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BY BIT. 4. w. iieeiiS^ ST /^! H •i f9tsH STK.I.r.ARTON, N. S. 7 //.-l /M\V .lOURNA L OFI'K A', IS87. I ^ 36. i6L ^^ORKING-MEN'S (f Associations.^ I P -DELIVERED BEFORE— m ^^Sp' m f Ah the "ftvSHINGOK T\sGSMBER iStH 1886. -BY SlY, A, W* liGSliSSMi Stellari'om, N. S. TRAUES .fOUliSAL OFFlilS, l|^ORKING-MEN'S ^SSOCIATIONS;;|)> Officers AND Members: — la UK'etinir your request for a Lecture I Inre but one object in view — to aid a deserviug cuse. And I have but oue topic, — your Society, its aims and ambitions. Ofcourse I have con-ulted yourUou- stitution and Bye»Laws, tried to apprehend the conditions which gave rise to "The Workmen's Association," and iu every particular en- deavored 10 put inyselt in your place, bt fore attempting any written opinion. Let rae, thiretcjre, come before you as a speaker having no Stilish aims in this especial duty. Jiet me first say of your Society, WHAT 1 THINK IT IS NOT. There is a most mischievou-*, and ti . often fatal opinion, that Cap* ital means always idleness and tyranny ; and that Labor should com . bine to thwart its aims, and break down its energies. Your society is not based on any such idea. You are lully aware that Capital as we know it io this country, has sprung from labour; that if any man a- mong you ever shall become a capitalist it mu-t be by labour ; that, moreover, the capitali.st is usually a hard workin«>: man. There is the born capitalist, who himself may be a drone or a fool ; but assuredly his father was a fhan of shrewdness and industry, or the son would have been left a pauper. There is again, the retired capitalist, whose life just now may be one of case or luxury; but living men have seen many a day when ha rose early and retired late. There is, thirdly, the active capitalist, whose hoard has been invested in some honest # «< W^//n entfirprim.. who lumselflikuiy works h ud mth his brain, that his means may drive tla- onj^uio that u'rin-Ls tlie profits. Every such capitali't is a pow.r in the land— is a provider of labonr. a lufire taxpayer, an exauipjp ol's-iM^ss ; and a< suoh you hav.' To? him onlv sym(,arhy, n-- »pect -nd fjoodwiil. H.-, too, i. a workman, only a l.ftie farth-T up the ladder. Th-r.? is not a line in your books that su,'i,'.Mts a worl of communism or what is foolishly c^llod "ecjuality of riu'hts." Y'HI advance no claim to any man's p-oporty, whether enjoyed by the rii^'hts of industry or by heritaijo. Nor can I find any hint that your Society exists for the putpos,. of forcinir wair. s beyond a reasonable level. Yon abjure tyranny in your, helves as you hate it in others. You hav-^ respect to the laws of de- mand and supply. The head of the stream is the hi.'h.^t point to which the waters of the stream can be conducted by natural means. To forc^ it beyond that is to take it out of the hands of Nature ai- together. There is a balance of power between Ma.ster and Man. It is not your motive to force either scale down, or up but rather to keep the scales lu perfect equipoise . Seeing this, what good man would hesitate to cive you his benediction ? Your Society, as I understand it. is not even an experiment of this particular time. If it were I would not be here to oi-ht. The As. POciatioD is based on very old principles, as I shall endeavor further ou to show. Let me now state, as far as I can discover WHAT YOUR SOCIETT 18. As expressed by your Manuals, it is simply a Mutual Aid Society. Its objects are b-iefly, to afford protection to each other in securing reas- enable wages, reasonable hours, reasonable laws, and ju^t retur;?9 for your work in all other respects. To throw about each other irms of support and comfort in times of trouble or miijfortune. To make each other better citizens morally, mentally, socially and physically; and to foster habits of thrift, industry, economy and sobriety. Another advantage of your Association I do not find in your printed regulations.but it has been br jught to my attention by my own enquiries. The existenoe of a tribunal to which both your employers and your I 1 ^ nocmbersmiy appeal in n»33 of dl-'airroempnt. U an ad'/antaze that am-*t be prijod by both parties. In-leeJ, I am cnnfidont both that ani other oircu'nstanc'is havt^ coraSinod to brins; about thu present happy condition of thini;?. It is my good fortunn to com o among you at a lime when the utmost harmony prevails between the Oorapanv and its people ; when work is