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JAPANESE EPISODES. kt tSBOb* WBw WM lUr MNM f< iMMNUlt *f t%innMiirrl A PICKWIOHMM PILQRIMAGE. - Jk Omkp. Hud oOMwuaMrtaii; tvMi •flgj^ggj; A TRIP TO ENQLAND. t ummmgm,*»^Q^ W. Ci»T».te amnm*t !§■■■ BRETON FOLK. IMXm 1. 08G0W * COh lorton. ■1 ^ wmm nt^a^HiK MMMnamm nurrmoMk mbicMTAnm. # 0890008 POCm OOWE TO EUROPE^ JMXm 1. OMWeP * 00, Mottm. I « '*s ■^^*>f I. mm mm iiiiMi«» ■■HBHMP Emm nC.i / ^ *, THE MIDDLE STATES: < HANDBOOK FOR TEATELLEES, A GUIDE TO TOB CHIEF CITIES AND POPULAR RESORTS OF THE MIDDLE STATES, AND TO THEIR SCENERY AND HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS; WITH TUB NORTHERN FRONTIER FROM NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL, ALSO, BALTIMORE, WASUINQTON, AND NORTHERN VIRGINIA. With Seven Maps and Fifteen Irians, FOURTH EDIYIOH. BOSTON: JAMES R. OSGOOD & CO. 1881. / 1/ Sntered aocordiiig to Aet of CoofreM, In th« ymr 1874 BT JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, la tho Ofltoe of Uio libnriui of CongraM, at Waahinftoa. * i^ ^^ a^ i f'*f:'vm0m mim^ 81 ( It •C«Ll or STATUTI Mil l» Map of lli(> ^ J^JDOLE States WITH PORTIONS OF Canada and thi States Adjacent nrni.i.siihjn rn ii ( omikixv The Middle States: A Handbook forTraveller! James R. Osgood & Co. > no S TON. 41 l.oii^JlUnlr Wt-m 7« I'riitn (ir^ AMBI ""•'•" ix. ».W/».I.V»' I'llllHilllMlllV (■ \ |( I k VtlMMIll ook forTravellers & Co ft 1/ A V .\ i>-u AiZ ,li...*w.il. '" I U \ y -2 \ * V Ms < ....v.-vu./v"" ""»^^ v-A V *'>:sr^ ^" ,. Corntf^ Miiiil It I>irkhiw»litl.i>l n1ji t Smith*' », B ^'^ J r^ •'■r\ ^ >/.., icoUJuncI CtCOT iiIhimL '..,. NSBtinc^, lam il^4<«liii'inin»rl jEaK VJMr J/ ■ *"" , „ K U A X K I. I /X .ii'^"»''1W#!ffiLja *l/' 4.% S!AH>«M Mnll'ii-Mi* I . . nakaibJIMfniioii >/^.:v ^ KlrenlN'thlriwii CAWiVll SACKKTSI r J /f / IV.u.i.^ ''""'•ItW Ii VJ IKUIMTI •fl f*'T' f^. „ "W* W vMml '\ij.,..i..i>!^.n lr,.i.i, >*--NL:;'r""'>LA^K\ii. '■" I Jf K.V.-k.V' ''i^i'iHST**^»^ ' y '*'"V.JLv^''waKi:Wt:"''^ Tit;,,.,., •} '<>yii^ V ♦jY'>.4.„n„/ ^.^m nyCuy*,. „,„.,. ^''.. '^-/^i.-^^^'H ^-'-^^^^ r-''* // 4M ' ItAikl >il''\ >!r»iii-J*i(?*'*i'^" ' li«,'ll..j If; nil, ijiit* .^.•^••"^f JLi- \. ^*^^!5 f iv.i-.i«>>nr,^ - • K,,,"i7T.iii. Ff>l>iC.'^. (Yt»"*''^'"«A'"''l"''' ■•'•''•" ' ' " ''//, ■' MNCMAKU>N '' V,'i>W"'J«,,„|,.., Kii4%M,>"JI .,ir- il I epos It kII:iI,'>I.,I,I> ":.i.).v!nV..^'ii''M; -"('.III.' Ml ^•I>iikiii>t»ii: Hmixti SiiN.Jll-ln "^Ilan. M, U Ni'W Milli'lTr,(*lHnirfH ^••\''''*\,,,..,;::-;>^M'/\a ! ; \ » iiiuiinli-' {"jtri*! ,\/ r"' ^ '•'•■'■"A' lwch»rti«i*^?>ij?> in I', ( I ll,.i.|ii,iiT' OR£»T BtNDl[ 'I"-' i:^fr%-''::>"^?!v y.tobm.,^\ I!""^"."/M ..v«ir«»TH;Phn.M MM hJR*'' '"''•'' />■>»■>• 'JT )r"*%,r»'Jt X k >x^ V ^y^- M„.i...>s>!:}\iNB.,.,. LV-^f^ •t," ,. T'i'/v-t\\\ r- •v£'::Pi-"" " -j \h t • '^h„„.,».'^;A^ x JwSSt r / '"""' -ys^W"".' '■•'• ■ ..1., . Bm ^ 10 .rpiT f-'.f« ffl^^ I' j t'^' jp H' 1'. Mi'"Mk"'' 39 Kii-l ■,, » nl PREFACE. > Thb chief object of the Handbook for the Middle States ia to supply the place of a guide in a land where professional guides cannot Iw found, and to assist the traveller in gaining the great- est possible amount of pleasure and information while passing through the most populous and wealthy States of the American Union. The Middle States have hitherto been but casually treated in books which cover wider sections of country; and special localities within their borders have been depcribed with more or less fidelity in local guide-books ; but the present vol- ume is the first which has been devoted to their treatment according to the most approved principles of the European works of similar purpose and character. The Handbook is de- signed to enable travellers to visit any or all of the notable places in the Middle States, with economy of money, time, and temper, by giving lists of the hotels with their prices, descrip- tions of the various routes by land and water, and maps and plans of the principal cities. The letter-press contains epitomes of the histories of the old river and border towns, statements^^ of the principal scenic attractions, descriptions of the art and architecture of the cities, biographical sketches in connection with the birthplaces of eminent men, and statistics of the chief industries of the included States. Th^ half-forgptten but worthy and heroic records of the early Swedish, Dutch, French, Quakier, and Puritan colonies, and their wars and traditions, have re- ceived special attention in connection with the localities made famous in those remote days ; while numerous Indian legends will be found in various places. The military operations of the Id: h,TB««M*. iv PREFACE. Wars of the Bevolution, of 1812, and of the Bebellion (so far as they affected this section of the Eepublic) have been/ carefully studied and localized ; and the rise of the great inland' cities has been' traced and recordtid. The famous summer resorts — among the mountains and by the lakes and sea — with Tyhich' the Middle States abound, and which are thronged by visitors from all parts of the country, have been described at length in these pages. The plan and structure of the book, its system of- treatment and forms of abbreviation, have been derived from the European Handbooks of Karl Baedeker. The typography, binding, and system of city plans also resemble those of Baedeker, and hence the grand desiderata of compactness and portability, which have made his works the most popular in Europe, have also been attained in the present volume. Nearly all the facts concerning the routes, hotels, and scenic attractions have been framed or verified from the Editor's personal experience, after a long period of incessant travelling for this express purpose. The maps and plans of cities have been prepared with the greatest care, and are based on the system of lettered and numbered squares, with figures corresponding to similar figures attached to lists of the chief public buildings, hotels, churches, and other notable objects. ^ The hotels indicated by asterisks are those which are believed by the Editor to be the most comfortable and elegant. Trust- worthy railroad time-tables are found in the " Travellers Official Guide " (with numerous maps) published monthly at Philadel- phia. In£a,llibility is impossible in a work of this nature, especially amid the rapid changes which are ever going on in America, and hence the Editor will be grateful for any bona fide correc- tions or suggestions with which travellers or residents may furnish him. He would also thankfully acknowledge his indebt- edness to the gentlemen who have revised the book in advance of publication. M. P. SWEETSER, Editor of OsgoocPs American Handbooks^ 211 Tremont Street^ Botton» NEW YORK PBNNSTLVANU NEW JERSET . DELAWARE .. MARYLAND CONTENTS. VAOI 3di XiT XT XT I. MONET THAVILUNa EXPIKSXS n. Railroads and Steamboats. Thi Chios Ststui in. ExccBsiONs ON Foot IV. Hotels ...,,.... Y. R0Uin>>TRIP EZCDBSIOITS . • . . . YI. Climate akd Dbess Yn. MlSOECLANXOCS NOTXS 1 1 2 8 4 4 4 « THE MIDDLE STATES. ftOOTX . . l.'Nxw York Cnr ; » • . 6 Metropolitan Musenin of Art . ' 28 ManhattauTille. CannanSTille 26 Fifth Avenue . , 28 Central Park 82 The East Riyer . 85 Jersey City 88 2. Brookltn 88 Prospect Park 42 Greenwood Cemetery ..48 Coney Island * 44 ' 8. Staten Island 46 The Fortifications of New York 46 4. The South Shore of Long Island 46 Rockaway Beach. Fire Island 47 6. LoNo Island. The North and East Shores . . . • . 48 Port Jefferson. Islip . . . . . . , , . ,61 Montauk Point 68 Greenport. Shelter Island 64 6. LoNQ Island. Tu Nortswist Sboai . . . .... 66 vi CONTENTS Mora tAOM 7. Niw ToRK TO yiMcosT. Thi Habuic Boon • . . .66 Lake Mahopae ........... 69 Lebanon Springs 61 8. Tub Hudson Rives. New Yoai to Tbot 62 The Palisades 68 Yonkers. Dobbs* Feny 6A The Tappan Zee 65 Bunnsyside. Tarrytown 66 Nyaok. Sing-Sing 68 Haverstraw. Stony Point 68 The Dunderberg. Peekskili . . . 70 West Point 72 Storm Kinfr. Cornwall. Newburgh . . . . . . .76 Porifhkee )8ie. Vassar College . . 79 Rondout. Overlook Mountain . . 81 Hudson .....' 88 . Albany. 86 Troy 88 9. The Catskux Mountains 90 Palenville , 92 ~ 10. Albany to Montreal 88 Saratoga Springs 94 11. Lake Qeorob 108 12. Lake Champlain. Whushall to Montreal 110 Fort Ticonderoga Ill Crown Point 114 Burlington 116 Ausable Chasm. Plattsburgh • ^^^ 18. Montreal 121 14. Lake Champlain to Ogdensboro 126 Malone to Paul Smith's 127 15. Ogdbnsbvro to Ottawa ...*..... 128 The Ottawa Riyer * 182 16. Saratoga to the Sohroon and Raquettb Lakes 188 Schroon Lake ............ 184 17. Schroon Lake to the Southern Adironbaoks 186 18. Plattsburgh to the Saranao Lakes 188 Martin's. Paul Smith's 189 19. Port Kent to the WiunNOTON Pass and Saranao Lakes . . . 1^ 20. Westport to the Saranao Lakes 141 Keene Talley . 142 Ausable Ponds 148 Mount Marcy 144 21. The Saranao Lakes. Martin's to Cox's and Paul Sboth's . . 146 22. The Saranao Lakes to the Tupper Lakes 147 28. The Saranao Lakes to Raquette Lake 149 24. UnoA to the St. Lawrence River. Trinton Falls anb tu John ^rqwn ^raqt .162 CONTENTS. vii « Boon VAm Trenton FaUa . . 168 The John Brown Timet 166 SacketCs Harbor 168 26. Bom TO OODKNSBDBiQ AMI> AUUUMDEU BaT 169 Wfitertown to Cape Vincent ......... 160 26. New York to Utioa, Boohcstik, and Nugaka Faus . . . .161 Fonda to GlorersTille and Lake Pleasant 168 Utlca 166 Syracuse . . . 