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 FROM THK 
 
 "Canada Medical & Surgical Journal," Montreal. 
 
 February, 1882. 
 
 tw 
 
 »' 
 
 
 
 -^-V,.;» 
 
 
 «, 
 
 ON Tp^ BRAINS 0?" C 
 
 
 
 ■•..w 
 
 WITH A Description of the brains of two murderers. 
 
 ■'^**Bt WILLIAM OSLER, M.D., M.R.C.P., Lond. 
 
 ProfeSBor of the Institutes of Medicine in McGill University, and Physician 
 to tlie Montreal General Hospital. 
 
 [Read hvfore ihe Medico-Chirurgicol Soi'iptv of Montreal.] 
 
 Mentally and bodily, we are largely the result of an here- 
 ditary organization, and the environment in which we have 
 been reared. The '1 of a bushman nurtured in the family 
 of a philosopher wi' be able, witii favourable surroundings, 
 
 to rise much above his race level ; the chiUl of a philosopher, 
 reared among the bushmen, will not reach his paternal standard, 
 but the grossness of the savage natures around him will have 
 weight M pull him down, and what is fine will learn to sympathize 
 with the clay. In the former case, the individual cannot tran- 
 scend his organization ; and in the latter, he cannot burst the 
 iron bars of his environment. That the mental and moral status 
 of a man is determined by the conformation and development of 
 his brain is an axiom with the school of physiological psychologists. 
 The conformation is a matter of inheritance ; the development, 
 of education (in its widest sense). The different mental condi- 
 tions of individuals are the expression of subtle differences in 
 cerebral structure, just as the diversity in the features of men 
 is the result of minute variations in the arrangement of the tissues 
 
 ^.:.;'Jli£- 
 
of the face. That a faulty physical basis can have no other 
 sequence than a faulty mental and moral constitution is acknow- 
 ledged and acted upon by every one, so far as idiots and imbeciles 
 are concerned, but that mental and moral obliijuity is invariably 
 the outcome of an ill-conformed or ill-developed brain is a doc- 
 trine novel and startling, though logical enough from the stand- 
 point of modern physical fatalism. Endeavours have recently 
 been made to put this theory on firm grounds by showing that 
 in a large number of criminals the type of brain differs from that 
 in the law-abiding members of the community. 
 
 Anatomists and physiologists have of late paid much attention 
 to the conformation of the brain surface, and the convolutions 
 and fissures are now studied with care and minuteness. In a 
 typical European brain, the cerebellum is completely covered by 
 the cerebrum, and the general arrangement of the gyri and sulci 
 is such that there is rarely any difficulty in mapping them out 
 and assigning their proper names to each. Thus on the external 
 surface of each hemisphere we recognize two fissures which are 
 constant and invariable in position — the fissures of Sylvius and 
 of Rolando^ (^central suhnis.) Other rissures constantly present, 
 but less definite in their arrangement, are : the inter-panetal, 
 which passes through the parietal lobe, the parleto-oecipital ; 
 separating the parietal and occipital lobes, best seen from the 
 median surface, the superior (1st), inferior (2nd), and ascend- 
 ing (3rd) frontal sulci and the 1st and 'Ind temporal. 
 
 On the median surface, the calloso-marginal, the parietal- 
 occipital, the calcariiie and collateral arc well marked and 
 distinctive. 
 
 The convolutions or gyri separated by these fissures are re- 
 markably uniform, and, though often intersected by subsidiary 
 sulci, can usually be determined without difficulty. Of these, 
 the only ones which need be now mentioned are the three frontal, 
 1st, 2nd and 3rd, the general direction of which is parallel to 
 the longitudinal fissure and the two central gyri which bound the 
 fissure of Rolando on either side. 
 
 In the typical brain the main fissures arc unconnected with 
 each other ; thus the fissure of Rolando is isolated and does not 
 
8 
 
 unite with the Sylvian fissure below, or the ascending frontal or 
 ascending parietal sulci on either side. The Sylvian fissure does 
 not join with any of the sulci above or below it. 
 
