HSUI.NO STAlii;. From l'iil/itfi,'.i Jlisf'iiiv, f;i2. w I i w The last of tho great Spanish Ueet now ciuiift only by stealth and under the protection of the Fiench. They were up to this date, 1680, !-tiU the great whalox's and seal killers on this coast. A shore seal tlshory w;is carried on from the very first settlement by t!ie Eiiglish, on a small scale, Avitii nets and boats. The product fluctuated veiy much. In reading the histories ol: Enghind and America about this periol, th>! fisheries are almost completely ignored ; the tri;th is that writers love the heroics aud despise the economics ; tlie personal, the pieturescpie, is always attractive, whilst the plain, prosaic aspect of human life, the ' L'nard of Trade, Anirfijiindlaiid. FKAXCE AND ENTJLANI) I\ AMKHICA. 187 •i ndvciitiirt's (if ei»iiiinorcr, the iiicivii.s(i ul' human t'ool, nic uiiiioticcil hy hi.stiiiiaiis. UfU}^i(in niul (•[■oiioiiiics arc I he ((ivatcst itiihitMiccK in the world, thi' two most potfiit ractoi>i in the jUd^fress or ivt.inhition of the liuiiian lacf. Nothiiij^ comes t)ut cloarcr in oiii- Nortli Ameriean history than the ]irciinii(h'iMtiiiy tiiis business. Towards the ch)>o (»f the Stuart ])eriod, at the einl of tlic sevent; iiitli eentury, the French li■^hery in N'ewfinuidland aiid the (iulf of St. I.iiwrence ro.-e to ahiiormal dimi.'nsious ; it is variously otimati'd as employiii^f fi'om sixteen thousand to twenty thousand men; it extended U) Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, St. .lohn's Island, now Princi" Ivlward Island, (ias|)e, and Newfovni Hand. The naval |io\ver of France ro.-^e in proportion; all tlte SALMO.MUI!, hi. JlAliV S U.VV, English ex|ieditions against New France and Acadie were mistrahlo failures, whilst under Frontenue and D'Ibervillo the Kn^lish possessions were raided from Xewfoundland to Ilnd-ou's IJuy. Until the last fall of Louisljouryh and Quehec, Franc.^ thivatened the very existence of the Ainei'ican colonies. She had then undoubtedly the preponderance of sea power in America. The tisheiy is the recoirnised nui-sery for her navy ; tho only alleouiities given to her fishermen at St. Pierre and Iceland is to secuie a supply of men for the Marine. At the proHigata Cairt at St. James'.s, the Devonshire gentry still held a foremost phice ; their influence for evil against the Newfoundland ] 188 REIGN OF CITAULES II. settlers was iiiinieiiHely inoreaHed l»y tlie .support of Sir .Tosiiili Child, iiutlior of II |tiiiiiplilot, first pulilislied in Kid'), " A New Discourse on Triide." He issued ii second edition, very nnicli enliiryed (tVoni wliicli these extracts are taken) on Deceniher 24th, l(i!)4. Mis character has Keen powerfully drawn liy Macaulay. An exceedin^dy able nierchant, a vi^'oi-oiis writer, with immense wealth, which he used most unscrn])ultmsly to hiihe and coi'rupt. This {^reat monopolist, head of the East India Company, was tlx; evil genius of Newfoundland. He begins his discourse on the various trades by enumerating : — " AraoiiRst the Trades not yot lost ig tlio Nowfoniidland Hsh tradn.' In tho yonr ]f!05 tlu! Kiij:;linh cmiiloyed 2-)U Hail of sliijis ijri'iit and Hiiiidl in iinliiiiy npon that (■oust and it is now too apparent tliat ve do not so employ from all parts al)(iV(^ HO sliips. ,So that the price of Hsh has increased from seventeen rials — eiglit HJiillincrH and Hixponce — to twenty-four rials or twelve sliillin^H as it now sells in this country. " This hoing tho case of England in relation to this trade it is certainly worth the onrpiiry — " l,-.t. How wo cauie to decay in it i' 2ndly. \Vhat inians niiiy lie used to recover our ancient greatness or at least to prevent our fui'tlu'r diminution therein ? " The decay I altrihuto, First and principally to tho growing liberty which is e\ery year more and more used in lloniish countries, a^ well as others, of eating llesh in Lent and on Fish days. " 2. To a late ahuso crept in that trade of sending over ])rivate lioai keepers which hath much diminished the nuudjer of lishing ships. " 3. To tho great increase of tho French fisheiy of Placontia and other jiorts on the back side of Newfoundland. " 4. To tho several wars within these twenty years which have much im- povoi'ished the Western Merchants, and reduced them to carry on a great part of that trade at Bottonn-y taken u])on adventure of tho ship at 20 "/„ per annum. "AVhat means may ijo used to recover it. For this two contrary ways have been propounded. " Firstly: to send a Governor to reside there, as well for tho defence of tho coniilry against invasion, as to manage the fishery therf- l>v Inhabitants upon the ])lace; this hath often been propounded by the IManter.^ and some merchants in London. •' The second way propounded and which is directly con'. ivir^ to the t'ormor is by West Country Merchants and owners of tho fishing sli'i>s, and that is to have no Governour nor Itihihitmits i^crmUfel to rcsiiJe at Nfuvfoumlhind nor nun jmsnoKjers or privnio ho it I'c jiers svfferel to fiKh at NewfouwUnnd. This Jatler wmj is most (Kjvceihh to my }iro}iosition and if it could bo oll'ected I am persnailel won'il revive the dei^iti/ei E)igiish fishinij trad-j at Newfoundlinul and he otherwise (jreitly for the advuntocje of this Kingdom and that for tho following reasons: — " Because most of the provisions the Planters do make use of viz. Bread, Beef, Pork, Butter. Cheese, Clothes, and Irish Bandel Cloth, Linen and Woollen, Irish Stockings, as ixlso nets, hooks, lines &c. they are supplied with from New England and Ireland and with wine oyle and linnen by the salt ships from Franco !r ' Preface. SIR J. CHILD'S PKOI'OSALS. [Hi) nml S|)iiiii ; ill con»o(|iicnco tlio livlionr mh well an tlio clotliiiiK mid I'd diiii,' of so iiiiiiiy iiKM) is l()>t to i'ln^laiKl . . " If it 1)0 till' inleri'Ht of all trndini^ nntioiia principally to ciioimrnK" imviKiition cspcuiully those tnidcs wliich otiiploy most ,sliippiiii{ tlion certiiirily it is tlio iiiton-st of Kii^luiui to discouiiteMiiiicc mid uixilo tho iiuiidxr of I'liiiitci'H iii Nowfoiiiidliiiid tor if tlicy sliduld incrcaso it will iiappon to ii« us it liivth to llio fishery tii' Ncv/ Kii)^]iiiid wiiicli 'niiiiy yeurti siiici! wiis iiiiiiiii^<'d by Kiiv,disii sliip< from tho VVesti-'ru I'orts Im* i -i I'liintatiotia tlioro incredHcd fell to the sole employiiioiit of tho people settled there and notliin^ of tho trade is left the |)i)or old !'jii^
  • hiii(Mi hut tho lihorty of ciiri-yiii^ now and then liy cointi'sic' oi- pnrchaso a ship-loiulinj^ of tish to Bilhoa when ilieir own 2s'ow England ships are bettor oinployed or not at leasuru to do it . , . " It is manifest heforo there wcro boat koe])ers fish was sold clioaper than it is now by 4ii . Hcason : because boat keepiM's bcinj^ iibb; iiHlu'rmi.ii and ( arlicr on the >j;roiiiid heat tho ship lishenncu but at'H'r driving away English ship tishorniLii from Now Kngland and Newfoundland they became Inzy." Then follow the usual West Cotuity iif^miiiouts against a jjovci-iior. Speaking of tho tishing admirals he says : — *' A Government there is already of ancient cnstom amongst the masters of the ships to which the tishermon are inured and that free from oppression and adajited to tho trade insomuch th'il thour/h a letter might he whhod, 1 never hope to see it. " New England is tho moat prejudicial plantation to this kingdom because of all the American plaiirations Ilis AEajesty has none so apt for building of shipping as New England, nor comjjarably so i|ualificd for tho breeding of seamen not only by reason of the natural industry of that people but prin{'i])ally by reason of their cod and inackerol fi-^herips and in my poor protracted debate in the Council was finally rejected in l help and assistance towards their settlement be afforded unto them. " And on the 27 Jany. I(j75 His Majesty after due consideration had of the best ways and means of regulating, securing, and impi'o\:ng the fishing Trade in Newfoundland passed tfie New Charter which recite,') and confirmed all the Old Laws, and several others were adtled for the bettc- Government of the Fishery : which if they had been as steadily suppoi'ted and executed, is they were carefully concerted, in all probability, the subjects of Franco and the people of Now England had reaped very little benefit by their fis leries, and thid valuable branch of the British Trade had been firmly re-establiihod and secired. " The Additional Regulations to tbo Charter .vere as follows : — "1st. That His Majestys subject' may take bait and fish in Newfoundland, and cut wood for stages Ac. provided they Bubmit unto und observe the Rules and Orders that are or shall be establialied. 102 EEIGN OF CHARLES II. " 2n(l. iVint no aVicn taJce halt or fish betwoon Capo Race and Capo lionavista. •'3rd. That no Planter cut down any waud or Inhahlt ivithiii eii' 'iniks of the shore. " 4th. That no Planter sliall take up .any of the stajj;cs &c. before arrival of the liblicrmcn and that they be all provided for. "6th. That no Master of a fishing vessel transport any seamen or others to Ncwfonndlnnd unless they belong to the ships coiniiany. " Och. That no more than 60 persons to the 100 Tons bo allowed to sail. " 7th. That every fifth Man carried out of England be a green man and not a seaman ; and that the Masters provide in England Victuals and other necessai'ies for the whole voyage, salt only excepted. " 8th. That no vessel do depart directly for Newfoundland in any year before the Ist of March. "9th. That the Masters give Bonds in £100 to return all persons to England except those einjiloycd in carrying fish to market. " 10th. No Master to take up any stage already built with less than twentj'-five men. No fishermen to remain iu the country at the end of the voyage. " 11th. Admirals, Rear- Admirals and Vice- Admirals f;ro authorised and required to i)reservo the peace in the Harbours as well as on shore and to sue the rules of the fishery put in execution. " 12th. To secure and brinn; home offenders to England. " 13th. That they yearly publish on the 20th of Sepr. these orders. " 14th. That they keep journals and deliver Copies to the Council. "And lastly because there is no Court Martial in Newfoundland at present, that if any man there shall kill another, or steal goods to the value of 40s. he shall bo brought a prisoner to England, and his crime made known to one of !!.>[. Principal Secretaries of State to the end oi'der may be given to punish fli in St. Jolni's tlieir own. Coniiiifr i'l'om the West Indies in 1670 I asked the tlien admiral for roomo for my sailing- crew to fish and eure. He answered I was an alien and not concerned in the Patent aud therefore I was forced to hire a stage. ^ THORNTON'S MAP 193 - THOEXTO'S rUADI.NG TART OF -NEWFOVXDLAM), WITH INSET PLANS OF SI. Jull.NS A>U TRIN'ITY. From the Enylish I'ilot, i6^; = c !^ .= a Jiibu DowniuK • ni OO ().■) (I2 15 12 05 Bec'd the lltb Oct. 1680. An Ace't of ve Planters belonging to St. John's Harbour l()8-_>. Planters' Names. Jiio. Downing P. > c s 14 0.3 no 02 01 01 ^ Sir John Uerry, whose humane exertions and firmness mainly prevented the expulsion of the settlers, began life as a West Country fisherman in Newfoundland ; his brother was also in the fish trade. His career was a very remarkable one. He joined the Koyal Navj- first as a boatsv.i.iii in the Sirallow ketch ; for his gallantry under the following eircum- staiiees, the (iovernor of Jamaica made him a lieutenant: — The Su'a//oii', Captain Insam, was sent to capture a pirate. They found the enemy at anchor ofF Hispaniola. Insam had only 40 men and eight guns, whilst the pirate had 20 guns and 00 men. Insam did not want to fight. Herry ordered him into his cabin, took command, and gallantly cap- tured the pirate ; he was tried by court martial for coercing his commander, but honourably acquitted. Sir John is described in the liinyraphia Naiitica as a great, gallant and good man, who had received the honour of knighthood for his bravery against the Dutch at the battle of Solebaj ; he bad a pension from the king. * Captain Davis, U,X gaged iu the Newfoundland bad been en- trade as a West Country skipper before be was piomoted to the Hoyal Navy. >8. I THE WEALTH OF THE SETTLERS. 10.) inhabitants as their representative and delegate to proceed to England and defend their rights. To appreciate the full measure of this iniijuitous order to destroy the property of the Newfoundland planters and to force them out of the country, we must pause for a moment to consider their position. Merchants and planters had been settled in 8t. John'.s and around the coast for many years anterior even to Gilbert's arrival. The tilt and the log hut had long disappeared ; they lived in sul)stantial, cond'ortable wooden houses. Everyone acquainted with the Newfoundland trade is aware of the niunber of buildings that are required, and how large is the expense of a great tishing establishment. Baiidoin speaks of the great wealtli of the settlers at Carbonear and Harbour Grace. Captain Davis, R.N., a good authoritj^ speaks of one thousand two liundred settlers. A great many of these planters w^ere sul)stantial men ; who not oidy hud their houses, stages, tfcc, and all the parajjhernalia of the Newfoundland business ; they also possessed cleared land, horses, cattle, sheep, Szc. Downing himself was conspicuous as a farmer ; ho had a small plantation near the present Virginia Lake, known to the old settlers, and called on the old maps " Downing's Pond." By this peremptory order of January 27, 1G76, all the Newfoundland settlers were called upon immediately to relin(push their property, to suiTender at a moment's notice the patient labour of a litetirae. Englishmen accustomed to their own highly cultivated land, the labour of many generations, can hardly understand the strong ties of affection which bound the Newfoundlanders to their rugged homes. Their little gardens and fields were rude nvd rough eonq^ared with English culture, but they were the work of their own '..aiKls ; the apj)le trees and small bushes l)rought from th< old country, tended with losing care, had developed and blossomed and borne fruit, the admiration and wonder of the little settlement. To be driven from home and the smiling fields and gardens, carved, or as Downing puts it, " cleansed from the wildernesse," was a terrible wrench at theii- heart st)ings, a separation that .seemed like death. The poet has sung to us of the soitows of Evangeline and of the evictions from Grraid Pre. The Acadians were not in a more miserable plight than tlie pooi" Newfoundland .settlers 'luring that long period from 1G75 to 1G77, whilst the terrible edict hung over their heads. With what anxiety in their lonely homes they awaited during the weary winter months the result of Downing's mission ! Tiie ministry, gagged and bound by the bribes of Child and his colleagues, were for a time deaf to the urgent demands tVoni the colonists for protection against these barbarous attacks. Bye-and-bye, however, N 2 196 REIGN OF CHARLES II. i the eloquent appeal of Downing and his counsel began to stir public opinion. There wei'e n>any West Country towns that gave the settlers strong suji]x)it. John Carter, Mayor of Poole, sent — " A set of reasons why the Inbabitunts should not be removed signed by several Merchants and Masters of Ships which for many years have nsed the tiade of fishiDg there." [Tliey declare] " the Inhabitants are faithful subjects and that the most eminent of them now resident there, were forced over in the time of the late civil war for their loyalty to His Majesty." ' Besides the assistance the settlers received from Poole and Weymouth, there seems to ha\e been a strong party on their side both in Bideford and Barnstaple. All the man-of-war officers were with the settlers. A careful examination of the lengthy documents put forward by both sides shows how well Downing worked up his case. There was a most protracted debate ; ' the do' ''^ion, long hung iu the balance, was at last given in favour of tl:.! plr.u.Aus. Sir John Berry and Captain Davis and several other enlightened West Countr}- n\en f-.nne '^'n-wai-^ \ith such arguments on behalf of the planters, that even the Court );ad to give way. A peremptory order lii'st went forth l)y the ship St. John's Merchant, leaving Dartmouth in March IU77, directing the mastei"s and seamen to fox'bear all violence to the planter^ ; and iu May came the following order : — " That the Planters in Newfoundland be continued in possession of their Houses and stages according to the u.suage of the last years, until further orders." ^ As the reader will see from the petition of Oxford,' they asked for protection for the future. Their children were growing up without ' liecorils. - The followiiifir letter iB in the riijmouth Records ; I'rowse was very active oi\ the sttt lets' side: — R. PuowsK TO W'yi. Gould. U March ItiTO. " We hearo of your bad success at the choice of Mr, Heyuell that your boone coni- pauioii were too liiird a party for you. I suppose you hardly return bet'ore the ternie because tis supposed the House niiiy not sit above 14 days longer therefore 1 advise you that your Newfoundland business is passed till' King in Councill and the Duke of York is by one order to be attended, the Attorney Genendl by another, and there is another order that is to eouie down to strengthen ye business before it ])asses into a Patent. 1 am out of purse already &c. iS;e. aud am taken sick. " Yours, — K. Pkows." There is also a letter to Wni, Gould about 1{. I'rowse, froin which it appears he was trying in a small way, by presents, to counteract the bribes of the other side. •* Jiecortls. ■• Pnoi'OSAi.s of Wm. Downino AND Thomas 0.\foui> on behalf of the Inhabitants. (Kecd. 29 April 1679.) " To fortify St. John's, naturally very stronqr, with twenty five guns and two hundred small arms and s:nne small arms to defend the creek Que de Vide to prevent surprise. 'J'his Que de Vide is a place where a few skiffs fish, cleared through the rocks by some Inhabitants of St. .John's, as well as other conveniences about that harbour to the value of some of thousands of pounds. " To fortify Carboniere with fifteen great gi'es aud eighty suuill arnrs. Salvadge forty leagues i"rom St. .lohn's being about seven years since cleared and possessed oidy by I ihabitant.s, never before used by any to f. ,r'il'y it, ten guns and t.'ighty small arms I'Vtrylaud seveutecu guns aud a hundred 'n COMMERCE WITH NEW ENGLANDERS. 197 the ordinances of religion, there was no one to command or organize in case of defence, and there were no fortifications. They were not .allowed, however, to have the Governor, esf^iblished minister, or forts they prayed, for. The residents offered to group themselves in any towns or liarbours selected by the Government, to assist about fortitications, and to bear their share of all expenses. It is only on the assumption of bribery that we can explain the minister's obstinacy in refusing to organize the defences of the Colony. France, their ancient enemy, was at their gate ; twice tlie Dutch had successfully attacked St. John's and Ferryland. De Ruyter declared when he captured St. John's on the Gth of June 1(505, that if there had been six guns mounted he would not have ventured in. The commerce between Newfound- land and the North American Colonies, generally referred to in our Records as " New England," but which at this period embraced New Yoi'k and Philadelphia, had risen from its modest commencement in 1G45 to considerable dimensions ; it was largely increased during the time of the Commonwealth. The New Englanders, it has been noticed,' were mostly traders, not fishermen. They found a lucrative market for inferior fish, first in the English West India Islands, anstirintto)i outwit rils. Quitilnls. edrolmn \Vm. ria.r .3') Renowsr ■.m> Provisions Hnrbadocs. Xi'W York Tlii>s. (ilnvo :.-) Hiiy Hulls - l.-20(l Do. Hilhoa. Ciiroliiiii T. I'h.'lps no t'arbonear 400 Provisions and rum. l:aibadoes. lipniiooilcs S. IVrley 30 Ba.v Vords 200 S.iltandrum • Do. HosUm T. Karriiuton • ises, as to plant, plow same, and the rest. Even in Crom- well's time, in the worst of times the in- habitants being accused for traitors to his Government, yett by an order then, wee had liberty to enjoy our houses wee had built &c. Cromwell's Governor Treworgie and his men of war took impost, as proprietors aforementioned liad done, even as far as Trespasse. " There hath been a generiit" of men ever since any people settled in Newfoundland, practicing the ruin of inhabit'. First tliat no merchants have any fish but from themselves and at their rates and pleasures, next iluit all men employed in fishing affairs work for and serve for such victualls and pay as they choose to give them. Inhabitants distance from Supreme Uulers Seats, ret)der them liable to false calumnies — that inhabitants burn their train ffats of -lifio value which one with other were not worth first year they were built :C(> if they were soe wronged they uiiirht and would have Heparat" from those that wronged yearly. But I never c'd hear ef any man tlfi;re that e"d complain of any such wrong I having lived there and been every summer these thirty odd yeares. " The inhabitants burne their stages they complain themselves, as the fishing sailes burne for dressing their victualls & l)rewing their beare, wood their sliipps carry home some to their owners yards give leave to the shipps that lake in their fish to take aboard what they will, other shipps wanting wood take leave, some give some to some inhabitants, others bowse all '.tir stages and flake stuff for another yea •, by this meanes before all the shipps depart some yeares in St. John's where ic is said three hundred boats have been kept, is left of all their stages two or three pieces standing. In 1(574 : at the goeing out of the last ships was left standing but the Bedd of one of the Admirals Stages which at Spring following the Admiral enjoyed. In 167."): by the care of Sir John Berry their Stages and lioomes were for the most part well left & as well found at their relume as themselves have there & must if called here acknowledge. In 1676, before my coming out, Capt. liussell Command'r of H.M.'s shipp " Reserve " forced several Masters of shipps, even their admiral for one to build tip again their trayne houses, themselves had cui down contrary to their order. Trees are rinded, the shipps doing it most, and the comers l. rapers, Newfoundland, 56.) DOWNING'S rETITIONS. 207 II. Downing's Petitions. ((I.) To the King's Most Excellent Motie. " liio Humble Petition of John Downing, Genlleiniin, Inhabitant of Newfoinidlanil. Hheweth : " Tlii\t your Petitioner's Father was sent to Newfoundland, armed with your Royal Father's Cmnmission and authority and instructions from the then Lords Proprietors to plant people there, and reduce the Indians to civility and religion. That to that purpose severall lawes and orders were then made and sent over by your i{oyal Father to be observed there. . . . That after some yeares service there, having secured the forts and fishings and brought into some regularity and .security the place and imposts payable to your Majesty, Your Petitioner'.s Father there died. and since his death your Petitioner amongst several others of your subjects hath settled there and lived for many years under the said lawes and orders given them and by their industry built houses for their habitation and cleansed the wildernesses of the place, wliereby to keep some cattle for their susten-iuei) and the snpi)ort of such cf your Majesty's subjects as come to trade there and have by leave of the former (iovernors and Proprietors erected severall stages and Hoomes for their winter and summer fisheries and support. " They have hitherto lived yourMajestys obedient subjects nuiintaining by their own industry, themselves their wives and their children in peace and comfort. But now some of Yniir Subjects, prettyll^g Your Alajesty's patent and orders for the same, coming over thither, have not only taken the houses goode stiifies and roomes built and enjoyed by Your Petitioner and his father for miiny yeares last past, but spoite the boats, keeping, and breake open the liouses of the said Inhabit! its at their wills and pleasures contrary to the antient lawes and orders of the said place, and also to those of common humanity and the freedonie which all other nations which have settled in these parts enjoy. " For that the said Inliahitants can neither enjoy the effects of their own industry nor have any security from the invasion or spoiles of their neighbours. May it therefore please Your Majesty that out of Your Uoyal Favour, you will be pleased to conunand that for the fut\ire no such outrages be com- mitted, but that Your Petitioner may enjoy such houses stages &c. as have been built and enjoyed hy his Father and himself ac.cordieg to the said antient lawes and orders C,,j). 104.) of (c.) Downing's fcrtiier Pktitiox. To the King's Most Excellent M"'"'. " The further Peticon of .lohn Downing Inhabitant of Newfoundland Sheweth " That the said Inhabitants till your M""" happy resfauracou had a (iovernor there anil fifiy-six guns allowed them and fforts tor their securities Aiul that the same were maintained by the si.x admiralties and imposts of the said place. " That since the practices of the last Patentees, all the same have been neglected and decayed and the said Inhabitants not( uly r" M 208 REIGN OF CHARLES II. I ii ' oppressed by the Patentees (who now enpro's the whole trade and profitt and admiralties to themselves) Uiit alsoe are left naked and defenceles8 to the Invasion of others especially the ffrench their too Potent neiifh- boiirs To redresse which the said Inhabitants doe humbly offer, that your Matie may be pleased to ai)point them ii Governor and a minister to live amongst thera, and to whom the said inhubitants enjoying their former immunities and Kstates will allow a competent maintenance fitt for the support of such em- l.loyinents and bavin;]; allowed them the said ('ompetent number of {{uns will erect and manitain fforts necessary for the defence and snfctj' of the s'd place and security of the people, And further to pay and secure to your Miitie such imposts and further customes as have been accustomed to be received by such Governour. Therefore maj' it please Your Matie to consider the deplorable condieou of the said inhabitants and to take such order herein as to you seeme most meete. And your Petr shall pray &o Endorsed Petu of John Downing Xewfoundland read in Councill March 23rd 1676 [o. s.] (Co/. Papers, No. 50.) III. Report concerniag the Fishery & Colony of Newfoundland. Read in Councill March 28th 107'/. " In obedience to H. Matie's order in Councill of 2;!rd iust &c &e have called bclbre them the Petfi of John Downing sp- pearin^ on behnlf of himself and rest r,f Colony, as also several Gentlemen of \V. Country, & Merchts concerned in the Fishery, but it was alleged by said Gentlemen and Merchants, that by reason of the short warn- ing given il)em for their appearance, t)iey were in noe manner prepared to nuike out their pretensions in the validity of their Charter, which they did not doubt to satisfy them in, if spare of fifteen days were given them to acquaint their correspondents in the Country and provide themselves with those evidences & demonstrations of right by wh. their patent is supported. Did allow of soe reas(>nab'e a request, and did assign them the 10th of April next, at which time propose to enter into further examination of whole matter for final settlement. Hut in meanwhile least Planters at present residing in Newfoundland should be molested by Msrs of Fisg }nub)e a the lOtii of to enter into tter for final 'US't Planters Hand ahouid Ships upon ito H. Jfatie a Ship ealltd Dartmouth, d, wherehy directed to pen pretence Ter them to e i provided Iharter — and good corre- I, II. Mafio m." :sEV, II.ISI.E, nWATER, neill— H.M. I for Trad'.' : to udnnniis nee in said ICHOLAH, CHAPTER IX. RKfG X OF J A ME S 11. i685-i688. The Revolution. REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MART. 1688-1694. 1688. — War between France and England. ' 1G89.— Bill of Rights passed. Frontenac Vioeroy of New France. 1090. — Battle of the Boyne. Capture of Port Uoyal. Failure to take Quebec. Garrison of Chedabuctou sent to Placeutia. 1693.— De Brouillon appointed Governor of Placeutia. Commodore \Yilliani$*s unsuccessful attack on Placcntia. 1694.— Death of Queen Mary. REIGN OF WILLIAM III. ALONE. 1694-1702. 1634. — Holman's defeat of the French at Ferryland. 1695. — Considerable damage done by eight French privateers to the English settleinent.s. 1696. — Unsuccessful attack on St. John's by Chevalier Nesmond. Capture of Sit. .John's by D'Iberville and De Brouillon in November; destruction of all the settlements except Carbonear and Bonavista. 1697.— Sir John Norris, witb fleet and two thousand soldiers, sent out to recover New- foundland ; found ir abandoned by the French ; he built forts, &c. Treaty of Ryswick left the French in possession of Placentia. Colonel Handyside and three hundred men left to garrison the forts ; two hundred and fourteen dieth Board of Trade recommended that one thousand persons only might be permittert to remain on the Island to construct boats and stages for drying fish. Kev. J. Jackson, with the sanction of tne Bishop of London, settled in St. John's. 1698. — Act of William III. appointing fishing admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals ; no alien to fish or take bait; rooms built since 1685 that did not belong to fishing ships made property of residents ; colonial produce relieved of duty. Order on 31st March, establishing a permanent garrison in St. John's ; Lieutenant Lilburne and sixty soldiers and gunners winter in St. John's. Cocs of Bouavista's letter to Colonel Norris about English settlements to the northwaro 1699. — Captain Andrews, an engineer, in command at St. John's. / p. 2729. O 210 REIGN OF JAMES 11. :r 1700. — f'lipfiiin A. Iloldsworth, Admiral of St. John's. 1701. — Liirtre iiuTi'ase of trade with Xew Knghmd ; continued comphiints nirainitf Now Enjiland transporting fisiu'rinen. S.l'.G. incorporated, heport of Mr. George Laritin on the affairs of the Colony. m Tlio short period of tlireo years during ■which Jiinics II. reigned over England is only inemorahle for the treaty made in 1(180 between Louis XIV. and the Englisli king for the .settlement of their respectivo territories in America. It was not recognised hy James' successor. Like his hrothcr, the new English mf)narch was the humble dependant and vassal of France. It shows how insecure was the tenure by which our enemies claimed to hold their portion of TSewfoundland, that, at the conunencement of this rei^n, Louis XIV. recpiested permi.ssion from James II. to hold Placentia and the other portions of Newfoundland occupied by the French. I cannot gather from the records that there was any great excitement amongst the ti.shing folk in our Island over the accession of tlie Duke of York, and there was certainly no lamentation over his downfall. The Colony was then really more distant from England than the far-off islands of the Pacitie. News was conveyed .slowly and fitfully. A few of the leading planters, wlui were Royalists, and some who were Puritans, may have been moved about the great events in the mother country, but to the great bulk of the settlers and the ship iishermen it was of infinitely le.ss importance to them than the price of fish or a good " caplin school,"' that came early and lasted long. All the old chroniclers declare that on this movement of the bait tishes mainly depended the success of the year's fishing voyage. Though the cod was most abundant, there were then, as now, good and bad seasons — some years abiindance to overflowing, in others the fisherman's occupation was almost a complete failure. The following letter is one out of many illustrations on this subject : — "Ecnnouse 29 July 16S0. " At Tropapsie first shijis have 220 nth. per boat and 8 h'ds. of Traine, later ehips 180 to 190 qtls. and 2?; h'e loadcn and St. ^Fary's tishins:^ doth fail also. ... I do jndgo there are scverall of our neiyhbours that will sell their fi.sh, if they can attaine, at a considerable {-rice." ' Prior to the accession of William III. in 1GS8 and the declaration of war there had been a long interval of repose. There were raids by ' livcarils. 4 FRONTENAC. 211 tliis En'^'lish and Fioncli piivatt'ois, Imt, with one whort interval, no opon coiitlict. On neither side were tiiere soldiers or nien-ot'-war to ti^dit, and the defences both of St. John's and Placentia had fallen into complete ruin. With the return of the warlike Mai'(|uis de Fronteiiae to the Government of New France in KhS!) this i)eaceful stats of aHaii's (piickly came to an end. The dt^f.'iices of Placentia were thoroughly repaired, Fort Louis (now Castle Hill) was l.uilt, the tradin<,' f,'o\crnor, with his tishin(( l.oats and Government store, was replace 1 by a t-mart young officer who had served under the },neat Luxembourg and campaigned in Flanders ; evei-ywhei'e in North America the old ordei- was changed. The Maripiis was an admirable organiser, a brave soldier; he realised that either France had to destroy the English colonies, or soon New Eng- lan-t iit' the Kiiijhsh st'ttleiuents wi'iv destroyed Uy eiglit large privateers, and the Sdjihin; a titth rate, was burnt to ])revi'iit her ialhng into tlieir hauls.' — S.Coi.LiiiE ifVolumna liuslaia, 17:28, p. liGH. O -1 « w i ■ ( [ i 1 li i Li 212 IIF.IGN OF WILLIAM III. (Miti'aiu'e of the TTnrboiir, nnftav'iv -vriri;rfy;,;'^i^';Aif;;.. .:_^..^:^mmm >AVAI, illiHT lIKTWhEN A.N K.Mil.lSH A>J> A > Trom La Ilonlan's Xouveau.r Voyages, and affidavit for payment of powder alone have preserved it from oblivion. ' Hohniiu's fliiiui was for ^495; £laO for spoiled fish, AVI for brandy given to encourufje his men in time of fight, &c. On t!ie 24th June Ifiy?, the Board of Trade recommended the payment of £345, and left our heroic mer- chant seamen, who on several occasions gallantly defended Newfoundland from the French. The story of Hol- nian's action at Ferry land in 1694, for which the Lords of the Admiralty gave him a " meddall and cbayne," and the defeat of two powerful Fi'eneh frigates of fortv and fifty guns, is recounted in the English records. This smart naval action would have been " unhonoured • and unsung," but for a very prosaic reason. Ihe fol- lowing petition expended in defending the Colony the £150 for spoiled fish to be paid if the Treasury thought lit. Hohnan was i)robahly recompensed by the Government giving him a contract for freighting victuals, &c. for the garrison in Newfoundland this year. KK.MU Silir i',OS. HOLMAN'S DEFENCE OF FERUYLAND. •213 Governor, •clinnt ship* )mljarument vorks." (le Palais, iro ; wliilst the noble )inniandei s exploits of roic nier- amen, who il occasions r defended undlund le French, •y of Hol- action at id in 1694, lich the of the ty gave " meddall yne," and at of two French of forty guns, is in the records. art naval ould have iihonoured ling," but ry prosaic Ihe fol- petition he Colony 5 paid if the ivas probably t giving hiiu , &c. for the ?ar. "Account of an action tliat happoued at the Harbour of FciTylivml in Newfoundland on Angubt Slst Jtj'.tl'. " TiuTo being eight or nine English ships in thn said harbour catching lisii, Homo English PriwincrH made their escape from Placentia. came to Ferryland and ac(|iiainted Captain William Holnian Commander of ye Willium ttml Munj gulUy having letters of manpie and sixteen guns and the rest of the Masters of shipd, thai the French had a design to come with tivo ships of war, oni; fireship and a JJomb-ketch to destroy the English fishery^ all along the coast; upon which Captain Holman proposed to build fortifications for defence of the harbour '.\ hich had been twice before taken by the French. He built four Forts or Fortitications in less than a month and placed in thorn his and other guns to the number of thirty in all." Couunandor diaries Desborow, R.N., who arrived at Ferryland in October 1094, in H.M.S. Virgin Prize, tells us : — " Holman's greatest difficulty was to keep the inhabitants to his assistance, who had got their arms and were making their flight to the mountains; Ilolman sent after them and lot them know that if they at such time did desert him he woidd certainly make division of their Hsh amongst the seamen to encourage them to .stand by him, and not only so but he would burn and destroy all their houses ; upon which seeing the defence Captain Holman was ready to make, they did rettirn, and with his bravery and prudent management, they so battered the French men of war, that they, after five hours fight, ran oli' leaving their anchors and cables behind them and ye French lost eighty or Tiinety men as we are informed by Homo English prisoners who were on board the French ; which so discouraged them that they gave over their intended spoile, which might have ruined the whole country there being then no more men of war to defend it." [Aflidavits sworn to by Jno. Cleer, Val Carter and Richard Christian.] ' The Devonshire men, who had been the staunchest adherents of Charles II. and James — patrons and defenders of their monopolies — now became the equally devoted admirers of the Prince of Orange. They hoisted his flag and drank his health in New England rum, with as nuich noise and enthusiasm as Ulster men of to-day conmiemorate the same " pious and immortal memory." Amidst wars and rumours of wars all contentions between planter and ship fishermen were for the time laid aside ; they had now to figlit for their lives. Many an attack was made on them and repelled with gallantry. Early in the summer of 1G96 the Chevalier Nesmond, Commander of a large French fleet, attacked St. John's. Two small hastily con- structed foi'ts, one about Chain Rock, and the other opposite on the south side (Fort Frederick, as it is now called), ([(;fended the entrance. The newly erected battlements of Fort William then crowned the hill on the site of the present railway terminus ; West Coimtry mariners handled the guns and manned the forts. Nesmoud's powerful fleet and ' Records, h 214 KKIUN OF WILLIAM HI. his (li.seiplincd .sailors and .sdldicrs wcici coiiipltti'ly routod Ly ilw inlial>itiu«t.s and tiic uiidi.sc-i[)iiiu'd West (Country oivws. Woodrii HliijH in those (hiys had no cliaiu'<' ai^ainst wcll-nianiud forts, espociidly in the nnrrow entrance to oui' harl)iuir. Thi.s Hr,st hattle ui" lOnfi ha|)[)eiird in the early .summer. AH throii^'h the .season, news came from I'laeentia aUait French jtrepii rations, tho gatherinif of stores, the arrivnl of (Canadian Indians, under French olHcrrs ; still no [)recautions weie taken to put St. John's in a thorough state of defence. When the Devonshire ships left the coast in Au<,'ust and Septeinher, thi're appear to have lieen no men-of-war stationed in Newfoundland, 'i'he only guard were the peoi)le and theii- Governor Miners — a planter like themselves — a luave, sensilile, de'ermineil man, elected to the highly linntau'.ihle and dangi'rous p()sitit)n for his well-recognised vah ur. It never enteiv I their mind that the French would attnck by land, preparations were only made to lesist shipping. We may infer from the French narrative of Baudoin that De Ba'ouillon had made an attack on St. John's ahout the end of Septendier KiOO, and had been ignominiously repulsed. Douhtless the deluded English settlers thought th.'it two defeats in the .same .summer wcadil have checked the French. They little knew the darintc enemies with why the French h'.storian as if they were so many glorious deeds — spii lid and honoiuable actions. The French Governor boasted of his design to destroy New England, but he prudently avoided a cf.nflict with the powerful colony. The gallantry of France was displayed in minor attacks on H.shing villages and unarmed settlers. Newfoundland .sot)n experienceil all the horrors and barbaiities of an Indian and French invasion. The leader was the most distinguished Canadian naval officer of his nge — the Nelson of the New Wox'ld — LE MOYNE D'lHERVlLLR. 21o 1 l.y tiio (Icn Hliij)s leciiilly ill I tliron/fli tioiis, tlu! r French L'pteinlter, mndlainl. -a planter he hi^lily ir. hy laml, from the attack on iiiniously that twt) h. They 1. . revert a y attacks 'h'niinary In^^hsh in S!), luitil >ei'petual Lsncctaclv, of the.se rays are Enfjl'sli (■' ' rii .y ■spu lid esign to with tlie r attacks ("\iptain de Fra^ate, Pierre Le Moyne D'Il.ervilK-.' In the spring of l(j!)(j he h!i(l receivfd connnand from De Frontenac to destroy the Kurdish setthMnents in Newfoumlhind. The tv.M) Frericli men-of-war \uv\er his command were tlie L'Enr'ontx and the Pr»f Iberville, a Canadian, well ac(]nainted with the stealthy Indian Avarfare, proposed to attack the unguarded English bettlements by land. • T,e Moiiie D'ibcrville aiul his brother expeditions to Hudson's Hay au<■' i. . r i .' WOODLANDS, bALMON!EK. I.rirLl', HAY. tm* COLINKT HRIDGK. ' 1 r 1 III I'. Il THE CAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 217 in a desperate strait. They held out for three days,^ and it was only after the brutal threats to scalp all their prisonei's, in the same manner as they had fiendishly tortured William Drew, that they capitulated on articles of surrender, which the French commanders dishonourably evaded. Baudoin ^ says that after the skirmish outside the town the French advanced and captured the two small forts. " Seeing [he continued] the inhabitants were about to defend themselves [in Fort William] we sent to Bay BouUe for the mortars and bumbs and powder. On the night of the 29th and 3L)th MM. de Mins and de Montiguy went with sixty C madians to burn the houses near the fort. The 30th, the day of St. Andrew, a man came from the fort with a white flag, to speak of surrender. Afterwards the Governour with four of the principal citizens came for an interview. They would not allow us to enter the foit, lest we should see the miserable plight to which they were reduced. It was agreed they should surrender on condition of being allowed to depart for England. The capitulation was brought in writing to the fort, and approved of by the principal citizens and signed by the Governour and M. de Brouillon."^' The barbarous treatment of Drew will not surprise anyone who has read the heartrending stories of Haverhill, Seneca Falls, or Shenectady, where the French, after joining in the solemn rites of the church the night before, crept into the villages, murdered the inhabitants, and calmly looked on whilst their Indian allies brained infants and slaughtered children; the French, in fact, encouraged the Indians in their cruelties. A letter was intercepted from Costabelle, Governor of Placentia, to the Minister, dated July 4th, 1711 : — " Had despatched more officers and people, who knew all the savages, to incite them to defend and take part of a f 't which they would have of English tlesh at Quebec." * ' "Upon the approach of the French the inhabitiints of ^St. .lohn's fled, but Mr. JliiitTS and Mr. Roberts, witli some other stout men, retired to the gn'iitest forti- ficiition and kept their jj^round for 48 hours witliout any provisions." {The Post Man, Jan. 12, 1097.) •■! Baudoin'8 MS. Dtari,, Quvhtc MSS. 3 AuTicLKS OF siiKKENnEit or St. Jonjj's IlAunouii TO Dk Bkimili.ox, leyfi. " These are to certify you who are Inliahi- tants of the Haihour of St. John's that upon the (|uiet surrender, that >ou shall have fjood quarter and those that will have boats to jro in the Hay shall have them to-morrow and those that will n^o for Knjjland shall have two ships to cai I'v thmi home and they ah.iU have one pound of bread per day for each person for a month and all necessaries convenient for the passage and all those that will stay here and take the oath of allegiance to the King of France shall live as they doe and go off with tliem and so de])art the Fort imme- diately and eVvTv one to go to his own lionie and no man shall molest tbein and curry what they have with them given under my hand." BfUALEliT. And those that will go to the Northward to take passage in what ship they can shall have a I'assport. iSt. Johns the "^I'li i.,-i) November 16'J {liecorils.) ' (Quoted in Huosvn's History of C. Breton. 1 1 (' f I 5 1 ] I i 218 REIGN OF WILLIAM III. HANTS HAfl AV VEP3 from tl;e innocence poor honest Baudoin gives a very depreciatory account of the settlers, who, he said, were good shots but great cowards, so that one hundred of them would fly before one Frenchman. " They have not [ho says] a single minister of religion in these establishments, thongh more than twenty of them me larger settlements than Placontia. They do not know what religion they belong to. The greater part of them, born in this country, have never received any instruction, and never make any act of roligion, no more than mere savages. Drunkenness and impurity are common and public among them, even among the women. It is impossible to imagine anything more abominable than the life led by the English on these coasts ; they are left altogether without the succour of religion and are degenerated into a race almost worst than savages. Crime of the most loathsome nature is quite pul)lic among them ; they endeavoured even to entice our men to evil." To anycne acquainted with the morals — especially the military morals — of that age, the idea of French soldiers, the most dissolute set of ruffians in Europe, being led path of by our settlers' wives and daughters is simply incredible. This bloodthirsty little Recollet Father cut sing his enemies and exulting over the slaughter, ruin, and spoliation of the unfortunate New ■ foundland settlers is quite in the spirit — the cruel barl)arous temper — of the age, which made the New England divines hang Quakers and wit- nessed the Reverend Cotton Mather on honsebtick superintending with tiery religious zeal the judicial murder of witches. The victims of a hundred years of calumny, our self-reliant settlers, constantly petitioning lor a settled government and a minister, stand out in contrast to the rough ship flshermen ; they constantly succoured ^ ' eiAi PLAN OF THK CAMTAKIN'S OP 1008. ' See Dowuiiig's narrative, p. 20i. English imvul oHiveri^. Duwning's stnteuitut is confirmed by nearly all the I 1 BAUDOIN'S DIARY. 219 and i shipwrecked sailora, and nui'sed them tlirough sicknesses. There was a baser element among them, as in all communitie-^, subject as tliey were for many months to the incursion of ten to twenty tl.ousiind fishermen, many of them steeped in the wickedness cf the great p( rts of the Old World ; in the hurry to be rich during the short setison l)y supplying rum to those uni'uly crowds, some in the lai ger settlements, like St. John's, were occasionally wild and lawless.^ The long and very interesting diaiy of BauJoin is an important contribution to our local history ;' he gives a graphic account of the expedition, a descri>)tion of all the various English settlements around Conception Bay and on the east coast ; he tells us of the comfortable homes of the settlers, their stocks of cattle, horses, &:c, the hu-ge mercantile establishments in St. John's, Carbonear, and Harbour Grace. Several extracts from this diary will be found in the Notes, it is much too long to (juote in full. A critical examination shows that many of the chapliiin's statements are incorrect. We nui.it remen-ber that, in accordance Mith French usage — of which many amusing instances are given by Parkman — Baudoin was a spy on his superior ofrcers — Do Brouillon and D'Ibt rvillj. Every official was encouraged to nuike these kind of J eports, so the chaplain recounts, with avidity, to " Sa Gratideur " — evii!ently the head of liis order — the misdeeds of De Brouillon. his qiiarr-ls, and his avarice, whilst everything good is said of his own captain — D'Iberville. What makes one doubt the truthfulness of this diary is, first, it is the story of a spy; secondly, the absence of a list of the French killed and wounded. Our settlers were splendid shots ; if so many English were killed in these first encounters, the French must have equally suffered, yet all their 1< ss is put down at one man killed. Baudoin's FRENCir SOI.IIIER IX 1705. Frcm Wiiisnr's X. d- C. II. of Americit, ' Captnin Tavenor, a Newfoiiiidhvrd skipper, reported in 17 U that the Knglish frcifjhters and skipperx from Spain and Portugal refnsed to sell salt to the planters unless they took also a certain quuntitj- cf wine and spirits. ^ The nianusciipt in French was lent to me by Hishop Howley, and has been carefully tninslated by my friend, Madame Kiballier des Isles. .1 Charlevoix used it, almost word for word, for his description of this cam- paign. ll'^ii 220 REIGN OF WILLIAM IIL S' explmiation about the inferiority of the English guns, and the superior skill of the Canadian Indians in bush fighting, admitting it all to be true, wouM not account for the tremendous disparity between the losses on both sides. Mr. Christopher Pollard petitioned in 1(597 that the planters from Newfoundland should be sent back to take part in the war, because they were such good shots, and accustomed to camping oiit in the winter. He said the regular soldiers would not be able to fight successfully against the Canadians and Indians. As to the accusation of cowardice he makes against the Newfound- landers, his own account of the sally of the brave eighty-eight men to defend their brothers in Petty Harbour is an eloquent reply to this charge. Every movement of tlie French was watched by our people, the little garrison knew all about the large force of disciplined soldiers they had to contend with, yet these gallant civilians threw themselves into the breach — like the immortal three hundred Greeks — to die in defence of their country. Talk about cowardice ! Colonial history has seldom recorded a more heroic action than the battle of this dauntless handful of fishermen against their four hundred foes. After all, the gasconading chaplain admits that his brave French never made any serious attempt to attack a real fortification like Carbonear. All their heroic exploits were assaults on poor fishermen, helpless women, and children — the burning of their houses, and the plunder and pillage of their goods. One I'egrets, for the honour of such a distinguished Canadian as D'Iberville, that he acted in bad faith, both at the surrender of St. John's and in the attempted exchange of prisoners at Carbonear Island. Tiie march through the country in winter was a great military feat ; but after the capture of St. John's, their exploits during the rest of the campaign were simply acts of barbarity, worthy of the savage Abenaquis ; certainly they added no fresh laurels to the great military glories of France. The French, after their various raids between If) 90 and 17LS, never nnnained in possession of any part of the English settlements. They simply swooped down on the peaceful English settlements like birds of prey, harried them, and then flew away to their nests in Placentia. Their oiI:cers and troo} " were paid out of the booty taken. These expeditions pc>rtook more of the natui'e of a freebooting expedition than a definite scheme o+' conquest. The rich English settlements, of which, Charlevoix said, the meanest was better than Placentia,' ott'ered a tempting bait — a suitable opportunity of employing restless Canadians ' Shka's Charletoiv, ! THE LOSSES OF THE SETTLERS. 221 aiifl Indian braves during tlu; winter ; thoy always retired before the advent of the English fishing fleet.' During the wars of this reign, especially in the French expedition under J)'Iberville, tremendous losses were inflicted on the English in Newfoundland. In a petition to King William the damage to the little Devonshire town of Bide- ford alone is estimated at £24,700; the planters' lo.ss at Ferryland is put down at £12,000. The greatest sufferers of all were the unfortunate in- habitants of St. John's. Accounts in the reign of Charles TI. show the sub- stantial chai'acter of the settlers' houses, their wealth, their large stores, shops, and extensive fishing establishments. In this generation we have twice seen our fair city reduced to a heap of ashes. Some of us can remember all the horrors and miseries of that terrible night of June 184(1, when thousands of poor forlorn families were huddled together without shelter, food, or clothintif. The niiiht of the fire of '46 Wiis a terrible time of calamity, but its miseries were as nothing compared to the sufterings of the inhabi- tants of St. John's in the bitter winter weather of 1G9G. By the invasion and destruction of St. John's they were not only made homeless ' Pemiali.ow says: — '' Xe«founr!land riiviipcs that have been committed there by has giveu a melancholy aocount ol' the many the powerful assistance of those savages." 1 f^ I' ') ,■»:■ 'I; H I Is' I 222 KEION OF WILLIAM III. and beggars, thoy were banished from the hind they loved so dearly ; many of them had seen their brotlier.s, sons, i)iisbands, and lovers, who had sallie.hot, and the other then rowc^d off; lie had scarecrows dressed up as men on the top of the cliff to make the enemy believe he had a large force. Farle used to tell of the high prices in 'hose days ; CJarland, of Trinity, as a favour to a relation, sold him one spring one cwt. and a half of Hour for £."> st'g., and one hh'd. of salt for Cii. John Knr\e lived and died and was burietl on Little lielle Isle. One of his s(Uis, William, lived in Juggler's Cove, Hay Roberts, and died there of small pox in 1777. The other son, John, lived in Por- tugal Clove, and is mentioned iu the census of 17U4-'). There are numerous descendants of both brandies. The family bilile of the first John Karie's wife is in the !>t. John's ^luseuui. i ^4 i sffl: FORT WILLIAM REBUILT. 223 count of 97. iviid in West , wfU IC.US, Fanny .lust ice Lilly Tlie th two le hiul bnr};e (:(1 off; on the it've he of the Trinity, pi'ir.,:i and one vod and i>. One s Cove, all pox in i'or- census en(hints the first luBeum. The sokliers were Hjt to work at once, and a new Fort William was erected upon the old site under t^.u vMrection of a Mr. llichardH, aji engineer. Not much was done the iirst year lieyond erecting the palisade, but between 1G98 and 170(S the ram))arts were faced with brick and bomb-proof parapets, and powder-inagazineH and substantial barracks erected. An additional fort — Foit George — was made below for the townspeople, and connected by a subway M'ith Fort William. All the work about Fort William is the labour of English hands, com- menced anew in 1007. with considerable additions made from time to time by English engineers. The French were never in possession of tlie jiresent fort except from June to September 1702. It appears to have been onl}'^ partially desti'oyed in 1708 by St. Oviile, as we find Governor Collins mentioning the fort in 1709 as still in existence. Two substantial Imtteries were also built between 1097 and 1704 on the site of the earthworks of Captain Martin — the Chain Kock and Fort Fretlerick Ijatteries of our days. So strong were the sea defences of St. John's that it rt.sisted all the attacks of the Fi ench ships. D'lber- ville, with true military genius, was the fii-.st to discover that oui* capital — well-nigh imj)regnable l)y sea — could be easily captureil in the winter by land. The movements of the naval and military forces were very much hampered by being under separate commands, and recjuired to call councils of war. Admiral Nonis next year had supreme conti'ol as Governor for the time being. As a result, there was much indeci.sion. When Nesmond's fleet was reported, in August, to be outside the harbour, instead < '' going out to engage it, an extra cable Avas put across the harbour, «) that the two imposing expeditions sent out by France and England returned home without having exchanged a blow. Norris's conduct of the war is severely censured by Burnet. Lieutenant-Colonel Handyside and three hundred men were left at St. John's for the winter, but the buildings were so badly built, the wLntir .so severe, and provisions so scarce (a ship from APMIKAr, NOliltlS. From an cniir'tviiig ttftvr lUwfnrd. If. t 1 \ ■ 1 1 i j J : ■> '^ i i 1 ■ 1 1 ;t ^ MM « UKKJX OF WILLIAM IIL New England having failed to reach them), tliat two hundred and t'tjurteen died. On the 31st of March the Privy Council had decided to station a permanent garrifion at St. John's, to improve the fortification.s, and erect a boom across the harbour. The Uoard of Ordnance did not carry out this last order ; in fact, they objected to do anything for the Colony, claiming that the expense should be borne by the settlers, like the other plantations. Lieutenant Lilburne, with sixty soldiers and gunners, remained through the winter, and in 1()!)9 a Captain Andrewa seems to have been in command. Ten recruits sent out from England this year were returned as not being required, so we may conclude that the f oi tifications were complete, and were con- sidered to be practically im- pregnable. The reign of William III., the first real constitutional sovereign of England, has been drawn for us by Macaulay in a history which, despite all its faults and its grievous mis- statements, ever will remain an imperishable monument to the character of this illustrious warrior and statesman — the noblest history in the world. William was the hereditary enemy of France. Under his firm rule England threw off the galling yoke of subserviency to the arrogant Louis, which had been borne by Charles and James. All the pretensions of the French in the Colony were sternly ignored. The king declared that no alien or stranger shall fish or take bait in Newfoundland, and in his first declaration of war against the French he sets forth : — " It was not long since the French took license from the Governor of New- foundland to fish upon the coast and paid a tribute for such licenses as an acknowledgement of the sole right of the Crown of England to that Island ; but of late the encroachments of the French on his Majesty's subjects trading and fishing there had been more like the invasions of an enemy than becoming friends, who enjoyed the advantages of that trade only by permission." ESOLISH SOLDIERS IN 1710. From Winsor's JV. <£• C. H. of America, AN ACT TO EXCOURAGE TllADE. 22o •ed and iation a tid erect vny out Colony, lie other [funners, leenis to id. Ten England id as not ve may ifioations ei'e con- ally ini- [iain III., itutional has been ulay in a ,e all its »us mis- remain iment to ustrious nan — the le world, ereditary nder his ;y to the sternly 1 or take ainst the )r of New- sies as an land ; but ading and ng friends, This is a plain and clear statement of the English dominion over the island. Unfortunately, William was too much occupied defending Holland to give his brave wonls effect until the terriltle disaster of 16!)Ci-7. Alter the Pence of Kyswick, whicii left France in possession of all her territory in America, including part of Newfoundland, uo great effort wjis made to drive the French out of Newfoundland. On the 9th December 1008, in his speech from the throne, King William reconunended P.irliament " to employ their thoughts about some good Bills for the advnncement of trade, they were enjoyned to tnke the state of the Newfoundland fishery into their consideraticjn "; and in order to restoie good government and to prevent contentions and disorders for the future, an Act was passed entitled "An Ad to cncoitrarje thf Tnulu to Xen\finin(lbvn(l" At this distance of time we cmnot understand how any intelligent Minister could have propounded such a Bill ; but William's Government was notoriously ct)rrupt. It is only through the strong influence of Devonshire and bribery that we can explain the passage of such a measure. In the first section of the Act the right of England to the Colony was clearly .set forth. No alien or stranger whatsoever was to take bait or fish there. It was a re-assertion of our claim to the whole island, but King William's Government never gave it any practical effect. The only reasonable provision in the Act was the seventh clause, which gave a title " to all persons who have built houses stages Szc. since 10S5 that did not belong to fishing shii^s they to occupy and enjoy the same." The absurdi':} and monstrosity of the scheme which was arranged for the interest of the West Counti-ymen lay in the sunender of the entire control of the Colony, including the administration of justice, into the rude hands of a set of ignorant skippers, who were .so illitei-ate, that out of the whole body of these ma"ine justiciai'ies, only four could be found able to sign their names. There is one very singular feature about the Act of W'illiain III. The statute is entirely declaratory and directory ; there is not a single penal clause in it from beginning to end, nor is any compulsory jurisdic- tion given to any authority acting under it. The framers of the Act had evidently very little confidence in fishing admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals, for they virtually gave them no power to compel anyone to obey their edicts ; all the technical words used to constitute a court have been very carefully omitted from this remarkable statute. Charles' Star Chamber Rules contained penalties for certain offences, / p. 2729. P ii 22B KKIGN OF WILLTAM I IF. here there were nunc — every imni.shiiient iiillieteil hy a tishiii;^ luimiml was, thi'ri'i'ore, wholly illegal. Besides the nv tried their own causes first. C'hief Justice Brady, (m his first visit to a Western outport, found, to his astonishment, that tli<' agent of the gi'cat English house in the place had sat on the Bench and given a number of judgments in favour of his own firm. " How dare you, sir, commit such a perversion of justice i " said the indignant i.1^ ' Till' oMcst ship fislu'rinun in each hailioiir was callfil tlic " kin?,'." - Cftlaboftus was a favourite drink with the Admirals. It was <'oini)()hod of rum, molassts, ami spruce beer. Their principal toast : " The Pope and ten dollars " (meaning ten dollars a quintal for lish). •' Air. I'earce, of Twillingate, who dii'd not long ago, remembered as a boy seeing a man triangled — tied by the outstretched arms — aud whipped by order of a fishing admiral. TFIK FFSEIINfJ ADMIRAL. 237 Chief. " Wfll,"' .Hai«l the ngcnt, quite uiDiluished, " I must l>e a prt>tty sort of a vulo of a juth the family, indlaiul arrister, nierican le West vantage. iiight ovei- rhicli were freighters necessary ages ill tbe aug ships, •e rooms of ai)le fisher- a •, the Act Btantly u?ed lo from one passengers, .ppeiv to be rivc ill the iisons an he iinent to the U their fish ships." at English much to uncle«l and Gospel in une 1701. ostablish a ell planned the great nth century command then she has ) nohly redeemed her early neglect of missioms. Kome hati hvv enthusiastic misnioiiaries, especially a devoted band of Jesuits, braving all flangers, and bearing the nies,>,ag<' of tln' Croat to many lands long before the English (.'hurcli had a single labourer -m the tield. There is, hnwever, no record of any Roman Catliolic priest living in the Eiiglisli settlements during this or the two succeeding reigns, unless Cjcowling, mentioned Ijy Roope, was a resident of St, John's. To the venerable English society, Newfoundland is indebli-d for the first resident clergyman, the Rev. John Jacks.'>n. He had been chaplaui of one of the men-of-war that came with oir John Norris' expedition in 1(597, and had resided in St. John's and ministered to a congregation, and a small church had been built clos*' to Fort William, several years before the first grant was made by the S.P.G. 1b 17().'J we find the following entry in the records of the Society ; — " In Newfoundland no public exercise of religion oxceiit at Sr. .lohn's where there is a contrregation but unable to subsiat a minister. To Mr. Juckseoii £50 per annum and a benefaction of £30." Probably this was given to enable him to bring out his wife and family. Jackson seems to have been a good, earnest man. He had a ibtficult part to play ; to many of the lawl.;,-i8 residents the restraints of religious observances of decency and morality were irksome in the extreme. Wliat rendered the poor chaplain's position still more difficult was the diiect (.opposition and bad exa . pie of the Commandant and resident Governoi'. H^sm 230 .1 ' APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IX. i I. The Campaign of 1696-7. (a) ExoLisH Account swear that on the 16th Xo\ ember last tiir Iidiabitants of St. John's had inforn):ition tliat the French to the number of sixteerc nen had taken Petty llarbonr a small lishin-j place about nine miles distant from St. John's ; Upon which the Inliabitanis aforeoiid .sent out thirty four men, armed to their rcl.ife. Ihit tiie weat' cr pio\inif full if -imw they returned the next day, beiiijr the I7lh November, without etVectinjx anythiii;r On the 18th they sent out another party <»t men to the number of eif,'hty fom- armni t" the iiid and assistance of the Inhabilat\t« ot ['etty Harbour who had n(»t marched above a mile from St. John's up the South Hill until tiiey met a body of French and Soldiers and Canada liulians, to the n\nnber of Foiu' Inmdred or therealxMits, with whom they entjaifed half an hour ; in which action wen- killed of the inhabitants thirty four men ami several others wounded, the rest retnatinfj back to the Harbour of St. John's, the Flench pursuinji. About one hundred and cii^hty men ot the Inhabitants besides womeii and chihlreii entered into a fortification called Kinu William's Ffort, which they kept anil det'eiided for three days, the French in the meantime burninjr aiul destroyinj.^ all houses boats stages and ju-ovisions. .\nd these Oi^ponents further say that the Frencli took one William Drew, an In- habitant a Prisoner and cutt all around his sealp and then by the stienuth of hand stript his skin from the (i)rehead to (he erowne and so Kent liim into the I'ortitieation, assuriiiji the Inhabitants that they would serve them all in like maniu'r if they did no\ surrender; who wanting ainniunitioii and provisions anil reeeivinjr articles of surrender from the FrtMn-h ((d which the aniu'xed is a true copy) werv' aecordingly (d)liged to doe and witli about eighty men of the said Inhabitants went off to tiie Southward with the French, most of them being forced so to doe contrary to the artiele,* of ca]iitulatia and Canada, who came with the sa'd forci-s from Placi'Utia in ships and boats to Hay IJulls, and from thence to Petty Harbour and St. John's aforesaid by land and that after the destruction of St. John's :i party of the aforesaid foiies were detaclicd '1 march through the woods to eonmiit the iki' spoyle on all th., harbours to the iiirthwanl. That on 16tli December last these DepcMien!- with about two bundled and twenty men wonieti and eh'ldren Inhabitants came fn»in St. .lohn'-^ \v i small vessel given them by the Fi-eiieh ;i. carry them for England, and that at the same time about eighty men more nf ilie Inhiibitants were sent in another ve»*t?i W) I'' ranee, contrary to tile cajiitulation, ami that at the time of these Dejiwnents leaving the Country a paily of Frent'i were tU<-ti in possession of St. .lohn's. (/)) IjAfUttlN'a DlAKY. Till-; (vi'TiiRK OF .St. John's m tiik Fkknoh, Xovkmbkk 1()96. On the morning of the ystli of N'ove ii- b.-r .M (le Montigny, a brav« Caimdian .Montigny was at the taking of .Schenectady and Pemaipnd and served in after Vi-ars under .Sulierease and Ovide in Newfoundland], M U'llierville's lieutenant, was keeping thi' advanei d guard with thirty Canadians march- ing about one hundred vards in advance. M De Hrouillon and .M li'lberville followed with tin main body of the tr(K>ps. M l)e liiduilloii had orders to allow the Canadians to talvc the lead in ea^e of a siiilden attacdv .Vtti'r two hours' march our advance iruard eanu' upon the enemy and at alxmt a pistol shot from ihein ; they inimbered eighty-eight. They occupied tin advantageous |iosition on a nx^ky hill amongst burnt woods. 'I'hese iiills [.South Side Mills] served to protect them. Our ailviiiiecd guard opened fire upon the enemy wlio thinking we nun:'.<'reil but Iweniy lour returned fire. The.se gentlemen - ii -J BAUDOI^S DIAKY. 231 ioiii (iinadi 111 SchenectiidN •r years under 'wfoiiiiilUuid '. keeiiinif the ladians mareli- iii advance. rville foihiwcd l)s. M l)e the Canadians ilden attack our advance and at about hey nuinlu'reil ladvantafjeou-i st hiirnt woo !■<. ived to i>rotect ■lied fire upon nun:l.ered hut lese ^ entlemen [D'Tli^rville and De Brf*uillon] soon joined ii's, and aftiM- havinj; received al>«(i]iitioii, every iii;;ii threw aside the load hi had been earrjiufi and rusiied upon thr >-iien»v. M Do Brouillon attacked tlieiii fir«t, ilien M D'lh r- ville chose tiie left Hank and discovernijr the enemy ainoiifist the rocks and bnslie». he killed a ^reat number; after half an hour's engagement they gave in. [The real number of French in this fight was about lOl) men.] M D'llierville jmrsiied them sword in hand right into St. John's, which was a distance of about tllrel!-qllar^.el•s of a league. He entered St. .lohn's fully a quarter of an hour before the arrival of M l)e Urouillon with the main body of our troops. M D'lherville got into St. .lohn's at the same time as the enemy, and imiiUMliately took possession of two of the first forts which the enemy had abandoned ; he also took thirty-three i>risoiiers, amongst the nuinher some entire families. The others letreated, some into the large Fort and some into a vessel whii h was then in the Harbour. I'ear was so general amongst the enemy [the Knglish] that had M D'lherville had one hundred, men \\ ith liim he would have taken the larger Fort also, for there were in it but about two hundred men according to the accounts given us liy the prisoners, and the.se hut poorly juepared for war. M I)e Hroiiilloii having arrived with our main army, .\l I)e Miiis eiieaiii|ied in the Kent nearest to the enemy with his sixty men, and within etinnon shot of them. This Fort wa.s liali.aded. The remainder of our troops eneaiiiiied in the hoii.scs. The wind being favourahle the Vessel which lay in the Harbour set sail laden with all that wa.s best ill St. .lohn's and eighty or a hundred men. The enemy lost fifty men; M De Ihoiiillon's tniinpeter was killed whilst standing lieside him, three of his men were wounded and two of M D'lherville's M l)e Urouillon acted all through like a luavc man; I wa.s iptite near him most of the time, and so can jiuhje of his doings. These ]ieople would require one or two campaign.^ with the Iro(|Uois to learn how to defend themselves against the enemy. Verily the Canadians had much the advantage, having learned how to fight in all their terrible wars with the Iroqiioi.s. In these wars, as in this one, it is far better to be killed outright than to be wounded, for there are no remedies to be had, no lielj), no refreshineiit for the sick, eaidi iiian having only just what he can carry on his back, the maivh being so di.Rciilt through this barren island. \Ve sent a ))risoner immediately to the fort, hut he wils retained there. L".)th \oveiii- her. it is snowing heavily, some of our ("aiia- dians going into the woods took eight prisoners, and some otIuM's came and gave themselves up. These geiilleineii [the I'Veiieh comniaiuiers] seeing that our enemies are deteniiined to defend iheinselves, sent to Ihiy Ihills for the mortars, the bonib.s, and (he powder which M D'lherville bad left there. (In the night of the 2:itli ,!()th MM. I)e Mins and De Moi.- tigny went with sixty Canadians to hurii the houses which were near and beyond the fort ; M. l)'H)erville stationed himself with thirty of his men t,i support them, and .M. l)e Hrouillon remained at the advaneid posts with his men. The ;i()th Koveiiiher, St. Andrew's day, a man eame out of tlie fort carrying a white rtag and asking for terms. Our comiiu-.iHlers agree to an interview. The (iovtrnor of the fort came out with forty of the chief in- hahitants ; they would not allow even one of our pi'ople to go within the fort, lest we might see in what a miserable state it was, anil to what straits they were reduced. They in- sisted upon deferring their surrender until the morrow, hoping that the two large vessel-' [these may have heen H.M.S. Dreadnought and Oxford, sent (uit to relieve tlieai] wiiiidi they had seen for two il.ij s off their Harlx nr might find a fiivourable wind to bring tluni into it. Ihit the eoiuinanders would not con- sent to make any delay. They tiicn decided to surrender, on condition that two shijis should he j^iven them to return to Kngland, that tli'.se who wished might go to IJ.iiiavista, and leave for Fngland from there, and that they should not he sean.'hed ; which was granted. The written e:i[iitiilatii'ii was taken to the fort and approved of hy the principal in- habitants; it was afterwards hrought hack to our camp where it \\:is signed by the ]:n<'lish (lovernor [probably Miners in- Hoherts] and after by M De liroiiillon ; this latter did not even offer if M D'lherville for his signalurej though he had h;id at least as iiiueh to do with the taking of the pl.ice :is had M De Brouillon. 1 confess, my Lord, that this ai't shocked me greiitly. The (iovernor then re entered his fort, fiom whence he soon afterwards eame out accoiiipaiiied by the whole garrison com- posed of one hundred and fifty men, some master mariners and some sailors engaged for the fisliery, besides women and children, (fur enemies had but (Uie man wounded dining the time we were reconnoitring the foi;. 'I his fort was situated on the hill to the north-west, c:..um;iTided on one side by- two lieights botli V itliin gunshot of it ; it was square in slia]i , with four bastiiuis, u )ialisade eight leet h'.rh, a covered trench now full of snow, also a Ir.iw bridge, with a small tower upon which there were four cannon.s, the balls for which weighed four )ioiiiids, under the tower there was a cellar for keeping gunpowder. 'J'liere was, however, \ery little ]iowd,'r in it, anil only a couple of do/en of c;iiiuon ballii. 'J'he Knglish not Inning had time to carry anything to tli.'ir fort, tliev only took refuge there «heii tlie> saw tis coming. They depended solely ii))on the eighty- right men whom they had chosen from their entire force to defend them ; hut these laltei" r^ 2n REIGN OF WILLIAM III. h':'il I were provided with very inferior ^ims, only suited for fisliernien and for those who never had tlie .sliffhtest idea what war really was. The Governor of this fort was simply an in- hahitant of the plaee, and not a eaptain of one of the English shijjs ; he was without soldiers, and had no commission from the King of England. Thus one cannot feel surprised nt M D'Iberville's venturing an attack upon this jilaee, falling upon St. John's during the night, and taking the inhabitants entirely by surprise. 'I'heir forts being without men and '.heir houses (juite far one fn/m the other, we should actually have run much less risk than had our advance been discovered. (St. John'.-i has a very fine harbour, which can hold iwo hundred ships. The entrance lies between two very high nu)nntains, distant one from tlie other about a gunshot. They are surmounted by a battery of eight guns. The inhabitants of St. John's are very well settled along the north side of the harliour to a distance of about half a league. There were three forts, one on the side towards the roads westward, another in the centre having a native as Governor with sixty men, and a third which gave us a good deal of tro\ible In'fiue c.ipitulating. This latter fort protects the entrance to the luirbour ; although at a distance froui it, it eounnands the harbour, and a luimber of the houses — the best part of St. John's — was uiound this fort and the best hoi.'ses were built there. Unfortunately these latter were burnt on the night before the capitulation. On the 2nd of Decemher we took Por- tusral (^ove, which contained three families ; al.nd liberty to go on shore on any part of Newfoundland for the curing, salting, drying, and hiisbanding of their fish and for making oil, and to cut down trees for building stages, sliiprooiiis, tram-fats, hurdles, sliii)s, boats and other necessaries for themselves i"tc. and all other 'hings which may be useful for their fishing trad.', as fuliy as at any time hereto- fore ; and that no alien shall take bait or use any sort of trade or fishing there. 2. And fo preserve the harbours . . . . . . that from the 1st March 1700 no ballast &e. shall be cast out hut carried oil shore. 3. And that at their departing no person shall f Mai -It lOS,") hace hiiilt lionsi.i and sta(/e.s that did n it lielniiy tujisliiiiij ships since 1085 shall peaceahlij eiijoj the sanu; without any disuirbance from any perBon whatever. 8. And That all by-boat keepers shall not pretend to meddle with anj' stage &c. that did belong to the fishing ship> since 168.'). 9. And that every master of a by-boat shall carry ' ut two fiesh men in six and that every iidud)itant >\v.\\\ be obliged to hire two fresh :nen like by-hoat keepers, anil masters of ships one fresh man in five and the masters of by-boat* and ships shall fake oath before the collectDr, &c. that they have such fresh men, aud the officers are reipiired to give a oertifteate thereof witbont any fee. 10. And th.at musters of ships take every fifth man a grei.'ii man. 11. And .... vliat no person shall deface masts of boats iic. 12. And that no per^.^oii .shall rind trees nor set five to the woods, nor cut tioiber except for repairing and no person shall cast anchor or do anything to hin(ler the haling of sayns in the accustomed halting places, nor steal nets or cut adrift boat>. 13. .\nd whereas several persons that liave lieen guilty of thefts, murders and other felhuiies, have escaped \inpuni^iieeen ordered before no other court but , Lord High Constable and Karl Mar-h. , of England that all robb<'ries and murders &c. committed tiiere may he tried in any shi.-e of England by virtue of the King's ooinmission of oyer and termiiicr and iraol delivery according to the laws of this realm. (ft" 284 REIGX OF WILLIAM IIL m- i 14. Aiul tliiit admiriils nre requirc'il (in tlie lii\il)()iirs and on slioiv) to see the rules of this ]ii'eBcnt net duly put in execution mid tliat i-iicli shall kcop ii journiil oftho ships, hoiits, stiifjrs, tninsporls und of till the seamen iin|)loyi-i r oi-nt. HUT of ihtTi'iit* ilulibcr id and CHAPTER X. REIGN OF ANXE. 1702-17 14. 1"02. — Captain Leake destroyed French fishing stages at Trepnssej", S:. Man-'s, Coltnet, .St. Lawrence, and dismantled tliu fort at St. I'etei's. Freueh attack ou Silljcove and BouaviKia. 1703. — Lieutenant Lloyd .=.iioceeded Captain Ificliards in eonim.ind at Fort William, St. JohnV. Admiral (iraydon's unsiicces.'*ist in their ti.sliery. Some eventually were sent to Canada and France, some escajj^d to St, John's, and the rest, chiefly Irish, entered the French service. The coolness, judgment, and hravery shown by Moody and Lfithani in the face of over- whehniiig numbers an ( 1 t ! i 246 REION OF ANNE. Captain Moody aiitl liis company, who appear t;) have tv.on resitleiit in St. Jolin's since ItiiKS, were in Novoinbi-r succueiled \>y Ma,jor Lloyd and ninety-one new Holdiers, volunteers from various En«^liKh refjimentH. Major Lloyd, Avlio was in Kn^liind, luul skilfully used MocMly's disgrace to secure his own re-appointment; ho came out armed with a power of lioldiiij; court-mai'tial. J)uring the winter of 1705-G Lloyd behaved with j^reat vij^'our, ])er.sonally leadiiifj out detachments of troops to protect Ferryland, Harbour Grace, and other points threatened by tlio French and Indians. Captain Moijdy, upon Ids return to Enjfland, explained his conduct to the satisfaction of the Hoar«l of Trade, who strongly recommended him for promotion. \n a few years Nemesis overtook the tyrant Lloyd, and his rival Moody was jigain in command at St. JohnV. The loss incuired by the planters in 1705 was very great ; it shows the recuperative power of the peoi)lo that they were able to survive it : — " Sworn vtihic of destruction made to Captain Moopy. St. John's mid Qnidividi .... 45,000 Ferryland and Hay Bwlla . - . . 25,0*^0 Harliour Gineo Ac. . - - . 38,000 Carboncrc, Hay de Vcrds Ac. - - - 46,000 Piulican, Trinity &c. .... 34,000 £188,000 Stg." Beyond the destruction of the French fishing stages at Trepassey, St. Mary's, Colonet, St. Lawrence, and the dismantling of the fort at St. Peter's, by Captain Leake in 1702, and the abortive attempt of (jlraydon on Placentia, all the English operations had been directed to the capture of the French fishing tleets on their way out from France and back, and in this they had been very successful ; ' we have noticed the pi'osence of a special prize agent at St. John's. Now, howevei", acting upon the suggestion of Roope and others, the Covernment determined to destroy the French fishery in the Petit Nord. Anspach thus describes these operations : — " In the folloTving year, viz. on the 2oth July, 1706, a report was brought to ADMIKAL LEAKK. From nn engraving by Couk. ' " For about the same time [ 1 703] Cnptain John Leake (afterwards Sir John), sailiiif; with u t-^mull squadron to Newfoundland, took or destroyed no less than fifty-cue ships isud ruined n!l the French settlements on the islands." — S. Colhukh, Columna liontrata, 17i7, p. 293. It I .1 ATTACK OS THE FRENCH IN THE NORTH. 247 St. John's, thiit tho cneniy h:id a considorahlo number of hIiIjih cuiployod in tho fislnry in .xcvcnil Imi-bourfl to the northward, and other partH of thf ixhiiul. Captain John Unilcrdown, cominundor of" the C^ucen'.s ship tho FaHdawl, was tiicu in St. John's iuirlmur with tlio Nonmch, cominandfd by Captain Ciirleton. ilavin^ Ik'imi petitiont'd by tlio niorchantfl, miiHtiTa of vhmscIh, and inhabitants of tliat i)laco, to protect the Britiwh trade in thoBc parts, he acuiordinKly sot sail from St. John's, on tho 26th of July, accotnpanit'd by Major Moyd, who desired to bo employed in this expedition, with twenty of his company, on jjoard the Falklaml, and as many on board the Nonsueh. Tho next day they came before Bonavista, and finding there no appearance of an enemy, the Commodore ordered Captain lluglies, coinniander of the Medway on tliat station, to join iiim with a French eliip of war, which the lattiT had talroceed to Trinity. '■ From this exjiedition, which deserves to be recorded on account of the activity and judgment displayed by Captain Underdown and his associates, equal to the good fortune that attended their opt'rations. it appears that, while the English had on that station only the Folldnvd and Nonsuch in St. John's, and the Mi'dway at Bonavi-etic Major Lloyd. The first exaggerated reports 1 nought to England accused him of treachery, but there aj)pear3 to have heen no real foundation whatever lor this charge ; it would seem more likely, from the account of Keen and the serjeant, that he had become quite incapable, perhaps through intemperance. The French guides, either through design or mistake, brought St. Ovide de Brouillon and his troops too late to St. John's to effect a complete surprise ; they were seen advancing in the clear moonlight by ' Ansfach's //. of Newfoundland, pp. r.2 1-129. 1 i ^ Z S u 'a Q. -a u. .^ o "• J 0. ex/x ^ ' V ,. nm''^ r^-TUitt. - rr if I f ; ll.i' I^M i > i BROUILLON'S CAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 249 the sentry on the new fort, but, in spite of his alarm, the French were soon in possession of Fort William, and, through a blunder, the Colonial Militia were unable to enter the fort by the subterranean passage specially [)rovided for such a contingency. The capture of Fort Wir'am was effected in half an hour. The new fort, which was overlooked by Fort William, surrendered upon terms of quarter which were not fully kept. The " south side " castle surrendered next day. St. Ovide, anxious to secure all the advantage to himself of his foi'tunate adventure, sent word direct to France, and immediately two hundred soldiers were dispatched with a commission appointing him Governor of St. John's; but they arrived too late. Costa belle, partly jealous of St. Ovide's success, and presuming that the home Government were too much occupied in Europe to spare troops for the retention of St. John's, had ordered St. Ovide to destroy the fortifications and return immediately to Placentia, which he was reluctantly obliged to do, leaving St. John's on March 31st. During his stay in St. John's, St. Ovide sent Captain Larond to take Ferryland, but the inhabitants were too strongly fortified ; it is significant to note they even refused to admit a flag of truce. Major Lloyd was first taken to Placentia and Quebec, and afterwards to France. Captain Mootly succeeded him in command, but returned to England for the winter to report upon tlie condition of affairs. One of his proposals was to remove the garrison to Ferryland, and not rebuild the fortifications at St. John's, but it met with no favour. The only other French movement during this year was an unsuc- cessful attack on Buoy's Island, Ferryland, by a French man-of-war. The settlers were by this time too well organised to be surprised. Connnodore Taylour emjjloyed his men in 1709 in rebuilding Fort William,' which had. been entirely demolished except the earthworks, upon an improved plan, mounted eight guns, and erected huts in the fort for the inhabitants for the winter. The fort and the coast from Ferryland to Carbonear were placed under John Collins ; Pynn was in command at Carbonear, and others at Trinity and Bonavista, with local commissioned officers under them. The Freiicli claimed a ransom for St. John's and neighbourhood of over £7,000 which appears to have l>een promptly paid to tlie Placentia Governor Costabel'e. This was one o*" the last episodes in the dreary guerilla warfare carried on by the ' There is a rough plan of the new fort in the Record Office, BJ. of Trade, Newfoundland, No. 6, K21. 250 IlEIGN OF ANNE. French from Placentia against our settlements; from 1708 the land had rest for over fifty years. friend's map of 1713. B.M.-S. 9{H)m. Turiiing from these stirring scenes of fights jind pillage to the more p mceful subject of the fishery, we realise in the terribly shrunken .state of the trade the immense destruction, loss, and waste produced by the incessant warfare waged by the two countries in tliis unfortunate Colony. THE EFFECT OF WAR ON THE FISHERY. 2ol ^1' These poor meagre figures in the war times of 1705 are in strikin-^ contrast to the great results of former affluent seasons of peace :- " An account of the trade and fishery of Ne^doundland for the year 1705 - Number of fishing ships Number of sack ships Number of ships from America Barthen of fishing ships Number of fishing ships' boats Number of by-boats - . . . Number of inhabitants' boats Quantity of fish made by shijjs Quantity of fish made by boats Quantity of fish made by inhabitants' boats Quantity of fish carroyed to market Quantity of train-oil made by ships - Quantity of train-oil made by boats - Quantity of train-oil made by inhabitants - Number of stages - . . . Number of inhabitants :— Men - - . Women - ~ „ . . Children . - . . 20 20 20 60 40 160 60 2,-100 tuns. 260 18,000 12,000 4,800 105 70 280 800 130 200 78,000 qtls. 72,000 qtis. 455 tuns. 80 1,130 Besides 6,000 Qtls. of fish left on land; A further quantity was 'spoyld by bad weather computed at 2,000 Qtls. ^ "^ ^ Statistics op the Newfoundland Fisiieky. 1700 to 1 713. From the Reports of the Naval Officers, Years. 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 17U6 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 In the former reign mention was made of the Reverend John Jack.son the first resident clergyman appointed by the Society for the Propagation' Fisliiiig Ships. Boats. Inhabitant! 171 800 764 75 338 16 35 380 23 44 214 23 — . 20 60 -'00 46 136 232 70 11)6 I'.) 7 40 170 ;i,-.6 35 l;io 2.58 49 1.53 36.5 C2 168 4,i9 G6 108 3:0 46 162 483 252 REIGN OF ANNE. m of the Gospel in NcAvfoundland, and liis difficulties with the military commandant and governor of the Colony, Major Lloyd. The records give us a very full account of these proceedings. Major Lloyd was appointed commandant of the forces in Newfound- land in 1703, succeeding Major Richards, as being the " eldest lieutenant " ; he came to Newfoundhind in 1700 as paymaster. It is hard to imagine anything more scandalous than the conduct of this unprincipled and tryannical officer. He seems to have taken a mischievous delight in annoying and insulting Parson Jackson, The naval chaplain, however, w.is not one to fear the face of man. Lloyd's character is typical of tlie military roud of that day — unprincipled, reckless, dissipated, yet withal as valiant a soldier as ever sought " the bubble reputation at tiie cannon's mouth," Anspach has given us some account of his exploits in 1706. The condensed account of the charges made against him by the Reverend Jolin Jackson, all of which are substantiated by the evidence of the various witnesses, is graphic and grotesque. Mr. Jackson spent many weary months in London, tormented with sickness, petitioning the Government and the Church. He and his large family were recommended to the attention of charitable people ; eventually he was appointed to a living in England by Queen Am e. Lloyd was killed in France, probably in a duel with some fire-eatl.ig Frenchman whom he had insulted. Thackeray's immortal Irish hero, Barry Lyndon, strongly resembles this brave, unprincipled swiish- buckler. " 1705. — Complaints against the then Lt. Thomas Lloyd. In letter I'rom Mr. John Jackson Minister at St. John's to the Lords Commissioners for trade and plantations : — Ist. — Lt. Thos. Lloyd came to command in chief at Fort William in St. John's harbour, Sept. 24th 1703. He pat in practice all sinister ways and base means he could devise to p,et money. £660 of Qneen's money to pay soldiers he converted into trnde. Supplanted inhabitants by falling price of fish, buying liquors at low rates &c. 2iidly.— Ruined families by his tyranny; beat one Adams a planter, so that poor man is incapable of getting bread for his numerous family. 3rdly. — Caused Mr. James Benger to be imprisoned for not paying debt of £60 another man owed him, and though Benger paid it, got him kept in prison till season was past in order to ruin him. Benger dealt that year for about 2000 qtls. of fish and said Lloyd worsted him £300 that year. 4th ly. — His debtors would run from their flakes and business in fishing season as from an Indian when they saw him coming, which he often did with his sword and caine in his hand and thrcatning, if not beating, those he lighted on. When ships arrived in harbour lie would forestall inhabitants in choosing goods and when Masters of ships demanded pay cavilled with and beat them as Capt. Hatch, Capt. Davy, Capt. IMckeriiig, &c. for demanding reasonable rates. PETITIONS AGAINST MAJOR LLOYD. 253 5thly.-I„ taking farewell demanded hands of inhabitants to testimony of -.ood behavionr &. ■ refusers he threatens to murther and beat; drew his s^ord upon some and ]mlled them out of their beds. ™w nis sword ^^^\7Z''l'^T M *^' '°f ^'^ """''"^ ^° ""'"'^ ' ^'^ t'-"der8 left the country fearmg he should treat them as formerly. i-ouncry 7thly._If speedy care be not taken, trade of country must fall to ruin He ht sXtrade" '''' '"^ '''' '' ^"'"^ '^---''' '^ ^-'-^ ^ -P^; ^''"'^oVdL^''''^^ "' ^'"''^^ '"""'^ ^' ""'^^''''"^ ««"°"«'^ *^« g'^'-"««n 'vnd 9thly._Took to live with him a woman of disreputable cha.aeter. who caused the soldiers to be whipped and abused at her pleu.nre lOthly.-A constant breaker of the Sabbath, threatening and cursing those who would attend service, going about the harbour with^ his fiddrto It tbo people and spending remainder of the day in n.ost disgraceful rioting &c ^ '^'eTaJir^toTsrndrr" '''^'' '-' '^-^ -^ ^--P-^ >-ters 12thly._Suspended by Commodore ; command devolved en Lieut. Jobn Moody." The following complaint, were made againt Major Lloyd during his second tenn of office, from 1705 to 170S. and niy h/ap^Z^ mentioned he:e. He to!d the planters it had cost him a large' uo obtam ht,s re-appomtment. and lie meant to have it out of them. Many settlers lelt the country on his account ;— ^ " Mk. MiNsiiEw's Affidavit. 1707-8. " (a.) His tyranny in generall ; (&.) his dispossessing Mr Bender for nnf =,• • a paper against Moody; (c.) his wounding an inhabitant (^.htLlw:!";'!;' surgeon; e. his cruelty to hie maid servant- (f) h,-« .„ ni. 11 ^ " '• Seven nflidavits .viUi other papers to prove the nllefintion. in Mr r.,m„>, v Z:^;^^'-' *° ''- unwarrantable Voceedings S^ra-or-L^f^rintt • ^"\;"^^*J^f"^fi«'»l«ff^^ct flowed from these extraordinary proceed- ings of Major Lloyd. As the result of the inquiry into tl J sLd^ the position of Governor was taken from the Commander of Fort William and conferred upon the connnodore, and remained vested in he superior naval officer on the Newfoundland station fiom 1708 until J.8J5. It appears from the records that from 1G97 to 1703 the I rr^ ii 254 REIGN OF ANNE. commodore hatl been govoinor ; in the latter year the appointment was conferred on Lloyd as commandant. Tlie command in Newfoundland became afterwards one of the great prizes of the service ; it was held by some of the most distinguished officers in the navy. Sir John Leake, Rodney, Duckworth, Graves, Lord Radstock, &c., are amongst the honoured names of Newfoundland's floating governors. Much abuse has been bestowed on our naval rulers ; never was censui'e less deserved. No doubt they were often severe, sometimes narrow in their views. We must remember they were always hampered by instructions to repress settlement. On the whole, I think they filled their very difficult positions admirably. In order to protect the settlers, they encroached on the prerogatives of the fishing admirals, and after a few yeais virtually superseded them. Of course, quarter- deck law was their sole guide ; in the rude state of society then existing amongst the fishermen it was probably the best. As the Colony became more populous and civilised, naval government became simply intolerable ; it was, however, decidedly a great improvement on the fishing admirals' law. "In the year 1711, I find," says Mr. Reeves, in his history of New- foundland, " a record of several laws and orr^ers made at St. John's. " It is worth while considering whether such a local legislature which " the people scein in this instance to have created for themselves might " not be legally lodged somewhere for making bye-laws and regulations " as occasion should require." The Commander, Captain Crowe, pre- sided at this voluntary assembly. His successor, it seems, followed his example, and held a meeting of the same sort. These assemblies were somewhat anomalous, a kind of legislative, judicial, and executive all bUinded together. It is very easy to discover the original idea from whence Captain Crowe and Sir Nicholas Trevanion's voluntaiy assemblies were taken. These gatherings of the inhabitants were literal copies of the New England town meetings. All the citizens of the township assemble in general meeting once a year or oftener, levy taxes, decide on improve- ments, and appoint the necessary executive officers to carry out their arrangements during the ensuing twelve months. All men meet on an equality, every citizen is entitled to frte speech and free vote. As the New England towns become more populous they pass out of the stage of town meetings into representative government. Unfortunately for the development of home rule in this Colony, wo stopped short at the callow stage of the town meeting. What one * ) CAPTAIN CROWE'S ASSriMULY. in ve- eir an admires most in tlii.s assembly is the political ability of the New Englander who engineered the proceedings ; we have had clever wire- pullers in the Colony, but we doubt if any of our party managers were ever skilful enough to blend together into one harmonious meeting such antagonistic elements as the fishing admirals, the Devonshire adventurers, and the phmters. The great principle of politics is com- promise ; these laws show us how adroitly the Americ m satisfied the Devonshire party by declaring certain rooms used by the bye-boat keepers were ship's rooms, and turned out the all-grasping Holdswoith. The inhabitants were gi-atified by the arrangements for their defence! and the support of their minister. Under this astute settlement, everything seems to have worked harmoniously ; doubtless the war and their common danger from the French made the discordant ele- ments for the time at least united. We notice the poor pay received by the Rev. Jacob Rice ; it was^ ^^^■B?f<^.?:Tife/^ii: "^^g^®.|f5 perhaps, the insufficient salary which had driven away his pre- decessor, J. Jackson. From the re-appointment of our old friend Governor Collins, it appears that the Home Govern- ment had again withdrawn tiie military, otherwise a civilian would not have been left in charge of the forts. At this time preliminaries for peace began ; for two years the negotiations dragged their slow length along. From 1710 the merchants kept making representations to the Board of Trade tlmt in any treaty of peace with the French, Newfoundlan.l might be reserved wholly to the English. 'J'his idea wns adopted by the Board, who pressed it strongly on the Ministry. The treaclierous way in which the peace of Utrecht was concluded is well known, how England abandoned her allies. The literature of the day is full of the subject ; one of Dick Steele's most trenchant articles ii an attack on I'AiaKT, EARL OF OXFORD.' From an cngrnving after Revenat. Iliirley was impeached for his conduc. in negotiating the Treaty of Utrecht. h' m I \ 256 RKKJN OF ANNK. this pence. No ciiilition wi." inoro distrriicoful than tlie sniTonder of the Newt'onndlaiKl Hsliery to the Freiieli. Kn^lish .statL-.siiien in Queen Anne's ici^ni wen; violent |taitisi\Ms,' many of tlieni corruitt and venal, hut the most prejudiced and i;;noiant amongst them undnstond that in tiie struggle with France victory rusted with tlio nation that possessed the strongest sea power ; they were also well aware that France was almost solely dependent on her great North American fishery for the manning of her navy; they knew also tiiat her restless aggressive policy was a constant menace to English power, both in Europe and America. In 17m Fiance was at England's feet; never since Crecy and Agincourt had the French armies reueived such overwhelming defeats. ^Mv^.jPf ^^'^y t" ' ^" ''r ^ ' - ' - ^ '^i ' ' "^

    ieiiiiis, u Siiy that •' 'J'lie (le^^ire lor Freiieli wine mid frreiit iiKiiiv of llie liiwver.><, the iiil'erior elerj;v, the deiiriiess i)t' it iilieiiated iiiaiiy troiii tlie and the hxise uomeii, were united in a liietiim Duke of Marllioionjxh. The hard (hinkers agains^t tlie Duke." cuiiipluiued tliat they were iioisoned by port; vO K'S as le . (. i ■ I ; is i 1/ ' j 1 THE NE(iOTIATrONS FOU I'KACK. 257 Ni»rth Anicriniii H.slK'iy was of pnninumnt iiiiportiviicc : it involved tli»> i|Uc.stiiiii (if British hUpreiimcy at sua, an Ncwfoumlland. Knj^lish ])\iltli(' feelinj^ at the time was indi^'iiatit at the frei|Uent French raids made on the Island, and insisted on its entire p()s,session. Franc*' offered to .surrender oui' Island and the fi.sheries and St. Martin and St. Bartholomew in the West Indies for Aeadie (Nova Scotia). Tlse P^njflish (Jovernment were firm in their refusal to ^ive up Nova Scotia, and insisted on tishini; rijfhts in Cape Breton, and that it shoidd not be fortified. But in all the.se demands except the retention of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, they were (jii > itted by their opponents. 'J'he French arnrnment about Cape Breton was that the Kii{,dish and French could not fish together there — that it would be impossilde to jire.serve peace amongst them. Yet in the face of this unanswerable argUMK'ut, England consented that tliere should l>u a c;)ncairrent fishery in Newfouridland, involving perpetual quarrels between the subjects of both nations. The .surrender of the Newf(nuidland fi.shery was a wilful blunder on the part of the English Ministry. The entire exclusion of the French from Newfoundland and from all participation in the fishery was strongly ui'ged on the Coverninent by the Board of Traile, by the whole body of British merchants, by the united voice of the North American colonies, and by the urgent enti-eaty of the Newf(mndland settlers. The appeal was made to unwilling ear.s. Prior, one of the chief negotiators, had expre.s,sed in liis re|M)rt in 17()(> the alvsolute necessity of excluding the French from the Island, every naval couunander had reiterated the same opinion, but it was iill to no purpose — there has hardly ever been a more senseless surrender ; the couse(|uences have been lasting and widespread— -for the English Colonies an exhausting war. Unfortunately to-day we sufiei- for the base treachery of Queen Anne's Mini.stry. This great treaty, over which the fierce intellectual giant. Swift, ami the well-l)eloved Joseph Addi.son fought their great litei-ary battles, is to-day the rule under which the French fisherman builds his temporary liut and erects his stage on the treaty shore of Newfoundland. / p. 2729. R I 2/i8 IJKIGN OF ANNE. It •"oinains a dauj^enms causp of tiuarri'l Ix'twocii two ^roai nations, n perpetual ii ritatiiiij sore, a bar to tlie pi-ogress and pros[)erity of the Colony. liy Artielo XIII. of the Treaty of Utrecht, ITl^J, it was agreed that— " Tho isliinil ciiUlmI N'owfoiindlinul. witli the adjacoiit iKlaiul , shall, from tliin time forwiinl, he'oiKj of n'l/ht wlio'li/ to Jlritnii, uiul to tlmi vin\ the town ami fortreas of T'larciiliii, ami wliati-vi'v other jjlaccs in the said Island are in tho ])i)sscHsioii of the {•'rciK'h. slndl ho vicldi'd niid qivcn up within seven mouths from tho exi'hantjc of tiic ratilications of tliis treaty, or sooner, if possibk^ hy the Alost (.'hristian King to those who hiive a eommis>ion from the Queen of (Jrcat IJritain lor that purposo. Nor shall Mu- Alost Christian King, his lu'irs and successors, or any of their subjects, at any time hcri;afier /i'// clttini to anij riijlit io the stiiil !s!itnil and islands, or to any part of it or them. Morvover, it gliall iiothc hiw/nl for the snhjects of Franco to fni-tifij (inij jthicf In the mid islnuil if Xrtifoiiiiilliind, or fo erect uiiij Jmildiitf/s there, hcsidcK .itiH/rif iiiule of boitrds, miil hidii iicc nfnirji nial vsefa' for dnjiiu] of jlnh, or to rrxt>yl to the i>iit I inhiwt beyond the time neressiiry for fixhinfi and drijin;! of fifh. lint il xlni'l I), n'lowel to the snyijertx of Frnuci' to rolrh fiiih and to riiKNc II risiiixi uiioMs AT cvl'i; itoioii hauiioi i;. From IlliivKniil lllti/,: dr,j them on land hi that pari onlii, itnd in 'm other hvnides that, of the, s lid Ifthtnd of IKeirfotind'anil, which stretches from tlie phice called Capo Bonavisia to tho northern point of tho said island, and fi'mn tiionce running down by tiie western Bide, reaches as far as tho jilaco called I'oint Kichc. Ihit the island calloil Capo Ih-cion, as also all others, b 'tli in the uioutli of tlio River St. Lawrence and in tho gulf of the same name, shall hereafter belong of right to the French, and the Must Christian King shidi have all manner ol' liberty to fortify any place or places there." The laiieruage of this treaty is very ele;>r and explieit, the sovereignty of Groat Britain o\ er the Island of Xowfouudland is made absolute. Tin.: TREATY' OF UTRKCFIT. 2,-)!) The FiviK-h are contin...! tu a tomponiry us.n- of tho shoiv for o,„. purpose only, iho jis/u'inj ,uol Un/hnj o/jhh ; no other ri^rl.ts are -r.int.. ! to thoin. It will 1,0 sLMMi tl.at their prepoHterous cl^ii.u to hi.iM fiK-tories Had tin lobsters is entirely oppose.) to tlw plain lan-ua-^e of this tn-aty which IS still m fore.. \o other fishery hut the eo,l fishery Nvas in' existe.ice at that tii-ie, an.l no other fishery was eonten.plate.l by the tmity; which view is further con finne.l by the Treaty of Versailles, 1 / H'i : — "Tho Xiri Arti..hM,|- tlu. T,vaty „f rrh-och( a.ul .1,,. „„.,l,od of cuTvin^- en thr fishery, wlnrl. has at all tim... I.pou aek.K.wle.lffcl fa shi|, r,„l fi.shery '. shall bo the I'lai. upo„ wlueh rhe lisluTv shall 1.,,. carric.l ou tluMv ; it shall not I.o .ioviut...! IV.,„. by o.thor pariy; tho Fivnch fishmnoi. l.uiKli,,^. only thoh- ncallWhls. o.mlinin.r tluMusolv,.s to th:. vopair of fheir fishin,' vossHs. a.ul „<,> wintorin.^ th.Te; tl,: sahjoots of I ,s Br.tannie Maj.wty „„ their part not ,„..l,..ti-,,. i,. ,u.v nrnn.or tho l.onchhsherme.1 .lurinK then- lishiu- ,..„• iujuring tiioir srallulds 'durin- their iihscrico. ° In the oriu-inal .Ir.ift proposal of the Kreneb tin.' wor.I used was co'.lji./i, n<.t h-sb, but the purists who drew the treaty considered codHsh too vul codfishery was tho onlv fisbery tb-n carried on as a ship- fishery by both nations the only lishery i'n Avbich stages and //(^/y.s' (sea (folds) are used. I^y the t<>rn.s of the Treaty of Utrecht, Placentia wis to be -iven up to the English inunediately. Brown writes:-^ "M. Do Costahollo, the (iDVonior. thorclbrc lost no tiiiio in sendin-- olV the garrison and inhabitants to Capo Bivton so that tho latter nii-ht not lo.o their Hununor's (ish.n- Some of the people objoctod to leaving IMaisaneo ^ proi,al,lv the Lnglisii and [n.-h; and woiil.l willingly have, roniaincd niidor Kiedi^ii dnniinui,,n but Costal.elle urged all to go except idlers and va-abonds, whom lie di.croetiv loft lis a legacy to \\\n sueoessor. "In the (irst instanc'o tho garrison and inhabitants wont to Havre a L' An.doiq (Lonisbourg), which was known to b-,- favourably situaled for oarrving On" tho hshcry. Tm tho course of th.> Miinm.T about one hundred and eight v porsonn chiellv fishermen and their families, arrived from J'laisance an.l tho Isle of St 'I'iorrc yomoof those settled at Haloino, Scatari and tho out harbours, bul thn niaiorit ' took up tl.oir abode nt Havre a 1/Anglois. All were supplied weh provisions bv tho French Govoniinont for some time aftir llieir arrival, ' ' This is the last epis.,,!,. in the history of the French Colony in Newfound lan.l. The settlement existed there ovr half a centurv", bnfc during all that time it never iiicrease.l, it was Ksseiitially military ; after fifty years of occupation the whol.' perma.uMit French population of Newfoundland numbered less than two hundred s.ails. As colenisers the lijcows's 1/i.i'ori/ of ('(ijiv L'u/iiii. R 2 m '•':i 260 EEIGN OF ANNE. Freiicli liavo been failures, alwaj^s and eveiywhero. In one respect tlioy were superior to their Eiifflisli rivals. " No other Enropeans," says Meiivalc, in his lecture on colonies and colonisation, "have ever " displayed equid talents for conciliating savages, and, it must lie ailded, " for approximating to their usages and modes of life as the French." The French in Cape Breton were just as l>ad neighbours to Nova Scotia iiH they had been to Newfoundland ; they secretly encouraged the Indians to make raids on the Englisli settlers ; tliey were always planning the re-concjnest of Acadie. French writers differ somewhat in their views of the Treaty of Uti'echt. C^hatk'voix says : — • " Praru'c was amply compensated for tVio loss of Newfounilliind by tbe aoqui- sitioii of Capo Breton, whore the inhabit.mts of riaisaiicc found themselves more agiecalily ami more advantau;eou8ly situated than they had ever been in New- fouiiillaiid, whilst the English were now alisolute masters of the conntry, where before tboy could not assure themselves of aiiythinsj so long as they hail us for their neighbours." Abl)(' Raynal laments bitterly over the loss of Newfoundland and Acadie. Garneau says : — " The Treaty of Utrecht snatched from the feeble hands of Louis the j)ortnls of Canada. Aeadie. and Newfoundland. From this treaty dates the decline of the monnrcl'y and the coming of the revolution." 261 DGCt ns, ;ver ilod, •I Ova the rays f of :\qni- OKire Now- /here a for and Ills of if the APrENDIX TO CHAPTER X. I. Campaign of 1704-5. [No event in thi" wliole of our history is so fully recorded as this siege of Fort Williiun ; we cull truce the course of events from dav to n the 5th of March the array deeani|)ed and marrhed to Forillon, where the inliubi- tants at first made ii, show of defence but soon surrendered. The town was burned, alter which Martigny, who huc in the castle and fort. The night before the enterprise, they were obliged to lie on a bed of snow, six fi'ct deep, for fear of being dis.- eovered, which caused such numbness in the joints of several, that the (ieneral vowed revenge, and accordingly executed his resent- ment, for that he destroyed all befoic him, and gave no quarter for some time, till M. Boocore, who was a gentlcpian of more humanity, did interpose and a' ate his fuiy. The number that they took alive was one hundred ami forty, whom they sent into the (larrison, not out of juty to the prisoners but with a design to starve the whole [eon- firmed by Lieut. .Moody]. After that they laid siege to the garrison and fort, which continued thirty days without relief; (except- ing three who made their escape to the foniier and .seventeen to the latte.')- In the fori were only forty men under the command of C.iptain Moody and twelve in the castle under ( aplaiii Latham, who 'udiave'l thenisclvcs with sueh bravery that they slighted all manner of tende's that were made them of sunender. witli the highest contempt imaginable. I'pon ths, the enemy committed many barbarities and sent several threa' niiigs : but I hey had no iiiHueiice on either officers or soldiers, lor they plied their bombs and mortar pieces to so good effect, that they killed several, and lost but three in the whole engageinent. After this the Freiiih sieiTeil lo ( 'on- sunqition Hay. having first demolished all the English i;cttlements in Trinity and Honivisia. where they burnt ttudr stages aiul boats and laid a contribution besides upon the inhabi- tants. From thence they went to (."arbiuieer. where they met with some repulse, and finding their pro'-iaions fell short, the) sent I 1,1 m in 2(i2 EEICJN OF ANNE. It' 1 t li; * m n further iininbcr [of tlie iiilinhitiinfs] into tl.c fort [Williiim], ri-'serviiif? tlie most skilful iiiiil able iisliiTiiien for tlienisftves until the fiiccepdiiif; !-])riii(;. [The liittiT part of the iiceouiit is slightly coiifusi'd.] [S. Pkniiallow, Indian Wurti, 1723.] (f.) Cami-hei.i.'s Accoi.NT. Accoimt oil June IJth 17(15 rf Colin C:ini])l)fli merchiint of tlii' nttack on St. .lohn's writtfii from nit'iiiorj-. — the (k'spiilches from lit. Moodv itc. having boon thrown overboard to pri'Vciit their fallinj: i'llo the bunds of a I'reiich ])rivatecr : — That on the '_*lst .liiny 17(i"> the Freneli forces under ^I. Suberoass to the niiinlier of (>(I0 men (Indians and C'aiiadiaiis alioiit l»U included) iiiarehed from I'lacentia to Hay Hulls and I'etty Harbour, reaching St. John's at :t o'ldook in trie morning, took it by surprise and after having barbarously murdered many of the inhabitants and luacie the best (irisoners, they laid siege to the fort and castle com- manded in chief by Lt. John Moody and Mr. U(d)ert Latham with seventy men. whereof about twenty inhabitants ; they contiuued in the harbour till the 'J:i Kcbrunry in which time the French had many men killed and -»voiiiifled amongst whom were severall officers of note particularly the (loveraour's own nephew ; the fort and castle were bnively defended without the loss of any more than one Serjeant and two or three private men ; diiring the time the French burnt and distroyed all the houses storehouses goods &c. whatsoever in St. John's and marched South as far as I''air Kllcn's [Ferrjland] carrying away as priscmers all the inhabitants and myself (a few sick men excepted) and left behind the Canadians and Indians to make good their retreat, who joined them soon afier committing the like baibarity as they had done at St. .lohn's all alcng as they went as Kitty Vitty, I'etty Harbour, Hay of lUiII-i, and I'air Kllon Ika., where 1 obtained my liberty by hiinible sollicit'itions. At Fair i.lhii M. Siibercass onlered the Canadians and Indians [about one hundred and fifty men] uiuler M. Montigny to march Northward which next day they ositionN from Lt. Moody against one Mr. John Hoop of St. .Ldin's importing tb:it the said Hoop had inihavoiircd to j)er-uade the inhabitants during the winter Iroi.i eontribut'.ng any assistance by watching ut th.e forts and harbour and while the Fnuoh were there discovered to them whntover be knew of the weakness of the Fort and Castle and that the enemy acknowledged to have received consideiable services from him and after three or four days }ie was at ))cifect liberty during all the time the French continued at St. John's. I believe tlu' fortifi- cations require to be repaired especially Fort William and the outworks. (^Records.) ((/,) C.^mi'iii:li.'s Fi;ktiii:u Accotixt. Collen Campbell maketh oath that M Supercass' men during the time they were at St John's, they in a most barbarous manner did murder in and about St John's to the number of thirty and failing to reduce the forts burnt all the houses, 2 or '.\ excepted, and when they departed the (iovernor said in his hearing : Tliat at another time they would destroy what they now left, and carried away as prisoners the greater part of the harbour ; as far as he can remember the losses sustained by them from the French on this occasion did amount according to the oaths of the principal inhabitants taken by Lt .Moody to between one hundred and forty and one hundred and fifty thousand pounds stg. CuLN C.\MI'HKt.L. (Records.) (<'.) Ricii.vuD Sami'son's Accoi:nt. He says two companies of French soldiers each between 40 and .'io commanded by M Supercass, DO Indians and between two and three hundred inhabitants of Flacentia arrived at St John's on the lilst January half an hour before day and surprised tlie harbour (tlicy not having kept this winter any guards an look ye Cannon there being 1:5 with which they annoyed ye South Hattery having found two barrells of powder which belonged to ye fort or ye Queens stotchounc lij tlic iratcr side. The first day they attacked tile South Hattery which was commanded by Lt. "'obert Latham who had VI soldiers and 1.') inhabitants ; ye French find on them out of ye woods viry iiiueh with two great guns which they found on ye South point. In ye main garri.son wc had two men killed J. Hargery a serjt. and John Tielfiad inh ibitant. The Fr«iich sent very often fcinall parties between lit and 20 to amuse the garrison which weie generally coinmanded by a Serjt but to the south side lliey always sent a commissioned otficer. The} allowed the people at Kitty Vitty having » hundred men fit to bear arms to live in their own houses but they never offered to go to the help of the garri.soM and tolil the enemy of one Kicbaril King proposing going to ye fort and they had THE CAMPAIGN OF l701-o. 263 him presently killeil. Several inhabitants were hiispectetl of being in correspondence with the French. They destroyed all the town except four houses and took all the iutiahitants with them to I'etty Harbour four men heini; killed on the road from whence the inhabitants were at liberty except (io or 7i) whom they carried to I'lacentia several of which have since escaped. The said Campbell and one I'emberton was sent from ye Freiich several tiuics with a flag of truce and tiiat the French having found some papers with John Hoope have taken him to I'lacentia and intend to send him to France and the sd Uoope is afraid they will never release hiiu. lilCIIAItD SAMrS(JN'. 18 June 1705. (^liernrds.) (/.) Rooi'k's AccorsT. M. Supercass surprized the town all but ye garrison and neare ye fort for some little time gave no quarter but soone contradicted that order; all ye men which were about •2>2 were put iu ye (.'hureli for a prison which is an open place and itt being bitter sharp frost and much snow often falling severall died of ye cold and several had their feet frozen. Some dnj'S after he sent some Indians to Torbay who killed two men several hours after they had given them (juarter ; and after those in ye Church had been there a month he sent 80 of them under guard of a French party without Indians (each prisoner having a burden of 80 lbs. on liis back) to carry to I'etit luirbour their jilunder but five being faint and not able to carry their burdens aud for no other reason were barbarously murdered. The Indians for some mouths after went in ]ar.ies and everywhere disturbed ye fisheiy and iu Trinity Bay and Bonavista commuted several barbarous murders as 'tis said IU men and 2 little children after quarter. M. Supercass when departed burned aud destroyed all ye bnatcs, houses &c. and carried with him l.'jOof the ablest men aud forced them by ill usage to work on their fishery ; some officers f some houses ab.iui 80 paces from there and then our people went to clear away ye snow from ye giinns which there was all ye times ye enemy was neare ye forts. And immediately after they sate fire to one of ye houses and retired iu ye smoake thereof; about It days after M. Suhereass sent a truce with a letter, a copy of which I herewith otter [ste p. 24H] ye purport whereof was to have a parlee, which was held for four days and then broke olf ; on ye 2d day M. Subercass forced me to write the letter to Mr. Latham then com- manded ye Southsiile ('uNtle aud that is the letter yr Lordships were informed was treasonable which letter I herewith present [sec p. 244]. M. Subercass not g.iining his point, having found tivo barrels of powdir gott two facre guiis on a hill about liOO yards from ye Southside Cistle began to cannonade ye woodwork thereof and fired on ye first day about .■)0 shot but seeing he did little or no damage, he fired but now and then and scMiig ye sloope he had onlere 1 to come with 200 shells and an 1 1 inch mortar did not appear nor their fire-arrows thai they threw into ye Southside Castle did not take (for they were not well inide) he prepared to go off. 1 have before described how they burnt ye houses and treated ye prisnuurs, I only forgot that one (louling a missiofary Jesuit allways kept close to ye Indians until they came to Fcrrilaiul. In eight da)s he arrived at Ferriland where tlii'y destroyed all, for on going forth they had buriu'd none and whilst in St. John's they declared that if they could take the lort they would ile.-.troy notbnig, that M. Costabelle ye Leu' du Hoy was to be (toveriiour and a ('a|)uciau Friar come to bo chiiplain, that wbieh friar came from Quebec and is still at I'lacentia aud tis said there that there was an ordir from )e Court of France for ye expedition ; 'tis agreed by all there thai as soon as ye Charentv which is a Kings ship arrived att i'lacentia, La Vape was with all speed fitted out foi' Quebec and bio'iiiht back about 10t» Indians and Canail nils of ye race of vh French. Tliieo days after they came to Ferri- land they departed and then sent away M .Montiguy and most of the Canadians who went first to Conceptioit H.iy aud plundered and destroyed all there (Carbouear Island lit 11: 264 REICfX OF ANNE. ■ ,( Mr excepted), from thence to Trinity Bay ; frotn thence to I'nenu Vistii where Lt Moody (iih 'tis sui(l)liii(l c(;Mstitnte(loneUeor<;e SeiHinton Ciiief'e wlio is ii t^naUer iinil ye spirit not moving him, he cnpltnluted as soon nr- sum- moned and ngr'vii »o pay u certain snm, 2."iO Ii of well WHS to lie paid by bill of exchange in Bosti>n to M Montigny hnt when h" oapltn.uted he was on an Island and had 120 men witb tt guns and several I stores aiul arms of ye Queens whieh ho had luid from I.t Moody ; had notice of ye enemy and well on ye watch us 'tis said. 'I'hey carried all ye plunder of Coneci)- tion and Trinity IJay over ye ishnuis of Hay Jiulls in Triinty "ay where ye land carriage is butt 2 little miles on phiine grouiul and where they launch over tioais of three or four tun and it is that way they infest o\ir northern parts. About ye bi-ginning of July there came to I'lacentia about lot) Indians of another nation and brought their wives and children and went immediately to disturb our fishery and ye (iovernor did declare that our fishery shouhl always be disturbed and that he expected a greater force and then wouhl again attempt jst Johns. Joii.x Hooi'K. (Records.) (/l.) AXOTIIKU FuKNCa Aci'OLNT. [Hisliop Howley, who translated this MS. and ]>ublished it in the Kceninij Tclfj/ruiH of December l.'i, 189."}, says; — " This account is taken from the CvUvclion dc JJocnnieiits Uvlnlifs a rHistoiic de la Xouvi'llv Frunre, ))ublished under the aus- pices of the Ijcgislature of Quebec in IHH:!. The original of the present MS. is in French. The name of the author is unknown, but it is supposed to be either Chau.isci/ros da Lay or livdroii di' Citt((lir'', we began to despair of car'-ying out ,f .■ pr'ijcct, although everything was ready. r>:i the 1 4th it froze hard, aiul on the . •. h >.e bL'gan the march. Each one carried \' tit and grub (ri.Dres) on his back, as i. ivas no snow down to eimble us to use Uiu aiidei*, which weie left behind, and the greater part also threw away their rackets ; but when we were at a short distance from HcbouUe, an Knglish settlement, snow fell lo a ilepth of two feet. So we were delayed for two ilays. Among 400 men we had only GO pairs of rackets. It was pitiable to see tho.se who had none sinking to the thighs in the snow. At length we arrived at Heboulle, where we surprised the inhabitants, and we refreshed ourselves for two days and left a garrison there. We then scaled the mountain, which is very steep, high, and woow anything of this aceidi'iit until the following day. M. Subercasse si'Ut me with four strong Caiuiilians to his assist- ance. I fouiul him lying down, and unable to walk. I nuide a litter and had him carried by two men, and in many places we had to cut a read through the bushes to get him along. That evening we made a tilt for liiin (r(»/wHc) ; the troops took I'elty Harbour without any resistance. The following day we left him in charge of 8 .Vbenaiptis, to w horn we promised eight dollars ( /i»(V7 vsciis). So we left him there with a good escort. The following day. Hist March, we gained the depth of the wood to round tlie liottom of the bay of the harbour of St. John's, where we arri\ed before sunset. Altho' it was intensely cold we were not allowed to make !i fire. Fach one sought a bed beneath the firs, which are very thick, and we placed our moccasins under us, to thaw them, so that we would be able to put them on next day. Hefore nightfall we ascended with .\I. Suber- casse a height from which one could see all the harbour without being a'>le to distinguish the fort. Having returned, M de Subcicasse told nu' that M. De Costabelle and the other Missienrs (i/h. H/fi'ccr.v) were i;ot tor attack- ing the fort until after all the merchants and inhabitants slioidd have been taken. I said that that was a sine way not to succeed. They relied upon the fact tieit they had desputched, from I'lacentia, a brigantine. with orders to join us at St. .lohn's. She was armed with a mortar ami a number of bombs. However, he gave orders to M. De Heaueourt to go straight to the fort, to surprise and enter it, saying to him that apiietite comes with eating. M. de Montigny commanded another detaohment of Cuuttdiaus and Indians, i; 'V THE CAMPAIGN OF 1701-5. 265 It id 'S (I s. nntl M. L'Horniitte innrclu'o that it wa.s necessary to run at lull speed to invest all the houses, and the inhahitants were taken in their night shirts {tans niiil.i fii clicmisc, the MS. is not verv clear here. — M. F. M.) At the fort : — M. de lieaucourt contented himself with walkinj; along the jrlacis of the fort, without a soul stirrinfT ; and the Indians took three or four families outside, or beyond the fort. For all that the ^'arrison did not wake np, and it was about 8 o'clock when 1 nrriveil at the foot of the fjlacis, where I fountl M. L'llermitte, who was awaiting orders. 1 l)roposed to him to go direct to the fort. 'Ihe ditches were filled with snow; he said he had not orders to do that. At last an Englishman ajipeared aulteoii them and would not enter into any discussion. As this castle is at the foot of the mountain which commands it, almost i>er- ))endicularly (_incmr vii />/oh;/(((/(/), we hoisted up with capstans fiuir jjieces of cannon, of those which we had taken from the detached platforms. We fired a few shots with but little effect. However, we formed a guard to harass them night and day. They kept themselves always on guard for the :(:{ days that wu besieged them. The steep brow of the hill prevented the cannon from the fort from doing much harm, as they could not reach the houses. So they erected a scaffold- ing in the fort and placed cannon on it, by wliich means they could C(unmand the houses. One shot struck a chimney, ami sonn- of the bricks or stones flying from if Itioke the leg of a Spaniard whom they (the French ) had a.s ii prisoner ; also of M. I)eli;an, nephew of M. de Subercasse. The former died the next day, the latter the third day after. Seeing that the brigantine did not come, and as the season was advancing, they deler- miiied to decamp. They took three loads (charrors) of goods from the stores and houses, estimated at the value of about 4(»,0(M) pounds (/I'trr,?, (/M./rdHc.v). M. de Montiguy escorted them by night-time past the cantle. 266 RKIGN OF ANNE. 'r \ The tiijilit liffori- llio (li-piirture it frozo IiiirH, mill the whole hiu'lioiir »;ig canffht strdiifr fnoii^ih to Itciir ii Ik rsc, wliioli fcroi'd tliciti to liiirii the Ixitits iiiiil tilniiist till the nicrchimdisi', not being iihic to hriii;; them by IhikI. Ill tlu- iiiciiiitlinc the inliiibitanlH of (Jtiimiditv, who had twelve shaloiipes readv, otf'efed to eaiiy our loads to Iteboidle. Their otfer was accepted ; but we only gave them provisions to eairy. And we left on the "ith of March, after having set fire to all the \essels, iind bndxen up ii ship, and a grtat iiuinher of boHts. Note that y[, Montigny had been to CoiU'eption I'.ay, where he found all the in- habitants retired to the Isle of (^arl)oiinierp, whii'h is inaccessible. When we got to I'etit Harbour, where \\r liad left M. de Costabello, as we had made almost all our (irisoners follow, we resolved to send on some of them ; 80 we fitted out three shaloiipes. M. de Costabelle embarked on one of them; M. Durant, commissary, on another, and we coasted along, destroying all the Knglish settlements. When wo arrived iit Korillon the enemy wi're entrenched with cannon. M. Suber- casse sent to siiinmon them to surrender, which they refused to do; so he determined to give baitle. .