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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre filmds A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I i t 11 * ' ■■ if .? ^^ ■ i VI f #i^-J-5 I *'. W 4i i * » 9 i^ .? 'Brtaaii^ip.fv' ■ .', .f ■A .. i -fi^ GUIDE TO THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL I^RM ■■'%'■ ^ i *^ ' :?yi •~f I* « ■* PREPARED FOR THE YEAR % !*!;j|:J|™ ™MATION REGARDING tROR;, ETC MVII* 'i '? il. I i [ 1. 1 * ^ 4 f ^ ». « ( :^^ ;*^ ■■? ^ -^--.'f lllfrtl i ' ' I- . TJTI«>*- *.»T rtJ I f.H ■lil i5 •-?. k I I f ■; Is ■ ,• ■I- Wi'i': fin ..,'!.! x' V. i t f I *: ,r if. ' y s. ^ ■. ■ ; " . , r -■ -■ ;:> SHBHf "6 ^ ; ' * ~ ^^( ?* 4r- ■■- ^- ■■' ■'. '\ "^■ r^ ■; iUH >d^iAi f I f 1 f. f -f. ^ / i i i \ ! ' ir: t i'. ^ - s f- ^'■' j-t In' ■> ' ' \ ', ^ ' \ Q GUIDE TO THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM PREPARED FOR THE YEAR 1897 AVITH INFORMATION REGARDING CROPS, ETC. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1897 \ .' 1. : EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. .„«, r.rm., The Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada are fZ in" air's ; ' ""'"' ''™ '"' '°"^ ^^^"^^ '--■ --i in- tern m all about 3,200 acres of land. Ti,e Central Experimental Farm has been established at the capital, Ottawa njr t^ boundaty ne between Ontario and Quebec, and erves ,h purposes o both these important provinces. One „f the branch arms has been located at Nappan, N.S., „,,, ,,, „.,i,,^/, ^ between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and serves for the three Mant,me Provinces ; another has been established a. Ind an Head, m Asstniboia, as an aid to agriculture in the North- BrU sh cT"^■■ "', ' '°""' "" '" '""'='■ ^' Agassiz, Br,t,sh Columbia, where it serves a „k„ purpose for tha provmce. At all these farms many experiments are in progress in all branches of agriculture, horticulture and arboriculture, and some proble„,s ot great importance to farmers have already been 1 I I / p F F E S S: H Si Si Si] EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. IJEPAUTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Minister of Agriculture-Hon. Sydney Fisher. Deputy Minister of Agriculture— W. B. Scarth. STAFF OF EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. Director— Wni Saunders, LL.D., F.R.S.C, F.L.S. Director's Assistant and Foreman of Forestrv— W. T Afacoun Horticulturist to the Central Experimental Farni-Jolm Craig Entomologist and Botanist to the Dominion ICxperi.nental Inarms— James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C, F.L.S. Assistant Entomologist and Botanist— J. A. Guignard. Chemist to the Dominion Experimental Farms— F. T Simtt M.A., F.LC. ' Assistant Chemist— Henry S. Marsh. Poultry Manager— A. G. Gilbert. Farm Foreman — John Fixter. Accountant— W. IL Hay. Assistant Accountant— L. S. Macoun. French Correspondent— Fug. Pelletier. French Correspondent— J. A. McMurray. Director's Secretary and Stenographer— M. O'Hanly. Stenographer T. F. Watson. Superintendent Experimental Farm, Nappan, NS-Geo W Forrest. ' ' Horticulturist Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S.— W S Blair Superinteiident Experimental Farm, Brandon, Man.-S a' ' Bedford. Superintendent Experimental Farm, Indian Head NWT- Angus Mackay. ■ . ■ . . Superintendent Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B.C.-Thns A bharpe. si It St sa ai oi ar ot D pc wl nii se; Di an pr th< to sai wii wa GUIDE TO THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM FOR 1897. WITH PLAN SHOWING THE LOCATJOXS OF THE BUILDINGS WITH PARTICULARS ( )F '1 HE ARRANGEMENT OF THE DIFFERENT CKOl'S AND GROUPS OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS FOR THE SEA- SON OF 1897, Work on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa was begun in the spring in 1887. The buildings at this farm are shown on the plan in hlack and are lettered as follows :— (A.) Office liiiilding, Chemical Laboratory and Museum.— In this building are the offices of the several members of the stafif. The second storey is occupied by the Museum, in which samples of grain, fruits and other products raised on the central and branch farms are shown. In the eastern half of this building, on the ground Hoor, is the chemical laboratory, where analyses are made of soils, fodder plants, cereals, roots, fertilizers and other substances of interest and value to the farming community. (B.) Conservatory and Houses for Seed Testing and Seed Distribution.