 Prof. Benedikt of Vienna has made a special study of the 
 brains of criminals,* and believes that he has met with peculiari- 
 ties sufficiently marked to warrant the following proposition : 
 '• The brains of criminals exhibit a deviation from the normal 
 type, and criminals are to be viewed as an anthropological 
 variety of their species, at least amongst the cultured races." 
 The two peculiarities on which he lays stress are (1st) the con- 
 fluence of many of the primary fissures and (2nd) the existence 
 of four horizontal frontal gyri. He proposps to establish a con- 
 fluent fissure type of brain, and he illustrates its most important 
 characteristic by saying, " that if we imagine the fissures to be 
 water-courses, it might bo said that a body floating in any one 
 of them could enter almost all the otiiers."" This, of course, 
 means the absence of numerous bridges of nerve matter which 
 normally separate the fissures — defects, marking an inferior de- 
 velopment of the brain. Between the normal type with isolated 
 fissures and the type with confluent fissures there will naturally 
 be transitions, but he calls attention to the numbei- and variety 
 of the connections in his series of the brains of 22 criminals as 
 supporting the truth of his profjositiou. He states that tlie brains 
 of individuals in the lower grades of society approach nearer to 
 the 2nd type, and it is probable, though, as yet, full data are 
 wanting, that the brains of the inferior races of men also conform 
 more closely to this than to the type with isolated fissures. Let 
 us see now how far he has been able to establish the truth of this 
 view. Of 38 hemispheres from the 22 criminals the folhrwing 
 were some of the most interesting points : — 
 
 I. The fissure of Rolando communicated with ; 
 
 (a) fis. Syl. completely in 18, incompletely in 6. 
 (6) with 2>rd or ascending frontal, complete in 11, 
 incomplete in 2. 
 
 • On tho Brains of Criminals, Vienna, 1879. Translated by Dr. Fowler. 
 (Wood & Co., New York, 1881. Cent. f.d. med. \Vissenschaften, 1876, and 
 iVo.46, 1880. 
 
 ^/ 31 '5^ 
 
(o) with the \st or superior frontal sulcus, complete 
 
 in 0, incomplete in 1. 
 (d) with inter-parietalis, complete in 7, incomplete in 4. 
 
 Of the 10 hrains there was not one in which the fissure of Ro- 
 lando had not on one side a connection with some other fissure. 
 Altoj^ether there were AS connections, ;};") on the left and 23 on 
 the right side. 
 
 II. The Si^lvittn fissure communicated with : 
 
 {(I.) fis. R. in 18 completely, in u incompletely. 
 
 {b^ mi\\ frontal sulci in 18, incomplete in 7. 
 In 7 brains it existed on botli sides ; only absent on both sides 
 in o. 
 
 (c) with fis. inter-parietalis in 2'J, incomplete in 6. 
 
 ((i) with 1st temporal in 18, incompletely in 4. 
 
 III. The A's. inter-parietalis communicated with: 
 
 (a) fis. R. complete in 7, incomplete 4. 
 (ft) fis. Sijlv. complete 22, incomplete 7. 
 (t?) 1st T. complete 19, incomplete <i. 
 In the 38 hemispheres there were 51 complete and 16 shallow 
 connections of the inter-parietalis. 
 
 IV. The soissura hippocampi communicated with : 
 
 parieto-occipital, complete 17, incomplete 2. 
 V. The calloso- marginal fissure : 
 
 with parieto-occipital, complete 8. 
 VI. The parieto-occipital : 
 
 with inter-parietalis and horizonal occipital, complete 21, 
 incomplete 6. 
 These were the most important connections ; the others I shall 
 not refer to. 
 
 The second peculiarity which Prof. Benedikt has noted in the 
 brains of criminals is the existence of 4 horizontal gyri springing 
 from the ascending frontal or anterior central convolution. This 
 he regards as an animal similarity, and a reversion, so to speak, 
 to the typical four primitive gyri of the brains of carnivora. The 
 fourth gyrus is formed by the si)litting, by a deep fissure, of 
 either the 1st or 2nd convolution. In his latest communication 
 
 ^» 
 
<•» 
 
 6 
 
 on this point,* the results are given of the examination of 87 
 hemispheres (from 44 criminals), of which only 42 presented the 
 normal type of frontal convolutions, and 27 showed four gyri. 
 In these the additional gyrus resulted in 8 from the splitting of 
 the superior ; in 10 from the division of the middle convolution. 
 In 18 there was an im{)erfect division into four gyri. In two 
 hemispheres there were five frontal convolutions. 
 
 Through the courtesy of Dr. Desmarteau, Jail Surgeon, I was 
 present at the autopsy, and secured the brain of the man Hay- 
 vern who was executed for the murder of a fellow-convict ; and 
 the Department of Justice permitted me to secure the brain of 
 Moreau, who was executed at Rimouski. 
 