\s soon as the enemy saw this movement, they iibaudt'iit-d their posts, opened the door to us, and surrendered at discretion. As we bad no further enemies to fear, Af. de .Montigny demanded u detachment of Cana'iians ami Indians to go and try to take the island of ( ';irbonniere. They made soiue prisoners there, and some plander, and re- turned to I'lacenlia. where we had arrived about a month previously. Jf. de Montigny was scarcely arrived, when he asked for a party to go along the Knglish coasts, which was granted. He left, and took the route of the Hay of Carnul, made the jtortpge of Trinity l?ay, where he captured the inhabi- tants, and took their effects in his little boat, which he sent back to I'lacentia, and he liim- f.elf coMtinui'd his (bourse to Jioiiiici-i.iU\ where he tiiiiiid the inhabitants entrenclie.] The Knglish have at all times used this Fishery on the Kastern coast and iu Harbours and Fishing places on that side, wherein they are protected against the French in the Summer Season by yearly convoys and men id" war sent thiiher. A Fort was erected .some years past in Bay St. .loliu's for the defence of the iidiabitants and retreat of olhcr.s that may come for protection from other harbours during the winter. The French who usually fish froni I'laceiitia on the south to westward, and Northward of the Islaiul ; have tlieir fortifica- tions in I'lacentia li:iy for defence of their Trade and I'rotection of their fishery Since the bt ginning of the last war, thq Convoys and men of war sent to Newfound- land have at times very nmch molested the Fiench in their trade and fishery, taken considerable nuuiber of ships and destroyed tlieir fishing .Materials on the South Coast, so the French have taken all advantage to annoy her Majesty's subjects by their shipping ; but chiefly by land, with assistance of Canadians as well French as Indians. Mons. Siihercase, Governor of Placentia. came in January last with about 4:{0 men, surprised the fishing places to the Southward of St. .lohn's and possessed himself of that Harbour, Fcrts excepted, where garrisons maintained themselves against the enemy «')t. thirty days when thev retired. They marched from St. .fohn's to Feriy- land and then Nortlmard to Itonavista and committed barbarities and destroyed bouts and tiakcs in the harbours. 'll LOKl) DAirrMOUTirS llErOllT. Sto7 Mi. (le Su1htc;iss(' took nwiiy wiili liiin II liiiinlii'il anil filly of our siMi'st iiu'ii, foi'ciii): flii'iu to Work in tin- l''n'n('li Fislicr.v ; nt tlic cinl of tlic si'iisoii K'lit scvi-rul of the joiiui; III, Ml to ( 'iiiiiiilii 1111(1 to Kiaiu'i', tlu' lost lire still lit k'liicciitiii, tlu'V nil' siild to Imvo I'literiil I'ri'iicli siMvicf pai'tiiMiliirly the Irish. I'liii'iiitia is the oiilv pliicc fortifu'd liv llic l''n'nrli in Ni-wfoiiiidhiiiil, Two Korts thi'i'f. Ii: lower Kort thirty-six (inns mill ill tilt' ("aslle on tliu Hill clcvi'ii fiiiiis and two !Mortiirs. 'riin-i' company's of Holdicrs, in vliolc one hniidii'd and twenty incn. In- liahitaiits — two Imnilrt'd tijrhtiiif; iiieii ami can draw fnrtlii'i- supply's from Si'itli'iiu-iits in Canadii, hi'sidcs Iniliiins. Our chief Kishfiy is on tlu; Kast of Newfoundland from Cape Uace to Cape Hoiiavista and French employ craft iiroiind rest of Island. Fish eoiniiif^ troin the South- ward reach the Freiicdi in the bcfiiiiniiif^ of Ajiril, wluMvas they do not conic to our most honlhcrn llarlioiirs before the end of the inoiilh and not to St. John's till the middle of May ; llie I'^rench liaviiif; beaoli on the (•o!i8t side, to dry and cure fish can he reaily to F'isli ill four or five days after their arrival niul on the K. and N. side of the Island, liaviii(r not met with molestation from us in tlicsc desolate harhonrs, find their sliifrcs and flakes in ccnditioii they left th';ni, whereas we have suffered niuidi in destruction of houses tlaki's and stages by incursions of I'lrnoh of I'laecntia assisted by their neigh- bours of ( aniida We li.ive ii])0ii the ])Otition of Merchants ie])ortcd our opinion that two or more men oC war might be appointcil early in the year tJ convoy the Fishing Ships and two others to convoy sack shiii.s, which have been accordingly ordered. Salt for fishery chiefly siipjilied from Portugal ; ordered convoy's for salt ships from liisbon to Xewfonndland. Has been our care, to prevent Irregii- lariiies committed by inhabitantti and Fisher- men, to give Instruction to C!ommodore, with icgard to the late Act of rarliament. We further offer; That the English that c:>ntiniie yearly in Xewfoiindland lire dis- jierscd into nbout thirty greater harbours li'sides coves and other l'"isliing places above Eighty leagues distant from N. to S. according to following schcnie : — [Omitted.] Tliiit the I'jiplish live there the whidc year without civill or Military (iovcrnmeiit evce])t St. .lolin's where are fortifications with a Captain w ho commands only his own officers and soldiers; ]\y reason of the dis- tances of the habitations from each other i.iid the inhabitants being under no discipline they will be exposed to incursions of the enemy, who are under strict rules of Goverii- iiieiit. For better security of the harbours of St. John's a boom and chain has been placed at the entrance of the harbour ou representa- tion to Her .Majesty. Ami for benefit of Mcrehtints and I'lanlerH, we represented to Her .Majesty lliiit the officers of the (iarrisoij of St. .lolin's be strictly prohibited frmii trading for thereby they have opportunity of eiigidsing trade and forestalling the Market. .\ml that the I'rize officer settled there bo for the sanK? reasons fi>rbicliltii to Irmie c\ce|)t lor disposal of ships and goods brought as prizes into .Vewfonndland. Orders in this behalf have in like manner been given. Our F'ishery has not of late years been so considerable as formeily, imputed oliietly to the interrnptioiiH oeciisioned by wmv as well in winter as F'ishing Seasons and in the passage of our ships to and from Europe as also by want of a vent for our F'isli in the dominions of Spain and otliiT parts ol' the Mediterranenn. This trade was first Niipporled by an Act of I'arliament in the second year of King lulward the Sixth ; a commission was sent in Ifil.'i for onquiring into afnises ; several regula- tions having been thereupon agreed in the Star (.Jhainher the same were framed into ix charter in 1C.3.'1 known as the HcKtern i.diarttr — this continued in force till IliU'.l when an Act of Parliament was past to Encoiiragi! Trade to .Vewfonndland by which the same is at present regulated — and we, having carefully ebserved the nianiigemcnt of the F'ishery in jnirsiiance of the said .\ct, do find by Infor- mation, of divers matters prejudical to this I'rade. That in genenil the inliabitants have not due regard to the Kegiilatioiis of the Act of Parliament it being found that X. of St John's as far as (.'arbonier and S. as far as Ferryland, the trees have been rinded and woods destroyed as inueh as before the .Vet. Fishing Admirals and mastersof ships do not exactly observe the Hules of the .Vet. There are few Admirals capable of keeping Journals and Accounts as the Act directs. ]''ishing Admirals before the L'Oth of August will hear complaints, but none received after ; they being generally the greatest offenders themselves. Vessels from Xew Fjigland supply X'ew- foundland with provisions viz Ihvad, Heef, Pork, F'lour, I'ease, Putter, Hoards, and great Qnaiititys of Tobacco. Fluropean commodities carried to Newfoundland by masters of sliijis as follows: from I'" ranee in time of ])eace, Pnind)-, Wine, Salt liniicn ciinvas ]iaper. Hats and Silks; from Spain, Wine, Hrandy, Jroii; from Portugal Wine, Hrandy, Salt, Oyle and Einneii ; all which goods sold or triickt with traders from Xew England for Tidiacco Sugar itc. which they carry to Foreign Parts so at the end of the year masters are wlioly taken up iu Management of that illegal trade. Xew England Traders seldom depart till men of war are sailed and then carry away handy-crafts-Meii, Seamen and fishermen whom they entice iu expectation of great wages. w ij! 208 REIGN OF ANNE. I: f> AlustrrM of HhipN ncpli^i'iit in )iriiif;iii^ their mi'ii lioiiii', wliiTcliv tlu-y siivc llii'clmi'frc <)t° tiii>ii' piissiigf, iiivn MO irit lire intieeil iiikI eiirriefl iiway to New Kii^rliiiKl, 'I'lie Iteason wliy llie New I'lnfflniid nii'n (iRh upuii ttie eoiist of Newt'oundlaiKl Ix'Niiles ciirrvinj,' on ille(ial traile i» tluit they limy get those men ; tln'v liiiviiif; otherwise a most lidviiiitiigeous tisliery on tiieir own const. The preventing of wliich Irre^nilarities we humbly olTer to tiiis ilonhji- House our opini(ui, tiiat a power be jfiven by a clause in an Art tliat shall be passeil to eomniandeis of Her Majesty's Ships of war, and to ad ■ irals of eaeli Harbour in Newt'oniulland, lo lay fiiu's and penalties upon offenders aj;uiiist tlie said Act, sucli fiiii" not exceediiiff the sum of £.">. ntfi and power likewise given tliein of confininf.' such oti'enders in ease of non-pay- ment, Kuch oonlineinent not exceeding the space (d' ten dayc. That the conuimndera of Her Mi'jestys Sliips may have the power of a custom house officer to search New Kngland Ships upon tlu'ir coming, and to take a. 'count of the uuiuher of their crew and I'asseugerg and to take hiMid from e;ich of the masters that they shall not carry away a greater nuiiiberof men tlian tliey brought, which we hope would in a great measure jirevcnt irregularities com- mitted by New Kngland Tinders. A.S early as the year KJl.'i the fish killeil by Knglisii aiuiiiouiited to ;to(),()()(» (Quintals, and we have been well informed, that in several years after ye year lli.'iO, we have taken (season favourable) ah( ve lOO.OdO (juintal.s, but that about ye year lO.M, (until which year and some time afterwards, we fiiinished Kiance itself with fish) tlie French eiitereil iiprm that Traile, and liave r ..-session of a large jiart of the Island, and have by degrees advanced their Fishing so n.s to he snperioiir to ours, by which means our trade has decreased, they having since furnished the Dominion of France and even other nations befoie solely sup))lied by us. I'poii all which foregoing considerations, we cannot but conclude that whilst I'laccntia does remain in the hands of the French, our Fishery will lie under continual discourage- ment all whidi is most humbly suhinitted. III. Capture of St. John's in 1708. (((.) tliiAULEVoix's Account. I have already observed that the centre and stores of all the Knglish seltleiiients on that island were on St. John's Hay. I)e Jst. Ovide proposed to AI. de Costebelle to rtdnce St. .John's at his own expense He arrived on the last day of the year [with one hundred and sixty-fiuir men iucliidiiig Indians] about five leagues frmn St. .lolin's without being observed. Two hours before <1ay, they pushed on in n clear moonlight to the head of St .John's harbour, whence he rti'ouDuitrt'd the whole place leisurely. He then marched on, led by hud guides, whotn ho should have distrusted. As soon as be dett'cted their treachery, he moved from the centre where he was, to the van, V. here the voliinleerN were and put him- self at their head. He was disc;)vcicd three hundred puces from the fort he designed attacking, so that some musketry fire opened e St. Ovide .sent to summon it, and the commander asked twenty-four hours to reply, and although he had eighty men in a strong- work, provisions for several months, ipiite a good supply of artillery, large cannon and a bomb mortar, as well as a botub-proof vault, he surrendered. Ovide dispatched a messenger to inform (Jostabelle of his success. Learning tliat some Knglish had escaped to Belle Isln and had embarked from there to Kngland, he sent word at once by a small ship to ]' ranee, that the Court there might learn what had been achieved as early as that of London. This step offended M. de Costabelle, who considering it useless to expect troops from TinO CLMTniE OF ST. JOHN'S IN 17(^8. 2fli) Frmicc mid not haviii); men cnnii^li to defend biifh |ilii(^eN, ordured l)t' St. Ovide to demolish llie forts mid ruturn to I'liicentia by the eml of Mhi-cIi Ht leust. 'I'liey l>roiifflit iiwiiy laifie ^to|■e!', UN tlirec Innidred Kiijilisli were on llie ].-ointof niiii'chinf; tosnrpriso I'liicentia. (/*.) FinsT KN i.' which allarmed the place ; this depouei t being one of the Captains of Miliiia foi the New Fort went to his appointed to I'laceiitia on Jaiiy. H. AI. St. Ovide gave the inhabitftnts 24 hours to consider his proposals of ransom which if rejected he would send them all prisoners to Canada ; he said it was His ^Master's intention to keep the country. The inhabitants under threat of burning the town were forced to agree to terms of ransom. A party of men were sent to Ferryland under M. Laroud but failed to take it, the inhabitants ^11 !ii!!: ilKl i.i! 270 IIKI(;X OF ANXK. ref'iisinjF to iidrnit ii lliij; of truce. The Fn nch rt'trt'ilt was liiiidcrt'il tor ii iiioiiiti l(v ice. Alter the ilestnielion of the fort M. 8*. ttviile retired to the eiistle where he wild nearly' blown up liy powder, otie otiieer was killed. Miireh 'J7 M. St. Ovido Hailed for I'laceiitia takiii)f l{. Cole, Allyu Soiithiuayil, Win. Keen, Thomas Uu-isell, Win. Nieholls, John Colliii.s, and Sipiarry and arrived at I'lueentia the ."dli of .\pril. On the l:tth Mav .Mr. Lloyd and Mr. Phillips Baileil lor ( 'anada. ( )ii the 2('ith of May arrived the Kiddell nian-ot-war from Franet' with two hundred .soldier^ for reinforein;; St. John's and St. Ovide received news of \m lieiufj ereated Knijjht (d'Sl. Lewis and (iovernor of St. John's. On tin- •Jfith EII. The iidiabitants of St. Jolni's, I'etfy TTarbour, Hay liuils, t^nidi \'idi, Tar Hay, l*(Utugul Cove and I'arliean have this day C-'nd Feby. ITO'.i; desired .M. St. Ovide to grant ns liberty to ransom or buy our goods as (,peeitied in the ".» following articles: — First. We promise to pay .M. St. Ovide or his order, a hundred (]uintids for each slialloji and fifty for eatdi half-shallop si'ut fishing of tliij fish first cured or if the Kngli^ii take this piift, to St. Ovide's order in London se\enty and tiiirfy-Hve poinids sterling res])ec- tively in August or ( (ciober. Second. That our houses nnd clothes be preserved. Third. That uo damage be done to our stages, boats, itc. Fourth. That the said St. Ovide is to furnish us twenty hogsheads of suit per shallop ransomed. F'iftli. That the F'rench do not waste our victuals. Sixth. That our boats be allowed to go fishing. Seventh. That any French plundering us shall make restitution and be punished by .M. St. Ovide. Fighth. We promise to be neuter until our ransom be paid. Ninth. If the French retain Xewfoinid- land, to have liberty to go to New or Old Knglanil or remain in the country and retain our liousit'. Siiineil • It) H i:> 12 4 The whole ransom was computed at £7,280. (vi;i(Noit (^ut.i.iNs' I'lTiriox. Hy Captain Jdsi.imi Tvvi.ui it Coininander of her .Maj. ship LitcliMidl and Coni- nninder-in-idiief of her .Majesties lorces in Newfoundlaint to .Ioiin Cui.i.inh Ksiire. hereby aiipointed (io\errioar and Commander in Chief of tlie Fort and Harbour of St. John's and all the sea coasts bet -Veen Ferry land and Carboneur Island. Ity virtue of the [tower gi\en nn- by Her Jfaj. I do hereby Constitute and appoint \(.u, until further order (jovernoiir and ( onnnander in eliii t'idthe Fort and llarlMuirof St. .lohn' . and all the sea coasts between Ferryland luul (arbonear Island, Willing and reipiiring yoit forthwith to take upon you the said charge and commaml : Heipiiring all ollicers inhabi- lanis anil others to be obedient to you as their (iovernour : and you are to lake care to sei'ure and defenil the said fort against the enemy and to keep good order and disciple amongst those under your connnatid au\\v, Viing altogether det'enceless and under the garrison, V pet' was loreed (after all |)0ssi.ri ■ .esistance) to submit with the rest (it ;;u' .nhahitants a^ d to [lay a consider- able ransom after which he was treacherously carry'' away to I'lacentia and detained there to his great prejudice several months before he was permitted to return. That in Oct. 1709 Capt. Taylour y' Maj. Commodore being there, and impowered and authorized to grant a eommissiou to whrm- soever he should find most deserving uixm the place. (The former Governour Captain Loyd being carritd into France and since killed there) your pctiouer was appointed gov', and ' CAI'TATN CIIOWK'S LAWS. 271 Com' in rliiif of tlic Fort nf St. .Iiiliii\ wliidl lie iicccpii'il lit till' ii'ipiot III' the »'' (oiii- iiiciiloii- ihf sc\iT;il M<'i,'lmiii-< mill 'I'linlrrs mill nil otlii'i' the iiiliMl>itaiits of the I'laci' iiiiil J' ]>«•(' llllS I'VIT hillCC ill'lll till' Hiiinc lit Ills own (.'idit iliaric anil In llic 8ali8r'i('liiiii ot nil ciiiiccnieil ill till' TiMili' llu'if. Wlii'ii'lorf v' |ii't' liminjr mpi.l.inti'il nci (itlu-r incti'ii-ioii (rofii'ii^ in iijiDii an ciilirc varaiirv ) |n't" Ciir OonMiionr's pay and roi.tiiiiiaiice in (invt, nil 1 ui^t to 111' fi'iniivfil wiilioiit jilct Keason mill \ imr iici' ."tc. \i.'. To sm: Qii-:i;n'« ^^ll^^ Kxckli.knt .M V.II>TV. Tlu' tiiiinbli' iiiIilresH nl' tlii' inlialiitiints in NrwCoiinilliiiiil. I)iiail Sdvcrci;,'!! ; We Miiu' most iliitil'ul subjects inlialiif- iii'X yr piovMii't' of Ni' vt'oiiiiillaiHl ili> linnilily lie;: li'iivi' to frnilrr o'lr iiiit'i'i;.nii'il (jralitnik' for t'aioiirs .... which «itli(ii)l's nssistuMiu liavi' in a jircat uifa.snre (.'oiitriliiili'd to onr bi'iiij; protectt'il ii;;ainst the vioU-nt oiitrui;es of onr barbarous iu'i{{Iibonrs tin.' Frciu'li. whose liolil atti'ir.pt upon our coa>t liavt' rcniii-ri'il tin- ailjnri'iit unfortilieil har- bours must . (laiii:t'roiis ns they would onr re^iilin;; iit St .lolin's had not yr .Mnj. IJoyal WiKibun thoiiiibt proper to order our bein^ veijulatt'd into a Miliiia mid to be put under I'tiiiiiiiand of .lolin ( ollins whose extraordinary \ij.'ilanee and )iniileiit conduct in gnardiiiir mid repairih;.' yr Maj. Tort in St. .lohirs and refTiila'ln^r and orderiiig lis for its defence hav'.- been nianiftsted toour tiitire satisfaction. We tlieiefore bef.' leave to reeoinini'im liiin fur the care he has taken anil the ureal mid necessary expellee he has been at to the prejudice of liis piivate alTairs. Siibsi-rilied by all the best iuhabitunts that are masters of families. ronenrrin^r pet" from n number of principal .Merchants and -Masters of shio:; iu liOndoii (and more are ready to do it if lieedlul). IV. Captain Crowe's Laws. By (\i|>tain .Ins. Cuowi:, Commaiuler-in- Chief of IIM shi|is, forts, and j;arrisoii in Newtbundland. A record of several laws and orders debated at several courts. Present, com- manders of merchant ships, chief inhabitants ; mid wit lie' -.-.s beiiii; examined, it w.is brouiiht tofollowiiif; cimcliision, between '2'M-d August and iM-d (.)ct(d).r 1711 : — 1st. That a sum of money should be collected by voluntary i;ift from commanders of ships, niereliants. masters of families, mid others, for repairing church whieb. was de- molished, and sub.-istence of minister. '-'ml. 'fhat orders be j-.iit up nt piiblie- hiili-es mid other pinces for Mlppiessiiij; drniikeiiiiess, eursinjr, and swearin^.i'. Fiiiei and punishment uccording to iiniiewd copy [omilttdj. Mrd. A body of sciinieli or others hIioIiIiI keep guard in thi night In preveir iiiisehiefH by spyi'H (d' llie enemy mid etlicr- In lie raised a-i fiilliinti, \\/.., fl'iilii the enliipleiilelits of I liu ship in the luirboiir, one man Ini cM'iy lifteiii, and one man fur evi ry three Inlets id' In- liabilniits and by biat ke pco ; a esiiin of persoiiH iiiiiler-meiitii)ned (to wiM. liiehard ( 'oii s- \\orth\, upper -lage.liiiii^e ainl rnoin at iVnrt nt Ibirsthart ilill ; ( aplniii Stalb'id, in behalf of Henry lViil"ii, one stire-lioiise on vice- admiral's roon. ; I hoiiias and .Inhn Sipiary, one store - house on adniirar> loun; Mrs. Tiiif's, ill behidf of Mrs. Anne Karll. the upper stage adjoining to his own two 1 oat> room; (iovernor ('ollins, in hcliulf ot" Mrs. Ilolenuin, one sliiie-bon>e on llie vice- adiiiiral's r-ioiii ; Hugh Tucker, in behalf of .lobii Harris. l'.si|., of Kxon, one store Iniiit'e oil the adiniral's room; ('a]iiniii lloisw(,r;fj in behalf of .Michael .Martin, one >u (iovernor <^'oles- Toad's Cove. J wortliy. From Isle of Speer, Soiitherl} . into fort at l'"erryland. 6tb. Houses in fTort \\'illiani not to h<3 sold or let, but in ease the iiersoii who built it does not inhabit it tlninseives. said houses to be at the disjiosal of (icvernor Collins, to put in persons iiestituic of habilutiou in buld fort. Coneeplion iJay upon \: , 272 REIGX OF ANNE. ! I I Tth. Owners of such houses not haviiijr prcpoi'tiim ol' ptople to saul housi-, at dlRcre- tiou of (Jovernor Collins to put in otlitTs. 8fli. If not sufficient fjround in fort to laild liaMti) ions, Governor Collins to give leave 'or 1 uiidiiig proper habitations under the tfuns within outwork of fort. 'Jtli. To prevent servants hiring them- selves to one, two, or three musters at onec, governor to oblige them to par for such otfeiice &2 lo.v., or otherwise cause them to be whipt three times forward and backward along some jinblic place. 10th. Five men for I'ach ship in harbour shall go into the wooils and cut twentv stock- ades and pallasadoes to repair works of fort of St. John's, and l)oat k''epers for every boat to fetch as man\-. 11th. I'lantation of John Drue, of St. John's, provetl lo he ship's room, yet, in regard to his age, and thereby past labour, may enjoy same di'fing life, but after his decease to return to right of ships. l:ith. Air. Turf'.< confirmed at second ap])lication to loose upper stage adjoining his own two boats room that he now holds ill behalf of Mrs. Anne Earl, mentioned i." 4th Article. 13th. Whosoever shall demolish, i'efr.ce, or break down any stage, cooke room, house, or Hakes by removing niffters, rinds, floorings, shoars, stakes, or layers, except to employ them on same room next year, shall forfeit CIO for repairing same to possessor of said stage and room. 14th. House in possession of Captain Arthur Iloldsworth that formerly belonged to Mr. Lint, cinifirmed to said Captain Holdsworth, right being assig;;' ,1 to him by Mr. Hichard (..'olesworthy. l.")th. Minister to have subscription for ensuing year from shollups, three, the two men boats, two, and the ship one tpiititol of dry nierchandalile lish to be levied as followelh : — One from owner of stage, one from boat keeper, and one from servants. Kith. \ plantation of three boats rooms in possession of Abiaham Harrot and Richard Sutton in Torbay. Being ships rooms, they are dispossi'ssed in right of ships that have occas'on for them next year. Jos. CltOWE. V. Sir N. Trevanion's Orders and Fishery Scheme. ( nierchandable From the skiffs - one J fisli. And planters very backward in paying, he got only one hundred quintals of fish this season. Confirms what Commander Crow and Court agreed to for minister's sujsistence, and to encourage him to remain. 3rd. Confirms John Collyns, F]sq., Governor of Fort William, and it is appointed, during cessation, that twenty men lie in fort every night. 4th. Warrant granted to call Mr Benger before him [the Governor] relatipg lo Sir William Hopkins' place at Ferryland, now in possession of Widow Clap]), and tenement formerly in possession of Sir David Kirk; but Mr. Benger did not appear. 5th. Mrs. Benger, wife of James Benger, appeared relating to a tenement formerly in possession of William Bennet, deceased. Mrs. Benger willing to allow to heirs of William Bennet, deceased, to one Tomson Heeve ,-U10 per annum till further decided. 6th. Other matters between masters of ships and planters ai.tl boat-keepers relate to debts not mentioned, parties being satisfied. (6.) FlSHKRY SciIKMIi KOll 1712. 1st. lieferred to annexed scheme for number of English phmters [always given on a separate slieet] . 2nd. Planters receive little sustenance from the countries, and kill few beavers and other wild beasts. 3i'd. Inhabitants have most salt pro- visions from Ireland ; fresh provisions, as bread, pease, Ike, i"r;im New Knglanil and Peiisilvania ; salt from Lisbon and Isle of Alay, and in war time from prizes brought in. 4th. Strict orders that no trees be cut down t:r rinded luu' woods set on tire, except for building, nor trees cut dovvn on account of making oyle. 5th. Has taken all care to settle matters between fishing ships and planters, to give each their rights. mh FISHERY SCHEME FOR 1712. 27. '< 6th. No complainfs of fishing ships. 7th. Care taken timt b'- .lOat keepers and fishinfi ships do carr "sneli niimher of f>-i'8h men and j^reeii men as Act directs. Hth. No comphiints of marks of any boats or train vats beintr alter'id. _9th. No complaints of any person Jeavin<; the country; do not destroy or injure stajfes, &c. 10th. No comphiints that any admiral, vice-admii-al, anil rear-admiral do inposs more btach or tlakes than they pitch upon at their arrival. 11th. Orders sent to admirals and chief planters of every little cove, to jrive acconnt of boats and fish and of inhabitants, which is hereunto annexed. 12th. General court held twice a week with admiral and vice-admiral to assist, and endeavoured to settle diiferences relatinjj; to pluntei's and boat keepers, servants, &c. l.'Uh. Orders to captains of men-of-war and admirals of harbours, that no ballast be thrown out of ships in harlroiirs. 1 4th. Care taken that offals have not been offensive, stajres so near water, when thrown in it is viashed awiiy. 1.5th. Care that Lord's Day duly ob- served. Corrections to all so ofTendiufr. 16th. None but Her Majesty's subjects fish or take bait in ports inhabited by English. 17th. Care *akeu that fish be preserved with gocd salt and sent to market in good condition. IHtli. No wine nor brandy brought from New Kngland, only rum and molasses, which is the liiitfis in debt to master? of ships and merchants lo vav ensuing year it able. null. 17th of Sei)tein;)cr \' lien governour arrived, so could not ^ret i,,..stcr"s names ; most of thee.i gone be<.)re his arrival, but by scheme it i, four' -nere were twenty sail belonging to .'Vmeric i, brougb*. bread, pea.se, rice, rum, toba -co, "-.iollasses, and cattle, &,c., &e. 0th. Provisions from England, Ireland, New England. .'s'ew England men and return home in their ball.ist 21st. Account iii former article of pro- visions brouglit liither, there is sugar and tobacco, hut cannot find any cotton wooll, iudico, ginger, fustick, or any dying wooil, nor any put on board ships to Spain, I'ortugal, or any foreign part. 22nd. Refers for information to schenii! for number of boats and men employed hy inhabitants. 2:!rd. .\sto 27th Article, refers tosclienu' for number of fishing ships and boats, with burthens, &c. Men's food is beef, fish, pease, &c. Beer brewed with molasses and spruce. (fO out of harbours in shallops, seven men and five men in a boat ; catch fish with hook and line, first |)art of year their bait is muscles and lances ; about middle of .lune bait is capeling, squid, and fresh herring, and end of year they fish with herring only — nets purposely for taking the sort of bait. " 24th. Price of fish this year from thirty to thirty-six ryalls per quintal good mer- chandable fish. Broken fish whieh they call refuse fish sold f(U' twenty ryalls per ipiintal, and carried to Spain and Portugal and oyl made of livers car"ied to England; value of oyl 16/. per tun. 25th. Kefers to scheme for number of sa<;k ships. They load with dry fish bound to several ports as Spain and Portugal. . Hut eight ships this year could not get loading anil forced to go in ballast to Virginia to seek freight. 26th. Strict charge to carry back men brought from England. 27th. Best enquiries made to know what inhabitants at Placeutia ; five liundred men, two hundred women, and children. (Jrivit quantities of fish eatclnd there this year and sold for iwenti-two ryalls a quintal. 28tli. Fort and platform of sixty guns, ammunition, and victuals from France and Canada. Quantities of aminiinition not in- formed of and provisions no want of. 2".)th. Thirty sail from Placeutia this year — most ca'ne to make fishing voyage, and some to buy fish to earrv to market — sliips that fish n])on banks talciug cod and salting and carrying them in bulk to Fr.ince, ami in hay they fish up(>u coast of Canada, and salt fish after same ma uier. .'iOtli. X- ' , • natiiiii besides England and France, e.vtvi)[ .■^pani!lrds, coin,' by stealth into harbours where they are not discovered. 31sf. Care taken to see all New England nici: out of port, so that tln'v do not carry aw.iy any of Her Majest\'s subjcjls. / p. 2729. h 271 rA ■ !l i > i CHAPTER XL liEiaX OF GEOUGE I. 1714-1727. 1714. — Difficulties iihoiit fis'iiiig rooms in riaceiitiii soUi by French to ])lanters and ofBcors. 1715. — Spuiiiards not allowed to fi.viih ihe French about English settlers' fishinjj establishments near C'lipe Honavista. 1719. — Claim Mfraiu ni:\dL' by Eiscayans to fish in Xewfoundland disallowed. 1723. — Grant of .salmon fishery to Skiffington between Cape Bonavista and Cape John. UndtT the sovereignty of the lifst Hanoverian King there vveie few stirring events in the Colony ; the lu.stoiy of our Island in this reign is a clu'oiiicle of the pipinj- times of peace. English trade flourished, settlements increased, the poor Newfoundland planter no longer listetied for the dreaded war-who(»p of the Abenaquis, or the tramp of the invading French soldiers.* The immediate i-esnlt of the peace is best .shown by the enormous increase of the Engli.sh fishery. Whilst in 1713 there were only forty-six fishing ships, with one hundred and sixty two boats, one liundred Jind ninety-live bye-boats, and two hundred and eighty-eight inhabitants' boats, in the following years the figures 'ere: — 17U 1716 17I(i rishinK Shi|is, loii Itiuits. Hyoljoiits. ■tn ••iiii Ill- is I InlialiitiMils' ilouts. .■5112 4li8 41 W Fish ciiiiftlit by Ship Fishernicn. Quii'ials. :i.A.(iiM) 8ll,(!22 88,t(i'.» Fish ciiuirht by Inli.ibitnnts and Hyelidiits. Quiiitiils. 45,0(,'() ."J.-i.aSl ' In 1717 the "Second Soni'vsetshire Hepiment," now the First ISattalion Prince of Wales' Volunteers, the" Fifihiinj; Fortieth " — a cori)s familiarly known by the sobricjuet of " Kxoellcrs" (XL-ers) — was formed of eight independent companies raised in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The field officers carried half-i)ikes ; the company-officers, spontoons ; the Serjeants, halberds, and the rank-and-file, flint-lock n)uskcts and sho;i words. Having served in the Colonies for nearly fifty years, the rcftiment was transferred to Ireland in I7G4, where it remained throughout a decade, having six years prcvimisly to its recti II from Camidawon the first "honour" inscribed on its colours at the memonibh! sieije of Louisburg. The Itegimental Kecords have been edited by Captain liaymond Smythies. INCREASE OF THE FISH FRY 273 In 1711 and 1712 the common danj^er had united the ship fisher- men and tlie pkintei's in ai-rangements for orderly ^overninent. Their town meetinijrs lasted, however, only for the two years. When onci the stern pressure of war was removed by the peace of 1713 all the old quarrels revived, the fishing admirals and the merchant adventurers returned to their normal habits of disorder t_\ ramiy, and persecution. The Commfd)re and his officers were gradually curtailing the fishing admirals' powers. If we are to judge l)y Mr. Larkin's report, in some instances this was going from bad to worse. The liimtLuatits in Captain Poulton and Captain Fairbourne's time all took bribes of fish. " The present Commander, Cajjtain Graydon," he says, " had taken much pains to do the country justice and to settle religion amongst them." Larkin gives a doleful pictui e of the disorders prevalent in the Colony. This unfortunate condition of affairs was due to the extraordinary imbecility of the British Government. They endeavouied to rule the Colony without a Governor, to defend it from invasion witliout adeijuate military or naval ibrce, to distribute justice without duly constituted courts or laws made by the authority of the Imperial Parliament ; in fine, they went on adiriinistering the affairs of the Islantl in the most blundering manner, and then stupidly wondered because the inevitable result was chronic disorder and chaotic confusion. OEOKOE I. From an ciigvnvin'j nftev XneUev. After the Treaty of Utrecht, by a very singular and ill-conceived arrangement, Plarentia was placetl luuler the government of Nova Scotia, whilst the rest of the island was ruletl by the admiral or commodore. A very troublesome question arose out of the Queen's sympathy with the sufferings of the French Protestants undergoing the hardships and cruelties of the galleys by order of Louis XIV. In order to get these poor slaves released, she made the following liberal ai rangement. s 2 ■VI 'I 276 REIGN OF GEORGE I. I" m The Treaty of Utrecht was signed on the Slst of March 1713; on the 23rd of June of the same year Queen Anne wrote to Nicliolson, Governor of Nova, Scotia : — " Whereas our good brother the most Christian King hath at our desire released from imprisonment aboard his galleys such ol' his subjects as were detained there on account of their professing the Protestant religion, we being willing to shew by some mark of our favour towards his subjects how kind we take his com- pliance therein, have therefore thought fit hereby to signify our will and pleasure to j'ou ; that you permit such of them as have any lands or tenements in places under your Government in Acadia and Newfound Land, that have been, or are to be yielded to Us by virtue of the late Treaty of Peace, and arc willing to con- tinue our subjects, to retain and enjoy their said lands and teiiements, without molestation, as fully and freely as others of our subjects do or may possess their lands or estates, or to sell the same, if they shall choose to remove elsewhere. And for so doing this shall be your warrant." PLACENTIA. Ji.M. MSft., 2t,iys. Legal questions arose out of this transaction. l\Iost of the French- men, before leaving Placentia, sold their places ; Governor Moody and the English officers bought several pieces of land ; some of these at the gut were re(|uired for fortifications, and, after soyie delay, Moody was paid for his land by order of the Board of Trade. The ship iishermen comjilained bitterly of this trans- action, which deprived them of free ships' rooms, and as Placentia was renowned for fisliing, they could nut benefit by the new acquisition without paying high rents to officers and the (lovernor. It appears, notwithstanding Costabi'lle's urgent appeal, many French remained behind in Placentia, and secretly encouraged Biscayans and French Biis(|ues to fish there. The poor Biscayans were misled l)y the Spanish authorities ; they believed that, under Article XV. of tlie Treaty of Utrecht, they had fishing rights in Newfoundland. This Article declares : — " Ai;d because it is contended on behalf of Sp.'iin, that the Biscayans and other sub)octa of Ilis Catholic Miijesty have a certain right of fishing in Newfoundland His liritannic Majesty agrees tiiat to the Biscayans imd other Inhabitants of Spain be reserved oil the privitejrs to which they can with right pretend," '' I THE BISCAYANS. 277 The EngliHh declared the Biscayans had no fishery rights in New- foundland, and under no circumstances would they tolerate the Spanish pretensions. In the year 1715, according to the Spanish records, some Biscayan vessels arrived at Placentia and, as they had expected, the English Governor of Placentia ordered them off. He said : — " He had no orders from tho kins t?) coiiHent that the Spaniards should enjoy any fishing privileges undor the Treaty of Utrecht." The unfortunate ship masters had to return empty to Spain, losing their voyage and the large expense of outfit ; however, notwithstanding this order, many Biscayan ships fished out of Placentia, and when the English Government became very strict, they transfen-ed their vessels U'jminally to English owners, and sailed under the English flag. A ease is mentioned as late as 1765, in which two ships were found to be owned by Spaniards. It lias been contended by the French that the English never settled or fished north of Cape Bonavista prior to 1705. This statement is contradicted by many facts recorded in contemporaiy history. There can be no doubt that in the sixteenth and in the early part of the seventeenth century the French fished about Notre Dame Bay, and it was in this locality tliat they came in collision with the Red Indians, but afterwards we find all their fishing establishmetits were further north, only an occasional ship locating east of Fleur- de-Lys, in Notre Dame Bay.^ In proof of this we have the ex- pedition of Captains Underdown and Lloyd in 1706 ; all the French places mentioned are on the line of coast extending from White Bay to Quirpon, none were found elsewhere. The reason why our opponents selected this portion of the coast is very obvious ; it contained a number of excellent harbours, it was removed from their dreaded enemies the Re-i Indians and the English, and for fisliing vessels it aftbrded tlie very best field for operations. We know from the records that the French moved about a good deal, shifting their (]uarters oftener than the Englisli ; here, at Petit Nord, they had the best part of the north-east coMst and the Straits of Belle Isle, then, as now, the very best fishing ground in the Colony. Subsequent to the French attack of l()96-7, from ab.,>ut 1700. the English settlements were gradually extended north from Bonavista ; *i ' " riionias Mitchell csipturod and tiikon foiirtoeii li'iifjiu's \. of Cai>e FrillH. No more to Whitf Ishind 7tli .rmio l(i'.)7. This isliiiid ship-; thore, hut tlwre were thirty or forty lies half a luile from the shoare uud is further aloiiy the cuast," (^B. of T., Njlii.) I • II': 278 REIGN O GEORGE I. ii:i' ' Sl SETTLEMKNT NORTH OF MONAVISTA. 279 53 o O ~ * '? ■3 e some of the first "liviers," in Old Newfoundland parlanco, liu 1 by this tim(; built their huts and fishing stages as far north as Twillingate, Exploits, and Kogo. T. COUa LOTTEIl"s MAP OF 1720. S.V., 70020 (.-.). There can be no surer guide to the nationality of the occupiers of the Newfoundland coast than the names of the vaiious harbours. Pla- centia Bay, St. Mary's Bay, Fortiuie Bay, and the western shore towards Cape Ray, all testify by their nomenclature to French occupation ; siniilarly such vulgar English names as Bett's Cove, Tilt Cove, Seldom- Come By, Nippers Harbour, Joe Batts Arm, Leading Tickles, undoubtedly prove the presence of English fishermen as the occupiers and first settlers in these localities. Turning Pai tridge Point we find from the bottom 280 REIGN OF GEORGE I. ivll i'i iii<^ 11 "f Wliite Bay to Quirpon mainly Frencli names, showinjj that these harljours were used by our opponents. Tlie following historical evidence bears out the same conclusion : — " fifxiEii from Wm Coca of Honavistii to Col. Nohris 7 Sep. 1698. " I tliiiik it my duty to acquaint your Honour that to tho North side of thia hay are many extraordinary harhours and better fishing; one William Wyng has fished there some j-ear.s (it heing 14 leagneb N Wo N" from this ii'rtnc) who has still increased the iniiabitants of this phice very considerably, and this year one Nowill has been that way who har more fish for his two boats than they have for shallops, so that next summer sevi .ill of the inhabitants of this harbour design to remove thither and their masters of ships that have fished there this year intend to be likewise, for it is certain the fewer boats are kejjt in a place the belter the fishing. " I write this that those sent to settle afli'air.s may have jiower as far as Cape Frilis. I think a draught [chart] ought to be ilrawu of that place. There is room for five hundred sail." ' The Enolisli settlements north of Bonavista grew so rapidly that in 1 782 the counnodore was instructed to include in his " scheme " an account of Fogo, Tw'illingate, and any other places lie thought fit, but none appears to have been furnished until that of Captain Vaiibrugh in i7:W. The most important particulars then were : — Hoats Hoiits Rc- risliing Sn<'k Piisscn of Fish- of In- H.vc- Sciil In iiitiincd Ships. Ships. Kt'is. iiiif hiilii- lioiit- Fish. Oil. Furs. Fnmi- Fnrm- hiibi- liist Ships, tiints. men. Vnliic. Viihie. lii's. era. tants. Wintor. Qntls. £ i^ Foiro . 7 i 71) M 21 135 IIMIIK) 770 HOO 21 None 215 IW Twilliiiiralc 2 3 .")U 8 Iti i;)() 12.lKtO HO 100 1(1 Nono 184 Va In 1739, 38G persons remained during the winter. In 1742 Fogo and Twillingate were credited with making J;2,550 from seal oil.' These official returns prove conclusively the English occupation prior to 1708, and there can be no doubt that there were a number of smaller settlements which never made any returns. Palliser, in his report of 17t>8, says Twillingate was never formerly used I'V the French ; and the master of the Bon Avti admitted that he received an extra bounty fiom the French Government to fish there, in order to anno}' and drive away the English settlers. There are entries in the books of Messrs. Gundry, Bridport, showing luircliases of nets, lines, and cordage by the Nobles as far back as 17C0, iind thirty years later (17i>0) Rowsell's accounts with tliis most ancient firm showed veiy large dealings and very extensive fisheiy operations. ' Records, Board of Trade, yewfoundhind. (■■ i. DISPUTES WITH THE FRENCH. 281 amounting in some cases to £1,000 for the year. John Shido of Poole, who cafried on business in Twillingate early in the eisj^liteenth century', died in 1792, leaving a fortune computed at £70,000 sterling, all made out of the Newfoundland trade. All these facts form a complete answer to the French contention that tlie English never occupied any place north of Cape Honavista l)rior to 1703. It is well known that during the celebrated Seven Years' War which commenced in 175(5 the French virtually abandoned Newfoundland ; they were chased from tlie North American seas by British cruisers during the ten yeai-s prior to 1703, and English fishermen occupied all the de.serted French e.stablishments as far north as Quirpon. There is abundant evidence on this point from the lec )rds. Many years, however, prior to 1703 there were British settlements sparsely scattered all aroinid Green Bay and along the rT~^rrr~~'7%I72o?^'^ Newfoundland coast from Cape Bonavista to C.ipe John. By the treaty of Utrecht the boundaries of the New- foundland coast on which the French were permitted to fish extended from the well-known l)()int Cape Bonavista to Point Riche. 'J'he French claimed that Point Riche was Cape Ray, citing in proof of their contention a map of Hermami Moll. The merchants and planters of Newfoundland, in a petition pri}sented to Par- liament in 1710, declared the Point should be fixed at fitablishments and dwelling-houses north of Cape Bonavista ; the Fnnch claimed that they interfered with their fi.shery rights unvista and Ca))e John, which it is expressly .stated was never used by tishiii<^ H'dp.s. After considerable delay and a reference to the law offi ers of the Cr )wn, SkefRngton obtained a grant in 1723 for twenty-one years in a sole fishery for salmon in Frediwater Bay, Ragged HaiViour, Ga-ider Bay, and Dog Creek. Ab )iit this time the salmon fishery was also extended to Exploits and various other rivers in Notre Dame Bay, and with this new enterprise there was a corresponding increase of tl.'e resident English population in this portion of the Colony. OBEAT AUK, From the English filot, -tysa. The whole of this period, 1714' to 1727, was like the heavy prosaic Hanoverian monarch — dull, uneventful, peaceful, and prosperous. Popu- lation and the fishery increased considerably; the traH \ 'i !! j'- ' 1 m\ : ? i! CHAPTER XII. liEiaX OF GEORGE II. yj2-j-iy6o. 172II. — Lord Vere ReaiicUTc recomiiiciKlcMl for firnt (Jovornor, but Captain Osborne, H.X., fv<'titiiiill.v appointed (iovornor and Connnandor-in-'Jhief; I'laountiit placed under liiiii; Island divided into Nix distriutt* ; J. I'.'s appointed ; contexts betuetu . — Louisbourg, Cape Hreton, captured by I'epperell mid Admiral Warren; groat rejoicings in England over the victory ; won principally by New England troops ; Admiral Wat.son, Governor. 1747. — Hritish-American officers recruiting in Ne\vfoundlano!<'.' (.•li/irM''l>'r« livjii;; n\ liutH n( (inr fiul of the liiirlxMir. 17')(>. — Coiiiiiii'iu'fini'nl of tin- Srvcii Vciirs' War. \''>". — I<y two of tiie most stiriiiii,' t-vt'ut.s in the histdiy of North America, tlie capture of Loui,sl)onrj^ and the fall of (^uehec. For Nevvfoundlaml there was the dawn of a hrighter day : En^dand at U.st determined to confer the ble.s.sitij^.s of government on the unfortunate Colony. During the preceding year.s of ])eace the trade and fisheries of the Island hml wonderfidly inerease, 1750, and l7ol was about four hundred and thirty thousand quintals of fish and two thou.sand five hundred tons of cod oil ; the population had become about six thousand permanent inhabitants. Whilst no rude alarms of war disturbed the Newfoundland colonists, the mother ccamtry all thi'ongh this reign experienced the perils and dangers of '45 — the Jacobite rebellion. The air was full of war and Warlike preparations. To the alarm caused by Prince Chai'les Edward we owe the ettieient fortification of St. John's, Trinity, Carbonear, Ferry- land, and the maintenance of garrisons and artillery ; it was all allowe'C had to vacate his wanted his vote, so this arraugemcnt Icil seat in Parliarnciit on accept iiig an ottioe of througii. emolument under the Crowu ; the Ministry 'f i ■UII ' .'I'll' OSBORNE'S PROCEEDINGS. 287 t'm 1791 the necessary measure was not passed ; in consequence there wjis notliing but contention, confusion, and uncertainty, explains the new Governor's proceedings: — The fullovving letter " GovEnxoR Osborne to the Duke of Newcastle. •• St. John's Newfoundland, 14th October 1729. " TransTnits to His Grace particulars of his proceedings since his arrival in Newlou nil laud ; as the principal powers ho had to execute were establishiD<» Justices of the Peace and other Ministers of Justice, has divided the Island into convenient Diritricts and has appointed over each — of those the little tin;o I have been here would admit me to visit — out of the Inhabitants and Planters of the best characters — such a. number of justices of the Peace and Constables accordintr to the bigness of the fishery they preside over, as ho judged necessaiy, in case thev did their dutj-, to preserve peace and tiuietness in the Island. Further particulars of which he has enclosed for His Grace's approbation, as likewise a copy of the Commission <>;iven to justices drawn up in the best maTiner he was capable of doing not being well acquainted with forms of such Commissions ror with powers granted him not having time enough to prepare himself with them before he received His Majesty's commands to be gone. In consideiation of which he begs His Grace to look favourably upon it. Could set apart no house proper for a prison and in regard many delinquents escape with impunity for want of places to secure them, has ordered a rate presented to him by justices of the Peace of little burthen to the people, to be raised in Districts of St. John's and P'errylantl for building a prison in each of these places — rate half r. quintal of Merchantable fish per boat, and half a quintaj for every boat's room, including the ships rooms of those fishing on the Eanks that have no boats, with like proportionable rate upon persons in trade and not concerned in t'uo fishery and onl^' for one fishiii"- season. '• For punishing of p"tty crimes has erected several pairs of stocks. Makes no doubt but all these measures will be sutticient to suppress great disorders in the Island. But what is yet to be feared is that as the best of these magistrates are but mcen people and not used to be subject to any Government, that no longer than they have a superior amongst them will they be obedient to any orders that are given. Besides these measures my Lord Yere and he have done many acts of justice to iidiabitants and planters and particularly at Placentia where tliey ha ' restored several Planters which Col. Gledhill had unjui^tly dispossessed for several years and apprehend would have taken from him n.any more wbich he holds ijy very unjust ' Tenners,' had the proper propri,:cc>rs been on the spot to have sued." By September 1730 the (Jovernor hud the .satisfaction of coinpletino* his new court house and prison in St. John's ; he hoped hi.s .stocks and his jails would be a sufficient terror to evil doers and to all his opjxments. The opposition, however, to the Governor's authority increased rather than diminished. The admirals declared the justices were only Winter Jasticef^, and accordingly they had licen.sod public-houses, seized, fined, and whipped at their pleasure, and entirely .set a>«ide his new-fledged magistrates. Their worships were not the men to resist these bullying old ship-fishermen. In September 1730, ju.st before the m I' II iiii V i Nil i 288 REIGN OF GEOPGE II. Governor sailed, the St. Joiin's magistrates, Win. Keen, William Weston, and A. Southniayd, wrote : — " They have reason to think that they are like to meet wiih some obstructions in the execution of their office from Admirals whose authority is limited to disputes relating to the fishery, but who oppose all authority but their own. Eather than suffer any indignities as justices shall resign their authority." The Attorney-Gener d very properly advised that Osborne's taxes were illegal ; he suggested there should be a grand jury to fix the rates, and that they should be assessed, not on property, but on persons, — a nice distinction which the Newfoundlanders do not seem to have appreciated. No doubt the Ci'own could appoint justices, it is part of the prerogative. When, however, it came to the creation of a superior court of record and taxation, it was clear that th- ithoj-ity of an Act of Parliament was required. After a time this fu c dawned upon the authorities at home. The contest between the Western Adventurers and the fishing admirals on one side, and the Governors and the justices on the other, continued for more than half a century. The merchants declared that some of the justices were New England men — probably reftrring to M. Gill, who was a provincial, and that they supplied the fishermen with intoxicating licjuors at higher rates than the merchants. Their great offence, however, was that they sunnnoned masters and merchants to pay wages— an unknown thing in the Colony — the merchants having been specially exempted from the jurisdiction of the fishing admirals. Owing to an affray in Torbay, in which one of the ancient family of Gosse was killed by a man called Blackmore, and another case of nuirder by one Steele, with the expense and delay of sending home the accused antl the witnesses for trial, generally at Exeter. In 1737 in Governor Vanbrugh's L'onnnission a clause was inserted giving him aiithorit}' to hold one Court of Oyer and Terminer whilst he was lesident in the Coldtiy, but not to suffer any sentence to be executed " till report thereof be made to His Miije.'ity." When the Commission went before the Privy Council, the clause was struck out ; it was ultimately granted in Governor Drake's Com- mission in 17")0. All these difficulties about creating an efficient court of justice were really prompted by West Ct>untry influence, and l)y narrow coirmercial jealousl}^ ; they lasted until about tlie year 1 he served with the expedition against Louisbourg. as lieutenant-colonel of PepiiercU's (York, Me.) ivgiment, and contri- buted largel}' to its success by his zeal, activity, and judgment, and by his particular knowledge of the circumstances of the place. On the .")th of September 1745, he was made a captain, and on IGth September 174(3, was appointed to the lieutenant-governorship ot St. John's, Tsewlc.indbiiid, a sinecure. In 17.")."> lie was ordered by General Hraddoek to Oswego, and became the adjutant-general to Governor Shirley. During the following summer he conveyed from Albany a great (|uiintity of stores, with six months' provisions, to Dswego, and on bis return from the fort wn" attacked by a strong party of French wlnmi be defeated. In ?\Iarch I7.")7 he was appointed to a company in lie OOtli Hegiuient, Eoyal American, and in December was male lieutenant-colonel and deputy quartermaster- general with the rank of colonel. On 27th August 17.58, he captured Fort Frontenac, which he razed to the ground, and destroyed such stores as could not be removed. He served under Amherst in his expedition against Ticonderaga and Crown Point in 175'.), received his colonelcy in February 1702, and was advanced to the rank of major- general on 35th May 1772. During Pontiac's war he commanded an expedition against the western Indians, with whom he negotiated a treaty of peace in Detroit 7th Seiitember 1764. - Kodney, next to Nelson the most renowned British naval hero, when appointed Commodore, Governor, and ( 'ommander-in- Chief in Xewfoundlaiid, in 174'.), was only thirty-one; he was a post captain at twenty- four, and two years beiore coming to the Cdlony bad distinguished himstlfiii llnwke's great victory off Ushaiit. As (ioverncr of the Island Kodney showed shrewd com iinn sense, firmness, a great regard for justice a'ld fair play, and, what is most remarkable inthit ag.', a kindly benevolent feeling for our hardv t'lilers of the sea ; he carefully protected then from their grasping emjiloyers. As Wellington has been immortalized in a boot, so Kodney is for ever remembered in the name of a small boat. One remarkable event in Kodiiey's life shows the cliaraeter of the age. Disappointed at not obtaining the m LORD RODNEY. 291 the line, an■■>./' 11 :^:; PERSECUTION OF ROMAN CATHOLICS. 293 " guilty." Whereupon Doyle was set at liberty on payment of the charges of the court. In 1753 the North American Colonies coniVderated for mutual defence against the French. In the next year a descendant of Lord Baltimore's attempted to renew his claim to the exclusive posses- sion of part of Avalon. The Council decided unanimously that the title had lapsed. We find from the records that the defences of the Colony were considerable compared with former times There was one company of infantry and a train of artillery in St. John's, sixty-six foot and nineteen artillerymen at Placentia. Fort William mounted in 1753 seven tvventv-four-pounders, six eighteen-pounders, and ten six-pounders ; Fort George — the lower gun battery — thirteen twenty-four-pounders, and ten guns on the platform ; and the isouth side battery — Fort Frederick — four eighteen-pounders. In this year a grant was made to Robert Carter, of Ferryland, of Islo aux Bois, descx'ibed in the application as Little Bog Island. In 1755 Christopher Bradley, residing at Fogo, reports the arrival of forty French ships on the north-east coast, engaged in the fishery, well armed, and surveying the harbours. He also mentions the capture of French spies at Fogo. In the next year, 1756, the Seven Yeai's' War commenced, and the French virtually abandoned the Newfoundland fishery, English fishermen during this period taking possession of the French fishing establishments at Petit Nord. Governor DorriU's administration of the Government in 1755 and 1756 is distinguished by intolerant bigotry and the persecution of Eoman Catholics for exercising their religion. The Governor and other officials naively lament that these poor Irish — hunted down like wild beasts — were disloyal. W^hat else could anyone expect them to be ? In 1755 Governor Dorrell wrote to the magistrates of Harbour Grace : — "Whereas I am informed that a Eoman Catholic priest is at this time at Harbour Grace, and that he publicly read mass, which is contrary to law, and against the peace of our sovereign lord the king. You are hereby required and directed on the receipt of this, to cause the said priest to be taken into custody and sent round to this place. In this you are not to fail." The magistrate replied : — ■ " As concerning the Roman priest of whom you were informed that he read public mass at Harbour Grace, it was misrepresented, it was at a place called Caplin Cove, somewhat below the Harbour ; for if he read it in the Harbour I should have known it and would have secured him. After he was informed that I had intelligence of him, immediately [he] left the place, and yesterday [I] was informed he was gone to Hiirbour Main." : ii-iT,-,:^xfaSS:'^i:-Ai>' k>i Rli If !!. :;li i 1 294 REIGN OF GEORGE II. "i •if- The matter was, however, not allowed to drop, an the following record shows : — " By Thomas Bdrnett, Esq.. deputy or .surrogate, to RicuABD DoKBELii, Esi]., goTeriior, Ac. " At a court held before me at Harbour Main the 20th of September, at which you, Char'en G.arlnnd, wiis present, at wliich time Michael Katem didappcnr before us. and by his own confession did admit a Roman priest to celebrate public mass according to the Church of Rome, in one of his fish-rooins or store-houses, and he, being present himself, which is contrary to law, and against our sovereign lord the king, we think jiroper to fine him the sura of iifty pounds, -md to demolish the said fish-room or store-room where mass wrs said, and I do likewise order the said Michael Katem to sell all the possessions ho has or holds in this harbour, on or before the 2r)th day of November ensuing. At the same day a])peaTed before us Michael Landrican, who was guilty of the same crimes, for which we think proper to tine him the sum of twenty pounds, to hum his house and stage down to the ground, and be to quit the said harbour by the "JSth of November ensuing. At the same time appeared before us, Darby Costley, Robert Finn, Michael Mooring, and Ronold McDonald, all which by their own confession are Roman Catholics and inhabitants of this place, which is contrary to law that they should hold any property in this island. We therefore think jirojier to fine the said Darby Costley ten pounds, Robert Finn ten jiounds, Michael Mooring the sum of eight pounds, and Ronold McDonald the sum of two pounds ten shillings, all the said fines in sterling money of Great Britain, and all the said persons to quit the said island by 26th of November ensuing. "T. BUKSEIT. " To Charles Garland, Esq., one of His Majesty's " Justices of the Peace at Harbour Main." These were not the only sufferers; sixteen others in Harboiir Main and many at Harbour Grace and Carbonier were convicted, and in every case the building where the service had been held w'as destroyed. In 1757, owing to the breaking out of the great Seven Years' War in the previous year, a local militia was formed in St. John's. Mr. Michael Gill, judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court, was appointed colonel, Wm. Thommasley captain of the first company, John Stripling of the second, Wm. Baird of thour Grace, signed by Webbtr, Parsons, Snow, Martin, Sheppard, frc, " com- " plaining of the destruction of their sheep and cattle by people living " in huts at the upper end of the harbour [River Head], loose and bad " characters, harbouring numbers of idle persons." In 1757, under the active and spirited Governor Edwards, a number of French prizes are brought into St. John's. Judge Gill and his officials reaped a rich harvest of fees and commissions ; in one ca.se a ^ NEW ENGLISH CHURCH IN ST. JOHN'S. 205 i1>e I f vpssel from Watorforfl was cajiturcd by a Frc^ncli privateer, and after- wards {gallantly recaptured l»y her own crew. An luit'ortunate epidemic of small -pox broke out this year. The magistrate was ordered to take steps to prevent its spreadin^^. In 1759 it appears that four hundred pounds had been collected towards the buildinjf of a new Enj^lish church, near the site of the present An^^lican cathedral. The building committee and trustees were Michael Gill, trea.surer, the Rev. Edward Landman, B.A., of Ralliol College, Oxford, incumbent, John Monier, William Bsvill, and William Thomas : — " Decided at a mooting of the Treasurer, Trustees. Subscribers i^c, 20 Oct. 1760 — That the pulpit, C(Jinniuuion Table, clerit's desk Ac. bo as in the old church. The West Gallery for the boat keepers as in the old Church; the \orth Gallery to be divided into three pews, the middUi one for the Governor, one for the officers of the garrison and the other for the officers of the Navy. Bells to bo put up in ♦ho belfry at the west end. " That William Keen should have the first pew on the right coming in at the west door and Michael Gill the first on the south door. " That the Parson should have a pew built for himself and family under the pulpit ne.\t the clerk's desk. " First choice of pews to subscribers from £2^ to £15 to bo settled by lot. " That those of £10 should have one s(piare pew sutled in the same manner, " £5 to £10 subscribers to haie .single jjcws setled in the same manner, " That the Gallows should be removed and put on Gallows Hill. " That the bodys which is buried in the old church should be left at the cloctiou of their friends whether they would remove them or no."' Governor IMwards' method of completing the new church whs eminently practical ; he did not beat the drum ecclesiastic, or hold a bazaar, or appeal to anyone's religious feeling.s, but following the naval practirj in vogue, he simply made jn'isonei-s of all the leading persons of the town who had not paid their subscriptions like " the well disposed inhabitants." He satisfied his own conscience by putting down liis name for £25 ; there is no reference to its payment. The thirty- four substantial residents mentioned in the margin, who were apparentlJ^ judging from their names, chiefly Eoman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Nonconformists, all had to work on the church or pay a carpentei*, or else go to jail. The whole proceeding was illegal. The Governoi's proclamation reads thus : — " By Richard Edwaeds, Esrpiire, Governor, &c. " Whereas the Church of this place, St. John's, has been carried on by the subscription of well disposed persons and it l)oing highly nccessaty that the same should be covered as soon as possible, you are therefore hereby required and directed, to cause the men mentioned in the margin to repair to work on the said church from the date hereof to the 4th day of November next, as it appears that they are livers iu this place and have not subscribed towards the building of the !<;>l I'i ir-'- 1 906 RKKJN OF CSEORGE II. Mil Pi! Rrinic; fir to ( rvuse curh of Miom tliivt fihull noglcct coniplyinp; herewith to pay the usiiiil price given to ciir|>ciit(;rn diiily in this place [till thivt time]. " For which this sliivll lie your order. " To 11 iH Miijosty's Justici-a of the P^aco " for tho DlHtriet of St. John's. " H. EnWAKDH, By conimiind of tho Governor, B. Payne." Tlu' cud of Ocor^f TT.'h rciirn wns signalized l»y Wolfe's victory at Quebee, and the complete destruction of the great French empire in America. Lietitenant firitlith Williams, R.A., who was stationed at C.n-bonear Island in 1745 (afterwards ])roinoted to 8t. John's, where he lived for some twelve or fourteen years), w»is a very active, enterprising young officer. He cleared the present Grove Farm, Quidi Vidi, and obtained a grant of two hundred acres. Subse- quently he .served in the Anieiiciin war and attained the rank of genei'al. He was connected with the old family of Williams in this Colony ; the late Sir Robert Pinsent, D.C.L., and the distinguished Sir Monier- Williams are his collateral descendants. In 17y Henry Hutler, before a connnittee of the House of Assembly, in 18X), that the whale fishery was curried on by the Americans to a {ireat extent in Herniitujire Hay, Hay of Despair, and Fortune Hay, during the years ITJG, 17".t7, ITity, and 1799; that during- the three first years, twelve vessels were einployeil by them, manned by fifteen men each ; that ail of the vessels returned nearly loaded ; that they carried on the whale fishery in this part of the country until about the year 1807, when it was discontinued, owing to some dispute arising between Great Britain and the United States ; that three years after this a schooner was fitted out by the Americans, which arrived at Hurin, hut on account of a man-of-war being btationed there, the s^'hooner |)roceeded to St. Mary's Hay, where she rcmainetl Mutil the mouth of August, and had nearly comiileted her load when she was taken by a Hritish sloop-of- war, and ordered to St. John's ; but the crew being too strong for the prize-master, the schooner shaped her course for America, and arrived in safety at Cape f'od. With this ended the American whale fishery on the western shores of Newfoundland. Mr. Hntler slated that a whale fishery commenced in Hermitage Hay, under the firm of Peter TEADE WITH NEW ENGLAND. 299 I Considering the large intercourse between Newfoundland and New England at this period, American records contain very little information on the subject. In 1729, in the Boston Records, thei-e is an entry about the admission of James Pulmaii Taylor, of St. John's, and " liberty " granted to him to open a shop on giving Bond in £100 to indemnitio " the Town." In 1742 Captain Nathaniel Welch was to be prosecuted for bringing passengers from Newfoundland without reporting them at the impost office. In 1735 there are great complaints about French competition in the European fish markets. England, in 1750, imposed a duty of sixpence per gallon on molasses, rum, and sugar imjiorted from the West India Islands other than British. It caused gi-eat excitement in Massachusetts and New England ; the colonists declared they were ruined to appease the clamours of the British West India planters ; all the same, the Americans it»i-_ A VIF^r or .'laHOURO, IN THE I'OSSKSSIOH OF THE PErERELL FAMU.T. From M'insor's \. ((.• C. II. of Americn. never paid any duty. In 1704 the Act was renewed, and larger powers given to the Admiralty courts to try smuggling cases without a jiuy, LeMessiiiier & Co., ^vliich ccntiiiiicd for foiu' yi'iirs only, when the partni-rsliii) 'iissolvcd ; that the natives of Ilennitiige Hiiy, havinj; some idea of the ftshery, began a whale fishery on a very small scale ; that a person of the name of McDonald had made a large i)roperty hy it; that the house of Newman it. Co. being aware of these proceedings, purchased the premises that had been I'eter Le Messurier & Co.'s, and began the whale fishery on a large scale." On Messrs. Kcwman's establishment at Gaiilton, Hermitage Hay, tliere are still the buildings and machinery for carrying on an extensive whaling business. The premises are situated on an Island in that beautiful land-locked harbour ; they have not, however, been used for some years jmst. 300 REIGN OF GEORGE II. y \ . -i >'\ i! besides arming the Custom House officers with formidable power under writs of assistance. The Yankees evaded this law by lading their vessels in the French islands and purchasing clearances signed with the name, if not in the handwriting, of the Governor of Anguilla, who acted as collector. Anguilla — a British island — was so small as not to afford a cargo for a single vessel, yet the collectors in New England allowed all vessels with these clearances to pa.S8 without inquiry. Suddenly this was all changed ; a vessel putting into Bermuda was seized and sold, the Governor getting one-third, the Colony one-tliird, and the informer one-third of the forfeiture. Most American writers admit that this molasses difficulty was one of the primary causes of the Revolution. England was absolutely within CA^NOX POUND AT LOnSBOUBO. From Bourinot's History qf Cape Breton. ^l ^ her right in protecting her sugar islands, but Americans, in their ignorant impatience of taxation, thought they had good cause to be angry. Both Burke and Josiah Quincy declared these Acts were amongst the causes which led to separation. The result of the Molasses Act was to increase the direct trade between Newfoundland and the British West Indies, from whence rum, sugar, and molasses could be imported free, and to decrease the imports from New England. ! ■' ' i ^., 1 der sels me, as i a all vas the aer of liu S. 31)1 ^ ^ ill- be St as ih id CO I is; ■s a 3 1— 1 •g -3 ii H >:H PL^ ei <1 ^ w £ o o o 5 H FJ •H 1 fl^ s? P-i ■e < £ o Pi .5 - II PS S. i; P'CPQ "m £■ P4 -Si££ S ■a •«1 ll CO a; a .o = ffi'O bf^i S 2 ►•"5 S ^ rt^ 1, « S - J- c a g ia i21 3 1-8 i5 a 13 a-2 .a o3 o la h3 •go "Z • etc c c = i-» . a L. 1; S 8 a a = ■3 'C a =5f „• If .a-S a .'* go « "^ S o n > a o m "c (§ tr S.-d is 13 -1 E c £» Ph -S s o ." o c ■J" a «■£ = ^ « 3 a oo o t: do •-Q3 it J— a) a •'• .£ o CM £.5^ ^1 s o M B cn £) S3 ^^ . S a c>« c o .^ y^ ^ £|^ cPb » JS „, aJ P5 » is "= bis • E o a « £•■{ If: l\ 11 304 REIGN OF GEORGE III. OEOIiOE III. Frinn an cnyraving after Ramsey, The reign of our sovereign lord King George, " the good King George " of our forefathers, is the longest and most eventful in English history. It begins in an age which appears to us remote ; it ends in a period in wliich many of us have lived, and with which we are all familiar. It witnessed great disasters and great victories — the loss of the American colonies, the overthrow of France in three great wars. It commenced when the British navy was neither well organised nor in uniform ; it ends with making England the greatest sea power the world has ever seen, and the British fleet a real invincible armada, which had beaten every nation in fair fight, a flo<;t from which Spanish and gallant French officers were carefully instructed by their respective Governments to flee away on the wings of the wind. It begins with the bungling appliances of the eighteenth century ; it ends with steam, macadamised roads, the electric telegraph, the railway, and the steamboat. Our own history also advances with this age of progress. Wo pass away from the fishing admirals into the modern epoch, with roads, education, responsible government, and courts of justice. This later Georgian era is the transition period in our histoiy between the bad old days of tyranny, corruption, and violence, and the dawning of the brighter days of civilisation and progress. In the first year of this reign the Governor and Commander-in-Chief was Webb.^ All the captains appointed on this station were given the honoraiy rank of commodore whilst in tliis commission. The new Governor was active and vigilant. He captured a lai-ge number of French vessels ; one of these, the Tavigvor, realised at the Admiralty sale, by order of Michael Gill, Judge of the Vice- Admiralty Court, the handsome sum of £2,570 sterling for three thousand five hundred quintals of fish, the price being fairly good, with a brisk demand in the Mediterranean markets. The French merchant navy was almost ' Captain .Tames Webb becanie a com- mander iu 174.5. In 1746-7-8, he distin- giiixbed himself very greatly by the capture of a large number of French privateers. He took command of the Sunderland (60), on the recommencement of the war with France in 17.56. He died on the 14th May 1761 on board the Antelope, which was then prepared to sail to Newfoundland. \- f I THE CAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 30.5 later bad the anniliilated by Enyli.sh privateers and inen-of-war. The meichant fleet convoyed from Newfoundland in 1761 consisted of seventy fail of vessels, armed with two hundred guns, and manned by six hundred and eighty hardy West Country sailors. They all arrived safely, and sold their fish well. Governor Webb seems to have given most of his time to capturing stray French vessels. The civil business of the Government was of a very petty character — writing threatening letters to some of the merchants' debtors, and settling the titles to land. Newman's land at the foot of McBride's Hill, Keen's property at the foot of Prescott Street, extending to Hunter's Cove (then calletl Hud.son's Cove), the property of Peter Weston, Esquire, J. P., at Ferryland (ancestor of Sir F. B. T. Carter, K.C.M.G.), anrl, amongst others, the titles of the Gosses and Codners in Torbay, were thus disposed of by his Excellency. There is a curious report alx>ut a murder at St. Pierre, then in possession of the Grandys of Belloram and other English families, which will be found in the chapter on the French colony of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Though war was I'aging with France, the Colony seems to have lieen very peaceful and orderly, and fairly prosperous up to the end of 1701. After their numerous defeats the French were anxious for peace. To secure favourable terms, and especially a share nf the fishery, it was most desirable that they should captui-e some English possession. Their well-served Intelligence Department infortned them of the defencele.ss state of St. John's, its neglected military condition and weakened garrison. On our capital, therefore, they made their .successful attempt. Whilst England had been spending millions of dollars on the ct)lonisniion and defence of Nova Scotia, St. John's was left with less tlian a single company of soldiers — sixty-three men — and all the forts in a state of decay. The French Government, in the spring of 1 702, sent out four ships of war, thirty-two officers, and nearly seven hundred troops, under the command of Count D'Haussonville. They managed to elude the British cruisers by .sailing from Brest in a thick fog. Sir Edwaid Hawke was sent in pursuit of them, but they escaped, and the squadron under Admiral De Ternay, with the troons and transports, took Bay Bulls on the 24th June, and marched towards the capital. On the 27th they arrived before St. John's. Against such an over- whelming force no resistance could be made by a handful of men and one English sloop-of-war — the Grammont, of twenty-two guns. After this easy capture, the French general set to work to repair the ruined / p. 2729. U 1^^ 306 REinN OF OEOROK III. fortifications nml iToot firHh di't'cncoH on Si/,nml Hill, wlicrc tlio loniaiii.s of the old Fivnc'h harrackH are now crunililini; into fleeay. When the intelligence of the capture of St. John's, Carhonear, and Trinity, and tlie 7 for not endeavourini: lo discover whether a French ship he met was (' U'lllllillS )iu'ar, niid En^flund, for their 10 Colony. ieve tlieir of \('\\- st skilful cs, after- ne of the he lu'ard > Eno'lish and the as given the hrio-, Ca])tain GENKRAL WILLIAM AMHLRST. I'lvm ,[ rtiiiitiii^ l-\ SiK J. E\M)l.iis in /.;■.•■ /i>.i'.t,-i-.»-/ii« i>J' K\Ri. AMiir.usr, at Moittrca/. /''i,il,\,-r,t/'/ii;/ /'i- V. ['. CiiHKi-.. n Anson's - ai'tiiin in IS tried by ivoiirinir 10 ic met Avas L ■' t !l> iii'i TIIK HKCAITUHE OF ST. JOHNS. ;u)7 Tlu' ]yillit, an I a niiin-or-\var or nii East Iii<1inniiin, and was lepriiiiandi'il. In I'Tiil lie was at tlif boin- liardiiK'iit of llavi'f di" (irace; liu was ap- ]ioiii(i,'eake, for which he was nnich liiamed. In 1787 he was rice- achiiiral, ami next year commiinderin-(diief at riyiiioiitii. He became admiral in 17!t4, and had an imiiortant share in Lord Howe's victory ; for his gallant conduct ho was created an liisii peer, and received a jiension. He was wounded in this engafrement, so he resi^jncd liis command ; he died in Febi imry 1 HdU. (Stki'iikn's Did. of Nat. Btoi/raphi/.) ' General Amherst was an ensign lird F( ot Guards, 175.'i; lieutenant and captain, 1757 ; colonel, 1706; colonel 32nd Kegiment, 1775; major-iieiienil, 1777; and licutenant- freneral, 177'.'. Diiriii!;' liis distinjjuished career he held the iippuintment of Lieuteiiant- (iovcrnor of I'ortsmoiitli, adjutant-general at head-((iiarters, and aide-de-camp to the King. He died Kith May 17SI. He married a Aliss Patterson, ii celebrated beauty at (Jeorge Ill.'s (^>urt. The portrait of liiin is from a painting by Sir .1. Reynolds at .Montreal, .^eviiioiiks, in the possession of the liiglit Hon. Karl AmhiTst ; it is ro- |)i()duced from a photograph by Mr. K. Kssenhigh Coike, Sevenoaks. .\mherst'- |ien was as shiiri) .'is his sword; lie tells D'llaus- soiiville, ill answer to his pa«conading : '• If any injury is done to the tort, he will put every man to the sword." In pith and p:>int the g.'illiint (Colonel's despatches remind one of the Duke of Wellington's, (ieneral Am- lieist's son, William I'ilt. who succeeded his uncle as second Maron, served as Amhasvador to China, and as (ioveriuu' (iencral of India; iie ^\as created Earl Amherst, U il! II ^ SOB REIGN OF GEORGE III. Germans; troops were also ilesputcheil from Loui&bourg.^ On the lltli of September the fleet, under the com- mand of Lord Colville,^ and the transports with the troops, were ort' the narrows of St. John's. Tlie French, besides the strong, ahnost impregnable position which they occupied in St. John's with seven hundred soldiers, had a squadron consisting of tl .; Mobuste (74), L'EveUle (G4), La Garonne (44), La Sicoime (30), and a bomb ketch. The whole English force was less than seven hundred. Amherst had distinguished himself at Louisbourg and Quebec, and right gallantly he led his troops. The French attempted to stop his landing at Torbay but the light ini'antry, under Captain McDonnell, soon drove theta back. The English then advanced rapidly on Quidi Vidi, where there was a sharp fight. The French retreated up Signal Hill with sucli pre- cipitation that they left several prisoners in our hands. Hefore daylight the next morning an assault was made on Signal Hill ; the heroic IMcDonnell actually passed the sentries, and was not discovered by the enemy until they saw him FREKcn soi.riKE, n.'in. From Whisiir'.i -V. (0 C. II. of Aiiii-riva, ' The British troops wen.' ooniposcd o*" oompaiiie.-i of llii- — Koviils, iiow the Koyal Scots (Lothiiiii Kc'ginu'iit). 77tli, or iMdiitfiomery's Hijrhlanders ; disliar.diMl in 17fi:t [17V.">V]. 78th, or Krii.scr's Highlanders; dis- banded ill 1703. IJojal Americans, afterwards COth Kiflcs, AFontgomerv's was raise\ Sir Simon Frascr, son of the celehrattd Lord Lovat j the Hoyal Scots is the most ancient and one of the most dis- iinfiuishcd of tile Hriti^h rtiriinents. 'Ilie Freiicli were very niucli al'raiil of these kilted warriors; no lietttr troops cciil'' have heeii chosen for tlie work; they wc. ilioroiij^hly at bomeui tlii' difHcultc<' nlry around Quidi Vidi. " Alc\aiidcr l.oi.l Col\ ille, the fonrth Baron, scrve • Protistant .lohn, of yuidi Vidi." " A very full accouii- of these j!allant actitius will be found in the Appendix to this chapter taken from the " Gentleman's Mapa- ziue " of October 17(>i, kindlv li nt to mj by Dr. Pilot. ' TiiKATY OP Paris. Article V. — It is a;;reed that the subjects of France shall have the liberty of tishinfj and druiijr fish on a |iart of the coast of the Isljind of Newfoundland such as is specifiefl in Article Xlll. of the Treaty of Itivcht, which article is rem^wed and coiiflrmed by the M m REIGN OF GEORGE III. When fJeorge III. caine to t\w tlirone the Seven Years' War was still in piolisli had beaten the French at sea, in the East and We.st Indies, and in America ; there had been one fatal iniscarria^t — and that Spain was uly awaiting the arrival of iier treasure sliips to declare wai The "cnius of Cliatlian. ~aw thr(>und to counteract them he resolved to immediat^'ly begin the tight with Spain, vieorge III opposed him, his coileague.s were timid, and as he couiti not carry out what he believed to be the true policy for England, he resigned «>n the 5t,h October 1701. I.UUI' CHATHAM. From (Ml inijrating /ly Unim/iton. pn'St'iit Treaty (except what elates to the Island of t'lipe IJreton lis well as to the other islands and coasts in the nidulh and in the tiulf St. Iia\vrence),and His Kritannie Majesty con-enis to leave to the subjeets of the nioft Christian Kinj^ the liberty 'f fishinff in the (iulf of St. LawreiK".! on I'ondition that the subjeets of France do not exercise the sa'ie fisliery, Itut at tlie distance of three leafiu.s from nil tlie coasts belonginfr to (ireat Hritaiu us well those of the' continent as those of the islands situutvd in the (julf of St. Lawrence. And as to what relates to the tishery on the coast of the Island of Cape Hreton, out cf the Haid {Jiilf the s\d).ieets of the most Christian Kiiij; shall not be per- mitted to exercise the said fishery 'mt at a distance of tiiteen leagues I'roni the coast of the Islam! of <.'ape Hreton, and the fishery on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadie, anil everywhere else out of the said (iulf shall remain on the foot of former treaties. Article VI. — The King of (ireat Hritain cedes the Islands of St. Pierre aud Miquelon, LORD BUTE. 311 ar was still ^^'rance aiitl lats — Maria le EuipirsH (' East and icarriii^e at ;o Voltaire, • to balance •tured Belle I fur peace througiiout found the r in their d tliat the thenistdves, of fishing [e declared it to this. Is captured Pitt found i that then y l)etvveeu the faniilj' Spain was arrival of ,o ileclare comwiteract leorge III. carry out netl lu the 1 On the 2nd of January 1762, his feeble and corrupt successor, Bute, had . In one . hort year the unfortunate Spaniards saw their annies bcattii in Portugal, Cuba and Manilla torn from their grasp, their commerce destroyi'd, and their fleets annihilated. Both our antagonists were now clamorous for peace. Pitt had declared to ( lioiseul, tlie French minister, that he would make no second Treaty of Utrecht. On the ICth of February 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed. It excited even more indignation in England than the former one of 1713. The great Chatham, so ill that he had to be allowed to sit in thf House, denounced, in one of his most magniticent speeches, the tc;rms of this infamous treaty. Al- most in the language of jvrophecy he predicted what the cession of St. Pierre and Mi(juelon would be to tlds Colony ; he vehemently attacked the surrender of the right of fishery in Newfoundland to the French, and the rest(jration of Cuba — the pearl of the West Indies — to the Spaniards. Bute was openly charged in the House of Commons with bribery ; the very sum, £300,000, was named, that had been paid to him by the French.^ There can be no other explanation of this shameless siiriender of territory actually in our possession. The folly of the English Ministry in ceding the fishery and St. Pierre and Miquelou to France had nearly been eclipsed by a still more LOHD Dl'TK. From an engraviny in the It.M. nlates to the iiiui (tf Ctt|jf 11' Mibji'i'ls of not be \wv- lii-ry ^iit at \\ the coast of llu' fisliery on Aeadie, anil >i(l (iiilf shiiU .'iities. (ireat Hritain uud Miquelun, in full rij;ht, to His most ( 'lirinf ian Majertty, to serve as a sheher to tlie Freiieh tishi-riiien ; and his said most t'hristian Majesty engages not to fortify the said Islands, to erect no buildings upon them, hut merely tor the eonvenienee of the tisliery, and to keep upon them a guard of fifty men only, tor tlie police. ' Junius, in his cele' rated letter to the Duke of Hedford, does not scruple to charge his Gruce, who wus one of Bute's colleagues, with bribery:— " Belle Isle, Goree, CJuada- lei'pe, St. Lucia, Martinique, The Fishery, and Jie Havana, are glorious monuments of your Grace's talents for negotiation. My Lord, \'n are too well aciiuainted with your liecuni-.ry chara Liter to think it possible that so ma ly public sacrifices should liave been made without some private coinpeiiBation. Your conduct carries with it an internal evidence, beyond all the legal proofs of a Court of Justice.' rr W 312 REIGN OF GEORGE III. outrageous proposition. A strong party in the Miiiisfcry were in favour of restoring Canada to France ; it was mainly due to the strong protests of the American Colonies, through their most able diplomatist, Benjamin Franklin, that this w>is prevented. The secret history of the treaty, which is now laid bare, shows the ministry in their very worst light. They voluntarily offered to restore the fishing privileges given under the Utrecht Treaty. In the com- mencement of the negotiations, France agreed to surrender Canada, provided she was allowed to keep Cape Breton, and to enjoy the fishery in the St. Lawrence and on the banks and Island of Newfoundland. The fortifications of Louisboui-g were to be destroyed, and the harbour laid out for common use. The English Ministry flatly refused all concession of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, or Canala. They would give the right t)f fishing in New- foundland, if the stipulations about the dismantling of the French foi'tifications at Dunkirk were agreed to. They might have St. Pierre on four conditions : — • " 1. That the Island should not be fortified or troops be stationed there. " 2. That no other vessels sho ild be admitted there even for shelter ; that the harbour should bo used for her own fishermen alone. [This was meant to keep out Basques and t and skill. the French admiral largely contributed to Lord Howe's victory on t!ie memorable first of .lune 1794. This terrible duel is one of the most stirring passages in English naval histoiy. For his gall.-mtry he w<)s created Lord Gmvos. Both before and after the peace he had difficult and ar(Uious work, settlitm" claims arising out of the wur — i-estoring property plundered from the iahabitants. Many had taken a Ivantage of the war to rob their merchants ; Graves disposed of all these various (juestions pi\>niptlv and tWrly. I gather from these records that whilst the French hi'ld St. John's from the ■27th of Jiuw until the 20th of September LOCAL RECORDS. 815 )rthy to l)e ~ a series of i lirough the > I to peruse \ I are either ■\ the French [ over which on^rst many .8. Antrlope. by plundered 1 : war to rob 1 us (piestions 1 st the French f September 1 following, the English remained in pissession of the other fortitieil places. Carbonear Island, however, for the only time in our history, was captured and the foititications destroyed. Placentia, Ferryland, Carboneai-, and Bay Bulls were jieaceably occupied by part of Colonel Amherst's forces. Mr. Nathaniel Brooks of Bay Bulls, Mr. Robei-t Cvrtcr of Ferryland, and Mr. Charles Garland, the Harbour (.Jrace niiigistrate, furnished supplies to Carbonear, Ferryland, and Bay Bulls. These fine old merchants not only supj)lied the garrisons, but were most e!iei-g(;tic in getting men, providing boats, and fitting out small vessels ■M aid in the defence (jf the Colony. Besides the St. John's records, books were kept at Placentia, Ferry- land, Harbour Grace, (Sic, containing the judgments of the surrogate courts. The most atnusing are the jiapers from Placentia, under Robert Edgecumbe and Haddock, justices of the peace. Their wor.ships were not contented with administeiing the law after an erratic fashion of their own, taxation even did not sati-sf}^ their lust for power — they determined the prices at which goods should be sold to the fishermen. In these records is a copy of an agreement made by their ordcsrs between Simon HoiKsyburn, on behalf of William Turner, Little Placentia, and his planters : — " Bread iuul tloui' at 20;- Ii ' 6 per gall., boots 2.j- per pair, Leather :i/- per li>., Powder 2- per lb., Tobacco 0(L per lb., Molasses 4/- i)cr gall, 15 ^/^ to be allowed on all slujis eiipplied to their men; one-third of balance to bo paid in Bills of Exchange. Little Placentia 8th Oct. 17t5L" After settling the prices the court further ordered that no fisherman was to deliver his fish to tlie supplying merchant until he received his winter's supplies. Honeyburn was evidently litigious and obstiiuite ; he figiires largely in the courts. He had a dispute with a spirited Irishman named Lawrence Reilly, who had struck him. Reilly charged Honeybuni with keeping his wages back and charging him twenty-four shillings for neglect of dut} . The mHgistrnte.»N o 73 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4i03 -<,% <^y %^\ v^ w^m %^, %, i/x ject to cavil and insult, to the • r,ioruc verto,' [literally green fish], a commodity not marketable in but by the treaties the subjects of France are allo'ved to report to a certain part of tlie coast of Newfounillaiiil to fisli, and to land and dry their tisli durin;,' tlie lisliing season ; therefore, / p. 2729, wliilst they eini)loy theniselvts in tlie husiiiosN of tishini; oidy, tlii-y are iiiiihr His Miijisl I'x pidli'tlioH fVoni any molestation or liiiidnMiii; lliereiu." X p ?' REIGN OF GEORGE III. Portugal, Spain or Italy, but only fit for our own home consumption. Ever since the happy Treaty of Utrecht Franco has enjoyed great advantages in the dry cod linhery. At the hretikiiig out of this wai' we hud in the Bay of Fundy, in Acadie, in Cape Breton, in St. John's [P. E. Island], Great Gaspe, and other places in the Gulf, above 16.0IHJ fishermen, who carried on most successfully in shoal water the veche setleithiire—lnhoro fishery]. Now all this is in the hands of the British; all our settlements are uniieopied. From the single island of St. John's [P. E. I.] Admiral Boscawen removed 5,0tl0 inhabitiinls. ' What, then, is left to France i' Nothing but the North coast from Cape Hiehe to Cape Bonavista, with HI erty to land and erect stages for a short season, so that we must carry and recarry both our fish and fishermen ; whilst the British settled on the spot, and cairying on thopuc/te scdvutiuri', will forestall us and undersell us in every market in the Mediterrareun. Mi(|Uclon and St. Peters, two barreu'rocks indeed, are to l)c ours yet; even for them we have pledged the Royal AVord, engaging not to eiect in them any fortifications, so that even they, witli their guard of fifty men for (he police, will always lie at tlie mercy of the British." I- !!•! ^ UEOTIIICS OV TIIK KXrt.oITS. From nn riigrnfiiiri after a ilrawing l/j/ Curfwriqht. Piilliser's interpretation admits of no doubt. It was lield to be a concurrent fi.sliery in wliich all disputes were to be decided by English authorities alone. It on!}- included a cod fishery, and gave no right wliatevor to the French to catch salmon, to trade or traffic ; they were only to tish for codfish, and dr^' them on land ; they were not even pern»itted to cut sjjars or to build boats. This same treaty is still in opei'ation ; it controls to-day the French fishery on the treaty shore of Newfoundhiud. Beyond the alteration of WI^IBBBBmessai^s^m NEW ENGLAND SMUGGLERS. 32.} coast-line from Cape St. John to Cape Ray, in place of Boiiavista ami Point Riclie, ami the declaration of KinfjCk'orgo in 17-S3 that the English should not interrupt the French by their competition, this (jld inttjr- national ditficulty stands precisely on the same ground as it did in 1703. The Governor was directed by the an.thoritics at home to give his special attention to the preventioa of smuggling. In 1704, the Act had been passed Avhich caused such dis- turbance in New England ; it armetl the Cuiitom Houso authoritius with now powid's of seizure, anest, i:c., and directly gave a bounty to the Governor and informer in all such cases, His Excellency getting one- third of tlie plunder : this accounts for Palliser's abnormal activity in searchino- out illieit traders.' The Newfoundland Govern- ment, in addition, )iad special instructions to look after the New Englanders, well known for their smuggling proclivities. No doubt Sir Hucjii fjave them a ^rr^'ut JOllX CAItTWItlOllT. From an . tyrdvuig nftcr UiippHcr. deal of trouble, but they beat him, as they had beaten all the Custom House otticers in America : they had an invincible prejudice and objection to the payment of duties of any kind to King George, and they lied like ' By Hi8 Excellencv lit on Palliser, &c., Gl>VEHN'ii up friouill}' iiitcivcuirso with tlio Hcd Indians, perhai>s the luiist ivnuirkahle is tlie story told by Auspach of the udventures of a sliip- niastT, Scott. In 17G2 he lauded with atiothiT master and a stronpf crew at Exph)its, and built a kind of fort. Souie days after, a party (.f Indians api)eared ; tliey made a full stop, and would not eonu' nearer ; iSeott then proposed to jfo and meet them ; tiiey pro- ceeded with |)art of the crew unarmed. Scott went up to them, mixed with tiiem, and shook hands; su.'ht one (h'ad man to St. John's, with the arrows sticking in his body. Kxactly the same conduct was shown to liuchan's expe- dition later. Wiiutever iiuiy he said about the Heothics, there can be no doubt they were a most bloodthirsty, treacherous race. - Lieutenant John (_'artwri};ht, K.N., is mentioned several times us Sir Hugh I'alliser's surrogate for Trinity and Conception Hays. He was sent in 170« to the Kxploits- with a proclauiation to jirotect the Ited Indians, whom, ho\vever,he did not succeed in meeting, thougli they had only recently deserted some of the camps which he passeil. On his return he wrote an interesting aucount of the Indian remains which he had inspected ; INCREASE OF THE FISHERY. 325 was kind, Innnane, and considente ; for French aj;rr''es.sors, for sniuij^ding New Englanders, and for the riotous Irishmen, he seems to have been full of all the narrow prejudice of the iige. He was specially dis- tinffuished for his barbai'ous treatment of Roman Catholic Irishmen ; he would not allow any two of them to live in one dwellinfj;, a.d none were permitted to keep public-houses. Durin<^ Palliser'n reign of four years, Newfoundland increased rapidly in trade and population. In his report of 1705 he gives the resident population as follows : — " Men . . . ■ Women .... t'hildreu .... Fishermen employed exclusive of Tnhabitanta 'I'otnl 0,076 l, 1 1 r 1 1' t M ' ! 1 j ii' ' I hU NEW EN(}LANJ)KKS IS LAHHADoH. li'.n oxorl.itant rharR,. on nr.-ounl „f „ poor man shall Invvo notl.inL'. an,l .lo^rph .""';':"'' '" ''?: ^^- '•^- »• »■"•• *'''»«•. n,aintc-.mnco during the cure of hin hand, also to. lU. 0. lor Lis jia-Bftgc houiu. '• Given at St. John's -jrth September 17(36. " By commnml of Hi. Excellency. '• Huon I'auihku. " Jno Horsenaill." C()iuinu.l()re I'alli.scr's a.IininistnitiV.ii last.'.l For tli." lumsiml ponn.l of four ycui's ; his n-cor.ls aru the lon^^^'st ami l.y far the most com- plete; he was ail admirahle man of lMisiness--onlerly, methodical, an.l imhistrious. He Im.l srt hi.s heart on maki..^^ hi.s newly- ac(juired ehiefly by a number of disorderly Jieople tVo,n yon r Province. You will I hope excuse "m.' for giving yon this troubh", to beg ycni will perinit [the enclosed advertisement] to be I)ut np HI the Towns within your Government where the ves.sels employed in the whale fishery mo.stly belong; which I ai)prehend will greatlv facilitate my pro- < were with me at Pitfg Ha.b .ur (and by m,.ans of inte.pieter.s) I made a peace with them and sent them away extremely well satisfied, without the least offensive thimr happening. " " I am well informed some New England vcsseLs contrary to the orders J have published went to the Northward, and robbed, plundered, and murdered some of 82H llEION OF CIEOROE HI. if r III If tlu'ir dill iiKMi, wdiiioii mid cliiltlrcii, wln> tliiy loft at Imiiio, so I expect some luisilik'f will liu|i|ii'ii thiH year j nvoiim' being tlioir deelaroil |)riii(i|ilo. " I inn Youi" ExcelleiieicH " Mont oht. & liiiinble sorvaiit "lluiiii Pallisku. " P.S. — If vtiii think |tro|tor to take any otlicr inctliod pro|»eroi" than what is above pro|Mi1 lis ■1 '.V lis •r ro r/a(/(u/He, November 1S93. t^-:t><9-^-^^i^^*i'*-^ >**'irf ->4 -pi' H^^ - - - TMi-: lord's i'h.vhk >VBiriKN uy .NK\VFOIM>t.*M) MIC MACS. y/..l/.. AM. .M.S^' 11,'il'i. 330 REIGN OF GEORGE III. I'' ii t ficn'llng some ppiitlomon nmoiigst the savagos tlioy wore prcvniloil on to disperse — tliis summer tlu'\- liavt- also assembled a}i;ain, altlionjjh tliey behav^'d very peaiuablc; but fts I find tliat Holy Water, Relicts, Books and other articles that relate to the 8n|)erstitioii of the liomish religion ar'^ furuished to them, it is nii evident proof they find means to hold communication with the Islands of St. Peter's and Micpielon, if they do not even receive from thenee priests to officiate amongst them, which maj' in time prove of very ill eonsecpienee to this _;-onng j)rovinee, as our settlements are very straggling and defeneeless. I must therefore entreat your Excellency to give directions to the several cruisors onder your eonmand whicli Tnay bo stationed near those Ishmds to prevent as much as possible all communication between the savages and Acadians [or neutral P^rercii] of this Province with the French at St. Peti'r's or even with the Island of Newfoundland and that if any extraordinary occuiTcnce should ha|ipL'n I nniy be informed of it. " MlCIIAKL FkAXCKLIN." To tlie fly thus cast by the Nova Scotian Governor, the Ultra- Protostaiit Pulliser rose at once. In one respect, no doubt, they were riefjit ; the French have ever been inflated with the idea of recovernig their lost empire in America, and St. Pierre has always been a thorn in our side, but to accduiplish their great design France would need better an7, in the Aiiierivu, lie was at tiie futile attack on ]{oehefort. In 1760 he was sent, witli a small s(|uudron, to superintend the destruction of the fortifications of houisbourg. In 17()4 ISyron was Counnander-in-t'hief in the Kast Indies, Hvinfi his pennant on the Dolphin (the first vessel in the Kiifjlish Navy to be eo|)]ier-sheathcil). At Hio he met Lord ('live, who wanted to go in the ±,olp/iin to India; but liyron refused, for his real in- structions were to explore the .Southern !*eas. It was on this voyajie that the I'aiagouian giants were said to have l)ecn seen. As u >oyage of discovery it was a failure ; Hyron had no genius for such work. He was a]>jointed (iovernor of Newfoundland in January 1709 ; l{ear-Adniiral in 17T5; Vice- Admiral in 177H. His expedition in this year to intercept the Count d'Kstaiug was a failure. Uyron, though brave, had not enough originality or abilitj' to distmguish himself. He died, VieeAdmiral of the White, in I78ti. There is a portrnit by Keynolds, painted in 17.V.».— (,Stki'111'.n's N\a.m, strairrlitfurwavd old sailor ; liko all the family, rather eccentric. He was known throuffhout the navy as " Foul- weather Jack." In the American War le did not distiii<;;uisli himself. Byron's adniiiiistivition was marked b}' the same humane treat- ment of tlu! EskiuKjs that had charactei'ised Palliser's dealinirs witli them. An endeavour was attain made to open up friendly intercoiu-se with tlie Beothics, Ijitt without effect. The Governorship '"roin tliis tini • forward appeai-s to liavc l)oen a re^'ular tiu-ee years' connnission. Commodore ^foliiieux Sluddhani, R.N,, afterwards liUi'd Shiddham,' was appointed in 1772 ; diiriiiy his connnand, which extended to 1774, the conunereial wai' between England and America cuhuinated in the Continental Con^nvss of 8eptend)er 1774. One of llie tirst acts of this assembly was to prohibit all ex- portations to Enn^land or the Tritish Colonies. War, however, did not actually be<>iu until the bSth of April the folluwin-r yi-.w, in the skirmish at Lexington, dignitied by American hist*)rian.s into a battle. I.OIU) .SIU'I.IUIAM. from an engraving nflor Dnnvc. \\\\ ' Molinoux Shiildhain was the sot'ond son of the \W\. S. Shulilliniii, of thi- diocese of Ossory, Ireland. He went to sea :i( ten years old; was Captain of the Slii'i-nirs.\ in 174ti. He saw very little fi^'liting till, in I7.")(i, he had the niisfortnne to lie captured l>y ti;ree French men-of-war, which he had mistaken for nier- ehantnien. He ,vas honourahly acipiitti I before a eourt-niartial. lie distinguished himself at ihe laptiire of (iuadaloupe, hut itus unfortunate in losin;; his ship when affain in the West Indies with Rodney ; when at- tacking some coast batteries in .Maitinicpie, his ship struck ami was wrecdied. In 1772, on his return from Newfoundland, he brou>iht an Ksroperty was acquired ; for instance, the collector Alexander Dunn received a grant of Friendly Hall, Engineer Prinirle the property now owned by SirJamea Winter (I'ringle's Dale) ; the hill now called Robinson's Ilill was originally Dover's Hill. William Spurrier, of the great firm of Spurrier's of I'oole, was made Naval Officer for St. Mary's, Oderin, Burin, and Mortier, where his firm carried on their extensive business. Mr. John Slade, of the great firm of Slade's of J^ole, was made Naval Officer for Twillingate. In Spurrier's bill for expense* of a proceeding out of the Vice- Admiralty Court against a servant, 2.s-. is cliarged for the Whipper. In 1773 Fort Towushend was commenced and the road to it from the Queen's Wharf, also the King's Ko.ad, the Military lload between Fort William and Foit Townshend, and the Signal liill Koad. The way in which titles to pro- l>erty were acquired in St. John's is curiously illustrative of the corruption and favouritism which prevailed in the days of our naviil (iovernors ; all around Fort William officers and soldiers had been allowed to l:ake in land as far as the margin of (^uidi Vidi Ijake ; on removal, soldiers and officers sold these to civilians in the town ; valuable properties, both OD the south and north side of Water Street, were purchased sometimes for a winter's provisions ; a good budding lot on the north side of Water Street, east of MeUride's Hill, was given to one large firm I'or their cook's passage to Knglaiid. Ann Ellis acquired F^llis's estate in a curious way : her brother had left it all to a woman not his wife ; the sister produced to (iovernor Shuldbam an opinion in her favour from the celebrated English lawyer, Dunning, GOVERNOR DUFF'S DECLARATIOX. 337 embo(l3'ing an adiuinible" set of reffulatioiis for the government of the sahnon iisheiy on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador ; tlie French are not mentioned, and it was evidently the practice at this time to completely exclude them from all occupations outside the cod fishery. Commodore Dnii's ' appointment lasted during 1775. The following proclamation, issued in July by liim, is of so \nuch import\nc.^, and in such striking contrast to the manner of dealing with obstreperous French naval officers at tlie present day, that it is given in full. The stout old commodore took the strictly correct legal view of the treaties and tlie rules of international law; would that the same spirit were infused into the British Governments of to-day, which cahnly permit Frenoii officers to put up proclamations on Britisli territory, ordering British subjects to sell their lun'rings only to Frenchmen, and allow them to enforce such arbitrary decrees. The proclimation reads : — " Whereas I have received aiithenlick accounts that in the month of July 1763 a French ship of war named the 'Unicorn' visited several Porta within my Government, particularly ' Croniellaire,' where tlie Captain of the said ship interfered in matters relating to the hiws and government of the Country. In case you should meet with any French ships of wai" within the limits of your station you are in the most civil and friendly ujanner to eni(uire of the Captain the occasion of his coming, and should he ho driven there hy necessity or distress you are to offer him assistance, and every other friendly office in youi- power, l)Ut should he pretend to come there for the protection and defence of French fishers or any otlior pretence whatsoever, other than distress, j'ou are to signify to him that the suhjects of France resorting to any port of H. Bi'itannick Majesty's dominions to follow any husiness or trade hy virtue of the Treaties subsisting between the twi) nations are, whilst in H.M. Dominions, inidr the -prolrrlioii nf l[. Brilnnuick Miijt-'iili) onlij ; and that in conformity to H.Majestys sentiments and firm rosoliuiou I and on this ex parte opinion she obtainud her grant. Stripling, a stout I'rotestimt and u puli- licau, through the interest of the otficers and soldiers, obtained a piece of hind at t^uiili \u\\, and afterwards, when he bccinue a justice and shetiff, though utterly ignor.iut and illiterate, a grant of the hind ou tlie ea>t side of Kinfi's Bridfie lioud, iiiid all Striiiliiig's plantation, were jriven to him. The title of the 'I'hoinas's dates back to the reign of Charles II., and wiis continued through the Uevils, and William TIiodihs, a justice in I'lilliser's time, down to the William and Henry Thomas of our own time. The Keens, Gills, Williams, and others of the clique that surrounded Governor I'al- liser, all 'nined their properties through Court I influence. Hutehiugs' estate was acquired by George Hutchings for his valuable services in / p. 2723. keeping a watch on Aedilions iigainst !St. Malo, (.'herbourg, and St. Cas, and in K.I'J was senior othcer of a small squadron covering the Ihittaiiy coast while Hawke blockaded Hrest. He was not present at Lord Hawkc's victory over the French , but it was in chasing DuH's ships that the French came in sight of the main luiglish tlect. He was with Uodney, in 17G2, at the reduction of Martini(iue. He endeavoured to relieve (Jibraltar in 177!(, but the Government were not able to strengthen his coraniand, so he was recalled. He became Vice-Admiral in 1778, and died in \7i*7. There is a portrait of him at the 1 loyal United Service Institute.— (,SiTEi'nK.N's A'u/. Did. oj' Uioyraphi/.) t i I'l li^i 11 ! > !■ i 338 REIGX OF GEORGE TIT. 'i!' of maintainins? witli tho ntinoftt oxa 'tnoss probity and pood faith tho 'J'rcatioa relating to tin- fishery I shiili with an unbiassed and impartial jiistico to tho subjects of both Ci-owna in my station inviolably olj.scrvc II. Majesty's cotnmands upon that head; but that I cannot iicrniit any officer with a commission from His Most Christian Majesty and ivilh mi. tn-m 'i'l force to nuDrt lo or i\frr<'isc mii/ (iKlhoritij tulthiit it)i;i piirt (if II. Majesty's dominions under my Government, their doing so being directly contrary to tho spirit and words of the 13th section of tho Treaty of Utrecht, by widch tin' sovereignty, property, and lull possession of this country is ceded to tho Crown of (Jreat Britain and tlie Fi'ench expressly excluded from liaving forts or forces in any jiart of it. and the tenor of th(.' whole article is to prnviilo against thi' French encroaching on H.M. Territories and on II. ^I. rights and privileges. That therefore I will not allow any Foreign officer with an ai'med force to resort to this country without first applying for and obtaining tho King's leave for that purpose. In case you should meet with any French officer within the limits of your station j-ou arc to appoint a reasonable time for him to depart ; beyond which time you aro not to allow him to stay and for your justification herein you are to deliver to him a copy of this my order to you. " KouKRT Duff." Several writers on Xewfoundland liistDr}', in tlieir anxiety to make out a case ayainst the American colonists in their stru^fgle with Eii(,,'lan(l, have niagnifieil a street row — an ordinary Irisli faction fight — in Harbour Orace, in 17()(J, into a serious battle, and the merchants* opposition to the new custom house as treason ; they have exaggerated anil perverted these small artUirs into a siuistci plan and preconcerted scheme of rebellion. There is not the slightest foundation for such a statement; at the time if the Declaration of Independence there was, no doubt, a go(.id ileal (jf lawlessness in the Colony, and some disattVcticjii, but thei'e was some little connnon sense amongst our islanders ; the republicans were few and scattered, the loyalists were in an over- whelming majority : there were four or five men-of-war always on the coast, a strong garrison, and at least ten thousand sturdy West Comitrymen. A rebellion in Newfouiidland would not have .stood for an hour against such overwhelming odds. Underhand attempts, no doubt, were made to seduce all the colonies from their allegiance. They nu't with no favour in Newfoundland ; against none wei'e the new republicans more vindictive than .igainst us; they knew that we were largely dependent on them for food, yet one of the first acts of the Ct)ngress of 1774- was to decree non-intercourse; this was not fully carried out, with all its dire effects on our popula- tion, until the following year : but in 1775 — a terrilileyear of storm and suffering — our late colonial Ijrethren, who had been on such friendly terms, did their utmost to starve us and to de-trov our trade; with their privateersmen, who knew every creek and cove along the Newfoundland coast. The extreme animosity of the Americans against us stems to be I THE AMERICAN KEVOLrTIOX. 339 n very clt'iir hidicrttion that in tlio ^'iciit strug^'le our i>(){nilation woiu loyal to the core.' It is not necessary to repeat aj^aiti the oft-told story ol' the Aniei'ican revolution ; how the ohstinacy and stupidity of tJeorge 111. and his nunisters drove the colonists into i-ehcllion ; how the f,'reatt'st statesmen in Eiiofland — Cliathani, Fo.k, and Bui'ke— Franklin, Wash- iiij^ton, and others, in America, tried to prevent war; how the gallant colonists at last achieved their liberty through the powerful assistance of France and a coMd)iiiation of nearly all Europe agaiiist England: this givat history has been written in eveiy form, from the "Spread-Eagle" one-sided view of some American historians, to the newest and i'airest description of the events liy hiined of liim to (jlovornor Dull", and lie was struck off the Commisiiou of the Peace ; he was restored m I ! ! ;340 HKKfX or UKOllUK III. I t ii I ■M liiinisli(.'uildin<;s, and sent away all the inhahitaiils, thirteen hnndivd and ninety-two persons, prisoners to Franco. In I77<) Monta^^ue, who had heen specially .selected for Newfound- laml on account of his activity and dariny, picked out a nnnilier of I Al'lllti: (>F V (fiMINKMVI. llltKi IIV AN DSlll.lMII llTl'KU. I'roiii It ilrnuimj in the II. M. the hest fast .sailin<,' vessels in tlie tiade and fitted them as arnie(l cruisers, puttiny younj;' lieutenants, masters, mates, niidshipmeii, and j)L>tty officers in charge of them. Witli the meii-of-war under liis coin- luand and these improvised .sloops and cutt<'rs, he most effectually protected our coasts from the American privateers, who liad done considerable daniai^i! the year b'fore. The petition given below throws a Hood of Uyht ou our social history in 177-3: it shows clearly that the ' 'rill- licivc iillai'ks (if tlio Heimlilicnns oil llioir Tiiiy linillier ri)loiii>ts, who li;id done tliiiii no «roii^', and tlii'ir tiviitiiu'iit of llif loyalists arc some of the most si'i'ioiis l)lots ami scamliils of Aiiu'iiraii history. - Joliii Moiitiigiie was C'luninandt'i' of Iho J/inchiiihroki'. \n 174.'>; in 1717 liu rt'priscntfd Kuutiiigdou in fai'liameiit, llu held vaiiealin<; ciirtain provi>i()ns in the said Act relative to the said fisheries, are of opinion that its Cieneral tendency is well ealciilnti'd for the Henefit of this Island, at the same time beg leave to lay before you some amendments ;snd uddit'ons, whiidi we ap- prehend will also bj of public utility. " Uelative to Uonnties <;ranted ships or vessels employed in the Hritish fishery, on the lianks of Newfoundland, having bee i f'.)ui:d inu'letpiafe to its intention (as to obtain it the adventurers were oblijjeil lo be at a eonsiilerable expense in outfitting their A'essels, earryinff extra men, to entitle them to receive the sanu") that the said liounties may be appropriated and allowed to such ships or vessels employed in the saiil fishery, navigated with ten men each, at the rate of six shillings per Ton, agre'.'abie to their registers, subject to all the rules and restrictions as reserved in former Acts. " That all the Plantations, Houses, Gardens, and so forth, in this Island, on being established projierly, to be nevertheless liable to the payment of debts, otherwise those merchants and iillirrs who supply the H.iat-keepers and liduibitants will be deprived of that resource, for the discharge of their just debts. " That nil Oil, Itlubher, and Seal Skins, exported from this Island, caught by Itritish subjects, may be imported into (ireat llriiain free of Duty ; oatli being made by the Master or pirs in having the charge of the said ship, that it was caught and cured as aforesaid. " If a .Master or the person acting luiilcr him, should at any time see it lu'cess iry to correct any st-rvant under them with modera- tion, (free from harshness or cruelty) for not doing his duty in a proper nunncr, that the B«id servant may not be allowed, lor every frivolous di>»greenu'iit or '"(unplaint to have his Master summon'd before a .lustiee of the Peace, which in the height of the fishery has been f'ounil very detrimental and often known to be the case without a just cause of complaint. " Fishing Admirals being authorizid to hear and determine matters relative to the fislu'ry.the Trading People are often deprived of an immediate resource to them, they being employed fishing on the Hanks. " That such fishing Admirals may be allowed lo appoint deputy or deimties to act under them to hear or deternnne, on such matters as may come before them relative to the hshi'ry aforesaid, with liberty to preside at any (.'ourt of .lustiee held in their ;les for eoverin^f houses, Ntores, \i'. ; also lioops in the winter season) shoilhl he eonipctent to judp' sueli Titnher as wonlil suit his purpose, and not wantonlr cut down any Trees lint lor their ininiediatu use undi'r eertani restrictions. '■ liindinj; Tri'cs is niso of ft pernicious tendency, altho' that article is very necessary in the lishery, yet should lie suhject to Ifepulations. not tor more I'revs to be riiidcil than is necessary for euriiif; and preserviuf; the tish and lor the eoverinj; teinporarv houses and huts, wlu-re hoards are luit to he ohtained. '• Codil Scans we deem a frroat mii/ance as liv llicm we destroy a f^reat quantity of small Hsh, whieli after hein;; inclosed in the scan (and not worth the attention of the person who hauls them) are left to rot, by w hieli means a nndtitude of fish that woidd •;riiw to maturity, perish. " ContifTuoHS to tlio Northern Part of this Island are o (ireat many Islands where Hirds breed in vast abundance which were of prcat si'r\ice to the inhabitants residiuf; near them, for food in the winter, and also for bait in catchin(.r of fish durin)x tin- sumnier, of which valuable resource they arc now almost entirely deprived, as fjreat i>art of the birds are destroyed within a few years by the crews of men who make it their business to kill them in their brcedinjj season, for their fi'athcrs (of which they nnike a Trallic) and burninir the carcasses, we have ajiplied to f;ct this with many other (iricvances redressed but have yet only retained a partial relief, therefore jtray that an entire sto)) may be put to destroyiiif; the birds otherwise than for 'vid or bait as before excepted. " Olive Oil and Cork, both articles very necessary for tlie fishery if allowed to be imported here duty free, we ap|)reheiid would not be detrimental to the revenue, and at the same time of public utility, as at present we are not allowed to import eitlicr, except its being first ►■ent to Kngiand, which is attended with additional expeuse. " 'iVlien Hrcad and Flour is to be pur- chased in Great Britain Iieluud and Quebec at Twelve Shilliiifrs per ewt. it can be supplied the iiduibitant of this Island at such moderate prices as not io be iv burthen or tax on the iishery, but when it exceeds the price bcfoie quoted, a bounty to be granted on what is <-\ported from (ireat lirituin and Irelund, to reilucc it til the saiil price of twelve shillings per cwt. (in llritish vessels). " Kvcry Ship or \'essel that briufls I'asHcnifers to N'ewfoMiidland not provided with Masters (whieli is often the case) Iho .Master of such N'esselon his arrival should be obliged to enter into Kond, that such nu'ii as do not ;.'et employed ilurin^' the suuuner (by which me.ins they become very burthensoiiH' here, and frcipicntly through IdJeiU'ss and want connnil ( )utraf.'es, lireaUing open Stores and Shops for plunder) and are not proviply to his Em- ployer for Liipior when, if he made bad use of it getting intoxicated and thereby neglect- ing his duty, it was in the said Master's Power to prevent the like happening in future, hut within a few years the number ot Licenced Houses in the said Harbour are amounteil to more than Eighty in number, many of whisli are houses of Ill-fame, where the fishermen and seamen resort, and get drunk, neglecting their duty to the great detriment of their Employers, it often happening thiough one i LKdAL AHUSKS. an this porioil, I give iu the llotc^ an account of a I'uw uf the cjwua tried in 1777.' Bcrviint'H ncjflfpt (.f ii few hours ii (MiiMiilcr- alilt' liiMs I'lisiii'H, iiH HhIi JH II (icri^liiii^ coiii- iiioilitv too iniiuli cure luid iittcniioii eun't liu piiiil It. To pri'vi'iit till- like in t'litiirc >vi> pray that tlin niimliur may lit> rciliiCL'd (of Mousi'jt Ijici'iii'i'il for .Si'liirij; l.ii|uor>*) to twelve, whieh wo deem full .sulfii'ient for the Kntertainmeiit both of the Inhikhitaiits, uh well H.H Struii(,'ers resorliii;,' to the IIarhahill one mortal stroke or blow, i.f which he the said John Caliill languished until tile evening of the :24th November and then died, iStc , \,c T'his is an abbreviated form of the indiet- ment against I'ower; there was no evidence to sustain it. It a])pears that Cahill, a shop keeper or inercbaiit, was having a drniikeii -.jiree in his house; sonic hoys looked in through the window, so he and other guests rushed out and struck the spectators with sticks; the accused, an Irish "youngster," was passing, and was struck violent blows on the head by Cabill and Lawrence I'ower, who were too drunk to distingnish anyone ; after being struck, Itiehard I'ower immeiliately went home, and next day had his wouinls dressed by Dr. Delaney. The jury foil n I the prisoner not guilty, and he was discharged on pai/ment of thi' fevs of the roiirl. Lawrence llallahan, found iruilty of forg- ing a bill of *IH, was sentenced as follows : " That you be carried back to the place fioin whence you came and thence he led to the plaee of execution and there to be hanged by the neck until you are Dead, Dead, Dead, and the Lord have mercy on your soul." Next Lawrence Dalton, for forging two orders for 20.9. and !".«., received the same sentence. Patrick Knowlan, for stealing a counterpane, value lii(/., from Peter Prim, sentence: "That you P. Knowlan be whipped by the comtnou whipper with a halter about :' < f' ' ( I , 3-14 REIGN OF GEORGE III. In tlie year 1776 came into operation tlic statute known in tlie C/olony as " PtiUi-er's Act," 15 Geo. III. c. xxxi. This important measure was very ably drawn, and, although somewhat encumbered with the involved and redundant verbosity of the period, it was remarkably clear and definite ; Sir Hugh's hand can be traced in every line. The distinct purpose of the measure was to make the Newfoundland business a British fishery, carried on by fishermen from England and tlie Kings dominions in Eurojie ; Ameriran colonists were rigidly excluded from any participation in the boxmties and other benefits granted by it. The preandjle clearly explains this object : — " Whereas the fishc ries carried on by H. M. snbjects of G. Britain and of tho Britisli (ioniinionw in Europe have been foniid to be the best nurseries for able and expuiienoed seamen, always ready to man tlie Royal Navy when occasions rocjn ire ; and it is theiefore of the highest national importance to give all due enconi'ago- ment to the said fi.sheries, and to eiidcavoi./ to secure the anuiinl rvti(ni of tlie fishermen, sailors, and others employed therein to the Ports of Great Britain &c. at the end of every fishing season. " Now in order to promote these great and imi)ortant purposes and with a view in tlic first ])liice to induce H. M. subjects to jiroceed early from the jxii-ts of G. Britiiin to the Banks of Newfoundland, and thereby to prosecute the fishery on the said bunks to the greatest advantage it is enacted &c " That from and after 1st Jany. 1770 the bounties hereinafter mentioned shall be paid and allowed anmniUy for 11 years siuh vessels must De British built and owned by British subjects residing m Hngland Ac., not li'ss than 60 tons burthen, not less than 15 men (three fourths of whom must be H. .M. subjects), to be fitted and cleared out from an English Port on llie 1st January each year; they must catch on the Banks not less tJian 10,000 fish to be landed on tho E. coast of Newfoundland before tlie l&th July each year. _" Bounty of £'40 per ship to the first 25 vessels milking two trips to the Banks — next 100 vesi>els £:20 each. Bounty for whale fishery £500 to the first vessel arriving with the largest (juantity of oil. " No person allowed to fish in Newfoundhir.d except these arriving from II. IM. Dominions in Eurojie [intended to exchu'e the Aiiicrieaiis]. Piovisious to be brought from England, Jr< land. &c. free. Fishing vessels to be free from restraint and only ])ay a Custom House fee of "Jk. 6(1. Seal skins atid oil to be free of duty. " No fishing vessels to cari'y passengers to Newibundlinid without jiermission. Agreement in writing with fishei men obligatory. No ailvanee to fishermen to bo more thun half their wages — other half on return home. ^Muster must ]iroduce Shijijiing paper. Fish and oil liable preferentially i'or j;ayment of servants wages. your nock, flint is to sny you nre to receive on your bare Iiiick twenty lushes iit the coiiinion whijipiiig post, then to lie led by the liiiller to the I'lihlick I'litli just opposite Mr. IVter I'rims door ami tlieie ri'eeive twenty lashes n>i before, luul then led as K-t'ore t( the Viee-Adniimrs Heaeh anil there to receive twenty lashes us before ; to forfeit nil your poods and ehnttels ; to pay the elinrfres of tlie Court, iiiid to depart this Island by tbe first vessel bound tor Ireland never to return on jiaiu of huvinj; the same )iunis1inieiil repeated every ^Moi.dav moriiinf; ; l<> be kept in prison till you go aboard." Thus ended the n.-ssi/es. Mcni.. Gii.i,. John Stiui'I.iso. Kdwi). Wiiitk. Tiios. DoDi). KnwAun Lamjji an. Hour. Ihi.i.i'.v. Ilulluhan was hung Idth May ri'77. PALLISER'S ACT. 3# : Penalties for misconduct of fisliermen. All disjnites to be determined by Sessions Courts in Newfoundland or by Vice Admiralty Court [this was repealed as regards Admiralty Courts by 26 Geo. III. cap. xxvi. sec. 25]. Fishermen to be fi'ee from ))rea,s f^'ang. Duty of ]/- per gallon on rum from America, &,c , ..." Palliser'.s Act was one of the results of the troubles with America. The bounty was given to encous'sige the loyal Colony of Newfoundlanl ; by a provi-iion in the Act, Amei-icans, as well as all Colonists outside Newfoundland, were exclufled from :dl participation in the colonial fishery. The bank iishery was specially reserved for the subjects of His Majesty's dominions in Europe. Hanoverians, Jersey men, kc. might fish ; but Canadians, Nova Scotians, and Bernuidians were rigidly ex- cluded by this extraordinary narrow policy. As Ireland was at the time in strong sympathy wit'a the American insurgents, it was thought desirable to win over the Celts by granting them the niueh-desired boon of free trade -with the Colonies, and a bounty for their fishery. The Irish were so much concerned with Newfoundland at this time that historians speak of the bounty on our bank fishery as given to the Irish New- foundland fishery. The trade between the two c(jui:tries at this jieriod was large; Arthur Young speaks of the farmers around Waterfoid fiittening pigs for our mai-kets ; legal or illegal, (he trade wa.^ carried on. The West Countrymen always made a provision that the convoy out to New- foundland should remain forty-eight hours in Cork. The etfect of l^'al User's Act was to increase the bank fishery, it had no other result. The provisions abovit servants' wages were bitterly disliked by the West Country mer- chants, and in eviry way tl.ey tried to evade the new law. In the year'-^ 1787 and 178,S ji new trade (piestion arose. The Devonshire men found a formidable com])etitor in a most nnhioked-for ([uarter, Bernmda. The whole story of this sudden irruption iiit> our island of the Somers Islanders and their lusty negroes is so gtaphically d'vscribed by Jeremiah Coghlaii, that I give his report in full ; it is dated 25th October 17 ordered first a forfeitui-e of all their wa^vs, and .secondly that they should be impri.sonrd and then sent on board a man-of-war, never to rettwn to the Colony. At this perio 1 of our history there had yiMWii u[) a considerable trade with Greenock, CJlasj^ iw, and Belfast, besides the lon^ standing commercial intercourse with Waterford. Representations wei'e made bv the chief majfistrates of these towns about the state of the civil t'overnment in the Colony, or rather the want itf anv efficient and orderly administr.itio i of law oi- e()venuuent.- Beini' anxious to increase ' In I'liilip-' time clerks hail :i vir.v lianl lite, they weie tniit-d altiKist like iiieiiial servants. One div Miiluul, I'iiilips" failliCiil (lid Irish servant, tiilil his nui^terthe appalliiiji news that the _\ouiifr fieiillrnieli wauled a (dianpe in their cliiincr— all three had ilielared lliev would eat pork no longer. " Not eat pork." said the old man in a furious raj:e, " I'll make 'em eat pork until the liristles frrow on "eui." - Wkkck of thk '■ TUdlS riiiiiKs." " As e\erv part of the eomluot of the peoide at •■ind about St. Marie's eonceriMMJ in this transaction app.ais to me the most iuhnuinn and barharous proeeeding 1 evir heard of in a Christian countrv I relv on your doini; that justice to he injureil parties their uuhap|iy ea>e reipnres. and doubt not there niav be some well di-^posed people there who will be happy to render you every assist- ance towaids this disiovery, aial am fieiitle- mcJi, '■ Your very hmnble servant, '• .1. MoN r.vi.CK. " To .lohn Kollett .V .las. .lack^on, .1.1'. 's, 'rreiiassey." ['{'his Iclti r relates to the wnck and Iihinderini,'' "f the P'rench schooner Tri'i.s /■'/cK.v, of (iuadaloupe, Pierre IJartheleniy lilomu, uiastir, in .\piil 1777.J .*<« v:^ \l i: i--: \i !, i n"' 1 1 1 ', ♦ 1 i' 'i )L GOVEUNOR EDWARDS. 349 their profitaltlo Imsincss with the; I.sland, they represented the dephirable Htiite of jirtiiirs to the Ministry, but all to no i)urpose. Grievous coin- p' \int.s were iimde, especially about the administration ot" justice — • Governor after Governor represented the matter to the Crowu, but without erteo.t. Rear- Admiral Montamic! remained luitil 177H. In Julv of that vear France recognised the independence of tlie United States, nnd deelare(l war against Enifland. This step had been in contemplation for some time ; in the autun)n of 1777 all the French fleet in Newfoundland, both men-of-war and merchantmen, had been suddenly ordered to return to Fiance. On the Guvirnor's di-partiire fiom the Colonv at the usual time, in both the autumn of 177() and 1777, he had left two frigates and two Mrmid vessels at St. John's and Plaeentia, and at the earnest re(iuest of the mei'caants in 1777 a frigate remained on the coast up to the 25th of November to con- voy the tlsh vessels to the Mediterranean. There is very little interesting matter in the records during Governor Edwards' tenure of ottice.