— This is quite near the office building. The front portion is used for the distribution of samples ui seed grain, where large quantities of choice varieties are distributed free by mail each year. Samples were distributed during the past season in 3-lb. bags for test by farmers in all parts of the Dominion. The aim of this distribution is to place the best and most productive varieties within reach of all, and thus to prepare the way for general improvement of the grain croi)s of the Dominion. One of the two glass structures attached is used to determine the vitality and germinating power of doubtful samples of grain held for seed, these being tested during the winter months and reports sent to tlie farmers who have for- warded them. There were 2174 saniples tested in 1897. I'* the second glass structure there is a general collection of green- 8 house plants, with a number of different species which are of economic value, such as camphor, cinnamon, cinchona, black- pepper, arrowroot, tea, coffee, orange, lemon, cocoa, sarsaparilla, matico and guaicum. There are also about loo species and varieties of orchids, a large number of cacti, together with many choice sorts of flowering plants. (C). Barn.— The central part of this building is occupied above with farm crops, and at the northern end there are three silos, with a total capacity of about 350 tons. The lower storey, which is on a level with the barn-yara, affords accommodation for the cattle. There are a few pure-bred animals, but the larger number are grades. One section contains grade cows fairl\- representing the stock kept by farmers in Ontario, while most of the nex't section is occupied with representative grade cattle from Quebec. A third section is occupied partly by young cattle, but during the wmter months chiefly by steers under experimental feeding. The stalls along the side and end are used for the accommodation of young stock. One wing of this building is occupied by the bulls, where specimens will be found of Ayrshire, Jersey, Hol- stein, Devon and Canadian ; the other wing by the working teams of horses. (D.) Implement Shed and Tool House, with a carpenter shop ia one corner and a granary overhead. (E.) Piggery.— In this building experiments are carried on in the raising of the most popular breeds of pure-bred swine ; also in fattening both pure and cross bred pigs, to ascertain which of the crosses mature most rapidly, and what kinds of food give the best returns. The breeds at present under test are Berkshire, Improved Large Yorkshire, Chester White, Tamworth and Poland-China. (F.) Dairy Building.— Here experiments are carried on in butter-making, to determine the most economical methods of producing this useful food product of the very best quality. (G.) Root House, where large quantities of field roots and potatoes are stored during the winter months. (H.) Sheep House. — A building which is in process of con- struction, designed to carry on experimental work with sheep. (I.) Poultry Buildings and Yards, where experiments are con- ducted to determine the most serviceable breeds of fowls as egg-layers and flesh-formers, and experience gained as to the best methods for the housing and feeding and care and manage- ment of poultry. The varieties of poultry under test in this branch are : Barred and White Plymouth Rocks, Silver Laced and White Wyandottes, Black and White Minorcas, White Leg- horns, Andalusians, Langshans, Light Brahmas, Javas. Coloured Dorkins, Golden Polands, Houdan fowls and Aylesbury ducks. (J), (K), (L), (M), (N) and (O). Residences of the Officers in ■charge of the several brr . hes of the work. DIVISIONS OF LAND AND HOW OCCUPIED IN 1897. By reference to the accompanying plan, it will be seen that the land, which consists of 465 acres in all, is divided into twenty- four sections, and the following will explain how each of these is occupied at the present time : — Section No. i.— On this section is located (B) the conservatory and house for seed-testing ; also (C) the barn, (D) imi)lement shed, and (E) the piggery. Part of the land between the con- servatory and the barn lies high and commands a fine view of other parts of the farm, the city and surromiding country. This part is in lawn and is partly planted with ornamental trees and shrubs. In the southern portion of this section are the experi- mental plots of potatoes, where 121 varieties are being tested side by side, and at the western part of this, experimental plots of corn may be seen, where thirty varieties are under test. The por- tion east of the conservatory is used for the growing of shrub- bery and young seedling fruit and ornamental trees, and on this part will be found the residence of the Horticulturist. Section No. 2.— The south-east corner of this section is occu- pied with millets, of which eight varieties are being tried. Next west of this are the experimental plots of wheat, where tests are in progress with 164 varieties, a large number of which are cross- 10 ocTcrfn ;! ^'^^''"P'""'""^ ^^" ^'-^^-"^■^- Next in cd e , T '^l"? "'' -ve„ty-nine varieties of , .case. In the o ca.ons both of barley and pease there are many cross-bre.I so.ts nlMch have been originated on the experimental farms. The urtli side o the west portion of this secti<.n is occt.pied bv ex- penmen al ph>ts of oats. These eonsist of seventy-fonr varieties, a pa. t of w „eh are on the opposite side of the road on tlie south oats o th '!