168 Rochester 171 Rochester to Bufblo 176 27. Niagara Falls 177 Queenston. St. Catharine's 186 28. Niagara Falls to Toronto and Mohtbial. Lakb Omtabio ani* thi St. Lawrenob River 187 The Thousand Islands Id8 29. Syracuse to Rochester 200 Canandaigua to Buflalo and Niagara ....... 203 80. Catuoa Lake and Ithaca 203 81. Seneca Lake and Watkins Olin ..... ^ .. 208 The Havana Olen 211 Seneca Lake 212 82. New York to Osweqo 214 Montclair Division . . . . ^ 214 Utica and Rome Divisions 216 88. Nsw York to Elxira, BcrrALO, and Niagara Falls .... '219 • Northern R.R. of New Jersey . . , 219 Hackensack Branch . . « 220 Rochester Division 229 Butblo Division 282 BqCblo 283 Lake Shore R. R. 286 84. New York to Ohio 287 85. New York to Scranton and Oswego 288 Morris and Essex Division. ....... . .239 Delaware Water Gap • . • 242 Richfield Springs 247 86. Nsw York to Central Pennstltanu and thi Wut .... 2«9 87. New York to Philadelphu . . 264 88. Phuadelphia 262 Post-Offlce. Independence Hall 269 Phlla. Library 270 Penn. Hospital. Historical Society 271 Masonic Temple 276 Eastern Penitentiary. Girard College 277 Navy-Yard. Moyamensing 279 Fainnount Park 280 Hm WlfMhickoa. Laurel mu 284 Vlll CONTENTS. Koim rAOt Qemuuitowii. • OhMtnut Hill .-.•.' 286 VnuiklbTd Araenal. Oamden. FortlfiiBIn . . . . .286 89. Philadilphu to Niw Yoax . . ....... 287 Freehold. Monmouth «... 288 40. New York- to Lomq Branoh and thb Duawau Bat . . . .288 Long Branch 289 Navesink Highlands. Tuckerton .291 41. Phoadklphia to Long Branoh and New Tobx 298 42. Philadelphu to At&antio Citt. . . - . • 294 48. PanjiDZLPUu. to Gape Mat 296 44. Philaselphu to the Delawabe Water Gap, Sorahtov, aks Osweqo 298 46. Phhju>elphu to Central New Torx 800 Bethlehem 801 Mauoh Chunk 807 The Valley of Wyoming 812 ■Sayre to Lake Ontario 819 46. Phhjidblphia to Saratoga and Montreal . • . . . . .819 Cooperstown 828 Otsego Lake . . ■ 826 Sharon Springs .•.-.. . .826 47. Philadelphu to Beadinq and Williahspors ..... 880 The Schuylkill Coal-Fields 884 The Catawissa B; R. ; ^ 886 48. Readimo to Columbia 886 49. Reading to WiuaNOTON 887 60. New York and Philadelphu to Harrisbvrg, Pittsbubcb, and thi West .............. -888 Lancaster . i .<« ^ ..'... . 841 Harrisburg 842 LewistowB Division . 846 Huntingdon- to Bedford Springs 847 Bald Eagle YaUey . 848 Hollidaysburg, etc. t i 819 The Allei^eny Mountains 860 Pittsburgh. . 858 Pittsburgh to the West 857 61. Pittsburgh to Titusville and Bufpalo. Thb Psnn. Oa Regions . 857 62. Pittsburgh to Erie 861 68. Pittsburgh to Wheeling .868 64. Pittsburgh to Cumkerland . 864 66i Philadelphia to Erie 866 Lock Haven. Renovo 868 Erie . . . . . . . .370 66. Philadelphu to Buffalo 871 67. Harrisburg to the Yallet of Wtomino 872 68. Harrisburg to Carus..e and Martinsburg. The Cukberland Yallet 878 69. Philadelphu to Getttsburo 877 The Battle of Gettysburg . . . » . . . . . . 880 CONTENTS. IX KOOTl FAOB 60. Baltixobi to OimnuL New Tors 882 Minnequa Springs. WatkinsGlen. Kenka Lake 888 61. Pbiladelphu to Port Deposit 886 62. Philadelphia to WnjiiNOTON asb Baixoidri . . . . .886 68. WiLHiMOTOM TO Lewes AND Orisfibld. Thb State OF Delawabb . 890 WUmington . . . • 890 64. Baltihorb . . . . '. . . . . » . . 891 City Hall. Battle Monument 897 Atheneeum. Masonic Temple. Cathedra! 898 Washington Monument. Peabodjr Institute 899 Druid Hill Park . . . . . ... . . . 402 66. Baltimore to the West 406 TheBattlesof South Mountain and Antietam - 409 The Shenandoah Talley . 410 Berkeley Springs ... . .411 Deer Park Hotel. Cheat River Valley 418 West Virginia 414 66. Baltimore to Washington . > .416 . Annapolis . . . . . 416 67* Baltimore to Washington 419 68. New York to Washington .420 69. Washington 420 The Capitol . . . . . . . . , . . .426 Smithsonian Institution . 482 Post-Offlce. Patent-Office 486 Model-Rooms. Army Medical MuMum 487 Treasury. Executive Mansion ... .^ ... . 489 La&yette Square. Corcoran GaUu7 of Art . . .440 70. The Environs of Washington 444 Georgetown 446 Great Falls . . . . . . . . . 447 ArUngton 448 Alexandria ... 449 Mount Vernon . . . . . . 460 INDBBTOLOOALITIIS . 458 Index to Historical Allusions 466 Index to Biographical Allusions 467 Index TO Quotations 467 Index to Railroads 468 Index to Steamboats 469 MAPS. 1. RAmtOAB Map 07 the Middlb States. 2. Map or thx Catskox MouNTAiirs : fronting page 90. 8. Map or thi Hodson River : between pages 62 and 68. 4. Map or Long Island : between pages 4& and 49. 6. Map or the Environs or New York : between pages 88 and 89. 6. Map or the Environs or Philadelphia : between pages 284 and 285. PLANS OF CITIES, eto. 1. Baltimore : between pages 894 and 895> 2. Brooklyn : between pages 88 and 89. 8. BurrALO : between pages 282 and 288. 4. Central Park : between pages 82 and 83. 6. Greenwood Cemetert : between pages 42 and 48. 