■,.v IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IM iilU m 4 4 ||M 2.2 1.8 • 1.25 : 1 1.4 1.6 „ 6" *► V} dommag§e □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde e Si D D D □ D [7f Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur n n Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Re\\6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I ^1 Pages d6colordes, tachetdes ou piqu^es □ Pages detached/ Pages d^tach^es I I Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire □ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont iSt6 film^es d nouveau de facon ^ obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X y 26X SOX 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Doug'jas Library Qus^en's University L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grflce d la g6n6roslt6 de: Douglas Library Queen's University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet^ de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fllmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur ia dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^^^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, chaKs, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too largo to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■P QgQftGr ^ OA N A. ncp:?: . . ONTARIO . . RECORD OP THE Liberal Qovernment 26 YEARS OP PROGRESSIVE LEGISLATION AND Honest Administration ^ I872-J898 • ^ Copies of this Pamphlet can be had from Alexander Smith, Secretary Ontario Liberal Association, Toronto. TORONTO: Printed by The Hunter, Rose Co., Limited. J898. '■ / /. 7\ n o 77^/5 ^ CONTENTS. Intboddotion 7^ Leqislition . . 6 PaRLIAMENTAKY InSTITUTI0N8 .... to Municipal Institutions Laws Relating to Labor "* •• •• •• •• 22 Administration of the License Lwv .. .. ah Attorney-Gbnekal's Dkpartment -o Department of Crown Lands •• •• •• •• ,. 7« DkPARTMBNT of EnUOATION Doparfcmeiitiil ExiiDiiimtions University of Toronto Department of Auricultoub ■■ •• •• •• 118 Provincial Secretary's Department , .„ Public Health '/. \\ *^ Neglected and Dependent Children . . ,=:« Provincial Treasurer's DEPARTMiiNT ,e, • • •• . . Jbl Public Works Department •• •• •• X/a Lnsurance Legislation • • • • • • . . . . ] 8» Acts Respecting Aid to Railways jgy Financial Schedule Indfjc .. 195 P\ THE PIOK 1 6 7 14 22 47 63 72 91 96 108 118 146 167 159 161 179 184 187 191 195 LIBERAL RECORD Over Twenty-six Years of Uninterrupted PrO' gress and Good Qovernment On the 19th of December, 1871, the Qovernment of which Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald was Premier — the first Govern- ment of Ontario under the British North America Act — was de- feated on a motion of want of confidence, and resigned. A Lib- eral Government, with Hon. Edward Blake as its head, came into power. Mr. Blake, after holding oflice for ten months, resigned. He was succeeded on 31st October, 1872, by Sir Oliver Mowat, who retained office till July, 1896, when he resigned to enter the Government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, at Ottawa. Hon. Arthur S. Hardy then became Premier. Mr. Hardy first entered the Legis- lature in April, 1873, became a member of the Government as Pro- vincial Secretary and Registrar in 1877 ; Commissioner of Crown Lands on the death of Hon. T. B. Pardee, in January, 1889 ; At- torney-General and Premier in July, 1896. As will be seen, he was closely identified with the Government of Sir Oliver Mowat during almost the whole of the extraordinarily long and success- ful career of that veteran leader. Ontario has been fortunate — or perhaps it should be said sen- sible — in having enjoyed a continuance of such good government for more than a quarter of a century, a period unparalleled in the BECORD OF THE LIBERAL QOVJEBNMENT. history of nations governed by representative institutions. The quarter-century of Liberal rule has been marked by steady development and progress all along the line. When the Liberals took office they found the Province stag- gering under the effect of generations of active and passive mis- government, from which it was only beginning to emerge. There is no desire to belittle the services of Hon. John Sandfield Mac- donald. He was an able man, who, during his short premiership, impressed his name deeply on the historj- of this Province. But it is obvious to anyo;--^ who impartially studies the methods of government followed in his time, that had Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, and those associated with him, remained in power for twenty-five years instead of four and a half years, Ontario would not to-day occupy anything like the advanced position she now holds. Let us look at the position Ontario occupies as the result of Liberal rule. She has no debt beyond that created in aiding rail- ways. She levies no general taxes. She has assets of enormous and steadily increasing value in her wild lands, extensive forests and inexhaustible mineral resources. Since Confederation she has spent on public works and buildings $10,500,000, all out of rev- enue, she has aided railways to the extent of $8,-000,000 (and who will call that an unprofitable investment?) and she has in a shape in which any banker or business man would be glad to have his cash assets, a surplus fund of $4,800,000, liable to be reduced only by so much of our railway liability as shall be paid out of or charged against surplus. Contrast this with the position of any other country on earth, and it will be seen that Ontario en- joys a standing with which no other state or province can com- pare. Not only is the financial condition of Ontario incomparable, but her social and moral position is also sound. She has an educa- tional system second to none in the world. The same may be said of her municipal system. Her law courts are well and eco- nomically conducted, and she has a judiciary free from any taint of corruption, thus ensuring justice to the poorest litigant. Her RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 8 >ns. The y steady ince stag- jsive mis- B. There ield Mac- jmiership, nee. But lethods of Sandfield in power •8, Ontario )Bition she e result of lidinj? rail- ' enormous live forests ion she has )ut of rev- ) (and who in a shape ,0 have his je reduced :)aid out of position of )ntario en- can corn- arable, but an educa- ne may be 1 and eco- any taint ant. Her people are law-abiding and temperate. Her public institutions and charities are projected on a generous scale. She presents the spectacle of a true democracy, governing itself ably and satisfac- torily, a standing refutation of the predictions of the false pro- phets who have condemned and resisted every forward step as it has been taken. Let us give every man his due. An Opposition may be a useful factor in legislation, and it may be partly owing to the fact that the Liberal Government has had powerful and sustained opposi- tion that it has been able to hold its own so well and to flourish in healthy vigor. Certainly no government in any country ever be- fore survived such formidable and persistent attacks as those the Conservatives of Ontario, with the whole force of the late Sir John A. Macdonald and his party throughout the Dominion at their back, hurled against the Liberal Government of Ontario. Had there been a weak point in their policy they must have gone down before the fierce assaults launched against them, especially in 1879, when, fresh from their sweeping victory in the Dominion, the united Conservative party threw itself against this Province ; or in one of the four subsequent campaigns when an unscrupu- lous party sought to sail into power before the breezes of angry sectarian strife stirred up for the occasion. The Opposition has been of the most determined and unscrupulous character. Reck- lessness or over confidence would at any time have let in the forces of reaction with results the most deplorable which can be imagined. Let anyone, even the most satisfied Conservative, consider what would have been the position of Ontario to-day if, say at the election of 1879, the Tory party had succeeded to power in this Province, and a carnival of corruption and misrule, such as has been shown to have prevailed at Ottawa, had been inaugur- ated at Toronto. Where would Ontario have been now ? She would have had a debt instead of a surplus. Her timber lands would have been given away for a mere song as bribes or rewards for party services and would have become the property of capi- talists — probably United States capitalists — her mineral lands RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. would have gone tlio same way, the very Piovinoe would have been cut in two and the larger half given to Manitoba, the franchise would have been restricted, the elections would have been held by partizan returning officers in gerrymandered oon- stituencies, every department of the Government would smell to Heaven with corruption. In short, the condition of affairs which the Liberals have begun to remedy at Ottawa would have pre- vailed at Toronto. Are not the Liberals of Ontario entitled to the hearty thanks of every well-wisher of his Province for hav- ing prevented such a deplorable consummation ? Now another general election is pending, and the Liberal "Government, for the seventh time, appeals to the electorate for a renewal of their confidence. It relies upon its unstained record of twenty-six years. It finds itself confronted by the same old party of reactionaries and obstructionists, unchanged except that they have lost their old leadeis, whose talents, in .some de- gree, made up for their lack of policy. This discredited party, ignominiously expelled from office at Ottawa, has no new policy to offer to the people of Ontario. It is still as narrow-minded and unprogressive as ever. It still seeks to plunge the Province into a sea of sectarian strife. It has nothing to offer except the cry that it is time for a change. The long and faithful services of the Liberal party is actually brought forward as a reason why the Tories should be put in their place. What business man- would think of removing a .servant who had carefully and honestly looked after his interests for many years ? His length of service would be one of the best arguments for retaining him. Why should not the same hold good with reference to a govern- ment ? The plea that because the expulsion of the Tories from power at Ottawa has been followed by a revival of prosperity, therefore a change at Toronto would bring about like happy results, will not deceive the ^electors of Ontario. Why should the methods of Tupper, Haggart and Montague, the co-workers with which Whitney and his followers are in the closest accord, be substit^uted for those of Hardy, Ro.ss and their colleagues ? The only thing to be said in palliation of the course of the Opposition BBCORD or THE LIBSBAL OOVERNMBHT. ould have litoba, the ould have dered oon- Id smell to iairs which have pre- entitled to ce for hav- lie Liberal :,orate for a ined record e same old except that I some de- lited party, new policy minded and 'ovince into ;ept the cry services of reason why asiness man- t-efuUy and His length )aining him. o a govern- Tories from prosperity, like happy should the orkers with accord, be ^ues ? The t Opposition in suggesting such a change is that they have nothing else to offer. But it is not on account of the weakness of the Opposition that the Liberal party claims a renewal of popular Cv>nfidence. It is because its history in the past shows it to be deserving of future trust. It stands for all that is good and progressive in this fair Province. It is as enterprising as ever. It is as able and willing to grapple with social, political and administrative reforms as on the day when x.iie people's mandate first placed it in oflSce. No government ever appealed to a people with strong- er reasons why its lease of power should be renewed than those which can be urged on behalf of Mr. Hardy and his colloagues. In order that these reasons may be understood by the people, this pamphlet, setting forth briefly the history of Liberalism in On- tario, has been prepared. y 6 RECORD OF THli: LIBERAL QOVBRNMENT. h LEGISLATION. All acts of Parliament are divided into two classes, " Public " and " Private." It will be convenient to consider the latter first. Private Bills. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario treats all Bills as " Pri- vate," which grant to any party or parties the right to erect bridprds ; to make turnpike roads or railroads ; to construct har- bors, canals, locks, dams, slides, and similar works ; to run fer- ries ; to form joint stock companies ; or generally, to exercise any exclusive or peculiar privileges whatever, or to do anything that would affect the rights or property of other parties. With respect to this kind of legislation, Mr. Bourinot, in his " Parlia- mentary Procedure and Practice," makes the following remarks : " III a country like Canada, with its immeuae extent of territory, and var- ied material resources, private bill legislation must necessarily form a very important part of the work of the Parliament and the Legislatures of the Dominion. One of the advantages of the federal union has been the distri- bution amongst several legislative bodies of an immense amount of work that otherwise would have embarrassed a single legislature. * * * Since 1867 the Doraii ion Parliamont has passed more than 1,400 Acts, of which 650 have been for private objects in the parliamentary sense of the term, that is to say, for the incorporation of railway, land, insurance, and other companies and bodies, many of which illustrate the development of the country from a material, intelleotmil, and social point of view. During the same neriod the Legintatiires of the Pioviucesof Canada have paba'id between 6,000 and 7,000, of which upwards of two-thirds relate to local or private objects. These tigures show not only the legislative activity of Canada, but. the value of local or provincial freedom of action in all matters that neces- sarily and properly fall within the ccmstitutional functions of the several Legislatures." The above figures included the legislation of 1884, In the 13 years since that period the number of private bills passed by all the Legislatures has very greatly increased — the total number passed by the Ontario Parliament up to the present time being over 2,000. Public Bills. Public bills are intended to have " a public and general oper- ation ;" they " concern the whole community though only la a particular matter." Some of them are introduced into the Legis- lative Assembly by Ministers of the Crown, and for these the Ministry are, of course, directly and collectively responsible ; they RECORD or THE LIBERAL OOVERNMRNT. " Public " latter first. U as " Fri- it to erect struct har- Lo run fer- to exercise lo anything ties. With lis " Parlia- 12 remarks : Ltory, and var- ly form a very ilatures of the leen the diBtri- nount of work * * * Since Acts, of which e of the term, ace, and other >pment of the Durin>i the )abo^d between ocal or private of Canada, but .era that neoes- of the several In the 13 assed by all otal number it time being reneral oper- gh only in a ito the Legis- ;or these the onsible ; they are indirectly but no less fully responsible for such public bills, introduced by private members, as they allow to pass into law. As there is only one Chamber in the Ontario Legislature it is an absolute necessity, in order to ensure sound legislation, that the Ministry at whose instance, or under whoso auspices, all Public Statutes are passed, should bo collectively posses.sed of great legal, business, and parliamentary experience. The chiiracter of the public general Acts pa.ssed since 1872 is the best evidence that these qualities have throughout its long regime characterized the several Liberal administrations, and that all public measures have been subjected during their passage through Parliament to the most careful and skilful scrutiny. PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS. Under the authority of the British North America Act, the Ontario Legl^latuie may make any change it pleases in the Con- stitution of the Province, " except as regards the office of the Lieutenant-Governor." This power it has, from time to time, freely exercised, and the changes made have been steadily in the direction of popular government, but have been at the same time so well considered that the current of progress has always been smooth though rapid. A political revolution has taken place, but so quietly that only close observers are in a position to esti- mate accurately the extent of the changes that have been effect- ed. These changes relate (1) to the constitution, powers and privileges of the Legislative Assembly, and (2) to the representa- tion of the people in Parliament. Qualification of Electors. Prior to the General Election of 1871, which brought the Lib- eral party into power, the right to vote at Parliamentary Elec- tions was confined to owners, tenants or occupants of real pro- perty to the value of $400 in cities, $300 in towns, and $200 in townships and incorporated villages. The franchise was a pure- ly property franchise. In the year 1874, an Act was passed extending the right of voting to persons earning an income of not less than $400. In 1877 the franchise was extended to farmers' sons, not them- selves owners of property and not in receipt of income, but resi- dent on a father's farm. It will be observed from the foregoing that the Liberal Gov- ernment was as rapidly as possible approaching the principle of I ' ! \ 8 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. " Manhood Suffrage," which would confer the right to vote on all male subjects of Her Majesty the Queen who had arrived at the age of manhood, unless legally disqualified or prohibited, irre- spective of property or income qualification. It followed its liberal legislation in this direction, in 18«8, by the introduction of an Act for that purpose, which was passed, and is now the law of the land. This measure is entitled, " An Act to Establish ManJiood Suf rage for the Legislative Assembly ;" and its simple enactments repaove all bar to the exercise of the franchise, on the easy terms set forth in its provisions. The Government followed this measure in the succeeding year by a new Voters' List Act, which will be referred to under the next heading, and by the Franchise Assessment Act of 1889, both of which were supplementary to the " Manhood Suffrage Act," and intended to supply the means, as to registration, etc., for the carrying out of its provisions. No British subject, 21 years old, thus, needs hereafter be deprived of a vote in elections for the Legislative Assembly. Registration of Electors. Prior to the General Election of 1871, under the former Gov- ernment, the system of registering voters was very defective. The clerk of each municipality was bound by an Act passed in 1868, to prepare each year a list of persons entitled to votej as shown by the assessment roll, but the checks upon the perpetra- tion of frauds were very inadequate. In 1874 an Act was passed which required the clerk to print 200 copies of his list and give them due publicity. In 1876 an Act was passed amending and consolidating the law respecting voters' lists, and repealing all previous enactments prescribing the method of registering voters. In 1878 an Act was passed making the voters' list, as revised by the County Judge, " final and conclusive evidence " of the right to vote except in certain specified cases, the object being to lessen the cost of conducting a scrutiny of the votes polled in a con- tested election. In 1879 an Act'was passed giving the County Judge addi- tional powers in^the revision of the lists, and especially author- izing him to correct mistakes without application having been previously made^for that purpose, and to do this according to the evidence submitted to him. The great extension of the electoral franchise which took place an he adopt consis Govei tial tc at the tors, u pose, « persor such a cure t contes they h In ] lood i own, ^ o vote on all rrived at the libited, irre- foUowed its introduction now the law to Establish nd its simple ichise, on the KECORD OF THE LIBEBAL GOVERNMENT. in 1885 made necessary certain changes in the method of regis- tering voters, and these were embodied in the " Voters' Lists Amendment Act " of that year, special care being taken to guard the right of " wage-earners " and " landholders' sons." The Act requires the assessor to enter the names of persons coming under these descriptions " without any request in that behalf," and authorizes " any person " who is himself a voter to apply for the insertion of any wage-narner's or landholder's son's name in the voters' list. In 1889 there was passed " The Ontario Voters' List Act, 1889," which provided the method of preparing and revising the lists, and registering the names of voters, in conformity with the Man- hood Sutilrage Act, passed the year before. . In cities, however, it was found that the large number of voters added by the Manhood Suffrage Act made it impracticable to have the lists of persons entitled to vote at elections to the Legislative Assembly and who are not also municipal electors, pre- pared by the municipal authorities. The great expense incurred in the publication of these lists, the impossibility of checking the names inserted by the assessors, and the facility which this gave for the perpetration of frauds, showed conclusively that if an honest vote was to be secured, some other system must be adopted. The younq rren, and it is of them that this class largely consists, advocated registration as a remedy for these evils. The Government, feeling that the obtaining of a pure vote was essen- tial to the interests of good government, submitted to the House at the Session of 1894, a bill for registx'ation of this class of elec- tors, upon their personal application at sittings held for this pur- pose, accompanied with stringent provisions for the prevention of personation. It could hardly have been anticipated that a bill such as this would have been opposed by any one wishing to se- cure the true verdict of the electorate, and yet the Opposition contested almost every provision with a persistent virulence that they have never before displayed. In 1895 and 1897 legislation was pas.sed by which the Man- ood Suffrage Registration Act was extended to every county T ' G addi-l'^^"' ^^^^^ ^^ *^ incorporated town, as well as to cities. ^vT ntr been! M inner of Conducting Elections. cording to thel previous to the General Election of 1871, the law required the . leputy-returning officer to record the votes given for each candi- ich took pi^^late at his polling-place, the voter stating publicly for whom he 3ceeding year nder the next 1889, both of age Act," and , etc., for the , 21 years old, stions for the p former Gov- ery defective. Act passed in ed to votej as the perpetra- jlerk to print solidating the lus enactments list, as revised le" of the right Ibeing to lessen lUed in a con- 10 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. voted. This system gave rise to great abuses, more especially bribery and intimidation, and it was also a frequent cause of dis- orderly conduct at polling- places. By an Act passed in 1874, the system of voting by ballot was introduced and passed by this Government, not only securing to each voter the privilege of secrecy, but effectively suppressing all the excitement and disorder caused by the publication from time to time on polling day, of the state of the poll. Attacks were made on the Ballot Act, by the Opposition, in 1890, on the ground that it did not secure tl\e secrecy desired or intended. An amending measuT-e, proposing to provide for this alleged lack in the old one, was moved by a prominent member of the Opposition. It was shown, however, in reply, that this system, which is the same as that in use in England, is as secret as any in the world ; and that under the proposeerty. If ey are to evils and ily crime, to be forced to find a refuge in the county gaols, introduced and carried a measure providing for the establishment of Houses of Refuge by municipalities, and for municipal aid to those already in existence. This is a further illustration of the Government's policy of returning the public money to the people who own it. The Act provides for the payment of a sum, not exceeding $4,010, to any county or union of counties which may acquire not less than fifty acres of land for an industrial farm, and erect thereon buildings suitable for a House of Industry or House of Reluge for the aged, infirm and poor of the locality. The Act permits the joining of municipalities, when contiguous, for the establish- ment of a larger institution, in which case the same amount is to be paid to each, and includes in its provisions those municipalities in which such institutions already exist. All such establishments are subject to provincial inspection. The Drainage Laws. In 1878 the Government introduced and carried " The Tile, Stone and Timber Drainage Act," a measure which enabled the municipalities to borrow from the Government and lend out at a^low rate of interest money to be expended by farmers in under- draining agricultural lands. In municipalities which have availed themselves of this Act, proper drainage has greatly increased the vklue of farm property, and the measure has been largely instru- mental in bringing about the adoption of sound principles in farm drainage. {i^The Government has expended large sums in the purchase of debentures issued by municipalities ipr the construction of drain- age works payable by local assessment. The drainage clauses of the Municipal Act have been amended from time to time, and these provisions having become extremely complicated, the Government, in 1891, issued a Commission to enquire into the operation of the Drainage Laws of the Province. The importance of this subject can best be understood, when it is remembered that since 1867 a sum of no less than $3,600,000 has been expended in reclaiming and draining low-lying farm lands in the Province. ' ^In 1893 bills were introduced by the present Attorney-General to consolidate and amend the Municipal Drainage Laws and the Ditches and Watercourses Acts. These bills were not then pro- ceeded with, but were distributed throughout the Province among the municipal officers, county judges and others most concerned in the administration of the Drainage laws. In 1894 new bills. 1 18 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. m embodying many of the s>ig!:festions received in the meantime, were introduced by the Honorable A, S Hardy and referred to a Committee, and after much- consideration and the expenditure of an immense amount of time and labour in the committee and in the House, the Drainage Act and Ditches and Watercourses Act were passed and the law upon these important matters set out in a simple and concise form, with the result that these Acts, which were formerly the subject of continual legislation, have since been amended only twice, and then in only very minor particulars. In 1891 legislation was passed for the appointment of an officer to whom as Drainage Referee matters arising under the Drainage Act are now referred and the procedure before him reduced to the simplest form possible. By this course great expense and annoyance has been saved to Municipalities and ratepayers by the prompt and satisfactory settlement of dis- putes arising under the Act. In every case in which an appeal was taken from the report of the referee, then appointed, his decision was upheld by the Go«v{< of Appeal. County CouTicila. A general feeling that the County Councils as formerly con- stituted were unnecessarily large, and the principle upon which they were formed out of harmony with more modern id^as of representative government, Mr. Hardy in 1892 introduced a bill having for its object the reduction of the number of members of County Councils, and their election by a larger constituency. The Bill was withdrawn, but public opinion having in the meantime had time to shape itself, another bill was introduced by him in 1896, which, subsequently, with some modification, became law. " The County Councils Act," by largely reducing the number of members of County Councils, greatly lessened the expense at- tendant.on their meeting.s, while by extending the constituencies electing Councillors an opportunity was afforded of securing a fuller and freer choice by the electors, from the best class of can- didates obtainable, and at the same time the tendency to secure advantages for particular municipalities, which formerly existed, was removed. By allowing each elector to vote for two candidates in his division, or^to give both his votes to one candidate, the right of minorities to representation was recognized. The distribution of County Council divisions in each county vfv.s adjusted by a Commission composed of County Judges from other Counties, and by this metnod all suspicion of the intrusion of improper considerations in so important a matter was avoided. The com- m aeantime, erred to a penditure tee and in )ur8e8 Act )rs set out hese Acts, bion, have ery minor pointment ing under ire before lis course licipalities ent of dis- an appeal )inted, his merly con- 3on which 1 id^as of iced a bill [embers of ncy. The meantime jy him in came law. number of Dense at- ituencies ecuring a ,S3 of can- to secure y existed, andi<)ates the right tribution sted by a Counties, improper The com- RECORD OF THE LIBERAL OOViiRNMENT. 19 plete independence of County Councils was further secured by the disqualification of members of local municipal councils from membership in the County Council and by extending the term of office of County Councillors to two years, the latter provision securing greater experience and a longer time than formerly for the members to become acquainted with their duties aqd the requirements of their constituencies. It is estimated that be- tween $30,000 and $40,000 per annum has been saved to the Counties by this measure. The Audit of Municipal and School Accounts. From time to time numerous checks and safeguards have been imposed by the Legislature upon the keeping of Municipal Accounts. Of recent years, in every private Act authorizing special issues of debentures a provision has been inserted compel- ling the Treasurer to keep, and everj' member of the Council to see that he does keep, proper books of accounts showing the man- ner in which the debentures have been dealt with, and the re- ceipts and expenditures on that particular account. The general law, too, has been amended by inserting stringent provisions respecting the dealing with sinking funds, while the municipalities have been encouraged, in place of keeping a sink- ing fund, to liquidate their debenture debts by annual payments on account of principal and interest. Numerous cases in which municipalities had sustained heavy losses by reason of the defalcations ot their treasurers having been brought to public notice, an Act was introduced by Mr. Hardy in 1897 for the appointment of an officer to be known as the Provincial Municipal Auditor, whose duty it should be to inspect the books of Municipal Treasurers, to prepare a proper form of cash book for use by tliem, and to audit and investigate the accounts of municipalities on his own motion, or whenever required so to do by the Council or by the Lieutenant- Governor. This Act contains several new and important safeguards against loss arising either from looseness of methods or from dishonesty on the part of officials handling municipal funds. Municipal Councils may by by-law direct the payment of taxes directly into a chartered bank, to the credit of the corporation, and that moneys so deposited may only be withdrawn on the cheque of the Treasurer, countersigned by the head of the muni- cipality or some other official named in the by-law. The Managers of Banks in which Municipal or School moneys I mam 20 \ RECORD OF THE LIBERAL QOVEENMENT. ! \im m 11];' are deposited are required to render a statement of the balance whenever required so to do by a member of the Council or Board, and, further, to render quarterly statementH of the balance to be laid before the Council or Board at its next meeting. Mortgagors and other persons liable to the municipality on mortgages are required to render an annual statement to the head of tho municipality of the amount due on their mortgages, the statement to oe laid before the Council at its next meeting. The Treasurers of Municipal Corporations and School Boards are required to keep the money of the Cor[)oration or Board separate from their own, and when depositing the same to do so to a special account kept by them under some designation which will show that the moneys are held by them for the Corporation or Board. The Assessment Act. The following amendments have been made to the Assessment law during the last few years : The reduction of exemptions from taxation. The salaries of officials at Osgoode Hall, except some few who were appointed before the abolition of the exemption took effect, are now liable to assessment. Lands connected with churches are made liable for local improvements. The inconips and dwell- ings of clergymen are now liable to taxation, and colleges and other educational institutions are made liable for local improve- ment taxes, while the exemption of income derived from personal earnings has been extended to $700. The exemption of farm lands in towns and villages from assessment for certain local purposes. The exemption of tenant fanners' sons from statute labor. The reduction of the Statute Labor or poll tax in cities and towns, from $2 to $1. Reducing the Statute Labor of persons not assessed in town- ships from two days to one. Various difficult questions as to the assessment of different classes of property have had to be met and disposed of, such as the assessment of vacant lands used for lawns, paddocks, etc. Independent Courts of Revision in cities, composed of persons not connected with the Council or municipal offices. Appeals to the Court of Appeal in cases where large amounts are involved, and the stating of a special case by the Lieutenant- Govemor-in-Council in cases of special importance where uni- formity of decision is desirable in the public interest. The equalization of assessments by County Councils. ihe balance ill or Board, ilance to be cipality on to the head tgages, the seting. lool Boards 1 or Board ne to do so iiion which Corporation Assessment 10 few who took effect, 1 churches and dwell- olleges and improve- im personal lages from labor, cities and id in town- )f different of, such as ks, etc. of persons re amounts lieutenant- where uni- BECORD OF THE LIBERA!, QOVBRNMENT. 21 Numerous amendments to the law respecting tax sales, the security of tax titles and the redemption of lands sold for taxes by the owners, and enabling municipalities to buy in lands at tax sales in order to prevent their sacriHce. The Municipal Committee. For nearly twenty years the Honourable A. S, Hardy has been Chairman of the Municipal Committee, which became a .standing Committee of the House in 1H80, and to which it has been customary to refer every bill approved in principle by the Houie, or demanding before a proper decision can be reached, further enquiry or the elaboration of details. When it is re- membered that from forty to sixty of these bills are introduced at each session of the Legislature, it will be readily understood that the mastery of their details, the application of the principle involved, and enquiry as to the public necessity for the changes proposed, entail a tremendous amount of labour and a heavy re- sponsibility, while the hearing and summing up of arguments offered in support of and opposition to the bills require the exer- cise of great tact and patience and the ability to take a broad and comprehensive view of the questions involved. To the Chair- man of the Committee falls the task of preparing the Municipal and Assessment Amendment Acts for the year which embody the results of the decisions of the Committee on the bills referred to them, and of guiding them through the House. He is also the exponent of the Government's policy in municipal matters and in- itiates from time to time amendments which the public interests seem to demand. Consolidation of the Municipal and Assessment Act. During Mr, Hardy's Chairmanship of the Municipal Committee, he, in 1892, introduced and carried through the House, acts sim- plifying and consolidating the Municipal and Assessment Acts and the numerous amendments thereto made after the coming into force of the Revised Statutes of 1877 and 1887. These Consolidated Acts were distributed free to the municipalities throughout the Province. fl SBBSW" 22 RECORD OP THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. LAWS RELATING TO LABOR. i m. i J Mechanics' Lien. The Mechanics' Lien Act of 1873 was passed soon after the Liberal Governrrent assumed office, and was intended to protect mechanics, machinists, builders, miners ami contractors from loss on account of labor or material furnished in the erection of buildings or the construction of mac|iinery. The Act not merely recognizes the new form of liability, but provides the means for establishing and enforcing claims arising under it. The original Statute has been several times amended, with a view to make it more simple and perfect in its working. An act to further facilitate the enforcement of the just rights of wige-earners and sub-contractors, enacted in 1893, provides that " every device by any owner or contractor, which shall be adopted in order to defeat the priority of wage-earners for their wages under the several Acts relating to Mechanics' liens, shall, as respects such wage-earners, be null and void." Another section provides, that " in the case of wages due to any mechanic, laborer or other person, in respect of work referred to in the 4th section of 27ie Mechanics' Lien Act, the jurisdiction of a police magistrate in a city under the Act respecting Master and Servant, sh&W ex- tend to wages for thirty days, or for a balance equal to the wages for thirty days, though the same or the balance thereof exceed the sum of $40 in the said section mentioned." It is also provid- ed that " where no specific rate of wages has been expressly agreed to between the parties, the city police magistrate aforesaid may order payment of the wages, reckoning the amount thereof according to the current rate of wages in the city, in like cases, or according to what may appear to be a just and reasonable allow- ance," and " any order of a city police magistiate for the payment of such wages as aforesaid, shall be payable forthwith," This Act was consolidated, amended and greatly enlarged in its scope by chapter 35 of the Act of 1896, which may be cited as The Mechanics' and Wage-Earners' Lien Act, 1896. It was extended and made specially and particularly applicable to rail- way companies and all bodies corporate, including municipal cor- porations, and to the case of work done upon the property of Married Women with the consent of the husband. The Act now covers almost every case. By section 7 insurance on property destroyed by fire in respect of which there is a lien is bound also to the extent of the lien. li!:i!il! n after the d to protect •rs from loss erection of ; not merely 9 means for rbe original to make it I just rights )3, provides ich shall be srs for their liens, shali, ther section mic, laborer 4th section i magistrate at, shall ex- j the wages reof exceed Iso provid- ssly agreed resaid may nt thereof ke cases, or able allow- le payment nlarged in ly be cited It was ble to rail- licipal cor- roperty of le Act now in respect :he lien. RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 23 By section 10 the owner of the property is required to retain from the contractor, for the purpose of satisfying liens under the Act, for a period of 30 days after the completion or abandonment \)i the contract, 20 per cent, of the value of the work, service, or material done or supplied. Where the contract exceeds $15,000 the amount to be retained must be 15 per cent. By section 12 it is declared that the lien created by the Act shall have priority over all judgments, executions, assignments, attachments and garnishments issued or made after the lien arises, and overall payments or advances made on account of any conveyance or mortgage after notice in writing of the lien. By section 13 special preference is given for 30 days' wages to the earnings of the mechanic or laborer, and re enacts the im- portant clause in 5(j Vict., c. 24, which is as follows : " Every device by any owner, contractor or sub contractor adopted to de- feat the priority given to^wage-earners for their wages by this Act shall, as respects such wage-earners, be null and void." By the same section (sub-section 6) " Wages " are defined to extend to moneys earned by piece-work as well as to work by the day. By section 14 it is provided that any payment made for the purpose of defeating a claim for a lien shall be null and void. By section 16a claim must be registered in the registry office of the county where the land lie.s. By section 17 it i 5 provided that any number of persons may join in one registration of claims; and no claim is to be invali- dated (sec. 18) by reason of want of formality. The fee for regis- tration is 25 cents (sec. 19). By section 21, claims must be registered within 30 days from the completion of the contract or work, or during its perform- ance. Section 30 provides that any number of lien-holders having claims may join in one action. By section oL the Master-in-Ordinary, or Local Master, or Official Referee, or a Judge of the County Court, may summarily try the case. By section 37 no fees in stamps are uo be paid on a claim for wages, and but one dollar per hundred on any other claim up to one thousand dollars. This new Act as amended appears to be entirely satisfactory to the public, as complaints which were many and numerous against the old Acts are not continued as to the present one. i-^ •mm 'ISSSSSSSBSBtUk 24 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 1 iilil W ! I Indeed, no complaints have been made as to its ineflBciency, and it has now been so amended as to make it as perfect as a law of this kind can be made. Employers' Liability. For years past in England an Act of Parliament has been in force which makes employers liable, under certain circumstances, for injuries to their employees. That Act was, at the instance of the House of Lords, limited in its operation to five years, but it has given such general satisfaction that it will, undoubtedly, be made permanent, as indicated in legislation now being considered by the British House of Commons, and will probably at the same time be given a wider application. In the session of 1886, an Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature to secure compensa- tion to workmen in certain cases for personal injuries caused (1) by defective machinery or works ; (2) by negligence of fellow em- ployees entrusted with the d^xxiy of superintendence; (3) by con- forming to the orders of fellow employees placed in authority ; (4) b}'^ the operation of the employer's regulations, or (5) by the ne- gligence of railway signal-men. The different kind of defects that make a railway company liable are specified, and the maximum amount of compensation is fixed at three years' earn- ings. Contracting out of the liability is not allowed, except when there is some other consideration than being taken into employ- ment, which consideration must be, in the opinion of the Court trying an action, " ample and adequate," and on the side of the workman not "improvident," but "just and reasonable.'