abundant and wages are remunerative. And I am bound to add that in m? op'n on the good -will prevailini; at this time is an outgrowth of the respect which the commu'iity entertains for its Mana>:ers, and the uniform courtesy manifested by the Mto- aj:ers to the men . Lot me now sketeli briefly THE HISTORY OK VfORKMES's ASi^OCtATONS. Two thinsjs the Creator had in view in making man —Fie must lab", rur; and he must aff»rd his share toward keeping the world together and miikin*e pine for uiahogauy ; and the eapituiist who eliargns twelve per cent interest ; and the preacher who steals his sermons — ate they not all eomujunisis in their way ! They will meet the angel Home timi'. Work id a necessity ; the work of tlie strong man is sweet ; honest work is manly and godlike. You are a Miner ; (}~A the Father is a world maker; God's son was a carpenter. Hold up your heads with the pride of Chieltainship until the (hiy when you begin to beg or bor- row, or steal. Two things make it necessary that mankind shall bind themseivos in brother-hoods. One is the law of mutuality. Far as the eye can reach this law governs the universe The sun gives energy to the planets; the planets keep the sun balanced in its place. Brutes and birds herd orcluster together against a common enemy. Human nature being what it is, the mutual banding together of the weak against the mighty becomes an absolute necessity. The fact is clearly traceable through all history. And the grand effects of combined weakness against tyranny is equally visible. Woman was weik and defenceless. Tiie laws were against her, social customs were against her, her very husband was against her. The combinations of sympathy, after long-suffering times, have emanci- pated wom&n. Children were weak and defenceless. The laws f'ouud them under cruel management, working lon.»wii to th*' beniniuK ff the 19th century you tind them in the pillory, in the 8tre«t8 of Manch.^ster, with one ear cut off, I eoause they UHked more lougen thin the law allowed ! The laws have chaojied. lecause the fashions have ohansred. It in fasb- ioDable now to be ou the workinuman's side. The luau who i»oild presume tointrolucea law ii> Parliam''nt brinjjMiir back the old conditions, would be hooted out of socioty. and would deserve to be. IS THKRB ANY NEED FOR 8U0H ASSOCIATIONS NOW? Certainly. C»»pital has taken to itself new powers. It add"* i-un- oiug and secrecy to ptrensith. Iti.s bold and venturesome too. Let m*^ in- stil nee, The producer's need of difence ajrain-t the Speculntor Findiu}? that money is a po-wer, ten capitalists can aL'ree to ''corner" any article in commerce. They can run a dam aoro quer by prudence. There is advice that falls like a violent storm, tearing up and scattering: and there is counsel that descends as the dew, or like meltiojr flakes of snow, the softer it falls, the longer it dwells upon, and the deeper it sinks into, the mini. It requires a skillful hand to probe the wound to the bottom, with the boldness and « resolation of a ^ood Surgeon and yet with the delicacv and tenderness of a friend. I would have the character of gentleman stamped on the counsels of every member in your Association. Let me consider you a sooif^ty of peacemakers. 3. Doubtful policy or principles . Choose a high standard of truth in your discussions and docisions. Trample under foot anything; bav- in" the semblance or suspicion of meanness, selfishness, that is sinister, snakelike, that shuns the full light of investigation. It may try your patience to wait for the results of a slow progress; but if the principles you choose be right they will repay your waiting. You can never gft b'^yond the Golden Rule;— '-Do to others as you would wish others to do unto you. " The short cut is sometimes safe and some~ times dangerous. It is safe if it be through the plantations of integ- rity . But if it lead through the slough of doubttul expediency, go round Let schemers and time-servers wallow there ; do you keep OM solid ground, even if the journey be longer, So shall your feet be clean and your consciences peaceful. I may bo permitted also to point out A PEW OF YOUR MANIFEST AOVANTAQEa. 