 I. — Hayvern, aged 28, was a medium-sized man, of no trade ; 
 Irish descent ; parents living, and respectable ; no insanity, 
 inebriety or neurotic diroase in the family. He had been a hard 
 drinker, and as a child was stated to have had fits. There is no 
 evidence of the recurrence of these in adult life. He was serving 
 a term in the Penitentiary, having been sentenced for highway 
 robbery in 1879. He had previously been in jail more than 
 twenty times, and may be taken as a good repi-esentative of the 
 criminal class. The details of the murder show deliberation, and 
 there was no evidence to show that the act was perfor.-ned dur- 
 ing a paroxysm of epileptic mania. 
 
 The skull was somewhat ovoid in shape, dolicho-cephalic ; the 
 forehead rather low and retreating. The calvaria was of moderate 
 thickness ; no signs of injury, old or recent. 
 
 Brain, last 07\gan examined. PI. I. — Vessels were empty; 
 
 drained of blood by the opening of the vessels of the neck, both in 
 
 front and behind. Membranes were normal. Weight of organ, 
 
 1320 grammes (40^ ozs.) Cerebellum completely covered by 
 
 cerebrum. I obtained the left hemisphere for special study, and 
 
 the details of its structure are as follows : — 
 
 Antero-posti'iior diameter K! . 5 tin. 
 
 Hemispiieric arch -4.8 " 
 
 Anterior curvo (tip of i"'r. lolie to l<Ms, l{ol.) 14 " 
 
 Middle curve (from B'is. Uol. to I'ar.-occip. Fis.) (5.2 " 
 
 Posterior curve (from Par.-oc. to tip of Occip. lobe) . . 4.8 " 
 
 * Centralb. f.d. med. Wissenschft., No. 46, 1880. 
 
6 
 
 Sylvian fisHiire. (Fii/.l ) , in addition to the normal ascending and 
 horizonal rami, presents a radial branch which passes into the 
 frontal i/i/ri (a), a short radial extension into the asc. parietal (ft), 
 and a shallow communication with retro-central sulcus (c). 
 
 The fissure of Rolando (F.R.) or central sulcus is separated 
 from the F.S. by a very narrow bridge of brain substance. It 
 has no other coimections. 
 
 There are four well-marked frontal gyri [1, 2, 3 and 4] ; 
 the extra one (2) appears to be formed by the splitting of the 
 superior or \st gyrus^ though its base, where it joins the asc. 
 front, gyrus., is in the position of the middle or 'ind. fr. gyr. 
 As can be seen in tlie plate, there are two radial sulci which 
 pass from a point just behind asc. ramus oifis. Sylv. and ascend 
 almost to the long. fis. They are deep, and the hinder one has 
 a crucial extension in the ftosition of the 2ndfr. sul. 
 
 The sulcus inter-parietalis presents a well-marked radial por- 
 tion which |)ass(!S up behind the ascending parietal convolution 
 in its whole length (^asc. pariet. or retro-central sulcus) ; the 
 sagittal part passes back into the parietal lobe and divides into 
 two branches, one of which (d) curves round the mipra-marginal 
 gyrus and unites with tlie \st temporal fis. ; the other (e) ascends 
 to the median border, and is conthmous with a sulcus which joins 
 the parieto-occipital. 
 
 The asc. par. gyrus (retro-central) is well developed, as are 
 also the angularis and supra-marginal. 
 
 The horizonal (or sup.') occipital sulcus is well developed; 
 it does not join the par. occip.., but sends branches into the gy. 
 cuneus. It appears to join the 2nd temp, sulcus, but the brain 
 is lacerated at this point, and it is difficult to make out the 
 connection. 
 
 The Ist temporal sulcus is strongly marked, passes up and 
 joins the inter-parietal. The 2nd temp, cannot be well made 
 out on account of the laceration. 
 
 On the median surface (^Fig. 2), the calloso-marginal sulcus is 
 strongly developed, presents numerous perpendicular branches, 
 and terminates by two, one of which (/) ascends to the usual 
 position behind the retro-central gyrus, the other (g) curves 
 
V. 
 
 round and divides tlie gyms forniaatva from the pre-cuneus (or 
 quadrilateral),extending to within a short distance of the calcarine 
 fissure, and uniting with the fin. cruciata. 
 
 The fiyrmformcatnii, in the anterior half of its extent, pre- 
 sents a well-marked sulcus running along its centre. 
 