• 7'^' ''''''''' ''''^ °^ ^^^'^'"" ^ '^ Pl^"^ed with oats of the variety known as Golden Giant Side. Section 3. In addition to the oat plots already referred to. this section ,s occupiai at the east end, first with inclosed yards f<,r alrTi?'' 1 f '7' '"'-^ ' "^"* "'^^^ ^^"■'•«^<-'^l barley (Can- ad an I lorpe and at the sonth-west corner with pease. ( )n the h r iIm r T'''"'' ^'""'"'S: on Elm Avenue, are placed the an> buiMm^^ and root house; west of this, the vineyard, in Inch 1 94 varieties of hardy grape vines are under test. Next lere is a small piece of pasture land, followed by horse beans and soja beans. Section 4.-The east portion of this section is in meadow, and the western part m oats, first Banner, next Rosedale. Section 5.-On the east part of this section there are three one-acre plots. The southerly one has been sown with a mixture ot o-,asses to test their value for permanent pasture ; the next is occiipied by Awnless Brome grass, which was sown with barlev m the sprmg of 1896 ; and the third plot with oats seeded witli Alfalfa. The north part of this strip, facing on Elm Avenue, is occupied by Abundance oats ; and the remainder of this front- age is used for testing the action of different sorts of fertilizers on Indian corn. The latter plots are twenty-one in number, and measure one-tenth of an acre each. These experiments with fer- ' tihzers on corn have now been continued for nine years. The remaining part of diis section, extending to Maple Avenue is occiijiied by meadow. Section 6.— This is occupied by meadow. Section 7— Extends to the forest plantation, and is also occu- pied by meadow. Next ill varietica In the !"( )ss-bre( I Ills. The 1 hy ex- varieties, lie south ted with to, this ards f( ir :y (Gall- on the iced the ard, in ■ Next i beans 5w, and e three nixture next is barley 'd witli :mic, is front- tilizers 2r, and itii fer- , Tlie uie, is occu- II Section 8.~rhis is a long, irregular strip of ground, extending roni he north side of Elm Avenue along the west and north boundaries of the farm. It is bounded by the forest belt on one side and the winding road on the other, and extends eastward lo the north entrance gate to the farm. The south-west corner is occupied by kosedale oats ; next meadow, followed along the rl A .'c r''^'^ ^'^ ''"^'" ^''^'^' "^ ^''^"^ ''^ tlie following order :- UAl.S.— Improved Ligowo, Siberian, American Beauty, Ab.it- gage Lifter, Jcjanette, Holstein I'n.lihc and W^allis. WHEAT — Advance, llerisson Bearded and Preston. East of these, the remainder of this section is occupied by pasture, excepting the soutli-east corner, where there is a plot of Inickwlieat. Section 9.-About one-half of the frontage of this section, on A aple Avenue, is devoted to test plots to trv the effect of frr- ti i/ers on crops of wheat and oats, twenty-one plots of one tenth ot an acre each being given to each of these cereals. The wheat occupies the front tier of plots, the oats the second. Some oi" these experiments have been carried on for nine years, others f. r e.gl.t years. West of these are narrow llelds ..f grain, runnino- rom east to west in the following order :_OATS.-J-:arly Goth- land and Prize Cluster. BARLEY.— Odessa PJ-ASl- — Creeper, Agnes and Arthur. North ..f these are larger fields ex- tending to Maple Avenue, of Bavarian and Banner oats' the northeriy part of the section being occupied by meadow. Section lo.-On this section there are narrow fields of grain extending across the entire width. Beginning with the frontage on ALtple Avenue, these are arranged as foll.nvs — OATS-- Eariy Gothland, Golden Beauty, Columbus, Flying Scotchman, White Schonen, Lariy Golden Prolific, Early Archangel. Haz- etts beizure, Mennonite and Wallis. In the space occupied by the Walhs oats will be found a small grove of trees of white pine On the easteriy end of this section is an orchard of apple trees' chieHy of Russian varieties, and containing 219 different sorts. Section ii.-Oii the westeriy part of this section there are two additional series of plots of one-tenth of an acre each and twenty- one in each series, which are used to test tlie effects of fei tiliz rs on crops of barley and field roots. These experiments have been carried on for the past eight year,. East of these plots are small fields o, sunflowers and the following varieties of 5^4 ■- Koyal Trooper, Mensury, Champion and Odessa • then exneri mental plots of clover and flax, and a set of plots, fo ^ ei^ n all of one-twenfeth of an acre each, which are used to Ln peale aS*o P'»'^-t«o each of wheat, barley, oats and pease-are sown as soon as the ground is ready in the snrinL- and e,gl,t n,ore o„ the same day on each succeeding 010; five weeks, thus n.aking six successive sowings. Each .,f these caimd on for seven years, and the results show the greit im portance of early seeding. ^ Sections 12 and ij.