1. A-» to your influeoce in moulding the habits of your fellow work- men. Your meetings may hav^i other good results besides discussing questions affecting work and wages. I find in your Constitution full provision lor mutual help as to mental and moral improvement. It will bo well always to remember, when speaking, that a score or a huo^ drod human beings under your voice are just so many instruments on which you can play — so much material that you can mould and fashion. I have 2one into a museum of Art and watched young Sculptors carv- ins, by samples before thtra, to bring out of the marble form, a sub- ject, to suit the fancy, One produced an angel, another an ape. And it required as much skill to do the one as the other. Herein you difs fer from the Artist. It is by patience only that the man-angel can be brought out. The man-ape is m the material already. Your work is to change it-s featuro,«, to put it on its feet — an upright, god- like beinir no longer to move or live like the brutes. My experience with young men convinces me that the larger pro- portion do not rise because they wiU not ri3«». Sir Isaac Newton used to say that he ha.i no alvaotage over other m-n, except that whatever >ie thought ol suffioienb impar;aQ(w to b^^in, iw had 0Q0u-,'h ro«>lurion to continae until he had accomplished his obj>;et. Tnereiu lies thi secret of much success Most younir mou havo flishes ot ambitioo; but they fail thronsjh lack of will. Now, b.-, it remembered that will- power, like steam-power, mav b^ worked up. Kvery faculty of our nature oao be oultivatad, developed, ludeed, all our cmiitiou-s, pi.ys ioal, as well as maotal and moral are s ibj.5ct to this iiw. Many a man who becao at t^venty with a frail omstitutio.., ihrou-h lack of tone in some mea.ber of his system, has come to health and enduranci in old age, through attending to and helpiuu' the one weak point m his coporeal manhood. If, therfore, the weak point ui young meu be will— and I am inclined to think it is— why not aim at streugtheniu- that faculty ? It may bo done by wUling that the will shall bn bet- ter, God has put certain things in our own hands, and this is one of them. It is all very well to pray for strength of character .-pray, certainly, and persistently ; but when you have prayed to bo made more firm, manly, truthful, persevering, you should help to answ^T your own prayers, flow often have I singled out young me., of proniie Cand that is a habit T would recommend to you, the guardians of this ^ssociatiti :~-keep your eye on the likely ones, direct their thoughts, help them over rough places, show them possibilities lying dor.uant within at»d about them) tow often, I «ay, have I approached young men, and awakened their sleeping aonsciousness to what they might be, and do, if only they tried bravely and persevered. And how often, ala% have I been obliged to go after the interesting book I had loaned, and bring it biok unread, A score of times have I brought them up beside me, and found them afterwards slipping down, down, for lack of a little will-power. One such t can renember. He was a wn of a clergyman, with ordinary intelligence, and had come through ragrant wanderings from the Southern States to Nova Scotia. Ua had no vicious habits— was goodlooking and thoughtful. He seemed to covet abetter position, and I urged him forward. I gave him books and Eont him to school. Before the week was out he yielded to the Ai. «„.m.nt. and humiliation of the daily task . He dropped out, another victim to weakness. He might have been by this time a Col- lejie Professor, or a Preacher cf the Gospel, or a Chief Clerk, I am afraid he is a cobbler, not even a good shoemaker, with a sickly wife and several clamouring children, who will probably all be like him- self, the vict'ms of sheer laziness. Some men deserve to be servants. I ones walked dixty miles over the burning sands of the African coast. We had been shipwrecked. To reach a shipping port, it was necessary that weary miles must be traversed, taking the journey by short stages in the cnol of the day. The poor relics ot our personal effects were carried by Hottentots. "Who wore these Hottentots ? A race of little men wonderfully shrewd, hardy and fleet of foot. For a quick journey, with a heavy load, they are miniature camels — ships of the desert. There are two other clase< s of inhabitants there — Boers, Dutch Farmers, sturdy men, who can change the sand desert into a garden. (Just think of a dreary, barren, drifting sand -waste, being compelltsd to yield crops of barley and corn. But that is the fact, where men of pluck put their loot down !) Next are the Caffres— a stalwart, warlike race; as lithe and brave as the Black Watch Hi<;hlanders, and as cunning and unscrups