 The pnrieto-ocdpitnl is deep and well marked ; it has a branch 
 (/f) which curves over the border and unites with the inter- 
 parietal. The calcarine fissure unites with the par. occip.^ and 
 the conjoined sulcus communicates with the seissura hippo- 
 campi by a wide groove (/). 
 
 The snicm coUateralis ]o\m the calcarine by a large fissure (^j). 
 which ends just at the handle of the fork of the par.-occip. and cal- 
 carine. Another sulcus {k) passes from it round the under surface 
 of the occipital lobe, dividing the temporal gyri horn the occipital. 
 
 The orbital gyri are separated from the frontal anteriorly, by 
 a well-marked fissure (fronto-marginal of Wernicke). 
 
 The convolutions of the insula, normal. 
 
 According to Benedikt's views, this hemisphere is a-typical in 
 the following particulars : — 
 
 a) The union of the /Sylvian with the 1st frontal sulcus. 
 
 (b) The junction of the inter-parietal with the parieto-occipital 
 and with the 1st temporal. 
 
 (e) The extension of the calcarine fissure into the seissura 
 hippocampi. 
 
 (d) The extension of the callo so-marginal fissure between the 
 gyrus fornicat us and the pre-cunev^. 
 
 (e) The union of the collateral and calcarine fissures. 
 
 (/) The fission of the 1st frontal convolution into two parts, 
 so that there appear to be four frontal gyri — a condition which 
 Benedikt lays great stress upon as a marked animal similarity 
 in the human brain. 
 
 II. — Moreau, a small farmer in the county of Riraouski, aged 
 40, French-Canadian, murdered his wife last summer, and was 
 execute(i on the 13th of January. He was a short, very power- 
 fully-built man, uneducated, and of a morose disposition ; was 
 temperate, and had never before been convicted of any crime. 
 
8 
 
 He liafl not lived happily with his wife, and quarrels had been 
 fretjuent ; one day, when in the woods together, he cut her head 
 open with an axe. The deed was apparently premeditated, as 
 it came out in evidence that ho had oft'ercd money to a man to 
 do it for him. After the act and during the trial he maintained 
 \m usual stolidity, and did not appear to take a very deep interest 
 in the proceedings. Indeed, it is stated that he was unaware, 
 until some time after the sentence, that he was to be hanged. 
 The autopsy was performed, about an hour after his death, by 
 Dr. Belleau, and the brain was secured by H. V. Ogden, B.A., 
 and brought to me in excellent condition for examination. 
 
 Organ large, weighed about 1587 grms. (5lj ozs). [P/. 7Z] 
 The hemispheres, though large, did not completely cover the 
 cerebellum. Membranes were normal ; vessels of the pia mater 
 and the subjacent grey matter deeply engorged. 
 
 Left hemnplwre (PI. II., fit/. 3). — Fis. Sylv. is separated 
 from ascending parietal by a very narrow and grooved gyrus, 
 and joins the inf. front, by a shallow svdcus (a). 
 
 Fin. Bolando sends a deep fissure {h) across the upper end of 
 asc. par. yyr.., which curves round the margin and unites with 
 fis. crnniata of the pre-nmeus. There is not a well-marked asc. 
 or "Ard front, snl. The Istfr. sul. has a short vertical branch, 
 and only extends for 2.5 cm. from asc. front, c/yr.., when the 1st 
 and 2nd convolutions fuse, but beyond this it is again apparent. 
 'ind front, sul. has a short vertical branch, and joins the fis. 
 Sylv. by a narrow groove. Its anterior extension is well developed. 
 The Zrd front, yyr. is large in comparison with the 1st and 2nd. 
 The asc. front, gyr. is large. 
 
 The asc. par. snl. (retro-central), which is usually united with 
 the inter-parietal, and called its radial portion, is isolated, and 
 only joins the fis. Sylv. by a shallow furrow (e). The asc. par. 
 (jyr. is narrow. 
 
 The inter-parietal fis. runs almost parallel to the asc. par. 
 and fis. Hol.y being separated from the former by a narrow 
 convolution which joins the sap. parietal lobule. Below it joins 
 the \st temp. sul. (d) ; above it does not extend to the margin. 
 Gyri of parietal lobe well developed. 
 