-The larger part of both these sectio„s is oceup,ed by orchards of apple, pear, phnn, cherry and oth r ru trees, .-.nd by small fruits and vegetables, Tlu number of var .et.es of fruits at present under test is as follows :-Ap„ls 24,. (Uack red and winte), 64 named varieties and 2/ seedlings • goosebernes, 123 named varieties and ,8 seed S ! raspbernes 144 named varieties and 27 seedlings straw' bernes, 276 na.ued varieties and 23 seedlings ; juneberri s , vanenes ; and 8 varieties of nut-bearing trefs. The v g tabies under test tins year include 122 varieties of tomatoes a, d^ t .e.es of cauhflower, and smaller nun.bers of other usefu s. .'s Tins port,on of the grounds is devoted en.irelv to experimental work w.th fruits and vegetables, and as the usefulne s o "he results depends chiefly on the accuracy with which t e yieL .^ neceZTtrr"";"'" r "^ ^''"''"''- " >- 1^-' ° -<• during H,e/v' ' '"''°'"'' "'"' '^'^^P " ''°""i '° ""= public dunng the fru.tmg season. The easterly part of section 12 is no Z % T"''-'- ''""' ""' ''"""'"S^' -"i "°"" « tl e SlrmTor-Imat " "" ''■""•^' "''" "'™" '= ""= --'^- "' *e , ■f,^fT,^'^'^}^ occupied with experimental fields of cm ■ with test.plots of clover and grasses on the south-west corner ' plots are small of barley ; — ; then exjieri- . forty-eight in used to gain lore important irlcy, oats and in the spring, ling week for Each of these e results jiub- ts have heen the great im- se sections is id other fruit mber of var- Ap|)lc>s, 245 ; 49 : currants 2 seedlings ; seedlings ; gs ; straw- Jneberrics, 5 e vegetal)les and 64 var- useful sorts. experimental mess of the ;he yields of been found o the public action 12 is 3rth of the ence of the s of c(.rn ; : corner. 13 Section 15.— This section has several rows of plots along the north side which are devoted to the testing of a large number of grasses, to ascertain their relative value and usefulness for hay and pasture, and also for lawn purposes. Next, south of the grasses, are the sample hedges, where different sorts of slirubs and trees have been planted to test their usefulness for hedge pur- poses. Each hedge is about fifty feet in length, and there are 76 different sorts under test. On another part of this section will be found the residence of the Director, about which are i)lanted many varieties of ornamental trees, shrubs and plants. There is also in this section a small inclosure devoted to special experi ments in connection with the cross-fertilizing of cereals, etc., and the raising of young seedlings of trees, shrubs and plants for test on the several experimental farms. This small test-garden is not open to the public. Section 16.— Is partly in lawn and flower beds, and pardy devoted to clumps of ornamental trees and shrubs. Near the south-east corner is the residence of the Chemist. Section 17.— Part of this section has been planted with pota- toes and the other part with corn. Near the south-west corner is the residence of the Entomologist and Botanist, with lawn and shrubbery. The remainder of this section is occupied by field roots of which 67 varieties are under trial. In the north-east corner is the residence of the Poultry Manager. Sections 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 form the Arboretum and Botanic garden, consisting in all of sixty-five acres of land. With the exception of section 27, (which is used for pasture), this area is devoted to the testing of useful and ornamental trees and shrubs from many parts of the world. About 2,500 different species and varieties are now under test. This land has been planted with a cedar hedge outside the fence. Along the road, and south of this hedge, is a border twelve feet wide and nearly a mile in length, which is devoted to the cultivation of hardy per- ennial plants. There are now about 1,100 species and varieties of these under test forming a most interesting and valuable collection. '4 The forest belts extend along the whole ot the north and we-t boundar.es of the farm and are designed to test the growth o tmber trees under different conditions as to soil, dista«e aoa^ etc. About 20,000 trees in all have been planted. The be,t aC he northern margin of the farm is 65 feet in width, and haf on the west boundary 165 feet. rth and west e growth of stance apart, e belt along and that on •-' J*' \t t «>-' ^' i '1^ .:',i mJ r ■■''-5 ' f, '.■■.» V^ fe W .: ',. . - r 1: •ST ? OAa/j^j h ithfrrlilt-y; < ^ JOOX500000©« £ti//y- fi€it/i/,iif t'lirs brlv-^aSiif,! i>,if.r t/oit^i.elti:^ Ouij y/alsfcM /'n'/ifur.'^£i ^1 f'ttj r;u/it\r 'Pftccif ©bg /'