^ He was a very careful and attentive administrator. All available means were used to strengthen the defences of the Colony ; nine men-of-war, between three and four hundred volunteers, and about four hundred and fifty regular troops were under his command ; bat- teries were established at Quidi Vidi, Cuckold's Cove, Andierst Tower, Frede- rick's P)attery, Chain Rock ]}attery, Fort William, Fort Townshentl, and at Petty Harboui-, and in the Torbay and Hay Bidls Roads ; a ship was moored at River Head to defend the path leading into the town from Bay Bulls ; the volunteers when under arms were allowed rations, pay, and each half a i)int of rum per diem. About £.'),00() in specie to pay troops and volunteers, and eight hundred stand of arms, were sent on: from Enclaiid. Edwards acknowledoes in ijii\ KitNvii! iiuiiAini i:ii\viin»s. From (in iiiiirnvhuj nfter Ihiiice. \i,^ m ' Uicliiiiil Kdaards must not be Cdiit'iispd cam? IJeiir-Adniiiiil of tlie liluo, tiiul soon with till' (iovonior of the sa;ne name in after was sent to tiie Xewfoiintiiand station ; (leoifie II. 's reijrti. lie was appointed a lie resigned this post in April 17S2 on the Commander in 1717, and in 1777 wa.sC^iptain change of administration. l!d\vards saw very of 1I.M.8. .S'(/M(/(rit7t (90) at I'shant, under little active service; he died, at an advanceil Admiral Kepj)el, where his ship suffered very age, in 1794. — (Cii.vunock's Biot/iiijiliKi severely. II(! was ii witness at the subseqnent S'lwulis.) court-martial. On 19th March 1779, lie be- .S.jO REIOxN OF GEOHGP: I If. H ,1 , ! fifmteful tiTins the loyalty of the Newfoundland populatini ; their active exertions to defend the Colony, their cheerful .submission to military rule and discipline, and their valuahle aid in perfectinf;' the defences, both of the capital and the outi)ortH. Beyond tampering with the guns at Renews, there is not a single cumplaint of disloyalty or disatfection. All through 17^0 St. Jolin's was kept in a state of vigilant watch- fulness about the great French fleet, with, a hundred transports, that had sailed from Brest on May 2nd ; its destiny, however, was the United States, not Newfoundland. During all tlie finst Ameiican con- test no foreign men-of-war — eitlior French, Spanish, or American — nuule any .serioas attack on the Island. Newfoundland suffered much from n: TWIM.IXOATE. From a photoyraph. the scarcity and dearnes,s of provisions, which had all to be imported iionx luigland, as well as coal. On the other hand she enjoyed all the fishery — bank and shore — without a rival : prices were good and the harvest of the sea abundant. On the whole, the war time was a prosperous period in Newfoundland his-tory. Tliei'e were, however, many American pii\'ateers hovering aliont the coast. They did most damage to the planters at Fogo and Twillingate. In August ITiSO Edwards wiites that "already he has cai)turt'd five American privateers, but they are in force on the coast." With the strong naval armament then cruising about Newfoundland the}' did not venture on our .shores, except in the early spring, when they might do miseliief to the northward, or late in the autumn, when the fleet had sailed for England. Beyond destroying a few fishing boats and stages If" ^!: AMERICAN TRIV^VTEERS, 3.11 tliey did not do much sorious injury on the south const. Some of tiio miiall outlying SL'ttlonients were i)lunderod l.y skip2)oi-s wlio had boeu traders to the Island. Thoy boldly sailed their vessels ri^dit into the wliurves, and then requisitioned the inhabitants and carried off all tlie sailors thoy res;} cauie the Treaty of Versailles, in which tlie Imperial Ciovernnient had once more an op[)ortunity of settlinenjamin Franklin, taught European diplomatists a lesson which they have never forgotten.' With respect to Newfoundland, we were" again sacrificed by Mr. Alleyne Fitzherbert, afterwards Lord St. Helen's. Every detail of this important treaty had been agreed on after protracted discussion, only the ti.siierits remained. The French claimed the exclusive right to the Newfoundland fishery from Cape John to C.vpe Ray. Fitzherbert told them the English Ministry dared not give away British territoiy on the Island, and he could put no such terms in the treaty. There was a deadhick ; the French w»mld not give way, both naticms were anxious for peace. The diplomatists wanted to .show their ability by finding .some way out of the difficulty. At last, says Fitzherbert, " I ventured to jiropose as " a mezzo-termine (taking care, however, to add that the propo.sition " cau\e from myself) that the exclusive right should not be mentioned " in the treaty, but that we should promise viinistendinent to socuie " it to the French fishermen by means of pi'opcr instructions to tiiat " effect to the government of Newfoundland." To this the Count ilo Vergennes assented. The whole transaction was dishonest ; theie was ' Head Weddcrburu's nttaok ou Franklin about the stolun Whatelcy correspoiideuoe. \l V THE TREATY OF VEHSAILLES. 353 lu tt» 1)0 a slmin ti'oafcy, sI^'iumI ami set Itcfoiv tin' Kii^jlish Houso (tf CoimiiDiiH ; the ival treaty was to (icpt'inl on tlu> word nf the iiiiniHtor, 1111(1 afterwards on the duclanition ol' the kin^'. The tri'iihj says : — " Arti' nnidVid. Jlis Uritannic Majesty will give orders that the French lishermeii l)e not incommoded in cutting the wood neix'ssary for the repairs of their xallolds, huts and lishing \essels." It is perfectly clear that the English envoy virtually proiiiisi'd to yivo France exclusive riifhts Troin Ctipe John to Cape Kay, but the Ministry dare not put it in the Treaty — the cla ises nliout NewfouiuUand were most unpopular. Fox and Burke tore away e\eiy vestioe uf ereroclrtiiintirin iHsueil l>y tlie Hioii are cntiri'ly wimtintj, and the claim put forward on the |iiirl. ui I'l u.'.'.'e, is fnunded sinijily iip(jii infereiici! and upon an assiiiiied interpreiation of words." This is a vei-y aMy written despatch. It apjiears to me, however, after havino- earerully read tlie iinuieiise rorresjiondence on the .suliject, tliat, notwithstandiiiy all the liair-s|ilittin;,' ]ettei'.s, the French ar<,ntinent th.it thty have a ])rior claiiii to tlie tishin^' on the Tivaty Shore liad great force, nnd it" thi-y had lieen ahle to occupy every inch of the gr tliu l-'iviicli iliosi' to ij^'nv fur iiihubitaiits of St. Gforgu's Bav, probibitinjj tUciu. *■ 35() REIGN" OF GEORGE III. '■ r^! ■ ■' ii !l . refer to are set forth fully in the piirliamentary report on the courts of jiistici- in NewfouniUand. and also in the niiuiuscrijit history if T)r. Garilner of Boston.. U.S.' In the summer of 17S4 a French brig was lost at Greenspcul. Dr. Gai-dner sa^s : — " Finding that the Ti'.ssfl must bo lost altogether, some of the Tlantors at Grecnspond made frci> with sumo of the propi-rty on hoard which occasioni'd the French Captain to go to St. John's und complain to the jndgc of the Vice-Admiralty Court, who immediately issued out a summons against sixteen of the ]>rii;cipal ])lanters. who he protends had plundered his shiji, and in the height of the fishing season they were sent prisoners to St. John's to be tried for their lives i nd for that ]iui'pose detained there in custody until October; at the sap"i' time, previous to tho ti'ial, theii' effects were attached; thi> ccinsecjuenco was that upwards of£15i*0 is said to have been lost by this unlawful act. "The men were all ac((aitted except one who, being found sxuihy of having endeavoured to secrete some goods fi'om on board the wi'eck, was comlenuu'd to die, but so shocking was this decive for a fault or crime which in this country rAmericiij would be deeuuMl petit larceny that the French CajJtain and tlie prosecutois petitioni'd the Govi'ruor to paidon him, who humanely (•omi)lied with the reipiest. The ))oor man, by name George Clarke, was so shocked at tho treatnu'iit he sustained together with tho loss of his pre .pert}' which was all sold by order of tho Judge of the \'ice-Admiralty Court (and the amount is now in his hands), that he came to England and soon dit'd of gi-ief. "It is melancholy to relate that some of these po(U' nu'u were tried for their livo merely for having a dozen spike luiils found ui)on them, which they delivered up to the first ]iersou who appi^ir.Ml to receive thun. Th;' cruelty of those ])roceeiliniis needs no eominent. Had a Court been instituted directly, and a pei'-on aC(|Uaiutcd with the laws ajipointed to try them on the spot, thi' injured would have been i-edressei?. ;uid the guilty, if any, punished, and these industrious ui''n by lieing employed in the fishery during the season enabled to make go,)d their iiayments to their employers, or biiil might have been taken for their ai)])ear- ance aft'^r the fishing season was over. But that would not have suited the purpose of the Aiiuiiralty Court at St. .lohu's, the fees uf which are most enormous. . . ."'- 'riu> followinc; .statement i.s taken from the sworn evidenee of Rielianl Routh, Collector of the Customs — afterwards appointed Chief .Itistiee 1»y the British Gdverniuent : — " For t lie sole purpose of fees the Miigistrates licensed 1^8 Public Houses in St. .loInTs alone at t.i guineas t arh ; oiu'-half of this went to the three Justices, the other half lo the Public funds. ' Dr. (iiuihu'v was !. li'!iiliiij> i)liv>lriiui in he died at a very ndvani'id ajre. He was a lliii !'!!( Iiosten. the first lo iiUredin'e vai'iMiiatieli uito New Klifrliilid : liesides ills praetiie he cailied CTi a hw'^r whelesale dvw^ liiisiiios. siiiiiilyiiiir all the I';a>teni States with his uudieini". ; liy tins nie!Ui>. wliicii was a ;:rfit iiiuevatieii on i'»tal)li-^lii'd luai'liees, 111' made a liuue fortune, wall which he tiiuiuled the town of " (iiinliier," ill .Maine; he was an anient l>(i\ali>t, and wiun the Hriti>li troops left Hiwlon he followiMl theui.and eanie ilow ii to Xiwfoandland ; after the lu'Volutiou he returned to lioslon, wliere niau distinjruislied for hifrli eharaeter. for activi iienevolenee.and stern unliendinir loyalty. Ills history is in nuuMisi'ri|it (M.M. MS. I.'i4y.i), J regret I havi' luily space to make a few extnicts from it. '■' This story is not a bit exaggerated. The case is rei>ortecl shortly in the Heciuds, L'.S Cot. 1784. — The trench l)rip was called /.'.I (■////(', the master's name Y. le Pomelle, liouis (jouillou was second muster, and Friuis. Uouilloii, surgeon. THE COURTS OF JUSTICE. 357 There were oihor means of inc-.va.iug thoir incomes bv finos th^ mo^t opproa^ue. ■ • . A poor inoflensi- tayW rForeham] hid for sever.l (lav. [m he summer of 1783] been iuto>-:.H:ed and was by that means rende Ted Lane in this s>u.at.on he affronted h. neighI,our, a ^idow woman, witl m -op u". retidles i '''!"' I''"" '^'"'''''^'''- 'l''"' tavlor wan sumn.one.l but rega, uless of every event , .n his insane eond:tion] he did not appear He wis fined tTZt!':''''^r '''''''-' ^"^^'^^--'^^-^^^ '^'^ P-P-'ty ^^^r^ The tlu-ee magistrates divided the fines; tliis would not be a bad «lny s ^VH)^•k. Routh says there was not a single instance of a poor man recovernig ngain.t a n.erchant before these justices except one A judgment was given against a man named O'Drisooll. of Bay Bulls in the .natter of Brook's estate ; as lie was passing along the strJet, down- hearted about luscase, which spelle.1 ru n for him, a friend pointed out Pnnce Wilham Henry (afterwards William IV^.); "get him to plead your case agen. 'said the Irish friend, " an-• "•»'» the (iovernor seems to make the hea.l of he baw Department was . baged to leave this country abont thirty ye s Z and went to the Bay „f ]-ul,s .t Newfoundland, where he Jived a i Clerk* ![ gentleman concc-rned in .he fishery. After some tin.e he went to St. .d n'. and kept a small school wh.ch he did not fiml answer his e.xpectafV- he e fore became a retailer of spirituous liquors. However he n.ay^.e founuo,...iVd "r the business ot a gm shop, those v.-ho are best acqr.air^.4 with h m d nt one voice that he is unworthy of ho.d.ng the posts hL n;w^i:;'l; ''" ^•''" ""'^ Itio Judges who C()mj)ose the Court of Over and T,....-.in».. o,.„ n .Tndge of the Admiralty whL presides, two o three h iL one r two^M ^i ? ".eu not the least acrp.ainted with la.v or the f. r-l t lUie r C duringthe session and renewed e.ry year. T^^^ We'no 'rifZlhZ;: ' Gardner snys the mngistrate!. were well aware of Forehaia's couditioii of aiiud. H« ' u -vas a ,na.' of meims, i,nd therefore a t'ooa subjei'-. to l.e mulcted. ^ miw 1 1* 358 REIGN OF GEORGE III. we may suppose make the most of their phicos. The expense of the most trifling cause is commonly £20 and the poor wretches by paying it feel much mi>cry and distress. The sixpcr.-ons ur^uall^ uu the Bench on those oecnsions with the !?herift' have each two guineas for every trial. The clerks, gaolers, and constables' fees make up the rest ; so that rather than bj at so heavy an expense to i)rosccnte, tiie culprit often goes without p'Miishment." The final result, of all this cruelty anil injustice avus to crciite a terrible feelinsn,Avas advised by his admirable secretary, Aaron Graham, to create a c nirt of common jiKms, with regular judges, instfud of justices of the peace. It was a fortunate mistake, as it led to a mu'e caivbd investigation and in- spection of our judicial svstem bv the House of Conniioi's. Grievous comi)laints were mad*' by the merchants ag.iinst Sir 3Ii' k"s n"W tribunal. I'^iually, in 17!M, tiie House of Commons passed an Act— 81 G.'o. HI. c. xxix. — creating a c( urt designated " The Court of Civil .TuriMticiion oi "ir Lord tlie King at St. John's, in tin- Island of Newfoundland." This was presided JOHN UKKVi:.-'. From (tn engraritig nftfi' Drumninnd. ' ^t:\ik MilliMiike, flic (liiid son of Sir l{!il|ih Mill)iinkr. (.r liiiliiidi\, \ oik.-liire, flitoicci till' .\iiv\- ill 1 7:lsri he was jieit admiral at I'lymontli, mid 17'.lO-l-2 (iovernor of .\'i« roiiiidland. He was t'limiiiandei- iii-chief at I'm tsmoiilh, I7H9 to )8e:f, Inif had no aetivi' eoitiniand diirinjr the war. lie tiled in ISO.). — (^SvKriUiN'b Aul. Dirt, uf Jiiuiiidjilii/-) THE SUrilEME COUJIT. 3o9 over by Chief Justice Reeves/ and was only to continue for one j'eai*; next year it was properly set forth by 82 Geo. III. c. xivi., as "The Supreme Court of Judicature of the Ishmd of Newfoundland." It was also only for one year, but was continued annually until 1809. John Reeves, again made Chief Justice, had been law adviser to the Hoard of Trade ; he was an admirable official — industrious, painstaking, firm, and resolutely impai tial ; the whole reformation in our judicial 8y.steiu is due to him, Aaron CJraham,- and Admiral Mark Milbanke.'' It was a tex'ribly up-hill struggle ; the West Country merchants fought as resolutely against the courts as they had formerly done against tlie ' Chief Justice Reeves, to whose high qualities 1 have eudeavoured to do justice, shows iu one of his judgmeuts that, even undev his ahle iidmiuistration, tlie (luality of mercy was notstraiued. He tried some tislier- nieu tor takiii},' egfis at the i'unii Islands, which was forbidden hy I'roelaniation ; it ■was proved that one of the culprits, Clarke, lived at Greenspoud ; he was iu want of food for his family, and the e<:<;s were taken .'olely to obtain some for his wife and children. Whilst sentencing the other prisoners to he puliliclii whipped, he solemnly ordered that, out of regarsed llie annual Acts tor :-.stitutiiig Ci'irts of Judicature in Newfound- land i.^iac. 31 Cieo. ni. caj). xxix., Wi CJeo. III. c. xlvi. and ;):J (ieo. III. e. Ixxvi.). 1 'nder the first of these Acts, His Majesty was pleaded by ihe autliiuity thereby vested in him, to api>oint Mr. Keeves Chief .Judge of the said islaud ; and the Governor of tlie said island, in conjunetion with Mr. I{eeves, under the authority ^ested in them by the said Act, apjioiuted .Mr. Aaron (iiahani, the Governor's secretary, and -Mr. D'Kwes Coke, a inagistiate resident in the said island, to be iissessors iii the suid Court. ]Mr. IJeeves accordingly proceeded to N'ewfoiiudland, and there, with the assistance of those two gentlemen, discharged the duties of his office and returned back to England. In the year 1 7'J2 His Majesty was pleased by virtue of the power vested in him by the secDiid of the said Acts to appoint Mr. Reeves Chief Justice, and that gemlenian did accord- ingly a second time proceed to Newfouudland, and return back to this kingdom. In this second Act tiiere was no direction as to ajipointing any assessors. Ill the last session of Parliament, His Majesty was in like mannT again authorized to appoint a Chief Justice anil he was pleased to appoint the before mentioned D'Ewes Coke to be Chief .Tiistiee in tile ct.iirt established by the third of the said Acts. For the trouble these gentlemen have had iu discharging t'"j duties of their respective offices, I ain of opinion they should be paid the following sums, viz. : — For the first year, Mr. Reeves, £.500, Mr. Graham', £200, Mr. Coke, 1:200. For the second year, Mr. Reeves, £500. For the third year, Mr. Coke, C300. Hy the first of the before-mentioned Acts of Parliament, the tiovernor and the Cliii-f Justice are authorized to settle the allowanci' to be made to the assessors, and they have recommeiideil the above sums as leasonable coiiipeiiMifion. Tiu' (iovernoi and Chief Justice have also authority under all the acts to settle what shouhl be paid to the cli'rks for their trouble, and it has been agreed hy tlu'iii as follows : — For the first year, to the first clerk, £ 10, to the second clerk, t;2.5. F(U- the sei'ond year to the clerk, .t40. For the third year, £-10. ll has bi'fii found since the first year tl- ■• one clerk is sutlieieiit to condnct the In.siness 'I'lu'se salaries were to he allowed in lieu of all fees or eiuoliiinents whutsoe\er. I am, At. Henuy Dixijas. Lords Commissioners of the Treasurv. m 360 REIGN OF GEORGE III. i \. ■ ' settler? The two most determined antajjonists were Mr. Peter Ou2 Jonathan Ogden was made Acting Chief Justice. He had been Supreme Surrogate and Deputy Naval Officer under Richard Hatt Noble, Naval Officer, who was allowed to remain in England and execute the office by depuiy, a connnon practice in the Georgian era. Jonathan Ogden had been sent out as a surgeon's mute to the St. John's Hos|)ital ; he .seems onl}' to have occunie'l the position for a .short time, and appears to have been a man of sound judgment, on whom the Governor placed great reliance. After two doctors and a collector, the next Chief Justice wits a merchant, Thomas Trendett, or c > o liiil 1:^ .' Ml!' i 1 1 I ' CHIEF JUSTICE TREMLETT. 361 Trimlett His firm liad been very large Newfonnflbuid merchants ; tlioy eiiine to grief throiigli some outside speculation, and, in accoi-dance with the custom of the country, he received a Government office. There never was a more independent, upright judge than Tremletl ; his decisioMs gave great offence to his quondam friends in the trade. They made constant complaii)ts against him ; finally they embodied iheir grievances in a long, elaborate petition containing three specific charges of injustice. The Governor, Admiral Duckworth, fuinished the old chief with the complaints against him. His reply was unique.* I give it in full : — " To the first charge Your Excellency I answer that it is a lie, to the second charge I say that it is a d d lie, and to the third chai'ge that it is a d d infernal lie, and Your Excellency I have no more to say. Your Excellency's obt. Servant " Thomas Tkemleti." Tremlett v/as sustained in Ids position both by tbe Governor and the authorities in England.- It was, however, considered desirable that a man of moi'e legal knowledge, of more popular manners, and unconnected with local interests, should be appointed. His Lordship was therefore transfei-red to Prince Edward's Island. The choice next fell upon an eccentric Irish gentleman of good family, Csvsar Colclough, who was Chief Justice of that Island. Tremlett was the la.st of the unlearned ; ' Of course, besides this letter, there was a formal official one from Tremlett. " Despatch op Goveunou Sir J. T. Dt;cK- WOIITU ON THE ChaUOES AGAINST ChIEF Justice Tremlett. " The chief justice of Newfoundland, as far as my intercourse with him has enabled me to judge, is a person who will uot be influenced in the disclinrjre of his duty by the approbation or disapprobation of any man. Of bis legal knowledge 1 can form no opinion, but of his abilities I am far from thinking poorly, and a salary of seven hundred pounds a year is not likely to induce a more competent person to accept the office. He is certainly a man of great diligence and appli- cation, but he has by an irritability of temper, and a certain rudeness of manner which are natural to him, and by separating himself entirely from the society of the people of the town, rendered himself in the last degree unpopular ; and however circumspect his future conduct may be in the discharge of his public duties, he will never be approved by them. How far, in the cases now under discussion, he may have been to blame, it is extremely difficult for me to know. They occurred chiefly before 1 came to the Govern- ment and there is scarcely any person capable of giving information relative to (hem who is not influenced in some measure by a ft eliiig of party. The complainants are urgent for a public examination of evidence upon the spot, alleging that they are not equal to a discussion with the chief justice on paper; that his representations are filled with false- hood, and that there is no other method of proceeding effectually than that of a imblic enquiry at which they may be able to bring forward their witnesses upon oath. Your lordship will perceive from my correspondence with the compluiDants that they reserve to themselves to transmit additional statements. I have shown to them the defence of the chief justice which is enclosed herewith, and they aver mat it is filled with misrepresenta- tion. If your lordihip or the Lords of the Committee of Council should be pleased to require from me more minute information in this matter, I beg to be honoured wiih your commands, but it is my duty to state distinctly in this report that in whatever instances his judgement may have erred, I have not found in any part of the chief justice's conduct the most remote appearance of corruption, nor when I have called upon the complainants, have they ventured to charge him with it in any instance. As your lordship will ptreeivo that the accompanying statements are not of 3G2 REIGN OF GEOllOE III. suljscrjueiitly the li-ad of the Supremo Coiut was a barrister of not less t'.ian seven yoai's' stamliiig. Vice-Adniiral Jijhu (vainplx-ll was Governor from 1782 to 17S.j; he api)ears to liave been an able and enlightened luler.^ John Jones, a dissenting preiieher, who founded Congregationalism in the Colony in 17H2, giveH a pleasing picture of his Excellency, " as beyond all expression gentle, mild, and good-natured." In 17'S4 he issued the a nature to adiuit of my souding duplicates to the Lords of the Coniiuittee of I'rivv Council for Trade, I take the liherty of reiiiiestini; tliat tiiey may be forwarded wheu your lord- ship has done with tliem. " 1 have the honour to he very respectfully " Aly Lord, " Your Lordship's " Most ohedient Innnhie servant, " J. 'I". Dl'ckwouth. " To the Karl of Liverpool." UkI'OKT nV TUB LO'IDS OP THE CV)M- MITTKK OK CoLXUir, FOIl TllAlU; AN!) FoiiKiiix Plantations. Downinj; Street, I.'i June, 1812. " Referriiifj to pa|>ers sent on 28 C)etoI)er ISll of eom|)iaints preferred liy tiii> Mer- chants of St. .(ohn's aijainst the Ciiief Justice of Newfoundland " 'I'lieir Lordsliips have averted in the first instance to the charsre made against Joiin Keeves Em\., late Chief Justice ' tliat ho had for several years tofietiier participated in the sahiry of tiie Chief Justice after he had ceased to fill that situation . . . .' " Their Lordsliips say that they have no reason to doubt the truth of Mr. Reeves' declar.ition that he has never received any money or money's worth in eonsiileiation of the otiice of Chief .lustice of Newfunndlanil or any ofliee place or thing relating to Newfoundland " Alter a full enquiry and deliberation it does not a}ipear that any act of wilful in- justiet! lias been sanctioned by (.Iliief Justice Treuilett nor i> there any well attested proof of partia'ity ov oppression or of any iin- ueccuntable delay or unwarrantable decision. " I'nder these circumstances their Lord- ships have not rtcomnieiided His Koyal Highness to dismiss the Chief Justice from the high and important situation which he fills and U.K. II. is therefiue plea.se(l to continue to confide to him the charge of a I'ninistering justice iu the Island of Newfoundland " Batiiukst. [In a separate paper.] " Their Lordships attribute the un- popularity of the Chief Justice not to any actual misconduct in his judicial capacity but in some degree to the invidious nature of the duties which he is called upon to e.\eeute as well us to the ungracious manner iu w 'h they may he occasionally performed. Aiiuough there may have existed no ground for seriouH complaint and still less for any charge of partiality or corruption there ciiii however be little doubt that whilst the Chief Justice is continued in his present situatiou there will not he that general satisfaction and confidence which ought in uU cases to accompany the admiiiistratioa of justice ; and although II.IML will on no account consent to the dismissal of the Chief Justice or to any act which m'i]ht imply the least suspicion of his integrity or even any dis- approbation of his past conduct ILU.H. would nevertheless be desirous that some arrangement should be made by which Mr. Tremlett might be employed with less embarrassment and inconvenience to himself and with greater prospect of udvuutage to the public service " Should an opportunity offer of placing Mr. Tremlett 'n a judicial situation of eipsal emolument in some other settlement he will not object to transfer his services from that which he now fills." Witnesses to be sworn against the Chief Justice — John Ur.AM), High Sheriff. Gi;i). Liixv, auc- tioneer. I'atic. IJkazei.l, cooper. ' .John Cain]ibell, the son of a minister of Kirkbean, iu KirUeudbrightshire, was born in that parish about, but iirobably before, the year 1720. At an early age he was boiuid apjirentice to the master of a coasting vessel, and is said to have entered the Navy by ofFi ring himself in exchange for the mate of this vessel, who had been pressed. After serving three years in the liliiilwim, Torhdy, and /iiissftl, he was, in 1 740, appointed to the ('iiiliiiii)ii, and sailed iu her round the world with Commodore .\nson, as niid.sliip- man, master's mate, and master. On liis return home he passed the examination for liiuteuiint, and his certificate, dated 8th .LiMuary 171-1-5, says that he appears to be more than 24 years of age. Tiirougii Anson's interest he was very shortly afterwards made a lii'utenant, then commander, anil was advanced to post rank on the '2:ird of November 174 7, and appointed to the Bdluiui frigate, which he commanded with JOHX IJUKKE, cooper. CiiKisroi'HEU Uuuo.M. BISHOP O'DONEL. 3G3 foUoAvi/ity order, which stands in plejusiiig coutnust to tlio proclaiHJitions ot'liis [iredecessurs: — "Pursuant to tho King's instructions to mo you nro to allow nil persons iiihabitinj,' this Island to have full lib.'ity of conscience and the free exorcise of all such modes of loligious worship as are not pioliihired l>y law, pi'ovidcd they be contented with a (juiet and peaceable enjoyment of the same, U(H giring ofi'ence or Bcuudal to CiovernuAent. " Jko. Campbell." Under tho hejiign sway of tlus excellent Governor tho tirsfc Roman Catholic chapel was built in this year, on the site known in St. John's as the "old ehapel," then calleil *' Parson Langnian's jjarden." Bishop O'Donel came to the Colony first ;is Prelect-Apo/^tolic, with power to aihninister contiiniation ; on tlie 5th of January 171)G le was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Newfoundland, and Bishop of Thyatira in jxirtibus. Bi.shop (J'Donel's name is one of tho most honoured in this Colony ; his ueeply relio-jous character, his polished manners, and his inherent gentleness and goodness won all hearts. He had to over- come teriiblo obstacles— the prejudice and opposition of the strait-laced old admiral, Milbanke, aiid the rampanl, Protestantism oi his surrogate. Bishop O'Donel's career deserves every attention at the hands ( f the local historian. His ai'rival and his sojourn in the Colony are of far more importance to lis than the adsent of half-a-dozen admiral- governors. He brought peace, ((uiet and good order ; instead of sihnued piiesfcs there was an authoriseil ecclesiastical organisation, an oi)eu administration of the rites vi the church. The fugitive priests, by iheir example and teaching, were not conducive to hai-niony. In fulfilment of the divine injunctitni to render to Ca\sar the things that are Ca'sar's, Dr. O'Donel taught his people to be good Chiistians and good citizens, I quote Irom Bishop Howley an extract from the body of i' 801110 suct'oss till tile pi^iice. lie aftevwiu'ds coinniiUKled tiie MfiiiKiid, in 175.'), tiie Prhit:c, of DO ■;iins, and iu 17.'»7 the 7i>-.sr,r, of Gt !,nius, and vas tlaj; captain to Sir Kdward llawke in 17."'!) in tho Jioi/al G'vDri/i:, and served in that cajiaoity iu tlio decisive tattle of (^uihevoii Bay.yoih Xoviauher 17o!). Campbell was sent homo with tho dosi'.atches, and was taken by Anson to bo presontod to the king. Aooordinj: to tho rooeivod story, Anson told Inni, on the way, tlnit the king woidd knight him if lio wishod. " Troth, my lord, ' answered t'ampboll, " I ken nae use that will bo to luo." "lint," said Anson, " jour ladv may liko it." " Aweol," replied C'ampboll, " His Majesty may knight hor if ho pleases." lie was, in fact, not kuifiliteil. Ho afterwards eoinmanded the Domilsltirc, of 70 guns, till tho i)oaco, and in 1770 he was in the Royal C/uirlottc, in which he reuiuined till ])r()nu)ted to his flag in 1778, In the follo'ving spring ho was chosen by Admiral Koppol as first captain of tho Victni i/, and had thus an imporlant share in the conduct of the fleet in the indecisive action with the l-'ronch fleet mider D'Orvilliors, on the 27th of July, as well us on the previous days. His loyulty to Koppol, and the rancoin- whicli the subso(iuent (Muuts-martial excited, ])revontod his having any further em|)l()ymenf as Ion""- as Lord San Iwich was in office, though he attaiiud, in course of seniority, the rank of vice-admiral iu 177'J, In Aptil 1782, when bis friend Keppol was installed as First Lord of the Adniiralty, Campbell was apjiointed (lOvornor of Xewfoundland and comnuuuler- in-chief on that station. Ho hold this (jftico f(U' four years, and ondod his service in 178(i. Ut' died in London on the IGth of Deeeiuber 17U0. 304 REIGN OF GEORGE III. !' ' P'l i' ! I ' ' il m tlie Diooeaan Statutes of IHOl for tlie guidance of priests in tlio Colony, prepared by Bishop O'Donel. He directed : — " That public ])rayerH lie offered u]) every Sunday and liolidny (thnncli hut few of thi' liiticr ran lie oltserved in ibis Mission, and the Sujiorior will htri'at'tiT, l)y iii private iiol ice, designate 8iich a8 can be observed) for onr Most Sovereign Kin t; (Jcorgo Til. and bis Hoyal familj' ; that the priests should use every rnean^' to tuiii a>ide ihoir flocks from the vortex of modern anarchy ; that they should inculciiic a willing obedience to the falulary laws of England, and to the commands of the (iovernor and magistrates of this Island. . . . We most earnestly entreat, and by all the spiritiuil authority wo hold, ordain that all inissioners oppose with all the means in their power all plotteis, conspirators, and favorers of the infidel French, and use every endeavour to withdraw their peoi)lo from the ])lnusii)lc cajolery of French deceit ; for the aim of this conspiiacy is to dissolve all bonds, all laws, by which society is held together, and more especially the laws of England, which are to be preferred to those of any other country in Europe." The jtatriotic services of Bishop O'Donel at the particular crisis of the French Revolution, when rebellion and anarchy were rampant, his especial service in putting an end to the conspiracy amongst the soldiers and United Irishmen to murder the whole |iO|)ulatioii of St. John's,' the dangers he voluntarily encountered, the secret influence his deep religious feivour exercised over these poor ignorant dupes, are only known to the Onniipotent. Under such obligations, can we wonder that Protestant vied with (^itholic to do him h'liionr, and to show their love for one who, with Colonel Skerret, under Providence had V)eeti the saviour of their lives ? ^ In recognition of his loyal conduct he hail a pension from the Crown of £50 a year; it was only obtained after much petitioning and per- sistent application by th^ Governors, especially Waldegrave ; everyone nmst agree with Bishop Midlock, that he was very poorly rewarded. A friendship existed not only amongst the Catholic and the Prote.stant laity, but also between Father Yoie and the Church of England minister. Parson Dingle. The following letter shows, however, that all the priests were not of the same amicable disposition as their gentle chief pastor : — '• Sin, St. Johns 19 Oct. 178.",. " Mr. WiLbiAM S.\UNDE«s having represented to me that there is a Komisli Priest named Landergan at Placentia of a very violent and turbulent spirit, who ' See the letter on thissubjcft from Chief Justice Opden to Governor Waldegrave, in the Appendix, p. 418. ' In a petition to the Kin;^ from Hishop O'Donel, prnyinj; for a oontinimtion of his jiensiou after his retirement from the Island, lie declares " that his own loyalty and ser- vices have been acknowledged and fully approved of by every Governor and par- ticularly by General Skerret who found himself under great embarrassraeut in J 709 as having no force either by sea or land to oppose a most (hingerous conspiracy lornied against all the people of property in the Island. Petitioner was fortunate enough to bring the maddened scum of the ])eople to cool reflection and dispersed the dangerous cloud that was ready to hurst on the heads of the ])rincipal Inhabitants of this Town and even of the whole Isla'id for which he often received the thanks of the very deluded people who were led nito this dark design of robbery and assassination." I: t PRINC E WILLIAM. ?65 lins given preat interruption to Mr. Burk, a roprular and soljcf man of ihoCatholick jMsrsaiwidu, and that unless the tbriner is sent out of tho Country tiie pcaoo of thu |)hu!(; is in imminent (hiugor of l)L'ing diijturl)fd — I dosire that you will caujii' tlu* Haid LaiiiltTgnn to liu jmt aboard tho firat vessel that may sail from I'lacuntia for Kiigland or Ireland. " J.NO. CaMI'DKLI.. " Jl.il. JuBtic-os of tho Peare at riacentia." The ti)lomtion shown to the Roman Catholic Church had ^ivat inHiiciict' on the iiernianent sotth'iiit'nt of the Colony. The country i)oys who came out from li'eland were full of the earth huiioer which (listin^uisliffs tlu-ir race; they ciiei'ished the little spots of land they cleared and cultivated ; the V)est fiirms around tlu! capitd are the work of either West Countiymen or Irishmen ; to these two classes of settlers we owe the good cultivation and picturesque liomesteads around St. John's and Conception Bay. It is imjiossible, in a histoi-y of this character, to give details aliout the various aihiiinistrations of the twenty-three governois who ruled the Island during the long reign of George III.^ Two events, however, reijuire more than a passing notiee^the arrival of Prince William Henry (afterwards William IV.) as captain of H.M.S. Pegasus, in 17iSG, and the last attack of the French, in 1796. His Royal Highness, in accord- ance with the naval rule of the day, was appointed surrogate liy his commanding officer. Governor Elliott. In his letters to the Goveinor, the Prince appear.s as an attentive, careful subordinate, most respectful towards his superior offiee?-. '.I'-ronwe have a very animated and lengthy correspondence between his yoimger brother, the Duke of Kent (father of Her Majesty i, and (Jovei-nor Waldej^rave, who steridy refused to recognise the Duke's authority, as lieutenant-general of the forces in Nova Scotia, over the military in Newfoundland. " Your Royal Highness has no more control over mo VlilNCi: WII.l.IAM. Fr'ini fin oigi-firhig iifhr IliiUnrn. ' The niipointment of each governor, and office, will be found in orderly sociuence in the principal events during his tenure of the chronology in Chiipter xxiii. 300 UKKIX OK GKOllGP: HI. It than yon liiive over th;^ Emperor of China," said the Oovornor of New- Ibuiidland. Tho Diikc was pi^rht, hut still, nil thionuli tlic discussion, His Uoyal Hi^dinoss is most ivsjH'ctt'id in his hin;^nia^'(' to our haiij^hty ruler. Our naval Royal Highncss^thc Duke of Claniuco— was not a model prince, but he was very ^food natuied, aiii^-'., ■ : j>* ■ ■■ '■•-- "<*'a^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 111 II ri.AKKs ()vi:i! riiK koad at (iron rini. From i( jihutnyi'dph by ,S. II, Piirsoiis. On the 20tli of July 178G a great event hn])peiied in Placentia; on that mcmorabla day His Royal Hijjhness presided as surrogate in the noble court house of the ancient capital ; the justices showed their respect for the Protestant succession b^- issuing an order, " That no more Catholics should he buried in the graveyard." Ono of his judicial decisions is given in the Records: — " A riot, liappeiiinc; on shore at t o'clock, the Maj-istiiite alteiidiritr to suppress it, was iiij^ultod. The Prince came 011 shore with a c'lard of marines, arrosted tho riro^leader, called a Court, and sentenced liiin to receive 100 lashes — he was only ahle to receive 80. Nr.i-t ihnj inqnin-il lulo Ihv feels of Ihf msv ; (and report has it that they had whipped the wnunj man)." ' The storj- pncs that, in order to tost tho trcniondons blow with a stick. Young Collins, coiiri\<:u of the lioys to be si'lected for coinniis- 11 stolid, stroiij; fellow, never bndjred, and was sions, the Prince made n feint to give thim a iu'eordiiigly chosen for His Majesty's service. t ADMIRAL KIN(J. ;i67 i\rimy tilos nvi- told of liis st;iy in NcwlDUinlliiiiil. .Mr. Wurii'ii, afttTwiinls a |tartricr in Stuact and lli'tuiit', wrh jjoinj,' lioinc undtT tli<' llaki'.s whicli cdxcrrd (lie strt't'ts in thoKc days; lie niirii'd a liinti-iii; snddcnlv In; lind it sci/.cd I'loiii liini l(v tlic^ Prince, who walked before liiiii until tliey aiiived o|>|i(),site to wlieiv liis sliip lay nt anelioi'. His lloyal Hi;;liness wished him ;;o()d ni<:;ht ami returned the lantei'n. A liouteiuuit's wife got her hiisbanil's company i'(jr him hy picHontin^i' n NewFoundland wild {^oohc. But tlie best is ahout an old j,'entleinMn, ■will) had known th" I'rincu well in >«ewf(nmdland, call'u;;' at KeuKiiiffton Palace. His Majesty was deli^ditetl to see him, p;ave him a |,'liiss of calalioj^ns, ami talked pleasiuidy over a pipe. The Newfoundlander considered it the ri<,dit thin<4' to ank after the Queen's hedth. His ]\Iaj('sty said Queen Adelaide was f|uite well, and woidd have; hud much pleasure in .seeing him, hut unfortumvtely it was iv(i'isho[) Howley, ahout his heiiiff tired at, is, app.'irently, a pei'Ver.sion of the well- kin>wn story of Sir .lolm Ihirvey's son l)ein<;- sliot hy Mitchell, the butcher, for robliin;;- his {garden on Circular Road, and I cannot believe his iiccount of the insults to i5i^ihop O'Donel. The <;reat and ominous events of the year 173 — aij-ain brought on war between England ami France. On the 14th of May, our (jiovornor, Yice-Admiral Kinrr, took possession of St. Pierre.' Afar more memoraV)le event even than the arrival of His lloyal Hi^-hness, is the last attack of the French on the Colony, under Admiral Richery in ITDG : the story is told in the Colonial Records, but is more graiihically described by ' An account of tliis cipttirp -will ho his father was master, hut was soon moved found in tlie chapter devoted to the history to tlie .Draijoii, in coniniaiid of liis uncle, of the French Newfoundland Colonies of Curtis Harnett, whom he acconiiianied to St. Pierre and Mifjuelon. the Mediterrane.nn and the East Indies ; he Sir 1{. Kinp, born in 17.10, entered the becanu' a licutLinant in I74r), and coinniaiuled service in 1738 on the Berwick, on which the boats at the caiiture of Calcuttu in 1757. ADMFKAr. SIK K. KIN(i, IIAHT. Fi'om an i-iigmviiiy iifUr iSauniU-rs. 368 REIGN OF GEORGE III. an eye-witness, quoted by the Rev. P. Toc(|iie. Mr. Gcoi-ge Hatchings, l^'i-and father of the present Mr. George A. Hutcliings, rendered valuable service to the Colony l»y reconnoitring the movements of the invading fleet ; ho was specially distinguislied by the Oovinnor for his patriotic conduct. In the mute testimony of the Records we can see the gallant old Admiral, Sir Rich^ird Wallace superintending, ruling, and managing everyliody, tlu^ yoiuig merchants and gentlemen of the town vying witli each other who should get guns and stores first up the long steep hill to the Block House, the careful watch and reports of the various parties sent along the coast from Cape Spear to Cape Race. No country has pi-odnced more gallant soldiers and sailors than fair Fiance; Citi/en Richery was not one of them ; with his big fleet he never dared to come in contact with Wallace' ami his hastily improvised levies. I quote the Rev. P. Toctpie's account of the attack : — " 179 1. Estiiuiites had been prepared and appi-ovcd of lor repairing mid iinproviiifj; the existing defences, and jjlaiis liad nlsu lieen 8ul)niitted to the Boaid of Oi'diiiiiice for fortifying Signal Hill, which having met the a])prol)ati()ii of the IJ( iioiirable IJoai'd, preparations were entered into for that ohjeet i)roportionate to tlu; niugnitmU! of the undertaking. Early this snininei'. Colonel Skinner, Com- manding Royal Engineer, received a letti •■ of ser\ice directing him to raise a Regiment of Fen(il)le lidantry, to l)e ealled the Royal Ncwfoniidhmd EencibJes, of wliicii he was appointed Colonel ; and having the apijointnient of his otlicei's, selections were made here and at the out-ports, of such geMtlomen as were likely, from tiieir loyalty, responsibility and influence, soon to raise the (piotas of men re(iuireil for their respective connnissions. The ri'crniting service commenced with great s])irit about the latter end of Sejitember. at the close of the fisliery, and in two months more than half the nnndjer were enlisted. An Adjutant, late a non-eommissioned officer of the Royal Artillery, a Quartermaster, and Sergeant- major, arrived from England. " 1795. It has been stated that the Nova Scotia Regiment was chiefly formed of old refugee soldiers from the American Army, many of whom were well disciplined non-commissioned officers, and were of great service in di-illing and forming the young recruits of the Royal Kewfoundland Regiment ; and it was He 811W sonic sor\ici'on die home station in 17(10, ami in 17(i2 went with Genenil Driiper to tilt; Kast Inihen again, took ])art in the Miinihi e\|)('(htion, and assisted Captain I'liikrr in the capliin' of a rich Spanisli galli'on, his poisonal share of pi'ize inom-y amnuntiMg to A!:Ui,(loii. After various services he was apiin in tlie East Indies in 1779 in tlie Krilvr, and was nia~iiig the olliccrs and men of that young regiment in the indispensable tactics and operations of the liehl. A camp was accordingly formed on tlio general jjaradc ground with a small park of artillery, of which the troops took ])ossession about the middle of June. Tln^ improved defences of the ^'arrows being tiidshed, some experinumts were tried Avith heated shot before His E.xcellency Admiral Sir James Wallace, the Governor, which gave general satisfaction. A large platform of wood was built liii South Point called the Didce of York's Battery, on -.hich were nnaiiited eight •21-poundci guns, tiirce or four .18-poundor carronades, and two lO-ineh mortars. The Block- house was so forwaru as to admit six unns to be mounted on tli(> second floor. Tho regiment by this time— the latter jiart of August — was approaching fast to systematic regularity and discipline, and of approved internal economy. / ,,.1-7-... _, ^, 370 PEIGN OF GEORGE III. " Sncb being tlio state of the garrisdii and fortifications, together with the cfficienny of the volunteer coinijunies — a fine sot of men ])articnliirly the conpaiiy of volunteer artillery Hclccte.l from among the Hower of thi' Innabitants of iit. John't— aa well as the iindoubted loyalty of the Inhabitanta, a wish seemed to be inspired that something niigl.c happen to tost the fidelity of the whole. If tuich was the case it was not long before that wish was realised, for early in the morning of the first day of September the signal was made for an enemy's fleet to the Southward, which ))roved to be the French Admiral with seven sail of the line, two frigates and some other small vessels of war. The signal of alarm in the town was instantly made at Signal Hill and all the forts. There was only the Governor's sliip and one frigate in Port. [The Governor's own rejiort says tliei'e was one tifty-gnn ship, two IVigafes, and a sloop of war.] His Excellency Admiral Sir James Wallace,' a Governor of warlike celebrity, immediately proclaimed martnil law and ordered all the men in the town fit for servic — merchants with their domestic and wharf establishments, Captains of vessels their crews, planters with their fishernien and sharemen — to muster in froni oi the camp where thvj were enrolled and told off to the forts and batteries and they were not to be dismissed until the Governor's pleasure was known. " The enemy stood off and on near Cape Spear all that day and during the night the road was open frt m Magotty Cove Ui'idgc through the enclosures leading to Signa'. Hill, by direction of the Governor, in order to ex])edito the transport of ammunition, stores-, and provisions to Signal Hill, as well as the camp equi])age, ^^■llich had been struck in the evening; and by daylight in the n\orning of the 2nd the tents wei e nil pitched on the summit of the Hill — from the Duke of York's batteiy to Cuckold Head and also on the south side Hills over Fort Amherst. This warlike domonstration with Ihe disphiy of three or four thousand men on the Hill must have had a very intimidating eil'ect on Monsieur when viewed from the sea. " This day i)as.-ed oil' under something like a passive hesitation on the part of the enemy a great deal of teU'graphing and boat communication took jilace with the flagship and towards the evening the tlect stood a little further off to sea ; reconnoitring j)artios were out along the shore day and night in anticipation of a landing being eH'ected. A great many soanicn were emi)loyed that day in raising the chain across the Narrows, the great capstan at the south side bi'ing assisted by three schooners [ilai ed at e(|nal distances fnun Chain Rock and by grappling the chain with their anchors and heaving all together they raised it to the surface of the water. These vessels were also charged with combustibles and were intended ' 'I'lit' fii>t notiec of W'mIImcc is Iiis coainiaiiil of the Trial sloop in ITli.'t, on tin.' Nowfoandlnnd sl;ituin ; in 1774 iio Wiis atrain (in 'liis stiition, ill die Hn.sv (:2ii). He was scut I'.v Admiral .ShiiiilliMiii I'loin St. .luhn's to Hostoii, with 11 dit;iihiiu"iit nt the ijolli KegiiiK'iit. All aiiueil mob lia\iiif; sc'izec diMuaiitlcd. The reply was : " To prevent them t'alliiij; into the hands of the KinjiV servant, and to make use (if them ii;;aiiist any Power that shall iiiiilest il>.'' Wallaoe was in iiialiv of the ciif^ajrciiii'iits in 177.i-(i-7-S at Wlmde Island ami .New York. lie verv ^jallaiitly icpiilsc issued to import provisions strictly in British vtssels manned by Britisli crews, but it appears very evident from the Governor's proclamation that tliese rules were evaded ; American traders came disguised as fishing '.e-sels, sold and V)artered their goods in the outports, and stole away the men just as usual. Admiral Gambier strongly recommended support being given to the seal fi.shery, as a powerful incentive to keep the men in the Colony during the winter, and thus prevent the constant emigration to America. James Gambier,^ Vice-Admiral of the White, who was Governor from 1802 to the end of 1803, was not only a very gallant naval officer, l)ut 1 List of P(>rsoiis wlio liave obtaineil IjK.knucs to k'jop IMiir.ie Hoi;si;n fromMichelimis, 1797, to Michelmas, 17U8. ilichael Little. John Cox. John Holiin. iSiinih Martin. John Cahill. Win. I'owiT. Patlc. Flanncry. AiifinstusMi'Naniara. Wni. McCarthy. Wm. Welsh. Patrick McDonald. Andrew S. St. John. IVtcr Lyons. Michael Mara. .Tanics Maher, .lolin Flood John Brophy. .Tohn Widdicomb. Kdniond Doyle. Michael Hatdim. Patrick Redmond. John Power. Thomas Mnrphy. Wm. Preiiderffast. Dominic King. Ceorfte Shepherd. Daviil Power. Michael Welsh. John Nevean. Phil Harrahan. Daniel Delaney. Mark Code v. Michael Welsh. - Ciiiitain Kd-rell, 11. M.S. Pluto, had a house and farm near St. .lolin's, and resided here many years. The I'liito, a slooji, ajijiears to have remained in Newfoundland for al)out twenty years, oflf and on. •' James (Jamhier, born in 17.">() at New Providence, was placed on the bonUs of the YaniiDiil/i. fiuardshi)) at Chatham, when eleven years old, under the care of his uncle. Pecame lieutenant in 1777 while serving on the North American station; was captured in 1778 by fliu French, but was soon exchanged ; he took part in the relic^f of Jersey in 17"!), and the capture of Cbarlestown in 1780. He had no further ai)pointinent afloat till 17'.t:<, when he commissioned the Dcfvncc (74), for the Channel fleet. Gambier's notions of rilijrion and morality were nuich stricter than those in vofiue at that time ; his ship was known aK " a praying ship," but she proved l\,ti.U 376 -1 Hi! ;. I REIGN OF GEOIUIK III. wuN fur in ntlvaiict' of 1.! u^i', both in i-r^iuvl to his viowH on tho future prospt'cts and ;;()VorninL'nt of the Colony, and in tht' furthorinjf of all hunuine and hcnovoh'nt ideas for i-dncatin^ tho Kottlors' children, iind eivilizinj^ the poor JieothieH. The naval ruler has heen much alm.sed in our histories; it will therefore prohahly astonish many of my readers to Hnd a naval jjovernor strongly urging on the British ^Ministry the necessity of granting responsible government to Nevv- roun.issinf; within hail said to (.ianihitT, " 1 see you've been knouked about a good deal : never mind, Jimmy, ■whom the Lord loveth He ehasteneth." ti ambler's conduct was noticed by Howe, and he received u gold medal. In 171*5 he was an Admiralty Lord, and though nude rear-admiral and viee-adnnral in 179St. Pierre and Mitpielon were again returned to the French,^ and tlie right of fishery restored to them " in the manner they were " entitled to enjoy the same uiuhir the Treaty of Utrecht" ; so runs the CJovernor's proclanuition. The utmost hannony seems to have prevailed between the Govej-nor, Bishojj O'Donel, and the Protestant clergyman. Two sc1hx)1s, known as the St. John's Charity Schools, were established, mainly through Gambier'.s influence, one for Roman Catholics and the other for Protestants. The Grammar School, established in 1709, with the Rev. Louis Aniadeus Anspjich as master, lasted only a few years, as in 1802 we fiml the author of the " History of Newfoundland " - a justice of the peace in Harbour Grace, and Church of England missionary there. Besides his efforts to promote education and to increase the clergy in the island, Gand)ier took a deep interest in the unfortunate Beothics, An Indian woman was brought to St. John's by the notnrioua William Cull, for which he received a reward of £50. Cull evidently did not take kindly to His Excellency's ideas about the .savages ; in his opinion the only decent Indian was a dead Indian ; he writes to the Governor: "The people do not hold with civilizing the Indians, as they " think that they will kill moi-e than they did before." All thouglitful care and attention was shown to the poor Beothic woman, and she was to be sent back to her kindred loaded with presents. With the views held by Cull and his companions, it is very doubtful if she ever reached the wigwams of her tribe. ' An account of the surrender will be Colony; it is rather too full of his own affairs, found in the chapter on St. Pierre. his own importance, and his n.nrrow religious • AnspAch's Histori/ of Newfoundland is views. It is also, uufoituuately, very iuacuu- a valuable addition to our knowledge of the rate and unreliable. 378 UKIUN OF (IKOUGE III. i 1^ . iii iiij ill Sir Emsinus fiowcr ' fiuccofdt'il Oaiuliicr in ISO-i ; he i.s priiiciimlly roiut'inln'i't'd tor the streot, thirty IVct wide, l)eiiriiij,' his naino, which ho laid out. The popidation at this time wns iiuNeasinj; ra|iidly; six hutulred and seventy Irish emigrants landed in St. John's in one year. In IH04 tlie j)i'j)uhiti(in is returned ns more than twenty thousand, the fjuantity of tish cauf^ht as over six hundred thousand ([uintals; for tliu same year the ret\irns of the seal Hslioiy show a i I't resnit of thirty- four tiiousaml seals, and Itoat or schooner Hshcr}' of seventy-three thousand.- The records show yreiit activity in .s]iip-btdldin<,', thirty vessels of two thoiiHaiid three hundred tons having been built this year on the island. One important fishery seems to have been entirely nej;lected ; the whole pack of her- rin;j;s is given iis about a hundred bai-rels. The imports are very large : 2'21,1()2 gallon.s of rum; bread and flour, S3,3Sn cwt. ; pork and beef, 10,522 cwt., not allnwing for all the suiuggled provisions brought in by Americans, Ont; of these Yaidvce vessels Wius nearly caught at Tilton Hnrbour, but all that the naval captain could actually find out that she had on board were gar(l"ti srrda. We ^nd in the annals of this time, and all through the histoiy of the Colony, bitter complaints of the tyninny of the merchants towards ' Sir E. (lower, eUlfst son of Abol Gower, of Glaiidoveii, Perabroki-sliiro, entered the Nuvy in 175.5 under ilie care of his uncle, Cai>t!un Donkley. He served through the war on the Anioriean and lioine stati»,iis, pnsfed for heutenant 1762, and was lent to Portugal for service against the IJourhons. Served under ("oninioddre Uyron, and in 17()9 under Sir (Jeorge Kodney in .lainaica. In 1779 was first lieutenant in the Sutulwirh, llodney's flagship, at the capture of the Spanish convoy off Cajie Finisterre, and took command of the Guipiiscna prize. He gal- lantly eai)tured the Vryhcrd, a Dutch ship of .50 guns, under the batteries at Cuddalore, and soon after the Chasseur sloop with important despatclies to Suffren. From 1786 to 1789, (iower was Commodore Klliot's flag captain on the Newfoundland station, ;.nd in 1792 SIR EKASMl'tt (iOWKR. From fiH engraving offer ZU-e/Kiij, took Lord Macartney and his embassy to China in the Lion, for wliich service he was knighted. In 1794 he comnuinded the Triumph, one of the ships with Cornwallis in his celebrated retreat. During the mutiny at the Nore he hoisted a broad pennant mi the ycphiue for the defence of the Th; which ship he continued to comnuind t becan\e rear-admiral in 1799: he was u. vice-admiral in 170-1, and admiral in \%\< III died at Hiimbleilon, in Hampshire, in 1H14. — qSteimikn's Nat. Diet, of Biofirajihy.) " In the A]ipendix will be fo\ind a long and very interesting account of tlie early seal fishery, written by Mr. John HIand to (ioveruor Gatnbier. 1817 was another year like I8(i2; a eontinmition of Vi.V.. gales drove twenty-five vessels ashore, but no lives were lost. THE TIIUCK SYSTEM. .179 tliflr (lealors. Tli(>y nevor ^a\o out tlu; prices of tli<> arliclt's sold on PTi'dit to the flslicniu'ii, iind tliey " bioke tlie price of fish in AugUKt," just at tho amount thoy hiied.' In good years soino relio'' wns ohtained from tho competition of the sn('l< sliips, who bought fish from the independent planters and gave good casii pricos. Tiie laliourin;^ men complained to (Jtvernor (lower tliat tiie merchants ' pi'iei" tlieir own " goods and onrs al:;o as they tliink most convenient to tli(ini." - To renuMly this intolerabh; state of afiairs His Excellency adopted tlio following drastic remedy : — " WhiTcaH I am inroriacd tliiil ii ])raotii'o Ims ])rovailcd in sonio of llio oulpiirtH of this isliiiid iiiiioiii; tlic incrchiiiit?* of not, iiiforrniiisj; their di'iilcr-i of tlio pi'icca of tho sii|)|)lic;) luhimccd for tho aoiiH m, or tho piic^os they will allow for tho produce, until they aro in possession of tho pliuitor's voyiiu;e, wluMchy ' Thi'ic ncrc miiiu'icms ('(Hiiiiliiints fnnii oiitports iiliDiit nu'rclmiits' iiricrs mill tlii'ir (Iriiliiifis with the Hslu'niK'l\. The one I'niiii Fojri) siiys : " Kor n iiiimliei' of ye:iiv< hiick We have been stru^rtrlili)! "ith the world, us we sii])i)(ise, throiifrh the impositions of the laerehants silid tiieir iijreiits liy their exorlii- tiint priees on shop floods iind provisions, hy wliieh means we are from year to year held in delit so as not daring to fiml fault, fearinfi we may starve at tlu' ai>|)roaeli of every winter. \\'e heinir at the distance of seventy leajjiies from the ( 'apital, where we sujipose tliey arropite to themselves a |iower not warranted l)y any law, in sellin>r to ns every article of theirs at any ]irice they thirds tit, and takin;; from ns the produce of a wliole year at whatever |U'ice they think lit to irive. They take it on themselves to prii'e tlu'ir own jroods and onrs also as they think most convenient to them." The iietition is si^iu'd l)v nnoiy Irlslnnen — Patrick Minrin, I'eter l'\)wler, Tol.y .Mcdrath, Michii'el liurke, James Meehan, .John deary, Wm. llroders, aial Wm. Keele. ' PitiCKS of PiiovisioNS and other Commoimtiks in Xi:wroiNi)i.\Nr) dniinfi the Snmnier of IHO.'i, in Hioter for I'ish. At St. Johii's. Tn .\t Trii'ily, Tn I'liicrntia "" ronception Hay. Hiiimvisla, F0(£0. Tor Fish. For Bill. Itiiy. Urcail, per cwl. " 40s. to Ks. 3J«. to 12.«. .,-.s. ■Ills. 41s. to -Us. riour, p'r tiarrel - Dll.s-. to 7li.<. .Ills, to (!S.«. (Lis. to 72s. 77s. 7i.s. I'ork, i)ei' liHrrcl _ lll'i.'j. til l'J(>« ii."),*. to Kids. IL'I^V. Kills. i:tii.<. Huttcr, pi'i- 11). . . 111/, til hi. -ill. till/. Is. :t(/. Is. ;W. ti Is. Ill/ Is. Ii/. lo I.S-. I'd. Kaiii, p 'r (fidlou . tm. to .")«. (■(/. ;t.«.:)i/. ton.v. ill/. I's. iW. 7s. lis. lo 7s. Alolnsses, (In. . II.V. to (to. ii(/. •Is. to U. '•<(!. 7s. M. I1».(W. to 7s. 7s. Suit, Unwlish, per busliol - Hi:. (i(/. Ill e5. " E. GOWEK." The evils of the truck system liave been exposed by many able writers on political economy ; a parliamtrntary commission showed its workings amongst the Shetland fisher folk, how men lived and died without ever once getting tlieir necks free from the yoke of the shop. In Newfoundland this terrible evil is almost cotival with the fisheiy. To tl)is very day there are places in the Colony where neither the wages of the labourers on the merchants' wharves nor Government roads, nor even the widow's poor relief, are paid ia cash. Truck had to be killed by a stringent Act of Piirliament in the United Kingdom, but no Government in Newfoundland has yet had the couiage to declare that the labourer is really woitliy of his hire — tiiat {)ayment3 in truck are illegal, and all sucli paymasters liable to a penalty. Truck is not a crying evil in St. John's ; it is "the dark places of the earth that are full of wickedness," and it is in the distmt out-ports, and amongst petty- traders and old-fashioned houses, that it still flouiishes in full vigour. It is not necessary, fur a clear view of our history, to dwell nmch on minute details. From this period onwards ttie Colony began steadily to improve ; a primitive post office was instituted iu 1805, under Simon Solomon (father of our first postmaster-general, William Solomon);* a )iewsp;iper, the Royal Gazette, which still flourishes, was instituted by Mr. John Ryan, an American loyalist, in 180G ; it was published as a possible evil thing, under the most severe restrictions ; security in £200 sterling had to be given, and the magistrates were to have the perusal f li' .:'!'■• sili ! ' '."he postage rates in 1815 were as follows :— From Canada ; On a I oz. letter the postage from — a. d. Quebec - 1 ■! ?*:ontreal - - 2 1 Three Uivers - 1 lOA Iterthier - 2 1 York ('I'orouto) - 2 9 Niagara - 2 n From Nova Scotia : On a |-oz. letter the postage from — s. d. Winsor - - - o Digby - - - Horton - - - Yarmoath - - - 1 I'ictou - - - 7 I'anfiboco - - - 7 'J r 11 3 LOCAL EVENTS. 8S1 of the contents of the paper before publication.' I am tliankful that duty is not incumbent on u.s now, especially (luring the elections, when each party organ is full of audacity, mendacity, and .scurrilous personal VIKW n.V THE NEWFOCNDLAN!) COAST. Frnm n 'li'nwhif/ in /he Il..ir. abuse. Notiimg better indicates the pleasant social relations of St. John's at this time than the founding of the Benevolent Irish Society ; this ' Persons licenskd 21st SKiTKMiint 18(i7 TO KKKI" TaVKUNS I\ Tll.t To'VN OF iST. .IOIIN'S Foil I (IK EXSI'I.NCl Yl'.AR. Fi-' m M(;"Royal(jiizutti.',''X>crf'»ii(7-2l,18(l7. Persons liccnsi'd. Sign of Tavern. Kobert Parsons UrrKU Division.— Mr. Houilur's AVillian. Hcst .Tolm Widdiconibe - .James Ilavso Kdward Anu:ell .Tolin Williams John Cahill Patrick ^fnvine William MoCartliy - Ku'hard lU'ani'y Micliael Murphy Mary Ilonnesscy MinPLK Division. - Hudson Cove, M Cove]. Patrick Uedmond William Power AVest India Coffee Hou!e, High (.'on- stable. From Hiver Head to liulley's Farm. Hunch oftirape". Kose and Crown, .^hip. Britannia. Nelson. Tavern for all Wea- thers. Fknver Pot. Hope. StruL'jifler, Dove, lloyal Standard. - From Boucher's to r. Hunter's [now .lob's Angus ^ri'cnaiuara William Welsh Honert Dooling •lolin Fitzgerald F.dmond Doyle Michael Haiileu Doniiiiick King Graham Little liichard Perchard ^Margaret Walsh Agincourt. Swan. Red Cow. Jollv Fisherman. Blue Ball. Shoulder of Mutton. White Hart. Royal Oak. Sailor. LowKU Division. — From Hudson's Cove to the easternmost part of St. .loliu's. Ship Assistance. Angel. Cornelius Quirk Dennis Murphy Daniel DriscoU Patrick Walsh Robert Brine William Welsh Mi'diael Mara .John Murphy Thomas Murphy Charles I'ower All persons licen houses are constable St. Joint's. London Tavern. Wheatsheaf. Bird-in-Haud. Union Flag. Butchery and Priiigle's Farm. Sun. Duke of York. Three Crowns. Plough at Pirine'u Bridge. scd to keep ])ul)lic- for the district of li ; 382 REIGN OF GEORGE III. institution, which still flouriahos hi full vigour, was instituted under the happiest ciicunistances. James McBiaire was the most active amongst the founders, and president from 1809 to 1821, when he left the Colony. I quote from Bishop Howley : — ■ " The preliminary meeting ' of a number of Irish gentlemen, desirous of re- ' lieving the wants and distresses of their countrymen and fellow-creatures at ' large, was held at the London Tavern, in St. John's, on Wednesday, tho ' 5th February, 1806. It was unanimously agreed " That a society, formed upon ' true principles of benevolence and philantliropy, would be tiie most effectual mode * of establishing a permanent relief to the wretched and distressed." Under this ' conviction, it was proposed to elect a committee from the gentlemen present to ' form a code of rules and regulations for the government of the society, the * extension and regulations of the charity, and to consult with the Rt. Rev. Doctor ' O'Donel and others, whose local knowledge of this country could best inform ' them as to the most ell'octual and beneficial mode of establishing a Cuauitablb ' Irish Sociktv upon firm princii)les of loyalty, truobenevolen(;e, and philanthropy, ' when the following gentlemen were nominated and unanimously cho.seu: ' Lieut. - Ct)l. John Murray, Jainos McBr.iii'e, Esq., John McKellop, Esq., ' Mr. Joseph Church, Captain Winckworth Tonge.' " From this it will be seen that the society was purely unsectarian in its origin, and all denominations of Christians were admissible to its ranks, the only quali- fications required being that one should be either an Irishman or a desceudaiit of an Irishman." James McBraire, wl.j figures prominently in the social and political life of the Colony at this period, was a very remarkable character. Originally a sergeant in the /. "my, he came out to Newfoundland a po u' man ; ho suoii ac([uired the reputation of being one of the shrewdest and most pvosperous business men of the place. On the constitution of a volunteer corps he was appointed captain ; he drilled his companies admirably, if seveivly ; some of the gentlemen, like Magill, complained of his being a martinet, and terribly overbearing ; finall}- he rose to be major-commandant of the St. John's Volunteer Rangers.' McBraire was of a very fine, commanding presence, and never looked better than when at the head of his table, dispensing hospitality. In all riots the major was a terror to the mob. In the year l8l() a transport, with tioops for England, put into St. John's for water, with Dr. Leslie on beard. He ' In ISOG the Royal XewfoimdI.and Hanjjt'i's weri' I'nih.xlicd umlor Major MoBriirc, ('i)niinan(Iant ; C^iptuiiis I'aiker, I. Williiiins, ItoucliitT, T. Williiiins, luul Ifcitten ; Licu- ti'iuiiits lleiirv Slu'a, Solomon, Lillv, Stevou- snn, Iliiiiv ; I'liisif^ns FarkiT, Gill, Tiiomas, Jh'Ucdfro, I'iiisons ; Surgeon Coiifihlan ; (iuar- tur-MusttT Ik-onlt'ii. In IHl'J the corps had fallen into a disorganised state, and was recon^ti'ueted, on the breakinjr out of the American war, with the following otHcerij : — M.ijor Mcliruire, Commandant ; Captains Uonchier, T.Williiiras, Lilly, McAllister, (i. H. Kobinson, Crawford, llaynes, Hyan, TiiMiingiiain, Thomas ; Lientcnanfs Melledge, Itronm, Stewart, .Mcl.ea, Sjiniison, Livingston, (iiieve, Arnott, Clift, Shannon; lOnsigiis Morris, Mct'alraan, Hen- dell, Scott, Willis, N. (iill, Niven Lang; Adjutant Hughes; (Quarter Master Itarues ; Suigeon Dr. Dnggan. Major-Genenil Catnphell commanded the troops, which at this tiiue numbered seven haudred and fifty. JAMES McBEAIRE. 383 iiientions dining in state at ]\Iajor McBraiie's with the principal merchants and officers of the garrison. After an excellent dinner, as the gentlemen were smoking, there was a great noise heard outside ; McBniire immediately put on his hat and rushed out with a lo"g stafF. The D( ctor de>(ribes with deliglit the prompt way in which the redouhtahle !&Iajor quelled the disturbance ; everyone went down before his terrilde wand, and in five minutes the mob dispersed. McBraire left this Colony about 1822,' and settled with his only son at Berwick-on-Tweed ; he carried off a fortune of about £80,000 sterling. He was reputed to have made a great deal of money in tiie American war ; one of the prizes had a load of grind-stones, some twelve hundred ; of course these went for a song. Someone asked McBraiie, who had purchased them, what he was going to do with such a lot ? " You will see," said he, and tliey did see. In tiie winter the tnvn was short of biscuit, McBraire had his stores lull ; (;very man who bought a bag of bread had also to buy a grind-stone for two dollars. Sir Eiasnms Gower not only dis- tinguished himself by his benevolence, his pronaocion of religion and education, he was equally remarkable f lianil IStki'MKN's Af;^ Did. of liiiiiiniphij. and said : " (i()()d-l)yi>, Newtoundianders ; •' Fnini the ( 'eiisiis of 17'J4 it appears good-live, you poor fo(-ls." tliat at that date t'hief Justice D'Kwes CoUe - Ailiuiral llollowuy wiis Governor from owned and ojvin .-.^ w fishing room at Quid! 1807 to ISIU, Ills nantu does not appear iu Vidi. A I IM I UAL nol.l.OWAY.* i'roin an engraving by Couk. .184 REIGN OF GEORGE III. ncreBSftry tbat the capital of this Colony should no loiigor ho cramped, cahincd, and confined by laws and restrictions, wliich at present are entirely unsuited to its condition and progress." ii , i \ He had to use at nil times fifroat pressure upon the Impevial Govern- ment to obtain their consent to tlie free iuiportation of American provisions. '^Phcro was evidently a bitter dislike and jealously of the Uniteil States, an, Labrailor anil Anticosti were agaiit re-uitited to the Newfoundland ( Jovei-nment, and the courts made per- manent under an Act of Parliament. In ISIO the celebrated Admiral, Sir John Thomas Duckwoith,' became (jovernor. He made another and more serious attempt to conciliate the Red Indians. Lieutenant Biichan, R.N., of ll.^r.S. Pike, was sent to Exploits with a party of seamen and marines. It was in the winter, and after undergoincr unparalleled liardships they at last came up with the Beothics. The gallant Buchan did all in liis power to promote frieadship with the savages ; he left two of his marines with MAHY .MAKlll.- Fniiii a ilrawiiiff hij Lu'lii llnniiHini. ' Sir J. T. Duckwdrrh, b'Mii in 1718, was the son (>t' Prv. A. DiicUwoilli, iilU'iwards Viciir of Stoke Vo'^xn nnil (anon of Windsor; entered tlie Navy at I'ii'viii. and was ]irosi'nt ilt tlu- (K'Slniction of M. de la ('liir"s S(iiiadn)n in Lagos l?av aial tlir Battle of (^ueheron 15ay. Duekwortli servi'd in Hvron's ship in tlie aetion oiV (irenada in ITT'.t, and wa ; immediately ]iroiii<)ted to be eonnnander of tlie Hdiut. He was praised speeinlly by Lord Howe for Ids beliaviour in the Orion (74), at the action off Ishaiit, and received a fiold medal. He was pri'sent at the eapitn- lation of Minorea in 17'.t8. and expected to receive u Jjaronetcy. In 17'.ej ho became Itear-Admiral of the White; was with lioril St. X'incrnt in liis nnsiiccessfnl pursuit of Admiral IJrnix. In ISOO, when bloekadinft Cadiz, he captured .a rich Spanish convoy ; his share of tlie prize-money has been said to have amounted to £75,001). Was made a. IC.I5. for his services in the West Indies in IHOl; he directed, in 180.1, the oiierations which resulted in the surrender of (ieiieral Itechaiiibeaii at San Domingo. The opera- tions conducted by him diiriiig 1805-6-7 were not at all successful. He was Governor of Newfoundland from ISIO tii 1S1;( ; on his return he was made a baron"t ; he became a full admiral in 1810. Of all the men who have attained distinction in tlie English Navy, tliere is none whose character has lieen more discussed. — (.Stei'IIE.n's Nat. Diet, of liiixjraphii.) - One of the last purvivors of th.a Heothics. ¥$k^ THE BEOTHICS. 385 them, and some Indians accompanieon Hampton, Vir- frinia, and at the capture of New York, Fort Wachinf^ton, and Rhode L-iland. As a lieu- tenant he was on board the liumUles in the action between Keppel and D'Orvilliers, tlie 27th July 1 778 ; also at the defeat of Don Juan de lionifrena by Kodney on ICth January 17Sn, and at tlie ensuing relief of Gibraltar ; was promoted Commander ieto \\w Rhinoceros sloop of war, in September 1783, as a reward for the skilful manner in which he had eon- diu'ti'd the naval part of an expedition against the enemy's small craft at New Brunswick. Captain Keats also bore a dis- tiiig-.iished part at the capture of the French 40-gun frigate L'Aiyte. In 1789 he attained post rank. In the ensuing war, in command of the (riilaleii, he attended the expedition to (juib-Ton, and participated in the capture and destruction of several of the enemy's frigates and other vessels. He was a long time em- ployed in the Boadirea in watching the port of Ilrest, and, on the 2nd July 1799, com- manded part of the force under Rear-Admiral Charles Moriee I'ole in an attack on a Spanish scpiadn^n in Aix Roads ; anil, in the Supcrh, distinguished hiniselfin the defeat of the Franco-Spanish sipiadrou by Sir James Suumarez in the Gut of Gil)ralt*r, I'ith July 1801. Keats ran his ship alongside two Spanish three-deckers, and engaged them both at the same time ; then making sail, he passed out from between them unnoticed, and over- taking another of their fleet, whose force was more proportionate to that of the Suiterb, he soon ecmpelled her to a surrender. The two three-deckers, uot peiceiving his escape, loutinueu, iu the darkness ot the night, to er^Mige each other, until they both caught fire and were consumed together ; thus giving to Captain Keats the honour of having, by a masterly manoeuvre, occasioned the destruetiou of two first-raje line-of-battle ships belonging to the enemy, and capturing another of equal force, with a comparatively trifling loss on his own part. He accompanied l^ord Nelson to the West Indies in 18(i.") in pursuit of the Combined fleets, and fought as tlag-eaptain to Sir John Uuekworth in tlie action oflF San Domingo Ctli February 18()(i, and was in consequence jiresented with a sword valued at 100 guineas. In October 1H07 he became a rear-admiral, and shortly after- wards, on the outbreak of war with Russia, was appointed third in coniniand to the fleet destined for the Baltic, under the command of Sir James Saumarez ; and, iu August 1808, being detached by the Com- mander-in-Chief, he was the instrument, with his flag on board his old .ship, the SKpcrh, of emancipating from French thraldom the Spanish troops stationed in the Danish pro- vinces under the Marquis de Roniana. For the able maiiagemeiit displayed by him on this oeea'iilaints were made against him, but the Tory (iovernor shielded hicn. At last, in 18"i4, both Governor and Chief Justice were removed ou an appeal to the king, supported by resolutions from an iiitlueutial county meeting. Tremlett died at Truro, Nova tScotia. His ignorance of law and practice was a great bar to his success in his last situation. He was surly and unpdpular everywhere. li 802 UKKiN OF GEOWaE III. fi<,'litH wen; siuiply for " (.livarision " ; tlic town wns dull after i\w fiMlu-iy WUH finiHluMl ; tlu-ro were no jioliticH or Houhk of AHsc^nhly, no polio*! office, no thcati't's, not even a Imzaar; what could an IriHh boy do in those times without a bit of lively fun? McBraire, who knew the Irish well, lan^ht'd at the whole tliin;^. The Chief JiiHticc'.s description of the great riot is very go'>d in its wa}'. The constables came in to say that if he did not go out the town would be in i-uins. This me-sarje, ho writes, "was delivered without " any alleviation by a beast of an Iiisli maid servant, whilst I was " sittin'' in Mrs ColchMigh's sick p'oin with all her children down in " the measles, with the addition, ' Madam, don't let him out, he will " ' probably be killed, and what will become of us ? ' " We picture t'le scene of Mrs. Colclougli woepijigon his neck. He said he was not to be stigmatizeil ns a coward, so out he must go. (Jtnis were fired from the Hill, Fort Townshend, and Fort Williiim — a signal that the tro()i)s wore coming. When the gallant Chief Justice arrived on the Barrens : " lo ! behold I tliere was nobody there," he says; " McBraire had driven them .off'." Whatever may have happened, it is clear the riot did not disturb old Coote, Mr. Blaikie, 1'. W. (L'arier, and the other magistrates, wlio were having a good dinner at the hospitable board of J)aviil Tasker. The fun of the whule tliinif wns that the crowd followed Colcli uirh, and hurrahed him, trying to make him believe that they were his assistants. In his letter, lie seems to have had a lurking .suspicion that th.") nudi were mocking him. McBraire would have invited them all in to drink at the store. Neither priests, bishops, Colcloughs, nor justices, could have put down tlii^ faction tights ; they died out in time, and were succeeded by the more lej>il;imate " divarsion " of politics. I judge Cit'sar Colclough was no lawyer from a correspondence with the very able Attorney-General of Nova Scotia, Uniacke. The Act pi'ovided for a sole judge ; the Chief Justice wanted the Governor to appoint an associate judge, as he was afraid he could not get through the term ; Uniacke pointed out that an acting Chief Justice could be appointed in ca,se Colclough was sick or absent, but when the law provided for o?ic judge, the court would be illegally con,stituted with two on the bench. Colclough was a mere tool of the Governor's, a striking contrast to Tremlett, who i)Ossessed the highest quidities of a judge- independence and impnrtiality. Trcndett's manners were, unfortunately, against him; a crusty, ill-tempered, old bachelor, he did not make friends. There was a merchants' society in St. John's in these days whic'j had been constituted about 1800 ; its object was to afllbrd a medium of t'ter the fiwhery il)ly, no polift! •IhIi lioy do in A\o knew tho (>ry good in its o out the town iverod witlumt whilst I was ildren down in m out, ho will Ve picture t'le e waH not to ho fired tVoni tli« luf troops were Barrens : " lo ! nd driven them lid not disturb igistrates, wlio David Tasker. Colcli ugh, and i his assistants. tliat th.^ niol) all in to drink justici'H, could iuie, and were spondence with eke. The Act he Govei-nor to not get through Fustice could he when the law iituted with hvo nor's, a striking 3S of a judge — !, unfortunately, did not make lese days whic'i rd a medium of III 1 ( ' I i : 1 j \^ PORTUGAL COVE. CONCEPTION BAY. /r,w a riiologyaph by .M K. Onsi.iNO. i#| THE EFFECT OF THE WAR. 3!'3 official coinmunicatioii and consultutioii between the Governor and the mercantile body about convoys, &c.^ Tlie two loadinj; men on whom Colcloa^h, during the absence of tlie Governor in England, relied to guide him in his difficulties were McBraire and young Mi*. James Stewart,*^ a very able, intelligent, gentlemanly man. It is veiy doubtful if the conspiracy referred to by Colclough really ever existed, except in his own imagination ; there was, however, a good deal of excitement amongst the people,' especiiilly the Irish, who formed tlie great bulk of the "shi|)ped" servants in St. John" , concerning the change in v.-ages ; the rumour had govie abroad that " wages were to be cut." Some of the merchants were very shrewd business men ; they knew that the war was drawing to a close ; France and America were e.xhausted, Napoleon's star was om the wane, Trafalgar and Wellington's Peninsular campaign had delivered Europe from his thraUlom ; they fully realized that if men were shipped on tl'e old terms, should peace l)e suddenly proclaimed, the war prices for tisli they were then getting would come down with a crash, with the high prices they iiad to pay for provisions and outfit, ami with large sums for wages tailing due in the antunui, they would all g(j under. IMcBraiie forcibly impressed this on his brother Merchants, but they had aJl been making moiney, the war had lasted with the French alinocu continuously since 17]ii'ak in ni'her (lispurafiin. tenU'i of 'liis jjentleinan (who fonnded th' firm of J.. W. .Stewart ), so I >M>n-i: — t'oote, ({room, Hev. Mr. Holand, and Hlaikiu ina^Mstrates for St. John's ; Hev. F, Carring- t 11 and Lilly for llarhoiir (Jraee ; Hev. .1. Chiircli and Hurrell, Trinity ; F.fiar, (iieens- poiid ; I'ord, lioiiavista; .McKie and .Viigell, Hav Mulls; W. I'ai^'r, Ferryhind ; Kradsbaw and IJIaeklmni, I'lacentia ; (.iosse, Carlmiiear ; .Vnthoiiie, Fortune Hay; Hryant, Ferr} laud ; I'hippard, St. Mary's ; I'liison and S. I'rows^ fiu' Labrador. For the Island fjeoerally, the followiuj; naval officers: — Captain Klliolt, Cooksley, Skekel, Campbell, Holbroiik, Hiiehan; also the Hev. b. (Jarriiiffron, and 1'. C Le (Jeyt, the CJovornor's Sccretiiry. 394 REIGN OF GEORGE HI. procured from America ; of course, tliey cotild not furnish all the flour tliat was re(iuired, but it shows what progress they were making that out of eighty-tive tliousand cwt. of hread and Hour, British Amt-rica supjilied Xewfoundhuid iti KSl.'} with nearly twelve tlxjusand cwt., also with fourteen liumlred oxen, fourteen hundred shee;), and two and a quarter million feet of board. As an illustration that it was war time and high wages, we have the enormous quantity of four hundred and twenty-six tlum.sand gallons of rum and spirits im]iorted, besides all the French brandy captuied in the French and American prizes. There were nearly seventeen thousand men em])loyed in tlio tisliery and trade ; this would give about twenty-si.\ gallons per man ; but tlie amount inqiorted was only a small portion of the liciuor brought into the Colony, there weie prizes with whole ship loads of chanipagne and larg" cargoes (>f French brandy and wines : all were sold l)y the prize agents in St. John's. It has always been told as a tradition tiiat the head of the firm of prize agents never asked anyone to his table under a first lieutenant; as thex'e were from thirty-tive t(j forty vessels of war on the coast, it was about as much as he could be expected to do. Whatever wei-e the intentions of" the merchants about wages, no reduction Mas attempte«l. In 1S14 £(50 and even £7^ was paid to a connnon hand at the fishery. Avhilst a splitter obtained from £90 to £140 for the season. No doubt the merchants were either en- courageil to gi\e the.se high wages by the results of 1813, or else they wert; compelled to do so against their will ; 1 think most probably they acted on com- ]iulsion ; certainly no prudent men would run such fearful risks if they could help it.' ' 111 Li.ut.Clmpppirs book, "The f'ruizc the priFoncr piilty, CniitHin Ciiinpliell, H.N., of the liii.sdiiiuitil." we liavo an iiccoinit ol tin- suvrofiiiti', passed, the following si'iitoiice the soeiul life of the Colonv written in a very on the eiilprit : " I'risoner, mhi have been siipfifieial milliner. lie ileseribe« the trial found KniUv, after the most mature of an Irish ii>liernian for getting tlrunk at d. liberation, of iiiiruly and (liHi>rderly the latter end ot the fishing season. The eondiiet ; the law In sueh a case warrants jury in the Surrogate Court having found the court to cancel all your claim for rAUMLU AM) OIRI -il'I.ITTlXi llSll. t'i'iim a drairiHij in /lie li.M. TITLES TO LAND. The (jreat«*!iit event oecnrriiifj; uncte-' tlie governorship of Sir Kichard Keats was tin- onl.-i- from the Homic Goviirniiient to ^n-ant titles to lauds m the Colony. This chan^i' was brou.;ht about by various ca\ises, by the sufirestions and recnnmiciidations of («i»wer and Duckworth, Vait at the last chieHy by an orpmized determination on the part of the Merchants Society to imild houses without His Excellency's consent. A fund was provided to test the l.':;ality of the prohibitory orders against the erection of buile dowii. The pretence now set up of its being inie'ul 'd as a craft-house serves rather to agirravato than exteumite the oft'ence, for by the confes- sion of your tenant to the Magistrate who forbade him to go on with the work after it wai begun, as well ;vs to me when I viewed the liouse on Saturday last, no such \ise was to be nuide of it : as he said it was intended only as a covering to his potato cellar, tlioiigh there is a complete chimney, if iu)t two in It, i.id lodging for at least six or eight dieters. I shall embrace this opportunity of warning you against maki'ig an inqjroper vise of any ( llier part of (what you are pleased to call ) yo r ground, for you may rest assured that every house or other building erected upon it h'Tcafter, without the permission (in writing) of the Governor for the time being (except such building and erection as shall be actually on purpose for the curing, salting, drying, and husbanding of Eish, whioh the fishermen from any part of His ]^lajesty's European dominions, qualified agreeable to the Act of the loth and lltli of William the 396 EEIGN OF GEORGP: III. |: to English tyi'anny Wiis Dr. William Carson,' tlio real founiler of ajfriculture and constitutional government in the Colony. (Jovei-nor Duckworth wrote to the Home CJovernment asking leave to confiscate a number of pamiililets " coming from Scotlatul, which are of a " very libellous character '' concerning the authorities " and the system of govern- " ment in tlie Colony " ; he also understood " ihat another " is being prepared by the " same pen, of a stdl more " infamous character, and he " thought these monstrous " firoceedings should be " stopped." The pamphleteer was Dr. Carson, After rending the whole correspon- dence, there can be very little doubt that tlie doctor was largely influenced by personal rancour in making these attacks ; both Governors — Duckworth and Keats — treated him with unpardonable rudeness. They declined to let hiiu peruse the records, and what stung more than any- thing else, refused to pay his legal salary as surgeon to the volunteer Third, tuid tlio l.'ith cf Georjre the Third, (if the house above mentioned, which you will have a right to ereut without rtskinj: perniis- no doubt assist him in executinj;. IIR. CARSON. From a silhoiutte in the pox/ifssicn of tiis dinightcr, Mrs. Job. sion) must unavoidaI)l.v be taken down and removed to obedienee to his Majesty's siiid commands. And it may not he amiss at tiie same time to inform you, I am also directed not to allow any posse.isioti an prirate pro- pert 1/ to be Idken (if, or am/ right of prnpnii/ wlinterer to lir nckiiowli'dgid in an;/ land nhatrrer which is uot actually employed in the Fishery, in terms of the aforementioned Act, whether possessed by pretended grants from fornur Governors or from any other (no matter w lial ) i;nw arranluble pretences— there- fore it behoves you, with all possible dispatch, to employ the whole of the frround which you now lay claim to in the Fishery, lest others should profit by your ne{!;lect, and make that use of it which the liCfrisluture of Great liritain intended should he made of all the laud in this Country, and without whi<'h no one has a right to claim it as bis own. The Nheriif will have dinctiuiw ukout the rcuiuval " I nm, &c., " To George Hutchings, Ksq." — Wauukn's Lerlure, .\pp., pp. xv.-xvi. ' Dr. William Carson came to St. John's in 1808. He had jira-tispd for four- teen years in Hirniinghani, Knirland ; he ob- tained the liighest medical honours from the I'niversity of Fdinburghi his character and standing is certified by the eight principal physicians of ISirminghani. He was appointed surgeon to the Loyiil Volunteers of St. ilohn's in 't'09,"Tiut when the corps was augmenied to ten companies, denominated " Tlie Loyal \'oluntter Kangers," Carson was 'd Irom the position of surgeon. In an indig- innt letter to (lovernor Dm-kworth occurs the following high-tlown pa:sage : — "The dark and secret nuicliinntiona of the n»aligi:ant nnvy tef se but cannot irritate me, the arm of power may humble my mind but OHUUol vubdue it." DR. CARSON. 807 hrlfade.^ Carson, a detorniinod, pertinaciouri character, wns not to be put down l)y any innnber of o!d admirals or liangerH-on, like Colt'loujjh and the Government House cliiiue ; he stuck to his point, and ultimately got his pay. . Carsf)n was an old Whig, of the same school as Sydney Smitli and the Edinlmi-gh Keviewei-s ; th*'re were many abases in his time, and he exposed them. Douglas Jerrold says of the Conservatives of his day, " they would not allow a rat hole to be a rat hole, but a healthy ventibitoi'." In the same s])irit. Dr. Carson was attacked and persecuted by tlie Governors and their minions ; the profound learning of Ciesar Colclough was invoked by His Excellency as to what should be done to this daring pamphleteer ; but Colclough, though he breathed anathemas on tlie head ot the doctor, gave fortli but a very uncertain sound on the subject of proset'uting him. The authorities at home gave the Governor also but little satisfaction ; there were plenty of libe's at the time on the Prince Regent, and very little satisfaction had been got out of pro- secuting the libellers. The fat Adonis of forty had not raisend liis i-iuliis, and the just interest of his family, in ojjposition to the opinion and passions ol' sncb a Go\ernor, will liavo but a small chance of success. An act of iudepend.'ncc would be artaijincd as an act of mutiny. All the influence of his office, all the iii'la of bis satellites would be marshalled to effect bis over- throw. Accustom 'il to use force to kmici'; down opj)osition — force being th«> ]'owcr lui knows best bow to diiect — the toils of investitiation, deliberation, and judgement, are seldom had recourse to by a Naval Governor." The following is from the Doctor's second tract, " the poi.sonous publication and vicious pamphlet," referred to by Sir Uichard Keats. If these ancient admirals cou'.d only have lived to see our local press at ' He mentions in his second pamphlet, pmil, iin office uo^ hold by his griiudoon, iei:{, thiit he hiid hei'ii (Hsniissoil from his Dr. Henry Sheo. offices ut' surireou tu the vulutiteers utid the i?i'f I '^. ;?98 lU'HGN Ol GEOROE III. olectioneeriii}^^ titnc, how would tliey feel when ])r. Carsoii'.s papers ho hurt their pride ! — " T am fur, vory far indeed, from wishing to impui^n the mofcivps of the Govprnors. I am even disposed to allow, thnt tliey hiivo been, for the most part, !\ottiated by the best intentions. It is the habits of Naval Commanders, generating a fondness for arbitrary rule, and. thereby recpi'-ring h passive submission to their will, utterly unfitting]; them to ))roHido at the head of a Goxei'iinient not posse-fsing the iisui!! necessary reatrahits. It is the undertaking a high situation, with the duties of which they caiirp-it. !)0 acquainted, that I wish to expose and di'rido, as inconsistent with just moral conduct, derogatory to the character, and hostile to the privileges of liritons. " The inhabitaats of Newfoundland are ti'uly loyal, and attached even to enthusiasm, to the glory and interest of the liiitish nation. They are uiiifoi'mly desirous of obtaining the good o])inion, and the good will of their (tovernors. This fact has been strongl\ manifested, on the arrival of each succeeding Governor ; Hut, no sooner did they become entangled in the Gothic system of jmlling down fences, stages, and houses ; no sooner did thev cominencc the blasting system of favoiu'itisin and pi-usoription, than all hopes of imiirovoment were dissipated, and the mind recoiled into gloomy despondency. " The only remedy against the e\ ils flowing from the present system, will bo found in giving to the people, what they most ardently wish, and what is un(|ues- tionably their right, a civil Government, consisting of a resident (iovernor, a Senate House aru! ilouse of Assembly. " I shall as oriefly as possible, endeavour to point out thi' advantages that would flow to this island, and the mother country, from the »stablishinent of a eivil (iovernment, and from the a|)pro])riation and cultivatiiui of the lands. In doing this I shall have to combat some prejudice, and som«^ ei'ror. The island of ]S'ewfoundland has been re|)resented as destitute of soil; the atmosphere as unfriendly to vegetation: agriculture as injurious to a fishery; and the country C()loni/ed as cuntriiry to the intei'est of the British merchants, and incompatible with the policy of the mother country.'' As the result ol" the iietiim of the iiierchaiits aiul the jmimadversions of the doctor, Sir Richard Keats' instructions from Eiigluud '■ Directed his attention to the propriety of authorising the cultivation of those lands of the colony which might bo applicable to that purpose. He was therefore to consider himself authorised to grant leases of small portions of land to industrious individuals for the purpose of cultivation, taking care, however, to reserve an annual ijuit-reut, either nominal or real, according to the circumstances of each indivitluil hat they had tardily received iiom »i GRANTS OF FARM LANDS. 35)9 the Government permisHion to do, and this without the condition annexed in the latter case. The return showed that between October •J.'j, 1H12, and Jul}' 10, 18i;J, twenty-six persons had enclowed plots of land of various dimeusionn, but umounting in the aggregate to seventy. live acres. " The following extracts are taken from the letter of the Govorner to Tjord Bathurst, reporting the success of this ineasure. They also afford a giimpfce of the .s(jiiattiiig system which had begun to prevail, and of new ideas which woi'e dawning in people's minds as to tho agricultural capacities of the country : — ''Hie measure which I was authorised to adopt, of making small grants of land to industrious individuals for tho purpose of cultivation, has been generally «TP!Piw!??erp*«!^iwsst' '^•i*^ '***-^'**^-^^i4w if^ fft itat -i ' ^tJ t - '- FARM SCEKK NKAK ST. JOIIN's .vnolT 17!KI. From (I wali-r cul r(r j'uhifhiff hi the It.M., MS. *«,M. received ■with becoming gratitude, notwithstanding pains have been taken to induce the lower classes to ascribe th<- bounty of (-overnmeiit to a wrong motive. In proceeding to execute this part nf my intstriwcious, It becatne neci'ssiiry to luiike .some erKpiirv into the lands at presi nt eiichwed, or in cultiviition, ard into the titles by which those in occnjiaiicy in the vicinity of St. John's are held. And it is evident that tho possessors of a c ii-is. to 147a'. per barrel. Pork, iHOs. to 2Utis. Potatoes, 22s. 6d. to 2r)s. per barrel. On July Iti, the society of merchants reported to His Excellency that the quantity of provisions on hand was not more than sufficient to supply the demand for two months, and there was little prospect of any considerable importations.' "On this "-abject the Governor made urgent representations to the .Secretary of State, and, ^)robably as the result of those representations, though apparently coming in the ordinary way of trade, large imports were received, mostly from Great Britain, which replenished the stores, brought down prices, and removed ail apprehensions of famine for tho ensuing winter.'' ' ' Fron PiiDLiiv's Hklory uf Newfoundland u.wl Ncu'fuundUtnd Uvcords, f CHIEF JUSTICE COLCLOUOII. 401 f III Juno 1814 there i.s a letter in the RecorclH from Hunter & Co. {)niyin,r; pernussion to export a quantity of flour, " that the nuirket is " now so glutted that it is impossible to sell it, and that if not allowed " to send it away it will he spoiled." In LSI 5 lioth Calclough and Sir Richard Keats left the Colony. The Chief Justice was evidently terrified by the followint,' letter. He put forth a proclamation immediately, offering a reward of £100 for tlie discovery of the writer or of the person who afHxed it to the Court House gate, of course without result. " To the Honorable CK.sARCoi,r:i,our,ii,E9q., Cliief Judge in tho Supremo Conrt of St. John's, and in and over the Island of Newf(jundland, &c., &c., &c. " The humble petition of the distress'' of St. John's in general most humbly sheweth : — " That tho poor of St. John's are very much oppressed by dilfercnt orders from tho Court House, which they aniigine is unknown to your Lordship, Concerning the killing and shooting thoir doggs, without tho least sine of tho being sick or mad. Wee do hope that your Lordsliip will check the Justices that was the means of this evil Proclamation agiiinst tlie Interest of the poor Families, that their dependanco for their Winter's Fewel is on their Doggs, and likewise several single men that is bringing out Wood for tho use of the Fishery, i'' in case this business is not put back it will bo the means of an indeferent business as erer the killing the Doggs in Ireland Wiis oei'ore the reliollion tho first Instance will i)0 given by killing Cows and Horse j, and all otlior disorderly Vice that can be comprehened by the Art of Man. " Woe are sorry for giveing your Lordship any uneasines for directing any like business to your Honour, but Timely notice is better than use any voilanco. What may be the cause of what we not wish to men' at present, by pnting a stop to this great evil. Wee hope that our Prayrs will be mains of obtaining Life Everlasting for your Lordship in the world to come. " Mei-cy wee will take, and Mercy woe will give." The Chief Justice should have known, a;i one experienced about his countrymen, that the threatening letter is a common Hil)ernian device ; that, whilst it is sometimes malignant, often enough it is the mere wanton trick of some idle vngabtmd who can write, and wants to worry his neighbour. Magistrates of any standing, either in Ireland or amongst IrisI people, could " paper a trunk " with such epistles. This one is in very mild t(me ; it has not got even the traditionary coffin and cross bones at the head of it ; it is more of a respectful remonstrance than a threat of nmrder, as the atiriirhted Colclouoh translated it. Durinuf tlie troublous times that wei'e comino: on the Colony, it was a good thing he left. Colclough was succeeded in the Chief Justiceship by Francis Forltes, Es([., a distinguished barrister of Lincoln's Inn. He was appointed on the 4r,h August 1816, and commenced the discharge of his duties on the 1.5th July 1817, and remained resident in the Colony up to the Gth of May 1822. Chief / p. 2729. CO m 402 KEIGN OF GKORGE I IT. IP Justice ForboH wnn goldon opinions from nil clnssos; the pnf,'('s of " Tlio Select Cases in the Sii])reiiie Court of Newfouiidlnud " iiri' an nhidin^' iiionunient to his profound hvirniiig and sereuL' intcllii^'ciice. The faction fiohts went on for ninny y«'ars after Culcliin judiciul l)usiufs.s ul" tho cajjitid dovolvod, wroto to Sir U. (J. Ki'iits : — " 1)1 November 1815 there hiivo been upwards of seven hmulred writs isHued olnco the closing of acconnta in October [in all over nine hundred summons], rind forty doelaratioTis of in.solvenry ; notwithstanding whii'h wo are happy to inform your l^xcellenry that tlie pulilic peace lias noi» in any material dcKreo been intenupted, nor do wo perceive the Hinallcst fj;r(iund for apprehension of any change of sentiment likely to di.sturb the prewent traiupiiility." What Ji contrast l)t'twt'eu these cahn words of two lirave cnol- lieadod men in the midHt of dire cahunity an ^ the fears and foreliodings of Cololougli. Peace had come after the cmshing defeat of Waterloo, WEXFORD HEnnlNO COT.^ 18th June 1815 ; the United States had made peace with England by the Treaty of Ghent ; American and Norwegian tish flowed into the Mediterranean markets ; pioduce was selling abroad for less soiiietime.s ' The official returns of ex|)()rts for this year, from October 1813 to October 1S14, do not show cither such high prices or quanti- ties. Fish is put down at 2().'i. to Ms. per quintal ; value of seal oil, Sic. and furs at :t!W,.')70 : sahiion, 3, 125 tierces, at ;C4 per tierce. There is a sifinificant item of 2,049 quintals of fish e.rporUd to the lintzils, James Stewart is credited with bciiii; tlie first nicrcliant in Xewfoundhiud to inauf,nirate tliis im])ortant business. ]n one of liis letters he writes, " 30,000 (piintais of fisli, well handled, should make any man's fortune." 2 Trices, 1812-181G. " Price of eod oil, Liverpool, 1812, £38 sterling per ton. " Price of cod oil, Liverpool, 181'?, £40 sterling per ton. " Price of cod oil, London, 1813, t42 10»-. sterling per ton. " Tar in Kngland, ISI.t, 43.v. per bnrel, and exi)ccted to rise higher. " .\pril IMIC), the price of cod oil continues low at C28 |)cr ton. The introduction of gas liglit for the streets and shops lessens the consumption very considerably, and will be worse." — From Nhwjian & t'o.'s liunlt.i. ^ It was from this handy little craft that our fishermen got the idia of the boat now in such general use all over the Colony ; it displaced the lug-sails towards the end of last eentury. The fishing boats in the cod and seal c c 2 A^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I mum 2.2 i~ !■■ ill lAO 2.0 im 1.25 1.4 1.6 6" ► vl % O^ W ^ Jit' jym W -> :> -^ w Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 ^ 6^ ^w r , i 404 REIGN OF GEORGE III. than one-third of its cost to the merchant. A panic ensued, and nearly all the houses in the trade went down. The catch of 1816 was considerable' — over a million quintals were exported. Prices, however, had become abnormally low — fourteen, twelve, and even ten shillings per quintal. The winters of 1815, 181G, and 1817-18 ai-e memorable in the annals of the Colony. In the winter of 1815 the capital and all the outports were in a state of actual starvation. The losses and insolvencies referred to by Coote had ruined the credit of our merchants. Importations of provisions were quite inadequate, and, to add to the general misery, emigrants were flocking in from Ireland.^ By Christmas 181G, when communication witli the outside was virtual y shut off, the dread spectre of famine threatened our unfortunate Colony. Fortunately, at this terrible crisis, the vii'tual control of the Colony was in the hands of Captain David Bucban, R.N. The most fulsome panegyric is really but faint praise for the cool courage, able management, and humane exertions of tlie heroic commander. During this tryiug winter he put his.own men on H.M.S. Pike on sliort allowance, when the following address was prisented to him by the Grand Jury : — "Yon, sir, were soon conspicuous in public exertions to aflTord the only refuge to which those euflVring the calamities of impending famine could address them- selves for succor." ill 11 i'l ■:':\ ' iv i m I fishery were formerly called Blmllopg and slmllowuys, these words often occurring in our history. The shallop was a large boat, decked at l)oth ends aiul open iu the centre, with moveable deck-boards and pounds ; there were cuddies both fore and aft where the fishermen could sleep. There were never less than tliiee men in a shallop ; their diun-n- sious Wi're— 30 to 4o feet keel, 10 to 40 feet beam ; many of the larger shallops hail five men, and would carry 200 qtls. dry fish. The shalloways were open boats, what are now called punts. 7'he sails in connnon use until after 17S0 were lug sails. The sprit- sail boats were probably copied from Irish models, like the picture of the We.xford herring cot. There was no fire below deck ; the cooking apparatus, or galley, was built of stone, and was generally on the forecastle. The fishermen's clothing was made commonly of whitney and barked swanskin (oiled clotiiing had not been in- vented, and the barvel was universally used by the fishermen all over North Americii) ; for the seal fishery the men had bluchers and buskins ; pewter pots were mostly used for cooking and drinking vessels. The first decked vessels for the seal fishery were about the size of ordinary Western boats, 40 to 50 feet keel, and 14 to 15 feet beam. The schooners all had deep, heavy keels ; both the bottom plunking and keel were nmde of birch and witch hazel. It took about seven men to haul out the birch stick for a keel. For the boat's frame juniper was generally used; the timbers were about a foot apart, and the planking was about an inch and a half thick, generally of pine, with black spruce for spars. The schooner rig came into vogue about the time of the connnencement of the ship seal fishery. In the early accounts of this industry a distinction is nmde between the fishery as prosecuted in shallops and in schooners. The only novelty introduced about 1798 was the use of larger vessels in this business. There was always more or less of a seal fishery carried on by the residents with nets, pursuing them on the ice, and following them up with shallops and punts. ' I'cdiey, in his histoiy, states the catch was small. The records show that the amount was about 1,083,43:! quintals. - Kleven thousand Irish came to St. John's between 1814 and 1813, 'J'here is an instruc- tive correspondence between Kent and Morris of Waterford about the cubic space required for an emigrant. Their sufferings in crossing must have been terrible, only exceeded by the horrors of the middle passage ou board an African slaver. 1 f 1 i \i THE WINTER OF THE RALS. 4(»o If Buclian flcseived all these encomiums for his service!? in IH] 5-1(5, what praise shall we give him for his still more difficult task in the terrible season of 1817-18, known in Newfoundland as the " Hard Winter," and still more generally as the " Winter of the Rah ?" In the former season, starvation alone had to be contended with ; now famine, frost, and fire combined, like three avenging furies, to scoui'ge the unfortunate Island. X frost that sealed up the \\hole coast commenced early in November, Jind continued almost without intermission through the entire season, and on the nights of the 7th and 21st of NovemV)er 1817, th)ee hundred ho\ises were burnt, rendering two thousand in- dividuals, in depth of that cruel winter, homeless.' Nothing can add to the simple pathos of the grand jury's presentment : — " Calamities so extensive would have been in our most prosperous times' productive of severe distress, but on retrospectiug to our situation for the last three years, during which period we have alternately suflered by fire, by famine, by lawless outrage, and nnmerons mercantile failures, which have greatly injured the commercial reputation of the town, the recent conflagrations seemed only wanting to consummate our misfortunes. Several hundred men in the prime of life, without money, or the means of being employed, without adequate clothing or food, are at the hour of midnight wandering amidst the smoking ruins to seek warmth from the ashes, and food from the refuse of the half-consumed fish. In dwelling-houses thfl misery is little less. Many families, once in affluence, are now in absolute want. Within these two days, two men have been found perished of cold, and many hundreds must inevitably experience a similar fate if humanity does not promptly and eflectually step forward to their relief." To add to this n»isery, gangs of half-famished, lawless men everywhere threatened the destruction of life and property; vigilance conunittees were formed in every settlement. Mr. George Kemp, then residing in Brigiis, tells of the confidence and safety the planters felt when Captain Buchan canio amongst them. In St. John's and every outport his presence brought tranfjuillity ; all caught the contagion of his splendid courage. The sufftu-ing endured during that winter no pen can fully describe. A vessel with provisions put into Bay Bulls in distress ; the people flocked down en masKC to board her, and they would not let tlie ship leave the harbour until half her cargo had been unloiuled by the authorities and distributed. In Renews, two West Country crews were frozen uj) ; a mob, headeil by the village blacksmith, attacked the room, threatening to murder the Devonshire mou unless they surrendered their provisions ; one of the skippers, an old captain of a privateer, had been expecting an attack, and had his store loopholed for musketry ; he fired a volley o\er the heads of the crowd, and all fied ; afterwards the same captain and iiis merchant shared all their provisions with the Renews ' Tiiure hiiJ hIso been a very deKtruutivu fire in i'ebruury 1816. M ' 5". M !*:! M m ■1 'i t. "V I: % 1 ! 406 REIGN OF GEORGE III. people. Many more incidents could be related about the winter of the " Rah," or " Rowdies." Near Renews, a lot of Irish emigrants left their ship at the edge of the ice, and crawled on shore on their hands and knee' , to add more sliarers in the already inade<}uate rations. During these three unhapj>y years everything was against us ; even the seal tishery failed in 1817.^ In the spring of 1H18 this perioil of calamity came to an end. The seal fishery was unusually productive, in less tlian a fortnight n^^'^ *"r ^\Tfv A". J iKujn^^^i '" ■'^^^bS ipii^v^^' lA^^lM^m r li.. *. '^^T^!^ ^^^ '^^^-'-i^ VVi liii'l' mMmwKm •'^^■^Pv'^Pli: ■Hh^yiki^MBIte^HiiHKSHnHi^B^'^' IRI^lS^H ' •*'1|C ^SKB^^^^mBB^^m^--^ii^9^m^^ >'';■■■ » '^ '- "■ : ^^^^^^^^^■^■■n^'' ••^'^ •^^a^m^m^^mSF^^^^M ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■HHHIP^. '/^I^^^^^B^^^^^^Bh^^^^^^I . ' . , *, 1 '^^^^^^^^^^B^K^' •iP^EtdiEHii^^tf^'^M,-'' ''^^t!-i>.4a^H^^^BBHBlBli^H^^^H^ r . y ^'m^ms'^mmimLB^rsa- r - -tf^'- r ' '^ 1 -■ ■ 1 ^^^^KBCSSs^Ukf^-' \^ ly^'^wM^BBBMyBBrSW^PW "* -« , -i '■■ ■ ^mm\ ■ < '• > '-'^^KqIHHHH^^^S^^^ t'-.-i;.''*-*- ■:-v*i>"«-:>^V(Sf-'"J ■■ Hnfti' >> s"^ittMB^HHric^N»*Piwl [MwiWjyHMBwigy ^g^ ■WOOI>r.AXI)S COTTAOK, 8T. JOIIN'8. ?')•(»» fi ilrawing liy Lady Hamilton, in the possession of Sir £. A. Hamilton, Bart. scores of little vessels returned, loadcrl to the scuppers with fat ; hope revived, the fisheries were good, the markets improved, and the poor old Colony ajrain began to lift up her head. The Governor, Sir Francis Pickmore,- had been ordeied to remain through the winter in New- fountlland. Dr. Carson's j)amphlet had shown up the absurdity of Goveinors coming out for two or three months in the year. Henceforth all their Excellencies were pereiniials, not fleeting annuals. Admiral Pickmoi-e was a firm, courageous old mnn, but the toil, exposure, and ' 1817 is the worst seal fisherj' on record, only tliirly-scviMi thousiind seals being killed over the whole Island. - There appears to he no informntion ubout Sir F. I'iekmore beyond what can be pathered from the Navy Lists. The family np|K'urs to have died out, as none of tbi.H name can be found in the Navy, Army, Church, &c. SIR FRANCIS PICKMORE. 407 nnxioty of the last terrible winter told on liis enfecl)led constitution, and on the 24th of February he died. One can form some idea of the severity of the season from the fact that it took all the crew of H.M.8. Fly, with the assistance of civilians, a whole fortnight to cut a channel through the ice, which was between four and five feet thick. The faithful admiral's obsequies were carried out with gre;it s>tate, the grandest ceremony ever known in the Colony. " So past the strong heroic soul away. And when they buried him tlio little port Had seldom seen a costlier funeral." The sufferings of the Newfoundland colonists called forth humane response from all (juarteis. The Biitish (Jovornment sent £10,000, Halifax contributed liberally, but the most touching and generous gift was from the large-hearted people of Bostim. A few years before they were fitting out privateers to destroy our fishing vi-sels, now they st^iit ns a welcome shi[)-Ioad of provisions. In the most inclement month of the year, January, the brig Messenger came into St. Jolm's, bearing the following iiddress : — " To His Excellency Francis Pickmoue, Esq., Vicc-Admiral and Governor, &c.. President of the Society for the Improvement of the Poor of St. John's. " SiK,' — The recent conHngration of a great part of the town of St. John's, at a period of the year when it maybe impraelicabla to obtain relief from the parent country, and the calamity whicli mnst necesp"- '^ cii^-uo to a large number of our fellow-beinga, have been felt in this town ^ th all the sympathy which they are calculated to inspire. A subscription, for the purpose of affording siomc immediate aid to the suHnrers, has been consequently opened in this place, and the moans of purchasing a quantity of such articles as are consi 'ered to be best adapted to the exigencies of the moment, have been readily contributed by a number of its inhabitants. " The American brig 3fc«8e?i(7er, Captain Ptterson, having been chartered for the exclusive object of carrying this ottering to St. John's, we have now the honour to enclose you a bill of lading, and manifest of her cargo, consisting of the following articles : — 174 barrels of flour 125 barrels of meal 11 tierces of rice 27 barrels and 96:1 bags of bread, which, on behalf of the contributors, we request that you vill have the goodness to receive, and cause the same to be distributed among the sufferers by the lato conflagration, in such manner and in such proportions as their respective circum- stances may require. We beg leave to recommend the bearer, Captain Peteraon, 10 your kind prcteition. . . The cause of humanity alone has induced him to undertake, at this inclement season, such a voyage Avhich, under other circum. stances, he would have felt himself obliged to decline. " We have the honour to be, with all duo consideration, very respectfully, your Excellency's obedient humble servants. (Signed) " Jamks Pekkins Aknold Wn.Lis " Jonathan Amory, Junr. Bknjamin Rum " TaisTaAM Bah.naud John Houston. " Boston, December 27, 1817." 408 REIGN OF GEORGE III. Bishop Lamljert, of the Franciscan order, had succeeded tlie eminent Dr. O'Donel as Roman Catholic Bishop of Newfoundhuid ; he was consecrated at Wexford, April 1806, Bishop of Chitra in partihua. Dr. Lambert was rather an old man when appointed, and of very delicate constitution. All his contemporaries jpt-ak of him as a perfect gentleman, sometimes a iittle hasty, but genial, kind, and of pre-eminent social qualities ; he dined out a good deal with the Governor and the ofticers and merchants, entertaining them in i-eturn at his own hospitable board. Dr. Lambert received an allowance fi'om the British Govern- ment.^ In 1811 Dr. Scallan came out to assist, and was afterwwds his successor. The first three Roman Catholic bishops in this Colony, by their suavity of manner, and their liberal, enlightened policy, contriVjuted perhaps more than any others to promote harmony and peace in the community. There were two treaties of peace with France — in 1814 and in 1815. St. Pierre and Mi(iuelon had been formally given back to our enemies in 1814, when suddenly, in 1815, Captain Buchan was sent again to retake the islands and plant the Union Jack on the Governor's staft*; the taking and retaking of these little islands was a regular " Jack-in-the- Itox " affair. Before the peace the merchants of St. John's had sent a very sti'ong memorial to the Prince Regent praying that in any future settlement foreigners might be excluded fx'om our iislieries ; the Governors \igorously supported the prayer of the memorial. His Royal Highness promised favourable consideration, but, as usual, our interests were deliberately sacnficed. France had been completely conquered. Why, then, did she recover her po-ition on the Newfoundland coast ? Castle- reagh's answer is characteristic : " The European sovereigns wanted to make the Bourbons popular with the French people." For the sake of the incapable, unteachable Louis XVIIL, a galling yoke was thrown round the necks of British colonists. It is the fliiiisiest and most paltry excuse for a great diplomatic blunder. On the death of Admiral Pickmore, Captain Bowker, of the admiral's ship, was Acting-Governor until the arrival of Sir Charles Hamilton - in July 1818. In the beginning of September of that year another fire broke out in St. John's, which consumed twelve houses and part of the ' A stipend of £75 per annum was gi'antentribute to the convenience of the said Town, as well as to its future security, if certain regulations be made for the rebuilding of such parts thereof its have been destroyed, and also for the erection of any Houses or Huildings in the "■-! T.-.,.. L^.Vuiler; He it therefore eii.icted hy the King's Most Kxeellent Majesty, by and with the advice and con- sent of the Lords Spiritiuil and Tenij)oral, and Connnons, in th' present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, ■ that the Lower Street in the siiid Town, commonly called Water Strct-t, shall not be less than Fifty Feet in width in every part thereof, extending from the house and stores occupied by lirown, Hoyles ^- Co., at the Kiist end, to the public Ships Kouui, commonly oiilled the Wfsltrn Ships Houtn, at the West end thereof; aud that the I'pper Street, commonly called Duckworth Strn't, shall not be loss than Forty Feet in width ; and that all and every Houses, Stores, Fivctions and Huildings whatsoeviT, built and cieoted since the first day of June One Thousand Kigbt Hundred and Kighteen, or wliich shall at any time or tim''s liereafter be ereettd and built in the said street or either of them, whether the same be upon any vacant spot of Ground or upon the site of any former Uuilding, shall be wade to conform to the width of tho said 410 BEIGN OF GEORGE III. i.. !i%; r-; i" tho Bameau Islandn ; on the western and northern coast, From Cape Ray to the Quirpon Islands; on the shores of the Magdalen Islands, and also on thn coaHts, boys, harbours, and creeks, from Mount Joli on the Bouthorn coast of Labrador to and through the straits of Bclleislo ; and thence northwardly, indefinitely along tho , coast, without prejudice, however, to any of tiio exclusive rights of tho Hudson's Bay Compony." Tlie convention further provided : — " Tbnt the American fishermen should also have liberty for ever to dry and cure fish in any of thn unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks of the Bonthern part of tho coast of Newfoundland above described, and of the coast of Labrador ; but so soon as tho same, or any portion thereof, should be settled, it was not to be lawful for the said fishermen to dry or cure fish at such portit)u so settled without previous agreement for such purpose with the inhabitants, proprietor!, or possessors of the said ground." Properties, lately held by Gcorye Niven and A. Chambers, the middle of the Cove to be the ceutie of the Street, through the Ground lately occupied by William Barnes and others ; and the last or Eastern Street from the Ordnance Wharf up to the King's Road ; and that no House, Sture, Krectiou or Building whatsoever, shall be erected or built so as to front above Water titreet, upon any or either of tho said Cross Streets, but that the same shall be and remain open and free from any Buildings whatsoever, other than the inclosures thereof ; and also, that in case any other Cross Streets may be hereafter required as a security against Tire, upon the same being marked out and presented by the Grand Jury, and approved by the Governor for the time being, there shall te such other Cross Streets or Fire-breaks, of the like dimensions of those hereinbefore mentioned, and accord- ing to the Boundaries so presented and approved ; and the Ground and Property necessary to be taken shall be estimated and paid for in like manner as is herein-after mentioned ; Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall authorise the taking any Fishing Koom, Flakes, or any part LADY HAMILTON. From a portrait in the ponsesiiion of Sir E. A. Hamilton, Hart. Streets, as the same is respectively hereby eslablished and directed ; Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to any House, Store, Krection or Building, which since the said first day of June One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighteen, may have been or at any time hereafter may be erected in Water Street aforesaid, the same being built and made entirely of Stone or Bricks, and covered with Slates or Tiles, and always having a clear width in the said Street of not less than Forty Feet. II. — And he it further enacted, That there shall be Four Cross Streets or open spaces to serve as Fire-breaks, and intersect the said Streets called Water Street and Duckworth Street as nearly as might be at right angles ; and that all and every of the said Cross Streets shall not be less than Sixty feet in width, and shall run in the fol- lowing directions, that is to say, the first or western Cross street from the Water Side, in a line with the corner of Dinah Elliot's Shop and Maddock's Lane to Duckworth Street ; the second fnnn the Waier Side running in a line with the corner of James Cliffs and Perkins and Winter's tenements leading up the Church Hill; the third to run from the Water Side between Clapp's and Keen's of thereof, which may be actually occupied and employed for the purpose of curing Fish. BUTLER AND LUNDUIOAN. 411 Ray to the 1 tho coawts, •reeks, from athorn coast through the ftiid thence itcly along prejudice, exclusive son's Bay 1 further 1 fishermen ty for ever any of tho 'ours, and part of the »nd above 10 coast of on as tho 1 thereof, •as not to fishermen ch portion previous fpnse with ietor-j, or •ound." Niven and Cove to be the Ground 'times and Street from 'ff'« lioad ! or Building lilt NO as to ly or either the same freo from >* than the n case any r required the same the Grand or for the (her Cross limensinns d accord- ntcd and Property nated and 'rein-after ■ nothing ie taking any part occupied f curing The agitation for representative govenunent in the year 181}> received great inii)etns from the well-known case »)f Butler aner 1820, Patrick Morris chairman, the following resolutions were passed : — " liesolved that we yield to no body or class of nun in loyalty to our King, in obodionco respect and support of the laws of our country, or in love and veneration to our glorious constitution. " llesolved that wo have beheld with abhorrence and detestation the cruel and ignominious punishment inflicted on tho bodies of Philip Butler and James Luudrigan for the trifling causes elicited in evidence on tho late trial in our Supreme Court. " Eesolved that we ."^hall pursue such legal and ccmstitiitional moans as may ho within our power to have tho law rejjeakd which, it appears, snnctiona such nrliitrary proceedings in tho Surrogates, and that a committee be appointed to carry our intentions into effect. " Further resolved that we defray Butler's and Lundrigan's expenses and mniu- tenance and that thanks be passed to tho Lawyers Duwe and Geo. Lilly for their disinterested conduct in conducting tho cases in the Supreme Court. " WiLLrAM Caksox, M.l)., Patrick Doyi-E, " P.vTiiicK Morris, John Ryax, " JouN llocHFdUT, M.D., Gko. Gaden, " Georgk NivEN, Thomas Beck, " Henry Shea, Thomas Burke, "Timothy Hooax, Kobt. R. Wakeham, " Lewis W. By ax." The case of Butler and Lundrigan was taken up solely for tho purpose of being used as a lever to obtain a legislature for the Colony. Petitions were presented to both Houses of Parliament, and Dawe was sent to England to work up the case. There is no doubt that this agitation very much forwarded the demand for local government. The immediate result of the appeal, which was warudy supported by Lords Holland and Darnley in the Lords, and by the celebrated Sir James Macintosh and Dr. Lushington in the Commou.s, was the Judicature Act and the suppression of surrogate courts. ' Sir Charles Hamilton was so disfjusted with the way that Government suits were conducted in the courts, that he requested tlie Government to send him out a lawyer who could act as attorney-general ; a gentlenidu called Westcott wag accordingly sent out to His Excellency. .Sir Charles found his new law adviser very glib at recommending measures in the Council. but utterly incapable of defending their legiility iu the courts ; the imported adviser made the last state of things worse than the first, and he was soon sent back again to Kngliind ; both Westcott and liis wife enjoyed a pension for the valuable services he rendered the Colony. V'l I'P t ! ■ S ' ■ 412 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIIT. U^ I. 'V ■ I •il' ! 1 I. The Recapture of St. John's in September 1732. FROM TIIK "LONDON GAZETTK." Whitehall, October 12. This nuirtiiiig nrrived CHptain Campbell, of the 22nd regi- ment, from St. .lohn'B, Newfoundland, bein^ ditipatched by Lieutenant- Colonel Amherst with the following letters to the Karl of £{(remont. (a.) CuL. Amiikiist to the Earl of Kl.'KKMONT. St. John's Newfoundland, My Loui>, Sept. 20 1762. Acfordinp to the orders I received from Sir Jeffery Amherst at New York, of which your LonNhip will have been informed, 1 proceeded from New York to Halifax with the transports, to take up there the troops destined for the expedition. 1 got into the harbour the 20th of August; and finding Lord Colvill sailed, determined to embark the troops there, and at Louisboiirg, as expeditiously as possible, and proceed after his Lordtihip. The men-of-war being sailed. Mho weru to have taken port of the troops on board, I was obliresume, my Lord, to recommend this gentle- man to your Lordship's protection as n real biave and good otticer. Lord Colvill intends sending H.M.S. Syren immediately to Knglund. I send ('apt. Campbell of the i2'.2nd Regiment with these despatches who will inform your Lord- ship of any particulars you may desire to know. I do myself the honour to transmit to your Lordship such returns as 1 can possibly get in time, to show the true state of the I;'rench troops and garrison here. I am, j<(c. William Amiif.ust. Cnpt. (""onipbell has brought with him the French colours which were hoisted on the fort at St. John's. (h.) CoL. Amiifust to the P'uench C'OMMANDEH. Camp before St. John's, SiK, Sept. IC, 17fi2. Humanity directs me to acquaint you of my firm intentions. I know the miserable state your garrison is left in and am fully informed of your design of blowing up the fort ou quitting it ; but have a care, as 1 have taken measures effectually to cut off your retreat, and so sure as a match is put to the train, every man of the garrison shall be put to the swurd. I must have immediate l)ossession of die fort in the state it now is, or expect the consequences. 1 give you half an hour to think of it. 1 have the honour to be Sir, Your most obedient Immble servant, Wm. Asiiiekst, To the officer commanding in St. John's. (i?.) CoiNT U'Haussonville to Col. Amueust. 16 Sep. 1702. With regard to the conduct that 1 shall hold, you may, sir, be misinformed. I wait for your troops and .our cannon ; and nothing shall determine me to surrender the fort unless you shall have totally destroyed it and that 1 shall have no more powder to fire. 1 have the honour to be Sir, Your most humble and most obedient servant. The Count 1>'IIaissonville. im i 414 REiaX OF GEORGE III. i:-\ (d.) CoUSf D'llAt MONVILI.E tO LlKLT.-Coi.. Amiikumt, Sir, Under the uncurtaintjr of the Huccors \rhich I may receive either from Krnnce oritH nlliei*, and the Fort being entire and in a condition for a long defence, I am resolved to defend myself to the luxt extremity. The cupituhition which you miiy think proper to f(runt me, will determine me to surrender the place to you, in onler to prevent the effuxion of blood of the men who defend it. What- ever resolution you come to, there is one left to me, which would hurt the intercxti of the Sovereign you serve. 1 have the honour to be Sir Your moHt obedient Inimble servant, Lk Comitb L)'1Iau880.nvii.le. Fort St. John, Sept. 17, 1762. [N.H.— This (lite should be the 18th.] (e.) Camp before St, .lohnV, Sept. l«th 176a. I have just had the honour of your letter. His Hritannick Majesty's fleet and army co-operating here will not give any otner terms to the garrison of St. John's than their surrendering Prisoners of war. I don't thirst after the blood of the garrison but you must determine quickly or expect the con- sequences for this is my final determination. I am Sir &c. Wm. Amiiriist. To Count D'Hauiisonville. Sir, (/.) Count D'Haussontillk to Coi,. AMIIKngT. Sept. 18, 1762. I have received sir j-our letter which you did me the honour to write to me. I am as averse as you to the effusion of blood. I consent to surrender the fort in a good condition na 1 have already acquainted you, if the demariils which I enclose lierewith are granted to my troops I have the honour &c. Le Ccmi'tk D'IIaijssonville. (g.) Articles of Capitulation. Demands of the garrison of St. .John's, and, in general, the troops that are in it : — The French troops shall surrender prisoners of war. — Agreed to. The officers and sul)altern officers shall keep their arms to preserve good order among their troops. — Agreed to. Good ships shall be granted to carry the officers, grenadiers, and private men, either wounded or not, to France in the space of one mouth, on the coast of Brifaiiny. — Agreed to. {Lord Colvill will, of course, embark them an soon as he cim.) The goods and effects of both the officers and soldiers shall be preserved. — His Britan- nick Majesty's troops never pillage. The gate will be taken possession of this nfternooD, and the garrison will lay down their arms. This is to be signed by Lord Colvill, but it will remain at present, as afterwards, in full force. Camp before St. John's, 18 Sept. 1761!. Wm. Amiiekht. Lk C«>.uite D'Haushonvillk. (A.) Total of the French Troops madb Pkisoneks i.v St. John's Fout. 1 colonel, 1 lieut.