9 
 
 The Ist temp. sul. is crossed in two places by bridging gyri 
 uniting the \st and 2nd convolntioris. Posteriorly this sulcus 
 has two l)ranelies — one which joins the /. />nr., the other the /«/'. 
 ocei/). The 2nii temp. huI. is not well marked. 
 
 The sup. occip. «///. joins the par. ocaip. ; the inf. ocoip. sid. 
 the \st temp. 
 
 On median s\n-facc, par. orcip. fis. unites with sup. occip.. and 
 by a shallow sulcus with //«. crnniata ol' pre-aune us. 
 
 Oalearine fis. normal ; cuneus small. 
 
 Fis. collatera/is long, and sends numerous tissures into gyri 
 Unyualis and fusiformis. 
 
 Sul. caUoso-mary. has many fissures entering the \st front, 
 (fijr. Qyr.fornicatus is fissured longitudinally. Orbital gyri 
 normal ; ysQWmiixkQiX frontal maryinal sul. No external orbital 
 fissure. Ivsula well developed, and has 9 gyri. 
 
 Riyht hemisphere {PI. II., Jiy. 4). — Fis. Sylv. joins "Srd or 
 asc. front, sul. (a), and the asc. par. (h) (retro-central) by 
 shallow furrows. Fis. liol. unites Avith \st front, (f) and asc. 
 par. (t?) sulci by narrow giooves. 
 
 The asc. front, sul. arises by a shallow fissure from the fis. 
 Sylv., and then at the base of the 2nd front, yyr. joins the 2nd 
 front, sul. \st, 2nd awd -Wd frontal yyri are well developed 
 and distinct posteriorly. Anteriorly they are fused and crossed 
 by many secondary sulci. Asc. frontal yyr. is very narrow in 
 its centre. 
 
 Inter-parietal fs. has a well marked radial portion (the asc. 
 par. or reti*o-central). The sagittal part passes back and presents 
 three divisions — one (f ) enters the sup. par. lobule, a second (/) 
 passes directly back and joins a fissure in the position of inf. 
 ocoip., which reaches to the tip of occip. lobe, and the third (y) 
 part passes vertically down and unites with ^sf temp. sul. and 
 has a branch which crosses the 2nd temp. yyr. 
 
 Asc.-par. convolution is large below, narrow above. The 
 anyular, supra-maryinal vend sup. par. lobule are much fissured. 
 
 \st temp. sul. joins i.-par. ; the 2nd is not marked. Several 
 oblique sulci cross the 2nd and 3rd temp. gyr. Sup occip. sul. 
 pma par. occip. 
 
10 
 
 On the median surface, par. occip. fin. joins s?fp. oecip. ; the 
 calcarinc enters seiitsiari hippoiunnpi und ']Oins the /?s. coIhUerah's 
 by a aliallow f^roovc. Fin. eoUateralis lar^e and deep. 
 
 The cuneus is small ; pre-euneus (lob. (juad.) is large and its 
 anterior boundary ill-defined. 
 
 Oalloso-marf/inaJ Jh. extends to level of base of 1st frontal, 
 and then curves up to the margin of the hemisphere, being in- 
 terrupted by a broad annectant uniting the gt/r. fornicat. with 
 1st front. Beyond this there is a short extension which joins a 
 complex series of sulci in the pre-cuneus. 
 
 Orbited (/ijri normal. There is a narrow frontomarginal mil. 
 There is a well-marked e.vternal orbital fissure. 
 
 The chief points to be noted are : — 
 
 1. The absence of complete coveringof cerebellum by cerebrum. 
 
 2. On both sides the p7'e and rctro-cetitral Jissiires were sepa- 
 rated from /js. of Sijlvins by very narrow and grooved gyri. 
 
 3. The left ^s. Rolando joins fis. eruciata of pre-<;uneus, and 
 on the right side it is imperfectly separated from \st front, and 
 asc. par. sulci. 
 
 4. The inter-parietal, on both aides, joins the 1st temp, sul, 
 and on the right side is much more developed and joins the 
 occipital. 
 
 5. On the median surface the calcarine on the right side 
 enters the scissura hippocampi. 
 
 There remain two questions for consideration : first, to what 
 extent does Professor Benedikt's confluent fissure type of brain 
 prevail among ordinary members of the community, and how far 
 is it reliable as an indication of defective development ? 
 