* This Act provides a simple method of enforcing claims arising under it. An amendment m 1887 applied the provisions of the Act to railway companies and employers who had established provident and insurance societies for their men, even though the workmen injured had not connected themselves with such societies. A further amendment in 1889 makes the employer for whom the work is done, as well as the contractor, liable for injuries received by the workmen, — it being provided, however, that double compensation shall not be recoverable for the same injury. This amendment also provides that even if the workman was aware of the defect or negligence which caused his injury, he should not therefore be deemed to have voluntarily incurred the risk of being injured. At the session of 1892 all the Acts just referred to were con- solidated into one. RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 25 jncy, and a law of ) been in instances, istance of rs, but it iedly, be jnsidered the same 1886, an ompensa- aused (1) bIIow em- i) by con- )rity ; (4) Y the ne- if defects and the Eirs' earn- ept when employ- he Court e of the ' This under Act to rovident orkmeu r whom injuries er, that injury. Han was ury, he rred the jre con- In the session of 1893, this Act was still further amended by repealing sub-section 3 of section 2 of the Act of the year before, and substituting therefor : (8) " Workman does not include a do- mestic or menial servant, or servant in husbandry, gardening, or fruit-growing, where the personal injury caused to any such servant has been occasioned by or has arisen from or in the usual course of his work or employment, as a domestic or menial servant, or as a servant in husbandry, gardening or fruit-growing, but, save as aforesaid,meansany railway servant, and any person who, being a laborer, servant, journeyman, artificer, handicrafts- man, hired, or otherwise engaged in manual labor, whether under the age of twenty-one years or above that age, has entered into or works under a contract with an employer, whether the contract be made before or after the passing of this Act, be expressed or implied, oral or in writing, and be a contract of service or a con- tract personally to execute any work or labor." The Factories Act "An Act for the Protection of Persons employed in Factories " was passed in 1884. It contained a proviso that it should not come into force until proclamation should be made by the Lieutenant-Governor, the object being to secure, either by con- current Dominion legislation, or by a decision of the Supreme Court, that the validity of the law would not be disputed. All efforts to induce the Dominion Government to aid in removing the uncertainty having failed, the necessary proclamation was issued in October, 1886, and the " Ontario Factories Act, 1884," became law. It provides, among other things, (1) that the em- ployment in a factory of a child, a young girl, or a woman, in such a way that their health is likely to be permanently injured, shall be an offence punishable by imprisonment or tine ; (2) that no boy under twelve, and no girl under fourteen, shall be em- ployed in any factory, and that children under fourteen and women shall not be employed more then ten hours a day, or sixty hours a week ; (3) that women and children shall not be allowed to clean machinery, while it is in motion ; (4) that work- ing extra hours in a time of emergency shall be done only with the consent of the Inspector under the Act ; (5) that factories shall be kept in prop . sanitary condition ; (6) that machinery and other sources of danger to employees shall be properly guarded ; (7) that each factory shall be supplied with the means of extinguishing fires, and also with fire-escapes if the building ■P n ^1 WllilMr 26 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. w. is a high one; and (8) that the inspector shall be notified promptly when loss of life results to employees through fire or accident. The Act clothes the Inspector with the powers necessary to enable him to discharge his duties efficiently, and provides a simple means of enforcing its provisions. Appended to it is a schedule containing a list of the different kinds of factories that come under its operation, and it is provided that the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council may add to, or take away from, that list by proclamation in the Ontario Gazette. The putting of this admir- able measure into operation places the factory laborers of Ontario in as good a position in the matter of protection as is enjoyed by such laborers in any country in the world. In ] 887, an Amendment was passed, providing that boys under 12 and girls under 14< might be employed in the summer months in gathering and preparation of fruit or vegetables for canning purposes, such preparation not to involve cooking, and to be done in a different room. An Act anaiagous in its provisions to the Factory Act was passed in 1888, which gave power to Municipal Councils, on appli- cation of three-fourths of the employers in any class of shops, to pass by-laws for the closing of all such shops at the hours men- tioned in the application. This has the effect of shortening the hours during which children and young persons may be confined in such shops. It also ordered that seats be provided for female employees ; also, that no young person should be employed in or about any shop longer than 74 hours, including meal hours, in any one week, nor longer than 14 hours, including meal hours, on any Saturday — notice to this effect to be posted up in the shop. This pi'ovision not to apply in cases in which the employees are mem- bers of the families of the employers. This Act was amended in certain of its provisions in 1880. In 1889 an amendment to the Factories Act made several new and most important changes, governing and for the protection of young persons engaged in factories, gave a detailed list of lines of business to which the Act applied, and, most important of all, sub-section 2 of section 3 of this Act of 1889 declares that "Sec- tion 2 of the principal Act is hereby amended by omitting there- from the words ' provided that where not more than tvjenty per- sons are employed in any place coming within the foregoing defi- nition of a factory,' and inserting instead thereof the words ' provided that where not more than j^va persons are employed iu any place coming within the foregoing definition of a factory.' " & ttt^nmn.. id promptly )r accident, ecessary to provides a d to it is a ctories that Lieuteuant- that list by this admir- laborers of action as is 1. boys under ner months for canning I to be done •y Act was Is, on appli- oi shops, to hours men- rtening the be confined for female lo^-^d in or ours, in any lurs, on any shop. This s are mem- imended in leveral new rotection of > of lines of bant of all, that *• Sec- ting there- vjenty per- going defi- the words mployed in actory.' " RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 27 The Railway Accidents Act. In 1881 the Legislative Assembly appointed a special committee to enquire into the causes of the loss of life from accidents on railways. Much valuable information was taken, and many of the most useful suggestions offered were the following year em- bodied in an Act " To make Provision for the Safety of Railway Employees and the Public." The preamble to that Act is as follows — *' Whereas frequent accidents to railway servants and others are occasioned by the neglect of Railway Companies to provide a fair and reasonable mea- sure of protection against their occurrence ; and whereas a proper construction of railway bridges, and certain precautions in the construction and mainten- ance of railway frogs, wing-raila, guard-rails, and freight cars would greatly lessen, if not entirely prevent, the happening of such accidents." The Act goes on to specify the improvements which railway companies are required to make in their bridges, tracks and freight cai's; and in the event of accidents to their employees cau.sed by failure to do so, the latter are placed in as good a position, with respect to the right of compensation, as if they had not been in the company's employ. In other words, the great principle em- bodied in the Act securing compensation for injuries is anticipated by this provision of the Railway Accidents Act, just as the princi- ple that railway companies and factory proprietors should be compelled to make proper provision for the safety of the public was Anticipated by the Act of 1874, which requires the owners of machines properly to guard those parts likely to cause injury to persons coming in contact with them. Note. — In connection with the Railways Accidents Act, credit- able to the Ontario Government both in intent and enactment, it may not be unimportant to observe that the House of Commons of Canada, in 1888, enacted that "The Intercolonial Railway, the Grand Trunk Railway, the North Shore Railway, the Northern Railway, the Hamilton and Northwestern Railway, the Canada Southern Railway, the Great Western Railway, the Credit Valley Railway, the Ontario and Quebec Railway, and the Canadian Pacific Railway, are hereby declared to be works for the general advantage of Canada, and each and every branch line or raiivvay now or hereafter connecting with or crossing the said lines of railway, or any of them, is a work for the general advantage of Canada." Work and Wages. In 1873 two Acts were passed, one intended to facilitate agreements between masters and workmen for participation in > I' 28 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. iiijliiiliii^ ■ I profits ;. the other intended to facilitate the adjustment of dis- putes between masters and workmen. With reference to these two measures, and the Mechanics' Lien Act passed in the same session, the Hon. Attorney-General Mowat made the following remarks in a speech delivered in Toronto on the 8th of January, 1879 : " We have passed laws securing to mechanics, laborers, and others, a lieu for their pay on the property on which their labor is expended or their materials used, so far as this seemed practicable without prejudice to persons not concerned in the transaction. We have passed laws in the interest of masters and workmen, for facilitating agreements between them for sharing the profits of the business in which they may be engaged. The object of that law is of great importance to the working-classes. It is by auch means that thf u status is to be raised. Those who have given attention to this subject jeem to be unaware of any method by which so large an amount of good can be looked for to the great mass of our working population as some method which may enable them somehow to share the profits of the busi- ness in which they are employed. In framing these laws we had the advan- tage of what had been done elsewhere, and we have placed on the Statute Book the best laws that the example or experience of other places enabled us to devise. " We have also passed a law to facilitate, by means of a machinery found useful elsewhere, the amicable settlement of disputes between employers and employed." Industrial Disputes. Sir Oliver Mowat, still continuing on the line indicated in his Toronto speech of January, 1879, during the session of the On- tario Legislature of 1894 introduced and had passed into law, " An Act respectmg Councils of Conciliation and Arbitra- tion, for settling industrial- disputes." This is admittedly an important Statute, containing among its provisions the best of those to be found in measures of like character in the United Kingdom, New South Wales, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and in France. The preamble to this law declares that " there is reason to believe that the establishment of Councils of Concilia- tion and Arbitration for the friendly settlement of disputes be- tween employers and emploj'ees would conduce to the cultivation and maintenance of better relations and more active sympathy between employers and their employees, and would be of benefit in the public interest by providing simple methods for the pre- vention of strikes and lock-outs, from which industrial opera- t'oas and the welfare of the country generally may suffer injury." In this Act, the word " employer " means any person or body of persons, incorporated or unincorporated, employing not less "■ban ten workmen in the same business in which the trade dis- RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERN JJtKNT. 29 ent of dis- ce to theae a the same e following of January, others, a lien ided or their lice to persons le interest of m for sharing rhe object of y such means ntion to this an amount of ation as some s of the busi- id the ad van - m the Statute ilaces enabled shinery found imployers and iated in his of the On- lassed into id Arbitra- littedly an le best of 16 United Scotia and " there is ■ Concilia- sputes be- cultivation sympathy of benefit ir the pre- ial opera- er injury." n or body not less trade dis- pute has arisen ; the word " employee " means any person in the employment of an employer, as defined by this Act. A claim or dispute under this Act shall include any of the matters following as to which there is a disagreement between any employer and his employees : (1) The price to be paid for work done, or in course of being done, whether such disagreement shall have arisen with respect to wages, or to the hours or times of working •. (2) Damage alleged to have been done to work, delay in finish- ing the same, not finishing the same in a good and workmanlike manner, or according to agreement ; or a dispute respecting materials supplied to employees and alleged to be bad, or unfit, or unsuitable. (3) The price to be paid for mining any mineral or substance mined, or obtained by mining, hewing, quarrying or other pro- cess ; or the allowances, if any, to be made for bands, refuse, faults, or other causes whereby the mining of the mineral sub- stance is impeded. (4) The performance or non-performance of any stipulation or matter alleged to have been in an agreement, whether in writing or not. (6) Insufficient or unwholesome food supplied to employees where there is an agreement to victual them, or to supply them with provisions or stores of any kind. (6) Ill-ventilateil or dangerous workings or places in mines, or unwholesome or in.sanitary rooms or other places of accommoda- ticm, in which work is being performed, or want of necessary conveniences in connection with such rooms or places. (7) The di.smissal or employment under agreement of any em- ployee or number of nmployees. (H) The dismissal of an employee o» employees for their con- nection with any trade or labor organization. (9) No claim or dispute shall be the subject of conciliation or arbitration under this Act in any case in which the employees affected by such claim or dispute shall be fewer in number than ten. N. S. W., s. U ; B. C. s. 28.* A Council of Conciliation for the purposes of any dispute or claim, shall consist of four conciliators, two to be nominated by each of the parties to the dispute. A dispute or claim within the meaning of this Act may be referred for settlement to a Council of Conciliation in the cases following : — The parties to the dispute or claim may jointly agree, in the "^. i^ 30 RECOfiD OF TRK LIBERAL aoVERNMENT. I Mil mi' m prescribed manner, to refer such dispute or claim for settlement to a Council of Conciliation. Either party to the dispute or claim may, in the prescribed manner, lodge an application with the registrar requesting that the dispute or claim be referred for settlement to a Council of Conciliation. There shall be a Council of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes and claims by Award. Such Council shall consist of three members, one to be aj)pointed by the Lieutenant-Governor on the reconunendation of the employees, and one to be appoint- ed by him on the recommendation of the employers. The following may be the method of ascertaining the recom- mendation of employers and employees as to the persons to be appointed on their recommendation respectively as members of the Council of Arbitration : (1) For the person to be recommended by the employers, every employer in the Province having at least ten persons in his em- ployment shall be entitled to one vote ; every organization in the Province, whether incorporated or unincorporated, representing the interests of employers, each member of which has at least ten persons in his employment, shall be entitled to one vote ; and every board of trade in the Province, legally constituted, shall be entitled to one vote. (2) For the person to be recommended by employees as a mem- ber of the Council of Arbitration, every trade and labor council, every district assembly of the Knights of Labor, every federated council of building trades, every lawfully incorporated trade union, every organization of wage-earners of an industrial calling prim- arily constituted for, and actually and bona fide operated for, the regulation of the wages and houi's of labor as between employers and employed, shall be entitled to one vote ; but this shall not be deemed to include co-operative associations or societies. Co-operation. In 1880 an Act was passed for the relief of Co-operative Asso- ciations, experience having shown that a relaxation of the former law was necessary in two respects. This Statute increases the maximum value of the shares any one member may hold from $400 to $1,000, and authorizes associations to incur a debt, sec- ured by mortgage, for the purchase of business premises. Collecting of Wages. In 1885 an Act was passed which is of great importance as affording valuable protection to workmen in respect of wages. It RECORD OF THE LIBERAL QOVEKNMENT. 31 settlement prescribed Rbing that Council of tleraent of consist of > Governor )e appoint- the recom- rsons to be aerabers of yers, every in his em- tion in the spresenting at least ten vote ; and id, shall be I as a mem- )or coimcil, r federated rade union, lling prim- ed for, the employers lall not be itive Asso- the former reases the hold from debt, sec- ies. artance as wages. It provides that when a debtor makes an assignment of real or per- sonal property for the general benefit of his creditors, an excep- tion 'shall be made in favor of persons in his employment at, or immediately before, the time of the assignment, who shall be paid in full up to three months' wages or salary, and be entitled to take rank as general creditors for the remainder of the amount due them. A similar provision is made to apply to the distribu- tion of the assets of a company in process of liquidation under " The Joint Stock Companies' Winding-up Act," and to the settle- ment of claims under "The Creditors' Relief Act, 1880." The measure applies to all wage-earners, whether by the day. the week, the piece, or otherwise. No less valuable was an Act of 1889, providing that where proceedings under 2Vie Act respecting Master and Servant are taken before a Police Magistrate, and payment of wages is order- ed by him to be made by the master or employer to the servant or laborer, and the same are not paid within the time limited by the order, the same proceedings may be taken by the person claim- ing the benefit of the order, as may be taken by a party having an unsatisfied judgment or order in a Division Court for the pay- ment of any debt, damages or costs as respects the examination of the judgment debtor touching his estate and effects, the means he has of discharging his liability, and the disposal he has made of any property, and the Police Magistrate shall have the like power and authority to enforce payment of the debt as are pos- sessed by the Division Court Judge in like cases. The Police Magistrate may also, if he thinks fit, name in the order for pay- ment of wages, such time, not exceeding 21 days, as to him may seem just and reasonable for the payment of the same and costs, and in case of non-payment within such time, the complainant shall be entitled to take forthwith the proceedings for enforce- ment provided by the Act respecting master and servant, and this Act. Section 12, chapter 139, of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1897, provides that any one or more Justices of the Peace upon the oath of a servant or laborer against his master or em- ployer concerning any non-payment of wages, may summon the master or employer to appear before him or them, and he and they, upon due proof of the cause or complaint, may discharge the servant or laborer from the service of the employment of the master, and may direct the payment to him of any wages fourd to be due, not exceeding the sum of $40, and the Justice or Justices shall make such order for payment of the said wages as Il - 'M-»»r.ir*"«««MMnMnM^ ^ a\ 3S RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. '1 to him or them seems just and reasonable, with costs, and in case of the non-payment of the same together with the costs, for the space of twenty-one days after such order, a warrant of distress shall issue for the levying of the wages, tog(!ther with the costs of conviction and of the distress. By an Act passed in lts91, the foregoing was amended by expunging the words "twenty-one days," and substituting therefor the words " eight days." Imported Contract Labor. With a view to the protection of the Ontario laborer from the oppressive competition of certain classes of foreigners, whom it is the custom to bring into the country under agreements which virtually prevent them fiom being free agents in the disposal of their services, the Legislature, in the session of 188li, enacted as follows : " Any agreement or bargain, verbal or written, expressed or implied, which may hereafter be made between any person, and any other person not a resi- dent of Canada, for the performance of labor or service, or having reference to the performance of labor or service by such other porscm in the Province of Ontaria, and made as aforesaid, previous to the migration or coming into Canada of such other person whose labor or service ia contracted for, shall be void and of no eflFect as against the person only so migrating or coming." This enactment leaves the imported foreign laborer, who comes into Ontario on the strength of a previous agreement, free to break his agreement after his arrival here if he sees fit to do so, while if he chooses to observe the agreement on his part, he can hold his employer to it also. The object of this legislation is to discourage the practice of advancing money to foreign laborers to pay their passage into this Province, by making it impossible for the employer to recover the sum advanced if the employee sees fit to break his engagement. No more effective means could be devised. Salaries and Wages. Another Statute that calls for notice in this connection is one passed in 1S74, which enacts that the wages or salary due to a laborer, mechanic, or servant, shall not be liable to seizure, or attachment, or garnishment for debt, unless the sum due to him exceeds $25, and then only for the amount of such excess. The object in view is to prevent the wage-earner from being left en- tirely pennijess, a reasonable relief in view of all that the law has done for other cla.sses of debtors. In 1891 the Woodman's Lien for Wages Act became law, and under its provisions any person performing any labor, service or Hi::-!". ! ■ \ /' RECORD OF THE LIBER \L GOVERNMENT. 33 , and in case osts, for the it of distress ith tlie costs in l«91,the ' twenty-one I) iys. rer from the s, whom it is uients wliich le disposal of il), enacted as • implied, which srson not » resi- aving reference in the Province I or coming into riveted for, shall ,ing or coming. " »T, who comes iment, free to 3 tit to do so, part, he can ^islation is to •eign laborers it impossible the employee means could ection is one ary due to a o seizure, or due to him lexcess. The aeing left en- Ithat the law ^me law, and , service or services in connection with nny lojrs or timber in the districts of Algoma, Thunder Biiy and Rainy River .shall havo a lien thereon for the amount due for such labor, service or servicer, and the same .shall be deemed atir.st lien or charj,'e on such lo«,'8 or timber, and shall have precedence of ail other Qlaims or liens thereon, ex- cept any lien or charge which the Crown may have upon such logs or timber. The Woodman's Lien for Wages Act (1891) was in 189.5 ex- tended and made to apply to Algoma, Thunder Bay. Rainy River, Miiskoka and Parry Sound and in ISOti to the provisional County of Haiiburton, and a new clause was included in the Act of 1896 providing that any contractor who has entered into any agree- ment under the terms of which he has cut, removed, taken out and driven, for any licen.see of the Crown, by himself or by others in his employ, any logs or timber into the waters at or near Lake Superior, the Georgian Bay, Lake Huron or the Saint Mary's River, for export in the log out of the Province of Ontario, shall be deemed to be a person performing labor, service or service! upon logs or timber within the meaning of the " Woodman's Lien for Wages Act." Worhmtn allowed Time to Cast Their Votei. To many persons entitled to vote, in cities and towns, where during the whole of the hours of polling they are employed at a distance from their voting places, polling their votes is a matter of loss and difficulty. With a view to removing this obstacle, the Legislature, in the session of 1886, enacted that "any voter entitled to vote within a city or town, shall, on the day of polling, for the purpose of voting, be entitled to absent himself from any service, or employment," for the two hours between twelve and two in the middle of the day, without making himself " liable to any penalt}', or to suffer or incur any reduction" of wages, provided that, if his lemployer requires him to do so, he stiall afterwards make [up for his absence by an hour of extra work. Registration and Incorporation. In 1892 was passed " An Act respecting Insurance Corpora- tions," and in which it i.s provided that "any lawfully incorpor- ated Trades Union in Ontario, which, under the authority of the [ncorporating Act, has an insurance or benefit fund for the bene- B 34 RECORD OF THK LIBERAL OOVERNMENT. fit of itH own members exclusively, shall upon due application for registry hereunder be entitled to be registered on the Friendly Society Register." At the session of 1894 of the Legislature, the Government introduced, and had enacted into law, " An Act respecting Benefit Societies " — to bo read and construed as one with The Insurance Act, 1892 — providing that upon like proceedings taken as enacted in section 2 of the Act just mentioned, Incouporation, subject to the same limitations, may be granted in either of tho two follow- ing cases : (a) Where any trade or labor union or organization pro- poses to undertake contracts with its own members exclusively for any of the insurance benefits enumer- ated in sub-section 2C of section 4 of The Insurance Corporations Act, 1892, or contracts to furnish tools, or to pay unemployed or superannuation benefits to the said members ; (6) Where any organization of wage-earnera, consisting of not less than twenty-five members, and managed and operated as a friendly society under rules con- forming to The Insurance Corporations Act, 1892, proposes to contract with its own members ex- clusively for sick benefits not exceeding five dollars per week and a funeral benefit of not more than one hundred dollars, or either of such benefits. (2) The body so incorporated may, upon due application, be admitted to registry as a friendly society ; but, unless and until so registered, the corporation shall not undertake, nor agree or offer to undertake, any contract insuring the said or other insur- ance benefits. It may be added that the cost of incorporation is but $1, and that of registration $3 — for both $4. The Mines Act, 1892. Under the head of " Employment of Women and Children," section 54 of this very comprehensive Act provides that " No " boy under the age of fifteen years shall be employed in or " allowed to be for the purpose of employment in any mine to " which this Act applies below ground ; and no girl or woman " shall be employed at mining or allowed to be for the purpose of " employment at mining work in or about any mine." Another mmnF RECORD OP THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 35 •lication for le Friendly Jovernment ting Benefit 2 Insurance n as enacted N, subject to two toUow- lization pro- jvn members ifits enumer- ke Insurance furnish tools, n benefits to consisting of ind managed er rules con- ^8 Act, 1892, members ex- g five dollars lore than one its. »)plication, be [leas and until nor agree or |r other insur- Isbut SI, and section provides that " A boy or male young person of the age of " fifteen and under the age of seventeen years shall not be "employed in or allowetl to be for the })urpo.se of employment in "any mine to which the Act applies for more than forty-eight " hours in any ono week, or more than eight hours in any one " day ; that is, (1) the period of such employment shall bo deemed " to begin at the time of leaving the surface and to end at the " time of returning to the surface; nnd (2) the week shall mean "the period between n)idnighton Sunday night and midnight on " the succeeding Saturday night." Provisions are also made pro- viding for the keeping of a correct register of all boys and male persons employed ; that a person in charge of a windlass or gin shall be at least twenty-one years of age ; and that in the event of contravention of any of such provisions by any person whom- soever in the case of any mine, the owner and agent of any such mine shall each be guilty of an offence against this Act, unless he proves that he had taken certain specified precautions. It is also provided in this Act that no wages shall be paid to any per- son employed in or about any mine to which the Act applies, at or within any public-house, beer shop or place for the sale of any spirits, wine, beer or other spirituous or fermented liquor, or other house of entertainment, or any office, garden or place belong- ing or contiguous thereto or occupied therewith. Very definite and detailed provisions for the prevention of accidents and penalties for neglecting or contravening the same are also included. " An Act to make further provisions respecting Mines and Mining" (1896) repeals certain sections of previous Mines Acts, and substitutes the following for section .'3 of the Mines Act, of 1892. (53). This part shall apply to all mines, quarries and pits, and oil, gas and salt wells, and other openings from which ores or minerals of any kind or chiss are raised or taken, and to all furn- laces or works for smelting or otherwise tr*'atinr more than six days uext after the fire or accident, a notice shall be sent to the Inspector in writing by the employer forthwith; after the expiration of the said six days, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $30; and in case of an , explosion occurring in a factory, whether any person is injured thereby or not, the fact of such explosion having occurred shall be reported to the Inspector in writing by the employer within twenty-four! hours next after the explosion, and if such notice is not so sent the { employer shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $30. Where a' RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 37 Lion debtor one month s or salary ree months r cretlitois." which the job or piece jtble attempt egislation in Act provides j/heie two or ses for carry- the Factories )re, no one of : the several y proper and 'set forth in actories Act"; such employ- es of the said [e provided, as 5 the second event of fire ; Is of a inch in the room in ch window of int, and secure the rope may ividtd that in ny bodily in- is ]trevented ^ re or accident, the employer s, he shall be an , ex plosion ■ed thereby or ,11 be reported twenty-four! ot so sent the! lO. Where aj person is killed from any cause, or injured from any cause in a manner likely to prove fatal, like notice is to be sent to the Inspector under a penalty of not less than $30 for neglect. The time for laying an information in respect of offences and fines under the Factories Act or this Act shall be within two months, or where the offence is punishable at discretion by imprisonment, within three months after the offence has come to the knowledge of the Inspector, Payment of Wages on Puhlic Works. The many and serious losses inflicted upon workmen employed upon Public Works from time to time, in various ways, having been brought to the attention of the Government on more than one gipcasion, it was determined that a law be enacted to safe- guard the rights of this class of the general community — a class least able to protect itself under ordinary circumstances. As a consequence, a measure was introduced and enacted into law during the Session of the Legislature in 181)6, entitled " An Act to secure Payment of Wages for labor performed in the Con- struction of Public Works," of which the following is a synopsis : (1) Where a contractor for the construction of a public work, under contract with the Government, or any sub- contractor, makes default in the payment of the wages of his employees, (including teams), if the claim for such wages be filed in the office of the Department enterin.( into the contract within two nonths after the same became due, and proof is furnished, the Minister may cause such claim to be paid to the extent of any moneys or securities at the time of the filing of the claim in the hands of the Government for securing the performance of the contract. (2) A member of the Government may require the contractor or sub-contractor to file in his office on the fifteenth day of each month a list showing the names, rate of wages, amounts paid, and amounts due and unpaid for wages or labor in respect of the contract. Said list to be attested upon oath or statutory declaration. (3) In case of default in forwarding such list, the contractor [or sub-contractor shall incur a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars and pot less than ten dollars for every day during which default continues, to be determined by the [Minister. (4) Where any subsidy or bonus is granted by the Legislature [in aid of the construction of any railway or other work, it shall M 38 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. be deemed a condition of the grant that the Lieutenant-Gover- nor-in-Council may detain so much of the money as may be thought proper to secure the payment of claims for wages. (5) Every company hereafter incorporated under any general or special Act of the Legislature shall become liable for the pay- ment of wages of all workmen and teams employed in the con- struction of the work by or for the company — whether the work be done through a contractor w sub-contractor, or other- wise. (6) In case of default by the contractor of the payment of wages, a notice stating the name of the claimant, and the amount of wages claimed, shall be served upon the company not later than two months after such wages are payable. The notice may be served upon the president, vice-president, secretary. raii.nag- ing director, superintendent or engineer, or any recognized offi- cer representing the company, or by leaving the same with any adult person at the office or domicile of any one of them. (7) The Act applies to contracts heretofore entered into, and to subsidies or bonuses heretofore authorized by the Legisla- ture as well as those hereafter entered into or authorized. Certain Agreements Declared Null and Void. " An Act for the better protection of certain classes of Work- men" (1890), provides among other things, that every agree- ment or bargain, verbal or written, expressed or implied, which lias heretofore been made or entered into, or which may hereafter be made or entered into, on the part of any workman, 8ervant,Uaborer, mechanic or other person employed in any kind of manual labor intended to be dealt with in 'The Act respect- ing Master ^and Servant," " The Mechanics' Lien Act," " The Woodman's Lien for Wages Act," or any other Act heretofore passed providing remedies for the recovery of wages or otherwise by such employees, by which it is agreed that the said Acts, or an}' of them, shall not apply, or that the remedies provided for by any of the said Acts shall not be available for the benefit of any person entering into such agreement, is hereby declared to be null and void and of no effect as against any such workman, servant, laborer, mechanic or other person. Electrie Railway Act, That workingmen may be protected in every line of work,! it is provided in " The Electric Railway Act of 1896," that every | RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 39 Qt-Gover- 8 may be iges. ly general r the pay- 1 the con- aether the ', or other- )ayment of the amount y not later ! notice may ,.y. iiwuag- Dgnized oflB- le with any hern. ntered into, the Legisla- orized. oid. les (.fWork- every agree- iplied, which -which may ,y workman, in any kind Act respect - |. Act," " The ct heretofore t or otherwise said Acts, or I provided for |the benefit of »y declared to ,ch workman, line of work,' )6," that every mechanic, laborer or other person who performs labor for wages upon the construction or maintenance of the railway or the works connected therewith, shall have upon the said railway and other property of the company a lien tor such wages not ex ceeding the wages of thirty days or a balance equal to his wages for thirty days, and the said lien may be enforced in the man- ner provided for enforcing liens for wages by " The Mechanics' Lien Act " and the Acts amending ihe same. Act Respecting Bakeshops. " An Act respecting Bake Shops" (1896), was entirely new. It defined that the word " bakeshop " shall mean any building, premises, workshop, structure, room or place wherein is carried on the manufacture for sale, of confectionery, or of bread, bis- cuits, cakes, or any other food product made from flour or from meal, or from both, in whole or in part, and the said bakewhop shall include also any room or rooms used for storing the confec- tionery, bread, cakes, biscuits, and other food products. After defining the words " inspector," *' employer," and " week," the Act declares that all bakeshops to which this Act applies shall be constructed as to lighting, heating, ventilating, draining, in such a manner as not to be detrimental or injurious tr the health of any person working therein, and shall also H kept at all times in a clean and sanitary condition, so as to secure the production and preservation of all the food products there- of in a good, wholesome condition ; every bakeshop shall be provided with a proper wash-room, closet, and other conveni- ences necessary for the health and comfort of the persons em- 1 ployed therein; the wash-room, closet, and other conveniences to be separate from the bakeshop; and such wash-room, closet, and other conveniences shall be kept clean and in a [sanitary condition ; the sleeping j)liice or places of the employ- lees of every bakeshop shall be entirely separate from the bake- shop, and no person shall be allowed to sleep in such bake- shop ; every bakeshop shall be provided with proper means md facilities of escape in case of fire, such means or facilities !to be to the satisfaction of the Inspector empowered by this Vet to inspect such bakeshops; no employer shall require, permit or suffer any employee in any bakeshop to work more than sixty hours in any one week, except by the permission )f the Inspector, given in writing to the employer ; and no em- ployee shall knowingly require, permit or suffer any person to >ork in his bakeshop who is affected with consumption of fill 40 RECOED OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. iiii V u the lungs, or with scrofula, or with any venereal disease, or with any communicable skin disease ; and every employer is thereby required to maintain himself and his employees in a clean and healthy condition while engaged in the manufacture, handling or sale of such food products. Acts of 1897. At no time within the preceding quarter century was labor legislation so comprehensive or so far-reaching as was the case in 1897, when no less than seven specific laws of this charac- ter were enacted. An Act of that year amending the Statute Law, amongst other things amended section 7 of the Railway Accidents Act, by providing that a railway servant shall not by reason of his continuing in the employment of the railway company with knowledge of the matter, default or negligence which caused his injury, be deemed to have voluntarily incurred the risk of the injury. "An Act respecting Wages and the Estates of Deceased persons," (1897) comprised only two sections — the first being as follows : in the administration of the estate of a deceased person any per- son in the employment of the deceased at the time of his death, or within one month prior thereto, who shall be entitled to share in the distribution of the estate, shall be entitled to his salary or wages, not exceeding three months thereof, in priority to the claims of the ordinary or general creditors of the deceased, and such person shall be entitled to rank as an ordin- ary or general creditor of such deceased person for the residue, if any, of his claim. " The Trades Disputes Amendment Act " (1897), in cases where parties fail to recommend a member of the council of arbitration, provides that, in case either employers or employees, or both, fail to recommend any person to represent them on either or both the Councils as provided for in this section, the Lieutenant-Governor- in-Council may appoint a person or persons to fill the vacancy or vacancies. It also provides in addition to previous provisions in that behalf that the mayor of any city or town upon being noti- fied that a strike or lock-out is threatened or has actually occur- red within the municipality, shall at once notify the Registrar thereof by writing, stating the name of the employer, the nature of the dispute, and the number of employees involved, as far as his information will enable him to do ; and it shall be the duty j of each of the Councils of Arbitration appointed under the said RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 41 disease, or mployer is [oyees in a lanufacture, ' was labor was the case this charac- the Statute the Railway nt shall not the railway r negligence rily incurred ised persons," ig as follows : irson any per- time of his ill be entitled ,e entitled to js thereof, in [editors of the as an ordin- the residue, Act, upon being notified or on being otherwise made aware that a strike or lock-out has occurred or is threatened, to place itself, as soon as practicable, in coraniunication with the parties con- cerned and to endeavor by mediation to effect an amicable set- tlement, and if in the judgment of the Council it is deemed best to enquire into the cause or causes of the controversy it shall proceed as provided in this Act in the case of a refeience. Sec- tion 18 of the Act of 1896 is amended by adding thereto — that any two members of the Council of Arbitration shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and may hold meetings at any time and at any place within the Province of Ontario, and that the Council of Arbitration may order tliat an examina- tion or investigation shall be held before any one member of the Council, but such member shall report upon such examination or investigation to the Council, and the decision of such member shall not be considered binding until approved by the Council or a majority thereof. " An Act respecting Shops and Places other than Factories " (18U7) is practically a consolidation and amenduient, in some in- stances, of the Ontario Shops Regulation Act (1888), "An Act for the protection of persons employed in places of business other than Factories" (1892), "An Act for the Further Protection of Persons employed in Places of Business other than Factories" (1895), and " An Act Respecting Bake Sliops " (189G). Some of the more important sections of the Acts just mentioned, amended by the Act of the Session of 1897, are as follows : — The Act defines "shop" to mean any building or room where goods are handled, sold or manufactured, to which the Ontario Factories Act does not apply, and laundries not rnn by steam, water-power or electric-power ; but shall not include any place where the only trade or business carried on is that of a tobacco- nist, news-agent, hotel, inn, tavern or premises where liquor is sold by retail. The Act further provides that no person under ten years of age shall be employed in any shop, and that no child, young girl or woman shall be employed in or about a shop on any day of the week except Saturday, or the day next before a statutory holi- I day, before seven in the morning or after six in the evening ; nor shall they be employed in a shop on Saturday or the day next before a statutory holiday before seven in the morning or after [ten in the evening. Provided that such person may be employed |on one day per week other than Saturday, or the day before a [statutory holiday, until ten o'clock in the evening, but^shall not ■\ 42 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. ■Uit I i (: Ml lii!! ^ i in such case be so employed on Saturday evening later than six o'clock. Every such person shall be allowed not less than one hour for a noon-day meal each day ; and, when employed after six in the evening, not less than forty-five niinuten for another even.'' '..itial. The jocupier of a shop in which females are employed shall provide a seat for every such female and permit of its use when she is not necessarily engaged ; and any employer who prevents this by open or covert threat, rule or intention, or by any con- trivance, shall be liable to a fine of not less than $10 and not more th&ri. '"^.o . i 1. costs; and in default, by imprisonment in the comnon ,'v ' for iiot less than one month nor more than three wonths. Any owner ot : remises who has control thereof, or right of ac- cess tht-'.'