6* Montreal : between pages 120 and 121. 7. New York Oitt : between pages 4 and 6 8. NuoARA Falls: &cing page 177. 9. Ottawa : between pages 128 and 129. 10. Philadelphu : between pages 262 and 268. 11. PrrrsBUROH: between pages 852 and 858. 12. Rochester : between pages 170 and 171. 18. Saratoga : between pages 94 and 95. 14. Toronto : between pages 186 and 187. Ifi. Washington : between pages 418 and 411 . ABBREVIATIONS. N. — North, northern, etc. 8. — South, etc. E. — East, eto. W. — West, etc. M. — Mile, or miles. r. — right. 1. — left. ft. — foot, or feet. hr. — hour. min. — minute, or minutes. AtteilakB denote objects deserving of special attention. THE MIDDLE STATES. 85. I I Kew York. "The Empire State " is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario and the Province of Ontario, on the E. by the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean and the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara River. It covers 47,000 square miles, and is divided into 60 counties, with 930 towns and 22 cities; and the population is 4,382,759, with 823,484 voters (census of 1870), making it the most populous State of the Republic. 1,138,353 of the inhabitants are foreign-bom. The manufacturing interests are of great extent and variety, and in 1865 re- ported 24,530 establishments, employing 206,166 persons and $ 227,674,187 of capital, and producing annually $ 457,133,717 worth of goods. The commerce of New York is larger than that of any other State, and is slowly recovering from the cinishing blows inflicted by the Anglo-Rebel privateers, which reduced its tonnage of 921,933 in 1862 to 471,473 tons in 1865. New York City is the only important ocean-port, F,nd is the commercial metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. The lake ports (Oswego, Buffalo, Geneva, etc.) have an enrolled tonnage of over 312,000 tons. There are 167 insurance companies, and savings-banks with de- posits amounting to nearly $ 200,000,000. The immense railroad systems connected with the N. Y. Central & Hudson River and the Erie com- panies cover most of the inhabited counties with their tra«iks, and the canals (which are under the care of the State) transport vast quantities of provisions and miscellaneous goods. The State Census of 1865 reported 60 religious sects, with 5,388 church edifices, valued (together with their land) at over $ 50,000,000, with a membership of 741,831, and an average attendance of 1,070,662. The Methodist Church greatly preponderates in numerical strength ; and the Presbyterians and Baptists come next. The Episcopal Church has great wealth and influence; and the Roman Catholics exercise a controlling power in the chief cit, of the State. Tlie military force consists of 24,285 citizens, enrolled in 8 divisions, consisting of 39 regiments, 10 battalions, 7 troops, and 11 batteries. The term of service is 7 years, during which the men are exempt from jury- I Zll PENNSYLVANIA. duty and receive pay for the 6 annual drills and the summer encampments. Behind this disciplined and mobilized force is the immense strength of the Reserve Militia, which is liable to be called into service in time of na- tional peril. During the Secession War (1861 - 65) the military strength of the State was displayed in a remarkable degree, and there were sent thence to the scene of war: 26 regiments of cavalry ; 17 regiments, 3 bat- talions, and 34 batteries of artillery; 4 regiments of engineers; and 194 regiments of infantry (mostly for three years' service). The present territory of New York State was discovered in 1609 by Henry Hudson (of the Dutch East India Company) on the Hudson River side; and by Samuel de Champlaiu, the French Governor of Canada, on the Lake Champlain side. Dutch trading-posts were established in 1613 and 1614, and the country was named the New Netherlands. Large immigrations of Hollanders soon occupied the Hudson River Valley, and in 1664 the country was conquered by a Britisu fleet, and was named New York. Thenceforth for nearly a century the new province was engaged in almost constant warfare with the French in Canada, being aided by the powerful Indian confederacy of the Six Nations. But a short time after the Conquest of Canada New York entered the new American Re« public and became a powerful member of the Union. Much of the Revo- lutionary contest was carried on within its borders, and ita chief city was occupied for 7 years by the royal forces. Since the beginning of the present century the growth and development of the State have been rapid and healthy, and it is now the foremost of the United States. PenxuBylvania. . " The Keystone State " is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie and the State of New York, on the E. by New York and New Jersey, ou the S. by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, and on the W. by West Vir- ginia and Ohio. It is crossed from N. E. to S. W. by the Allegheny Mts. in a belt 200 M. wide, which is occupied by long parallel ridges separated by narrow and picturesque valleys. The extensive districts which are included in the limestone valleys are among the most fertile in the Repub- lic, and are densely populated by agricultural populations (mostly of Germanic origin). The State derives its chief importance from the great mines of coal and iron which are scattered throughout the hill-country ; and the aggregate of its iron manufactures is of great value, and is con- ?jtantly increasing. Between 1840 and 1870 (inclusive) over 200,000,000 tons of anthracite coal were mined here, besides immense quantities of, bituminous coal in the Western counties. The petroleum trade is of more recent development, and between 1860 and 1870 (inclusive) there were produced 85,430,217 barrels of petroleum, a lai^e portion of which was exported. Marble, copper, zinc, salt, and saltpetre are also found in large PENNSYLVANIA. ziii t quantities. Varied and extensive manufactures are carried on at Phila- delphia, Pittsburgh, and other of the chief cities. Since the State has no ocean-front, its commerce is small in comparison with that of New York or Massachusetts; but a lucrative transatlantic and coe it5(i by W am Penn. Puritan colonies from New England settled near the N. shores, and English Friends occupied the S. W. During the Revolutionary War the State was the scene of three American victories, and of two winter- encampments of the Continental army. Delaware • ' is bounded on the N. by the State of Pennsylvania ; on the R by the Delaware River and Bay ; on the S. and W. by Maryland. It is the smallest State in the Union, except Rhode Island, and contains 2,002 square miles, which are divided into 3 counties and 27 hundreds (corre- sponding to towns). The population is 126,015 ; and in 1860 there were 220 churches, valued at $846,160 (one church to every 610 persons). There is a main trunk-line of railroad running from Wilmington S. across the State, with several branches to the E. and W. ; and the Ches- apeake & Delaware Canal gives passage for small vessels between the great bays on either side. The manufacturing interests are clustered about Wilmington ; and the majority of the people are engaged in agri- culture, producing large crops of wheat, Indian com, Irish and sweet jwtatoes, berries and peaches, and valuable supplies of butter and honey. The upper part of the State is diversified with rounded hills and fruitful, valleys; but the lower counties form vast plains, which degenerate into cypress-swamps along the S. boundary. Delaware was discovered by Henry Hudson in 1609, and was settled at an early day by the Swedes, according to the plans of King Qustavus Adolphus. After 4 Swedish governors had held the reins of power, the colony was conquered by the Dutch (1655), and was occupied by the British in 1664. The name of the State was given in honor of Thomas West, Loi-d De la Ware, sometime governor of Virginia, who died on shipboard in the Delaware Bay, June 7, 1618. The territory was granted to William Penn in 1682, but was separated from his domain in 1701. Under the guidance of Dickinson and Rodney, it bore a bravely patriotic part in the Revolutionary War, though part of its territory was overrun by the royal troops. Although, on account of its position as a slave- holding border State, Delaware was importuned by the Southern leaders to secede from the Union, it continued firmly loyal, and sent to the national armies 8 regiments, a cavalry battalion, and a battery. Maryland is one of the Southern States, and is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the K by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Virginia, and on the W. by W. Virginia and Virginia. It covers 11,124 square miles. I xvi MARYLAND. I >*. and ii of varying nstnral oharaoteristios. 