-colonel, IH captains, 13 lieutenants, 4 ensigns, 27 serjeants, 4.'> corporals, 4 J sub-corporals, lu drummers, S33 fusiliers. Staff Officers. M.U'CompteiviIans- sonville - Colonel. M. I)e liellecombe Lieut.-Coloncl. M. De Mongure Major and Ad- jutant M. Scire ■ Engineer. Henry ■ Surgeon Major. Michel - Cliiiplain. (i'.) English Killed and Wounded. Return of the killed, wounded, and missing of the troops under the command of Lieut.-Col. Amherst, from the 15th Sept. inclusive. Captiiin Maxwell's light infantry. — 3 rank and file killed ; 10 rank and file wounded. Captain McDonell's light infantry.— 3 rank and file killed; 1 lieutenant, 1 Serjeant, 5 rank and file killed ; 1 captain, 1.5 rank and file wounded. Captain Barrow's provincial light in- fantry. — 1 rank and file killed; 3 rank and file wounded. First battalion — 2 captains, 1 Serjeant, 1 drummer, 3 rank and file wounded. Second battalion — 1 rank and file killed ; 1 rank and file wounded. J'rovincial battalion — 1 rank and file killed. Total, I lieutenant and 11 rank and file killed ; 3 captains, 2 Serjeants, 1 drummer, 32 rank and file wounded. killed. Names of the Officers, Lieut. Schuyler, of the Royal Americans, Captain McDonell, of^ Frazer's - - - i Captain Baillie.of the Royals ] wounded. Captain McKenzie, of Mont- gomery's - . - Wm. Auheust. St. John's, Sept. 20, 1762. ^' t THE RECAFrURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 413 (A.) Lonn Colvii.i, to Mr. Ci.kvi.and. Coi'Y of a li'ttor from Lord Oolvlll, Com- nmmlcr-in-t'liii'l' of His MiijcMy's shipn in North Aiiu-rit'ii, to Mr. CU'vIhikI. Dated on liuiinl tlu' Nnrthumherland, in St. Jolin'r* Ilarliour, Nfwfoundhind, Sept. 20, 17C'2. SiK, I Imd the lionoiir of Bondinfr you nn account of my iirocct'din^'N luitil the IHth of August by a vecHcl which .siiilcd from IMucciitiii for Kn^rhtnd at that time, und on the 22ud 1 sailed with his Miijcsty's HhipH the North- umberland, Aiifflnpi', (ionpnrt, and Syren, and the Kin;/ (ieon/e, l)elonf;ing to the province of Massiu-husttts Hay. On the 2.'ith wc chased a schooner off St. John's, and took her close to the harbour's mouth. She had been an Kngli»h privateer, taken by the enemy, had eight carrinfie guns mounted, and was innnned with thirty French- men, commanded by an ensign de Vaisscuu. The enemy had sent away great part of St. John's men, women and children, by giving them vessels and provisions to carr" them where they please(i ; two of these, a sloop "'111 . schooner, we met with on the coast, ami look twenty-three Irishmen that were single men out t'f them, to replace in part the marines of the squadron that were left in the garrison at I'lacentia and the Isle of Hoys. These Irishmen said, that if I would go into the Bay of liulls, numbers of their countrymen would resort to me and enter on board the F(|uadron ; but during two days which I staved in that bay, not a man joined me. The few inhabitants that remained there, quietly followed their business of tishing, and it is possible the enemy prevented any others at St. John's from coming. Mr. Garland and .Mr. Davis, two of the principal inhabitants of Harbour Grace and Carlwnera, in Conception Bay, having ac- quainted me that a number of men in their neighbourhood were willing to serve in the squadron during the present exigency, I sent the armed schooner for them, and she re- turned with fifty men, which I have dis- tributed among the ships. And the same gentlemen, representing that the enemy sometimes sends small parties by land to Portugal Cove, which have threatened to molest them in shallops from that place, desired, in behalf of themselves and all their neighbours, that the schooner might be stationed in Conception Hay, for their pro- tection and defence, which request 1 complied with. The island of Carbonera, in Conception Hay, has had no other garrison for many years but a few old men of the artillery, to take care of the guns and ordnance stores. Had some of the inhabitants of the adjacent coast taken post here, they might easily have defended it against any force, as the island is inaccessible ou all sides, except one narrow landing place, and no safe road in the neighbourhood for great ships; but tlie enemy landed in boats, and destroyeil the whole without resistance. And the island of HOYS, near Ferrylaiid, wouhl probably have slinreil the same fate, bad it not been possessed in due time by the Si/ren'n marines. In fieipiently passing the harbour'ii month of St. John's, we coidd plainly see that the fort, which fronts the entrance, was fortified all round with new works ; and that a redoubt, or something like one, was raised at the little Harbour of Kitty Vitty. 'I'lui old battery at the south side of the harbour's mouth was repaired with additional works, and a now one erected on the same side nearer the entrance. All these were to bo seen from the sea ; and I could not learn that the enemy intended any thing more than the finishin;'' these works. On the o''' ." September I received, by n sloop express i ;ii Halifax, letters from Sir Jeffery yVmhei. • at New York, acquaint- ing me that he liaif come to a resolution to liend a body of troops, in order "n di>lodge tiie encni' > soon an possibh f.ohi St. John's ; and that j^ieutenanf-Cobi 1 Amherst was to command these trc o;.. The same convey- ance brought me '■ 'ters from Colonel Am- herst, acquaii'ing me with hi.'; arrival at Halifax on the 'i'itli of August, Iiis departure from thcDije on the Ist of September, and with his intention to call at Louisbourg for the troops tliere, and then pn coast. I have directed Captiiia I'alliser, with the other ships, to come into the harbour as soon as convenient opportunity offers for so doing. We have about 800 prisoners, grenadiers picquets, und some marines, being a verj- fine body of men and nearly equal in number to the regulars of our army. I am now pre- paring transports to carry them to lirest. The enemy coa8i. iser, with tho irhour as sooit I for so doing. rs, grenndieri4 np a very fine in number to am now pre- em to Urest. tve so great a enadierx were . de Ternay I to gruisp an might never utmost cou- ier.s, anchors, len they Imd so thick that posted on uu )art of the L'ir noise but ips ; the fog sound, which part of the been directly quantity of t: this place cuously into eniy. Many l)een robbing To ascertain [ution as far ilarity to a )eing in the particular my opinion e, and as he in a gjeat his country, ms behaved .■rted every exi)e(iitioii ; ficers to the ortunity of hips. Fishery. to Juiix the Island 1th 17HH. iiiral Klliot ilgenco of ;)ait of tliii year ; but the Act of 1 of i»resciit that they make their a iliifercnt ace. Not- I. It) & 1 1 ling within the realm of England or dominions belonging, trading to Xi'wfouiidlanlaMatory clause of Act alluded to be constr!U'd to repeal so much of Act of William III. Hy the Uoston I'ort Hill, IJerinudiansare particularly named eiicouragtd ami licensed to engage in this biisiiiess. 'i'be force of that law was done away by change of (jovernment in L'nitcd States so far as respected them only, and as no repeal has taken place, con- ceive no doubt, but that it still lias elfect with all subjects therein ilescribed who con- tin. led subjects to the Crown of (ireat Hritain. Act [Uoston I'ort Hill] speaks not of landing in curing fish, but of general licence of taking it on the Hanks ; t^ut ry I will not landing and curing be consiilercossible to ascertain, how far this defection and the united oaths extended through the regiment, (ii'iieral Skerret ordered a general court- martial ujjon twelve of those taken, five of whom were sentenced to he hanged, and seven to be shot ; the former were executed on a gallows erected uiwn the spot where tiiey met at the powder shed, the other seven were sent to Halifax, to he further dealt with as His lioyal Highness should think proper, those also implicated by the king's evidence X 1 THE EARLY SEAL FISHERY. 119 t. John's in fonndluud, 8(to. . I'liif u spirit [•* Ims iiiaiii- in tin- .spring, appi'iiniiico '•■y, by Nome 1 the iiiffJif, >perfy of the euforfiing u (i, rcspi'ftiiijr presfiitiiient 'I .1 huiidrtd )f the author icwiiifr it in ?ncoineiit of ictioii of all in support vo hundred say without alarming', ty and fifty •friment, ti) a declared left behind death who 'i'his thev the 2-lth s was tin,' lond, at 1 1 time from ^^'t■ know from J-'ort It at Fort to have 11 i"t nighr, goinp out '. and the for those 's blown, '" iniuie- froni the ■ pursuit, ixfeen of >f whom "plieiitcd not ouly lit' oaths ill! arch- t'M'i'iii'nt, s"rf,i-eunt ■•■'t l)een possilile and the 'S">H'nt. court- five of 'd, and xecutcd where r Seven lit with proper, ■idence were sent in irons to Halifax; and the Duke of Kent 1ms at leii^jlh removed all the refjiinent, except two companies of picked men, to head (piarters, and has relieveio()f biune. In fact, we -we.'e at one time in such a sitiuttion, as to render the ])olicv- of actinjj very doubtfid, until more force shoulii arrive, as we kiu'w not «ho we could depend upon for su|>piirt in case of resistance, havini; every reascui to believe the defection was very extensive, not only tlirou};h the refriinent, but throufjli the inhabitants of this and all the out harbours, i)articularly to the sr)uthward, almost to a man have taken the I'nited Oaths, which is " to be triu' to the old cause, and to follow their heads of whatsoever denomination." Althoujih those heads iire not to be known to them till the moment a plan is to be put in action, all this one of the evi Letter to Governor (i.\.\inii:i[. Sill, Bonavista, -Jliih September 18(Jl'. Your Kxcellencv has been pleased to request of me some information respecting iMir seal fishery, and as fur as my own experience and general observation can lead, I shall endeiivoiu' to comply with that recpiest. This udventurous and perilous pursuit is prosecuted in two different ways — during the winter months by nets, and from Ularch to Juiu) iu ice-skiffs and deeke;s, as the phrase is, liy means of cork tustened a' eipuil ilistances along the head ropes. Th nt-t is extended at tho bottom by a uuhuing and killock fixed to each end, and it i> frequently placud in forty D 1) 2 420 . REIGN OF GEORGE III. |i ! h'. 1;;, I ''f' fathoms water, for we obgcrvp that the hirgest Heals are caught in the deepest water. To each end of the head-rope is fixed a line with a pole staniiiug erect iii the water to guide the seaU'rs to the net, and when these jioles are torn away hy ice, or other aeeident, they are directed by landmarks and find their nets with creepers. The seals, in their ettbrts to get free, cable the nets at the bottom, and none but experienced scalers can disengage them without cutting the net. This deseriii- tion, sir, may not be interesting,', but it will convey to your Kxeellency a correct idea of this labiirious business, and show that none but men active and inured to hardship, can he qmdified lo engage in it. On the Labrador coast the seal fishery begins in November antl ends about Christmas, when the nets are taken up. With us, it begins about Christmas and continues through the winter, the ice in this quarter being seldom stationary for any considerable length of time. Should strong East and X.E. winds pre- vail through the months of December ami .lanuary, the seals towards the cud of the latter month never fail to appear 'n lai^e companies, always going before the wind and ice till they find themselves inbayed. The Heals upon this coast are of many species, they are classed and distinguishe*<-'if to the ng materials ke a correct ports of the y. neverthe- ' Excellency these, from •■ts on the 1 shore, now lu til ward to arison more 'rge boats, '^larch, has ' years. It iccess, and o promote 'evond any sand nieii r)us adven- lat so few t is, how- sons, upon hecoine a t to suffer to its full 'omiiini or "t John's with un- 'cy, it is " on this iiarter. 'h great * t humble 'land. 421 CHAPTER XIY. REIGX OF GEORGE IT. 1820- i8jo. 1 822,— Kicluird Alexander Tucker, Esq., Chief Justice. 182U. — The last ol the Jted Indians of Newfoundland seen ; Indian women brought to St. John's. N'ewfouhdland School Society estalilished. Mr. C'oruiack crossed the Island. Dr. Scallau, Uishop of Drago, and Vicar .\postoIic of Newfojudiand and Labrador. Chumbcr of (Jonunerce, St. John's, instituted 2Gth December. 1824.— Imperial Act, T) Geo. IV. cap. 67, tor the better Administration of Justice In Newfoundland; appointing Supreme Court, with Chief .Justice and two assisitant judges. First fire company, Kasieru Ward, St. John's. 1825.— Sir Thomas Cochrane Governor. First roa(' constructed. 1826. — Supreme Court of Newfoundland constituted by Uoyal Charter First assistant judges, with Chief Justice Tucker, were John William Molloy and A. \V. Des Uarres ; Molloy soon removed ; E. li. Brenton appointed. 1827.— Hishop I nglis, Anglican Uishop of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, first visited Newfoundland and consecrated St. John's Churcli. Beotliie Institution: W. E. Cornuick, I'resident. 1828.— Publication of P. Morris's pamphlet. Great agitation for representative institutions. 1829. — Bishop Fleming consecrated Bishop of Carpasia in jxtrtibiiji. liEIGX OF jriLLlAM IT. 1830-1837. 1831. — First coach road opened to Portugal Cove. 1832. — Representative Assembly granted to Newfoundland. 1833.— 1st January, first Session of tlie Newfoundland House of Assembly opened by Sir Tlio.nas Cochrane, Governor. j f j 1834.— Captain Pre.scott, U.N., Governor. George Lilly, Ksq., appointed Acting J r.lire Supreme Court; first native judge. Savings Bank constituted. 1836.— First Light erected on Cape Spear. Bank of British North America established in bt. John's. In 1820 the long reign of George III. came to a close. Tiie ngitation about Butler and Lundrigan caused the British Government to consider the whole question of the administration of justice, and the formation of constitutional government in the Colony. Sir Charles Hamilton was recalled, for the purpo.-e of consulting with the Ministry, Chief Justice Tucker * acting as Governor during his absence. As the ' Chief Justice Forbes resigned in lS2i. ■V'\ li; li !• \- i I M-i f.iHl I 422 KEICiX OF GEORGE IV. result of these deliberations, the Royal Charter, the Tmperinl Act .5 George IV. cap. Ixvii. — An Act for the better adnunistiation of justice in Newfoundland — was passed. The preamble states : — " Whoroas it is rxjH'diciit to miiko further provision for the ndministration of justice ill the Colony of Nrwfoiiiullnii(l, it is therefore enacted bj the King's Most Kxeollent Majt-sty, by and with the consent and advice, Ac, in tiiis present Parliament nsacnil)k'd, and by the authority of the same, tliat it shall and may bo lawful for His Majesty by hi ; charter, or letters ])atent, under the (Jieat Seal, to institute a Superior Court of Jndicatiiro in Newfoundland, which shall be entitled 'The Supreme Court of Newfoundland,' and the paid court shall be a Court of Record, and shall have all civil and criminal jniisdiction whatever in Newfound- land and in all lands, islands, and territories dependent upon tho t, anVi ■ with red cuffs and collar, luittons with crown, imd G. R. cockade on tlio side of the hat. Consttvblcs were to wear blue coats and huttonf, with the crown jind G. R., a red waistcoat with the same buttons, and a cockade on the hat, and were reqtiired always to curry the insignia of ottiei". His Excellency had a great taste for official forms and cerenjonials. Lieut.-G»)l. W. Haly, Thomas K. Brooking, John W. Duns- combo, and Newman W. Hoyles, were in 1825 appointed His Excellency's colonial aides-de- ciinp, with the rank of lieut.-coloucls of niilitia. i^^ Sir Thomas (^ochrane is now universally nhiiitted to have V)een the best Governor ever sent to Newfoundland ; everywhere nre nionii- nionts erected to his memor}*. He inaugurated our system of roads, promoted agriculture, jind laid out the beautiful grounds of Virginia as his country seat. Cochrane Street and the Slilitary Road lemind us of the great administrator. I can'ot say much in praise of His Excellency's taste in the erection of (Jovernnient House, The tsite is lui admirable one, the grounds are well laid out, but the building <^V. N. \y. iiuvi.i-.s. /■!•,)«/ II /mrfrnif in the pis^rssion of Mrs. A. O. Uaywai'd. m COLOSIAI. irU.riSfiS AM) OOVEKXMtST IIOVEi; IN 1850. from ilullalu's Trip -imply with a wink. At a great repeal meeting near Waterfoi'd, Morris, who was opposed to O'Conncir.s views, attempted to address the uieeting ; O'Connell called out in his broadest Kerry brogue, " Well, Pat, when did you come across, was there nuich fog on the Biinks ? " and then with his finger to his nose said : " lioys, do you smell the ti.sh." Anndst the roar of laughter that followed, Moiris ipiietly disap- peared. HON. I'. .M(iRItI8. Fr.iiii an old purl rait. lall •s as Sir Thomas Cochrane's government lasted from 182.5 to 18.S4. Duiing the fir t part of his adnuni.stration his popularity was un- bounded ; he was the first civil governor, the first real rdndnistrator and ruler of the Colony. An eminent'y practical mm, he not only organised improvements, he per-sonaly superintended their execution. His activity was unbounded; in the early mornings he was out on horseback inspecting the roads, directing his workmen, laying out the grounds at Virginia, having inteiviews with the farmers, giving them l>ractical hints about agriculture ; everywhere he impressed his stron^ personality on Colonial affairs. He was very sociable, and his hospitality # t J 426 REION OF OEOROE IV. was unstinted ; no ( lovernov ever entertained in the sf yle of Sir Thomas Coclirune. Mr. MoniH in his pamphlet thus Npeaku of liini : — 4i: I i ' u )■ Vi i: I " Our present Governor in allowod, I nndcr.ttand, aliout £l,OM per yenr,' out of which bo hfts to 8\ipport the uplendoiir of • vice-iv^id authorily,' a Inrijo i-otinuo of Hcrviints, entertain Uio pi'ineipal inhabitants of Xewfoundliind at liin table, and all .stran}j;ers who visit the seat of his ^'ovcrnment, to Hiibscribe to all jmblic charities and institntions. A ^roat part of his income is expended in the country, so that if the author of this pamphlet- only just takes an enlarged view of the subject, he will find that he was egregiously in error in siij)p().xing that his favourite Ailmiriil.Gnvcniiir was a rhenjirr yiivrviKir. for it appears that the nuvtter of pounds, sliillings. and pence, is his only criterion of judgment. If acompnrison be made between the relative systems, the ditl'erence will aiip<>iir inor(> striking; our iiresent Governor has been, since his arrival, im))roviug the condition of tho countiy and the people; and ... I maintain that he has done more real good to tho colony, since his aj)point- iiicnt, than all his prcvlecessor.? put together. Ho has. as far as his limited authority permitted him, given every encourage- nii'iit to the cultivation of the soil, and has himself shown the example; he has encouraged every measure calculated to ]iromote the internal resources of tho country; he has made roads, gome of tliom ati his own expense; ho bus been the patron cf education for the poor and tlie rich ; and he had scarcely landed on our shores when he recommended tho cstablislimer.t of a university for the education of our resjjcctablo youth, to prevent tho necessity of sending them to the United States and other parts ; in short, he hns felfc a sympathy for tho country and the people beyond what was ever felt by his predecessors, and the country feels grateful to him for it." SIR THOMAS COCIIUANK. From a photograph by ilnuU and I'olybank. M. I Both Bishop Fleming' end Doctor Carson were equally loud in their praises of His Excellency. ' The salary was only £3,000 per annum. - A I'tew of the Hisc. I'rof/ress, (Jt. of the Newfoundland Fishery. I'oole, 1828. ■■• Dr. iScnIlan, the third Koiuan Catholic bishop of Newfoiuullnnd, was appointed in April 1815 bishop of Drajjo in pavtibns, and in 1816 coadjutor to Dr. Lambert; he was consecrattMl the snme year at Wexford; he had been labouring as a priest in 8t. .lohn'H since 1812. No man was more beloved in his diocese tlian Uishop Scallan ; he was in every sense a ijentleniiui. Uoth Hishop Mul- lock and Hishop Ilowley censure him for his extreme liberahty. The Uight liev. Michael Anthony Fleming was appointed his coadjutor, and consecrated in the old chapel Hishop of C"ari)asia in partibus in 1829. C'ar- pasian, the Hishop's farm, now owned hy ,lolin Duller, Ksq., was named attcr bis titular epitcopate. ROAD MAKIN(J. 4S7 111 All tiic {rjvnt iinproveniontH arouml St. Joliii's nmy 1>e saifl to tiato from Sir 'riionms CochnmrV tiiiif. Tlio rnuls t<» Topsail, Hay Hulls, Torltfiy, an^t he given to the Thomnses, and fspecially to the .senior ])artner, Williaui 1^^ Sl^v'v SSf^- -') ^^^HBK'' 1., %^'-i iPlp-^'i*^st c nspieuoiis -supporters of the movement were William Thomas, Thomas H. Bnioking, his j)artner, G. H. llohinson (afteiwards niemLer o*:' the English House of Commons), Benjamin Bowring, fouiuler 11. 1'. THOMAS. From nil iilil phittui/rnph. ' The family of the Thomascsnre piobably the most nncieiit in this t-'oloiiy ; fiioir oon- iiection cnn be traced buck to the Shnpleifjhs (one of whom was frrnndfather to iloim Treworjiie, the (.'romwi'llian Governor of the Colony), thence thronjrh the Cevils to Williiini Hevil Tlioniiis. The Thomases carried on bnsiness nt D.Trtmoiith and St. .John's in partiiershii) with a Mr. Stokes, as Thomas & Stokes. William IJevii Thomas was horn in St. John's in 1 liu ; he married Elizabeth Way, in 178.5, at Dart- mouth, and had two -^ons, William Thomas and Henry Phillips Thoma.-. William Thomas was foremost in every beoPvoleDt work. As a very young man he was secretary to the society for improvitif; the condition of the poor; he was equally distinfriiislied as n merchant and a politician. He tilled all positions well, wbi-ther presiding at II relifjious meelinfj or as president of the Chamber of Commerce. Thongh a professedly religions man, sometimes the old leaven broke out in him. He was very active, and fond of directing everybody. ( Iften, as he paced bis long wharf, if \Vl!IMI, V.t»l. Fl'OIII II phiifiiill'ill'h I'D Jliirt, K.rrti r. The hitterest antnf,'onists of the measure Were, however, the old West Country mer- chants ; the idea of N(!wfoun.s of the Ni'wfuundhind rish<3ry." The whole object of this writer was to recommend a return to the rule of the fishing admirals ; the pamphlet was pub- lished in Poole, and the Avriter declared his object was to give an enlarjjed view of the fisheries and trade of XewloundLind. ALUEHMAN W. 1!. BOWUINO. Fi-ciii the Illiistrafeil London Xews. I'liofn. by liroion, Barnes, £ Hell, There can be no doubt t'lat it was the influence of these West Country merchants that retarded the grant of a local legislature ; a good deal could be said against the movement. Bishop Fleming, in a letter to Loi'd Glenelg, declared that he never approved of it; but the reply to every objection was the unanswerable argument that all the British Colonies, even to little "WPPIWW^WP^^* VSMm9m» THE FIKST HOUSK OF ASSKMHI.Y. •120 Doi'inudii, Imd jv local govcrniiR'nt ; Nova Scotia had oKtaincil it in 175H, tht! olilur Aiiifiicaii ColoiiieH hail always govfiiu'd tliciiist'lvrs, timl NcwrouiiillaiKl couM no loii liiln'inl cimsf ; fomjini'i'd witli him, KiMit wjis a iiiiTc lu'ophilc TIk" htictoi's (IclVat wius due ho Mic sttirv ,i,'(»t's, to ail tilil i'l('('(ii>ii('(Tiii.j trick. An Irisliniiin culled liciincti came inio tlic lumtli wlicrc i', iiiiiidHT uf Wcxloril iiirii wen- castinif llicir votes. " Weil," In- s-iid, " 1 licar tlic r)oct.()i- s«, • lie did not " civri> liow it wcnti. .so lon^ as lie could lialc Kcon i^ot every \Ve.\i'oid \otc. 'Die story was a. Iiaii'iiiced lie, Imt it. .serveij its purpose. Our old friend Mr. .lolin Kent . wlio tlien lleslied liis maiden sword, was a very youny- man. Ijis address sliows lu w iliorou^ldy he had yrasjied the political Nituatioii, thai there was no iinalily aheut the existine; Ijcofislature ; it was im'rely a lever to i'orc(> f^'reaier conce,s.sions IVi'ii! the Ihilisli (iovernmeut. In hisaildress to the electors oi' St. .lohn's, •1-tli Stptemlu-r iNd-J, he states :— "< >ur const it lit ion liiis, a.>< \ cl , only liiill'dnvclopctl it>ell' ; hut in tliul p.'irliiil ili'V('lo|iiiiciil , ii HiiDiciriit. cvidrni'i' is given of (lie ili'siro ol' power to iieilgo ronnd its prerouat ivc with a foice dnclile to its will, hut irresponsihle to (lie people. In a coniicil iimni. Hilled \\\ the liovernor, eiMiiposcd ol' these holding olliees under ( loveiiinieiit, or cxpeetiints tor |)l!iec, and ill which tlu' leadinu; interests r ol so inodil'\ iiiLj them as to make them nsid'iil, new devolves on the jiropK-. . . . N Our c\- tiMisivi> tViinchisc, amount iiii; almost to universal sutVraiii", will eiiahle \on io do this." Mr. James Simms, who hail liecii a. merch;iiit. carry iiio on Imsine.ss in St. John's, was appointed Attorney < ieiieral ol' Newfoundland i.n the 'ind of Jautiary l^i!(!. The tirst law otiicer o\' the 1MMS. , so liiNliniiiii culled ;l<>r,| Micii were sii .■ lie did ii(»f, till-Ill lildoiiiiii'^; 'I .il'tfr (hill li(. , Ihi( it served iiiiiideii sword, >ii;4lily lie hiul litv jili(>ut tlie cr ('i)iie('ssii)iiH •s of St. .lolm's, i.v iiiiir(i(M(0\M'r III llciltr(> iii-lile lo ils will, II: council iiiiiiii- >t' (lidsc holding tiiiils tor place, r the I, MS seiiicir House wjis I hiiiidsoiiie, less Cdiiniee, ii,i;h-|iitrhed mint to his vd: "I will ly, to reply : iK'iiiber will i j On tilt' IhI of .liiniiniy \MH, with nil dvie ]ioni|i mid cereiuony, tlu' first House dl" Asseiiiiily was ojievied. The neWH|ni|ier re|)ort siiyH : - " II is l';x,,clli>ricv til" ( loveriKir lel'l, ( iov rriiiiiciit IIouhcu lilile III Idle Uvoo'cliick, uttciiil'-il liy Hiiiiir lit' the |it'iiii'i|iiil uiilitiiiy iilliciM'H uiiil liy liin hIiiIV, iiiuI in-ucceili'il til llie ('iiiit'i I liiiiMi-, ill llin iliinrM III' wlii(;li he WHS rcci'ivi'il li_v ii ^jimi'iI oC huiiuuf, mill WHS Miiliiteil with ni lelccii ^imih IVoin tlic fort. Ilitving liccn ciinihict.cd Ui tlie (lour III' Iho lli^fli Slicrill'H houHn, lli,'< l'l\ccllency wiim rccciviil liy lliti lliuli Sli'iiir mill l.lie Scrgoiuit-ul-AlT.iM to llm (Juuiicil, who led ihc wny lo Mm Ihroin', Ac. , . .■■ The s| eh oi" the ( loveriior dwelt at consi leiaiile len^dli on the new era wliiv-h had iiriHcn in tlu; poiitical condition of the iHland, and the new respon.siltilities iniposiMl thorehy, (•oncludiii;^^ with the roljowin;,' (k'claiatiiin of lli^ I'lxcellency'H own siiitinients : — • " 'I'lic c.\|iciiciici! of t-hii piiHl will iid'ord t}io IicmI criMTioii hy which to JihIki' 'd' my wishcH and feelin;^n towiwilH I hoHo you lire licre to rc|iri'hciil,. IJniiiflui-iiccd liy liny lociil |iii;jiiilicc.'^, and without ii hIiikIc |ii!iM(iii;d disirn lo f/niliiy, 1 (tun liiivo lint oni) ohjrcl licforc inc — their huppiiiesH iiiid jiriLsiierily ; iind 1 immrc yon, ^cnlli'Mic'- from tlic liottoni of my liciut, ihiit it will lie my most iin.xion.s luid inciciisiiif. Mdi'iivonr to co.ii|iiMiilti with you in incry mciiHurc Ih.it (!iin hc.yt nltiiin those ohjccts, for which the privili'^ns now iibont to lie enjoyed hii\e liicn milicilcil by the j)i'ople, inul L^iiicion.Mly conceded to them hy tluir so\oici^;r The rollowili^J liieiiilieis Were ele(;ted for (he nine districts to the (iist Mouse of As,seiiilily of Newfouridhiiid in |N:{2 : yt. .Iiihii's - »> Concc|)tion Huy Wiliijiin Mrown. John IJin^lcy ( Imiurid. I'oliirt ('iirli T. Will. Hooper. -Newmiin W. i [nyl'S. |{,oi(i r !■'. Swcctmiin. John Hill Miirlin. I'litriek Keoiii,'li. lioiiiiviHtii - John Kent. 'rtiiiity - - Win. 'I'liomiiH l''erryliiiid I'lter Mrinvii. liiirin - Jiimc.s I'owcr. l''oitune liay ,, - - (Miinh'H Co'/icMM. J'liicriiiiii ,, - - liohert Viick. ,, Twillinj^atoimd Fof^o TluimaH Hennelt. The House of Asseinlily of \>i'M\ wmh tlii^ yoim<;e-t constituent hody in America, hut it was nut one whit hihind any of them in Htately parlia- iiientary pa;'' mit and ;,franilil.)(|ueiit lan;,rua^e. H. 15. (I)oyle) in Ijondon cai'icatured if as the " I'ow-wow I'arliament," with a tiio- Newfoundland doj; ill wi;^ and liaiidH as Speaker jiiittin;,'' the motion; "As many " UH are of that opinion say liow ; of the contiaiy -wow ; the " hows iiaV',; it." The ( 'lerk ol" the (irst House of Assemlily, appointed hy the Crown, was Mr. E. M. Archiliald ' ; he had heeu admirahly trained ill his fathiir's otHce, and he ke[it the Speaker and the new Jlou.se ' I'i. M. Arrliilmlil, nt'lciwiirils sir I'Mwiiril .N'ovii Scnlia, S|i(';ik(T of tin- |{oii>.r (if Ari'hiliiilil, Ciinsiillicucral in New Viirk, ii AsM'iiiMy, iind hiili.sc(iii(!iitly (lliicf Jii',ii(H- e) very idilc iimii, Hiis mil' III' tile yimiifjcr SUMS (if Cii|m- lintoii ; his son, (^liiirlcii Dixcii the cclfliriitiMl Hon. S. (i. W. Arcliilmlil, llii- Andiilialil, was Clerk nf our Siipiciiif Court, most ilistin;;uislu'il Novii Scotiini of his day, iiiiil was mic(;(;i'iIiiI in this otticc liy liis brollitr II iiiaii with intliiciici' ciuiii^rli to si-ciiri' for Ivlwani, who al'tiTwards hi'caini; Attonuy- hiuisL'lf the position of Att<. liij JliiiiHiss, Aiiililiaiile sin i:. .u;( iiiii.M.h. lt:i .III foil It, St ir I'ur/t, KeonL,h l)U)ke tins agreement by both of them bringing forward two fictitious candidates, who crowded out his vcjter.s. The Doctor also contended that as Mr. Keoii;;h had been employed " filling up several " places and appointments in the court house i'or the opening convenience flWPWSPH-WWBBH THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 43.3 . 'i " of the local Lt'g'iHlature, the said Patrick Keough is therefore utterly " (lisciualified for being a ineinber of this Honourable House. Election.-! " are fountains from whence flow the purity of parliaments ; if the " soiu'ces are permittt'(l to bo impure the accumulated mass will soon le " corrupt." The complaint of Hugh Alexander Emerson, candidate for Bonavista, is all directed against Peter Le Messurier, the returning officer. The House of A.s.sembly t a ini^naiT until IHI.") at Vi r.luii. ll i:u HKIGN OF WILLfAM IV. I ' !^« i- House ami ihv ('(miicil wi-rc rcinlcnMl miu'li iiiofc liittcr l)y his ap- jiointiiu'iit. Ho was most (ivcrlicujinjf to tlio Lower Houso, alwiiys callinj; liiinscit' most iiii|)r()|(('rly T/ir ily, ki'pt up a continual ((uarrel with Hoidtoii and Sinuns. They r(ai<;ht over the n\ost trivial details. When the lower hranch styled themselves the G'ov;i7;io'/(.s House of Assembly in Porlldmnit assembled, they wore ordered to strike out the word " Pd rlidiiiciif." Tlieir controversies were of the most puerile i'liiiractor ; each side displnyod vile temper and utter inca]>acity. The essence of ])olitics is compronnso, a jtrincipio that neither sid«! soomjs to l\ave midorstood. On the whole, the Coinicil Avei'e the most cantankei-ous. Koulton had undoubted ability, but he was the worst possible selection b^r both the Council and the Bench. His views, both of law nnd le>;is- lation. Avere most illiberal ; as a technical lawyer he was mostly )'i^'ht and sublimely independent, but his hursh sentences, his indecent party spirit, and his j)ersonal mean- ness caused him to bo hati^l jis no one I'lse was ever hated in this Ccdony. Forbes and Tucker were both able men. especially Foi-bes; they were not only learned, but, better still, they were shrewd men of the world, thorou«rhly ])oli.shed, courteous j^entlenien. Ai^ropos of Boulton's character for inhospitality, a ^ood story is told by Bishop Strachan, the - the bottles at the Bishop's table. Strachan stood it for a few minutes ; at last he called out, in bis Ijroad Scotcli : " Heiuy John, ])ass the bottles: ye're nae in yer own hoose noo, mon." The fiercest controversy between the two bodies was over the Contingency Bill of the T-ower House. These continfToncies were swellintr up each session; tlu' Council tried to cut them down; strictly speaking tliev had no tiuthoritv to touch them at rdl. Thev could throw out the ■^IP]j«y-'?'j^"->'yr»'yf- M ^^^^HF^^?vj^^^^9 J| ^ ^^J%,:.mf^- 4- '^m /' . "Vi^'^r. " tuna' J I Sim: iim i.idN. ' This sliows lidultoii to imvi' boi-n a I'nsiilent. When rfbiikcil by tlii' SfCietiirv voiy snmll-niiiiik'il man, nnd I'itlii'r i;:ri()rant of State for using the tiTni Spi'niicr, he or prt'-'ii'-.infi. The presiding otlieer in nil signed himself Henry John lioulton iu full, (.'oloniiil Legishilive Councils is styled the with a very small I'.O. yLiy !' •^ m SECTARIAN JEALOUSY. 1.3 .• piUTllO r. The iver the swelling peaking out the liill, whicli WDiiM inehide their own charges, hut they ei.uM nit amend it. Tlio ('Ouiieil not only lelused to ])ass the Contingeney Hiil, hut jejir nt'ter yi^ar, also, threw out the Snj)ply and Revenue Jiills. In tlu; uieantiuie, the Governor drew wari'ants on the ('oloiiial Treasury for the civil t.xpcjiscK of tlie fioveminent, an «!.\treiiwly higli-handt!d proceeding. The qnarrel lietween th<^ House and the ('ouncil was intianied \>y tlie press and the nu^rcantile hody. I give two exainple-t ol" the amenities of the preas : — " And wo bcliovo fi f^rcater jiiink of knaves docs not exist iliaii thut wlii'li fonipos(}.s the IIoiiso of AsH(Mnl)ly t'oi' tlie Colony. Taki! them for ull in all, from llir SjH'aki'r d.nvnwiirdH, wo do not Bupposi; that a j,'n;ater sut of low-lifi; and hnvlcsB snoundnds as Public men can be found undrr the canopy of Heaven. " Aw for the aiTOt;ant Kroiin(h'f;lly House; o!' Assembly witfi wliieh the country is cursed. His K.KCellcncy will in this instanrie do well to. as far as pos-ible, wash bis bands clear from it, and take npou himself a judicious responsibility, in which all huni'St men will bear him out. And let the House of .A'isembly take any course which ii may deem fit." The men to be pitied in all these ehiMish scjuahhles wi i'.- the Ejiglish Ministry ; they were worried to death with l(jiig memorials from each side, volumes of despatches ; the Colonial L(!gis]ature they had called into existence was a veritahle political Frankenstein, that une-easiugly haunted and disturhed them. Viewino" the »;vents between 1(S33 and iH'iH — an unfortunate time for the Colony — we see clearly that free institutions never had a fair trial. The upper and luercantile classes A^ere on the whole bitterly opl)osed to them : the Legislative Council, v/ith Chief Justice Boultou at its head, was an uncompromising opponent: Boultent brought his powerful but narrow mind in antagonism to the Lower Hou.se on all questions ; In- was almost invariably wrong in his con.stitutional doctrines, as lie was asti'ay in his decision aoout servants' wages not having a prior claim on the fish and oil. As I have shown, the custom of giving the; fishery servants the first claim on the voyage had existed in the Colonv since the fisiiery beijan. We had also another element that worked against our infant assembly — -the violence of the mob; this gave support to all the argmnents of the Tory and mercantile party, and it helped to kill (mt some of the very best blood in the Colon)' — the very cream of the most important element in the community — the L'ish middle-class Liberals (afterwards designated with the odious name of " mad dogs "). How these men and their families were insulted, attacked, and many driven from the Colony, is one of the most deploralile chapters in our political history. The worst eff"ect, how(.'ver, of free goverinnent was the sectarian discord it produced. Previous to the introduction of the Legislature, the connminity was harmouious and united ; for years £ E 2 V i '^ ill :i| 436 REIGN OF WILLIAM IV. aftei"W!ir(orris suceeeded , li.)'.'i (lositlons. .1. I{. M. Cooke, a son-in- ''.- I ':' 'Mr. llovles, was clerk to the bank. Henry Winton, on whom this most ■■■'\ 'Oefui ontriiLie «;is ]»eri)etr!ited, was a ui.iii oi' reniiiikiilile iiitreiiidity, an able and most indeiieiidcMt editor. lie was one of a very convivial circle, which included Mr. him the better of it." considered by good judues tlu' best amateur actinfi ever seen either here or elsewliere. JSoyil was being sharply cross-examined about Winton's habits in a libel suit. Wintcu was of rather a saturniMe hahit, except when under the intiiieiice of good li(|uor, which brought out all his talents. " Now, sir," said Mr. iMiiersou, ))oiiitintr at Itoyd. " did you never see .Mr. Winton the worsr for liipior?" Nie, nae," said Itoyd, " never. I often saw CAPTAIX PRESCOTT. 4.1: ;e( I, and massed table I his aiding have boon too rijjid in his views, and that, with a now man at tli* lielni, niattt'is nii<,'ht work smoother in the rlistractcd colony. After all Governor Coelirane's groat servicets, lie was superseded in a discourteous and shabby manner ; his fiist intimation of tlie chanj^e of government was the arrival of Captain Prescott, with a fresli commission. Dui'ing the ufw (iovern<»i-'s stay, from LS.'34 to the summer of l!S4(), the political c(mdition of tlie Colony did not improve, the (piarrels between , urEM |i IN IS.il. Prom (I phiifo{/raph Inj Sir T. X O'Brien, K.C.V.G. might rvie was amateur sfwliero, xamiiiiMl Wiiitcu '])t when r, which iir," said dill voii li.iuor':'" Itl'Il fllW attempt was made to infuse a more po|)tdar element into the Ci then eoiisi.sted of the following (the Hon. Patiiik Morris was 1840):— " I,ienfc. Col. Williftm Sail, CommamHiig the troops. James Simras, Attorney-fTt'iiLM'al. James I'rowdy, Colonial Secretary. .Tamos Morton Spearman, Collector of Customs. John Dunscombe. William 'rhomas. John Bayley Bland. John Sinclair. Patrick MorriB, Colonial Trcasurei-." luncil : it added in •as^Bwmtm IP ^ ';'r I I I « 1 V- I ■/::, |.:.j: 1 438 llEIGN OF WILLIAM I\^. The first HoMHo of Assembly by s'atute, eivUd in 1S36. Tlie elections of this yeai" were very Iiotly conte>ted ; tliore were riots at Harl)our Gi-ace and all utound Conception Bay, and jjreat diHtiirbances in St. Joiin's. 'I'lie Attorney-General indicted a number of persons for riot and ji.ssanlt ; six of these were members of the Hoiisc! of Assembly.^ There was not a tittle of evidence to sustain the cliargos against the mend)ers, and they were acquitted. In the other cases, the sentences pa'^sed by Chief Justice Boidton were considered so unnecessarily severe that they were remitted by the Home Government. The most preposterous proceeding of all was the disannulling of the 183(5 elections, on the ground that one returned writ was unsealed.'^ Both Boulton and Attorney-General Simms declared the elections invalid. New writs were ordered ; at the second contest the Conservatives or Piotestants made no fight, and a very inferior set of members Were returned, one of them lieing the cele- brated Tom Fitz-Gibbon Moore, of Dildo.'* The new House contended for its rii^ht t'> appoint its own officers. Mr. E. M. Archibald, the clerk, and otiier officinls had been ap- j)ointed by the Crown. The new Hou.se. however, appointed its own clerk, Mr. R. R. Wakeliam. BetwecMi the Legislative Council and the Assembly there was war to the knife. The Council threw out Supply, Re- venue, and Contingency Bills ; as fast as the liOwer House enacted measures the Upper House annulled them. There was only one way out of the deadlock : the Ministers at home had to be appealed to. 1'. II. OOSSE.' Fi-niii OH ohl photograph. ' One of the piirties indicted was the Hon. I'atrick ^forri.f. The only evidence of violence at the great political ineetins held at liae Island was that young Mr. .lolin Kent rode a spirited blood horse, and a man called I'ower sang out '" Bah.*' The rioting and disturbance in Conception Hay was disgrace- ful. Xearly all the election fights were between rival Honian Catholic caudidates. The Hon. T. Talbot, in his pani|ihlet on Newfoundland, gives a graphic description of one of these scenes. Some of the Con- servativeH who could not be frightened were bullied and threatened ; another mfmber, however, who was n^it to be intimidated in any way, they puni.shed by setting fire to his house. Lord John Russell sharply rebuked Governor I'rescott for his laxity in not sending troops to Carbonear in 1840. His Lordship said this pln.ce, Car- bonear, should be di8franchised. An old man named Farrell, who was one of the leaders of the mob, complained that " after all the murdering and blackifuarding he had done in these elections, he had no berth, whilst the man he put in had 'i fat office, and was aiting and drinking the best in the land." 2 In the elections of lS3t> and 1S37 to the House of Assembly there was a com- plete change ; nearly all the leading men seem to have retired. T'eter Winsor replaced Mr. Oarter in Ferryland ; Peter I'rown, John McCarthy, Anthony W. Godfrey, and James Power were elected for Conception Bay ; John V. Nugent and Patrick Doyle were returned for Plaeentia ; Trinity was represented by Tom Fitz-Gibbon Moore, J'ogo by Fdward James Dwyer, Itonavista by the Solicitor-General, Hugh A. Emerson, Fortune Hay by W. 15. Row, whilst the St. John's members were Dr. Carson, John Kent, and Patrick Morris. if i THE LEGISLATIVK DKADL()("K. 439 •' Tom Fitz-Piibbon Moore used to wiilk from liis home to tliu Assembly I'Very session, currying his " iiiinny " bifr on bin biiek ; a wild, eeeentrie iiiilividiial, be was iis excited lis an Iiidiim bravo over tlie arrt'st of Judge Lilly. Oidy one of his many speeclies has come down to us. His father was a soldier, and Tom bail been a dviiminer in the Navy ; in one of bis famous orations he descrllied himself '• As born in the (ilorions British Army, reared in thu Navy, and ^[usieian uniU'r onr Most gracious Sailor Kin;?." A rival of Moore's — Dwyer — was the Hon. Member for Lion's Don, Fogo. ■• A very interest in;; sketch of the social and political history of the C'olouy from 1827 to 1S.'1."» is given in the life of L'liiiip Menry Gosse (1810-1888), the eminent mituralist, hy his son, the well-known author and critic, Edmund Gosse. It appears from this bio- graphy that William (iosse, an elder brother (who survived until I8!i:!), went out to Car- boiiear in 18i;2 to the old firm of I'ack, (losso nml Fryer; the youngest brother, I'bilip, later on became a clerk in the bouse of Sladc, KIson & Co. A gr:iiii\ie account is given of the outfitling, tallying, seals, and settling the sharenian's accounts, the wrangle over wliat was "took up;" all the phases of out- harbour life in the thirties are admirably told. The firm b;id a branch establishment at .'^t. Mary's, ruled by a pompous little \V"'e of Duties upon Gnoth, Wares, and Mrrrliiiiiilizr (i:rci'i>t Wiiicx and Spirits) impiirtvd into N ctcjhundland and its Dcpvndvncivs. & Iteef and pork (§alted) the ewt. - I'Mour, tin- barrel, not exceediii;? in weijrlit l'.(6 pounds - - - 9 Oatmeal, tiic barrel, not exceedinfj; in weifrbt 2. To the Hon. the Speaker of the House of Assembly, caoo. To the chairman of the Commitlee of Supply, towards defraying the charges of attendance during th" i>resent session, at thu rate of CI ]>er diem, for forty -two days, tra- velling charges, postages, and extra expenses of the members of the House of Assenil)ly (exclusive of the Speaker) resident at St. John's, ami in the out-ports, ii'f''A. Tlie clerk of the House of Assembly, £100. Hugh W. Hoyles, Esq., for preparing and superintending the printing uf the Journals, £50. The Serjeant-at-Arms, for his attendance during the present session, .C70. .John Delaney, door-deeper, lor his at- tendance this session, £05, and a further sum (if £10 for extra services. David Walsh, messenger, fur his at- tendance, £35, and a further sum of £5 for extra services. Philip Brown, under door-keeper, for his attendance, £25, and a further sum of £5 lor extra serviises. John B. Cox, assistant door-keeper, for his attendance, £25, and a further sum of £5 for extra services. Mortagh Dunn, assistant messpnger, for his attendance, £25, and a lurther vum of £5 for extra services. The solicitor of the House of Assembly, for his services, £100. IS" ■ :■ wr If rrM' If ■ '[ ;s CONTINaENC'IES. Ill iit- for his lor f(ir ^5 for The solicitor of tht- House of AHSfiiihly, for extra gerviwH, Aluxuiiiler M'lver, for statioiierv, eiit session, C2i l".s. '-' 1H.«. 4(/. The I hairnian of the (^)iiiniittce nf Audit, for his services, C.')t». The |)roprietor of the Netrfiiiindluuder, for balance due for printing the journaLt, CJit '.).v. U(/. The proprietor of the Xfiifoiiiitl/aiKli'r, for printing the Journals of the present session. t;l."><). The proprietor of the Valriut ^4e^^s- paper, for the >;eneral printinjf of the Hoii>e of Assembly during thu juest-ut sissiou, Ci'7y 18s, The representatives of the late Timothy Kelly, forpaintinj; the Court room, t-l 'Aa. •* to the actir^t (ilerk of the llou^e of .Vssciubly towards the defraying of law charges incurred by onler ot the House o( As^enlbly. And a further Mini of tlo to Waller IHIhui, Ksn-, for bis seivicis tLc pru>tut b^'ssiou. |biy. ill*! i It -2 CHAPTER XV. REIGX OF VICTOHJA. i8,3;-i8.r;7. h-^ I Hi I 13 ' ' 1 1838. — First geolosieiil survey by J. itiito .IiiUos. lloultoii, C.J., removed, and IJoiinse appointeil. (iieat ease of Kiilly v. Carson. 18.19. — Newfoundland constituted a si'paratu see; Hislioit Spencer, fli'st Ai! from Haliljix, N.S. : sixty honrs' passaj;e. Chief Jufifiee Norton, first Roman Catholic Chief Justice. 1840. — I'llblie meeting on 2Ctli ]\Iay in the Court House; St. John's, in favour of Ke-sponsihle Governnieiit ; petition sent to Qi;.''.'ii and Parliament. Teiribie and destructive fire consumed the town on the !)t;\ nne. Ti'emeudous ^^ale on lUth September. CuUmcl I^iw, Admmistrutor. 18 17. — Sir Ciaspard Le Marcliant, Gir.ti e Hrady appointed. Foundation stone of Knjjlish Cathedral of St. John the Jiaiitist laid ; also Colonial liaildin/; and (Justoni House, St. Juhn'.s. 1848. — First Session of I^'jtislatnre, iifter return to Ccmsiitution of IHX\, opened on Decemlier 1 4th by Sir Gaspard J.e Mixrcliant. Bishop Mullock arrived on Gth .May. Free Kirk established. 1349.— Customs' Department placed under control of the local Goverrimeut. 1850. — Death of Bishop Fleniinii. 1861. — Public ineeling to prumulc direct steam communication from St. John's to England. ("IIIlON'OLoaY. 4J,T lH'i2. — KvT Maillic Hiiiiiilron, (ioVfrnor. First Kfenmci' in Concfplion Hiiy. Hiin. J. ('rowdv, Ailiiiini?li Aiiifrica iind tlii! I'liilcil State". New Yink, Ni'wtoiiiKliaiiu, and London 'I'eie^ri'i^pli (.'onipuny iin'orpornted. IR.Vi — Governor Darliii^r. KcsponNil)le (lovcrnnient inlrodticcd ; Hon. 1'. K, liitllo tiist I'mnicr. Uotnnn ('atlioliu C'ltlhcdriil conMCi'mted. 1h:)6.— Direct steam by tiie Giilway Lino. The Aineriean slemntT ./i/wim . I (/(/r;- arrived in St. Jolin's ; endeavoured (o lay the I'ulde iicroNH the (iulf. IS.')7.--lIon. li. O'lti'len, .Administrator. Sir Alexander Kannertnan appointed fioverrnT. Thu Aii;;lo-l''rene|i <'oinenfion aliout tlie NewCoiindlaiid li-*liery ! nitlii.'nati(in ineeliiins J delejiales .sent to (.'anadii, Novu Scotia, \e. (iulf calile liid liy S.S. I'riipontis. lit (.f uket, ours' r of and le ou lation ildilii' 'd on May. Oil tilt' "iOtli of .hint' liSIJT begins tlu' fi'ii;ii of Vii toiia, Ht-i' [dCHfiit Miije.sty, the iioblu Queen wliose virtues have won tin' hciut.s ol" nil Kn,nli,sh-.sj)i'!ikin<,f people, whose tine chiUMctcr and stiitcHmanlikt' ability have (lone so iiiueh to (|uicken the loyalty of her snbjeet><, to — " Keep hor throne unsbnkoii still, Uroiid based upon the people's will." Her af'co.ssion usliered in the (hiwn of a happier era of peace and ninr- vellons pr.igi'ess. To treat of all the importiint events that have occurri'd (lnrin<^ the VMotorian age, even in this small jiortion of Her Majesty's dominions, is (piite beyond the space at my disposal^ The verv tirst subject broufdit under the notice of the English ^Ministry in the year of the Queen's accession concf rning our Island was the old trouble and dispute between the Council and Assenilily. In 1oiiited in IMS'.) — a most amiahle and jroilly prelate, lie founded the Tlieolojiieal ("ollej,'e, and laid the first stone of the Calhedial. His feeble healtli soon fiave way under the strain of his arduous episcopal labours. The successor of Hishc>p Spencer was the Hifjlit Kev. Kdward Ftild, irit ; to the service of his Divine Master he was consecrated, body and soul. He scorned popularity nud all the jionips and vanities l in 1838. the Queen recommended the adoption of the Appropriation Bill by the Council. Tlie Assembly in the main succeeded ; both Houses, however, were severely blamed for their discourteous and impropei- conduct towards each other, and were informed that they ought to show each other proper consideration. Tlie success of the British Constitution, as the best Government in the world, is largely dependent on the fact that it is woiked out by gentlemen and men of honour, who, notwithstanding all the acerbities of party, are governed by the rults of courtesy and propriety. As a result r)f the appeal, the Chief Justice was dismisses!. With all Boulton's faalts, he wa.s shabbily treated by the Home Govern- nicnt. In the first place his appointment was an in- judicious one ; he was an extreme partizan, a rigid Tory, and too fresh from the heated political strife of Upper Canada to suit the cidm atmosjihere of the Bench ; in order to make amends for the loss of the Attorney-Generalship of that province, the Ministry had appointed him Chief Justice of Newfoundland ; his pecuniary loss by tlie change was a very great one. The popular attacks on Boulton were most disgraceful and unfair. The serious chaiges, that his judgments were biiissed by his political view.s, and that his decisions were corrupt, were all proved to be untrue. The Privy Council should have considered his anomalous position as President of the Council and Chief Justice ; they were wholly incompatible offices. Theie was, however, sufficient evidence of his paj-ty speeches, his ittendance at political meetings, and of his intempei-ate and injudicious behaviour, to warrant the Privy Council in advising his removal. As he was made the scapegoat for an unworkable politicnl system, he .should eertaitdy have been pensioned, and not cast adrift penniless after filling such high office. The advice of the English Ministers does not seem to have been acted on, ibr in 1838 we find the House and the Council more seriously at variance than ever ; this was largely due to the celebrated case of Kielly v. Carson. On Tuesday, 7th August 1838, Doctor Kielly met Mr. John Kent on the .street; both were very high-spirited gentlemen. Mr. Kent declared that Dr. Kiedy had put his fist up to his face and h id then and there threatened to jiuU his nose. This amounted, as any- one can see, to an ordinary case of assault, and the remedy lay in proceedings before the magistrates or the Supreme Court ; that, how- ever, would mt have suited the insulted and impetuous Kent; he KIELLY V. CARSOX. 445 appealed to the House.^ Tb" Assembly sat with clo?ed doors, and finally decided to summon Dr. ^.ielly to the bar. Mr. Speaker Carson informed him that lie had been brouglit there on a charge of having violated the privileges of the House by making an attack on one of their members. The ulerk was ordered to read the report of the conmiiltee appointed to C()nsidev the matter with the evidence. The report declared " the •' conduct of Dr. Kielly is a gross brencli of the privileges of the House, " and, if allowed to pass unnoticed, would be a sufficient cause for " deterring members acting in the independent mann'^r so necessary for (■^■• \VATr:R STBKKT, .'T. JOHN S. I.OOKINO WEST, IX 1837. Fruin a di'' i'inij Iji/ William Gossf, Esq. " a free Af^semVly." 7 he doctor requested to be fdlowed to produce witnesses on h:.; own behalf; this was i-efused. The Speaker informed him that his only '■Tirse was to plead ignorance of tie privileges of tl:e House, to express regret, and to throw himself on '■ ■ • .nency of the Assembly. Far from apologizing, tht, doct'^r pointed 'us finger at Mr. Kent who was sitting in the House, and st id he was a liar and a coward. For this ebullition cf temper Kielly n»xt day sent a written apology. When brought to the luir the second Ume he was ordered to ' John Kent, examined, pjiil : " Hi' was n member for tlie District of St. . John's ; he and Dr. Kielly had son.o ditterenee, p' '- yoked by him [Dr. Kielly], about 12 o'eloeic that (lay. Dr. Kielly hid put his hand elenched up to his [Mr. Kent's] faee several times and said, 'he had it in him for iiini, the lyinfi piM'P^' ""•' ^^^ privile^a's sho\dd not protect liim,' alliiilin>r to certain statenicnt.s nui<'.. I\v him [.Mt. Kent] in his place mi the 'loiisc upon the subject of the St. .John's Uospilal." 416 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-18o7. m^A m h -. I -I I apologise in the following terms: "I exceedingly regret that I have " been guilty of any act or expression which has been considered by " your Honourable House to be a gross breach of its privileges." The prisoner refused to make this apology. With the Conservative party, tlie doctor now became the hero of the hour.' In charge of tlie celebrated Tommy Beck, Serjeant-at-Arms, with the mace, Dr. Kielly was marched down to the i:>ri.son, situated on the east side of Church Hill (now Mai-ket House Hill). Mr. Bryan Robinson,' then a rising young barrister, applied to Judge Lilly for a habeas corpus, on the grounds that the Houso of Assembly had no such rights and privileges as were assumed in their late extraordinary proceedings, and that the warrant for Kielly's arrest was informal. Judge Lilly '^ decided that the commit- ment Wiis deficient in those essentials necessary to constilute it legal. Three da}'s afterwai-ds his lordship delivered a long and very able judgment. The House of Assend)ly seem to have co^lpletely lost their heads ; instead of sul)mitting to the law, and thus setting a good example, they were guilty of the most outrageous absurditit!-:. It was the Wild Westerner' — Tom Fitz-Giblion Moore — and Mr. Kent who proposed that Mi". Robinson, for taking up Dr. Kielly's case, should not be permitted to com- municate with the House as Master in Chan ery of the Legislative C ".ncil.* Another motion proposed was thai the Newfoundhiuder's DR. KIELI.T. » " Oh 1 Did >■• u SOI? Dr. Kiflly, oli ! With his tioots and spurs mid stjly oh." ' Mr. H. Koliinsoii was oharju'd by .lohii O'Miira and Edwiird Morris that, in his Hi'gunient hi'fori' the I'ourt on the liahea" corpus for Kielly, lie had eoni])ared tlie privileges of the House to those of tiie .Meehrtuie's Soeiety. lie had said that the House hud siuiply the power of turninfr people out that disturbed it. ' In Iheir address to the Queen, the Houst of Assembly made a most unjustifiable at- tack on Judfje Lilly. They spoke of him as a judge who had rendered himself eoiispieuous by publicly subseribing to most outrageous calumnies on the persiuis and ])iilitical character of the members ; .Mr. K. M. Andii- bald.the Clerk of the Court, and Clerk of the Assembly, wlio assistcl the judge in tin! preparation of the jui^giuent, was also denuuiiceii hs u violent purti/.au. ' The House, considering that B. Kobin- soii, Ksi|., Master in Chancery, atler.dant on H..M. Council, by eonteinptuous language and observations resjiciting the House of Assembly and tin ^leInbers thereof, and bj- the issuing out of cei;.,i!i writs at the suit of one Kdvviird KiiUy for allegi'd damages against the Speaker, &c., has been guilty of a gross breach of the privileges of this Horse, and the said H. Hobinson being an o lieer of H..M. Council, this House canii t proceed against him for such contempt. " lltsolved. That the said Hryan Robin- son be not admitted as the bearer of any nussage to this House until a message be dispatched to H.M. Council accjuainting the Council with their resolution." Two days later the House of Assembly came to their senses and rescinded the resolution against the obnoxious Master in Chancery. Of all their al>sur(l proceedings this is the most buinorous of all. THE PRIVY COUNCIL JUDGMP^NT. 4i7 proprietors and printer should be brought to the Bar for publishing Jmlge. Lilly's jiulgincnt. Th>KMItI.V, 2Gth April 1841. " ^^r. President i\iid Hon. Gentlenieu of the Council, Mr. Speaker, and Geutlenieu of the House of Assembly, "As a Committee of the House of Com- mons has been appointed to enquire iut ) ti'io state of Newfoundland, before which Com- mittee I shall have to appear, I will on the present occasion confine myself to the ex- pression of my regret that such a pro- ceeding' should have become indispensably necessary to the tranquillity and welfare of the Colony." irn 448 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. Ili •II If "''''^' I l' i L^ i'''- jP'i : /f § ' i 1 '■ ' , ■ m r ! HJiisi' li. i. 11 U :vi all the ways to Outer Cove, Middle Cove, and all the other coves Constitution was suspended from that date until the 17th January 1843. In 1842, under the Conservative ministry of Sir Robert Peel, a new constitution was given to tlie Colony — the Amalgamated Legislature. The membei-s of the Legislative Council J>at with the fifteen elected members ; the Acts were worded, " Be it therefore enacted by the Governor, Council, and Assembly in General Assembly convened." It was one of the queerest forms of a statutable parliament ever invented ; there was an executive council, but it did not contain a single one of the popularly elected members. As usual, the whole patronage of the Government was in the hands of the Executive. In the summer of 1841 Captain Henry Prescott, C.B., ceased to govern us. He is universally acknowledged to have been a uolished gentleman, his speeches are able and above all concise, but; the last of the naval adminis- trators, with all his good qualities, was neither a strong Governor nor a good diplomatist ; the whole period of his rule was troubled with political squabbles and sectarian animosities. He disliked Boulton, but appears to have been either unable or unwilling to control him. The dawn of a brighter day, how- ever, was already bieaking ; our old friend Byrne, most able and practical of road surve3'ors, was laying out the groat roads to Placentia, the road around Con- ception Bay and the Bay Bulls line. Mr. James Douglas and Mr. O'Brien — named the "Colossus of roads" — were busy getting all the ways to Outer Cove, Middle Cove, and all the other coves 8IK 11. rllliSCdlT.' From an old photoonijih. 1 Admiral Sir 11. Vrescott. G.C.B. [178;?- 1874], w«B the onlj' surviving son of .Xdniinil Isaac Treseott (who wus on the Xewt'ound- land station in 17HI) and was horn at Kew Green, Surrey. He entered tlie navj- at the usual afie; was enjragi'd in action with four ships that escaped from Trafaljjar; was employed off Sardinia from IHUS to 1810, and took part in the defence of Sicily, lie ■was promoted to the rank of Captain, after distinguisiiing himself in the ihstrncti(m of several vessels at Amatia ; was Governor of Newfoundland from 1831 to 1344; was a Lord of the Admiralty during the later half of 1H47 and was Admiral Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard from December 1847 to the end of 1852. In 1862 he hecame Admiral of the Blue and was a magistrate for Surrey. He was created a G.C.H. in 18(19. {Men of the licign, 188.5.) Further full detai's of Sir H. Prescott's early life will be found inO'Bryne's Naval Biography. SIR JOHN HARVEY. 419 about the capital improved. Sir Bryan, then Mr. P'^bir-son, was also wliat my friend Justice Harney would call an enthusiastic " projector of viaducts." ' '4 The ai'rival of Sir John Harvey, on the IGth of September IS+l, marks an important point in our history : for the tii'st time the control and management of the Colony were placed in the hands of two able politicians, two statesmen of consummate tact and ability. Sir John and his colleague, the Hon. Jas. Crowdy, for fourteen years the Colonial Secretary. Crowdy had been for many years endeavouring to smooth over difficulties and to make peace, but Boultun was too overbearing, and the House too ex- treme. From this time forward the political wheel ran smoother. Sir John had one rather awkward habit, he always wrote his speeches, and, though excellent, they were uncommonly long. He had been known in the Army as " the handsome Colonel Harvey " ; his manners were the perfec- tion of courtesy, nothing disturbed him. In those days Cassidy the tailor was a great sporting man, and prided himself on his knowledge of farming in general. At the great agricultural meeting at Mount Pearl, when His Excellency made the speech memoralile in every history of the Colony, the irate tailor came in to complain of Murray, another sporting tailor, who insisted on judging a ploughing n)atch. Cassidy, \ery excited and inebriated, strode up to the head of the tjible where His Excellency was being entertained by the magnates of the land ; " Your Excellency," says he, " is a shoemaker to be a judge of a tailor's " work, your Excellency, or a tailor to be a judge of a shoemaker's work, " your Excellency ? " With a bland bow. " Mr. Secretary Templeman," / p. 2729. F F ■"^"iSwsiSiS SIR JOItS HARVET. From Bonnycnstfes yewfoundland. r — TT- 460 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. I !: ! said Sir John, turning to tliat fat official, "be good enough, sir, to take " a note of tliese most > aluable siJ<.'ge.stions of Mi-. Ca^^sidy." The Amnlganiated House was a makeshift a.ssembly, b'lt unationH wore often conihini'd. Enormous anionnts of money were made in those daj's. Steam completely changed the whole aspect of affairs. The men now get much smaller shares ; the big bills of the Forties and the Fifties are no longer earned ; a man's share to-ilay hardly ever go(»s over £8 or £10, and the great army of sealing skippers and great planters, wlierc are they i Tluiir descendants, the Ashes, Dawes, Delaneys, Blandfords, Kane<», Knees, Jackmans, Bartletta, and others, are still the KILLItfO SKAL3. most skilful ice masters, and their crews of Newfoundlanders the beat sealers in tlie world. Dundee lias splendid sealing steamers, but her men can never have the same aptitude as ours for this pei'ilous pursuit. The following anecdote of the late Mr. vSniith Mackay's, apropos of copying (jumping from pan to pan of ice), shows how much at home the Newfoundlander feels on the ice floe : — " There was a Canadian on board one of our sealors who was very smart at going on the ice; there were also sonic boys on half their hand; a great rivalry existed betweon them. One day the maBtoi- called out that there were seals on the starboard bow ; over the side went the Canadian, followed by the boys ; there was a >l TIIK Sl'ANISII DUTY. •l.V? "Gi channel just cnu^ht over, wliich tho Caiindinn did not soo, and down lie went ; aH lie riisc the Ixiyw, seven in niinilier. i-iinie to tin- ed^^c, luid suecesHf'ullv copird dvur tlio ("luiadiun's head and nhouldurs. Well might u Diindeo cuptiiii; excluiin 'barharous! ' when ho hoiird the story." . -J-tlHiM VANNINO flKAI.8. From a phutoyraith lnj fl'iil/,r Monroe. liest men I'suit. OS of e the When Mr. Walter (hieve sent the tirst sealing steamer to the ice it was a poor day for Newfoundland. The only consolation we can lay to our hearts is that .steam was inevitable ; it was sure to come, sooner or later, the pity of it is that it did not come later. Polities and steant have done more than any other cause to ruin the middle class, the well-to-do dealers that once abounded in tlie out-ports. Contrast the statisties of 184S with 1878. It was as bad for the merchants as for the men. Another aspect of our trade, which is almost forgotten by the present generation, was the great influx of Spanish vessels between 1840 and 18G0 ; the direct cause was the Spanish duty kno'<";" 'n the Peninsula as "el derecho de la hand era " — the deferential dutj '.'\ .avour of the Spanish flag, amounting to over a dollar a quintal. For several years tliere were often sixty and severity Spanish vessels loading fish in this port, and a large number in Harbour Grace. C. F. Bennett & Co. had thirty-two in one year. The most numerous at tirst were our old acquaintances the Bi.scayans : their ships, however, compared with the Spaniai'ds' from the Mediterranean, were small and poorly e(|uipped, a great many of them simply luggers of sixty and seventy tons Barcelona, Malaga, and Valencia vei^sels were splendid craft ; many of wr^ 454 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. "11 , I '!l ::i ( I w km them were slnvera ; you could see the rin^-lK)lts in tlie hold to which the poor AtVicHUs were chained. Mr. Henry Lo MtwHurier iiiformfl nic that oue beautiful vessel of this class upset, and in getting her up a nund)er of secret places were found in her hold. Tlio captaiuM of these ships nearly always brought gold Spanish onzjvs and Mexican dollars to pay for their cargo»!S, and Mr. Le Messuiier speaks with gusto of the cart- loads of Spanish bullion sei»t up to the bank. Whilst it lasted it must have been a large souice of profit to the trade. For nuiny years these Spanish vessels earned away between one hunilred and sixty and one hundred and seventy thousand quintals of tish.' The alteration of the tariff— doing away with the preference given to Spaniaids — ended this trade.- Under both Captain Prescott and Sir John Harvey there was great activity both in agriculture and road making.' In iHliH the first geological survey was commenced under the distinguished J. Beete Jukes, who arrived in St. John's in Mr. John Stuart's clipper brig • In 1850 there were seventy Spanish and I'ortnguese vensi'ls in St. .lohn's alone, iijjffre- patinj; 8,673 tons; niivijriitcd by 678 men, tiiey l(m(lei>1i vessel took UUO tons of oil and 6,4:U) seal skins. The trade with Ilamhnrf; in oil con- tinued for many years ; Munn^ sent as miieh as ."iDO tons of pale Mai oil in a year to Hamburg, the grealcM taetory of adnlteiatid jfocds in the world, there to be converted by (ierman science and dexterity into the finest quality of" Pure Cod-liirr Oil." - P'JRTVOIIF.SK FlSlllNO COMI'ANV. " In ISl.'i, a I'ortufjue.se company was formed in Lisbon, under the title of the Companiil I'iscarias, for the prosecution of the Hank fishery ; they r^ent to lvniewfoundlaiid coast, for them to form a settlement for the cure of fish ; if such is the ease, the Portuguese (ioveru- ment not having the means of granting bounties, it would be wise policy in Great Hritain to accede to the proposal, as the consumption is much curtailed by the high prices the consumers have to pay, the duties being in many instances more than the price we obtain for the fish itself, and the (|iiantity coiisiiined would increase in a L'reater ratio than the difference of quantity the Poituguese would catch." — (VVAitUKN's Lerluie, pp. 17, IS.) •' In two years, 1H.37 and \SW, the Legislature voted §170,000 for roads. TUE FIUST SIEAMKU TO ENTER ST. JOHN'S. 450 !.)< I)i(inii, iii compiiny with tlio coU'hrattMi Planta^^enet ilarrison. Two very important cltiineiits in i\w (loirimeicial WU- of tlie Colc^ny — a l>aiik ' and rt'j^u'ar postal coiniminication with Halifax —wore estaliliHhotl • luring this period. 'I'he first steanier to visit our waterH was Ff.M.S. Spit/ire, a paddle Hteainer, in IS40; she p»it into St. John's witli a dctaehincnt for the Koyul Newfo'.iiiillaud Company. J. B. Jukes returned to En<,'land in her. In ls4>'2 the .stt.'aniship John MiAdidu ar- rived, and several pleaHure trips were niado to Trinity and Conception Bay, and duly astonished the natives. By 1H44 Wi> had a regular paeket stoaiui^r plying between St. John's and Halifax, Nova Scotia; most of us can renitnnber the ex- citement caused in the town when the ICorth American, with her hu^'e walking ht'ani and a fimire-head of an Indian painted white, first canip into Mr. Matthew Stewart's wharf; she iiad made a wonderful passa(,'(! of .sictij huartt from Halifax, and her captain, J. U. JIKKS. From an engravin/i. \\\i. J. W. SMllll. Uy S. II. I'ursiins. MH. n. IIIIIIWN. Hi/ S. II. I'arsiiH.t. Richard Meagher, was duly cnTilin 1'. MiiUowney, Kobert Roberts Wakeham, Lawrence .Maeeassey, James H. Wood, .lolui IS+i the Newloundlaiul Bank was iucorpo- tituart, Edward Kielley, Thomas Ridley, ^f!=- 4o6 I EEICxN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. Bland & Tnbin wei'e fUscardecl, and we have had continuous steam communication ever since. The service for many years was carried out by Cunard & Co., in conjunction with their Liverpool line, and, though seveial vessels were lost, it was maintained very efficiently by the well- known Captain Corbin, and afterwards by the dashing Guildford, two as tine seamen as ever trod a deck. The Amalgamated House ^ lasted all through Sir John Harvey's administration ; it worked far more harmoniously than the first House ; a glance at its composition will show us that it containeil nearly all it n II »^. V imi^J'jintmftm, A m» l **am f /^.It^fylKIHU^, reniises ; it was st>pped by an heroic effort ai Newman's premises, l{iver Head. The wind be;ran to blow from the westward. T'lc terrified cry now arose that liennett's ami Stewart's oil vats were on fire ; at that sound dt'spair seized on every miiul ami paralysed I'very nerve; it was then seen that tlie total annihilation of the town vi.s inevitable, ami the scene of eonsternation that arose defiis description. Sir John Harvey (udered Mr. Stabb's house (()'|)wvcr's corner) to be blown up. The break, however, was not of s.itlicieiit extent, and the wind, which was stroiifj at fir.^t, sei'Uied to act here with redoubled vi(dence, hurryiufr oil the fiaines with fearful ra|ii(lily 1(1 the back of Stone Iluililiii^rs, commencing with Mr. I'ierce (irace's house, and ending with ^lessrs. Meliridu and Kerr's, and the entire range of wooden dwellings ut the opposite side. The next suites of buildings ut both sides were soon enveloped, and the tire, now rendered all powerful by the immense (piantities of oil and combustible inaterialis of every description which it had consumed, and with which it hud been fed, hastened on tlio work of destruction with inconceivable rapidity, la>ing waste eonipletely every erection at both sides, stone and wood without distinction, as far as the break at Messrs. Douglas & Co's. The Custom House next took fire, and lured the flanios forward to Messrs. (Jill's jiremises ; hence they extended rapidly along, consuming everything inter- meiliate to ll'c premises of Messrs. Uobinsori, Hrooking & tNi. These fine buildings were soon involved, and the r.ivages continued with unabated violence even to the premises of Messrs. I'arker and Gleeson, al the extreme end of Miigotty t'ove, after the consumption of which, it might with truth he said, ihe fire died out from the utterness of exhaustion, having left nothing to sustain it, and having laid the entire way for more than a mile in extent a barren waste, its two principal street.". Tlie loss of life, if the extent of the havoc be remembered, is iuconsiderabK- ; we believe there were but three— one arlilleryman and two civilians — w lio met death on this occasion. The public huiluiiigs consumed were, besides the Custom House above mentioned, the beautiful convent of the Presentation Nuns, and scho(>lroom opposite, St. John's Church, f '• i! * « W ' i IIH y- » H 1 '' S >:. ^ , f ■ / li Hj. V,: 5 IS :; 1 t : ': 1 THE GREAT FIRE. 450 Not one of us who witnessed the terrors of that awful fire will ever forget the 9th of June 184(). The weather wis fortunately warm, otherwise the misery of the p; or families who weio huddled together on tlie Barrens for the first night or two would have been still greater ; v«i»a*iow U VHX> 7,)!^ TuJur Bxtiif PLAN OF THB APPROACH 10 ST. JOHN S IIABUOIK. with military promptness, tents were jirovided for their shelter, and iu the course of a very short time long lines of wo( den slioda were erected, called " the camps." The leading men in St. Julm's .showed great spirit \\f the Court Housi- and jail, the theatre, the Coinniercial Ikiildings, the Bank of British North Ainericu, tlie CoU)nial Treasurer's Office, and Savings Hank. Tiie public moneys fortunately were all saved and d'positel in Government House. The Konian Catholic Chapel, the Orphan Asylum School, the Native Kali, and the Factory wore immediately thrown open for the shelter of t)'.e many liouseless and desiitufe of our fellow creatures, who had hecn in the short space of a few hours deprived of their homes and means of subsistence. " We cannot Hjieuk in too high terms of praise of the comUiet of His Kxcellency Sir John Harvey in these meliincholy circum- stances. He was to be seen during the day in the midst of the sc"n<' of liorror, aiding the people by the suirgestions of a superior judgment and experience, counselling against the commissicn of irretrievable errors, and evincing all that sympathy for tju- afflicted which is so strikingly characteristic of bis huMi.ine and tender heart. To Lieut.-Col. Law and M. A. Kobe and every officer of tlie garrison we feel an expression of public tbankt'uhu'ss is a just debt. Their actions were judiciously directed, and most energetic- ally continued, and tlie troops under their cc^m- mand have ably s'.istained llie high character they bad achieved on many and similar occasions of public distress. " The fire destroyed the premise.^ of Messi s. Hounsell, Schenk it Houusell, !:»tubb Kow, if' il ^ : )■: U !■ t B^'i" 1 460 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. and alacrity in taking measures to relieve the diatreseed, and' to re- construct the town. The veiy next morning some of the citizens were at work excavating amongst the ruins o£ their dwellings, and preparing to erect temporary sheds ; thousands were ruined, but everywhere there was a hopeful, determined spirit that St. John's should rise again. Sir John and his advisers acted with great promptitude and good judgment ; an admirable relief committee was appointed ; property was carefully guarded by the military. On the very next day His Excellency adopted measures to meet the pressing emergency of the situation. Pedley pays : — " Ho issued a proclamation convening the local legislature to meet in six days. -Ho laid an embargo for a limited period on the exportation of provisions. He addressed a circular letter to the Governor-general and the lieutenant-governors of all the British American colonies, and the British consuls at Boston and New York, making known the deplorable disaster and the immediate wants arising fVom it. He authorised the chartering of two vessels, one to Halifax and one to Now York, for provisions. Lastly, he called a meeting, held on the ln ; Sir .lolm and his old opponent (ieiieral Scott, hy their wise and i)acific measures, kept peace lietween Kngland and the United Qiatcs. For his action in opposiiion to the Commander-in- Chief in Canada, Sir John was dismissed ; after explanations, his valuable services were rewarded hy a K.C.U. and promotion to the Governorship of Newfoundland. In 1H4") the Cunard steamer Ilihernia struck near Cape Race ; she got olt' all right, and the passengers came on to St. John's. One of iheai wrote to the Frederirklon LitiHtU.it, " St Jiohn's Harbour is (piite a business place, the harbour full of shipping, everybody actively employed, and ai)j)arentiy profitably so. . . . Political feuds liave vanished, religious differences are unknown, Protestants and Catholics are living in Christian charity and perfect harmony with eacli otlier, the society is excellent, and the people hospitable in the extreme, and this state of things, 1 am hapi)y to say, is mainly attributed to the propitious administration of I III 462 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 18«7-18.57. I If r 1 *■ '' \ ih i ii ' i i 1^- ' S' ' i. kk contrast the violence and party animosity that existed under liis predecessors, both excellent Governors, to rightly value the tact and the ability with which Sii- John Harvey managed all parties. Both sides have always declared that, w^ith his infinite grace and smooth speech, ho huriil'Uggod them all ; perhaps he did, at any rate he was a skilful peace- maker, one of the first duties of a Governor.' Sir John Harvey was succeeded in 1847 by Sir Gaspard Le Marchant, a distinguished ."-oldier.* His Excel- lency will long be gratefully remem- bered in this Colony for the deep interest he took in promoting agriculture. He was a. thox'oughly practical man and not a diplomatist, like his august predecessor : Sir John talked admii'ably about farming. Sir Gaspard acted. He introduced Ayrshire and Jersey cows, and in a few years completely transfonued the breed of cattle throughout the Colony. He liked to see after everything pei'sonally ; when he heard that the mob were burning hhn in effigy, he went down to see if his SIR a, LG MARCHAXT, Bp Bassano, Sir John Harvey, their present Governor, and the former Governor of New Brunswiclt ; he is eertainly the most kind-hearted, hospitahU', excellent man ; he is doinj; a preat deal of good here, and is respected and beloved by by all classes, I believe. . . . " ' Mr. Timothy Mitchell, afterwards the well-known Inspector of Police, had been in the jioliee f.irce, under Sir .Tohn Harvey, in Ireland and New Brunswick, and at His Excellency's supgestion he came on to St. John's. In the old days the Inspector did splendid work, both in the detection of crime and in the capture of criminals. I remember on one occasion when he was attempting to arrest a rioter in Catalina, the man caught up an ohl picket "itli a long rusty nail in it ; ns he was going to make a blow at Alitchell the Inspector drew from his pocket the case of a long French pipe he hm] borrowed from me ; the man thought it was a revolver, and dropped his weapon 'it once. In the witness- box Mitchell showed as much ability as in thi performance of his other duties. Judge Robinson had rather a sharp way of cross- examining police and magistrates ; he was asking the Inspector, rather peremptorily, about the confession made to him in au arson case. " Yoti searched the prisoner, sir, what did you find on him ?" " His insurance policy in one pocket, my Lord, and the Key of Heaven in the other," was the imperturb- able reply. 2 Sir .John Gaspard Le Marchant, Knt. Bachel. (creat. 1838); G.C.M.G., 1800; K.C.B., 1865. Entered the aimy in 1821 ; became a colonel in 1851, and held local rank as a major-general till fully promoted to that rank in lilarch 1 858 ; retired from the command of the 85th foot in 1846 on proceeding to Newfoundland ; was Governor and Comuuinder-in-Chief of Newfoundland from Fehruary 1847 to June 18)2; Lieut.- Governor of Nova Scotia from June 1852 to December 1857, when he was appointed Governor of Malta, and received local rank of lieut.-general there, 1859 ; was a brigadier- general in the service of Her Catholic Majesty ; a knight of the 1st class and a knight commander of the orders of San Fernando and of Charles III. of Spain; received the honour of knighthood from the Queen, with permission to wear his foreign orders, which were conferred for services iu Spain. He died in 1874. THE NEW LEGISLATURE. 463 image was properly got up, and if his bold aquiline nose had been aucceasfully copied.^ In December 184(S the Hrst session of the new Legislature was opened un-Jer the old Constitution of 1832, with separate Council find Assembly. 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe ; with the exception of Her Gracious Majesty the Queen's, every tlu'one in Euroj)e was tottering and tumbling. The wave of political excitement wliich Thackeray describes — " When pursuiiif^ of their shindios, They broke the lovely windies, Upon the Shannon shore '' — reached our Island home. Responsible government was the war cry of our modest rebellion, and the onl}' outbi'eak of violence, burning the Governor's image. The revolutionary' fever has so far always attacked us in a mild form. Both the Whig Earl Grey and the Conservative Sir John Pakington refused point blaidc to grant the Colony local self- government. Earl Grey wrote : — " Until the wealth and population of the Colony shall have increased consider- ably beyond their present amount, the introdaction of what is called Responsible Government will by no means i>rove to ita advantage The institu- tions of Newfoundland have boon of late in various ways modified and altered, and some time must unavoidably elapse before they can acquire that amount of fixity and adaptation to the colonial wants of society which seems an indispensable preliminary to the future extension of popular Government." Sir John Pakington, in 1852, also took the .same view ; in a despatch of April 3, he says : — " Her Majesty's Government see no reason for differing from the conclusions at which their predecessors had arrived in the question of the establishment of Kesponsible Government, and which were conveyed to you by Lord Grey. . . . I consider on the contrary that the wisdom and justice of these conclusions aro confirmed by the accounts since received from Newfoundland." ' Postal Communication, 1847. " James Hodge begs to acquaint the Public lit large that he intends to run a four- sail boat between Kelligrews and Brigiis and Port de Grave during the winter months; a steady and coDiidential man will leave St. John's every Wednesday morning, with the packages and letters for transmission, which will be forwarded to their destination as regularly as the weather will permit : single letters Is., double letters 'Js., packages in proportion to their V)ulk and weight. " Mr. Doyle begs to announce to the communities of St. John's, Harbour Grace, and Carbonear, that he has engaged a confi- dential packet man to travel around the Bay during the winter months and while the boat is necessarily laid up In 1841 Messrs. W. Thomas and .Tos. NoEid recommended that there should be no postal communication outside of St. John's and Conception Bay. $ The Postal Revenue in 1841 was 1,084 » 1851 „ 4,329 » 18G1 „ 5,170 » 1871 „ 10,000 »» 1878 „ 1.5,60'» » 1892 „ 44,000 464 RKIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1S.',7. 1 1 --i ■ V-it 1 % iiiSi ■i:i! The iigitntion still went on, notwith.standin;^ Earl Grey and the sturdy Sir John Pakington. Responsihlo government had been conceded to every one of the North An)eiican Colonies ; the Home Government ought to have had wisdom enough to see tliat it was inevitaV)le, and conceded it gracefully, instead of having it wrung from thtMU. Each successive House of Assembly had pronounced in favour of executive responsibility ; even the Amalgamated House, in which two-tit'ths of tho members were nominees of the Crown, had votetl in favour of the same principle. This political agitition, bi'gun at the May meeting in 1846, continued up to the introduction of our present form of government in 1855. The actors in the final scenes of our great constitutional drama, however, were new men. Mr. John Kent, in 1849, becmne Collector of the Customs in place of Mr. Spearman (who retired with a pension). Dr. Fleming, worn out with incessant toil and labour in his diocese, in 1848 obtained as coadjutor Dr. Mullock, who arrived in St. John's on the (Ith of May 1848. From this time forth the leaders of the Liberal and Catholic pai'ty were Mr. P. F. Little and the new Bishop. Both were men of great ability, liljeral and enlightened in tlieir viows.^ Dr. JMullock was a scholar, full of wit and eloquence ; he did much to forward the interests of the Colon}', ami was one of the first to promote telegraphic communication, local steam, and practical agriculture. Mr. P. F. Little, afterwards Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court, and brother of the present excellent judge, J. I. Little, came from Prince Edwai'd's Island, where he was born in 1824; he began practice as a lawyer about 1845. He had a very iip-hill fight, but his ability, his attention to business, with his shrewdness and knowledge of affairs, soon ]'. F. LITTLE. liu Liifiiyeile, DuhVin. • Bishop ^Mullock's good sayiiifjf, however, are quite eelipsed l>y the wit of his brother, fiiiniliarly known .is Tom, organist of the Cathedral, the " Parish Piper" as he styled himself. On one occasion there was a dis- cussion at the Bishop's table about the interior of the Colony ; Dr. Mnlloek, in bis impetuous way, said it was a wilderness, only fit for the bears. " That's what 1 was saj'ing," said Tom, " it was hari'ltj known." On another occasion, Tom, for want of a better conveyance, sent down to Don Hipolito De Uriarte, the Spanish Consul, a piano he had purchased for him, on a hearse. The Don was very indi<>:nant ; a crow,; hail collected before his door to witness this novel method of moving a piano. " What for, Mr. Mullock," said Uriarte, "you send down my piano on the funeral cart ? " " Sure," said Tom, " I wanted to convince you that you had a Acad baryaiu." Tom's i)eculiar drawl ami brogue, and liis rubicund countenance, gave a fine flavour to his jokes, which is lost in the telling. SIR a. LE MAUCIIANT. 4(w Immght him clients ; from the first to the hist he enjoyed the complete confidence of Dr. Mullock. He was elected to the Legislature in lHi>{), and almost at once became the real leader of the Catholic and Lilteral Party in the House. ^ In tho a^^dtation for responsilile ^'overnment Mr. P. F. Little was the leader, the orj^aniser, and by far the most powerful man in the niovenient ; he was not so polished a speaker as Mr. Robinson, or as elocjuent and ornate as Mr. Kent, Imt in astuteness, in assiout as unfit a man an tho British Oovernmeiit could possibly have selccte.l to fill a difficult position. Lord Durt'erin humorously compared liimself to the humhlo individual in a paper cap who goes about with a longspouted tin can oiling the machinery, and his Lonlship's marvellous success as an administrator is largely due to his tact and good judgment, nnd his faculty as a political lubricator. Poor Ker Baillie Hamilton, excellent, goo the 00; 85; ;ion to the • Consorviitivea with oqnal piTtiimcity op] oh«'(1 him. In suoli a dilHcuIty a wist' aiitl (liph)iuatic (.Jovornorwouhl have nUnul he tworn the opponents and have endeavoured to work out a fair coinproniine ; (hirinj^ the t}nc(> years' Htrnjjfjh^ he ccrtaiidy sliouhl liavo had a cenHUH taken. KesponHihh) ^'ovi'nnnent was hrou^ht in in IH,'}'), and the oidy return of popuhiticn that both sides luul to wo'k on was the imperfect census of 1845; it was owing to the Coimeil, ruled by the Governor's friends, that a census Bill passed by the Assembly had been thrown out. We know now that if a census had been taken in 1S5H or 1854 it would have shown a veiy ditferent basis from the one on which representation was ultimately carried. The most disaifreeable feature in this interminable •liscussion was the desire for sect-irian ascendency evinced by both sides. iSubseipient history shows tliat the Conservative party were in the main rij^ht in their contention that Bonavista and Twillingate with one member each were under-rtpresented, whilst less important and less populous district!;, like Placentia and Ferryland, had each two members. It is clear, however, that the Pi'otestant Party were unwise in stolidly resisting any change. They should have known that responsible government was sure to come sotmer or later, antl have stood out firmly for a census before the Repx'esenta- tion Bill was ajfreed to, and endeavoured to make the best of the coming event. Too much importance was given to the personal interests of the office liolders, and too little regard to the future good government of the Colony. There should have been a fairer distribution of offices. No one can doubt now that the Roman Catholic.i had been unfairly treated ; under the nev/ Government that came into office in 1855 ^ there was a complete change. After a lapse of forty years we can now view the whole matter dispassionately, and it must HON. T. R. HOW. £)/ Coje and Durrant. ' Leoislativk Councii.. Hon. L. O'Urien, President. „ .las. Tobin. „ .John Uochfort, M.I). „ Geo. H. PImersou, Solicitor-General. „ John Munn. „ S. Carson, M.O. ., T. H. Kow. ,, .T. J. Uofierson. „ T. H. Hi'lley. „ .Jas. Funoiig. ,. P. Duggan, .. J. Coruiuck. House of Assembly kleuted 7th Mav 1H55. The first House of Assembly under responsible government consisted of the following members : — St. .lohii's West : Hon. P. F. Little, Attorney-General and Premier; Hon. A. Shea, Speaker; .lohn Fox. St. John's East : Hon. J. Kent, Colonial Secretary ; It, J. Parsons ; Peter Winsor. Harbour Grace : J. Hayward ; J. L. Prendergast. G G 2 468 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. I- \ 1\' be ani the opposite side ; Messrs. Walter Grieve, Alimn, Hidley, Kofferson, G. H. Ku'erson, and Hayward (afterwards Judge Hayward), M-ere amongst his Protestant supporters. Mr. Little was au able leader, and always kept his party well in band ; from first to last he enjoyed the unbounded confidence of Bishop Mullock. Mr. Kent made an excellent Colonial Secre- tary, and T. Glen was a heaven-born ]{e- eeiver-tieneral, one of the best party men that ever But in a cabinet. At a political meeting an out-harbour member, who was uiuler obligiktious to the Governtucnt, said to (vien, in a patronizing tone : " I liflieve you are right, Mr. Receiver-General ; I will support you." " Confound you," said Glen, " I don't want your support when 1 am right ; it '.i when 1 urn wrong you must back me up." ARCHDEACOX BRlDaE. 409 inet, ittle, uibers ieva, , and wore .ittle piuty Ithe lock. Secre- n ]{»■- men litii'iil was aid to you will said luMi 1 lUUht i of medical skill, the humane exertion of the clergy and of aelf-devoted women, were powerless to stay tlie jilague ; however, it was pi'actically confined to the lowest and dirtiest parts of the city. Whilst the cholera lasted, the number of deaths was api. ailing. Bishops Mullock and Feild and Archdeacon Bridge were conspicuous during the epidemic by their heroic, self-sacrificing labours for all — Catholics and Protestants alike were personally atten very pf"o;-est of his congregation. Readtsrs of to-day may think this language exaggerated, but the generation tluit heard that earnest voice will bear wit- ness to the deep aftectionate feelings of all St. John's for the Archdeacon. Direct steam to England by the Gal way line, the completion of the telegraph, and finally, in 1858, the laying of the first Atlantic cable, are the striking events of this pen.2), entered the Army us ensign on the 7th Dfcetuher 1826, by recommendation from the Royal Military College, ESundhurHt, after public examination; became, in 1827, assistant private secretary to the lute (ieiieral Sir Ralph Darling, then Governor of New South Wales and Major-tieneral com- 470 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. f !'■ I, if f i. '-< vast experience ; he taught liis new ministry how to work the new constitution, and ruled them like a pack of schoolboys. The Conserva- tive party came into collision with him, first as regards his authority to inaugurate the new constitution, and again when they insisted on naming members of their own party for the new legislative council ; on both these questions Sir Charles was clearly and constitutionally right. V: :W OP VIRGINIA WATEK, ST. JOHN'S. It will be remembered that Louis Napoleon was just about this time, after the Crimean War, our " good ally," and the English Govern- ment were most anxious to please the French, and for that purpose the roanding the Forces in that colony and Van Dienian's Land ; and was aliso appointed military secretary to that officer in 183v„ In 183;}, while a student in the senior depart- ment of the Royal Military College, was appointed secretary to the late Lieutenaut- General Sir Lionel Smith, upon that officer's noniinalion to he Governor and Commander- in-Chief of Uarbados and the Windward Islands, and was employed in that capacity until 1836; Sir Lionel Smith having been in (hat year nominated to the government of Jamaica, Mr. Darling was appointed Go- vernor's secretary for that colony, and re- tained the appointment until the termination of Sir Lionel Smith's Government iu 1839; ill that year obtained an unattached company, and retired from the army in 1841 ; in 1843 appointed by the Earl of KIgin, then Governor of Jamaica, Agent-(ienerul of Immigration for the colony, and held also the office of Adju- tant-General of Militia, was a member of the assembly and of several executive boards ; was again appointed Governor's seeretaiy during the ad-interim administr.ition of the government of Jamaica by Major-GeLtral Sackville H. Berkeley, and continued to hold that office during the earlier period of the government of tlie Right Hon. Sir Charles Grey in 1846-47 ; iu 1847 was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the island of St.Lucia; in 1851 appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, an office specially created for the conduct at Cape Town of the civil government while Sir George Cathoart, the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, might be engaged in his military and civil duties on the frontier. After the departure of Sir George Cathcart, administered the go- vernment of the Cape from May 1854 to December 1854, during which period the par- liamentary constitution of the settlement was NEGOTIATIONS WITH FRANCE. 471 this -ern- the of the ards ; itiry )t' the :t.trnl held if the iikrles ointed .ucia; or of 'cially )f the heart, might luties re of go- 4 to par- t was interests of this Colony were as usual to be sacrificed. There can be no doubt that Governor Darling, eager to please the Home Government, lent himself to this policy ; his famous No. 06 Despatch was a strong argument, ably put no doubt, but entirely in the interests of the French, and opposed to the rights and claims of the Colony. There was much indignation in St. Jolin's when it was published with the other papers concerning the great (]!onvention with the French of 1857. in order to comprehend the wild outburst of popular indignation which arose in 1857, it is necessary to go back for some time, and also to understand the character of the previous negotiations which had been going on between the representatives of the two Governments for several years ; all these various discussions and draft settlements have one un\arying characteristic : the French gain all the advantages, and the Colony gets nothing in return. The principal English negotiator. Sir Antliony Perrier, appears to have been either a French tool or thoroughly incapable official. All the fine diplomacy of France was directed to three principal points : first, to secure an unliniittd supply of bait ; second, to get the right to arrest and remove Colonial fisher- men and their vessels : third, to get a secure territory and to extend their rights on the treaty shore. It is a fortunate thing for us that the French were so over-reaching and so covetous of territory that even Perrier could not concede all their demands, and that the final Draft Convention of 1857 was an outrageous abandonment of our fishery rights. Labouchere and Perrier were aghast when they heard of the excitement these unfair propositions created in the Colony ; the New- foundlanders held indignation meetings as hot and fiery as tlie Tea riots of Boston ; not only was Newfoundland aroused, all British North America rose with her. The Earl of Derby, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in a despatch in 1884 to Sir ^ohn Glover, s.ummarized the negotiations resulting in the Conventioi. o£ 1857 as follows : — " In the year 1844 the French Government proposed negotiationB to be held in London, and previous to opening them it was determined to appoint a British and French (Jomuiissioner in Newfoundland to report upon the question. inaugurated and estahlished ; was nominated to the government-in-chief of Antigua and the Leeward Islantls, previously to his sole administration of the government of the Cape ; but never assumed the duties of that (ioverntr.ent, having shortly after bis arrival in P'ngland been required to proceed to New- foundland as Administrator of the government of that colony, of which he was subsequently appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief ; in February IH.^T was appointed Captain- General and Governor-in-Chief of Jamaica, an ottice wi.'ich embraces the general superin- tendence of the affairs of Hritish Honduras and the Turks' Islands, and at that time included also the government-in chief of the I5ay Islands; received the Order of the Hath (,K.(,'.B.) 1862, for his "long and effective public services." Appginted (iovemor of Victoria, 1863 j recalled, March 1866; died in 1S70. (::■!■ 'I ■! f r 472 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. " Captain Fab vre, commander on the French naval station, and Mr. Thomas, President of the Chamber of Commerce at Newfoundland, were, in conseqnence, appointed by their respective Governments, " On the 30th July 1844, Mr. Thomas made his report to the Governor. In this report he suggested with regard to the French claim of 'exclusive rights,' that the respective fishermen of both naticms should be kept separate and distinct in their fishing places. He also suggested the extension of the French fishery limits to Belle Isle North, and made suggestions with regard to the sale of bait to French fishermen. "This report resulted in negotiations being held in Paris in the month of March 1846. " The British Commissioner, Sir A. Perrier, was authorised to offer, in exchange for the French cession of all rights between Cape Eay and Bonne Bay, the following concessions : — " Admission of preclusive right of fishery from Bonne Bay to Cape St. John, going round by the north ; " Exclusive right of French fishery, drying, and curing at Belle Isle North ; " Permission for English fishermen to sell bait at St. Pierre. " At preliminary conferences held in Newfoundland, these measures bad nearly been agreed to by Mr. Thomas and Captain P'abvre; but Captain Fabvre was desirous of retaining for France, in addition to the exclusive rights above mentioned, her rights of fishing, curing fish, Ac, nt Cod Roy, Red Island, Port-a- Port, and Lark Harbour, and to acquire for the French a ' concurrent ' right of fishery on the coast of Labrador. " The instructions, however, to the French Commissioner did not admit of his negotiating on the above-mentioned principles, and as no new propositions were brought forward by the French Government up to the month of May 1847, the negotiations fell through. " On the application of the French Govo-nment in 1854 negotiations were renewed, Sir A. Perrier being again directed to proceed to Paris to act as British Commissioner, M. de Bon being appointed on the part of France. " The British Commissioner was instructed to invite proposals from the French Commissioner such as might form a starting point in the negotiations. " M. de Bon accordingly proposed, on the part of France, to admit the right of British subjects to inhabit the Bay St. George, or, in other terms to give up the exclusive right of fishery in that bay, to which they considered themselves entitled by the Treaty of 1783. In return for this concession he demanded — " 1. The right to fish for bait (herring and caplin) on the south coast of Newfoundland, without restriction. " 2. The right to fish during two months of the year (without curing or drying on shore) on that part of the coast of Labrador situated between the Isles of Yerti's and the Isles St. Modeste, both included ; and " 3. Tlie right of fisliory nt Belle Islo North, in the Straits, which the French Commissioner asserted was enjoyed by the French up to 1841, without any demur on the })art of Great Britain. "The concessions demanded by the Frencli negotiator were not considered admissible, and the British Commissioner, in order to overcome the difficulties ai ising out of the claim of (Jreat Britain to a concurrent right of fishery, suggested that the question would be best settled if tlie rights of the fishermen of the two nations were kept scpnrnto and distinct. In ordor tn onrry out this suggestion, he proposed that the I'rench rights sliould be made exclusive as against British EXCITEMENT IN THE COLONY. 473 sul)jecta from Cape St. John to some point on the western coast, such as Capo Verde (Green Point, to the north of Honne Bay) ; the French, on the other hand, to renounce their right altogether on the remainder of the roast, which would bo that part where the British liad been in the habit of carrying on the herring fishery and other fisheries incidental to the requirements of a fixed population. " The French negotiator ottered no objection to the plan of recognising the French ' exclusive ri<,'ht ' on a diminished extent of coast; but he contended for the retention of a ' concurrent right ' on that portion on the coast on which the exclusive claim might be renounced, and for other advantages as well, Buch as adinisiiion, concurrently with British fishermen, to the fisheries of Labrador and North Belle Isle, and to the ' bait fishery ' on the southern coast, all of which, bo maintained, were necessary, as an equivalent for admitting British subjects to a free ' concurrent right ' on the lower portion of the wentern coast. " The British Commissioner was disposed to accept the demands of the French BO far as to extend the French fishery to North Belle Isle, and also to remove all lestrictions on the purchase of ' bait,' on condition that tUe French should entirely renounce their rights between Cape Verte and Cape Eay ; and in June 1855, he f>r warded to the Foreign Office the above suggestions in the form of a counter proposal to those which had been made by France. " Mr. Labouchere, Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies, concurred in the adoption of the British negotiator's project of a ' compromise ' ns the basis of negotiation to be offered to the French Government. It corresponded, ho believed, with the views of the Colonial authorities ; deprived neither nati&a of any advantage of real value ; and there would only be a reciprocal abandonment of barren rights and useless or nominal restrictions; and he prej>ared a draft treaty which might be substituted for the whole of the existing engagements on the Newfoundland Fisheries question. " The negotiations were continued in the year 1856 by Captain Pigeard, who arrived in London in the mouth of July of that year, and by Mr. Merivale, the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies. The basis of these negotiations was founded upon the counter proposals made by Sir A. Perrier, and also npon the draft of the treaty proposed by Mr. Labouchere. The negotiatiors finally teiminated by the signature of a Convention in London on the 17th January 1857. " According to the stipulations of this Convention, an exclusive right of fishery and the use of the strand for fishery purposes was conceded to the Flench from Capo St. John, on the east coast of Newfoundland, to the Quirpon Islands, and from the Quirpon Islands, on the north coast, to Cape Norman, on the west coast, in and upon the following five fishery harbours, namely, Port-au-Choix, Small Harbour, Port-a-Port, Red Island, and Cod Roy Island, to extend, as regarded these five harbours, to a radius of three marine miles in all directions from the centre of each such harbour. On other parts of the west coivst (the five harbours excepted) British subjects were to enjoy a ' concurrent ' right of fishing with French subject?, but French subjects were to have the exclusive use of the strand for fishery ])urposes from Cape Norman to Rock Point, in the Bay of Islands, north of the River Humber, in addition to the strand of the reserved ha'bours, " A ' concurrent ' right of fishing was also granted to French subjects on the coast of Labrabor, from Blanc Sablon to Cape Charles, and of North Belle Isle." The excitement in the Colony over the Convention of 1857 was most intense and wide spread ; the British Hag was hoisted half-mast ; other excited citizerm flew American flags ; everywhere there was burning indignation over this jiroposal to sell our birthright for a mess of 474 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-185";. '■ M i"'] pottage. Tlie proceedings of our Legislature in 1857 are a guide to us as to what our conduct should always bo in dealing with the fisheries, "there none were for a party but all were for the State." CJivernment and Opposition united to maintain our rights. Our Chief Justice, Sir F. B. T. Carter, K.C.M.G., Sir A. Shea, Hons. E. D. Sliea, P. F. Little, Mr. Prendergast, Mr. J, J, Rogerson, and Mr. Kelly, alone survive of those who took a leading part in that famous struggle. Sir Frederick (then Mr. Carter, M.H.A.) went with Hon. John Kent as a delegate to Canada, and won gulden opinions for himself by his ability in this matter. Immediately the House closed, Hon. P. F. Little and H. W. Hoyles were sent as delegates to England ; all worked unitedly and witli a will to destroy the convention. H. W. Hoyles (lender of the Opposition), P. F. Little (the .^.ttornej'^-General), J. Kent (Colonial Secretary), R. Prowse, W, H. Ellis (Opposition members), and « ', ■ i.: ■ f: ■ ; HON. E. U. 81IEA. By S. H. Parsons. J. J. EOOKBHON. Jiy S. II. Parsons. K. J. J'AUSONS. From an old photograph. I m 4 lii -i R. J. Parsons, wore the committee a[»pointed to di-aft resolutions and ad .resses on tho subject. The resolutions adopted by the Newfoundland Legislature were worthy of the occasion. I will quote only the concluding paragraph : — "We deem it our duty, most respectfully, to protest in the most solemn maimer against any attempt to alienate any portion of our fisheries or our soil to any foreign power, without the consent of the local legislature. A8 our fishery and territorial rights constitute the basis of onr commerce and of our social and political existence, as they arc onr birthright and the legal inheritance of our children, we cannot, under any circumstances, assent to the terms of the convention ; we therefore earnestlj' entreat that the Imperial Government will take no steps to bring this Treaty into ojieration, but will permit t.he trifling privileges that remain to us to conti.me unimpaired." The result was a great triumph for the Colony. Before Governor Darling left in May 1857, he had received and laid before the !, » FIXED SETTLEMENTS. 47c Legislature the celebrated despatch known as " The Laboucliore letter " :— " The proposals contained in llic Convention having been now unequivocably refused by the Colony, they will of course fall to the ground ; and you are authorised to give such assurance as you may think proper. That the consent of the community of Newfoundland is regarded by Her Majesty's Government a% the essential preliminary to any modification of their territorial or maritime rights." — (II. Labouchere.) Mr. Darling had informed the House during the winter of his pro- motion to Jamaica. The publication of His Excellency's own despatch (No. 66, July 23rd, 1856) created a very strong feeling against him ; on a careful perusal of this document, I think the irritation it produced was rather extreme. He states emphatically, in regard to the French proposals : — " Their proposition may be, indeed, justly described, when regarded in its national bearing, as one of which the advantage is whoHy on the French side." The objectionable paragraph in the paper is on the question (if French exclusive rights. Governor Darling's letter is in marked contrast to his predecessor's communication of September 1853 (No, 57).^ Governor Hamilton's views are both more logical nnd moi'e cori-ect ; they are founded on a moie complete knowledge of the history of the fishery. The despised and insulted Ker Baillie Hamilton was really a far more sincere and loyal friend of the Colony, and a far abler defender of our fishery rights than Sir Charles Darling, tlie popular introducer of responsible govern- ment and the patron of the Liberal part^'. We nmst give both of them credit for honesty of purpose ; but it is clear that Hamilton had the advantage of superior information on the subject. This, I think, was largely due to his advisers, Messrs. Archibald and Crowdy, as well as his mercantile friends. On the question of "fixed settlements,' the correct definition of tlie term is undoubtedly given by Governor Hamilton. It is clear, that under the administration of our naval Governors, the fishery carried on bj' both French and English on the coast was a ship fishery without permanent .jtages, &c. ; under these ai rangements each ship as she arrived selected a fishing place for her crew atid made the necessary ei'ections for carrying on their operations. Owing to the French being driven off the coast during the wars between l7o6 and 1818, English fishermen had monopolised all the north-east coast ; but long before this. ' These despatches, unfortunately, are b'jth too long to reproduce; thty will be found in the Journals of the House of Assembly, 1857. 476 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1837. Hi' I 4 .1 1, '■ ;ni ;; I, :!) as far back as 1G98, Newfoundland " planters " had extended themselves from Bonavista gradually as far north as Quirpon. It was the per- manent establishments of the English fishing ships which interfered with the free exercise of French rights, when the French fishermen came back in such overwhelming numliers after the last treaty of peace in 1815 ; the English ship fishermen had to be forced away, but the real perma- nent settlers were never interfered with ; the French encouraged their presence as guardians and keepers of their fishing establishments ; originally they never claimed a right to interfere with these small farmers arid permanent settlers on the coast, whose occupations in the winter were furring and sealing, and it is to this direct encouragement that the present English settlements on the north-east and west coasts are largely due. The English fishery at this time was changing its character from a ship fishery into a shore fishery, and the men who had been using the west and north-east coasts now betook themselves to the more lucrativ ■ fishery at Labrador. The fight made against the French by one of these old ship fishermen is told in the narrative of the stubborn old West Countryman Tory.^ Fixed settlements only referred to the permanent establishments of their rivals, the English ship fishermen. Governor Hamilton's advisers were well aware of this historical fact ; Governor Darling seems to have«entirely ignored it. The treaties on this subject must be construed according to their real legal meaning, and the principles of International law, and also by the expositio contemporanea showing how they were interpreted and understood. Whatever was not given to France remains with the pi'oprietor and Sovereign Power, England ; we have therefore the right to clear and cultivate lan^l, to woi'k mines, to carry on a salmon fishery, and any other business that does not actually interfere with the French c )d fishery. Our opponents may claim that either or any of these interferes with their limited fishery rights, but the injury must be proved, their claim for damages must be a reasonable claim, and the question must be decided in a reasonable and rational manner by the ' The case of the firm of Richard & Mellam Tory, of Poole, carrying on a large business at Sop's Ann, White Bay, for twenty-four years (set forth very fully in a long menioriul to Governor Elliott in 1786), represents very high-handed proceedings on the part of the French naval officers. First, two bateaux with fifty men attempted to take possession of Tory's premises, but they would not allow them to land ; next day two French men-of- war came to Sop's Arm, and officers and men armed came ashore, drove the Torys from their premises, took away two-thirds of their dwelling-houso, dragged another Eiivlish planter, Craze, on board the Freuch sloop-of- war, and kept him prisoner for two hours ; they also took possession of a salmon fishery up a brook which had been occupied and used by an Englishman, named Craze, for thirty years, made him leave the brook and take up his nets, &c. The French let the Newfoundland planter Craze remain in pos- session of his dwelling-house and premises. The great antagonism of the French at the time was against their rivals the English ship fishermen; the fixed settlements referred to were their rooms, not the humble establish- ments of the resident fishermen, which tho French rarely disturbed. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TREATIES. 477 British Government, the only authority who can execute a treaty on English territory. For instance, on the west coast of Newfoundland there are several small settlements on rivers. These streams are barred at tlieir mouths by sand banks, and are therefore entirely unsuited for a ship cod iishery ; for a century and more Englishmen have cleared and cultivated laud at these places, and latterly son e lobster fjictories have been carried on in the.se localities ; will any reasonable man contend that we cannot occupy these places ? We have done so, and will continue to do so. ^t may be asked, is there no fair solution and settltment possible of this venei'able international difficulty ? The French, as business men, are the naost reasonable, cle:u'-headed people in the world. If this question could be once approached in a fair and reasonable spirit, it might be amicably settled. At t'le present time the French iishery is a ship fishery, carried on principally on the banks; their sedentary (jr shore fi.shery is relatively insignificant ;^ as a French friend of mine ' " List of Fiiencii Lobstkr Factokies and Cod Fishing Rooms on the Treatv Coast of Newfoindland uiiuinq tiik Skason of 1893. Lobster Factories. Number \Yhere situated. of Men approxi- Manager. Where from. Remarks. mately. Brig Baj- Bclin - Not worked sinc« Biirflett's Harbour - ;!2 B:indgren France. 1892. St John's Islaud - 30* Marie - France. Port au Choix 12* Vilala - France. Port au Choix 17* Beliu - France. Black IJuck Brook - 15 Tajan - St. Pierre. Les Vaches ... 24 Farvacque - St. Pierre. Bed Islaud ... (All lobsters canned at Les Vaches.) Cod Fishing Rooms. Red Tslanil ... 60 Poirier . - St. Pierre. Tweed Island - - . 28 Hacala - . St. Pierre. Port au Choix - 80* Beliu - - France. Savage Islmils ;!.■) Belin . - France. Port au Choix . 80* Vilala - France. _ Port au Choix . :u Biulfiiu France. Berbice Cove - . - 34 Hudi'au France. St. ,Tohn Island 70* Marie - - France. Fishot Islands ... 46 Foliard - France. St. Juliens 68 Kyon - - France. Rouge . - - . 3.5 Dollo . - France. Rouge .... 35 Pedron- - France. 1 * The numbers marked * vary according to the fishing, as their services are most required for either cod or lobsters." [This return contains the French lobster factories ; these erections, with boilers and chimneys, are a clear infraction of the treaty, which only allows temporary stages and scafFolds (tiakes) for curing and drying of fish (j.s., codfish).] 478 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. i; ! explained, it is " an affair of a dozen old fishing brigs." The first requisite for a successful bank fishery is a certain supply, at reasonable piices, of the three varieties of fresh l)ait — herring, caplin, and 8(]uid. Our Gallic neighbours know well that Fortune Bay, in close proximity to St. Pierre, furnishes the best possible supply of bait in the world ; it is abundant, easily accessible, and reasonable in price. Without a certainty of this supply at a raodei*ato rate the bank fishery is unrenmnerative ; eveiy French fisherman thoroughly understands and appreciates this great fact.' This supply is entirely in our hands ; we can at any moment paralyse the movements of the whole French fishing fleet by stopping their supplies of bait. We did so in 1888. Their full complement for their first baiting on herring amounts to fifty-four thousand barrels; by the 4th May in that jear the French had only obtained four thousand and forty barrels ; their spring fishery was in consequence a complete and disastrous failure. The effect of the Bait Act, which began in 1888, is cleai'ly shown by the tables given below.^ That year was a favourable one in the bank fishery, as both the English and American fishermen made good voyages in 1888. There can be no possible doubt about the effect of the Bait Act on the French fishery; besides the convincing proof of the returns, wo have the following extract from a letter published at Paris, in the Petit Journal, dated St. Pierre and Miquelon, July 15th, 1889 : — " Our Colony is very severely tried this ;year ; the cod-fishing, which consti- tutea its principal — we might say its only — industry, has, up to this date, given ' The value of our bait is shown by the following : — " AceordinjT to the report of Captain Loch, of H.M.S. Alarm, in 1048 there were 360 French Uanking vessels, of from l.'iO to 300 tons each, carrying from 10,000 to 17,000 Frenchmen, which vessels cauij;ht annually 1,200,000 quintals of fish on the Banks. He also states that Monsieur Delucluse, the French (iovernor of St. Pierre's, had the honesty to tell him, it was the supply of bait obtained from the Newfoundland fishermen that alone euablec' them to carry on the Bank fishery. Captain Loch also remarku ; — ' It is obvious that, by withholding from the French the supply of bait from our shores, their catch on the Banks would sensibly diminish, and their trade could not increase beyond the limits controlled by the com- paratively very scanty supply of bait afforded by their own coasts and islands.' All naval officers who have been on the Western station, as well as all disinterested persons who are acquainted with that coast, imite in stating that it is only by means of the bait supplied to them by British subjects, that the French are enabled to carry on the Bank fishery. Is it not, then, a source of wonder, that our Legislators are so blind to the interests of the country as to permit this evil to continue ? Is it not surprising they should be so supine as to neglect tlieir great and important duty of passing such laws, and adopting such measures, as will effectually check and prevent our foreign rivals from obtaining their supplies of bait from our shores? " — (Waruen's Lecture, p. 14.) 2 Exports of French Fish, fhoh Official Returns. Total catch calculated Bounty paid, in dry qtls. Francs. 1878 201,982 1879 23:5,y2:< 1880 2.54,939 1881 23G,2.50 1882 2.55,671 2,056,619 1883 304,.')80 2,328,442 1884 404,604 3,342,114 1885 497,284 3,849,221 1886 579,390 5,109,680 1887 453,058 4,673,240 1888 338,126 1889 300,000 (A'ee also p. 586.) THK VALUE OF BAIT TO THE FUENCH. 470 deplorable results. During the first trip, soren-eighths of tlio fishermen havo luiroiy paid for their wine; all havo returned tVoin this trip with an average of fiom four to eight thousand fish, sixty-five to one hundred and thirty ((uintals for each craft, which represents nearly nothing. The whole of this fixh has been sent to Bordeaux, and we have nothing left, and the future prospeots look almost like a complete failure, conseciuently consuraora will havo to pay very dearly for the fish which they have hitherto been able to buy at a low price. Tito srhomurs /rain St. Pierre are oliliijed to go to the vast coaiit on the [''reach shore oj' NcwJ'oundluml in eeareh of bait, which menna a month'ajighing lout." And from tlie French journal, Le Projii-n, of June 2nil, we get the foUowing incontrovertible testimony : — " This bait is made of small fish, which is only to be found in any quantities in the warmer waters of the south coast of the island, and is iho necessaiy bait for cod-Hshing, and which, until 1887, the French could bny, according to their want, at St. Pierre, Miquelon. The law forbidding its sale was thus a great blow for them, as they were reduced to bring from Franco a salted bait less liked by cod, or else to find for themselves, on the French Shore, a fresh bait which would always bo costly, and the supply of which would bo iriegiilar. Thus the Bait Bill entailed both loss of time and vioney to the French, and they found their fishing much less ijroductive than before." The French are a very shrewd people ; in each and all the various commissions to frame a settlement, one of their principal demands was a free supply of Itait from our waters. It is clear then that we havo something exceedinj;ly valuable to give the French ; what should we ask in return for this immense boon of free bait ? I think, if the French would be reasonable, we could settle the whole question something after thi.s manner, or at least have a modus viveadi : — 1. Let the French have exclusive possession for the fishing .reason within the three-mile limit around each harlour which they actually occupied with their fishing ships and crews hist seaso' , one or two guardians to be allowed in each harbour to protect their property ; 2. Concurrent rights of fishing over the whole north-east coast, and on the west coast as far south as Cow Head ; 3. An absolute right to pu :hase, paying port charges and liglit dues, a full supply oi bait at anchor in any port of entry in Newfoundland during the fishing season, subject only to the same regulations as our local fishermen. In return for these valuable privileges, what should we ask ? I think we might demand : — 1. That the French give up their impracticable and absurd claims, and give us a free and uninterrupted right of fishing on all &. 480 REIC.N OF VICTOniA, 1837-1857. M Hi 5 . ( m tlie north-L'iiHt and west coasts of the treaty hIioh", except wliorc the Flench are allowed exclusive rigUta ; and should also give us — 2. An Engliidi consul at St. Pierre ; 3. And an undertaking to prevent the export of ititoxienting licjuor-s in their fishing vessels except for ship's use. This simple arrangement would solve a great many of the present difficulties. It would not wound French pride, they would have the inestimable advantage of obtaining at all times a sure and certain supply of bait IVesh from the nets, it would prevent the present wanton destruction of the bait fishes, and put an end to smuggling. The plan could be easily carried out. Some Newfoundlanders might object to it, and no doubt the St. Pierre shopkeejiers would strongly oppose any arrangement which would put an end to their lucrative trale of smuggling. This sugge.>stion is entirely my own ; it is a good working arrangement, and should bo acceptable to all but the extremists on botii sides. Under no circumstances should bait be allowed to bo exported to St. Pierre. Recent experience has taught the bait dealers that the indiscriminate sale of bait to the French is suicidal folly even ibr them. Every sensible man in Fortune Bay will approve of my proposal. .'ti > i \ . li *Ka l,i : 1,. : ; l-r- 1 ■ f ■ i| d ':.! n ,; ■ 'f 1 s 4R1 CHAPTER XVI. REIGN OF VIC TO It I A. 1817-1895. .—First Atlantic I'lible liiiided in Trinity \V\y, but soon cchsimI to net. .— I'liiice of Wales visited the Islund. Koinmtioii of the Volmiteer Corp.s. •—Jf- ^\'- Hovlfs became Premier; politiciil riots in f-t. John's, iriirboiir Oriii'e, iind IIitrlK>nr Muin. .—Great distress m\\u^ to bad fisheries. .Steamers used in the seal fishery. — Una. L. O'Brien, Administrator. lU'venne collected at l.abrador. ,— Sir A. Mnsf,'riive, Governor. Coiiledenition of the Dominion of Caniidi. Copper mininjr commenced at Tilt Cove. The Currency .\et eonfirmed. -Present Geologieiil Survey coninieneed. 1'. li. T. Carter became Premier, and Su' H. W. llovles, Chief Justice. --Second Atlantic Cable successfully lan;N OV VK'TOmA, 18,)7-189r). IbSi. — Serious (li>liirl)niu!(' on tlio raihviiy line ( niitllc of l''ox Tiii;)). Sir lli'iirv Fi'z- lliinlinjif Miixsc, (ioM'iMor. First Jiiiiluiiv umliTi'oi!>tLiii'lioii in Ni-wt'ouiid'aiid ; St. tlolm's to Ilarlioui (iiaco. j^SJ. — An Act passed for the construclion of tlic (iiciit Anu'rinin iiiid Kiipipi'aii Short I.iiii- Uiiilwiiv. (^Iiarti'i- jjiaiitiil for tlio I'oii.stnu'lioii of a (iraviiif; Dotk. hir W . v. \\"lii(('wav bcLMiiu' I'rciniiT. llSHIl. — St. Steplu-n's Day Harbour (Irnce riots. Sir V. 15. T. Carter, Adiiiiiiislrator. Sir 11. Maxsu diod in St. .lolm's. Sir .loliii 11. (ilovor. (i.CM.ti., appointi'd (iovernor. Dry Doi-U at Kivcrliead, St. ilolm's, op.Mit'd. II. .M.S. Tnivlos doi'ki'd. Fislicry Ivxhibition lu'ld in London; Sir \. Shea. K.C.M.ti., Coni- niissioner for llu' Ciilony. Kaihvay to Harbour (irace opened tor passciiffers. Hon. K. .Mori is, Administrator in absence of Sir F. 15. T. larler, K.('..\I.G. 188,').-- Ford-Peiinell Convention on l^'reneli fi.sbery elainis. Sir (•'. li. '1'. Carter Administrator. Sir U(d)iTt Tborburn, Premier, (ieneral Flection. 18S(;,— !!eport of Joint Committee on Fishery question. I'iae.'niia Kailwny eommi'nced. Sir F. I!. T. Carter, .Vdminislrator. Sir (i. \V. Des N'u'ux appoiiiti'd (iovernor. lt*S". — The Bait Act became Tiaw. Sir 11. A. .HIake, Governor. Uallot Act pass.d. (.Queen's ilubilee ; Service in Fn;,'lish Catliedral alliMiilcd by all denominations of I'rotestants. Sir A. Shea, K.C.M.tJ., aiipointed (ioten.or of tlie Haliamas. ('olouial Conference hilil in London; Colony represented by Sir K. Thorburn, I'lemicr, and Si'- A. Shea. 188b. — Second >V;isliin^t(>n 'I'ri'atv ne^'otiated ; Hon. J. S. Winter represented the ('(dony. .t/ii(//(.v (■/(•(•;((// eslabiished for two y cats. '!;, t Act put in operation ill March. I'laceiiliii Kiiihvay opciu'd for traffic. Atl to provide Miiiiici|K'.l Council fer St. .lohn's passed. Sir T. X. O'ltrieii appointed lio'ernor. Si- F. H. T. Carter Administrator to January 18^'J. lt!8'J. — (Jeiitfral l'".li ction ; 'riiorburn IJovernment defeated by an imineiise nmjority. Sir W. V. While" ay, I'reiuicr. If'JO. — Act aiitliorisi-.ig iie\> Hailway Line North. Afritation coiiceniinfi the mining viri'iuli with the I'reneh about Lobstei I''actories West Coast. Keeiproeily Treaty vvitii I'nited Suites by Hon. It. liond, Color.ial Secretary ; ])ruvented beiiif,^ carrii^d into etiect by Caniida. ])elej;atioii to Fngland on diliicnltics with '.he I'rcneli. 18',U. — Muuieipal Council Act amended. Delegation to Enifhmd on diHiculties with French. l".leinalioi:al arbitration on Lobster ipiestion to lit! hebl at Mriissels. Hall's Ha\ Kailway eoii.pleled to Trinity iiiid IJonavista Hays. ( elebnitcd ease of Haird V. \\'alker, arisiuiz out of mmliis riniiili, determined by Supri'iue Court ia faviuir of plaiiuill ; C(Uifirin«ed by the I'rivy Council. iSewt'oiuidiand Hill in the House of Comnions. IS'.l^i. — IXath of the Duke of Claience, January 14tli. 