^L, who l>'^s or hires out, or contracts tor work to be done thfcieir. ' y v^y 'ii'^r person, and such other person engages or employs therein my .; kman, child, young girl or woman for the performance of such work, they shall be considered as being in the service and employment of such owner, tenant or occupier. A part of a shop is to be taken for the purposes of the Act as a separate shop. An employer shall provide a suitable room in the shop for the purpose of a dining or eating room for the persons employed in the shop, where the Inspector so directs. The shop is to be sufficiently ventilated, kept clean, and free from effluvia, is not to be overcrowded, and shall have in connec- tion therewith a sufficient number of closets for the employees, which shall be kept clean and well ventilated. Besides the present requirements as to fire escapes ; in cases of shops over two storeys high, a wire or other rope lor every win- dow in the room shall be provided, if the Inspector shall so require; the rope to be not less than three-quarters of an inch in thickne.ss, and of sufficient length to reach to the ground. Fastenings shall also he provided for the rcfpe at each window, and the rope shall be kept in a coil in the room. Regulations may be made by the Lieutenant-Governor fori enforcing the Act, and Inspectors — male or female — may be ap- pointed, as may be found necessary. Informations are to be laid within two months after their com- 1 uiittal, «tr within three months where the offence is punishable by| imprisonment. A conviction shall not be removed by certiorari or otherwise] into a higher court, and all prosecutions may be brought or heard! before any two of Her Majesty's justices of the peace. RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. 43 ifter their com- i Nothing in the Act shall apply to shops where the only per- sons employed therein are at home, or are members of the family dwelling therein, or to members of the employer's family dwelling in the house to which the shop is attached. Amendments of liakeshop Act, 1807. Among other provisions are the following : — Every bakeshop is to be provided with a proper wash-room, closet and other conveniences necessary for the health and com- fort of the persons employed therein, which shall be separate from the bakeshop, and shall be kept clean and in a sanitary condi- tion. The sleeping places of the employees shall be entirely separate from the bakeshop, and no person shall be allowed to sleep in the bakeshop. Facilities for escape in case of fire shall be provided. No employee shall be required to work on Sunday, nor more than twelve hours in any one day, nor more than sixty hours in any one week, except by pormission of the inspector given in writing, which permission shall be posted up in a conspicuous place in the shop. No per.Non aiflicted with consumption, scrofula, or certain other diseases, shall be permitted to work in the bakesho[), and the employers and employees shall keep themselves in a clean and healthy condition. The words " bakeshop " shall mean any building or room wherein is carried on the manufacture or sale of confectionery, bread, biscuits, cakes, or any other food or product made from flour or meal ; or for storing such goods. The word "employer" shall mean any person who, in his own behalf, or for any other person has charge of any bakeshop, or employs any person or persons therein. The word "week" shall mean the period between midnight on Saturday night and midnight on the succeeding Saturday night. All bakeshops shall be lighted, heated, drained, etc., so as not to be detrimental or injurious to the health of the employees, and shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. The provisions of the Act shall not conflict with the powers and duties of local Boards of Health, or officers appointed under 59 Vic, nor to any place of business within the operation of the Factories Act, I8^s9. The Act shall not apply to any place of business within the operation of the Ontario Factories Act or the On ario Factories Act of 1889. 44 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. Immigration of Children. " An Act to regulate the Immigration into Ontario of certain classes of Children," 1897, is largely explained by its title. The following are some of its provisions : " Child " means a person under eighteen years of age. Definitions are given of the wor'^i "society," "agent," and " inspector." The word "society" means any individual or association, in- corporated or unincorporated, undertaking the care, reform or education of orphans, neglected or dependent children, or the bringing of such children into the Province, or placing them into foster homes, or as apprentices. '' Agent " means the superintendent or other officer of any such society. " Inspector " means the superintendent of neglected children, appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. It is further provided that every such society or agent, before acting, shall obtain authority to act from the Provincial Govern- ment; and that after such authority is given it shall be subject to the inspection and supervision of the Inspector. The societies shall keep records in writing, showing the names of the children, and of the parents or guardians; also the date on which the child was brought into the Province, the age and date of birth of the child, the name and place of residence of the per- sons having custody of the child, the more important terms of the agreement of apprenticeship, and such other particulars as the Inspector may, with the approval of the Minister, from time to time require to be kept on record. If a child, once apprenticed or placed out, is returned to the home, the true cause shall be ascertained ; and information shall be given to any person afterwards taking the child, under a penalty of $100. Penalties of not less than $10 and not more than $100 are pro- vided for persons bringing children other than their own children, or children over whom they act as guardians, into the Province without first obtaining the authority before mentioned. No child shall be brought into the Province by any society, or by any other person than the parent or person standing in loco parentis, from any part of Great Britain or Ireland, unless before the child sails a certificate from an examiner has been obtained, stating that the child named in the certificate has not been con- ^ victed of any crime or misdemeanor, or displayed vicious or crim- 1 I RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. i5 luus or crim- inal tendencies. One such certificate may include any number of children forming members of the same party. Penalties are provided where a society or agent brings into the Province any child who, from deftctive intellect, or disease or physical intirmity, or any other defect, or who is of known vici- ous tendencies, or known to be a habitual criininal, or who has been reared or raised amongst habitual criminals, or any child whose parents have been habitual criuiinals, lunatics, idiots, or weak minded, or defective constitutionally, or confirmed paupers, or diseased. Nothing in the Act shall afJect the provisions respecting Master and Servant. Technical Schooln. " An Act respecting Technical Schools, 1897." This Act, after defining how and upon what conditions Technical Schools may be established in Ontario, provides that the provisions of the iJigh School Act, 189G, shall apply to Technical SuhooKs, subject to any regulations of the Education Depaitment with resjject to the fees to be paid by pupils, the course of .study, the qualifica- tion.s of teachers, the use of text-books, and the equipments of the school. The conditions upon which money is voted l)y the Legislature for Hii^h Schools shall apply to all appropriations made to Technical Schools. It shall be lawful for the municipal corporations of any city or town by by-law to appropri-tte such sums of money as may be deemed exjiedient fur the establish- ment of a Technical School for adults within the nieanirig of this Act. All the powers vested in the corporation by IVie Mauicipal Act, for the purchase or expropriation of lands, or for leasing; or repairing buildings, or for the erection of new buildings for the use of (he municipality, shall be applicable to this Act. Towards the maintenance of such schools, there shall be paid annually, on the report of the Minister of Education, out of any moneys appro- priated by the Legislature for that purpose, a sum not exceeding the amount payable for the maintenance ot' High School pupils under the regulations of the Education Department. The general manasfement and control of the school for adults shall be vested in and exercised by a board of management to be appointed as provided in section *3 of The Puhlic Libraries Act, 1895. In cities and towns in which a Public Library has been established under Part I., of said Act, Technical Schools for adults shad be under the nvanagement and control of the board of such library; provided always that any Technical School already established I 46 RECORD OF THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. under by-law of a municipality mny be carried on under such by-law during the pleasure of the Municipal Council, subject to regulations of the Education Departmctit. Administration in Favor of Labor. It is not only in legislation that the Government have safe- f guarded labor, but they have extended the principles gf approved abor legislation into their administrative Acts. For instance, amongst others they have introduced the nine hour system and in some cases the eight hour system where mechanics and other skilled workmen are employed on work.s under the immediate direction of the Public Works Department at Toronto, and this extends also to laborers employed upon like works. In letting the contract to the lowest tenderers for prepar- ing, priming and binding the cash and account books to be used by Municipalities and School Boards under the new " Municipal Audit Act," they have required the contractors — (a) To perform all the work in Ontario. (b) To pay the highest or union wages for all work to be done under the contract. -- — Several years ago, Mr. A. W. Wright, a well-known Canadian Conservative, and the Commissioner appointed by the Conserva- tive Government of Canada in 1895 to enquire into the existence or otherwi.se of the "sweating" system in the Dominion, while a member of the Executive Board of Knights of Labor of Ameri- ca, writing from Philadelphia, Pa., voluntarily, and evidently with pride, took occasion to say : — " While there is still a good ^ " deal of Legislation which we labor cranks think should be " enacted, I am free to say that Ontario has not much to learn " from any State in the Union in this respect, and is immeasui, "ably in advance of most of thein." How much more jnstitiable are these truthful remarks of Mr. Wiight in the light of Ontario's Labor Lejifislation to date. »: ': ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW 47 )f Ontario's ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. Liquor Traffi,c The regulation of the liquor traffic was, in 1872, when the Mowat Government took office, a very subordinate appendage of the municipal system ; as the result of a long series of changes, it has become a very important branch of the Provincial Admin- istration. Each step in bringing about this change has been taken in response to the clearly expressed public opinion of the community, whether the demand was for more stringent legisla- tion or for more effective enforcement of the prohibitory clauses of the license law. The great turning-point in the history of this question was the passage of the " Crooks Act " in 1876, and the most striking result of this law was an immediate reduction in the number of licenses issued throughout the Province. The state of affairs existing prior to the adoption of the " Crooks Act" cannot be forgotten. The licenses were issued by Municipal Councils, and .therefore, to a large extent, owing to the influence exerted by the liquor interest at the elections, the licensees frequently controlled the majority of the councils, and practically issued their own licenses. The result was that an ex- cessive number were issued throughout the Province. In 1874 the law which prevailed prior to Confederation allowing original packages from the manufacturer, containing not less than five gallons, or one dozen bottles of liquor, to be sold without a license, was amended, placing that class of trade upon the same basis as saloons and shops, necessitating a license, and also demanding conformity to the rules and regulations applicable to other branches of the liquor business. The following table gives the number of each kind of license issued for the several years between 1874 and 1896 inclusive: Whole- Year. Tavern. Shop. sale. Vessel. Total. 1874-5 • 4,793 1,307 52 33 6,185 1875 6 4,459 1,257 7^ 24 5,818 • 1876-7 2,977 787 147 27 3,938 1879-80 3,199 757 72 22 4,020 1884-5 3,253 675 28 14 3,970 ia'^5 6) i 2.674 505 24 9 3,132 1886 7 ( Scott Act ) 1.567 367 28 12 1,974 1887 8 ( period. ) 1,496 325 28 13 1,882 1888 9 1 (2 066 336 26 17 2,485 1889-90 3 073 445 27 15 3.560 1690-1 3,071 428 24 3,623 48 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. Whole- Year. Tavern. Shop. gale. Vewiel. Total. 18912 2S)90 403 21 3,414 1MH2 3 2,9liG 378 25 3,3«0 ]89i4 2,888 357- 31 3,270 l80»-5 2 785 337 29 3,161 1895-6 2 779 327 2« 3 132 189(i-7 2,747 323 26 3,096 It will be seen from the foregoing table that in tlie year 1870, in which the " CroolcH Act " was passed, the total number of licenses fell off l,8fi0 — of tavern iicenses, 1,482, and ot shop licenses, 470. The average number of licenses for tiie two years before the " Crooks Act" came in force was (J.OOU a year. In 1H84-5, before the Scott Act was brought into operation, there were only 3,070 issued, thus showing a largo reduction since the present Act came into force. Incident to the repeal of the Scott Act, many counties in the Province came under the operation of the "Crooks Act" again in 1889-90, when 3,5G0 licenses were issued. It will ho noticed that there has been a steady falling off in the number since then, so that now there are in force the snuillest number ii the history of the Province at any time when local pr.diibitioL. has been in I'orce in as few municipalities. It can, therefore, be fairly claimed that the Crooks Act, and the amendments thereto, have had the effect of reducing the number of licenses in the Pro- vince almost one-half Ihe following is a comparative statement showing the number of licenses in the Province of Ontario in 187'>, the year prior to the introduction of the " Crooks Act," and in 1895-6 and also a compai ison in proportion to the population : Whole. Year. Tavern. Shop. sale. Vessel. Totftl. ori875 4,459 1,257 78 24 5,418 I 5 1898 2,779 327 26 3,132 g J Proportion to the population 1875 One to each !ii78 O ( " «' " 1896 " '♦ 700 r I In order to furnish a comparison between Ontario and differ- ent States of the American Union as to the number of liquor dealers in the latter, it is necessary to take the figures furnished by the United States Commissioner of Inland JElevenue of the number of persons to whom were issued Federal Government per- mits in any stated year. A late return gives the number issued in proportion to the population in several States as follows : , (■ ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. 49 Illinois One to each Indian* " " lo-tt •• Michigan " '* Minnesot'i ... " '* New York... " " 1H3 247 289 V.19 301 134 Mnssachusetts One to each 380 Quebec *' " 635 Ohio •• " i03 Toronto •• •' ],20H Montreal ....•* " .M49 Ontario. . . . '• •• TOO The position of the people of Ontario on the Temperance ques- tion under the License Act will be better appreciated by the care- ful perusal of these figures. Number of Municipalities in the Province 812 *Numi er of MuiiicipiilitieH where no tHvern licenHos are isau d. 187 Or twenty-three per cent, of the Municipalities of the Pro- vince. Number of Municipalities in which only one and not more than two tavern licenaes ar»i iHsuod 261 Or forty-four per cent, of the Municipalities of the Pro- vini e. Number of Municipalitiefl in which oitherno tavern licei'^os are issued and not more than tw > are issued 448 Or fifty-tive > or cent of the Municipalities of the I'rovince. Number of Municipalities without a shop license 673 Or ei.hty two per cent, of the Mi.nicipalities of the Pro- vince. However, coinparinnf the present state of ; lirs, when we have a better class ot houses, better accommodation and less number of licenses, a total separation of tlie grocery from the liquor sliops, no vetisel licenses, less drinking at the bar, prohibition of sales to minoLs, a general weeding out of undesirable persons and premisses, a prohibition of sales by druggists without a doctor's or a Justice ot the Peace's order, with that existing jirior to the assumption of the authority to deal with the license system by the Mowat j Administration, it can be claimed that great good of a permanent character has been acco»n[)lished under the present administra- ition of this service. This is evidenced by the great and steady diminution in I drunkenness, so great as to be, in fact, a moial revolution. In 1M81) there were 4,797 commitments to the county gaols for [drunkenness. In 181)G the commitments for this offence were only 1,907. In 1876 there was in the Province one commitment for ench 44-4' persons, in 1882 one for each 561, in 1892 one for each 772, and in l89lj one for each 1,148. In 18n6, 1887 and 1>S88, the Scott Act was in operation in 25 out of 41 counties in [the Province. The commitments for drunkenness in these years *Ihe Duakin Aot or Local Optioj by-law is in force in seventeen ot the JIunicipalibies. f 50 ADMINISTEATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. 1 ; > amounted to 12,186. In the past three years the commitments were only 6,148, or about one-half the number of the former years. Thti Statistical Year Book of Canada, for 1895, published by the lace Conservative Government, under its chapter of " Social Statistics," presented a table giving the convictions for drunkenness in each Province from 1884- to 1894. Commenting upon this table the following statement is made : " Ranged accord- ing to position, with respect to sobriety, as tested by convictions, the Provinces stand thus : Ontario, Prince Edward Island, the Ter- ritories, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, New Brunswick and British Columbia." Later statistics given in the Year Book for 1896 add emphasis to this statement. Ontario thus stands at the head of all the provinces in having a sober people. Not only does it surpass the other provinces in this respect, but in no other coun- try does so good a record appear. The rectent Royal Commission of the Dominion Government collected official statistics which show that during the years from 1888 to 1892, the State of Maine under prohibition had 2.3 convictions for drunkenness per thousand of its population, while Ontario for the same years had only 1.92 per thousand. Education and progressive legislation have brought about these results in Ontario. Education in tem- perance has been promoted by the compulsory teaching of that subject in the Public and Separate schools. By this means last i year over 20C,000 children of the Province were instructed as I to the physiological efi'ects of alcohol, and the importance of forming habits of temperance. Legislation under the judicious and progressive policy of the Liberal Administration has, as will hereafter be shown, gone for- ward step by step, imposing such limitations on the liquor traffic as were in harmony with the steady advance of public opinion, so necessary to their efficient enforcement. Revenue from License. Equally noticeable with the falling ofi' in the number of licenses | issuea under the Crooks Act, is the increase of revenue derived, therefrom. One of the provisions of that Act was, that part of,; this revenue should go to the Province and the remainder to the; municijjalities, the former assuming, and the latter being relieved; from, the sole responsibility of enforcing the law against illicit^ selling. The following table shows the amount of revenue accru- ing to the Province and to the muni' \' alities respectively, lroni| 1886 to 1896, inclusive : ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW, 51 Municipal Revenue. Provincial Revenue. 1886-7 ^Lo3 716 69 $2 16,456 78 18»7 8 166.979 89 201.542 45 1888 9 190 297 79 232,511 55 1889-90 297, 3)3 45 307,271 02 1890-1 294 968 26 308 200 17 1891 2 28^,487 41 300,604 38 1892 3 289,976 74 297,644 47 1893-4. 282 473 97 289,821 02 1894 6 272,101 31 277,478 99 1895-6 267,072 40 273.212 44 1896-7 263,330 48 270,906 00 The revenue obtained by the municipalities from the liquor traffic, under the Crooks Act, is not only much greater than was obtained before the enactment of that law, but much greater than they would have been receiving now had it not been enacted. The License Laws. , Prior to Confederation the administration of the license laws was in the hands of the municipalities and remained so for some years afterwards. In 1869, the law regulating the sale of liquor was amended and consolidated, retaining this feature. In 1874 important amendments to the law were made, but the municipal councils were left in control of the granting of licenses. Many i abuses arose in consequence, more especially the interference of the liquor interest in municipal elections. The demand for more [stringent legislation, owing to the growth of temperance senti- ment, resulted in a radical change of the system by the passage of the License Act of 1876, commonly known as the "Crooks [Act." This measure, passed by the Liberal Government of that jday in the face of strenuous oppointion, was an important ad- jvance in the restrictions impoaed on the traffic, and an efficient check on the flagrant abuses that had developed under the system of municipal licensing. Its leading features were as follows : 1. It put an absolute limit to the number of licenses that might be granted in any municipality. 2. It took the power of granting licenses away from the Municipal Coun- cils and conferreil it on Board^ of Commissioners, appointed for cities and counties by the Lieutenaut-Goveinor-in Council. 3. It authorized each Municipal Council, by By-law, to still further limit the number of licenses to be granted. 4. It authorized the Board of Commissioners by resolution to do the same thing. 5. It authorized each Municipal Council to prescribe by By-law, conditions of obtaining a tavern license in addition to those specified in the license law itself. Ba f v t, 1 ' n j n 62 AD!^INISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. 6. It authorized each Council to limit the number of shop licenBes, to re- quire the holder of a shop lice se ' ' to confine the bu4nesB of his shop solely and exclusively to the keeping and selling of liquor," and to '* impose ant restrictions upon the mode of carrying on such traffic aa the Council may think fit." 7. It imposed a minimum fee for each of the three kinds of license — wholesale tavern and shop — but authorized each Council in the case of tavern and shop licenses to raise the amount absolutely to $200, and to raise it conditionally as much higher as it pleased by By-law sub- mitted to a vote of the elettors 8. It vested the appointment of the License Inspec'or for each district in the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council and required both Inspectors and Commissioners to enforce the Dunkin Act wherever it had been adopted. 9. Is required all taverns to be weU appointed eating housos, and the law now ap[ilies with equal force to saloons. By the Act of 1881 the machinery of the " Crooks Act" was made available for the enforcement of the " Scott Act," as it had formerly been for the enforcement of the " Dunkin Act." By the Act of IbSl the following changes were made: 1. A considerable limitation of the number of saloon licenses. 2. Greater precautions Hgains' th*^ establishment of a licensed house with- out notice to the > eople of the locality. 3. The introduction of the principle of " local option " by empowering the majority of the electors of a polling sub- division to forbid the grunt- ing of a new license in, or the transfer of an old license to, that sub- division. 4. Throwing open to the public the sittngs of the Commissioners at which applications fi>r licenses are discussed. 5. Compulsory separation of the liquor traffic from other traffic in licensed "shops" after 18H8. 6. Piohibition of the colorable sale of liquors by "clubs" incorporated under the Act respecting benevolent and other soci^ ties, and also of colorable prescriptions or certificates by medical practitioners. 7. Authority given to Justices and Police Magistrates to forbid holders of liquor licenses to sell to a habitual drunkard for a year. 8. Authority given to relatives of a habitual drunkard to publish a similar prohibition. 9. Forbidding licenses on ferry boats. 10. A considerable increase in license fees. « By the Act of 1885, amongst other provisions, is one that an officer who breaks the law himself " lor the purpose of detecting a known or suspected offender against the Liquor Law is free from conviction." By the Act of 1886, a provincial inspector is provided, whose duty is personally to inspect each license district and the books ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW, 53 «s, and the law of each district inspector, and to conduct on oath inquiries into the conduct of the ins|)ector,s. Frequenting of bar-rooms during prohibited hours is strictly forbi iden, and it is made an offence for " keepers " of bar-rooms to permit it. License Fees. Prior to 1876 the Statute fixed a sum to be paid to the Gov- ernment for tavern, shop and vessel licenses, and the municipali- ties were empowered to receive the fee from a certain minimum amount, such increase to be paid wholly to the municipalities. In that year the " Crooks Act" was passed, throwing part of the work of administration on the Provincial Government. The following table shows the amount of fees as fixed by the License Act of 1876, and the amount as fixed by the License Acts of 1884 and 1886, respectively : — Taverns and Shops— 1876 1884 1836 Cities over 20,000 $100 00 $ICO 00. . . . . .$260 00 Cities under 20,000 100 00 KiO 00 200 00 Towns 80 00, VillaKes 6it 00 Townships (JO 00. Saloons — Cities 100 00. Towns 80 UO. IdO 00 l.>0 00 bO (0 I'JO (0 72 OD 90 00 IGO 00 30(1 00 110 00 250 GO 150 00 225 00, 150 00 226 tlO. 250 00 260 00 3 '■§ '3."o Wholesale — Cities over 20,000 Towns and cities under 20,000, r €S3€ 1,3 -^^ Great Lakes 100 00 125 00. " " wineandbeer 50 00 62 00. Inland Waters 60 00 85 00. " 30 00 42 50. In 1889, a further amendment was made to the Liquor License Act, giving power to pass By-law-s respecting licenses pending the result of any application for repeal of The Canada Temperance Act, which By-laws should come into force immediately on such repeal, if carried. This measure provided against an interval in which no license law should be in force. This Act also made the purchaser of liquor from a person not licensed to sell it, or any one who drinks it upon the premises when so purchased, guilty of offence under the law. Amendments During Session of 1896. In 1800 equally important advances were made in the direction *i 54 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. 15 -' of imposing desirable restrictions and safeguards. By the Act entitled "An Act to Improve the Liquor License Laws," it is pro- vided that all new applications for licenses must be accompanied by a certificate signed by a majority of the electors in the polling sub-division. In unorganized districts the certificate must be signed by at least eleven out of the twenty nearest householders. This enactment positively conferred upon the people the powers of a " Local Option " Law in all cases of new applications, and presented a proof of the determination of the Government to keep abreast of public opinion by providing advanced legislation as promptly as the people may desire to use it. In addition to more stringent regulations as to penalties, etc., the Act also, — Prohibited the Sale of intoxicating liquor on veaeels navi- gating the lakes and rivers of the Province ; Increased the age of "minors" from "sixteen" to "eighteen," thus subjecting to a penalty" those who sell liquor to persons QNDER eighteen years of age. Provided a penalty when liquor is supplied to any person under twenty-one years, in respect to whom notice in writing has been given, prohibiting such licensed victualler to sell or supply liquor to the party in question ; And gave greater authority to search unlicensed premises and " dives," to seize liquor and arrest persons found on said premises. Local Option. Certain powers possessed by the municipal count '-^ prior to Confederation were re-enacted in the following : — " The council of every township, city, town and incorporated village may pass by-laws for prohibiting the sa e by retail of spirituous fermented, or other manufactured liquors, in. any tavern, inn, or other house or p ace of public entertainment, an^i for prohibiting altogether the sale thereof in shops and places other than houses of public entertainment ; Provided that the by-law, before the final passing thereof, has been dul) approved of by the electors of the municipality in the manner provided liy the sections in that hehalf of The Municipal Act : Provided further uhat nothing in this section contained shall be construed into an exercise of jurisdiction by the Legisla- ture of the Province of Ontario beyond the revival of provisions of law which were in force at the date of the passing of The Brit'uh North Anierica Act, and which the subsequent legislation of this Province purported to repeal." Amendments During Session of 1897. The Act of 1897 contained a number of very important provisions and marked another distinct advance in the steps taken toward limiting the ADMINISTRATION OF- THE LICENSE LAW. 55 By the Act vs," it is pro- accompanied n the polling 2ate must be householders, lie the powers lications, and )vernment to ed legislation enalties, etc., vessels navi- D "eighteen," 3r to persons person under ting has been supply liquor 3ed premises 1 3und on said nt '"^ prior to ,ted village may fermented, or ouse or p ace of thereof in shops ovided that the roved of by the sections in that ; ill this section by the Legisla- o visions of law North America e purported to provisions and rd limiting the liquor traffic and minimizing the evils that arise therefrom. The principal amendments passed were as follows : 1. The ratio of population to each license was increased, so that for the tirst one thousand oniy three tavern licenses can be issued, instead of four, and above the first thousand, one license for each full 600 of population, in- stead of 400. A careful computation shows that this enactment will cut off 154 licenses, or more than are issued in the City of Toronto, and more a'so than are issued in the cities of Hamilton and Ottawa put t igether. 2. Maximum hours are fixed beyond which liquor cannot be legally sold, viz. : 10 o'clock in townships, villages and unorganized territory, and 11 o'clock in cities and towns. Heretofore, in 37 out of the 97 license districts in the Province, no hours for closing were fixed by the Boards of License Commissioners, this matter being wholly subject to their control. Under the above legislation in seven-eighths of the municipalities of the Province tlie hour for closing is 10 o'clock, and only one-eighth, which are the popu- lous municipalities, -are accorded the additional hours. It should also be re- membered that by recent legislation "Standard" time was made the legal time, and this further reduced the time for closing from 15 to 30 minutes over much the greatest portion of the Province. The power to still further limit the hours of sale is left in the hands of Boards of Commissioners. 3. The sale of liquor to minors is prohibited, the age limit having been raised from 18 to 21 years. Between these years there were, as indicated by the last census, 136,000 persons, who are thus placed in the prohibited list, which now includes one-half the population of the Province. License-holders are also prohibited from permitting minors to loiter on thtir premises. 4. Saloon licenses arc abolished. 5. Hereafter licenses cannot be granted to premises within 300 yards of a church, school, university, or other public educational institution. 6. Provision is made for preventing the issue of licenses in a residential locality. 7. Druggistfj are prohibited from selling liquors except upon a medical certificate, and then not more than six ounces can be sold. 8. It is provided that after three several convictions, on different days, within a period of two years, for selling during prohibited hours, the license shall be revoked and the licensee disqualified from holding a license for three years thereafter. Umjust Griticisons Answered. No feature of the policy of the Liberal Government has been more closely or more unreasonably criticized by the professional Opposition than their Temperance legislation. Each measure introduced has been unsparingly and indiscriminately condemned, the assailants in the virulence of their onslaught entirely lo.sing sight not merely of moderation but of political consistency. It is noteworthy that the same party who as opponents of Liberal rule inOntario denounced as centralization the taking of the licens- mg power out of the hands of the municipalities, as supporters of the late Conservative Government of the Dominion endeav- ored to give the control of the liquor traffic to their political #1 66 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LVW. il .M friends at Ottawa. They strove to foist upon the people of the Province an elaborate and expensive law, covering the ground already occupied by provincial legislat on, in order to {)rovide official patronage for their own political friends. Unsuccess- ful in this attempt, they abandoned the principle embodied in that proposal, to go to the very opposite extreme in urging that the control of the traffic should be restored to the muni- cipalities. The municipalities themselves, which may fairly be presumed to be the best judges as to their own interests, have never asked for it. Such a change would re-introduce into municipal elections and administration the active intluence of the liquor dealers. Every question of municipal concern, instead of being decided upon its own merits, would be largely affected by the intrusion of an issue in no way relevant to general municipal matters. The old abuse of lax and uncertain en- forcement of the restrictive provisions of the law by reason of the pressure of local influences — a danger that can only be guarded ai:ainst by contini tI v! ; «nd to dispense with the services of the Commissioners and Inspector^ now appointed under sttid Act by His Honor in Council. This amendment being defeated, Mr. Creighton then moved, seconded by Mr. Barr: — w I id m I i 58 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. That all the words after " Municipality " be struck out, and the following inserted in lieu thereof : — "To decide to whom licenses shall be granted in their respective municipalities, having regard to the limitations imposed by the Act 39 Vict., Chap. 26." The resolution or amendment then proposed read as follows : — That the BilL be not now read a third time but bo re-committed to a Com- mittee of the whole House, with instructions so to amend the Bill as to enable the Council of every municipality to decide to whom licenses shall be granted in their respective municipalities, having re gar ( to the limitations imposed 1 / Act 39 Vic, Chap. 26. It was declared lost on a vote of yeas 9, nays 60 Policy in 1882. That they are and have been in favor of the vicious expedient of returning to the municipalities this source of danger and trou- ble, however, was again made manifest from the position taken at their Convention in Toronto, on September 14th, 1882. At the Convention referred to, it was unanimously resolved to be " The opinion of this Convention that without interfering with the laws regulating the liquor traffic, and limiting the number of licenses that may be issued, the power of issuing licenses and the fees derived therefrom, should be restored to the municipalities." In speaking to this resolution Mr. Meredith said that •'He was prepared to say that the present Opposition, if it took office, would be prepared to wipe away the partizan commissioners. (Cheers.) He was prepared to restore to the people of the Province the rights they former- ly exercised. (Cheers.) He was prepared to give back to the municipal bodies the rights they formerly enjoyed. (Cheers).— [J^rom report in Mail.] Policy in 1883. This policy was further pursued in a resolution in amendment to order for Committee of Supply, 24th January, 1883, when it was moved by Mr. Meredith, seconded by Hon. Mr. Morris : — That all the words in the motion after *' That " be struck out, and the fol- lowing substituted therefor : — "This House, while recognizing the necessity of maintaining the other provisions of the existing liquor license law, and strictly enforcing them, is of opinion that it is not in the public interest or calculated to promote the cause of temperance to continue the mode of ap pointing Boards of License Commissioners, and License Inspectors now in force, and is further of opinion that these Boards should, in order to remove them as far as possible from the influences of political partizanship, be ap- pointed in counties by the county councils, and in cities and towns separate from counties by the councils thereof, and that the power of appointing one or more License Inspectors in each license district should be vested in the Board, and this House rugrets that legislation providing for this chang in the law, and for handing over to the Municipalities the whole of the licens \ \ ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. 