8 oountiea are located on the level peninsula (called " the Kastem Sir e") between the Chesapeake Bay and the ocean, and are indented by deep tidal estuaries, which abound in oysters and flsh.. The western counties are mountainous, and contain rast deposits of semi-bituminous coal, which is shipped from Cumberland on the Chesapeake k Ohio CanaL Maryland is one of the foremost States in a commercial point of view, most of its marine trade centring at F lii- more. Wheat, Indian com, and tobacco are the chief agricultural prod- ucts, and cotton is raised on the Eastern Shore. Maryland was originally named Terra Marias, or Mary's Land, in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, and was settled along the Chesapeake in 1681-82 by afHuent Catholic families. For many years the province was agitated by conflicts between the Puritans at Providence (Annapolis) and the Catholics. In 1649 the act of toleration was passed which made Maryland "the land of the sanctuary." The attacks of hostile Indians on the W. disciplined the people, so that the " Maryland Line " wab one of the most valiant bodies of troops in the Continental army. Tho State wavered for a moment when the Secession War broke out (being a Southern and slave State), but finally rejected the ordinance of Secession, and remained true to the Union. Many regiments from Maryland en- tered the national armies, and others were enrolled among the Confederate foioet. INTRODUCTION. I. Money and TrftYelling SzpeiiMi. The notes of the U. S. Treasury and the national banks are the tisnal forms of money in circulation, although gold coin is sometimes seen. The silver coins, valued at 10, 25, and 50 cents, are common ; and so are the nickel and mixeil coins, of 1, 2, 8, and 5 cents. The expense of trav- elling in the Eastern States has been very materially reduced during the last six years, in keeping with the general contraction of values and the falling of war-prices. The usual charge per day at the best hotels is $4 to $5.00, with con- siderable reductions when a prolonged stay is made at one place. Tourists who travel slowly through the country, and stop at the less pretentious hotels (which are usually comfortable, and always safe), may easily limit their expenses to $25 or $30 per week. Those who frequent hotels of the highest class, and indulge much in carriage-riding, will find $ 45 to $50 per week none too much. At most of the sea-beaches board can be secured at $10 or $15 per week ; while, in the quieter and less fashion- able villages about the mountains, substantial fare may be found in broad old farm-houses for $ 6 to $ 10 per week. II. Bailroadi and Steamboata. Railroad travelling in America is much more comfortable, yet more expensive and dangerous, than in the Old World. There is but one class of tickets, the average fares being about three cts. a mile. On each train is a smoking-car, easily accessible from the other cars, and fitted with tables for card-playing. It is prudent to decline playing .with strangers, as gamblers sometimes practise their arts here, in spite of the watchful- ness of the officers of the train. To nearly every through train on the grand routes is attached one or more palace cars, which are richly carpeted and curtained, and profusely furnished with sofas, easy-chairs, tables, and mirrors, and fronted with broad plate-glass windows. These cars being well balanced, and running on twelve wheels, glide over the rails with great ease. By night they are ingeniously changed into sleeping- rooms, with comfortable beds. The extra fares on the palace-cars are INTRODUCTION. collected by men attached to them. The usual price of a night's lodging is $2. The fares by steamboat are somewhat lower than by rail, and (in case of a night passage) include a sleeping-berth in the lower saloon, but generally do not include meals. A state-room in the upper cabin costs extra, but insures better air and greater comfort and privacy. State-rooms (in the summer season) should be secured in advance at the company's office in New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. Great lines of stages still run among the mountains and in the remote rural districts. Persons travelling by this way, in pleasant weather, should try to get a seat on ^he outside. The Check System. — The traveller, having bought a ticket for his des- tination, shows his heavy baggage (trunks, etc.) to the baggage-master, yrho attaches a small numbered brass plate to each piece with a leather thong, and gives to the traveller a check for each piece of baggage, similar 'in form and number to that appended to such piece. The railroad now becomes responsible (within certain limits of weight and value) for the baggage, which is to be given up only on the presentation of the dupli- cate check which is in the traveller's possession. Trunks may be thus despatched from New York or Philadelphia to Chicago, Montreal, Wash- ington, etc., without trouble ; and if their owner is delayed on the route, they are stored safely at their destined station until he calls. On pres- entation of the check at the baggage-room of the station to which the baggage has been sent, it is given up to the owner or his hotel porter. The large hotels have coaches' at the railroad stations, on the arrival of through trains; and their porters will take the duplicate checks, get the