'Cerril' calamity and loss of lit'o ill Triuilv liai, February L'8lh. tireiit lire in St. ohii's on ytli and Uth of July. lf*'J',f. — Oeueial election; Sir W. Whiteway's tiovernment returned by a large niiijority. iL'.il. — Flection petitiiuis, sixteen members unseated. (iood idfje (iovei nuieiit formed. Failure of the Commercial and Inioii lianks and many nieicantile houses, (ireeue (ioveriiim'Ut formed. 18it."). — Disability Hill saiieticuied by the InnnTial Government. Sir W. \'. Wliiteway, I'reniier. I ain con.sciou.s (if iiiitny sins of (luii.ssidii iiiid coiuniis.^^ioii in tht' pi'eparation of this most ditiicult ]^t\ri mi my sulije(.t ; whilst t'luloavour- ino' to wi'ito a true history of ti e period. 1 have had tilso to walk, like Agiiy butoie Saul, '". JoIii\som has detined .'7*' -f . y. V ' m^00m.M ■■■.' ,!»ri; ANOLICAK CATIIBDKAL AMJ TllK NAItH'HV<, ST. JOHN'S. IN IN.^j. From a •Irnn t»,g by tkf Jl •: and lift: W. Cir.ii/. patriotism as "the lust refuge of a .sc )undrel." Tiie sham patrlot.s who iiisti^^ateil their dupes to get up these disturlianccs often made religion a -stalking hor.se for their designs on the lieasury : the blatant demagogues wIk* cried oi t that the Catholic Church was in danger, or that the sacred rights of '^rotestautiam were being trampled on, always bloomed out after the n,»''l^e as fat otiiciaN. Instigated by these designing I'lgues, a i'vw rowdies and bludgenii men led the way, iind the sim[)le crow'l that t"i)llowud Mere led to believe that theii' )-ights or their u u 2 484 REIGN OF YICTOTITA, 1857-1805. :ii religion were in danger; in American political slant;' tliis is known as " bulldozing." For a few years after the inception of the Legislature these tactics were pre-eminently successful, especially in Conceiition Bay. We hear most about riots by Catholic mobs, but *he .".ttncks on Catholics by Protestants, in Bay Rolierts and other place';, were r |ually disgraceful. The riots of IHOl marked tlie (.-nd of this discreditalilt; violence ; it was all caused by unscrupulous politicums, there was no strong jiopidar sentiment to sustJtin it : disDrdei' and political rowdyism completely died away shortly nfter these events of hSOl : it would never have arisen had the principles of amalgamation' and fair play to all parties been carried oat on the introduction of res]ionsihle government: but the Protest ints and the Merchants' pa'ty blindh' I'osisted the new movement, antl the Liberals and Catholics, being wiser in their generation, and more skilful politicians, though representing reaiiy a minority of the population, gained the ascendency, and kept it from J 855 to 18(11. Having kept power so long, they were loth to give it uj) ; they inad(} a terrible outcry when they wore turned out in I8(il. When the elections were fairly coutest'-d, the Protestant party, representing a maJDi-iry of th<^ jieople, easily won. In their tuiii they kef4 all tlie departmental offices for themselves : it ik «lue to Sir Hugh Hoyles's memory, however, to state that he offered his op]K>neut» a fair share in the Government — the Pr^siilentship of the Conncil, held by Hon. L. O'Brien, and two dcpaitmental offices — but the Catholics eitht-r could not. oi" would not, coalese<> with, him The prinei[ilf of amalgama- tion, a'i^intr all cljitwes and creeds a lair share of the otfiees ami [jatnmage, was not eari'ied into eti'ect until IStio, under the LiV>eral Atlministra.- tion of Sir Fredei'ick Carter. Sinre tlien. the' relative ]iosition of the great religious bodies has completely changed ; formerly their nun)bers were nearly baianced, now the Pi'otestants out- nundjer the Catholics by nearly two to cue. Sir Alexander Bannevman's adndnistiati(m of the Government lasted from 1857 to 18(j.3 : the period was marked by prospeiity. In the year following his arrival, Hon. P. F. Little, the ab'e leader of the Liberal Sil! 1!. HOlilNSON. /).// Jlui/fics, Rj/de. ' Mr. I.iulc "ffiTed Mr. Hoyles liie Ilovlfs icl'iiscd. No offers wore made on the AltoriU'vCJencnilsliip if lie would assist in t'orniatioii of the first Ministry in 1H,5.'>. the movcmt'iit lor rcspousibk' govennncut ; BURIIJ ELECTION. 483 ted 'ill' party, retired from pnlitics, and was appointed an assistant jud^e of tlie Supreme Court: the Hon. A, V. Des Barres and J. Sinnns, assistant jud^^es of the Supreme Court, having been pansioned, Mr. B. llohinson ;md Mr. Little %ere appointeil in their places; two more able and efficient judges never gni<"d the Bench. One of thf iiu.st mutable events in 1S,59 was tlie hotly contested election of that year. Burin was what tl)e Americans call the pivotal district; there has never been in this Colony anytliiiig like the struggle wliicli took place there; every ottioe holder of the old Assembly, and every Liljeral suitporter, was re([uisitioned for the canipaign fund. Mr. Glen, who nianaged this part of the business, was inexorable; members and othciids fought against the demands of the stern old Receiver-General, l)ut all had to pay down their money. Hoyles iind Evans were the Conservative candidates, the Lil)erals were representeil by A Shea and J. J. Rogei-son ; tiiey were well matched opponents. Mr. Shea, now Sir Ambrose, was the greatest politician of his party, one of the most able men the Colony has produced, and amongst his co- religionists far away the gi'eatest of them all ; he had an opponent woithy of his steel in the Conservative leader. Sir Hugh Hoyles. What the contest cost has never been made public, purity of election was then luidreamt of. The Liliei-als were crediteil with spending nbout £2,000 ; Mr. Hoyles paid all his own expenses, exceedingly close, but the tactics of Mr. Shea, and the intimidation of electors by the celela-ated Cody ( " Avho had a claim " ) at Flat Islands and elsewhere, helped materially to gain the day. The Liberals again carried the Government — the Hon. J. Kent was Premier and Colonial Secretary ; Hon. G. J. Hogsett, Attorney-General ; Mr. Shea, Speaker. The new admini-tration was inferior in strength to Mr. Little's cabinet. Mr. Kent, as Premier, was a most honest and capable official, but his temper was uncertain, he never enjoyed the complete confidence of the Catholic party .uid of Dr. Mullock JOUM STl AKl.' Hi/ S. U. I'arauns. The contest was ' .lohn Stuart, of tlie old tirin of Honnie ami the lioanl of Works. A most able 8timrt iSk r'o., was the most popiihir man in otlioial, kiinlticMt and most genial of men, his Nt'wt'oiindlaiid ; for over 30 jea.s he per- di'ath left a ><)id in the House and uur hearts foriueil the duties of tlie two responsihie which can never be tillud. otfiucii of clerk to the House of A.sseiubly 48(1 HKKIN or VKTOIJIA. IH.'.r KM<),-,. ! i liU(! Iii.s [trcilrccHHor ; Llic rral Iradcr whh Mr. A. Siica 'I'lioMjfli tlic siiiisliiin' ul" ])i(is|Hrilv Imil risen n|)')ii tluin, it did iwit liisl, ; IVn;!! |S(I() to |S(!I tlicrt- wi'W serious divisioiis in (lie |i!irty, the stron;^' and KkilTuI lunid ol' Mr. Little was no loimcr felt, iind the i;re;it l/iheial |iiirtA' lienan to Tall to iiieie.w. Sheii iuid Kent, did not work harnionionsly toe. tJier. Ill |,S(i() the tisliern's ])artiii!Iy I'lided, tiiere was coiisetinent distress, and a hi\isli expenditure ol' relief to ahle-liodii d ))oor ; Mr. Kent, 1 lieliexe, wjis opjiosed to tliis indiscriminate e.\|ieiiiliture. In tiin Mutunin of |.S(i() theic w.'iH a s])ecial se sion ol' tlie Le^isliitnic held hefoi-e ( !hristnins ; it was soon manifest- to outsiders that tliero was w.ir in t.l;e Lilierai camii. A serious eonlliet, luid aiisen eiirlii'r in Mil' year, iietween liishoj) Mnl'ock and tlie administratifin, which eddied ont llie celeliraleil jette'" f,nvcn lieiow.' I lis lordshi]) and Mr. Jnslice Little, tlll^ ('utlldlic pc'llplc of tllL' DIlU'CSl! ol' SI. .Idllll's. " My (lf!ir |.fn|,lf, .luiic, IHCd. " I iiililri'ss Mill tills h Iter im :i iiiiilli r (if \itiil iiM|ilil(r tliiit iiiv ii(l\<)(iiiy of cvci vlliiii;; (Miiiui'cti'il willi llir liii|ndvci! (ill of llic ciiiiiitry pivi's nic n li^lit lo oiler yon [i few « olds of ii(lvil ii'iniiin poor. (Ic;;r.i(liil, llMcl ijjiioiiilil. I'liiirl liy tlic iiiilifjiiiint voirt' of llic jiidpli', lliosi' wlioiii ion tiiill your ri|iii'!'ciitiilivrs pusscd ii Hill yninliii),' *^;i.tMin u yinr for live M'lirs for (iiilporl sti'iuii. ll iip|ii iirs tliiil liy a ilislu nest (inililili', inti'liilril to ilctial llii' inojccl, two ^l(lllm'l■H wiic siini;.'f;lc ll ii.lo llic Hill so lis to rriiilcr till' olI'iT illiiMiiy, in phiiii i'.iiglisli ii tniMiliiijr. " .\ lii'iiiilifiil siraiiicr, in rvciy way mliipl- cil for llif purpose. eMtr!i;:eil lo do llie serviee IlOVtIl aiiit south Mviee a iiioiilli, \Mis (itlered in New York ; I visileil the HJiip myself, and if nIii! was not all tlint was speialied, tlie (•oMiract eoiilil lie tenniiiated at three iiioo'hs' notice. .S|i(! had every uceoiiiiuodallni for passen<:eis and wiiillil ha\e done niorc to (lev lO a year for local sttiam, find the bishop,' a most vii,r()nnu; supporter of improved communicat'ons both by stoam and telegraph, was terribly wroth when his own particular Government refused to recognise liis authority to connnit thcin to a contract ; when his lordship found that the Govennneiit Hinily refused to charter the Vidi.rhi., he dem \niced ^Ir. Kent's administration in this scathing epistle. "" '"■' ■"- x/y year tint marked the publicatio;'. of Bisho}) l\Iullock"s letter is also distinguished in our antuds |iy the arrival of His Uouil Highness the Prince of Wales on his way to Canad i and the Unite[iarenb won all hearts liy h's grace and courtesy. We ilid honour to our tutu)'e sovereign by ;i grand ball, a ri'gatta, a rex lew, and tlie gift of a flug- from the breed of the celebi-ated L'at Sixllivan. Much of the su'cess of the Prince's visit was due '■.n Sii' Alexander and Lady Baniierman, tlie Duke; of Newcastle's tact, and the geniality and retiued c )urtesy of old Earl St. (Jermaiiis, the excellent management of (.Jenerul Tin: rlllNCK Ui' '.VALK:-. that my rnine has liccn made use of to piop II]) tile siippiirters of this system, but I c'lii-iider it (Uu' to myself, ar.d to tliose whom- iiitiivsts I advocate, to repudiate any eon- iiexiou with a pnify who tal:e eare of them- selves, hut do iiothiii;; tor the jienph'. This is uot a political or a religious (pu'stion. it is one of civilization, in wliieh Catliolies and I'loteslaiits, priests ami ministers, are tTially iiiteti'sted." ' Neufoimdiand owes a deep deUt of gratitude to l)r. Mullock ; he was not only the aLli\e, earnest promoter of steam comnuiniea- lioii, both local aail transatlintie. for the ('(I'oiiy, he was the first to advocate a rail- way til Harbour (irace and teii'i;raiihic com- niiinie.ition. The sleainer IVc/ocVf, ( '.iplaiii ('ulwovlli, eventually iiiaufrur.ited local steam coiniiuiiiicatiou nortli and soiilli ; she was utterly unfitted to the service; in September ISfil -he completely broke down, and had to return to Ne« Yolk. In ISli;!, the S.is. Aiiil mas pat on the route north and south, by her ownir, Hon. Taptiiin ( learv ; under her m(l^t careful eomuianib r. IIa)X;in, she did excellent nork, until she was finally replaced by the s'eaiuers Ti'jm|iaiiy iici'.'ormed the work. These splendid ho Its were a vast iinproveiuent on the former e.iasi.il stcamets. ■-' This dog, " rabo!," was afterwards tho Rubjcct of an amiisiiiu: Ian suit. Cahit was a \>iy Hue animal, and Sullivan eharf^ed a riiyal price for him, which the eoininitteo thoU"lit cviirbitaiit. m¥ ¥:" 'm 4^8 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1805. Bruce, tlie Prince's Goverirrir, and the popular pjay yoiuig Captains Grey anti Tet'sdale, the liero of Kars. All went merry a.s a niariin^u bell (luriiijf the three lovely summer clays of the Prince's stay amount us; one and all did their best to make the anspicioiis (Ktcasion a truly joyous time ; our volunteer turn-out and review was a ^icat success. The ^tpring session of 18UI was marked with more dissensions in the Government ranks about poor relief.^ An injudicious utterance of the Premier brought matters to a cliuiax ; the strife in tl.e ])arty was so keen that there would have been a split ever if this untoward event had not hapjtened. Mr. Kent, in his place ir the House of Assembly', openly accused Sir Alexansage of this Hill, urging his claim to be paid his official salary in British sterling. •' In a debate on this question, Mr. Iloylea stated that Mr. Kent had not consulted his colleagues before replying to the Governor. Mr. Hogseft contradicted him ; " He con- sulted me,"' said the ex-Attorney-General. " Then if lie consulted you," replied Mr. Hoyles, "he would be sure to put his foot iu it." * L'or the result of the election, see p. 064. RIOT IN ST. JOHN'S. 489 riot, except in the districts of St. John's, Harhour (Iraco, ami Harbour Main. The result completely clianifLMi the position of jKilitii-al ])arties. There was a .serious disturbance in Harbour Main bc'twt'cn the rival Catholic candidates, HoL^sett and Furey, on one side, Nowlaii and Byrne on the other. The attempt to invade Cats Cove (now tloncHption Haibour) with a stronj;- Harbour Ma'n continj^ent caused terrible bitterne.ss, the death of one man, and the looting and destruction of property. After a protracted contest before the election connnittee, Nowlan and Byrne were sul>se([uently declartMl duly elfcteil. On the i;ith of May l«()l, the (Jovernoi- opened the new House of Assembly, His Excellency was hooted, and a violent mob surrounded the Colonial Buildinjf and attempted to break thri)U^h the doors. ^ Me-srs. Ho^.sctt and Furey, who claimed to be elected -for Harbour Main on a certificate from the reluming ofHeer, which it was afterwards stated was obtained by intimidation, took their .seats in tlie House. They were ordered to withdraw from the Assendily ; they refused ; Mr. Hoffsett was then removed by the police, and Mr. Furey followed. Later on the same day, there was a serious riot in St. Jnhn's ; a mob broke into the premises of Messrs. Nowlan and Kitchen (relatives of Mr. P. Nowlan, the mend)er for Harbour Main\ on Water Street. The soldiers were onlered out, Col. G)'ant and Jutr. Carter or Mr. ^enn^tt, the magistrates. The behaviour of Col. (iiant was most for- bearing ; for nearly two hours he endeavoured to make the mob retire peaceably. The jVfir/'oiindldnder that altaeked .Mr. Hoyles and the Governor so bitterly on this subject, made the same attack on the (iovernmeut about the Harbour (irace election. Wiiat was the result there when order was restored and the election fairly conducled? Both Messrs. Ilayward and Moore were returni^d by double the number of votes received by I'rendergast. No one can doubt now that Sir Alexander was fully justified in dismissing the L'remier and hi> .Ministry when he made su -li a ehar;;e against the (jiieen's Representative, and re- fii8t-d to withilraw or apologise. Hon. T. Talbot, sheritT (t\vi Protector of the District Judges), an eminent and devout (Jatholic, says, in his short History of the Colony: " Xo Governor fit for his position would have taken any other course than the oue adopted wm^ 490 KFJGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. i killed and twenty wouniled ; amongst the iiijnrcil was tlie estinialtle Father O'Dimnell, i\>v whom gvoat .symi>athy was expre>S"d among nil classes. The whole troulilo was due to the turbulence of tlic defeated candidate Ho^'sctt and the violence of a few rowdies. The uid'ortunate riot in St. John's was the direct oiitcoine of the Harbour Main election. lM»r a time it !ii)peared like an orj^anised att('mj)t to make |iarliiinieiitary government imp()s.sil»le ; thanks, however, to tiie exertions of Bishop Mullock and his cleri^'y, and the general good sense of the community, order wa-i comph^tely restoi'ed. The next day the town was as (|uiet as u- OF 18f.l. Newfoundlander, May 14th, IRf.l. " The military should never be called out, and never are called oat, where jirudenee and fTooil order i>revail, luitil the civil powers of ie|ression have been proved insulbcient, and this was notoriously not the case here, ior the means of increiisin;^ them to I'tficicney in the way W(. sufiizesf, had been ne;.'lected. "Well, what iniirht have been anticipated fallowed; the piesenceof the troops ''xci'.ed inew the fury of some of the townspeople. 'I'hose who bad been before then dispersiufr bejiau to collect afiaiii ; stones were thrown at the soldiers; Colonel Grant was insulted and struck ; provocation followed provocation, and the order wi>s jriven to lire. Then came that terriKe discliarpfe which yet tlu'ills with horrcr every soul who heard it, thnt sound which told of slaui'liter to tJe iiii.ocent and guilty, perhaps to the innocent alone, as the blow mifflit chance to fall ; and then was the air rent with such shrieks as the sudden and. awful sense of ihe death sunnuons can alone ])roduce. Seven shots t(]|d, thn e of theiii mortally; one man. named Clitl'ord, an aired widow's only son and suppoit, died on the instant. The two others, Hunt and Fitz- I'atrick, liufrered but a short time ; the latter was on ehlirly invalid, wiei had only the dav before comi,' out of the hospital, and thou;;h. unhappily for the jioor fellow, niaUiuij one of the crowd, (piite incapable of n.ischief, both ironi aj^eand infirmity. Amonfist thewounded, we iiritve to say, was the liev. .Jeremiah O'Donntll, one of the most esteemed and loved priest in the island. I'i.vhausted from his previous labours of the day, he called a resiiectable num. named I'alrick .Mirick, whom he saw in tlie crowd, anil took him to lean on and help him tliroujih, while he entreated and implored them, for the love of Co^i)'2, will always ho rememhcreil as " the sjirintr of the Poli/iiiti and Ganii>i>ril(i>i;ii," two Dunde- whalers that weiv sent out to pros'.'cute the .sea! tis!;erv. Within the memory of man then' h is never l)e(>n such an ice hlockade : for weeks and weeks it hicw a " solid " noi'th-<'ister ; th^ seiliiii;' .steamers did not take a seal. 1 he ill wind, however, blew wealth utitolil into (Ireen l»ay ; all ah'Ug our Mirick, who was with liliii, 'vas shot in tho thijrh, and, uf coiirsf. vi-rv sitkimsIv iiijiiroil. WliL'ii till' ahiriii ran;;' tlu'oiiffh tlic cio'vil that thi' \^r\v-\ had ln'i'ii s)i(it down, tht-ir slrnn^rf.'-t t''MdiM;.'s were iiroiiscd (o a di'j.'rt'i', sciniinj^dv, l)cvond all control, and iidiniatcd diMiiands fur vf:'pianci' wcru licard in cvitv direction. At tliihi critical juncture came a::ain tin," nuxt pr.ii.*cworthv services of titc Catholic cler;ry a id Jildjit.' Little. They |)Ositivel_v left no II caiK nncni])Io_ve(l to restrain the people, ami h:i 1 they done less than they did, we arc assured hy uudoiihtcd eye-wifntsses that direful retaliation woidd have followed. The jiiil;;c, at imiuiiu'iit peril to his life from stones on the one hand and musket halis on the other, rushed into the niidille of the ineh'e. H(? calli'.l u]ion the ina^rislratc, ^lr. lieiinclt, to retire the troops for the safety of the town. Mr. Hennctt deciined. The .judire then a.-sertcd his own superior authority, and assured ( cilontd (irant of peace if he would withdraw his soldiers. This a>~urance was stroii;;ly endorsed hy Crockwell, .).]'., who came up a* the moment, and with wise and cool discerinncnt saw and declared the judjic's j.roposed course t.i he the right one in all r.spccts. The Colonel at once consenteiiiiti- ficals, and. «illi heartfilt and meting suppli- cations, conjured the people to he calm, to keep the peace, and to go to their homes, lie then presiiited to them the ( halice I'on- taining the .Most Holy Saeiaineiit, and exacted a ]M(nnise from ail present tli.it, for the hoiKuir of the Hiviiie I'reseiiei , they would (hey his instructions, and endeavour to indiieo all wilhin their intlueuce to do the same. Soon after this all externally was restored to tiMii(|uillity, and no disiurhancc or hrcach of the peace took ]>lace in the iiiglit. His l.ordsliip, (ill the folio iving evening, repeated his exhortation to peace, and \ itli siuh excellent ert'ect that, lliank (iod, all is w(dl up to the time we write. The present is not the iiKuneiit for rceriminaiioii or for any other ivords than those which may tend, with Heaven's hel[), to soften down ]iassion stimu- lated to matliiess. " .\t a more fiiting period respon'-ihilily for the present slate of llie ivinmuiiity will ihuihtlef'S hi' fised upon its causes and acces- sories, lint now the iminediale and paramount duty of all is to strain every nerve for tho coni-crvatii n of peace and order, and to avoid, as far as ]iossiide, every suhject or proce((ling calculated to fVeshen or keep alive the hitter aching memories of those events we liave endeavoured to describe. A\'e are ha|ipy to be enabled to add that [•'ather ( I'ljonnell, for whom sncli universal sympathy exist?, is satisfact(UMly recovering from the elTccts of his accident." AM IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I JfflllM IIM •^' fflM IIIII2.2 .1 m - lis lllllio 1.8 1.25 1.4 1 1.6 •4 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 4 wA^ ^ i\ \\ ^^ A ''''-*^ ^ 6^ %^ 2t WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i/.A '^ ■ 492 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. nortliprn coash tlie catch of seals by shore men was the Ifirgest on recoi'd ; £25,000 was made l)y one tinn, Muir and Diider, out of this remarkable windfall. The cod fishery of this year was a partial, and the ship seal fishery almost a complete failure * — the worst season sinCe 1845 — the whole export of seal skins amounting oidy to two hundred and sixty thousand. In the following year Sir Alexander Banjieiiuan "^ resigned his Governoi ship ; he was a man well stricken in years, and died in the year following his retirement from Newfoundland. He will long be honoured in our tuemories as an honest, straightfor- w.ird administrator ; a genial, kindly, liberal old Scotchman, with a dry, pawky humour, essentially Abcrdonian. I ilo not remember that he had any pri'judice in the world except against the (.}al\vay line. The early spring of this year was marked with the terrible shipwreck of the S.S. Amjlo-Hidxoii at Clam Cuve on 27th, accompanied with great sill \. IIANNEKMA.N. From an olil pnrtrait. ' The season of 1862 was un])rL'i'fd('iife(l ; ftii' Hftv-two (la_v8 the wind was inshore, X.K. to K.X.K., and for more f'. mi two niontiis not u. diop oi rain fell. The papers of the dav s'leak of the eerlain decline of the seal fishery. Tliey attribute the losse'. made in this industry to the lar^^e sl/e and expense of the more modern vessels. The yvwfimmUandi'r, of 7tli .Vpril, \»(yi, says: — " New eapitjil will eertainly not be invested to any amount in the costly ships that have lieen in vo^ue. of late years, and it looks as thoMfrh the ehoice will lie between the vessels of the olden time and serew steaniens. We think, whether we will or no, the trade will eome to be earriedim bv naeans of steamers. Their fadure in the present year [I'oli/iiia and i.'iiiiiperiloum^, when all iiave failed from eanses without jirecedent, and beyonil all human contnd, will, perha,»s, not deter the same parties from anothe'' attetu|it ; and should the adventure suceeed, we nnist go to work with all the same means, or be content to abandon the en;erprise altogether.'' Lettkr khom Caitain K. White to Juu KitoH, 6th April 1862. Kranthea at !Sea. After referring to the wind, N.N.K. and E.N.K., and Rea, he says : — " \» to losses, I am afraid the number will be fearful. 1 have seen some six or eight jfo down the last few days, among which are the Kmilii Tuhin. Melrose, and xhc Miminrft, besides several others I cannot name. Wliile 1 am writing there is so much sea, ant General Gordon, and the celebrated Margaret beloved by Thomas Carlyle. I ' .,jr'i -P oLALlNL. Vl.oULLo i.i..iV I ;; I, .,1. JOllN:i, iM.irtli i:.t. iSbj. St I! -A ''i ..l.Al.Ir.i ir J »' 111 "I M 1 1''!'' 'm if B i STEAMERS AT THE SEAL FISHERY. 493 WALTER aniKVE. loss of life. The stea'ner Bloodhound, belonging to Baine, Johnston & Co., commanded by the late Captivin Alexanrler Graham, and the Wolf, belonging to Walter Grieve & Co., William Kean master, inaugurated the employment of steam in the seal fishery. The first attempt was a comparative failure ; the Bloodhound arrived, 22nd April, with tlu'ee thousand, and the Wolf, with thirteen hundred seals, on the 28th.» A limited supply of water wjis provided for St. John's by the water company instituted in 1848. The flow was derived from Geoi'ge's Pond, Signal Hill, and wa.s found very beneficial ; later on there was a demand for a larger and fuller ^u ■''toffott, RiMurgh. frnpYAy. In 1863 the town was at length furnished with an almost unlimited quantity of water from Winsor Lake, by the General Water Company. A great blunder was made in the engineering by an official whom the company l\ad distinctly refused to employ. Sir A. Shea and the other directors weakly gave way, and the works cost the Colony about 3120,000 more than they should have done. However, we cannot grumble; ' j supply of pure water is simply iuvaluable, and, if properly managed, it offers a complete ]>rotection against fire. No town in the worM has such a water supjih' as St. John's, in proportion to its pojiulation. TIk; natural pressure is sufficient to reach the highest points in the city. The supply is beautifully soft, clear, cool, and absnlutely puie drinking water ; much of the success of the water company is due to the good management of our veteran sportsman, John Martin. During the interval between the departure of Sir Alexander in I80r{, and the arrival of Governor Musgrave in 1804, Hon. Lawrence O'Brien, IIOX. L. O BRIKS. From an olil photograph. * The next trip of the SS. Bloodhound is coiiunenioriitcd in a local pooin :- "The Mary Joyce Is stuck in the ice, And so is the liUmdhound too, Yoiinir Hill Uyan li'ft Terry behind To paddle his own canoe." 'ir U ^■14; ^ '■i m ■ ■ tf-r I'- • >(yi 1 ' \ -i : 'i'X ■ : lH 't ■• •■ i\ A' i '' W 1 nLj 1 ■ i bl 494 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. 811! A. MlSOli.W K. K. C.M.I*. llj) Dttryea, Adilaiile, President of the Council, ailniinistered the government uith dignity and efficiency. Duiing the four years of Mr. Musgrave's tenure of tlie Governorship there were great clianges, I)rogress, and poverty. Sir Anthony was an amiable and painstaking adminintnitor ; he was thought a great deal of at the Coloi.ial Office as an able writer of de.spatihes, and no doubt he made the Home Government believe that he was able to carry confederation in the Colony ; iis never, however, had aiiy real power or influence in Newfoundland.' By the end of 18()4 Sir Hugh Hoyles' health had so completely failed tliat he was no longer able to bear the heavy burthen of his office ; lie had literally worked himself to death's di)or. In 1.SG5 he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a position of comparative ease — as a lawyer Sir Hugh Wfis unrivalled. He made a model judge, the most painstaking, able and impartial administrator of justice that ever graced the bench of any British colons' — an indefatigable worker, he gave no complaints for the law's delays. His decision of character, his amiable manners, and his extreme courtes}^ endeared him to all. We were all proud of Sir Hugh as the mo.st distinguished Newfoundlander of our day. The leadership of the party naturally fell on the shoulders of the present Chief Justice. In the election of 18G5 Sir Fi'ederiek's Government was sustained by a lurge majority. The great political movement of the time was the confederation of British North America. To complete the union our Island was necessarily included in the scheme : Sir Frederick and Sir Ambrose Shea wtre sent as our delegates to the great confederation conference, and returned sill r. B. T. CAUIEI!, K.C.M.O. Jiy S. II. Parsons. ' Sir Anthony Musgrave,K.C.M.G.(1875) (C.M.G. 1871), W118 Private Secretary to jlr. Alackintosli wiieii (Jovemor-in-Chief of the Leewunl I^IiiiuIh, IS.'iO-Sl i entered as student at the Inner Temple, 18.51 ; appointed treasury accountant ut Antigua, 1853 ; re- sumed legal studies at the Temple in 1853; ap|)Dinted Colonial Secretary of Antigua, February \%h\ \ administrator of the Colony of Nevis, October I860; Administrator of (lovernment of St. A'iueent, April 1861; appointed Lieutenaut-Uovernor of St. Vin- ' CONFEDERATION WITH CANADxV. 495 witli a draft of the terms on whi.-h we might become iinitpd with the Dominio:i. The proposals to unite our destinies with Canada were not received with enthusiasm. The main (luestion wius one of terms ; what woukl Canada give us in return for surrendering our independence ? The offer fi'oin the Dominion on the all-important subject of a railwaj' and a steam ferry has hitherto Ixjen vague and ui.'certain; but even if any such tangible offer had been made before IcSGO, looking back now at the exeitc-d condition of our population on tlie subj(!ct, I very much doubt if any tei'ms would have been accepted. The anti-confederate party were strong in tnindiers, powerful in organi- sation, and their leader, Mr. Charles Fox Bennett, showed himself a most able and indefatigable political campaigner. Tlis awful tales that werd told about taxation, about rannning the new-born babes down Canadian cannon, " bleaching their bones on the desert sands of Canada," had a tremendous effect on the simple out-liarbour people. There still lingeis amongst them a traditionary remembrance of the sufferings their fi)rr- fatheis endured from the French Canadian and Indian raids uiade in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, and this partly accounts for their dread of Canada; Irish national feeling, their hatred of the Union, brought about by fraud and l»'il>eiy, was also appealed to. The result was an overwhelming defeat fur the Confederate party ; thev were simply annihilated, and from that day to this Confederation has never been put forward before the country as a practical p;ditical question.' Both from an Imperial and Colonial point, the union of the British North American Colonies is a eonsunnnation devoutly to be wished : it is all a (juestirju of terms. There are, however, soma obieofions to union. Since the death of the great Sir John A. ItleDonald theic is no statesman in Canada strong enough to guaiantee us such terms as we would accept. There are also great drawbacks in Cana 'a's protectionist tariff; the Dominion is a fish producer and not a fish consumer: our business relations and our future market lie with the United States ; the customers and consumers of our inexhaustible fisheries are the sixty-three million Americans. Canada's latest move on the Blaine |3; iia, ny of lli ci'iit, May 1802; Governor of Ncwfouiulland, April 18G4; Governor of Hritish Colunil>i;i, June ISG'J; Lientenanl-(tovernor of Natal, May 1872 ; Governor of Houth Australia, 1873; Governor of Jamaica, 1877; (io- vernor of A'ictoria, where he died. He married the only daughter of David Dudley Field, of New York. Sir Anthony came to this Colony with the full assurance of carrying confi'dcration. He was a good writer, and an amiahle man, who made few enemies. "' Our modern Newfoundland legislatorg have carcvd fame in various waytt. t*iir \V. V. Whitewny will he handed down to ])osterity as the introducer and .xueeissful jiiomoter of the niilway ; Sir Robert Thorhurn is immortalized hy a great road — the Thorhurn turnpike; Mr. (ioodridjre as the Hupert of debate ; Sir James Winter for his connexion with the (.'liaiuberlaiD-Hluine Treaty ; Mr. Murray for his amusing campai^rn literature ; but all these celebrities sink into insignificance compared with the first intro- ducer of the jiublie grindstone, where every man could grind his own axe at the public expense, tjkipper Johq Bartlett, the auti- "[ii 40*^ REIGN OP VICTORIA, 1857-1895. It), i: >, i! Hv V-v»^ nox. jonx ubmihteb. ]iy S, If. ParioHS. Bond Convention has alienated the feelings of many Newfoumllandors who were fonnorly Cimfederates. Great impetus was given to mining by the operation of C. F. Bennett and Smith McKay in the great Tilt Cove Mine ia 1864, to-day one of the finest copper deposits in the Colony. The geological survey was C9njmenced under the late Mr. Alexr. Murray, C.M.G,, in 1865, continued by his able successor, Mr. Jas. Howley, F.R.G.S. In 1866 the telegraph cable wtis successfully landed in Hearts Content ; in August the end of the 1865 cable was picked up, and the gulf cable repaired by McKay in the Bloodhomul. 1867 is noted as the year of the " great fishery " and the great Labrador gale ; the destruction of boats, shipping, and stages was enormous. The large firms had most of their losses covered by in- surance ; to the poor settlers and small planters it was a terrible calamity. In 1868 a vigorous effort was made by the Carter Government to suppress able-bodied poor relief; it was a bold move, all the best men in the party supported the measure, and it was pre-emi- nently successful. Sir Frederick's administration and all his party were overthrown in 18(59, and Mr. Bennett formed an administration, which in its turn was again defeated in 1873, through the defection of three of its supporters. Mr. Bennett's tenuie of oflSce corresponded with the Governorship of Sir Stephen Hill, K.C.M.G. In July 18G0, direct steam to England by the Allan Line was permanently established. Vessels of the same line had been making calls each year since the S.S. North American first came to St. John's in January 1862. The Bennett Government was a most able and progressive adminis- tration. The Premier had always been an indefatigable promoter of i;OX. C. F. BKNNETT. Bll Linthnll. lil-ii confederate member for Brigus, was the prime mover in this great public improve- ment—a most popular move. Besides the p\iblic grindstone at Brigus, there are sub- sidiary public grindstones at Bareneed, Port de Grave, Clarke's Beach, and Pick Eye. The late T. D. Scanlan is my authority ; he says : " I have used the public grinder myself, and ground my own hatchet at the public expense." If MINING OPERATIONS. 497 lunis- ?.r of Eye. he riuder (tt the 8IR STKPIIKN HILL. ronds ; the present efficient police is due to Mr. Bennett's statesmanlike sagacity ; during his tenure of office there were successful fisheries, good harvests, and general prosperity ; tlie revenue rose in 1871 to $831,100. In the mining industry, the increase was very marked under the fostering care of the great pioneer of this industry (Mr. Bennett) ; the largo expenditure of wages in Green Bay to the copper workei-s added largely to the resources of our working population, and helped to diffuse general ]»rosperity throughout the Colony. The most exciting subject in 1 872-73, next to the all-ab.sorbing question of confederation, was the right of our Government under tlie Charter to pre- empt the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company's rights and plant. With the exception of a few c(X)l headed individuals, everyone went mad aliout monopoly and pi'e-emjjtion. Mr. H. Labinichere, M.P., a leading shareholder in the Direct Cable Company, has always had the credit of engineering this great tiiianciul dodge. Our telegraph company's stock, known amongst financiers as " Dogs," stood at a high figure (above par) ; as it was a highly speculative stock, it probably was rated above its I'eal value. A shi-ev/d operator discovered this point alx)ut irre-eviidion. He saw that if sufficient pressure or inHuence coulil be gained over the Newfoundland Government to get them to decide that they would pre-empt, or that they would not waive their right of j>re-emptic)n, the stock could be beared to a large extent. To accomplish this end the great writer Lawrence Oliphant was sent to influence Governor Hill. The Duke of Buckingham wrote to the Premier on the subject ; the Hon. J. Tobin and a Mr. Cole were also sent out to the Colon}'. Lawyers' opinions were published th it the Newfoundland Company's plant nught be taken over by our Government as so much old wood and iron ; we Avere to receive a handsome yearly revenue fur the right to land on our shores ; even ministers of the Gospel were dragged from their sacred functions to go sounding in Plucentiu Bay ; money was spent like water, and at last the desired result was obtained. At the moment that it suited the stock-jobbei-s, a telegram was sent by our Government that " they would not waive their right of pre-emption," " Dogs " declined 9^. a share, and a ring of speculators who had prepared this elaborate plan pocketed £400,000 sterling. Pretty nearly all the influential men in / p. 2729. II 408 EKIfSN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. tl'.e Colony were drawn into this clever, unscrupiilouH gnmo, and the most res|)ectnl)le indiviilimlH uiiiongst u^ were paid agents in workinjj out this great financial dodge. Pre-emption was the wildest, maddest, most absurd proposal ever entertained by a Government ; to commit us, with our snudl revenue, to the piu'chase of a specidative concern like a cal)le and a telegraph ; to risk our revenue for about ten years on a thing that might l)e gold today and utterly worthless tomorrow; — George Law's Mississippi Kcheme was nut more fantastic. E u .1 i I ''■■■ if iri^ t:: ■:'f\ THE KAST END OF WATER STREET IlKFORE THE FIRE OF 1802, From a phittuuntph hy A'. II. I'arsuns. The most humorous thing alx)ut the wliole atTair was the way in which it WJis niannged ; that the agents, the paid pamphleteers, the subsidized pi-ess jind the whole army of cla'pienrs should gird at tlie monopoly and attack the Anglo-American Company, was only meet and right. They were paid for it, and I am bound to say they did it well, they earned their money ; but that the whole outside public, unpaid and disinterested, should clamour for the same object, that virtually the whole Colony should aid and abet a great stock-jobbing trick, seems really too absurd ; however, there are men amongst us, even to this day, who will not believe that the ottei's made to our Government were a sham and the whole affair a delusion and a snare. The high moral tone assumed by Labouchere and all these financing agents is quite delightful. Our Government was quite prepared to pre-empt if they could obtain a good guarantee for reimbui'sement in ANGLO-AMERICAN PRT^-EMPTION'. 499 € goUl rt'fiv in lis, the lit tlio lot and well, unpaid lly tlie seems is day, vere a nicing red to bnt in case of loss; they applied for tliis purpose to tlie Hiitish (Sovei-nnieiit hut none couM he ohtiiiiied, and so Sir F. Carter's (luvernment very proper!}', tlierefore, refused to entertain the Nuhjeet. The following extract of a letter fron> Mr. Lahouehere to(!oveinor Hill shows the kind of vaj^ue promises on wliieh our (lovernment were requested ti> run so enormous a risk :— " Sluiukl you, Sir, termiimtL' the csistiup itionoiiol.v in 187t. and take over tlio Iniul lines of the island, fur tlio vnltH' of tlioir iilaiit and niiitiTial. I am int'uinnd by ros])(nisil)le ca|)italistrt that they will he ready, if it be wished, to take over your lines at i rental, agreeing to h)\ver the tiirilf, and tu allow all caldes to land on your siiores, and to advance money on the guarantee of the rental to enahlo your eolony to pay otf .Mr. Fiehl. In fact, they are ready to enter into any arrau'.je- nient with you whieh may faeilitate tlie operation, so anxious are all eomnuruial houses and our daily press to reduce the heavy cost of traiisathmtic telegrams. " I have the honour to be. Sir, " Your Excelleney's most obedient liundile servant, " To Sir S. Hill, K.C.M.G. J1i;miy I.Aiiun iikkk." One of the most humorous thiivj;s was the tiiial restdt. The hii; teloo;raph muuopi)list, John I'eiider, of the Au^Io-Aiiiericau, oainrd a controllinjf inthience over the Direct Cable Com[)aiiy, and the 1 alanees dne to the lawyers and claciueurs aoainst the Aiiolo-Aiueriwin and their mono])oly were all tdtiniately paid thronoh the coiiipaiiy's iincnt, A. .M. Mac Kiiy ; so ended the faree. The election returns of 1873 pive a sma'l uiajority to the Ijeinietfc Oovernment, hut it was of a doubtful character; bv a series of iiitrii^ues well understood at the time, j^Ir. T. K. Bennett, member for Fortune Bay, and tlie Surveyor-Cieiieral, Hon. Heiiiy Renouf, took ottico as District £04 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. HON. A. W. UIKVEY. Jiy S. U. Parsons. f The Hon. A. W. Harvey spoke as follows on this occasion : — " The amount of the award made by the Commission is declared by the Americans to be out of all pro])ortion to the privilegos of fishery they have obtained, and to no part of the award did they object so vehemently ns to the portion allotted to Newfoundland ; in fact, they insisted that Newfoundland should be ruled out of court altogether. Bj' reference to the terms of the Washington Treaty it will be seen that they do not specify what the remuneration, if any were awarded, was to be paid for. 'I'hey do not say, for instance, that if the fishery privileges granted are ten limes more valuable than those given to ns on the coast-) of the United States, the award should he propor- tioned to that. Nor do they say that the extent to which the United States fishermen used those fisheries over nnd above the extent to which British fishermen used the United States fisheries, should be the gauge of conijiensation. It is the value of the privilege of fishing the claim was based on, which was a very difficult and intricate matter to get hold of and decide upon. If the value of the fisheries were to be a basis, then five million dollars would not be a tl;be of what the United States should have to i)ay for their use of the fisheries of Newfoundland, Now Brunswick, and Nova Scotia: and he should have said that one million dollars would be utterly inadequate to represent the value of our fisheries, if that were to be the standard, as we contended they were worth more than all the fisheries the United States fishermen were admitted to participate in on the coasts of the other provinces. There would be hardly a disputation that the fisheries between Cape Ray and Cape John were of more worth than the combined fisheries of the neighbouring colonies ; and if upon that principle the award had been decided, we should have received more than two million five Imndred thou- sand dollars of the whole sum. But as that would have been manifestly unfair, I consider the ends of justice were more conserved by paying this Colony one million dollars than the larger amount. No doubt the Nova Scotia fisheries are far more interfered with by the United States fishermen than are ours, and the extent to which they use, and will use them, is four times greater than the us.- they will make of ours ; therefore 1 consider we had made an uncommonly good bargain in securing the proportion of the award that has been paid to us." The Hon. A. Shea said : — " He regarded this issue as involving much more than the money con.^idera- tion, for it established the value ascribed by an impartial authority to a right to participate in our fisheries for 12 years, and the House would see the importance of this decision in the event; of any future negotiation in which it became necessary to appraise the worth of the fisheries of this country. And it had this fui ther great value, that looking at the temper of the Americ.m people on the subject of the award, they would not be likely to ask for a renewal of the case, and in thus becoming rid of the presence of active competition in our fisheries, wo should be gainers in a degree far beyond any supposable amouut to be desired as alleged compeusatiou for the privilege of participation." ji r IK ' ii:. VALUE OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND SHORE FISHERY. 505 i.^idern- ight to unco of cessary fuither bject of ]n thus Inid bo LUeged Sir W. V. Whiteway, the Attorney-General, after acknowledging the vote of thanks, concluded by saying : — " For some years after the signing of the Washington Treaty it appeared to be very doubtful whether or not the Halifax Commission would ever sit. The question was international between Great Britain and the United States. Numerous despatches were interchanged between the two Governments in reference to the subject. At length, in the yenr 187G, official information reached us to the efl'ect that the Commission would probably sit in 1877, and we were required by the Imperial Government to prepare our case. Two meml)er,s of the Executive, the Hon. Mr. Donnelly and myself, were nominated to perform this duty. We did so, and had our case ready to submit to the British Agent, Mr. Ford, who witli Mr. Bergne visited 8t. .John's on his way to England from Canada, where they had been engaged for about two months with the fishery officials of the Dominion and several eminent counsel in the preparation of the Canadian part of the ease. The stay of Messrs. Ford and Bergne here was short, some two weeks only, as our prepared case needed little or no alteration, a re-arrangement being all that was required to make it accord with the case of Canada. And here it aHords me infinite plcas-ure to refer to tho eminent services rendered by the hon. Surveyor-General, Mr. Donnelly. The services rendered by Judge Bennett, Mr. Fraser, and Mr. Kelligrew may bo gathered from the records of the CommiBsion. By their evidence and by aboiifc twenty affidavits our case was sustained, and there was not a point which was not secured. I may say it was not only nailed home, but each nail was clinched, and our position rendered invulnerable. On the part of the United States there were about seventy witnesses examined and a similar number on behalf of Canada, in addition to which they each produced between two and three hundred affidavits. A treaty had been entered into between Great Britain and the United States, by which the United States had conceded to Great Britain the right of fishing upon a certain part of tho American coast and a free market in the United States for Canadian and Newfoi^ndland caught fish and ])roduce, and in return Great Britain had conceded to the United States the right of fishing in Canadian and Newfoundland waters in common with British subjects. We alleged that the value of our concession was greater than that made by the United States. This Commission, appointed by virtue of the treaty, was to try that question, and to award the ditterence in value, if any, to Great Britain. Now, the United States counsel candidly admitted, firist, that the concession to us to fish in American waters was of no value to us, as we could never use it; and secondly, it was our argument at the trial and clearly proved that for us to have the right of importing into the United States our fish and fish produce duty free was an advantage to the United States as a nation ; it gave them a cheaper article, upon the principle that the consumer always paid the duty, and in this case it was shown by conclusive evidence thai, duty or no duty, the Canadian exporter of mackerel had averaged about the same returns in his account sales. A duty simply operated as a protection to the United States fishing interests as a distinct business. To take it off was an injury to that interest, but a benefit to tho United States as a nation. It was with the nation that Great Britain was d(>aling : therefore the concession of a right of fishing on the American coast was admitted to be valueless, and tho right of free market was shown to be a benefit to the United States and no additional value to us. On the other L.nd, Newfoundland conceded to the United Stntes a free right of fishing on the coast from Ramca Islands by Capo Race to Capo John. What was the value of this concession ? Had the Commission found notliing in our favour, what would have been tho effect hereafter in British negotiations with the United States and with France P Let ua h'' nil 9 I 11 ifij ^ I 506 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. for a moment suppose the case of Great Britain proposing to vs to give the French a free right of tishing all along onr coast, with a view to the sohition of our so-ciillcd French Shore dilHcnUy. We know that this course would prove our ruin, but the argument of Great Britain to us would have been unanawerablo :— ' You have had ' the opportunity of a solemn inquiry before a ' disinterested tribunal sitting in the very centre • of your fisheries, where every facility was nc ' hand for fully investigating their value, and the • conclusion arrived at, after six months inquiry ' by that tribunal, was, that a r'glit to fish ah)ng ' your coast was not worth anythinnr." I venture to sny that jmibably the true po-^ition and im- portance of this inquiry was not generally appre- ciated hi re at the time of this Commission, or wo should not have had loose, ill-considered opinions expressed. The decisicm liad established tl.at} which would for all time endure to the benefit of the country. It has been decided after a most rigid invcMigalion that the right to fish along a portion of our coast for 12 years, under the facts given in evidence, is wortli one million dollars. AVe have now an establi>hed basis, and I look npon this as of the greatest importance, and that upon which we cannot set too high a value." Sir Froderic Carter havinj^ taken his seat upon the Bench, Hrst as Assistant Judj^e, and in 1880 as Chief Justice, in succession to Sir Hugh W. Hoyles, who had been compelled to letire by tailing health, the conduct of affairs devolved on Sir William Whiteway, K.C.M G. ; he showed himself most progressive in his ideas. In 1880 he passed the fiist Railway Bill for a liglit railway from St. John's to Hall's Bay,^ 8IB W. V. WHITEWAY, K.C.M.O. Sy S. ir. JPiii-soim. ' The Hall's Uav Kailwat. The Bill was founded on the following report, prepared by a .Joint Committee of the Lefiisliitivo Council and the House of As- sembly, and is !\n a(bi;iral)Ie resuiitv of the reasons for building llie railway : — "April 2nd, 1880, " The .Toint Committee of the Council and House of A.ssenibly appointed to consider the (lue^'tion of eonstructiuff a railway in this i.sland, have to report tluit they have {{iven the most careful considcrution to this nuitter, and beg to state the result of their delibera- tions. " The ipicstion of the future of ourgrowi.iij population has for some time engaged the earnest attention of all tlioughtful men in this country, and has hei'ii the subject of serious solicittule. 'I'he lisheries heing our main resourci', and to a large extent the only dependi'iiee of the people, those periodic partial failurt's which are ineidint to such [lursuits continue to hi' attended with reeuriing visita- ti(ms of pauperisu, aiul tiiere seems no remedy to be found for this eundition of things but that which may lie in varied and extensive pursuits. "This reflection would apply with force to the present population, but when we eon- template it in relation to our increasing numliers, the necessity of dealing with the fulijeet urgently presses itself on our con- sideration. "Our fisheries have no doubt increased, but not in a measure corresponding to our increase of |'op ilation. And even though they were ea])al)li' of buing further expanded, that object would be largely neutralised by the decline in jirice whieh follows from a large catch, as no inere.isc of markets can le founr estii- Bnsjicul 1 iiiiiios |v,n to HALL'S BAY RAILWAY. 507 In the autumn of 1880 tl)e survey vjis completed from St. John's to Harbour Grace. Tenders were rect'ivod from various rapitahsts exist, and there is every rcivson to believe from recent explorations that a f;reiit amount of wealth in copper and our, it is felt that in our circumstances no etfort within the means of the Colony sho'ild be wanting to supply this great lirsideralum. " rhey are not unmindful of the finan. cial considerations involved, hut having re- gard to the influence of such a. work :n elevating the people and enlarging tlie area of profitable industry, the Comiiiittee are convinced that ample compensation will be found in the improved condition of the country for any outlay the undertaking may require. " We do not regard it per se as nn enterprise that will pay, or as one that offers al action to speculators, but as the vork of the country, and in its bearing on the pro- motion of the well-being of the people, in which the returns are alone sought and will be found, it eminently commends itself to our judgment. In this sense we believe that, iu time, it will amply pay its cost, and that the consequent advance in the comfort and independence of the people will fully attest the wisdom of its establishiiient. " The Committee are of opiiii'm that the present financial condition of the Colony makes the time favourable for entering on the project, and that it may be undertaken on conditions which will not unduly press upon our resfuirces. " The Committee believe that a narrow gauge road might be constructed at a com- paratively moderate cost, and that it would he found well adapted to the ciirunistances o''this Colony, as well in ngard to our means as lo the physical condition of the country. The road should be made froi.i St. John's tlirough the peninsula of Avalon. an-'i the favoured agricultural and timber regions north, to the mineral district, connecting the principal towns and settlements in Ctncep- tioii Hay and along the proposed line. Your Cominittee have had reference to the survey made in 18"5, and it would seem to he ainp'o for preliminary purposes, so tar as it affects the district of Avalon and along the roiito already examined to the northern point indi- cated ; hut a further survey would be required to establish the immediate locution of that, as well as of such branch lines as shall seem to be neee-saiy and praetieable for the carrying out ot" the proposed project. •• Voiir Conunittee therefore recommend the introduction and passage of an Act i I m m 508 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. to construct tlie line. The Premier moved a resolution to refer tlie consideration of the various proposals to a joint committee of both Houses. On the recommendation of this committee, a pivivisional contract was made and a charter aftei-wards granted to the New- foundland Railway Company. The principal points in the contiact provided that the company were to build a substantinl, reliable, and efficient railroad of three feet six inches gauge, subject to the approval of the Government engineer, and were to continuously operate and maintain the same, and to complete the whole line to Hall's Bay within live years; the Goveriunent to pay an annual subsid}'^ of ^S'liSO.OOO per annum for thirty-five years, the subsidy to attach as each five miles of road was completed and passed by the Government engineer; a large land grant of five thousand aci'es per mile was to be given for each completed mile. It is due to Sir William AVhiteway to s:iy that he was always in favour of the Government constructing the line themselves. On the 9th of August 1881 the railway was actually commenced, and at the close of the working season twenty miles were graded, and ten miles metalled ; very large sums of mone}"^ were expended in laboui on the line. During the ensuing winter hundreds uf men were employed north and sontli cutting sleepers. The njoney thus spent in construction and in purchase of the right of way was found most beneficial ; it came on the whole comnmnity like the gentle rain frcni Heaven ; its ref i eshing dews descended alike on the friends and opponents of the new enterprise; its rills tiickled into everyone's pocket — merchant, trader, small shopkeeper, all alike experienced the good results of this large outflow of money to tiie railway labourers. In his opening speech to the Legislature in 1882, Sir 1 » ■ ii •■ i authorising the raisinp by loan of the required iiinount in sums not exceeding five hundred thousund dollurs in any one jear, and pro- viding an organisation for carrying out the object in accordance with the views contained in tliis Report. The Committee further re- commend that the Executive Government apply to Her Majesty's Government, re- questing that they will guarantee the interest on the bonds of the Colony for such amount as may be required for the purpose of con- structing the railroad, within the sum of one million pounds sterhng, and we cannot doubt that this will meet with a favourable response when Her Majesty's Government are made aware of the exceptionally sound aud healthy condition of our tiunuues. " All of which is respectfully submitted. " V. Signed) W. V. WlIlTEWAY. " Chairman, Ordered, That received. ' P. G. Tessiek. ' C. K. AvKK. ' Hour. TiioRBCBN. ' A. Shea. ' John Houkk. 'JosEi-H I. Little. ' HoBT J. Kent. ' A. M. Mac Kav." the said Keport be THE ST. JOHN'S DOCK. 500 Frederic Carter, Administrator of the Government, announced to the Legislature : — " Thnt the leadinr ()()() feet louLT, one Inindred and thirtv-two at its widest i»art, with twenty-tive feet o\er the ple — men, boys, iind fiirls — in the manufacture of cables and cordage of all kinds, fishinj; lines of every description, and nil sorts of iii'tting, sieves, and cod traps. It is situate at Monday I'ond, conveiiient to the railroad. 'i'liis eoneern was orltiinally built in 1882, and burned down in Dicomber 1885. 'I'lie liresent buildings are o'' a more substantial nature in brick and stone. They were pushed forward with gri'at energy, ojierations being commenced the following .Inly, only six mouths after the destruction of the old buildings. The machinery is of tlie most improved description, and the goods inanu- faetured are (juite equal to anytlung produced in England or the United States. .' 5\2 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1H57-1893. wont tliroiiffli their Innds, stoned the enrrineerc, took awny thoir instni- u>ents, and drove tliem from their work. The inspector of police, Mr. C'arty, nnd the police magistrate, with only eleven men, were left to contend with a mad, excited crowd of about five hundred men and women armed with {,nins and every vaiiety of weapon. The arrest of the ringleader at the point of the hayonet, and the firm action of the police authorities, eventually restored order. All this unseemly. i ■I:' I I I 'i TUB BOFE WALK. dangerous disturbance was directly caused by the unscrupulous fabrica- tion of falsehoods to stir up these jioor, ignorant people to opjiose the railway.^ For five days the whole population from Topsail to Indian Pond were in an insane state of excitement. Though it was the busiest time of the year, they never did a stroke of work ; all day long they watched ' This riot has been generally known as the " Battk' of Vox Trup." The people of the south shore were told by a leading merchant in the wijst eMossible means of intercourse. It was one of the insupt'iiiblo objections to the line that it could never run in severe winter weather ; how- ever, experience shows us that by good manage- ment the railway will nevt'r be retarded, even by the worst weather, beyond a few hours. When the coast is blocked by ice, when all travelling by road is im])(jssible, the trains to Whitbourne and Placentia have run their course almost as punctually as in the finest summer weather. So far the railroad is the most com- plete, the most safe and convenient road and mode of conununication the wit of man has been able to devise ; no other enterprise of modern times so benefits the working man or distributes labour in so generally beneficial a manner. The year 1883 is distinguished for the painful episode of the Harbour Grace riot ; it was not only a most regrettable incident, owing to / p. 2729. K K nOX. J. I. IITTIK. My S. ir. Parsong. '!:ll»l 511 HE ION OF VKTOUTA, IS.'iT-lSO.: li:' r.M- :. 1 \ i ilie (li'|il()ml>l(' loss of life, hut also for the diro fft'liii^M of rcviMifjo nn>nunernl its adoption. In J.SJSo, on the change of Government, Mr. K. B. Pennell, CM.'.!., uf the Colonial OtKce, was again sent out to Newfoundland with an nnurided Ltinvention to confer with the local authorities on tliH subject, and to endeavour to make an arranffemont. The negotia- tions ro- Ued, however, in the Joint Connuiti ) of the Hou.se of Assemltly uid the Council aUsolutelv refusing to ratify tho FonbPennell Conven- tion, unless the French would agree to witlidraw or modify their bounties; conciUTently tho connnitteo drafted, and both Houses passed, tho fir,st Bait Act of l(S8(j. In substance it empowered the Executive to prohiliit tho capture in our wati-rs for exj)or- tatiori or .sale of bait ti.shes, except under special licence to be i.ssued by the Receiver (Jeneral inider the authority of the Governor in Council. If curried out ofHeiently it would .stop all the sujtply of bait to the Fiench from our south coa.st. The French nmdc oveiy efioit to induce the Imperial Government to refuse their sanction to the Act, av.d in the Governor's speech of 1.S.S7 Sir G. W. Des Vceux informed the begislaturt^ thiit Her Majesty would not sanction the l>ill. The Governor's despatch in fav nir of the propose I measure, and the address from the Houso of Assembly sent home with the second Bait Bill in 1887, are both very able and ■\vell-written documents. Sir G. W. De,s Yoeux wrote on January 14, 1887, to Sir H. Holland; after referring to the matter generally, he concluded : — " 25. Thougli this measure, if allowed, would to a kr^'o extent place the fiah production in this neighbourhood within the control of tho jieojik' of this Colony, they havo uo desire to monopolize it, and I feel satisfied that they would willinirly K K 2 sill (i. W. DISS VlEfX, K.C.M.(.' IV. r. / -it 016 REIGN OF VICTOKIA, 1857-1895. modify the provisions of the measure in favour of such Governments as would grant a proportional reciprocity. " 26. Without of course being able to speak with certainty as to the amount of concession that would be granted by the Legislature in any particular case, I have very good reason for believing that, as regards the United States, the right of obtaining bait would be restored on the opening of the Americt.n markets to Newfonndland fish, or (if common cause be made with Canada) to all British fish ; while in view of the greater expense involved in maintaining the fishery from head-quarters on the other side of the Atlantic, I believe that in the case of the French the abolition or a substantial reduction of the export bounties would aloiso be held suflBcient, even though thf other bounties and the prohibition of the import of British fish weie still retained. In a word, the principle that the colonists . desire to maintain is, ' Livo and let live,' and they merely object to that of ' Let others live by killing us.' " 26. But whether the views of the colonists on this subject are just or not (and after much and anxious consideration of the subject I am bound to say that, in my opinion, they are based on very substantial grounds), the proposed measure of prohibition, as in no way aH'ectiug the Treaty rights of foreign Powers, can scarcely be contended to be otherwise than such as is within the competence of the local Legislature under the existing constitution of the Colony ; and, indeed, if the same object had been aimed at by more indirect means, and a Bill had been passed iuil)osing a prohibitive duty on bait exported in foreign vessels, it appears open to doubt whether, under my existing instructions, I should have been justified in refusing assent to it. " 27. But however this may be, any question as to the competence in the matter of the Colonial Legislature has been practically set at rest by the recent allowance of the Canadian Bill, which, I am informed, adopts almost precisely similar means for procuring an analogous object. And as tho importance of the fisheries to the Dominion is moreover incomparably less, for the reasons above given, tlinu to this Colony, it may be presumed that the disixllowancc of the Newfoundland I^ill, which would appear probable from the long delay of decision, is due to some Imperial consideration whinh applies either not at all, or in a considerably less degree, to tho case of Canada. If this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing, I would respectfully urge that in fairness Kho heavy resulting loss should not, or at all events not exclusively, fall upon this Colony, and that if in the national interest a right is to be withheld from Xewfonndland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligation to grant compensation of a value equal, or nearly equal, to that of the right withheld. " 31. I would respectfully urge that, in the absence of a fixed decision against this measure, the delay which has already taken place in respect of its allowance ehould not be further prolonged. " 32. Now that I fully comprehend the present position of the Colony, it is to me no longer a matter of wonder that the Legislature has hitherto failed to ratify tne proposed Arrangement with France ; indeed, I can scarcely conceive it possible that this Arrangement will ever be accepted so long as the Bait Clause remains in it, and no security is takeu that the export bounties will not be maintained on their present footing. THE BAVr BILL. 517 irnments as would I.S to the amount of icular case, I have atea, the right of erici.n markets to to all British fish ; ■ the fishery from in the case of the nities would alone ition of the import that the colonists :t to that of ' Let re just or not (and to say that, in my 3osed measure of wers, can scarcely :ence of the local d, indeed, if the 1 had been passed '' appears open to been justified in Qce in the matter recent allowance ;ly similar means e fisheries to the Ten, tliau to this Hand nUl, which some Imperial ly less degree, her reasons for resulting loss and that if in which naturally 'erence between i corresponding , to that of the lecision against )f its allowance Colony, it is to failed to ratify Jeive it possible use remains in taiued on their " 33. For though all the other articles have the appearance of concession on the part of the French, and some are, no doubt, substantial concessions, they arc all immeasurably outweighed by the uingle concession required on the part of this Colony. For if there were granted to the French an inalienable right to procure bait here, the future, not only of the coast where they already have fishing rights, but of the whole Colony, would practically le placed within the control of their Government. Even if the present bounties c'uould prove insufficient, it would require but a slight addition to them, involving an exceedingly small cost by comparison with the enormous expenditure of France, to destroy the trade of this Colony altogether, and at once ; and in view of the great importance attached to those fisheries by the French, as the means of maintaining the strength of their navy, it would appear by no means improbable that such an attempt would be made if there were thus withdrawn the only means of preventing its success. And this probability appears the greater, when it is considered that the cesaation of British productions with the cause in operation that would render its recovery impossible woula, in all probability, produce a rise in the market value of fish, which would eventitally 7'ender unnecessary the continuance nf any bounty, so that the additional expenditure on the part of France would be only a temporary sacrifice that would secure a permanent economical gain. " 34. As the matter at present appears to me, it seems deserving of the con- sideration of Her Majesty's Government whether it would, under any circumstances, be politic to place in the hands of the French a weapon capable of being used with such terrible effect against British interests, and whether, without the security for the discontinuance of the bountiea on their present footing rs above referred to, it would be wise to make further etiort for the passing of the Arrangement while the Bait Clause is included in it. " 35. In conclusion, I would respectfully expresp, on behalf of this suffering Colony, the earnest hope tUat the vital interests of 200,000 IJritish subjects will net be disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign Power, and this especially when the privilege which that I'ower desires to retain cannot be pretended to be matter of right, but is a benefit which may be lawfully witli- drawn, as in the nature of a tenancy at will, and may now be justly withdrawn as being used for the infliction of fatal injury on those who have hitheito permitted its enjoyment. Sincerely hoping tliat the fulfilment of the desire of Newloundland may be no longer delayed, and tliab 1 may bo able to meet the Legislature next month with the announcement that this important Bill has already received Her Majesty's gra-ious allowance and confirmation, I have, &c. " G. William bes V.h hearts. In February occurred one of those terrible calamities and loss of humnn life which vividly impress us with the terrible dangers to which our hardy fishermen, who earn their bread upon the waters, are daily and houi'ly exposed. Saturday, the 28th of February 1892 is a dark day in the annals of Ti'initj-, a day to be ever remembered and mourned. The morning sun ushered in a lovely dawn, the sky was clear, a soft, bright, balmy air blew from the land over the treaclierous sea, the light breeze scarcely ruffled its bosom. Frcni Trinity, f.nd every liarbour adjacent, bouts were out hy early dawn in pursuit of seals, which had been seen the previous even- ing. From Trinity, Ship Cove, Tronty, English Harbour, Salmon Cove, and other small places, the daring ice-huntei's set buoyant spirits to chase the wary seal : dangerous pursuit the Newfoundlander recks not of danger ; diffi- culties and perils that woidd allright one unaccustomed to the ice- lields are mere sport to the hardy native. On this eventful day seals were few and scattered ; in the fierce excitement of the chase nuvny went far out into the bay, heedless of the coming tempest ; a few of the older fishermen, especially those from Trinity, more wary, and probably loss vigorous, noticed the first signs of the storm, and before the icy blast came down with full force they were under the lee of the SIR IIKNRY BLAKE, K.C.M.O. Jill W. A- C. Dmciny. in with high hopes and this most excitinir and / I) • TRINITY BAY DISASTER. 521 land and could row in. Two hundred and fifteen men were out on that day ; the majority got safe to land after a tremendous stiniggle for tlieir lives ; the rest of the unfortunate fishermen, in spite of their heroic exertions, were finally ovei"powered ; with strong arms they i-oweil for their lives, but the freezing icy tornado swept down upon tliem and paralysed their ettorts ; they had done all that men could do against the blizzard ; they fought with the gale whilst instant death appeared on every wave. One bold crew from English Harbour, seeing all their attempts to stem the tempest were in vain, made for the ice ; so chilling was the blast that before the boat had reached the floe, flying before the wind, one young fellow became paralysed with the cold ; however, Newfoundlanders in a diflSculty are never without resoun e. They climbed on to a pan higher than the rest, where they made a rude shelter ; their boat was broken up to make a fii e ; with this and some seals they managed to live througli that awful night. Thirteen fisher- men were found frozen to death in their little punts ; eleven others were driven up the bay and perished in that dark cold night of death. The hardships that were endured, the suflerings of the poor fellows that were saved, the agony of suspense for the dear ones on shore, the heroism of these poor humble souls in their hour of agony is known only to the Almighty Power " that rulas the raging of the sea." All that could be done was done to alleviate the distressed ; a gallant c;ew fi-om Heart's Delight s^fived the sixteen men on the ice ; the gcnei-ous Captain Fowlow put out in the schooner and succoured some and brought them home to their agonised families. Charity flowed in to the widows and orphans ; kindness, open-handed liberality, tender human sympathy was called forth for the mourners, for those, alas, wliose sorrow for the dead will never die, who all life long will grieve over the death and destruction of that dark day of storm. In the course of this History I have often had to chronicle the ravages of fire ; thrice our capital has been destroyed by the devouring flame; the conflagration of the 8th and 9th of July 1892 far exceeded all former calamities in suddenness and in the immense value of tlie property destroyed. The great fire of 184G began with the upsetting of a glue-pot in the shop of Hamelin the ca!)inet-maker, the still greater fii'e of July 1892 commenced in a stable, and was, in all probability, caused by the spark from a careless labourer's pipe. Conunencing on a fine summer's evening, fanned by a high wind, the fire burnt all through the nighb, and in t!ie bright dawn ot that ever-memorable 9th of July, ten thousand people found themselves homeless, a forest of chinmeys and heaps of ashes marking where the evening before had stood one of the i i i fi!« ■^^% !9C I 522 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1 893. busiest and most flourishing towns in the maritime provinces. Lest I should be accused of prejudice, I prefer giving an account of the disaster ther pen. Nearly all the following dt-scripl ion is taken from tlie St. Jolnrs Evening Herald of 10th September 1892 : — JS 'JO 1) X -d o is •.3 < -' o 73 Ini } ■;■ r^, i) '^ ;i lit ' ,! ■■ l''m^ ji . ; i , : 1 1." . 1^ . ;t , THE FIRE OF 1892. 523 Ever memomble in the annals of St. John's will l)o the 8th day of July 1802. For genoratioiia to come the great fire of this year will form a subject for conver- sation, a period to date from, in the sanio manner as for the past forty-six years the groat fire of the Wth of June 1846 has boon. Exactly forty-six years and ono month had passed away since the great Are of 1846, and the inhabitants of St. John's hnd come to look upon the fire demon as ono that would never again destroy any great portion of our city. We felt secure in the great water p m\, and tho chief of tho Municipal Council stood and gazed in a helpless manner at the empty hose and the burning buildings. Tho firo had now reached that noble edifice the Church of Kngland Cathedral, a work of art, of Gothic design, by Sir Gilbert Scott. Although not quite comijlcte, it was the prid" of the city. It had been erected at a cost of about !5OI,ICAJi CATIIEDRAI. AVD THE VMOJf BANK AFTER THE FIRB. From a photograph, cpcnpe, due no doubt to tho fact that it was protected in the front by the large poplar trees standing in the Cathedral grounds. By 8 o'clock the fire had reached Water Street, and Messrs. Harvey and Co. 'a premises, Campbell's, Job Bros, and Co.'s, were on fire in the east, and the Court House to the west of Market House Hill. People on the upper levels were fast hurrying away with their household goods, those who could employing teams and paying exorbitant prices for their hire. Many deposited their belongings in the Etreets, only to be consumed by the relentless flames, or stolen from them. As the night advanced, the fire swept on from Long's Hill west down over Playhouse THE FIRE OF 1H!>2. 525 Hill to Bock'd Covo, wbero a vigoroiiH stiind wuh made, which was on'octiml in Btopjiing itH progrcHs west. On PlayliouHo Hill, near Hates Struct, a viK''<'" _ those who had friends gladly availing thomsolv's of the welcome shelter of their houses, while those who had no better places, pi>ttled tliemselv.'^s with their belongings in Bannerman Park, the Rom!in Catholic Cathedral grounds, and even by the road sides waiting fur day to break. Few there were who closed their eyes in sleep that night — the homeless tOu heartsick and weary to seek relief in sluTiiber, while those more fortumii/e found themselves t. urdeiie' with relatives and friends, or gave way to the 'aatural excitement engendered by such an occasioi!, and wandered aimlessly from place to phuo fascinated !>■, a Gcone at once magnificent and awe inspiring. The misery of that awful night will long be borne in the memories of the witnesses, and the scenes of utter desolation and hopeless ruin Avhich became evident at every step were fuflicicnt to unman the strongest nerves. When morning bioko the thick clouds o'. smoke still ascended from the burning im '! ! I 528 REIGN OP VICTOKIA, 1857-189.5. ruinS; and it was lionrs before it had cleared sufBciontly to admit of a view of the track or the desolating scourge. A walk through the deserted streets demonstrated that the rain was even more complcie than seemed possible at first. Of the whole easterly section scai'cely a building remained. In the extreme north-east a small section of Hoylestown was standing jjrotectcd by massive Devon Row, but the remainder of St, John's east had vanished. Of the immense shops and stores which displayed such varied merchandise and valuable stocks gathered from all parts of the known world ; of the happy homes of arti.sans and middle classes, where contentment and prosperity wont hand in hand ; of the comfortable houses where the labouring man sought rest and refreshment ; and of the costly and imposing structures and public buildings which were the {)ride and glory of our people, scarcely a vestige remained ; and St. Jolm's lay in the morning sun as a city despoiled of her beauty and choicest ornaments, presenting a picture of utter desolation and woe. But hungry mouths were to be fed ; houseless people provided with shelter, and with the advent of the morning the work commenced. Temporary shelters were erected in Bannerman Park, and substantial provisions provided. The tempiirary telegraph offices enabled us to communicate the details to the outside world, and on Saturday the first oUcrs of relief came pouring in. To ENCAMPMENT XEAH QCIDI VIDI FOB EIEE SUFFERERS. From a photograph. ill ill! I 1 diM^ Halifax belongs the glory of first assisting us, and that evening H.M.S. Slahe started from there with a largo stock of provisions and tents. The Ulumia left about the same time, and the Portia followed hor on Monday. Subsequently the s.s. Hamna, with a full cargo of relief stores, arrived from Halifax, followed by the Doti-'iion steamer Newfifid with a contribution of ?10,000 worth from the Dominion Government, and the s.s. Niiofomulland from Montreal, with a cargo of relief stores. Besides the large amount collected for the relief of the city throughout the length and breadth of the Dominion, the Ontario Government voted ^10,000 towards our needs, and the Dominion Goveinment ?20,000. We cannot too highly extol the magnificent spirit of charity which pervaded our fellow subjects in the Dominion All honour to the iioble-hoarted and generous people of the Dominion, and may they never meet such a dire calamity as we have passed through. From Great Britain generous donations poured in, and by the influence of our Governor. THE FIRE OF 1892. 529 I'iew of the Sir T. N. O'Brien, K.C.M.G., and Lady O'Brien were in England, enjoying a brief holiday ; the moment they heard of the great calamity they at once cancelled all their engagements, and during the remainder of their stay at home devoted themselves to the relief of the sufferers. By their personal influence and untiring zeal in the cause of the distressed, very large and generous donations were sent from England, both in money, clothes, and materials ; all these Lady O'Brien, with a committee of ladies in St. John's, afterwards dispensed to the fire sufferers; only those who have been concerned in such wfirk of relief can realise the time, the trouble, the worry and anxiety involved in such labours. In his exertions on behalf of the Colony Sir Terence was ably assisted by the Newfoundland colonies in London and Liverpool, also by Sir J. S. Winter, the Honour- able A. W. Harvey, and afterwaids by Bishop Jones. A Mansion House fund was started, which readied £20,000 sterling. From the United States many contributions were received, notably the gift from Boston, raised principally among our fellow-country- men there by the zeal and enex-gy of two warm-hearted Newfoundlanders, Messrs. Taylor and Whittle. On the 12th July a Relief Com- mittee was a|ipointed by His Ex- cellency the Administrator of the Government, the Hon. Sir F. B. T. Carter, K.C.M.G., consisting of the following gentlemen: — Hon. Judge Little, President ; Honbles. Sir W. V. Whiteway, H. J. B. Woods, E. P. Morris, J. S. Pitts, E. D. Shea, G. T. Rendell; J. J. Rogerson, Sir R. Thorburn, J. Outerbridg.', H. C. Burchell, Thomas Mitchell, J. R. McCowan, W. P. Walsh, A. Marshall, C. Tessier, Col. Fawcett ; J. B. Sclater, Secretary, and Alfred Pike, Clerk. The most important event in the year 1893 was the general election in November. Both sides entered into the contest with the greatest enthusiasm ; the utmost vigour and energy was displayed in the contest ; it was tlie most stubbornly-contested party tight in our annals. Both the Whiteway party and the Opposition everywhere had good candidates, the Conservatives being largely composed of the mercantile party, with / p. 2729. L L 8IE T. X. O'BRIEN, K.C.M.G. By Bieber, Hamburg. I i' y fii m ; i I [ '■1 n i^'^-. I ' ^'1 530 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 18o7-189o. a powerful winir of the Catliolic or old Liberal Part.y. The contest wan so keen, the chanccH appeared so evenly balanced, especially in 8t. John's, that no one, under the Ballot Act, could foretell the result. Mr. Monroe, one of the ablest politicians in the island, conducted his own election in the west end of St. John's with innnense spirit, leaving no stone unturned to gain his seat ; Mr. Walter Baine Grieve made an equally de- termined tight against Sir William and tlie Hon. R. Bond in Trinity. The merchants us d their influence to the full, and the White way party employed the machinevy of Govern- ment to the very utmost extent ; both sides were sure of victory. The old leaven of prejudice against the mercantile monopolists of a for- mer time has still immense influence in the Colony ; antagonism between capital and labour shows in a very pronounced degree under the Ballot Act. This feeling, and the unlimited use of the machinery of Government, gained the day for the Whiteway party. The prejudice against the merchants, however reasonable and natural in olden times, should not exist now ; employers and employed are mutually dependent on each other. We have seen the eflect of the withdrawal of large mercantile houses from the outports. No one has filled their places ; their beneficial influence in giving labour and em- ployment to the people has been entirely lost. I.ADr O'BKIEJr. By S. S. Parsons. m I. f I ■ i : 1 ' ■•!« ;i :-.■-■ i J It should always be remembered that a fishery business like ours is a mcst precarious enterin-ise ; it is exposed to a thousand accidents, from the dangeis and perils of the sea, from the chances and changes of a variable climate, quite apart from the risks of markets abroad. Whatever great fortunes were made in the old days, they are not gained now ; occasional large profits ax"e a necessity in such an exceedingly risky business. The men who stir up strife between capital and labour in the Colony are no true friends of Newfoundland ; what we require is more money introduced into the Colony, more patriotism and less politics. SIR R. PINSENT. 531 ;ontest was ►St. John's, iallot Act, [r. Monroe, 1118 in the 11 election )hn's with no stone Mr. Walter ually tle- ^ William 1 Trinity. influence vay party f Govern- ' extent ; victory. ;e against of a for- influence )W8 in a and the day for natural ayed are of the one has 111(1 em- 01) rs IS iMiIents, -han^res abroad. gained sdingly labour 'equire id less SIS R. J. PIirSENT, D.C.t. Jly S. II. Parsons. The election campaign of 1893 was marked by a reiiarkable out- burst of personal abuse ; both the political parties vieil with each other in keeping up this indecent carnival of scurrility. There was not even a stray gleam of coarse humour to palliate the nauseous dose ; the one and only comic element in the campaign literature of 1803 was tlio political manifesto of Mr. Murray, who posed as '' the fisherman's friend." The year 1803 was saddened by the untimely deaths of Sir R. J. Pinsent, D.C.L., on April 28th, and the Most Rev. Dr. T. J. Power, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. John's, on December 4tli. Sir Robert was a native that any Colony might be proud of; he was not only an able lawyer and a distinguished judge, he took a deep interest in all that con- cerned the welfare of the Colony, and was active in every good work to promote the best interests of his native land ; his mild, amiable character and his polished courtesy made many friends ; few men in the Colony were more beloved, few wdio are more missed. His clear intellect, his untiring industry, and his intense love of his profession, combined to make a lawyer who would have been an ornament to the Bench and the Bar of any portion of Her Majesty's dominions. Sir Robert's courtesy and kindness to the Bar were proverbial. He had all the qualities of an able judge, strong in his law, clear in the marshalling of his facts ; always prompt in hia decisions, no charge could ever be laid against him of that tt-rrible delay which is a practical denial of justice. The period between 1884 and 1894 w^as marked by a numlier of negotiations with other countries. Besides the Ford-Pennell Conventions of 1884 and 1885, and other questions concerning the Treaty shore and the lobsters, we had the Washington Treaty of 1888, in which England a,nd Canada were rojiresented by Mr. Chamber- lain, M.P., and Sir Ciiarles Tupper, Newfound- land by Sir James Winter, K.C.M.G. An admir- able Reciprocity Treaty was arranged between the United States, Canada, and our Colony ; it was not, however, ratified. The United States treated us in ratiier a dishonourable manner; they obtained the benefit of a niodti^ vivendi for two yeai-s, and then repudiated the solemn int(!rnational engagement. L I. 2 BIU J. B. WINTKB, K.C.M.O. I In . .532 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. «':::»)!■; ij; i m. \ In 1890 we had the niodus vivendl about the lobster controversy with Frauce. Two delegations were sent to England ; the one from the Patriotic Association consisted of Sir James Winter, P. Scott, and A. B. Morine, Esqrs. (also one to Canada, composed of D. Morrison, P. R. Bowers, and D. J. Greene, Esqrs.) ; the other was the official dele- gation of Sir W. V. Whiteway and the Hon. A. W. Harvey (who went first to England), and the Hons. R. Bond and G. H. Emerson, Speaker, v.'ho followed later on. In the same year the Hon. R, Bond was sent to Washington to negotiate the Blaine-Bond Reciprocity Treaty. In 1891, again, a delegation, consisting of Sir W. V. Whiteway, the Speaker, G. H. Emerson, and A. B. Morine, with Honbles. A. W. Harvey and M. Monroe, was sent by the LegisLiture to oppose the French Fishery Treaty Bill, known in popular parlance as the " Coercion Bill," then before the House of Lords. These were all very important questions for the Colony ; they brought us a good deal into public notice, and it is necessary for the d te elucidation of our history to state the leading points in eac* qnc-i .u. I will take first the abortive Convention with th« United States, known as tlie Blaine-Bond Treaty, leaving the French Fish'i , dispute to ^[^ dealt with in a separate chapter. According to the Parlia-nentary papers laid before the House of Assembly, the Colonial Secretary went to Washington with tiie con- curi-ence and at the request of Lord Knutsford. The terms of the Convention to be made between Newfc)undland and the United States were ap- proved of hy the Colonial Office, and it was only after the whole matter was definitely ar- ranged that the Imperial Government intervened at the instance of Canada and refused to ratify the Treaty. Sir John A. McDonald's opposition to the arrangement, and his imperious order to the Home Government to put an end to it, was given on the eve of an election ; it was done to secure his Government's return. For the English Government to act as election agents for Canada seems a ^■ery extraordinary proceeding ; our rigiits as an independent Colony have been made entirely subservient to the political exigencies of tlie Dominion. Because Canada could not get a suitable Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, she should not have stopped our Convention with America. Nothing did more to stir up a hostile feeling against the gi*eat Dominion than this interference in our affairs. A conference met at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1893 to endeavour to arrange in S. MORBISON, ESQ. ir BLAINE-BOND TREATY. 533 controversy e one from '. Scott, and ). Morrison, official dele- (wlio went )n. Speaker, was sent to . In 1891, le Speaker, [arvey and cli Fisliery Bill," then lestions for , and it is lie leading ntion with ftving the House of the con- vnutsford. ! between were ap- it was tely ar- teivened to ratify position order to it, was lone to Knglish Canada endent ncies of Droeity ed our great e met ge in an amicable manner matters between the two Colonies. One of our demands was that Canada's ojtposition to the Blaine-Bond Treaty sliould be withdrawn. Matters still remain in statu quo. Canada has a considerable trade with Newfoundland, but our Colony sends very little jiroduce to the Dominion. She is not one of our consumers, but our rival in the fish trade ; our great market of the future lies in the United States. The American deep- sea fishery is a decaying industry ; the consumption of salt-water fish is very small compared with Europe. We can supply the great Republic with all ttie fish she can consume from our most abundant and extensive cod and herrins: fisheries. We have immense advantactes to ofier the Americans in the pursuit of their own bank fishery ; we are not like Canada, rivals with the States in manufacturing and am-icul- ture. America, from its position and its immense popuhition, is our best customer. Every West' India island is allowed to make an arrange- ment with the Stites; why should we alone be forbidden to carry on our trade in a way which is most beneficial to ourselves ? The posi- tion of the British Government on this subject was rather undignified. The points of our case aijaiiist both Cai;ada and the British Go- vernment were very clearly set forth in the Resolutions proposed in the House of Assembly on March Gth, 1891, by the Hon. B. Bond, Colonial Secretary, and adopted by that body. Any fair-minded person reading the correspondence on the intended Treaty will be convinced, fii*st, that the Secretary of State for the Colonies authorised Mr. Bond to negotiate for the Blaine-Bond Con- vention ; that England made no objection ; that the onl^'- oppasition to the proposed Treaty emanated fi'om Canada. If after the Colonial Minister submitted the Convention to the Dominion Government it was then to entii-ely fall to the ground, the Secretary of State should have stated that such was his decision clearly to the New- foundland Cabinet ; that his sending Mr. Bond again to Washington, after hearing Canada's objections, could have only one meaning and intention, viz., that the Imperial Government, notwithsttmding Canada's objections, proposed to allow Newfoundland to carry out the proposed Convention, and this is further proved by the despatch from the (/olonial Office to Canada that the Convention could not be indefinitely postponed. Colonists are wont to rely upon the h(mour and word of an UOS. B. BOSD. 634 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. i .i r 5 Englisli Minister. If ho was not all the time playing with Newfounil- land, if ho really lunant serious business, then the only ohviouH meaning and true intent of his words, the only coiif tnaction that any honourable man can put upon his language and action, is that he intended and determined that this Colony should be allowed to make a Convention with the United States. In tlie negotiations now going forward between the Governments respecting tlie union of Newfoundland with the Dominion, it is to be hopv . that the Canadian statesmen will show themselves liberal, and even generous, towards the Colony, otherwise they will make the path of the Island delegates very thorny and difficult. No terms whatever will satisfy the opponents of the New- foundland Govenunent, but if the conditions ai'e eminently reason- able, all sensible men in the Colony who are now disposed towards . confederation as the best available way out of our difficulties will be satisfied. The other alternative, making the Island into a Crown Colony, which is put forward very earnestly by numy pei>:ons and the Opposition, is really not a practical solution ; we must i-emember that an English Cabinet wotild never take away a constitution from its British subjects \inless there was tremendous pressure biought to bear in its favour ; the least opposition to it on the part of the Colony or the Assembly would decide against it. The Home Government would also object to administer the government and make themselves responsible for its finances and general conti-ol. The Crown Colony idea is obsolete and impi-acticable. The whole of this chapter was printed in 1894, and the book was intended to end with that year ; owing, however, to my absence from England, final publication was delayed until 1895, and in order to bring this History up to date it becomes my very unpleasant duty to com- ment on the disastei-s and disgrace of 1894. These events are too near, some of the details are still sab judice, and the whole circumstances are too recent, to be calmly discussed and impartially considered ; all the facts want to be brought forward, and a certain distance of time and space allowed, before we can fairly adjust the blame for all these disasters and humiliations. One thing, however, comes out very clearly, that mei-chants and politicians on both sides have helped to bring the unfortunate Colony into disrepute by the fierce rancour and bitter pei-sonal hate which characterised their party struggles ; in their mad desire for revenge on each other true patriotism disap- peared, and the vital interests of our unfortunate Colony were entirely ignored. I Newfoiiiul- 3U8 iiienninfj ' honourable itendod anil Convention ird between I with the will show , otherwise homy and I the New- ly reason- id towards es will be n Colony, and the iinber that I fix>m its ht to bear yny or the i^ould also asponsible s obsolete x)ok Avas nee from to bring to coni- too near, -nces jire 1 all the iine and 1 these very ped to rancour uggles ; disap- ntirely THE ELECTION PETITIOXS. ru\'y HON. A. F. nOODRIUGE, By Bradnee, Torquay. rhc merchants' pai-ty having suffered ignominious defeat in the (Jeneral Election of 1893, were determined to Ix; revenge4, Newfoundland credit stood high. Our pnncipal mone- tary institution, the Union Bank, had for forty yeara maintained the highest reputation at home and abi*oad ; suddenly ex'edit, financial reputation, confidence in both mercantile houses and banks, fell like a house of cards. For several days we were the most distracted country in the world — a community without a currency ; the notes of the banks had been the universal money of the Colony— circulating a.s freely as gold on Saturday, on Monday degraded to worthless paper. It would be too painful a task to enumerate all the causes that led to this terrible financial crisis. The death of a commission mer- chant in London disturbed nearly the whole monetary attairs of the Colony. If his executor had gone on accepting, probably the crisis might have been postponed for some months. The only excuse that can possibly be alleged for the directors of the banks, their large borrowings and crass mismanagement, was that, like Micawber, they were waiting for " something to turn up " — some rise in the fish markets, or some other lucky chance that would lift them out of the mire of insolvency. The misery caused by these failures of banks and mercantile houses was as disastrous, as widespread, and as univei-sal within our boi'der as the bursting of the South Sea bubble was in the United Kingdom. All our prospects still seem black and gloomy, and in most countries such disastrous events could have but one result — irre- trievable ruin ; the prospects of Newfoundland, however, cannot be judged by outside standards. Once before, in 1817, she suffered far more severely and rose again ; may we not, therefore, reasonably hope that Newfoundland and her bold and adventurous sons will once again emerge from her present unhappy condition ? Populations that live by the sea and earn their bread upon its treacherous waters are always liable to dire disaster ; but the same spirit that leads them to face the dangers of the ti'oubled waves, nerves them also with a spirit to rise again from calamities that would for ever daunt the courage of a landsman. One charge was inevitable ; the dishonest credit system on which the business of the Colony was transacted had to die out; demoralising to the people and disastrous to the CONCLUSION. 537 merchant, there could be no jyenuine prosperity wliilst this oM tnick syHteni existed; recent events have effectually baiiisluMl it, we may hope, for ever. Terrible misery will Ik) causcil before thechan<.je can Im^ eftectually curried out, but in the end it will be beneficial. If commercial gamblinj^ finally ceases, trade and finance will rest on a firmer and safer foundation. Not only must there be a new mercantile method of wirrying on the fish business, the old antiquated system of curinj^ an

  • . li'gi^'l iiioii coiiii.i. lelv u'liio- feiiiiaiit's I iiiist'l l)L'iiifi nil affair uuthority of tlie Court \vu8 not ire into it ; tiiey rino was wlmily FISHEUY THE ATI KS HILL. &61 The main ilifference of o|)inion aroHo fir.st on the appointment of the Jiidieial Coiiiiiii>Hioners: the »lelega*e.s elaimctl that they shouM l)e nppninteii by the Governor in Council, with the approval of the Home (Joveniment. Lord Knutsfonl, Sir William and iMr. Harvey declare that from the tirHt the British Government claimed the ri^'ht of appointment of two judj^es, allowing the Colony to nominate the third. From this determination the Secretary of State will not deviate. The whole matter now stands hi ittaf it quo; the Hcmse of Assembly refiLses to pass a permanent nuiasure, the French decline to proceed with the arbitration on the lobster cpiestion, and each year we have had a renewal of the Mot/as Vivendi, and the Temporary Treaties Act is nt)w extended to I)ecend>er 1S!)5. Most Newfoundlanders are afraid of arbitration, England is always on the losing side ; she is like a rich corporation— a railway or insurnnce company— against whom juries idways give verdicts; they are always in the wrong. As regards the Fishery Treaties Bill it really is not of such serious conseciuence as its opponents make out. Great Britain virtually concedes to us the third judge; if our local nominee is a strong man he will make his presence felt; liis local knowledge and experience will outweigh the other two, and he will be there to prevent hardships and injustice ; besides, according to the latest despatches, the Home Government seems now willing to allow an intermediate appeal to the Newfoundland Supreme Court, and from thence to the Privy Council. All these appear unnecessary precautions ; judges nowadays have to work in presence of a watching public, and a still more observant Press ; this serious responsibility will be sure to keep them straight. To all appearances the cases that will come before them will be very trivial and very easily disposed of ; the importance of these high commissioners luis been most ludici"ously exaggei'ated. The great object of the Bill was to take away the jui'isdiction of the English naval officers. A careful con- sideration of their reports shows that they do their delicate and difficult work on the whole admirably, nor, with one or two exceptions, can any seilous complaint be made against them. Theoretically they may be wholly unfitted for their magisterial and judicial work; practically thr\ (iliiMi (•» «liii'li no om(> scciim lo liitvi' <"l\ou imy olijcoliiMi I'itln'r m lien iiimli" liy Inml IIimncIu'II, or un il'< n'|n>l.ilii>ii Ity lioni Kiuilsfonl : " Tlicii' cini lu' iin io»HM> ol' n|iiiiii)ii hh fo lln> " nM ol' (lit' (i)>lij»ii(ioij liinl icmIm on Mn> ( Jovermnrnr ni {\\'h cotindy " (o Mt>o (lui( i(M In'iilii's wliicli mo in cNiHlciicf nrc rnron'cti tiinl " riillill(Ml. Till' iif^li^« mnliT iiilu cxiMli'iici* " 111 ii ti»ii' h'Ikh llii'f H'lin ih> I ii/h\hi(i>i(liilii>ii on tliitoimfs iti " ,iiiistio». Tlimr tniti/ ol>li r.visti nif " I'oiniiiunif!/, ItuI (lie <'oinnnniily tliiit Iin^ Miner tf'<»\vn n|» Iwih eoiuo " into Ix'iiif; Hnl'jeel (o tl, (>\en (he eiiilies( of tli( (rhei>> wiiH Jl small n'sident lv>]Miln(i>>i\ ; (hey fuiil (he Ito^er ()oii(iiij:' |»i>|inlii(ioi» were »leliherii(ely s,'ieri(ieeil in s|\i(<> ol" (lie ))ro(.es(.M iind iirj.;en( ie,siH(nn('" of Newt'onnill;»n«lerM nml till in'.Mes(e(l in (hit Isliiiul. There wmh n wedle- n\en( ti( Hon;ivis(n w In-ii (he l'"r.'iieh \ver(> (illowid lisliin^' iii>h(.M (,lien< in ITKI. e\en (1 sniiill se((le(l |>opul;i(ioii !i(. Ko^o nml 'I'willin^iHe, iiml i( aiU'eiMs I'n^iu e\iilenet> iji\i'n Ix'l'ore (Jovernor I'tilli^er (lull preinimiH wen' ni\en (o Kreneli inMs(ers (o (ish (here, nml (hiis tinnoy (lie lOni;lish vesideii(H. I( was (he iinnoviinee inul (he lo[nil;i(ion unil (he ship (ishenuen iVoni Kninee (Iim( eansed (he ehaiiiie (o Ih» male iVom v'tiiH' Hoinvisdi (o ('»|)(» tlohn, mihI (ha(. ^»•o.hu^'(l (he (leolaiation of (leor^e III, I7S:?. IaMiI lleixehell, aw a, <;reM(. eensiidUioM.il lawyer. miis( lu' awMve of nil (he |>ro(,e8(s and violcnl oiithiUN(.s ot' jMihlie intliena(ion aL;aiiis(. (he (ishery elmises (»F (he 'treaties ot" I'dn-elit.. I'aris. and Versailles. New i'dnndlaiid in (hose days had powevtul iVieu,','. and su)ipoi(! r-s, who maile a. \ery hmd oulcry ;\( the way her iuten'^t.s were saerilieeil (o Kranee. Lord Sali'-lmry may well n't'er to us as " (he sport ol" historie ii\isl"(>itnne," li\i( i(. is (he cruel. ttviohenms. and imluvile poli<-y ol" (in>at lhi(ain that has laid this heavy \oi\t\ u|HH\ onr inifor(una(<' islanders. It is the hounden duly ol' every honest and patriotic pnhlii- man in !''.'\>,';land (o liL;hteii (he Imrthen; it\stead of (his. (he objeet. apparently, oi" every Kri|;li.sh Ministry has lie(M» to please France, to shnnt us, to j;et rid ol" us ii.s (he importnnnt.e h('^<;a.v ntj the i^aie It' the iMi^Iish Koreiij;n Otiiee wtuild only unei^ stand (inn and nsolutelv resist. French aj;;.iivssion, i;ive ius(nu'(ions (o our naval t)(licers that al! \iolen( and wanton attack.s on our (ishermeu are to he (irmly resisted. th\t men-of-war aiv sent on our const^s to proti'ct and not punish our p;((il.iiil.iir't linvi- Ix' ii (iliiriHt- invMi'inlily i^MHuaiil ul' (,lic hiiIiJi-iI,, wliilnl, Unir o|i|H(h('iilM Imvn Imiii I li.niMii^lily Mri|iiniiil.i'<| willi Ilii- iimJ pniilH ii.l, inKiii' It. ic on l.lii^ acniiiiil Mini iiiumI. Nr\vroiiinllaiii|i'iM inrlcr llir iiolir-y of diifl,. (Imlrr iJii' aiioinii'uiiM MihIiih I'i.'imli lliii.jjK Jii'f /.,'oiii/^' on Vi ly raii'ly on llir 'rHiily hIioi<> Hm- iiinui^nnicnt, I.Iioiij^'Ii I,( in|iofai'y. ^ iU^ well ; llir Kii^IimIi IiIimI.i-i |iacll. u'Uvy every tlicii ; S llCI'll II at M and HictTH irmly not ;li tiro and tWMK^il'M^^^^- oniiAi •( lots, UN nil. riii:M i i':|.:*iv kikhik. iiiii.alioii on (lin jKiit, ol' Mil! I'ln^'ii.sli ( ,'oiiiiiiodoi<' rio(, fo [icrrnif, our op; oiiciits li\<:k lolist*frs.' Sii';li a jiroc;';<:dirif( ' 'I'lic .Miiiii(i|iiil (Idiincil (if St. I'iiiTc vi-s«cU i- iiUo oonnivcd nt to incrco-xc t}ii: lifts lately friviii ii I'lriniiiiii of Till fraiicK to rc-i'lciit French fi^liernien, I'rolialilv a hun- cvery Frciieli I iiinl loliNter fislieriniiii on dreil mliiiiional Fieneliineri fished on th»i tlic Trehty slioic ; iIiIn is ill ailditioii to the 'I'rcaly shore hiit sen"ori, iiiilioiml lioiiiitN. Desertion from I'reneh 654 THE FRENCH FTSHEIIY QUESTION. as a shore fisliery, not carried on from ships, i.s against both the letter and the spirit of the Treaty, and our Government would V>e fully justified in demandin;^ duties on all goods thus brought into the Colony. The only goods exempted from duty are the actual supplies and stores brought by the fishing ships for the niHintenatice of the crews during the season ; goods brought into the Colony in any other way than in fishing ships, and for the maintenance of tlie fishing crew, are clearly liable to duty.' This was the point which the French Admiral came to St. John's about last summer ; when he found the Imperial authoiities maintained the position taken up by our local Government, he refused all invitations, and went away in a rage. It is to be hoped the Government of the Republic in future will send Admirals with a little more common sense and courtesy. If the French disturb the present peaceful state of affairs our course is clear, we will put the Unit Act in operation and enforce it rigorously. f '' \: V I ; !i LITTLE RIVER, WEST COAST. I have cmleavonred to deal with this most important international quotion of the Treaty shore as fairly and impartially as possible; I am free, however, to confess that I view it mainly from a colonial standpoint ; every Newfoundlander holds stnmg opinions upon the subject, and I am possibly not exempt from local bias. It is a ndghty unpleasant, irritating question, and the Fx'ench are mighty unpleasant ' The French are inveterate smujfglers. Under pretence of stores for their ships, they iihvays carry a large Rui)ply of I'quor, tea, Mipar, and tobacco, to sell and barter with the Newfoundland fishermen. < )ne French master actually required the mapstrate to summon a number of parties who owed him money for pocds supplied durinff the fishing. All tradinjj of this kind is clearly illegal, and our Custom House authorities should keep a sharp look- out on all French vessels, and chiefly on parties from St. Pierre. Their stocks of goods should be carefully insptcted. 11 mm THE FRENCH FISHERY FAILIKG. 555 nfciglibours in all four quarters of the world; it says little for English diploihacy that it has not been disposed of hnvj; ago. The real interest of France is ridiculously sni-iU on the coasts in question ; they have not a dozen vessels, and less than two huruhvd fishermen, whilst we have at least twelve thousand people, peinianent and transient, in the same localities. England, apparently, has really never made any tangible offer of exchange of territory as a bnsis of settlement ; it is the only way in which the (question can be approached. France will not take money, but she might accept territory and money combined. The recent occurrence in the hinterland of British Siena Leone, in which Englisli and French troops came into collision, and so many gallant men lost their lives, joints to a region where we might satisfy French ambitinn and lust of territory, and really not seriously inteifere with the extent of " England in Africa." The cession of the English island of Dominica, which is practically French, lying between Mai'tini(iue and Guadaloupe, is another territory that would also be acceptable to our Gallic neighbours. It would be wrong to declare that the French have no rights ; they have well-defined rights within the strict limits set out in the Treaty. Of Course, it is quite clear that if the French were able to occupy the whole of this extensive coast with their fishing operatioris, English subjects would have no right to interfere with them, or actually to intei'rnpt them. There was a time when the French fishery on the Treaty shore was very large, and the English very small, but that day is long past ; year by year the business of our oppiments has l)een grownig smaller. The fish on the shore hive been continually failing, ami the French have consequently praitically abandontd this mode of fishinjj. Onv western fishermen make a voyage or two before the Frenchmen arrive about June, antl often obtain another after they leave in October. The bank fishery aho, fiom St. Pieire, has never recovered from the ef ^s of the Bait Bill ; so that now the whole French business in JSewfoundland is artificially propped up ; the moment the bounty is withdrawn the French trans-Atlantic fisheiy will cease to be pro!^ecute\iuter employ- ment. They are the only firm who varnish and label their cans on tne spot. A large Schooner belonging to the firm runs between Halifax and the factories. No. 20. Sally Point lies between Bonne Bay and St. Paul's Bay. It has only been erected this year, but should do well in 1889. Owners, Messrs. Payzant and Frazer. No. 21. St. Paul's Bay. This also belongs to Messrs. Payzant and Frazer, and has taken more lobsters than any other factory 560 THE FRENCH FISIIERr QUESTION. m *:*: i!ir la on the coast this seiison. When there are too many here the Burpliis is sent to Bonne Hay. No. 22. (low Head, helongs to Mcssrg. Taylor and Cooiut, of St. John's and Halifax. They are also doing well. No. 2.3. Cow Cove. I wasunahleto land either time I called owing to heavy sea, but factory reported to he doing well. No. 24. Port Saunders, belongs to Messrs. Shearer and Forest, of Halifax. This is the only factory of which the French can have any reason to coniphiin (vide General Kemarks). They have lost money on it this year, but next season it will be worked on a reduced scale suitable to the fishery area available. No. 2.5. St. Margaret's Hay. This bay has, up till now, been fished by Messrs. Shearer and Forest for their Hrig Bay factory, but this year Mr. Chetwynd, ot Halifax, has built a factory, and is fishing concurrently with them. There are at present plenty of lobsters. No. 26. Brig Bay. Belongs to Messrs. Shearer and Forest, and is the best con- ducted and most paying factory on ihe coa.st, averaging 8,000 lobsters u day during the best part of the season, one day's catoh being canned before leaving off work on the next. No. 27. Current Island, owned by Mr. Chetwynd ; ha.s been erected this season on the mainland just inside Current Island. Fishes in Genevieve Buy ; will probably do well next year. Can be visited by walkii\g four miles from St. Barbe's, No. 28. Salmon Uiver, St. Genevi6ve Bay. A small factory owned by Messrs. Kvans and Afatthews, of Halifax. They will probably increase their scale of o|)erali(ins next year. No. 29. St, Barbe's Bay, belongs to Messrs. .Shearer and Forest ; is the oldest factory on the coast, having been worked for 15 years ; was closed last year, but lias paid fairly well this season. Besides the above, there are factories about to start, which will probably be in working order by the lieguining of next scisou. (I.) By Mr. E. I.«roHX, along the High- lands, between Cape Anguille and Sandv Point. (2.) Mr. Chetwynd, along tlio High- lands, between Cape Anguille and Sandy Point. (3.) Mr. Le Grandais, along the High- lands, between Cape Anguille and Sandy Point. The portions of the coast marked tt++t in the Chart are occupieil by the French per- manently during the fishing season. The por- tioui marked == are where the French fish di.ring a small period of the season ; all the reiuainder is open to British enterprise. (Signed) Ciiahles t'AMi'UEi.r,, Captain, {Sec p. 5.58.) ! I i ' "J i t ii. LOBSTER FACTORIES. 5U1 Ili-h- SanJy OS o U ^ V * M to IN e o O tf> (<'. u n M o H 1! a b. a « c H "3 o iJ |— 1 IS tJ tt !». U .s S a? .2 *^ •5 > c ;?■. : 3^ ^ ?.1 is 1 S I BC-- jj _l."^ g t >' J = -3 cc ; a,c-5 J i c -- _ . •Stil :: i=l ^ iS ri .li C Z X Z , ^ X ^ 3 c X X 5 t ^ .;« 3 a i-I F- ri cc ^ i-< ij M o u a o .1 5 -, =9 I?. 3 ■a o — = x o-*s=ca I 12 t S » S t t t^g u — -— -ir ^;g t s c s s t s^eg ^ 5 : r : v : : :f^:-^ Cm ■-§ O ai . &• X 5x K !t-- O » o s , , , . X 2 c. 5 ,5 ' ' ' ' I f« £ fc ' r^ 5 « . . • 3 2 -^ _i < i; ^ cc PM ■_ •/. ■_ 1; y: — 3 " « ® ii: S ?i ?i ;! I I I I I I I i I e I / p. '■llVi. 'I' O .o ' "o . o ^' ,• ^ s s ** -t^ M* ' c c s i. X.::.; > 3 5 s>.r^s ■5* I- 33 t: ^ T^ s: t; "^ .£i- b ^ "" 7 c-> 5£ «c t^ X c; e — .a^'iWi^ ».-: -^ !•• X < JSl N oG2 THK FllENX'H FISHERY QUESTION. ,i Ei* Encloaurc 12 in No. 12C. Captain Campbell to Captain Hamond. (7i;xtract.) lily, at Channel, Newfoundland, October 10, 1888. In compliance with my sailing orders of the 'J'Jth Aufrust, with refeiencc to the lobster factories established bj tiie French on the west const of Newfoi.udlii.id, I have the honour to report as follo>', s : — Five years ago a small boilinjr-shed was cet lip on the ri{fhthand s'de guinjf out of l'ort-an-Choix,by Guibert et Ills, of St. I'ierrc and St. Malo ; tins were imported from France, and an attem|)t was made to copy the lobster C'inning at that time in full i '^'n\g at St. Barbe's and Bri>r Bay. [By English factories. — Richd. H. Hamond.] One, two, or three boats, as they could be s|)ared from the cod fishery, were employed to catch lobsters, and the cases were taken to France on the return of the brigs and schooners. Not to be outdone, Auguste Lemoine started a similar establishment on their side of Port-HU-Choix Harbour, on about ihe same scale, capable of canning 3U0 cases a year at their best. They fish along the coast from Point Riche to old I'ort-au-Choix. The following year Auatole Lemoine, who ti>ihes St. .John's Islands, erected n small boiling-house on the left bank going into Sesostris Bay, and started canning there, and Captain Danieron, of the barque Ptiget, as liis agent, built a roofed shed at the head of Old Portau-Choix. This roof being contrary to Treat3', was removed by order of the Fronch "Chef de Division Navale," and only the skeleton now remains, but Ciiptuin Dauicron removed with his roof to Barred Bay, St. .Tolm's Island, where his banjue, the I'uj/cl, was, and is still moored, and the only building which can be termed a lobster factory was erected. The following year bricks and mortar were brought from France, and a permanent store added to the factory. The Piigit and crew fron! this date de- voted their tinie to tin- lobster industry, assisted by some of the local fisbciinen, and u few foreign girls, who jiack the cans. The Barred Bay factory is the only French factory on this coast doing real lobster business, and this year it has reached 1,600 cases. Taking into consideration the increased expenses of niaintaiuiiig the I'uget and crew, bringing out stores, itc., the profit for 1888 may have reached .-0400, but certainly not much more. It is built contrary to Treaty rights, as reported in my special letter of the 24th July. On the 4th September, when bidding mo good-bye at Port Saunders, Commander Be- culoux, of the aviso transport Drac, in- formed me thiit he was the bearer of ordem to Captain Dameron to remove the oorrugatrd iron roof and permanent building, but u fort- night after the French ships of war had sailed from St. Pierre for France, and a few days before Captain Daineron's departure, I made a special visit to Barred Bay, and found that there had been no alteration made, neither did there appear to be any intention of carry- ing out the orders I had been assured were given. I venture to hope I may be permitted to point out, as is clearly proved by the accom- panying statistical tables, showing British take as 27,880 cases, as against French 2, .11)0, that whereas the suppression of the French lobster factories would scarcely affect the Brothers Jjenioine or Guibert Fils, let alone France, the suppression of the British fac- tories would renew the fearful misery so often and 80 strongly represented by the British naval officers who have had charge of the fishery on this coast, which misery is now so happily averted by the apparently ever- increasing swarms of lobsters which infest the shore. It would, therefore, be a heavy sacrifice on onr ])art to remove the lobster factories along the west coast, in order to prevent these two tirms from canning 2,.500 cases of lobsteis per annum, and I doubt if they will do that for long. If I might venture to suggest a line of policy with reference to the French lobster factories, it would be to recognise them under certain conditions and laws for their guidance, and obtiiin an eipuvalent concession in return. I can .scarcely think they would do more harm to our interests than a French firm setting up business in Loudon would to its ordinary rivals in trade. Then let the captains of Her Majesty's cruisers deal with imlividual cases with refer- ence to British factories as they occur, for- warding reports as heretofore, and await the reduction or abolition of the bounty, which is inevitable as soon as the French nation be- come aware of that which is already known to their naval officers, viz., that the fishermen bred on the banks and shores of Newfoundland are next to useless in a modern ironclad. I have not heard of any intention on the part of the French to erect new buildings or start more factories on this coast, and I feel confident that the poor success of those existing will not encourage a fresh outlay of capital. m ir ''■■>. I LOBSTER FACTORIES. M3 :tter of tile No. 1 a Enclo!>urc 13 in Xo. 12fl. Table of French LobstiT Factories workiiiR in 1888 on tho Wc»t Coust of Nevfoundlnnd, Name of Piace, Date of Visit Owners. Port-aii-ChoIx rort-au-Clioix St. John Harbour 4 I Harrod Hay, St. John Islaml. PriHinently Ansrnstc Lc- I niolnc. Giiilx'i't et Kils. Anatolc !,<>. nioini'. Anatiijo I,c- nioiiic. Prom i>IaniiK«r!i. Nil. cm- pl0 " Capt. Vllliila . 4 to 7 200 2:.o " (^apt. LandKrcn •lto7 300 300 " Cajit. Damoron • 73 j 1,500 l.t!0O 2,410 2,400 accurato, 7^|«r,rA-,.-Very dilHcult to get the exact truth about tho catch, but the*., Ilgurt^ maybe taken as fairly (Signed) Charles Cami-bell, Captain, — ,^~J. PLAN op ST. JOHN'S UAY. N X 5b \ 1 , '■!! J > i'i J ' Vi 1 1 ji i ;;! i 1 '■'■ 8' ■ ■i'lf [ CHAPTER XVIII. ST. PIE It RE AND MIQUELOX, THE FUEWII COEOXV. Tho French Empire in North America, tmoo a mai^fiiilicoiit dominion that extended from the St. Lawrence to the G dt" of Mexico, to-ihiy con- sists of a small cluster of islands off the south coast of Newfoundland. ':^:';i^V.' r M *^ir'"-^*iiii Igil^e^^ligMiMM ifl^^ Bv^"!"^ H^H^^^^P^^%7 1^^ ^BEi^^^^l ^^^^B Si^Efl^U^^V ^ H 1 ^^^^^^^|^£ ■ (IX CAliT, ST. I'IKUin;. From a j>ho/o!/riii>h. Miquelon, the largest of the group, has a few fishermen and farmers, but no harbour; all the interest in the little archipelago centres in the poi't and town of St. Pierre, a bustling little seaport, a lively little Franco- American town, containing a mixed population of about six thousand resident iidiabitants. It is like a bit of Old France transported to the New World the creaking ox-cart, the click of the sabet on the ill- constructed trottoir, the Breton, Basque, and apple-clieekcd iSorraan F RE XC II CI I A 1{ ACTK 11 1 ST ICS. T)';.') women, tlu^ patois, the French windows, the >j;ny colours, nn's. Tht- story of the murder is of the most vague indeiinite character ; there was no legal evidence against Shauglm**: and his companions, nor was the matter ever fully investigated ; we «an see that the accusation arose out of a drunken quarrel, ami r< :iding between the lines we easily pt-rceive the inveterate hostility existing between the Protestant Jerseyman, Edward Grandy, and die West-country plantei Mr. Thomas Meader, and his Irish servants, Shaughroo, Curtis, and Molloy : — " Hallifax, 25 S«^ 1769. " The Di'i)osition of Mr. .Tpremiah Soward of Old York takoii before I'omauder Crawley One of His M«i«--tys JiinticfH o+' 'ue peace for ye County of HaUifax. " This Dej«ii!ent tiniig duly -iwurn .-ayeth that about a month ago he was ar St. PeterB in Newfoundlaiub "hen ho lieard Mr. Edw'' Grandy of St. Peters Dcclair that he was afrai-it further sav ihat ye said Shockneys said to hitn that ho had a suit of clothes which he Tuuion of Mr. R' V^igui rs, taken before Com'' Crawley ye 25"' JSept' 1759. " This Deponant being Duly "^woimi, sayeth that a1)ont a month ago he was at St. Peters in >'f''l'' wlun he heard that .los'' Blake should Iiavo reported tliir, Jam' Shockney fird on killed Mr. Ales' M'Kowin in a boat coining ashore from ye Rock ii ye Island if Mifhling aijd that James Curtii'-- had shot the I'emainder of tt'e pcf^jile in ye boat and this De^iDnint further sayeti. that he was infornnd that one Edmund Mullny or som^e mwIi uame Servnnt to Mr. Thomas jVIeader had charged one Edward Grandy ot murder ng one of bin men and oll'ering to show some of ye company then p't-sent wliere the man w»- buried. " Kn. \'i(a"KUs." m On tlie ]4tli -liily 17C)']. Eim-oii of April. From that time until the l.^th June the fishery is most plentiful, [then] the capelin draw away tho cod, who forsake the Grand Bank until tho middle of September; the fishery again in September and October yields almoac as: much as it did in May and June. Many ships, consequently, go twice a year to the Great Bank, and employ the interval in re+uruing to Franco to dispose of their 570 ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. cargo and recruit their provisions and salt; few sbips, except those from Olonne, go twice a year to Newfoiindhmd ; the rest are stationed there for six or seven months tojjethcr, and never come liome till they begin to be in want of jii'ovisions, unless they have made a speedy and plentiful capture, which is soldoui the case. The i.rincipal porta in Franco where vessels are fitted out, for the cotlfishery are Saint Maloes, Granville, Ilonflcnr. St. Jean do Luz, Olonne, and Bayoime. The fishermen all complain that the fishery grows worse and worse. Before and after iho war of 1744, prodigious shoals of cod flockc.'d to the lianks of Newfoundland, and made the fortunes of fishermen and privateers ; but since tlie last peace, the produce of the fishery is reduced to one-third of what it was before ; doubtless, the bait of a small fortune has increased the number of vessels, and propoi'tionably divided the profit The salt fish is landed at i' THE ' PAHKS, OR MOVABLE EXCLOSmES ON IIOARI) A MODEK.V fRE.NCU BA.NKEU.— THE "IIKCOLLKURS" AT WORK. From the Graphic, Bordeanx, Rochelle, or Nantz ; sells dearer or cheaper, according to the scarcity or plenty of the capture . . . Those who are so lucky as to bring in the first cod make 300 livres of the great hundred, which contains 124 large fish. The second may be worth 26ii livres, but the last seldom fetches more than ."lO crowns. At Olonne, St. Jean do Luz, and Bayonne, the crew commotily come in for one. third of the landing; in other placts, as at (iranville, they have but one-filih, but o\ery sailor on his return, is entitled to a gratnitj' of 100 to 2 10 livres, according to the dexterity shown in fishing. Elsewhere, as at St. Maloes, the crew are hired for the whole season, as high as (00 livres per man." During tlie year.s between 17G3 and the liivakinrf out of the Auieiiean War in 1 77S, tlie inliabitants and trade liad slowly increased. In the lirst summer after the declai-atiou of wai-^ Rtar-Admiral Mt ntaguo, THE BANK FISHERY. 571 Governor of Newfounflland, ciipturetl the islands williout even a show of resistance. Accorilinfj to his instructions, he destroyed all the buildings, and deported to Fiance nineteen hundred and thirty-two inhabitants — fishermen ami fanners.' From the I'ecords we gather that during the various periods of English dominion between 177rfr- ^..j^ ^S^xiiJi^a^, ^^■^^''^^_ •iv::^- FISHING I'OB C(ll) ON THE HANKS FROM A DOIUB. From the Graphic. residents came back in 17hermen. carried on thr Bank and shcre fishery. ' The l*'rei;i'li account savs onlv thirteen hum i ■■&v c liii^ ill! 572 ST. PIERRE A1;D MIQUELOX. The tragic events of 1789 found a re-echo in tlie little isle. The great wave of the French Revolution was felt even at distant 8t. Pierre. In July of that year there was a General Assorbly and a Committee of Notables. Some of the commandants, strange to say, were Republicans, and acted in common with the Assembly ; the first official to proceed in this renuiikable manner was M. da Mesnilambert, acting Governor, then M. Dansevilie, incumbent since 1785. The controller and tlie judge also took part 'n this cxtraoidinary Parliament ; and even the prefect, apostolic seems to have caught the Republican fever. Meetings of the Assembly ir POUAUNEZ, NEAR CAPE UK HAS, UUITTANY. were announced from the pulpit, and were commonly held in the sacred edifice. M. Allain, the cure of Mifiuelon, was mnde of sternei' stutf than the pliajit prefect. He took no |>{irt in these wild Jacobin org es and t'avesties of a delibex'ative a.ssembly : in 17>>0, when retpiired to take the oath of allegiance to the Republic, he refused to swear, and sooner thfin serve under tlie Freneh Gove4nment, he »nd nearly all liis tlook in Miciuelon transported themselves to the Ms^lulen Islands. They preferred living imder the English Jominion, wht;re they could exercise their faith and freedom, to tlie iM^ad*- ride of France. The renowned ChateauV)iiand passed through S- l'^ rre ad at this perkd, and he has given us, in his LE CLUB DES AMIS DE LA CONSTITUTION. 573 red laii id le fin on nd n.l " Memoires d'outre Tombe," a graphic description of the little French colony.' In '17i)2 the aflairs of the island were regulated by " The Assembly- General of the Commune of 8t. Pierre and Mi(iuelon." They met sometimes in the church at St. Pierre, sometimes in the hall of Govern- ment House. A decree cf this Assembly, dato'l 13th January 1792, decided that its meetings should be held under the pre'^idency of ¥ J>ans('ville, the Commandant; M. Bordot, Interpreter and Rey'strar of the Admiralty Court, and ex-Secretary of the Committee of Notables, was appointed Secretary-General of the Commune. In February of this year a Jacobin club was formed, under the fantastic title of " Le Club des Amis de la Constitution '' ; for a short time thei-e was a ve itable reign of terror, and in a riot caused by members of the club, a woman nametl Genevieve Larache was killed. Order was at length restored through the firm and energetic action of tiie Conunandant ; the revolutionary club was dissolved, and the most violent of its mend)ers, in true French fashion, were expelled fiom the Colony in April. Following, in a ludicrous way, the example of the Mother Country, a Committee of Public Safety was formed. When M. Pelegrin, Commander of the fri^'ate Richcmond, arrived in July, he at once put an end to som-. of these absurd ])roceedings. He pointed out to the Commandant that it was against the laws that he should be, at one and the saiuL' time, liovcrnor of the Colony and President of the Communal Assembly ; Danseville accordingly resigned. M. Bordot was appointed ii\ liis place, whilst Gaehot was made Secretary-General. There was soon war betweeii the new officers. Old DansevilU; had kept his stein Republican haml on the turbulent A>isembly; but when once it was withdrawn, these bra\ e " citoyens " could do nothing but (piarrel. There was an imuien.se conllict between St. Pierre and Mit|UeI<)n ; never, in the most stormy osite shores of Newfound, and and solemnly planted in the scpjare, towards the seashore, as a " Tree of Libert}'," with all tin; pomp and ceremony the Coluny couluny Republic ; a Conunittee of Defence was appointed, rannon were to be planted, and provisions procured, as their stock of food vvis nearly exhausted, and tlie Colony was on the brink of starvation. On the 14th, Vice-Admiral King, with two ships of the line, three frigates, and four other vessels, with troops under the command of Brigadier-General Ogilvie, came into the Roads. St. Peter's and all its gallant citizens surrendered without striking a blow ; all the inhabitants, fifteen hundred and two persona, were taken to Halifax, N.S., and from thence sent to France. Some of the unfortunate Acadians, by the irony of fate, were deported for the fourth time from their homes. This time St. Pierre was not destroyed by the English ; it was the Fi-ench Republican Admiral, Richery, after complete failure on the New- foundland coast, Avho turned his guns against the French buildings at St. Pierre. Immediately after the departure of tlie French many Newfoundland families from Placentia and Fortune Bay settled in the little French town. The O'Gormans of Burin, Cluetts and Grandys of Fortune Bay, lived there for many years. Subsecjuent to the capture of the island by Admiral King, Major Thorne, of the 4th Regiment, was left in command of the island. From Aaron Thomas, purser of H.M.S. Boston, who visited the island in 1794, we get a humorous account of a dinner party given by the gallant Governor.