ulous an the devil. Now, how cor.ies the Hottentot to rank lowest and least of these three classes ? They were once owners of the soii in that country ; they are now servants of servants. The Boers own the land, tho Caffres ride fine horses, but the Hottentot serves the one and dreads the other worse than death. The Hottentot is a standing example of v'hnf minkind may become through lack of will. They wore first found in a state of independence ; they gradually yield*id their will to the Boer and the Caftre ; they became fond of strong drink ; they lost their land, their Irecdom, their homes, and now live in Kraals, in abject submission to any one stronger who comes along. And that is man without will power. The Prince of Darkness has it and uses it. "Led captive by the devil at his will." Drives his victims like oxen ! But hundreds of young men lack it, yet cannot see anvthing in their circumstances but stern fate and bad luck. It would be an in^ilt to any young Nova Scotian to call him a Elottentot ; but anyway some of tliem aie neither Boers nor Caffrea ! 7. As to your natural and proper ambition;'. Two things every 10 raau ouj^ht to aim at as onstit-itini? tho first Ueo oward inlep'^nl- cnoe— ahorae of his owo, and a voice in the luina'jfioiont of his count- ry This is the fre'inaa'd Cmtinent. Lami is abualant. In the motherland R74 peoole own one-fourth of the whole country. Twenty five of the twenty -six .uillions of "the land of the brave and the free" have not land enough for their -raves. 4,200,000 acres, or one sev- enth of all Eoi^land, was j^iven away by E i„'lish P^ht to his own dear Greside : and her3 is the fairesc chan j j of ^r-^tifyio:^ that ambition. It is an Roirlishmin's ric^ht to f»rumble over his tai-s; but the first man to fiirht for the home that lies behind the taxes is the En<;lishmarj, Nurture well the blood of your fathers that boils over indignity to the country because it contains the four square walls of home. With the rights of a home come the privile;»es of the franchise. To be permitted to share in tiio creation an! directim of thj laws of the land in which you live ought to be regarded a ' a precious bi/jn tc be covet ed first and prized afterwards. For three weeks in eanh few years you vrill receive a verv respectful lifting of the hat oa thu part of the honorable the Candidate for Curaberlani ; though, 3)oth to sav, you may possibly drop out of the honorable geatlemm's m;.uory at the end of the three weeks, till the return of the next electiDu ! But you fvill always retain the respect of the honorable the uote.r for Cumber- land, that is yourself, when onoe you have won a place among your peera of independence. And once won, treinnre your privilege. Spurn all attempts to place you amonz the humin flock that are bou.;ht and sold by unscrupulous piHticians at five dollars per head. Let your vote be like the black steed of Thomas Powell Buxton. "His Majesty desirea to know, Sir Thomas" said an equery comiu;^ up behind, "what price do you put on your horse," ''Go tell his Majesty" replied Buxton "that there is not money enough in tho Royal treasury to buy him . Thomas Buxton has as goo 1 right to a good horse as the Kiu ^ ofEng'and." I need scarcely urge upon you the dictutes ef loyalty to your Quoea i Spurn Kiri. 11 and country. There is no land under the Sun that holds a more pat riotic yeomanry than our own. The immense army of Britain has sprung from the working olasses chiefly, Her^Vountary hinlistment" stands out as the only military service of that kind in the list of all the countrios of Europe. Her noble band of militia, too, making in thems'lves a total of nearly half a million of men. I was proud of my country as I stood, five years ago, ai, a point in the squares of Kdinburgh and looked at a grand procession of the Scottish voluntoer8, 42,000 in number, each regiment clad in its own tartan, preceded by its own band of music. For four hours, th'^y marched, four and five deep, past that centre. Farmers, masons, fishermen, minors,— stal- wart, boldstepping sons of the soil and the sea, following their honesf. toil, but ready at any moment to leap at the throat of their country's enemy. No land can perish that has such ac element in its life. Be it youra to rank amone the staunchest advocate ;ol Canada's rights to a place among the free nations of the world. Give no place to those who cry it down, no matter what may be their object. Politicians yon mav