69 fts follows : — fees, except a sum suflScienfc to pay the expenses of the License Branch of the Department of the Provincial Secretary, has not been proposed for its consideration by the advisers of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor." — Lost —Yeas, 26 ; Nays, 49. Policy in 1890. The policy of the Opposition was aj];ain re-constructed by the submission of the following resolution during the session of 1890 as an amendment to the Hon. Mr. Gibson's measure : — " That the Bill be rot now read a third time, but be referred back to a Committee of the Whole House, and so amended as to provide that the license commissioners hereafter he appoinfed in coi/?i'jcs by County Ccmncils, and in cities and towns elected by the municipal electors of such cities and towns," Policy in 1896. After allowing the qu'^ction to lie dormant for several years' in 1896, Mr. Marter, then leader of the Opposition, seconded by Mr. Whitney, the present leader, moved a resolution which con- cluded as follows : " That this House is of opinion that it is essential to the honest non- partizan and faithful execution of the liquor license laws that the present mode of appointing Boards of Commissioners should be abrogated, and that in future the Boards of Commissioners in Counties should consist cf the County Judge, the Warden of the County, and one appointed by the Gov- ernment and in Cities and Towns not connected with the County Munici- pally, the County Judge Mayor, and one appointed by the Governmtnt." It will be noticed that the policy of the Opposition on this subject has varied on each occasion when they brought the mat- ter forward. In 1890, they proposed that the appointments should be made by County Councils in the counties, and in cities and towns Commissioners should be elected by the direct votes of the electors. In 1883 they asked that Municipal Councils alone should elect Commissioners. In every instance they have demanded that not only the appointment of Commissioners but also that of Inspectors, and the issuing of licenses, should be con- nected with municipal matters, a system previously discarded as wholly pernicious. Respecting the latest proposal, it may be said that heretofore the appointment of County Judges as Commissioners has been found impracticable and inexpedient. Under the provisions of the License Act they are constantly called upon to hear appeals and determine cases. It is also their duty under the law to hear complaints when the legality of the issue of licenses is called in question, and if the evidence warrants, revoke tKd action of the * 60 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. I' mfflsjl Ml:i I! I U: Cointni^sioners in rrrant.ing the license, and punish them or the Inspector lor imy illeg.tlity coiumitted. Under the hiw Commis- sioners who are magistrates are prohibited from adjudicating upon cases. Policy in 1897. The entire absence of anything like an Opposition policy on the license question under the leadership of Mr. Whitney is in- dicated by the following extracts from a speech by that gentle- man, delivered in the Legislature during the debate on the second reading of the Liquor License Bill, on March 30th, 1897. Mr. Marter, who had spoken previously, had been questioned as to the views of his party on the subject, and the Opposition leader, in the course of iiis speech, dealt with the matter at some length : *' He wondered at the question that came froni the Government benches, whii h aske'l why did not the member for North 'J'oronto declare what he wouM do. In a humorous manner he characterized the muddle that the Gov ernment liad got into as a peculia • bog, in which the Government were rapidly becomin.' embedded. He declared that they were calling upon the Opposition to come over and help them out. ... It was not the pur pose of the Opposition to compound a jiolicy for the (lovernment. In the past they had always aided them and helped them out of many serious posi- tions, but that was at an end, and the Government need not in the future look to ihe Opp'sition to rectify mistakes for them. . . . The entire question has developed into a trian< in this Province, and that responsibility was assumed by the Liberal Administration, notwithstanding the refusal of the Dominion Pail lament to provide the necessary legislation to secure its observance. During the 1890 session, Mr. Meredith attempted to make a point against the Government, because in two polling divisions, out of all the counties in which the Cnnada Temperance Act had been repealed, complaint had been made that some licenses . »>^'.'5i.V*iS^iMfiMft55^i 5, 62 ADMINISTRATION OF THE LICENSE LAW. I ' m had been granted by Commissioners, contrary to the wishes of the people. On enquiry into the cjweH in question, it was found that tliere were no legal petitions against the granting of the licenses signed by the majority of the electors. All at- tempts to make capital against the Government, in connection with the administration of the License Law, proved abortive. Members of the Opposition who had any criticisms to make, in almost every case complained of alleged irregularities in parts of the Province, remote from their own constituencies and generally on hearsay or newspaper infonnation. Such complaints were in every case efl'ectuaily disposed of by tlie Government. Commissioners and Inspectors, appointed under the License Act, who were not in sympathy with the Scott Act, were replaced by those who were, in order to provide that the provisions of the prohibition law should be enforced, and these officers were spe- cially charged with the enforcement of the Act. A prominent and trusted temperance a-:e, for instance, effecti-d by the Mechanics and Wajje-Karners' Lien Act. the Woodman's Lien for Wages Act, the Master and Servants Act 189G, the Act to Secure Pay.nent of Wages for Labor Performed in the Construction of Public Works, the Traders Disputes Act 1894, the Act conferring the municipal franchise on women, the Acts modifying the parliamentary and municipal law, the Factory Acts, the Acts affecting the status of the laboring classes, the Acts regulating the traffic in alcoholic liquors, et& Administration [of Justice. ; The constitution and conduct of the Courts is not made a ground of complaint. This fact, with an Opposition anxious to dis(?over any points of defect in legislation or administration, cer- tainly suggests the perfection of the service. The grand improve- ments which have led to this satisfactory state of things have nearly all been made since the i)resent Government assumed office. The tendency hfis been in the direction of greater simplicity and less expense. The Division Courts Act and its amendments have had a most beneficial e c'ctin enlarging the powers of that Couit, in correcting iis imperfections, and in wi-ely regulating its pro- ceedings. The County and Superior Courts have also been va^^tly improved. The " Administration of JuNtice Acts " of Ls73 and 1874) introduced the reforms which were destined to find their completion in the Judicature Acts of 1881 and 1895. The two great })rinciples of these Acts were consolidation and simplifica- tion, and with the other legislation referred to it completed the judicial fabric of this Province — the enlaiged powers of the Division Courts relieving the County Courts, and the enlarged powers of the County Courts I'elieving the Superior Courts; while the former various moiies of procedure of the Superior Courts were unified and consolidnted, the Courts of Common Law and Equity were made auxiliary to each other — the old distinctions being abolished, and the jurisdiction of all branches of the C^ourt being made concurrent. The assiduity with which the operatio is of the improved system is watched is visible in the amendments which are piomptly introduced as often as called for ; and to-day we have laws regul:i,ting procedure, real property', domestic relati(m3, evidence before the couits, creditors and insolvent debtors, trial by jury, insurance, and a vast number of other subjects, which are second to those of no other country in the world. attorney-general's department. 65 essfully re- 1 the public effecud by Woodman's t 1896, the •med in the 3 Act 1S94', len, the Acts the Factory classes, the not made a on anxious to istration, cer- rand iraprove- )f things have issumed office, simplicity and ndments have of that Couit, lating its pro- iso been vastly of l!s73 and to find their ,95. The two ri,nd simplifica- [compleied the lowers of the the enlarged [erior Courts; the Supeiior of Common [ther— the old |f all branches ■y with which ,ed is visible iced as often lo- procedure, j^the couit-^, surance, and id to those of Revision of the Statutes. In the work of Revi.sion, also, the greatest possible industry has been displayed. This has harl the erteet of eliminating the repeal- ed le<;islation, and of consolidating and arranging, under a most excellent system of classification, that which remains in force. The first. Revision was completed in 1877, the code being published in two volumes under the title of Revised Statutes of Ontario. A subsequent revision brought the work down to 1887 — and a new revision now almost completed will bring the work down to the present time. ' • , Administrative Duties. To this Department belongs the supervision of the administra- tion of justice throughout the Province, including the investigation of complaints made in respect to the conduct ot magistrates, the pi'osecution of criminals both for ofi'ences committed against the laws of the Dominion and for those against the statutes of the Province. These prosecutions at the Assizes are conducted by counsel appointed by the Attorney-General, and at the General Sessions and County Judges' Criminal Courts by the County Attorneys ; but cases are constantly arising upon which the ad- vice and direction of the Department is required, while in many oflences of a serious character the evidence has to be obtained through officers directly instructed by this Department. In con- nection with criminal prosecutions arise applications for bail, which in all cases may be made to the judges at Toronto, and in Iman}'^ serious cases must be so made ; also applications to be re- llieved from forfeiture of bail. This Department has a great deal to do with both, especially tb.e latter. These can be favorably sntertained only where the circumstances are of a very excep- tional nature, and careful enquiry into the facts upon which it is laiined relief should be granted is always made. It advises as to )roceedings before Justices of the Peace and other inferior magis- irates, for, notwithstanding the forms provided for ordinary cases, jhe applications made to discharge prisoners on Habeas Corpus, Ir to quash convictions on accountof irregularities, or insufficiency the pioceedings before these officers, are very numerous. In laiiy uf these, this Department finds it necessary to make enquiry bd to intervene. Cases of difficulty are also from time to time kserved by Judges at the As.size and other Criminal Courts for \q opinion of the Judges of the High Court, sitting together at 66 ATTORNEY-GENERAL S DEPARTMENT, y ^ ? Toronto ; and these are wherever practicable, argued by the officers of this Department. To the Attorney-General also belongs the consideration of applications for leave to appeal under the Criminal Code, for leave to file informations in his name in con- nection with supposed invasions of public right, for entries of noUe prosequi,, and for the admission of criminals as Queen's evidence, etc., etc. It is his duty also to make appointments to all offices connected with the administration of justice, such as Justices of the Peace, Police and Stipendiary Magistrates, Coroners, County Attorneys, and the officers of the various courts in the different counties. The following matters are also dealt with by this Department : Administra- tion of Estates of Intestates who have no heirs, or next of kin ; Consideration of cases of Escheat and Forfeiture ; Remis- sion of Fines and Penalties. Advisory Duties. It is the duty of this Department to advise the officers of the other Departments of the Government upon the numerous legal questions which constantly arise in connection with the varied matters coming before them ; and advice is constantly required by County Attorneys, Crown Counsel, Coroners, a^d all others em- ployed in the administration of justice. It is also the office of the Attorney-General's Department to see that all Statutes and Orders-in-Council are drawn up in proper form, and that the public interests, as well as the rights of indi- viduals, are carefully guarded. This is all the more necessary in the case of Statutes, since there is only one legislative chamber. The manner in which the work of supervision has been carried out is the best possible proof that, with an experienced and watchful Premier and a competent and careful Attorney-General, there is not the slightest need for a second one. In connection with this description of the administration of the Attorney-General's Department is the extra work entailed by the Appeal Cases, in which it was necessary to stand up for | the rights of this Province against the attempted encroachments J upon those rights by the late Dominion Government's political friends of the present Opposition, The Boundary Question wasj the most protracted and important of these ; but on account of 1 the length of its description it may be convenient to consider] others first. ATTORNEY- GENERALS DEPARTMENT. 67 1. The Insurance Case. An Act was passed in 187G " to secure uniform conditions in policies of fire insurance." It enacts m, number of conditions, which were prepared under the supervision of the Superior Court Judges of the Province, and which are to be read into and form part of every fire insurance policy issued by every company doing business in Ontario. Variations from these conditions are allowed, but thoy must be conspicuously printed in the policy, and they must be such as a' Court or J udge, trying a disputed case, will hold to be "just and reasonable." The right of the Ontario Legislature to impose such conditions on insurance com- panies operating under charters not granted under Provincial authority was contested in the well-known cases of Parsons v. The Citizens Insurance Company, and Parsons v. the Queen Insurance Company, and the question of jurisdiction was finally decided by the Privy Council in favor of the Statute. The judgment in these cases, in 1881, is one of the most important ever delivered in support of Provincial Legislative rights. The following is the memorandum on the subject : — " An Act of the Province of Ontario to secure uniform con- ditions of policies of fire insurance was held to be within the power of a Provincial Legislature over Property and Civil Rights. Such an Act, so far as relates to insurance on Property within the Province, may bind all fire insurance companies, whether in- corporated by Imperial, Dominion, Provincial, Colonial, or foreign authority." 2. The Escheats Case. ' The estate of the late Andrew Mercer having escheated to the I Crown for want of heirs, the property, which had been largely [expended by the Ontario Government for the erection of " The [Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women," was claimed for the dominion Government. The Ontario Government stoutly con- tested this claim on the |)art of the Province. The case was irried to the Privy Council, and that tribunal decided that jscheated lands belonged to the Province, under section 109 of ^he British North America Act. The question as to escheated personal property has not yet been finally decided. 3. The Rivers and Streams Case. The principle involved in the suit between McLaren and Cald- well was the right of a riparian owner to obstruct the passage of 68 attorney-general's department. timber down a " floatable " stream. McLaren asserted this rij?ht over parts of the Mississippi River, and Caldwell denied it. Tlie Ontario Legislature, with a view of settling the dispute in the public interest and without prejudice to either party, passed tlie Rivers and Streams Act of 18bl. This was three times dis- allowed by the Dominion Government, and as often re-enacted by the Ontario Legislature. After the last enactment, in 1884, it was allowed to become law, the Privy Council having mean- time decided that McLaren's claim could not be sustained. The disallowance of this statute, which was not claimed to be beyond the competence of the Ontario Legislature, was an un- warrantable exercise of a dangerous power for the benefit of a political favorite of the Dominion Government, and a complete violation of the conditions laid down by Sir Jolin A. Macdonald himself for the exercise of the power of disallowance. 4. The Liquor License Case. The right to control the trafiic in alcoholic liquors by means of license laws was exercised by the various Provincial Legislatures without interference, from 18G7 to 1883. In the latter year the Dominion Parliament, on the strength of an inference from the judgment of the Privy Council afiitming the validity of the " Scott Act," passed the license law known as the " McCarthy Act." This had the effect of throwing the liquor tratiic in the Provinces into utter confusion and greatly increasing the number of drinking-places licensed to sell. The evil caused by this in- vasion of Provincial jurisdiction was remedied by two judicial decisions, (1) the judgment of the Privy Council in llod'je vs. The Queen, affirming the validity of the Crooks Act, and (2) the subsequent judgment of the Supreme Court, and then of the Privy Council, declaring the McCarthy Act unconstitutional and void. » 5. Tlie Case Respecting / ^signments and Preferences hy /ii jlvsnts. In default of any Insolvent Act, the Ontario Legislature made provision as' to assignments and preferences by insolvents. The right of the Legislature over this subject havitjg been contested, a case was referred to the Court of Appeal, which decided against the Province, but on appeal to the Privy Council this decision was reversed and the Provincial legislation declared valid. ATTORNEY -general's DEPARTMENT. 69 riprht The in the ed the es tiis- snacted n 1884, mean- id to be J an un- e6t of a jomplete icdonald means of orislatures •""year the , hom the ty of the McCarthy tthc in the Le number ,y this in- () iudicial lloil'ie V3. nd (2) the [,en of the itional and ^nces hy lature made /ent8. The ix ct-j«-i b<^ o TO O •> o r^ IT'S *:£ a E?3 a o o .9 I « 8 -a I « o o .id .13 S o 9 3i3 «S Ph u a 3 k. a 5 o a ki o M C5 ■ 00 X ;5 «[» a a Bui O O t, fc. I- * a-o _ H '^ *i c^ ki C3 o w ^^ aii OS ti_i I- s i; « e« ^> S ® il'-a § " o a Si-g s S ►• •-•2 £0- " o a O O^^" a. r^.h >> fH Ph M O - a o p P3 t- i» 55 o j*'5'D 1-5 t-S?* - eO cS» 00 00 oo 00 00 00 ^30.iui;ai'ii"uliJ=3 aSa* 1— I350C5i-It-I,— l(35Mi-lr-l I-Hr-ltO (M (M y; fH e^l IM IM T-H i-H rH i-H 6c bo o l> > 50 bb> > jj j2 d d > o j3 &• b savOOSOoOoiJi'Soa.iJiS kf I>O©©OOf0O o lomiomiOiomioco icjia lo lo lO m m fJ C'«H S 00OJ'«ttawa friends if they had been true to their province. When they were willing to see our funds go to the amount of .f 100, 000 in the Boundary Contest, and the subsequent suit of the St. Catharines Milling Company, what would they have done with the territory if their fricnd.s had got it, and how would tliey spend our money and rule the country if they got into power. It~t-C<5 5^ ?3^^^ 5' 72 CROWN LANDS DKPARTMENT. DEPARTMENT OF CROWN LANDS. The management of the Crown Lands, timber, minerals, and colonization roads was in the hands of the late Hon. T. B. Pardee continuously till his retirement on account of declininnf health in 1888. At the close of his long and highly successful management, the Hon. A. S. Hardy took charge of the department and con- tinued as Commissioner until 1896. when he was succeeded by the Hon. J. M. Gibson. This Department has been, probably more than anj- other, the subject of criticism and of Parliamentary investigation. Session after session the time of the Public Accounts Committee has been taken up with the examination of otticers of the inside and out- side service, and of merchants who furnish colonization road supplies, in the hope that some corrupt practice might be un- earthed, or some improper ex|)enditure of public money estab- lished. All such efforts have, however, been in vain, and there is not, to-day, as there has not been at any time during the Liberal regime, the slightest ground for any suspicion of corruption, or even of political favoritism. The functions of the Commissioner are very important, and his discretionary powers, especially in deciding disputes between applicants for portions of the Crown domain, are very great. Nothing but a rare combination of ex- ecutive ability, olficial integrity, and judicial fairness, could have enabled the successive heads of the Department to avoid giving their opponents some advantage over them, especially in view of the fact that enormous sums of money are collected and disbursed yearly under their personal authority. The Revenue- Producing Department. The Crown Lands Department is the great revenue-producing branch of the Government, and, with the exception of the amount received as subsidy from the Dominion, provides the largest part of the annual income of the Province. The duties of the Depart- ment, instead of decreasing, are year by year growing greater and more complex. They comprise the sale and management of the Crown, Clergy and School lands still undisposed of ; the locating of settlers in the Free grant and Sales districts ; the sur- veying of new townships, from time to time, as they are required for settlement or the purposes of the timber trade ; the construe- j tion of colonization roads and bridges in the new and sparsely settled portions of the Province where the settlers are as yet unable CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 73 to assume the burden of such works; the supervision of the vast area over which licences to cut timber have been granted (such supervision becoming much more difficult year by year as settle- ment increases) ; tiie collection of Government charges and dues leviable upon such timber ; and the settlement of the multifarious and often c()m|)licated questions which of necessity arise in the course of transactions covering so large a territory. Legislation re The Crown Domain. The Free Grant system was established as far back as 18U8, but various amendments have been made by later legislation. The more important Acts passed in recent years dealing with down property are the following : In 1884 the Act for protecting the public interests in rivers, streams and creeks was passed. In 1887 an Act was passed which further provided for the driving of saw-logs and other timber on lakes, rivers and streams, under all circumstances which may arise. This measure forbids the obstruction of navigation or floating, and sets forth the pro- ceedings when logs of several owners are intermixed. It also protects the rights of the Crown, and prov^ides for arbitration in cases of dispute. Enormous quantities of very valuable timber have been des- troyed from year to year by bush tires, the result of criminal carelessness. UK 1878 the Legislature attempted to check this waste by passing an " Act to Preserve Forests from Destruction by Fire." In the session of 1889 the Commissioner of Crown Lands intro- duced and carried through the House an Act respecting damages to lands by flooding in the new districts, providing a speedy and cheap mode of recovering damages by persons whose lands have been flooded by Timber Slide Companies and others. This Act has had the effect of expediting proceedings for the recovery of damages, and of greatly lessening their cost. Claims may be pre- |sented in the Division Court, and the Judge is required to deter- Imine them without pleading and at comparatively little expense. In 1890 an Act was passed transferring the administration of [the Timber Slide Companies' Act from the Department of Public jWorks to that of Crown Lands, and certain amendments were |at the same time made which experience had shown to be expedient. In 1891 an Act which gave to the workmen in lumber shanties ff 74 CROWN LANDS DEPAIlTMENT. of Algoraa, extended in 1894, to Muskoka, Nipissing and Parry Sound, a lien on the logs cut by them, for their wages, was sub- mitted by the Commissoner and became law. It not only gives the lien, but provides a simple and inexpensive means of realizing their claim through the division courts. He further introduced and passed an Act making better provis- ion for the measurement and culling of timber cut by limit hold- ers on licensed lands, under which more stringent regulations are enforced for the protection of the interests of the Province in such timber. It provides, too, in addition to the above, for the effec- tive examination of those engaged in measuring and culling saw- logs, and for the issuing of licences to such persons, which may be revoked upon proof of fraud or misconduct. The fishery laws of the Province were, up to 1896, adminis- tered by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, who in 1892 carried through the Act entitled •' An Act for the Protection of the Pro- vincial Fisheries in Provincial Waters." In 1892 further amendments to the Timber Slide Companies' Act were made providing for a proper inspection of the works of Slide Companies and constructing a new Schedule of Tolls, based upon a rate per thousand feet, instead of as per piece, as foiiinerly. In 189(; another amending Act was passed, providing for a more satisfactory mode of taking the accounts of companies and of investigating various matters which have to be considered in the ann^ial settlement of the tolls. ^ Certain inconveniences having become apparent in the matter of sales for taxes of unpatented lands in the Free Grant territory, an Act was passed in 1893 providing that no one should acquire under sale for taxes more Free Grant land than he would be en- titled to under the Free Grants Act ; and that no sale for taxes of such lands should be made where the taxes are less than $10, or where no bona-fide improvements have been made, and that all lands so sold for taxes should be subject to all the conditions | of settlement or otherwise of the Free Grants Act. In 1896 the Act respecting Timber on Public Lands was] amended by enacting more stringent measures for collecting tim- ber dues on default, and for adjusting disputes as to dues or other! charges, also empowering the Commissioner to issue permits for| the manufacture of pulp wood upon the same lands on which! licences to cut other kinds of timber may have issued. In 1897 provision was made for the speedy removal of tresi passers from Crown Lands in the unorganized portions of the| Provmce. This was deemed necessary owing to the danger of des CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 75 ind Parry was sub- only gives ,f realizing iter provia- limit hold- Alations are ince in such ,r the effec- juUing saw- tiich may be ,96, adminis- 1892 carried 1 of the Pro- e Companies' of the works iule of Tolls, 3 per piece, as ed, providing of companies be considered in the matter rant territory, hould acquire would be en- sale for taxes less than $1-0, nade, and that | [the conditions r liic Lands was] I collecting tim- 1 lo dues or otherS lie permits fori mds on whichi ^ued. I emoval of tresi Portions of thel ^ danger of des^ truction of valuable forest areas, from the goin^' in of unauthorized persons under pretence of prospecting for niin M-als, etc. A more summary metiiod than the former one was, tlierefore, provided for dealing with such trespassers. Important amendments have also been made as regards the Surveying of Lands and the profession of Surveying, this being also an adjunct of the Department of Crown Lands. MiAiwj Legislation. In LSni the law respecting]; mines and mining was amended, in 1892 it was consolidated, and in 1894 and 1897 further amend- ments were made, the whole being now known as The Mines Act (R.S.O., 1897, cap 36). The tendency of recent legislation has been towards two principal objects — (1) the compulsory development of mining lands, and (2) the lightening of the burdens to be borne by the actual operator. Lands for mining purposes may be either bought from the Crown or leased for a term of ten years, renewable for further periods. The purchase price varies from $2 to $3 per acre in the northern and western portions of the Province, and from .^1.50 to $2 in the eastern portion. The rirst year's rental is at the rate of $1 per acre and GO cents per acre respectivel}', and for subse- quent years 25 and 15 cents. In all cases working conditions are imposed, and it is no longer possible to acquire mining lands on terms which permit of their being held for indefinite periods without an attempt being made to develop them. It is provided that during the seven years immediately following the issue of a patent or lease a sum not less than at the rate of $1 per acre during the first two years, and !?1 per acre during each of the remaining five years, shall be laid out in actual mining opeia- tions, failing which expenditure the title may be forfeited and the land resumed by the Crown. For purposes of comparison it may be mentioned that, by the Canadian Government regulations for placer mining on the Yukon River, a royalty at the rate of ten per cent, is imposed on gold when the amount won does not exceed $500 per week, and twenty per cent, upon any excess of .that amount. The public interest in the mines and minerals of the Province [is further protected by providing for a royalty on the output of [from two to three per cent, of its value. This is payable to the [Crown, but in order to prevent its bearing too hardly upon the [industry, seven years are allowed after the granting of a patent 76 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. or lease during which no royalty is exacted, anandon at the end of either of the above periods if it prove worthless. The Mines Act contains clauses permitting the " staking out " of mining claims, and the holding of them by doing continuous work upon them. These clauses are only operative where a part of the Province has been declared a Mining Division under the Act. The Mining Division of Michipicoton has been so set apart, and a large number of claims have been taken up in it by pros- -^^ mssi CROWN LANDS DEE'ARTMENT. 77 pectors and others, who take out a licence at a cost of SlO per anmiin ami who need only lay out thoir claiuis by staking them on the fjround. The cost of a rej,'ular survey is thus avoided, and the Province gets the benefit of spi-edy development. Stringent provisions are ma'le for the protection of working miners, rides \ni\i\i 78 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. li'Si'fit I'l The local agents of the Grown Lands Department are supplied ■with maps and lists of lands sold and leased within their agen- cies, so that they may be in a position to give information to inquiisrs and obviate the delay which might be caused by corresponding with the Department at Toronto. At Rat Portage, headquarters for the Lake of the Woods mining district, a mining lands agent has been stationed, whose services have proved very useful to the mining men of that part of the Province. It can fairly be claimed that the gratifying development which the mining industry of the Province has recently witnessed has been due in no small degree to the liberality of the mining laws, which in the opinion of competent judges are as favorable as any found elsewhere. Following is the opinion of Dr. R. W. Raymond, of New York, Secretary of the American Institute of Mining En- gineers, recognized as the great American authority on mining laws, taken from the Ottawa Mining Review of October, 1897 : " The Ontario Mining Act, as framed in 1892, seems to me to embody a very judicious attempt to continue the encouragement of exploration and mining, with the retention of sovereign control and supervision." After dealing with the various provisions of the Act, Dr. Raymond remarks : " i trust also that the excellent features I have taken the liberty of pointing out will not be sacrificed, either to paternal authority on the one hand or bocialistic clamor on the other." ■ .■ ' ' Departmental Work. The sales of Crown Lands between 1868 and 1871 averaged 59,400 acres a year ; between 1872 and 1896 they averaged 62,- 000 acres. The increase in the number of timber licenses issued, and of saw-logs and timber returns received and checked yearly, has p.ib'), in both cases, been very large. The acquisition of the new territory which has been added to the western part of the Province has greatly increased the work of this department. In 1889 the Government brought into op- eration the " Rainy River Free Grants and Homesteads Act," by which twenty townships, containing over 230,000 acres of land, were opened for acttlement A commission appointed to examine the claims of settlers who had gone into the tJistrlct while the title thereto vrs in dispute made their report, and patents were issued to a considerable number of claimants who were found en- titled to same. CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 79 Free Grant Townships. , The following statement, condensed from the Reports of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, shows the progress of the settle- ment of the Free Grant Districts since 1868: • Pekiod. Townships Set Apart. Pkksons Located. Acres Located. Acres Sold. 1868—1872 68 4,265 525,944 13,381 1872—1877 34 6,440 800,139 18,873 1877—1882 30 6,922 938,782 29,601 1882—1887 10 5,429 758,415 31,902 1887—1892 22 2,443 328,833 8,339 1892—1897 7 3,122 412,124 10,910 Total 161 28,621 3,824,237 113,006 Sale Townships. In addition to the above, 43 townships have, since 1871, been opened for purposes of sale, besides which, h number v^f town- ships have been opened for sale or lease under the Mines Act. Expenditure ore Account of Surveys. The Sandfield Macdonald Government, during their 4 years of office, expended on surveys $13y,13j, an average of $34,784 per year. The Blake-Scott Government; in 1872, expended upon surveys $36,911. The Mowat Government, in 24 years (1873-96 inclusive), ex- pended $872,261, or an average of $36,344 |ier year. Of this sum $701,954 was for township surveys, and the re- mainder, $170,307, for surveying base, meridian, boundary and exploration lines, mineral surveys, and outlines of townships and timber limits. m ft 80 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. Population of Free Grant Districts. The population of the following new and Free Grant districts has increased with remarkable rapidity under this system of settlement, as is shown by the following table taken from the Dominion census : — Population. DiSTEIOT. * • 1871. 1891. Inckbasb, Muakoka and Parry Sound Nipissing G,919 1,791 7,018 36,818 13,020 41,856 29,899 . 11,229 Algoma 34,838 Total 15,728 91,694 75,966 an increase of no less than 483 per cent. A somewhat similar increase has taken place in those portions of Haliburton, Peter- borough, Hastings, Aldington, Frontenac and Renfrew, which have been brought under the operation of the Free Grants and Homesteads Act. Woods and Forests. The revenue from timber is derived Irom (1) bonuses, (2) an- nual groui.^. rents, and (3) timber dues. The timber limita are always dis{)o.sed of at public auction, the person obtaining a limit being the one who biiis the highest, the ground rent being the same in all cases — $3.00 per square mile — and the timber dues being payable as the timber is cut. The dues on timber sold pre- vious to 1892 were $1.00 per thousand feet; at the sale of that year they were increased to $1.25 per thousand feet. The bonus secures for the purchaser nothing more than the first right to ob- tain an annual license to cut timber on a particular limit, sub- ject to the payment of ground rent and of certain dues on every log cut. The chief part of the yearly revenue from this branch arises from the collection of ground rents and timber dues, buii from time to time, as settlement encroaches on timber lands, the CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 81 ; districts ystera of from the Incheasb. 2i>,899 U,229 34,838 75,966 liat similar ton, Peter- ew, which Grants and ises, (2) an- limits are ning a limit t being the ,imber dues er sold pre- ale of that The bonus right to ob- ' limit, sub- es on every this branch ler dues, bui, r Iftnds, the latter have to be put under license, i.e., sold at auction in the sense above explained. The total collection for the year covered by the report of 1896 on account of woods or forests was $^12,421, which includes $45,- 520 paid in on account of bonus; the latter amount being de- ducted leaves $760,901 as the revenue from timber dues, ground rent, etc., during the year 1890. Sales of Timber Limits. Since Mr. Mowat became Premier in 1873 every sale of timber limits has been carried out under the direction of the Commis.sion- er of Crown Lands. The area sold within the 23 years to 181)6 was 4,234 square miles, for which the Ontario "Government re- ceived in lound numbers, by way of bonus, the large amount of $5,101,027, an average rate of nearly $1,205 a square mile. For the same area of timber lands, the Dominion Government would have received, by way of bonus, only $21,170, or a uniform rate of only five dollars a square mile. The difference betwer a these two sums represents what would have gone into the pockets of speculators and of supporters of the Government at Ottawa had the latter sold the timber. The sale of timber limits in 1892 disposed of 633 square miles, and realized $2,315,000, or the magnificent average of 83,657 a mile. (See table of sales, page 84) A sale of pine timber lands took place in 1872, while the Hon. Edward Blake was Prime Minister, and the Hon. R. VV. Scott was Commissioner of Crown Lands. The area then disposed of was about 5,000 square miles. The transaction was, during the next session of the Legislature, exhaustively discussed in all its as|)ects. The Assembly, by a large majority, endorsed what had been done. Only four members voted against the resolution in- troduced by Hon. E. B. Wood (set out below) which sanctions the method since pursued by the Mowat Government in all its sales, and which was carried almost unanimously. Messrs. Cameron and Meredith, the late leaders of the opposition, were amongst those who voted for it. This sale has been endorsed by the jieople, after full discussion, at six general election.s (1875, 1879, 1883, 1886, 1890 and 1894), so that there is no longer any need to discuss it as an open ques- tion. [Thp resolution adopted by the Legislature was a;3 follows : Page 153, vol. 0, journals 1873.1 '^\ 82 CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. I '■■ :'j :t:. " RESOLVED, That this House approves of the policy of the Crown Lands Department, as set forth in the regulations of the Department, made in 1869, that 'The Commissioner of Crown Lands, before granting any licenses for new timber berths in the unsurveyed territory, shall, as far as practicable, cause the section of the country Arhere it is intended to allot such berths to be run out into tovsrnships, and such townships, when so surveyed, shall constitute a timber berth ; but the Commissioner of Crown Lands may cause such townships to be^ subdivided into as many timber berths as he may think proper ; and the berths or limits when so surveyed and set off, and all new berths or limits in surveyed territory, shall be explored and valued, and there offered for sale by public auction at the upset price fixed by such valuation, at such time and place, and on such conditions and by such officer as the Commissioner of Crown Lands shall direct, by public notice for that purpose, and shall be sold to the highest bidder for cash at the time of sale.' " Quebec Timber Sales, It is instructive to compare the sales above referred to with the sale of timber lands made by the Conservative Government of the Province of Quebec. Between October, 1873, and January, 1890, the Quebec Government sold 6,235 square miles, realizing by way of bonus the sum of $398,722, an average of about $62 per square mile, as compared with the a,-?rage of $1,205 per mile realized by the Ontario Government, Sales lu Quebec since 1890 have realized less rather than more. It is to be observed, i^ has been previously stated, that what was sold in Ontario was only the right to cut the pine timber upon the territory, and that the timber when cut ?s subject to the ordinary timber duties mentioned above. In this way a large sum will be paid into the revenue annually as a result of the sales. No right or title whatever in the land was con- veyed Lo the purchasers at the sales, and the licenses issued to them are strictly under the control of the Legislature and the Department. CoTnparison : Ontario vs. the Dominion System of Sales. The difference between the two systems of disposing of timber lands by the Dominion and the Province respectively, strikingly contrasts the business methods of the Province, with the jobbery methods of the late Ottawa Government. Sales by the Province ^■T" CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 83 are made only by public auction in the open market, to the person who bids the highest bonus (subject to the annual ground rent of $3 per square mile, and to the timber dues above mentioned, of $1 or $1.25 per M.) after being advertised widely for several months. Sales by the Conservative Government at Ottawa were made privately, without being advertised, to political friends or favor- ites, who would pick out the timber they desired. This timber was then sold to the applicant — if he were a friend — with no other bonus than $5 per square mile per annum, and subject to dues equal to about 75 cents per M. The following schedule will show the comparison between the general sales by the late Dominion Government of Dominion tim- ber limits and the last sale oftimber limits in thisProvince in 1892: ' i> Amount of bonus per square mile.. Annual ground rent. Dues per m. feet. Board measure. Ontario ^,657 $3 $1.25 Dominion Nil. $5.00 75 ^ent.s. On a limit of 50 square miles (which is the average size granted by the Dominion Government) the gain to the people of On- tario, in bonuses over the Dominion system would be $182, i50 00 On an average limit of 50 square miles, the gain to the Province on dues alone would be 25,000 00 Less $100 difference in ground rent $207,850 CO 100 00 Leaving the net gain in favor of Ontario on 50 square miles. .$207,750 00 Timber Sales Before Confederation, 1841 — 1807. 9,904 miles were sold at only 50c. a mile, and 2,561 " " '•' at$45.50amileof bonus, or 8116,771. 12,465 Table of Sales of Limits by the Province since Confed- eration. Statement showing Timber Limit Sales since Gonfederatiou, with dates of sales, number of miles sold, total prices realized, rates of dues and ground rent in force at date of each sale, highest price per mile, and average price per mile of each sale : Jf V 84 crown lands department. Sales held under Sandfield 'Macdonald Government. Date. December 23, 1868. July 6, 1869 February 15, 1870. November 23, 1871. o CO a 0) 38 12 487 6:w o . o « H * c. 14,446 5(1 25,564 50 7,680 00 117,672 00 03 43 a ()7 miles Roads repaired. ..441 miles 1H> miles 1< OlHi miles Bridges built. ..2,072 feet (MiS feet 82;W9 feet Expenditure $178,000 $44,f.OO $2,774,180.69 Yearly Average. 190 mi es 42<> miles Mm feet 8115,691 ^ V The expenditure of over two and three-quarter miUions of dol- lars is, of course, a return of .surplus revenue to the people. A large part of the Provincial revenue is derived from the sale of Crown Lands, the sale of timber limits, and the receipt of timber dues ; and it is not merely a wise policy to use a portion of that revenue to develop the country, but a just policy to use it in alleviating the inevitable hardships of backwoods settlement and frontier life. Ontario Cullers' Act, Since this Act was passed in 1890, examinations of candidates for cullers' licenses have been held each year under its provisions at various points in the lumbering districts, conducted by boards of examiners appointed by the Department. Of the candidates who presented themselves, 644 were found duly qualified, and were granted licenses accordingly. Game Laws. i; ;„ ' The laws relating to the preservation of fish and game have, during recent years, undergone a thorough revision and improve- ment. The report of a Commission on the Grame and Fish of the Province has awakened a general interest in this subject, and forms a volume of useful information which has been very gener- ally sought for and perused. The Game Laws of Ontario are now admittedly the most advanced and complete of all the codes in force in the various States and Provinces of America. Stringent provisions have been adopted for enforcing these laws, and more effectively than ever heretofore securing for the benefit of the Province the preservation of fish and game as important sources of food supply for our own people. The administration of the Game h&ws is under the Commissioner of Crown Lands, while the laws relating to the fisheries of the Province are under the supervision of the Attorney-General. The cost of enforcing these laws is fully provided for by licen.se fees paid hy non-residents for the privilege of hunting or fishing in this Province, and by if •" CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. 89 tliose who take out licenseis for the shooting of deer. It is now acknowledged by everyone that the ditiicult task of enforcing pitne protection has heen successfully fjrappled with, and there is niucli general satisfitctiori on the part of the public that instead of being exterminated, as at one time seemed probable, some of the most important game birds and animals are found at the present time in greatly increased numbers. Alcjonquin National Park. In 1892 a commission was appointed by the Government to inquire into the advisability of setting aside an area in the dis- trict of Nipissing for the purpose of a Forest Reservation and National Park. Following the report of this commission, in the session of 1893 the Commissioner of Crown Lands introduced a bill by which 18 townships in the Ni|)issing district lying be- tvven Parry Sound district and the Ottawa river, containing in all 938,180 acres, were reserved from sale or settlement for all time to come, and dedicated to the public under the name of The Algonquin National Park of Ontario. In 1894 six half town- ships were added, bringing the area of the park up to 1,10D,383 acres. The park comprises within its boundaries the sources of the following large and important rivers, viz., the South River, flowing northerly into Lake Nipissing ; the Muskoka (north branch) emptying into Georgian Bay ; the Madawaska and Peta- wawn, flowing into the Ottawa; the Little Nipissing, a branch of the Petawawa, and the Amable du Fond, a tributary of the Mat- tawa, as well as a vast number of lakes of varying size. Some of the views along the lakes and rivers are exceedingly picturesque. The territory contains a very small proportion of agricultural land, is all more or less densely wooded, and is the natural home of such wild animals as the moose, deer, beaver, otter, fisher, bear, etc. By the Park Act, the only timber which may be cut and remov- ed throughout the whole of this immense area is the pine, and as it is now a well-settled fact that the destruction of forests at the sources of rivers leads to sudden and disastrous floods, and also to a diminution of their waters, one principal object of the park will be achieved by preserving the rivers rising in it in their pre- sent full and equable flow, a matter of prime importance to the great lumbering interests in the eastern part of the Province. The pine timber only being subject to removal, there will be pre- served great blocks of original forest, comprising maple, birch, beech, hemloc'i, tamarac, cedar, balsam, etc., to present to the ■,.v: .%. ^^ o% ^0, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIM 1112.5 tlllU IIM 40 IIM i zo 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► V} VI VI c^^ 'a ■Q' ■>' o %^ o 7 ,5s- /a f Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 ( 716) 872-4503 L

