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'- -"i^:l l^^^t-r.-^- — - -t. <^*-.r-7^^|j^ Skruh the iiianitri* xli'ivviinr lir l>ll' Hli.l th » 'I... I,.i,„v,ir,l W..1I n.av l.-.. ,,,I|„t,.,l I,, .„.,l , > . I, tiiijf DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. J. H. QRISDALE, B Acr cb. Director. ' ' ''"'^^K T. SHUTT, M.A., DSc. Dominion Ch.mist (Assistant Director) EXHIBITION CIRCULAR No. 34. ( Hi'VIsimI Janii.lly, IMIO). I f. ■f !t1l:!:! m II 2 The Water Supply of Farm Homesteads. Siuce the establishment of the Dominion Experimental Farms the question of the water supplies of farm homesteads, creameries and clieese factories, and, to a more limited degree, <:hose of rural schools, has received the attention of the Division of Chemistry. Through the various means taiien we are aware that an interest has been awakened in the rural wator supply, and mucli good accomiilished, but we aho feel convinced that there is a ncce-sity to continue the campaign for better water. Impure Water a Menace to Health. There ought to be little necessity nowadays to emphasize the vital importance of a pure water supply. The inliabitauts of the larger towns and cities, thanks to the investigations of the chemist and bacteriologist and the publication of the statistics collected during the last three decades, are realizing tlie intimate relationsliip that exists between health and the iiuality or. more correctly speiking, the purity of the water supply. The fact that outbreake of typhoid fever in our largi? centres have, in many instances, been indisputably traced back to a polluted water supply has served to win this general admission and facilitatcnl the task, for the civic authorities of obtaining l-.irge sums of money to procure an ample supply of wholesome discase-gerni- free water. In many rural districts, however, it has been found impossible, so far. to arouse the keen interest which the subject of pure water deserves. Farmers arc very conservative and modern methods, especially when they entail considerable expenditure, or cause some inconvenience, may not readily be adopted by them. Farmers, as a class, are not yet fully alive to the value of unpolluted water for them- selves and their families, for the health and thrift of their stock and the quality and wholesomeness of their dairy produce. Nor do they realize how easily and how fre- quently not only typhoid fever — the most serious of water-borne diseases — is con- tracted from the jKilluted well, but that diarrlura and allied forms of intestinal derangement — conunon disorders in many a farmer's family — are the result of drink- ing water from cont;>iiiiiiatcd r-ources. The Natural Water Supply. There is prcibabiy no better watered country in tlie world than Canada. We can unhesitatingly aflirm that our natural waters of lakes, streams and springs are of the purest. Unless these are endangered by local sources of contamination they may be utilized to furnish the water for domestic purposes. Our deep-seati-d waters also are for the most part organically jiure. It is to the deep dri'led or bored well that the larger number of our farmers nmst look for tlieir supply of good water. This class of well, located beyond the (Kissibility of local contamination, is tiio solution of the problem for muny. It is the well that experience lias shown to yiebl the safest water. The Shallow Well a Source of Danger. Tlic source of the supply on the larger number of farms is the shallow well, say from ■'i to 30 feet deep„whicli merely collects "ground water," the soakago from the t-urrounding soil. I'nless the location ii ' ond reproach from the sanitary stand- point, this shallow well is a menace — its w; tcrs may at any thuv become a source of danger. When, as is only too frequently tlie case, we find those wells sunk in the barnyard, or under the barn or stable, or not far from the jirivy (a most crude and unsanitary affair, as a rule), or near the back door, out of which the household slops ■no. .oi,. a„a .zt^ie:^:^ ;hr::S\;;;: .'"rSti,,^:;:; "rr *-;■ ^'-i to be Penorally rocon,mcnd..d for tho isola od LuXd 7f tl ,V ""'V^ '""•'■' the overlying strata and th..re is no opportun t for t for !t A ""'' ""'' t'T''' "' the pipin. and ti. .do. of t„o Win,;:; .oodit^r . -n^i;; ^di'^ii^'^S^js:;: Protective Measures which are Safeguards. the barnyard back door wolls ncvor .^o dry that thev havo a .,,ri ' 1 '^, " necessarily the case: undoubtodlv the majority of .„ch ^voll , \ " ""* ' • s.Ppliod frotn tho rain and .no. f^llinlTr^ i^Sa;;:^^ ^l^.^!'''" ""' "''" uHn What Should be Done. .at„^i;:;:t-:';h:'rr ^;ii{r:;ioi ts-' ,,ti^-;v'-- ^ - .lnv..n or drilled well so located as to be beyond th"pot:.oc',T' • 7'" " '^"'"" -has shown that these are the w;ils ti ,t v^ ,d7^„ L Jt! r'^T'""":"!- -.,.., or anile,! well so located us to be beyond the possihil tv of W • ''" Kxpenenco has shown that these are the w^ls th vi Id t^l eontam.nation. survey of the farm should be made w h th te • , ' , l^ /'"l f '''V- '^ '"'''"'''"' i.. tnind the practicability of pipin. til; tu^ i::'l^'C:f :7S^:1j^:::; ill mind the practicability of pipinff tlio witor to fl,„ ),„., ' rV""'r,"" """' '""'" urless and yet be most seriously polluted. There- fore, reliance should not be implicitly placed upon the.-if: characteristics, though they are those which all good waters should iwssess. Saline or Alkali Waters. The problem of finding an ample s-ujiply of pure wholesome water may be in certain parts of the three Northwestern provinces a diHicult one, and recourse must freiiuoutly be had to distillation to obtain water free from alkaline or saline matter and fit for drinking purpo>i's. Wlierc such eoiulitious prevail, we would recommend the purchase of a small still, which may be operated ou the kitclicn stove. Simpl.v constructed water-stills suitable for this i)urpose, and with a capacity of about two (luurts per hour, are to be found on the market. Free Examination of Well-watcs. In the case of doubt as to the wholesomeness of the water tlie farmer sliould have a sample examined. Well-waters from farm homesteads are analyzed free of charge in the laboratories of the E-xjicrimental Farms, i)rovidcd the samples are c, llectcd and shipped in accordance with instructi(ws, which may be obtained on api)lication from the Division of Chemistry, Centrul ENperimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Publiihed by authcrity of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, dnt.