and ought to be ; but adopt no politics that are not patriotic. And, while on this top'c, I can see no reason why workingmen should not be represented by working men in the Parliaments of their country. Why should education or capital forever olaim the right to represent and rule over strong sense and industry ? Shall it always be that a fledglini: lawyer, in virtue of his polish, will be worth more in the market than an untutored farmer or miner, who may have forgotten more than the youth ever learned of practical, every- day information? Put Joseph Arch into the scales, and how many young lawyers would he weiHi down ? This country has been made by staunch, hardwork^ in<', selfdenyinir men. They wrested the victory from soil overgrown with I'roat forests — paid tlie penalty of success with their lives very often. They built the dykes and launched the ships and broke up the acres which have made this one of the most flourshing young nat- ionalities on the face of the earth. And yet— yet, we are only begin- ninK to maintain that the man with the hard hands and sunbrowoed brow mny have a place in the legislatures of his country. Why, I witnessed the return to the Parliament of Bermuda of a coloured man to reprepent coloured oicn. May «•.• nntprosume to ask a- much for 12 a Farmer or Miner in Nova Scotia ? A lecturer on my Subject would scarcely bo iustiSed in overlooking THE PRINCIPAL VlOKS OF W OBKING MEN. I must speak with some qualification on this head, lest I may bg regarded as a slanderer rather than a m^ralibt. 1 am free to confess the habits of this community aiv, for a new town, excL-ptionally good. The stranger who visits us is by turns shocked and ai^reeably astonish- ed. He sees the town of very onsiderable papulation, very rascsjei, without any system of draina<;e, havinn; no water supply, and hcTioe at the mercy of fire from without and pestilence from within. H. > f )rirets that the town has just "moved in" — that it has had scarcely time to put off its coat and hann up its hat. Re sees on the weak eveniii<;-», however, scores of men by the street-walks, with never any ex-jltamenc beyond a boisterous joke or a friendly wrestle. On the Sibbath he finds large churches full of worshipp'^rs. These to the stranger are unexplicable phenomena. Putting the good against the evil I am proud of our people. And yet to make thp gjod general and uniform we must show the stranger, as soon as possible, clean streets, a good sup, ply ot pure water, and a thorough system of drainage Kvery man who ovns a foot ot ground here is deeply interested in this snbjoct. Nothing can prevent our town from becoming one of the priacipil mining, manufacturing and commercial centres in the Province if its population but work together for that end. Hut no man in my profession can shut his eyes to the evils which lurk among miners as among other men. This Assoiiiation should do much to counteract their influence For instance take the vice of waste, extravagance, improvidence. Do our people understand the value of little amounts as levers to independ- ence and comfort? There are to-day 1100 men on the pay roll of the Cumberland Coal and Railway Company. Do you know what is meant by the sum of one dollar a week saved from each man's earn- ings? It means just $57,200 a year, A good cottage witb a plot of land ought to be secured here for one thousand dollars. Fifty seven cottages could be built every year on independent property by the average savings of one dollar a week in these mines alone. The sys- tem of credit I regard as next to inexi^usable in our circumstances. Three thin: He should even for t'w first round one hundr third easie There is the experii my care, very most c lars a week allowed me also would from the s with the m than be hi the habit ( mission ha and thereb to give sue apply for 1 What! not save ? once by sp ing and w( feet of the week. Frc weight sifl Mint now, the worku to build g{ 000. Anothei subject, structive c you must I 13 Three things & man should do who receives regular weekly wages :— He should live within his income, positively; he should avoid debt, even for twenty^four hours ; he should aim at putting his foot on the first round of the successful man's ladder — namely, the possession of one hundred dollars. He will find the second round easier, and the third easier still. There is much gained by awakening an ambition to save. I tried the experiment with a young man in a printing