 With a view of ascertaining how far the confluent fissm-e type of 
 brain exists among the lower classes in this community, I have ex- 
 amined carefully Go hemispheres from 34 individuals, all of whom 
 were patients in, and died at, the General Hospital. Most of 
 these were preserved by Giacomini's method, and as no special 
 note exists as to the social standing or character of any of the 
 individuals from whom they were obtained, the results are of 
 value only so far as they show to what extent confluence of fissure 
 occurs in that class from which the Hospital wards are recruited. 
 
11 
 
 1 . The Fissure of Rolando communicated with — 
 
 a. FissKre of Si/Ivins, in 8 completely, in 7 incompletely. 
 
 />. Frontal (tulci., complete in 12 : incomplete, 9. 
 
 a. Inter-j)arletal sulci, complete in 7 ; incomplete, 9. 
 
 2. The Fissure of Sylvius joined — 
 
 a. The F. U. [see above.] 
 /). 'YXxQ frontal in 20. 
 
 c. The inU'r-parietaU complete in 26 ; incomplete, 8. 
 
 d. The Ast temporal, in 15. 
 
 3. The Inter- parietal united with — 
 
 u. The F. R. [see above]. 
 
 b. The F. S. [see above]. 
 
 c. The parieto-ocoipital in 18. 
 
 d. The horizonal ov sitp. occipital i.; 14. 
 
 e. The \»t temporal in 19. 
 
 4. The Calearine entered the seissn^'a hippocampi in 25. 
 
 5. The callano-niarf/inal joined the par. -occipital in 1. 
 
 6. The parieto-occipital iomod — 
 
 a. The inter-parietal in 18. 
 
 b. The horizonal occipital in 3. 
 
 From these limited observations we may conclude — 
 
 1. That a considerable pro[)ortion of the brains of Hospital 
 cases are of the confluent fissure type. 
 
 2. The chief difference to be noted between Prof Benedikt's 
 series of criminals' brains and those which I have just gone over 
 is the somewhat greater number of unions between typical fissures, 
 more particularly between the fis. Rol. and contiguous ones. 
 Thus in his set this fissure connected, completely or incompletely, 
 with the fis. Si/l. in 24 instances ; in my series in only 10. In the 
 other fissures the dispr(i|)ortion is not nearly so great. 
 
 3. Considering the number of brains of ordinary Hospital 
 patients which ])resent in some degree the confluent fissure type, 
 it would seem more reasonable not to assign as yet any special 
 significance to it until we have fuller information about the 
 arrangement of the convolutions in the various races, and 
 until a much larger number of the brains of criminals of all 
 countiies have been examined. 
 
12 
 
 Professor Benedikt's cases were nearly all Slavonians or Hun- 
 garians, and though Betz of KiefF, a leading authority, acknow- 
 ledged the atypy of his specimens, it would have been more satis- 
 factory to have had a comparison between these specimens and an 
 e({ual number taken from law-abiding members of the same races. 
 It may be urged that in Hospital patients the brains should con- 
 form in considerable numbers to this 2nd or confluent fissure 
 type, as many of them are individuals in the lower ranks of life, 
 and not a few belong to the criminal class. This applies, how- 
 ever, much more forcibly to dissecting-room material, which, as 
 Dr. Benedikt says, " consists of the remains of those who have 
 suffered complete shipwreck in life through low grade of intelli- 
 gence, imperfect motor development, or through crimes and vice." 
 In the series of brains which I examined, there were no dissect- 
 ing-room specimens, and it did not include the brain of any 
 notoi'ious criminal so far as I am awai'e. 
 
 As to how far confluence of fissures is indicative of a low type 
 of cerebral organization we also want fuller information. When 
 existing in high degree, there is certainly an absence of many 
 important annectants or bridging areas of brain substance, but 
 when we consider the variable size of convolutions bounding the 
 typical fissures, it is easy to see that defect in one part might be 
 more than compensated for by excess in another part, and even 
 a neighbouring part. In several of the brains which I examined, 
 notably No. 10, the confluent fissure type existed in an organ 
 with a rich convolution system. In the brain of Moreau, the 
 retro-central fissure on the left side was separated from the 
 inter-parietal by a distinct gyrus,which might as well be regarded 
 as an excess, as absence of an annectant and confluence of two 
 fissures might be considered a defect. 
 
 With reference to the type of four frontal convolutions which 
 Prof. Benedikt has found in such a large number of his speci- 
 mens, I will only say that in 10 of the hemispheres examined it 
 was observed in a greater or less degree of development. No- 
 Avhere was it better seen than in the lijaiii..Qfl..ilayven). To 
 enter upon the anatomical significance of this would be beside 
 the question on this occasion. 
 