^ If,' \ :: ■'! i ■ i ■ i • Boston Fiiavy & Army. — Success to the lioston, was given, — And just as each mans Glass, came to his mouth, Down, Comes the Table. — With as terrible a crash, — as if all the Masts, of the Boston, hai? MAJOR THORNES DIJfNKR PARTY. t)7o In 1802, by the peace of Amiens, St. Pierre was restored to France, l)ut w> '• breaking out next year it was again taken possession of, and not finally res^tored until after the final peace of 1815, On the 22nd June 1810, the Colonists returned to their old home, con- veyed in the frigates La C(iravoat, alternately moving & tumbling about in a Cluster, I could not but compare them, to a pile of Lobsters, some alive and some boiled. I'ropper assistance having arrived, & the Party regained their Legs I need not comment, on the friendly, Look, given, to one another ! — Two Companys of Light Infantr}', came in and moved the broken remiiants, the wreck was soon cleared. But to the .jreat discomliture of o'l. not a whole glass remained ! — I mean, not oi,.; in the Governors House, — But ncit, in all tiie Island,— Bowls, Bottles & all, shared the same fate. It getting a late hour it was proposed, by way of, Finile. — That the whole Company should March (as well as they couhl) in Pro- cession, Drums ,St Kites, at their head, round the Room & Hall, in the Hall, the Band of the Kegiment, had been playing all the Evening. Tl cy had been supjilycd, plen- tifully with Li(|uirs and as the Bottles were emptyed, they, put them under, their Table. The Procession came unawares on the Band, they sud♦ mil ; s„ ^.111 III 14li| Mjriiiii ; .")ii livres Tor etu'li lislicriuMn riii- ricur do Lys It- jiiii 7-V a.:i;iii (!(1| pldVCll tills Slll-.oll ill -.it (■ •XM 1 the Island. I ( Ml 17 1 CaroiiRe f ( TJI) nil } 2,-)S 11,'JOO 2I8§ Xiitc. — The Miuount of lisli ('Mii):li( at St. ( 11.') 1 1 iirre ami Mii|UClou l.'iO J is nut )iiven; but at Coneho - - - • o* { U'O Kill \ ■" { i,mn dry two trreoii ) m the same jiroportion ])er man it would St. JuUioiis - 1 + \ - — 11,000 2m)*l make llie lutal eateli St.lW quintals, lithe Fischot . . - - ( .1* } — — C.IIOO {10*; seven other vessels are added, would K(ve Zealot - . - - 1+ 1 S - — 11, (WO 20(l§ nlioiit 2,000 men and lOO.ooO (iiiintals. Ooese Cove - :!• — — 7,(I0!( 1IKI§ St. Aiitliony - .)• — — ;).(;(;(» — (a) Employed on the St. l'icri-(> .t* — — — — banks, on sliore, ami .Mi(iiiL'lou r>i • .»(I0((() — - tishing in two-handed skilts. Tot il :)j - 00-1 Ol.iltO — • Hr ir. t Ship. t Scl ooner. § Ita n-(> s. i; Tons. 1 Ho nslieads. There v i-re five vessel-; at Qiiirpon, one at Grij;iiet, and two at Canada Hay. N'o account received Oi anv I'reneh ves.-sels on the west coast of Xewfonndland. THK BAIT ACT. 577 tea loi- of !St. Ill Mt l/Il iiiia trll the uro live mid tilt nmounted to over .^4M0 per head, at least §450 of which was simigj^'led into Nowfoiindhind and Caniula. 'Die operation of tlie Hait Act in 18HS and succeedinj^ years was a serious blow to the connnercial success (tf St. Pierre, a blow from which the little French Colony has never recovered. All the great trade which it boasteil of is an inflated, artificial j»ro,sperity, it rests entirely on the support of the Home Government ; withdraw the bounties, and St. Pierre would come down like a house of cards. La Grande Nation has always set the fashion for Europe, and latterly for America. The French have always been distingiiished for their excellent taste, their art, the politeness of their manners ; the French colonies in America, foi this reason, had a remarkable attraction for their English neighbours. Both in Cape Breton and at St. Pierre New England'jrs and Newfoundlanders carried on a large clandestine trade with their Gallic friends; in peace and war the old smuggling trade progressed with scarcely any interruption ; this trade with Newfound- land rose to its height after the " Forties." Tlie Pierrois in this business plundered the revenues not only of Canada, Newfoundland, and the Maritime Provinces, for years they made even greater depredations on the revenues of France ; thousands of quintals of English-caught fish were surreptitiously taken in St. Pierre by sale anil baiter, received the enormous bounty, and went to swell fictitiously the French catch of fish ; later on the vigilance and superior honesty of the officials put an end to this business on a large scale, but it is impossible to extinguish it altogether. The author of the *' Annuaire " of 1883 speaks of the immense benefit of the bait trade to St. Pierre, but he very judiciously avoids all riieution of the smuggling. The following extract is taken from the " Annuaire " of St. Pierre for 1883 :— " Les grosses transactions qui out pour objot la veiite et I'achat des morue3 e'entamcnt et se cU'nouent lo plus souvent on Franco. Anssi Ic petit commorco qui gravite autour du grand commorce a-t-il une action ])lus directe ct plus immediate sxu' les affaire.^ qui se traitent dans la colonio. Pour no citor qu'im exemplo, on estinie a jiros do 800,000 francs lo prix payt5 ccttc anni'o (1883) par los pi^cheurs Fi an^ais aux Anglais qui ont fourni le harong. En ('chango dn prix de la boitte, lea Anglais font des achats relativoment considorables a St. I'icrre, et c'osfc ainsi que les fles Ht. Pierre et Miquelon sont sur la cote nn'-ridionale de Terre- Neave un dcboucho tri's important, le centre d'affaires le plus actif par Icquel s'ecoulent lea marchandises soit de provenance fran^aise soit de provonance anioricaine. Ce systcme d'ochanges u'a pas lieu seuleineut que pour la boitte, mais encore pour le bois a feu apportc'' a, rautonmo par les nii'mes galopeurs." " The large transactions which have for their object the sale rnd jiurchase of cod fish begin and end most frequently in Franco, whilst the small trade which gravitates around the great trade has an action more direct and immediate on the affairs of the Colony. For instance, it is calculated that this year (188:5) 800,000 francs is the price paid by the French to English fishermen for herring. lu ,1 / p. 2729. O O ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 *'- IiM |||||22 12.0 1.4 1= 1.6 v] v^ cf'l ^^ % /A «'V^ ^> Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ iV ^^ o % V M 6^ ^^ ^ 'S? "^> <\ 6^ 579 ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELOX. iS-' ■'" '11 ::| i R in;;i ':!» i exchange for the price of the bait the English make quite considerable parchascs at St. Pierre. Thus those islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon are on the west \^^ SPIlKADINrt FISH, ST. PIKHRK. Frtm the Century. coast of Newfoundland , a large outlet, the centre of an active business; here nro collected together the mcrclinudiue furnished buth from France and America. a": arohascs ;he west SMUGGLING SPIRITS INTO CANADA. 579 i..-* "^^'M ;..^«<-"^ here nre America. Not only bait, but firewo-)d, bronghfc in the avitumn, is used in this system of exchange." When thnt most excellent official, Mr. James Hiiyward, of Her Majesty's Customs, visited St. Pierre in 1864, he appeared such a nice simple man that the French gave him every facility to acquire information ; in his report he stated that the Newfoundland revenue was robbed every year by St. Pierre of about $50,000 ; latterly it has been quite double that sum. The amount so taken from the revenue of Canada cannot be ascertained, but it has been stated that half the spirits and tobacco formerly consumed in Lower Canada was smuggled from the French colony. Increased vigilance on the part of the Canadian cruisers lias largely curtailed this clandestine business, and the imports of St. Pierre (larjiely through the influence of the Bait Act) show tlie result : from 20,199,062 francs in 18H5 they have come down in 1892 to 8,560,908 francs, and the exports of fish have fallen from 46,240,817 kilos, in 1886 to 22,098,075 kilos, in 1892. The following account of the clandestine trade between St. Pierre and Lower Canada, taken fi-om a Montreal paper, shows the modus operandi. The writer is not correct about the price of the German gin.^ Some Newfoundlandei-s are in the trade ; they sail from St. Pierre to some unfrequented part of Canadian Labrador, where (choosing foggy weather for the run), amongst the inner ifelandw, they meet smaller craft ; these smaller boats again tranship their cargo into jiunts and dories farther up the St. Lawrence ; and, lastly, it is distributed about Quebec by farmers in carts. It is an immense business, and has enormous evil etlects on the French Canadians. The activity of the Canadian cruisers and the operation of the Bait Act has now largely curtailed this illicit traffic. The statistics of St. Pierre show tliat from these causes their imports have fallen from twer.ty million francs to eight millions. " Quebec, May 26. — With the disajipearance of icebergs and the opening of the season of navigation in the St. Lawrence between Quebec and the gulf, the bold smugglers of the north liave as^ain forced themselves upon public attention by the persistence with which they have resumed their traflic of former seasons, and the readiness with which they sliow fight wiien attacked or pursued by vessels of the Canadian customs fleet. The head-(|Uarter8 of the smugglers of the St. Lawrence and New England ports is at the French Island of St. Pierrj, Mi(|uelon, off the south coast of 2S'ewfoundland. Hitherto their chief traffic has been spirituous iMjuors. This year they are extending their operations and doing a large business in tobacco. The French Government has recently reduced the duties on all classes of tobacco landed at St. Pierre to 4 francs 70 centimes a hundred kilos. The duty previou.sly was 50 to 150 francs, according to quality. The new duty, amouuting to 41 cents a hundred pounds, means that St. Pierre is > See p. 547. o o 2 580 ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. , practically a free port for the entry of tobacco, so that smuggling it thence to Boston, Quebec, or more convenient ports on the Atlantic coast or shores of the St. Lawrence is now quite a profitaule one for coasters. " Spirituous liquors are admitted into St. Pierre, Miq., free of duty. A fleet of thren large three-masted schooners are constantly employed by the smugglers, conveyi.ig cargoes of alcohol, 60 over proof, from Boston to St. Pierre. There is no concealment about this part of the traffic — the difficulty consisting in landing the alcohol at Canadian ports so as to avoid the duty of $2 a gallon. There are two and sometimes three transhipments of the liquor from the time it leaves the entrepot at St. Pierre until it is safely put ashore upon the banks of the St. Lawrence. The immense profit of the traffic may be judged of by the fact that the whiskey or alcohol, which is the chief staple of the trade, sells for only $1.40 a gallon in Boston, and is worth here, with the duty added, no less than $3.75 a gallon. Jamaica rum and French liqnors and brandies, etc., which are also admitted duty free into St. Pierre, form a portion of most cargoes of the smuggling schooners from St. Pierre to Quebec and other points, and, as the Canadian duty upon these is very high, there is even more profit upon the smuggling of them than upon that of the whiskey. " The large gulf schooners that leave St. Pierre with the liquor aboard never risk a total loss of vessel and cargo by venturing as far as Canadian inland waters. Before leaving the gulf for the mouth of the St. La\vrence river they are each met by three or four smaller craft, generally schooners of very srmll value, which divide among them the cargo of the larger craft. One of these may be seized and confiscated, and yet the profit upon the operations of the others will make the entire trip a lucrative one, and often they all escape capture. Small boats land the liquor from the schooners, often under cover of the night, at some of the parishes of the island of Orleans or elsewhere in the vicinity of the city. " Some of the parishes of the lower St. Lawrence has become completely demoralized by the proportions to which this traffic has grown. Farmers entirely neglect their land and fishermen their nets to engage in ventures that promiEC so large returns, and the excitement and sailor life attendant upon it offer great attractions to the French Canadian character. The parish priests complain bitterly of the demoralizing effects upon their people and of the fearful drunken- ness thitt prevails wherever the whiskey blanc — r< the fiery alcohol is called by the Canadians — is landed or sold, and many of iLa country cures turn informers to the Government upon the smugglers. " There is no doubt that encouragement has been given the smugglers by the unfortunate failure of justice some time ago in the case of the noted smuggler Captain Bouchard, who fought and compelled tlie retreat of a Government revenue cutter last season, and was only subdued and captured after he had been besieged in and dislodged from the smuggler's stronghold on the Isle aux Coudres in tbe lower St. Lawrence. Yet when his case was brought to trial here a few days ago, he was onl}' convicted before the court of simple assault, and got off* with a fine of §25. " Only last week the Government cruiser Constance was set at defiance by the crew of a little smuggling schoonei opposite the mouth of the Moisie rivers. The name of the vessel, which turns out to be the Steadfast — of St. John's, Nfld. — had been painted over on her stern, and she refused to come to when summoned in the Queen's name, and when about to be boarded by the Government officers her crew fought with their axes and wounded a couple of them. Finally the prize, with her cargo of 315,000 worth of liquors, v/as secured, and her crew put in irons. They are now in jail awaiting trial, and the vessel and cargo are in port, and have SEIZURE OF THE MARV. 581 been confiscated, but her two oonsorta have escaped arrest, aiid have probably safely landed their cargoes." In July 1890 the schooner Mary, owned by Mr. Deidy, of Fox Harbour, John Kelly master, put into St. Pierre ; she ha ^1 s In taking leave of this bravo little inlanil, monument of the indomitable industry, energy, and recuperative powei-s of the French people, I will conclude with the wortls of the St. Pierre historian : " After many misfortunes this small group of St. Pierre and Micjuelon, FRENCII FISHING BOAT. " the last parcel nfloat out of the great wieck of the French dominion " in North America, can with legitijnate pride sum up its position thus : " Six thousand inhabitants, trade amounting to thirty millions of francs " a year, and a public revenue of half a million francs." it 58o ^f tlie Frencli boriaii : juelon, APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XVIII. ninion thus : francH I.— Chateaiibriand'B account of St. Pierre in 1790. " Wf Dteered towards St. Pierre and Miquelon looking for a frenh anchorage. When wc approached the first between 10 a.m. and luid-day, wu were ulnioHt on shore before we wor. itwure, the land suddenly appearing in the form of a binck lump throuKh the mist. We anchored opposite the principal town of the island. We did not see it but we heard the noise from the shore. The passengers hastened to land ; the superior of St. iSulphice was so ill that he had to bo carried on shore. I took a lodging apart, waiting until a squall dissipating the fog, should show niu the place which I inhabited, and, so to speak, the countenances of my hosts in this country of shadows. " The harbour and roadstead of St. Pierre are on the eastern side of the island, facing iiuothcr smaller island of a long shape, called the Isle of Dogs. The harbour suriiamed the Barach&is eats deep into the land, and ter- minates in u blackish pool. Several sterile hilli< are closely grouped together in the centre of the iuland ; some, detached, ovt r- haug the shore, whilst oihers are surrounded by a tract of level and boggy soil. From the town can be :3een the Hill of the Watch- Tower. " The Governor's house is directly opposite the landing place. The church, the parsonage, and the storehouse for provisions are in the same locality. Then comes the dwelling-house of the Commissioner of the Army and that of the Captain of the Port. After these commences the only street of the town, T7hich extends along the pebbly shore. I dined twice or three times at the house of the Governor, an officer full of politeness and friendly zeal. He cultivated a few European vegetables in one of the glacis. After dinner he showed me what he called his garden. The delicate odour of heliotrope exhaled from a square plot of beans in flower was not wafted to us on the breeze of our native country, but by the savage wind of Newfound- land, without any relation to the exiled plant, without any sympathetic feeling of recollec- tion or delight. " From the garden we proceeded to climb the hills, and stopped at the foot of the flag- staflP of the watch tower. The new French flag floated over our head. Like the women of Virgil we gazed at the aeajlentea. It separated us from our native land. The Governor was uneasy. He belonged to the Breton side, and, moreover, was weary in iliia retreat, suitable enough for a dreamer of uiv species, but a rude dwelling for a man occupied with business, or not carrying within himself the lesson wtiich fills all space and banishes from men the rest of the world. My hast made inquiries respecting the revolution. I asked him in return for some information about the north-west pnssnge. He belonged to the advance guard of the desert, but he knew nothing of the Esquimaux, and only received from Canada a few partridges. " One morning I proceeded alone to the Eagle Cape to see the sunrise in the direction of France. There a winter torrent had formed a cascade which fell in its last bound into the sea. I seated myself on a rock o/erhanging the sea. While thus employed, I perceived a young fisherwoman advancing along the hill above me. She had bare legs and feet, though it was cold and the dew was on the ground. Her black hair was gathered in knots beneath an Indian handkerchief, which was wrappe"o Flay. In the v.iUp3'h the );ranitu rockN are clothed with a denoe carpet of xphaigneH, licheun, anif dicrantim." [The reit of the narrative relate* to the flora, kc. lie nays tlie piinjr woods of St. Piurru form a striking contrast to the foi'e«t8 of Newfoundland neea near at hand. He cnlU 8t. Pierre the iMiand of J. Curtier.] IL— Statistics. Table of the Kxporifi of Dry and Green Fioh from Kt. Pierre and Miqiiclon for the following Yean i alio Value of Imports. Yearn. Dry Fish. Green Fish. Imports Value. Years. Dry Fish. Green Finh. IinportM Value. Kilo|i8. Kilofts. Kranc8. Kilogs. Kilogs. Francs. 1S41 a, 12 1, 9.50 1,. 566,505 1,905,(194 1867 8,197,.5.50 7,873,792 7,897.614 1842 7,7.57.900 1,520,275 2,:«07,761 1868 7,:i55,604 7,747,777 8,174,712 184:» 9,007,194 794,036 1,991,311 1869 6,399,461 8,1.52,603 8,535,086 1844 7,78:»,fi08 1,572,079 ;»,0.50,8.14 1870 7,024.704 8,6:12,125 7,fi42,90a 184.5 9,94H,:<07 1,047,629 2,641,511 i 1871 6,634,543 8,851.905 6,835,702 184f. 1(),22.5,3:»3 1,488,516 :«,U 1,827 1872 7,310,444 12,560,927 7,984,151 1847 9.401,489 1,248,062 .1,019.102 1873 5,878,108 12,404,378 8,l:iO,338 1848 7,2fi7.927 2,02«,2;»4 2,257 662 1874 5,757,014 12.428,898 8,639,951 184'.> 7,104,872 1,724.0.59 2,26.1,276 1875 4,331,161 I0,:i05,184 8,858,694 ISSO H,;l0.5,7f>.5 2,085,M0:» 2,445,:».39 1870 3,810,175 1 1 .269,560 8,941,519 1851 10,454,09;» 1,885,720 2.918,745 1877 2,276,611 13,021,814 8,971,473 l8.Vi 9,681,494 1,781, .532 2.!»88,:M0 1878 2,055.437 16,087,418 6,184,262 IH.VJ 10,.54 1,484 1,54.5,557 :«,2 1.1,002 1879 3,114,039 17,164,379 9,469,099 lS.'i4 10,l.«8,9fifi 1,144,719 :),26 1,042 18M) 4,635,292 10,223.495 9,1.58,711 1S,'>5 8,461,261 1,115,060 a, 1.58,434 1881 4,.584,175 14,4.50,725 8,953,556 18.-)(i 9, :t 4 1,1 80 1.. 168,445 3.519,07:1 1882 4.59;},916 10,379,940 10,035.408 1857 y,;U.5,042 94,66:{ 3.776,18:1 18^3 3,457,063 23,543,920 17,036,023 18.58 1().074,.519 495,741 4,715,203 1884 8,285,666 23,889,162 16,039,229 18.59 11,097,908 1 ,209,070 3,821,001 1885 7,945,091 33,838,240 20,199,062 IHfiO 10,102.677 1,280,872 4,084,861 1886 11,198,:»42 35,042.475 11,404,776 1861 7,783,68.5 1,614,205 4.239,,567 1887 0,881,173 31, .54 8,567 18,2.10,272 18fi2 10,M27,28.5 1,004,:»80 3,.528,763 1888 5,8:16,782 22,1.39,297 17,709,077 18f):» 7,639,166 .M,21.V-'>'>:» 3.971, .581 1889 6,i:io,i:io 20,877,261 18,120,3.16 18G4 9,844,881 4,69t,06:» 3,632,784 1890 5,969,122 19,723,555 17,33.5,445 180.5 11,'.)74,H09 6,o;)H,842 ^, 44 1,817 1891 .3,210,219 17.720,557 10,084,435 186C 10,4.)7,464 8,258,051 6,467,089 1892 4,855,070 17,243,005 8,560,908 ■M 697 CHAPTER XIX. HISTORY OF LABRADOR. Under the Jurisdiction of Newfoundland. The Great American Peninsnln knowu .la Labrador is washed on one side by Hudson's Bay and Straits, on Hie other by the Atlantic and the Gulf and Kiver St. Lawrence. This vast territory is little known, and only very partially explo- . ; whilst on .he Atlantic coast it ^"s one of the most bleak and barren rej'ions of the earth, recent Caiia'lian explorei-s have discovered in the interior great ndnend wealth tind large belts of timber. Tlie portion of Labrador under the dominiun of this Colony is alone referred to in this chapter.^ The discovery of this peninsula by Europeans lias given ri.M' to move wild conjectures and more points for discussion even than the vexed question of the landfall of Cabot in North America ard New- foundland. Passing over tlie voyages of the NurLhmen, which the Danish clironicles state were in AD. 770 and the Icelandic chronicles in A.D. 982, we come to the whaling voya^ies of the hardy Biscayans in the North Atlantic in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It is alleged that on one of these exjieditions in 1470 they discovered and fished at Labrador. One such story is given by Navarrete.^ It is quite probable that these daiing whalei-s from Northern Spain in pursuit of their dangerous avocation sailed as far west as Greenland, but considex*- ing the vague and uncertain geographical knowledge of the middle ages, it is morethan probable that Greenland, a shadowy country then, only dimly known, was mistaken for Labrador. The old sailors of that age ' The part of Labrador belonging to Newfoundland is defined lis extending from Hudson's Straits to a line to be drawn due north and south from Anse Sablon to (he 52° of north latitude. This division is very unsatisfactory and uncertain. The correct mode of dividing Labrador would be tw carry the dividing line due north from Anse Sablon to the height of land, and then to continue along the natural boundary to Ungava Bay. 2 See The Basque Fishery, p. 47. 5S8 LABRADOU. trusted entirely to a good look-out ; their latitude was generally several degrees wrong, their longitude equally vague ; they relied on their keen observation — the compa'- :, the run of the ship, and the sign of birds. On Cartier's celebrated voyages it was the vast numbers of great auk and penguins off our coasts that led him into the land. Against the very i i :1 ! i U ■ ^ , .1 4\ 1 1 Iv^i VALL8 OF THE BAOLB BIVEK. iftom a drawing by the Hon. and Rev. W. Gran, dubious claims of the Basques we have some hard, unanswerable facts. Juan de la Cosa,' a Basque, whose map was made in 1.500, shows New- foundland as just discovered by the English. Would such an experienced Biscayan navigator ignore the claims of his counirynien if they really had found Labrador and North America ? Again, there are no ' See p. 13, and note Juan du la Cosa. THE EARLY FISHERY. 589 m facts. New- 3nce«l the}- e no Biscayan papers to support such a discovery ; on tlie contrary, tlie records of San Sebastian' prove that the voyages of the Biscayans to New- foundland and Labrador began from 1525 to 1541, Reliance has been placed on the use of the word " Baccalao " in the account of Cabot's voyage, but this was an ordinary trade word in general use at tliat period ; the cod fisliery was pursued by Biscayans and English, centuries before the discovery of America. As a further confirmation that the English and not tl)e Biscayans discovered Labrador, in the Spanish official maps of 1529, made by Diego Ribero, the great cosmographer of the " Casa de Contiatacion " of Seville, we read, " Tierra de Labrador : esta tierra descubrieron los " Ingleses, no hay en ella ccsa de provecho " — " Labrador, this land " was discovered by the English, nothing in it of any value " : and in another by " los Ingleses de la villa de Bristol "— " the English from " the town of Bristol." The claims of the Bretons to be the first discoverers of Labrador rest also on v.igue trarlition, unsupported at the present time by historical documents ; 1504 is the earliest date at which their presence cnn be proved in the Newfoundland and Labrador fishery. In the absence of any authpntic evidence to the contrary we must therefore ascribe the discovery of southern Labrador to John Cabot in 1498. There may have been earlier discoveries, but so far his claim is tl, : only one that now rests on recoi-ded unimpeachable testimony. It has been argued that John Cabot's landfall of 1497 must have been Labrador, because he speaks of the white bears. At the time of the discovery of North America, the range of the white bear and the walrus extended far up the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the walrus bred at the Magdalen Islands as late as 1770.2 Parmenius, in his letter to Hakluyt in 1583, mentions the white bears in Newfoundland. Whilst the French and Portuguese in the sixteenth century fished ..bout the Straits of Belle Isle, the English carried on their fishing further north. TIjc clearest proof of the presence of the diflferent nationalities on the Labrador shores is shown by the nomenclature of the coast ; whilst the occupation ^f the Straits is proved by the French names, on the northern portions of this most extensive territoiy all the names are exclusively English. The origin of the name " Labrador " is obscure ; it is stated to have been given by the Portuguese on Cortereal's expeditions, as designating the hardy Indian slaves brought home to Portugal, whom the king • See pages 43 Hnd 44. » See p. 336. h i lIH t-M ■jr ■ \ iX ) i; ■ ■ 1^' :' r ill I t i 590 LABRADOR. stated were the best libourers — " Labradores " — he had ever seen. Some writers have stated that these slaves were Eskimos, but the description given of thern " as tall and well formed " shows plainly that they must have been either Montagnais or Mic Macs, the Eskimos being a remarkably low-sized, thick- set race. The designation Labrador is sup- posed by other writers to have been derived from a Basque or Navarrese vessel, " La Bradore." Now, as the hai'dy Basques did not frequent the North American coast until forty years after the known expeditions of English, French, and Portuguese, and as Navarre at the end of the fifteenth century was an inland province, we may dismiss the Navarrese and Basque legends as ])urely romantic. We have the first attempt at an explanation of the word in the Wolfenbiittel Map B. of 1530, of Sevillian origin ; the inscription on Labrador, after referring to its discovery by Bristol men, adds, " And as the one who first sighted " the land was a farmer of the Azores, they gave it the name of " Labrador." The early navigators, though shrewd observers, were not ethno- logists ; all the savage tribes were simply barbarous people in their eyes ; they discovered, howevei", that one race — the Eskimos — were persecuted by all the rest. In the sixteentli century the Eskimos are said to have numbere■ wr-v :!' 1 ::;■;:;! ;i -J In the Dictionary of Commerce, by Lewis Roberts, printed in London, 1688, there is an account of the French Settlement of Brest, afterwards Bradore, in the Straits of Belle Isle. " It was," he says, " the chief town of New " France, the residence of " the Governor, Almoner, " and other public officers ; " the French draw from " thence large quantities " of baccalao, whale fins, " and train [oil], together " with castor [beaver] and " other valuable furs." It is computed that it contained two hundred houses and a thousand inhabitants in winter.'- About 1600, Brest began to decay. In 1 630 a grant " en seigneurie " of four leagues of the coast embracing the town was granted to a Seigneur Courtemande. After the conquest of Canada by the English, Bradore and the surrounding coast west was monopolised by a company in Quebec known as " the Labrador Company." From about 1545 to about 1700 Ba,sque whalers and cod-fishers in considerable numbers frequented the Straits and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The western end of Belle Isle Straits, where it widens out into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is marked on the old maps as the " Grand Bay " ; here the Biscayans at first had Brest as their headquarters ; their rendezvous, however, for general convoy to Spain was always at St. John's for the first half of the sixteenth century. After the Armada year they A MODERN MOUNTAISEEU INDIAN. Jfler a photograph by H. G. Bryant, ' The remains of works at Bradore are still tr.icea1)le, though all the buildingB have long since dipappearetl. The settlement was deserted by the French early in the seven- teenth century, ou account of the hostility of the Eskimo and the 'lucay of the fur trade. AMERICAN WIIALEllS. 507 consorted more with the French ; fisliiiig at first about St. Pierre and Fortune Bay, they gradually advanced round by the west const up to the Straits. From a very early period, probably to keep away from the turbulent English, the French fished on the north-east coast of Newfoundland from White Bay to Quirpon, called by them " Le Petit Nord," and in the straits of Belle Isle. From Bonne Esperunce to (^apo Charles was about the extent of their fishing operations, and within this limit oidy are French names. The first authentic account of a settled English Liil)rador fishery occurs after the peace of 1763, when Labrador and Aiiticosti wens annexed to Newfoundland. Prior to that date a few English green fish catchers, traders and furriers from L(jwer Canada, and New Englanders had been doing a desultory sort of business on the coast ; there were few, if any, settlers between the Straits and Hamilton Inlet ; probably a score or two of white men and " courricrs du bois " had intermarried with the Indians, and carx'ied on a salnmn and winter seal fishery. Governor Palliser ^ made regulations for the Labrador tisViery to be carried on as a ship fishery, and to, protect Englisli interests he built Fort Pitt in Chateau Bay, and garrisonc,dit's at the same place in 1770), the Newfoundland merchants sei t tisliinif ships to Labrador. Newmans, Hunter, and tlu; Slades from Twillinifate and Fo;:o were am(in''>t tlie eirliest adventurers in this new business. Their operations were confined to the coast between the Straits and ('ape Chai'les. North of this thei'e was perjietual dan;^er from the Moun- tiineers and Eskimos, The Fi-ench excited (he Indians a<,M,inst the English, and latterly gave the ^lountaineers liicarins, with which they watred a relentless war against the Eskimo.^ Tliis trade did not comiiietice luitil after the Treaty of Paris, 170;^- The most full and accurate information about I-abrador from 1770 is attbrded us by the ponderous diary of Cartwright. The gallant major used very humane measures towards the Indians, both Eskimos and IVrountaineers, com|iletely won their confidence, and did a large traile with them. Until Caitwright's and Lucas's friendly intercoiirso with them, they were accounted the n ost savage tribe on the whole American continent. Cartwright appears to have succeeded in winning the attachment of both Mountaineers and Eskimos to the English. Before a Committee of the House of Commons he expounded his ])lans for overcoming the hostility of the Red Indians of Newfoundland. In his testimony he mentions his .succ.^ssl'ul elToits to promote amicable rcdations with the savages on the Labrador coast. It is largely due to his humane efforts and the ministry of tlie l\Ioravian missionaries that both Mountaineers and Eskimos became friemlly to Europeans. » ' Si-i' p. .'127, Pjillisor's li-tfi r to Govpriiov Peiniird ot MaHsauluisftts. At P'ortfiin olil i*t'ltU'iK point out tlu' liiUtk'fit'ld of tlio f;rf;it fiiiht hftwf'Mi till' Kskiinos iinil Moiitiigiiais; till! I'oiiiitiy iironiul is strewi'd with flint cliip]iiiigs. It i'i a tniditioii that the >[oun- taiiicers dcscfiidod on tlie coast at this point, lind hi'ii- occuiTtd tlin great strnirgh' hftwecii the Ilij'hlaiidors and I^owhiiiders of Labiador. and I'inson's vessels, llojir niid Avne, on a fisliing v.)vage from Dartrnoiitli and Water- ford to Temple Hav, Lahruilor ; on the 13th of Angusi the American privateer JMhiiTra ca])tiired both vessels. iS'oMo and I'inson's master, .\st"iek, said tliere iveie no settle- ments at Jjahrador hut those belonging to the |iiaintitTs. Tliis was not correct, as l.'artwright and Darby had a tishing establishment at The JiOwianders were beaten and driven ("ape Charles, beginning 1707. French, nh. Nolil Kewnniii, and llniiler were called to prove -The case of the practice of the Labrador trade. In his Xoble etal. '•. Keiinoway, an action on a policy judjjmeiit. I.in-d Mansfield said, ".'Since the of insurance, tried belbre Lord .Xhmsfielil in Treaty of I'aris (17(11) a new tr;>dc has been 1780, arose on* of the capture of Noble opei L'd to Labradii !■ ^ I. A!;!; Ann K !.!V!i-,i; s III. large ♦ INTEKlOi; OI' A Tll.V. f V » 1 .1 1 I 1 1 n . ., 'm"i ! f»" I ■ 1 '1 ' I GEOROE CARTWRIOHT. 600 Ono of tlio moHt remarkaltio books ever written is " A Journal of " Transactions anrn \7'V-). After serving in the army he came out to New found!. ind with his brother, John Cartwrinht, U.N., first lieutenant of H.M.S. GiwrnwiJ, under Sir Hugh Palliser, in 17(50 John Cartwright was sent to try and make peace with tlie Red Indians, and had coinniaiirivateer inannt'd by one illain Dominick >rivateer's crew Id have made a lere can be no ng the Eskimos w^M 1^^ ^mm ras uniformly 1 transactions )nialy ; whilst 1 his religious Latterly he blishmenc at GEORGE CAHTWRIGHT. Cartwright, Sandwich Bay, now occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company.^ Cartwright, in his diary, mentions the presence of the Moravian missionaries on the Labrador, but he attached very little im|)ortance to their devoted labours. The more rigid proceedings of English and French naval officei's after 1783 against the ship fishermen on the norlh-e.ist and west coast so harassed our tracio's that they beg«n to extend their operations oa the Labrador coast, and. about the same time, from 17^3 to 1800, Jersey houses commenced business at Blann Sablon, Forteau, and other places in tlie Straits. In the petition to the Governor of NewfoundhiTid ^^ ''-- ■■"■ W^^'M^i ST. FRANCIS UARBOUH IN 1857. from a ilrawing by the Hon. and Rev. W. Gray. De Q ucttvilie "^ sots out the price he had paid for his room at Blanc Sablon (now owned by Job Brothers, and under the able management of the Hon. S. Blandford). About this period also other West-count; y houses, besides Noble & Pinson, commenced business at Lance a-Loup, Grady, and Henley Hai-bour. In 1813 Sir Richard G. Keats appointed ' Cartwright sold to Hunt & llenly, from whom the Hudson Hay Company purchased their present estahlishmeut. - In our Kecords of 1813 there is a letter fruin De Quettvilie to Governor Keats uhout his fishing estahlishnients at Foiteau and D.auc SabloD. lu 17H4 two vessels were sent there hy Pointestre & Kohinson. Forteau Ure'it Room and Admiral's Point were houiiht by Thomas Falle and Ue Quettvilie in 17H5; in 1802 De Quettvilie bought both rooms, Forteau and Bliinc Sablon, for .4:75.5 sterling. The Jersey house of It'ibin began their fishing operations at Cape Breton in 17t)(). 1< i 'I 1 i h eo2 LABRADOR. Pinson, of Temple Buy, and Sainuel Prowse, of Cape Charles, justices of i he peace for the Labrador ; it was the first attempt to create courts of justice on this desolate coast. Planters from Conception Bay were amongst the first pioneers in this ^leat tislier}' ; to day the contingent from Harbour Grace, Carlionear, Brigus, Bay Roberts, Port de Grave, Harbour Main, Holy- rood, Bonavista, Twillin;4ate, and Fogo form the bulk of the Newfound- L'ukI ti-hermen on the Labrador coast. Ye.n* bj^ year enterprising Newfoundlanders have extended their operations farther and farther up the coast towards Cape Chidley. The expansion of the English fishery at, Labrador began about the middle of the eighteenth century ; for the first [)eiiod it was confined to the Straits and Cape Charles ; Cartwright was the first Englishman to extend hi-j operations to the settlement now beai ing his name. The next extension was from Caj)e Charles to Seal Islands bv ureen fish catchers. Tlie third move forward was to Spotted Island and Sandwich Bay. The fourth was from Spotted Island to Grosewater Bay. Settlers in all cases fbl'owed in the wake uf the green fish cafccdxei s. Mr. Charles Cozens, of Brigus, about 1850, was the first trader who adventured as far as Indian HTarbour. Thomas Brown. Downer, and Wade, of Conception Harbour, were the most ad- venturous of these later green fi'sh catchei s, and were the first to go north of the Moravian settlements. Spracklin's, at Cape Harrigan, a dealer of Messrs. JoV/s, is to-day the most northe'ii fishing e>tabli-hment occupied by New- foundlanders. Downer had fished at Nach vak for twelve yeai-s, and Wade had been to Iron Strand below Kclipse Harliour for several seasons. 1'hirty years ago ^Ir. Nathan Norman's estalilishment at Indian Harbour, now owned by Job Brothers, was the most northern of the Newfoundland establishments, though a few schooners from Hol^rood anil Harbour Main soon afcer ventured to fish farther up the coast. Today Newfoundland fishing extends far beycmd, and la.'.t summer the Hon. S. Blandl'ord in t'le steamer ^i^imivl explonMl and fished as far north as Cape Chidley.^ In tlie oUh-n times, planters, with their families and household belong- ings, including tiieir dogs and goats, used annually to trajisport themselves to the Lab -^dor for the fishing season. Until within r,he last few yeais all this immense traffic was carried on by sailing vessels, im stiv small ' Cupe Cliidli'v, ciillc'l iit'tiT •'Till' wov- county of Pi'voii, Es(|iiiii', dii'.'f ))roiiioti'r mm I sliiliful Mr. John Chidley, of ChidWy, in tlie general of an expedition to Chili in 138U." T. R. JOll, K3(J. Si/ S. II. I'avsuiis. LABRADOR PASSENGER TRAFFIC. G03 schooners ; there was overcrowding, and a gx'eat want of proper accommodation for the women ; to-day, thanks to Mr. Rofi;erson and his Bill regulating the Labrador pas.senger traffic, and also to the more general use of steaineis, the emigration of our hardy fisher folks to Labrador is conducted in a saft- r, more orderly, and more decent way ; a voyage in a planter's vessel to and from Labrador even now, however, is not exactly luxurious travelling. I have a lively remembrance of one episode in this Labrador emigration. All the first three weeks of November 18GS there Avas terrible anxiety in Brigus about Wdliam John Rabbit's brig. Hunter; she was known to be an old vessel, and was much over due. Everyone had faith in William John, but iiis coming was long delayed. All day long the distracted r^-latives strained tlieir eyes for a vision of the Hunter commg up the Bay. The vessel was sli< rt-lianded and lull of women and children. By many she was given up for lost ; women went about wringing their hands, weeping and wailing a id lamenting for the dead. One morning I was awakened by an unusual noise and disturbance in the settlement ; it was just daylight. As I peered through the window I saw a bare-headed fellow, with his garments loose about him, mad as an Indi.-.n Fakir, rus-hing through the streets, shouting at the top of his voice, " The Havter is coining ! The Hunter is comin<' ! " The shout electrified Brigus; women and men half dressed, wild with intense excitement, i-ushed out to see her ; and in a short time the battered old brig was seen slowly coming round the point ; her sails hung about her loose and ragged, her old gear was weather-! eaten and dilapidated, her stumpy spars bore only her topsails; but what ]oy \ what intoxication of delight I that clumsy old vessel brouglit to Bri^'us on that fine sunny November morning. With many others I went on board the Hunter, and as long as I live I shall never foi-get the scene — the women and children, goats, pigs, and dogs, crowdeil in her hold. After seeing and smelling, I believe I can now form an idea of the horrors of the middle passage, and the odours and sufferings of the chained negroes in the slaver's hold. For many years past the Xewf(mndland Government has sent down a doctor each season to visit the Labraiior residents; valiialde medical assistance has also been given by the surgeons of the English men-of- war, who perioilically visit a portion of the coast. It has long been felt that more sh.onld be done for the health and cijmfort of this large population, scattered over such an exten-ive coast ; the colcuial doctor and the man-of-war surgeoa's calls were like angels' visits, very few ami tar between. All this mis'^rable state of affairs has now been remeditd to a large extent by the operation of the Deep Sei Missitm. ': ■ ,! G04 LABKADOK. For the following acrount of the inception and work of the mission, I am imlebte'l to the superintendent, Wil'^'ed T. Grenfeil, ]\I.R.C.S. : — • In 1891 Mr. F. S. Hopwood, of the Board of Trade, England, and a member of the council of the above missinn, passed through St. John's Newfoundland, on his wav from Canada. Here he was convinced that the exigencies and privation.« of the Labratlor fisher folk constituted a clear call on the society to extend their medical and mission work to the poor British toilers of the sea on dreary Labrador. On his return to England the council of the Society adopted his suggestion, and in 1892 appointed their superintendent, W'ilfred T. Grenfeil, to fit out one of their vessels for a trans-Atlantic voyage and proceed to Labrador, in order that tliey might be better informed about this claim on their resources. Accordingly, in June 1«'ewfoundland Go> eminent, and a week later she made a landfall at Domino on the east coast of Labrador. The Albert is a ketch of ninety-seven tons register, one hundred and fifty-five tons gross measurement, and was built as a sister ship to the mission's first hospital ves.sel Queen Victoria. She was named by permission of Her M;ijesty, who is patron of the mission, and has from the first taken a deep interest in its charitable work, and been a constant sub.sctiber to its funds. The Albert remained three months on the coast visiting the settlements as far north as Hopedale (Mcjravian mission station), and as far south as Red Bay in the Straits of Belle Isle. On the return to St. John's a careful report was drawn up by the superintendent ami read to a meeting of merchants iiud planters called by his Excellency Sir Terence O'Brien, K.C.M.G., Governor of Newfoundland, i*t Government House. It was explained that the mission was neither sectarian nor political, but simply a philanthropic work, aiming at alleviating the condition of the poor Labrador fishermen and their families, and preaching the Gospel. At the clo.se of the met;ting it was decided to raise funds to bfild two hospitals on the cmst: a house ready built was presented by Mr. Walter Baine Grieve, at Battle Harbour, to serve as the first. The -MK. \y. B. liUIEVK. Hy S. 11. Parsiinn. I ! LAHRADOK I . I V I !■: k S AT 1 1 IJ N T 1 Nf, HON SOIINI1 hai:tlett's ci^icw making fish at turnavik Itt'lll /V.M.'.'V''''/*-''' '1 \^'. '■ ''I'l M 11 I. I -..1. Mfiiiif , I DEEP SEA MISSIOX. COj Society in June 1893 sent out the Albert a second time, with a nurse and doctor for each hospital ; also a small steam launch called tlie Princess May was provided by the mission to enable the superintendent to visit as many intermediate stations iis possible. Indian Harbour, at the entrance of Hamilton Inlet, was chosen for the site of the second hospital. The Report for 1893, given in the Appendix, shows the progress of this good work. During the year there were only two deaths in the liospitals, one more patient died at Battle Harboui", and another soon after reaching St, John's. At the close of the season of 1893, two of the doctors, Grenfell and Bobardt, viiiited Canada in order to endeavour to raise an interest nnd gain funds for the mission in the Dominion. They were eminently successful. A branch of the society was formtd in Halifax, N.S., where nun^bers of Canadian vessels fishing in the gulf and off the Labrador coast come for supplies. A second branch of the society was formed in Montreal. Here Sir Donald A. Smith, K.C.M.G., who in early life had spent several years in the Hudson Bay Company's service, at North West River, Hamilton Inlet, presented the mission with a suitable steam yacht, seventy-eight feet long, fourteen feet beam, which was adapted and fitted out for the special work she has now to perform. Sir Donald took a deep interest in the success of the mission ; he h«s not only given the yacht to the society,, but also a handsome yearly contribution towards the expenses of running the steamer. Besides this noble charity. Lady O'Brien, the most benevolent and kind-hearted wife of our esteemed Governor, each season sends down boxes of clothing to the more distressed inhabitants of the Labrador : these gifts are generally distributed by tlie captains of the English men- of-war. For several yeara some benevolent ladies in Portland Maine, headed by Mr. James Phinney Baxter, have sent to the Moravian missions a large stock of warm clothing for the Eskimos. Terra Novian Labrador bears a very marked resemblance to Xorway in the deep indentation of its coast line ; the celebrated Norwegian fiords with their beetling cliffs and grand picturesque coast scenery, beloved of artists and tourists, have almost their exact counterpart in the deep inlets of Northern Labrador. The island zone of the Norwegian coast commences just below the arctic circle ; so in a corresponding manner the very remarkable insular portion of Labrador begins well to the North. From St. Lewis Sound to Spotted Islands the coast line is nearly due north and south; with few exceptions there are no islands oft' the coast in this distance ; as soon, however, as the coast line trends to the north-west, islands become numerous and continually increase in numbers and extend until Cape Mugford is reached ; from Cape Mugford to Cape Chidley 606 LA13RAD0U. ■^M^ 1^ :.\i I ^ii& the coast line and the islaml-studded ocean forms a lahyiinth of arclii- pelagos and deep fioi-ds. From tlie mouth of these deep indentations of the coast to the far-otf rni'ks and islets, there is an estim ited depth all along this portion of I-aWrador of not less than twenty miles. Outs'de of this island zone for thirty miles are valualile fishing b inks, and otl' from these a^jain at a distance variously estimated at from one hundied to one hundred and fifty miles are other banks, tlie feeding ground of innumerable cod, corresponding to the great banks off Newlbinidland. Professor Hind states that there are extensive banks lying off' the shore all along this northern part of Jiabrador. Captain Blandford believes, from the niunber of stranded icebergs seen on his voyage of discovery, that those banks are at least thirty miles off from the archi- pelago of islands tliat fringe the coast north from the Bull Dog Islands to Cape Chidley. This portion of the coast has never been properly surveyed, and when fully laid down in a chart, Captain Blandford believes the islands and fioi-.ls will be found very ditierently situated from the pre- sent vague idea of coast line. It is calculated that the codfishing grounds on this vast Northern Labrador are ccpial in extent to the whole area of our Island's coast fishery ; to a large extent it is a terra incognita, but from the information already obtained it would appear to afford in the future an almost indefinite extension of our fishery. I am indebted to Captain the Hon. Samuel Blandford for a very interesting account of his ex- ploring trip to Cape Chidley in 1803. He started from Blanc Sablon on the 1st of August, in the s.s. Xlmrod, with a crew of forty- five men, ten trap boats, five traps, and four cod seines ; on the 6th August he arrived at Nachvak Bay. Tiiis l:)ay he describes as a long inlet, about a mile wide, ami fifteen miles deep, the land on both sides being precipitous, ris'n'.^ to the height of about three thousand feet ; it is indented with coves, some of which have a strand ; at its head it divides into two arms ; into the north-west bi-anch a large brook pours its waters; tlie land is l(»\ver here than in any otlier part of Nachvak ; there is a large trout fishery at the mouth of the brook. Captain Blandford describes the bay as resembling one of the romantic fiords of Norway, with deep watdr and toweritig cliffs. An enterprising Newfoundlander, Captain DowMer, master of the schooner Laddie, belonging to Mr. Scott, of Fogo, has frequented this remote spot for the past ten years. There is a Hudson's Bay post at Nachvak. Fish struck in, and in three days Captain Blandford secured three hundred HOIf. 8. BLANDFORD. lly J. Vlll- -t*iij<. CAPTAIN BLANDFOllD'S EXPLORATIOX. GOT ntic ling die, the 'ish red qtiintiils ; five other Newfoundland schooners came in whilst the Ni7nrod was at Nachvak. On the I7th of August, in the evening, In arrived off the Kickkertaksoak Islands, south of the bill of Cape Cliidley, Here the current runs «t the rate of six knots; the steamer was heailod to the south-west, and about seven miles from Cape Cliidley the Captain found a beautiful land-locked port which he named " Blaiidford Harbour"; ivioving on again, he ftaind another commodious port abnut half a mile inside of Kickkertaksoak Islands, which lie named after Sir T. N. O'Brien. There were plenty of codfish here, but the terrible race of the tide and the danger to his traps from floating ice induocMl him to move further towards the Ca})e ; south of Cape Chidley he foiuid a harbimr which, in compliirient to his owners, he nauied " La<]y Job Harbour." Captain Blandford describes th's northern haven as a beautiful land-locked port; there wns just room for the s.s. Ximrod to swing. " For the month I was there," he says, " we could " only see the sun at three o'clock, when it then crossed a notch in the " hills which are about three thousand feet higli, witli absolutely per- " pendicular cliffs rising sheer out of the water; so high was the " surrounding land, and so completely was the little port sheltered from " the breezes, that we could never tell in the harbour how the wind was " blowing." Inside the Openigevik Islands lies a narrow channel leaihng into Hudson's Straits ; nowhere is it more than a mile and a half wide, and the tide rushes through this narrow passage at a fearful rate ; the master of the Hudson Bay Company's steamer Eric has been offered a large sum to navigate tfiis channel, as it would consideral)lv shorten the passage to Hudson's Straits, but as the vessel would not steer, he did not dare to run the risk. I have a very strong idea that the intrepid Blandford with his bold Newfoundland crew will somehow get through this strait and solve the pr(dilein of its difficult navigation. The captain believes that there is good cod fishing around both the Button Islands and Eesolution Island in Hudson's Straits : he intends to fully investigate all the extensive fishing grounds in this high northern latitude. Lal)iador is a truly extraordinary country, but probably the most remarkable peculiarity of the great Arctic Peninsula, so sparsely occupied by humanity, is the Labrador Post; twice during the winter, which extends from 1st December to 1st June, a mail is carried each w^ay from Quebec to Ungava in Hudson's Straits. Possibly in Sib; ria there may be long and difficult postal communication, but I doubt if there is in all the world a longer or more dangerous mail route for men and dojjs than the course of the Labrador mail of nearly two thousand miles of land travel. W\i .M.l :ls!i n 008 LAHHADOll. This unic[no postal route commenct's at liirsiniis, iiboiit «>no hutidred and tilt}' miles Itelow Qneboo, luul coiuu'ctt'il with the lower Ciuuulian capital by highways. Next the mail man on snow shoes and comatik takes the letteis to Mingan, ami from Mingun to Escjuimanx Point. At Es(|uimaux Point the Bonne Esperance mail man delivers the up . lil for Quebec, and receives the down mail for Noitbern Labrador. From Es(|uimaux Point the route ""les by Nataslit|uan, a distance of a hundred miles, and from Nata^lupian to Bonne Es|ieranc(!, over Auffustine and Shecatica Bays, the moat difficult parts of the coast. In extremely dry cold weather the traveller may be lucky enough to get along tlie frozen coast line, but generally theie are breaks in the weather, and the ^•7. /p}' y.'t.' , y..,. ' .i^ y ^j'- :}*■■>•' „. .t)'. ■■M. — -f I I ; Jul'' ^ ipn!t;h:^; h'-^-'- ir'^'^'^fMif-'-'":'''-'-^ UATTLE IIARIIOUU IX 1S,")7. From a ilraifiixj by the Hon. and Rev. W. Gray. unfortunate courier has to climb over the mountains and morasses of the back country. The whole distance from Bersimis to Bonne Esperance is seven hundred and fifty miles. From Bonne Esperance to Blanc Sablon, the western limit of Canadian Labrador, a special carrier conveys the mail to Long Point. The mail route from Bersimis to Bonne Esperance is difficult, and from Natashquan to the western end of the line is ppecially tiresome and troublesome to the mail man, but this course is easy, civilised, and commonplace compared with the carriage of the mails to the frozen north. From Blanc Sablon, the first carrier takes the mail to Battle Harbour, from Battle Harbour I tidred ladiiin matik b. At [> \il From indred le and ly dry frozen lid the "'-'fl|r!-4-MI((, asses of Bonne perance idor, a te from to the the mail •ed with )lon, the Harbour ,^r- *-'*'{*«»► •- will 11.1, YS KOOMS AT DONNK ESl'KUANCK I.AniCADOK GKKKN IMSH CATCIII-.RS / CAKTWkU.in , LAHKADOK '« '■ (I) n '• (L : 'I '■ ■' wim > TIIK WINTER MAIL SKUVIC'E. 609 anotlier postmnn carries it a stage fiiitlier to Spal Islands, and another from Soal Isluntls to Rigoulett«» in Hamilton Inlet. Tho Caniidiait mail route ends at Lon;; Point, n»Mir HIane SaMon ; from this place to RiL^oulctte, Hamilton liilt't, is a Newfoundland j.ostal route. From lligmdette on to the furthest, northern post otHce at Fort Chinnnn, a He.dson Bay Company's station, the iiinils are conveyed in charge of the Coniiiiiiiy's men. From l{ij;nulette the next staj^es forward are Sta^ Bay and Davis Island. At Davis Island Mr. John Ford takvs charge of tho mail to Un^'avii an's lliver, rii^ava Bay, takes the mail from Davis Iidet across Labrador to Fort Chinuno, Un<^ava Buy. From (}eorj,'e's River twice durinj^ the Labrador winter, with his team of dojijs and two hardy Eakimo.s, he runs this perilous post over an immense barren wilderness. Tho stajjfes are so lonjf, inhabitants so few, that the three darinj^ postmen have to trust to snow houses and the wonderful .'«leeping bajifs of the Hudson Bay travellers. They must brave all tlui cold of an Arctic winter, all the horrors of a blizzard from the icy north, blindinn; ami cutting,' like a razor, the sh^rt Arctic tlay, the long, cold, dreary Arctic nij^ht. The ordinary post is such an importpnt ingredient in our daily existence that lift^ would hardly .seem worth living without the iiitercoui'se with our loved ones ; but, after all. the post in civilised countries is a connuonplace, every-day occurrence. Every trip of the Labrador postmen is an adventure, every journey is a daring exploit. The letters are carried over two thousand miles of wilderness, in peril of the lives of men. The postman is always a welcome visitor to our homes, but to the Frozen North the arrival of the mailman's comitik is the event of tho season, the mailcarrier the hero of adventure, his advent the one pleasant break in the dreary monotony of the ])oor, isolated settleis' lives. I am indebted to J. O. Fraser, Postmaster-General of New- foundland, for tlie following information al)out the Labrador post in snnimer. This mail service to the Labrador is performed by steamers of a superior clnss. Leaving St. John's generally in the first week in July, tlie boats call at — Harbour Grace, thence to Flower's Cove or Nameless Cove, Lanse-an-Loup, Blanc Sablon, Bonne Esporanco and Salmon River, thence going North, calling at Bonne Esperance, Blanc Sablon, Fortean, Lause-au-Loup, and Red Bay. / p. 2729. Q Q Mil. JOHN FORI). liy Iliiwki; I'lymiiuth. ).< (110 I.AHHADOII. N.ll. lull Itiiv \\{\\, iil'li'i' IliK IIi'mI li'i|i, lio llio SiiiilliKrh i<' (mimmImI hli'iiiiinr, Ii'm\ Iiil; St. .IoIiu'm 'riii>nilii\ , >ImI_v ' 't|l, will riMiiiri'l Willi l|ii< liiilii'iiildi' jldiil lit/ lliiil pliiiMi Oh Ml' iiliiiiil. Ilii) I'llnl .Inlv, mill Infliiii-iillv (lim'iil'li'r. (loiiiu: Noi'lli. lU'ici' lonviiiu; Hcd lliiy, llin r<>llow;iii^ purlM will Im chIIimI uI, vir.,; -("liiili'iiii unit llcnlov llurlMiiir, ii//(ic/iii/( /(/. ( 'liii'iiicv 'I'lcklo, ('ii|ii> ( 'Imi Ich, Ammi/iim lliirlioiif. il.il(li< IIhiImiiii-, SpKiir llniiii.iir, M(n'lii:>iiliinx. Krinn'in lliifl>inir, Kisliinif Sliips lliirlioiir, Sniiiifi' ImIiiihI, jii'iul IhIhikI, Siuui; lliirlpuiir, N't-iiiMim Isliuid, IIoIsIci'm KiM'k, I'liiicli Hmvl, |l;illi'iiii, Dumiiio, Iniliiiii Tii'lili', Oniilv, l|irilMli>, Fimiiv's linil"'Mr, iVii /)(.(,)/(, (n'.i /..i/.cji, h'rr nlKiir hi iiulx. oinl Uaiimli. 'rotlin IuhI, lour ports (Milv I \m> I rips w ill lio iiiiulc, on wliicli orcuMioii llivltlo llarlMMir will Im tlu> Soiitlu'in (i'riiiiiiii><. K'otiiiiiiiuv Soiiili. stiMiiiiiT will cull III. SpnickliirH lulmul, Ciipn I liirri^nii, Piwis's lull!, ^/iis/ liiji I'lilii), I''iiiiiiv'm 1 liilli hii-, I lopi-diili', Miillii., I'iiiikUmi', W'iiisor's llorlioiir, 'ruiiiuvick IhIiiiuIs, lliick, Miicovick, I roii Itoiiiiil IhImikI, lioiit^ 'I'lcklc, AiiiiMvick, Iviii'ucil Islaiiils, (!iipo 1 liirrisoii, Sloop Cove, TinkcrV I liii'liitiit' {first liro trii'x), llolloii, Kiiiily lliulioiir, W'liitc IIciu'm. Smoky 'I'icklc, liiiliiiii llurlioiiv, Ivivjoiilcttc, liuliiiii IsIuiuIm, I'lick-'s I liirlMiiiriiiiil I lulcpcinlcnl (hZ/id'hk/c///), ("llrlw^l^lll, lioiifj l>liiiul, (irmly, liuliiiii 'I'icklc, Doiiiiiio, llliick Tickle, Itullciiil, rmich Mowl.S(>i»l Isliiiids, Holster's Knck, N'eiiisoii Isliiiid, Sinii? Iliii'lionr, |)e(ul IsliMid, Si|Uiiie Islimd. Kisliiiiu; Ship's lli>rli(iiii', Fiiiiicis lliiilioiii', ,Mcrcliiiiitiiiinrn lliii'liour [liisl tiro (rifs. ( liiiniicy Tickle, ('liiitc;ui, iiiul llciilcy lliirlioiir, tillcnuitilii, imd Kod Hny. Kin'tnisjtlitly (rips .mic ium(Ii> tn luid IVoiii tin* Lnlinnlor (liiiiiif; fiHlu'iy (MMM;Uions dii tln> consl, comnuMUMiii;' on tlii> liist, weok in iluly iiiul ciulin ' nluMit the lirst wcoU in Noveiiilu'i-. i M> of ImIc yciirs Liilnatlur liiis cM'iled coiisiilcrMlili' iiili'i'cst itinoii^'st Aiuerii'jvn tourists, and vaiious adiniralilt> woiks liiivo lieen wriUon l>y thesr advi-ntniMUs Kopnldiriin tiavellcrs, nolalily Mr. StcaruH, and I lio adniiraMi' work id' I'rolVssor Packard, hy far tlio hcsl laic woi'k extant oT\ l.al>ra(k>r; besides the vahiahle inrornialion it i-onlains resju'ctiii},^ the ovidooy and natural history ot' the I'eninsnl;;, the author ha.s eom- piled ft most eonipK'te hihlioorajihy ui' Lalaador, lor which all lutiiro ^tiulents will M(>>s his nieniory. AUout this oreat peninsula there is the " olaniour of the arctic." Tourists, without runnino-any of the iniiniiient perils of the fro/en North, can enjoy in a suninier cruise the brai'ino- atmosphere and all the healthy inthiences of high northern latitiuh's: t'< the s|u)rtsnian, the lover of tjrand coast sicnery, and to the adventurous explorer, Lahrador oilers nnparalleleii attractions. This o;reatunknown land has very recently been visited by several parties of tourists both from Eno;lanil and America. The orroat attraction was the tremendous falls on the (!rnnd llivcr, Hamilton Inlet. This oival natural curiosity had been dcscriboil, brielly, I'l'IIIIMIII'l h lll'Kt r 111.' II nr llliiilll. I III) II III) cmIIimI III, ', Ciim' < iiiu it'K, i'iiiii'Im lliit'lxiiir, I'liiiur, 'ri<'id< riilMiiii (I mil , Whil.o II.'IHH, U, liouu; 'rii'Uti', ll( .htit ill. To llio luHl, livrl loiir wil l> ImriK'ftK, rnindiHi', Cnpo liillii., till IhIiiihI, Iidiik 'mlui'iiil Ml rrliruiliiiiiirH kHHl/.IlM 11 I/./ I iit'liiiiir, liiiiii;^ liHl\fiy III July am tcrcHt i(iiiiiii;^"it •II wiitU'ii liy i'i\rnH, mil 1(1 111 Ic work cxtiiiit, mis ri's|u'« (iiiir iitlioi liiiH roiii- liifh all liituro .f tl ic rroziMi u> arci Nortl all the li.-alMiv :». tlu' lover ol" Laliiador oll'ors |.y , ^>,H ntly I )Ot'U 1 ami Aniorira. ■ (iranil llivor, ;soriboU, briefly, rilK (JUANl) l-'AI.I.S III I lull, very corierUy, liy .lol": MeLen.ii,' an oninr (.(' Ilie lli|(l' |J;iy ( 'iiiiiiKiiiy, wliii viiil, •(! i in |M;{!>. In ISH7. Mr KmikIIi' I''. Ilnlnie nenle a Ix'i'l at,teni|it I.I) niH li tlir(«i'anil l<'alls wil.li a lioiit, funl two inen , lie .'•ry |tliieKily siinnoiiiii.i'il Uie ilil!irnlticM ol' rivir navij^'iil.ion, iiml MMfeinleil one iMiMilrel ami I'orly miles, tinrorl.iiimtely \n- had miM (rirJciihileil 1,1,0 iliMtanee, anil l.lie ratliii-e of \\t< pioviaiinH olili/'eil him to return wit.lioiil, aeeoiii|>liHliii)^f IiIh main oltjeet.. An account, ol" liia joiiriiey wiis leail liy Mi', iloline iH'I'oie the. If.oyal ( Jeo/rraphical ,So(;iet.y, ami eonl,ainei| miieli valuahle iiil'onnatioii.'' Two .siiceeHHrnI at.l.eiii|il.s wero mail<' in IS!>I l»y MeasiM. I'liyant. ami Kenantoii, anil \>y t.wo Ht.iiileiitH of Itiiwiloln <'olle;,ji', AnHt,in ( 'aiey ami .!>. M. Cole. The l.iti.er leached t.le- litlls on the l.'llh /Ui;fiiHt ; Mr. ('arey iHilpliahed an )ie4(aint. of his joiinicy in the " l^iilletin Ame.ieiiii (Jeo f,'ra|»hieal Society," Vol. xxiv., |>. I. Theie has Hclijom lieeii recoil led a ir.ori! aovi ntni oiei aiiM daiif,'er(Hi,4 tri|i than the jiairney ,it' the.se two bold Aiiiericaii hoys; without any aasistaiice IViiii {guides, and with the most slender re->oiiir(vs, they siinnoniited every ohstacle, a.nd lina,lly, a,('tir losing' their l»oat. I)y an a.ccii|eii(,iil fire, they descended the river on a. ra.lt of thfir own con- stnictioii, and arrived half ramished jit l>.i;;oiilette. Nothing,' in loiNiiv II. iiiiVAai'i. //// U'llirrI 'inl ll'ir. I l'l,ili„l,li,lt„l. tieti on can exceed the marvellous iisks and hair-laeadtli e-en.|t.s tin •s(; yolin^' Ktiideiits went tliroii;,di in ordir to a(;(!oin|ilish tlieii- olijcct. liy far the fullest and most complete ai^tniint of tlie (jrand l''iiils and of the surrounding (tountry lias heeii i^iveii to the world hy Mr. Henry (i. Jiiyaiit, in his jKimphli (, " A .lonrney to tla; (iiand Kails of Ijihrador"; Hpace only permits ()i'lii>j di:.scri])tion of one of the ^^'laiidest watei falls of the World. " Si'plfii.i'cr tiio 'j'lil wii.s ;i iliiy tri(^ni'inil)l() ii.-: maikintf t'lf duff! of our nrriviil it tlio (Jraail l'\;!!>. A f-iiii^li' kIuiicc >|i • t lli.d it IX'I Ol'. H- (ifK) of tlio ^rcateHt wiiteri';:l|,s in ttic uurld. .Sliiiidiiij^ iit tlio ror'y brink of the cliJi-iii, will d t lllllllllllolI^ ■^CIOIU III hefo ■ 1.^, a ^c.K ic-rjiii).' (.•loinont.'- of Hiibliiiiily, luid willi di'liiil,^ not, t,o lir iipiindiiMided in tliu fir.«t iromcnlr ol' wondfrin^ cciutompIiitii)n. Fur up >-irr;ini oni; l/nheld tlie Mirt,ont^, lltM ry HiiO.-ry anil tim. |lt',stlll)ll.K ll du.sliiiit,' liik'li tlieir ci'i'.st- of f'l t'orci d onw;ird willi I'lssistlc-s power t'jwards Ilio .-tu,;!) ruck, wbc'iico tliey took their wild loiip irito lie' deep pool li.dow. 'I'urninv; to tin; very liri^k iiiid lookint? ov':r. .ve puzed into ft woild of ini-tn find tl: iiiiLrlity I'cvcrliur.ilioii lle;i; till! cMiiii-ito loloiir.- fif tho rainliou' f-iMciiiatod e eye, and litdow uai'.liiyoiid 'lie Bcothin;.' .aldcin the river ap()earoil, purtv> ' (I /irfiifii-fire i/vi-rs' srrnirv the lludsuii liiii) 'J'erritiiri/. i.oiulori, 1S^D. - Pi iirrcilinijs iif Ihr Hnjiil (rr.nijDipliUill 'iocie'j, \HHH. t J rr Mf]' pi 612 LAUl{ADOR. its tiirbnlentciirooi', pfiflt. frowniiif^ <'iHV, !i5i(l over miles of rapids. . . . A mile ubin-e the main Icaj) the rivei- is ii noble stream four hundred yards wide, already tlowiuf; at nn accelerated speed. Four rapi iwm M At a meeting of synilJathiscrs in the work of the " Mission to fX'ep S«i Fishermen," which was held at Government House on Oetohcr 27th, 1892, His Kxculleuey Sir Terence O'Hrien in the chair, a resolution ■wiis proposed and carried that a Coniniittee be formed for tlic purpose of co-operating with the director* of the Dfcp Sea Mission, to extend the service by nrivate and Govern- ment aid, and to ii> ite at lecst two hospitals, or htzarette;:, on the ooast of Labrador, for the benel' t . a' fishermen engaged on the coast. On November 3r«l, a secotiJ '■ rting was held at Government House, when the fol- lowing resolution was carried: — " That this representative Committee will undertuke to provide two suitable buildings which maj" be used as hospitals by the * Mission to Deep Sea Fi.shermen,' should the Council of the mission signify their intention to continue tlieir operations on the coast of Labrador, and this Committee will iK'artily eo-operate iu any way that the Council of the society- may suggest." A copy of the foregoing resolution was sent to Dr. Grenfell in London. On February 14th, 1893, at a meeting held at Government House, a letter was read from Mr. tran'is A. Wood, secretary of tlie Council of the " .Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen," thanking the local Committee for offer of assistance, and een banded to the tAimmittee by Dr. Grenfell, which, with the wages of the engineer and man engaged m\ ihv Princess Mail, amotmts to .$9l)2.0l. The following is a condenswl statement of the expenditure and receipts : — Battle Hakbour Hospital. § c. S c. Fspended on building 3iJ6 Oi) Food, fittings, &c. - 280 67 640 67 •m I. hospital, a new |cte(l after pliins is buildinjr was forwarded to Windsor Lake. iced and coii- this building ;e in the season ive patients, f opened and he amount of as donations to SPJTAL. antial building ee, under the ilessrs. Baine, i;ittle Harbodr, le hospital tlie ions, beadini^, ' further sum all of SG47.G7 PITAI,. freiijht, and niu of $341.04 * and filings, §.J,053.«4 on Sea Mission," ore comploto, ich Priucexs been able to expeditiously Alhert. L> had to be in- ; the Priiices.i >lven place of imittee would and objects ig, a list of lUJcd to the ich, with the engiiged on oa.oj. h1 statement ITAL. 5 c. 646 67 DEEP SEA MISSION TO LABRADOR. 615 Indian Harbocr Hospital. S c. Expended on building 1,712 20 Food, fittings, &c. - 341 64 Total on two hospitals . " PltlNCESS May. tt Sundries, coal. food, &c. - - 153 91 AVages, engineer stewanl, four and and a half mouths Geneu 247 50 AL. Sundry accounts for Dr. Grenfell - 2,053 84 2,700 51 401 41 655 51 LesB amounts collected on account Balance to be yet raised 2,372 43 The Committee desire to express their sense of the great interest taken in the entire work of the Mir>sion by His Excellency Sir Terence O'Urien, who threw his influeuee into the work of the Committee, and placed Government House at their service for meetings. He, by his presence, as Chairman of the general meetings of the Committee, rendered the greatest possible benefit to the whole work. St. John's, Newfoundland, 20th Novem- ber, A.D. 1893. William Bautlett, Ai). Nielsen, koheut 8. munn, Samuel Blaxufokd, N. FlTZGEUALD, P. G. Tessieh, CiiAULES H. Emekson, Secretary. AV. V. WniTEWAY, lUdlEllT TnOKBUKN, A, W. Hakvey, M. MOXKOB, W. B. GUIEVE, William C. Job, James H. Watsun, Results of the LAniiADOK Mission Ol"EK\TIOS8 IX 1893. The following are a few figures from Dr. Grenfell 's report, rendered to the St. .Tohu's Auxiliary Brnnch of the Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen at the close of the fishing season in November 1893 : — In Labrador, the Straits of Belle Isle, and on the Fn-ncth shore of Newfoundland there were treated by — In- patients. Dr. Bobardt, at Battle Harbour - - - 33 Dr. ( 'urwen, on the hospital ship Albert - - . 3 ou the steam- launch Princess May - 1 Total - - 37 ( )ut- paiieiits. 647 1,053 794 2,493 These cases, for your better information and that of the public, I have analysed as follows : — Medical Cases. Diseases of- — Digest! fe system . - . . 633 Uespirafory and circulatory system - 194 Nervous system ----- 60 Excretory ----- - 40 Women ------ 64 Diseases of Special Organs. Eye (including 34 cases of night blindness) 211 Ear 40 Nose and throat - - - - 93 Skin 105 Minor eases— headaches, colds, strains 167 Cases of rheumatism - - - - 64 SuiiGicAL Cases. Affections of the upper limbs - - 306 Atfectious of the lower limbs - - 94 General surgical cases — glands, bones, special agues, riekets, tumour, fistula, &c. - - - - 188 Sundry minor cases - - - - 210 Total 2,493 Operations performed under chloroform 17 Major operations without chloroform - 11 Minor surgical operatiou.s including teeth 269 The Battle Harbour Hospital was opened .July 29th, and kept open till October 31st — in all, 94 days. Dr. Bobardt and Nurfe Cawardiufc had charge of this hospital. The building was a gift from W. B. Grieve, Esq., and was fitted up by the Committee. The warmest thanks of the Committee are due to Mr. Hall, Mr. Grieve'n agent at Buttle Harbour, for his untiring kindness and help, in spite of a very busy season. AVithout his assistance the work eould not have been dune. Owing to a variety of untoward and unforeseen circuirstaiiees, it wiis found impos- sible to get Indian Harbour IIos])ital ready in time for occupation. Dr. Ciirweu and Nurse AViUiams, to whom the cliiiige of -this hospital had been allotted, worked on the Misssion ship Alljert till tbe middle of Au;iUst, when, owingto the prtss of woik at Battle Harbour Hospital, Nurse Williams was directed to go there to assist Nurse Cawardiue. The L'reat need of hospital work on Labrador is seen when it is considered how many ca^■es occur of blindness, deformities, or loss of Certain faculties, aftecting tho bread-winners of families, most of which might have been prevented if treated in time, and thus much personal suffering spared, aud al«o a great loss to the community. During the season tho medical men were able to render such aid that several who had been compelled to give up wu.'k found themselves m pi' ! 616 LABKADOR. (U: -i -i! I I't : <: a li^ ^ " capable of reHuming their duties. When sick iier.Mons arc thus shvimI froiii lo-injj their fieuson's work, or saved the time and expoiiMu involvt'd in returning to Newl'ouiidhind for advice, in ciifies of minor iuiportuiice ; or when, HR hiippeiied in eevurul institnces during the Heuson, the lives or limbs were saved, ot in some hopeless oases, life was prolonged t>o as to allow them to reach home and end their days in tiie bosom of their families, the value of this hospital v.ork becomes more apparent. To the sick of Labrador these hospit&ls will be an inestimable boon. Only those who lutve known what it is to toss on a bed of ]iain, perhaps unable even at night to tir.d rest their tongue parched with thirst, and fever raging ,in their system, can properly appreciate the meanint; of the skilful help of the physician, the delicate attenticm of the trained nurse, the hushed house, the subdued voices, and the gentle light of the half- darkened room. When this is contrasted ■with the sad sight so often witnessed on Labrador, of delicate women, and even children, undergoing >■ it' wrings, which are hard to bear eve ami.' ■ comforts and gentle attentions o ho-..._-, ^n ihe dreary coast of Labrador, fur from every helping hand, or ill the dark hold "f some snuill fishing vessel, where the atmospiere ir: "oison'- : '\d the noises to the sicK disin :ng awU nlmost maddening, it is then we realise the value of the noble humane work in the hospitals erected on storm-beaten Labrador for the relief of suflTerinp; humanity. Who would not aid in such a good woi'k ? DiSTRIUl.'TION OF Cl.OTlllNG. The Albert brought from England a very large stock of clothing, both new and caFt-otf, the gift of kind charitublu friends. This was distributed with the greatest care and dis- crimination, every ])recautiou being used to guard against imposition. The cases of utter or partial destitution of clothing, among families who reside pennauently on the Ijabrador coast, were numerous, and much timely aid was given, cspeuialljr to woiueu and children. Food was also given in ea^es of extreme destitution. Many families were thus helped to provide for the long, cold winter of this region. There is no doubt that every spring s(>me families are driven to subsist on mussels and seaweed they can gather along the land-wash. With ice on the coast no help can reach them. DiSTItlBUTION OK liooKS, PkUIODIGALS, AND ThaOTS. A very large supply of wholesome lit<;ra- ture was carried on board the Mission sh'p, and, wherever she went, waii freely distributed among the fishermen. Wherever it was fbiuid in any family that anyone could read, a gift was made eithev of illustrated or plain literature, or both. RKi,ifiioi;8 Skuvices. Wherever the Albert or Princesx May called, when opportunity offered, especially on Sundays, religious services were held, which all were invited to attend. Hymns were sung, prayers offered, and simple addresses given on Scriptural subjects. These services were much appreciated among these lonely sea-toilers ; and thus something was done to make known that Gos|)el wliieli has brought such blessings to numkind, but without any reference to creed or sect being made. The steam launch Princess May pro\ed to be of great service in the Mission work. Dr. Grenlell was enabled to go up uncharted bays in her, so as to visit a large ninnber of the small settlements which would otherwise not have been within reach. He was thus able to make a thorough exann'nation into the condition of the residents, and to collect .iccurutc statistical information regarding them to an extent never before atteinptetl. In all, he visited 87 ditierent settlements on the Labrador coast, as far north as Okkak. Dr. C'urwen in the Albert visited .''.'> more settlements; and Dr. Holmrdt visited all the places in the vicinity of Battle Harbour. II. The Labrador Trade. The folloiving list gives the names of Ihe loualities, supplying merchants, and agents in Labrador : — Names of l^laccs. Bonne Esperance - Salmon Kiver - Middle Bay - ] Poi Isle au Bois Blanc Sablon L'anse au Clair - Korteau L'anse au Mour - li'anse au Loup - l>'anse au Diable Capstan Island - West St. Modestc Pinware East St. Modcste - Carrol's Cove Bed Bay - Frey's Cove Barge Bay - Chateau Henley Harbour - Chimney Tickle - Cauip Inlands Cape Charles Assizes Harbour In lian Harbour • Battle Harbour - Trap Cove - Mathew's Cove - Fox Harbour LM.ATION. Deep Water Cnek Petty Harbour - - 6 Little Harbour - . 47 Seal Bight - - 7U William's Harbour - io:« Francis Harbou.' Uigl.t - 12 Sloop Cove - 78 Square Island - 27 Nowlan's Harbour - 2. -3 George's Cove - 92 Snug Harbour - 63 Tub Harbour - 5C V^enison T'ickle - - 29 Hawke Harbour - - 1.02 Bolster Kock - 9 Seal Islanil . - - - la Black Bear Bay - - 15 Peunock's (^ove - 20 Spotted Island - 8 Black Tickle . 34 Domino . ^2 Salmon Point - 4 Sandhill . . . - 4.5 Mullin's Cove - 2Hl Table Bay Point - - 58 Grady- . - . - 31 Sandwich Bay • 47 llaiuiltou Inlet - 10 :t s •r.i l:< 8 )> ;);» 14 25 17 7 fi9 10 3;j (i7 15 12 C7 10 2 27 20 9 10 318 486 618 LABRADOK. LoCAi.iTiKs AND Population — cont. Vi ',< I !:-;.' 511 Hnpedtilu Naiii - Zoar - Hebron Okak - liuinuh Total As taken in 1884 RkLIOIOUS CEXrttlS. - 341 - 272 !I2 - 2:>(". - 362 - 64 -4,108 - , 'Ml 1884. 1H91. Church of Knfjland l,!t74 1,749 Church of Home - 566 3-)4 Mi'thoditit Church 305 604 I'lctihyteriiin Cliurch 17 a Moravian Church 1,34ration was a, splendid success, and rcHects the greatest credit ou this euerj;etic and darinjj traveller. i !i G19 CHAPTER XX. School, RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE COLONY. 28 4.'i 6:i 47 63 11 257 The progress of Newfoundland has been terribly retarded by the want of internal communications ; until after the fii-st quarter of the present century we had no public highways — primitive paths tbroiigh the woods were the only means of communication between the settle- ments by land. The population earned their living on the sea, cultivation of the soil was prohibited, and until the arrival of Sir Thomas Coclirane, the advancement of the Colony, its civilization and material prosperity, was ciippled for want of roads. Our finst legislators very wisely gave their almost undivided attention to the construction of highways, and, in consequence, now we have probably the best common roads in North America. To-day, however, the o^'^.mon road, as a medium of communication, is practically useless ; it i:. too slow ; we want the swifter, safer, and more convenient road, the Railsvay. There were three purposes for which railways were urgently required. First, to connect the population around Conception Bay ; it was ths earliest settled part of the Colony, and is still the most thickly populated. Dr. Mullock was the first to see that a line of railway through thid district was not only practicable but would pay. The next rao^t important puipose for whicih a railway was urgently needed, was to bring the great mining region of the north, and the prosperous settlements of Bonavista, Trinity, Twillingate, and Fogo, into unbroken connection with the capital, during the season's ice, which comes periodically on our coast in the spring. These important localities arc cut off from the capital by sea for the six months of winter. 'I'heir only communication during this long dreary period was a precarious post by dog teams and Indians ; tiiis was felt to be a scandal and rep)oach, and one of the tirst objects of the Newfoundland Railway was to reach the Exploits. Under Mr. R. G. Reid's management, this important work has now been accomplished ; ti-ains run as regularly, and mails are delivered to these distant outports as punctually, as the daily mails to Harbour Grace. The opponents of railways always argued that they would carry nothing, and develop nothing, in the country ; the results of the very short time in which the Northern Railway has been in operation shows how ignorant and short-sighted was their antagonism. :!j '' tilllH li r- li RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE COLONY. Besides giving acwss to a fjieat iindcvt'loped country, and tho con.soquent facilities to the niorcliant, the miner, the sportsman, the tourist, and tlie furrier (the latter lieing turned to such good account that one party of trapi)eis at Soulis Brook has already seciu'ed SoOO worth of fuvs), the railway opens up several tine tracts of a^riculturul land, and in the near future will inaugurate a great mining indiistry. Although otdy in operation for one season, the Northei'ii Railway has developed splendid granite (jiiarries and a linuber business which bids fair to bf one of the greatest industries of the Colony, already consisting :.:4g!lPi?'i^•--* ,* " ■■r ^3^•'^^i OH) SAW .Mil. I., Slum, HARIIOIR. of several great mills, besides smaller operators and hand loggeix, whose united turn-out this year will not be less than twenty million feet of lumber. Botwoodville, owned by the Exploits Wood Company of London, will <-nt six million feet of lumber ; the Benton Mill, at Soulis Brook, owned by Mr. Reid, another six million ; the Campbell Mill, at Terra Nova River, three million : Sterritt's Mill, at Gander Crossing, Cdenwood, about one million. At Gam bo there are the fine mills of Messrs. tFohn Murphy and Osmond ; at Gander Arm, Philip's Mill, with unrivalled facilities for collecting and shipping; Arthur's Mill ; and some BUialler establishments. The whole cut of timber for the season of 1893 SAW MILLS. O'Jl limy he satVly ostiiimttMl at twenty million feet, wliicb, at the low averajje price of ,>i5 ]>er thouNainl feet, niiiounts to .'«.'{0(),()()0. The luMii)er business in time will develop many minor imlustries connected with it, th(! making of wood pulp, matches, H|ioo!h, and <,'unp(i\\der charooid, for which our abundant aspen is admirably s'.iited. All the new mills on the line owe their creation aiid their .successful working entirely to the railway. Formerly every article re((uired for all our northern out-ports had to be lai :!. I ■lip !i II THE HARBOUR GRACE LIN^E. 623 first promoters of our little line to Harbour Grace turned out to be men of straw ; all tli« money put in the railway Mas borrowed monty ; there was a good deal of jobbeiy and robbery in connexion with it. We accepted the lowest tender from an American Company, who bound themselves to build the line to Hall's Bay for an annual subsidy of ,$180,000 for thiit}'^ years, and a land grant of five tliousand acres per mile. Wit!i the excep- tion of the line to Harbour Grace, all the remainder was over a. country which had never been surveyed ; Sir Hugh Albin's Company undertook to build the Harbour Grace Railway, but they declined to commit tliemaelves to any definite ofier over the unsurveyed country. The committee con- sidered that the American Company, by depositing $100,000, and by agreeing to build the line subject to the approval of the Government engineer, were practically safe people to bargain with, and they made a contract, which, after much discussion in committee, was finally accepted. The chronic impecuniosity of the contracting company produced endless difficidties and delays in the completion of the line ; even before the metals were laid half-way to Whitbourne, the company was in the hands of a receiver, and the mortgagees had to complete the line to Harbour Grace ; but for the exertions and advances of A. M. Mackay, Sir W. V. Whiteway, and others, it would never have gone forward at all. Experience has shown us that we might have built the line for about half the money it coht, and that it would have been one of the best paying short lines in North America.^ The engineering was very un.satisfactory and incomplete ; instead of running into Topsail, the most important pleasm-e resort and best paying station on the railway, the line has to be reached by a steep uphill road a mile long; a much better SIR F. j;V.\NS, K.C.Al.a. Sy Russell it- Sons. Total Eaniiujis. ><<). 01 ,, Tons Ti • , i Passenpers \f '^''"f ^ of Freight /■^^''F')' rnrriJd iiecf.pts. ^.^^. Receipts 1885 1886 1693 47,024 46,772 81,091 ' Newfoundland Railway. Total Expi'ii- dituiv. 98,9.59 72,210 Tons Freigl carried. 37,649 29,010 4,996 10,1,56 58,791 48,815 10.181 22,294 The receipts for nail service are S7,200 per annum, Oovernnient subsidy .?45,000 per annum, total earninfjs ^l;i.J,200 per annum. At the present time the railway {fives a fair return to the bondholders. Under tlie careful maiiagentent of the Heceiver, Sir Fraui-is Evans, and his manager, Captain Noble, the road bed has been put in good order, wooden bridges ar.d trestle work have been replaced by solid masou work and steel structures, iiud the whole line has in many places been practically rebuilt. 62i RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THK COLONY. / I ;i I route could have been selected it there had been a more complete lavliniinary survey. For a colony railways should be run to secure traffic or to encourage settlement ; the Topsail Line should have commenced at the west end of St. John's ; Nature has 'nade River Head into a wet dock ; by removing the griswoi-ks and reclaiming a large part of this area for a goods station, a dock and a broad quay, carried down to Steers, coidd have been made ; liore sliould have been the passenger station, with a tramway turning up Queen's Street, and running to the old garrison by Duckworth Sti'eet ; no t'lwn of the size of St. John's exists on this side of the Atlantic without the iminens(! convenience of a street railwaj'. The Newfoundland Railway Company having failed to comnlete the line to Hnll's Bay, proceedings were taken against theui , the Government to recover damages for their breach of contract. This f»uit lias been dragging its slow length along for several yeais, an**^....£: GkANITl': QUARRY ON Till-. N. N. .S: VV. l^v. i CLOUl;; SOUND 3l «M(dI ^^-^^ ?-r."*«»,ti ;)!mi;:5fe\: ^^>/.^ lO) WOOI./V1LLK iLXl'l.Ollb klVKK If: I VI," i; 1 1 I I 1 1 fit THE HALL'S BAY LINE. Oio quent experience has shown that the committee made a wise selection. Me. Reid has fulfilled all his obligations with the utmost honour and punctuality ; his able and energetic sons, W. D. Reid and Harry Reid, are universal favourites with the labourers on the line ; the men are well treated, good honest work has been done on the new line, obstacles overcome which appeared at the outset almost insurmountable. Only those who have organi-ed an operation like railway building through a wild country can appreciate all the difficulties that have to be faced, the organisation reqiiirtd, the careful fortthought, the toil and labour of providing food and shelter for a small army of workmen; the precautions that have to be taken against tlie thousand and one accidents, perils, and casualties that are almost inevitable in connexion with a big railway contract in a new country. On the lOth June 1S!)0 the Govcrnn)ent made the contract with Messrs. Reid and Middleton to construct and equip a line of railway, beginninof at Placentia Junction on the Placentia R-iilwav,and extending lUir.WAY DRIDdK OVKIl TIIU TKKUA NOVA lUVEli. From a plidtograph /)'i If. Iliircliill. north to Hall's Bay, a distance of two hundred and sixty-two miles The contractors were also to operate the Placentia Railway free of charge, and they were to take over at a valuation the work alrea(»I. From (I )iholngntph hji 11. liiirrheU. lengtli, runs from Alexander Bay to the railway near Gambo. A long- line of road from Hall's Bay to Badger Bay has been surveyed and partly built, and another from Arnolds Cove and Coine-by-Cliance is tinishe: Is, 1 * i:t I i H '' 'A !f i ■ MM 1 \L,.^ iJ! SCENERY ON THE WEST COAiST. U20 and Fortune, the waters of which are only a few miles distant from Placentift Buy. Still following a northerly course the railway traverses the Terra Nova, Gainbo, and Gander Valleys, and enters the great valley of the Exploits at Nori is's Arm. At this point it turns westerly and follows the Exploits River to Badger Brook, where it leaves t ho river and takes a more north-westerly course, and at Bishop's Falls, ten miles up, it crosses the Exploits River on a tine steel bridge, having many piera of solid masonry. Following this north-westerly route the portion to le immediately constructed will crot^s the White Hill Plains and thence down the valley of Kitty's Brook to the riortli-eastern end of Grand Lake. The course will tlien be along the southern side of Deer Lake to Bay of Islands, thence tlirough the valley of Hai'ry's Brook to Bay St. Gtorge. From this point the line will pass to the east of the Anguille range of hills, down the valley of the Codioy Riveis, and thence along by the coast to Grand Bay and Port-aux-Bas(|ues, the terminus of the line. With the exception of the first portion of the route, which lies amongst the ban-en lands of the Avalcn peninsula, the course of the railway runs through most picturesque wild scenery ; there are no more beautiful vistas in North America than Exploits Arm and its river valley, the noble expanse of Grand Lake, the feitile vale of Deer Lake, the Hmiiber River, and the majestic coast scenery of Biy of Islantls. An American writer — S. G. W. Benjamin — iu the Century Maijazlne, thus describes this noble view : — "The sun also came out, the clouds rolled " away, and the mai>nifieent scenery of the Bay of Islands lay around " us. We felt moie than repaid for the effort required of us to reach it. " The coast scenery of the worl 1. offers few prospects niore grand, more " varied, more enchantingly beautiful than this ; certainly on the " Atlantic coast of North America it is not to be found." After an eloquent description of the varied beauties of this lovely biy^, in almost ])rophetic tones, the writer says, '•' The time is not very distant wlien the " world will wake to a consciousness of the miner-d wealth and abundant " timber resources of Nev/foundland." The railway is already awakening the world to a dim consciousness of our vast latent wealth — the wealth of the sea, the vast harvest of the ocean, seems to have obscured all our other resources ; even this un- doubtedly rich mine of wealth is only ha'f developed. In Europe, the fisheries of the North Sea produce more than eighty millions of dollars, the value of British fish alone representing about forty millions, whilst the whole deep sea fisheries of the United States, exclusive of the oyster fishery, is to-day probably less than twelve millions of dollars. With half the population, England consumes three times aa much tish ■M w m 630 RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIOX IN THE COLONY. li^ : m$ m i 111 as America. The reason for this vast difTiTen 'e lies in the cheapnosa of tisli food in Eunipe ns compared with Americi, owin;^ to improved metliods of Hshinj,', more lish((rmen, and greater facilities fnr transporta- tion. The deep sea tisiieiy of America is a decayirif;f indn'Ie state of things is artificial and unsound The North Sea o( America lies aionnd Newfoundland, a fishery far vaster in extent and more ahundaiit than the famed fishing grounds of Europe; in order t.» hring it to the European standard we must adopt European methods ; the o'd-fa'«hione(l plan of salting and drying the cod fish must he ahandoned - ic is nu)st absurd and wasteful to actually destroy two-thirds of a mo> t t. ' ' 1 f : i}!|!j < : m FRESH FISH AND FULTON^ MARKET 031 the price of n sinjrle good criisfcacean in New York. Frozen cod and most delicious cods tongues, fresh every niorniiifr, will be transp(,rted fioui our shores; every train from Cape Breton, and every steamer across the ferry will carry frozen fish as regular'y jw the fish trains run in Eiirope. The supply from Newfoundland if simply itiexhaustihle, all that is rcjuired are facilities— the train an<' the twenty knot steamer, and the enterprise to transport it regularly -.o the ever-ready ma.ket of the States and Cana,ss. 80 it will be with the fresh and kippered fish, bloaters, Findoa-haddr,cks, boneless cod, and frozen fish. My prediction of years ago, " Fresh fish and F.dcon Market," will S(K)n cease to be the di-eum of an enthusiast; the railway and steam ferry will s on conveit it into a reality. The business is there : let us hope the right persons will take it up. The new Northern and Western Railway will probaldy be metalled to Bay of Islnnds by the end of l.S!»(i, the end of the track is now only eighty mile.'- distant from the mouth of the Humber ; by the close of I G c h A >« e "■\y^v-' MAP SHORTEST StA VOVACE. OUICKCST ROUTt ■ tUWOPt^'AMtWICA. ISDG it will reach the terminus at Port-aux-Basques, where docks and warehouses are to Im erected by the contractor. This a'2.") " The electric telegraph between St, John's and Conception Hay was put in ojieration for thefirst time on last Saturday (.(i March 1H.52) and has transmitted several mes.sages from Brigus and Harbour Grace each I'ay of this week. Yesterday, particularly, the tc'egraph office was the scene of a general attraction throughout the day." The first telegraph office was in the Commercial Kuilding, Duckworth Street. For the first time in 18.52 the papers have news headed per Electric Telegraph, The Carbonear line was a very poor affair ; it was, however, a never-ceasing wonder. There were constant complaints of malicious injuries to the line ; the out-harbour boys could not resist the temptation to throw stones, in the veruaculur, " fire rocks," at the insulators. ■F i ■ v.':li ,fi !; ' r 686 TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION". i .: i and fifty miles of wootls and wildf.rness." * On the Cth March 1852, Mr. Gisborne delivered a lecture, before the Mechanics" Institute in the Old Factory, on the electric telej^raph ; a battery in the room was connected with the St. John's and Carbon ear telegraph wires, and messages were sent forth and back from Harbour Grace, Carbonear, and Brigus ; the experiments duly astonished the natives ; Judge Robinson and the Attorney-General Archibald gave Mr. Gisborne great praise, and he thoroughly deserved it. To the energy, spirit, and di.sinterested exertions of Gisborne, Newfoundland owes the great advantage of telegraphic conmiunication ; he was the pioneer, but lie reaped no benefit from all his labours and privations on our behalf. In the .spring of j8o2 an Act was passed incorporating " The New- foundland Electric Telegrai>l). Company," giving the company the exclusive right to erect tt^legraphs in the Island for thirty years, and a large grant of land on the completion of the line. The Ellen Gidtorne came to St. John's in December 1852, but it was not until the spring of 18.53 that Mr. Gisborne organised a company in New York, with Horace B. Tibbetts, Darius B. Holbrook, and others ; he then proceeded vigorously with the work of building the line to Cape Ray. His agents ill St. John's were CJisborne and Henderson; everythii,'^ was pro- gressing favourably in the summer of 1853, when the New York agents dishonoured h's bills and the whole concern collapsed ; Gisborne liimseif was stripped of everything he possessed. This unfortunate result pi'oduced intense distress an)ongst the unfoitunate labour'^vs ; on 31st January 18.")4, the Governor, Ker Baillie Hamilton, refers to the wide- spread poverty amongst the people, " aggravated, moreover, by the failure of the electric telegiaph company." ' l'"rom tlio Manchester K.ntinincr imd Times. " Testimonial to Mr. F. N. Gisborne. A very beautil'iil, valuii'rfle, and appropriate piece of plate has been prepared as a testimonial to Ml. Frederic Xewtou Uisborne. eldest son of Hartley V. Gisborne, Esq., of tliis city, con- tribnted and to be presented by the inhabi- tants of St. John's, Newfoundl; nd, as niarkinj; their sense of the energy aud perseverance he has displayed in traversing the previonsly unexplored parts of the island, in antieiputiun of the introduction of the electric telej^raph. The design is bold, and highly characteristic of the subject portrayed. At il.. summit of a rocky eminence, in frosted si'\er, stands a figure of science, with a wreath of immortelles in her upraised and extended left hand, ready to crown the deserving enterp-ise — a figure of Uoinan charduter, with a hulchet iu one hand, evincing vigour and determination, and in the other a pair of compasses, indicative of skill and calculation, has struggled to nearly the highest point, and is handing the eompasfcs to science. The locky heights are studded here and there wilh North American fir-trees. Upon the iront of the base an oval is ioruied by a cable, and within the coil is the inscription ; on the opposite side is represented a vessel at sea, laying down the cable for the electric telegraph. A group of seals and a group of beavers occupy parts of the space between these. There are also engraved representations of American scenery, with Indian wigwams. The specific character of the testimonial is further indicated by the whole being encircled by telegraph posts aud wires. Manchester may justly take some credit to itself, on account of its relation to the gentleman whose enterprise this testiuionial commemorates." CYRUS W. FIELD. 637 In noiie of Mr. Gisltorne's written communications about this time is there one word about an Atlantic ca1)lo or telej^raphic connuunication witli Europe ; there can be no doubt, however, that an able man like Gisborne had thought of the project, as had others, long before. The written and printed paper.s, the prospectus and plans of his company make no refei-ence whatever to the larger and grander conception. In January 18;'4, Gisborne came in contact with Cyrus W. Field, then a young merchant who had made a handsome fortune and retired from active business. Field at once took hold of tlie larger idea of (aide comnuinication with Europe ; for Gisb(n'ne's project of the limited Newfoinidland line he cared nothing .ind would have nothing to //// /■•"//,■. -V. 1'. r. \v. iiKi.ip. do with it, but when he found from Professor Morse, Lieut. Maury, and Brett, that an Ailantic telegraph was a practicable undertaking, lir threw himself into the project with all his marvellous zeal and per- tinacity. jSo one claim'j for Mr. Field any originality of thought about this great enterpi-ise, but nothing can rob him of the credit of being the first organizer, the moving spii'iL, the vital force and power that from fii'.st to last completed the Atlantic cable. His enthusiasm bi-ouglit ovei- Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, ^larshall O. Roberts, and Chandler White, the financiers of the now company, founded in Alarch LS.54, and granted a charter by the Newfoundland Government as 'The X(iw Yoik, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company." ^ There is a marked contrast between the pi'ospectus of Mi\ Gisborne's Company and Mr. Field's. The indefatigable Cyrus came down in the ' Fifld, C'liopiT, Tiijlor, l{o^ll'^^s, iiiid sterling to keep up tbo connection with New- Wilson (J. IIuiii iire known ns the " Five foundhind until the Atlantic cable was coni- Iininortals"; the men who first riskul Ji;,")()(),llO() pleted in 1866. in 185-1, and paid up the balance of the million 6J)8 TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION. Merlin in March 1854', and returned in her, leaving his able brother, David Dudley Field, and Chandler White to secure and perfect the charter. There was a good deal of discussion in the Executive Council and in the House on the grant to the new company, especially the Government guarantee of i?50,000 worth of bonds, not a penny of which was ever reijuired ; it was, however, practically passed unanimously, and immediately the poor labourers on the line and all outstanding liabilities ' ;Mi v% MOSES TAYLOR. Hi/ Sarony, -V. 1'. M. U. HOUKKTS. Jly Mora, .V. Y. of the defunct company were paid off. Chandler White remained fur a year as manager ; he gave rise to more law-suits in that short peiiod than the Anglo-American has had ever since. Wliilst his associates were busy settling the affliirs of the company in St. John's, C. W. Field was in England getting the first cable made for the Gulf. It was very unfortunate for the company that Mr. Field could not be, like " Boyle Roche's bird," in two places at once ; the company's affairs in the Colony were managed with reckless ex- travagance and woful incapacity. One Sunday I remember seeing the Victorias crew landing glass insulators at Eurgeo ; three out of every five wore smashed on a lot of ballast at the head of the wharf. "There goes ten cents for Peter Cooper's " said the profane Sluyter. It has been argued by many pei'sons in our day that the charter to Field's Company was extravagant and unjustifiable, that harder terms should have been exacted, and particularly that the Colony should ha\e secured a revenue out of the company. Now let us look at the facts as they appeared to the highly intelligent and able men who arranged this question in 1(S54. I admit, at the outset, that the Act was ably drawn, drafted in the interest of the company by the first lawyer in America, David Dudley Field ; but were its provisions unreasonable ? In the riii THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CHABTER. 639 fii'st place Mr. Cyrus Field would accept nothinj^ less than the Act; if there had been any important modification lie would siniply have let the matter drop and have retired to New York to enjoy his well- earned leisure, We niiiKt remember that whilst one part of the project, the land line and the connection across the Gulf, was practicable and feasible, the main project of an Atlantic cable was looked upon by ninety- nine men out of every hundred as the wild project of a Yankee lunatic ; even on the very eve of its completion, the Londtni Times declared it was a visionary and utterly impracticable undertakiufj. Our Legislature had THE "VICTOKIa" TOWIMi TIIH " S. L. UUYANT." From Mullnhj's Trip to Xetv/oundlaml. before them an offer from wealthy Americuns to pay ott' the debts of the bankrupt company, to expend a million dollars in the Colony, to give the Island telegra^ihic connnunication with England and America, and a local line to Cape Ray and Cape Race absolutely for nothing.^ Would the Legislature have been justilied in rejecting such an ubviuusly advantageous otTer, and was it unreasonable for dai'ing capitalists, who were willing to risk their millions in uch a risky enterprise, to recjuire ' Until tho lociil lines were befrun by Mr. Mttckiiy in 1877, this Colony luul not spent a fartliiug on telegraphs beyond the Carbouear line, wliieh was taken over at par by Mr. Field. Alt the other North American Colonies exjjended large sums on local lines. In 1877, Trinity, Cutalina, and Uonuvista were connected by telegraph ; in 1878 Government lines were extended to St. Georfre's Hay, Hay of Islands, JJetts Cove, Tilt ('ove, and Little Bay Mines; in IHf.") the telegraph was extended to Greenspond and Twilliugate, Burin, St. Lawrence, jjauiaiine, Grand liauk, and Fortune; in 1887 it was extended to Fogo, Seldom Come By, Change Islands, &c. i^-^i.^ 640 TELEGRArniC COMMUNICATION. (I ! i:! 1 ', i' ^1 \ if i ^f( 1'^ i- 1 ^ ^v kJ exclusive ri^rhts subject to a rit,'lit of pre-einption ? Our Let;islature would have been wron^' to refuse such an obviously favourable offer, the rifjfhts of the Colony bein^' carefully guarded by rather onerous restrictions.' The land line t j Cape Ray was completed in October lISoG. In anticipation of its nperation Mr. Field and a party of friends came to St. John's in th(^ steamer James Adijev, and went to Port-aux-Bas(|ues to la}' the cable across the Gulf ; in towing the barque Sarnh L. Bryant with the cable, a gale arose, and the cable had to be cut to cave the bar([ue ; a little later in the same year, however, the cable was success- fully laid to Cape Breton by Sir Sanmel Canniiig, Mr. T. D. Scanlan- representing the ^Jevvfound- land Company.' When ^[r. Field arrived . in New York in December 1(S50, he found the Gulf cable broken, and all the Newfoumllaiid telegraph line in a state of disorder, the super- intendent, Simpson, having abandoned the country \\\ despair. He put T. I). SCA.Nr.AX. By S. II. I'arsins. ^:i ^rf^^lH pi?i:^i^^ PORT-AUX-DAS(iUES IN 1857. From Miillalii's Trip to ycwfoundlnnil. himself in communication with James Eddy and the well-known D. H. Craig, founder of the New York Associated Press, and asked ' There is a very able article in the Newfoundlander in April lH.'j4, on this sub- ject, evidently written by lion. K. 1). Shea. ^ 1'he late Mr. T. D. Scanlan was asso- ciated with the New York, Newfoundland, and liOndon Telegraph Company, from its birth in 18r)4 to its nnialgamatiim with the Anglo-American Company in 1873. •' The first message sent was a cable from J. &. W. Pitts to A. & M. CameroB, Baddeek. A. M. MACK AY. (> 1 1 tlit'in to HL'htct I'oi' liiiii tho liost mnn in Amorieii to take ciiarife of tlio NewfoumllaiKl Hikjh ; without cuimnunicatioii with ouch other, tht-y iidviHoil him to nppoiiit Mr. A. M. Miickuy, then twoiity-two years olil, the Superititendent of the Nova Scotia Telerjniph.' Wiieii Maekay came here in Jainiary lf<.)7 he foun, and from that day to this everything has gone well under the same able management.'' All in Newfoundland who remend)er the 27th July 180(5, when the Atlantic cable was laniii]ilislioil. Ill IHG" he rebuilt the whole tekgriiph line from fSt. ,1 '■•^'s to Cape liiiy, which iiiul ori^'inally cost .ni,()(»(),0()0, for .'<'.H),uu(), in reeoirnition of whieli service the Coinpuny presented hir.i with a niKgniii- ccnt service of |iliilc ; ami in IHS.") lie built for the Xewfomulland Governniei\t branch lines from Hiirin and Twillingale, to connect with the N?w York, Xewfouudlaud, and Lon- don telegraph system, .'340 miles through the wilderness for !;!4.'),000. - The receipts from the Newfoundland liue.s throughout this period of hope deferred were very small and very precarious. In 18.')'.) a news boat was placed at Cape liace l)y the / p. -yriw. Associated I'r?ss to intercept ocean steamers ; the first ship met was the S.S, I '/(/'/, of the luman Line. The public constantly saw the heading in Knglisli and American papers, " Via Ciipe Uace," but few had any idea of those daring trips of bold John .^tul•phy to catch the outward and honicuard-bound steamers; considH JoMia I';Z,^ _ -^ '...O. ,,.,., 2,4. ',',..■/. , ,..■.,- BO. ., ■iL, . „.uZr,V7--'-''-f'f •-' ■ )! -,r 1 '■'/'■"■-• y- ■:'^- 1 •■%!/ .,..<*V.-..;'t-;.' -.^K I LN ..j.:'^::i j:r" """:■ ■.■c"'" I n. i.,'..,j„ .-_•. Jr;'.,>';7" ,-V"-» ,y niMouors I'l.Aviiii.r, Mmi r tin: ( \iii.i;. U-k TliJLEGKAPHlC COMMUNICATION. it. is nieruly serviceable for local messages and for coinpletiiio- tiie network of telegraphs thron^hoiit the island. ]t was part of the Grcut J'J'IAGAKA," From tlif IllHstrntcd Lomloii S wx. former for transmitting the signals, and the hotter lor receiving them ; some sixteen to twenty cells of the form known as " Menotti " were used for generating the current, while boxes oi " condensei-s," which are composed of alternate sheets of tinfoil and mica, or other insulating material, were em[)loyed to keep the movements of the " spot," or column of reflected light, obt'dient to the movements of the inirror, suspended by a fiVa-e of silk within the con .,iutions of fine wire contained in the galvanometer, within cont ol. These instruments, although simple in construction and somewhat crude in comparison with those in use in the present day, ^\ere proved to be satisfactoiy, and c tinued to hold tlu ir PROGRESS OF OCEAN TELEGllAPli'/. 645 I place for seven years. The speed of working at tlie bt-ginning was six to ei^ht words a minute, but this was improved upon as time went on and the cj)erators gained experience in what to them was an entirely new system. In 1873 the siphon recorder, an invention of Lord Kelvin, then Sir William Thomson, the eminent electrician and Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow University, was introduced. The advantage of this instru- ment was that the signals transmitted througli the cable were no longer interpreted by the movements of a liash of light, but were permanently recorded on a paper tape or ribbon by ink flowing through a glass tube or siphon, not much thicker than a hair, one end of whicl\ was bent into a small tank or metal box contain ng ink, and the other moving near the surface of the paper, which was keptfontiinially moving onward by the revolutions of a " mouse-mili " worked by a " quantity battery " of large surface, the mouse-mill also fultilliiig the duty of electiifj'ing the ink and forcing it through the l)ore of the narrow siphon. This .system wan greatly in advance of the mirror-galvanometer, inju^much as the record could lie preserved for reference in case of eiTors, and the eyes were relieved from the tedium and constant strain involved in the old method. In the year 187S " diiplex " was smccessfully i)lacei. SAMlEf, TROTT.' Mil lliirrixoii, Falmoiitli. sterling a woi'd : now the s;me servi«3r' is perfonufl for one shilling. In the early dayr it was considered a gowi day's work to pass two i.Mudred telegrams per diem ; now it is by no :ueaus uncommon by this one route alone to exchange three thousand. 'Plius has an (enterprise, whi-h at first may have provokefl the jieers oi' the ndicule of tln" incredulous as a scheme altogether tto wild in design or too impo.ssiidu cf accoinplishmont, !xH;n pr<)ve. possossi's most (U'voteil ami NaluMble Mivuiits ; iioiiu of tluiii iin nutio rLMimrkMblc tliuii the captiiiii ot'tlicir faille st-jaiiu'i- Miiiia, iSainiU'l 'I'rott. .loliii \\ . ^^llcklly correctly desifjimtwl hira " tlio fii't'iitost t'ii'jle-uatclicr in the woriil '' ; no (lilfii'iilty, no ilipth of ooi'Uti, can keep liio calile from his irrasp. His latest feat, in tlu' smnnier of 1H'J4, in jinippliiijx anil splieiii;j; sncce.ssfnily the two ends of the sevenly-foiir ealde, over idO miles apart, in 'j,"!)!) f'atlioms of water, with a eurrent runr.ing .six knots, is the ermviiing achievement of his reniark- iible cart'er. 647 irrenco for in London vvitliin the usund five all, within LNflG, so'iie work 1 1 ; iaft'iit that The first jne pound I /(. iiiji^. Tn 1) ipuKh'etl one roiJiW t\\c jieers :o wild in f the |»er- fiy render ig it to its unti'v and sands of ft'iit, in the and s(iliciii;r scviMily-foiir- ."()•) CiltllOlllS g six knots, his iviimrlv- - CnAPTP]R XXII. THE XElVFOrXDLAXD FISHERIES COMMISSION. Bv Rev. M. Harvev, I.L.D., Sicrcfitrii tu thi! Cinnmisgiuii, In 1887 a Commission was appointed by His Excellency the Governor in Council, to investigate the operations of Fisheries Depart- ments in other countries, with the view to the establishment of a similar department in Newfoundland should it be found desirable and practicable. This a}ipointment was niade in accordance with a resolution passed by the House of Assembly. The Connnission, of which the Hon. A. W. Harvey was cliairman, presented theii- first report in March 1(SS8. In it the vaiious steps taken in carrying out the objects in vieAV were stated in detail. By means of a ciiculav addressed to the Departments of Fisheries in the Dominion ot Cmada, the United States of America, England, and Ncrway, much valual)le information regarding the organisation and working of their respective departments was obtained, as well as the results of their operations in the artificial propagation of food fisiies, and their methods of constructing hatcherie*. The report, alter giving a sununary of the information thus collected, went on to contrast the intelligent guardianship over thiir fisheries exercised in the United (States, Canada, Norway, and England with the almo.st complete neglect of the fisheries in Newfoundland, where thei'e was no department charged with the duty of investigating, repo;ting on them, or furnishing any useful help or guiy artificial prop; pn w?^ s CA8 NEWFOUxVDLAND FISHERIES COMMISSION. / : other fishing countries. The I'eport recommended the organ! sjitioii of a permanent Fisheries Commission as a branch of the public service. Accordingly, in June 1889, the Legislature passed an " Act to " provide for the formation of a Fisheries Commission, and other " purposes," in which the powers, duties, and functions of the sjiid Commission were defined. Provisions were also made for the appoint- ment of a chairman, a secretary, and a superintendent of fisheries, and the erection of fish hatcheries. The Hon. A. W. Harvey, a member of the Legislative Council, who had made a .speciality of the fisheries, and with commendable zeal and ability had for n)any yeai-s urged on the Legislature the vitiil importance of a scientific examination of the fisheries and a proper supervision of their working, was ai)pointed chairman, and the Rev, M. Harvey, who had given much attentitn to tlie same subject, and written extensively on fish and fisheries, was nominated as secretary. The Commission was fortunate in secuniig the services of Mr. Adol|)h Nielsen, a Norwegian Inspector of Fisheries, as Superintendent of Fisheries in Newfoundland. His iiccurate and extensive knowledge of fisheries, scientific and practical, and his lengthened experience fitted him adnnrably for the position, and, a.s subsequent events proved, his ztal, energy, and devotion to his duties were all that could be desired. The names of forty-two gentlemen were placed on the roll of the Commission, but the business was conducted by an Executive Committee of seven members. The fii*st step was the erection of a hatchery in April 1889, for the propagation of cod and other fish, on Dildo Island in Tr'nity Bay. This was fitted up with proper apparatus embodying all tlie latest improve- merits, and had sufliicient capjicity for hatching between two and three hundred million of cod ova in the season. At a later date a salt-w'ater pond was added in which the fish were allowed to spawn in the natural Avay, an arrangement which enabled the Superintendent to hatch from sixty to seventy per cent, of the ova and plant the 3'ouiig fry in good conilition in the waters of the bay. Both cod-fish and lobsters were hatched here. The Commission then conunenced a careful stud^' and investigation of the fisheries of the Colony, in all their branches, with a view to devising rules and regulations for their protection, of ascei*t«ining the liabits of the commeicial fi.shes, the causes whicli injuriously- aflect the fisheries, the best means en. These were worked in nearly all the large bays each season. The Superintendent drew up an exhaustive account of the " Cure of Cod-fish and Herrings," in which were given full directions for the proper cure of these fishes according to difterent methods, and the errors committed in the treatment and packing of herrings were pointed out. This valuable paper has been reprinted by the Irish Department of Fisheries, for the use of tlie fishermen, and has also been translated into French. A large edition was distributed in Newfoundland by the Conmiission. A Bait Intelligence Service has also been established for the purpose of informing the captains of vessels engaged in the Bank Fishery, on touching at any port, where bait was to be obtained, thus saving much time which would otherwise have been spent in searching for bait. Seven years have now elapsed since the formation of a Fisheries Commission. A great change for the better has been accomplished. The fisheries have been brought under control by judicicnis rules and regulations based on a knowledge of fish life, and these are enforced by fishery wardens. Injurious practices and destructive modes of fishing, by which vast (quantities of innnature fish wex'e destroyed, thus causing deterioration of the fisheries, are being gradually suppresse» M ■ 390,9^4.000 • 5J-l,lJM.U00 - 4i:.28.5,000 ■ m:.;3o3,ooo 1.87(3,767,009,tJjG,000 lobsters hatched and planted. Tlie Fisheries Connnission has hail to encounter many difficulties and nmi-h opposition, but that its labours have been a{>preciated, and that public confidence in it is now establishivl, m ly be inferred from the fact that the legislative grant for this service was doubled, and is now 82(),(t0() per aniunn. Besides, in ISJKi, it was advanced to the dignity of a Government Deparuneut, w iih the Hon. A. W. Harvey at its head as Connnissioiicr of Fisheries, and Mr. Nielsen, aa before. Superintendent of Fisheries. A p;\>s^X'ix)Us and useful career may be confidently anticij^ted foi th s Department. M. Harvey, [111 puhlishiiij; thi< valuable pniver it is only ilue to uivselt ii> st»>i ihat my opinions do not coincidu with ml tin » n;w!i e\pn>j<'d by tho author. No out »., preci '.tos raorw ifcigbly tlmu 1 do the ^■alue ot :he l^'isheries CiMuinis^iou, and the deep debt of ijratitiide we nil owe to tho t. h.»irni;in, the Hon. A. \V. Harvey, tor the iloeged ])ei>evei'8Uoe with wliicli for years jvtst he has t'oiij;ht for it* appointnieiit, and to the learned Socretaiy for his vahiablf y of fresli ivon satis- foUowiny HatcIiLiy 1 cod-fish lere they iomlitioiiH it-'iy. 1 11 iasonab.'y i Nielsen ■ nations. s : — ■ ied from lobsttrs i faculties fceil, and ed from led, and need to Harvey i before, may be RVEY. 001) HATCHIXO. Gol puper.s in the promotion of its objects. In the practieiil pari of its business, improvcmont iu the cuie of cod, herrings, and the packiiii' of lobsters, its work is ahcady biariiifr good fruit. The cod liatching 'is ii vahiable experiment, curried out in flio most complete anil scientific manner by .Mr. Ni. Isen, but I look upon it, however, .simply as an experi- ment, though one well worth tr^^ing. My investigations do not confirm Dr. Harvey's y! 1' that the artificial hutching of cod has be .: '. comjilete conmuircial success, either iu Newtor.ndland, Norway, or the United States. The theory on which "it is founded, that all the [lelagic fishes latum to (he home of their birth for the purposes of reproduction, is not proved ; this idea has been i)Ushe(l too far. It is only partially true a.s regards salmon and sea trout. With respect to cod, it seems now to he ascerfaini.: by the careful investi- gation of the .Scotch Fishery Hoard that they spawn in the ocean from seven to one tiundred and seventy miles from land ; tiiat such u rapacious fish, whose migration has been proved to extend over five hin.dred miles, returuH to the home of its birth, or has any settlecl home at all, is a theory with no scientific proofs to sustain it. I). W. PUOWSK.] . ill owe to farvey, tor 1 for yeiirs nient, and i vahiahio 052 CHAPTER XXIII. r ^ »; CHRONOLOGY, JUSTICIARY, HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY. I. Chronology. GEORGE III., 17C0 to 1820. 1760. — Captain WEBB cHptured Erench vessel Taviynor, with 3,500 quintals fish, which was sold in St. John's for £2,!)"0 sterling. 17C1 — Captain (afterwards Lord) GRAVES sailed in December, 17C1, with convoy to Spain a id I'ortugul ; seventy sail of vessels, 7,000 tons ; CHO men and 200 jruns. 1762. — .St. .John's, Carbonear, and Trinity captured by French squadron under Admiral deTer'iay; re-captured same year, in J^i'ptember, by Colonel Amherst, brother of Sir (ieoffrey Amherst, Capt. MclJonel, with Highlanders and Provincials (Loyal Americans) Light Infantry ; battle of (^uidi Vidi. 17C3. — War with Spain ; importation of fish from Newfoundland prohibited. R.Carter, Esq., garrisoned Isle Hois, Eerryland ; C. Garland, Carbonear. Treaty of I'aris ; St. I'ierre and Mi(|uelon confirmed to France; all the rest of North America giveii up to England. Survey of the Island by the immortal navigator Cook. Labi iidor re-aiine\cd to Newfoundland. I'opulatiou l.'3,112; 3SG,2 74 (jtls. fish ; 106 fishiug ships; 123 going foreign voyages; 142 vessels from New England and other parts of liritish North Aiuerica, Cork, Waterford, Belfast, and Gla 'gow, engaged in Newfoundland trade. 1764. — Sir flugh FALLISER Governor. Collector of Customs appointed in St. .John's, under the Commissioner of the Custom House in Hoston, Mass.; sof n after Comptroller appointed. Court of Vice-Admiralty, St. .John's ; Mi'jor Griffith Williams, R.A., resident in St. John's and commnnding Royal Ai lillery, published an account of the Newfoundland fishery. 1765. — Large increase in fishery ; total catch for this year 493,654 qtls. 1703 — 34H,2(t4 qtls. 17' 4--470,118 qtls. Rev. Laurence Coughlan, Church of England minister, iiitoduced Wesleyanism into the Colony. Sir II. Palliser's report very severe on N'ewfoundland. 1766. — Riots in St. John's and Harbour Grace. Lieut. Cartwright made nn unsuccessful attempt to effect friendly intercourse with Heothics ; first Eunipcau to visit Red Indian Lake; wrote a history of the Red Indians, or Ileothics of Newfoundland. Repeal of the obnoxious American Stamp Act. 1769. — Commodore BYRON, grandfather of Lord Ryroii, the poet. Governor. 1770. — John Stretton, Wesleyan minister, has hot dispute with Rev. David Balfour, Epis- cojial Minister, Harbour Grace, about the right to preach in ('arbonear chapel. 1772.— Commodore MOLYNEAUX (afterwards Lord Shuldham) Governor. Uev. John Hdskins Wesleyan niiiiisler. Governer issues Proclamation 24th June, regulating river salmon fisliery for the Colony ; French not iiiontioiied. 1773. — Engineer Pringle began to build Fort Townsheiul, and to construct King's Road and ^iilitary Road. 1771-17S9. 058 inteil in Mass. ; John's ; IT Royal ur, Kpis- •liii])el. {(iv. John th June, i Road 1774.— 1775.— 177r..- 1777.- 1778.- 1779.- 1781.- 1782.- 178;V- 1784. 1785. 178C.— . 1787.— 1788.- 178'.!.— I'lai'entia Court House built. Continental Congress in America. All e.\{)ortiition to Newfoiiiulland I'roni North Aineiica States prohibited 17th September, 1774 ; caused fireat ilistress in Newfoundland. Imports from eolonies C.'i45,()(iO itg. prior to Revolution, tiuebee Aot, 14 Geo. 111. cap. 83 ; Labrador auue.\ed to Canada. Rev. John Jones first Conijrefrational Minister in St. John'H. Heaviest storm ever known in Xewfoundlaii \; 'MM i)ersons drowned. I'alliser's Act, 1.') Georire III. Uountv for bankers to continue eleven years ; first Act re(inirinfr written agree- ment between masters and servants in the fiidiery ; wages first charge on fish, iSic. ; all cases to be tried summarily by Court of'Si-ssions or Court of N'ice- A 'liralty. Duty of one shillinp i>er gallon on rum from America ; caused excitement in New Kiifiland. CommodorC DUFF, Governor, issues I'roelauia- tion about salmon fisheiies at Exploits, Gander IJay, &c. 4th July, Declaration of rnileper.d.nce, United States. 7th May. Rear-Admiral MONTAGUE, Governor, arrived. ■July. Admiral Mot.ta(;ue fitted out several anued vessels in Newfound'and seas to cruise there against the Anu'rican privateers, by which measure he kept the coast clear, so that vessels might sail without danger. ■Indepeiulcnce of the United States recogiiised by France. France declared war against Kngland. Admiral Montague captured St. I'icrre. Spain declared war against Kngland. Rear-Admiral EDWARDS, fiovernor, completed F'ort Townshend. New Anglican (.'hurch on site of present cathedr.il being built. The lower rond (Water S'reet) and the ui)per road ( Duckworth Street) ordered to b(! kept twelve feet wide. First regiment 'formed in St. John's, under Colonel I'ringle ; \Vm. Lilly, Ensign. Sniait fitii:ig()\it of II. M.S. I'liito, in St. .lohn's, and capture of two American privateers iit I'elty Harbour, one called Tlie Gcnri/c ; part of her timber now in the Museum, St. John's. Vice-Admiral John CAMPBELL Governor. Indepindence of United States acknowledfjed by F^ugiand. •N. Gill, D'FIwes Coke, George Williams, Archibald Buchanan, ^^agistrates, St. John's. Treaty of Versailles; F\'encli allowed from Cape John to Cane Ray; declaration of King Georgi; IH that English not to interrupt F'rench fishery by their competition. -Royalist province of New Rrunswick created ; divided from Nova Scotia 1781. Religious freedom established in the Colony; Dr. O'Donel, first Roniiin Catholic Prefect Apostolic, arrived. Jjcase for ".("J years to Rev. J. (Rishop) O'Donel, and certain trustees, of the premises known as " Parson Langman's (Jaiden" (Old Chajjel) ; Rev. Walter I'rice appointed F;piscopal minister, St. John's. -Judges of Oyer and Termi.ier, D'Ewjs Coke, Geo. Williams, Wm. Gaden, Richard Hutchings, Richard Routh, Nicholas Leehmere and Thos. Dodd. John Mc.Ge.iry, Wesleyan missionary, arrived in Newfoundland. I'er-mission given to import bread, flour, and livestock from United States in Rritish bottom. •Act 20 George III. cap. 20, continuing bouni)- to Is, nk fishery for ten years. Jurisdiction of Courts of Vice-.\dmiralty to try fisue' v cases transferred to Sessions Courts. Rev. Jno. McGeary Wesleyan minister. Rear-Admiral ELLIOT Governor. Prince William Henr-y, afterwards William IV., arrived in Newfoundland as Captain H.M.S. Pcfja.-ius ; presided in Court at Placentia ; instrumental in building present English Church, PI icentia, towards which he coniributed fifty-five guiireas and the present handsome communion plate. Wm. Carter, prandfiitlier of Sir F'. H. T. Carter, appointed Judge Vice-Admiralty Court, rice N. Gill, deceased. Rishop Inglis appointed as Anglican Rishop of Canada (forniprly Rector Trinity Church, New York), New Rrunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. J(dni Jones allowed to erect Meeting House ^Old Congregational Church). Dr. .Tohn Rrown ajipoiuted .T.P. Placentia ,'grand- father of Sir H. W. Hoyles). Year of peace and plenty ; no prison. 'rs in the jail. •Many Rermudian vessels fishing in Newfoundland ; ef)mplaints against them bv West of luigland adventurers. Serious riot at F'errylaud. McAuslau appointed Deputy Postmaster, October, 1778. Admiral Mark MILBANKE Governor. F'rench Revolution. Court of Common Ple.\s established for the Colony. Seal fishery proseeut;.d in small decked vessels and open boats. ['Hferr-'"" 'i')t cirijoxoKoriv ill! 1 7'Ji'.— ' IT'.l.l. i;'.<4. IT'.).'). 17Ufi. m W.tl. -Chief Justice REEVES pivsidcil in Court, (li'sigiiiiti-rl lis "the f'oiirf of f ivil- .lurisdiiticm ot'Cliir Lord (lie Kins lit ^'. .lolin's, in tlu' IsIhikI of N'cwfoiiiiiilund," iippointfd In- Act .'U (iioifri' III. Ciiiiiidu divided into two I'rovini'i's. Ki'V. W. JJIaok, W»!slt'viiii niiiiidlor, iirrivcd in tlif Coionv. Su|iri!nn! ronrt of .liidiciitiuv of tlio Nhmd of Xewfoiiiidlund," proidiMl over l)_v C.J. Kecvt's, opeiUMl Ttli Sept., IT'.l'J; first ciisc trii'd — Andrew Tlionisoii c, Geor);;(' Williams. I'lii-i Ai't wiis rcncwcl .mnuiilly iiiitil 1.ho'.». Siirni^'iitc! Courls cRtiihliKlK'd. 