acres of land owned by the Province at Rondeau, on Lake Erie, as a public park, reservation and health resort for the benefit of the people. The spot is a beautiful one and the neighborhood abounds in game and fish. The setting apart of this tract as a public park met with the approval of both sides of the House, Mr. Clancy, then member for Kent, and an opponent of the Government, being one of the most outspoken in his support of the measure. y > • w DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 91 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. From 1846 till 1876 the educational interests of Ontario were administered by the late Dr. Egerton Ryeraon as Chief Superin- tendent, acting under the advice of a Council of Public Instruction appointed by the Crown. The Chief Superintendent and his Council were invested with authority to make regulations re- specting the training and licensing of teachers, the authorization of text-books, the courses of study in Public and High Schools, and all other matters of a similar character. These regulations, so long as they were within the statutory powers of the Council of Public Instruction, had the force of law. Although universally ad- mitted that Dr. Ryerson's administration of the Education Depart- ment was characterized by great ability, it was generally felt that a Department dealing with the expenditure of large school grants and other public funds and controlling interests of such a vital character as the education of half a million of children, should be brought more directly under the control of Parliament. In this view Dr. Ryerson himself shared, and as far back as 1868 suggested in a letter to the late Sir Matthew Crooks Cam- eron, then Provincial Secretary, that the office of Chief Superin- tendent should be abolished and the Education Department placed under a responsible Minister. That Mr. Cameron looked with favor on Dr. Ryerson's proposal is evident from the correspondence which passed between them. On the 30th of January, 1869, he wrote the Chief Superintendent, requesting him to continue in the discharge of his duties " until the Gov- ernment matured a measure for placing the Education Depart- ment under the direct supervision of a member of the Executive Council." The Liberals in Power. On the accession of Edward Blake to office in 1871, Dr. Ryer- son reiterated his desire to retire from office and renewed his recommendation that a Minister should be appointed in his place. It was not, however, until 187G that the Government, acting upon his suggestion, amended the School Act and ap- pointed the late Adam Crooks, then a membei of the Govern- ment, to the position of Minister of Education, and at the same time brought the whole School System of the Province under the direct control of Parliament. In this position it has contin- ued ever since. i ill in 1 1 !l f 5 92 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. ill I 1 ■ ;.«v .1 The change from a Chief Superintendent to a Minister of Ed- ucation was strongly opposed by the Conservative party for many years, on the alleged groiinds that the Department would be used for political purposes, and, consequently, the educational interests of the country would be injuriously affected. This was the view held by Sir William Meredith as leader of the Opposi- tion, and, apparently, the view maintained by Mr. Whitney, the present leader, a few years ago. Change of Front. Mr. Whitney has, however, apparently changed his mind with regard to the propriety of continuing a Minister of Education, as the following resolutions will show : On the 30th of April, 1.S91 (See page 1G3 of the Journals, IS.'^l), it was moved by Mr. White, of Essex, and seconded by Mr. Clancy," That the Bill re- specting the Education Department be not now read the third time, but that it be resolved that it is expedient to place the Ed- ucation Department under the control of a non-political head, and that the said Bill be referred back to the Committee of the whole House with instructions to amend the same by providing for the abolition of the office of Minister of Education after the dissolution of the present House." Again, on the 25th day of April, 1894 (see page 148 of the Journals, 1894), it was moved by Mr. White (Essex), seconded by Mr. Hudson, " That it is essential to a non-partizan, management of the educational affairs of this Province that the Department should not be under the control of a political head, and that the office of Minister of Education should be abolished." For these resolutions Mr. Whitney voted, and so did such of hi,s present colleagues as were in the House at that time. But a longer experience of a Minister of Education, czar though he may be, has taught him that the office is a proper one, and that the same ministerial responsibility should attach to a Minister of the Crown who looks after the education of the people as attaches to any other great spending department in the public service. Let us congratulate Mr. Whitney on his conversion to Liberalism, even though so near the end of the century. Advisory Board. But while Mr. Whitney agrees to the retention of the office of a Minister ot Education he proposes that he shall not act upon his responsibility as a Minister of the Crown, but that he shall be DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 98 subject to the direction of arf Advison' Board. This proposition sucrgests one of two thinj^.s, either Air. Whitney does not know of any man in the Conservative rani• 1884. Tliliu Reader Fourth Reader High School Reader, 1886 imyw-- wvwtf^ ag-.igf.wgg — M ilSlE BH DEPARTMENT OW EDUCATION. 103 Public School Public School Public School Public School Public School History of th Public School Public School Public School Arithmetic, 1887. Algebra and Euclid, 1894. Geography, 1887. Grammar, 1887. History of England and Canada, 1892. e Dominion of Canada (for Fifth Form), 1897. Drawing Course, 1891. Physiology and Temperance, 1893. Writing Course, 1891, Angular; 1896, Vertical. Authority of Trustees. Although the Department exercises the right of changing the text books when deemed necessary, trustees are empowered to continue the use of a former text book so long as it appears on the authorized list. Sec. 90 of the Public Schools Act provides as follows : " Any authorized text book in actual use in any public or model school may be changed by the teacher of such school for any other authorized text book in the same subject, on the written approval of the trustees and the Inspector, provided al- ways such change is made at the beginning of a school term, and at least six months after such approval has been given." Books Added. (a) Temperance — Representations were made to the Depart- ment by the friends of Temperance, particularly the W.C.T.U. that the study of Physiology and Temperance would be of ad- vantage to the school children as a means of guarding them aixainst the dangerous use of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics. Accordingl}' a text book was authorized in 1893. (The text book previously used was merely optional). In the United States, where this subject is taught, the course is divided into three parts, and a text book authorized for each sub-division of the course, the cost of which for the full course amounts to 80 cents. The cost of the Temperance text book used in Ontario is 25 cents, (b) Euclid and Aloebra — In order to enable pupils in the Fifth Form to complete the course of study in Algebra and Euc- lid, without being obliged to purchase the text book authorized in these subjects tor the High School Course, a new text book was prepared, covering the work prescribed for the Fifth Form, and called " Public School Euclid and Algebra/' which sells for 25 I ^^^Ji'.■.'■l'i.:!ilt4'VtiS'iL^ ^I^SB 104 DK'ARTMENT OF EDUCATION. I ft J ; .1 cents. This relieves the pupils from purchasing the text books in the same subjects in the High School Course, which sell for $1.25, thus saving $1 to each pupil in the Fifth Form. (c) Writing CJourse — Previous to 1891 there was no author- ized copybook in Writing. The copybooks in the market were sold at 10 cents each. In order to control the price, the Depart- ment authorized a series of copybooks, and fixed the price at 7 cents per copybook, saving 3 cents to each pupil in the Writing Course, or about $14,000 to the whole Province. (d) Dominion History — In order to promote the attachment of Canadians to their own country, it was considered advisable by the school authorities of the different Provincss that a text book should be introduced into all the schools of Canada in which the History of Canada would be presented as a Dominion and not as separate Provinces. For the preparation of this History the various Provinces contributed $2,000. Alter much labor a suitable history was at length prepared and accepted by the Eilucation Departments of every Province. This History is authorized for the Fifth Form of Public Schools and for the High Schools of Ontario, and is sold for 50 cents. To this addi- tion to the Text Books no loyal Canadian can object. Number of Text Books Used. In 1875, the last full year of Dr. Ryerson's administration there were used in the different subjects of the Public School Course 55 text books. In 1883, the last year of Mr. Crooks* administration, there were used in the Public Schools of Ontario, 53 text books. In 1898, there are now in use in the Public Schools 11 text books. In each case the Readers are counted as one text book. The policy of tlie Depaitiaent is to authorize but one text book in each subject, so that pupils in clianging from one locality to another, or from one school to another, may not be required to purchase new books. , Great Reduction Made. To show the extent to which the publication of text books has been simplified within the last few years, it may be stated that in 1883, before the present Minister of Education took charge, several text books in the same subject were used in the Public Schools. DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION. 105 In Grammar 11 different text books. In Geography . . , 9 In Arithmetic 4 In History 6 In Reading 3 series of text books. In each of these subjects there is but one text book now in use. High School Text Boohs. In 1875 there were used in the High Schools of Ontario, 80 different text books; in 1883, 131; in 1898, 25. Of the 25 in use now two are common to both the Public and Hijjh School course, and with the exception of Algebra and Composition, there is but one text book in each subject. / Canada for the Canadians. The policy of the Education Department is to encourage the production of text books in Canada, and to accomplish this- as far as possible, the Canadian author has been given the prefer- ence over a foreign author. In 18837 out of the 184 books used in the Public and High Schools, 49 were written by Canadians and 135 were written either by American or British authors. In 1898 every book used in the Public and High Schools, with two exceptions, is the work of a Canadian ^uthor. The two ex- ceptions are the Euclid and the Greek Beginner's Book, both used in High Schoola Encourage Home Manufactures. In 1883, 87 of the text books used in the Public and High Schools were imported from abroad. In 1898, every text book used in the Public and High Schools is manufactured in Canada, thus giving employment to our own printers, binders, paper manufacturers, etc. Reduction in Price. Drawing Books. Writing Books . 2nd Roader 3rd " 4th •• 5th " ^o. of Pi'piis Price in 1883. Prioe in 1898. inSii' Jeot, 18S0. $ .15 $ .6 447,4.^)6 .10 .7 464 286 .25 .20 91 8(lH .36 .30 99 10< .45 .40 «9.n'22 .60 .50 19.014 Money saved. «44,745 50 13 928 f 8 4.590 40 4,955 40 4,476 l,9ul 10 40 Total saved in above. $74,697 38 'fl ' 106 DEPARTMENT OF^EDUCATION. List of Text Books in New York State. A comparison between .the cost of text books used in the majority of the Elementary Schools of the State of New York and the Province of Ontario may be useful : Readers Arithmetic Geography Grammar History Drawing Writing Physiology and Temperance. Algebra and Euclid Total cost New York. $2 57 95 80 00 00 05 48 10 Not used $9 95 Ontario. $1 65 25 76 26 80 SO '46 26 25 $4 95 Text Books by Prison Labor. Dr. Meacham, Member for Lennox, suggested that our text books should be made at the Central Prison, and in this way could be furnished to the children of Ontario at a greatly reduced price. The plant and machinery for the publication of text books is very expensive, and before this work could be under- taken an outlay of about $50,000 would be necessary. In Cali- fornia, where the State produces all the text books under its own! supervision, the initial outlay for plant and material was !ijl70,-l 000. Apart from the initial cost, however, nobody would think! of entrusting the manufacture of text books, which require skill- ed labor of the highest quality, to the untrained and very often I degraded classes which constitute the bulk of the prisoners at| the Central Prison. Government Grants for Education It is said by the Opposition that the High Schools have re- ceived a more generous treatment relatively from the Govern- ment than the Public Schools since the Liberal Party came into! power. This is not correct, as the following statement shows : DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 107 Moneys distributed among Public, Poor and Separate Schools '. (Increase 71 per cent.) Moneys paid to High Schools (Increase 4H per cent.) Amount per Pupil Moneys paid for all School Purposes (Increase 100 per cent.) Cost of Civil Government, Education Department . , 1871 9 c. 178.975 00 69,986 00 9 71 361,306 00 20,622 00 1896 9 0. 312,938 00 100,000 00 4 07 702,457 00 20,045 00 To be able to carry on the work of the Education Department at a lower cost for Civil Government in 1896 than in 1871, not- withstanding the growth of the Province, is no small tribute to the Liberal Party. Growth of Education. Notwithstanding the " icisms of the Opposition, there is no doubt as to the stead j^rcss of education under the present Minister. Since he took charge of the Department in 1883 the following evidences of growth are worthy of notice : Number of Public Schools Number of Teachers Number of First-Class Certificates Number of Second-Class Certificates Number Trained in Normal School Number oi Pupils Passed Entrance Exms Number of High Schools Number of New High School Buildings since 1882 Number of High School Teachers Number of Pupils in High Schools Number of Pupils who left for Agricul- tural Pursuits Number who left for Mercantile life .... Number of Public Libraries Number of Volumes taken out by Readers Number of Students — School of Science. Number of University Students 1882 5,203 6,587 246 2,169 1,873 4,371 104 332 12,348 646 881 94 251,920 18 342 1896 5,996 8,988 297 3,309 3,418 10,240 130 45 574 24,567 1,139 1,326 368 1,107,365 142 741 Increase. 793 2,131 51 1,140 1,546 5,869 26 242 12,219 493 444 274 865,445 124 399 108 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. {^From speeches hy Hon. 0. W. Ross.) Mr. Whitney advocates the complete separation of the Univer- sity from Government control, on two grounds, (1) that it be protected against the malign influence of designing politicians ; and (2) that it might receive contributions to its endowments from the millionaires of the Province. Let me answer these propositions historically. The present constitution of the University was the work of the late Robert Baldwin, and was adopted by the old Parliament of Canada in 1849, for two purposes, to remove the University from denomi- national control and to protect its endowments which were being wasted by irresponsible trustees. Amendments were made to this Act in 1853, under Sir Francis Hincks, and various amendments in subsequent years ; but the principle of parliamentary control was retained in every change, and, so far as I know, never questioned. Since the Baldwin Act of 1849, we have had a succession of great parliamentary leaders in power and in opposition. We had Hincks and Sir John Mac- donald, and George Brown and Sandfield Macdonald, and Edward Blake and Sir Matthew Crooks Cameron, and Sir Oliver Mowat and Sir William Meredith, but it remained for Mr. Whitney, whose parliamentary experience, to say the least, is not compar- able with any of the persons named, to propose the complete separation of the Univer^iity from the control of the Executive Government. You can judge for yourselves whether his political experience warrants him in setting aside the policy of his prede- cessors, and completely changing the relations of the University to the State by which it was founded. 1. Let us examine somewhat in detail what the proposed separa- tion means. By report of a Committee of the Board of Trustees submitted to the House in 1894, the value of the University en- dowments, including buildings, investments, real estate and equipment, was estimated at $3,856,873.99, or in round numbers, $4,000,000. This endowment is the product of lands appropriat- ed to the use of the University by the advice of Governor Sim- coe, in 1797, or one hundred years ago. Mr. Whitney proposes that this valuable estate, which is the gift of the people of On- tario, shall be removed from the control ot Parliament, which represents the people, and handed over to somebody, he does not DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION. 109 say to whom, but to somebody beyond the reach of political con- trol. He might as well say that the Parliament Buiklin• .!*■' %¥ 5 '^m '^ji ■g: 1; 112 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. It (' 'ir beneficence in their case ? They are as well organized as McQill, Bnd L have no douht areas useful Mnd etticii it. Would it not be the hiiiiL'st and proper thing for Mr. Whitney, before flying his university kite, to look over ihe whole Hold of university educa- tion and t ndownient, to see if there whs any ground for his ex- pectation that the change which he proposes would bring to the lJniver>ity any ndditioiuil revenue ? Or, perliipa, Mr. Whifney knows of certain niiliionHires who are waiting,' to give their money if his policy is adopted. It so, he should say so, that we might hold our caps for this shower of ^old which is about to fall. 6. But is McGill Univer.'^ify, whose golden harvests have aroused such envy, really more independent of Government control than Toionto? Let us compare .its Charter with the Act of Parlia- ment governing Toronto University — and fiist as to their re- spective powers to manage their own internal affairs. As already stated, the Senate of Toronto University has power to puss statutes prescribing courses of study for Matriculation and for every Degree in Arts, Medicine or any other branch of leurning which the Senate thinks pro|)er, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council ; such statute has no effect till so approved. In the case of McGill, every Statute, Rule or Or- dinance of the Governors of the University js subject to the dis- approval of the Governor-General of Canada, and is not opera- tive lor GO days aiter it is passed ; if within such time it is not disapproved by the Governor-General, then it becomes binding, subject, however, to be revised or set aside by Her Majesty's Privy Council. Is this the independence Mr. Whitney says has given McGill such large endowments? The Governor-General has similar power with respect to the appointment of Professors to the University, that is, he may dis- approve of any of them within GO days, otherwise it takes effiect. In Toronto, the appointments are made by Order-in-Council ; in McGill, by the Governors or Trustees of the University. A par- tizan government may make political appointments to the Uni-^ versity of Toronto, it is true, and a partizan Governor-General may refuse to approve of appointments to McGill that were not partizan. Where is the substantial difference? The main dif- ference between the so-called independence of McGill and the subordinate position which Toronto occupies^; is that all the Statutes and Ordinances of McGill go into effect when passed by the University authorities, if not disapproved within GO days by the Governor-General ; in the case of the University of Toronto, /-' »^Ji DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 118 they have no effect until .ipproved ; and, in the second place, the Professors of Mcuill University are appointed by the Governors or Trustees, sulject to disallowance by the Governor-General within 60 days ; in Toronto, they are appointed directly by the Government under an Order-in-Council. Now, is it reasonable to suppose this fine distinction as to the so-called independence of McGill has moved the wealthy and public-spirited citizens of Montreal to bestow upon it such large sums of money ? Is there not more wealth in Montreal to start with than there is in Toronto? Then McGill is the only Protes- tant, undt-nominational University in Quebec, having to compete with the Roman Catholic University so well endowed two cen- turies ago. Had that circumstance no effect in moving moneyed men to nelp it on ? Absolute independence it does not possess, certainly not to the same extent as Victoria or Queen's — why the difference in the gilts which each has received ? Would it not be proper and iair for Mr. Whitney to weigh all these cir- cumstances before jumping to the conclusion that the State which brought the University of Toronto into existence should disown its own offspring or hand it over to the tender mercies of imaginary millionaires whose charity has so far been a negative quantity ? 6. Still another view of the question. Does Mr. Whitney know that there is provision for the endowment of Chairs and Scholarships in the University of Toronto, now so that donors may direct the application of any gift without the inter- ference of the State, once the gift or endowment has been ac- cepted by the Crown on behalf of the University ? For proof I would refer him to Sections 82 to 85 of the Federation Act, 1.S87. As a matter of fact, the University is now in possession of 29 Scholarships, ranging in annual value from $105 to $230, from friends of the University, not one of which is controlled by the Government. The aggregate value of these Scholarships is $77,000, and all of them are applied as directed by the donors, and cannot, without the consent of the donors or their representa- tives, be diverted to any other purpose. A similar privilege is allowed by the ^ct with respect to Chairs in any faculty of the University. In the dispute which arosa between the University and the City of Toronto, with respect to the occupation of the Queen's Park, with which I had to deal as Minister of Education, the claims of the University were settled by accepting from the City, in lieu of the forfeiture of its lease of the Park, the endow- ment of two Chairs, one in English Literature and the other ia fi f lU DflPABTMENT OF EDUCATION. Geology and Mineralogy, to be maintained by the city for 999 years. In some Universities, not only is the purpose to which such gifts is to he applied prescribed by the donors, but the mode of appointing Professors to the Chair so to be established is also prescribed, and there would be nothing to hinder the application of such a rule to any gift bestowed upon the University of To- ronto. The University has also received $61,000 for the restora- tion of its Library alter the dioastrous fire of 1890, every dollar of which has been applied as directed by the donors. It also occu- pies a hall for religious purposes, the gift of the Toung Men's Christian Association. Its gymnasium and hall for the meetings of literary clubs were partially paid for by the graduates, and in the use of them there is no Government interference. In fact, the management of the University is almost as fully under the control of the Senate and Faculty now as if it were completely severed from the State. 7. But if the University of Toronto has not received large gifts from men of wealth, it is at all events free from the tyranny which in a few instances men of wealth have attempted to exercise over the teachings of the University which they have endowed, or which it was hoped they would endow. For instance, in 1895 Prof. Beemis was removed from the University of Chicago because he spoke too plainly respecting trade combines and monopolies to suit Mr. Rockefeller, who had endowed the University with nearly $12,000,000 ol the money which he had made as the Presi- dent of the Standard Oil Company, the largest monopoly in the world. The Literary Digest of October lJ«th, 1895, gives full de- tails of this case, with comments of leading American papers. Prof. Bet- mis, in explanation of his resignation said : " The benumbing influence of a certain class of actual or hoped- for endowments, whether this influence is directly exerted by donors or only indirectly felt by University authorities, is a grave danger now confronting some of the best institutions. " A wealthy and leading trustee of the University spoke to me in 1893 of ' our side ' in some club discussion of a noted strike. ' By our side you mean 1 ' I asked. ' Why, the capitalist's side, of course,' was the quick reply. " To a gentleman of unquestioned veracity, the President of the University (Dr. Harper), when referring to me, said in sub- stance : ' It's all very well to sympathize with the working men, but we get our money from those on the other side, and we can't afford to offend them.' " A few weeks ago Prof. Andrews, President of Brown Univer- OIPAaTMKNT or EDUCATION. 115 •Ify, WM called upon to defend himself because his views on the Silver Question were not agreeable to the Board of Trustees, even although these views wore advanced in an acad- emical sense rather than with any political motives. Of course such open interference with the independence of the teaching faculty is rare. It is possible, however, that whore not apparent, more than one Professor has in his mind the sources from which the revenue of his University comes, in dealing with economic or political problems 8. If we have no evidence that the University could gain financially by the proposed change, have we any evidence that it would gain academically ? Js it less prosperous relatively than any of tne other 16 Universities of Canada, or of any of the Universities of the United States similarly situated 1 Let the attendance of students from year to year be my answer. In 1854 the attendance of students was 84, in 1896, 957, and if we add the attendance in afifiliated colleges, the number would be 2883. Does that show any sign of decay ? Can Mr. Whitney show such expansion on the part of any other University in Canada or the United States privately endowed ? In 1871, the number of Professors and Instructors was 15 ; in 1896, 46. How many students have been driven away from the University by this political Nemesis, which exists only in his imagination ? How many Professors resigned because the polit- ical control was irksome ? Then see the expansion in buildings in the last few years. On the Department of Biology, $130,000 have been expended ; on Chemistry, $ 80,000 ; on the Library, $60,000, gymnasium, $36,000; and yet one would think, from the jeremiads of the hon. gentleman, that the grass was growing on its threshold, and that its halls were as dull and silent as a char- nel house. 9. Then, has the efficiency of its instruction suffered ? Go where you will, to the Universities of the Dominion or the United States, and you will find the graduates of Toronto taking prizes and Honours and Scholarships in face of the competitiuu from Harvard and Yale, and Chicago and Cornell, notwithstand- ing their political independence. During the present year five graduates have been appointed to Professorships or Lectureships in the neighboring Republic. If political control were such a nightmare, how could we have such results ? If Professors are political appointees as is suggested, they have shown wonderful ntness for their work, for their students excel the best men from universities that have no political relation with the State. II r 116 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Take the following list of thirty graduates of the University of Toronto, recently appointed to positions in the United States, as a token of its educational power : '*^i~, NAME. RANK. Saundar*, S. J Professor . . . Fairolouifh. H.R ... Davidson, F. J. A,.. Assoc. Prof.. Lawson, A. " Aikina, U. A AMlstant . . . MoLean, J. A Professor . . , Fraser, G. A. H. ... Mustard, W.P Barker, L. F Assoo. Prof, . CuUen,T. S Instructor .. Kutohj-r, T. B . . . . Logie, T Professor . . . Chamberlain, A. P.. Metzler, W. H Professor ... Metzler, 0. F " Frisby, E " Hall,T. P " MoMurrioh, J. P.... " LlUie, T. R Instructor .. . Stratton, A. W. .. .Assistant ... McLennan, S. F " Lainp, O Trav. Fel'ow. Lanylev, E. F Asst. Prof.., Ling, Q. H Assistant ... Bhaw, W. J Schofleld, W. H . . . Trav. Fellow. Hull, OF Professor... Ferswel), W. D " Gillespie. W Assistant . . . Sykes, W. H Lecturer SUBJECT. INSTITUTION. ADDRESS. . MathpmaticR Hamilton CoIUka Clinton, N T. Classical Lit Leiand-St&nford Unfr Palo Alto, Cat. . Romance Langf'B.. " " " .... " " '• . Min. & Geol — University of CalifomU.. Berkeley, OaL Philosophy Western Reserve Univ Cleveland. O. . Political Science. .University of C loradu Boulder, Col. . Classics Colorado ' College Col. Spxs. , Col. " Haverford College Haverford, Pa. . Anatomy Johns Hopkins Unlv Baltimore, Md. Gvnsecology " *' " " " .Medicine " " " " Williams College Williainston, Mars. Ethnology Clark University Worcester, Maes. . Mathematics Svracuse University Syra<:use, N. Y. " Mariette College Mariette, 0. .Astronomy Meteorological Bureau.... Wa8hingtoo,D.O. Chemistry ...... Tabor College Tabor, fa. Anatomy University of Michigan ..Ann Arbor. .,, . Zoology " " .. " " .Sanskrit University of Chicago.... Chicago. . Philosophy " " " . Closs'cs Am. Assoo. Archaeology.. .French Dartmouth College ...". ..Partmcuth,N.H, . Mathematics Wesleyan University Middleton, C*nD. . Piiychology Brown Universitv . , , Mod Lang's Harvard University . . Physic* Colby Unlver^i'y .Hebrew ... LinciilnUnivprsi'y Line In, Pa. .Mathematics Princeton University .... Princeton, W.J. . Univ. Extension . . Pennsylvania, 10. Mr. Whitney says, " That the Minister of Education will not allow the University to be withdrawn Irom Government control because he wants to u.se it lor party purposes." At Owen Sound he said, " The University of Tor nto was used from January to December as an annex to the Education Department for the ad- vancement of Mr. Ross' political schemes." Now, what proof has Mr. Whitney given of this charge ? In what way has Mr. Ross used the tjniversity for political purposes? A charge so grave should be sustained by some statement of fact from a party leader. Mr, Whitnej'^ must know the truth whereof he speaks, or he should not make the charge and repeat it with painful and pitiful iteration wherever he speaks. As a lawyer he must know that in the pettiest Court in the land the plaintiff is expected to prove his ca.se. Here he is before the highest Court — the Court of public opinion — and makes a bold, or to use his own words, a bald charge, without submitting a tittle of proof. Now, what control has the Minister of Education over the Uni- versity, and how has it been exercised ? DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 117 1. The Qovemment appoints nine members to the Senate once in three years. The last appointees were Justice Boyd, Justice McLennan, Dr. Dewart, Geo. Gooderham, Esq., Dr. Hoskin, Q.C., A. T. Wood, M.P., B. E. Walker, Manager Bank of Commerce, John Sreath, Inspector of High Schools, and Rev. Father Ryan. Can Mr. Whitney find any politics in this list? If so, let him give us particulars. 2. The Minister of Education has to report to his colleagues upon any statute passed by the Senate, and recommend it for approval or disapproval. Can Mr. Whitney mention a single statute of 'which the Minister has disapproved in the last 14 years ? I cannot think of one. Then where is the political virus of which Mr. Whitney speaks ? 3. The Minister might possibly try to dominate the teaching of the University, as it is alleged has been done by Mr, Rocke- feller and his allies in Chicago. If so, let us have the proof ; or, 4. He might make appointments to the teaching staflT of the University depend upon the political views of the candidates. If this is the charge, why not make it boldly and " baldly," and let it be investigated. I have nothing to fear. I would invite such enquiry. If true, it could surely be sustained, as out of a staflF of 46 proff'ssors or lecturers in Arts, 37 have been appointed during my administration, and out of a staff of 41 in the Medical Faculty, all were appointed during my term of office. Besides, I have appointed, witn the approval of my colleagues, a Librarian and several assistants, a Registrar, a Beadle and several minor officers, in all probably 100 persons, nearly all of whom are in the service still and worthy of public confidence. Let Mr. Whit- ney name a single political nominee on the whole list, and furnish proof that even a Division Court would accept, and I will ex- change places with him in the House the very next minute. He must furnish proof or stand condemned before the public as trifl- ing with his reputation as a leader of a great political party. 118 DEPABTMENT OF AaRICULTURE. vll . ■■n ■1 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Agriculture of Ontario. Ontario lies in the great productive belt of North America. All the New England States, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the two Dakota?, Montana, Oregon and Washington lie north of the parallel which forms the most southern boundary of this Province, The greatest grain belt of North America lies here. The finest herds of stock are found therein. The fruits and vege- tables are grown there in greatest variety. Ontario, then, by latitude is " all right," But, further, examine the southern con- tour. The greatest chain of fresh-water lakes in the world wash her shores and modify the climate. AH things considered — soil, climate, location, people and possibilities — the settled portion of Ontario is the finest agricultural section of this continent. There is no other Province, there is no State of the Union, that to-day produces in such perfection the grains and grasses, the roots and fruits, the poultry and live stock that are to be found in this ban- ner Province, Furthermore, we have a class of farmers of mixed origin that, for energy, enterprise and intelligence, are not to be surpassed on this continent. With such a start, it is but right and proper that there should be a Government supervision and assistance that will help to improve the condition of the laborers, to make the most of this great natural heritage, and to properly recognize the true status of this industry, which is the most important, not in Ontario alone, but in Canada as a whole. First, let us see where we stand, and what changes have taken place in the past decade. Then we shall refer in greater parti- cular to the separate parts that make up the whole of Ontario agriculture. There are in Ontario to-day about 175,000 farms, in addition to which there are about 50,000 smaller holdings that are culti- vated and that are productive. The farm lands of Ontario, according to the statistics of the Ontario Bureau of Industries, were as follows : • 1885— Acres, 1895— Acres. Cleared land 10,866,283 12,426 992 Swamp Mar^h and Waste 2,036 012 2,>*28,9()4 Woodland 8,833,004 7,857,419 Total farm land assessed 21,726,299 23,113,315 \ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 119 Now let us take the stock on the farm : 18S5-NO. 1895-No. Horses 548,809 647,696 Sheep 1,766,605 2.02ii 735 Swine 822,-/62 1,299,072 Milch Cows 750 006 888,228 '■ ' Total Cattle 1,976,480 2,(.99,301 There is increase in all classes, but most noticeable is the in- crease in milch cows and in swine, both due to the development of our great dairy industry. Let us take the values of farm property : 18^6. 1895. Farm lands $626,4: 2 024 $57.',938,472 •' buildings 182,477,90 > 20 k, 148 670 ^ " implement* 48.669.725 50 944,385 «' livestock 100,6'.:0 0'0 103,968.047 Total $958,169,740 $931,989,674 Next we turn to the crops produced by the farmers and we take the acreage of the principal crops grown in the Province. 1885— Acres. 1895 — Acres. Fall Wheat 875.13C 743,199 Spring Wheat 799,463 22:i,967 Oats 1,543 7<5 2, 7:<,::09 Barley 5!t7,873 478(146 PeaB 646,0-(l 7!i9,963 Corn ]67.i<81 451,928 Potatoes 159,741 1>'4,647 Rocts 127,762 109.191 Hay and Clover 2,268,0 tl 2,f.37 674 Pasture 2,911199 2,72^665 The above table sho^^^s a falling off in the total acreage of wheat and barley of 827,270 acres, nearly 40 per cent. These were market crops to a large extent, whereas the crops to be fed on the farm, oats, peas, corn, roots and hay, have all increased, even taking up the place of over 180,000 acres of pasture. The cause of this is undoubtedly the increase in live stock. Corn has been increased in Ontaiio by 170 per cent, and the develop- ment of dairying is responsible for it. If we take the acreage for the present year we find a still greater increase from l(i7,831 acres in 1885 to 496,029 in 1896, or nearly three times what it was eleven years before. We tind, then, that in ten years there has been an increase in dairy stock and also in dairy cattle food. We turn next to the statistics of the cheese industry of Ontario. In 1885 there were 752 cheese factories in all that used 654,- 703,243 pounds of milk, and turned out 63,721,621 pounds of 120 DETABTMENT OF AOBICULTUREL cheese, worth $5,893,818 ; in 1895 there were 1,164 factories in all, that used 1,174.,0Oj<,592 pouncis of milk, and turned out 109, 230,340 pounds of cheese, worth $8,607,389. The creamery pro- duction of butter in Ontario is an entirely new industry since 188o. We have said that Ontario lies in the great grain produc- ing belt of the continent. Having the right latitude, being so favorably situated in relationship to the great lakes, having such fine soil, and being farmed by the descendants of the most intel- ligent settlers from the valley of the Hudson, from England, Scotland and Ireland, and even from Germany, it will be inter- esting to compare results with other Provinces and with neigh- boring states. This I 'ablb Shows the Comparative Yield Per Ache. ® id V.O- 1895. 1894. «oo > » 1896. 1894 SoA O 00 <-i •<" FcUl tf^heat. Bu. Bu. Bu. Barley. Bu. Bu. Bu. Ontario 19.0 9i.2 SO.l Ontario 95.3 83.6 S5.5 Kew York .... 18.1 14.8 15 1 Manitoba .... 36. 7 24 9 27.8 Pennsylvania . . 1H.6 160 13 3 New York 23.9 17.6 21.7 Ohio 13.3 13.2 19. I.". 8 13.9 15.2 Wisconsin .... Minnesota 29 3 36.0 286 23.6 24.2 Michigan 23.9 Indiana 9.2 18.4 136 Iowa 28.0 15.6 22 2 Illinois 11.0 18.2 13 7 Nebraska .... 28.4 67 20.8 Missouri 12.0 15.3 12.1 California .... 20.3 16.2 20.4 Kansas 7-7 10.4 13.7 California 13.0 11.3 12.3 Oatu. Spring Wheat. Ontario 35.T 30.0 34.3 Manitoba .... 46.7 28 8 36.6 Ontario 15.5 14.6 ts.n New York 317 22.1 27.1 Manitoba 27.8 17.0 20.2 Pennsylvania . . 31.7 22.3 26.3 Wisconsin .... 16.5 16.5 13.0 Ohio 31.7 30.3 29.9 Minnesota .... 23.0 13.6 13.6 Michigan .... 23 9 26.1 30.3 Iowa 19.5 14.8 12.4 Indiana 22.9 32.3 26 8 Nebraska .... 12,0 7.0 11.4 Illinois 24.4 36.1 31.7 The Dakotas . . 16.7 9.4 12.7 Wisconsin 33.8 32.3 30.6 Minnesota .... 39.9 28.1 31.6 Iowa 46.2 25.6 31.8 : ■ Missouri 27.7 23 3 24 8 Kansas 17.9 17.9 27.1 Nebraska .... 23.8 12.6 27.2 DKPABTMENT OP AQHICULTURE. 121 Area and Yield of Field Crops. The following gives the area and produce of the different field crops of Ontario for 1896 : .\ Bushels. per acre 15 078,441 17.2 3,519,8i!2 13 8 12,669,744 27 4 82 979.992 84.2 2 230,873 15.0 17,493.148 21.1 2,603 669 17 9 1.197,535 17.5 21,30o 477 119. 16 849,401 467. 4,618,441 374. 60,814,841 471. 