.3 
 
 Professor Benedikt's conclusions are those of a thorough- 
 going somatist, who would bring all human conduct within 
 the ramie of orjjianic action. " The constitutional criminal," 
 he says, " is a l)urdened individual, and has the same 
 relation to crime as his next of blood kin, the e[)ileptic, and his 
 cousin, the idiot, have to their encephalopathic conditions." 
 And again, " the essential ground of abnormal action of the 
 brain " (i.e., I take it, bad conduct,) " is abnormal brain struc- • 
 ture. His 44 criminals were what they were because of defects 
 in the organization of their hemispheres : they belonged to the 
 criminal variety of the (lemis homo. No wonder he says " that 
 this [)roposition is likely to create a veritable revolution in ethics, 
 psychology, jurisprudence and criminalities." He wisely adds 
 that it should not yet serve as a premise, and should not, for the 
 present, leave the hands of the anatomists, since it must be re- 
 peatedly proven before it can finally rank as an undoubted 
 addition to human science. 
 
 Crime is commonly regarded as the result of yielding to an 
 evil impulse wiiich could have been controlled ; and this element 
 o( pomble control is what, in the eyes of the law, separates the 
 responsible criminal from the irresponsible lunatic. The belief 
 in a criminal iw/chosia is spreading, and is the outcome of 
 sounder views of the relation of mind to brain ; and these investi- 
 gations of Prof. Benedikt, to which I have so frequently referred, 
 may serve as a foundation to a natural history of crime. But 
 if this in the case, how are we to regard our criminals ? What 
 degree of responsibility can be attached to the actions of a man 
 with a defective cerebral organization ? Where is there scope 
 to eschew the evil and to do the good, when men are " villains 
 by necessity, fools by heavenly compulsion, knaves, thieves and 
 treachers by spherical predominance." Any one who believes 
 that with all our mental and moral processes there is an unbroken 
 material succession, must consistently be Sideter)ninixt, and hold, 
 with Spinoza, that '• in the mind there is no such thing as abso- 
 late or free will, but the mind is determined to will this or that 
 by a cause which is determined by another cause, this by yet 
 another, and so on to infinity." For a long time to come, how- 
 
■^'s:s:^ 
 
 14 
 
 ever, the majority of individuals — including some who are incon- 
 sistent in so doing — will continue to hold the intuitionisf view, 
 nowhere better expressed than by Shakespeare, when he puts 
 into the mouth of that arch-criminal, lago, the words : " 'Tis in 
 ourselves that we are thus and thus. Our bodies are our gardens 
 to the which our wills are gardeners ; so that if we will plant 
 nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it 
 with one gender of herbs ov distract it with many, either to 
 have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the 
 power and corrigible autliority of this lies in (Uir will." 
 
 " Theft and murder," as Huxley well says, '^ would be none 
 the less objectionable were it possible to prove that they were 
 the result of the activity of special theft and murder cells in the 
 grey pulp." One thing is certain, that, as society is at present 
 constituted, it catuiot afford to have a class o^ criminal automata^ 
 and to have every rascal pleading faulty grey matter in extenu 
 ation of some crime. The law should continue to be a " terror 
 to evil-doers," and to let this anthropological variety (as Bene- 
 dikt calls criminals) know [)()sitively that punishment will follow 
 the commission of certain acts, should prove an effectual deter- 
 rent in many cases, just as with our dogs, the fear of the whip 
 exercises a restraining influence — immediate as well as prospec- 
 tive — on the commission of canine crimes. 
 
 The Brains of Oriininah. — Dr. Osier read a paper on this 
 subject, and recorded the results of an examination of the brain 
 of the murderer Hayvern, who was executed at Montreal on 11th 
 Dec, 1881. (See paye ^85.) lie first referred to the observations 
 of Benediktof Vienna, who, in 87 hemispheres from 4'1 criminals, 
 has found certain peculiarities which he regards as indicative of 
 a lower type of cerebral organization. The points upon which 
 he most dwells are the confluence of many of the principal fissures, 
 and the existence in a considerable proportion (27 of the 87) of 
 four frontal gyri, the fourth being formed by the splitting of the 
 first or second gyrus. This is regarded as an animal similarity. 
 Hayvern was a low, dissolute fellow, addicted to drink, with no 
 special neurosis in his family, who, on June 29, stabbed a fcUow- 
 