trunks, and carry them to the hotel. III. ExonrsioiiB on Foot. It is remarkable that pedestrianism has never been popular in this country. The ease ard perfect freedom of this mode of travelling, its highly beneficial physical effects, the leisure thus afforded in which to study the beautiful scenery in otherwise remote and inaccessible districts, — all mark this as one of the most profitable and pleasant modes of summer recreation. To walk two hundred miles in a fortnight is an easy thing; and it is infinitely more refreshing for a man of sedentary habits than the same length of time spent in lying on the sands of some beach, or idling in a farm-house among the hills. ** For a tour of two or three weeks, a couple of flannel shirts, a pair of worsted stockings, slippers, and the articles of the toilet, carried in a pouch slung over the shoulder, wiJl generally be found a sufficient equipment, to which a light overcoat and a stout umbrella may be added. Strong and well-tried boots are es- INTRODUCTION. "M sential to comfort. Heavy and complicated knapsacks should be avoided. A light pouch, or game-bag, is far less ii'ksome, and its position may be shifted at pleasure." (Baedeker.) One or two books might be added to this list; and a reserve of clothing may be sent on in a light valise, at a trifling cost, to the town which is the pedestrian's objective point. It would be well for inexperienced walkers to begin at eight to ten miles a day, and gradually increase to sixteen to eighteen miles, or six hours' walking. During the heats of summer the travelling should be done at early morning and late afternoon, thus spending the hottest part of the day in coolness and rest. The best time for a pedestrian tour is between late September and late October, when the sky is clear and the air bracing, — the season of the reaping of harvests, the ripening of fruits> and the splendor of the reddening forests. Among the most interesting routes for the pedestrian in the Middle States may be mentioned : The valley of the Hudson River, from New York to Hudson, or even to Albany ; the romantic Highland region, ex- tending S. W. from "West Point by the Ramapo Valley and into the lake- strewn hills of New Jersey ; the Catskill Mts., whose picturesque cloves and stately peaks are much frequented by artists and trout-fishers ; the W. shore of Lakes George and Champlain ; the upper Delaware Valley, from the Water Gap to Port Jervis. The road from Sag Harbor to Mon- tauk Point affords a short walk through a primitive region beyond rail- roads, and with naught to attract the attention but the neighboring sea. The lake region of Northern New York is traversed by small boats ex- clusively; but the Adirondack Mts. afiford good walking-ground, with poor inns and rugged roads, but abounding in fine scenery. The Keene Valley, Elizabethtown, and Schroon Lake districts are among the best in this section, and parties of pedestrians «rould do well to engage local guides ($ 2 - 3 a day). The Maryland Glades afford pleasant scenery, and are visited by sportsmen and trout-fishers. IV. Hotels. The hotels of the United States will certainly bear comparison with those of any other country. Tlie European plan has been adopted in many of them, while in many others it is used in combination with the American plan, — $ 4 to $ 5 per day at the more fashionable houses, $ 2.50 to $ 4 per day at the comfortable hotels of the smaller cities, and $ 1.60 to $ 2.50 per day in the smaller houses in the rural districts, are the charges which cover all ordinary requirements. No costly array of sundries and extras is attached to the bill, and the practice of feeing the servants has never obtained to any great extent, nor has it been found necessary. INTRODUCTION. V. Bound-Trip Ezoariions. During the summer and early fall the railroad companies prepare lista of excursion-tickets at greatly reduced prices. Information and lists of these. routes may be obtained from the cential offices in New York and Philadelphia (either by personal application or by letter). 