24,071,364 75.8 tons. tons. 1.948,780 10.89 2,260,240 .93 Yield Field crops. Acr«8. ' Fall Wheat 876,955 Spring "Wheat 255.361 Barley 462,792 Oat« 2,4-^5,l07 Rye 148,680 Peas 829 601 Buckwheat 145 606 Beans 68,369 Potatoes 178 9C5 . Mangel-wurzels 36,101 Carrots 12,333 Turnips 148 234 Com for ha8king(inthe ear).. 317,667 Corn for silo and fodder (green) 1 78 962 Hay and clover 2,426,711 The area devoted to pasture is 2,019,744 acres. The estimated area in orchard, garden and vineyard is 320,122. The number of apple trees of bearing age is placed at 5,913,906, while there are 3,548,053 young apple trees planted in orchards. The 3'ield of apples in 1896 is estimated to be 55,895,755 bushels, or an average of 9.45 bushels per tree of bearing age. Lastly, by way of statistics, let us give a few of the 1897 crops : Wheat, Fall and Spring 29,700 000 bushels Oats 87.0(0 000 Barley 12,ion that ever worked in this Province. The report, in five volumes, fol- lowed, and an un;)recedented demand for it sprung up. Two more editions followed in 1881 and 1882. Even yet, requests come in for sets of this report. The cost to the Province was nearly $.90,- 000, but the impetus that it gave to improve agriculture, stock breeding, fruit production and dairying has repaid the Province r -:,;.. V tvnes over. For nearly twenty years it has been a work o)f J. lerice in a time of jjreat advance and of many changes. In 1882 the Ontario Bureau of Industries was organized. This i i the stutistical branch of the Government service ; and, as its DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123 investigations were mainly in agriculture, it was used as the basis of the organization of the Department of Agiiculture in 188«, when a Mitjisterof Agriculture was added to the Council. Hon. Chas. Drury was first Minister. He was succeeded, in IbOO, by the present Minister, Hon. John Dryden. In l>8o, the Farmers' Institutes were started, which, by 1889, assumed more definite shape, and became a permanent part of agricultural educational work. Out f>f this growth came a demand for reports, for literature ; and in 1890 the Department began the issuing of reports of the College and of the various associations in large numbers. At the same time the dairy branch at Guelph was being enlarged, and from it, in 1891, was sent out the first travelling dairy. The butter and cheese makers of the Province, two years later, came to the dairy school at Guelph, but at first the travelling dairy school was sent to the farmers and their families. In 1895 the Pioneer Dairy Farm of Algoma was started at Lake Wabigoon, half-way between Port Arthur and Winnipeg — in the wilderness. To-day there are settlers in six townships, and a town is growing up beside the Wabigoon Falls. 20,400 acres have been located, and there is a population of 600. The Dairy School at Guelph was started in 1893, and it was, in 1895, joined by the school at Kingston, and, a little later, by the school at Strath roy. Experiments in fruit growing were made possible by the es- tablishment of ten branch stations in different parts of the Prov- ince, and, taking a lesson from the success of the travelling dair- ies of 1891-6, the Minister in 1895-97 sent out travelling spray- ers to teach the fruit growers how to spray. In 1896, also, the Government Roads branch was started by the appointment of a Provincial Instructor in Road-making. The above is a very brief statement of the growth of the work. In 1868 the entire grants for agriculture were $65,324 ; in 1897 the appropriations were $234,537. The Department of Agriculture at Toronto consists of the Min- ister, Hon. John Dryden, a Deputy Minister, who is also Secre- tary of the Bureau of Industries, and the members of the perma- nent staff. In the compilation of farm and other statistics tem- porary assistants are employed as they may be required. The work of this Department consists in the consideration and pre- paration of such legislation as may from time to time be thought necessary ; the oversight of the agricultural societies and the various associations ; the direction and inspection of the Agri- \k I >h 124 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cultural College and Experimental Farm, including the three dairy schools: the preparation and distribution of all the re- ports sent out by the I)e|)artment, a list of which will be found elsewhere; the collection, tabulation and publication of all the statistical reports issued (farm statistics, dairy statistics, loan company statistics up to 189/", chattel mortgage statistics, muni- cipal statistics), in short, the work of the Department is to carry on the agricultural work of the Province and to oversee the proper expenditure of all agricultural grants made by the Legis- lature. In addition to the above the Department has supervision of the four factory inspectors and their work, and also of the Im- migration branch of the Government. The cost of the Depart- ment at Toronto has been as follows : 1894. Salaries of Staff $14,750 Expentei 1,752 1896. $16. £00 1,191 1896. 9m,460 1,339 1897. 916,600 1,350 116,502 $17,491 $17,789 $17,950 The present Minister has been in office nearly eight yeard. A brief summary of the work inaugurated by him might be made as follows : 1. Increase in the teaching and the experimental work of the Agricultural College and the Experimental Farm. 2. Sending out of Travelling Dairies. 3. Establishment of Dairy Schools at Guelph and Strathroy, also the development of the School at Kingston. 4. Increased printing of reports and their distribution among members of Farmers' Institutes. 5. The establishment of a Farmers' Institute branch of the Department. 6. Investigations into dehorning of cattle, tuberculosis among cattle, and scale insects in fruits. 7. The establishment of an extensive system of experimental fruit stations on an economical basis. 8. Practical instruction to f8,rraers and fruit growers on spraying. 9. Starting of the Pioneer Farm and the formation of the Wabigoon settlement. 10. The creation of a Good Roads branch. DEPARTMENT OP AOHICULTURE. 125 The Agricultural Societies, It was in 1830 that financial aid was first given to agricultural societies by provincial statute. At present there are in Ontario, receiving aid and assistance from the Legislature, ninety-six District Societies and 357 Township and Horticultural So- cieties. In 18()8 the appropriations for these societies amounted to $54,074; in 1878 the amount was $5U,(J99. There was but little increase until 1802, when the grant was increased by SlOO to each district, at the request of the various societies. The total amount appropriated in 1897 was $'/G,650. In the twenty-five years of Liberal administration, from 1872 to 1890, the total grants to agriculture have amounted to $3,950,045, and of this $1,601,023 has been given for agricultural societies. If to this we add $418,- 962, given to the various agricultural associations, we have a total of $1,979,975 out of $3,9.JG,045, or just $1,953 more than half of the total. That is, the Government has handed over a little more than one-half of its appropriations to the farmers in organizations to be expended by themselves. This has been largely sup|)lemented by fees for membership, etc. Financial and other statements and repoi ts, audited and certified, are all required to be furnished every year, and the general work is supervised by the Department. These societies, during the past twenty-six years, have done a great deal in improvmg the agriculture of On- tario, by the introduction of pure-bred stock and improved varie- ties of seeds, and by stimulating the farmers to the development of superior products of all kinds. In 1896 there were 90 District Societies and 3G1 branch socie- ties. The following are their financial statements : RECEIPTS. Cash on hand 137,985 Legislative grants 74.871 Municipal grants , . .. , 19,723 Subscription fees and donations 89,440 Gate receipts, rents, etc 118,337 Money borrowed 32,444 Miscellaneous 13,877 Total receipts $386,657 EXPENDITURES. Prizes for animals and dairy products $117, 142 Pr zes for field, orchard and garden products 30 H28 Prizes for manufactures 6,796 Prizes for fine arts and ladies' work 29,296 126 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Other prizes $ 6,359 Buildings, {{rounds, inaunince e c 38.363 Borrowed money repaid 32.6H7 Stoclt. machinery, etc 4,493 Working oxponsos 79,890 Total disbursements $344,834 The statement of assets and liabilities at the end of 1H95 was as follows: ASSBTS. Cash on hand $38 639 Land and buildings 379 068 Miscellaneous 23 ,948 Total $441,666 LIABILITIES. Ovring on notes and mortgages $119,140 Prize moneys due fj,656 Owing to Treasurers 5,494 Miscellaneous 6,846 Total $137,636 The Aaacciationa. In 1868 the Provincial Association received a grant of Si 0,000 for the purpose of holding the Provincial Fair. This was con- tinued for over twenty years, until the Agricultural and Arts Association was discontinued, on January Ist, 1896. In addition to this there was a grant of $350 to the Fruit Growers' Associa- tion in 18G8. In 1871, just before the Liberal rule began, the additional grants were as follows : Fruit Growers' Association, $500 ; Entomological Society, $500. The statement of grants for 1897 was as follows : Year of firnt grant. Grant in 1897. Fruit Growers' Association 1868 $1,800 Entimological Society 1871 1,000 E Cheese and Butter Association 1877 3,250 W. Cheese and Butter Association 1877 3,250 Can. Horse Breeders' Association . 1896 2,000 Dom. Sheep Breeders' Asaocintion 1890 1,600 Dom. Swine Breeders' Association 1890 1,200 Dom Cattle Breeders' Association 1896 1,500 Ont. Experimental Union 1885 1,200 E. Ont. Poultry Association 1888 600 Ont. Poultry Association 1879 900 Ont. Bc« Kespers' Asioci«tion . . 1886 1,100 Total $19,200 1 t fl DEPARTMENT OF AaRICULTURB. 1S7 Thus we see that, since 1871, ten additional associations have been formed under the supervigion of the Department, and the total annual grants increased from $1,000 to $19,200. These associations are all regulated by statute, and are under the direc- tion of the Department. Their financial statements are care- fully examined, and their reports supervised, printed and distri- buted by the Department. The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. The question of providing a school or college for farmers' sons, together with a farm for carrying on experiments in agriculture, had again and again been discussed by the old Board of Agricul- ture before Confederation. For a time the Secretary, Mr. George Buckland, filled the chair of Professor of Agriculture at Toronto Universitj', and carried on experimental work on a limited scale near by. Soon after Confederation the question came again to the front. The editor of the Canada Farmer, Rev. W. F. Clarke, was appointed to investigate the question and make a report. This report appeared in the departmental report of 1870. In the following year the Mimico farm was purchased. Then occurred a change of Government, and the Liberals appointed a Commis- sion to investigate the suitability of the location. A Committee of the House, the Board of Agriculture, and an American expert reported adversely. Then followed the purchase of the Stone farm at Guelph in 1873, In the following year the work prop- erly began ; it has, therefore, been in existence about a quarter of a centuiy. It is one of the oldest agricultural institutions of education in America, and it is not too much to say that, all things considered, it has been the most successful. The methods have been adopted in many U.S. institutions, and visitors from all parts of the world have highly praised it. The work is divided into two parts : first, the instruction or teaching part ; and, second, the experimental part. In the teaching work it should be carefully noted that agricul- ture and agriculture only is considered. '1 he U. S. Colleges were agricultural and commercial colleges, and in many cases agricul- ture has formed the least important part of their work. At Guelph, in addition to the teaching of the regular courses, there is ccm- ducted the dairy school. The travelling dairit s have also been sent out from the school. The Farmers' Institutes were started by the staff and maintained by the staff for several years. The Professors still devote part of^their time to this work. 128 DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTURE. The following is the statement of the attendance since 1878; Students in Attendancb at thh Ontario Aouicultuhal Colleob. (Ol'ENKD IN 1874 ) From Ont«rio. From other Provlncts. Frm Brltilh lalu. From U. S. A. From other plM«f. Tot«l No of Studauti. No. of 8p« ial Hiudanti Included. 1878.... 122 18 G 14fl 1879.... 141 18 3 162 188).... 141 25 8 1 176 10 1x81.... 164 33 18 1 1 217 18 1>8J.... 144 27 30 1 4 20;5 25 l.«8:3.... 1.34 34 30 2 2 21)2 16 1884.... 120 32 32 2 2 188 26 18H5. 1(»3 28 41 3 175 6 1886.... 94 20 3.3 2 149 Ib87.... 78 12 20 110 1888 ... 91 9 26 5 131 1^89.... 94 10 22 7 134 18!)0 107 16 17 5 146 1891.... l(t3 9 16 3 1.32 1892.... l:U 10 13 4 159 18!)3.... 207 15 18 6 2(6 60 18!>4.... 242 14 19 2 6 28 J 103 1805.... 214 16 12 3 5 2oO 100 1896.... 20J 13 13 2 7 237 09 The above statement of the attendance in the pa.st four years is most satisfactory. It should be remembered that during the past two years the Department has been conducting two addi- tional dairy schools at Kin^^ston and Strathroy. This will ac- count for the decrease in the ntmiber of dairy students. The following statement of the increased attendance at the autumn term of 1897, the one now in progress, is taken from the daily Globe, Toronto, Nov. lird, 1897 : ^ " Ab .in evid nc^ of 'ho increasing useful ••< and growing popu'arlty of the Ontario Aj^ricultuciil Colle£;o nt Guolph it is stated that nearly n nety new stu ents have I iitered the college this fall— thirty more than in any previous autumn during the history of the institution Four new rooms fur students have been provided ; and, notwithstanding the increased accommo- dation every bed in the college is n w occupied and twenty-six students are lodging outside. Mos^ of those outside have r cms in the imm diate nei.h- borhood of the college, board in the college di' ing liall. and study in the library »niiox in charge of a master each evening frgni seven o\ lock to a quarter to ten Of thos ■ in attendance e glity-four per cent are direct from tha farms of Ontario, as tine a lot oi young men aa will be found in any col- li: ! DEPARTMENT OF AORIOULTTTRE. 129 leKe in the counfcry. This ntatemeiit refers only to the studuntn in attend- ance upon the ru^nliir courHcs, and dotm not include the apeciul dairy class, which wi 1 not asseniblo before .lanuury next. The HtiidontH and (graduates of this college, wherever they are found are firm holievevH in the institution, and a very large proportion of those now at the college are there through the influence of the ex-students. It will bo seen that the fanners are appreciating the value of the Agricul- tural College more and iw re by sending their sons in increasing numbers. This is an effective unswer to «ny criticis" s that may be i.fl'ored. It is the farmers' college, and they appear to bo well pleased with its management." Another recomrncndation of the Collej^e and Farm, ami one of the causes of its present popuhirify, is the fact thai visitor.M, fanners principally, come by the thousand every sea'o, about the same number; in 18!J(), at leasL 15,000 came ; and in 1897, between June 9th and the 28tli, no less than 18,050 persons came under the direction of Fanners' Institutes alone. Some maintain that the farm .should pay. In the first place, it should be remembered tliat it is an exiyorimcntal farm. Fifty acres alone are given up to small plots for testing varieties of grains, grasses, and roots. As various kinds are found to be most valuable, the experiments are continued on a large scale. The country gets the benefit, as these .seeds are then distributed over the entire Piovince. Similar tests by farmers are encouraged. Thus in 1896 11,000 packages of grains were sent out to be test- ed and reported upon by fanners. The following is a statement of this co-operative work carried on by farmers in association with the work at Guelph : '\ 1891 1892 No of plots. 2.fi42 5.688 7,181 1894 ]89i No. Of plots. 7.721 9 179 1893 180f) 11,124 Experiments in the feeding of cattle, sheep and swine are con- ducted. For instruction purposes, and also for the benefit of visitors, all the chief breeds of cattle, sheep, 8wir)e, and poultry are kept. This would not be done on a private farm. The buildings, roads, fences, etc., are more expensive than an ordinary farmer would have. This is a Provincial institution, and any who now complain of the cost of the farm would as cer- tainly complain if everything were not well-kept and of a cred- itable nature. The farm was not established to make money ; it was not a 130 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. financial undertaking ; it v/as not intended to be a farm like the other farms of the Province ; but it was intended to be what its name implies — an experimevtal farm. Experiments cost money; the}' do not necessarily imply an immediate financial return. The farmers of the Province demand that the only educational institution devoted to their special work shall be well equipped, well manned, and shall be well supported financiall}' ; and the present standing of the College and Farm among the farming community makes the conclusion certain that the present Minis- ter of Agriculture has succeeded. Let us now see what this work has cost for the past three years : Col'ege staff salaries Col ege expenses College revenue Farm proper Experiments— field and feeding Experimental Dairy Poultry department Orchard , garden and lawns .... Mechanical department Dairy School Travelling Dairies Farm and dairy revenue Total for farm, dairy, etc Total for College Repairs and maintenance New buildings- capital account 1894. 1895. Z 16,132 14,203 $ 17,f95 14,472 $ 30,335 8,157 $ 32,0f)7 7,036 8 22,178 $ 25,031 $ 9,084 5,4(i9 5,884 901 4,049 1,401 7,310 2,013 8.077 6,412 6 978 1,224 4,591 1,409 6.811 2,0(56 $ 36,051 7,796 % 37,568 11,709 $ 28,2f5 22,178 6,091 12,189 $ 25,859 25,031 6,231 19,304 1896. $ 18.940 13,836 $ 32 776 6,843 $ 25,933 8 2^9 6 967 6.343 1,150 5,127 1,455 4.328 1,971 $ 35,600 9,639 $ 25,961 25,933 6,843 21,044 It must be noted that this statement includes the expenses of the Dairy School at Guelph, also of the Travelling Dairies sent out from there. The above statement shows the extent of the work only. The eflfect is far-reaching. Farmers are taught to be exact and scien- DEPARTMENT OF AGUICUl.TTIRE. vn tific in their work and observation. They also, thereby, procure new and vahiable seeds that greatly increase the quantity and value of their crop. The results are all collected at the College by the officers of the Union, and published by the Department. One statement n-ay be given to show tlie possiV)! lilies of experi- mental work. If new varieties of grain or improved methods of growing could be introduced on every farm ot" Ontario, so as to increase the yield only one bushel per acre, the grain crops would be annually increased as follows : Fall Wheat 850,000 bush. Spring Wheat 250,000 " Oats 2 400,000 " . Barley 450, OUO " The Experimental Union. ' The Ontario Experimental Union was organized in 1885 among the graduates and ex-students of the Agricultural College. Its purpose is to encourage and direct the carrying on of experiments by the students after they leave the College and return to their farms. Seeds, fertilizer!?, etc., are sent out, and tests and reports made, which are tabulated and published. The great benefits re- sulting are the dissemination of valuable seeds of all kinds, the determining of the value of new varieties in different localities, and the education resulting to each person from the carrying on of such work. The growth of this work may be seen from the following statement of experiments carried on over the Province by ex-students, and farmers who are co-operating with the ex- students : ~ No. of Different Nc/ of Year. Experiment*. Expetimenten. 1886 1 12 1888 1 90 18«l 12 203 1892 12 754 1893 13 1,204 1894 14 1,440 1895 ....15 1,699 1896 16 2,260 Dairying. No other industry of Ontario has made the same uniform and steady progress as has the dairy industry. The following is a fair estimate of the quantity and value of the various dairy pro- ducts annually produced in this Province : 132 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cheese, llO.OOO.OrO lbs , $10 000,000 Creamery butter. 5,50 » 000 lbs I.00u,0'nent has given valuable assistance. The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association is the largest of its kind in America. It has almost 5,000 members. It is the old- est association to receive Legislative aid Its work consists in holding an annual meeting to collect information in regard to the industry in all parts of Ontario ; to disc ass all questions bearing upon fruit growing.; to distribute new varieties of fruit trees and bushes among its members ; to publish a monthly magazine, and to organize branch societies and send out speak- ers to address the same. The Department publishes its report annually. Three years ago the Minister approved of a plan for further assisting the industry. Fruit growing depends very largely upon climate, and the varieties suitable to difTerent sections are widely different. Consequently, it is very important to test the suitability of various plants to the different .sections. Arrange- ments were made for the carrying on of experimental work at twelve different first-class fruit farms. In other words, twelve of the best fruit farms of Ontario were turned into fruit experi- mental stations. They were already equipped; much work had already been done ; all that was necessary was to get everything systematized, supply material, and pay for the expense of look- ing after the experiments. The Government has made a grant ($2,800 in 1897), and published the reports. The work is di- rected by a board, of which the President of the Agricultural DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187 College is chairman, and the Secretary of the Fruit Growers' As- sociation secretary. The other members are the Horticulturist of the Agricultural College and three members appointed by the Fruit Growers' As-sociation. For the past three years the Department has sent out travel- ling sprayers, who have given instructions at thirty orchards each year. The results have been very satisfactory — the benefi- cial effects of spraying were most marked in 1897. In several orchards sprayed trees gave from seventy-five to ninety percent, of clean, marketable, first-class fiuit; whereas unsprayed trees in the same orchard gave only from fifteen to twenty-five per cent, of similar quality. The Superintendent of Spraying is Mr. W. M. Orr, of Fruit- land, a practical, intelligent and very successful fruit grower of the Niagara peninsula. During 1897 he spent a considerable portion of his time investigating the San Jose scale, and similar insects lately introduced on nursery stock from the U. S. The following is the statement of the expenditure for the past four years in assisting fruit growing, besides grants to town horticultural societies. 1894. 189.1. 1896. 1897. Fruit Growers' AsH'n Grant... $1,800 f 1.800 $1,800 $1,800 Fruit Experiment Station 1 . . I.(i07 1,941 2,635 2,800 Fruit spraying 2,028 2,130 1,800 Reports 1,286 1,393 1,398 1,400 " • $4,093 $7,162 $7,963 $7,800 Livestock. ^ -^^ ■ . . • .. ; The Ontario Government gave a great impetus to the live stock industry through the extensive importations of pure-bred stock for the Agricultural College, the offspring of which were sold by public auction. The Royal Commission of 1881-2 was of very great assistance. At the present time the Department pays the salary of the registrar of live stock, and has an expeit engaged in giving instruction in testing for tuberculosis and teaching how to prevent the disease in cattle. Several Acts to protect live stock have been passed, notably " The Act to prevent the spread of contagious diseases among horses and other domestic animals." (The Glanders Act). The Ontario Minister of Agriculture was instrumental, in con- junction with the Dominion Minister, in having the quarantine regulations with the United States modified, so tl.at an extensive trade has already resulted between Ontario and New York State. ^r 188 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURB:. !■"[ IPf! \'m \vi i: t! The Government has also made the following grants to live stock associations : 1894 1895 1896 1897 Shefip Breeders' Association $850 $850 $1,500 $1,500 Swine Breeders' AsBociatiou 700 700 ],702 1,200 Horse Breeders' Association 2,000 2,000 Catttle Breeders' Association .... 1,500 1,500 $1,550 $1,550 $6,762 $6,200 Poultry. Here are the figures of Ontario farm poultry on hand on July 1st of each year : 1895 1896 Turkeys 696,604 716,770 Geese 420 022 391.547 All other fowls 6,636,214 6,020,850 Total 7,762,840 7,734,167 The value of poultry sold every year from the farms of Ontario is nearly $900,000. Allowing only 25 cents worth of eggs to every hen the egg product would be worth $1,500,000. It may safely be estimated that the annual return to the farmers of On- tario from eggs and poultry is worth over $2,500,000. 'Ihis does not include city, town and village products. The industry is much larger than is generally supposed. It is worth encourag- ing, and the Department does this through its grants to the two Ontario Poultry Associations and by maintaining a thoroughly well stocked poultry department at the Agricultural College. The buildings at the College were built on plans submitted to and approved by the directors of the Ontario Poultry Association, and are models for farmers to copy. The stock, also, is first-class, and represents all the leading breeds to be found in Ontario. Bee Keeping. There is a vigorous Ontario Bee Keepers' Association in this Province, to which the Government grants annually $500. In addition, the Department pays for the services of an inspector who enforces the " Foul Brood Act " and teaches the bee-keepers how to keep their yards free fi-om all disease. This Act was passed in 1890 and called " An Act for the suppression of foul brood among bees." (Victoria 53, chap. 66.) Its enforcement has met with great favor among bee-keepers. In order to pro- tect bees from being poisoned by spraying fruit trees an Act was passed in 1895 forbidding the spraying of fruit trees while in full bloom, as that is the time when bees are gathering honey and also DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. 139 assisting in the fertilizing of the blossoms. Spraying at that time is, furthermore, of but little use. Experiments in apiculture are provided for by an annual grant of $.SO0. This is paid to the lecturer on agriculture at the Agricul- tural College, who carries on the experiments in his own apiary at Brantford. The results of this work are publi.shed in the Agri- cultural College report. Oood Roads. For several years the movement in favor of road improve- ment has been gathering strength. A Provincial Good Roads Association was finally formed, and the Government gave a grant to assist in the holding of meetings and in the sending out of speakers — "good-roads agitators" — to Farmers' Institutes, and the annual conventions of various associations. Two annual re- ports and an illustrated bulletin were printed and very widely circulated. The Minister, however, concludeil that more thorough work should be done. Consequently, in 1890, he recommended to the Legislature the voting of a special grant for this work, and Mr. A. W. Campbell, C.E,, city engineer of St. Thomas, was ap- pointed Provincial Instructor in Roadmaking. He came into office in 189G. As he had constructed many miles of city roads in St. Thomas and of township roads in Elgin county, and his work had stood the test, and as he was already connected with the good-roads movement, it was thought by the Minister that he was the right man for the place. The past two years' work has proved this to be correct, C)ne report has been printed and an- other has been prepared. Several bulletins have been published. Under his direction two public exhibitions of road machinery have been made at the Industrial Exhibition in Toronto. During 1896 Mr. Campbell visited 27 townships, 18 towns and one city in Ontario, inspected the roads along with the muni- cipal officials, held public meetings of the ratepayers, and after- wards prepared a full report in every case, which was published in the Jocal papers. The work in 1897 was even more extensive. As a direct result of this work the following nmnicipalities, among others, have purchased machinery and undertaken road and street work on a more permanent and rational basis : Strat- ford, Gait, St Catharines, Niagara Falls, Barrie, IngersoU, Lind- say, Carleton Place, Morrisburg and Collingwood. In several towns short pieces of model streets have been laid down under the direct supervision of Inspector Campbell. The following is a statement of the good-roads publications of the Department ; 140 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Feb . 1893—" The Makinir of Roads " (bulletin by J. A. Bell). " 1894 — " Report of First Convention of Good Roads Associa- tion," lield Feb. 9th, 18:)4. " 1895 — " Report of Second Convention of Good Roads Asso- ciation," held Feb. 7th and 8th, 1895. May 15th, 1896— "Road Bulletin No. 1," by A. W. Campbell, C.E. Oct. 1 6th, 189(J-"Road Bulletin No. 2," by A. W. Campbell, C.E. " 1897 — " First Report of Provincial Instructor in Road Mak- ing." r.50,0()0 copies distributed). Pioneer Dairy Farm. Three years afifo the Minister of Agriculture set on foot an en- quiry as to whether any farming lands were to be found on the C.P.R. between Port Arthur and Rat Portage. There was a dis- trict 300 miles long containing some lumber and mining camps, but with no farms. He thought there would be a good market for anything produced. In the fall of 1894 the district around the northwest angle of Lake Wabigoon was decided upon. This is exactly half-way between Port Arthur and Winnipeg. Work was commenced in the winter of 1894. Now there is a tiourisliing farm .settlement, named Dryden by the C.P.R. Presi- dent, and lots are available in seven townships, Wainwright, Van Home, Eton, Rugby, Sanford, Aubrey and Zealand. Up to the end of 1897 20,439 acres of land had been purchased from the Crown Lands Department at a cost of $6,085. All of this ia settled upon. The population at that time was 600. We shall let the settlers tell their own story. On August 11th, 1897, the Minister of Agriculture visited Dryden and the adjoining townships. The following adtlress was presented by the citizens, 3u0 of whom were present, and it is reprinted as showing the condition of affairs from the settlers' standpoint : " To the Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario : On behalf of the citizens of tlie town of Dryden and the townships of Van Home, Wainwright and Eton, we extend to you a most hearty wel- come to the future metropolis of New Ontario. Wo feel assured that the growth of the settlement must be, to say the least, a source of gratification to you, as well as to the other members of the Ontario Government. Whereas last year at the time of your visit the number of settlers could be counted on your finger ends, now there is a population of from 400 to 60 ). We desire to express our appreciation of the action of the Government in opening up colonization roads. Inside of two years about sixteen miles have been built, besides a good substantial bridge of about 145 feet in length has been put across the Wabigoon River, and we desire to acknowledge the great benefit these improvements have been to our people, and would beg leave DEPARTMENT OF AOHICULTURR. 141 to suggest tliat ronds bo oponod up to the landH in the nowor townships ai speedily as possible. Not only in nyriculture, but also in mining, there has been groat activity in tiiis region. To the Houth of our agricultural laiulH there lies evidently a rich mining district. There have been a large number of prospects purchased fr.im the Crovernment, and several properties have hacl considerable work done on them, with very gratifying results. These mines are markets of our produce, we believe, unthought of when the (Jov- ernmont decided to oi)en up this region for settlement. Looking forward to tho future welfare and convenience of our people, we think it might n^t be out of place for the (lovernmentto reserve this pleasant and beautifully situ- ated grove we are assembled in this afternoon tor a public park. " The farmers of the Province of Ontario have good reason to be proud of the fact that at the head of the most important department of the Ontario Government there is a thorough, practical and progressive farmer, one who is willing to adopt any means whereby he may be enabled to assist the farm- ers in adverse circumstances or against combinations, a helper of the masses against the classes, but whose zeal is always tempered by wisdom. AftiT close observation wo, irrespective of party politics, desire to place on record our appioval of all the work done by yourself as Minister of Agriculture. We sincerely hope that after so long and successful a career your usefulness to the Province may still bo greater in the future than it has been in the past, and that you may long be sj)ared to enjoy the fruits of your laliors as Minister of Agriculture of the most important Province of the Dominion. " Signed on behalf of the citizens of the t)wn of Drydon and the town- ships of Van Home, Wainwright and Eton : G. W. Yeomans, A. R. Hutchi- son, M. C Cassidy, Chas. Wright, George Sharj), A. E. Annis, committee." Mr. A. E. Annis, the Superintendent, made the following re- port in October, '!)7 : *' On the Pioneer Farm is now cleared about 135 acres. Every stump and snag is taken out while clearing, and the Hrst crop on any of the fields can be cut with a binder. On the fanning land there are no rolling stones to hinder working, A large number of the f-ettlers who purchased land in 1896 moved in last spring and have cleared some land for next year's crop. Some have as much as forty or lifty acres cleared in ono season. The mar- kets for the fanners' produce have been good throughout the season. The lowest point reached lor butter was 20 cents : eggs 18 cents ; potat les, 75 cents ; etc. The lanner.s hare been able to sell all their produce in Dryden this year, and have not had to ship anything to Hat Portage, the largest town of the district, ninety miles west. " The progress of this section has been extrat)rdinary. Eighteen months ago there was nothing here but the Pioneer House and barn ; now the place has the a[ipearance of a thriving settlement ; houses are springing up all over the country some of them being as far away as thirteen m.les from the town, which, by the w ly, contains about 40U people, having six stores, besides flour and feed and lumber merchants. The ])rices of goods are low, being much the same as in eaatern towns. A tirst-class school, ccmtaining the latest ini'iroved automatic seats, has been built. The school is also used to hold Presbyterian, Meth dist. and English Church services in at present. There are no taxes except a small tax to support the school, levied by the trustees. " To the industrious man having a small capital there are opportunities to be found here to m^ke a homo for himself that would be difHcult to find else- where, with our cheap, easily- cleared land, on the main line of the C.P.R. 142 DEPAKTMENT OF AQRIUULTURE. We have good home market for meats, butter, eggs, etc. During the two years I have been on the I'ioneer Farm nothing has been hurt by f'OstH in summer. Tho man who is not prepared to work and stand the hard.957 Capital account 3,345 1,834 96,482 13,791 Reports and Bulletins. The following is a statement of the reports and bulletins pre- pared and issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture in 1897 : Illustrated pamphlet, descriptive of Ontario. Bureau of Industries : — Crop Bulletins in May, August, and November. Report, parts I., XL, III. Agricultural statistics. Report, part IV. Chattel mortgages. Report, part V. Municipal statistics. Ontario Agricultural College, 1896. Ontario Experimental Union, 1896. Entomological Society of Ontario, 1806) Fruit-Growers' Association, 1896. Fruit Experiment Stations Report. Dairy Report (Three Associations in one vol.). j Bee- Keepers' Report. . ' Poultry Association's Report. ' ' Live Stock Report (including Sheep-breeders, Swine-breeders, Cattle-breeders, Horse-breeders, etc.). Farmers' Institute Report, 1896-7. Bulletins : — Injurious insects. Instructions for spraying. Does it pay to spray. Tuberculosis in cattle. Plans for the construction of cheese and butter factories. The following are the amounts spent by the Department for reports and bulletins in the'^e years : 1894, S21,957 ; 1895, $20,012 ; 1896, S27.737. The total cost of reports and bulletins for the 25 years, 1872- DEPAUTMKNT OF AGRICULTURK. 143 189G, has been Si 45,990, apart from the cost of the large issue of the Agricultural Commission of 1880-2. Legislation. The Legislation of the past twenty years in respect to agricul- ture has been well considered, progressive, and up to date. Many Acts, such as those referring to municipal matters, deal with rural affairs quite as fully as with town jind city life. There are many Acts, however, that refer to the farming classes only. The following is a brief .statement of the most important legi-slation in behalf of agriculture : 1888. An Act respecting the Department of Agriculture and other Industries. This Act made pi'ovision for a Minister of Agriculture, and the creation of a department separate from other departments of the Government. 1888. An Act to provide for the incorporation of Cheese and But- ter Manufacturing Associations This Act allowed five or more pernons to form a company by .signing an agreement and tiling .same with the local Registrar, thereby avoiding the expense of procuring a charter under the Joint Stock Co.'s Act. It was amended in 1892. 1888. An Act respecting Greamerles. This Act referred to milk supply and the powers of Creameries' (Companies. 1888. An Act to provide against fraud in thp supplying of Milk to Cheese or Butter Manufacturen' This Act was amended in 1892. 1889. An Act to prevent the npread of Contagious Diseases among Horses and other Domestic Animals. This was an amendment to the Glanders Act ot 1884. (Orig- inal Act introduced by Mr. Dryden when a private member of the House). 1889. An Act for the protection of Insectivorous and other Birds This Act was to prohibit the destruction of birds that are known to feed upon insects that destroy fruits and grains. 1890. An Act to amend the Act to prevent the .spread of vloxious Weeds, and of Diseai^es affecting Fruit Trees. This Act contains the " Yellows " and " Black- Knol " regula- tioas. It is chap. 202 of the Revised Statutes of 1887, and was amended in 1890. 1891, and 1893. 1890. An Act to impose a Tax on Dogs and for the protection of Sheep. I 144 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1890. An Act to make further provision for preventing the spread of Contagious Diseases among Horses. 1890. An Act for the suppression of Foul Brood among Bees, See Section under " Bee-Keeping." 1891. An Act to amend the Agricidture and Arts Act. This amendmsnt was to protect registration of pedigrees of stocic. 1891. An Act to amend the Act to prevent the spread of Noxious Weeds and of Diseases affecting Fruit Trees. 1891. An Act to encourage the Breeding of Trotting Horses. 1892. An Act for the further protection of Bees. This Act was to prohibit the spraying of fruit trees with poi- sons while in full bloom. 1892. An Act to amend the Act providing against frauds in the supplying of Milk to Cheese or Butter Manufactories. 1892. An Act to amend the Act to impose a Tax on Dogs and for the protection of Slieep. 1892. A7i Act t> amend the Act to encourage the destroying of Wolves. 1893. An xlct for the better prevention of certain Diseases af- fecting Fruit 'Trees. 1893. Ati Act to amend the Act to impose a Tax on Dogs and for the protection of Sheep. 1893. An Act to pr< vent fraud in the Sale of Milk. 1894. An Act to amend the Agriculture and Arts Act. This was in reference to the granting of aid by Municipal Councils to Agricultural Af^soc'iations. . ■ ^] . 1894. An Act to amend the Act providing against frauds in the supplyivg of Milk to Cheese and Buttzr Manufactories. 1895. An Ad respectinfi the Deptartment of Agriculture. 1895. An Act to consolidate and amend the Agriculture and Arts Act. This Act controls all Agricultural and Horticultural Societies and the various Associations receiving aid through the Depart- ment. 1895. An Act respecting Veterinary Surgeons. 1895. An Act respecting Cheese and Butter Manufacturing Associations. 1896. An A'ctto amind the Ant respecting Veterinary Surgeons. 189(5. An Act revising and consolidating the Acts to encourage the Planting and Crowing of Trees. 1896. An Act respecting the Inspectors of Fruit Trees. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURK. 145 1897. An Act to further improve the Ad respecting the Depart- ment of Agriculture. 1897. An Act to amend the Agricultural and Arts Act, 1895. 1897. An Act to amend the Act respecting Cheese and Butter Manufacturing Associaiioni^. 1897-8. An Act to prevent the spread of the San Jos4 Scale. 1897-8. An Act to prevent Gambling and Games of Chance at Agricultural Exhibitions ExPENDiTUHK FOR TUB Years 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896. Department at Toronto Agricultural Societies Other AssocintionB Reports and Bulletins Bureau of Industries College and Farm : Salaries Current Expenses Capital Account 3 Dairy Schools "..... Travelling Dairies Farmers' Institutes Experimental Fruit Stations Spraying Experiments (iood Roads Branch Pioneer Farm Other Expenditures 1893. Total...... 8210,483 1(5,699 74,475 20,461 13,319 3,556 21,267 25,2(13 17,773 5.7H6 4 0('8 6,682 655 1894. 16,502 74,840 20,613 20.108 7,190 21,957 19,199 12,189 4,915 1,983 6,844 4,036 1895. 17,49! 74,747 2I,1<^3 15,121 4,886 26 012 22 231 19,a04 20,375 2,(166 7,667 1.941 2,0;;8 " 5,482 250 $210,376 !8240,7'M 1896. 17,789 74,325 22G96 15,708 4,774 27,737 24 700 21,044 9,306 1,971 10 622 2,(135 2,130 2,151 3,791 l,8l0 $243,(i79 Total Expenditure for Agricclture, 1872 $ 70,868 1873 149,984 1874 1(j9,316 1875 105,9-!8 1876 111,746 1877 117,598 1878 111,631 1879 105,090 1880 130.201 18SI 1911.686 1882 163 951 188'. 