 r 
 
15 
 
 convict. The brain weighed 4H§ ozs., and was fairly well formed ; 
 the cerebellum was completely covered by the cerebrum. On 
 examination it was found to conform in many respects to Bene- 
 dikt's cases, and was atypical, according to his views, in the 
 following particulars : The union of the Sylvian fissure with the 
 first frontal gyrus ; the junction of the intcr-parietal with the 
 [jarieto-occipital and first temporal fissures ; the extension of 
 the calcarine fissure into the scissura hippocampi ; the union of 
 the collateral and calcarine sulci, and in the fusion of the first 
 frontal gyrus, so that there appeared to be four frontal convolu- 
 tions arising from the ascending frontal or anterior central gyrus. 
 To ascertaiii how far these peculiarities exist^'d in the brains of 
 hospital patients, Dr. Usler examined 48 hemispheres from 24 
 individuals, and found that a very considerable proportion were 
 of the confluent fissure type. Thus, the Sylvian fissure joined 
 the fissure of Rolando in H hemispheres, the frontal sulci in 18, 
 the interparietal in 10, and the first temporal in 1*2. The chief 
 diiference between Benedikt's series of brains of criminals and 
 those examined was a greater number of unions between the 
 typical fissures, more particularly the fissure of RolanJo, which 
 in the tormer joined contiguous sulci in "24 instances. In 9 of 
 the 4tj hemispheres there were four more or less distinct frontal 
 gyri. He thought that nuich fuller information was needed about 
 the arrangement of the sulci in the diiferent races, and many 
 more criminals would have to be examined before any positive 
 result was arrived at as to the constant atypical character of the 
 brain in members of this class. Speaking of Benedikt's con- 
 clusions, he (juestioned whether it was wise to speak of criminals 
 as an anthro[)ological variety of their species. On his views there 
 is no place left for responsibility ; but society cannot aflbrd to 
 have a class of criminal automata, and every rascal pleading 
 faulty gray matter in extenuation of his crimes. 
 
 Dr. Henry Howard (Mctb-^ktpt. Longue Pointe Asylum) asked 
 if it were known how many of the brains of the series of hospital 
 cases were from criminals, and whether a larger proportion pre- 
 sented abnormalities than could be reasonably thought to belong 
 to this class. He believed in a criminal class as distinct as a 
 
 ■^e-i'.. 
 
 /t./;v 
 
 i. 
 
16 
 
 mercantile class, and regarded the mental and moral condition 
 of the individuals belonging to it as dependent absolutely on their 
 physical organization. Hayvern was not responsible for his act ; 
 it was not premeditated, but performed under the influence of an 
 uncontrollable impulse ; and he thought that there was evidence to 
 show that it may have been connected with the epileptic neurosis. 
 
 Dr. Kingston wanted to know how it was, if viciousness and 
 crime were the product of defective cerebral organization, that 
 some notoriously wicked men had reformed and lived sober and 
 honourable lives ? Was it probable that with such a change there 
 was any alteration in the structure of the brain ? 
 
 Dr. Cameron thought that, for Benedikt's conclusions to have 
 any value, it must be shown that criminals have invariably atypi- 
 cal brains and all other people normal ones. Most criminals have 
 some degree of control over their actions, and the law is an effec- 
 tual deterrant in many instances, particularly where the penalty 
 enacted touches the person. He illustrated the rapid abolition 
 of garroting by the introduction of the lash, and quoted facts to 
 show the good effects of capital punishment. 
 
 Dr. Shepherd remarked that it was somewhat difficult to say 
 what was the typical brain. The majority of observations were 
 upon the lower classes ; we lacked data as to the arrangement 
 of the fissures and convolutions in a large number of the intel- 
 lectual members of society. He had freijuently seen brains of 
 the confluent fissure type in the dissecting-room. 
 
 Dr. Mills said that, with reference to the series of brains from 
 hospital patients examined by Dr. Osier, the question arises as 
 to how far such patients belong to the criminal class. In about 
 one thousand patients that he had observed closely, he did not 
 think that many of them ranked in this class. 
 
 Dr. Osier, in reply to Di-, Howard's question, stated that the 
 series of brains which he had examined were nearly all preserved 
 by Giacomini's method, and no data existed from which the social 
 status of the individuals could be ascertained. In the 43 hemi- 
 spheres (19 perfect brains and 5 halves), 19 presented one or 
 more atypical features.