'ri'.e ['"Inatiiij; Siuiu^Mtis. Coniiire Kurni, (^uidi Vidi, cleared liy Captiiin SkinniT, l>.K. Admiral KING (iovernor. Louis XVI., King of France, beheaded. Chief Justice, D'EWES COKE. Murder of Lieut. Lnwrie, H.N. Farretl anil Power i ouvieteil of flic murder. JLM.S. Hdsli'ii pres.sing ineii for Xiivy in JSt. Joim'H. France declares war against Hnj^land. Hoyal Nowfoiindland Heginient emhodied ; Commander, Colonel >«kiniier. Admiral Sir James WALLACE (lovernor. All St. John's under arm-«. French under Admiral Hichery destroyed Hay Hulls. England and Spain at war. Newfoundland fishery very prosperous. CI, .')i)(),0()() invested in fisheries. Dr. O'Donel consecrated, at liuehec, llishop of 'I'hyatira in pii.'fihii.s, and A'icar Apostolic of Newfoundland; first I'oman Catholic ISishop. (Jeorge Williams appointed (Jhief Magistrate. Battle of Cape St. Vincent. .Mutiny of the Nore. The rin^jleader, Parker, hunjr. Ulshop O'Donel received a griint of land .5(10 yards froulajie at Kivir Ileid. Cioverrior, Hon. Wm. WALDEGRAVE, Vice-Admiral, afterwards Lord Kadstock. R. ROUTE Chief Justice. -Irish llehellion. Nelson's great victory over French fleet. Uattle of the Nile. -First Grammar School opened, IJev. L. Anspach Head Master. Census of St. John's this year (1799), 3,132 inhabitants, besides military; General Skerett in command of the troops. llutiny in the Garrison at St. John's. Kiiigleaders ea[)tured and punished. Admiral POLE fiovemor of Newfoundhuul. Uichard Kouth, C'tiief Justice, drowned on his passage to England. —Union of England and Ireland. J. QGDEN Chief Justice. — Admiral Lord GAMBIER Governor. Treaty of Amiens, signed by England, France, Spain, and Holland. — Kcgiment of Volunteers, under the name of "The Xewfoundland Light Infantry," formed 1,000 strong ; Colonel Skinner in command. J''ormer regiment New- foundland Feucibles disbanded, 1802. Saint John's Charity School Society instituted, August 180;5. ThomaS TREMLETT Chief Justice. Thomas Coote Chief Magistrate, vice Williams, deceased. — Phnpnix Insurance Company, of London, presented a fire-engine to the town s British and Imperial Insurance Companies gave :?.") fire-buckets. Sunday schools r£ -established. Sir EraSmUS GOWER, Governor, opened Gower Street. — Post Office established in the Colony. Simon Solomon Postraaster-Genenil. Itattle of Trafalgar. Death of Nelson. Population of St. John's, .5,,")G4. — Benevolent Irish Society formed at the London Tavern by Jas. McBrairc, Esq., Major Commandant of the St. John's Volunteer Rangers; President Captain Winekworth Tonge. Dr. l, arrived ; conseenited in Wexford Bishop of Chitra in pnrtibiis. Volunteer Corps Newfoundland Hangers embodied ; officers — Captains Parker, .1. AVillianis, BoLiehier, T. Williams, Batten ; Lieuts. Shea, Solomon, Lilly, Stevenson, Ilaire ; Ensigns Parker, Gill, Thomas, Mellege, Parsons ; Surgeon Coughlan ; Quarter-master Beenlau. — F'our actors ask perniissioii to open a theatre. Admiral HOLLOWAT, Governor, arrived July 2(')th, 1807. The " Koyal (iazette and Newfoundland Advertizer," first published, 27th August 1807, under most careful restrictions. John Hyan, editor and publisher. Abolition of the slave trade by England. . — Formation of Volunteer Corps for defence of the capital and island, Lieut. Spratt, K.N., sent with paintings to the Beothics. , — Labrador and Anticosti re-annexed to the Government of Newfonndlnnd by Act 49 Geo. HI., which also established permanent Courts of Judicature in New- foundland. 1707.— 1798. 1799.- 1800.- li*01.- 181)2.- 1803.- 1804.- 1805.- 1806.- 1 807, 1808 1809 by Society Thomas Liuut. 1810-1818. 6dO .101(1.— rrodanmtioii to iinifrct Kid Indiiiiiv Sir John Thomas DUCKWORTH (iipvcriior. MiifiiNlriiti'S tor St. .lolin'M--T. ('ootc, .1, lirooin, li. Scon'c, .IiiiiHs lilMikii', l':.-(|rs., anil Ifcv. I). Uowliind. I'upuliltioii, St. .lohn's, (Wiuo. .Miijor-tii'iicnil Moort' in (-0111111111111 of the troops. IHll. — Lieut. lliiohiiii'M expedition to Iteothies. Two niariiies killed. Watersidi' in St. .loliii's cleiireil if ^hipH' rooms j leased b_v aiietion to the puhlic. I'eriiii.ssioii first f^raiited to erect peiinaiie'it houses. isn. — Second Amerieaii \Viir. St. .loliiiVs in a tloiirishinff eoiiililioii North Ainriican fleet consisted of ,'1 .sail of the line, 21 fripites, :t7 sloops, briirs, iiiid sclinoiiers of war. Ilarliour of St. John's full of prizes. .Niipoleoii's retreat fioiii !Mo.scow. N'oliinteer Force re-orf.ninise(l ; Major McUraire, coiiiiii;indiiif,' ; Captain? — Honehier, '!'. Williams, Lilly, .McAllister, (i. 1\. I! ihinson, Crawfonl, Hayiiis, liyaii, Triiiiiiifrliam, Thomas ; IJeiitenaiits — .Melleilgr, liroi in. Steward, AIcLea, Sim|)soii, Liviiijrstoti, (Irieve, Ariiott, Clift. Shaiiiioii : Kn»'f;iis- -Mi>rris, MeC'alman, lieiidcdl, Scott, Willis, X. (iill, Niveii J^ang ; Adjiltaia — llu^lus ; liuarter-master — HariicM ; Surgeon — !)iiir(,'an. 18l;i. — .Tune 1st, ('a]iture of the (.'hrsiipra/ir, Aitierican frigate, off ISoston, hy 11. M.S. SIkiiiikiii. Twenty-two Irishmen, ' iiiiid to Newfoiiiidlaiid, wire in Slidniioii. Coming out in Newman iSc Co.'s brig. Duck, they had heiii caiitiiied by American privateer, (lovcnnir Vlummer, recaptured by English privateer brig, .Sir Jahn Shirhnwlif, and then put aboard Shuiiuou. CSBSar COL- CLOUQH ('hicf Justice, from I'rince iMlward Island, in pi. ice of Tremlett, who was sent lliere in a Kiii^''s ship Sir Eichard Godwin KEATS, Covernor, laid fonnilation stone of St, John's Hospital, liiverl. 'ad. Kir.st grant.s of land ; 110 grants issued the year. Decisive victory of Wellington at Vittoria, Spain, yrench driven across the ryreiiecK. I'ublicatioii of Dr. William Cnr.-on's pamphlet ; agitation for Colonial I'arliainont. 'J'lie following i.iagistratrs were ajipointed this year: — Coote, Hroom, Koland, HIaikic, for St. John's; C^airtnglon and I.,illy, Harbour Grace; IJev. J. Church and liurrell. Trinity; Edgar, (ireeiispond ; Ford, Honavista ; McKie and Angell, Hay Hulls; W. Carter, Eerrylaiid ; Hradshaw and Hlackburn, I'laceiitia ; (iosse, Carboiiear ; Jackson, Trepassey ; Hutbr and Hisliop, Hurin ; Spooiier and Anthoine, Fortune Ha\ ; Hryant, Ferrylaiid ; I'hijiparJ, St. Mary's; Finson and S. Frowse, Labrador; and for the Island, Captains 1!. N. Elliott, Cooksley, Skckel, Cainplill, Ilolbrook, Huclian, and Hcv. F". Carrliigton and F. C. Le (ieyt, til' (iovernor's Seiietary. ^Lijor-CeiiLral ('anipbtll coinniandiiig troops numbering "iW. 181-). — liuttle of Lundv's Lane, between T-oyal Canadians and Americans. Treaty of (i bent ; end of second American War. First Treaty of I'aris ; allies "Miter I'aiis. l,L'll(),0(»0 (|tls. fish exported; whcde value of e.xporls, .>ail!es, 17H3. Numerous failures, caused by peace and dejireciation of fish in foreign markets. Wesbyun Mission Stations organised into districts. 2Uth August, Captain David Huchan, H.N., took possession of St. Fierre and Miipielon. -I'Jth February, St. .lolin's nearly destroved by fire; great distress; loss, £10t),000 sterling; I'argo uf provisions sent in winter by benevolent pe-iple of Uostoii, U.S. Francis FORBES, F^xp, afterwards Sir Francis, Chief Justice, arrived; u most able and competent Judge; co.itiiiued on the Hench for six years. F'irst visit of an Anglican Hisliop to Newfjuudland by Dr. Stanser, Hishop of Nova Scotia. Dr. Scallan, third Konian ("atholic Hishop, consecrated Hishop of Drago in purtihiiK, and Vicar Apostolic of Newfoundland. Church at Harbour Grace burnt. II. M.S. Comii.i and transjiort Harponncr lost at St. Shott's, November 10th. Admiral PICKmORE Governor, -St, John's again visited by fires, November Vtli and 2Ist; 200 houses destroyed. Great disirefs ; severe winter ; riots; known in Newfoundland history as "The Winter of the Kals," and the Hard Winter. -Convention witli the United States respecting the F'isheiies. Admiral PICKMORE, fii-st residi'iit Govenitr, died in St. John's. Captain BOWKER Administrator. Coldest winter ever experienced in Newfoundland. Arrival of b'ig Mi:sm)ii/er in January with cargo of provisions, sent by the benevolent people of Hoston. Sir C. HAMILTON Governor. Ifl6.- 1817.— S 1818.- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I '- ilM IIIII2.2 m 2.0 1.8 ' 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■« 6" — ► V2 <9> 'c^: ■e. <5>1 /. V M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 1456C (716) 872-4503 ■^ V iV ^N ^9> V ^ ■^^ 4^ . John's, in favour of Res|)onsibIe Govenmient ; petition sent to Queen and Parliiimeiit. 9th June, teiiible and destructive fire consumed the town. 19th September, tremendous gale. Sir John Harvey appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. Col. LAW A (Iministrator. 1847.— Sir Gaspard LE MARCHANT, Governor, arrived a.Jnl April. Chief Justice BRADY appointed. Foundation Stone of English Catliedrul of St. John the Baptist laid ; also Colonial Building and Custom House, St. John's. 1848. — Great Revolution in Europe. December 14th, first Session of Legislature, after return to Constitution of 1833, opened by Sir Gaspard Li' Maichant. Bishop Mullock arrived, May Ctli, in iS.S. L'nicorn, Captain It. Malicr. First. Water Company ; supply from Signal Hill. Free Kirk establisheil. 1849. — Discovery of gold in California. Customs Department placed under control of local Government; J. Kent first collector; Iklr. Spearmen retired on a pension. Steamer Kestrel, Captain Muher, lost. IS.'JO. — Death of Bishop Fleming. Market House opened. Free Kirk opened. 1851. — Public meeting to promote direct steam from St. John's to England. The great Exhibition of the Industries of all Nations held in London, May Ist. Great demonstration of Sous of Temperance, St. John's. General Election. / p. 2729. T T 0-)8 CHRONOLOGY. ■ ( 1^ i I; vi I: 'yii' 1852.— Ker Bailie HAMILTON Governor. Death of the Duke of Wellington. Louis Ntipoleon Kiii|ii'ror of the French. First Stemner in (Conception Uiiv. lion. J. C.'rowdy AdminiKtnilor. Klectrie telef?rai)h introduced into St. John's by F. N. (jishornt'; fSt. John's and ( 'arboneiir Kh'otric Telegraph ('onipanv ; K. I'rowse Maniiging Director. Terribly disastrous seal fishery; "Spring of the VVadliams." 1S53. — English and French fleet enter the Dardanelles. Turkey declares war against JiuT'sia. The Fjlectric Telegraph Company, Gisborne's Company, incorpoiateii, 18.W. lS,'i4. — Union Hank established. Outbreak of cholera in St. John's. Crimean War. Victories of the Kuglish and French. Battles of Alma, Balaclava, Inkermaii. Keciprocity Treaty between British America and the United States. F. B. T. Carter appointed Acting Judge, Supreme Court. Xew York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company incorporated. IS-'j-^. — Gtovemor DARLING. Increased Kepresentation Act, giving 30 members, including Burgeo and La Poile. Kesponsible Government introduced. Taking of Sebastopol ; great rejoicings over the British Kmpire. First General Election under Kesponsible Government. Hon. P. F. LITTLE first Premier. JSoman Catholic Cathedral consecrated. The Ameriaau steamer James Adijer arrived in St. John's with Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus Field, Peter Cooper, Bayard Taylor, and a distinguished company ; endeavoured to lay the cable across the Gulf; failed owing to bad weather ; cable parted ; forty miles paid out,. 18.56. — Newfoundland divided into two lioman Catholic dioceses, St, John's and Harbour Grace ; Dr. Dalton first Bishop of Harbour Grace. Telegraphic communica'ion established with the American continent. First message .sent acro.ss Gulf from J. and W. Pitts to A. and M. Cameron, Baddcck. F'oundation Stone Gower Street Methodist Church laid. Firo in St. John's (Tarehin's Town). Direct steam by the Galway Line. Gulf cable laid by '' S. Propontin ; Sir Samuel Canning ; T. D. Scanlan represented New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company. 18.57. — Hon. L. O'BRIEN Administrator, on the promotion of Sir C. Darling to the Governorship of Jamaica. Sir Alexander BANNERMAN ajipointed Governor. The Indian Mutiny. The Anglo-French Convention about the Newfoundland fishery ; indigiuition meetings. Delegates sent to Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. Gower Street Wesleyau Church completed. Commercial Bank established. 1 8.58. — l"irst Atlantic Cable landed at Bay Bulls Arm, Trinity Bay ; great rejoicings iu St. John's in honour of Cyrus Field, to whose indefatigable energy final success was due. First cable soon collapsed. Hon. P. F. Little and B. Bobinson appointed Judges Supreme Court, and thi Ions. J. Simms and A. W. Des Barres retired on pensions. IHdil. — News boat placed at Cape Kace by the New York Acsociated Press to intercept ocean steamers. F'lrst ship intercepted, Vi(/o, of Ininan Line, (ieneral Elecfion ; pveat contest at Burin. Act for Local Steam passed. Hon. John KENT Premier 18C0. — His Boyal Highness the Prince of Wales visited the Island. F'oruiation of Volunteer Corps. 18fil.— H. W. HOYLES Premier. Time of great political excitement. Political riots in St. John's, Harbour Grace, and Harbour Main. Commencement of the American Civil War between North and South. 1862. — January, first Allan Steamer, North Amvrkan, left St. John's. S.S. Poli/tii<(, S.S. Conipt'rdowUy total failure at seal fislierv. Gi'eat haul of seals at (ireeri Bay. Colonial and Continental Church Society incorporated, (ireat distress owing to bad fisheries. S.S. Victoria inaugurated local steam north and south. 1803. — 27th April, loss of Anulo-Saron, VAmi\ Cove ; great loss of life. St. John's prcvi('"id with water from Windsor Liikc. S.S. Bloodhound, Captain Graham, arrived 22n(l April, .3,(100 seals; S.S. Wulf, W. Kane, arrived 28th, 1,340 seals. F'ire Brigade established. Ueveniie collected at Labrador. Hon. L. O'Brien Adminibtrator. S.S. Ariel put on route, north and south. 1804. — Sir Anthony MUSORAVE (iovirnor. Confederation of the Dominion of Cniuida. Meeting of Delegates in Maritime Provinces ami <>uebee to inaugurate Confederation ; Sir F. B. T. Carter aiul Sir A, Shea represented the Colony. Wollinjjton. iCL'ption ] ! opened by the Governor; Kev. E. Bo'wood, K.D., projector. Agitation ab . £)re-einption of the New York, Newfouulland, and London telegraph lines ; ct i tinned through 1873. 1 87."J. — Direct steam to England by Allan Line commenced. George Strtet Methodist Cliiireh opened. Ge..eral Election; Heunett Government defeated by the withdr-ival (,f three members. 187.4. — The largest catch of cod fish ever taken in Newfoundland. Sir P. B. T. CAKTER Premier. Newfoundland Conference of Methodist Church of Cunada organised; Hev. G. S. MilHgan President. The Boyal Commission; Sir It. liobiuson, J. GoodtVllow, and J. Fox, Esquires. "% 1875. — The first Government Railway Survey under direction of Sandford Fleming, Ci\il Engineer. 1876.— Christian Brothers arrived in St. John's. Sir J. H. GLOVER, G.C.M.G., Goveiior. J)r. J. B. Kelly, D.l)., ai)pointed Bishop of Newloiindland. Halifax Kislieiy Commission met; $.'5,500,()(IO awarded us compensation to be paiil by the IJiiitrd St'itos to the Hritish Provinces ; Newfoundland's share one niillioii ; Sir \V. \'. Wnifcway Commissioner for Newfoundland. Bishoj) Feild died, in Beni.ada. Both Pre.sbytevian kirks burnt. 1877. — Sir F. H. T. Carl<'r appointed Acting Assistant Jmlgc, on the retirement of S.r |{. Bobinson. Commander W. Howorth, K.N., appointed first Stipendiirv Magi-it rate, West CoiJst, by Impeiial and Colonial Governments ; duties first collected tluiv. St. .Andrew's Kirk built tiy I'niteil Ireshjterians. Trinity, Cataliiui, ;iiul Boiiavista coimeeted by telegraph. S.S. Ciirltiv and I'liwir on coastal service. Dr. LI. Jones, D.D., appointed Hishop of Newfoundland. Sir W. V. WHITE If AY I'reinier. Telegraph extended to St. (leorge's Hay, liay of Islands, lloune l!;iy, Betts Cove, Tilt Cove, and Little Hay Mines. First issue " Evening Telegram." 1878.— 1879.- 1880.- -Sir P. B. T. CARTER a|)poinfed Chief Justice, and B. J. Piiiseiit Judge Siipreiini Court. Colonial (iovernment allowitl to make grants of land on the west coast. or " French Shore" .so-called. Sir P. B. T. CARTER, K.C..M.(;., Ad uinis- trator. First Hallway Bill passed. TT 2 M tin ffin ||a 1 1 1 1 ! !•■; '1 f :!. ' IW] ^n-| 660 CHRONOLOGY. 1881. — Serious disturhnnce on the Riiilwny line (Hattle of Fox Tinii). Sir Hflnry FitZ-Hardinge MAXSE Governor. First ruilwa,y under construction in Newt'onndland, St. John's to Harbour Grace. 1882. — Fi^^t issuo " Evening Mercury." An .\ct passed for the construction of the Great American and Kuropitant Judge, Supreiie Court, in place of Hon. Jud|ie Hayward, retired. Sir H. Mnxse died in St. John's. Fishery Kxhibition held in London ; Sir A. Shea, K.C.M.G., Commissioner for the Colonv. Hon. E. MORRIS Administrator, in absence of Sir F. H. T. Carter, K.C.M.G. 1H84. — Union of Meth(Mlist Hoer. 1885.— Ford-IVnnell Convention on French Fishery claims. Sir F. B. T. CARTER Administrator. Sir Robert THORBURN Premier, (ieneral Flection. Choir and transepts of Knglish cathedral consecrated liy Bishop Jones. First issue " Daily C'olonist." Great Storm in Newfoundland and Labrador. Atlantic Hotel opened. May. Telegraph extended to (ireenspond and Twillingate, also liuriu, St. Lawience, Lamaline, Grand Hank, and Fortune. Sir W. V. Whiteway resigned Premiership in October Geiiend Flection November. Sir R, THORBURN Premier. Death of Sir J. II. (Jlover in London. 1836.— Sir F. B T. CARTER Administrator Sir G. W. DES VOSUX Governor. Puilding of New Post Ottiee. Corner Stone of Methodist (.'ollege laid by- Sir G. W. Des V'oBUS. Keport of Joint Committee on Fishery question ; approved of Bait Act and refu8e an immense majority. Roman Catholic Cathedral, Harbour Grace, burut. Act granting manhood suffrage passed. 1H90. — Sir W. V. WHITEWAY Premier. Aet authorising new Railway Line North. Agitation concerning the modus vivendi with the French about Lob.ster Factories West Coast. The modus was accepted by French Ambassador, II March. I'rotest from both Houses 14 March. Meeting of Patriotic Association, Bbiinerman Park, 2ij Mareh. Tax on all Canadian ves.sels purchasing bait. Reciprocity Treaty with I'nited States by Hon. R. Bond, Colonial Secretary; prevented being carried into effect by Canada. Delegations to England on ditflculties with the French, consisting of Sn- W. V. Whiteway, Hon. .v. W. Harvey, Hon. R. Bond and the llonble. The Speaker, (J. H. Emerson (official) ; from the Patriotic Associaliou Sir J. S. Winter, P. J. Scott, and A. B. Morine to England, and D. J. Greene, D. Morison, and P. R. Bowers to Canada. Igyi. — Municipal Council Act amended. Delegation to England on difficulties with French, consisting of Sir W. V. Whiteway, Hon. A. W. Harvey, («. II. Emerson, Hon. M. Monroe and A. B. Morine. International .Arbitration on Lobster (jucstiou to be held at Brussels. Hall's Bay Railway completed to Trinity and 1891—1895. 601 ) Sir Henry cousti'uctiun ill ion of the Great t'fl for the coii- r. liiuiigiirutioii I Adniiiiistrutor. lit, in phtce of ohn's. rishrry rfor the Coloiiv. iirter, K.C.M.O. ce of Methodist 'resident. July, Illy Dock at mber. Kaiiway T. CAETER iieral Election. p Jones. First ■udor. Athintic rwillinjrate, also r. V. Whitenay ber. Sir R. UX Governor. ollege laid by hery question ; .'11 Convention. lot Act pagst'd. nominations of the iiahanias. 'lied. Colonial rbiirn, Premier, ed the Colony. Home opened, •r traffic. Act i'oliiiiteer and niiica. Sir F. anuary 1889. lense majority, ing luanhood KonaMstn Bays Celebrated case of Baird v. Walker, arising ont of m«,/„v vu-e„d, determined by Supreme Court in favour ..f plain iff ; on anm-a" o >ri ^ Council. judg,„entconfirme<1. Newfoundland hill in the House Tcoimonl loii.porary Act (Treaty H,ll) passed for two years. commons , I8«2.-Denth of the Duke of Clarence, Jan. I4th. Terrible calo <.ity and loss of life in Irinity J„y,Feh.2Hth, death of 24 iren caught in a nortLrly gde.rr v n o sea and tro.en to death. Visit of Deep Sea Mission to Labrador^ C.SrcMu'e at Halifax, N.S between Canadian Ministers an,l Members of the\\.w oundl ii .1 v'.overiiment. Great fire in St. John's ou July Sth. ^twioundiaiiu l«93.-Uait Act suspended in April by Proclamation. Tempomrv French Treaty Hill exl'.nded to end of 189.5. Aj.ril 2Hth, death of Sir K. J. Pinseut I) C L \ vemlH^r. General Election. The Whiteway Government Vustainel by .t ia^^: Uisnop ot M.Johns, died. Dispute with thn French about Davment of di.tv ..n goods landed ou West Coast not carried in fishing ves.sds? ^ * I894._j«miar.v 6th nine petitions against 17 members Whiteu-ay party filed under election Act. February 16th, Houses of A.semoly openc.l. Mac ":h tMo members for Bay de Verde unseated and dis.pialified. ^ Apr 1 tin^\t}.nii communicated to theHouseof Assembly. Aprila'd.deputation of 2 memherso 1^117^ ^f'r' T\^'^ "" <'«^'^'-"<«- ">king for a dissollition. April 4"h counter deputation of Goodndge party proteste.! ngain.t dissolution. April I, ',1 " 2- lon refused A pril 1 1 th, Whiteway Government resign. A. P GOODRIDOE ou"e'of y" hl^ »""■*•" '''■',''^"'^ *"PP'y ""'• ""venue I'llH A?HI 14,h .use of Assemby prorogued to 23rd; April 21st. prorogation extended ill Majiind, Bavde \ eide bye election resulted in return of one GovernZnt M. vT'i'''r'*'"" '^"'"^"•»»|- May 23rd, prorogation extended to :th . He - • ; • "■''' '"""'T: ^'- •^"'•"''^ ^^«-"'» '«>«^'»t^''l ""d disqualified J I ; .iu e '55' Tli7t':'nV''"''}\r^ ''" •'""'' ""^-""» ""•• disquaiif^nt: T -"fh /• ^"•^ 'T "^ ^"'■* ^"^''^y delivered of an infun Prince Juy /th. prorogation extended to 7th August. July 2.5tli two min.hers fo^ :rnf; T"'f "p! •J-l-'ifi-J «"d « third^nen,ber finrJat d oi Iv J U^^^^^ t.vo members for Placentia unseated and disqualified. August 2nd Housrof Assembly opened .\„gust 9th, House of A.s'sembly close.f Sec ember oth iiigeo and La Po.le election lesulted in return of a Governne.it candidate October 2nd Bonavisia bye-electi„n ; Colonial Secretary and .Vt orncy-SrM returned, l-ogo election ; Duder, Government candidHlef re.ur led 'JViJliZ, ' election, 16th October Foote, Opposil ion candidate, returned Three OppoU on member.s el..eted for Trinity, loth November. Placentia, St John's m^ 1 u "u S feT' ^ tT''^' ^''""'''1"'«''- (^-"-ty. Government candidate. rer.u'LTr M^nH V ^V^ '^"' ,^"^«'"»'^''-'. 20th. severe storm. December loth? VLck Mond.y , failure of Comra.rcial and Union Banks and several inena ile hoiLsos; December 12tl., resignation of Goodridge Government ,1 3th appi nient of Cabinet with D. J. GREENE Premier "Ppoint- 189.").— New Administmtit.n formed; Sir W V WRTTWAV I'rnmior a„,i r> lerence at Ottawa ou the Coftl^.e);;ioVoS5tS.uiJwitrc7uada '^"'' '''"" iv Line North, ibout Lobster Ambassador, of Patriotic ladiiin ves.sejs on. U. Bond, . Delegations V. Whiteway, I. H. Kmerson J. Scott, and 1{. Bowers to lenities with . H. Emerson, II on Lobster Trinity and '4^ ^'i\ .i. ill! ' ''!! m i\','i G62 JUDICIARY. II.— Judiciary. CIIUOXOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF .JUSTICES AND ASSISTANT JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT. J. JOHN REEVES, C.J., 1791-1792. Appointod in 1791, under Act 31 Geo. III. c. xxix., sole Judge of the Court of Civil Jurisdiction of Our Sovereign Lord the King, nt St. John's, Newfoundhind ; next year, by 32 Geo. III. c. Ivi., the Supreme Court of Judicature of the Island of Newfouiullund was created, Reeves, C. J., sole Judge, DEwes Coke and AAllOX GRAHAM assessors. 2. D'EWES COKE, C.J., 1792-1797. Coke, originally a surgeon in the navy, settled in Trinity ; was afterwards supreme surrogate ut St. John's. 3. RICHARD ROUTH, C.J., 1797-180(). Was formerly collector of the customs; on his appointment as Chief .Justice he was required to reside penuanentiv in the Colony; in 1800 be requested permission to visit England, and was drowned on the passage ; his widow enjoyed a pension for many years. ■i- JONATHAN CGDEN, C.J., ISOl-lHOI. Surgeon, R.N. ; sent as assistant surgeon to hospital bj' H.R.H. Duke of Kent, commanding in Nova Scntia ; became niival officer and supreme surrogate; a])])oiuted acting CI. in 1801; received hi.j commission in May 1802 ; resigned in 1803, and was pensioned. 5. THOMAS TREHLLEIT, *^--'T-, 1803-1813. Was an insolvent merchant of Poolo ; became naval officer and supreme surrogate in succession to Ogden, unci, on the hitter's retirement from ill health. Chief Justice; he was translated to Prince Edward's Island as Chief .Judge, in exchange for Judge Colclough, 1713. 6. CJESAR COLCLOUGH, C.J., 1813-1815. An Irish gentleman of good family; an amusing writer, but a very inefficient judge, and no lawyer; salary increased to £1,000; retired on a pension. 7. FRANCIS FORBES, C.J., 181fi-1822. Appointed by commit sion bearing date •1th August 181fi; took his seat on the bench 1st July 1817; resigned 30th September 1822; resided on the Island during the whole of the period; a most able and popular judge. 8. RICHARD ALEXANDER TUCKER. C.J., 182J-18S3. Commission dated 1st October 1822; took his seat on the Supreme Court Renoh 5th May 1823; sole .Judge until 2nd January 1826, when the Royal Charter granted by His Majesty to the Supreme Court of Newfoundland, under the provisions of the Act 5 Geo. IV. cap. Ixvii. s. 17, was promulgated, and the bench then filled by — HON. R. A. TUCKER, Chief Judge HON. JOHN WILLIAM MOLLOY - -1 * • . . i j HON. AUGUSTUS WALLET DES BAliREs!^''"''''''-^'"^''^''- On 26th September 182G HON. EDWARD RRABAZON HRENTON was appointed A..J. in the room of Mr. Molloy, who bad been removed from his office. JAMES SIMAIS was sworn in, 2nd January 1826, as H.M. Attorney-General. In Septombor 1826, during the absenca of the Governor, Sir T. Cochrane, Tucker, C.J., was Administrator of the Government, Hrenton Acting C..J , and JAMES COCHRANE Acting Assistnut Judge, until Sir Thomas's return on 12th August 1-128. 3SISTANT ct 31 Geo. III. jreign Lord the i'i., the Supreme eves, C. J., sole he uavy, settled if the customs ; iiiiiMi-ntly in the as drowned on isisfant surpeon ; ht'cnnie niival ; received his hant of Poole ; in, linn, on the ited to Prince 713. ' good family ; :j increased to bearing date resigned 30th )eriod ; a most mission dated ;h May 1823 ; •anted by His ns of the Act. ->d by — ENTON was im his office. rney-General. rane. Tucker, and JAMES 12th August JUDICIARY. 063 0. HENRY JOHN BOULTON, C.J., iS.in-IS.IS. Was form.-rly Altnrney.r.encra! of (Jpppr Canada; roraoved from office and appointed t'.J. of Newfoundland; removed by order of the Privy Coinicil in 1H38. Charges having been maile ngainj-t .Judge Dos H.irres, he retired temporarily, and K. M. AltnilUALI), Clerk of the Court, was Acting Assistant Judge in Deciniber 1833, and in part of 1834. 10. JOHN GERVASE HUTCHINSON BOURNE, C.J., I83s-i8i4. DKS H.VKUKS and HUKNTON, A.-I's. IJourne was dismissed by Sir John Harvey in 1814. J. Sinims, Attorney-Cieneral, made Acting Chief Justice on loth .Tune 1844, and continued to act until the arrival of C.J. Norton. 11. THOMAS NORTON, C.J., 1H44-1847. Commission dated .5th November 1814. i)es JJarres and Hrenlou, A.J's. ; Hrenfon died in 184."i ; and (IKO. LILLY was appointed A.J.; Lilly died in 1846 ; and J. Simms xvas apjiointed Assistant Judge on 27th November I84(!. Des Harres was Acting Chief Justice from 3rd September 1847 to 29th November 1847. 12. SIR FRANCIS BRADY, C.J., I847-18(i5. Sworn in 2'.lth November 1847. V. IJ. T. CAHTKU became acting A.J. on (ith April 18.54, in place of Des Darres, A.J., who resumed in the fall term of the same year. G. H. KMintSON, .Vcting fudtrein 18.5C,. Des Barrc's and J. Simms, A.J's. until November 18.5«. P. F. LITTIiE a])pointed A.J. on 1st November 18.58. PRYAN KOUINSON a|)poiiited A J. on 2nd November 1858. P. F. Little was Acting Clliief .lustiec on 3()th November 18,58. CIIAPLKS SIMMS was acting \.J. on 30th .Vovcmber 18.58, and again <>n 7tli February 18,59. 13. SIR HUGH WILLIAM HOYLES, C.J., 18G5-1880. Sworn ill on 2Uth .Mav 1865. P. F. Little retired, 20th Novendjer 186<., when (Jeo. lly. Kmerson was appointed acting A.J. on IHth August 1807. JOHN II.VYWAKD was ajipointed A.J. on 7th Aigust 1868. F. 15. T. Carter, Attorney-General, was acting A.J. on 2Uth May Ii'65, on 2iltli May 1868, and again on 2i)tii May 1878. 14. SIR FREDERIC BOWKER TERRINGTON CARTER, C.J., K.c.m.g.. 1880, present Chief Justice. Sworn into office 20th May 1880. SIR R. J. PINSKNT, D.C.L. Made Judge of the Supreme Court on 20th Mav 188'J; died April 1893. J. L LITTLE. Made Acting Judge ou 27lh November 188 3, and Jud-'e on 7th .day 1884. '^ , SIH J. S. WINTEIi. Made Judge on 27th May 1893. 604 HOUSE OP ASSEMKLY. a a «; 5,! nit ti 4 'A-t a rt § oo •<1 an O w I § » I ( I < I ■ I ( * x-3 . •^i 2 5 . 5J J« ,6-2 = .gc .-•i(*a.5# 5. - Sy . 3 c >i i= t.H B>. ■f. e tif_ i • lit o c I.. rf IS'' • $« e . . .X KiPf-i-t«H ■ i I 1 ll|i?H • n s > £ = e ^^ w* *a , X ♦rf^*^ E Sell's B o *ri ^^^^. S — i-1 s •c HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY. 665 £ S p Is * c 'A I'iil lis.- iiJi slij jlii|!|ll| .-hJ.. , 1-. -i ^ fii &..,•> s ^ ^ j5 »; R ci as J K a; ^ i-i >^ < '/i li >5 . ^ 1^ s:x.^aSa£''<;u::rn <: I • ' • >f ^1 ^ S bill X c = >.£ - £ I- U C tJjS -So :^ rt f .Si's p^ ^ , ^._ , as s; ►,■ J S &; ^ p-i i-i &; d is ■° :: a 2 3 = " •1 « a s 0. = 1» aj * C ^■21 = 11 •« 5! = C I ' tS S c s go s J, 2 I x'^J^a g s ' ' c 3 IS .ijlll III t|| ,!S«^SSHXia;xE-"«xd , 1 >» . 1 xS . „§ ' ' « X ' ^*: ' — a.-" ' 5 Is xo c J= '^ >-.js-o I o •a u V t ■"I 3 •C '^1 « • ■ I ■ I t I ■o a • -£,,5 a b 'n =5 t 3 H OS 1 ii i^f.z- I 99 o >-5 K EM c 'I 663 CHAPTER XXIV. liTnLIOGPAPirY, MAXUSCRIPTS, RECOIiDS, Sfc. I.— Chronological Bibliography. ^'^' ^■'^\ \' AVoi'ks iimrkMl thug * hnvo not been traced in tho British Mus^uni. The eHrliest references to Newfoundhind nre contained in FAniAN't* Chronicle, Stowi;'^ Anudia, Eiikn'h (iitthcriuijs, in tlie reifin of the first Tudor Sovereijfiis. 'I'liere lire also brief refereiu'es to the Island in Gomara, ()vii;i)i), Pktkii Maktvu, and the great worlts of ItAMi'Hioand IIkkubka, also, later, iu Ciiahlevoix, AhiK'- Ukynat., and the great Spanish tlassie, Navahketk. 1 5i 5— MARTYR, Peter.— D.eades. [First printi'd account of Cahot's voyajjes.] 1 5S2 — HAKLUYT, R. — Divers voyages touching the discovery of America, i58:. l5S3— PECKHAM, Sir George. — A True IJeporte of the late discoveries and possession of the Newt'oundhindes, by Sir llunipiu-ey (iilbert. At London: Printed by 1, C. for .John Uaide, dwelling in I'aule's Churchyard at the fSigne of the " Golden Hinde." 1^89 — HAKLUYT) R. — 'I'l'c principal navigations, &c. (J. Hishop and K. Xcwberie, Deputies to C. Barker. London, iSSg. 1:98-1600— HAKLUYT, R. — The principal navigati ins, &c. 3 vols. (J. Uish p, U. Xew- berie, and K. Barker. London, 1598-iboo. i6c8— BACON, Lord.— Essay on Pliuitations. 1 609 — LESCARBOT, M.— Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1609. 161C -*HARLEY, John.— Discovery of a New World. Tuterbelly, Xewland, Forliana. No date, prob. i6io. London. [ F7de Watt.] i6j: — MASON, Captain John, R.N. — A brief discourse of Newfoundland. Edinhnryh : I'rinted by Andr.) Hart. i62e--WHITB0URNE, Sir Richard.— A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland. Imprinted at London, by Felix Kingston, for William Barrett, 1620. [Several editions with slight alterations in 1621, 1622, and 1623. Wynne's, Captain ])auiel Powell's nad N. IPs Letters add., slight alterations of title page.] fM 1623—1098. on: ^c. ■le, St()wi;'.4 ire iil.-io brief ■at works of reat Spanish ■•■1 >oss('ssi(>ii of C. for Joliii . Nettberie, J), H. Xew- :1, Forliuiia. JRdhibuiyh ; ivfoundlaiid. e's, Captaiu i6»j-- ANON. — A Hhnrt (lisnoiirno of the Newfoiiudlaml, cnntnyniiifr diver* reaKons ami indiiceiiieiit* fortbe plantiiif; of th it Colony. I'lihlislied for the Kulislhction of all siu'li 111 shiil! he wijlinjf to hi- udvcntiirers ou the said riuntutiou. Diibliu, i6x}. [Lord Falkland'n Adverlisement.] 1 624— •EBURNE, Richard.— A Plaine Pathway to Plintatioiis [prineipnlly relating' to Newfoundland]. Luiiilun: I'liiited by G. P., for John Marriott, 1614." [In Ciirtei- Hrowu Library.] 10*5— PURCHAS, Rev. S. M. A , His Pilj^rinw. London, |6»5. i5i5--VAUOHAN, Sir William, D.C.L.— C^i""»>rcnsiiitn Caroh'ia, Heportata uColchide, Cainbriola i'\ .\ustr.ilissiini NoviD Terr.ic Pla:,M. Litndim : William Slanbieus, 1626— VAUGHAN, Sir William, D.C.L.— 'I'lie Golden Fl.Tee, &c. Transported from Camitriol Culeiici'i out of ilie S mtii •niinost part of the Islan I.eoninioiily e.ilUd Newfound- land. L'lndim : Prin(ed for Franeis Williams, a'ld to be s )ld at his hIioj), at the ."^i^ne of the Globe, over ai;ainst the Ko)al Fxcimn;?e, i6;8, 1628— HAYMAN, Robert— Qnodlibets lately cv,,. f,„,„ New Hritaniohi, old Newf(nind- I.indj all of them eomposed and dun-,! at llarliii,. tnie, in lirittniola. anciently called Newfoiimlland, by H. H,, soiiiL'time (jovenmr of tl;. I'lantation there. Zo/zi/oh .- I'rinted by Klizabeth Al!-I)e for Koger Michcll, dwelling in I'auli's Churchyarde, at the Sifiie of the Hull's head, 1628. if>33-VAUOHAN, Sir William, D.C.L.- -I'l" Newlandcr'i Cnre .... Published for the Wi-ali" of Great Hi-itaiiie, by Sii Win. Van/ in, iviit. Imprinted at LdiiiIdii, by N. ()., for F. (.'c.nst ibl.', and are to b.: sold at his .sli. ;. in St. Panic's Chiirehyard, at the Sijfiie of the Craine, i63o. i633 .\ f'ominission for th( wel'-fioverninfr of our people inhabitinir in New- foundland. Imprinted in L'liiduii, by Uobert Uarker and by the Assignee of John IJill. i63S— ROBERTS, Lewes.— The Merchant's Mai.pe. [Many editions.] luidnn- ;638, i')4o— LAET, J. de.— T.'histoiiv du Nouvciiu Monde. Lci/dc : 1640. 1648 ♦Henionstrance on behalf of the Merclmnts tuidinjr to Sp;iin, E».-t Indies, and Newfoundland. 1670— * YOUNG, James, F.R.S.— Remarks on Debate on Newfoundland Fishery. [ r/niouth to New- foundland. Ky Mien H. {Jreave, chief mnte of tlie ship, and piineipul shaicr in misery and nierey. London : Printed by iSani. Smith. 1710 — COLLINS, John. — Petition for Oovernour's pay for services rendered, &c. [In \\. M. cat'd as from Capt. J. Taylour, of 11. M.S. Litchfield.] 1710 ? i7«t— THOMPSON, Thomas.— An Account of tlie Colony and Fishery of Newfoundland. (With additions, by .Sir Peter Thompson.) [I'rinted sheet and .MSS.] H.M. MS., 13,971. 17 1 2— A WEST INDIA MERCHANT— Letter tea gentleman at Tunbridge, concerning Tieaty about Newfoundland. London, 1712. 171^ and the Newfoundland Fisberv. *Copies ofL-tfersand other documents relating to the Peace of Utrecht 1713 — ♦Extracts from Lord O.xford's ImpeachmL^nt, &e., relating to the Newfoundland Fisbi ry. 171 S -LORDS COMMISSIONERS FOR TRADE, &C.— Representation to His Majesty reiatmg to the Newfoundland Trade and Fishery. [.See Leclerc's liiblio. Amer.] 1718. 1722 — POTHERIE, Bacqneville de la. — Ilistoire de L'Amerique Septentrionale depuis iS34Jus4u'k 1704. 4 vols. J'tiri.i, 1722. [Contains very full account of ibe Abena(|uig.] 1728 — COLLIBER, S. — Columna Bostrata, or u critical history of the English Sva-Ailairs, &c. London, 1718. 1732 — CHURCHILL, A. and J. — Voyages — Vol. iii.. Sir Wni. Monson's Naval Tracts . . . concerning Fish and Fishing. London, 1732. 1735 — LA HONTAN, Baron. — New Vo»ages to North-America [English Edition]. Letters XXlll. to X>lV. and Memorial. Ma]> of Newfoundland by .Moll. 2 vols. Illus. London, 173s. [Frenoh ist Editn., published at I^a Haye in 1703, has plan of Placentia, but no map.] 1741 — OLDMIXON, John. — British Empire in America. ^London?], 1741. 1745 — HARLEIAN Collection of Voyages, &C. -Considenitiona on the trade of New- foundland. Kbenezer, A .Monument, &c. London, i 745. 1749-176U. 669 « 749— DOUGLASS, Wm., M.D.— A Hummiiry, hisJoricnl and politiunl, of the firnt pliinting. projfrt'Hsivc iiiipiovfiiicnts, uud pn-seiit Mtute of liritish SctticHHiiiti* iu North Aiuericit. Boston, 1749-50; London, 1755-60. "749 Considerations on the State of the British Fisheries in America. [See Watt.] London, 1749. "753— CHABERT, Joseph Bernard de. — Voynfre fait 1 \t ;i i 1766— ♦LORDS COMMISSIONERS FOR TRADE, ftc— Keprcsentation relating to the Trade and Fishery of ^iewfoiindlaDd. z tables. [iSee Leclerc*H Biblio. Auer.j 1766. 1767 — ROGERS, Major Robert. — A concise account of Nortli America [including' New- foundland]. London, 17O7. 1767 — COOK, Captain. — Account of eclipse of sun at Newfoundland. Phil. Trans. 1767 — *Tl:e true inti're^t of Great Britain in rcfjard to the Trade and Govern- ment of Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador, showinf; the absurdiry of ajiixiintini^ Military and Naval officers to rule over a Commercial people. \_See Watt.] Lomlon. Williuui!?, 1767. 1768 — COOK, Capt. James. — Directions for navigating the West Coast. London, 1768. 1 768— CART WRIGilT, Lieut: J., R.N. — Remarks on the situation of the Aborigines of Newfoundliind. [x'rinted ia Miss Cartwright's Life of Major Cunwright, Vol. ii., p, ?o7. London, 1826.] 1770 — WYNNE, J. H. — A general history of the British Empire in America, &c. 2 vols. London, 1770. 1772— *CART WRIGHT, Major John.— On the Eights and interests of Fishery Com- pany. [ Vide his Life, p. 299 ] 1774 — *ANON. — A brief account established among the Esquimuux on the const of Labrador. [5fe Dr. Packard's Labrador.] London, lyj^.. 177S — LANE, Michael. — The North American Pilot, being a collection of charts and plans drawn from surveys by James Cook and ^I. L. 1775. J775-COOK, Capt. James; LANE, M.; GILBERT, J., and others.— The Nortii American Pilot for Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Gulf of Si. Lawrence, chiefly engraved by Jefferys, T. L.ondon, ijjS. 1776 — *JEFFRIES, Thos. — The American Atlas; description of America, chiefly the British Colonies. J^ondon, 1775-6. 1776 — *COUGHLAN, Rev. L. — [Account of the early history of Wcsleyanism in Newfound- land.] 1776. 1778 ♦Verses to the memory of Col. Ackland, with a letter on advantages arising from Newfoundland fishery trade. [.See Watt.] 1778-D'AXJTERpCHE, Abhe J. Chappe.— A voyage to California. Also contains J. D. de Cassini's voyage to Newfoundland. London, 1778. 1779 — MILES, Wm. Aug. — Remarks on the Act for the encouragement to the Newfound- laud fisheries from England. London, 1779. 1783-CARTWRIGHT, Geo.— Labrador, a poetic epistle. [See Dr. Packard's Labrador.] Reprinted by W. U. Vv Liteley. [.S7. John's /J, 1882. 1784 The manner of determining disputes among the fisbermen, and the quantity of ccd fish aniinally shipped from Newfoundland. Voyage to Newfoundland. Monthly Revitw, Vol. xiii., 276. 1785-89 Value of our fisluries in Newfoundland. Monthly Review, Vol. Ixxni., 405. 178 5— SHEFFIELD, John, Lord.— Observations on the commerce of America. 1785. 1786— *LORDS COMMISSIONERS FOR TRADE. &C.— Representation of, relating to the Trade and Fishery of Newfoundland. [iSec Leclere's Hibl. Amer.] 1786. 1786—1817. 671 1786 — PORSTER, J. R.— Voynpes and discoveries made in the North. [.ViispacL refers to a work of Dr. i'orsttr which I cannot trace.] Loudon, 1786. 1-87— HOLLINGSWORTH, S— The present state of Nova Scotia and the British Islands ou thi! const of North America. Edinboro', 1787. 1787— POWNALL, ThoS. — Hydraulic and Nautical observations on the currents in the Atlantic Oceaa ; with Notes by Dr. Franklin. London, 1787. 1790— *LORDS COMMISSIONERS FOR TRADE, &C.— Kepresentation relating to the Trade and Fishery of Newfoundland. \_See Leclerc's liib. Amer.] 1790. «792 — CARTWRIGHT, Geo. — A journal of transactions and events duriug i6 years iu Labrador. Newark, 1792. J793— EARNSHAW, J.— Abstract of Acts of Parliament relating to Greenland and New- foundland fisheries. London, 1793. » 793— REEVES, John, F.R.S., Chief Justice.— History of the Government of Newfound- laud. London, 1 793. 1 79 J— PARLIAMENTARY BLUE BOOK.— Report of Michael Angelo Taylor's Com- mittee on Newfoundland. 1793— REEVES, Judge.— Evidence before a Committee of the H. of C. ritepriut of his evidence before the Committee.] [Zowrfon /], 1793. i7iC— *RADSTOCK, Lord.— Propositions of. 1 799— LAURIE, R., and WHITTLE, J.— Newfoundland Pilot. New and enlarged edition 1799. 1801-TRADE AND SHIPPING OP NEWFOUNDLAND, Account of the, 1799.- Custoui Returns, 1799. Mass. His. Soc. Col., Vol. 7., 1801. 1809— ANSPACH, Rev. Louis.— Summary of the Laws of Commerce and Navigation, adapted to the present state, Government, and trade of the L^land of Newfoun'dland.' London, 1809. l8i.»— LANE, M. [Revised by Dessiou, J. F.].— Directions for navigating the Bay of Placentia, the Coast of Labrador, Newfoundland from Point Lance to Cape Spear [tiiree separate books] . London, 1810. iSio — MORSE, Jedidiah. — American Gazetteer. Boston, iS 10. iSio— STEELE, Sir Robert— Tour through part of the Atlantic . . . Recollections of Newfoundland. London, 1810. 1812— *CARSON, Wm., M.D.— Letter of a member of Parliament on the address of the Inhabitants of St. John's to the Prince Kegent. [.S7. Jolin'x], 1S12. 1 8 1 3— *CARSON, Wm., M.D.— Reasons for colonising Newfoundland. [Si John's] , 1812. i8i3— SCHULTES, Henry.- A dissertation ou the Pul)lic Fisheries of Great Britain, &o. London, 181 3. 181 5— ♦ADAMS, J. Q. — Letters on the Fisheries. [Now York State Library.! TA' VI i8i5. - • •-' 1790-1816 Regulations respecting theGovernmeui of Newfoundland. Mouthlv Review, \I., 458. Particulars relating to Newfoundland. LXXII., 99. 1817 *Mouumont of a ben<.'fieent mission from Boston. [Brig Messenger with supplies after great lire, 181 7. Api)ended to Friend of Peace. Boston Athenseum Lib.j r "^^ 672 BIBLIOGRAPHY, Ac. 1817— CHAP PELL, Ed., Lieut. B.N.— Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay and the N.K. couMt of N. Anu-ricn. London, 1817. 1818— CHAPPELL, Ed., Lieut. R.N.— Voyage of H.M.S. Rosamond to Newfoundliiiid. London, 181 8. 1818— *SABINE, Rev. J.— View- of the moral state of Newfoundland. [Boston Athena;uni Libniry.] Boston, 181 8. 1818 — *SABINEj Rev. J. — Sermon iu commemoration of benevolence of Boston citizens, St. .lohu's, February 21. [Boston Atiieoicum Library.] St. John's, 1818. 18:9 — AN8PACH, Rev. Louis. — History of Newfoundland. London, 1819, 1819 — CHAPPELL, Lieut. Ed. — Beiso nach Neuf midland und der sUdlichen Kiiste von Labrador. A. d. Engl. ./('»«/, 1819. .V ' ' 1823 — ST. DONAT, Coupe de. — Histoirede I'estabiissement des Fran^ais dans I'Amerique du Nonl. 1823. :!;it 1824 — COLONUS. — Observations on the Government, Trade, Fisheries, and Agriculture of Newfoundland. London, 1824. 1824 Report of the Trial of an action brought by Mr. Wm. Dawe against Sir C. Hamilton, Bart. [Copy iu the Library of Sir E. A. Hamilton, Bart.J London, 1824. 1824 Specimen of the Language of Newfoundland. — In R. Kerr's General History and Collectiou of voyages. Vol. Vl., pp. 32, 33. London, 1824. 1826— CARTWRIGHT, F. D.— The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright. Vol. I. London, 1826. 187,7 — *HOLMES, Rev. John. — Missions of the T'^nited Brethren for propagating the Goiipel [in Labrador]. [York Ciate Library.] London, 1827. 1828— MORRIS, Patrick. — Arguments to prove the policy and necessity of granting to Newfoundland a (^".iisiitutional Government. A letter to the Kt. Hon. W. Huskisson, &c. London. '.828. 1828— McGregor, John. — Histoty and descriptive sketches of the Maritime Colonies of Biitish America. London, 182S. 1828 J'oole, 1828. ♦Newfoundland. — A view of the rise, progress, &c. of Newfoundland. 1829- FORBiiS, Francis, Chief Justice of Newfoundland.— Select cases from Records of Supreme Court. St. Jo/m's, 1829. !? Ill ' i.i if >.■ i i li. i H- -i 1829— BADDERLEY, Lt.— Description of Devil's Dining Table, Labrador.— Lt. and Phis. Soc. Quebec, 1829. i83o ?— RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY.— Dangers on the ice oflF the coast of Labrador, with some particulars concerning the natives. London, i83o? i832 — McGregor, John. — British America. 2 voig. London, i832. i832— BOUCHETTE, Joseph.— The British Dominions iu North America; a description of Newfoundland, &o. London, i83i-i832. i83i — ESTANCELIN, L. — Recherches sur Ics voyages et decouvertes des Navigateurs Normauds .... en Anieritjuc. rarl.t, iS32. Bay and the ewfoundlbiid. Q Athenasnm ston citizens, n Ktiste von IS rAmerique grioulture of awe against t.J London, rr's General ?ht. Vol. I. pagating the granting to Huskiesun, Colonies of «vfoundland. •oni Records t. and Phis, f Labrador, 'Seription of ^avigateurs 1832—1813. 678 i83»—BIDDLE,R.— Memoirs of Sebastian Cabot. London, i8?i. '^^^J^jJn'^mF^'"^^^ *'""" "^ " ''*"""' **' '^'"'''' P'""*">'^"<=« [« s^'"n"n "" Z^'Ph- '"■ 12]. '^^^TssT^^' ^*^" ^^"^^'^""^ Visitations [a sermon on Luke xiii. 4, 5]. St. John's, i83j— WIX, Rev. Ed.— A retrospect of the operation* of the S.P.G. in N America fa sermon on Gen. xxxii. 10]. St. John's, 18 33. •". in i>. America [a i833--GOULD,N.-Sketchof the trade of British N. America. [Royal Institution Lib.] ''''cSS^^SSi'S'f^^ilS-:!^^^^^^ «" "•^^•«- ^--'^ - Newfoundland '"VoSf^mXVaSn";r/8."SolalR^'Gfog?k^^^^^ '^^' "^ Newfound.an „ 1834 i835 Newfoundland Dog. Penny Magazine, Vol. 3, p. i5. ,834. The Moravians in Labrador. Edinburgh, i835. i83S— *ST. JOHN, W. C— Catechism of the History of Newfoundland. St. John's, 1835. '"^wS'.S^?:' '^'^C^deacon.-Six months of a Newfoundland Missionary's journal. 1 8 3 6— *CORMACK, W. E.— .Tourney across Newfoundland. Edin loro', 1 8 3 6. '"^ro*K^8??"^^^' ^- Martin.-History of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. '"*Ne',J;^^pSS,'.m^"'"'"'"°"'P""'" ^^"'•S"^'' '^^'^ J" *^"t^' Oriental de I'lle de Terre '"'r7*!!^M"^^;r''' ?;T^t'''T'.?", '^'•. &«"'"«• "f Newfoundland. St. John's, 1839. { See also Ldin. New Phil. .Iriil., Vol. xxix., p. io3.] ^ '- 1839--MURRAY, H.— An account of British America comprehending Newfoundland l<^inburgh Cahinot Library, Vol. ii., pp. 27S-3Z8. Edinburyh, 1839. «"'0»M<""na. '^^'iL^fSfu RESIDENT.-A sketch of the state of affairs in Newfoundland. 1 841-MARTIN, R. Montgomery. -Geography, colonisation, fi iheries-Article in Siminonds Colonial Magaznie, IV., 372. 1841. -^^'iiv^ie 111 i84a-BONNYCASTLE, Sir R. H.-Newfoundland in 1842. L,mdon, 1842. 1S42— JUKES, J. B.—Kxcursions in and about Newfoundland. London , i%^z. l842?-L0WELL, Rev. 0.— The new i)ricst in Conception Bay. [Boston, 1842 ?] ,842 Newfoundland in 1S42. Monthly Review, Vol. 159, p. 142. 1S42 Newfoundland. Eclectic Review, Vol. 77, p. ji6. ..841. 1S43 Newfoundland. Penny Mag., Vol. 11, p. 289. 1842. iS43--RpBERTS0N, Saml.— Xotes on the coast of Labrador. Trans. Lit & Hist Sne Quebec, February, 1843. ' '^*'^' 1843 New Yorh, 1843 / p. 12729 Colonial Tariff of 1843, Vol. 10, p. 38o. Hunt's Meichants' Magazine, U U 674 BIBLIOGRAPHY, &c. •':, '\ i ■ ') r ifi r I iv "«. If r "1 1843 — ANON. — ("iinada, Newfoundland; with the prospects of those col>nie8 in regard to emigration. [Lonclon ,'], 1S43. 1843— * JUKES, J. B. — General Report on the Geolojfioal Survey of Newfoundhind during 1839-40. [K. C. Int. Lib.] ZoH(/"H, I S43. 1844. — PEILD, Bishop. — Order and uniformity in the public services of the Church; substance of a charge to the Clergy iu 1844. St. John's, 1X44, 1844— HUNT, R. M.— I^ife of Sir II. PalliBer. 1844. 1844— VITET, L.— Histoire de Dieppe. Paris, 1844. 1845— HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY.— Heport of Cominittee appointed to iiuinire into the state of the Fisheries. St. John's, 1845, 1845 Xewfoundlaiid Fisheries. Simmond's Colonial Magazine, Vol. VI., 184?. 1845 — FEILD, Bishop. — .Toumal of voyages and visits on coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. [Church in the Colonies Series, S. P. (J. publication.] London, 184S-S3. 1845 — FEILD, Bishop. — List of contributions for the diocese, with a letter from the bishop to the contributors. 1845. 1845 Day's Excursion in Newfoundland. I'razer, Vol. 32, p. 740, 1845. 1 846— »TOC(lUE, Rev. Philip.— "Wandering Thoughts. London, 1846. 184;— PURDY, John— completed by FINDLAY, A. Q.— British American Navigator. Sailing Directory for Newfoundland. London, iS^y. 1847 — MORRIS, Hon. Patrick. — A short review of the history, government, constitution, fishery, and agriculture of Newfoundland. The series of letters addressed Earl Grey, &c. St. John's, li^y. 1847 — FEILD, Bishop. — Charge to Clergy of Newfoundland. IBenimda /] 1847. 1847 — JUKES, J. Beete. — Notices of the Aborigines of Ne^vfoundland. Brit. Assoc, for 1846 ; Trans, of Sei'tions, p. 114. 1 849— CHATEAUBRIAND, V. de— Memoires d'outre-tombe. Vol. II., 1 56. [See also Colburn's Standard Lib., I't. II., 1848, and the Parlour Lib., Vol. I., 1849.] Paris, 1849. 1 849— LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.— Hules and regulations to be observed in Legislative Council. SV. ./()/i«'s, 1849. 1849 — McLEAN, J. — Notes of a twenty-five years' service in the Hudson's Bay Territory. London, 1849. « 849— SCORESBY, Wm.— The Northern Whale Fishery, /.owrfoji, 1849. 1850 to 1895. "^FILLEAU, Aug. — Memolre sur la colonic de S. Pierre et sur les vrais moyens de consolidev cet etablisseuient. [N.L., Paris.] Paris, i85o. *CARPON, C. T. A. — Voyage a Terre Neuve, obfcrvations et notions curieuses . . . de plus importants traveaux de niaring franfais et etrangers. [N.L., Paris.] Caen, iSSa. in regard to ndliind during the Church ; ]uire into the ol. VI., 1845. Dundland and r, 184S-S3. om the hishup in Niivigrttor. , constitution, 847. it. Assoc, for 56. [See a ho Paris, 1 849. in Legishitive 15a V Territory. de consolider N.L.", Piiris'.] I80O— 18G0. 676 LISNEY, Rev. H. P., and GIFFORD, Rev. A.— The Labrador Mig.sion. [Ciiurch iu the Colonies. No. 26.] 18S0. BAYFIELD, Capt. H. W., and others.— Sailing directions for Newfoun.Uiind, Labrador, &c. London, iSSi. SABINE, Lorenzo.— Keimrt of the priticipul fi.sheries of the .Vmcriean seas. Wasliimjtoii, ANDREWS, Js. D.— Keport on Trade and Commerce of Brifish N. American Colonies. \\ashtn. ANON.— A sketch of liistory of Newfoundland from 1846 to i854. &c The crisis emigration, &c. [ 1 85 5 yj. , • xm lum., MULLALY, John.— Trip to Newfoundland. Harper, XII. i856. ^'ewfouiulhind Fisheimen, .Art in. Harper, I X. 1854. ^■^'^.?4-?^'-'^; G.— Table showing attinitics between Bcthuck and various Algonku dialects. Philological Soc. Trans., i856. * *CORMACK, W.E. — Narrative of a journey across the i.sland of Newfoundland. i)C. John s, i8>6. MOUNTAIN, Rev. J. G.— Church in the Colonies Series. Some account of sowinff time ou the rugged shores of Newlouudlaod. i856. , BOWEN, Noel H.— The social condition of the cast of Labrador. Trans. Lit. and Hist fsoc. ot (Quebec. 1S56. FIELD, C. W.— Statcmcnl of advantages attendant upon making St. John's, Newfoundland, a port of call. f.ondo;>, iS56. BAYFIELD, Admiral H. W.— Maritime positions in Newfoundland. London. 1857. *MAURY, M. F.— Letter on Nautical Directions iitr sailing from Valentia to Newfoundland nashnii/ton, 1857. MULLALY, John— The Laying of the Cable in i855. Aew York, iS58. GRAY, Hon. and Rev, W.— sketches and views of Newfoundland. [H.M., 204 (-i) 1 ^'^^5'lf ^' Joseph— Dei'p sea soundings between Iceland and Newfoundland. London. i O JO. • fr.nn,;. ■ «^V 5^'* "."c""'""- "'^P'*«'»'°" <1^'^ P'«<^«'S d*- I'f'i-he assignees aux armateur Irangais. !st.Johns,iiS(). *PAGE, F. R.— History and description of Newfoundland, with chart. London, i860. ^^^?1°?' fr^-7^'"v'? "';.t"'i''7 /"''sil^fro., Labrador, &c., &c. [Heprinte.l from Vol. V. of Canadian Naturalist.] Montreal, I'itQ, u u 2 GT6 lUBLlOOllAPHY, &c. ' 1 *i TAYLOR, B.— At home [Notice of Newfoundland in i855]. New York, 1861-62. WELLS, W. V. — Newfoundland Fisheries. Harper, XXII., 456, 1 860-1. HULLOCE, Rt. Rev. Bishop.— Two Lectures on Newfoundland. St. John'.i, i860. NOBLE, L. L. — After icebergs with a painter; a stnnmer voyiij^u around Newfoundland. New York, 1861. GK)BINEAU, Count A. de.— Voyage k Terre Xcuve. [N.L., Paris.] Paris, 1861. I f [Normand Voyages.] — Transactions of the Quebec Literary and Historical iSou., 1861 [p. 116]. ANON. [H. WINTON?].— A chapter in the history of Newfoundland for the year 1861. SI. John's, 1861. ASHE, Lieut. E. D. — Journal of voyage fVom New York to Labrodor. Nautical Magazine, 1861. [ASHE, Lieut. E. D. ?] — .Journal of voyage from New York to I.rfil)rador. Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, 1861. HALLOCE, Chas. — Three months in Labrador. Harper, April, May, 1861. LATHAM, R. G. — Elements of Comparative Philology. [Beothic Language.] London, 1862. WALLICH, G. C. — The North Atlantic Sea-bed. ^.ondon, 1862. WINTER, J.— A lecture on the decline of the Fisheries. St. John's, 186 ■!. HIND, H. Y. — Explorations in the interior of the Labrador Peninsula. Illus., 2 vo'.s. London, i863. PEDLEY, Rev. Charles. — History of Newfoundland fi-oni the earliest times to i86o. London, i863. *MORETON, J.~Life and work in Newfoundland. [London?], i863. Lives of Missionaries. — C. K. Soc. [of liev..LG. Mountain]. London, i863-5. British North America. Religious Tract Society. London, 1864. *CAMPBELL, J. p.— Frost and Fire [Labrador]. Edinboro\ 1864. MORETON, J.— Physical Geograpliy of Newfoundland. J. R. Geog. Soc, 1864. HIND, H. Y. — Explorations up the Moisie River of Labrador. J. R. Geog. Soc., 1864. ^CAMPBELL, J. P.— Short American tramp in 1864 [in Newfoundland]. [R. C. Inst. Lib.] Edmhoro', 186S. HAMILTON, Captain R. V.— Coast of Labrador. J. R. Geog. Soc., i865. Sailing dii'ectious for Island and Ranks of Newfoundland. London, 186$. ♦WILSON, Rev. Wm. — Newfoundland and its Missionaries; History of Wesleyan Church. Cambridge, Mans., 1866. SHEA, J. G. — History and deseriptiou of New France, with uo.es. [Translation of CHxnLE- voix, P. F. X. de. Paris, 1744.] New York, 1866-7*. FEILD, Bishop.— Charge to Clergy of Newfoundland, June 25, 1866. London, i J67. I •* * =' i, I ':» EIRKE, H.— The first Knglish Conquest of Canada; with some account of the earliest settlements in Newfoundland. London, 1871. *DASHWOOD, R, L.— Chipoloquargan, or life by the camp fire in Newfoundland. [K. C Jnst. Lib.] Dublin, 1871. BROWNE, C. A. — Letters and extracts from th? addresses and occasional writings of ,1. B. Jukes. [Letters from Newfoundland to Mr. J.'s family.] Land ju, 1S71. MURRAY, A,— Ueport upon the Geological Survey for 1870 [1872]. St. .John's, 1870-3. *CORMACH, W. E.— Narrative of a journey across the island of Newfoundland. [II. C. Inst Lib. I'amp., Vol. V.] St. John's, 1873. Newfoundland. Uluekwood, 114-53. 1873. GOSSELIN, E.— Documents anthentiqucs et inedits de la Marine Norniande et du commerce Kouennais pendant les xvi" et xvii« sieeles. [See also Nouvelles glanes historiques Normandes.] liouvu, 1S73. 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J.— Resources, induslrii's, &c. of Ni'wfoundliiiid [York Gato Library.] Montrml, 18-6. HOWLEY, J. P., P.R.G.S.— neopraphy of NewfouMundland. .1. R. (icog. Soc, siv., 267. 1877. *MURRAY, A.— Roads— Newfoundland : A lecture. [R. C. Inst. Lib.] .S7. Jo//«'», 1877. ROBINSON. G.— •'"•"•"cy across the Island. J. R. Gcog. Soc, 1877. TUCKER, H. W.— Memoir of life and ipiscopate of Ed. Feild, D.D., Bp. of Newfoundland, 1844-76, with portrait and map. London, 1877. HIND, H. Y.^l'i'^bery Commission, Halifax, 1877. The elfeet of the fishery clauses in Treaty of Washington on Fisheries, &c. of Uritish North Anicrica. Ihdij'uj:, N.S., 1877. *HIND, H. Y. — Notes on the iiiflnenee of anchor ice in relation to fish offal and the New- foundland tisheries. St. John's, 1877. HARVEY, Rev. M.— This Newfoundland of ours : A lecture. St. John's. 1878. TOBIN, JaS.— A letter to the Colonial Secretary, Oct. 5, 1878, protesting against the abolition of his appointment as Magistrate on the West Coast of Newfoundland. London, 1878. BERONE, Sir H. G., K.C.M.G.— The Halifax Commission. RIaekwood, March 1878. MORRIS, M. p.— Crisis in Newfoundland. Irish Monthly, Vol. 6, p. 101. 1878. MACDONALD, D. C.—^^"t(s of a trip to Newfoundland. Lippincott, A'ol. 23, p. 1 16. 1878. WHITEAVES, J. F.— Primordial Fossils from Newfoundland. Ainer. .Trnl. Science, Vol. 116, p. 224. 187.S. BENJAMIN, S. G.— Atlantic Islands as resorts of health Newfoundland. J^nndon, 1878. m\ .n'f '. Fraier, Vol. 93, le L'Ami'ri J' I- MURRAY, A.— Mineral Resources of Newfoundland. Nature, Vol. 23, p. 46. 1880. HANNAY, J.— The History of Acadia. London, i%%o. MURRAY, A., andHOWLEY, J. P.— Geological surveyor Newfoundland, 1866-1880. London, 1881. DURO, C. P. — Area de Noe. La Pesca de los Vaseongndos z(d deseubriniiento de Term Nova. Madrid, 1881. RAE, W. P.— ^'ewfoujidland to Manitoba. London, 1881. Early French voyages to Newfoundland. Mag. American History, Vol. 8, p. 286. 1881 BAIRD, S. F.— The History and Condition of the Fishery Industry TL'.S. Census Kenort.l 18X1. ■ ■' -Tohn Mason. Iiichiding his tract on Ni'wfoundlaiid. ]{epriut by Prince Society. Albany, U.S.A., 1881. LANMAN, C— Curious characters. [Notice of Newfoundland.] Edinbnryh, lUi. *SOUBEIRAN, J. Leon. -Terre Neuve, etude siir son passe, son present et son futui<'. Mont- pdlicr. [Extract i'roiu the liiillrlin Hon. T. — Newfoundland in relation to its circumstances and condition. London, 1882. DOYLE, J. A., M.A.— The English in America. London, 1883. 6S0 lUHLIOORAPIIV, \(. I, I \ ■^r t i' M i ll HALL, E. Hopple. — Thv llomu Colun^' ; u ^midi- Ixiok to N''wfi)iiiiilliiiul. Loudon, 1881. HE7DEN and SEWYN— I'liyxicul (SenKnipliy. AKiiiMiltmnl CuiHibililii's, Fi»licnfi«, «to. uf Newfotiudluiiil ill Stitiifoid'a North Aiiii-rica. l.oiiiloii, 1882. GOODS, Geo. Brown,— A review of Fishery liitliistriiH of the U.S. Fishery Kxhibitioii I'iiper. Loidiin, 188 3. HATTON, J., and HARVET, ROV. M.— Nt'»f<'ii'>Jliiuts and banks of Newfoundland and the coast of Ijabrador. [N.L., Paris.] \Viishiiit,toii, 1S84. Sport in Newfoundland. Spectator, Vol. 58, p. 1342. i885. WADSWORTH, M. E.— Rocks of Nowfouudlund. Anier. Jrul. Science, Vol. 128, p. 94. i885. FAREMAN, F.— Collected works on Canadian History. London, 188S-1886. GRIEVE, Symington.— The Great Auk or Garefowl. London, i885. [For further iDforniation on this subject, .src the Hiblio{jraphy of the Great Auk, in Prof. A. Nkwton's Diclionnry of Birds.] PINSENT, Sir R.— Our oldest Colony. R. Col. Inst. Proceedinirs, i885. EENNEDT, Admiral W. R.- Sport and Travel in Newfoundland and AVest Indies. Edinboro', i885. GATSCHET, A. S.— Ueothucks, Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. Philadelphia, 188 5-6. HARVEY, Rev. M.— Text Book of Newfoundland History. Boston, i885. FARNHAM, C. H.— Labrador. Harper, Sept., Oct., i885. Her Majesty's Colonies : Papers issued under authority of Commissioners of Colonial and Indian Exhibition. London, 1886. LA CHAXJME, Henri de.— Terre Neuve et les Terie-Neuvionnes. Paris, 1886. BONWICK Jas. — The British Colonies and their resources NewfoundlaniJ, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. London, 1886. SULLIVAN, J. — Newfoundland ; its Origin, its Rise and Fall. Jersey, 1886. oiidoH, 1881, , FiHlierit'it, &o. vvy Exbibition litish Colony. tide on Lord bit ion Fuper. 883, &c. 227. 1884. il. 12, p. 487. 'lie de lerre )undliuu1 and 1. 128, p. 94. reat Auk, in 'est Indies. ssioners of roundlaniJ, 1^N6— IHHU. 681 LLOTD, F.E.L. -Two years in the rejfion of ieelH-rxH. London, 1886. DAVENPORT, R. 0., and others— Ncwfuundlund and hulimdor Pilot. Stiiipleiuent, No. I. Wu.sUinijIoH, 18X6. Newfoundliind and Lubrudor. Chaniber»' Jonrniil, Vol. 64-6S. 1887. MAXWELL, Staff-Comn. W. P., R.N.— Admiralty. Newloundlund BnV. John's, 1890. ♦NIELSEN, A.— Cure of Codfish and Herrings, Newfoundland. [IL Col. Inst. Lib., Paui[i. 91.] SI. ,/uhii'.i, 1890. PINSENT, Sir R. J.— l-ishciy Chiiius in Xewfoundland. H. Col. Inst., lilth April 1890. GEFFCKEN, i)r. F. H.---North American Fislieiy Disputes. Fortnightly Alag., May 1890. GOLDSMITH, H. C— Newfoundlmid Fishery (.Question, Naturalist, May 1890. GOSSE, Edmund.— The life of P. II. Gosse [who live-l in Newfcmr.dland from 1828-1835]. London, 1890. HAYNES, T. H. — fnternntionul Fishery Disputes. [London, 1890.] BAYLEY. — Newfoundland loy.il to Kufiliind. London, 1890. GKESWELL, W. H. P.— Geogmidiy of Canada mid Newfoundland. O.rford, 1891. THOULET, J.— I'n A'oyage it Tene Neiive. Paiis. 1891. PACKARD, Dr. A. S.— I-abnidor Const — A journal of two summer voviiires, with notes on its eaily liiseovery. on the Kskiuio geologv , iu\tural history, &e. AVh- Yoih, 1X91. 1891. The Grand F-.iIls of Labrador. Goldthwaite's Geographical Magazine, Feby. APPLETON, Lewis, F.R.H.S.—'l'he Newfoundland Fishery Question. [I'ub. for the Hritish and Foreign Arbitration Association by J. Iloywood.] Mitnclifsler [i8gi]. BLAKE, Lady. — (hut nbout Newfoundland. North American Keview, June, 1891, Trans. Roy. Soc, Nc'iive. rari/i, Oiiy. November, ■iews, Feb., June, A u ;iist, 1 890. ast of Ainoriea. Wni. V. White- nightly Eeview, he ease for the oil, 1890. Newfoundland. Col. In.st. Lib., •th April 1890. tly Arag., ftfay 890. om 1828-183SJ. '•(/, 1891. ■*, with note.s on k, 1X91, Magazine, Feby. [Tub. for the r [.891]. , IS91. 1891—1895. 683 WHEATLEY, R.— Newfoundland. .Methodist Review, 1891. Newfoundland and the French fishery question. Spectator, 1891. Newfoundland Fisheries dispute. Saturday Review, Vol. 71, pp. 345-493. 189 i. MINISTllRE DES AFFAIRES firRA¥aERES.--Docuu.ents diplomatiques AtlaJres de lerre-Niuve. i',/c/.?, 1891. [N.Ji., I'sids.] MAYO, Isabella F.— Th." tribulations of Newfoundland [(//.]. Victorian Magazine, August, Newfoundland Fisheries. Board of Trade .Irnl., July, 1S92. HOLBERTON, W.-A tri|. to the White Hills [///.]. Outing Mag., January, 1892. COLLET, CD.— Newfoundland and the Lobster Fisheries. Asiatic Quarterly, April Afav 1892. • ' LAROCHE, C— Newfoundland and the Lobster Fisheries. Review of Reviews, May, 1892. SPEARMAN, E. R.— Sacrifieing the firi^t-born. Westminster Rnvie ., April, 1892. LANGTRY, John.— History of the Church in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland— Map, &c. [.-S("e Colonial Church Histories.] 1892. *WINGFIELD-BONYN,W.— Newfoundland Colonization Handbook. [P..mp.,R C List Lib.] Loiitloii. 1892. HARRISSE, H.— I>iscovery of N. America. Lfmdoii, iS<)z. PATTERSON, Rev. Geo., D.D.— The Rcothios. or Red Indians, of Newfoundland. Rnval Society of Canada I'roceeilings, Vol. IX. 15*92. WINSOR, J.— The results in Lurope of Cartier's explorations, 1 542-1603. Boston, 1892. BRYANT, Henry G, M.A., LL.B.— A Journey to the Grand F.ilis of Labrador. 1892. WORTH, R. N.— Municipal Hecords of I'lyninuth. Plymouth, i: cj-i,. PASCOE, C. F— Digest of the S.lMi. Records. Loudon, 1893. HATTON, J.— I'nder the (iiciit Se:il : A Novel. London, i!^>.j2. HARVEY, Rev. M., LL.D.— Newfoundland as it is in 1894. St. .Tohn's, 1S94. Newfoundland Ilhistrati'd. The Sportsuiun's Paradise. rintrodiiclion bv Rev. M. Harvey, Iil,.l).] Owuw,/, .V.// , 1S94. '' DAWSON, S. E.— The Voyages of the Cabots. Royal Society of Canada rroceedinc- Vol. XII., 1894. , *" ' *LOy, A. p. — The liecent Kxi)!oniti.)n of the Labrador Peninsula. C.inadian Record of ."Science, 1894. WHITEWAY, A. R.— The Commercial Collapse of Ni'wfoundland. National Re 'ew February, 1S95.— Politics in Newfoundland. New Hevlew, March. 1X95. * GRESWELL, Rev. W.— 'I'Ih' Crisis in Newfoundland. Fortnightly Review, March, 1S95. MARKHAM, C. R.— Life of Captain S. .Martin. London. 1S95. PROWSE, D. W.—Hi-^tory of Newfoundland. London, 1S95. PROWSE, G. R. F.-The Discovery of Newfoundland and Labrador. Tlie Courses taken by (^ibot, Corlcrcnl, and the Freiicii mid Spanish Explorers traced by the Litun'ical lOvidcnce of tile Iv.uly Maps. [I'reparing.] "^ *ANSPACH, C. A.— Ceschicbt.' und IV'sclncibung vou Neufumlland und der Kiisto Labiailor. .\ns(leni Engl. 3o lid. der RihlioiluU der neuesten Ueisebeschreibunn-en von IJertuch. [.SV(; Dr. Packar.rs Lal)ra.j]. Aimpach, L., 1809, 1S19 [1895]. Appleton, L., 1891. Ashe, K. I)., 1861. Avezac, M. d', 18G9. Bacon, Lord, 1608. Hadderley. Lt,, 1829, Havid, S. v., 1881. Uajfield, H. W., 1850, 1857, Uayley, — , 189U. Iknjainin, ,S. G. W., 1871, 1878. Hergiie, Sir H. G., 1878. Biddle, H., 1832. Blake, Lady, 1888, 1889, 1891. Boaz, F., 1888. Bollau, W., 1762, 1764. Bond, ]{., 1890. Bonny eaBtle, Sir K. H., 1842. Bouwick, .1., 188l>. Bouehette, J., 1832. Bowen, N. II., 1850. Bowring, W. B., 18;tO. lirav, T., 1700. Brown, K., 1809, 1880, 1882. Browne, C. A., 1871. Bryant, H. G., 1892. Campbell, J. F., 1804, 1805. Carpon, C. T. A., 1850. Carson, W., 1812, 1813. Cartwright, ¥. I)., 1820. C'iirtwright, G., 1783, 1792. C"aitwriglit .1., 1708, 1772. Casf,i»i, ,1. 1). de, 1778. Cliabert, .1. B. de, 1753. Clmppell,K., 1817,1818, 1819. Chateaubriand, V. de, 1849. ChavaiHie, ,1., 1878. (^hili, Sir.T., 1094. Chimmo. W., 1807. Choiseul--' anville, Duke de, 1761. Churchill, A. & .1., 1732. Clarkf, >!., 1689. Clone, G. C, 1882. Collet, C. D., 1892. Colliber, S, 1728. Collins, J., 17 lu. Colon UB, 1824. Cook, J. 1700, 1767, 1768, 1775. Cordiero, M. I.,.. 1875. Cormack, W. E., 1834, 1856, 1873. Coughlan, L., 1776. Dashwood, R. L , 1871. D'Auteroche, Abbe, 1778. Davenpon, K. G., 1880. Dawson, J. W., 1800, Dawson, S. K., 1894. Dayman, J., '. 858. De Uicci, ,1. H., 1888. Desborow, C, lti99. Disney, H. 1'., 1850. Doian, J. I., 18t-8. Douglas, W., 1749. Doyle, J. A., 1882. Dunraven, Karl of, 1880. Duro, C. F., 1881. KarnshrtW, J., 1793. Eburne, R., 1021. Emerson, G. H., 1890. Estancelin, L., 1832. Farnhani, C. 11., 1885. Foild, Bp., 1844-1847, 1807. Field, (!. VV., 1^56. Filleau, A., 1850. Findlev, A. G., 1847. Forbes', F., 1828. Forster, .1. R., 1780. Gatsehet, A. S., 1885. (ieffeken, F. H., 1890, Gibson, J., 1884. (Jifford, A., 18iJ0. (Jilbert, .1., 1775. tiillpatriok, \V. W., 1884. Gilpin, E., 1874. (Jobineau, Count A. dc, 1801. Goldsmith, U. C, 1890. Goode, G. B., 1882, 1887, 1888. (Jordon, P., 1093. (Josse, E., 1890. Gosselin, E., 1873. Gould, N., 1833. Gray, Hon. \V., 1858. Greave, A. H., 1708. Grieve, S., 1885. Greswell, W., 1895. Greswell, VV. II. P., 1891. Hakluyt, R., 1582, 1589, 1600, Ilnll, E. H., 1882. Halloek, C, 1801. llamilton, R. V., 1865. Hannay, J., 1880. Harleian Voyages, 1745. Harley, J., 1610. Harris, — , 17o5. Harrisse, H., 1892. Hartwig, G., 1882. Harvey, A., 1871, Harvey, A. W., 1890. Harvey, M., 1878, 1879, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1890, 1894. Hatton, .1., 1883, 1893.] Haymaa, R., 1028. Haynes, T. II., 1890. Heathcote, G., 1762. He.s9e-Wartegg, E. von, 1888. Heyden, — , 1882. Hind, H.Y., 1863,1864,1877. Holberton, W., 1892. HoUingsworth, S., 1787. Holme, R. F., 1888. Holmes, .1., 1827. Howarth, Conir., 1874. Howlej, Bp., 1888. Howlev, .1. 1'., 1M70, 18SI. Howley, 3M. F., 1884. Howlev, R., 1809, 1887. Hunt, R. M., 1844. Imray, T. F., 1876, Isham, C, 1887. Jay, J., 1887. Jeffries, T., 1776. Jukes, J. B., 1839, 1842, 1S43, 1847, 1871. Kennedy, W. R., 1885. Kerr, It., 1824. Kingsford, W., 1888. Kirke, H., 1871. Kohl, J. G., 1809. La Chanmc, H. de, 1886. Laet, .]. de, 1040. La Hontan, Baron, 1735. Lane, M., 1775, 1810. J>angtry, J., 1892. Lanmun, C, 1881. Laroche, C, 1892. Latham, R. G., 1856, 1862. Laurie, R., 1799. Lavand, C, 1838. Le Bean,—, 1888. I.eclercq, C, 1691. Leigh, J., 1834. Lescarbot, M., 10u9. Little, J., 1869. Lloyd, F. E. L., 1886. IXDEX OF AUTHORS. Cho IS65. , 1745. (90. 1879, 1883, U, 1894. 1893.; 30. 12. . von, 1888. 1864,1877. ya. 1787. 8. 874. 6, 18S1. 84. 1887. 1842,1543, 885. 18. 188G. 173.5. 10. 6, 1862. Lloyd, .T. G. B., 1874, 1876. Lord Coiiimissnrs. for Trade, 1718, 1766, 1786, 1790. Low, A. P., 1894. Lowell, Rev. O., 1842. McCrea, R., 1869. MacDonald, D. C, IP?*!. McGreffor, J., 1828, 1832. Mac Kay, A. H., 1889. McLean, J., 1849. Markham, C. R., 189.5. Martyr, P., 151,5. Marqiier, — , 1884. Mason, J., 1620, 1881. Massie, J., 1762. Maury, M. F., 1857. Maxwell, W. F., 1887. Mavo, I. F., 1892. Miles, \V. A., 1779. Moll, H., 1708. Montgomery, R. M., 1837, 1841. Morden, R., 1700. Moreton, J., 186M, 1864. Morinc, A. M., 1890. Morison, D., 1890. Morris, E. H., 1890. Morris, M. P., 1875, 1878. Morris, Hon. P., 1828, 1847. Morse, J., 1810. Mountain, ,J. fr., 1856. Mullaly, .r., 1855, 1856, 18.58. Mullock, Bp., 1860. Murray, A., 1870, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1880, 1881. Murray, H., 1839. Newton, Prof. A., 1885. Nielsen, A., 1890. Noble, L. L., 1861. Oldniixon, J., 1741. Owen, R., 1879. Packard, A. S., 1888, 1891. Pajre, F. R., I860. Parknian, F., 1885. Pascoe, C. F., 1893. Patterson, G., 1890, 1892. Patterson, W. .J., 1876. Peckham, Sir G., 1583. Pcdley, C., 1863. Philanglus, 1680. Pilot, I)r., 1888. Pinsent, Sir R., 1885, 1890. Potherie, B. de la, 1722. Pownall, T., 1 787. Prowse, D. W., 1878, 1895. Prowse, G. R. F. [1895]. Purchas, S., 1625. Purdy, ,1.. 1847. Radstock, Lord, 1797. Rae, W. F., 1881. Reclns, J. J. E., 1890. Reeves, J., 1793. Roberts, Lewes, 1638. Robertson, A., 1890. Robertson, S., 1843. Robinson, G., 1877, 1839. Robinson, H., 1834. Rogers, R., 1767. Sabine, J., 1818. Sabine, L., 1853. St. Donat, C. de, 1823. St. .John, VV. C, 183), 1855. Schulfos, H., 1813. Scoresby, W., 1849. Scott, P., I., 1890. Sewyn, — , 1882. Shea, Sir A.. 1883. Shea, J. G., 1866. Sheffield, Lord, 1785. Siddull, Mrs. [1S95]. Soubeiran, .T. L. Spearman, E. R., 1892. Stearns, W. A., 1884. Steele, Sir R., 1810. Sullivan, J., 1386. Talbot, Hon. T., 1882. Taylor, B., 1861. Taylor's, M. A., Keport, 1793. Thompson, Sir P., 1711. Thompson, T, 1711. Thoulet, J., 1891. Tobin, J., 187T, 1878. Tocque, P., 184L', 1876, 1879. Tucker, H. 'V., 1877. Vaughan, Sir W., 162J, 1G26, 1630. Vitet, L., 1844. Wadsworth, M. E., 1855. Wallich, G. C, 18C:. Warren, M. H., 1853. Wells, W.V, 1860. West India Merchant, 1712. Wheatley, R., 1891. Whitbourne, .Sir R., 1622. Whitburn, T., 1870. White, — , 1700. Whiteaves, .7. F., 1878. AVhiteley, W. H., sec 1783. Whiteway, A. R., isg.""'. Whiteway, Sir W. V., 1890. Whitman, J., 1875. Whittle, .L, 1799. Williams, G., 1765. Wilson, W., 1866. Windthrop, J., 1761. Wingfield-Bonyn, W., 1890, 1892. Winsor, .1., 1883, 1892. Winter, J., 18r3. AVinter, Sir J. S., 1890. Winton, H., 1861. Wix, B., 1832-1836. Woodbury, L., 1880, Worth, R. N., 1893. Wjnne, J. H., 1770. Young, J., 1670. !6. w^ 686 BIBLIOGRAPHY, &c. i^ ' i 1 t s '^- ■ '«' CI III.— Manuscripts. iSzi— *DRAPERS' RECORDS.— I'l'occediiigs of Drapers' and other nuildH respi-cting the fitting out of btiips for the Newfoundland [.See Haukissk's Diicorery of N. America, 1892. 747.1 i527 — THORNE, Robert. — Letter to Ilenry VIII. concerning the discovery of new hinds, wherein is also mentioned the project of dividing the wh(de world hetween the Kings of Spain and Portugal, liy llobert Thorne, 1527. H.M., Cott. MSS. Vitellius C. — VII., 32, . [See Haichiyt's JUvers Voi/aHice.] i527— RUr, John, and DE PRADO, Albert.— Letters from St. .lohn's. [Printed in PuuoHAs and in Bricwbji's State I'lipert!.] i53o? — ♦DENYS, Jean. — Legal notice about boats, &c. left in Newfoundland for the winter. Parii Nat. Lib. MSS Francjais, 24.209. 1597 — LEIGH, ChaS. — A Urief platforme for a voyage with three sliips unto the iland of Ramea to ji'ave inhabitauiits which shall keepe the iland to Her Majesties use, as also forbid the Frenchmen from the trade of fisliing in that place. Oct. 1S97. B.M. MSS. 1609 — *6UY, John.— [A discourse] to aninuite the English to plant in Newfoundland. [Purchas had a v';opy of this .MS.] 1610— JAMES I.'S Charter to London and Bristol Co. B.M., Harl., 589. 1610— LONDON AND BRISTOL CO.'S instructions to John Guy about management of the Colony. J{..V1. MSS. Otto K., VIII. [5]. i6ii — *GUY, John. — A jouruall of the voiadge of discouverie niaile in a boale built in Newfoundland, called ye Indeavour. Lambeth MSS. 2. So, f. 406. 1619— ♦WHITBOURNE, Sir R.— Letter to Lord Cnrew, Governor of .Jersey. An abstract of some material points in my discourse of Newland, which was presented to His Majesty at Huntingdon, the 17th day of October 1619. Land)eth MSS., 494, f. 273. 1620?— WHITBOURNE, Sir R.— A brief discourse [MS. of Lis book, with author's alterations]. BAl. MSS., 22564. 1623 1629 Charter of Avilonia [in Latin and Knglish]. B.M., Sloane MSS. 'Ri'lations about Lord Baltimore's priests ntuniing to England in Septendx'r, 1629. Southampton Municipal .\rcliives. — Book of Examinations, Informa- tions, and Depositions, No. 42, A.I). 1622-1643. l63o — HAYMAN, Robert. — A Pr(>position of Profit and Honour projiosed to my dread Sovereign, Lord King ("liarles I., relating to building a city in Newfoundland, by Kobeit Hayman, i63o. B.Sl. MSS., Kg. 2541. 1660 (Baltimore r. Kirke.) — Varrative and other Papers concerning Ni'w- foundland. MSS., B.M., Eg. 2395. Lettter from Char.. Hill to ,Iohu Kirke, re Lord Baltimore's Claim. B.M. MSS., 239?. 1661 Papers concerning Lord Baltimore's interest in Newfoundland, iz Sept. i65i. B.M. Eg. 239S. l6fi6— L'ALMEY, H.— Articles tor Newfoundland fishing. B.M. MSS., 5489. specting the N. America, ' new lauds, the Kiiifis of — VII., 32,. > of this (lis- ■•erei's of the [Printed in r the winter. the iland of use, as also M. MSS. wfoundhiud. .nagement of oate built iu An abstract His Majesty ith autlior's ISS, En^Iuud in lis, luforuiii- to uij- drciid 1, by Hoheit rning New- it e, re Lord nd, 13 Sept. 1 666 MANUSCRIPTS. 687 .— Petition of Inhabitants of Avilonia to George Kirke, iS March i666r7l. B.M. MSS. Eg. 2395. D • L/j 1670— MATTHEWS, John.— Attestation conoernitig tlie Freueh iu Newfouadlaud— Takiu" possession of l'l:huuti!i, 27 Jany. 1670. IJ.M. MSS., Kg. 2595. "^ 1670-NEWFOUNDLAND SETTLERS. - Keply to declarations of Dartmouth. Plimouth, &e. 15.M. MSS., Eg. 2395. 16 76 -DOWNING, John.— .V Hreif Narratiue conceriiiug Newfoundland, 24 Oct. 1676 J5.M. M.S.S., Eg. 2395. 1677 MSS. History of the Colonisation of t\w. Province of Avalon in New- fouudland in 1670. B.M., Sloaiie MSS., 3662 1680 1680 MS.S. account of the Plantations iu America— Newfoundland.— Au .Recount of the J'eople settled on East Coast of Newfouudlaud " who live by catchiu" fish." B.M. ALSS. ■' » List of luhabitauts in English ports of Newfoundland. B.M. MSS., Add. 15898. 1696-7— *BAUDOIN, Sieur de, Missionaire.— Journal de Voyage que jay faie avec Mde Iberville en L'Isle de Terre Neuve, 1696-1697. MSS. Quebec. 1697 1 CorresixHidence respecting certain duties on fish and oil imported by Englishmen in English built ships from the English settlements in Newfoundland and elsewhere. U.M. MS8., 5540. 1697 — Papers relating to Newfoundland and the expedition for the protection of th(! fisheries from the Erench ; consisting of Official Keports and Letters from the Transport Office, Admiralty, &c., 1696-7. B.M, MS«., 1S492, 1697 5795. ,705-8 - Warrants for Ordnance and Lists of Officers, 1697-170;.- B.M., Add. Trade to Newfoundland, Account of B.M. Eg. MSS., 921. 1 70S — ANON. — MS. account by a French officer supposed to be Chaussegros de Lerv or (iedeon de Catalogue, of the Campaign oV 1705. Qiicber MSS. 171 1— THOMPSON, Thomas.— An account of the Colony and Fisherv of Newfoundland, with additions by Sir Peter Thompson. [Printed sheet and MSS.] B.M. MSS , 13972. ' 1 7" 9— PROVINCE OF GUIPOSCOA.— Memorial on their rights of fishery at Newfound- laud. B.M., Add. 33028. 1729 Beport of a Committee of the Privy Council on the state of the New- foundland Fishery. 19th .Vpril 1729. B.M. MSS., 3 3o28. 1734— WALDEGRAVE, Lord— Memoire par le Com|»te de Waldegrave, Ambassadoiir Extraordinaire, siir I'Jsle de Terre Neuve, 9 January 1734. 15. M. MSS., 32-85. 1737 »744 Contract for victualling the Garrison of Placentia.— B.M. MSS., 33o28. Appointments of Eieut.-Governors to Forts, 1744. — U.M. MSS., 33029. « 744— AUCHMUTY, Robt.— Paper 01? the Inv,iortancp of Cii\H' Britton, situate between Newfoundland and N. Scotia, to the British Nation, jo April 1744. B.M. MSS. 32702. " " ■' >749 Fort William and Plans of Batteries erected 1749. Crown, exix. loS. 1749— BASTILE, T. H.— New and exact plan of Fort of Placentia.— T. H. Bastile's Reports to Board of Ordmmce, March 5, 1749-50. Crown, cxix. 1016, 109. ' 'I wr^ M '-l lil; Ml? II* 1 1' i il iil i' ill! .Jl 4 II I I 6SH BIBLIOGRAPHY, &c. '"51 — SMELT, Leonard.— Kt'po'^ of Fort of I'lucentiii to Board of Ordniuice, ii Nov. 5i, Crown, cxix. loic. [17S1] — DAWSON'S report [undiited] of B'ort of Placentia. Crown, cxix. 1. 1754 ♦Heport of Attorney and Solicitor Gcnenil on Lord Haltiinore's Cliiiin, April 5, Shi'lburne MS. Historical MSS. Uomniiasioner.s' Report, Vol. V. 1758 MSS. Papers relating to Newfoundland. B.M., Add. 32881. 1761 Terms of Peace between Rnpland and France. — Consideration of tho Newfoundland Fishery, i3 April 1761. M.SS., B.M., .\dd. 33o3o. 1762 Letters from Grenville to Mitchell, and despatch from Col. Amherst ahdut the taking of St. John's by 11. .M. Arms, Oct. 12, 1762, MSS., B.M., 6820. Also U.M. Add. M.SS., 32943. 1766 Bemr.rks on Labrador. — B.M., Add. 33,o3o, f. 220. 1766 — *BANKS, Sir Joseph, F.R.S. — -Tnl. of a voyagre to Newfoundland and Labrador, A])ril 7 to Nov. 17. MSS. of plants, insects, &c., dessription of cod fishery and curinij of fish, both by pjifflish and French. Also of the state of St. John's ; the (iovernment,. &c. [York Gate Library.] 1782* — PLAIRE) Sieur A. de la. — Precis alphabetique des traites de Pais, presentis au ]{oi en MSS. par le .sieur Ama. de la Plaire, grand maitrc des eaux et fonds [notes in French Gaiette, March 27, 1782], f.f. 435, large 8vo. XVIII. century MS. in Versailles Library. 1786 — GARDNER, Dr. — Some facts collected and observations made on the fishery and government of Newfoundland, by Dr. Gardner, late of Boston, in New England. B.M. MSS., 15493. 1795— *THOMAS, Aaron. — Paynmster of H.M.S. Boston. MSS. diary of events in New- foundland in 1794-5. [In the possession of Mr. James Murray.] 1796 i8zo Natives of Newfoundland, Specimen of writing of. — B.M., Add. iio38. * Vocabulary of the Langtmge of the Aborigines of Newfoundland. [MS.] 1820. [Royal Institution Library.] [ I S 34 ?]— ROBINSON, Capt. H.— Vocabulary of the Beothick language. B.M., MSS. Add. 19350. x835--*GOSSE, Philip Henry.— MSS. on Entomology of Newfoundland, i835. [Vide V. II. Gosse's Life.] IV.— Plans. 1689— THORNTON, J.— Phins of St. John's (p. 204), Carbonear, Bay Bulls, Harbour Grace, and Ferryland. B.JI., 1804, b. 21. 1693— PITZHUGH.— rians of St, John's (p. 198), Harbour Grace (p. 198), Bay Bulls, i nd Ferryland. B..M. MS., S414 (3o). 1698 K. 119, io3. Draught of St. John's harbour, with soundings, 100 toises to inch. B.M. u, 21 Nov. 5t. tiinore's Claim, eration of tlio Amherst nliout lo. Also B.M. and Labrador, lery and curinij le (iovernnient^ 18, prcsentia au 'onds [notes in 3. in Versailles :lie fishery and Inglund. U.M. vents in New- Add. iio38. idland. [MS.] M., MSS. Add. 1 83 5. [Vide mWb, Harbour 3ay Bulls, rnd inch. B.M. PLANS. m) i7o3— LA HONTAN, Baron.- Plan ofl'iaccntia (p. 184). La Have, 1703. '704— THORNTON, J.-rians of St. John's, &c. H.M., S. ico (18). >7<^8— MONSEGUR, Michael de.— I'lan of I'ort of I'lacentiu, presented to the Prince of Denmark (p. 248). J5.M., K. 119, 99. 1709 *I''(>rt Williiim, ri;in o*", as rebuilt by Captain Taylour in 1709. lleeonls. H. of Trade, Newfoundland, No. 6, K. ^ii. 1714— *TAVERNER, Captam.-Survey of St. Peters [cu/c Hoard of Trade Records]. 17*5 Plan of the Fort and Castle of I'laceutia, and of the new Fort. I{..\f., K. 119, 1 00. '74'— BONACHE, P. -Port du Pl.iisance. I}.^[., K. 118-57. " a"d ''• '745-7+ — - 332^!, n. • I'lans, of various dales, prepared for military i)nrposes. H.Af. MSS. I. Proposed fort [Townsendj, showing chain reck and chain, a. ("oMlour in;ip of St, .John's. 3. Hitttery to he erected at Soutii Head. .V.— Amherst Tower. H.-Barhet Battery ('.— Lower Mattery. I).— Hridfro over gullv on the road to St. .John's. 4. Contoured i)lan from Qnidi Vidi and Signal Hill to Fort William and King's Bridge showing proposed batteries to defend hignnl Iliil from (JuMi Vidi and St. .Tohii's' and Cro.sslire, with Fort Ainher.st in the narrows, barracks nnd magazines. ' 5. Plan of (iitrniice of St. .Ldin's Harbour, showing the adilitional works ereetioT A.- Block HouRc, on Signal Hill, with additional works. B.— Batteries on the sont'i' ]U)int of Signal Hill. (;.— Baft.Ty for d.dViice of narrows. 1).— Wallace's Battery" F:.— Chain Hock Battery; Amherst's Tower: Fref Vork Harbour, Labrador, taken in August 1760 on board II.^LS. Antelope. H.M., Add, 14036 a 1764- MS. plan of Pay of Three Islands, taken on board H.M.S. Gtiermey, June 1764, J ft. 7 ill. X 2 ft. oin. B.M., Add. 17693 a. 1764! • MS. plan of York Harbour and Fiark Bay, within the Hay of Three Ishinds. H.M., Add. 17963 b,c. ,766 Plan of York Fort, Labrador, 1766. B.M. ISISS., 33*31, k.k. 1766? A view of Bona Vista (p. i38), the northernmost port for the fishery (excepting Fuego, lately settled). B.M. MSS. 3i357 M. 1798— BRENTON, J. p.— View of St. John's (p. 374). K. cxi.x., 106. 1799?— SKINNER, Col.— Views (p. 326, 36o, 38i, 399). Add. 32233. J 858 — GRAY, Hon. and Rev. W. — Sketches and views of Newfoundland and Labrador. S. H. Cowell, Ipswich. S. 204 (24), '!':■•: rith Col. C;o()kV iistitlu, to Hoard vix., 107. Smelt, cnjiineiT )tie, 1111(1 what is iccoinpanicd hy Fort FrediTJek, John's in 1751 601 3ur, &c. irador, taken in Guernsey, June if Three Islands. .k. for the fishery I and Labrador, 1671 Colonial Papers. No. 56. — 1676 to 1684. Cohmial Kntry Hook.s, No. 65.— 1623 to v.— English Public Records, The following papers i„ the Record Offipo have not yet been calendared. As thev hIII l.e (lillerently arran^r.Ml when printed, no attempt has been made thn)n.rl,„„t the History to refer to them spoMhea ly. Keeords np to l.i7i are ineluded in Mr. George Sainsbury's Colon al I'apers or in the Calendar of State Papers, Jtc. '' No. 10.— -1725 to 1730— O. No. II.— 1730 to 1735—0. Governor Geor/,'e Clinton. No. 12.— 1735 to 1740— P. Governor Edward Falkinghain. No. I 3.— 1739 to 1742— P. Governors Fitzroy Henry Lee, Philip Vanbrugh, Thomas Smith, .lohn Hviig. No. 14.— 1743 to 1751 -(2. Governors Charles Watson, (i. Hrydges Rodney, No. i5.— i75i toi757— Q. Governors Franeis \V. Drake, Hugh Bonfoy, Richard Kdwards. No. 16.— 1757 to 1760--R. Governor Hichard Edwards. No. 2 3. — 1730 to 1760 — Mise. papers. No. 25.-169610 1701— Entry Rook .\.. Colonial Entry Rooks, No. 66.— 1677. America and West Indies, No. 32. — 1706, Oet. 12, to 1745, Dee. 6.— Governors Crowe, (ileilhill, Osbourne, Clinton, &c. •Vmerica and West fndies, No. 33.— 1748, June 9, to 1732, Jan. 1 1.— I.ieut.-Governor Hainilton, Governors Bradstreet, JJrake, Rodney, &c. Anieriea and West Indies, No. 570. — 1 702 to 1710. America and West Indies, No. 571. — 1711 to 1760. RoiirdofTiale:— No. 3.— 1696 to 1699— A. n. No. 4.— 1699 to 1703— C. D. E. No. 5.— 1703 to 1706— F. (i. JI. No. 6— 1706 to 1710--I. K. No. 7.— 1710 to 171 5 — L. No. 8.-1715101720 — M. No. 9. — 1-20101725 — N. Governor Gledhill. No. 26. — 1 701 to 1705 No. 27. — 1705 tt. 1708 No. 28. — 1708 to 171 5 No, 29. — 171 5 to 1719 No. 3o. — 1719 to 1 74 1 No. 3 1. —1742 to 1760 R. C. D. E. F. G. VI.— Newfoundland Records and Newspapers. The most interesting of the Newfo\ind- land manuscripts are the records kept by the Admiral Governors. They contain very full details on the naval, military, legal,' and diplomatic subjects of the various years. The present series begins with Governor Rodnev's ndmini.stration, 1749. There are traces "of anterior records from Osborne's time, but all liave disapiieared. From 1749 the series is complete, with the exception of one or two years at the dose of the ISth century. There are most complete statistics of the exports and imports of the Colony, floating and rdsideut population, &c. There are also incomplete records of the Surrogate Courts, particularly of Harbour (jrace, Placeutia, and Ferrylaud. Records of the Supreme Court, begun in 1791, are not complete ; fire, damp, and gross neglect has made sad huvoc witli these invaluable papers. — Mr. J. W. Withers possesses a complete file of the Newfoundland Royal Gazeite, from 1809, with the original list of subscribers. Files of all the local papers are kept in the Colonial Secretary's Office, and in the Legislative Library. They are fairly com- plete. X X 2 (i!»: CHAPTEIl XXV. sTATfsrrrs, climate, sorn, r/.u/iE/f, mixes, mixerals, SJ'Onr, AX I) GAME LAWS. ' li ^i: i i': ^ ^H ffi Er « "^ " 55 :i '* 51 " 5 " 2 ' * -« ^ « ji ■- = b. ti c >^ = i-; « c -t -r y •£ ie tF •! r. 1. 1- 1» i. jf I- 5; i i r. ii I c = — ri - c r — = c r r. ?. — r; 71 -M ?i &1 1S2 yj a H ^ »H 22| s tn o mi i iii| « ^- o •S-s 1 St aw iii) .... 1* i pi T) M s M s i2 (4 i a a ; 3 I," — ^ 1 1 .. '2 — '1 '^ " ": ij — '■'' ■^i — - S - I 1- S y — i-i = — fi « * 71 1-. I- -M y; 5 '1 f I •>) C ". ". ^. *. *^ 5 w ec >* r^ — -r rrOi';'". / '-, - ^--. - •' ^ 5 rt - <=.— '^l »- .-^ /: -' " 'r c Ti* [ -*' ] X I- .— 1^ -* — tj' *i »-* :£ — •-■ V — -** ^ /■ J* _' ■-' 1,; -• -* pMi ^n rf.i V V ?i - c c ^5 c. !•: i,^ •* r. c --T * -*■ ^: ii ^ I- 71 *. I " — r^'C ^ i^ i- r. -yi -.* ?. !>• rt ?. *i c -* ^ 71 = ii c 5 -* r — - 71 ci r; =, i" w r; I- 1.^ *-i r -. i- ci ,c IT -.; -^ ti >:: * n I CO I ^^^■. I'; -2 ?c p^-ri /, t>» I-: ?? i.*J « x^*^ *i ri c — — i ifl xi •1 M t-» . ^ *.c -- -ri 1^ 10 h- ifs 11^ o ri ?i -c i^ w V I'. *i Ti r-« or r^ ^ -• 51 s; w ^ *i t^ — o I- ^ "« >5 »- I- r. Ti 7 c -hZ w e 1-- - -r r in 71 — 1— -r' ^5 t1 x 31 -^ Q i: t"; is, — -M' c. cc i.i r? i- i-. j., "si — ri 5, r., ^t — , <-< f— , c. i'- — ?t w 5^ s t - '7 . S5 -^ '^ •* ? *■ "i "-i S ' 71 -i — i - ?t 1-: 1 I ^ M ri I - r — 1^ -ri I* c -r ^ r? c ^i w 1^ 71 ^ X 3C X yo I- X r. = c c; X i jt x s; -; c e r; 5; t^. >-; 71 rf c;_ ^ ^ Sc — s x •* 17 r^ -»• t7 >7 I-? ^ 1:7 r- 1(7 tr « i!5 «— I', e 1-1 71 ?? 71 71 r'- — '.r ?7 71 -* rt X c r- -*■ r* — . r: I 'J ■-, M r. <-7 -, ': "t " '1 '" '^. 't '"^'"^ '~ *". "l'"" "~. '. '^. '"; ?. 'c V '1 7*1 « r-: 'C »7 r 71 = y 1*7 ' -r i: ?7 o £ S7 i^ ri iH if i~ ;^ ^ >7 17 ^ 17 1-. t: iX r- ?. I- ci i^ |X a: 5. x ?. c cv ?. x j, »' x x ao ff; ci 5 r- c ^ r7 .i ^t ^ ^1 §e c c 71 3i ?7 "^ '- '"s ^ '" '■; ^ 1.7 •.; = r-* t: ■'^ K * -' ^ '- f^ "* ■* " *' oc X r r 5. 17 71 -* I- I- -. •- .7 -* 71 --i — ft -f* " 71 5i — c. »^ r. 71 = c r? t x -m ",—."!-.'' ^ **. ^. '1*! *! '1 ^. "^ *v— . ^. "^l . -. '~.^. •".*': — . '*. ^, -. . ■'. *l ~ C7 -t "7 > '-i 71 v= 1- .'; c ?: — / S ' -*• r^ ~ i ^ v: i" -r ^ rl A- *i: t*7 r - ^ T- ?'i o (M 'f * >7 -* i7 7 w "^ t'. :; 1^ 1- X I- t' X X X 1- I- X C W Cl C ^ 71 — -; ?7 71 "S ■3 ■-4 ■§ H W ^ qT 3 s !" PS <« I ! I I— X71 — x^r-.-^OX)Os C ^ ^ 71 « =. 17 C, Iff — M 1^ w I- y I-: X 71 i» ^ C " I I I I I «* ."^ ^* •«•" ff7' — I - ?i t7' 1^' tI ' ' ' ' ' ' c — r-* •— — 1(7 :s I ■■ t'- t^ Xl « »7 -r n — X I- 71 •* X c7 I- c '7 I' I' -.c c 1' r -r r. 71 -*• •* *- c. 71 ft. I'", 71, ri c «* — "'i^ *T ^. ^ '': — . ''. — . '^! >".<": -^ — -^ ~v "'^ ''" "^ •"* I T-^ ^ c' --^ •- -^' r^ tX'T. p* I r: *' 71 ■** -* 71 *.; — "^ c ?7 r-^ -c 17' -.c ?7' ■^' — ' f-> r-" 07 CO 57 CO "t ^ W ^ ' O — « l"»t-- «C tt t-^l-^C. C; *- 71 ^ f- I- ^ 7>l I-- * — * X I- 71 * •— -f X ?7 C 5 -*• 5 C »7 r. 71 1.7 C -* ?7 7t 71 S O r- 71 tC ?1 — •* .7 -r y -- OC 71 C7 1^ C i* -^ TC r7 C: X 5 -** V JT A- 1" *£ <;? I I I I c:■*^/: 71 -.re'-*: 71 ^fi I c'=c-r>; r:r:7l~r:?:-u -/r: --'-■•?; ' ' ' ' 11 w ■* -t ^ c7 X -f ^ ' m 'C '— I'* ^ 1.7 -.J X X X Ci X n — "f -*■ 71 m 17 c 'ft — fl^ .'t tr 1.7 •* h- X ^ * p- 71 » -f 1.7 tc t^ x c? o «-- 71 e5 -* »ft '^ r>. X 51 <; C — — 71 Ti 71 71 re S ^? ?^ ?? ^ •* -* -t" -*■ ■* ^ -f ** -* > : «0 iQ 15 17 17 17 10 irt If? •, ocxxr .-xxxa^x/ .yrxxxxxxx-xxxxxxooafxaoxcca ■1?^ II if "^ 0,9 ■a '3 a! ■"§• X " if IS II. o c s B-C S * Oi c3 -= >- a. , -.3 1 llii::|| 'XERALS, Si S 1 li if tl •si \ Il s'i - Lt ^ s 5.2 II 4 1 s-s sS. ■» A «- ?s n Sbl» 1 si H ja o •K-^ s sl 5" e Si a H "1 4- " •= b § ^ = a _ III •^ :i| 3 b A Sf?^ 5~ 5it3 s , '-.a? $"2 ^!.9 -.i^iS o.» p - ^11 i«3 2J Si yj a H a ' _ A PM M I STATISTICS. 003 e S ,-i «• - J* f ' c -• ■-. ". --. M he iS. . '1 12 *i '■' ,c 5 3 S S .•1- 5i-~; — «« = lO T) n r; »^ ^I -J "it ^ "TI I' I .* I- G H X ri I- ?r 'Hi ^ "C !- '- i^ d f. i~ 3 = h — i' ^H|gnHsn|pV5f = !S! |^^^?| I I I I >^ s »,'3 ■J 7 r^^y a. ■. ■• Tl yj s "5 r : I Tl r. I- Til"! Si I -•. '! « »1 •'. '-I ■ %f, I"! -t 1^ rt -< n -t •^, y :^ il -5 5 7 ;i J-, fi «»1 »l ?l « 71 71 rl. >♦" — I- y. ^ ■ "^ '£ ?t r zT =>■ X 2?;:?: i J. r; t; -/ ■■: i if ;^ ;- -^ M*. t-. '^ r. X : ;€:7? Xi 1* ' « « I* (C « ?) ♦? ?| r- ;f ■J^ -^ lO ri >. a ^ ? il 5i - ?: E s 1'" r •- TT t* : I* r -»• - — -*■ X l; ?. ^- » *:t ^ • y,~'^ •* :y_ — *. *. *{ *i ■ I- *- W W -- i~ 71 r. *. X I - 2* 3te o — i! -*■ ?7 I - r. r. I ' 4 •— _ il •" ?l TJ O 1^ I w" w r^ -* -*■' I C e* t^ ci X) ?t 11 *. t- 'j: ^: r. i- ^ K :^ I-,: = ;•; ,- 4\ a ,n; .^ ^ =. ^ * •- — Jx^V;.:^ '■^' t' i_ ~ :f ,t* li ^ 3* :-i r^* ,< \d ri .'1 :i A -i =' i ; -* i = •,* = '5 /Irl-^'^^* 5i I-, .i ^ II -4 = I, |X :^ = Tl ?• X 11 5. 7 ri- - = « c ff ^' -Z ?5 7 r J., lo w I.: ^' Li '^ ^ -^ ?c t'- 1- t^ 1-- '^ iC -^ -r or. r: x • •^' li i^ S '£ '£ u-i i^ l^f -r k: *j ^ f-i 5; I-- ti * « - »■: r. 5 r. c i- -^ If? a: c. ■— y c II 'i - i7 . r-; 7\ ^^ X ?i X, -t 'C X, — .1', ^^ -^ - 11 r; It I- -1 ^ Hi ?i_^ "."^ u 'c w w — 'if — * -^' i-T^i) t^ ^ T. ^ '/ T. c'l- — — ' — " X rT -f r^ r" n" ii ??* v' m* ^: r^ ;? ^ S- i! H * — — "" "^ i.* " '^' ^ li ':i i2 " 't "• '^ ? X ^ ^ =^ i' -• '"s r-'" r-T r-' r-* r-* — r-C — i-T f* i— " r-T r-* r-i" f-4 r->* r-' 1 1 1 f 1 1 M* m' -f -t* ».1 S X "^ M 'r '^ j; r^ » ?: »-4 oc rs r^ -^ « .-i 11 •* ^ i^ 11 r- f— « 1.1 •*•**: C !■- tl . -*■ c X '1 X c ii rt c- ~ I- —. y. 11 "c •X _^ ^* ^' 2* y-' — ■" ^ „' ^i j^' ,J * { ^* y* ,-' I - ^ r- »— r- ^ *^ '?7 — I >(i TTM o 11 =. <♦ - n r- X -c = -*■ y: / ^MI — * I - tl -1; J; — _ •*_ 11 -t I , II -. -. r 'i' '** —' '■' — f( ?: V "^. -^ :r 3 '-w — 'S ''^ t: tr *"• 1:? t"* '"• I'- ''• •"• ^ =f 3r, X x x * x: oc x S c: ^. r^ or X X X, * X 00 (X X X X X) X X X X X' X X X ^ X X x x x x > x nfi ■'M 1^ I :iii!ta*( 11 » !■'?-. I .tl: m ■[?i m 004 S'lAriSTICS. = ? lit ! .ps i 5C — 1 1 i meg t If. J? ■r: 'S Ji2 ;.~M /. •- ■52 = |r£3 2 ?! *)• it: 53 * ^■^ fe i ^ I I •« S if -z ■a 5 n o '5 ^ ■51 u. a «• I i: £ 2 5'* I- M t- '-■ ^ 0) ^53 i c o CO t.^ SIAIISTKN. <0 1^ ^ 1^ •* - r. 9k *l rt fh ^ a-fsss 11 .3 s^' I ' ' I 1 a 3- I r (>0d is S u •=iiU " " *• Ti 5 4 i *■ r. 1^ »! a n / = .3 (4 1 1 i •?>' ' ' 1 ti T."-: m 5 ^"^ I »■ 51 3 >? ft I- 91 »-< r* IJSiJS -I T, -r I- r. .X . c ■* — I Ji I «r. •?. i-ii-:'iil fi - »7l •3 -S .X '1 I ^a!fi «;3 ^,55 1^-: ft .' 1- r. r» -* I,- I -(• pM X -* ■* »!'*.-» — I — .-. « I 11 "■Ji .7! i . y / 1 ^ _. re ,2ri T. " "" it — n '^ * 1^ ?^ 5i ^- T — t^ 1^ i-Ji I- 2 I- ?i i r. r i K3S'? S SIS HI ?' 'H' S . ^. i' ■-■ — ■ S »■»' t t' I »' '-' ' -[ « I I Fl 91 I '* ift .— ^ , — »*t C 7 1 •■ '^ ^ — I I* L-: -t ^ I :5 7 ^ 2 r* 1"* 5. o :. ^;i 7 1 s 53 « r as o '^ . ic >o t- 'r 3f »i-^. 11 55 f5t: = 2) mil* 2 5: 3 • § "3 .5 B .2; .£•" ■r. ,-5 j^ •- i j; i it n CO, 2 = i:'« .3 • e • o "c c «Sb ^-^S «i = ! a C S «>l-^ 'f '■" I a, E . c 5 .. t. A(l .ipiiiii •IIKII ••S|if, .-Z ^ E| t Et ■/:' t" — - « - 2 -I J"^' "' •h.).ll,l,{ Mll|ir\ I .i'.E-, K; •ajliii.iv Jfiiiuniui.u .iiii)i<|m| JO -ox t -a S J3 M ■*-« S ■*^ = 60 C be m 3 2 5 I I S 3; ! ill ; . -2 iqr .<'.'■; 1 r 'll' ; ', '■'■ 696 STATISTICS. f ]: !i I i , ''li ' .■ ; i m \ 1 1 m • V, i (■.I- t '■ i 1 ■ 1 il ' •3 5.5 bs •5 S o u 5 7\ TO tt rr « (91 1 - I' J> ■5s |1 ^•5 r ?? "-T i.~ 4 ■* ■ ■'r'C CS rH "S o a S3 1 ■Si , , c .n , S^ S *" c ""• • 1 i liE '3 e: ^ jn o ' ss iH =-^ ^ .3 I 2 I ■/ — to ~l ph A "Z 1 fit^ 1 1 i ii?, ' ' i ■/ 'It 1-^ Ci c CO y ^'•"i" S K r^r;i -ft 51 8 c? 1- i.a,-, •' ^' 1 o £• =: 2 'J 5? ^ ^ cc si^-iSi lO ?ss ^i If •-■ r; r ' 1 ■* .^ -M 1 oi 3 c — r. -ri C'l +3 PH ^ - II-? X ..-ri--: 1 1 u; r; Ti h- 05 ■a I c 5 Si IIIm s o-s p- x o 6-1 i i.-s .2 5 s .H « 51 s A ei 1 !Q i* ^ •#1 ^ ^ 5 i S bo ^ ! S3 , t I C 5 «r- •ac .i-rf ^ t- 1 o! I c-i ' ? 1 ,; H 2 i''7-ii ^ I 2 !;5* ' "■ ffl — !!^ I cy Iff '=^ ^ -'"- *- T •p itlJiu.ii S.lll|>l.)l|.ll!d •i -. ^. >" - I i3 EH 3 I 01 s O a ^ I bo I •C 1 e3 CO O I OQ « ^ t-^ T* X CI O X ^ IC ? -T •* lit O •-■ i' <=r « :^' i.'S* a r-i p-i f-i X ^ 'x: i-: ri « c y •; ^ 11 r. -*■ i~ n *r g I 1 1 2 »I H T — <=i r-t H S I Si? £' 1)UU '(iJI.ItJl' c ^ 01 m o o P4 P G97 -^ "^ •« -^3 ■^ or. ■>* ic i Si i i "Q "^ ■**' "*i •»^* '■4 ^ S. V (598 STATISTICS. w i.m- ii.ii r!i"Hih ii I 5:, IX.— Population, &c. The fiitiiros (civeii in tlirw> curly niinals iiboiit ropiiliitidii, (Ishiry statistics, Ac. m-c viiiriu' and very incoriv ct. In Ki.Vt the resident population is sot down at Srirt raniilirs disii'iliiitcd over 15 small 'settlements between ('a|H' Raee and ('a|ie linnavistn. In th« Parliamentary Paptir of 1713, the ti^rures are :— l(i75. 1070. 1077. I'lanters Servants lioalg - MO \.irIy unileriiiti il 'he iiopnla- ioo. Slany funiilies of Knirlish weii' residinif imomtst the Krencli in Hacentia. SI. I.awreiu'i'. I'repassey, Kortuiie Bay, ic. ; many had migrated north of Ciipe Hoiiavistii. No Ciirly returns of population are therefore satisfactory. In lOIwi 1007 we have an estimate of the popnlalion uiaile from nctnnl survey, and in the winter, by a foiei»rtier, A lilii^ 111! I iilit! (1 AblK^ Ua\ii Jovrsal, i(iy7. Names of Places. Renews Fermense Ferryland - Capelin Ha.v Cape Broyle Hriurns by South C'olmare, probably Toad's ('ove. Witless Hay Hay Itiills - A(|naforle St..lohii's - I'elly Harbour - Qiiidi Villi Torliny I'oituifal Cove Holy rood (V) - Harbour .Alain ■ Brians Cuiiiils I'r) I'ort de (Jiiive - Fiivlin; Cove (?) Ha,v Itoberts - Urine's Cove Harbour (Irace Musi|uilo Ciirbonear Crocker's I'ovo (':\ Kelnii Cove (':) I'ri'sbwater Old I'erlican liny de Verds Hauls Hiirbour SeiJlyCove New I'erlican Hearts Kiise Hi'iirts Ciintenl Trinity Bonavista - Toli.1 To this mii». bo"; added seltlenients | not named- I'ofro. TwillinKale. and , other scattered I population In Ihe niivtiiern pnrt of I the Island . -J II ? .E~ •£ « S &^ S^ 120 40 108 12 ,') 15 30 15 120 25 300 00 40 18 -■"» 1.3 12 70 11 110 IS to .30 100 ;i5 220 3(1 .).> •JO 131) S5 30 40 Oil 12 20 2t 3011 12 T 3 3 13 4 .511 11 !l 3 3 I 11 2 14 3 3 V 14 3 22 "4 3 .» 10 a 4 4 I) i 4 >> 40 3 20 125 10 11 4 3 7 o 12 .> 2(1 3 3 15 5 50 5 II 4 27 111 5 7 4 4 ■20 I.5S1 1115 5 U: a"" 4.0(10 4.01 HI S.OIK) I.IKIII 500 l,,".!)!! 2„5(M) l,.-,00 10.(11 10 2..-00 0.270 8.11(11) t.ildO 2. UK I 2.1(10 4.."II0 l.li(N) 0.i:(HI l.(MII) 1(1.(100 1,.MI) 1 .:,m 3.(I(KI 7.."i(lll 2..".0II 2..M)II 2.5(111 2.(100 2.(1(111 13.!lei) II. mil) ,'1.(1110 4.311(1 0.(Mi() 1.101) 2.K.0 2.(100 5.000 210 liKi.llOII out ■) , .-lO j' .\liout 1 30 in 4,IIUl) a 8 ■mm H 4.1 II HI hi 8.(1110 o I.IKHI T 51 III •,i l,.-:(;ii o 2„1(M) 3 i,.:(io L'(» lii.lnill a 2.."ll() 125 (1.27(1 Hi 8.(;(li) !l 4,11(10 4 2,t(KI 3 2.1(10 7 4,."(I0 O l.(l(H) 12 (i.cdo t) I.IKIO 21 1 KI.IHIO :i I,.-dO 3 l.."(IO )i ;i.(iiio 15 7.."i(HI 5 2..".n(i r.(! ■jsm 5 2..")lill II 2.(1(1(1 1 2.(1(1(1 2; l.l.iliiO HI 1 1.IKIO ■) .'i.lKIO 7 4.:l(io 1! O.IMHI l.( (III 1 2. ICO 1 2, (Kill 2(1 5.(1(10 ill 10(1.00(1 4.(100 STATISTICS. 690 •suap.iBO •ssaoH CO s_ =_ ;-, I 5 3 «= -r i r. 32r, 11 i ill liliiiiii. fill tt or »! •» m r- UM-«'N*«e5 «■* I a |— — ■*-> 00 •e o i"? Ji ~ -M 91 5.1 X 4> ■sasaop •snioaa - I 5 2 - S 5 5 S S f ••" ?! - =» «> W SIB J UIBJX SJSga"'' "''*»3Si»'a"S«'*2* ■••'?, J5««^«« ( "ti'^jv; .loj ifiiialpo'j •sajBog m»t-xr-.rtM««iom»e4|-|n»wi»i'«<«,HC.-i»5«« ««, S2Sa'^'~'"'»'-SS$'"Vl'-''n-'' = I.-5 O 15 X « h. Tl » a o 00 ft o '88SMOJJ t.oa«»i**^^3„o--sx*«,. »,2.j,„j,jo*ox-Hg •S3S1I0H ■*«^»X1HMc<8r^m^I>^.M*l^^I»»J^^ll.■5^Srtxt^*»^lnMx •SJUBAjag 5 : -.lOg «0M Sg5|Sa2SS!53g»'|?iS3SS32S||l55SJ»S g ! 'saajHJimia e o IX n •snog *-!•«« rtrfw (Mx — x >n-*t»iniMe5n-H^i-. in '*'''-^!.W "'^ ""'-'"'''""M'-'l^w* »'»!«,-< ei «q^.»0 ^, „„ «':J ■»50ox_m«■H«a«^.»^J«»J©5, 9,.^ej^x«nNMi-is|5M ^ s X A C ^ n t^ J. « 42 c S- $ s — "s T "^ K 5 '£ ft. w H u S S «: i£ <2 g J s 5 o -= ^ g. t n £. ^ S = -§ * O = 1 fc t. = C j! S U Ci« > >, It 5 B .^ s 00 *5 so • 3 M ^IH J m. 7C0 vSTATISTK s 4 1 "5 ?, 5, s i 1 3 S & ^ ^ S o •^l »l (N H '^ n « a! o 1 1^ ©■1 8 g 9 ^ S S? ^ •« 5 M ^ «li d at r- ' iH «« 5 t: S ei •f :;? S ^ 1 ^ 3S 3 S rH o II »H rH tl 0, r-» c 1 1 si S l-l 1 w •c ?? 1 1 « 1 W 1 ta l\H rH & i *l M 00 S !^ l-( 1 I •>! ■0 1 i-H »>. *-1 i-< i-t c^ s 2 ■a B •*-, - •X IS ^ t* CD i 5:' * CO CI &! ?? -g 1 rH 1 * it "3 5 8 iS »! s s Tl CO I- t-H - 00 s o ] !« ^ ^ to 2 S ^ s ^ ^ « 1 * s rH 1 S ■ ^*' oa 1 i S fr* T1 •^ 1-4 M W 1 ^ m OC w •-» g9 S W r- 00 w •# I* W ^ 2q % c o 1 rH ;; 2 (M I-l ffi -. 10 t-* OC oo t^ ^ U3 •fa o ^ oa . i^ c -H • s GC •ri ei ir cc •^ — or e^ r-l 1.0 -* W CO ?■ i-t ,4 ^ o c , , 1 . ( . (4 '"' '"' 00 1 a ri ^ p X ' • i 1 K , fc • ' ■ 1 s _3 it w 9 , • , , , a £w i^ £2 £0 £5 £0 ' ' o »< Pu Fk h 6^ fi^ ■ ' ' 1 • • •fj * . . • . . . . en t • 1 . 09 tn '»3 , S ■g i-» 1 t>t ^ 3 1 u • H J3 ;7 r i. 1; t : 3 =7 1 t»> 01 •a i* o T! •a t- s i >-H tn •3 a CO J3 s 4^ 3 1 (£ ^ t 1 1^ S? 00 1— < s g g s S 5 ^ rH ;£ 1 £ «r S5 S <«« 3 1 1^ 1 ^ 3i ifi 00 IN s ta t-l o •rs T^ o ri fe ' . • i) ' V p -3 & t rs I-* STATISTICS. 701 b 1 1 f-H r* ^ '"^ Ci 55 1^ C5 f^ U it 3 S! ^. " ^ 5 00 § % i 1 1- rH ^ o 1 S a. 2 1- ^ W s i; s s s ? if p- . 1-- irt t^ 'N QtJ « 5 1 i 5 5i w r-> a (A . g . 1 1 -^ ri ^ CO -TJ C^l M II ? 00 i § 5: V i> 8 01 « (25 0^ it d 00 S ^ s i fi S =■• " f w •-C tfS rH «c 1 >^_L^ 2 is ^-5 - -- "— -- — _ S3 4J O c i t~ /) — oj o a. c! i.T ;-3 Irt I- p^ ^ Sc n 31 IH O o 'C C ' IS 1 P .22 J a- ca o X 1 XI S S 3 S S3 2 S 1 n M ^I ifS 71 '* u 1 i". re i: to o Eh — ^1 y. d 1-^ r-i i S ^ g S s s r- 1 ac .^ I'-I s 1-t t-» .Si '7 ^^ 1 1 • GO •s »i s-i S 55 S p; t "^ i"5 s Tl ? s s rH 43 •- «i o o y « s 1 2- ^' rt »i Ti S « ,5 rt S " -X) '-* n n »?3 rt " rH 1 S ;5 a 1 ■a s CO ri III sgsgs •* o r-l s ,-1 M S Pi. " o g S g 1 S 5 S ^ ;^ s ?: S s - 1 rH Li , "7" — - 1 5 gj; 9 ^ S -o • (5? ^ S 15 s^^ 1 f ." ^r ' • • • ' o +3 O I. : u t o !A f 3 c i -^ o ! 5 ; S 5 ; ; - 3 en 1 O ^ ^ & ^ ^ p^fw"i^^ ■,■ '.'■=.'] i uni hj IM ^' tti E ■1' Ws 1 i? 111 'i I ' HI l-i if !' i 1' wm^ 7{)2 1S2.-I IS27 IS 12 Im;1() 1S4.-. STATISTICS. XIV.— Population. MM" I 1H.")7 ( Laliiador iiichi(lpil) .Vi.71it ,'ilt..-.7l tiO.IIIHI 7.'i.0!H us,7(i:t isilli ( lS7t ( 1881 ( IWIl ( (111. do. do. do. do do. do. do. 12t.2'<,S 1 tr,,.-,3il ll!l.;i7V 11p7..'iS!) 2(12,(1 M) XV— Senominational. - Church of EiiRland. 34,204 Church of Rome. .M.tlio- dists. Prcsh.v- teriiiiis. CoiiKrc- f^tioiial. Baptists, Salvation Army. Moraviniis. Reforniod Chuii'h of Uiiglaiid. tst.i 4«.9as 14,2.39 478 r,a9 44 _ _ ]«7 41,28.5 .57,2U 2(1.229 8;w ,347 10 — IMIi'.l rw,lS4 01. (lift 28,990 974 3;w KiS — — is-t 59,5(11 (H,317 35,702 1,1(18 M\\ KS5 — — IHMl (iit,(!-t(l 75,3.S() 48,9«1 1,478 7(18 (15 -- — 1891 «it,824 Ti,(m 63,276 1,410 782 37 2,092 1,397 487 XVI. Census of 1891. District. Tot Church of l'n)iland. Church of Rome. Metho- dists. Presby- terians. Other Penomi- nations. Chief Town. Popu- lation. St. Bnrbe - 6,090 3.302 J.784 1,027 14 3 Bonne Bay - - 1,1 la Twillingnte • - l'* 3,009 6,046 14 171 Bonavi.sta • 3,551 Trinity 18,872 9,1(4"/ 1,(113 0,888 11 413 Trinity 1,401 Ba.v do Verde 9,70S 60(1 2,135 7,IM12 — 6 Western Bay 1,(«3 Carboncar - .5,705 1,011 1,8!W 2.731 10 114 Carboncar - 4,127 Harbour (inico • 13,881 8.,(:t3 5.K)4 1,90-1 157 2;w Harbour Grace - 0,M1(I PortKie-Gravf" 7.98(1 2,9',»9 LiKtl 2,722 1 273 Bri)cus 1,.541 Harlioiir Main 9,1K9 2.1.57 (1,H14 218 — — Harbour JIain - 841 St. Jolui's, Kast - 20,77(1 5,37(1 11,044 2,707 0,52 337 St. John's - 29,097 West - 15,251 3,174 9,112 2,308 378 219 Ferryland • 3,8.53 1(19 5,073 5 5 1 Ferryhind . . 540 Placciitia 12,801 1,04,3 10,014 527 13 5 Great Placentia - 1,303 Burin 9,059 1,797 2,930 3,845 2 485 Burin - 2,729 Fortune 7.(171 6,292 1,S17 120 4 W8 Harl)oni- Briton - 748 BurK(>s and La Poilc. St. (jleor»fe - (1,471 6,102 138 1,100 4 1 Channel 1,024 «,632 2,2.52 3,flB6 201 121 3 St. Gcorpo . - Battie Harbour- 1,112 Labrador 4,10(1 1,749 334 004 2 1,307 4,795 281 09,824 72,090 53,270 1,440 XVII.-Sexes, 1891. !!i: (; 't ■> ' M''! iiiii Males Fcniales 100,081 97,259 Males. Females. 68-70 years of age 70 75 75-80 80 and upwards 1,5,1(1 1,002 («t8 .376 XVIII.— Occupations. Merchants and traders - Clerks and shop assistants Meclianics Factory operatives Ijunibcrcrs ai\d miners - Fishermen - Farmers • • ' Clcrttynien - Teachers - Lawyers Doctors - Uovornincnt oKlcials 1,486 983 687 4('>8 707 1,94S 2.081 1,0.58 1 .923 53„502 1,545 I 80 601 4:i (12 008 XIX.-Nationality, &c., 1891. Xatives .... British . . . , Colonies .... Oilier countries • Deaf .... Deaf and dumb . Blind .... CripplfMl and disabled paupers . Lunatics .... Orphans . . . . XX.— Agriculture in 1891. Acres, improved land „ in pasture - Wheat and barley Oats Hay - Potatoes Turnips Horses Milch cows Other horned cattle Sheep Swino Fowl - bushels w tons barrels 193..'i50 3,049 1,1(13 309 159 1;l(l 187 2,485 280 090 04,494 20,524 491 12,900 3(1,032 •181,024 00,23.5 0.138 10,803 12,9.59 00J<40 32,011 127,420 I'.n.ivs 1 ni,.-,;ii; ii!i,;)7i. io7,riMo 202,010 Rcforniod ivians. , Clmivli I of iitiglaiid. 107 487 Town. Popu- . lation, 1 lay - - 1,112 ;ate 3,585 - 1,020 ta . . 3,551 - i i.toi Bay 1,043 ar - i 4,127 r Grace - t),U! ton.s barrels 193,350 3.049 1,103 3(!9 159 i:i3,S(!0 1,209 340 4,807 $179,288 77..'>80 XXII.— Statistics of the Seal Fishery. («.) 180^. Winter. District. *'"" ' Seals 1 em- i •^™'^ 1 Value, ployed., ""«e"- , Tuns of Oil made. IJonavista and (ireenspond. Trinity Vn. certain. 370 40 21,120 11,600 1,345 204 109 19 Total 41(! 33,905 — 4.')2 SpBiNa. District. St. .folin's ■ t'oico Greenspond- Bonavista ■ Trinity Conception ( Kay - \ Fi'rryland - Total 33 11 6 12 14 140 , , 1 B_: I !'-^ 1 « « c i-i i. « X 5 I r 1 1,589 430 17,000 5». 6(/. to 12s. 220 400 108 1,330 Os. to lis. 10 180 70 2,000 25 107 120 3,583 5s. M. to 14s. 77 628 152 6,093 5s, M. 83 ; to 12*. 2,470 729 40,704 8«.I 510 109 30 1,41)4 7,?. 9./. 10 to lis. 3,783 1,639 72,7-4 — 949 (r.) 1844. Ports. St. .lohn's Conception Hay - Other Ports of the Colony Total Vessels.! Tons. Men, 121 11,088 173 i 10,031 (H i 4,753 ,3,775 5,(K!5 1,087 ,358 i 31,874 10,527 ((/.) 1847. • Schooners. t Shallops. X Average. (i.) 18.S4. Ports. Vessels. Tons. Men. St. .Tohn's Conception Bay - Other Ports of the Colony 125 218 31 11,020 17,785 2,51 1 2,910 4,894 082 Total 374 31,310 8,486 St. .John'sand Southward Harbour (^rjieo Jlosquito Bay Spaniards 'and Hay Roberts. ("arbonear Hn>us, Cupids, Port de- Grave, &e. Trinity and Catalina Xew I'erlican and Hants Haibonr. Greenspond, ic, - Harbour liritou - Ia\, Poile Total 95 49 ; 4 9„3S3 1 4,957 72 ' 334 j 1 •'" ' 00 8,054 5,950 42 3,901 2,159 13 2 1 ;«7 851 201 47 .30,899 3 215 1,40 1814 — — — 22,800 1815 — — — 23,0110 1818 — — — 2t.735 1810 S2 1,710 515 30,052 1820 — — — 24,132 : 1S21 3!) 1,008 ft'.l .30,020 1822 — — 105„')(lt 1821 5t 9,874 000 50,038 1S30 02 n.l08 2,1185 — 1 i8;n US S.OM! 2.518 - 1 183i 153 ]1.4li2 ,3,21s — 1833 100 8,iH10 3.201 — 18.S4 125 11,081 2,010 — 1835 127 11,200 2.040 — 183l> ]2(! 11.125 2.010 — 1837 121 10.018 2.040 — 1838 110 0,3011 2.820 — 1830 7V, (!.4t7 2.020 — 1 18 to 72 5.0ii2 2,0(Kl — 1841 75 0.1 w) 2,0.5S — 1842 71 5,742 2,018 — 1843 1114 0,501 3,000 — lS4t 121 11,088 .3,775 — 1I-4.-) 120 11,805 3,805 — 18 m 141 13,105 4,470 — 18t7* 05 0,353 ,3,215 — 1848 103 lO.OMi 3,541 — 1840 03 0,213 2,2(« — 18.-)0 72 0,8 to 2,050 — 1851 02 0,200 3,4^0 — IS.'ia 07 10,2,30 3.802 — 1853 101 11,2(14 3,007 — 185 1* 8S 0,013 3,310 — 18.-5 73 7,404 2,813 — IKStt 72 7,038 2,855 — 1857 00 7.38 1 2,821 — 1,S.^8 73 0,1(»I 3,514 — 1859 87 11,001 4,010 — 1800 77 [ 10,1 lot 3,814t z 1801 08 1 0,212t 8,.508: . 1802 40 { 5,053t 2,41t: ~ — TlIlK of Oil minl(,'. 22'l 275 4.U 420 280 305 528 1,(00 707 • And soiithwiu'd. t Steam Tonnage. t Siiil TunnaBe. (i.) CO.NCEI'TIOX liW AND nARIlOl'Il (iUACi;. Yciii's. VcssoIh. Tons. I Men. Souls tiikt'ii. TuiiH of Oil niudu. 1«0l 1- UV 1 25t \ 2.170 720 to.rot 510 ISIW < 48* 1,008 573 20.2(KI j 500 i 18t 5(KI 172 4,285 (- 07* ,3,31 1 870 02.480 "J 1808 ] 12t ,307 128 7,310 \ 1,011 I - — t2.1l8 isil) 00 3„524 1180 70,080 855 IsU 70 4,000 1.207 72.111 — 1S15 08 1,(101 1,227 01.008 — 1H17 71 3,s7ii 1,217 27.IMI1 - 1'<|S 1(10 .').l(k3 1„-.,31 I1X,228 1,272 isio no 7,528 1,100 170,051 2.022 1820 - — l.-)2,.505 1S21 l.-)2 8,778 2,.382 201,.302 2,1 so 1N22 Kit 0, 103 2.11.30 20'.', 1.58 2,320 1S24 108 0,000 2.708 70,031 83J 1S33 218 17,7.S5 4.H0t — — 18;)0 174 14,701 4,8 IS — — 1810 100 1 1,030 — — — 1^41 1.57 12.410 — — — 18 12 177 1 1,0-.5 — — — 1843 180 1 l,s77 — — lS4t 173 10.031 .5,(105 -- — 1M5 202 10,071 — — — 18K; 175 l.-.,17(! — — — IS47 101 13.080 — — ISlS 148 13.515 — _-. — 1810 no 11.705 — — — 18.)3 181 10.215 0,001 " Sciiooiioi's. t iSliiillops. ; i\ci8. (./.) TRINITY. [W.= Winter; .S.^Sprinp.] Years. VcsseLs. i 1801 > s. lS05{^^'-i v'\v. 1808 ( ti. 1813 { J^'-' ISltji^''- 181,, -^ J, 1817 W. (S. 1818 S. 1810)^^; lS2l[J'*^- 1822 [j^"^'-, 1821 S. i 11 7 5 5 5 6 10 Tons. Mt>n. (i28 371 3i>3 350 350 .355 105 Seals taken. 301 007 581 738 10 1,315 l.-)2 0,003 1 30 747 ' 81 2.4MI 10 .5.478 , 00 O.IOS* — .3.100 81 4.S30 — 1,518 — 4,550 70 8,538 ! 503 : 81 1,M3 84 4,133 -- 30,700 03 4.705 ■' --■ 770 J 174 11,051 ' 250 ; 110 11,711 i 103 4,841 ' Tuns of Oil made. 10 85 13 31 01 05 45 45 10 45 013 71 140 3 fiO • 520 liinili',1 at St. .lolm's, fell in Willi there. t This year (1811) the schooner ImlunirUmx Bee "t Trinity liuiiit by Aiiierieaii privateer i'lko. The lAtril .\els(iii and the Venus of Conoeption Hay oaiitured by same vessel. (/,-.) riORRYIiAND. Years. [Vessels. 1801 18U5 Tons. Men. Seals taken. Tung of Oil made. 100 30 107 : 41) 1 1,101 1,052 10 11 nAiinoi'R •.'(i.L'IIO (12,IM!I 7.:tW t-MIH 7(i,listi 7:i.lll (il.ddS 27,(H)1 ll><,'.'28 I7!l,(l.")l l.-,L',.-,(|-, 7l),il3l .-.10 riiio ]■•' sss 1,272 2,022 •-'.ISO 2,:t2<,l s;t'j ; iNets. Iff.] Spiila nken. 1 Tuns of Oil made. 1,815 10 (i,»!i:i K, 717 : Vi 2. mi 1 •'" ,'->, 17H ! (11 (i.KiS* 65 .•(,100 45 l,s:iil 45 i,.-.l.s Hi 4,5r.O n.T,:w rm ti l.vKi — i.i.rt 45 Iil,7(i0 (!i;i i,7tir. 71 770 l,fi,'il 140 250 :i 1.711 1,HH 00 villi tl ore. !• Jml ustriiivx )riviito or J'iki: uiice))t ion Hay eals tken. Tuns of Oil made. l.liil ' 16 1,052 1 11 Sl'A'riSTICS. (k.) I''KRRYr.AND— ('(IM/iMKC'/. Vein's. Vessels. Tuns, i Mon. 'I'liim Seals isns ls::t IM4 1SI5 isi.s isni IN20 1M21 la22 ISiK) l.'.O 52 200 ts s2 III 50 20 57 12 .'III 17 .'),,500 1,5110 1.0.M 4,700 UO 0,50 l,'2.'li 1.2.0 1 SS7 1)20 .'i'C * Fi'll ill with i(^j ami seals off St. Fninci (/.) 1«).\.\V1ST.\ .AND GREKN.SHO.N [\V. = \Viiitci'; S. = Spriiig.] Years. Vessels. Ton". Men. ,^'"il'< taken. J). IS 1. 1 .170 587 100 — 252 ' 105 1,'iO* 210 .•171 107 US ;i5 — 150 i — 1.S20 is! 1S'21*W.j 4 4 6 6 ,58 212 301 lOl! »7 7<> 11. .500 i 5,5s.'t 4.222 5..'i7.S 2,000t 10,700 7,711 I 015 4,517 ; 20,10S ] 1,000 I7,7U ' ,'i.los U,S7S 4,01 :) , 7..'ilK 24m I 7.7;)8 17.770 I 0. 127 Tuns lifOil llliule. 100 1112 120 0.S .■w 107 121 7 07 20 1S5 41 i.-,;i 45 *i .s;i ;iss 100 • 00 more in skills. f Tiikeii in nets. (III.) FOGO A\J.) I,.\Iil{AlH)R. [VV.=\!iut(Ji'i S.=Spri»g.] Years. Ve.ssels., Toils. Men. Seals taken. 1804[J^- 1.S0S (W. Us. ISlo \V. l.sio \Y. 11:20 S. . 210 120 _ 8,424 40 1,570 40O ;}2 0.50 — 1,100 — 1,'200 — 27,080* Tims of Oil iiiaile. 1'2S 17 Hi • Fogo very few. in.) ST. JOHN'S.- is.vj. Vessels marked • sailed from oiitjiorls. Si'rri.vEU UY BitooKiMf & Sox. Vf.iscls. MrisUrs. Thus. 'I'lK'ket Koekwooil ,S4 Jleleii Stares Slieehaii 1'20 STAllll, Kow, A IIOL-MWOOI). *Cliailes Ifeiisou .. T.iiil.v VoniiK (ieraii Swift (ieraii .... Mary Kin»c I'liisnil KiiiKlit ... 101 121 72 l;!5 .'11 i;t 40 41 iiO ■■VA 50 / J). i!72!). Mcltoini: & Kniiii, '''■.x.vc/.i. M.intirn. Molm .t Maria Iteiisoii •I'lli/uliilh Keiisoii Seollish |,;i-s Neil Anna Uiilh (ianii't ('aliill Aviilon Hi rue W. Si H. TuoMA.s A. Cii. •Two Krolliei'M Hopkins ''aledoiiia lloiilahaii, .Ir Coquette Hoiiliihiiii, Sr "em Klisiiry Hai.m;, .lullNsrciN, ,t To. Sea Nympli I'ike Swifl WiMiilfonl 'I'ritoli Keefe Hover A vlward M. .V. Fleiiiinjc Kearney .Jolianna ... rilnNV. •I'rosiiei'il.v lirieii H chi Martin t"re,,lo Sliiiinlon \V. lii)|)i.;\- A t'o. Telci^rapli Sl>ei.liaii I'isealor ..n'ev 1!. .'.Lsoi- .V Co. Kiilpress K .niieilv Ajax C.ri'W ." Friends UiilT Holpliin (Joss Miii'Kttiet .Mealey Urol hers Ryan K. M. D.Ml.i Nurse •Iliiiiiionv Hncn •Active Hri II I,. O'HlUKN i (" Knit'iiloeli lini'ki^ Nonii;il I,.viieli St, Mai'ttiinl I'llziferald .. Sliiiiiiroek French AVestern Tradi r I'ower J. & W. Sl'KWAltT. Kirlland Lynch Ohedahnelo ('iije Re.solnliun I'horan Joli iiltoTUKHS \ Co Sarah Wliitn l>eliiiont Asliinaii Miu'itaiel Cnnmiiiis MO .s.'i 122 125 122 101 T. Haikon, . Halerii Emily Tjiiin HlXTKKS Jt Co Kllcn . Ilally Escape (,'iiiniiiiiis .. . Howard Prim rose. . Walsh MrniiE i, Co. \yilliiini Witliycomhe. tola Jackni.in .... .M. O'HWYKK ('lil>pcr (ieariii Lovely Mary Si Ivey I'llizalietli Silvcy Wii.siix & Mkvm:i,i.. I'luida .Monnlain K. k X. Staub. Maria Grace Mia'ry FiiV(a'ite I/iss Rliocies Sisteis Clialc Georgiiia JJulltr V V 7(1.1 /'/H,t. .>/.». 70 .'i5 H[ .■|5 IW 15 lliJI .51 15 5ll 21 21 111 40 III 4.' 151 5li •H 27 |M7 Oli mr 45 til III ,s,s Ml 151 .511 47 57 .10 55 20 lOli 10 ,Sl :iii 121 41 110 •IS I.V. 15 120 •15 l.'ili 41 120 15 00 .'ll 10.'i .'15 70 ;i2 07 :iii H5 ;i.'i 70 .'III llJi 45 114 III OS 10 11.'! 45 Ill 'l:i 42 ;i5 'to 50 ,50 00 !H1 35 no ll 00 .15 no 10 120 •i:i 1.12 45 l.'i5 4;i 117 •10 ,12 19 511 17 •Hi 70 ,10 07 ;j« r Tor, S'lAl'ISTK S. i! ' ' ' t iM •: .! i ■: '-,1 U'.' m i4 -i;:i Sr W h Ins IllllllCt'. .1. II. IUbnks Jt Co. ^fllsfl^r.^. 'I'lins. Kni'.'lil Ik't Diivis ii;i I). Stkki.k. Cliitnipion Miill'nvni'.v Aim ('iillK'iiiU' Kcmifli Mniinii'. Iliirtfdid IiK'kirmii liiiceii Victcjiiji .... Mullowiu'.v I'. RdiiKiisov A So.y. Olenara (iniliiim UridKewatcT KMij;ht r. MltK.NNAN. Miiry O'l'uiiiior \Vm. M. lir.vhi:. ( 'lirist iiiiia Ilouliiliiin 115 7(1 7u !W lIoU.VSKr.L, SCKK.VK. A IIOt'NSKf.L. Vostii Kiirscll lU Ori'slcs K.vau l.-)l .Sea Flowui- I'lviich Vl\ •liiiK I'nor mil (Jciirsre I.iiiiii'K;ir xi Ami Mcljiii!L,-hli!i ii.'i Billow tdiiicifcud (!() C. V. HKN.Nicrr. Slipci'ioi' ImHIU'IIIIX 1L'J A'.'livo I'ikc .-,1 .Arivw & M'Kknzii:. Clarn I'owfr I7t Twetd ,Sli(ii '.It UoWBIXf! Hrotkehs. Lena. I'l'cimii 1-17 Kf(?iim Fosti'i- l:)7 llt'lfii No>!'\vciitli.v 70 .1. }l. \Vaki!i;n. ClKife KiO \Yi J. liAItHKV. Diisli CiMiilmii.. .Visiliis L'ody Ac'diii \Viii>li ImiIicIIu ('(KtcUii ... liWl IJl Ml) 71! Jami's liuriMi!f;Uiii i'J Cl.IPT, AVoolt, .t Co. ^Foriiiii;: Star Wood 10 J. CiSACK .V Sons. Star Kcdily US 117 Vessels. («.) ST. JOHN'S. -IS.-.,-.. Sri'Pi.iKi) liv RjDOK'MI, Son & Co. I>.?*(7.i-. Mcisterf. Tiin». •Packet Uoekwdod .s2 W. & H. TlloMA.s. •AlKilld Ilo|ikiiis i:ia •.Vative Iliipkiiis H7 Caledmiia Uoiilahan lut liii.i.KV, ;>[iTsroN, ,V Co. Vis.srI.i. Mdn/rrs. 'i (tin tar Dull MaiTKie (iosse Iliiillier (Jiwse Sw ill Woodford Triton Silvi'V Ilover Ilinnilinry JoH Hrotiikbs & Co. .... Ciiiiiniin3 51 SI3 Ifift IDS 60 7!) 105 70 !I0 IIS 7i! 85 102 ssllMt. Jackman . . . EWKX Stauii. . . Rhodes .. Chafe Hickev Cera . . Three Sisters Sisters .^largaret ... Favourite Lass Bursell , L. Macassey. Juno Bolan J. & W. Stewart. Kirtland Lynch (.'liedabucto Cole 112 li!0 83 40 60 to 30 65 46 42 10 40 45 4S 35 50 4S 45 25 lU 30 50 ,50 30 33 3:1 32 .■!0 41 34 72 31 13U 45 101 35 (il 23 77 20 l-'lt Hi 73 35 114 23 102 40 1112 41 105 45 79 37 00 27 132 45 40 40 33 N, \ Cd, 7!'Ht. m.K. I2I» IH m v, mil r,« loll 4.1 »•» MN y 88 IMt & Co. un r,i 117 6.V lil 51) ill iV> . Vci. IW .M) IIIO K) in 5ii 117 K li MO Sox. l.n 65 Ill 46 , A Co. lO.-) 42 1 lOO 10 10 -li MKHM. 110 Kl Ui .15 131 .VS 71) .15 117 .Ml 121 4S KKTi. 112 45 :, 51 111 I.KiRliW. il3 3o 'o. IfiO .w llti M 60 31) 'ii. 7!l X\ 105 .1:1 70 ;m ■ !MI .'iO •■•. lis 41 7i! m fo. 85 Hi loi w: 72 ;n 7(i 2il 13U 45 H. 101 35 01 i.'J 77 L'(i !-'!• to 73 35 ..i ran;, y<.i.ii!s. M.i\f,i:s. "'Ill Hiiilv Jii'iliiiiiiiii .Muri'.v 1114 i»t 73 W'UKvh. 7,1(14 (/'.) ST. .JOHN'S, 1,'soi. Si i'iT.ii:ii iiY l!.\i,\K, JoiiNSKiy, f'tuseln. /iinilicsi QlillMtfo MiiKnii? McXcil •^'I'l'l Miii'tiii. Hllliicliivii Kccfr (iilitiir lliitT . MlOCt-'il' (idssf , & Oo, Totia. . mil . iiifi iMrmrs 173 13,-. US 113 113 Mdxfi )'.«. (fOSSt*. , . . Ki'(f.',,(r. (■ ISowiiiMi llnoriii:i!s. roiil('.\v, & Hor.MWuiiii. liivinjtatone Hiilcni 174 Artliiir Lfiir.v 5 Siinili (lni(<' .Silvi.y " ■'■<-, SciillishCliiff UhiU'....! !!'...'.;', ; "ili; Ml Hi! I UK ^ Ki:iti!, '''"•iiiiiipli I'li'liaii L'liS Sonnra (Uindoii 'H,s Rover's Hridi- lUmdcs i.-,|, •Vfto t'li.stcr ' 131 Jenny Liiid I'ower 4s TlI(iM.\S & KiCKl.NSO.N. Henry Thomas Houlnlmn his •St. Killan Aide U7 l>»»h Snook 1(H) Sweet Hi):;,e Taylor 81 Bko(ikin((, Sox, A: Co. Peprloss Aiidn OeoiKc William .... SI.eilmi •Hope Uosiilie .. Dnnibiirton ... Flora Hnntei •.faine.s Heniy Isabella Sea mew Jane. .. . Kiiekwood . . . . Slieeimn J. & \y. Stewart. Colo <'iillalian I'ike IlryiiMt R. Ai.sop k Co. R.van .. .. Jloiire . . . (i;i,sse 178 141 l.'iO loo Friends Walsh . . J. Christian. Torer KWAXAcill. Malone I.ynih .. 1!'7 171 ^ '^» ' i.,\iieri 171 Dollilnn .Miilone 7t 1*. Koi,i;i!sox & Son. ?"»'? IVicey ur, Jessie I'eicev i4-> Orion Kni^l'it no Cmft, Wood, i Co. Naiad Colbert i.-,3 Comet Fliiin ,' \in U'lsh Aingworth m GoODBIDtiiJ & KELLIQBEW. Reindeer .Me( arlhy 1,(7 ' Jiieknian U') liiiidhhaw 1)3 M'Laiohlix. Jri-anjjhliii 173 M'l.anfihliii ijs Ma)f>cip. . Lioness . Kleanor J. Davis . . Wyoming M,„. 10 :;o 2.M;; Mr,,. s.-, 70 55 05 f.5 nt .10 00 .)0 51 3(i 70 00 ."jO 24 111 50 120 42 114 5t 80 30 00 n.'i ito 55 135 57 lot 4.-, HO 30 00 00 40 00 05 40 50 50 30 4^ I ' .S.St l.s. 7ti7 .Ion liiioiMiiis .V Ci.. M11.S/1 i:s. 7',,„.v, .)/,„. •^'"ford CiiiiiDiins 1,0 Sophia |(r|,.|i i.ji I.. O'HitrKN. ■\irow I'lViieli '(!)) Mollyhi,ek Ilniijaliari 152 I'. \ \,. TKs.sii:n. J!"Wi';<'l, Mi.ekay i;io 'laiy Hell Dny j.jj K, WitiTi:. I'^vanthes White nji ■"^il'Mll Hlldsnll li),l H. W. Ituiiiov. ^»,'''< C> lluliaii 105 •'■It (oy 7!l !M. Wooiiloltii. •Sl;rliii)f Clippei- ... Wondford ipj A. (JliAIIAM. '"iiiii'e (iniliam 112 K. .MlI.KA i Sons. .ViKhtiiiKaie Miillow)iey i.jo Sri'i'iiKN AIahcii. *'|""<:iii' Mareli i:iii riruoE & Co. <'«'i'lle Kennedy 113 A. (ioomtiPffU Jt S,)ss. ^I'li'.v (ioodridKe 118 1'. lillKNNAN. MaidufKrin Uiif ir,n W. lloUNiiCM. ,V; Co. ''»"" I'rior 11,0 k,-, 31) is 50 ,50 .'lO 40 ■3 Vi'ssels. 11,721) 3,S30 IV'.v.sv7.v. Aretie s.s.. . riictis S.S.. . .Vurora s.s. . ('/•) sr. JdHN'S.-lssl. Sii ii.iKU iiT W. Stki'udn i Co. Ti„is. Mtistfi'.s. .. Malsh . . I 'awe . . F.'iirweatiier . . 1). S. .It W. FisitlNnCo I'^r|uiniii\ix s.s IJIandfurd Kesoliili' s.s laoknian Narwhal s.s Dawe ,loU llROTItEliH i Co. Xeptnne s.s White Hector s.s M'hite I'l'otrus s.s. Ranger s.s. , .1. ,t W. Stkwakt. .... I'ike . . . . Delaney 402 380 450 424 302 *iS 200 407 35.3 :!,-,3 W. Gribvi s ''(.. Wolf s.s Smit ; KAI.NI', JoiINsloN, \ Co. Panther s.s Uartlelt 210 M. TOBIN. Oban Ashbnrn 12I) I", k L. TE,saiER. New Havelock St. John 112 Any GooDuinaE & .Soss. New .Mary Sullivan .50 15 Vessels. 5,110 3 Foil details about the sealiiifr steamers will found in .Mi-. Chafe's book on the subject. 310 325 205 2!I5 275 270 .'i2S 220 22.i 222 •J37 105 on 05 ,327 be V V 2 708 SIA TISTK S, ■ M' !■.( v'y lU ^m''' (r.) RARH(M'R (MIACD.-lsdl. SurPl.lKI) IIV I'l'MdN i MlTNN. r< umlii. St'i'li I'D. Tiiim. Ciiioliiio \vi'i'.v l.'ll' l-ln.v Ilriii(> U.'i Ii)ii» Iliiiimliiui I'll liuMh Siiiiirt. Curlew O'.N'rill ... (iciii Ori'cii J urn Siirlurovo . Alfridii I'ikc KclipNe Sliiyli'H — I'liidn I'lirsniis. .. 'I'linishor Slrii|i|> . intl ItlH \V\ \K> \\\ I'liilcd llnitlirrH ... lil/ifiTiild Il!ti Miiriii Kii'lo l.'ll Kli/Jil«!th .MiirKiirt'l I'luvcr los Kinily licniii'ssc.v 112 Mary Newell Ili7 i'ciiKiiiii I'iirmins 100 ShaniMii Kray \»i liiiie k Mary I'arsons 101 • Ivslelli' Hciincbiiry 170 •True Frimitl Antic loil •(Jl.iiene (i. Tiiylor I'l.'l 'S.iiierb Scil. Taylor lo'.l •Uriile lioli. Taylor i:U •Kiiilly Toliiii Hrovvn I'o KiDI.HY & rtclNH. Jane Spully l^t' Isabella Kiilley Tlioniey mi l.ilida Uellsoii lil Klizabetli & Willi:iiii Stelilieiison i;U rnion I'ike IIW Wiivi I'ike 110 Wdliani Costello IW Uosilia Alcoek !i!5 (Jlido I'lmiplirey I2H ArUK FilzKcrald 11 4 Avaloii deary VM Hlizahetli Jane Kyan i;il l.ordClydo I'lnnplirey I.tir Alabnina Heater HH I'r nee Kdward . . . . llaniiltoii 1 to Term Nova I'iko I'Jo Harriet Ridley loyi'i' I;il •Medoni Miirpliy \W •\dainant Miirnliy I2H •I'riio Uluo Hopkins \T>t •Marv 77 •Melrose I'ike ina • Rob Artluir Davis 12!t \V. DoNMiLr.v \ Co. ClianlieliK'r Stapletun 1.17 Tiriiio Varrel l:io lleela Davis 117 |{(;e Thompson IWi RlTllKni'OUD linos. Coniinissary Noel 1 LT Sir.l.(i.Li'Marehant Vise IIH Rrolhers Noel 101 jr. r'Ausdxs. Clirisfiaiia Davis 1 1'i l.iinrel 1). (illKKN. (ireen I.^;l (s.) HARHOTR GRACK.-lSsl. SUPPIIELI IIY .1. MlJNN & Co. Vi'sselt. Masters. Tims. Confoderatn (Jrei ne 171 Isabella Ridley .... Tlioiney 151 Rescue l''it/)feraUi 1 17 Sisters Sheppard 11.3 Consort I'arsons !»fi Sni'ezer Hennessey lL'8 Matilda llanniliun Ill Creole I'ike 140 (Commodore ll.Tliomey '2!Ki Mnstitr (fosse 215 Iceland Wilcrx 2-!» Hi mi r>o (Ml 00 00 BH V> f)'. no .'ifl I,-. 42 fiO 42 SO 42 a.'. 40 00 fl.'i M ■18 no ;io 4n tin HI 41 no nt .lO no no 4(1 nn no n.'i nil M .Vi 00 no no no no 40 no •IS III 41 00 4n ii:i Mill. nn 00 7n 70 110 tin ■50 00 220 ISO 20(1 |S,S4 117.'. IIKItiljS. IS17. ViHSrls. .Mary I.aily Ann Meof Skye Isnae and Kli/.ilietli Jane Halryniple,. , . Hillott i;Miress (lleiiralloch lid.,. lOlizalielli John and Maria I'earl Isabella Norval Newfoiinillander. . . Kellpse I'linilv Holla Nlinrod Theresa .Sarah Hound Jani' Isabella Willow Sisters Hrolhers Miiiy .lane Wjii.l • ileaner • Jem I'rovidenee Five Krotbers Klleii Hieklcy Hare I'ni.'orn l.hJy Norman \> mpli Ann Rake Margaret Kllen . ... Montezuma .ViitlKonisli .lames (lift Charlotlo Charles Isabella Falcon Jane .lohn Alexander Sanili Jane (trestes Rose Terra Nova S|iee(hvell Siranirer Herald Hiunetla Isabella Racer Four lirotlicrs Jlary Swift A rito New Packet M.is/rrs. Wdcox Fnn.h .... Iledilison.. liiehards. ,. I'elaney . .. I'llZKcrald . Whelan.... llnwe I'lnnrey . ., . Smart Iliirke AiKlrews... AnilieWN. . . Sheppard .. Mercer . .. . Ilelinev ... Walsh Ilnrki' Rabbits.. . Walker.... Hiitlett ... Wh, Ian.... Taylor I.e Drew... Clarke Il;irlletl.... I l.rtletl.... MuMilen . .. Ilirtlett.... Wilcoi Miinden . . . Antie Antle (liisliiie . ... I'c.iniy Da we I.e Drew . .. Norman . . . .Norman . . . SIrantfC . . . . Hatlen .Norman llrown Russel Dolaiiey. ... Rnssel Ricbarils. . . iMerccr Whelan .... Curtis Roberts.... .M linden ... Nurse Norman... . Percy Spracklin . . Rabbits l{ol>erts.... Wells Spracklin . . Smith Miinden .. . Wells I!|irk<. ^\'oodf^^rd . . Woodford .. Tims. }tiii. 71 N2 .lit IIM) InO 111 IIKI H7 Hn 1211 T II 11. Nit 117 102 H2 72 i;o 01 Ml i:(o ill ItH 107 IIKI 11. 'I 100 104 12:1 ll,'< 7.-1 04 H2 till MO 102 71 II Nil no 7N N4 70 01 na no NN 02 Ilia 100 so 77 IIKI SO Nl Ma OS 70 00 H2 73 2«> ao 20 »o 40 40 a? at a2 an •ti an a.'i 40 Kl at ai ao at 40 40 ao a7 ai an ail aa a7 an .■14 ai a7 ai an aa an ■12 7 an a4 28 2» 28 22 ao 22 aa a7 an .an 27 ao as an 28 20 aa !ta 20 92 ai it.) HRKiUS.— hSSl. Sl.l'I'l.tKI) IIY (idODFKLLOW & Co. Vis.li Is. Mii.tfcrs. Tons. Men. AVilliam AVhelan 141 75 J. .Minn & Co. Atlanta AVhelan 113 OS Mary I". Hrrr.KB. . . Fowler.... S Vessels. IW IH17. '■•«■ Tuns. Mill. 1 71 •.'!>> Ii Wl ;(ii ^"11 .W •.'» •lit liHt ;»() ',v inn 40 i'il' 1.0 \V\ tt Ill ;u ri Ml 40 I.to 10 'VI IHl ;io !W !17 t 107 ;u t iijo m II ua 311 t 100 Xi lOi 37 " 123 35 113 .'H 75 31 ' ill 37 H2 31 iMI 33 w Nil 33 102 35 II NH 32 > 71 7 11 1 s Nli 35 ilO 31 7N 2H Is ,S4 2!) 7(i 2S (il 22 03 30 i !Hi 22 ' HH 33 !"2 37 1 103 35 lOB 35 111 SO 27 1 77 30 i 1(K) 3S SI) 30 111 HI 2H H3 20 1 OS ;i3 7(i 33 • • 00 20 I'll S2 32 I'll 73 31 — ISSl. FKLLOW & To. Tons. Men. Ill 75 t Co. Its 05 K. 37 25 \^C!.SL>ls. 321 105 .STATISTICS. im (H.I ■i'UIMI'V.-lMt?. Sipi'i.inK iiv Km, I iMiis ,ii' H, Hr.Ann. y<-»iuli- M'tiiiii-H. Tiiim. At,, I. •'iiwliiic J. Itwvcr NO 31 •'"TOllli <.'.S, ['1(1,1 |..>.-, ,1, lt\IM-:. .I.PllNSIciv. it Ci). J/r'Ti H.l'iili'niiii .Mlllltllli'l .|;ini' ]. Cii'i.iiiiiii ItolllNriOV, HliiMiKINH, & Ci). '■'"'■'•Ill' S. Ciockri' rjH .'1(1 "•■ii't I. .Morris U7 .'ts I'). V'ERflK. Tlioiuas.t i;ii/nli(ili <;. Alnswdrth Ilr.VTKHS .t Co. SI. .lollMt l.lltS K. Kllllllll , '.Ml 103 .III riKNNIK. Sir \RT. & Co. ■AliMiiiili'i' \. (iriiliiiiii HI J. III)! (ll.AS .t Co. ■W'live J. Aiiiswi rlh... 70 .\r)H)... A'lctdry .1. Tdiiiv ti C(i. . . (i. Clirisliiiii 02 .r. .t .1. Ki;nt. 3 2S 32 •21 . T. .Jackiiiau 70 . . Sti (10 •20 511 21 10 i3 S2 31 ■It! 70 23 S2 23 lie.) .\i;\V I'KIU.H AN, -1»17. Ml ITIIKI) IIV W. A It. TnoM*H .t C... i'lii'li. .Vimlim. Tiiim. Mm. Ili'iiry Wiiircn Mil :tl ^allvc Hopkins HI 35 iMayllowpr Ilcnsoii no (3 Cliarlcx Ilopkilu los 311 Cali'iloiiiii lloiilaliiiii Ii;i 12 \\. \V. Ili:\iisi rii \ Co. "litiiii'iia K'X'kuoiiil H7 35 \it'loria Hiiiioii m 31 I. IIAIIII fioWI.KY. .Native l.ass Wiilsli Mary I''iiriiriiii\ .... 117 11,'j .■12 ,'!5 3M ■tt .17 3') lllMKlls \ Co. •Saiiily Kcvv (,!•.) HANTS llAltliOl K.-1S17. HUl'I'I.IKIl IIY KXKCI rolls III- K. .Sl.AllK. Vi:s.i,l.s. .M,.\-/,rs. 7','ii.i. Jl'ii. ItoiiiTi iMil .Imni'S . Ill inly 'I'liinii 1111(1 Surah . (irrci'i Joli linos. & Co. ■\fi-'liaii Miirch I''ii'il"rick Miir.h Mary \Vill,(,cKs .\ArilANU:i. Ndli.MA.N. I .iiliiin Cliii'l' .N'oriiiaii Stki'iik.n Kk.ndei.!. & Co. Cliarli'S Cox Hll 27 37 05 Ml "I 40 2S 2S 120 30 «5 31. lllNTKUS &, Co. Daniel O'CoiiKcU.. . Hiiiiidoii '.H Try on KoliKlfT At.sop & C( \eill SI SlIHA \ .MlKl'llV. .loliii 1111(1 Uiiehel .. HdlLson 03 40 (.(/.) Till' followiiiiris a l.iai of Skalkhs reported to (laic. 1SIJ2. l'es/iil.i. M:i.sf, Kli/.i W'inser . . .S'«)//)//i'('.v. . niiine, .lohnstoi. .V Cu. k seluid Dawe ItoMiim .. Iiiekiiiaii li iwiiiii; Hrotlieis. (i. .M..Ioliii.stsli\vatiT Hay rnmtr -New llarlionr Kiiiilisli Harlunr Tn iiassfv St. Mary'.- Merchants and Planters by whom it is carried on. Tierces caught. Pr ice por Tierce. Henjaniin liPslcr & Co. J)(>. do. Harry Jlillor .... tlol n Creasy (ieoiw Bflwsell, senr. (i'ortre Uowsell, junr., an0 70 80 1 33 25 32 1:'!) 6S«. iOs. 60». 40,'». l.ll'T — A quantity of salmon has been cauKlit in Foitune Uny, of which no particular account huii been received. XXIV.-Salmou Fishery, 1814. Exjiorts of Saliiioii, &c. for the under- mentioned Years — cont. Trinity Bay. '1 lerces caught Prices. ,». Mil Year. 1 Salmon. Herring, Mackerel, Fur Skins. Ijiiflish Ilarlinni lionaventure 111 .Sll Tierees. Barri'ls. Cn.sks. No. II.arisDeliu'lit IH HO 1H33 2,.1(!4 2,271 140 ■3,21« New lliirluim* 12 — IMS(! 1.'i47 l,.-i34 7!» 2,!151l Honavista (no retnrnl — — 1S37 2.2112 5,sl5 None — Fo^:o .... UK> nn cau;:ht. Straits of Belle I.sle and — — 1S3S 4. M)S 15,270 4 2,200 l.aliiador. 1H3!) 2,1122 2ll.S(IO None 3,815 Knirlish Point - 212 — caught. Kiver Ksiiuiinaux and •:o:) IS 10 3,3!lii I4,0S(i do. 3,083 St. :\lo(lesle. ISH ;).'•. 12 iP.ll.S."l do. 2,325 Francif llailmnr l.Vl — 1SV2 4,7l,-. 13.s;ili do. — Sanihvieb Hay 1,110" — IS 13 4,(«S ti.'ltil do. — lilaek Hay 70 — ISt-t. 3,7.');t 13.11(1 do. 2.281 Mallle Harbour 40 ist.5 3,.-il5 2(l.!tli3 do. 2,037 MaltllewC.pVe - 3(1 — ts|(i "1.2111 ills. 12,1 HI do. 2,.-.75 Ciil"' Chailes 711 — 1S17 1,!I17 iMMIS do. 3,0.-3 Wall island l.-| — IstS 3,s22 13.S72 (hi. 3.1)03 Cani|i Ishinil - tlii — ISIll -i.'.m ll,t71 do. 2,106 llawkes Hay - - 2:111 — ls,-,(l 3, HIS l!l,.').5(i do. — writ 4,37.-1 3(1,2.')!) do. 2,.')26 Caught liy iiihabitaiit s with net s. 1S.V2 4,114s Value in$. 42.715 Value in 6. do. XXV.— Exports of Salr aoii, &c. for the lS(iO ill,33(> — — under-mentione d Yeari 3. l»i!5 I.MiD Is70 01 272 8J,!ll.-. 242,S(i4 - — — Year. Salmon. Herrinir. Mackerel. Fur Skins. IS71 IsTt — +49,8.38 678,1 08 — — 1 S7.-1 1S77 H.-,mo ,'i.''S,73(l z — ''' " . — Tierces. Hair Is. Casks. No. 1S7S — 2():l,2!Mi — — 1S17 S.s.'-.S 1 ,7Jii till 4.S2(» ISSII — 220,1011 — -- ISIS l.ilti.i l.iiiil 1,1. -.s 3.ii7r. Issl .... 2(lii,.M(i — — ISIH 2.12.') t.iiiW 7S0 2,217 1sSl> — 171,14.-. — 1820 1.733 3,233 Herring S 2, 1S2 lss3 — 1S3,24I •■- — Maeki'iel I'St — • 174,145 — — isn 1,777 : 520 71x1 .3,211 ISS.-i (U.llU 1 12,211 1 --- — ls22 2.Hfll ■ .'iO.') !I23 .■).!P31 1 SS(! (13,11"!) 08,028 ~ — 1V2'1 2.2 til 333 430 3,;i(;(l 1SS7 r.i.n2i) 11(1,120 — — ls2t 1.1127 3 HI 3.-,7 2,ilS4 ISSS s2,n.no 2,-)5,05S — — is-.'n 2.!i.-iS 2il.-i .■iliO 3,.-)li5 ISSII 71,7.3(1 21,5,247 — — 1S:'(! 3.172 2)7 7.-.2 ls!;is !li),:t5S 241,208 — — ISlilt 4,310 bis. 1 !17ll 021 bis. 4.(185 IN!I| S(I.3I1 77,1141 — — IS30 4,322 ; I..52t nco - ISI12 37, 1 i5 2l2,(i7S — — 1^31 2,7r.3 1 3.;i(i.-, !ll(i CMS.-, IS! 13 45,008 227, 178 — ls32 2,72n ' 3,2 -.-J (;:!.") t3.3H Tierces caught. 35 22 !H) (i 4,5 1!) 70 111 liO Piicepor Tiorce. 6fi«. la . xr, 117 L'.-)0 80s. 70 81) — 1 ms. Ji.'i — 2.T — 32 40». U'i) — 1,117 — ount lia» been received. !cc. for the uoder- irs — cont. a. Mackerel. Fur Skins. Casks. 14!) 79 None caii;;lit. 4 None caught. do. do. do. do. do. do. tlo. do. do. do. do. do. do. No. 3,210 a.Dol) 2.200 3,815 2,325 2.281 2,037 2,.-.7.5 3,0,')3 3.!)n3 2,106 2,.')26 xxvr. Vessel's Name. STATiSriCS. -Vesaels built in Newfoundland, 1804. 71J Capclin Boy JIary Brothers Biu;e Horse IVfai'y i**isters -Afusquitto Brothers liiifiistry - A.Iveiitiirc Fly - Bclsy William Industry John Bc!le - Mary Fttbon Flora Cabot - "Hcnjiimiii - Fanny Victor Hope Stork Trepasse- • John Cliani'o Alicia Marianne _- — .. How rigacd. Toiniage. WIlOK! built. Slonp 31 Capclin Bay Schooner ;«) St. .Tohn's. Do. 4'i Cupids. Do. 51 St. John's. Do. 45 Bare Need. Do. 44! 1 Conception Baj. Do. 31 Hriirns. TiUgKcr 40 Belle Isle. •Schooner 701 Cnrb meiir. Do. 44 D). Do. 71 Western Biiv, Do .18 ' Belle Isle. Do mi Hriifus. Do. 4!) Bny Knberts. Do. 4« 'I'iltoii Ilarbiiur. Do. li!) ('lodes Sound. Do. 31 Holyrood. Do. ii7i Hearts Content. Do. 47 Do. Brig 80 New Hiubour. Do. 173 Trinily. Schooner !)4 Bay Des))uir. Do. .535 Audierjie. Brig 1321 Trinil\. Do. l«7i Dn. Sclio,18.» T'ieices. ;i,,7(il Tuii' 4,()->4^ Skins. l;i:i,84 7 Tiiiis. L.IS.'i.V ."jn.ic.i/" o8,-)/. S-2x. 'J'ts 30/. 32/. 17,179 l.'),.-.7o 32,749 712 STATISTICS, ii'li a i f'-'i»ii :j 1 ! ' ' . ' 1 .} 1 1' .' jB ' .. f ' S|! ir i: 35? -X £ ill 2 1 1 1 : 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1-^^'= ^' i^ M V 1 1 1 [ . 1 1 1 55 si' X L 1 1 1 5 ~ -r. ..■: ^ .— ^ ^ r 'C u :r. 1 ■ 1 1 d 1- u I 1 i 1 1 '75 si s 1 1 1 r:^ ^ X X j o c o 1 : iii. 1 ' ■M '>\ •f?! "M •?• ! — » 1- r-i t.T i «fi r^ 1 f? rn 5" s w I- 12 ■^2 « 4. 1 H ■" ^ i M 7 — '•* 1 1 jr- 1 t7 1 — ^' ' ' .-: ' ^ - - . 1 ''■M- - — -, g 5";i 1 1 i i 1 I 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X H " j s = ■i ^1 CI, ■^ 5 __ '— fi ^ o ^— ■n 1- 1 •:! 1 ■~J o *^ -* 00 1-1 c ^ i 4i c» rH '5 ;^ 1^ W 1 1 1 Hct '^ 1 1 Vl 2 " d •3 s 1 W -5; =. 1 1 1 1 " 1 - 1 1 1 i 03 1 « s O 1 > 1 CO X' r-^ CO o H ^ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 § " ?l ^IJI 00 k. S" t: t* Ih _ *-.^ v*v^ s g O fH s _ 1 1 i •§ u o ."2 -5 r-l r '2 « "ft '5 '** 1 — . ' *, CO i 1-5 ■4 - 3 rH 1 f-< S'J ?3 £2 S Sri ?^ S -t» » 3 1 1 OJ 1 U 5 «i.i "^ SC ' w t^ri 9i ■71 Tl 1 i 1 H T O n 1 1 ;;I_- H 1 P< -'" " r O 1 «— - - 1 O Ph 1 -■ c 7 M r? IS. ;■£ i •:i ' ^ !?3 3 Tj i » _ 1 % 5.5 r: 1 1 h-t 2 U E?S 5^ "It S i 1 '-■-■ . ^ i x' 1—* 3 " 1 55 "1 M ■^ s ' d S 1 «-^ S? § i 'r^ ^ a 1 1 s-^a- s 1 1 '-# B . . . . , . , , Id s . SQ .•-e ^ - * - •/: t- 1 X ' 2 _ C J5 • I _ .« c 5 -J 1 ■ 1 +i &- II ^ ■Hi ^ Is ^ fs ^ h^— -cS H , ' QD r 3 ►^■5 45 "H 1 , r So J 3 aSO ^ a • 2 ■ ■3 1 •c 1 1 1 1 1 •< 1 PC &.#x;j f 1 Pm S M I 1 •s in: 1 1 1 1 _ 1 1 1 In 1 ! lis u |T? 1^ I I I I ^ I r " — 1 ^ 1 ^ -.'■; 1 1— r 3t c i?"' ^ 1 5 ^^ 71 § IO-* ■M w i? g c ~ aC o H •c a e ■d STATISTK.'S. ■i;{ ^XXL-Iinports, 1813-1819. rH ,-1 O 71 tH, ^1 — <»1 ,« (^ «T «* ^ » ,- .- ' 2 ?; S 2 5 ^ - - g ^""- --• 5 ■-• ■•': 2 o? 2 a?.v:,-:;:r,s:i:52^i«?;KS?^ 00 V "■" S S"*';:I-l■"r-^-■^;■;^— "xi.-: -r-.' IM •/ 7) ■/ « U c o « o Sit 3 c — »J .-; — -*.— — -^ ■»- " S k t = ci 9 -,. H 1:- j: i> c £2 aj '- XXXII. — Revenue and Expenditure Srior to the introduction of .epresentative Government. RKVENUE OF NEWI'OIXDLANU FROM (TSTOMS, AND PAYMENTS TO OFFICKRS. Vt'iirs ])iitios. I'a.viiiciits. £ £ " 1781 1,047 422 17.S2 474 ■S(t:i I7,s;i 727 831 17St - 223 849 1785 . a9B 410 178(1 . R2e 410 l7-(7 - KII6 469 i;hs *« 880 17.S!t i.