1()6 640 1884 188 596 Grnnd total If 86 f 133,791 1886 152,201 1887 147,858 1888 151,610 18x9 186,445 18i!0 152.973 1891 186 396 1892 218,427 urn 210,483 1894 210, 74 1895 2411724 1896 243 079 for 25 years 93,956,045 146 PROVINCIAL SECRETAIIYS DEFallTMENT. PROVINCIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT. This department, which was ably conducted for twelve years by Hon. A. S. Hardy, the present Premier, came under the con- trol of Hon. J. M.Gibson in 1889. He remained its head till 1896, when he was transferred to the Crown Lands Department. Hon. W. D. Balfour then became Provincial Secretary, but he only lived a few weeks, and on his death, Hon. E. J. Davis be- came head of the department. In addition to the general duties of Secretary and Registrar he has charge of the issuing of char- ters for joint stock companies, the administration of the Act for the Protection of Children, and the management of the public institutions of the Province, the latter being the most important of the responsibilities with which he is charged. Through this department the official correspondence of the Province is conducted, all public notices are gazetted, all char- ters of incorporation are granted, or amended, all proclamations are issued, and all appointments to office are announced. During 1896 the number of new subjects dealt with was 6,279, in con- nection with which 17,385 letters were received and 13,472 were written. In dealing with these new subjects, 2,877 references were made to other departments, and 3,467 references and reports were received and acted upon. The number of forms issued un- der the Marriage License Act was 30,945. There were also issued 185 commissions under the Great and Privy Seals, 113 notarial certificates, 365 warrants re lunatics, 5,000 forms to sheritis, 350 forms for municipal and other returns, 500 circulars, etc. Six proclamations and 430 appointments to office were gazetted, and 177 other public notices published. Letters patent and supple- mentary letters patent were issued to 164 companies. To show how the Joint Stock Companies' Act is being taken advantage of, it may be stated that up to the 15th of October, 1897, the number of companies to which charters have been issued reach- ed 312, an increase of :^04 over that of any previous entire year. A. large prc;^ortion of these were for the incorporation of mining companies, due to the increased activity in the development of gold mining. The fees received during 189(5 amounted to $18,- 847, being an excess of upwards of $4,000 over 1895, which was the highest previous year. For 1897 they promise to far exceed anything heretofore known, amounting, up to the 15th October, to $32,194. The following statistics show how rapidly the business of the Provincial Secretary's office is increasing : PROVINCIAL SECRETARY S DEPARTMENT. 147 1871. 1896. Number of fyles 1.204 6,279 Letters received 1 ,699 13,472 Letters sent 1,280 17,i<85 References to other departments 912 2.877 Reports from " " 470 3;467 Statutory returns received 68 4,500 Public Institutions. The " Public Institutions," maintained entirely at the cost of the Province, include (1) the Central Prison for men, the Mercer Reformatory for women, and the Reformatory for boys at Pene- tanguishene ; (2) six Lunatic Asylums — at Toronto, London, Hamilton^ Kingston, Brockvilleand Mimico,* and an idiot asylum at Orillia ; (3) the Educa^tional Institute for the Blind at Brant- ford, and that for the Deaf and Dumb at Belleville. County jails to the number of 42, and district lock-ups to the number of 12, maintained partly at the expense of the Province, are all under official supervision in connection with this branch of the service. The "Charitable Institutions," which are under the same super- vision, include 39 hospitals, 32 houses of refuge, oO orphan asy- lun^s, and 2 Magdalen asylums, all of these being in receipt of Government aid under the Charities Act. As the amount of aid given is in direct proportion to the work done, the supervision of the institutions must be of the most thorough kind. The total amount paid in 1897 to hospitals and charitable in- stitutions, out of the Provincial Treasury, was SI 95,507.04. It is- needless to repeat that all of this expenditure, as well as all of the expenditure for the erection and maintenance of the various public institutions, is perfectly gratuitous on the part of the Province, that it relieves the municipalities of a burden which would otherwise have to be met by direct taxation, and that it is actually a repayment to the people of surplus revenue. The theory, alike of the Central Prison, the Mercer Reforma- tory, and the Keforuiatory for Boys, is that mere punishment is not adequate as a treatment for criminals, and that something should be done to reform their characters and teach them useful occupations. This principle is carried so far in the case of the Reformatory for Boys that it is now virtually an industrial school, and the change of system has been attendeil by the most sntis- • i'lio control of the six Lunatic Asylums is with the Provincial TrcaHiirer's Dcpart- nip.it for tho present, but t he details as to their inanugcnicnt are included here with tht? other Fublic IiiHtitutions. tl , 148 PROVINCIAL secretary's DEPARTMENT. factory results. It would be too much to expect a similar state of progress in the reformatories for adults. The convicts sent to them are in many cases hardened criminals, and their terms of confinement are too short to afford much opportunity for effect- ing a change of disposition. Central Prison. The number of convicts sentenced to the Central Prison since it was opened for their reception, in 187 -l-, is 14i,287. The num- ber committed to it during the year 1896 was 604. The nuaiber remaining in it at the close of the year was 380. The average length of convicts' terms during the whole period since 1874 is about 8.10 months. The total expenditure for maintenance during 1896 was .$63,272.32. The average daily cost per prison- er was 44.8 cents, as compared with 51.79 cents in 1892. The labor of the prisoners ivS utilized so as to interfere as little as possible in the way of competition with free labor outside, ami the results of the industrial operations carried on go far to- wards making the prison self-sustaining. It would soon become entirely so if those sent tu it were long-term prisoners, instead of being, as they are in many cases, ordinaiy vagrants, who liave been driven by want to seek refuge in county jails, from which they have been transferred to the Central Prison. If the profits from the labor of prisoners, amounting to $25,661.43. be deducted from the total maintenance, the net cost would be .$37,610.89, or an average daily cost per prisoner of 27 cents. Undoubtedly the best way to judge whether or not the indus- tries in connection with the Central Prison are being efficiently conducted is to compare results with those obtained at similar institutions elsewhere. The following statetnent, which has been carefully prepared from the reports of the different prisons men- tioned, speaks more eloquently than words as to the care and ability which have been displayed in the management of the Central Prison, and requires no explanation : — PROVINCIAL SECRETARY 8 DEPARTMENT. 149 Comparative Statement, 1896. CENTRAL PftlSON AND PKNITBNTIARIE8 OF THE DOMINION. INSTITITTION. Kingston Penitentiary St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary Dorchester Penitentiary Manitoba Penitentiary British Columbia Penitentiary. Central Prison Totol No. of Offlcer4 nad Q'rds. Averaife No. of Prisoners. Av(?. No. of Prisonnn per Officer. 96 • 551 5| 66 397 6 43 181 ^ 27 89 H 31 97 3 3T 386^ 10^ Ooat per Prisoner for maintenano* Deducting Revenue. $196.60 219.64 269.20 429.77 393.60 9T.«7 The particular industi'ies carried on have not by any means been selected with the exclusive design of reaping profit therefrom, but rather with the object of furnishing diversity of occupation in the training of prisoners for lives of usefulness, while avoiding industries the competition of which with outside free labor would be felt. The industries now in operation are broom- mak- ing, woodenware, iron beds, woolen factory, shoeraaking and tailoring for public institutions, gardening; and, instead of brick- making, which for the want of clay had to be abandoned, the manufacture of binder twine was established as a new industry. Binder Twine. The manufacture of this important commodity was decided on by the Government ou the recommendation of the Provincial Secretaiy and Mr. Massie, the Warden of the Prison, in the fall of the year 1891, and steps were immediately taken to secure the neces.sary machinery for the purpose. Almost innumerable difficulties were met with, because the manufacturers, both in the United States and England, were fettered by arrangements with the National Cordage Trust of the United States, so that the machinery could be supplied only through the Trust ; and the National Cordage Trust was determined that the Government should not obtain it. The regular builders, both in the United States and England, refused to supply it, until finally an Am- erican manufacturer was found who undertook to make the patterns and contract to make it. The machinery was con- II I i'^l AQV 150 PROVTNCIAL SECRETARY S DEPARTMENT. tracted for in February, 1892, and dui'ing the Session of the Legislature, at the beginning of 1892, an appropriation was made for its pui'chase. It has been said that tliis new enterprise entered into by the Government was an interference with the Farmers' Binder Twine and Agricultural Implement Company at Brant- t'ord. The facts prove the contrary. The records show that the stock subscription list of the Farmers' Company was first opened on 12th August, 1892, their notice of application for a char- ter was published for the first time on 20th August, 1892, and their charter of incorporation was issued on 25th October, 1892, whereas the Government had decided on establishing the Binder Twine industry in the fall of 1891, and contracted for the ma- chinery in February, 1892, and the machinery was being made long before anything was heard of the farmers' movement in the same direction. The industry is well adapted for prison labor. Brick-making, which had ent/aged the labor of from 70 to 100 men, had to be discontinued for want of clay ; and in view of the binder twine monopoly, of which the farmers throughout the Province had been complaining, the introduction of this new industry has met with general approval and especial commendation by the farm- ers of Ontario. Notwithstanding the difficulties attendant upon the introduction of a new enterpr' "', an excellent quality of twine has been turned out and supplied to farmers at reasonable rates and considerably below the prices paitl by them in previous years. It has been attempted to be shown (and the statement is still being repeated in some publications wishing to have it so ap- pear) that large losses have been made in manufacturing binder twine at the })rison. From the time the factory commenced to run in the last months of 1892, until September, 1895, the busi- ness was conducted on Governin'^nt account. The sales during this period amounted to $258,143.97, and not a dollar of it was lost. In the same time purchases of fibre and other material were made, amounting to $2{8,088, 08, under conditions requiring extreme caution, as the fibre markets of the world were being raided and bedeviled by the great cordage corporations in the United States and Canada, in their efforts to secure a monopoly of the trade. The results of their operations were the ruin of many of them, and fortunes of millions upon millions were lost. The Prison Twine Industry, instead of being caught and swallowed up in the maelstrom that devastated the binder twine and cordage trade in those years, had sold in September, 1895, every pound PROVINCIAL SECRETARY S DEPARTMENT. 151 ill. of twine and fibre then on hand, paid every dollar of money used in carrying on the industry from the beginning, and had $13,- 032.55 to the good. This gain represents 39 cents per day for each prisoner for every day worked in producing all the twine made, which is over 87 percent, of the cost of maintaining them. Since September, 1895, the binder twine factory ha.s been running making twine by contract, the contiactor fur- nishing all material and selling the twine under such restrictions as regards the selling price to farmers as has given them binder twine at the lowest price that has ever been known. What this means to the faimers, estimating the consumption at 6,000 tons per year, is a saving of one and three-quarters of a million dol- lars on the twine used by them last year, as compared with the cost in 1892 before the prison commenced to supply twine. Asylums. The care of lunatics and idiots, when they belong to families able to maintain them, cannot fairly be saddled on the general public; but many of these unfortunates are heavy burdens on people who cannot support them in decency, not to speak of comfort, or of the necessary medical treatment. Even well-to-do relatives of the insane cannot by any reasonable expenditure of money in their own localities secure for them that expert care which is absolutely necessary to the recovery of those who are not incurably diseased. For this reason Asylums for the Insane and for Idiots must be maintained either by the Province or by the municipalities, and it is much better that their maintenance should be undertaken by the ibrmer than by the latter. This secures greater efficiency at less cost, and dis- tributes the burden more evenly over the whole population. Moreover, so long as the patients are maintained, as they have hitherto been, entirely out of the surplus revenues of the Pro- vince, the maintenance of asylums, like that of prisons and re- formatories, is a means of relieving the municipality from the burden of direct taxation. In other countries this burden for the most part falls entirely, or mainly, on the municipalities. Unfortunately, the number of in.sane persons and idiots, for whom application for admission is each year made, has steadily increased for many years past, and has not yet begun to diminish. This renders nece.ssary occasional increases of capital expenditure for accommodation, and similar increases in the annual outlay for maintenance. 3| u^^ 152 PROVINCIAL SECRETARY S DEPARTMENT. 1 1 The following table shows the rate of increase in the number of patients in the Idiot Asylum at Orillia, and in the Insane Asylums at London, Toronto, Mimico, Hamilton, Brockville and Kingston, all taken together. Average of Number re- Percentagu Percentage rcBtdent malnini; at of of Patients. end of year. Kecoveries, Deathi, 1877 1,819 1,869 34-78 632 1882 2,467 2,508 3225 676 1887 2,915 2,927 ' 41-64 4-79 1892 3,527 3,587 ' 26-76 5-44 i 1893 3,674 3,727 2644 571 1894 3,809 3.860 3222 4-96 1895 3,995 4,036 21'38 663 . 1896 4,116 4,118 18 53 6-47 1897 4,254 4,909 2497 6.13 Increased Attendance. As the percentage of recoveries is usually increasing — owing to the application of improved methods of treatment — while the death-rate remains tolerably uniform, the obvious inference is that there must be a considerable increase in the number admit- ted. So long as this increase is kept up, just so long will the cost of public institutions be a heavy burden on the Provincial Treasury. The Inspector's Report for 1896 shows that, in con- seg-v^?ence of increased attendance, the aggregate expense was in- creased by $7,839, as compared with that of 1895, yet the weekly cost per patient was lowered from $2.48 to $2.22. During the year 1897 the cost of maintaining asylums, includ- ing salaries and wages, was $605,788, The cost of each year since the advent of the Liberal party to power is shown in the following table ; Patients un- Total Cost. der treatm't. 1872 $187,719 1,717 1873 201,479 1,780 1874 214,30S 1,865 1876 218,451 l,i)'2b 1876 241,381 2,371 1877 281,844 2,390 1878 270,163 2,546 1879 286,894 2,664 1880 297,895 2,899 1881 3J--i.972 3.(Mi5 1882 368,683 3,288 1883 377(»9.i 3,340 1884 388,021 3,356 Patients un- Total Cost. der treatm't. 1885 $364,446 3,384 1886 384,352 3,628 1887 415.3.i0 3,653 1888 469 374 3,939 1889 490 60J 3,955 1890 464,364 4 187 1891 644,6H3 4,972 1892 644,580 4,785 1893 568,495 4,893 1894 548,89:i 6 021 1895 596,649 6 454 1896 604,38i 5,464 1897 605,788 6,625 PROVINCIAL secretary's DEPARTMENT. • 168 Comparative Cost Between Ontario and Other Countries. An examination of the returns from the various Public Insti- tutions in tlie United States and other countries furnishes a comparison of a most favorable character in the cost of manage- ment of the institutions in Ontario, as the following figures will prove : , . Asylums, • COST PEK PATIENT. Yearly. Weekly. British Columbiii Asylum, average for 1895 and '96 $18-89 $;! «3 Nova Scotia Asylum 18'.)5 196 49 3.78 New Brunswick Asylum, average for 1^^92-1896 110.23 2.12 Montreal Protestant Asylum, average for 1895 and '90 ... 186.69 3.59 Manitoba Asylums at Selkirk and Brandon, average for 1891 and '92 185 82 3.67 Massachusetts six State Asylums, average for 1892 and '93 176 19 3.38 Pennsylvania Asylums for 1892 242.01 4 65 Utica StateHospital, Hudson River S' ate Hospital, Middle- ton State Hospital and Buflalo State Hospital, aver- age for 1889, 'yO and '91 264.98 6.09 78 U.S. Asylums, average cost of maintenance 227.88 4.38 EnglLsh Asy'ums, average of 21 years 151.84 2.92 New South Wales Asylums average for 21 years, as per Inspector General's report 193.P6 3.73 ONTARIO ASYLUMS, average 1891-9T 130.9T 3.558 While the average yearly cost per patient for the seven years, 1891-97, was $130.97, for the year 1897 it was only $126.25, and after deducting revenue only $106.39. The Blind Institute. The attendance during 1896 at the Institute for the Blind averaged 127. The pupils are trained in arithmetic, grammar, geography, reading, literature, writing, natural history and phy- siology, English and Canadian history, chemistry and music. They are also taught to earn their own living by means of piano- tuning, basket-making, sewing and knitting, and are thus pre- vented from adding to the aheady too large roll of paupers who look to their respective municipalities for support. The cost per pupil of maintaining the Institute for 1895 and 1896 was $260.70 and $267.49 respectively, showing a slight increase, due to a fall- ing off in the attendance. The aggregate cost for each year since 1872 is shown in the following table ; — 154 PROVINCIAL SECRETARY S DEPARTMENT, No. of I'uplli Total coit. on Roll. 1872 $ 7,523 00 34 1873 21,V60 00 59 1874 22,f)32 00 113 1875 23,0151.00 139 1876 24 034.00 148 1877 2(5,913.00 147 IM78 2f Health. In the days preceding Confederation there had been a begin- ning made in the work of recording marriages in the County Registry Offices. In 1869 the Registration of Births, Marriages i Il PROVINCIAL SECRETAHY's DEPARTMENT. 157 and Doathf) becran as a system under {jovernmental suporviaion. Tlie Act of 18G9 was lunended in 1875, and wholly revised in ISO'). The following tahle shows the expenditure and results of this branch of the public service in the two periods : 1871. 18»6. Total expenditure 810,879 810,826 Fees received by Dopt. for Certificates of Births, Miirria^os, and Deaths.... none. $.^50 Births, Marriu({eH, and Deaths recorded 4:(,b77 86,(369 This remarkable result has been obtained by tlie careful devel- opment in skilled hands of the methods foi- collecting, tabulat- ing, and pubii.-shing the returns from the municipalities, which, instead of a few hundred, are now distributed as Annual Reports of the Registrar-General to all physicians and clergymen, lib- raries, etc., in the Province. The aid such statistics give to the public, and especially to municipal health authorities, in estimat- ing the condition of the public health, cannot be over-estimated, ami the credit in this, as in so many other fields of sociology, must be given to Ontario, which has been the pioneer of this work in Canada, and to the Liberal Pfirty, since the Bill of 18(i9 WHS iritrod\iced into the Legi>latnre by the late Hon. T. B. Pardee. The remarkable fact is shown in the Report ot the Registrar- General for 1896 that the enormous volume of increased busi- ness, increased returns, and increased publications, both in extent and number, cost less in 1896 than in almost any previous year, including 1871. But the adjunct of this work of vital statistics, which by political economists everywhere have been accepted as the gauge of the evolution of social systems, is found in the work of the Provincial Board of Health established in 1882. From a board with a single executive officer it has grown into a central organ- ization with an office staff and a scientific laboratory, and associ- ated municipal boards to the number of 600 reporting organiza- ''" 1 1896. The work of sanitation in these 15 years has been f idespread as the confines of the Province. The era of small- ^ md kindred epidemic diseases soems to have practically d peared in Ontario. The three quinquennia since the board's oiganization show the following reductions in mortality over the first period from the more common communicable diseases, even though the population has increased some 15/^ during the period : i sa^ 168 PROVINCIAL secretary's DEPARTMENT. Table of Dkaths in the Three Fivk-Year Periods. , Small-pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. 5028 ■ Typhoid. Ist Period- -1882-1886 128 1929 3027 2nd " - -]8-^7-1891 Hi 650 4774 3060 3rd " - -1892-1896 7 993 4774 1642 The ali.'^olute percentage decrease is given without estimating tlie fuller peicentage decrease with an increasing population in the following table, where the first period is represented by 100 : Table Showi.vg Percentagk Dfcreases of Deaths. Smallpox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Typhoid, iBt Period— 18S2 1886 100 100 100 ICO 2nd •' —18871891 88% 67% 6% none 3rd " —1892-1896 93% 50% 6% 46% Or, to give the reduction in the mortality aggregate expression there were from these diseases during the five years of the first period 10,112 deaths, and 7,415 in the last period, or an abso- lute saving of 2,690 lives, or nearly 25%, although the popula- tion had increased at least 15% between 1882 and 189G. Other marked decreases in the death-rate may be similarly noted. This work may be very directly traced to the close rela- tionship between the Provincial and the (500 Local Boards of Health. Owing to the monthly return of deaths from contagious diseases l)y Secretaries of the Local Boards to the Provincial Board, the health status of the Province is accurately gauged, and prompt action in any local emergency becomes possible. The co-operative work is greatly aided by the Laboratory of the Provincial Board examining at all times samples of suspected water, diseased tissues, and so on, for the officers of the Local Boards, thereby enabling them to deal promptly with outbreaks whenever they have assured themselves of the chaiacter of the disease. IBi S i' ' PROVINCIAL secretary's DEPARTMENT. 159 But, in addition to this daily watching of the pulse of the Province, the work which is telling more largely than any other, because it represents the general education of the people in sys- tematic sanitary methods, is the establishment of systems of municipal waterworks, sewerage, and town scavenging. Thus, while in 1882 there were only soine ten municipalities in Ontario having public water supplies, and fewer still with sewerage sys- tems, the year 1896 sees 98 public water supplies and 47 s\ stems of town sewerage more or less complete. The 50% decrease in the death-rate of typhoid is the delicate index of such permanent improvements. The clo.sest relations with the neighboring Pro- vinces and States are maintained, and the public health of the American Continent is becoming a matter of daily reference, as much as the weather conditions or tlie variations of the stock markets. The extension of this work of sanitation into the less notice- able, but often more potent influences affecting the public health is seen in the statistical enquiries regarding the causes producing or retarding the spread of consumption, which plays a larger part in national economics tlian all the Immigra ion Agencies combined, as well as into the diseases affecting the food of the people, whether meat or milk. But a study of the reports of this department would carry the outlines of its work far be- yond the limits of our space. And to think that this work of saving life, of elevating the standard of health and living of the people, is done at a cost to the Province of less than one-third of what the City Health Department of Toronto finds it necessary to spend in the interests oi its citizens, cannot fail to commend itself to the people, who appreciate the high ideals which the Government of Ontario has set itself to reach. From the Public Accounts of 1884 it will be seen that the expenditure of tho Provincial Board of Health for that year was $8,333.00, while, owing perhaps to the reorganization by which the Provincial Board of Health's work and that of the Registrar-General were brought under one head, the estimate for the Provincial Board for the year 1897 was but $7,950. Neglected and Dependent Gh Udren. One of the most satisfactory advances made in recent years by the Government was the establishment of the Children's Depart- ment under the Children's Protection Act of 1893. Previous to that time there were no adequate laws dealing with Neglected and Dependent Children, and the decision of the Ontario Govern- m •> '''ft! ' • ■. •if'' ''I 160 PROVINCIAL secretary's DEPARTMENT. ment to grant such a law was suggeated by the unanimous report of the Commission on Prison Reform and endorsed by the philan- thropic and benevolent organizations tliroughout the Provinee. Under this hiw some thirty Children's Aid Societies have been organized, and in addition to a very extensive benevolent work by which the piison and pauper population has undoubtedly been decreased, many orphan and deserted children have been provided with foster-homes, where they are growing up as mem- bers of the community, and without expense to the ratepayers. At the present time there are nearly 600 children who have been taken over by the societies and sent to family homes instead of to institutions, thereby effecting a saving of, at least, 30,000 or 40,000 dollars per year. In the various States across the border where this work has been taken up by the Government, large and expensive institutions have been established, the mainten- ance of which entails an expenditure of over $40,000 per year, not to speak of the $150,000 capital invested. In Ontario the same results have been accomplished without the necessity, so far, of any extensive institution of this kind. In fact, looking at it from any standpoint, the work is one of the most worthy as well as the most economical that is carried on at the present day. The direction of this Department was entrusted to Mr. J. J. Kelso, who was well-known in connection with philanthropic work for many years, and who has continued to enjoy the confidence of all who have the interests of these unfortunate children at heart. Ivimigration of English Children. For some "years past there has been a great deal of controversy as to the wisdom or un-wisdom of encouraging the immigration of children frouj the Old Country to Canada. Many sweeping charges have been made against these children, but as this class of work has never been officially recognized by the Ontario Gov- ernment there was no means of ascertaining the quality of the work done. In order to meet the situation the Ontario Govern- ment introduced a measure in March, 1897, requiring all juvenile immigration agencies to be under provincial supervision, and fix- ing a standard of health, etc., for such children. Mr. J. J. Kelso was appi)inted Inspector under this Act, and is engaged at present in studying the various features of the work with a view to pre- venting the importation of an unsuitable class of children. 'This measure is a most desirable one, and will in the future protect the interests of the Province, as well as afford fair recognition to those agencies that are doing their work in a careful and efficient manner. PROVINCIAL treasurer's DEPARTMENT. 161 PROVINCIAL TREASURER'S DEPARTMENT. The relations of Ontario to the Dominion under the federal system requiring the keeping of extensive and complicated ac- counts, as well as the enlightened policy pursued under Liberal rule of distributing the surplus among the municipalities, ren- der it necessary that the head of the Treasury Department should be a man of unquestioned integrity, proved financial ability and high administrative capacity. The Province has been remarkably fortunate in securing the services of successive treas- urers in every way competent to occupy this responsible position, and no charge of corruption has ever been brought against thia branch of the public service, either under the present Treasurer, Hon. Richard Harcourt, or his predecessors. The financial policy of the Liberal Government has been char- acterized by the most careful economy in all Provincial expendi- tures which are under administrative control, and by a generous expenditure of surplus revenue for local services of various kinds, which, but for the assistance thus afforded, would have greatly increased the burden of municipal taxation. Only a small part of the provincial income is absorbed in meeting the absolutely necessar}'^ expense of carrying on the Government* The remainder is, instead of being hoarded up, returned to the people, except what is judiciously retained in the Treasury as a provision against emergencies. •• Railway Aid, In the session of 1871 an act was passed by the Sandfield- Macdonald Administration, setting apart $1,500,000 as a fund for aiding railways on certain conditions. It was contended by the then Opposition that the grant to each railway should be submitted to the Legislature for its lipproval. The Government was defeated on this issue, and when the Liberals came into power in 1872, legislation requiring the sanction of the people's representatives to each appropriation was passed. In the same F IMMM 16^ PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. yeai" the Railway Fund was increased by Hon. Mr. Blake to $1,900,000, and a Railway Subsidy Fund created by setting apnrt the .sum of SlOO.OOO a year for twenty years.* Special appropriations to particular roads were made in 187G, 1877, 1878 and 1881. In 1889 an act was passed in accordance with which land in unsettled parts of the Province, through which it was proposed to construct colonization railways, could be set apart and sold for the purpose of forming a fund to recoup the Province for tlie money expended in aid of the construction of the lines, the land so set apart forming a tract of ten miles in width on each side of the railways so aided. The Province thus receives the full bene- fit of the increased value given to the land bv the establisliment of railway c:jminunication and the promotion of settlement. Under the provisions of this measure liberal subsidies have been granted to railways in the new districts, and in the eastern part of the Province hitherto inadequately provided with railway facilities. The total mileage of the railways so aided since 18')2 up to 1897 was 4451 miles, the aggregate sum granted being $1,180,7.')0. These subsidies added to previous ones given to 3ther lines bring the amount granted to railways out of the sur- plas revenues, and thus given back to the people, to a total of over nine million dollars. The following statement by the Pro- vincial Auditor shows the amounts of Provincial aid given to railways up to December 3lst, 1896 : *The Acts passed by the SandfleM Mncd nnld and Blake Onvcrnmenti privi ing for granting aid to Railwavi* will be found at the end of th s book. Nan *■ nttL^ACimVflFQJl.'^" I"!?!«S n PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. 163 Name of Railway. Belleville & North Haatiniifs. Brantford, Norfolk & Pt. Bnrwell Caiiada Central Canada Southern Cobourg, Peterboro' & Mar- mora Credit Valley Canada Atlantic Erie & Huron G. T., Georgian Bay & Lake Erie Grand Junction Hamilton & North Western. Hamilton & Lake Erie Irondale, Bancroft & Ottawa KingHton & Pembroke Lake Simcoe Junction London, Huron & Bruce Midland North Simcoe Northern Extension Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Ontario, Belmont & Northern R'y Prince Arthur's Landing. . . . Prince Edward County Port Dover & Lake Huron. . Port Arthur, Duluth & West- ern Parry Sound Colonization. . . Stratford & Lake Huron .... Toronto, Grey & Bruce Toronto & Ni])i88ing Tilsonburg, Lake Erie & Pacific Victoria Wellington, (irey & Bruce. . Whitby, Pt. Perry & Lind.-ay Miles. 22.000 ;M.270 47.5G0 02.901 9.;{70 153.001 6.5.720 40.650 79.300 05.800 143.510 33.480 35.000 88,740 20.500 0',).146 .54.530 33.343 70.407 130.100 9.570 5.99, 32.000 03.000 85. ,540 47.750 27.500 15L141 40.217 15.840 55.752 120.0.38 45.945 1,977.254 Cash Payments. 125,957 15 18,740 00 18,702 00 1,634 47 1,.580 00 40,000 00 'ob/Jo6'6o 213,522 50 53,000 00 60,227 50 196,188 00 126,000 00 15,.571 51 55,000 00 285,1H2 00 105,212 00 33,442 00 241,270 00 40,000 00 1,704,195 10 Certificates Paid. 111,351 24 129,3,53 00 2H559 26 740,092 59 357,729 09 88,595 29 187,005 68 216,415 18 727,697 20 7,695 (;0 295,745 75 '2(>?.,S?,[) 00 149.284 40 140,635 56 21,547 68 20,747 20 155,;)20 00 59,460 00 LS,7:!1 79 176,182 40 739 00 499,(il4 90 "87,790 40 4,713,999 47 Certificates Outstand- ing,'. 2,855 10 33,704 31 97,158 51 33,()05 11 42,800 32 21,652 42 188,192 40 97,077 45 3,606 04 740,170 32 35,725 CO 388,278 00 248,515 41 58,385 74 4,200 24 1,996,,593 03 Total. 114,200 40 129,353 60 125,957 15 244,559 20 18,740 00 799,098 90 454,887 »>0 123,834 87 231,446 00 278,007 00 727,f.97 20 66,960 00 195.H88 00 60(i,915 70 5:h,(»00 00 268,839 Oil 215,511 90 144.211 00 196,188 00 761,724 00 35,725 CO 20,747 20 155, ,520 00 120,000 00 46.3,315 .54 267,247 20 55,000 00 401, ,304 40 105.212 00 59,124 80 537,317 20 241,276 00 129,790 40 8,414,787 66 m Many of the appiopriation-s voted in aid of railway construction have not yet been earned, and so do not appear on this list. -By a series of enactments extending over many years, munici- palities were authorized to vote money in aid of railways and advantage was extensively taken of the j)oweis thus conferred. The example of the Administration stimulated the liberality and enterprise of th*^ municipalities, which have granted by way of subsidies to railways $10,818,642. Under the Municipal I^oau Fund Scheme, the details of which will follow, the Pro- m 164 PROVINCIAL TREASURER S DEPARTMENT. vince has given to the municipalities nearly three-and-a-half millions of dollars, out of which the recipients have given assist- ance to railway building to the extent of nearly a million, which may legitimately be included in computing the aggregate advanced by the Government for this purpose, making the bulk sum about ten millions. This liberality has secured the building or projected construction of some 3,000 miles of railway, thus making Ontario, in the matter of railroad communication, one of the best-equipped countries in the world. The total Pro- vincial and municipal aid thus granted exceeds twenty million dollars. Surplus Distribution and Municipal Loan Fund. The payments in aid of railways, liberal as they were, did not exhaust the accumulations of surplus revenue. In the session of 1873 Attorney-General Mowat submitted a measure for the distribution of a portion of the surplus iu connec- tion with the settlement of the Municipal Loan Fund question. The total indebtedness to the fund amounted, in 1872, to twelve million dollars ($12,000,000), and on this immense sum the Pro- vince at large had to pay interest. The Municipal Loan Fund Act of 1873 authorized the appro- priation of a certain sum out of the Provincial surplus to each municipality according to population. To a municipality not in debt to the Fund its share of the surplus distribution was to be paid in full. To one in debt to the Fund its share was to be set off against the debt, the balance, if there was one, being payable to the municipality. In cases where the amount of debt exceeded the amount of its share the municipality remained liable for the difference. By the operation of this policy, inestimable benefits were con- ferred on the municipalities. Some were relieved from a crushing incubus of debt, and all were made participators in the general prosperity of the Province. The total amount distributed under this scheme was about $3,447,525. The following table shows to what purposes the greater part of this subsidy has been applied by municipalities : In roads mid bridges $1,181,082 06 In payinij; debts caused by granting aid to railways 987,889 18 In paying other debts incurred for permanent works not speci- fied . . 28,579 56 In educational purposes, including school-houses built, school debts paid, and investments for school purposes 705,468 36 In ^ dL il'^i PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. 165 In building and improving town halls Z 147,346 40 (T'" "-own hulls have been built or paid for, and a large number )f nmikets or lock-ups) ill town and village iin[)rovement8. by construction of water- works, making sidewalks, jjlanting shade trees, and buy- ing steam fire engines 76,432 65 In making and improving harbours 43,749 46 In drainage 27,642 27 In paying share of cost of county buildings, and aiding in the erection of mills and manufactories 13,382 50 In buying (uid laying out public parks and agricultural society grounds 4,954 26 In the purchase and improvements of cemeteries 1,917 02 In aid given to unorganized districts, in making roads and bridges, and building schools 6,334 82 Total . ........$3,225,378 54 Drainage Investments. - / - As far back as 1869 an Act was passed, authorizing the Gov- ernment to advance money for the drainage of large areas, the works to be carried out under the Public Works Act of 18(38, and the improved land to be used as security for the repayment of the advance by means of a rental charge. This Statute was repealed by an Act passed in 1873. It made still more liberal arrangements for the construction of di'ainage works, which under it may be undertaken at the in- stance of the owners of the land, and without the intervention of any Municipal Council, the security and mode of collection remaining the same. It was also provided that the Government might advance money at the rate of five per cent, to municipali- ties for drainage purposes, leaving the work to be done by the local authorities. The method of investment under this system is the purchase of munici[)al debentures to the required amount, the municipality being responsible for the payment of the deben- tures, and being Ipft to collect for itself the amounts charged against the lands benefited. The maximum amount invested under either system cannot at any time exceed $350,000, but the money, as it is repaid by one municipality, may be lent to another. In this way the total amount invested under both plans up to the end ot 1897 was $1,266,251.48. The area drained is made up of tracts scattered over the counties of Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Elgin, Lanark, Lennox, Grey, Addington, Peterbovo', Essex, Leeds, Welland. Huron, Bruce, Durham, Perth, Hastings, and Haldimand, k Hi 166 PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. Another application of the same form of investment was made in 1878, by an Act authorizing the Government to advance money at five per cent., through the medium of niunicii)al deben- tures, for tile-draining purj)oses. The total amount so invested must never exceed $200,000, and the amount invested at the close of 1897 was $197,900.00. In 1887 the Government reduced the rate of interest on all drainage loans to four per cent. Audit of Public Accounts. In the session of 1886 an Act was passed " to provide for the better auditing of the public accounts of the Province." It cre- ates a Treasury Board of three members, who are Ministers of the Crown, and also creates the office of Provincial Auditor, the incumbent of which is removable from office only on address of the Legislative Assembly to the Lieutenant-Governor. The Provincial Auditor's duty is to " examine, check, and audit all accounts ot receipts and expenditures of public moneys ;" to " see that no check issues for the payment of any public money for which there is no direct legislative appropriation ;" to present to the Legislative Assembly a statement of, all expenditures made/ on the order of the Treasury Board, without his sanction ; and to prepare the Public Accounts for submission to the Legislature. The system of auditing the Public Accounts, already efficient, has been made by this Statute still more so, while the people of the Province have as satisfactory a check upon irregular expendi- ture of public funds as it is possible to devise. Financial Administration. The financial policy of the Mowat Government has been characterised by the most careful economy in all Provincial ex- penditures that are under administrative control, and by a liberal expenditure of surplus revenue for local services o^" various kinds, which, but for the relief thus afforded, would have greatly increased the burden of municipul taxation. The absolutely ne- cessary expense of carrying on the Government of the Province absorbs a comparatively small part of the Provincial revenue. It has been the policy of the Mowat Government to return the rest of it annually to the people, instead of hoarding it uj) as an ad- dition to the large surplus already in the Provincial Treasury. That this policy of surplus distribution had once the approval of Hon. Mr. Meredith, now Chief Justice Sir Wm. Meredit^. is shown b h m PROVINCIAL TUKASURFRS DEPARTMENT. 1G7 by the followin*,' extract from one of the first speeches made by him after he assumed the leadershij) of the Opposition : "Ono question upon whicli it wfis incumbent that they slioukl subniit a policy was that of the disposition of the hirge surphis which the lionorahle member for El<4in said was at the disposal of the Province. In not indicat- ing their intentions with reference to the surphis of four and (»ne-half mil- lions which they claimed to have in hand, they were certainly untrue to their duty and unworthy of conlidence." A Policy of Relief. When the Liberal party came into office in 1871 there were two courses open to them in dealing with that portion of the an- nual revenue which is in excess of the sum absolutely required for the public service of the Province — that is to say, for Civil Gov- ernment, Legislation, aiul Administration of Justice. They might have adopted a policy of hoarding up the annual surplu-ses and allowing them to accumulate in the Treasury, throwing upon the people the whole cost of education, of the local administration of justice, of the maintenance of convicts and lunatics, of the relief of the poor and the diseased, and uf the construction and main- tenance of colonization roads. Had they done this they might now have been able to show a total surplus of nearly sixty mil- lions of dollars, for the accumulated sum would have been itself a source of steadily increasing revenue. They preferred to take the alternative course of relieving the burden of municipal taxa- tion, by expending not merely the surplus revenue of each year as it accrued, but also a large part of the accumulated surplus with which they were called Mpon to deal when they took upon themselves the task of administering the affairs of the Province The Surplus. When the Liberal party came into office in 1871, they found in the Treasury an accumulated surplus of cash and trust funds, amounting to nearly seven millions of dollars ($7,000,000), sub- ject to certain reductions afterwards referred to. By an Act passed the previous session, a million and a-half of dollars ($1,500,000) had been appropriated in aid of railway con- struction. This sum was subsequently increased by several other Acts until it amounted to a total of $8,500,000, by far the greater portion of which has already been expended. In 1873 an Act was passed appropriating out of the accumu- lated surplus nearly three and a-half millions of dollars, to be 108 PROVINCrAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. divided amongst the various municipalities, and used as a means of wiping out the indebtedness of some of them to the Municipal Loan Fund. Each year a large and ever-increasing amount has been spent out of current revenue on services the cost of which would other- wise have greatly increased the burden of municipal taxation. Even these payments did not usually exhaust the annual revenue of the Province, and there has generally been a surplus to add to that already accumulated. Occasionally the expenditure under the Supply Bill has exceeded the revenue, making it necessary to draw to that extent on the surplus of previous years. The following table gives tlie ordinary revenue and expendi- ture under the Supply Bill for the years 1873-97, inclusive, and shows the annual surpluses and deficits : — Revenue. 