entablishment under my care. He had settled down to the idea that he was making the very most of chances by supporting a wife and child out of seven del" lars a week. I offered to raise his wages a dollar a week providine: ho allowed me to retain that amount for a year at 6 percent inteiest, and also would bring to me at the end of the year fifty cents a week saved from the seven dollars be was then receiving. He came in due time with the money, and declared he had provided even better for his family than he had done before. He had mastered the leak, and contracted the habit of saving. The six per cent would have been a just com- mission had he paid it to me for my advice ; but I paid it cheerfully, and thereby helped to set a young man on his feet. It suits preachers to give such advice ; for the men who save are those to whom preachers apply for help in any financial difficulty. What becomes of the dollar a week which the wasteful man docs not save ? It is frittered away. I stood within the Mint of England once by special permission, and saw the process of melting and mould- ing and weighing the coin of that great realm. The earth under the feet of the workmen there is sufficient to make a little fortune every week. From the mere waste of the preeious metal there are some pounds weight sifted from time to time. I sometimes ieel as if I were in thafc Mint now, and the best fortune I could covet would be the waste of the workmen. If I could have that, in ten years I would unHertake to build good houses for 500 families, and be myself the owner of $60,- 000. Another vice is drunkeness. There is nothing new to be said on this subject. It stands tc«day where it stood fifty years ago, the most de- structive curse of the people. You have asked me to speak here, and you must bear with me if I say that the societies, moral and religious, u of .hi. town have .ot ll and support of th Oorupao, behind u., we have ,howo but little di»po,.t.oa to project ourive, a..i»,t the efFoct, of ».rooK driok. If each nnuer we e a Pasto- for one short month, he woald be nUed with m,sh., .nd„,.at,ou at the miserie, inflicted by drunkards up-, their wives and ch.ldren. What ri^ht have dealer, to take the hard-earned m.,ney of our men, .„d then turn them into tyrants and pauper,? Whtle you str.ve a, an AsHOciation for mutual protection, do let your infinence be felt on he side of temperance. This is a subject on wh.ch I can scarce^ trust myself to speak . The chief heartaches of my pubhc hfe have been caused b, strong drink-its disgrace, its snifer-ng,. Us remor,e, and its burials. „u ,j » I must also instance the vice of p.of.nity. The race ha, reached a period when the men who do not respect themselve, must step down I can remember when drinkin. men, swearin, m=», -uld hold a h„h place in social i.flaence. It is so no longer. The common judgement now is that profanity betray, a low and vubar n 'nd. I can ^o farther than that, and declare my conviction, from lengthoned observation, that the deliberate swearer is almost invariably a coward. Profanity « generally a sort of audacious swagger i an attempt to make hearers be lieve thit the high slepping. blustering fellow is very brave. I know- better I have een him tied by cood .e.ts, and know that n.ne fmes „u of ten 1^ is a poltroon . That i, the judgement of the hsteoer now s! that when one yid.is to an oath he may rest assured the flnger o human t, is po^ntfng behind him saying- "There goes a coward. |"me vouo" men need this bit of advice, when they pat theinselves on the back and ima.ioe they are in a lair way to earn a gold medal, (i old medals are for /ie»-06 m these timeti! • i • i \oT officers and membors. E must close; and even in closing 1 ^o^d teach you something. I have aroided preaching as much as ZsibleTn U lecture ; but let me n3W ask you to do all thing, from fhe most serious motive -that of working to one grand end; and to do ill Tin ^v^ith the fullest apprehension that the end will come V rv soon . Life to you and me'will be just what we make it unde God -and at its close only one consolation can come to us-tbat we ha ve'honestly ned to leave the world better than we found it . " Keep mv memory gre^ said Charles Dickens. There is but one way to my "memory f,rt^^^^ ^,„t;Q,i ^Wtv of sunshine in which to embalm ensure lum , — icaw u.- '- r'~-^ their best thoughts of you and your influence. a [1. h It sr it is be w- 68 ^; ot M OQ L I as im do me ler we sep to Im