^m 4IS 17im 1,01)4 489 1791 ■ 428 381 Total - 7,i:ii 4„'i!l4 X.II.—'< he salaries of the olficcrs weip larifolv iiirrt'nscd by seizures, (|iiitp I'qual lo llieir salaries. The valueot the seizures for the perioil aiiioiinled lo i.'l,y4!l lis. 1(/., out of wiiieli llii! Kiiiw reeeived one tliiiil, the reiiiaiiuler lieiiiK distributed aiiio:i)rst the Ousliiiii House ollicers. Tlie.v also reeeived large fees. At this period tliiMV were no duties levied on KuKlish goods or on Inolas^es or rum, &c. inipoi ted from the British ])08sessions in tlie West Indies. The tux on foreign rnin and molasses was only lirf. per gallon. Tliis duty is the celebrated "Molasses Duty" that raised such an outery aiiioii||Cst New Knglanders. and iiulireetly led to the American llevolution. This eharge gave a virtual inono|)oly of the rum ami molasses business to .lainaiea, Jte. There was, however, a great deal of sniuygjiug; largo quantities of foreign nun were imiiorted as " RiMil .Tainaiea," like thi> " Fure Havai uah " made by the Hatnbuigli Jew pedlar, and pawned olt on an uusiispeeting publie as a geiMiine article; so all lirilish Xortli Auierica was supplied with mor£ licpKa' under the nniue of •• Kuio Old .Jamaica" than the Island could ever havn produiv'd. DITIK.S COM-Etn'ED AT THE CUSTOM IIOI'SE, NEVVFOI :n1)I,AM), FROM lsl.^22. [Rum, British West Indies. (W. |M'rgall.i loieign. I«. <>d. per gall. Wines. French and Spanish, ■", per tun ; Portuguese, I(l,«. per I uu. i is . a. I ' i British I I. Rum II ■i. - ? 1 s* 1 •7. -1 ■i isi;i 1S14 |vir. ISKi 1S17 INIS ISl!) 1820 1S2I 1822 Total £ £ £ 12,721 80« lH.->. 1147 148 s.-,,;k;8 l!>,nS2 2,3s<; £ ' £ lo:i 1.IKI7 2:111 !lt2 -.31 8IU lU 1.171 37 781 ISj 1,023 01; I, .'51 18 7!il 1, 5! 18 8.1 1 1. 280 221 1,200 £ ' 23 2S!I 100 40 29 01 38 £ I 207 £ !i;i!i ,174 .ll.Vt oni ,122 •iii7 .900 m (139 ■.s7 »3s|ll,ftS7 ♦S.'iS 207 I22(I0'< t * i.111 added, duty on sundry articles. + i;.">7 4 added, duty on sundry arliele.s. The Cr.lleetor's salary was i'MU O.*. Irf. ; fees, £l.ryM Us. 2(1. Comptroller's .salary, t?73 lli.v. iW. ; ffes, il,.'i47 (is. Surveyor's salary, i2.1 ; fees, £739 8,<. r>(l. Landing Waiter's saliirv, iX,-. fees, ±li-)7 14.V. III/. .Note oil the duties collected in Newfoundland from 1SI3 22:— Hum was (1(7. per gallon from B. W. Indies, l.s'. (W. from otliL'r parts not English. .Molasses. 1,/. Iicr gallon. Sugar from English W. Indies was "iv. pir owl.: foreign, 22s. Uritish I'laiilatioii colTee, 7s. per ewt.; foreign eoll'ee. ,t2 19s. Or/, jier ewt. I'orlugnese wines from our allies, los. per Inn; French and Spanish wines, .C7 per tun: this was iiroteetion with a vengeance. Noti' the tremendous falling olt in the iiiifnrluniite ,vear l.s!7. .Nc.ariy all tin., revenue was iii;ele out of rum. XXXIII.-Civil List, 1815. SALARIES ANIJ .\LI.OW.\.\('E8. Oovei'uo,' -...-. (Governor's Seeretar.v Cliirf .lustice -' • t'lerl; Supreme Court M:irslial ----.. (iiloler - - • - . Supreme siirregate .... Seven surrogales at li'l/. p. r iiiiuiim .Judge of the ,\dmiralty Naval ollici'r - - • ■ - Surveyor of liinds - - - . Srhoulmaster - - - - . .Mlowam-e to the sheriff To .Jiilin Oirdeii. I'sii., late Chief .lustiee, in eousider!:t]:-n ot his loi.g services, and of his inlirin stale of health - . .^ lluwance to the clerk to the secretarv - Agent • - . . '. To the .Society for the I'ropagation of the Go.spel in aid of the exiieuses of the Society in >ewf Kill 420 Mil) liil) 2.1 25 252 2(M1 ISO 100 1,000 159 ,L'5,(i80 ; ill! i' . 1' ': ,'■ i r :i Si I ■J !l i: J: I, 1 It STATISTICS. Tlip fixpcnditnrn of Hip Oovcmmont under tlio Admiral Oovcrnors before Si'- Tlionms Coch aiie's time was modcrnte. Governor . . . - Secretary ..---■ Clerk in secretary's olllcc - . . Chief Justieo . . . . . J udifc of the Vice-Admimlty Court - Sheriff --..-- Clerk Supreme Court Surro)?tttes, seveu, iit 60/. ciu-h Chief Magistnite St. Johu'a • Ordinary relief of thr poor, police exreiulilure, repairs, &c. roails £ 1,0110 isa fiO 1,000 BOit . 252 70 420 2110 i.rs-) f5.220 The whole expenditui-e, exehu. j of relief after the liics of 1817, &c., averajced 4;.'i,220 per niinum. These figures are tiikeu fiom the acco\uits of Sir Charles Hamilton. ISl'.t. Prior to this date, the expenditure was much smaller, ag all the ollicial salaries were nuicli lower. The salary of the rJovcrror was first raiseil to 3.000/. on the appointuu^nt of Sir Thomas (lochraiie. Former Admiral (iovcruors had their pay as Admirals and Commanders-iu-Chief ns well as their salaries as Govern )rs. XXXIV.— Expeniiiture. Prior to grant of Local Legislature. £ > ..ivernor Colonial secretur Covincil Two clerks in secretary's olllco Ollice keeper Ho/., u\cssehger ■:)"/. Siirvevor-tJenenil Chain man to Survt^yor-Genernl Colonial agent School of Industry, St. .Tohn's Newfoundland School Society School in Conception Hay - JIaking fi.sherv retnres - Customs Establishment aiul clerk to .3,000 700 400 !t^ 300 1,5 .300 104 100 25 5<> 4, 108 Judicial Drpnrtment— ChielJusticj - ■ • 1.200 Two A.ssistant Judges - - l,l(iO Attorney General - - 4.")0 Clerk of the Supreme Court - 400 'ihree clerks. Circuit Courts - (130 Crier ot Supreme and Central Court.s - - - • . 20 High Sheriff - - • BI3 Labrador Court .Judge ■ - 700 Clerk. 20"/., sheriff, l."!"/. ■ - 3')0 Two constables. 20/. ea<'h - - 52 Judge ot Vke-Adiuiralty Court - 500 Police EstaMishmcnt - Chief Magistrate • - 3«0 Two Police .Magistrates - - 320 Nine constables - - 320 Jicclesinsticnl JJcpcirfmcnt— Archdeacon ■ - • 'fOO Fiv(^ lay readers - . - 05 Catholic Bishop's allowaiue • 75 Pension.— Vi'..:. Artnstrong, late Alarshal Supreme t;onrt ■ 50 Mrs. Wescott. wifeofliite .\ttor- ney-Genenil - • - !*•"> !),.50l ,235 16,82i» 1,00" 440 HO Ciiii/iiigcncies— Civil Department • - S88 JiiilicinI Dcpartmoi/ — Expenses of civil and criminal jirosecutions - - . cni. Circuit Judges on Circuit • 300 Labrador Court - . 270 Fuel and light .... oi Stationery and printing • • i32 Gaol expenses, dietary, medicines, meo 2.054 Miscjjr.r.ASEoua Kxri^NDiTt'itE. £ £ Expenses of supportina paupers, orphans, and bastards . - 780 Supporting and lodging of sick pa opera - - - - 257 Medical attendance on do. - - 20ii Kxix'uses of providing pa.ssages for |)aui)ers. &c. - - - - i!0 Exposes of making and repairing pul)li<' rondg - - - 3.')0 R*'l'airs and presenation of public buildings .... ff.n R<>pairs ol bridges and (iovern- ment fences - - .54 Other incidental charges . .505 Total expenditure, 1S31 - 1 ,2!»n l,fifi3 t'23,204 -Vo^r. During this period the whole revenue of this (^)lony seems to nave been expended in the payment of enormous sali-'ies to such oHhrinls as the Jndue of the Labrador Court, £700 sterlinic a year, wliilst £350 was expended on all the roads iti the Colony. The care bestowed by the new I,egi3- lanue on roads was in marked (Contrast to the policy of t.heir predecessors. Ro.\D Expenditure ix Coiont dt First LE(USL.\IUKK, lH33tolS37. 1834. £ 500 on roads, north and south, appropriated. 43 towards paying Henry Thomas for opening the i-oad to Brookfield. 1,200 seed potatoes. 400 roads in St. John's. 50 do. St. Mary's. £i.200 Tr(>Hsiu'y Notes, £5,600 steiling, to hear interest at li per cent. : £ 20 at 100 50 at 50 '44 at 26 for public improveiuiMits, 1835. £ 450 for competent persons to lay out roads. 1.010 £i.(t!M) 183G. £7,.539 7». for roads. 1837. The large sum |of £10,801 for new roads and improvements. m linal 2,oni fiOI. 300 270 ill i;i2 irics. 747 - 2li • 131 • 2.-iO — . PRM • rTI-RE. ITS, ,t 7so th September grouse are generally to be found in fair numbers ; even around St. .lohn's, ten or a dozen miles from the capital, bags of eight ana ten brace are made on the first day by good shots and liard walkers. K,ir successful grouse-shooting, next to straight powder, the most important factor is a well- trained seller; with these concomitants and fine weather, a good .Vewfoundland barrens affords glorious sport. I have heard Admiral Kennedy, R.X., a very prince amongst shooters, declare that he preferred the wild shooting in New- foundland to any other sport in tlie world. To ensure success a knowledge of the habits of your game is also essential. The grouse, u semi-arctic bird, takes no heed of cold, but is extremely sensitive to wet and north-east winds; in fogs they are found on the highest and barest rocks, always, as the fishermen .say, "standing," on the alert, hard to gel at. There are two distinct species of grouse, the Willow Grouse {'J'clrao saliceiisis), and ihe true Ptarmigan, known amongst the fishermen as the rock partridge ; this latter bird is found on the highest and barest hills, west of Fortune Bay. It is entirely unknown on the east coast, where the ^^ illow Grouse, the great sporting bird of Newfoundland, is most ribundant. Resides grouse, there are geese, ducks, and suipe, &c. Sahuon fishing haii been specially good during Sl'OUT AND (JAMK LAWS. 717 herds mipratc iiortli ilder soutlii^rii cfiast r also reiimiii in tliu ler UIviT 1111(1 othi'i- inter. Tliroiiirlidtit i aI)oiind, uvi'ii the moothby tlio coiiiit- lakirig their piljrriiii. i. At some |)iiicc's tlii'ir (rack. At one iiiidiT Lake, iifteen .v\ly iijforiiud .some ullcd ; lii.s original ■t'li hundred. Tlie llie island can now the new railway or and south. \Vith talker can be trans- frronnds that for- hed by three and of mo.st laborious kin;:, the sport of mon occupation of ecjuiies endurance, ; with tliese(iu;ilifi- , nowhere in .Nortli obtained. Grotise- ■er-stalkinp in the t fare, and is a most inusement. Whilst he north and west, e nioois and the are found in the iid, Avalon Peiiin- leentia Hay. The served, and by the u geiiernlly to be around St. John'.s, the capital, bags ;ire made on the liard walkers. For next to straight i factor is a well- comitants and fine ad barrens affords \dmiral Kennedy, t shooters, declare shooting in New- ort in the world, ■dge of the habits ' tial. The grouse, heed of cold, but !t and north-east nd on the highest as the fishermen t, hard to get at. lecies of grouse, tran salicen.iis), known amongst : partridge; this the highest and une Bay. It is ast coast, where eat sporting bird undant. Hesides £s, and snipe, &c. ially good during the season of 1H94 ; one eommander killed thirty fair-sized s»lm)u and grilse lor his own rod in one day. Sea trout are even more abundant than salmon in some streams ; th"y run sniiill, from a }, pniiiui to 2 jiounds, but in all the good rivers, both north and south, the average is from I lb. to 3^ lbs. I have never seen a sea trout over 5 lbs., though I uniliistiind tliey run much larger at Labrador, up to 7 lbs. Urown and Iresh-water trout are of all sizes, and marvellously abun- dant. Hecently rainbow trout and Loch Levens have been introduced ; many of these fish were ciiuglit this season near St. .John's weigh- ing i ll)s. to :, lbs., and one fij lbs. (a beautiful fish). 'Ihe American or blue hare, as it is known in Scotland, is i xtra ■~h "x,, '""'bl'Jv,,,..,, ^ .v.ve «^ip, i ^ "te?*'y''_^. ^'•:::h. r' ^^tUumtl\ttifi ..^^ '"fli;:;r" •^s.^.iw *,«^fc.!*'J.>""^/)H''' .,1 ,., ,.1, p ,. '/ \lnn\KnieranYeu ret^AS „ , — ■jyyrv/«Jf* / I U — ■ " n k n. o w n M/f\\i.,^„^ j | f/^_fi__ ilui/< «! 4 ll. ,-.4... . . iJf *^'*'" -"" -«. rf* '!l»^l .. MlOrEMN W/^IA/jJU^aS^i, ''r"'i<>^_'4-tiC-i^Vf-l^^..,4, I toTranct.) .\ 0\m py. . . .' .^:.:^*^^' pi""' S'PigBHK ■V, /^.^z- "I'isScrV^jj;::^ tt^iaiit»j^j •''■^-"--^» ^-r' >>.\.#^ A N 56" TV »l' Lungitudf West of (tn*mwich h-i* Sturi/hni'jt iitvt<7r,Lphi<\ii Est^iLfhnteru. 'm •mi f . !4 > / I'^i i'1 t ', It) i\i)r:x. Aliliott anil MIII.S.'ili, .')ill. Acr: N Hoiirv VI. c. ii., a7. •J2 KdwiutI IV., c. \'..-lH. II Hinr.v VII. c. xxiii., ^M, I Hnii.v VIII. r. I.. -J?. .Tl Henry VIM. c. xi., :«. i A :i lOdwiirii VI. I!, vi., il3. n i:ii/.iilH.|li c. V. 27, UN, (15. a;i KiizuiN'ihc. vil., an, /Ml. Oliailcs 1. llu'own out by I'Oiils, 121, I.'IH. laClmrli'dll., 17;». ISCIiiirii's ll.c, xvi., 17). 10 William III. c. XXV., 223, 2.l:l, 2117. nil. (>iM)W5 II. (17.'.ll),2lll». (iiM)rif(j III, (I7iin, 2!HI. ;i2:|. It (Jfuriii' III, c. Ixxxiii., ;i2K. 15 ( iiMjfKt.. ill.i'. xxxi.,;iiii,;);i(!, .■IH. 2il(Jw)rK0lir.c. Mvi., ;)«5, ;il ( ifiiiw! 1 1 1 0. ixix., SW. ■'J2 (Ji'oiw II I., c. xlvi., anil. H.'J ( JeorKo Ill.c. Ixxvj., .'(nil. Ht (Ji'oiKi' III. c, Ixxvi., .IMV, Bl (Hioixc III. c. Ixxvi., .'isil. 1 (ii'i)iKi' IV. r. li.. Kill. .') (Ji'iii'Kc IV. ('. Ixvii., HJ:. WiUiuin IV. 0, Ixvii., 121). Adiiins, — , 2.'i2. AUilisdii, Rev. Mr., i.'>l. AiJiiaviik, (110. Afi it'll, .Sierra I/conc, 5'>T>. Ailik, t'lipc, .".III, AiliulKiut, (!', M., 2(W. Al. Alcxaiitler Uiiy, road to, fi2S. R., iKl.-j. Allan, M., 572. Allan s, Sir Jl., lender for railwiiv, 023. Alloy, .Iiidw, sm. Also|). liriii of, ,'tS7. U.,iiii.j. 14., & (.'(P., mo. Alijlierst, Sir (J„ 112-110. \'ai]. Will., ;t07. de.spiiti lies, 112-11(1. Iiortniil of, :Sil(;. Anilrew.s (.Miiipliy & (Jo.), ti'.i'i. (apt., 221. 1)1 ins, 173. Aniiell.JJiW, (iji). K., ;wi. Aiinnillo, Cape, :>5'J, 500, 5(11. Hills. Ii2!i. Anspacli, llov. I.. A., ;t77. Aii.se, Sablon, 587. AiithoiiK!, — , ,')i).l, (135. Apsey, (J., fil7. Amial'ort. view of, 227. Arishcr, K., 301. Arehibald, (J. 1)., 431. P'irtiait of, «2. Sir E. M , 4.S1, 439, 4-16, 4i 17.' 1. i:)l!, 2it;(. IKUIiiiil i)f, 2!i2. liiink. Siiviiins, K!ii, 45!), 050. I'Midll, li.'iS. Coiiiiin'rciiil, I.. 2lU. 211.^). (liooeore. .M. 1.2(11. Beck family of St. Lawrence, asii. II. of SI. Lawrence, :1MI. T,, HI. 441. 41(1. Beeilan, Quarter-masler, (mI. — , :iS2. Bci-T, Keir X Co., 4(1(1. Beieombe, Li. lol.. llli.UI. Belelie, .M.de. 2C.1. Belin.t'apt., ."i."i7, "itlll Bellair's sni \ev, 'Ml. Belliiter, M.. 2.Vi. Beile Isli'. 22-'. 2iiH, 471.472. Lillle. 271. straits of, 3il, 4.-1, 27s, tU), .ISKl. (•'leiicb burn room^al. :171. Belloram. 1 o.'i. Hel'Man of SI. I'ierre, .'j' (1. i:eni.-er, T..2,-)2, 2.-,:i, 272. Jlennet.Cul., KIT. \Vm., 272, :il5. Jienncit,— ., 4;i(l. C, F., t,-)5, 457, 458, 0.')'*, 105, 495, 411(1. portrait of, Wi!. (;. !•'. .'i Co., t,-i:l, MKI. portrait of, "ii2. T., 4:il, 4;i:), (1(14. .Indt'c, T. K. 18!»,40,'. .".02,fiOl! (1(13. INIJKX. lienniiiL'. ('.. kin, 1(1(1, lilH, OliV. lieiuon .Mill, 1121. lil.iiriin s. I'd, 151,1s;! 27,1, 324. Wliitbiiurne's descripti.-ii of tfie, (13 (13 ill north of N., none in sotdli, 1(17. (iiiys mceliii); with. 12S, 13:!. jetlleineiil, view of. 322. (lambier atlenipts to civili/.o the, 37(1. 377. Hnclian's expedition, 3.st. .Mai V .Mareli, p.,rtrait of, 3Hl. Slian(lilliil,385. disappciirance of the, 3S5, 880. Will's with I lie lOskimo, .lltl. ij. CarlwiiL'lifs plan to re- eoiicile, oi(H. (i. Cartwriirlit accouipanies bis brotlier to, ."ili'.i. Spriilt sent with ])aintinjt to, (l.jl. murder of Lawrie. fl.>!. Iiroclamiition to protect, (l."i3. Iiislitiition, li.'id. Society formed, (157. Berbicu Cov e, t77. liertfiie, Sir II.. .j(i3. 5(15. lieriiiiida, x'.K ;,Jl,3(Mi, 41 s, .1211, 433. view of. SH. lishrrv at X., 3t.">, 41il. Herry. Sir John, 11)4. IIKI. liersimis. jiost from,tl(W. Besl. \V.,3S1. lifllsCove, 27i). lele^'l•a|lll.(130. Beverley. T.. 17 1. lievills liiiiiily, 427. lille. 337. Will,, 2'.i,'i. liickford, Klias, 222. " Ifillies.' 427. Biscayan Com', 20. l!isho|i. ('. li,, oiili, 5(iil, — , (l".n. Hishops Falls, 1120. Black Bear Buy, (117. Ihick lirook. 177, .">."i7. River, road to, (12.S. Tickle. (11(1.(117. Bev. \V., (l.-il. Illackbnrn of Placentia. 3113, ii."."i. Illackiiiore, — , 2SS. Ulackwood. J., 41H. Blaikie, - . 3li2. :1!I3, 0.i5. Bluke. Sir II., 11(111. lioitrait of, 51'J. J„.1'S. lilaiid \ Tobin, 45(1. J., 302, till. .1. 1!., t3l-. 4.37. Bhindlbrd llaiboiir, 0(17. lion. S.,0iil.0li2, Ol.'i, 01(1, f05. portraii of, OiiO. \oviiire to (.'ape Chidle , OIKl. family, 4,-,2. IMaiie, Siibloii, 473. 0(11. CIIO. OOS. cell. 010. Iloal. Iliu'lioiir. road to. ;''S. Bobaiclt. Dr.. on.-,, liodeiis. linn of. :;:i7. iioisbriaiid. .M., 232. liolaii, J..37.'i. Bolster Hock, Old, 017. BtiNAVisTA, Cubofs landfall iii. 10, .037. ori)fiii of iiaine. 11. French lishin^. IsO. Flench attack on. 2l."i, 23K, 2t(i, 2i!' 202, 203, 2G-t, 200. pill s ^to to, 232. IMIi century plan of, 23S. .Miiiitiunv's attack on, 211. defence of, 241). dllliciilties with French, 274, law books for, 2S(1. li'^liery at, 2!l7. f IIOXVVISTA — ('eM^ iiia(tisl rates, \c., of. 301. tr.'iity limit, 312. justices for, 330. 3'i3. .-■eal lisherval, llli. (.■.I, settlenieiits north of, 280, ,542, 532. nnilcr-represiinted. 408. election pel il ion, 433. iiicmbers for, 138,45.'). 40."), 108, 001. farminir land in, .V)7. trade to Labiailor. 002, Hdvanlatres of railway to, Oil' telc>?rai)h to. 0311. Cape, 23S, ."1.37. (ireeii Island, 2'1(>. Hoiid, Hon. K., 33(1 ."iSS, 003. pi rt rait of, .333. Bonfov, ('apt., 281, •202. Bonne Bay, 472, flice. 147, 457. BoiithlamI, -,383. Bowers, I'. R., 532, 348. Bowman, M.. 84. Bowkcr.Capt., 408, (1.33. Bowii. (i. F,, Kio. Bowiii If. B., 427. Bros,, 400, 527. C.,721. C. 'I' , 128. por.iait of. 428. (Kolhwelland).327. \V. B., 428, port rail of. I2><. Boyd and .■McDooKall. inc. J.. 303, 430,030, OO;. lioyles. H..017. Hradon , Olil. n lins of French town at, .300. Bradle;v, — , 284. Chiis.. 203. T. I, 12. Brailsliaw, —,393,0.33. .\., (;03. Brailstieet. Col. John. 2S1. 2''o Brady, Chief Jii.s'.ice Sir F., 220. 003. .Maior.Stl. Biaitlnvaile. I'... 31.3. Brand. J.. 301. Hrazell. I',. 30-2. Brazil. Iiiele lo. 14, .33. 4o3. BrciKian. I'.. 721. Hreiiloii. K. H..0il2. Breton lliirb,,iii', 3S1I. Cape, .vie (.'aiiiidii. Brett, .0.(7. ilrcsl, Labrador, 40. 5!K). lirickwond. J., 110. Hrieii.T...323. liriL' Hay, 477. 300. .301, .302. liridae, .\rcbileaiiiii, 400. pnrti-ail • f, ton. Ciiliu 1 'le. 211. lili'.'lis. 232. 202, 400, 002. view of. 104. retnrii of the " Hunter," 013. seal lisiiery. 131. trade to Lain-,, dor, Oii2. INDEX. 721 lirlL'iis rnni, li'Ic:-'rii|p>i to. ifci'i. li:ii;. tile I Joiilils. i WW cil', i:iii. I! -iiic, R.. .isi. Ul'istc.l's llcilH', 110. lii'iltMiiiiilM. I:t7. lii'o kluliimk, .1., W\. liiMiiors. \V.. M'.K lir,inkli,.l,l. kJ7. IJi'iiDkiiiir's fiiiiiilv. -M". ( UdliinsiiM \ Co.). I,")S. MiO. '1'. II.. .is;, I:! I, 127, Vl'.K Hro'iks. .1. .:«■;. X.. :i'i|.MI.-). Urooiii, ('. Wl. .!..:,> 2 :l:i:i. (;".. l!i'ii|ili,v. J.. :i7."i. Iti'uu n. •!., tlltl. Ilo.vlrs. ,V Co.. :iS7, lil!i. JdIhi. .1.1'.. Ill IMlCl'llti;!, 711:1. I'., i.",!. Hix. Uli. M\. It.. li'.Ki. Wl, r..'i. l.->l!. ItW, (III. port 1:1 it I if. \:m. T.. lioi'. W., Cil.tlill. lircnviic. C;!))!., .Vill. liniM iiiiitr. .\.. 171. liici.vlf CMiif. i:!-J. H.i. Itriicc, lirri.. I-SS. Itr.v.'Mil il' rcmini il. :);i:i. lir.vinil. — . i;."i."i. liiii'hiiii. Ciiiit.. :isj. :iii:'., in:!, Wi. Hl,i;.-,.-. Iliirli in:in. A.. 7ti'.i. HiirlKininn. 'I'.. :.ill. ISiiII Dii^ l-laiicls. ililii. liiiil.-.v. i;..:in. ItiiUi'V, lii'iii . liiiiiil.ft, M.. 217. Iiiir.>licll. II. (;.,.-,2:i, ii2.-i. liiu'v'i'ii. I'clipsc iiliMTViil lit. :!|i:. liis. iiii'iiilpi'rs fur. iSill. HllI'L'iSS. 10. I{.. lill.'l. liiiriii, IS. li;."!. 2!iS, :):ili. 1:." M!'i..-i74. iiic'iiiliiTS I'lii', 7211. tcjci-'iiilili to.lKI!), IIH. liiuki'. .r.. .ii;2. M., Wi. T.. HI. liiio.v's Islaiiil. 2WI. H.',. )iliiii of, 2:iil. (lsli>!iiix-liois),2:i:i. (Islo-iiu-ltois), l,!ilifn(lt», (ill!. Iiiu'rili of 'riiiiii.v, :v,tX r..V.. liuillr. l\Mi't,:illl!'. liiiriicll, T., 2111. Hurt, — , 2.-i:t. liuiloii, .1. 'I'., iH!.-,. Hiislicll, Will., liin. Hill lor, ■-, i;.",.'). II.V., 2!'S. P., HI. AV., 7211. Hull. X.. .Viv .-idii. \V.,iii-. Hiitloii IsliiiiiU. lislimir nt. iSii7. Itviiu-. II •11. .lohll, 2' . 2MI. port rill I of, 2811 Hvriii'. T., H-><, His, ,MI, lint. — t:iN. H.vroii. I.oi'il, :>:;!•. ilocision -0(1111 CouirliliiiiV siilnrv.o)!. (';ili(il,.l..li. 7, nt l.iiliriioor. .W7. .A.Viilii's loiter, 2:1. / )i. '.'72!). Cllliot— ('01//. I'Imrtci's. s. vovat'os, 11 l;i. liiiiilliill.il III. :!■!. .".s:i. Scliasiiiiii. s. 12. III. ;iii. port rail of, 17. Ciiliill. .1., :ii:i,.-i;.-i, :!si. Ciiinis,.!., ."iii. ."i.V.i, .")ill. (.'iilliiiiiiu. ,r. .1., liii.'!. t'lilvcrl. I, ■oiiiiid. i:i:i, (■iiinliriiil Colclios. 111. Ciiinii IslainN. iil7. <,'A.Mi'iii;i,i„ Adiiiirai. li.'i.'i. ;i(12. Ciipl., .-llii. 112. .". 1 1 . r,.v.. rcporl (III lobster tislicrv, .Viii. Cdlln. ;;ts, 2t2. 2 It. 2.".:!, 2(12. 211:1. 2li."i. iiiii. Maj.lieu., :tS2. ii.w. Mill.il.'l. vv. .^ {-.,.. Tdxyr:. ('aiiiiilii Hin . ,"7(1. CAXADA. DOMIXIiiX OF. (' AN VIH. 2t.">. froiicu iinroo I' Mirreiider. .•il2. produce. ;i!lt. (J.iveriiiiielit send ;iid for lire of ISlii. -lilli. llepiltlllioil to 171. to liiivc full rittlil of lakiii;; liiui. .Till. fJdVfiiiiniMil reliel' froin. in IM12, ."lis. Muuirirliii!.' from St. Pierre. ."(7s ."iMl. (iiieliee Act j'jiis L;ibratlor to I'll luln. ."iil7. supports l.alinidor Deep Sea Mission. 11 '.". coiiliileralidii. -Hit. .".._'. (■oillederillioll Clilllcre'K'e. (i."iS. I AX till \.\S. Allan, Sir H., .-,72. Alie.v. .liid'--e. :i!tl. ItiiMcs. L. II.. ,">i«!:. Dawson, V>i: S. I-"., ji). Dolltic. - . "■,.;. iviiou. r. D. v., (UH. I'raiipkiin. -M., ,i:lil. Hioil. II. Y.,tiir,. Ilo.i I 111, Lieiil. loivernor, lllil. I,ii\i raiie •ovenior, ."i". I.iw. A. f. .lis. McDouiild. I r.T. A., ,-:i2. Nieliolii.s. (ioi'.iiior. 27(1. I'-' rsoii. Itiv. (J,, HI. B..d. R. (1. ,S'r. ♦tiiulli.Sii- D. .\. .110.-1. Striuihuii Hislio|i. t:it. TllOiniisoll - -. ."iirj. Tiipiier. Sir ( ,, 6tl. riuiieke. .Iiulice, .'t'.l2. Weallierliee, -, .-iii2. Vntk osrr, :(2l..t27. ;wi. .ioineil lo .N,,:ist. ' .\ I'K HlIElMN. 21, 7'^, 2,".7. 2.">»<. 2,'i:i. ■»\ I, 2IIII. .'Iti. -ri ' 12:!. 1:11, mil. His('o\>>i',v ol Hoi'c's v'l.vaie." I 1, II. calile lo. litn. Hiiddeek, (Irst calile suit to. dill. I,..iiisliiiiirL'. 2."i'.i, .s2. 2st, 2'<:i, .112. \ iew nt'. 2ll!l. I'aniioii fouiiil at, .'lull. I roups from. :iii^. .Sciiiiri, 2J|i. Svdiiev, jiroposed steamers to, n;i:i. S.vdne.v, Xortli. calile lo, iSI.'l. ( amei'oii. M., received lirsl ciilile from X., lilO. lllHSON Hv V. Illl."i, D'llicr\ ille's attack on, 21,-1. ('(Miiiiaii,v. 110. (117. V \vr. BliRTOv— co»/. Hi l.'SON \\\\—liiilt. stations and steamer, imi. (KM!, 1IO7. posiil service. (107. ^. I raits clinnnel leadiie: |o. cor. Xrw HiirNsvvK k. 21, 12:1. created. 7o'i, I liedaliiicl'iu L'arrison In I'laceiiiia, 2ii'.i. 210, Kredericton, X.I! , lilo, St, .Folin, Ureal, f,:. aid iiiiin, tiio. XdVA ScdTlA, 20. 21, 1 17. 2.i7, 2iH», :ili.', t2|i, l:fl, tiio. goVerMIIIl'Ilt of Plareiitia. 27.'i, I'laceiitlil soparale 1 from, 2>>ii. coal initiiiiif, :l2!l, dlitiiiiis loi'iil iroverimiinl ')77. "^ir .1. llarvi'.v made piveruor. till, tislienes, ,-)lll, loWsier packers io \',. .-,." ;. .Vcadiaiis at si. I'iei'i'e. ."iiis. .-,ii:i. lOskiiiio in. .'ilil. .\iiiiapolis. 20. Canseau, :)I2. llahla.K. X.s.,-;m7. :i2:i. :is:i. till. (".117. assistance from, in 1S17, 407. comiiniiiicaiioii « i|P. V,:,. aid tVom, in is id. idn li|eeliii;r of i (iniiiiis- siiiii, ."(112. ceniercnce. .".;i2, Inlialiitants of St, Pierre inkcn |o, ."i7 t, biti'icli (if Deep .Si a M'issidii foriiicil ,11. nil.';. Port U i.val, 2i Iiii.'(| den I elands. 20. :127. ;i:tt. (Ilamcn Islaiidsi. ."i2, Prench cure and Hock (TO lo, H.IK, .502. Sea fow lislierv. :ri;!. .ISO. Qlicliec, t.'i, 2 to, 2fit, captuieil In Kirke.l 17. Ijiilirador < .1., ,"](i;i, I aimrics. (iraiid, 2ls Can.vnife, \V., 7. 27. t'.ipliii Itav. .">7I, Covi ,2lt!. Capstan Island, iil7, CAUliOMiATi. lo;, l!i.l.2.'12. 2111. 2ill, 2(2. 2S,'i, 2sd, :':i7, :iiil, :!l,",, ;i:ll, :t,-)l,,iii:i, 11,5. ITS. JVriierville's atliiek on. 22.i. v lews of, 2tt. defence ol, 2t,"i, losses ill 17ll."i, 2111. perseeutioii of ltom:iu Catlio- licsaf. 2;i|, troops at, 207. maitislrates. .Vc, of. :iii|. captured in I7d2. :iou, riots at. i:is, rim, 147. seal lisllerx. ijl. jiost to, li!:l. triide t(i i.alirailor, Il02, IcIoL'rapli line, i;:!!i. 722 IN DEX. t ' C \nnrfsv.\fL— roiii. (lispiitf iilioiU I'iirlil lo iirriiili ill. tl.VJ. riots ill, ill ITiiii. li'ri. nii'iiilii'rs I'lir, liill. I-lniiil. -ii;!'., '270. 271. \ icu d!', -JH. ftiiiccc'ssriilly dulViick'il in 17ii-'i. -2111. liliiii of. i'.Ki. ciiptuivil. :il i. Ciirnii. |).. -ilPj. Oarlftoii. (.'iii)t..'-n7. Ciiriiii'l. IJ'iv (jf, 2(iC. (jiifoliiioiiolc, ri7. (;iii-oii'j:i'. 2t7. ."i7ii. Ciiiiiiiuloii, n.'\. F.. .TO.'!, ti,V,. Ciirrol's ('i)vi'. (il7. C'ai-soii. l)i'. \V.. :iill!-.'ilH, 411, 127. 12! I, liL', i:i:i, «ii, Vi\ 141. ii'i. i;.7, M'i7. iliil. (li'MlJi of. H.-i7. liorlriiil of, .'i!l(l. Ciivtir. Sii- F. H. T.. 30.-). 4rt8. 171. 4!>i, i;i'.i, r,oi. ."Oii. noil, :>■£*, ii."s. (i():i. litii. porli-.iit of, 1!11. ,1.. 1.12. Jlv...-,.1!l. .-)IU. 1'. Mini w.. ii;o. p. \V..:;-7. :W2. 1«!P.711. R., 2s 1. 2!i:t, .-n.^. ;i:u. .«<), tw2, Olil, Cnpi. R.. n.X.. i:il. 157, I'U, liW. I'lllt. s. |{.,(;ii.-i. Vii!.2i:i. \V.,:is7. ;!:«.' ■..■■.■!. r.:i-i. C'iirlicr'-. .(., vo.vairf, 10, P. r'S i. nss. lit St. I'i. iMT, r.:'.,"). CiirlwriL'lil.tliil, (iio, 017. view n\, (HIS (i.. :i2.K .T.i'J. .j:i-<. iiii2. iici'imiit of I.Mlini'lni-. ,5fl8. cliarai'tcr, illio. iliai-.v, ."ioo. dislike ot Noble and l'iii*.i'i. 5SK). tvcatiiiont of KsUiino. .V.is. ('arty portrait of. liiio. .rolin.:)2:i. *2l. it of. 323. M2. IHirlt-a Mr M. ll..i'.r..->. Carv. 'l'..:tol. Cascv. -(..7211. ('a.ssiilv. till' tailor, U!). C'assiiii's (IvMM'ipiioii ot SI. I'lorn ,')ii!l. Caslori llivcr, 5.".7. Cat lia.v. M I'at iliiia.-2.i7. t!39. I'liwarilini'. Nurse Clia'o. Lieut.. 2ilt. . liLI yi r...-)Sl. rhaiiihers. .\.. 110. Cliaiii-'e Islaiiits. teleirrnpti to, ti.'VI ciiaiii.el w iii^or tislier.v, 030. ew of, (i»l). v>Ei, Islands hi;!. Jel'se.v. .'12. Ualeif-'h ciii'oiiraires trade to X,. 70. settlers. l.S.i. ship. 23'.i, 3.SH. men. •2!)X. rooms, ■l.'iii. ■I.'il, lui'ii at St. Pierre, .'jti7. Uobiiis of, linl. fliapeini Roiiire. ISO, t'liappi II. l.ieiit..3'.lt. i'liarles. (ape, 173, mil. 017. Cliarters. I'aliot's. s. .\slieiihiirst's, iic., 13. (iiHiort's, 02, (i(i. Charters— i''iH/. (iii.v's. !':i 122. Western, 1 12. l.'.l. Sir 1). Kirke's. 1 1:!. Sir .1. Kl'■l,e■^, 1.-,;,. Cliiiseo I'otii. ts, Ciiatean. .711. 010. 017. Cliet w.vii'l. Mr., ."ill;!. ."■01. Cliiilli'.V fajie. 0(12. Oil.-i, Ciiild. Sii' .losiali, iss, isil. pill trait of. lilll. Cliimiiiii. Kurt. Post. iio;». Cliiiniie.v 'I'lekle, illO. Clioi.\, Port an, 3:!:i, 3.-1, 173, 177. 53;t, .iS7, .■||i2. view of, M3. ('hristian. U..21.3. clinreli, .1.. 3S2. Ori.';. Cliiircli, Hev. .I„3!'''„ ('lain (Jove, loss of A>igli''''^'ii.x-"ii at. 0.-)S. Clupp, (J. Mill. widow 272. liroperty, 110. (Mark. R..eii|)liire h.v Sauce. 77, 7s. naiTiitiveof fiilliert's evpeili- ;■ 111. 70. . ( Jeorire, 3.'iO. oi'tireo'.ispond, .^.l!!. S., 7S. Iieaeli. 07. l(i(i. V lews of. 1(11, Idl. Clem-v, (^ii));.. |S7. Cleel, .I,llill.21.'!. ('Ieiiiek,.r..3in. Cleeves. \\'.. ."illO. Clerk, •loliii, :|ii|. (lift. — . '..VJ. I',,-,,-., .1.. ''>. Hill, O.IO. .1 \V, iiii.'it:' s're \ iliscellalR'Ons CI (^iintiiii. ('iii|ii.. CloJo Hnnuil, view of, (i21. Clotworrhx. 101. ■Iiiett«al St. Piei C'oeli \V ill.. 2SII. (oekimt. l.f.. ;;►». \Vi Coeliraii. ,1.. 32!l. Coi'liralle. S;r .1., (tll2. Sir 'P.. 123. 12J. (II!i. •ailed. Ui; II2II. portrait, o Codey. ,M.. :iT Codiier's till.- Coilroy. 172. 17 Codv ■-, elaiiu rii Flat Islnnds, IH.'i, i.-|S, 02:i. Collin, •lolin_ C iitlaii (of P. : Colston. \V. inter, 12S. ColiiMihior, 3S0. 1, '. ol ambus. -,. Colvill. Loi-d, .'KIS. H2-ti. Coiue-bvChanee. road io, (i2'(. Coiieeptinii Hay. 2 1.-.. -200. 200, 13* r.7. Km. iiniiies in, IP. elio.sen for (iiiy's Colony, 0.-. niideil by MontiL'uy, '203. views in, 32ii. road, tts. riots, tsii. trade to l.'ibraliir, OO'.'. iiiemlif^r- lor, 00 1. ' 'oiirlu! Harbour, 217, '>'C' Conolly, --, 3S0, Conrov, •[. .'i„0il.1. Coiiteiit Harbour. 232. Viy.ik, Capl., 310. portrait of. 310. map. 317. ( ooke. ,1. R. M., t3ii. Cooksley. Cipt.. 303. (i.1.-,. Cooper (Tavloi .'Mill I. ."iilii. .-iiil. Coole. T., 302. .'1:13. 1:13. (i.-.2. O.". i. Corbin. Cipt.. l.-.o. Cormaek. .1.. 107. crossed .V.. il,-il. Corlereal's Mivaire. I. lo. 1 1, ]:,. ,jOO. Costalx.dle. — . 2 to, 2."iO, 2iil, 2('kS. 270. Costlev. Darbv. 201. Cotton. :\Iaster, 02. Couch. Will.. 171. Couirlilaii. lh\. I,.. :i3l..'i31. Siiriicon. 3S2. (i.-il. Conrleiiiaiide, .Seiirnciir, .iOii. CoiirtiiiK. -)'ls. Cow Head. 107, .'jlio. .-piil. Cox, .I..37.-1. .1. 1!.. 11". Cozens, ('., 131, 002, 111!!, ('...'ill's Hr.iok, .■i.-.O, oill. Ciai' I). H.. om. Craiitz s History of rireonlainl, .-)'.! I. Craiulley. R., 1 i:i. ('nnvfoi-d, — , ,'(s2, (!,-)3. Criwlev, Ca|)t.. ,")'17. 508, family, 137. Craze. --. 170. Cri'inellairo. .'137. Crowe, ("apt., 2.-il. '272. l:iw- !-.l, '27 Crowilv, Hon. .) 431, W7, 440, l.'iii, 4.-i7 Hill. 17.-1. norlrait of. l.-iHl Cruniiny, — , 017 Cms Ci;eli T.,or.\sl ilil Head. 370. 310. llil'illtoll, 1,- iiiiit of Uenuii- Cull. W. Cmlwortli. I'apt,. 4'<7. Ciinard l.iiie. 1.' sleainer aslion> at Caiu' Ri4'i ■Mil. Ciipids. 07. liew of. 07. -I'lit to. Ciirweii. Dr.. 111.-,. Oil'. Curtis. .|..:)'il. Curtis, . .-i;i7, .->0H. Cusack.'l'., and S ins, I in. Dultoii. — , 301, L., :m. Hanieron. Ciipt., .-)30, .'iO'J, 503. llanli\. l,ord,2lW. Ham-'cae. .\l...-,(iO. Ha rl.S. T.. IH. Ilaiiseville, .M.. Il.arli' Cliarle of lirislol. at Cape H'.Vrp'iiteiiil. .M llai'lin Ha tr. Sir!'., too. 471, .H3,; [,. II. DaviKiand. M., INDEX. 723 W7, w;i, i.-.ti, .")iiL', 5i;;i. -, tin; I'lipt,. im. i!Mi. Mr.. IK,. Inlet. (Wit. I»nvis Islimil. I'cMt tn.MMt. Uiiv.v. (;a|il.. -.'.I:;. Iliiwc, Ijiw.Vff. HI. v., iUiri. I','., i;t;.-j. fmiiily, 4.")2. Dii.v, .1., (lil.i. IlcMll KI;iMlls, IJIII. HIT. Iii'iiilv (if I'dx Harbour, ,")81. Di'iirin. .1. J., (iiW. Di' i!c'llii'\ro, P., US. Do l!.>ii. , 17>>. Ill' Unuiillmi, Al., -JOIP, :21il. St. Oviili', -IV.i, ills, -iliit, iTii, 1)(> Catiilo;fiie, (J., •Ml. Oi'i'P St'ii .Missinii to l.iiliriiilnr, liiU. till, lli'op \Vati'i-l'riM>k.i;l7. Ili'i'r Lake. il'Ji:, ClMi. view 1)1', iiL'2. I)i! Kroiitriiai'. .M.. 'Jll. Di'liiiifV, I).,;i7.">. Dr., .m. i .,**». urn, vm. fainilv, i^->. 1)1' la ('i)sa, .1., i;j. .-{It. 47, rM. l»o l.a I'i'iricri', ■M.,2'ti;. \>o I,a I'livpc, IHi. Ili'Iraii. .M.. 2«i. lli'li'liiiioy. .M.,-Jil4. He l.fiv.'l'., -JiU. Di'lfiiss'i'. M.. .-,ot. Iif lii-avc, W..:i.i!i. Do l.itictiit. .M.,-2t;i. I)i' 1,1), CliovaliiT. 2iii. Di'liirhiM'. M., (71. Do .Miii.s, .M, -,'17, -j:!!. De MiiiifroiT, M., lU. III! .Moiiloririioil. M.. L'll. Di'iiiiiaik. lislicr.v ni'iiolialioiis with. 2.-) -JS. cliriiiilclfs. 'I'^l. Vl'SSCls. -l.'it. Doiini.s, C'apt., aid. Ueii.v.s .Fcan. in .\., 4. at Kciii'W s, 17. ma)), 2SI. Do I'rado, A. .•!".). 1)0 (Jui'lvilloat I'lirlcaii, liOI. Ilcriitrr TlmtiiaH, In I. Ictlci', l-.!!l. Dc SatiiM'. , 77. Do Sipiaiii, .M., ts. Dos liaiTos, .ludtco, A. \V., 123,117, Iiiirtmit 111'. fi3. laniil.v, :!in, fj:l. Dosliorow, I'uiiiiiiuiiiior Cliarlos, •>Vi. Doslmrrow, (ienl.. 1H7. Dosolianroiirs. .M., 2.i2. Dos Islos. f. U., .-.l.-). jiortrait nf, 5t."i. Despair Bay, i!!tH, ;M(l, 402. Despoiiseiis, .M., 208. Dost riek, Stephen, IM,-;. He Ternay. Ailmiral, ;i(Ml. Dottriok's, Isaao, aeoonnt nf the ooenpatiiin of I'laoontia, 17*. Do Vanilronil. Manpiess, 2iU. Do Villcdoiuif. Jl., 2l!l. Dp Vij'nx, Sir (i. \V., 514. poi'trail of. "il."). Devonshire. See KiikIiuuI. Do Wilt on tlie EntrliMli Xavv, 17. D'Haus'.onvli;o, Count, .'ill,';, 41.'i- 41,-1. Dllior\ille, Hionville, 2I.-). r. 1.0 Moyne. 215 2111. portiail of. 2f). DiekeiiMin, \V., portrait of, ri4 \\nMi:N — » iMilcs I., 121. i;i.",. 111. I 111, lis. ]r,i. 1.",. Iiiirti-iiil of. l:i.'). ( liMi'lcs II.. I5;(, 17-J, 17">. 17i:. ISd. l«)i'lrint ( I'. 172. ('ii!itii:iiii, i-oni, .•iiw, am, 3i;i, 0(17. lioi-ll'.'iit of. :illl. ChiM. Sir.I. .V,,. ('iiiiri-liiU's filliK k on Ti'ciit.v II. r.-iris. :ii:(. t'liirciicr. Diikf nl'. ilciitll "f. 52(1. t'liiyiii.li', — , l.-)l. '.111. Ciifkliiirn. Sir A.. i.'i7. ( 'lU'liiiinc. Sir J.. iiil2. Ciiki'^ iirtfiiiiicul fnr fri'iT li'^hin-'. 121. (■|)iin;i,v. I.oni, lO.i. t'DI'IlWIlllls, lilMll, ."itl. ('iilliimtiiii. Sir !•'., l.'Ci. CniviTi, l.iinl, 2"s. ( 'iuiii\M'l!'>. Oliver, iKilJt'V, l.-.!l. ri'i'iiiitiire of Xova ScoliM. U7. rule. 2(l.5. |ii'o|iiisi'il l'rot('st!iiit iiiIn- siiiiis, 22S. portniit ol. l.'iH. llMol.v. S.oril. 2n-'. I»:irliiiir. Sir C. See. llMnilr.v. I,oril. III. Diiriui uth's. I. mil, rcpoii, 2:;';, 2(1'). Di'rii.v. Karl or. 171.. -|K). Di'sliiirrow. (u'IH'i'mI, lii7. I)n Viiux, Sir (i. \V. Sfe. Vo\W (A. I!.K i;!l. .1. A„ 17. i)riiki'. Sir--, .U. liortriiil 111', 'li, ICirrciiLoiil. lOiirl of. 112. Kii/iliuUi, (iiifi'ii. .-.1, .-.-1, S(l, SI. liorlRiit of, .W. MlioUSirT., lOS. l-AiMrr. Ilislioi) of, 1,->I.». l-alkhiMil. Liiril. S,p. ll!iiiiiiMl>rr:.'. l.onl, 2IIS. I'oril Sir c. .-,11.-,, .■.1.-). L'ov's iilliii'k cm till' Trcalv (it Vcrsiiilli'^. :(.-,:!. Friiiii-iln'r. Sir .M.. m. Unii'(:r I., ■J7 I. Iiiiilriiit I'l'. 27.'>. fji'orjri' II.. 2S.-I. liiirh'iiit 111', 2s.'i. (.■•oi-LT lll..:;iil, .V.ili. pcMliail ol'. .'iiil. (JrorL'r I \'.. portrait of. 122. liilli.'rl Sir H, See. Sir. .J.. 7!i. (ili'iii'V'. l.onl. l^i'.i. (liaiKlmir, W. I).. liU. (ioilurioli, Visc'oiiiit, 12'.'. (tiirites, Sir !•'., KH. OiT.v, Karl, I ill, liii. Ilawkcslnirv. I.nnl. :il7. Ilaiiiillon, l)iiki> ol, li:s. l,-.l. portrait of, 112, K. Haillio. .SVr. IIMlllp^hir(', Sir T., ill, llarlc.v, Karl of OvI'oril, portriiil of, i',"."!. lIarii«oM. (i III. Ill I'laiilauri'iu'l, l.'i llar\ ■"ir .1. .S'ci Iliiiloii, \\'., 17."). Iluwifk, l.oril, I2:>. Ili'iir.v Vll. ;;i. KMil.ISM Mkn \mi \V(imi:x — r,ill/. Ili'iirv VIII., :i2. portrait of, .'Vi. Kcrsrhi'll, l.oril. .-,t:i. .mI. y.-l. Ilollaiiil, l.onl, 1.11. --, til. IlopkiiiL's. Kail.v. 1."m. isii. Hopkins. Sir K.. 272. Ilowanl, Luril !■:..:«). laiiii's I., ill. Iiortrait of. s7. sral of. !i|. .raniis II.. I'.iil. 2111.2111. .loiii'i. Coloiirl. lilt, Hi7. .fllkrs, J. I!., fit, l."..'i. .IllllillS ll'tllM', .'ill, Krl\ ill. l.onl, lll.'i. Ki'iit. DiiKool, Itilj, ♦I'.i. Kirkc, Sir U. ,Sve. V.-in\'t. \V.,vi'pnrt, S'lr Iiilro- llllrlloli, Kiiiil>l'oril, l.onl, 'ilo, r,ri\>. I.Mlioiiclirrr. II.. 171 175. II.. Iil7. 1. ark ill. Mr,, 227, 27.'i. I.auil, Arcliliishoji, 1 tii, I.').'), 2:iS. I.eslir, I»r..:t-<2. laisliinirtoii. Dr., 111. Marililosli, Sir .1 , 111. Maii.'iiiiL'. Sir II,. ml. .Mlllsliclil. l.oiil. .V.tS. Miisiin.i'apl. .1., mt lo'.i. Mavirickc, , I.-jI. Miixso. Sir If., .-|i;i, mill, ^irailiis. Dr.. Ii'll, Mirivalc. Jlr.. t7:i. .Milchiil.T.. 27^. .MoiiiiTWilliaiiis. Sir K.. 2'iii, Monk, (irnoral. 172. .AIont^'oiiH'rv, l.oril, )'i\. Miisirr.MV.', Sir A., tin. NuwcMstli', Duki' of, 2s7. Diikoof. 1S7. Xoakrs, . i;i'.i. Dlipliaiil. I... I'.>7. Oriiioiiili', l.onl, 2iis. I'lii'kiiiirlon, Sir .1., t'i:i. i'alini'rsl n. I, ml. :).')1. r.irkr. liaron. H7. I'larl. Sr .1., 127. I'l-asilcy. \V., 1.(2. I'l'ckliaiii. . .S'(7. I'l'cl.Sir K., tt7. I'oiiihniki', Karl of, l.'iil. I'liiilor. Sir .1., I'.i'.i, r. lui.'U, K. K,,,'-,l.-,. I'lrrier. Sir \.. 171. ■t7.'i. I'irkrriinr, Sir (i., til7. I'ovMV, .Mr., tilii. t'oxvi'll, York. 2il. I'rior. M..2:in, 2.-17. 2S1. portrait of. 2:i7. ]{ali'iiili. Sir \V. Sc: Ui'ihvood. . Itil. Ki'viiolih, . mm, Kiiib.v, .Mr., l.-.l. UobinMin. (.. II., 127. Mrs., .71:1. RosoIh'IV. l.onl, ,■1:1:1. Kiip.rt, I'liiii'i', nil. Itiissi'll, l.onl .1., t.'lS, SalisliiM.v, l.onl. ."ill. Scott, Sir (i Sir.!., m,-i. ;i. S'lirf Siki , Sir A. .V c. I'V. Sii \V, A.. .^^^7. ii;i. Slaiii'.v, .1., mil. Siiiilli, dipt. .1. Sep. SlalT.ml, l.onl. I:i2. Si, Til' U.. 2."i."i. St. (M'iniains, \'.iu-\. 1S7 Si. Ilolr l.onl. :i."i portrait of, ,"1. seal of, H. portrait of, a.'i'i. Swift, Draii, 2."i7. S.vilni',v, Sir I'., 77. lOM.i.rsu Mnx wo WmiiiN '■nil/. 'I'lilliol.Sir I!.. 12. 'I'avlor. .ii'ii'iiiv . I m. I'l'iiipli', Sir U.. US. Tlionioi.'lii:oo I. T., nil. VaiiL'liaii. Sir \V. .V... \ictoriii,(iiii'i'n, ti:i. 111, •'ii:!. ,''i2iP. piirtriiit of. ."ilii. Wakrliaiii, |{. R. S,n. \\ali's. I'liiic'iMif, |s7. port rail if. I><7. Wliillourni'. Sir It. .SVr. Wilki'S. .allac-k on Tn'al.v of I'aris. ai'i. William III., 221. po'- rail ol'. 211. William I\'..:i,"i7. .'lilj aii7. porlr.iit of. aii"i. Wilioiiiilili-o, Sir I'., ia7. Wolfi', (in, rral. 2.1(1. liortril 111'. 2111. Wolsi'.v. Canliiril.aii. I)mii.isii IoWN'S; liariislapli', l."it. lilt. mil. lii'i \vii-k-iiii-'r\vroii. asa, Uiilrl'onLlliil. losM's f, ill IfiiXi, 221, ships at f'lc Aianaila, SI, viuw of. 221. riirmliiKliam. aim. i'lridport. 2mi. conla^c, 1:1, ll.'i. -. I l."i. liristol, 7, 111, (IS, l.-i2, 17il. (Jii^l nil llonsi', vii'w of, la. iiii'ii ilisi'ovor I.ilirailor. .V.iii. ship in X. in I1I21I, loa. traili: from. 12. to li'i'laii'l, 27. to liahrailor, 5!MI. to .\., 111. Clicstpr, SI. CockiiiL'toii. 17 f. i;olllnsHi'11.2:is. Darlmoiitii. :i7, ini, l."ili, IHI, Ilia, l!M. 222, 2\iS, add, 127, ."ills, Ili'Vnnshiro, fislioi-iiicii in N., 2117, inlliioiu'i' at Court, ISS. in .N.. I It. slian' ill til" .\riii:iila, S2. Kxrti'c, 271.2SS. :i.-,s. view of 1 l.i. jiorl of, ll,"i. Kxnioiith, 2:1s. Kowi'v, l."it. (iloiu'i'sti'r ship. l."i.'!. (iolili'ii (imvr. llu. liomlon, I7il, 2a:>. iiiori'hanls. 1 IIV. sliips 1()S. (."la. tracio from, 12. I owi', Kasl. l.-it. Mclromli.i Rii'is, l."il. NiHV RollllH'V. ,'iss, Newton Aliliot, 2'.IS. I'ivnioiiiii, an, r)2. lui, i.vi, Kil. view of, 7S. ]• lolc. ."iS, 7S, nil!, 2:)ll, 2.si,2:is as:i, .aiiii, t2s, i7(i. iimyir of, 1 til. ships ImiM ill \., Kl.j, Porlsmoulli, mil. irovcrnor's iioiisr. Ills. Scill.v Islamls. in. .Soiithaii.pton. 112. I."it, Ti'iKiimoulh. 2(IS. Wcynioiilh, i HI, l.il. 17(1, linl. Wiililii'i'iiilii', lis, :isl. ,(/v .\riii\, Chaniii'l l.slunils, .Navy, Ship ImsIi- onnoM. Krharl,('„.'ilil. INDEX. ISKIMO, I'llUiMT's illlcllipts to liadc Willi, :i-Jl. Irciily wiih. .'i:;;. .Mdiav inn inis'^iiiM to. li.'ii!. Ji.vivpii'.-. tiiiiliiiciil i Iriiiii, iliis. vans. K.. |s."). i;i;t. Sir !•'., (!L';i. imrtrill ol", tii'i. anil Mallirws. ."iilii, .■ii)l. vn-siiii. ( a|it.. 17J. xjiloiis ItiMi', -j;:!. lis:). i;2i. CarlwiiL'hrs i'.\|)i'ililioii In, :!l'I. lai'iiiiiiK laiiil on, .'iii7. \\ I CiL.tyi. lanil Kiaiil lo railway. (127. Palivrc, <'a|it.. 171. Kiili.van, 1'., 7"*. ]''ihi-lii.!iriir. C.-iiil., :;7.'). FalkiiiL'liiiiii. ( Mill., -1^], Dill. l''alKl.,nil. I.iiul. i:i7. |p'ii;ni,il III', ll'.i. li'liiii,\ anil ii'MiKi^aK. lls-JO. Ciiliinv. liimnilai-ifs of. I in. I'lillc-, T..i;nl. J. I'., mil. Viniiiv 's Ilarliiini'. liln. I'arrcll. — . i:!><, i;.", I. I'auccll. (ill.. :,-2'.i. l'Vaiii,(i. (•..7::i. rcai-iH'. Caiii.. i:i:i. Fi'ilil, lii.slh p. Ill, n:'i. I'l'iiiliiii. .M., tii'Ci. I'criiiciisi', l-jii, I7i>, .'11)1. ( riiiiiii\ (■>.), 2it7. I'ci'K'if'nii. ''apt., H".'. KciiiaiKlcz. .1., I. 111. FKliRVIA.Ml. I IJ. l.'.ll. l.'i."). 17:. ISM, mil, 1117, L'L'.'l. -.ill!!. view (if. 111. 'JcfciK r liv llfilnian. ;;i-_'. irilii'rvilli'tit.-JI.I. |iliiiili'is losses at, in lii'.ul. ■JL'I. Iloldswortli's lionsc at, L':;7 I'li-iii'li allack nil, in ITi.'i. ■HI. lo^-cs 111 1711'), L'til. Lauinil's atlnck on. l'Ih. l'"ii .all allack on, :Jiil. L'li'J. :;ii:i. :;ilii, 'Jilli, •J7(l. fori ai.-J7l. lialliiiiiiri' lioiisc. 'I't. i'iirtilicalioii> at, 'Js.-,. law lioiiks fur. 2S0. K. (alien f,:!i)3. lrco|is at, 'J!t7. I'ii'ilanil. 'Jii, . nia.'isl fairs, xc. of. :!iil. cap! lived ill l7il"J. .inil. AVcsluii',-^ pnipei l.v. Jill."). Iriiopi landed al. .'1117. liiiL'iisli retained |iosses»ioii of. .'111. iiiiriieMit. ;i;ii.3:iii. .'iii:i. li.'W.S. " I'liiasaiil,"al..'iliri. nieliiliei' lor. i:is, 1,-|7, tiw. Ml"*. o\ei-i'e|ireseiiiation of, Uu. riot al. in I7ss. il.'i:l. UiL'inlieis for, illil. Field, (".vriis \V.. ii:i7-H, ifl;!. porlrait ol'. il'lT. Fiiilav, U., m>. Finn, ll.,-J!it, I'ii'lli. \V.. Il'i. Fisliiiii; sliip's liai'lioui'. Dill, i;i7. Fi>liiit Islan.l, 177, ."oil. view of. ."lis. Fiiz'.'crald. .1., lisl, N.. 111.".. I'U/lierliert. .\.. ;!."■:;. I'lannerv, l'.,.'17."i. Fl.al lia.v. ."i."ili, ."iill. view in, 11.111. Islands, IS.-). Fleming:, liislio)), tjii, Mil, lilf, .•"(a I id ford. ."iim. Fleiirde l.vs, 217, 278, .")7il. Fliiiir. .J.,.'1-J1. Flood, .!.. :t7-i. W. (1.. ilill. Flower's Cove, ilUll. Flovd. Tlios.. .'Jill. Fl.v. I,l..2:il. Fo^'o, •27!i, :;,sii. •jsf. •jsi.'i. .'l.-iii. :;7ii, t.'!s. t."il, l.-i7, 111."), HIS. sellleuieni at, r,\-l. ."i."i'J. Iraiie lo l.alirador, .")',i7, (lii2. iScoll.of. mill. advaiil aires 111' railway to. Ol'.i. telcL'rapli to. Illili. nieiiiliers for. ililt. Folli tt, ,1.. :iis. Foi'lies, Cliief .lust ice. |ii2. 121. nil, 11112. Ford. --, liil.'i.il.").-). .lollll. nil','. Ford ■- liiL'liI, alM. l''ol'eliani, lined for coiilenipl of court, :i.'i7. I'liresl and .'^liearer. ."i.")il, .")il". .".ill. factory, view of, ."iHI, I'orsey. — , ,"i,"ill, .")."i!l. ."illl. Fortean. ,"):is, liul. dpi. Forterie, — ,.'!2I. Fori line, ts. tcle',;-riipli lo. 11:111 Fortune Hay. Is."), 27!i. 21is, ;ts!i, :i'.i;i. Ills. I.")7, Ml."i, 17s. t7P. Mi;i. sel tiers ltd to Si. I'ieirc. .")7 I. road to, tl2s. ilicniliers for. ilill. (iraiid Italik, 'lew of. I;i7. Fowler, T., of St. Mar.v's (.'liiircli. i.-i7. 1'.. :mt. I'owlow. I'apt.. "i2l. Fo.\ llarli'jiir. ."iSl. ill7. .).. 1117. ."iiiii. mil. .1, \ Co., imi. Tra)!, lialtleof, ."il2. Foxes Island, 271. I'laiicis llarlioiir, illn. (117. I'raiiklaiiil, I.I.. 2:i|. Fra/er ( I'aysaiit, and), ."i."i7. .I,.(117. .). (),, ."i(i2. ."iiiil. ilii'.i, ()il."i. portrait of. ."iii2. Frecls. Calie, 27s, -Jsii. Freeman, \V., Ml. FieestiJiie Islands, (illl, French I'lotcslants, '^711, defeat at (Jiieliee. :;!iil. liislio]i O'll'iiiel attacks ihr Ficlicli iiilidcls, llill. Kevollllion. ;iil7. Feenui at St. I'lnmi;. not lo lortily, :il-. traders lo. :i2li. repoiled lo la' lortifyiiiir. .'i:i;i, captured li.v Kinrlisli. :|il7. rrcovercd. .'i77. early history of. .")il,"i. revoliilioii at. J72. tree of liherly at. ."iTH. coiiiinitlecol piililic .sufet\ a'. ."i7:i. Jiicubiii club ut, .■i7:i. FitKXc It AT St. I'i I'liun— (•llM^ C'oi'/i ./'(7ri/ al, ,"iSJ, elaplioard revolution at, '}><± iliscipliiiairi's al, ."i'«2. forlilicalioii at, view of. .")S:i, F|!I:Ni II. lU^IKCT (IF lUi r .\( I (l-S. the llait .\ct. 17><. view of the Kiiil \r'|, t7s. O|iinioii or(ii,\criior and the l.cnislatiire uii the IJait lilll. ."illl. ."lis. li.'iit Hill sniielioiied l)y Ijiirlisji (iovcninienl, ."ilil. elTicI ol iIk; liait Act,."):!!!. I'liUNcil !■ lsiii:iiv. lishory, coiiiiiieiiceiiieiil of, 17. fishery methods, -J-.', lis'ii i.\ 111 N.. 111. frilcvaiice auaiiisl KiiL'lish inrates, lis. I'reiii'li vessel al Si. Mary's caplnred by Clark, 7s. lishiii',' al llarlionrdc Grace, In:;, ships caplnred liy pirates, lli:i. lisliiii:; al Cail.oncar, liili. liri'/es taken in iil-Js, pcj, lishery, i:i7. hank lislicry. |:is. lishinir regulations of l.onis NIV., Kill, pi'iid'hoiiime. I In. coiiiplaiiil of Kirke. I is. in .\ma Scotia, I Is. resent Ivirke's dutii's. 1 is. caplnres a sham iiiau-ul'-war. I IP. Iioats, 111."). to pay licence diilics. P17. sniniiici' lislieriiien. 17:;. Jliiss' an\'-. S. dc, compliuiil- of KiiL'lish, 17s. fishiiiL' Heel capliiri'd Uv Dnlch. is:i. lishiiiK north of IJonavisia . l.sit. lishiii^ assneiales. |s|, honiily to lishernicn. Is.",, Iioniities, 1-^7. lishery. increase of. |s7. lishiiiL' al I'lacei tin. Iss. no alien to Hike litiit, llij. (lestrnel ion of Iioats, 'Jii.",. , (Inlies claimed finm, 'J'J I, livctciisions 111 .\,, 2-JI. bountius lo recniil Ihe i.av\, 2.5(1. liieaiiiiiL'of " lisli, " -J,"!!, trade lo X., 2(17, nli(|iis forliidden |.> lisli in Kntrlish liarlioiiis, ■I7.i, dillleultiis Willi, at l!oiiii\isla, •271. (tiviiiK boiniliei to lisheriiic'; lo ainiov Fnirlish seitler.s. •JSII. abaiidon \,, 'Jsj. ships anil spies al Fo)to, am. aliaiidoii the lisln ly. •I'XI. pi'i/cs to St. .lolin's, 2il|. sliii) " Taviifii.ir" caplnied li\' Capt. Welili, .'illl. Usher.* esiiiiKi'e, ;)•_>!', :i'ji;, extent of Ih.ii- llsliery on Ihe treaty shore, :!.".l. pri\niccis 111 isp). [s.i, siipiily ol Pail, (7s, dues cnucleil for lisliinu Iroiii, ."ill. no f'^encli lisliinir on ihe w. --I coast In 1MI2. .)7i;. fc itiiig, ;.7(i. lis; iiK .'It straits of lit'lle Isle, -N'.l. Kasipie consort willl, ,')!i7. F u li X 1 1 1 X A \ V. 2.511. -m, J'Ki. 5 17. 72G INDEX. H ^ FKKXcir Sktti.kmknt at I'i.a- I'KNTIA, &C. occupation of I'laccnliu, I'l!. 18(». Oawot's cnniinissioii. iliilc of M\. I'lnci'iiiiu sU'OMtfl.v lorlilioil. 17.-I. I'liici^iiliu ivfortillcd, 211. Imtilk'Mtioiis iit I'laci'ntiii.iiilT. iliitiK'''' I'f nii(in (if I'lu- ct'llliH.. ilN. Onriii':iu > (li'scripiiiiM of I'liu'rium, IS'J. Dowiiiiiir'siu'cuuiit uf I'luicii- tiii, aiii. Cost :i licllc's rcjiDi't of coiidil i( 111 of I'liMfiilia. i't7. ii',-Ia.v at I'laci'iitia afliT tlio cvai'iialiciii. L'Tii. ull(in|it t(i iiidiK'i^ Knuli^li to si'itli' at l'Iai'«'iilia, Is-j, Kintlisli I'cmovi' to I'laci'iilia, •J(I2. fiK'oiiiafrc Eiislisli to st'ttlc al I'lacciitia.-.'Oti. take lislicniii'U to I'lacoiitia, 2til. take lishoniKMi to Ffaiicc. •Jti.'i. scltlrnii'iit al lirt'st, .";k;. nuinboi' o' -• tilcpwMitj, lS,"i. sctili'iiif :'s, ii-.i. danirri' i ' •ii'llli'iiionts, '2ni. scttloi's ;.L Trcpasscy, ls:i. nil scllloiticii' up to Iil(i2, 17.S. Sl'tti('lll(.'llt^ ill N.. 'J.')!', "iliO. Icavo St. I'h'i-ro, .■i:i(). IK'niiil led to liiiild lioiisi's and cut wood iiiHav Despair. liPI. 1''1IE\( 11 S.MUnnLl.Nd, 2^11,312,31;!, ;i2", r,r,:i. ,1 n'l'i" to an KiikUsIi C'omiiiis- sar.v at SI. Pien'o, 312. at St. I'ii'ri'i'. .'■i77. I'RE.scii Tow.vs. HavoMiii'. IN, ."i7ii. lia'ntcail.'CSI.. IS'), ,57ll. Jdittanv, IJouaniez, viow (f, .-.72. Hi'cloii pilots, i'i. ill SI. I'ienv, ,j(i5. lisiicry, liii. discoveries in Liilirador, BSD. tisliiim in 1,")27, H. Iluririindiiin with t'aliot,!!. i)ii'Pl_i.'. i. Ivii'kc born in, 1 P*. view (>f, li!. Doiianicz, view uf, 572. Dunkirk, 17(!, 312. (iranvillo, 57(1. llarllcnr. 17. ,)iim!i'iri's, l!i. Jjii Hoiiilli'. W. Mar.sfilli's, 81. ?saiit(s, ."i7il. lishorincn, 3,'). lisliiiiK in 1527. 41, in St. I'iorn- 5ti5. IWhollc, S!i, 57'-. St. JJridKcon. •*:•. St. Malo, 45. Hi, 40. 13S, Hti, •.:15, 247, :>«. 57(1, 575. view of. «6. To.llr.ll, Si Vatcrvi!!. «>. KuKNfit T(UMaK '•■Jill KskiuM. ,324. tnulintc, "tsw fi, «itli Eskstmw, Sa."). dMilinic~ •itli Indians, .'Wa, Ut'lp Indiat.'s afAiust Cskimo, 6U2, l''HEX( II 'I'll \iiK—rtiiif. I'lskinio raid Frrncli rcimiis in Straits 111 lirllc Isle. ,V,P2. niiirili'v (if lislici'ii., n ti.v nalivcs. (W, ,V,I2. excite Uskinio against the l';nKlish,.5!IH. I'ltK.Mii TuKATY llioirrs. Ti-eaty of l'trreht,252. view of Tivat.v of rtreihl, 2(10. Treaty of I'aris. 300. I'allis'er's interprelatioii of Treily of I'aris. 317,32(1. view of Treaty of I'aris. 3;1. fnrluilden to eiileli salmon, 3-JV ii^iK-n >>ioii resisted bv I'albser, ,325. I'alliser's opinion of Frencli inleiiiidiis al St. I'ierie, 3,3(1. furs seizeil at I'ort an t'lioix, 333. eapliireii for violalnur trealv, .33 1. excluded ficuii .salmon li-herv, .337. Dulls piMclaiiiation about tlii^ ob.servaiiee of 'J'r"atv of I'aris, 337. Declaration of 17S3, ,332. Treaty of \ ersailles, 3.V2. I.nrd I'aliiiersliin's o|)iiii(in of Treaty m' Versailh's. 35V. ritthls on the Trc;ily slioiv. 354. 355. Treaty of .\niiciis, 377. Treal.\' of I'aris, 4(18. indiKiiatiiiii in St. John's, 171. iieL'olialioiis in is It 57,471. lesiihitioii of the I,ei:islatmry>. 17 1. I lie l.abouchere letter, 47X Dirliiiif's dcsp.itch. 475. llaniillon's leit»r. 475. the c.rpositio oinff'nifH'rancit of the Treaty riirlits. 47(1. pniposiils for a seitleiiient. 170. asiieel in connection with lli>' Halifax award, .5iii;. Convention of 1884,515. Legislature refuse (n accept, 51.5. failure of Ford-Peuuell Com., vent ion, 530. conliscition uf Knirli>vh sliip's cariro at St. I'ierii-, ,^s^. I'UK.NHI TRKATV SlIORK. riffbls iiplielil at St. .iulia I's h\ I'alliscr, 321. lixcd st'itlomeuts on the French shore t<'> be removed, 3.53. " Fixe 1 scttleiiM'nts." 475. Ireatnunt oi R. and M, Torv, 47(1. lirsl stipeniliarv .ippoiiited to the WcN' Oivist.odl. land ifi-ants albnved by the Kiiifli^li liovernnient (in the treaty shoiv, 5(10. bounty at St. I'ierre, .5.53. attempt to serve priK-ess by French master in St. (ieofKc's IJa.N, .581. lobster factnries in D!'3. 177. lobster disputi-. .530. Report on K bsler factories. 550. arbifiatioii on lobsters, to bo held tt Kriissels, BtiO. Fkknv H 'W \KS. F. a.t Trepas-sey. attacked by Sliltliiiuiw IXi. ^^«^ie^^Nh attskrks on V., !i'i7. FlIKNCIl \VARS--C(m/. F. sellleineiits destroyed by l.eake. 24(i. I'ctit Noi-d, Knjrlisli attack the, 2H1. attacks cease, 2(>t. nc.'ount of campaiirn of 1705, 2(11. attack in 1705. I'rior's nccniiiit, 2i!(i. iiioveinenls in 17(is. 210. claims for ransom in 1708,210. terms of surrender to iilaiu'ers. 27(1. soldier of 17.55, 30.S. attack on St. John's in liioi', 211,21.". attack on St. John's. .tc.IOSm. 23(1. treatment of Drew, 21(1. attack on St. .loliu's in 17(i5. 212,215. attack on St. John's in 17(i8. 248. attack on St. John's in \~i)'^. 2i;8. liidpo.ie to occupy SI. John's Iiermancntly, 270. captiin' of Sl.'.lohn's, 3115. Knjriish recapture of St. John's. 412. expected atttick by, on St. John's. .'!5ii. last attack on SI. John's, ;;i!7. iittack on Cajic Hrovie Har- bour, 1:12. attack on Little Hello Isle. 222. attacks f.n Trinity and Con- ception Hays, 238. 1 KKXCIIMKX. Anbert of l)ie|i|ie, 4. Itoniipartc. J.. 51,3. I'assini'saceountot Hie French lishery, 5(10. Chateaubriand's aceouni of St. I'ierre, ,585. ( loiii'-, .Vdioiral. ."81. Colbert. .Alinisler, 130. Freyci'ict, >I. dc, 530. Hariisse H., 17. Hiimann, . hniral. 547. .lusserand, M., ,547. I,e Noiiry, Baron U.. 581. l,'lis|M'mnce, Haroii de. 5(iS. Louis XIV. 177. Louis XVII I.. 4(18. Reciiloux.Capt..510, 5ii2. WaddiiKTliai, ."^l., 6;«l, ,541. Frenchman's Cove, 20. Fivshwaler Itay. 283. Frew, W.. ,527. FrewiuK i^ Co.. (il7. Frey's Cove. (117. Friend's map, 2,)0. Frost, I...B17. Fryer (I'aek, (Josse and), 4,38. Funk Islands. 3.50, 4ii2. Fnrcy, ('., 480. (Kit. Furl(jni«, J.. Ki7. Gadcn, r,., 411, \V.. 7(10. tialwav line. HIO, (135. Gall..\. L. ,504. (viiiibier. Lord, 375. portrait of. 37il. (oiiiibo, (121. rii;id to. (128. Kiver. (120. (tame Laws, 717. (lander Arm. (121. Kay, 28;i. Hay. f irmini! land in. .507, cruuiing, 621. Rj'f r, ()2!». IXDEX. 727 n/. ili'stroyoil by njtli'ili attiick It. paiirn of 17(i5, I'ior's ^cenjiit, 7ll\ 21!'. ii'i ill 17IIS. •.'I'.i. lertoi)lnii(ers, ins. olm's ill lii'ji', ihii's, Ac, icon, tnv, 2111. uliii'.s ill 1705, ohn'-s ill 17IIH. oliii's ill 17o;5. ip.v St. John's 270. ilin's, ;iO."). tiire of Si . c b.v, on St. t. ■lohn's. .';i!7. lil-o.vlo II.IT- <■ Bi'lle Isle, ily nnil Gon- ial. i\ t. i-:t. of lllc KlTlloll uceoiint (if ;si. r, 1H!I. , 5;ill. al, .547. t7. 1 II.. r,H\. roil do. 5tH. IS. 5 til, .-irti'. , 5;«», 541. 0. nd), 138. 12. cl in. 507. nnnli cr, Vr.. .'i to. .•i.lii. Giirifaiiicllc {'ovc, 5."i7. tfnrcoi. (idvi'i'iinr. |s2, ."dii. (Jarl.iiid, fainilv of. 22.'. (,'liai-li's, 2IU, ;;i.-). ;»:. ;t.-,2. — , ;«i. K,, tli;.") (slioiilil lie lii'vi I. (i.'o,, 2111, :i(ii. •J. n.. wi. «■■!. liiu. piirli'ail dl'. i:i:j. Mr.. II.-.. Gi, .-r. M..r,\\>. Gi:.^. C 'i'.s niai), 42. (>aiilt()is. lii'riiiitauc Hiiy, 21i:i. "icaiiii, .1,, 721. Geary, J., .'I'll. GclTi-y — , 2(iii. Golnian. I{.,2:iii. Gi'iifvicvc l!iiy. .",i;(i, .■„;l. Geviruc'!, ( 'ovp, l/ihrador, i!17. Hivcr, Laliiador I'ust to, Olio. Oerniiiii vcs.'cls, tj-t. lltiuilinrif, l.lt. Ifin lit .>:;ii. >icliola.s, ;t;W, :i,iii. XHK iilii. i).-;{, (i.-)5. di'iiili of. ;isrt. Umiil.v-, 2tl. liri'iiiiscs. 45S. tillc. .'i.'7. (iislionu', I'". X., (i:i,-.. |ir. ^('iiliiiioii 1,1, i;:;ii. Iiurliiiii dl', (•,;;.•;. li.. !i;mI llriidi'isdii, ii:i(!, ('iadsliini'. (■apl.,241. <>1 'dliill, (iovi'i nor. 2s2. 2S7. GIt'csoii, ---, .-|27. (I'arkcr 1111(1), |5«. tilo. Glen. T.. 4.57. tiio, till. tii\ \^r,. lilit. Glover. Sir .1., t7i, .-,111. porlrait ol'. .'liij. (Joddiii. .1., iii;.-|. G(iilfi-|.\. A, \y.. i:is, (iiii. (JolT, l(. N., iV Cij., inn. (ioldie, J.. t.-iii. Gujdswortliy, --. 427. GoliK z's voyiiif ', 1:). to iizido. .).. t. i:i. (inoilridp', lion. A. !■'.. Il'5. .-i:i.-i, mil. 1105. 1 01 1 rail of. .5:15. A., and Son, 5sl. Gonillellow, ,1., 5110. li t'o.. .527. 017. Gondyeare. S,. l.-,:t. Goo.se lla.v. road to,il2"*. cove, lisiiiiii.' at. 570. Gorires, Sir 1'.. 104. 'iiisse. iiinrder of, 288. . .'ilKi. 055. U'.limind, I're'atoiy N',ile liy, ix. 1'. I[.. i;iS717. purl •a it of, llix. (fosse's title, .'iiri. (illllilloll. ],. Mild P., .'i.')!!. (ionld. Win., 1)10, lli|l. toiiilinu:. .lesiiit prie.st in St, .lolin'M, 22^, 20;!. (io'.ver. Sir K., .'J7s. portrait of, :i7.s. Gunge, U., m. GK\ri:. H \i:i:fici!, lii:i, i;)7, 170 '2.'I2, 2I1I, 2.12, 271, 2:11, 2:1.'), .'fill •'i:tl, .'Ml, :)5I, .■(77. 41.-.. t.-,:i, tos, I II II I. early sell lenient iil, HO. view (if, Un. " liristol's ll(ipe," i:i7^ view iil,'l.')il. Montiifiiy at. 215. lawlessiii'ss al. 211 1. faelion lifrlil in 1700 .'liis. iliiiK'islrates, ;tii;i. riols. i:)7. teiil lislierv. 151. I.'ost Id. )ii:j. riols, isii, railwav In, ,-.07. ridt,,-,i,'i. 'I'lioiiiey of, 575. trade lo l.ahraddi-. 0li2. railway In, ii-j;). teleii-ra|ili hi, 0:t5. O.'i 1, eiiiireli l.iirnl, 055. If. •'. ciillielriil liiirnl, ililii. Mielilber I'dr, Oill, Island, 2011. |i. liiales. M 1. l.XI. Ciriives. lidi-d, :iiiil. :il I, 115. 052, Tlidiiias, l,-)2, (•ray, R., .'Oil. (irayddii. Admirals attack dii I'lacentia.2:i7. Grayddii. l'ai>t., 275. ,(;„ liiil. (Jreeii Hay, 127, 281. seals in, tlM, 1!I7. .I.,,')15. 1. 1. .Jilt. \V. S.. 005. Greene. J).. O17. i). J.. iU!l, titiSv M„ll2. . (ireeiiliunl discovered. I. Ha.sinu-s ill, .5SS. Kskii))!'. .51111. lionnlmed Injin l/nl'vader. .-.HI. I raiit/s UlsK.ry. 5!. ol liridporl, 2SII, Guy, .M.liii, 1I5, 0.-i2. letters. 125. sece.ssidii from the eoin- piiiiy. my. (.'ulon.\. I';). 111. ncjtotiiitidii.i for sale uf |.art df. lull. ediii|iiiny. arms ni, li:i. idiarler, 122. iMiiinilarie.';. 122. l.irtli of a liny. 128. Hackela nf St. I'ierri', .'.S-'. Iladddek. \V., liil, -, ;il5, lliiil'e, Capl.. .•)N2, 051. Ilalilnrlon, .!., 5t'i. .-..-17, ,-,,-|!i, ,-,iji. Hall (;„ill7. .Mr,. Oil, llallaliaii. I,., .'tl.'i. llallaren. J.. 721. Iliill's Hay. line planni'd to. ('.20. I'dii'l td. i;2s. Hilly. I.ieul.-rol. W,. :i;i. ;-.|. 1.7, i:i.i. i:il. llaiiiilloii, .\rr.,:!15. Sir t;., 1118,421, liili, portrait of, leu. (iinernor II., uf liennudii, 118, K. I!., 105, lOil, 175, il.iO. port lilit of, 1; 11, l.ady, tmi. pditiail df, HO. liilel, 017. 018. lliiiiilin. — . lOs. Iliinidnd, Capl., .-,.-.0. Ilampsliire's, .Sir T.. rttinlaliuns, 01. Hiuidyside. l.ieni, -I ',■!., j-j:i. Manldii, .M..:i75. :is|. lli'iiralian, K,, 157, lill, 105, 100, 4iis, ciu, llaels llarli :iir. 2:12. Harden, Ij., .■)iil, Harne,. . ,liislii.e, I ill, llarq M, de, OS, Harralian. 1',, :175. Ilarrij.'aii. Cape, 0112. ilpi. 017. Harris, .John, uf K\dn, •'71. Itev. ,l..:i7!. Harrison. Cape. OI11.1I17. (Jillierl. 151. Ilarrisse. M.. 17. Hurry's liiver, 020. lirook, 0211. iliiifvey, — ,,'it7, tlO, I Miinscomln' aiidj,:is7, toi.i. A. \V., .-,iit, ,-,211, .-,:i2, .-.511, lilt, 015.1)17. jMirlrait nf. .5111. and .\iiirel, .-.iiii. A; Co., ,-,2 1, 527. Sir .)., till, l.-.O, 157, 1.511, 188, liortrail of, H|i. deparliii-e of, 101, sdii shell ni, .■i,;7. Key, .M., the .\ewliiiiiidland Fislaries Cdinini.ssion, 017, T., mil, Halch, Ciipl.,2.-.2, Hattcn. — , ,-,27, Haven .laiis, .'ilj.', .-.'.ll. Ilawl;e. Sir !■;.. .'Iir.. Hiirliiiiir. 111". Hawker, - , 017. Hayes. — . i;7. i.urrative, :!,-), 70. « I iiiii ii^i^iil lit 7'2H TNDKX. lliiyiiiiin's. KcilnTl. |mmIi',v, liili. Illiulll'.s ('«///. ImSIl -eriH/. pidlidsiliiiii, 1:17. — . ,'iv.'. iir,.-.. at St. ricrrc, .'1(17. iii:i|i, 1:17. Hull ,V iliiivc.v. 11(1. ".vrniii.':;'.ers," 2(11, IliiviK s. — . :is'i, i;,M. Iliiiiilirr Itivcr, 1711. il2il. lianislied lo Ireland. :ill. Illl.VM', .1., .-iSl. Ilnid, Til IS, UK. eonspirae.v of, to iiinrder llu; Ilii.v «;\|-il. Jiiil(.'0, lill, l.l."i. |ij>, ,")7li, Ililiil, Sliilili, ,^ i'l'csloii, il,s, inlialiitaiii-.. :w\. Ci.ill, Ci'ii, lil'il. .'is7. lienevolellt Sneietv, lisl. Ilciid, M., iHirlnill nl, :>'Xi. \V.(i., 11117, faetioii liulils, ;iHl,':ill2, Ilcimev. U.. .■(SI. lliiiili'rs& Co., Mil. 1(1(1. I'liited, lis. Ili'iiril, .liiliii. IC't. lIMlIc 111 l/llllMllur, .-('.IS. nnddle-ehis^ planters. ■Ili.'i. Ili'iii'ii \ Co.. .VJ7. Iliiiitiinrdoii. .Somid, virw ol, ilnl. .New foniidland lislier.v,:il."). Ilriin's ('(iiiii'iii, 1:;;). lliilcliiiiu''s lillo, :i)7. rislierin.'iii. trial of. il'.il. ImiiiIiiiu: i'mIiIo. (1(2. (icii., 2:11. .'KIN. Wexlord lierriiitf cot. WW. J)i'liirli(. rci. Icltcr 111, iilioiil I'l'ci'lioi of tisliernieii, l.-)t. Ilrliron. .'ill.'). (!is. limisi'S, :i 111. pi'ovisiuns fill', .'iS. • lli'Miiiiiriir, .liiliii. :ii>l. (i. A.. liilM. (Ki.-,. trade Willi Ireland. 2(111. lli'Hilci'M)!! ((iislllini<> mull. I'>''llt. 1!.. '.PI, c.-i:!. provisions from Ireluiid, 272, Iliiid.v. — li;i. It., iiiiir., M., 2i)l, (rude Ir Ireland, 2s;i, Iliiilr.v IhirlKiiir, i;iil. (ild, (il7. S., ,'iiil. trade, 11 ts. l.sliiiid. view 111', III. Iliixlonl, 11,. .1111. slii)is ri.iiii Ireiaiid, il,')2. Ilniiiiwsc.v. M., :isi. I'alliser's Ireatineiit nf, Ii2.'i. Ili'iiiii'ssv. , (117. 1 re.'itment ol, 2;12, \V..i;i7. ' Clllllolies perseeilled, 21i,'l. Ilciirv, \l.. 111. Williams' altaek on. 2li7.| Ilcriiiilii'-'c l!ii.v,-2!>s. I( Ki.VMiir (lisi'ovorios, 1. Carln riu'lil's Irealinent iif, W,'!, Ili.l ..Milidlt \). riKK .'itU. liMdn 7, |iiipiilaliiiii. 2111. Hill's. Cl^iirics.lctlLT, ir.il. llsliiT.v, in, 2.-i. iiiiniiL''riition in ISiil, ;J7S. .luliii. IW-J. (•lll'ii|il|.lrs, ,-|S7, in Isl t .-1. pit. .].ti Co., (.-,0. iiiriil I'iskiilio, ;iui. inimiL'rants land on the iee, Sir S., Ht7. Tliick, 111(1, Kill. poi'tniit of. Wl. liidi'pi'iidt'iil tliirboiii', mil. O'Connell. 1)„ 123, Ctiptiiiii W.. in."). Indian .Vi'iii liii.v, roinl lo, il2S, Cork, 201, IMIiiuiii. It., inn. Ihirlioiir, l.iiliiiidiir, 1,112, 11 in. sliip^ sta.v 48 li(mrsat.:il3. Iliinrs. I'l-olcs^oi', iiccoiiMl III 1117. CrnokliaM'ii, HIS. l.Mljniiior. iKkI. )liis|ii|,.||, 111.-,. \''ilenlia. 11. Ililllnll. W 111., 173. I'm id.. -.12. ealdei'oniniiinieal ion Willi. Il.ikc. ,1.. Ticklo. niii, (117. 112. Iloll.v. I'clclMlc. OS. IllLdis, liisliop, (l,').-|. Walerford, 2(11, 2l!il, 2:1,';. :!t.-|. llcL'.IM. '1'.. Ul.tl.^lll. lllL'l'llIll, I):iv.v,n7. 4(11. r.lis. lluirMll, (1. ,1., l(!J. Kit!. I()S. is:,. Illdlll l.'o., Ivisl. INM. \\e.\f .I'd, -niii. ISS, 1>!I, (ill I. Miidl'.-is. 2IIII, Iron limnid 1' land. illn. Moll. rook, — . ;i!i:i. la,'-,. I.MH VNs. 212, 2 111, 21.-, 2ii:i. 2(11> St rand, Lalirador, (l(i2. J). II.. 1*1. inclliods ol' wiii'liiri', 2:il. 1 ^laiid ' 'o\(', 2il2, Holiliii. I{. U.. in. iilli'iiiiil to iiiiinirr .Mo id.v. Islands, liny of. .I'll!, ."i.-ill, .'iiil. It. , inn.. 111. 2U. railwa.v to, ii:il. Ilcilil>\\(ii'lli. liiiiiilv of. fl7. in .Ncwioiiiidliiud from ( 'ape desei'iplion of, (1211. Ciilil., -J-JS-J.M. ii7l,-27-.!. lirctoii, .•i2!i. Iierrini-' li^ller,v, il.'iil. Ml-., l.V.i. Aliriii|i|uis, 21(1, 2111. view of. (11(1. llol|.|Miin. Mrs.. 271. .\|-oii(|iiilis, ,-)!ll. Iele»;rapli to. (loll. Ilnllowii.v. .Xdiiiiriil, ;i,s:i. CiiiiiKlmii. 1711, 211, 2i(),2:il . Ilal.v, (Jallipoli, IW3, (.orlniil of. :ivi. CiiiiMdii, unlives of, t\:t. (I'enoa itH't. lloiinan's. \V., dclcnii' of. I''|.nv- Ciiriilils, 1121, I.eL'liorn, lo:i. iMiid.'Jnii. Jlic .\Iiics, ,^ilil. Venice, view of, 7. (Irfrlll'l. ofSI. .lollll's. -.'12. wi-itiiiL'. ;i2li. Florence, Diike of, 12.s, Ilohnuoid iSliiUli. Row. \), HI". .'\Ioiiliit.'iiiiis. Corluri'al lies- llollllI'V. It. 1'.. llltl'lllDt to ITllcIl (•I'ilics the, l"). thcCnind I'lills, (111. iiu'iit ion of. .511(1. .lackiiian's family, •l,-)2. Iloltciii.nili. HI7. Fnucli dciiliiiirs w illi. .-,;ii. .liieksiiii, liev. .Joliii, 22S. llol,vniod.-JI.-|, 2i;-i. 111-*. .11:1. dcciiiiiitioii of, !ili,"i. perseentioii of, 2,jl. 'inidc lo l.iilinidor. (I112. liiiltlo at iMirtcan, ,-ilw. ,las.. of Tiepassey, ;ilH, lIoilCVlllll'll, SilUllll. lil."). Jloiintaiiicci', .•i2l. :;,'i2. \V. of l-'enyland, ,'i(il. Iloop'cr. W.. i;il,(Kll. Iiortniit of a iiiudcni. -)!lll. — , (l.-i.i. llo]i|.|l!llr. .V.I.-.. 111(1. (il7.HUS. Xascopci's, ."iHl. .lacoli, Capl,, Dnlcli pirate, l(i:i. Dc'cii Sen :"lissioii al, (idi. decimal ion of, yx>. .laliiin. I''„ .-W.i. llopUiiii:.. LhiIv, l.-iri, ISU. Neseaniliiouit. 2ni. .leiikiiis, ,1.. :iiil. llopKiiis, Sir U., 272. Si|uaiitniii, 1(11, ■lerrill.ti., (117. Ilopwood. V. S., liOl. I.MilKs. Wkst. eai'l.v Kiil' lisli .lervois, Hreat, Ili2 lloiv\ \o.v:iL'i'. 11. li'ad(> Id. 11. Joli liros. \ Co., HID, iH:;, ,-,-ji, ,-,i!7. Iloi'M'iiiidl. .loliii, .'ilx. trade. 211, ,'ilil, lisi. ((Il.lill2, (1111, 1)17. Jl.irwdod, .loliii. lillli. planters, 2P'.i. Ijudy. Ilarlionr, n(l7. .Mrs..:iiill. \iii;nillii. ;ii(l. It,, l.-(i. 1 lloskiiis'i, ,\., liitU'l'. llfl. lialmnias, l(i;i. Mrs. I(.,il.-,il. llniniM'll. S,.|iink.\ 11.. l.-,li. liarliailoes, i.-,s, ^iCj, T. !!.. 1.-.11. mil. IIovsImii. Ll.-tlovcriioi'. Dili. K.'iiieiiini, :iliU, l,-)7. portrait of, l.il. ll.iworlli.Ciii't. V, .,,-,01. Doiniiiiea, lilHI, ,-Mn, '1', lt„ portrait of, ()t)2. Ilowlov. .1.. ;tS(i, l.Kl. (inadaloiipe, ."i.-i.-i. \V,C., Ill 1,(11.-), .1. 1'., on Cabot's liiiidfidl. '.1. •iainaiea. 111, Jolis. linn of, 2117. It., inn. .M;iriiiiii|ne, ,V)"), .I.iliaiiiiis, Jl,. 2(iS. llovonii's I'l'iii'icr, 1. St. liartlioloiiiew, 257, .IdIhi^Ioii, .1., .-)(I.S, Jlovii's. Sir lliijfli. Sn7, :,'.i;I, In'.', St. Doiniimii, ;i72. .lolinsioiic (llaini;) \ Co., 13ii, lli.i. h'iii, ■I."i7. hi.-.. 'HIS, 171. ISl, ISfi, SI. Kills, llill. .-i27, (11 1. .Jul, (iriii, iiii:{. (1(11. St. .Martin, 2.-,7. .loM, .Miiiinl, 11(1, poitriiit of. IS8. Iliisii al I'laientia, 2,-i!t, Jones, liisliop, ,■211. ^. \v.. lillli 121, i;ii. mil. Cmii. prisoners enter li'ieiieh sor- Kev. 11., :iill. (iiii. \iee, 2ii;i. liev, .)ollll,;ill2, (w.'i. porlriill 0.. '121. on tlie Sh'innoti, lilHl. Kiee lisliiii(f lit St. Pierre, 77, * Iliiddli', .i...'lli1. at St. Inlian's, 2S2, ,'11.-.. lliij-'lio, > iiiu.,217. at i.ittli.' I'laeelilla, :illj. Tlium«.s, 1(11. ' 1 INDEX. 729 •Innlnn .J. \.. lii;.',. .Id.Vcc, — , tilti. Hros., (ii7. .IiiickUm-'s (•'■■.. , !>;;•.'. ■hikes, r ,<.i.-,t. liorlrait of. l,":.. K'L'U' \V., ciis. riiiiiily, i.',2, K;it(in, Vliiliacl, -'[H. Kiitc's, J., liiM. KiivmiiiikIi, ,f., .jj;, iitit. Kiiui, A., 721. KfiMiii'.v, Jl.. 721. Kciiis, Ml' K. ()., ;),sH, Ki.'i. r,iii. Ciii-soii's iilliick nil. .'t:i7. li'iivcN .NcwfduiiilliiiKl, mi, poi'trait of, :)S7. K W., ;(7!i. Ki'cis, ,'iii. i;:i7. KiTM, Williiiin, L'ts, 2711. 2st, 2s,s, 2SII, ;i(p|,;i;i(i. iliiir.v I7(w, i.'i;i). iiitinliT. 'jliJ. wli .I'l. -J'.y. H(i. |iio|],Tiv, ;)ii,"j. tillc. .'Ji?. Ki'llifri'rw. W.. "){!•; -idil, (iiis. iv l.v J., MiS, 171. fiSl.tiUl. .SarL'i'inil. lis. 'I'illKllllv. .111. T.,iil llii. Ilrad, .i;is. Ki'iiiji. (li'Liyr, HI.-,. Ki'iiiicily's, T., hoiiso as Cuinl house. :]\i, T.. (iO.-,. Kriiii.'iwa.v c. Xiililf , .",;i8. Kiiiasloii. Ml'., oil. Kent, .lo'.ii. 4(11. I2!i. t:!o. I:i1, I;!.', l:W, II,'). .i,-,.i, 4.-,;^ tijp. .j(j,5_ 4i;- 171. (W7. lilil. porfrait ol'. IHG. I. and I., l(!i). U. .1.. IKi.-). Ketaitrh, ]>., I2li. l:il. \M, ijiii. Keppel IlarliiJiir, ."j.J7. K.Ti' I MeUridi' ,vi. ifs, i.;ii, KiekkiTlaksoak Islanils. i;u7. Kiell.v. J)i'. K., lu. tl7. l,'),-). porlr.iit of. ltd. Kineal.v. — . (;17. Kliiir. Atliiiinil. .'iil7. takes ,St. Pierre, .571. liorlrait of, .'iii7. D.. ;j/r>, ;wi. ina|>, in. Hii'liaril. 2(12. Kiiitis Cove. .•!(), ,-,:(7. seal lislier.v. t."il. Kiiinieii. 1).. liun. Kirke, Sir 1)., 117, l.-je, ICl, ICI. 17». 2(lj, ,5U. charter, 1 12, IKi. forliricatioiis, 2n7. Iioiise, 272. aeeoiiiit of innrilerof Freiiili lisheriiieii. .')II2. Cieori^e, l.-).j. lf,7, 17(1, I'ji. Sir .)aiiii-s. Inl. Kissioiier. — . t!i7. Kilehoii. \V., :i2(). — isii. Kitt.v's Urook, ii2'.i. y knee's rairily. iv>. Kiiiifht.T , 4(is, (idt.ccs. Knowla >, 1'., .'il.'i. Kniiinnan, !■',, 171. Kiiowlinf.', (l..,")27. Kiieli's, K. ]{., !i'.i. I'hiKlisli lishiniral, liol. the vo,.a,i.'e of the "llunler," i;(i:!. mi'iliciil aid for I,alirador, liii.'i. Roi.'..rsoirs Hill lorcL'ulale the liMSseiiK-er trallie to, lin:). livicrs. views of, col. D-'ep .Soa IMisMon.tlnl. deseriplicm of the coast of, (iii.">. winter post, (107, >rreeii lishers, view of, f!OS. vi-ited li.v Amerieans, illn. (irand K.-dls, lilii, i;i:i. I)ee|) Si'.-i Mission liepoil, i;i2 lili:. Trade, dlti. cei;siis, IMM. 1117. A. I'. Low's snrve.v, ills, revenue colleeted'al, (;,")S. .a Chesna.ve, M., 2i;.S. .a CiaiiKe's all -k on lionavista, 2:i!i. .anie, B., ,S5. .amlierl, Hisliop, los. t>'eiieni1. 1(17. court crier, 1,")7, .aiiialini', lis. teleiir.alili to. Il:i|l. ■andtrreii, Capt., ,-||l, ,"ilt:, Xi. .and'cean. 2!il. .aiiter. 1).. .'inl. ,'anse-aii (lair. iil7. .]aiise-an Dialile. (117. /anse-a-lonp, (l.ll. liiiil, (im. .'anseaii..Monr.i;i7. .aihe-an\nioitS| did. .anir. Niven. ;iH2. ;tS7, il.w. laiinle.v and Tessier. Hill. ,in.nii:iii, It'V. I'id., 2II.J. 'J-'d, ;i;jd, :i !i, ,■! 1 1. :).■>.->. .a I'oile, his. meiiiliers for, diil. lark liariioiM'. 172. ■iikin's, yU:. Ituport, in 17dl, .'.Vrui'iil Ma.v, road to, d2s. aniiid. Caiil., 2lli. 2iV,i. a Seie, li>hin)J: at, .".711. i.lhaiii. 1,1.. 211.211, 2dl, 2d.f. anil, :' ;!l. .aw.tJolonel. 1.5S, til."). adiiiinistratir.i,, d.")7. ,a« ranee, (governor, ,",d7. lawrence, — , (117. ,awrie, \A., iiindrr of, d.jl. fiiailini; tiek|e>, J7|i. l,e!(ke,Sir .lohn. Is.-,, -J Id, Mri, porlniit of, 2 111. I.e.'IMlun, ,1., ddl, 1111,5, I.eeliinere. \ , d,-,:i. I.e (roe. ,T,1. I.e (ie.vt, l'.C,,:ilW. II.-,,-,. 1 (■ lirandais, Mr,. .Mill, .Mil. I,:'i'-'li's, Charles, vovaire, 7s. Uev. .1.. Ill, ' I.I' Mai-eliaoi, Sir .1. (J., pi:;. ilep irlnre of. Id,"). porlr.iil ,if, H12, I.e Messnrier, M,. l.jl. II , jiini'.. lid,',. I'.. 2:111. 1:1.). I.eiiioine. A., ,-i.-,7. ."I'l'*. ."i(i2, l,e Moinne, .1., ,-,|s. l-eiidon, .\,.:>iil, I.e \our.>-. I!;in,n l{.. ,-,sl. I.e Nonvee. (;., ;););). I.e I'olnelle, V„;),-,d, lieicin.v. |;„ .-,is. .-,.•,11. .-,iid. I.e Uoy's eliroiioineter. .")d:i. Li'srarliol's. M.. de-,cripiio!i of the lislier.v. 20. lii'vire. >!., 'jdii. l/llennile, .M„ '.'d,-,. l.iriuriie, l,t„ '221. Lilly. Capt. <>.. .■is2, .■i'.i.i, d.-.l. dj.-,. Lilly. (ieoiL'e .liiilire, lils, '((y. III Kill, lid. (1,-d, dd.'i. (o'oiL-e. iiinr,. .-,ld. \V„ : IS. d,-,,'). Linke's division of the I'lskinu ,'iliii, Linklali'r, ('apt,, :i,i''. Lint, ,Mr..272. Lion's Den. i:i!i. Little, (i.,:isl. Jiidue, ,J. L, nil. .-,21), iidil, dd.'i, lilifi. portrait of, ,5i;t, M,.:i7,-,. I'. I''., tdt, 'Id,-,, idd. ti 7. idii, 171, tsi, is!i, (]ii:j. portrait of. Nil. May, ,'is!i. \ ieW of. 2I1I. leleKI','ipii to. d.'ili, Kiver, vi'nv 'if. .-,,-, I. Liltlelpiiry, John. lilj. I,iviiiu.stoii, - , ;)s:>, n.-,.-,. l.loyd, .Major, 217, 2 is, 21!!, ''(HI 2i;iP, 27(1. suspended. 211. re-appointment. 2ld. persecution ol .Lieksou, 2."2. indietmeiit. 2.).'i. death of, 2711. I.oe. Cipt.'s report <,ii biiit, ■I7,s. LoL'.v i: V. view of, Ul. lioiifr. .\. :i:i"). i'oiiil. view of, ;t'd. Island. Lalir.'idor, dlO, Tickle, till). Lotler's map. 27!i. liOiuldaii. Cii,irles, 4.-,.-,, Lovelace, Dudley, |-,7, Low, .\iin, 1,-.-,, Luce, N. of Darin, lailh, n?, Lucas, — . .-)!P2. ."ills. ,-,|iii. Liidwi(r, ,L, ;jn|. l.iindri(.'ao..l.. 111. l.usliinut Dr., -HI. Lyons, 1',, ;JD7. Afiilili, IMward, 1 10. M.iec'issey. L., 4.i,-,, .MaeKay.'A, .M„ IHd. tIKt, ,52d, ij'';) d.'i'.l. dll,iii:t, (1(1,-,. " • poll rait of, dH. S,, 1,52, UMl, ll.5!l, dd.5. ^lacKenzie. -. 112. II t. MacLea, -, tl.5.5, .MacNamara. A,, ,')sl 730 INDEX.

    Incnvi(li. ilKi. ^Iiilfill,- , .'is:;. Miiliif. ,1.. ;);.-,. .Miiiii, Mill Ixmr, Sii, Mi, •I'M, .IT-i riots. IH'.p. ti'iiilc til l.abniilor, ilii2. niciiilii'is lor, liiii. Miiiollo limp, l.'i. .Mill liny. .^.-i?. itliiltii, liiibrador, illii. Miiiiiriiiif. Sir II., Iiil. MiiiiiiiiiL' ('oiisliilili'. .j^.*). .MaiiiiiM'k's Isliiiiil, liln. .Miiiislli'lil, .Vim, Hit. -Mai's of— .^l''|iliiiiiiiis, :i. K'l.VNcli, 14. Itot/, .11. Tlioriii', :!«. " lliiilc.vuii," Kl. 1'. MiMTllicr, 10. (illslllUll, 12. Sliiitiiicz, ."j?. 1). lldMlClll. jH. J. Due, .-,s. (JillMTt.lili. I'islok't, (ill. t'lipids, IIS. .MllKOII, lllll. Six I'oloiiic!^, 1 10, Jiu'oli.soz, l:;(t. 111! l.iiil, i:w. Uliiini|ilain, Kis, llllllll'V, lllll. Sellers, 177. 'I'lioriitoii, l<,«, l''itzliuiili, HIS. Tlioriiloii, 2(i;i. llilW eiiiniiaiK", 21S, Krieiid, 'IM. Lotler, 2!)7. ■ Sloll, 2SI. (.•ooii.;)i7. West Coast, ."..■iS, m;). .Vlluntie, SShort Uoute. i!3l. Mara, M., ,m., .(M. Mareii, .'Mai'.v, portrait of, ;)>it. S., WJ, -His, lU!t, Mnreh, .''<. K., iMj. ;\Iareli iiml Sons, r>27. Slareelial, (Joiiimaiiiler, Ij.'i.'l. JIarsliiill iiml RoUkci', 527. A., 52!). Martin, —,2!it. ('., 171, 1117. J., ma. J. H., 't:iI,4;iS, (illl. J, H. \ Co., 527. M.,271. S., ,'?7.'>. \V., ;)lll. ^lartiiiez'inap, 57. Marlvr, I'eter, W. .Mason, .\niie, 107, IrtS. .lolin. 101 loll. iiiseripliiiii iilioiil Ciiliol, 10. limp. lOi!. Massie, \V., SI. Masters. .lohii, 2:ili. Matliew's cove, 017, .Matthews (Kvaiis am! I, .'iilo, ,jt)l, Malthew.s's, .Jilin, aceouni of French occupation of I'laccntiii, 17i). JIaiiry, Lieut., U37. Maxse, Sir H., portrait of, 51.1. (lied ill St. John's, (iilo. Maxwell, dipt.. 41 1. Mav, Isloof, 102,272. Samuel, 2.30. McAllister, ;iS2, Cm. McAuslan, a|>pointed deputy post- master, (i.'i.'i. Mcl-.aire. .T., ;!81-;iS3,;ilil. Ciiapiicirs description of. McBride and Kerr, 458, «30. Jlef'iiliiuin. - , rW2, ('.'•.'i, MeCiirlli.v. .1.. lits, liot. \V., ,I7.-.. ;isl. MeCowaii, .1. U., r>2!i. MeD.iimlil III llerinitaKe lIW. AtcKie, —,;):«. (M."i. Ml Killiip, l.t.. l(.N.,:is;i. .■Mel.eii, - ,:t>2. .McLean's, J„ visit to (liiind Falls. on. Mi'.Munlo A, t'o., .-i27. .Me.Niiiimrii, .\., .'i",'!. Me.Neilv, A. .1. W.. .-,o:t, UO,",. .MeKiie, K.,1117. .\L'\Villiiilii, .L. KiO, .Mealier, T., .'ji!7, ."jljs. Meadiis, J)r., lo;i. .Meairlier, K.. I,")0. .Meihliii, ,107. Meekli iiliiirtt. 010. Mei'lmn, J,, ;i7!i. .Melledt-'e, — , ;)S2. (mI, (w,"i. Mcreiitor's map. l.'i. .Merelmiilman's lliirliuiir, Olo. .Merelaints attack Trcnilcll. iiOii- .'(02. elTeet of I'lilliser's Aet,:)ll. oiijiiise the .New ('unit. Ii."i.i. the Custom lloii.se. .'ills, local (foveriimeni, rJs. the House of .\ssemlilv, V.ir,. IS I. lietilioii of n?."!, .'UO, Soiiely, aii2. lyniiiiiy of the, li7H, llarlidiir, Olo. .Alerivale, .Mr., 47.'i. Merrett, Samuel, 2:10. ^Ic.Miell (Wilson and). Klo. Miihael. M.. HI. Middle liny. Laliriiilor. 010. Cose read, Uli. Middleton. (L IL, tenders fnr railway, (K4. Milbanki'. .Vdmiial. :i:>y. Millet-Tin, Uev. G. S., tioll. Milroy, A.. \r,r,. .Miiieiiils. S c N'.. Mi.seellari'niis. Minei 's, .Ml'., defence of St. John's in lOilO, 217, 2;il. "Miiifraii, post fi'om,li(ls. .Minsliew. .Mr.. 2."i.'i. .Mi(luelon, IS. (.Mechlin), .'j()7. .S'ei al.i'i SI. Pierre. Mitchell. T.,27.s. T.,4ii2. T., 520. shoots at Harvey, 307. .Mollins, - , isr). Molloy, - , 507, .108. V... 527. .1. \V., I'2:i. 002. N..(;(ii. JloU's map, 2SL Mouier, John, 2:15. .Moiiier-Williams, -JM. Monroe. J. 1L,5U. Hon, .M.. 510, 5'JO, ;..'!2, oM. 01 1. 015. -MonsoiiKs. .M.. 205. ■Mniitairue. Ilovernor, 310. takes St. I'lirre, 57o. .Moiitiifiiv, M., 217, 2:11, 215, 2i'il. ■Jo:i. 201, 'joo. •Moody. LI., 211. 210, -201, •:02, 205, •!S2. (Jovernor "i I'lneiiitia, 270. diiirv ol' 1705 eampaivrn, °20ll. .Moore, II., 001. .Majiii'-(Jen., li.ln, T. v.. i:ts, l.'lll, 4H'i, 004. .Moo/iiitr. M., i'.n. .Moral, 'I'.. 010. .MMl-eeii. .M., -2:12, Morey, Mr., 2-27. ^lorKiiii, .Miles. 07. Moriiie. A. II.. ,"i;l2, 5,)li, (105. port rail ol', ,550. Jlorisoii, I). — , 005. iiorlniil of, - . Morley, 1,1.. 2114. .Monis, of Wiiterford, 404. - . ;iS2. 055. lion. !■;. r„ 411, 425, 4;M, I.'t7, l.'ts, 411, no, 157. 4011, tos, 5li;t. 52)1, 001, Ii05.' portrait of, I2j. I'. J., 005, S., 457, (KU. Monison, !)., 5:i2. porliait of, .■j'_<2. Morlier, SIO. :\loyer, Jlr., 107. Miidlte, S., 40(1. tlriii (if, 2:17. "Miiiiliii'd t'lipe, 005. Moll' and Diiiler. 102. Mnllins ('live. 017. Mullock, lip., l.'lll. 101. ISO. |s7, ISS 4110. on Icleijraphiv cominiiniia. lion, 0:i4, iiroposes a raihvav, 01!i, T., 101. Miillowiiey. J, 1'., I."5, 100, .Miinii, J.. 457, 407. 001, 005, portrait of, 151, J,, \ C'i.,017. K. S., 015. iKi-i, llrmof, 151. Murine, l'.,;is|. -Murphy, — , a dcHiter in Ison, lis. (Shea and), 4(10. and Andrews, ,5*1. and Osmond, 021. L>., .'iSl. Darliy, .'isl, 3110. J.,.'isi. .L,ii4l. M...'is|. T., 37.5. 3s 1. 'I'. J.. 005. ..lurray, thu tailor, H:i. A., llHi. J.. 1:15, 527. Col. J., .'ls2. James, 531. ,5S'!. 005, Nicholas. 110. 1'., 37!). .Musg:nive, Sir \.. VM. liortrait of, 4!i|. Muaiiuito, 301, 331. Xaelivak Bay, 0U2, liOO. Nain, 5!I5, Old, Uis. Nameless (_'iive, OiKI. Natasf|iiiin. post IViPiii.OOS. N.VVAI. CiruKlts : Itarloii, Capt . 371, Kerry, Sir J., l!i|, 190, Biibardt, Dr., (!o5. fionfoy, Capt., 2m, 2;i2. ^^Illl INDEX. ■31 N'wAr, OrvtrKHt-raiif. Uowkcr, I 'apt., 1 IS, llSfi. Ilriilici', ('iiniiniiilcirc', -JU. Ili'iiwiic, Ciipt., ntli. Iliirliiin, (liipl. •S''«. H.Viiir, IIdii. .Idliii. .V ('. ({.Vl'dll, I/linl. .Sn . Cauipbcll, Ailiiiinil, ;r>j. Ml. Clpt. .SV(. Ciirlvtiin, Ciipl.. 217. CartwriKlil. 1,1. .1. Sir. Chiippi'll, M.. itlK. (/'linldii, (apt .list. Cochrarii', .Sir T. .sVv. Colvili, Kurd, :i(i.s. H2 Urt. (;iM)k, Caiit., .tin, :I17. Cookrsle.v. (apt.. .'IP.t. Cm. Crawli'y, ('apt., .Iii?, 5iis. Cmwc, (;»1)I. Sri: U.iv.v. Ciipt., 2.VJ. UrsliiMw, ('apt., 2i;t. Dii'ksiiii. 1,1. \.,:Ui. Doirill, R, -JSl, •J'.K). Diiuirla.i, t'aiit., .'lllii, U2. iM-akc, !•'. \V. .2111,2:12. Diickwdi'lli, .). 'I'. ,V((', UiilT, AdiiiiniMOT. DiiKilalo, I,t., tlii. KiUx'll. Capt., ;i7,'i. 10(hvai'(ls, I'apt. U. .SVc. lOllicitt, ('apt. Sri: Kaii'lioiinir, ('apt., 27.'i. Falkimtliiuii, Crpt , 'JKt, :ii'l. Fraiiklaiid, I,(..2:il. (iamliiiT, l,i>nl, :t7.'i, .'t7il. Cilcivcr, Sli.l., 171,;ii)I. Ciovvcr. .sir [■'.., .'!7h. (iravcs, LjkI. Sir. (ira.vildii, (.'a))t., 27.'i. Haiiiiltdn, .Sir (.'. Sec. llaiiiiinil, Capt., ,'ij(i. Hatch, (apt.. 2.-i2. IlHttkc, Sir K., liii,';. Hulldwav, .\(liiiiiiil, ;iHH. Ilowailh, ('apt. \V., .Iiil. Unfiles. ('a|il., •.:.|7. Kcal-i. Sir (i. Sr<: Kiiiif. .\iliiiiral. 31)7, Law lir, lit., im!', Lcakcs, Sir J., 1S5. Lucli, (.'apt., 178. Mason, Caiit., Hit lull. .Maxwell, (_'apl..Ht. McKillop, Lt., ;tsii. Milliaiikc, .Vilnilral, ;io8. .MoiilaitUL'. .Viluiiral, :Uii. fi7(i. Niirris, .Vdiiiiral, -222, 223. OslHiriic, L'»\\\. Sri: I'alliscr. Sir II. Srr. I'ickL-riiit-', Capt., '252. I'ickmori', Sir 1'.. Hiti, I'olo, SirC. .M., 371. rl, 272. Uiidcrdowii, Capt., 2t7. 2.').'t. VanUruKti. Capt., 280, 2,'V.<. Wallace Sir U , 3i>s, 37(1. Wallis, .Vdmiral I'rovo, 300. Waircn, .\duiiral, 2S0. Watson,. Vdniiral,2.St. Webli, (!apt., 2S5, 305, 5ii7. Wilder, Capt., 183. Whetstone, Admiral, '237. Williams, CommoUore, 182, 211. N'avv, I'lTeot on, (if diseovery u( Neu (iiundiaiid, 17. llenr.v VIII.. elTorts to foinid a navy, 32. Knirlisli >eaiiiiMi. S.I. ships used liir trade. 37. .MH;|'2. atlaek on 1'l.ii'eiilia. 21 1. ineompetenee of the. in .'iiiie- rieii, 2311. Leakes' attaek 011 Ti cpassev, \e.,2Hi. naval 1 nli', 2.'i3. Freneh power in .\iiieriea,2.jii, 257. Keen appoinli'il naval ollieer, •2Hil. Cliureh aceommodation fur, 2115. makinu of Kiiirlan(l.3iit, lirize money, 3il."i. Kiittlish olUeers enfuree their interpi'etalion of the trouly, •m. I'alliser complains of resident naval ollicei's,.')33. l''reneli men-of-war forbidden lo come on I he coasi, 317. fisheriiien I'ri'ed Iroiii press- ganif, 31.'i, frigates remained on tlio coast diiriiiK the winter, 3KI. men-nf-wiir at St. John's and I'laeeiitia. 3i;i. fjallant light a.-ainst I'ranee, Spain, Holland and .Vmerie.i. 3.')1. Uodney's victory at Uominica, 352. smart capture ofim American lirivateer, .'551. mutiny of the N'ore extends to Xewfouiidland. 372, I'luto stationed for 20 years in Xewroiiiidiand, 375, licet at St, .lolin's in 1H12, .'iH7. lirizes, 3s7, .\merican vessels captured, 387, 3SII, capture of the Chesapeake, 31K». naval oincers in 1813, 3ii:{, ships winter in Newfound- laud, .■i!l5. Carson's attack on naval administration. .')!I5 3ii8. Morris' attack on naval (fovera.irs. t2il. lirst steamer to enter St. John's, 4J5. ollicers oil the west coast, 5Ui. ellicient work doiu; by naval i>llicer.s, 551. pressing men in St. .Tohn's, mi. St. John's full of ships, ii55. iia\id establishment romovi'd from St, John's,(!56. N'avy— coh/. H.M.S - .\diiiiiaiil,3ll'.), Miiriii. I7s, .Viiri and .loyi'c, liil. Aoti'lope. HIVI, 311. ,1.11. Il.'i. Iledlord, (III. llosl',i. ."iill. Newfoundland const scene, 381, NKWFOUNLAXI). Src also Kiit'c .vrm.N, MHKrit.tMs, SK.Vr.I.Nd. SKTri.K.MUNT, Siltl' FlSHKItMK.V : lll.So under N.. .Miscellaneous, w Cliniate, Soil, Timber, .Mines and -Minerals, Sport and (iamo Laws, \c. Nkwf(iu.\])l.\xi) Cmnc'iiK.i :— CoxiiKKruTio.N.vr. Church rcl'oniided.3ii2, Cjiiiii II (IF K.V(;r,Axn, 155. •202,201. 25.-). no, at Hay Hulls, l.-,7, Knglisli Church in Con- ception Hay, Kil. C.C.C. Society formed, OoS, Conghian's salary, ,331. chnrcli at St. John's, 228. Harbour (Jrace Church burnt. (1,55, church in .St. John's, •2(53. 2(i5. description of the h elin,g between the clmrclics, 4C1. 12^1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ /,o A U. 4a 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;^-iiiiia iiM r iiM IIIIIZ2 ' |36 lllll^^ 111= 14 III 1.6 V ^^ e^i "^f 'V ^ '^# ^'^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 5V ^ <> ^ \ # % 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY. 145 80 (.:<>) 872-4503 &? I 732 INDEX. I NK\VKOrXUI,AND -(■((«^ N'BWFoi si)[,.\.M) (.'iiritcnES— roiU. l)i(H'".snn svnod formcil. tir>'.). disiHitc nliout Carboiiciir ciiiiliol.iSiil Diii.urlf. Kcv. — . Slit. i'stiilili>li(!(l in >ii'wfoiiiitl- laiul, !\. fimiidnlinti stoiio of chIIic- dial laid, iS'>7. Jaikscin's piTsouiilidiis, •>r>i. iiiiiiisti'r's salary, '^72. Laliradiir piiiiiilallrni. lils. Lull!, stiifter obsi'ivaiic" (if, 172. iiim-olisi'i'vaiicc of, IXS. iimv i'liui<'li. 2115. iiiitc on, H:i. pi'titidii liT iiiiiiisti'r, I'.ll. Iira.vci' lidok. l.'il. rt'iinir of clmiTli in 1701, 271. scliiMil cstalilisluHl. .'i(7. Siimluv scliools i('-i'slii- lilisliiMl,r,.-,f. SI. .Iiiliiis cliiirrli, I."'?*. SI. Tlinmas' cunM'cratcd, t)u7. St. Tlionias' clmnli niiiv.'d. I il. S,l'.(i., loiindiiiit (if llii'. 2 is. Wiildcirnive helps Id icslori' llic cliiircli, ■■!7.'i. Jloit.wiAN Missiiiii; Lalini- (lor p ipulatl(iii.(ilJ<. .Mission, .■t.'il, ;);i2, .-/.I2, .■|!ll. Iil7. uii'iilioiied by CarUvriglil, I'liil. JlHTIIOlllST ClirUCIt ('(1111- p;'llcd to MiliscTilie lo tlic new clmicii. 21i.'>. Wt'sU'Vjnisiu introduced, an.' dispiilo nliiiut Carlioiieai- (•Iiaprl.l!.-i2. Wesleyiin Mission stations oi'^ianiscil. (Ii5. Gi'oiiri) Street JU-tliodisl (■liiircli,ii."i!l. I.nliriidor poimlation, tll«. TRKsin TKRIAN J,abrador popidiiliini. lilH, . lirst eliiirch established, Free kiik established. Ii.'i7. Ou.VKKlls. 2U, 2lM. at Honavisla. 2iit, Roman Catiidi.ii' liisciiyati I riest in Auwfouiidland, liishop I'li'iniiiic. 12ii. Jlisliops Lambert and Soalliiii, V;. ollicers takinir bribes. 27."<. lishiiiK lit I'laeeiil in. 27ii. •'livlers,"271l. in I'laceiitia. 2n2. " Tenners," 2^7. Bye-boal-meii. 2'.I7. "youn^slers," 2'.is. winter suppliev.:tl.1. seiviinis' Wildes. iilS. new reiiilalions S2H. " whipper." .'till. \vhip|M!r. :HA. men loned in petition of 177."i. .-117. whiiipinMr, .'t.'i'i. faction liichts. \c.. tm. cook iiioin. l.lil. public iirlndsloiie. tINi. Ox call. St. I'leiTi, view of, .mil. at St. I'icrre, ."iiVt. Kimlish seltlers at St. I'ierie. 5117. wine obliircd to be taken with a eiirito of salt. .1H7. Frciieh melliod of piiyiiii!: seae n, 5711. the Labrador pu.sse'iKer trallic. iiii:i. FAIt.Ml.Ml. sheep. !Mi. (liiy's attempt at. IIH). MaHon's account, lUUi at Cupida, 12U. ^'l•;\VFOtTNDLAND-co»^ FaH.MINO— COM^ at Ferryland, 12!», 130. Ualtimore cattle, 13(i. encournued, IM. l)ownin({'s farm. 10.'). in 1«75, 207. iri'iiziiif;. 321). near St. .lohn'.s, 311, .•M2. 3li5. ('apt. Kdtrell's farm. ,37."). Ciovenior Holloway ad- vocates, ,'tH3. ulloweil. 3!).S. 3!«l. view of, near St. .rolin's, 3im. around St. .lohn's, 127. afft'lcuitiiral meeting, it!), (treat d'Vclopmciit about 18t0, tjt. Sir (J. Ix' Marelmnfs interest ill, P!2. " oiildlSir Uasjier's breed," P!5. land in Xewfoundland, M7. Cottage farm cleared, OS^i. lirst (,'iants of land, 05.5. 'i;st afrricultiiral society, ii57. FisilKHY, view of a stage, 22. barrelled llsh, 2!t. JIacalao, meaning of, 81. (■barter parly in 1.5S(i, .St. leave to export lish in I. I! II I, St. policy of insurance on Xewfonndland lisli, St. season, men summoned in. 100. ciisiom.s, 100. seine, " liiilinge of u se>ne." 103. caplin. llUi. admirals, I'tl). cost of on! lit, 2i)t. green men, 23.1. bye-boat-men, 22s, :)ii7. •• Uooiii." 2!IS. ■' Train," 2lis. "cod seines. " 3t.'. green lisli nieii in Labra- dor. (102. FisiiHUY, description of Mason's, loil. description of. 201I. aecoiint of. In 17o."), 2ii7. description, 273. Williams' account ol', 2!it). FlSllKKY, KK(il'LATI(i.\of tile, 2il. number of voyaires made, 37. .\('t, to compel lish to bo ■ eaten on Wednesdays and Saliird!iy.s. ,55. forbidding importation of foreign caught lisli, •".'I. Kalitigh's cpinion upon the. IIP. supplies for t:iu army, 75, under Treworgio. li!t, lo-ses in 17115. 211. convoy lor, I7iil. 30.5. FlbllKltV, K.Mil.lsii. Newfoiindl.ind llrst men- tioned ill .Vet (if Parlia- ment, 33. Kngli.:' •■II.'. neii ill Laliia- •seripliiin of of, 2111!. in ITti.'j, 207. , 27.). (•count of, 2!lt>. •I.AlK.xottlic, voyniti's miidc, ipel li.sli to lie M'edncsdiiys I'diiys. 5.'). iniiortation of CUIl)fllt lisli, opinion upon ir t':ic iinny, oi'ttie, iijt. I.I. 2 1 1. 1 71 i I, 311,-1. I.isil. ind first nicn- .\ct of I'ailiii. lips ill Xew- I. (III. lands, 3.-(i. \IATK of silips u wars, ISO, M';\VF(l.;Nni..VM)-c«m<. KisiiKHY— c^nr, (|uantily of ciilcli, ISli, cstiinntcor, l!tO, -203, 210. rediu'lioii of the, '25(1. cstiuiato of, 2iiS, 273, 271, 2S5, 2!ll!, 32(!, 31lj. successful, ,371. cUect of tlie war, 3!I3. enormous ciitcli, 1II2. partial I'liilure, isit, .t!i2. '•(Trent lisliory," UMi. largest known, ijiio. esliiiiate, (LVi, liil. FiaiiKitv, Phk.ncu, eoiilined to KuKlisli, 37.-). French, from Juno lo October, 1«3, 187, 322, 5>;s. French, 575. St. l'ierr(; stiitistics, 58(5. FiSUKUV, IMPOKTASCE Ul-, 2.-1(1. viiluo of, aeeordinp to (lelepites to Halifax, capalile of ennriiious de- veloinneiit, (i2SI, (iJIO. price of lish in 1512. 1!). piic • of lisli, 28, 1 HI, :W, :yx>, 1(12, 103. prolitableness of tlie, IIKS. Fl8iri;iiv, B.\IT, liirds for. Kin. supply ill Fortune Kav, ■178. .\('( [Kissed, 51 1. eHecl of, 577. Fi-eiieli paid far, 578. intelliirence service, (U!i. FiSllKKIKS COMMISSIOX, Iil7. lish liatehuries. 1117. cure of I'odnsii and liirrinirs, OMl. Miidid freezing rooms, (llll. Codlisli liulched, (1,5(1. D. \V. I'rowse's opinion on codduiti'liery, (wll. Fisiiicitv, LciiiSTKR rejiort, ,5.j(l. Iiilisler hatchery, (15(1. H>li Kxliildlioii, I'M. FisiiKKv, Salmon, 271, 2sj, 2il7. FriMicli not riirlit, 322. reuuliitioiis, .■i3;. tailing;. (Ii7, Fisiiixii, Hank, i."eount of, 5(i!P. banks, French lishi'i-men. view of, on the, 570. 571. bank lisliini.', immlier al the, 575. I.KdAf. AM) .luniriAi. : Laws proclaimed by (iiiy. Oil. Whitbouriic's co.irt in liib'l. 111. "some wav of judicature," 1.5,-1. trial of four men for plunder- ing French moms, 173. proeess served ill Pl.-jU. 1711. olleiideis to be liinuL'liI lo KiiKland. 1!I2. iilmses in Si. .John's, •Jul. want of, ell'eet in .\it of Wilham 111., -JJ.'.. abuses of Ihelisliiiiftadmirals, 22(1. powers of ,\et of William III., 213. Capt. Crowe's laws, 251, courts a|ipointed. 273. want of courts, 275. districts appointed, 281, coiirl lionso, .SI. .loliii s, -jsi. courts appuinteil, 2S5. MIWFOI .\!)l,.\.\U-e,)H^ l,K(iAI, VNIi .lllllcIAl,- loe/. Sliiiw's ■• I'raclleiil .Instiei-." 2Sii. aspect ..f new court s, 2S(!. winter justices, 2S7. VaiibniKii's commission. 28s. Drake's Coiiiniissidii, ■•■^n. Keen's iiMrder, 2li2. ko liiey's treat lit of, 2112. districts in (7,'t2, 3ol. siiiroirale courts, 315. aliuses, .•i2ii. CoiiKJilan appointed a justice, .•131. olii. es held by the Tlills, 313. chnnire of jmlifes, ;)3ii. Dunniuff's opinion on, XWt. lawlessness in Ncwfoumllaiid, 33s. Fishim; admirals to have (lower to appr.iiit deputies, 311, eriiiiiiial cases in 1777, SKi. Philip's cases, 318. Admiral's proceediiifts, .118. want of civil Koverumenl. .•(18. abuses, 3.5.5. deseriptiou of tlio courts in 1781, .•i-.7. Act of 31 fieorjfe lit., 35s. salaries of tlie judites a d clerks 3.-)!l. hi'-di coiisiable. 3S1. oill ials forbidden to trade, 3s3. chief ju.stice's salary, 383. police establisiied, 'isii, eliii;f justice's .salarv ad.. viinecd, .•|!II. Coltlouirh's attempt to a)), point an associate jiidite :i',i2. trial of a lislierman. 3!ll.. writs issued in isli, 1(13. llntlcrv. LundriKan, 111. 121. supreme court constituted, 122. dress of the jndfres, &c., 123. supreme court oiiencd, ■123, Attoiney-Oeneral Simms, Wd. lioulton's decisions reversed, 138. liuuitoii's aiiomiilons iiosition. HI. Kielly V. Carson. 145. Court of Common I'leas established. (1.53. M'ssiiiii courts, CmS. no prisoners, (i.5;i. first ease in suiireme court, (i5 1. surroKttto courts abolished, (151. jndiciiiry, (1(12. \i:\\ l()l-.\l)t,AM) .MlSCKI.l.A- XKOls : aiik, Kreat, view of. '283, biars Mliiie. .-I'.i. beer, price of, Hi. boots, 2(1(1. bottomry, 188. eaialiD^us, 22(1, 3il7. eai'iboo, (131. view of, (132. casks, llll, eliripnoiiieters, f.e Hoy's, ,-|(lli. cod oii, JI5. eomiiierce, 1!I8. eommercial, 11)3. compass, 3(1. crisis in 1815. cranberries, l,-i3. Cniiard Line, 1.5(1. Cuiiard SS. ashore, till. Deep Sea Sli.ssion, (101. (11 1. \K\VI"()r\ni,\ND-e«»i'. NKWKlir.NJPl.A.VIi AIIS1 1:1.1 (■ M'IDfS— C())l/. duties, power t 1 levy. 1 II. Icviel 1 French bv W il- liaiii , ' I.. 221. eclipse at lii.r>reo. 31(1. e.vpendiliire, 12:i. cxp rls in 181 1, (15.-1. fainiiie tlircalened in 1812. I'l". 1817, l(i5. llii's, forest, l(i:i. 131. fieiiflK, raies ol, I(i7, I3(i. ships, I.-i3, 27.1. to yewl'onndlan I. .•|!l. Id. wine obliircd to bi> taken Willi a carifo of salt, 5117. furs. Kill, 17!l, 181, 2117. at .Senilis llrook, 020. irame. 13i!, i7li. Itlass-iiiakiiiK, !H1, (tranite quanies, (!20. vi •« of. (121. (ireat K.islern, (112, (111. hawks in Xewlonndliiuil, in, leallli otllc.r. 28I1. impoi'ts, ; r,iilHay eom- pany, i!27. liimberiiDf developuient, (12il, (121. lynx in X ■wlonndland. Id. loi.' line, 37. marine insurance, 37, 81. meat, price of. 111. mine al found iiy 'liHierl, 7;i. at Till Cove, 11)11. m;. mines and minerals, 713. niol;isse.s, Ills. .Xewlbmiill.ind Ueconls, 311. doir, 187. olive oil, expense of, 2(17. I'lipers f — Uciyal (iazeite, "SO. St. .(ohn's (iazelte. 3'.ir), I'ublie Lcdirer, I3il. Xevvl'oiiiidliinder, HI. I'atriol, III. Uoyal (iazel(i> slarlc-d. (l.)l. Xewioundland Jlirean- tile.Iouriial cst.ilillshed (1.".5. Fvininu Teletrram, (1511. Jiaily Colonist, (lilii. F\cniii)f .Meri'ury, dcd. p.irlriilife, piciure of! (133. iiopnlaiioii. 1 12, 1115. undeisialed, 171I. Irish, •2(11. in i7i>5, \c. .•123, (1.52. ill isiii. 37s. of Si. I'ieire, 571. census in isiiii, ir,!). lioslal r.-ites m |SI5, 380. comiiuniicalioii, 155, Wi. revenue, isn isiiii, u;:;. \ icioria S.S.. ls(i, i>^7_ .Ml.'iii line, t',17. Laocailor winter post, 007. sniiimrr post, ildii. .Me \us;ind de|)ii| v, (1.5;). post olliceesliilijislicd, (151 polaslies. 11(1. 127. I'ress abuse the Ilonse „! .\sscnil)lv, i:)5. prices. .'is7. oreoniliioditics. 315. 371). elTeet of crisis, tii.t. prize aiiciils, -.'fj, l'KI. 2i17. 3 is. ptarmiwin, pi<'liire of, (133, rackets, snow, •2(11. revenue, 15(1, Hi;, 50!). ruin. Ills, salt, earifoesof, II5. cost of, 131). proposals, 137, 784 INDEX. XKW FOrM»I-.VXI> nmt. Xewpou.ndlani) Miscblla- yKova-riiiit. snltniitkor, 128. lliii. siii'xnpnrilln. !>tl, 1(K). siiw niill.lMi. UN), la'l. viewsof. (120, 021, (121. scrviiiitN, cxcUciiK'iit iini'iiK' the "sliipfrt'il," .Hli.'t. wiiKt's. ;)!ll. sliiiibiiildiiiK, 85-;i7. lOS. '61H, 41)2. ms. tot. Iioat-liuildiiif? at CupidR, 12(1. Eskinio lioiits, 5U9. Coluiiilms ; iiravvls, S. size of HhiiiM. 2:{. ships ofCharlos II.'s time.lfi."). pirtiirc of suinll ciult, 173. French Ashing boat, 570, ,171,.'>7fl. snirill-pox, 295. soil, 715. sport ill, (12. ( 'artwrighl 's Joiimsl, COO. (ippurtiiiiitios for. 031, P32. sport, 710. tninic Ihws. 717. spriicf licfr, i;tU. 25.'). stcidiiprs, first. 4.')5. slfiiiii (?oniiiiiiiiication, Gitl- wa.v lino, 460, 085. SiiiKliiy otiserviiiicc, 234, 253, 273. survey, JIiisoii's, 101. Cook's. 310. KeoloKifnl, 4.'>t, 4U0. Klein iii)t's. 1)00. Hellair's, iiOl. larilTof is;).".. 410. t;iveni liceiiees. 350. taverns. 1S7, llW, 20t, 234, 271. 312, 373. at St. I'icrro in 1750, .W, .508. iinnics of, in John's, ;)81. teleseope, 131. tiltfi. 2(!t. t iinlier exports, 05, 020, 021. tiinlier, 715. truck .system, evils of, 380, 537. tolmecp, liiS. YorUe. 200. trade to. 12, 107. throH(th, 145. in, in Cly, 42!». local government granted, 12!). Kent's address, 4,'io. i)ow-wow parliament, 4,31. o|i«ning of first house of assembly, 431. legislative council formed. 433. dispute hctwo.'n the two houses, 4.'t3. 4;)5. merchants' opposition, 4.35. violence of the mob, 435. contingency Bills, 43(1. end or the first house of assenilily, 438. riots by Roman Catholic candidates. (38, supply thrown out, KM). house of awiembly claims to appoint its own otHcers, tJlO. elections declared invalid, 4.'«t. contingency Bill, 440. ilisputes between the houses, 4W. Privy Council advise modera- tion. 41-t. Bmilton dismissed, i-U. Ivielly r. Carson, 4t5. privilege of colonial memlier-i dc'deil by Privy Council, 4t7. the amalgamated legislature, 4t7. House of Assembly dissolvetl, 417. the amalgamated house, 450, 4.'>(). original constitution restored, 457. opening of the new legisla- tui-c. UU. Knglish fiovernnient refuse responsible government. WA. grant of rcsiwinsible govern- llllMil. flit, ciimpcnsation to ollicc holders and Kcjiresentation Bill. Mill. the llepresciitntion Bill, 107. lirst iidministriition purely Konian Catholic, U'i8. election note in 1801,483. attempt to form an amalga- nnitcd ministry, 484. the election of 1801, 484. the Burin election, 485. Mr. Kent's administration, ■185. dis|)ute alii.nt the coastal steamer, 480. Dishop Midlock's letter, 48(1. poor relief. 480. .\et fi-r coastal steamers, 487. dissension about poor relief, 488. dispute about " sterling," t88. Kent's uccusniion of Sir A. Hannermaii, 488, Sir M. Hovle's administration, •188. Riot in St. John's, 1801. 480. Sir P. Carter's administni- ticn. 4I(t. poor relief, attempt to sup- press, 400. Bennett's administration, 407. collapse of the Bennett ad- ministniuon, 490. ^•EWF<)u^•D^AM)-co»^ Politics -c()m(. the "Tim Dobbin" commis- sion, S(KI. Sir \V. V. Whiteway's ad- ministration, 'AM. riot at Pox Trap, 512. Harbour (Jmce riot, 51:1. Sir R. Thorburn'sadministro tion, 514. ekH:tion of 18(l,3, R20. election petitions, n.32, 001. Ballot Act passed, 060. manliood suffrage, 000. Xewinan, C. 1).. (l.'>7. Xewmuii, U. 1... .'180. X\-wniun, \y., ."KiO. house in Fort WilHam, 328. men, 2!(S, 402. and Co.. 2!I9. 390. land, ma. promises .secured in 1840, 4S8. rooms, 450. trade to Labrador, 598. Xieholls, Will., 270. X'icholson, Governor, 276. Xielsrii. A., 01,1, ('>4v8. Nippers Hsrliour, 270. Xisbet's Haven. .'iOt. Xeven. G., 410. 411. Xoad, J., 487, 4(1-1, 4115, 460. Xoble. — , 280. Captain. 023. Mr., 5i>0. and Piiison, .wa, 590, COl. J. Halt. IKK). r. Kennoway, 598. Noll, John, 2.'«t. X(X)nan. J, H.,3H. •. Xoonan, J. L., 005. Norman Ca|>e, 173, 557. X., twr>. Xorris, Adm., 222, 223. portrait of, 222. Col., 280. Arm, 029. Xorthmcn, di;iCOveries of the, 1, 587. Uric, statue of, 2. Xorton, Chief Justice. T., 457, (!(i3. Norwa.v. trade with, 25, 28. Xiitre Dame, 278, 28,'}. Xowill, — , 280. Xowlan, M., 4(10. P., 4S8, t«9, IW; 66B, Harbour, i!17. Xugent, — , W.5. J. v., an, 43'*, 4 14, 037, 68t, imrtrait of, 44t. Oakley, J. T., «(15. O'Brien, Mr. (Colossus of Roads), 418. L.. 4;j(i. 455, 457, 465, 407, 48*. 493. portrait of, t'.iS. L. and Co., 100. Latly, 529, 005. portrait of. 530. SirT. N., .529. 00 1. Oil. 015. fioriniitof. 5Jl>. larlionr. (!07. Oderiii. 105, .'i.'Kl. O'Driscoll, — , 357. O'Doncl, Bishop, im, .364, 382. insult to, :i07. speaks well of Governor Wul- degrnve, 373. O'U mnell. Father J.. 489, 51.3. O'Dwyer. R., 4.W. R. & Co., 160. Ogileii. C. Justice J., 300, 374, 419, 002, Ogihie, B. Oenl.,67t. O'Gormans rf Burin, 874. INDEX. 735 Okiik, M>:>. (lis. Oloiiiic, ,170. O'Mai'ji. ,1,. 4M!. .r. T., 627. M. J., (»!.-,. OpeniKcvik Isluuils, (lf)7. 0|)ot I'ortH, is. Oriiiiifo, ({roat, H.ii-bours, 321. O Koilly, Constiihlo, 1(!. Oslioriio. Ciipt., 2S4. 2si!, ;; U OMinonil (Mui-pliy iiiul). (i21. Oswald. Mr.. ;{u2. Oiiifior, R, 3W. 12S. Outer Covo roiiil. 4H). Oulcrl)ri(li?o. J., rax O.nrord. Thomas, 17(5, 107. Uewriptioti of, dcstriictinii Jonuiu, Ncwfouiidlaml, lyi. Piiek, Gosso, nnrt Frver, Wi Pnck, R.. mi, (Kit. ■ I'Hc^kiird's. Dr.. l)i),>k on Labrador. *)1(). I'Hckor, — . ,'iiil. I'ack's Ilarlioiir. C.Ki. (117. Hacqnot Harbour. .".7ii. I'aiiie, Mr., lo:i. Palais. Caviilic^r do. 211. PallLsor. Sir II., 2S2. ;tl7. n,i. 59:t. portrait of, ;jis. Coghlaii's lottei- to, .■U7. dismisses Placciitia jn.sticca. 31.5, interest ill r.ibrailov. 321. letter to Keriianl. .IKS. letter to l-'rauckliri about I'l'oiicli .Mic .Macs, 3ii». prot. eUal•^'es the Krencli witli briuitins sav.iires \e\v- fouucljaud. .Wl! Paradise. tS. Old. Parker. Knsij^u. 3S2. and Gloi'soii, 13S, tin. 'apt.. 3'<2. (151. Uiehai-d. ir,7. Parkliur-ifs ii irr.ilive, 31, (ill. I'aniu'iiius. .w.t. Parsons. — , 2!ll, 3S2, (»!.. !•;., (117. li., iliitli Constable. 381. K. .r.. till. t(i.-,.n,s. t7l.(iil. portrait of. t7i. R. J., jiiiir.. (i(jj. fauiil.v. 137. P.isf|uibif.) s lett'T, II. Patersoii.Rev. tf., on Portuguese di-eoveries, li). Pa.viie. 11.. 2!li!. C..(!17. Pa.v/,aut ami I'cizor, -,.)7, m'.K r,i;i. Pearce. Caiil.. l.-ii!, I7!i. ^Ir., 22ii. Pearl..Sir ,r.. 127. Peasi-ley. W.. 1.12. Pi'ekliaiu. — . (17. narrative. 7(1. 7(1. PeleRriii, M.. .'>73. I'eillbertoii. — . 2H. 2(13. Penliallow'a dcseription of IJi,. losses in IdOii. 221. Pennell. K. |{., ,51.-,. Peiinoek's Cove,U17. Penny, —, (117. A.. (llM. Hres., OKI. K., (ilO. .los., tilfi. Pepperell, — , 2S!>, Pepperill, \V., vjg. Pereliard. R., 3S1, 1 HI, 4(10. Perc,r, T., ly. Peulen, Henry. 271. , 3til. Atl,intie Pe-kinsanil Winler. HO. —, .1!t!l. Perlican, New, 232, ,'l(il. Old, 232, 2Ki. 270. 2,Sr Perry, i\. aecount of eable, 642. portrait o', 042. H...3ni. Peters, .1. K. P., Od,-,. Peterson, Capt. (Hoston), 1'J7. Petit Maitre, 1.3.I, 2tS. Petit Nord, l.S.j. 2t i. Pkttv HtRDorn. 103. 2lf). 24' 21! I, 2112. 2li:l. 2:11, 2.i(). 27.1, "ri 2!)7,3'll,3H.:uy,(!17.(l.-,3. .D'Iberville's li^ht at, 213. view of, 24i'. Peyton, T.. (KW. Philips. Lieut.. 2Ca. mill, (121. J.,»3({, Mr.. 270. X.,317. Pliillpotts, Lieut,. d.iO. Phippard, — , 3!I3. 4!S, Am. Piek Eye, 4!ll!. Pickerinir. fapt., 2ii2. Sir Gilbert. 1(17. Pickiiu .-e. Sir !■'.. liii. Pidttoon, \V.. .(111. Piijear.l, ('apt.. 4';). Pike, Alfred, .■,2!i. family. 137. •Tohn. 21. 2il2. R., .•tSl. Pinseiit. fiinilv of. 222. Sir R„71,!H, 2l(i, .Wl, (i;.3. portrait or, 521. Pins.iii, 3!»3. a justice for Labrador, 3:i3. HOi. (>5'5. (Xoi>Ieaiid),5n oTO, (101. I'inware. 617. Pirates attaek St. .1 durs, 17t. damage by, i;i(i. defence aitainst. Is:). Mason's Commission to sup- press. lOS. I'istolet's niaii. (ill. Pitcher, T., m. Pitt's factories. .■>2il. .f. S., -tM. r,m. J. and \V.. .127. .1. and W., send llrsi cable, (>«l. Pl,ACE\T[A.48. description of, under tlio French, 18ii. Crevecoi;r. ISI. Castio Hill. ISI. fortirications. 181. iittaekcil by KiiKJi.sh, 1S2. views of, 1S2. plan of, ISI. .V.vlrod'.s, John, description of Pliuv'ntiii, is.-i. view of farm and llshinx stage, 181). -Vylrod's aecount of. 2(1 !. pirrlsoiied from Ulieilabiict(m. 209, 21(1. esonpo of English from. 21.3. l)'[l)ervil!"af. 21.-). 21(>. Costabell(>. (ioveriior of, 217. Castle Hill, 237. (iray.lon's and Walker's attacks on, 23r. defences of, 237, 231). Snbi rca.se, (iovernor of, 24> plan of, 24S. coinpeiisatioii to Costabelle 2111. I'reuch surreniler of. 2.'>8. terms of surrender, 25!». attack from, 2ii2. I'reiudi chaplain at, 2a3. "(id 2i!:i, 270. fortillcationsnt, 273. PlACKNTIA— ro»^ under (tovernnieiil of Xova .Scotia, 27ri. plan of. 27(1. Hi y. 279. Governors Mooilv and Gled- hill, 282. unihu- Xova Sc itia. 283. sepamted from Nova Scotia. 281!. (Ishiufirat. 297. niaxist'ates, *.•. of. SOI. Petty. ;toi. (■raves defHiiils, 307. Knjtlish troops at, 314. Court House, 314. justices (lismisHcd, Sl.'i. surcogatereords, 313. Little, 33.'!. trouble with the jrarrisoii, .32S. William IV. at, 3fl«. 393. 3i.->. 41.-.. WS, 41", 4.57, 1(1.5. K!7, 1(!S, 49S. f.ilvaiitaites of riiilway to. ,513. rreiich o<;eupution of, .512. date of (iarttofs Connnis-iioii, .5ilrt. settlers wi I;) St. Pieriv, .571 .fnnelioii, (i2i5. 62(1. ea.ble from, 613. model smoke-lionses. 649. court house built, 6.53. .1. Hrowii. appointed .r.P.,(l-,3. members for. 6(14. Pointestre and Robinson, (kll. Pole, Sir (;. M.. 371. portrait of, 3;i. Pollard, 171. 7(1. Christopher. 2.'(i. Poutrineoiirt, 2ii. Port-a-Porl, 47-.'. 17.3. ,5.51. .5(11, Poreeii. M,,i!l7. Porter, R.. .•«||. PortucliMi, IS. PortiiT.il Cove, 20 •"•' -''V 29!. "'"' " "' Fveiieh pretended to have landed troops at. 372 vi(^w of. ;t92. road, 427. (i.5(!. view of. 43S. PORTUOPUSK. discoveries a. id names in Newfoundland. 1(». claim to Newfoundland. 1 1. 1.5. fishery, IS. (AiiKlo-), trade to Newfmind- laiiil. Hi. fishery, commencement of. 17 lleet. 211. fishery methods. 22. fishermen's dread of collector, 35. flshiiii; in 1527, 11. fishery. ( 0. treatment of Gilhcrt. 7(i ships captun^d bv pi 1112.101. at Petty Harbour. 10,3. tr.idelo .NewConncllaiid. Lisbon. 2 M. 272. .390. Ojiiirto, .3s:i. Pishinif Companv. 4.51. MshiiiK at Mrait,s of Isle, 581 Poulton, Capt... j. I'ovey's report. 109. Powell's. Daniel. Iciler. 1*> Power, WS, (ii7. Uidiiip, 531. (-., ;jsi. U., 375. J.. ••173, 431. WS, 664. Lawrence, 313. B.,3Kt. W., 37.5, .3S1. Pi'enderKast. J. L., 437, 468. 171, rat." '.■••>7. Kelle 7m INDEX. ■t .( p i'* ri'fspotl. Sir II.. will, lis, tn. us. riii. Itorlniit of Sir II., Us. I'rosldii I lliiiil, Stiilili. and) ;!ls. .•ts7. Prim, 1'., »«. I'riiiit. M., voyngi! to Ntw Eiitt- lllllll, H*l, I'riiiKic, ColoMcl, 311, Ki, C.".."!. I'riiir's. M.. r('|ii)rt. 2i!ii. I'riiwsc \ Soils, .'p27. Ill ('iiliiis ronds, in tlio llrc- sliiiii. s'j. ]). W ., (Mil, (lin. ]{., 17!t. llltt. t.-j.-i, HIO, H;s, 471, (ms, my. s.. :is7, .'tiKi, (ae, i;-r,. Pniicli Itowl.iiin, rii7. I'.vlc, - , lt!l. I'viin,.!.. 171'.. l!ll. faniilv, ia7. - . 2H. W.. 301, r.vniic, — . 245. Qiicpn's 1,'ilii's. fil(». (^^•n:il..l..;i:!.). '. 3111. WIS, 3i!i. ;ts;t. n-i. vii'W of. Id. lo>..si< in 17(1."), 211). (Jivivc l''iinii. 'JlHi. \ii'U' of, 1 okinit l'\v;ii'iN tlic .scene of tlic liirlil in 17il"-'. ,3117. view of, from Sipnal Hill, 3(i8. Ilorwooils of, .'KKt. lan ."ill 1, ■'117. RaliliiLAV. .T., ilii3. liahliils lilll.v, l,^jl, .\.. (Mi.-). Race. Caiic, 1(>. Mil. via. (iH. Kailo. (!<• la. i:l-J. KiilsiDik. I.onl. 3m. .372. k'ltcr to, H'.i. norli't'it of. 373. IfacIsliiiMl. 13S. Knfliis. R.. 721. liap.'.d llarlxmr. 2<3. Islands. (iUI. lUll.WAY. |)ro|)os('d. .-)(»(». prosiiiiril.v rcMiltlntr from, in lss-.>, .-)(l)l. Hall's Ha.v line, .-)iMi. advimtanes of a. .-|13. incciitioii of tlio Hall's Hii.v lini'. .-iU. IMiKvntia railway coiistnicti'd, i'i)ristriu'tion.(l22. c.-iiitraolors fail. (123. line comiiU'ti'd liy the ro- (fivcr. (123. Sir H. Allan's tender, (12.3. .Sir \V. \Vliile«ay ad\oiiitpd (I nisi met ion by IlieOovoin- nienl.iiJ3. reeeipls, li2i. new teiidtis for Hall's Hay line in IHlin. (I2t. proceedin^rs against the coii- tnu'tors. (i2t. views on the, (i2t. proper terminus in SI. .lohii's, il2t. liridites. views of. (i22. (i'.'.'), (127. li2H, W.W. \lM\,WA\—con/. fiirlher eontract of ls93. for I'ort'iiii-Kiisiiiic line. (12(1. land icninl, (127. eoiinfClintt roads, (12s. Italeitch, Sir W., (kl, (17, (is. portrait of, 7.-). II cl revictiial ii, Newfound- land. .'i7. captain in Nuwfoundlnnd, 1113. 111. Uamali. ti'M, illn. (lis. I{ame:ui l>lii"il. .'>ii(l. liaiiiloiii Sixiiiil. (It. Kaiikiii, K.. (Kit. Kay. Tape, 3,-).i, Hd, Mr,, .M7, ."iJS. (13.-). (13(1. Uavi|.,r. (.'apt. .lohn. l.lli, 178, 170. Uelioii 1 Hay Hulls r.l 2(11. Reeiiloux, (,'apl., 517. Ited Ray. I.abradnr. l. & Co., Kin. S.. 2!i7, I (i.-.. \y. & a., .')27. R"n(!\v.sc, 120, 2'2. 301, .3.11, mr.. toil. Deiiys al. 17. French propose to settle at. 2.30. Rennie. Sluart, & Co.. 3(17, 3il3. t'lO. (i,-)7. Rcnon. AI.. 2I1S, Rencillf. .1., 1(1(1. Hon. II.. lli<), iKlt. Resolution Head, lishiiiK nt, 6flV. Rex. H..301. Rcyiiell, .Mr.. I'lil. Re.vuohl.s, Colclouifli writes to, at Lisbon, 300. IJiliero's niap. 1."). .W.i. Rii'C. Uov. .laeoli. 2.).-). 272. U. I'.. 11.-).-,. Richards. Major. 223. V.-)2. Riehe I'oint. 2.-..S. 2SI, 31/. .->.-)7, ."iiy. Rieliei,v. .\dmiral.3(17. (lostroys St. I'ierre, f)7t. Ridley, Mr., porfniit of. t.'jl. T., t.^-). t.'-.7, (Hit. T. H.. K17, (1(1.-). RiKoulelte, (110. (117. post to, (l(i:i. Rivers. Col.. 237. Roach (Stabh and), .V.rt, .".rt. .Till. Rii.\T)S, ))rlniitive paths tliroiurh the woods. 111. Itiiudoin's description of the, 231. Road niakimr. ;i:til, 127, 1-ts, l.Tl. lilK. U.'ll. expenditure. t2!t. connect iiiK with railway, fi2S. Robe, Jlajor, Ij.S. Rnbinson, Sir II.. iH'>. (-tli. t.->7, *i\rt, til!). I.SS. .-)(i(l. .jiil, (1.3 1. (lii:i. dill porlniit of. 4SI. Capl. Sir R.. 171. 17.-). 202. (i. R.. 3S2, 127, 12!t. (i.-).-i. llnHikinif \ Co.. ISS. Kio. .Mrs., celobrated, .")!•!». (i'ointesire, iind), (iul. RobeiTi.w. .John. 03. Roberts Uav..301 tsi. trade to, LabrjuLu'. (102. Lewis, nod. M. ().. (i.'17. iw'rirait of. (13.S. I'hilil), 217, 230. 231. llobeival s voyaifcs. i'l. Rollins of Jersey, (Kil. Rot/, map, 31, Rod I fort. .1.. II1..|(!7. Rock I'oint, Hay of Islnnds, 173. Rodtrer (.Marshall and). .•)27. Rodmy. Lord, 2si. 2iMi. portrait of. 2M1. R. iKer.son, J. ,).. 471. 48.'.. 467. Ml. H(>.1. portrait of. 171. I'., ii ("o.. LIS, mo, Rosferson's Hill to rejfulale tins Labradoi- passeimer Irallie, (103, Roland. Rev. Mr., 3U3, (1,W. Rolls, .1.. (1(1.-). Unison, — . 171. Roope, John, 241. 211. 21(1. 2ii2. 2(13. Rorke. .1.. .-)0S, 017, I'M. Hose, .1.. ;iiil. Ross, \V..,t Co., 017. Uolliwi II, I').. (1(1,-). and How riiiif. .-)27. Rniiire. "a|M', view of Freni'h .sl aires al, 2.-)S. Iiis. lie, 3.-)l. Ronpe, Melle. 2(iii. l^•usl■. — , .301. R(t. Riimkey. Mr., .Viil. |{iisscll,Cii|,t.,20.-). Mr.. 170. Thoi'ias. 2ll;i. 270. Riither Old. R. ,V .\., 4(10. Rul's voyaire. 3S-H. Riiyter. \diiiinil. 107. Ruysch's nia|i. 1 1. Rvan, — . 3s:;, (i.-,.-,. — , HI, Bill, 40,3. 1).. Wl. .I..3S0. (11,1117. L. \V.. 111. T..(i,-.l. Ryoes. Matt, 7s. Sabine's statement about l,abra- dor. .-i!l7. Saint. ,1.. (1(1.-.. Sah'. Ll.-Col., 131. 1.37. Sallee Hovers, los, Uj. Salmon Cove, 131, view of, VM. Trinity, .V2II. Lalirailor, (117. River. (1(10, (IIB. T., 3(11. Saliiionier. views of, 1S7, 216. Salvage, 18(1. m Uli, 4^1!). 4,'>7, 4lir>, l^'li. (il'h). lilU 7i. in:,, 467, Mt, MiO. n ictfiilatc tli« iiicr Inillif. (!o;t. ico R., ;)."iy, Jolin, im». ScafTold of till' (Trapplo. 13!(. SciiUiin, Bp., 408, 42(1. Scan Ian, T. 1)., 406, (WO. portrait of, 6 K». Schenk (HoHnsell.aiid Hoiinsell), 450. Sclilotzor, — , r,l SEAL FisirERY, 20, 43, (12. ISO, 280 206, 298, 378, 402, 406, 430. sea cow lishery, 334. Gambler advocates, 375. of 1814-5, 102. account of, in 1802, 410. Spring, 450. Dundee sealers, 452, 401. steamers at the, 4!t.3. pictures of, 432, 433. Seal Islands, 602, 609, 610, 617. Seeley, W., 690. Scire, M., 414. Seldom.Come-By, 279. teleftraph to, e.'JO. Seller 8 map, 177. Selman, ("!., l,-i7. Sefioria, 48. .Sesostris Bay, 362. SKITtEMEXT, winter i cews, .VS at St. John's. 72. ship lisliermen's rule, 83. in early times, 03. attem^)t to jjrant land to Guys Company possesseil by hnnlishmen, 94, 103. saw mill damaged, 06. 08, 103. carts loaded with capliii, 106. lishing ill Diwmlier, 106. by poor Devonshire tisliermcn. 11.3. of Torl)a.v, Pouch Ccne, Grates, and Bonavistii. III. early, at HarlHiiir (iniee, 137. earl.v, 1 Ki. planters not to build within six miles of the coc t, 1 l.i. rents — " a Hat hoif, l,-)7. planters encouraged bv Tiv- worgie, 163. Hinton's applieiitiun Uir governorship. 17.">. necessity tor govi'ir.or, 173. method of colli'cting taxes, 170. at Placentia, I'H. omiosed at Placentiii, IS4. Oliild's argument against settlement and a governor, 188. Board of Trade recommend deportation of settlers, 101, wealth of settlers, 195. / p. 2729. INDEX. SETTF.E.vJE.VT— f(>«<, sta,vof order for (Icpopulatioii, lietition for fortitleation, 20I. 23 March 1697, iiermitting settlement near the shore, 2. Kirtn. . of, ,3(10. on. E. D., 318, JUS. 610, 66*. portrait of, 473. G., 665. Dr. H.,;!48, 382, .-to?, HI. I.t.. 631. Shearer (Forest and), 34(i, factory, view of, 340. Shearer, .Mr., 337. Sheciiliea Bay, post from, 6iis. Shephard, G„ 373. Sheppai-d, ,J,. 204, ,301. Ship Cove. 520. Ship Fisitermhn, Knglisli mle over foreign lisliermeii, 2;i. for stalling lish, .'W. Sir T. Hampshire's icirula- tions, 61, Reception of Gilbert. 68. completely rule Xewfound- land, 83. hostility to Guy's settlement, duties levied on, by Gui's company, 100. 466 505, 474, 017, 508, 737 Siirp FisuERMRv— con^ petition against planters, 100. ">V est and by law," 136. iiionopol,v, 138. exempteil from Kiiku's government, 1 13. royalties, 1,32. diit.y onsalt remitted, 173. remission of all duties on llsli, 1 73. Child's defence of, 188. Bwird of Trade i-ecoinmeml depfirtation of settlers, 101 ilesti-oy stages, lot. I,(wses in 1606, 221. Rights under. 223. description of lishing admirals, 22.3, 226. ■■ Governors," 226, " King," 22(1. b,V(^-boat keepers, 228 •'97. attitude of, in 170.3, 2t" selling prices, 252. Western Charter, 267. reception of Captain Crowe's laws, 233, •'^'J,^-'i"''C"iiiion's regulations, unite with planters. 275. tyiiinny of, 283. attack Governor Osborne, 2Si'. Rodney's i-oplv to, 201. opposed l8 view of, 622. Shocknev, j., 3(17. Short. S„ (11(1. Sliuldham, f.ord, :m. portrait of, .3.33. Signat, P.. .301. Sinims, C, Oio, 663. H., 656. Hon. .rallies, 1.30, 4.31, 137. portrait of, 1,30. Simins, J., 617. Simpson, Lieut., ,'i82. 653 Siuipspii, .L E., and Coinpanv, 500. Sinclair, J., 437. • • " • Skekel, Ciipt., 303, 655, Skelton, (;., 721, Skerret, Col.,.3(i|,, ;i7|., us. Skinner, Col., ,368, H8, 127,631. Made. John, 281, 31(1, 437, 661 Klson, and Comiiain-, V-is. Slades trade to Labi-ador, 507, Slaney, .lohii, ion. Sloop Cove, Labrador, 610,017. Sluyter. — , 638. Small Harbour, 173. Smith, Captain John, 88. hdward. Olo. J, W„ 433. portrait of. 1.3.3. T.i^-;. '"■"'"■'" "f '^ .vaeht to the Deep Scu .Mission, 605. " ., 61(», Smoky, 617. Tickle. 610. Snell, George, 100. Snow, — , 294, Snug Harbour, 610, G17. 3 A 738 INDEX. I )'• JH m Solomon, S., 380, 382, 054. \\:, 3N0. Soncino'8 lottor, 11, iHo|)or, — , 017. Sop's Arm, 47)1. SoiiliM Brook, ttsil. FiirriiiKnt.illO. Soiithmiiyd, A., 270, isg, MX. Sownrtl, J., .ItlT. SPAMsn cliiim to Xowfoiiiitllniiil. 15. A.vhIh'h letter, 20. AKmmoiito'.s .-^Imrter in 1511. 4:1. San Sebastinn law suit, M. method of annoyiiiK. (Ml. treatment of English |iri- Miners, 08. Sir B. Drake's cxpoditioii ti> NewfoiuKllmul, 70. Elizuliotirs puliey in IlKlitiiiK. 80,81. Armiida, 81, fleet, de.struction of tlio, 81. claim to VirKiniii, 80. voynKe to, IKl. sliips pay iind liecnces, 108. lUhinir fleet. 1S)I. with French in 1705, 2ii&. claim to fish in Newfuniiit- lund, ,HI0. wardeolured with, 811. traders, 46.'i, slavers in St. .John's. IS*. Sun Sobiistiim records, SSO. Nat'niTcs traditions iilioul Labrador, 5U0. importation of lish forbidden, 652. Biscaynns, 3.5, 78, 13,3, 183, 1m!, 200, 273, VtH, .WO, flshery, •13-43, 17-40, (iii, «(, 137. at Labrador, 587, tradition about l^Abrudnr. am. iu Newfoundland in lie- cember, 05. at I'lacentiu, 27t!, 277. rifchts in Newfoundland. 274. rights Unally relinquished, 320. in St. John's. 2ti8. at St. Pierre, BOS. sealers, 20. whalers. SI*. Bilboa, 152. (^orimna. 300. Mulniia, 104, 152. Seville. ,38. Snu Sebastian, 565. St. Jean dc Luz. 20, 48, 68, 180, S70. St. Mary's Port, Slureia, 47. (hiuepi, Don I'edro, «•. Navarrete, 43, 587. Spaniard's Boy, 20. Speur, Caue, 40, 270. Lifthtnousc at, 056. Harljour, 010. Isle of, 271, Spenrniaii, J. M., 437, Mi:, 767. Spencer, Bp., 443, 451. S|)ouser, - -. HW. S|iort. See N., .Miscellaneous, SiKitled Island, 002, 003, 017. Spracklin's. 002, 017. Island. 010. Spnwklin, T„617. Spratt, Lt., a.N., 064. Spoonor, — , 0B6. Spurrier, W., .330. llrm of, 165, Square Island, 010. Squary, T. and J., 270, 271. Stabb, Ewen, 387. portrait of, S87. of du- .010. Stabb~l•o«^ K. & \., klf*. 400. Ur. II., 387. II. J., 527. Hunt, and I'reston, .3't8, 387. X,387. llow, and llnlniwood, 45!l, and Uoach, 556, 550, 301. T., 387. SialTord, t'apt., 271. StuK Bur, ]K)st to, 600, Stanford, Lt., ,3;i.3. St. Antony, fishing at. 570. Staplcy. Col.. 1«7. Starve Harbour, 27N. SI. Barbe, 5,50, 500, .'.Ol, 562. Members fi>r, 055. Stearns. J. B., system plexing,OI5. Ac<'iiuul of Labrador Steel. Sjirgeaut, 20H, 28tt. Steer. J.. 005. Steplmnius, uuip of. 3. Stephenson, Capt,, 382, il'A. Sterritt's Mill. 621, Stevens, — . 301. Mrs.. .527. Stewart. Briioui. .'JH2, 055. J., .303, HW. .Land \V., 45S, kM). .M.. 155. .SI. Francis, Cape. 402. St. (ieorge's Bay, 472. 5^H!, 549, 5S1. ti20, settlers forbidden to sell bail, c.\<'cpt to the French, 353, view of, 030. leleKi'aph to, 030, Members fov. 053. Cape. 30. SI. Jean, J„;t54. SI. John. A. S., ,373. family, KH. Cape, 274, 363, 472, 606, 552, 53S. St. Joii.n's ! Admiral's Beach, .330. 341. Amherst Tower, 34!i. .\lsop"s. 387. Bally Haly.im, 305. barons of, 320 Barter's Hill (V),271. Beck's flove. 401. Bennett's wharf, 387. Boucher's farm, 381. Bi'ooking's Hakes, near. .•(80. Burstbart Hill (Barter's H.ll).271. Bidle.v's farm, .381. I'arpasian, 426. Chain lock, 2«7, 360. Battery. 310. Ixxim for, 224. Chamber of Connnercc, 303, 427. Chui-eh Hill, 410, 140. Clapp's, 410. Cochrane Street, 424. Colonial Buildings begun, 657. Commercial .Society. 301. Commereiiil BiiildiiiKs burnt, 4.50. Cordage Company's mills. .511,512. (^ottage finiii. 051. Court House, burnt, 450. linishe><. .'^tripliiiK'x phuitntion, 3;J7. Taverns, iianieu of. 3Sl Tobin'!< b'.iililiiiK!!, 1^5. Viritinia Water, 424. Water Slruit pro|icrtien, 33tl. Water Stix-et, width of, 70!t. Yallow Hilly Corner, 401. .St. Joiin'h, kvents con- .nkctki) with. Ilrst mention of, 4). Rolierval nl, 45. Gilbirtat. 07. inipurtaiieo of the Irailo at, in 1!)83,(19. 70. grant of land by Oilliert, 72. I'eekhiim's prop. value "f the llsli eiiUKht in 1020.101). eolony, tioundariej of, 110. the nietiii|ioli!i of tlic ll-shery, 113. colony, 131. attacked by Dutch. 171. 175. 176. IS.'), disoiilcrin, 192. 194, IIHI. fort nt. bcKiin, 203. Kirku's fortilicatinius at, 205. DeBi-ouillon's iittiu'k, 21."i. losses in lOlHi at. 221. fort i lien t ion of, 223. Ikxiiii for, 224. I'rivy C'ouneil decide to fortify, 224. churcli at. 22H. scalping of Willinni Drew, 2:«i. description of. 2.32. attack on, 242. losses ill 17115, 2l*t. 204. nttiiek on in 1708. 2t8. 2iii!, 268. eentro of tho Kiiglisli ti'aile. 2(W. St. Ovide nppnii.ted governor, 270. fnrtillcatious at. 285. stoi'ks, 2S7. Freiicli prizes, 294. new ehiircli, 295. iiiagistnile. &c. of, 3iil. t''rcncii capture, .'liMi. Signal Hill. McDoncirs eaptur.' of, IUn, 412. doctors ill. 320. 313. trouble Willi ganisoiis .■12.^. justice at. :i:lii. " a town," 341. exp»'cted attack on. ill 17so, 3.50. not attnckcil by t.S.A. privateers, 351. courts, 357. chain aei-oss tlio hnrliour, 370. magistrates, 374. Ueothie woman in. .377. constables, 381, a commercial po. t, 38.3. appearance of. in i>tll, 386. tint brigade, 386. St. .Ioiin's, ETKST8 cox- .NKCTKll WITH - c'OII^ lease of rnoms, ,'180. full III ships of war. 387. faction IlKlitN, 3111, 401. popniiitioii of, 307. tlivs ill iMin. ISI7. 405, ins. Act to it'giilate the ri!- biiilillng of. IKi'.i. rebuilt, hili, coiispirnry in IsiMi, US. disturbances in. in 1*10, Kts. lli-e of ISKI, 457. ehiiivh Imnit. 45S. jiiil and bank burnt, 4,'il). municipal iiiiproveiiieiits advocated. 461. cholera. 4«S. riot of ism. 489. water supply, 4!I3. lire of 1S02. 521. insuranei', ,526. encanipmeiit after the lire of 1S92, 528. Ilaron le Noury at. ,581. Moravians at. 69-1. Ilasoiics rendezvous at, 5!K1. riots ill, ill 1766, (I.VJ. Charity School Society formed, 1154. presentation by I'hieiiix Insiiniiiie Cj., &e., 654. gnint of land to Kisliop O'Uonel at Kiverhead, 651. population. 651. 0,t5. theatre, jici'iiiission asked to open, 0.~i4. duel on llobinsoii's Hill, 656. Library .Society formed, 656. Mechanic's Society form- ihI. 656. pij iiitrixliieeil.657. water from Signal Hill. 657. exhiliitlon in, 657. unirrisoii withilmwn. i',57. iminicipiil council for. li.'is. iiieinbers lor, ikil. Sr, .lollN'.S. VIKWS OF. view of the Narrows. 117. 'I'liorntoii's plan of, 1113. pliinsof, 201, 292, 2!M!. views of, 318, 360. Crow's S'est, view of. .'illO. \ lew of, 374. view of Woodlnnd Cot- tage, 406. view of Colonial lluildiiiKs anil (iovuniinent House, 121. view of Wilier Street in is;{7, 11.5. views of. 4.')», l.'is. N'lirrows, view of. l.Vi. pliiii of the liai'lioiM', I.'}!). I lie Narrows, view of, tS3. iniiiling of I'l'iiiee of Wales, ISO. view of sealiiiii ships. Hi2. before the lire, view ol. I!W. Ciirdiige Co.'n Mills , view of. 511., -.12. plan of, 522. view of. 522. views of Aiigliean Ciillie- ilriil after tho lire. .524, 525. view of, ,526, view of encampment for lire sulTerers, 52.S. St, .lohn's Island, 477. Isles, 662. St, Julian, 218, 2S2, 321, .361, 477. views of French stages i>t, 266, 5t8. tishing at, .576. SI. I,awreiiee, 48, lilj, 186, 216, 324. ,'W!I. telegiiiph to, 6.39. St. Lewis Sound. lUCi. .St. 1,111'ia. Caiie, nil. St. .Maritnret's Hay, 5ilO. .561. St. Mary's, 48. 78. 179, 18,5, 1S6, 210, 2141. 2il2, 279. 28)1, 298, 301, 306. .'PHI, 31S, ;)1I3, ,566. Members for. ililt. St. Moilesle, Isles, 472, 617. St. Nicholas. 30. Stokes. I.t.. 291. Mr.. 427. Stone. T., ,'tol . .Stott, ,1., ,527. Stonrtoii. lli'v. Krasmns, 101, 13;i. St. Ovide. AVc Oe Hrouillon. St. Paul's Iliiv. 559. 661. .592. St. I'IKHBK. ts. 1S.5, 186,2.59.389 472, 477, 478, 479, 662. Kice llshingat, ,52. fortillcationsat, 206. murder at, 305. cession of, 311, 312. Kiiglish Commissary to nvsido at. 312. not to be fotlifled, 312. smugglers captured at, 321. French opinion of, 322. not to be fortilled, 322, smuggler ea|itiii-ed at, 324. i)opiilation at, 326. French curt- and flock leave, ,'t30. Frenrli traders to. XiO. Falliser's opinion of, ;«(). Freneli rei«>rteil to lie forti- fying, !i;i;{. taken bv the English. 340, 367. French destroy. , '171, surrendered to the French, 377, taken ill 1811, KM. tishory failing, 510. French occupation of, 542. all attempts to apiioiiit a Consul refused, 515. ceiled for a slieltcr only. 515. <, nnn, iar. im. poi'trail of. 4iiO, Tnlliot, .SirK.,i.S2. Tanker, 1)., »y2. Tavcrnur, Capt., 21!). .wn. Jarol), of Trinity, »m. Taylor and Cooper. siHi. .'itll. ■ E., 40(1. Jlosrs. (i.'17. portrait of, (138. Mr., 529. Taylonr. \.. 203. Comnuidnro ,1., 2Hi. 270. ■1. I'., 284. 200. T(Mwlalc, Cii()t., 4.M8. Tm.EnRAPir;— .Atlantic rable first laid, tSKi, 1114). Anttlo-Anierionn pre-t'mption. 4!i7. amniirpnienl as to railway. 027. Bishop Mullock's lottfr, 034. ."'t. Jolni's and Carboncar lino. 0.'1J. Local Act autliorizinir. 0.35-1',. Newfoundland Klcctric Tele- crapli Company. (130. N<'wYork,Newfonndland,aii(l l,oiidnn T.'lpirniph (Company lorniod. 637. '• Times " (leclnrns n culilo impracticable, 03!). " Victoria " towinR tlio " .S. I,. I'.ryant," pictnro of, O.tii. "Heart's Content" landinir the cable, on. "cable skit." 013. modern instiumeiits luid dnplex. Oil. first messiiife, 0.">!'. Temple Kay. ."ios. Sir R., lis. Tmnpleman. Mr.. 1 10. Tenii Nova Kivcr. 021. 020. Tessier, C, 52i). li., O05. fl.an(cley &),4rtO. }». G.,50S,016. (Thorbnrn \). .■J27. Tetlow. T., St. Thirkhill. li., 1. 12. Tliistle family, 137. T., 301. Thomas. Captain, 3S2. O.'^t. C.'j.'i. A., diary at Si. I'ierre. 574. family, 427. H. P., 427. portrait of, 127. .T.,4, 13, 471. N.. 403. title, 3,37. \V. «.,427, t'iO, 131. 4.32, 433, 434, 4.37. 4.-)7. 403. 0(51. ■\V. and II.. 387. ET ■ & Co., too. •••->■ \Vm., 2U8. Thommnslcy, W..29I, Thompson, .T., (HIS. S., 502. r. Williams. 654. Tliorbuni and Tessier, 527. tiovoiiment bnilil IMaccnIia lin >, (124. Lad ,-. 453. 8ii 11.. Ht.'i, MS, 511, 520. Oil. I1I.5, ('05. portrait ol. 511. Tliomey, A.. OlKi. .r.. 675. Thorne. R., 30. map. 38. Thorne s, Major, dinner luirty. 674. Thornton's map. loso, 203. of S.K. coa.st of Newfonnd- land, 11)2. ThoronKhtffMid, T., 101. Threo Islands. 48. 186. Tibbelts, II. B., 03(1. Tieldad. .1.. 202. Tilt Cove, 271), 41)0, 058. telexraph to, (UK). Tilton Harl)onr. .378. 083. Timl)cr. SeoJi., Mi.scellnneoin. Tinker's Harbour. 010. Toad's Cove, 271,, 'JOI. view of, 102. Tobin (Bland A). 4.56. Hon. .T.. 457. 407. 407. J., & Co., 400. TocQue, Rev. P.. 308. Tomlinson, Colonel, 107. ToiiBO. Capt. ^Y., .382, 051. Toole. .M., 402. Topsail, 427. 512. road, 427. railway at. 623. Hill, views of. 1.30, 2.3!>. ToRDAY, 270, 271, 272, 288. 207. 301. 3(15.308.311. 112, 115. view of. 10. road. 427. Tory. R. and M.. 470. TitKATY of- Aix-la-CliapolIe, 200. American, loo. Amiens, .'177, 5W. 511, .17.".. Hreda, MS. (ihent, 10.'). Paris (170:i),30!). 317. ,32ii. 3'.>3. :i;«, 337, 5.->2. .507, ,5!(s, Paris (lS14-5),t08. Ryswick, 225. St. Germains, 147. rtrecht. 2.-I.5. 2.->S, 27.-., 281. 311, 3'22. 542, 5.52, 500. Verstiilles, 250, 3,53. 3.-)l. ri.V.'. 554. AVashiiKrlon, 501 3. Trelawney of Richmond hliind. 101. Tremlett. chartres apiiiist, 3!m. Chief .Just ice T.. .100, 3B1.,302, 002. Trepassev, 48. 111. 174. ]82. 210, 21(1, 202, 280, 207, 301, Ills, 11(1. .542. Treviiuion. Sir N., 251. rcKuIations, 272. TreworKin, .John, 101. 1(13. loo. 205, 427, 642. just rule, 103. arrest, 101. instructions, 107. petitiim, 108. services, 169. Triminnlmm, — , 382, 055. Trinity. 115, 122. 230. 248, 240. 202, 2!)fi, 330, 300, 1.38, 457, MIS. 408. Whitbourne at. (i3. l)lan of. I!i3. view of, 01. losses in 1705, 240. troops at, 297. mngistrntes. &c. of, .301. 393. Trixitt— co>^^ doctoi's at, ."lOO. seal llshery, 451. iidvanlaKcs of railway to, 01!*. road to. 02s. teleirriiph to, 030. members for. (Iill. Trinitv Bav. in. l'2o. 215. 'Jii.t. 2r,t, 271,280. farniinu land in. .507. disaster of |Sji2, 520. Trinity. .520. Trott, S.. pickiuK up cables. 510. portrait of, Ottl. Trout. .\.. 107. Nee (fame laws, 717. Tnisler, \V.. .'till. Tub HarlMiiir. 017. Tucker. Col., 417. HnKh.271. Rev. H. \V.. in. J., 117. LI.. -'lit. Chief .Instice, R. A., t2l, 133, 4:14, 0.50. 002. Tnllikin. Lt..Col..41'.'. Tully, \V.,801. Turf. Mr. and Mrs.. 271. 272. Turk's Out and Cove. 1 10. Island. .345. Turnaviek Ishtnds, dlfl, 1117. Turner. Win.. 315. TweiKl Island, 477. TwillinKate,2'20, 270, -JSO, 281. 3.'lll, 360, 407, KS8. view oi, 350. seal fishery, 451. settlement at,5K, 552. trade to Labrador, 597, 002. advantaite of railway to. (119. telegraph to, 03:t (in. member.'-; for, OOl. Tyson in the West Indies. 01. Udell, J., OKI. llnderdown, Capt, ,Tohii. 247, 2.53, I'npiva liav, 587. post to, 007, 009. rriiirte. Don H. lie till. IMTKD .STATKS OK ASIKRICA:- AMi:itiCA. first Act relatintt to,:i;i. confederation, 203. molajses duty. '.'O!). revolution. 3.30. Contiiientiil Congress, ,'135. altenipts lo induce New- foiiiidlaiid to join the I'liioii. 338. faction HkIiI in New- foundland. .'I.3S. treatment of llovali.sts. 330. iiidei>cndence recoirnised. ,340. ca))ture of Lawrence's dcspatolies. 351. lapturc of York Town, .•(51. claim fishery rights. 3.'i2. second -Vmei'ieau war, 3S7. ■Madison's jiosition, 3S7. Convention with, mn. Ila« hoisted in St. John's, 474. civil war, 491. WashinKtoii treaty, 501. llshery award nt ilalifax, 503. deep-sea fishing decavinir. 53;j. tourists to Labi'ador. Clo. supports Atlantic tele- tcrapli, 0,3!). consumption of flsh. 029. Mi INDEX. 741 ilwiiy to, (ll'.i. it.-i. 2it:i. 3i;i, (110.(117. )t,2«n, -jsi, .•t;ii!. John. '2*7, 2".l!. it Act relHtiiiK noc I't^eoitniscd, (if Liiwrenoe's los. m\. )l York Town. iT.v rights. 3."i2. ViiR'iicnu war, . |)Osition, 387. II witli, toil. (I in St, John's, on ti'catv, 501. iiml lit iliilifnx, Uliing decii}iii(i, ) Liibi-ntlor, OH). Atlantic telc- ion of ni'k,|iricootflitli in, (i:i(l. Ncwfiiiiinlliind ciipnblo 01 snpitlviiitf rrcsli llsh ic>. (l,'ll. " Kivsli llsli Hnd Fnllon M!irk(t,"(i;n. ni(i|) iif Hliortcsl sell roiito III Kiii'dpc. (ill, priviit('i'r», :il(), .'IVi, :tss. ski^tcll of till! riiptiii'i! or III! AiiK^i'ii'iin vi'ssci, .'IKI. liriviiti'or in Ldii'iidor, .j!H, siini)fgl(>rs, .'17S. tishi'i'mon iind triidiTs, ;t7.->. pi'ovisio::s imprpi'ti'd. llsil. tradii with Xrwfonnil- laiid, :ili;). :i!'t. frciutlitci" 4."il. .'«t. I'icrn.', tniduiit during till' wiir. .")7ii. Amkricans: Aniory, J., jiin. (Huston). HI7. Hiirnnrd. (iovcrnor of Mass., ;i27, 61IS. lliirniird. Tristriini. of Huston, 4(17. HcMijiiiiiin's, .S. (ji. W.. de- scription of Ktiv of I sill (ids, (lilt. Urndstiect,Col.,fo1in,2si.-J!iii. Ilrvant's description of the (iraiiil I'lills, on. H. «.. portrait .,f, (111. Carc.v's. .Viisti'i. journey to the (iraiid Falls. (111. Ci lie's. 1). .^t., journey to tlie (iraiul Falls, (ill. Cooper, P., (137, portniil of. (1.17. (iardner. Dr., .■)«(, Sc'id. Field, CvriisW. ,V, 2(18, 284, 310, 3S!I. Fort Bill, 417. privateer at Labrador, fiOO. assistance from, in 1817, 407. relief from. r,i'x rXlTHD STATI'.S OF AMRIIK'A- cmi/, Massac (I iisKTrs—coH/, Cliiirleslown, Lii. 2.'lll, lAliiie. I. If. Marhh'head. I.VI, .'I2t, Newbcrrv. 1(13. J'lyiiioiilli Compaii^v levy licence Ices on hniflish llsheriiiiiii, 120, Salem, lii'.i. Vcirk. uld. .-1117. \cw lInMipshii-e. 101. Ni:\v i; Mil. A Ml, l.-M, 1. It), 102, 21I,2SS. settled for llshinir. is, ship llshcrnicn hehl Xew- foiinillaiid. S3, jealousy of Xewfound- land, ss. I'lltrriin Fathers, SO. settleliient.SS. Ml. SKI. inlliieiu'c on Xewfomid- land, '.'0. 01. trade with X'ewfound- land, lt.'i, i:il-3, 107, 2(17, 272, 2S3, 20'.i. 3(1(1, 321. Captain West's conirnls- sion, 121. petitions airainst ci>ssion of Xova Scotia, 148, passengers to, 1.13, eoinaiie. in.'!, (■niUKirlinn llshernien away, 1.13, lIHi, 207, 27.1, .'123.312. I'lirilaiis, 1.1.1. 1.10, under Cromwell. 104. afcunt in Xewfoundland, 111(1, 3 ts. teinission of taxation foi consnnioi's of llsli. 173. siilTered by surrender of I'laceiilia, 17H. Child's attack on. ISO. Ilsliery in Newfoundland. 191. Massaeliusetts hoiinlA for emiifiBiits. 1!)!'. lists of ports anil masters tradinu: from, 211(1. emiitratiim to, "2(12. ilanxer to, from French. 20,3. hoards, 20.1. Downinif's aeconnt nf trade with, 20.1, 2(K1. Fieucli proposal to de- stroy, 214. alarm in, iit Ihedeslnie- lionolSt.-hihn'siii lil'.iil. 222, Uoyal letter to CJuvernur of .MassachiisettH JJay. 222. provisions from, fur Si. John's, 22.1. French propose to altack. 230. artillervinell. 240. copy of town meetimr in Xewfouiidlaiiil. 2.14. excliamre on Boslim. 2iU. 2(1(1. power to Custom House oHicors to search ships, 2(1S. reason of, llsheiy In X'ew- foundlaiid, "JOs, aliens forbidden to fish. 273. " rum and molasses," 27'!, trade with the French, 2«0. feelini? in, 20O. Oajje Cod whalers and sealers, 20«, 1 XITKI) STATKS OP AMKUICV- <•»)./. XKW I'iNfll.AMI- ef>),7. whalers and seal'i-s, 20s. sinuKKlers. 200. 323. 32 f, inlliieiice ill I70:'., 312. Custom lliiiisi plac 'd niiiler lliHliin 31(1. new Ciislom rcRiilatinns. 323. Palliser's tri'ltincnt of, .12.1. whalers in I.al.milor, 3'27, vessels seiiMMJ. ,I2S. Ciistiiiii HoU'U severity, •Mr bankers in 1*41, ■'13f. reckless destrncliim of sea cows at .Mai?daleii Island, .'l.'KI. traders at l.alinnliir. 330. excluile.l from the Xew- fiiuiidlauil llsherv. 3(1. lish.3M'i. 317. aitciil ill SI. John's, 3W, " Kinif (iisiixi. "lu-ivateer, 41.1. at St. Pierre. .',0S. smiiirKliuir al St, Pierre, .'i7S. French smiiKirliiiv into, .170, .INO. in l.alirador, ,10f. traders to Imhrndor, no7. impoiiaiil trade with l.aliiiidor, .107, .V.is. sliiiis from. 11,12. Xi:w \onhM.11. M.I. view of. ill 1073. 1.12. Holy Trinity Church, 033. Sandy Hook, 1,11. Pk.VNsvi.vam \. 272. \ lUiil.vu, lill. l(i:t. 273. Vaelies. I.es. 177. XiiiiliiiiKh, Capt., 280. 284. Vane, eii|;ineer, 200, VaiiKhaii. Sir W.. 110. 137. f colony, boundaries of. llii. " (iolden Fleece." 1.3.1. Veilch. J.. (1115. VeniMin Island. 010. Tickle. (117. Cape Islands, 137, Veril Poiiil. ls|. Verds. liay lie. 17S. 232. 21(1. •'■12 2S(1. -.'HO. ;tOI.4ils. mciiilieis lor, (104, Nerireinies. ('. ile. 3,12. Verles. Islisof. 472. \ errazaiio's vovntre, .'17. Vieinis. (i.. map. 11. Viifiiers, |{.. jOS. Viilala.Capt.,. 1.17. 862. Vincent. .\mos. 2!i2, \iririuia Lake. 105. view of. 470, Wade at Iron Strand. 00?, Wa.i:liiirne, Kev, — , 717, Wakeham. It. 11., 411. I'x, 1311 4.10. l-n. t.1.1. Walliank. .M. W.. Ids, Oiii. Waldeirnive. .\ilmiral, srt Kad- stuek. Walker. Admiral Hovenden, 182, 2.'17. Walker, Sir J!., ,110, Wallaci,', Sir K.. 30s, 370, Wallis. .liihn, 171. Adr.iiral Provo, 390. Walsh, D.. no. M., 381. P.. 381. W.,4'j. W. P., 627, .'>20, 005. 742 WAntc, R.. 4. IS. Wiim>ii, Adiiiiral. SAD. (if IU3iiiii<', Ntiiurt, ft Co,, sm. Bro*., 4*10. J. II.. «MI, «lfi.'UM.-un, AiliiiirnI, I'St. J. H.. din, iiiti, (Hifi. Wny, Kllznlioth, 427. Wciitlicrlux'. Mr , rMi. Wobli. (ioveninr. 2N5, aat, m. Wolilwr, — . 2114. . D. C. «». Wrlfh, Cnpt. M.. at BoHton, 2«4, 2IHI. AVrlsh coloiiiHtH, 113. M„ 875. W., ;i75. .'181. ■Wodcotl, Attonipy.ftwieral, 111. Went niitl Rcniloll, Ml. ^Vt)ltt CniiHt, Frc-iich Nliips on, ,1.Vl. no Fronch on the, 676. innp of, SOS, Western nIuiih' rooiti, 409. Weston, Mr.;m. 1'., -MS. troanurer, LH-S. W., 28». 301. Cnpt., 230. WImlo nsliorvin Fortune Bay, 208. WliiiliTs (nm Cup«' Cod. 20tl. ■NVbuliiDT. 20, tW. (W, .•J27. li,V BasqiieN. 4H, OUtl. picture of, 80. Whcler, Capt., nccount o( I'lacon- tin, INK. Whetstone, Ailminil, 237. Whitltourne. Sir B.,in Newfound- land in 1.m 01. acrount of, 7o. lit Vauichnn's colony. 111. narrative, IIU, INDEX. Whlltiourne— «)«/. |)etition fur employment, 118. coiiinilHniuii. 207. Junction, BI.1, niilwny to, tl23. White, t'npt. Hon. R., 227, ».'«), 3311. 1141. .m 402, (MIS. I', I).. iHlfi. While Bay, 247, S7!t, r>»7. NeaiN in. 402. Wliito l.'ear Buy, N'owfountllanil, 42. llnrlNiur, 010. While, ( hundler, (137. (BW. White Hill plains, 1120. White Ixland. 27m. Whitoly.W.H.. 01(1. 00.1. nxini, viewDf, (MW. Whitewny, Sir W. V.. 428, 40,1, 50], 502, 500, 50M, 514. S20, 550, tll4, 01,1. advocatcM eoiiHtriirtion of railway by loe«l Bovcrii- ineiit, 023, portniit of, 8(h1. Whitlinittoii,0apt.,04. Whittle, Mr. 520. Wiildieoinb, .1., 375. WiddomaH, 0., of Berry Pomeroy, 167. WilliamH, Commodore, 18?, 211. OeorKe, 376, (W2. 063. (irilllth. 200, 427.052,063. John, .381. nurwt, 015. T.,301..'W2,06I, 056. Harbour, 017. title, 3.37. 1'. Tliompson, 064. WllliH. EnsiKn. 382, 056. A., of Boston, 407. WillouKhbee. Sir P., IS7. Wilson X Co., 400. --, 617. Vrinehim. Mr., ZOO. Wiliser, I'., 4SH, 406, 40H, 604, WiiiNer Harbour, 610,017. Wlniior,0l7. Winter (Perkins and), 410. l)r. J., 468, 084. Sir I. S., W\ 520, 532, 000, (HM, 00,1. portrait of, 531. Winthrop, Governor, 182, Wintoii. v., 005. H., 428,4tl. attack 011,430,438. Withers (Hyanft),441. Witless Hay, 271. WolfunbUttol map, inscription on, aliout Labrador, 500. Wollaston,Cupt., 103. Wood (Clift k Co.), 527. Wood, F. A. 014. J. B. 455, 006. Samuel, 174. W. O., 006. Woodford, W. J„ 008. Woo27. J. ft Sont, 527. WriKht, Nathan, 140. Wrixon. Amy and William, 188, Wyatt.P. J„665. Wyng, Wm., 280. Yore, Father, 304. Young, at Calais Roads, in the tire ships, 82. A., 345. J., 171. Zealot, flshiuK at, 876. Zoar, BBS, 018. .1 i'' I