1873 $2,931,439 1874 2,611,550 1876 2,493,656 1876 2,423 372 1877 2,462,940 1878 2,244,133 1879 2,448,617 1880 2,400,200 1881 2,740,772 1882 2,838,543 1883 2,394,193 1884 2,623,874 1885 2,697,420 1886 2 843,632 1887 3,123,211 1888 3,552,264 1889 3,499,385 1890 3,381,996 1891 3,327,070 1892 4,457,478 1893 4,039,656 1894. , 3,404,970 1895 3,364,955 1898 3,262,429 1897 3,937,460 Net addition to the surplus from 1873 to 1897, out of rev- enue $5,197,128. Another Asset. Owing to the recognition by the Dominion Government in 1884 of a debt of $5,397,503, due from the Dominion to the late Pro oft! sha; T and Expenditure. Surplus. Deficit. ^2,460,2 12 8 471,227 2,342,:539 269,211 2,063,650 430,106 2,155,185 268,187 2,303,806 99,134 2,408,634 8164,401 2,286,282 163,335 2,243,663 156,537 2,281 053 465,719 2,429,554 408,989 2,548,171 15.3.978 2,870 036 346,161 2,693,525 3,895 2,769,978 73,654 2,864,713 358,498 3,007,0;i7 545,227 3,181,614 317,771 3,367,085 14,310 * 3,428,731 101,661 3,411,012 1,046,466 3,371,748 667,908 3,374,380 30,690 • . • 3,476,351 111,396 3,415,274 152,846 3,500,654 436,806 otals .86.227.670 81 ,030.442 rev- in late PROVINCIAL treasurer's DEPARTMENT. 169 Province of Canada, an sicldition was made in 1885 to the surplus of the Province, to the extent of $2,848,289, which is Ontario's share of the above .sum under Act 47, Vic, Cap 4. The following is a statement of the Provincial assets, liabilities and surplus on 31st December, 1897 : — Investments, Interest-bearing and Cash Assets of the Province. 1. — Direct Invkstments : Drainage, dobonture-i invested Slst Decomber, 1897 8141,070 83 Tile, debentures invested Slat December. 1897 125,860 31 Drainage Works — Municipal am'ta 85,(309 41 «352,440 55 2.— Capital held and Debts Duh BY THE Dominion to Ontaeio, BBARINO InTEUEHT : U. C. Grammar School Fund (2 Vic. cap. 10) $ 312,709 04 U.C. Building Fund (18 Sect, Act 1854 1,472,39141 Land Improvement Fund (see Award) 124,685 18 The Capital under Act 1884 (Award '93) $2,848,289 52 Less estimated bal- ance duo Domiui'n 2,000,000 00 848,289 52 $2,758,136 15 Common School Fund : ' Collections by Dominion $1,520,950 24 Collections by Ontario, paid over to the Dominion in 1889 and 1890, after deducting Land Im- provement Fund and 6 percent, for collections 930,729 10 $2,457,679 34 Ontario's share according to popu- lation, 1891 1,441,882 90' 4,200,018 05 3. — Bank Balances : Current Accounts $ 95,849 54 Special Accounts 510,000 00 605,849 54 $5,158,308 14 1 170 PKOVINCIAL TRBASURER's DEPARTMENT. Litihilifies of t/ui Province at Present Payable. 1. — Balanokh Dkk to Municipai.i- TIBS re SiMii'LUs DisruiuurioN... |li2l)l 30 2. — Land Imimiovkmbnt Fund : * Biiliinco Duo to Miinicii)iilitio8 utiilor 45 Vic. ciip. 3, mid 4'J Vic, civp. t) ?3,25rt 57 Biiliinco Duo tu Municipalitiea uiidur 54 Vic. cup. 'J . 2,771 04 , (5,028 21 $7,'M'J 51 3.— Qckbk.c'h Shahb of Collec- tions BY (tNTARIO ON AoC'OUNT OF Common School Landm in 1890-91-92-1)3-94-95-96 : . C(»llocti()n8 on lands sold bo- i tweon 11th Juno, 1853, imd March ()th, 1801 $G3,9(58 83 Less () por cent, c st of manage- ment ; . . 3,838 13 $00,130 70 Less one-quarter for Land Im- provement Fund .,. 15,032 07 $45,098 03 Collections on' lands sold since ., (ith March, 1801 $19,780 56 'I Less (J ])er cent, cost of manage- ment 1,180 83 18,593 73 $03,691 70 Quebec's proportion according to population, 1891 20,324 77 Total $33,(;44 28 Surplus of Assets after deducting Liabilities presently imyable . . $5,124,003 80 Surplus from 1S73 to 1897. . Owing to a variety of causes the surplus in the Treasury fluc- tuates from year to year, but a glance at the following table will show that there is no likelihood of its being speedily wiped out: ^ROViNCtAL TREASlTIlEll's DKPARTMENT. in 30 \ 21 ) 51 24 77 44 '28 :5 8(5 fluc- tiible edily Yenr. Surplus. 187;{ $4,.'!3-',l.'04 1874 r),750,35'2 1875 6,OiJ(},:570 1870 4,873,?()3 1877 4,75l^,7i»8 1878 4,4:iO,!)ft;i 187i> 4,:;0'.»,027 18,^0 4,220,0^*8 1881 4r)0i»,6yi 1882 4,826,58(5 1883 4,;{84,241 1884 6,85<.),ur(5 Yeivr. Surplus. iHH(i 80,(;8O,;t3U 1887 <5,(5«;5,3r>2 1888 (5,734,«4i) 1885) (5,427,252 18!)0 5,80i),njected to. 1884 ■....§2,891.652 $ 2,7fi<> 1885 2,937,882 24,900 1886 3,130,(351 1,400 1887 3,165,771 15.100 1 888 3,205 804 nothinsj; 1889 3,440,040 1890 3,625,293 " 1891 3,622,427 '• 1892 3, 699,907 350 1893 3,571,789 42,275 1894 3,534,121 107,696 50 1895 3,499,013 13,550 1896 3,558,861 10,700 1897 3,628,372 21,425 $47,417,483 $243,146 50 In other words, out of a total proposed appropriation in four- teen years of 847,417,483 the Opposition objected to only $243,- 14G.50, equal to about half a cent on the dollar. Comparisons ivith Quebec and the Dominion. The foliowinfi; table shows the rate at which the cost of civil fjovernment and legislation increased in Ontario, Quebec and the Dominion, respectively, from 1873 to 1897, inclusive : Civil Government. 1873. 1897. Increase. Percentage. Ontario $175,914 $250,945 $75,031 42 Quebec 136,106 277,248 142,142 105 Dominion. 750,874 1,418,846 667,972 88 lieyisltttion. Ontario 119,650 159,392 39,742 33 Quebec 163,569 288,623 126,054 76 Dominion 529,343 1,134,773 605,430 114 The following comparison of certain items of annual expendi- ture in Ontario with the same items in Quebec, in 1897, is very instructive. The first table includes the sums .spent in carrying on the public service of the Province ; and in *^hese it will be seen the expenditure of Quebec is higher than that of Ontario, though the population is less. The second table includes appro- priations that are intended to lessen the burden of local taxation, and in these Ontario is the more liberal : I .- .L, -. '' ... - 176 PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. Table I. Service. Quebec. Civil Government $277,248 Legislation 288,623 Administration of Justice 567,628 Table IC. Quebec. Prisons and Asylums $314,441 Education 394,260 Ontario. Excess in Quebec. $250,945 $ 26,303 159,392 129,231 427,866 139,762 Ontario. $806,131 719,816 ExceHR in Ontario $491,690 325,556 Further Proof of Economy. To make still clearer, if possible, the economy with which the finances of Ontario have been managed, look at the estimates of Ontario, Quebec, and the Dominion in the years 1873 and 1897 respectively: ;: . 1897. $ 3,628,872 *5 5^1,840 ;4,831,027 1873. Ontario $2,944,061 Quebec 1,709,281 Dominion 19,274,648 * 1896-7. Increafle. Percentage. 684,811 23 3,822,559 223 25,556,379 132 Daring 1897 Ontario realized the sum of $247,4oo.lo as in- terest on her investments, while Ler le.ss fortunate sister the Province of Quebec, paid in interest and charges on her public debt no less a sum than $1,550,874. Lastly, Quebec .started with a clean sheet ir> 1867, and she has since piled up a gross debt of S38,S49,380, against ."hieh she has a sinking fund and other assets amounting to $14,146,726, leaving the net funded debt $24,202,054, to wliich mu-st be added a sum of $1,357,213 due on temporary loans, Ontario, liberal as her expenditures have been, out of surplus revenues has accumulated in the same period of time a surplus of $5,124,663, a difi'erence of over thirty miixions of dollars. • Sovie Facts About the Surplus. John Saadfield Mf.cdonald left a cash surplus of, say $3,810,- 964 ($3,637,979 in investments and $172,985 in cash). Before leaving office, by Act of Parliament, he had set apart $1,500,000 of this sum for Kaih^ays. In the early days of the Province, when the Provincial book- keeping was as yet incomplete, and had not been reduced to a PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. 177 system, certain chai-ges, for example, those in part connected with the Administration of Justice, whicli Ontario should have paid, were in fact paid by the Dominion Government, and in after years charged up to us here. These payments by the Do- minion for Ontario, and which John Sandfield Macdonald did not pay, but which his successors paid, amounted to $691,131. Then, again, John Sandfield Macdonald collected from sales of Common School lands nearly half a million, of which sum $] 97,000 belonged to the Province of Quebec. He did not pay it to Quebec, but his successors did in actual cash. Once more John Sandfield Macdonald bought from the Do- minion Government the Rock wood Asylum, Kingston, the price fixed being $9G,500. He did not pay for it. His successors did. We must, therefore, add these suras, viz. : $1,500,000 091,131 ' % . 197,000 9G,500 In all, $2,484,631 and deducting them from the cash surplus of $3,810,964, above referred to, we have $1,326,333. It is, therefore, incontrovertibly the fact that deducting from John Sandfield Macdonald's cash surplus the nioney^j which he himself pledged and set apart for specific purposes, we have left only $1,326,3"3. This last sum, therefore, viz. : $1,326,333, and not the $4,000,- 000 of which our opponents speak, is the real amount of the available cash surplus left by tfohn Sandfield Macdonald. Inspection of Division Courts. The complaints of suitors about irregularities in the manage- ment of Division Court business by clerks and bailiffs led to the appointment, in 1872, of ?n Inspector, whose duty it is to see that the tariff" of costs is properly observed, that all moneys collected are handed over to the proper parties, that executions are prompt- ly enforced, that complaints are promptly investigated, and that the whole machinery of the courts is kept in as efiicient a con- dition as possible, in the interests of suitors. Between amend- ments in the Division Court Law, and improvements in the man- agement of Division Court business, matters have been put in a nmch more satisfactory condition, especially aselerks and bailiffs are now directly responsible to the Provincial Government, which 17S PROVINCIAL TREASURERS DEPARTMENT. is in turn responsible to the public for the manner in which these officers discharge 'their duties. The annual repoits of the Inspector of Division Courts show that viany abuses of long standing have, during the past twenty-fou) years, been removed, and that the irregularities are not only less in number, but more trivial in character than formerly. The following statistics, from the annual report for 18!JG, give some idea of the in\niense amount of business done in these courts, and of their growing importance : Number of Divisions 3-'0 Suits entered (exclusive of tninscripts of judgments and judgment summonses) 52,204 Amount of claims entered $2,048,884.05 Amount of suitors' money paid into Court $'581^,029.5)0 Amount paid out $579,811.77 Fees payable to the Province ${),2()4.76 lich tho DEPARTMRNT OF PUBLIC WORKS. 179 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. This department for the ])ast twenty-five years has been under the manafTjement of the late Hon. Arch. McKeiiai', tlie late Eton. C. F. Fraser, and the Hon. \Vm. Harty, and has been uniformly conducted with efficiency and economy. The latter is evidenced by the fact that the number of officers comprising its staff in the year 1871, when the Liberals came into power, liad continued the same, year by yeai\ up to and including the year ISO^. (Vide Returns to the Legislature, 10th February, 1894j. In the former year only eight public institutions were in operation, and eleven separate buildings and works had been constructed ; while at the close of 1896 there were twenty-two such institutions in opera- tion, beside some thirty-five other buildings; or, in 1871 eleven separate building."? and works had been completed, and in 181>G the number had increased to upwards of five hundred ; and no increase in the number of the officers of the staff had beei. made, except that of a junior clerk and shorthand writer in 189.5 ; al- though the work in thb department had, in these years, ad- mittedly been trebled from what it was in 1871 or I87*i. Nkw Parliament Buildings. By 4-3 Vict., Cap. 2, as amended by 56 Vict., Caj). 7, a total sum of $l,265,O0() was appropriated for the construction and equipment of new Parliament buildings; and by tlie same Statute certain Provincial lands in the western portion of the city of Toronto were set apart for sale or lease, the proceeds of which were to form a fund to recoup to the Province the cost of the buildings to be erected. The total of the contracts as executed was Sl,21-o,91(). The entire cost of the work done under these contracts was .$1,256,- 985, or eleven thousand and seventy-five dollars in excess of the signed contract prices. The additional $11,075 was mo-tly for work contem[)lated as necessary '.o the construction of the build- ings, but which could not be expressed in the s[ ecilications; the total amount of contractors' extras proper being less than !SI,2()() under the seventeen contracts, while no extras whatever were incurred under any of the contracts for furnishing and equip- ment. The first contract for construction of the buildings was execut- ed on the 7th of October, 188(), an-l the first session of the Legislature held therein met on the 4th of April, 1893. 180 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, The Hon. the Comniissioner'a Annual Report for 1893, Ac- countant's Stntomont No. 1, gives cost of construction.. $1,267,290.47 To this add the price ui brick supplied by the Central Prison. 32,720.70 Subsequently paid to Architect on acct. of commission 454.00 Total ; $1,300,471.17 Balance still due Architect, in full of settlement on con- struction account 1 ,046.00 Total cost of construction $1,301,677.17 CoiJ Sch| Os-i Ai^il EdI No! Da( On the City of Toronto ubw Municipal Buildings there had been paid, on the 30th of Jsoveinbor, 1896, the sum of $1,503,- 433.25, with an estimated cost to complete them, not including cost of site, telephones, tower-clock and furnishings, of a further sum of $237,451.25 ; altogether $1,800,884.50; or a cost of about half a million dollars more than for the Province buildings. The electors vjf the Province will not fail to notice the greater energy shown and economj'' displayed by the Department in carry- ing on its works. The following table gives the amount spent between 1867 and 1896 on the buildings and works erected and constructed at the expense of the Province, under the control of this De{)artment, viz.: PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND WORKS (Capital Account). 1867-1896. ' ■ "i Public Buildings. ■ ' ■•■■.■;■*•' " ■ .- 1' J..'.. ■ • Name of Works. Total. ' . - Government House $18."),860 86 ' Old Parliament and Departmental Buildings.. 86,285 98 - ' New Parliament and Departmental Buildings — ' '■ . Construction Account — (including $32,- •. 726.70 for brick supplied from Central ; • Prison and chargeable to Construction Ac- count) 1,800,47117 ;, New Parliamnt and Departmental Buildings — Equipment, grounds, roads, pavements, etc. 213,837 94 • Asylum for Insane, Toronto 352,965 69 " " Mimico 670,905 57 Brockville 4?.5, 1 24 50 " " London 886,898 67 ' ' ' " •« HamiiLou 865,896 80 * - " " Kingston and branch 440,622 23 " Idiots, Orillia 504,718 02 ,:.,.; Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville 308,838 77 Blind, Erantford 264,738 66 Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene 175,296 80 •' Females, Toronto 214,783 73 dL DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, 181 [)0.47 »4.00 ri.i7 6.00 7.17 !iad 3,- '"K her out iter 7- md the iz.: i96. Central Prison, Toronto $848,918 47 School of Practical Science, Toronto (old and new buildings) 278,217 79 Osgooue Hall, Toronto 141, 073 G;1 Agricultural Hall, Toronto 324 00 Education Department and N( rnial and Model Schools, Toronto 162,165 43 Normal and Model Schools, Ottawa 213,664 61 Agricultural College, Guelph 465,22'J 77 Dairy School, Strathroy 13,792 26 Kingston 4,817 17 School of Mining, Kingston 4,070 00 Pioneer Dairy Farm, Algoma 6,178 43 Government Farm, Mimico 51,646 34 Brock's Monument, Queensti.n Heights 4,605 31 Niagara River Fence 8,025 43 Algoma District — Lock-up, (laols, Court Rooms, Registry OlKces, etc , etc 47,004 64 Muskoka District— do. 23,004 46 Thunder Bay District— do. . 49,075 36 Parry Sound District— do. 27,095 78 Nifnssing District— do. 50,640 22 Rainy River District- do. 32,081 83 Haliburton, County of — Registry OiHce, etc., Minden 5,918 42 Total, Public Buildings $9,236,393 63 Public Works, etc. Locks, Dams, Bridges, Slides, Dredging and Improvements to Lakes and Rivers, etc. . . ^677,815 97 Repairs and alterations, etc., to Locks, Dams, Slides, Bridges, etc 123,053 59 Roads, drains, surveys, etc 139,406 13 . Tot d, Public Works $940,275 69 Orand Total (exclusive of Municipal Drainage wf>rks carried out under the direct supervision of this Department, amounting to $329,980.93) $10,176,069 32 Between 1867 and 1871 the amount spent for these services was, $1,213,773.19, leavinf,^ as the expenditure on works and buildings during the Liberal Administration, to the end of 1896, the total sum of $8,962,295.73. In addition to preparing plans for and the construction of new works and buildings, the Department has to inspect and certify the proper construction of all new Railways in the Province, under the provisions of the General Railway Act; and under 182 DEPAKTMKNT OF PUBLIC WORKS. public buildings tlio Df|iafinieiit has the care ol (Oftairsand main- tenance of GovcrimieMt House, the new and old Parliament and Departmental Building's, Osgoode Hall, Toronto and Ottawa Educatioiuil 13uildiii;4.s and Norinrd and Model Scliools ; the School of Practical Science; the Central Piison, the Amlrew ]\Ier- cer Reformatory; the Asylum buildings for the Insane at Toronto, Mimico, Hamilton, Lon(h)n, Kingston, Brockville, and the Asylum for Idiots at Orillia; the Institution for the Blind at Branlford ; for the Deaf and Dumb at Belleville ; the Provincial Refornuitory at Penetanguishene ; the Agricultural College at Guelph ; Dairy Schools at Kingston and at Strathroy ; School of Mines, Kingston ; Dairy Farm Algoma; Brock's Monument; Niagara River Bank Fence ; and in Muskoka District — Registry Oflice and Lock-up at Bracebridge; Lock-up and Court-room at Huntsville, and Lock-up and Couit-room at ISaysville. In Algoma Dis- trict— (Jourt-house, Gaol and Registry OlHce, etc., at Sault Ste. Marie ; and Lock-ups at Gore Bay, Little Current, Mani- tovvaning, Killarney, Bruce Mines, Thessaloii, Webbwood,* and Massie. In Thunder Bay District — Registry OlHce and Lock-up and Court-house and Gaol at Port Arthur; Lock-ups at Fort William and at Silver Islet. In Parry Sound Dis- trict—Registry Ofhce, Lock-up, etc., at Parry Sound ; Lock- up and CJourt-room at Burk's Falls, and Lock-ups at Magneta- wan, French River, Dunchurch and Emsdale. \n Nipissing Dis- trict — Court-room and Registry Office at North Bay, and Lock-ups at Mattawa, Sudbury and Sturgeon Falls. In Rainy River District — Lock-up, Court-room, Gaoler's Residence, and Registry Office at Rat P(jrtage. In County of Haliburton — Re- gistry Office, Minden. At Rondeau and Algoncpiin Parks — Superintendent's and Caretaker's Residences and Depots ; and under Puldic Works, the Department has under its supeiinten- dence Locks and Dams and Swing and Fixed Bridges at Port Carling, Young's Point, Balsam and Cameron and Mary's and Fairy Lakes, and at Magnetawan, inall six Locks, four fixed brid- ges, ten swing bridges, forty-seven dams with tiiriber slides, piers, booms, etc., to be continuously inspected and maintained in good working repair. In addition a large number of rocky and shallow cl annels of Navigable Lakes and Rivers have been blasted and dredged, and many rivers and creeks have had ob- structions removed, their channels straightened and dredged out, to un-water farming lands subject to floods through shallows and obstructions to the outflow of the waters. Many other works for the improvement of inland navigation, and fl vince| been and i| ThI build tion and Instil the the \\ DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. 183 ami for the niovinj^ of tiniUer down tlio waterways of the Pro- vince, have been carrietl out ; and assistaiico in sevoiiil cases has been given in new localities for the buildini^of j)iers and bridges, and in the ih-ainage of swamp and other low lands. Thus, by improving the channels of iidaml navigable waters, building Reserve Dams and oiher improvements for the promo- tion of the Timber and Lumlier interests, providing foi- the caro and treatment of the imbecile and otlier unfortunates in Public Institutions, and by many other important works, is evidenced the desire to minister to the needs and the welfare generally of the people of this Province. li?J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I illlM m m 2.2 M ^ : '° 112.0 II =^ III '8 1^ 111^ 1.6 n g^ A" o V2 m /y e. 'ew r ^M V .^>-- *3> > ^;t r Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 872-4503 • ^ -O" „. >*;> ^ 9> .V. f/j '» 184 INSURANCE LEGISLATION. INSURANCE LEGISLATION. Fire Inawrance — Statutory Conditions. General complaint had been made that it was the practice of certain fire insurance companies to hide away in their policies unjust and oppressive conditions, which, from the technical na- ture of the contract, were not understood until the policyholder tried to collect his insurance money, and then found himself non- suited. To put an end to this wrong-doing, the Liberal Govern- ment passed, in 1876, the Policy Conditions Act, which enacted plain and reasonable conditions for all fire insurance policies, and allowed no variation therefiom, unless it was printed conspicu- ously on the policy, and unless, furthermore, the court that tried the case held the variation to be, under the circumstances, just and reasonable. Determined resistance was at first made to this law, but the Provincial jurisdiction was sustained in all the Courts of Ontario, and was affirmed by the Imperial Privy Coun- cil in 1881, in the cases of Parsons v. Citizens Insurance Com- pany, and Parsons v. Queen Insurance Company. This law is now on all hands admitted to be in the highest degree beneficial ; the Act itse' " has been adopted by the Legislatures of Manitoba and British Columbia, and it has become the basis of legislation in various States of the American Union. By more recent legis- lation, and especially by the Insurance Corporations Act, 1892, additional safeguards were provided so as to do away, as far as possible, with technical and unmeritorious defences to payment of honest claims. Farmers' Mutuals. In order to give the farming community fire insurance at the lowest possible rate consistent with safety, a sound system of Farmers' Mutuals has been greatly promoted and encouraged, so that the annual saving in agricultural insurance is very great. Provincial Fire Coroners. Complaint having been made of increasing incendiarism, great- ly improved machinery has been devised for the fearless, thor- ough and impartial investigation of suspicious fires. It is some- times a delicate and disagreeable duty for a local coroner or magistrate to hold suoh an investigation, but this difilculty was, in dicil evii thoi and! prot shai' II INSURANCE LEGISLATION. 186 in 1891, cured by providing fire coroners having Provincial juris- diction. The beneficial effect of this preventive legislation is evident Life, Accident and Benefit Insv/rance, TSy the legislation of 1892 and 1893 reforms corresponding to those effected in Fire Insurance Policies were made in policies and certificates of Life, Accident and Benefit Insurance, so as to protect the assured and those dependent upon them from fraud or sharp practice. Unintentional mistakes as to age, and immaterial erroi's in the application for insurance, no longer vitiate the policy or certificate, as was formerly the case. The law now requires a plain, straightforward contract which clearly sets out all the terms and conditions. To prevent unfair lapsing of policies, or certificates, the law now gives the assured thirty days' grace to pay the premium after the due date thereof. No matter what the contract says, the beneficiary is given twelve months to com- mence an action for the insurance-money ; and a further period of six months is, on cause shown, allowed by leave of a Judge of the High Court. Insurance money payable to the widow or children of the assured is absolutely secured against the claims of creditora. Foreign Companies and Societies cannot now, as formerly, import foreign law into a policy or certificate delivered over in Ontario. In the neighboring States there had recently started up, in the form of Assessment-Endowment, and Investment Bond Societies, spurious imitations of the old and well-tried Benefit Societies of Great Britain and Canada. By these new societies certificates of a highly speculative and even gambling character were issued, which proved so dangerous a temptation that, in Massachusetts! and other States, many millions of dollars were drawn from wage-earners into these bubble societies which afterwards col- lapsed and occasioned great distress. To stop home-made imita- tions of those foreign societies an Act was carried by the Lib- eral Government in 1890, and to prevent the intrusion of the foreign societies, or of fraudulent msurance companies, a most comprehensive system of registration was devised and enacted in 1892. This system not only excludes unauthorized and ille- gitimate schemes of insurance, but enables the Insurance De- partment of Ontario to enforce upon foreign corporations such laws and rv^gulations as the public interest is found to require. The Act was designed to encourage and strengthen legitimate friendly societies. Their increased growth and prosperity under 'i m f jvxr iUSS 186 ifcrSURANCE LEGISLATION. the new law furnish gratifying evidence that the Act has been effectual in suppressing many abuses which formerly tlourishol in connection with insurance and benefit oiganizations. In 1897 the laws relating to insurance in all its branches were revised and consolidated. The changes effected by previous legislation had been of such a comprehensive character that little remained to be done in the way of further amendment. Such new provisions as were introduced wore in the same direction as the previous enactments, and framed with the object of securing the stability and straightforward dealing of all companies and societies doing insurance business, preventing fraud and extend- ing the safeguards so highly needful in relation to this form of investment. The codification of the law has been recognized as a great convenience by all having occasion to familiarize them- selves with its necessarily elaborate and complicated provisions. The administration of the insurance branch is carried on with- out the slightest expense to the Province, the whole cost being borne by the insurance corporations registered. Loan Corporations. The law relating to Building Societies, Loan Companies and Trust Companies had fallen into great uncertainty and disorder. For fifty yeari successive legislatures had been passing Acts regulating the business of Building Societies and Loan Com- panies, without any real consolidation or attempt to systema- tize the law. In 1897 this formidable and most intricate body of law was welded into one convenient enactment, and made intelligible to every laymen. Building Societies, Loan Com- panies and Trust Companies were brought under a system of annual registration similar to that of Insurance Corporations, and machinery was provided for the proper audit of account, and for the annual publication of full and complete statements. The great value and importance of all this to depositors and in- vestors is evident. This legislation has received the highest com- mendation abroad, and has been made the basis of similar legis- lation in Great Britain and the United States. The regulation of insurance and the inspection of the com- f)anies authorized to do business in Ontario, as well as the regu- ation of Loan Corporations, is under the management of Hon. J. M. Gibson, Commissioner of Crown Lands. 3Z ^22. ACTS IN AID OP RAILWAYS. 187 IS been urisht;.! es were ireviovis at little . Such ction as lecuring lies and extend- form of nized as B theni- jvisions. on with - 3t being nies and disorder, ng Acts m Com- jystema- e body . made Com- stcm of irations, account, teraents. and in- est com- xr legis- le com- \e regu- of Hon. ACTS PROVIDING FOR GRANTING AID TO RAIL- WAYS. The following is the text of the Acts passed, the first by the Sandfield Macdonald Government in 1871, the second by the Blake Government in 1872, for the granting of aid by the Prov- ince to railways : CAP. II. An Act in aid of Railways. [Assented to 16th February, 1871.] WHEREAS it is expedient to give aid towards the construc- tion of railways leading to or through sections of the country remote from existing thoroughfares, or passing through thinly settled tracts, or leading to the Free Grant Terri- tory, or to the inland waters ; Theretore Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows : — I. For the purposes aforesaid the sum of one million five hun- dred thousand dollars shall be set apart from and out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of this Province, and form a fund to be designated and known as the " Railway Fund." ft. From and out of the said Railway Fund, the Lieutcnant- Governor-in-Council may, by order in Council, authorize pay- ments to be made from time to time to any incorporated railway company of a sum or sums of not less than two thousand dollars per mile nor more than four thou.sand dollars per mile of any portion or portions of such railway, and that any of such pay- ments may be made after the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works shall have reported, for the information of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, that such company has com- pleted such portion of its road in respect of which payment is to be made, including sidings and stations, within the period for com- pletion of the road named in the Act or Acts relating thereto ; provided, that no payment shall be made under any such authority till the said Commissioner shall have reported as aforesaid. 3. No such authority shall be given in respect of any portion of a railway for the construction of which portion a contract has been entered into prior to the seventh day of December, in th^ t 188 ▲en IN AID or RAILWAT& year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and neventy, nor until the company deRirouH of obtaining aid and payment out of the said Railway Fund, shall have furnlHhed proof, to the Matin- faotiionof the LieutenHnt-Qovemor-in-Council, that the bona fide subscribed capital of the company, together with any bonuHen or loan!) by municipal corporations thereto, and the proceeds of bonds to be issued or authorized by the Act incorporating the coraiMtny or any Act amending the same, leaves no reasonable doubt that such road, or portion or portions thereof in respect of which paytnent is to be made, shall be commenced and completed, including sidings and station houses, so as to be ready for the rolling stock within the period mentioned in such Act or Acts for completion of the railway ; nnd that uny such Act or Acts authorizes the construutioa of a railway as referred to in the pre- amble of this Act. CAP. XXIV. An Act to make further Pro\ iaion in Aid of Railways. [Assented to Snd March, 1872.] WHEREAS the Legislature having establiKhed a scheme for aiding in the construction of railways, it is right that the public funds, appropriateil for that purpose, should be adequate to the granting of aid to all proper enterprises, so far as that can bo accomplished consistently with the retention of such a proportion of the public funds as may be requisite to do justice to all sections of the country and to an extent not greater tlian is provided by this Act, and whereas it is therefore expedient to make further provision in aid of Railways ; Therefore Her Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario enacts as folliws: 1. The sum of Four Hundred Thousand Dollars shall be set apart from and out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of this Province, and shall be added to and form part of the Fund de- signated and known as the Railway Fund, established under the Act in Aid of Railways. /8. The sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars yearly, for twenty years, shall be set apart from and out of the Conseli- dated Revenue Fund of this Province, and shall form a Fund to be designated and known as the Railway Subsidy Fund. S. The provisions of the Act in Aid of Railways, and of any ^ct amenaing the same, shall, save as in so far as they may be ^a. ACTS IN AID or RAILWAT8. 180 inoonsistent with the proviiiioiiH of this Act, apply to tlie nu- thorizaiion and payment of any grant out of thu Railway Sub* sidy ('und. 4. The Hum to be granted to \r\y Railway Company out of the Railway Subsidy Fund Hhall not lie Iuhm than ono hundred ai)d twenty dollars, or more than two hundred and forty dollara per mile f>or annum for twenty years on the |)ortion aided. Si. Scrip or certifioateH may bo ifwuod in roMpect of any grani out of the Railway Subsidy Fund after payment tliureof has been duly authorized, and the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works has duly reported as provided by the Act in Aid of F^ilways. 6. No railway oompanv of whoso line any portion is aided from the Railway Fund, shall \fe entitled to aid from the Rail- way Subsidy Fund in respect of such portion. 7. No railway company which does not come within the terms and provisions, and comply with the conditions of the Act in Aid of Railways, and any Act amond^pg tho same, shall be entitled to aid from the Railway Subsidy Fund. 8. No portion of the Railway Siilwidy Fund, provided by this Act, snail l)c applied in aid of Railways until such time as Orders in Council shall have been {tossed exhausting thu whole of the Railway Fund appropriated by this Act, and the Act passed in tho thirty-fourth year of tho roign of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, and chaptered two. li any ay be I y^y w i y I- '^ssa Tl .'♦( A FINANCIAL SCHEDULE. The foUowingr Statement shews the amounts given to etioh county during twenty-six years -1871-1806-in the distribution of Provincial Funds. The figures in the oolumn« under the various Public Institutions shew the cost connected with the Inmates that have been sent fVom each of the several counties. The grants for Education. Administration of Justice, etc., are also set forth in the same manner:— 192 A nNANCIAL RCniDUIX Okwrrai. Rtatrmrnt nhowing the amount of Iwnoflt derivMl ))y ench COUMTIM. Brant Unic* CVrlftnn Ihiffarin ElKh. KaMX rntntanko Htorinnut IhimlM UUnKarry I/Mdii OranvUl* Or«y HAliltmantl Ilftliburton lUlton HMtiatpi Huron K«ut Laiiibton lAnark I^annoi snd Addingtou Liuoolu MWaienex.^ Norfolk i Narthumberland Durbiun OnUrio Oxford Pw.1 Perth Pet«rborough Prwoott RummII Prince Bdw»rd Renfrew Bimooe Viotori* Waterloo W»lUnd WelliiiKtnn Wentwirth York Diitriot of AlfToma " Mu.kok* *• pRrry Sound *• NipiiuiiiiK •• Thunder Bay •' Manitoulin Northerly and Westerly pMta of the Province • B*inv River Not known and other Provinoee • c. IBl.'JIlT (II •i\,V,li Al 2ift,«»f ir. •Mi,M:\ w; 1M.M7 «7 oa,:vM ui Ktf,143 44 17K.7.V.' IW ilUK-m 7« 141,440 M 20."..(i»»'-' 48 a«4,778 tfA 202,Mt\ «.'» T'M.m 7.H 18^,027 HO 14f),7;W W 1»1,7(W 18 1128,781 14 U5,l»fl7 3;i 2t«t,404 Wi Hd.WkM 4H 278, U»5 m 249,U: 1R,89,4A2 88 448.9«l.'< 41 1.467.391 70 28.101 W» 24,518 (52 4,M2 84 9,113 ;i« 6,876 79 2,761 41 162,841 24 Total 9,766,362 66 1,247,180 97 J2 • c. 31.470 74 9.261 22 4(5,778 6(5 l.:«)3 :{.'« 27.(H13 12 49,02(5 92 .13. 104 72 S0.22:i 0(5 36J 60 14,r,91 (50 7,M0 9*5 3.827 92 20,(5(5<) W a,7M 40 :i5,08(5 Ml 20.246 74 6,220 1>7 4.114 79 26.(582 10 76,770 07 9.377 62 27,606 113 4,174 32 16,r.80 29 36,4;<9 9(5 4.807 39 7,712 94 8,043 18 1,212 '.C 909 00 2,:m 66 6,893 2t» 28,313 92 8,402 66 19,470 49 60,680 67 21,882 49 140.447 2.'{ 364.620 74 9.(5(56 90 2,811 69 6,658 66 604 32 3,601 78 f c. 'M.\M 31 11,(kI0 28 27.790 46 2,289 60 29,414 Mt 19.213 82 43,279 II 8,273 31 2,012 16 6.;5W 20 12,046 24 6,898 38 16,702 an 6.100 79 7.799 36 23,8(58 73 8,09(5 43 21,444 46 41.439 26 2.7M 2:. 8,7.'i;< 4(5 33,179 r> 6(5,618 98 18,699 37 16.4aS 67 9.0(N5 .56 28,260 19 22,M4 73 1,817 89 13,1*86 70 10,1(58 61 2.261 68 :i62 24 2,4;J2 (58 13.291 06 20,^« 47 7,906 60 16,160 46 19.963 (54 13,264 08 84,49(5 :« 134.716 10 2,3(51 37 2,437 82 220 10 1,836 60 86(5,146 38 • 0. 33,(521 10 24,743 47 19,93:< 43 10.018 89 19.201 ; 292,265 00 .M).2;W OS 3.697 40 4rvu,:«)9 36 6,54rt 06 f 2.273 15 12.f.394 13 i8.»io no ll,S»l tttt 290.380 00 59,773 07 73.060 UO 7.106 75 H.LW 38 684,05:< 92 78.140 » 3S.115 18 ■J(M,<(93 00 79.773 HI 53.200 00 20, 881' r>r> 766,823 17 8.448 17 l25,rtMl 00 .(NN) 00 19,681 60 75^,910 38 L2.ttl7 80 208, 5;W 00 34.530 97 37,400 (K) 16,061 77 yi'MV 58 19.143 7A lU.M'.* 00 35..t25 04 37.399 00 7.771 10 4().->.141 88 9.974 m 210.768 00 74,880 60 34,.t93 31 2(»,60;i 61 611.;i86 U9 3«.4W> «7 413..VJ6 00 201,556 38 66.:W> 00 28, IW ,32 l,542, trS.Oe 44 9,137.962 00 4,348,336 48 1,614,419 00 679,800 66 89.887.097 48 Act Aol Art Ada Adii A.lv AfT AiH Aiffi Air Arm Ann App Amir A will Am! A^yl Attn in AM o( Kdlwftjra AdtalnUiration in Kiivor «f lAb»r " of tha I.lownM I^W " of Justit^ Adinlnlrtnitivp l>titira, AUdnior n«>nrrtU Ailviniiry lii>»r<>|>i»rlnient of I'^luoAtiou " Dtitlf*. Atl'>rn«jr'(ton»r»l Afr«t«ni«nU U«M'iitr««l Null Mid Void Airririitlur*, I >«}Mirint«iit uf of OnUrio AicricuiturAl AiNH>ci«tl<«iia " CollfKti Aud KijMrimcnUl KArm " KxiwirimnuUl Union •• I.««iiiUUon ** H«|H>rUi Md HullHins *• So«i«itl»« Algoniiuin Tark AmenmiK'nU Uy th« Miinlci|wl Law Anntml F.KiH-ndiiure A|>|>«>intinfnUi in Kdiioation I>«|NMiUBMat AwMMnii^nt Act Aniendnicnta Am«U of ihv rniviuM Aiwi|rnni»nUi nnd l'r«f«rcno«a by ImrnKKMU Cam , . Avyhima AtlnrttflvlifnerKl'ii I>n|>Artni<r«v«ntinn of OmumU Teinp«r«no«Act Vmtni PriMu CluuriUbb Inttitiitinnt CollMtinK of Wai{4Ni Cotuniutinn KomUi Coinp*ri»«n l.>«lwe«n ( Ontario mkI Domiuion ry Crown I^Mida 8*1 Com|Mtri«on with UucInn- and Dominion rt Kii>«ndHnr« . . ConaoUdaUon of Klunic{|iai and AMManniMit Acta C'OH>p«ratlve ▲■aodationa CaQDty Counolla Craditora' Raliaf Act Crooks' Act Rndoraed Crown Domain, fjegialation tit " Ouirgf« on 196 40 im IM 4t 47 •4 «(i W fl6 .18 11» m m m 1S1 14S i» m u 171 M 10 IM m 151 «8 It 108 48 188 148 183 69 87 61 1« 188 SB 87 8t '8 SB 18 SB 86 73 86 190 INDBX. Grown Lauds Dapaitmant " Departmental Work " Beveune " th« Revenne Prodaoing !Dept. OaUers'Aot Paoi. 72 78 tt n 88 Dairying Doaf and Dumb Institute Departmental Examinations Disputed Elections Distribution of School Moneys Division Courts, Inspection of Drainage Investments Laws m 184 96 U 95 177 186 17 Sarly Closing of Shops Education Department Electric Hailway Act (Labor) Employers' Liability Escheats Case Examination Fees . . EzaminationH for Matriculation " in other Provinces, how conducted *' of Teachers . ." " Unnececsary Examiners, Appointment of as 91 38 24 87 100 97 98 98 97 Factories Act " Amendment Act Fanners' Insti utes ' ' Mutual Insurance Coe, Field Crops, Area and yield of . . Financial Administration Schedule Fire Coronerii " Insnrance Free Grant Districts, Population of " Townships . . Froit Growing 36 184 184 121 166 189 184 184 80 79 136 G-ame LawH Good Hoads Government Grants for Edncation Growth of Education Houses of Refuge Immigration of Children Imported Contract Labor Increased Expenditure Indian Annuities Case Industrial Disputes Insnrance Case " Legislation Introduction Joint S*och Companies . Law Reform Laws Relating to Labor . Legislation 139 106 107 16 44,160 32 178 69 88 67 184 1 166 68 82 6 JI. INSKX. W 72 78 8A 75 88 20 91 38 24 67 100 97 98 98 97 99 1« LUbilitiM of th« ProriaM LiccnRa Feet " L«wi " " Amendments in 18M " " " 1897 " " Folioy of the Opposition " " Unjust Criticism Answered Life, Accident and Benefit Insurance Liquor License Case ^' Traffic .. Live Stock . . Loan Corporations Iiooal Option Manner of Conducting Elections MedtaaicB* Liens Mines Act (Labor) Minng Legislation Minister of A(;riculture and his Department *' of Education Appointed Money Returned to the People Municipal Committee " Elections " Franchise .. .. " Institutions " Loan Fund Neglected and Dependent Children New Parliament Buildings Parliamentaiy InstitutioL's Payment of Wages on Public Works Pioneer Dairy Farm Policy of Kelief Political Influence in Education Department Poultry Private Bills ProvLncial Secretary's Department " Treasurer's " Public Bills " Buildings and Works, ?!ixp«nditnre on •• Health " Institutions '■ Works Department Qualification of Electors Quebec Timber Sales Railway Accidents Act , "Aid Redistribution of Seats Reductions Proposed by the Opposition Registration and Incorporation of Trades Unions of Electors Revenue from License Revision of the Statutes . . Rivera and Streams Case Rondeau Park Salariea and WHas Exempt from Saizure " Crown Lands Department SrJe Townships Pacb. 170 53 51 53 54 56 55 186 88 47 137 IStf 54 9 22 34 76 122 91 172 21 16 16 14 164 169 179 7 37 140 167 95 138 « 146 161 6 180 166 147 179 7 82 2% 161 12 173 3;< 8 60 66 67 90 32 86 79 198 INDEX. Surplus • " Distribution Surveys, Expenditure on Account of „ Technical Schools Text Books Added " " by Prison lisbor " " Changes in " Cost of ... " '' Number of used " " Produced in Canada " " U^ed in New York State Timber Limit?, Sales of " " '■ Before and Since Confederation . " " Table of Sales Timber Revenue v« Direct Taxation Toll Roads University of Toronto Unjust Criticisms Answered "Whitney, Mr., ChanRe of Front re Minister of Education Woods and Forests, Revenue from Woodman's Lien for Wages Act Work and Wages Workmen Allowed Time to Cast their Votes Paqi. 167, 170, 176 164 79 46 103 106 102 100 104 106 106 81 84 83 86 16 .. 108 66 .. " 92 80 32 27 83 '•■'•"■:> 45 103 106 102 100 104 105 106 81 84 83 86 16 108 55 92 80 32 27 33 JiL