71. Climate and Dreis. The climate of the Middle States is subject to sudden and severe changes, from heat to cold or from cold to heat. The summers are usually hotter and the winters colder than in England, and during the latter season great falls of snow are frequent. The summer sun is often fatal in its power, and long exposure to its vertical rays should be avoided. At the same time warm clothing should be kept at hand, and woollen, or at least heavy cotton, underclothing should be worn, in order to guard against the sudden changes which are so frequent. ^^ VIX. MisoellaneonB Notes. Passports are of no use in the United States in time of peace. The examination of luggage at the Canadian frontier and at the ocean- ports is usually very lenient, and conducted in a courteous manner. Traffic is made easy from the fact that fixed charges exist in the shops, and the tiresome processes of chaffing and beating down are unnecessary. There are no professional guides in the Middle States (except at Niagara Falls and among the Adirondack Mts. and lakes), but the people are prompt and willing to answer all civilly put questions. Gentlemen from abroad will remember that therg is here, especially in the country, no class of self-recognized peasantry, and that a haughty question or order will often provoke a reply coached in all "the native rudeness of the Saxon tongue." 1 >■ ! i 1 j 1 *■ • « > "^^v .. re list* sts of 'k and langes, hotter 1 great aower, ) same heavy (udden fe ocean- ,1 shops, ssary. iagara e are from class T will Saxon i' OMaey House (Broadway and 2dth St.) are the tinest Europeanmst 0-T AW OfUe Dl- Hen I'M (^te C 7. Vuj>t0mH«uM D.8 Siih. IWojtun/ D.l. 7. fla^lU Garden <».8. 8. 7WA» D.6 ». VeoptrlHgtHiiU D.5 10. y. JV. M (1.1.1. W |(>. IndJcrtheBUnd 17. ftit Joints MistuM IP. ff.tf. OrphmnAs^um C.l !•». WfimoHitJlivpifa/ D.l 20. il«fvr Lihrarn '*'!. TTmifnvihj rf jr.Y 2t. tjUumbia.(Mle yVwhtnften Market C.7 26. ?WC^// M 0.7. CniTHCHES 43. Ornnd Oflml 16. Mef'-fpcfittn All. OniMifVnu>» 18. Bmrtdrrth 49. iUrcr M. J\rHfli'a M. ir(^/n«/» 52. Everett M. Stlknit 115. Wr^Onhutff THEATnES K3. *f». Uoptlis Vfalf0(k> :it*immitf Hall DEPOTS. ,^8. *9. D.5. 0.5. U2. <'.«. C.7. D7. G.3. C.4. r.D.4 D.4. B.8. D4. c.s. a4. D.V U4 r>0. OramitfMlrtt/ C.2. HI. BMdufM RtvrrJfJf. B 3. 52. /..wj7 TManiiR. If F If. Ci .1 W. Afo/77> JtEstif'Rlt A.5. D.S.I f»4. TmV a. 6. :'7. 7r»/«iyy C.7. n.diJiut/i. C.7. VA. Nrw (lathedinl C.l »«. rww.y . D.4 »I. f*/<>^ C..t. :«. .S^. rA*ww C.l. H5. Tmnafigurafimi G.3. S'l Vf.A/iani D2 35. IkmpltEmmimtl C.2 :»«•», .V. Patdfllelki D.3. 37. Jir„k(Frrj) 0.2. 38. .V fjfvryefEpfsJ D.4 'MhAllSvuU/l/iatJ D.4. 48. Mts8f4tk « C2. II. UYiJ/nuffChitpins} €.2. 42. .StBtlfaek 1)5 HOTELS C.4. 45. ForlheSnilh A.7. 66. 6>/f/r«/ ly.JjJfJt B.8. SQUARE S. 67. WashiMflvit F.8. 79. PIffttumthfJinthtii/ U.8. W./bl^TrtHOf F.8. 81.5Aii/rif> F.8. %t.0urSmvi9rmui:j F.8. ut mi ba i^^r-"""— MIDDLE-STATES HANDBOOK. 1. New York City. K :l Arrival from the Sea. — The American coast is genemlly flrst sighted at the line o the Nuvesink Uighluiuls, or otf Fire Island Light ; and the vessel soon passes the Sandy HtM)k tort and light-houses, otT which tlie outer l>ar is crossed and the Lower Bay is entered. Tlie sliores of Lon;.j and iStuten Islands approach each other on the N. ; Raritan Bay is seen opeiiiny to tlie W., and the low shores or Coney Island are on the r. Tiie quarantine buildings arc t>assed on the 1. The steamer now enters the Narrows, with ponderous foi-tilicutiuns on eitlier side, — Forts Ham- ilton and Lafayette on the r., Forts Riehmoud and Tonipkins on the 1. Within this embattled gateway- from tlie sea the steamer ascends the harbor, witli New York and Jersey City in firont and Brooklyn on the r. Shii>8 of war, tall India- men, fleets of coasting vessels, the unwieldy I'eny-boats and swift steam-tugs occupy the waters ; and the steamer moves up slowly to her pier on the North River. The examination of baggage by the custom-house officers is always con- ducted with a courtesy and lenity proportioned to the facilities which the trav- eller affords to the examining officers. Foreign money is not cui'rent in New York, but may be exchanged at the offices on Wall and Broad iSts., where are the banking-houses which cash circular notes and letters of credit. Arrival by the Sound Steamers. —The piers (27, 23, 33, and 40) are all on the North or Hudson River, between Murray aa<\ Watts Sts., W. of Broadway. The New Haven, Harlem, and Hudson River Railroads terminate iktthe Grand Central Depot, whence hoi'se-cars and st^es depart for the central and lower parts of the city. The Erie, Oswego Midland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Lackawanna and West- em, and N. J. Central Railroads terminate at Jersey City, and ferry-boats leave for N. Y. on the arrival of trains. Puggage. — Agents of the express and transfer companies pass through the trains as they approach New York, exclaiming, " Checks for baggage." If the traveller wishes his baggage delivered at a hotel, residence, or another railroad station, he surrenders his check (v-tr checks) to the agent, who gives a receipt therefor and writes the address in his booiL The express company then becomes responsible for the safe delivery of the baggie. The charge for delivering 1 piece to any point in the city below 60th St. is 40 -50c. ; to Brooklyn, 50 -60c. ; to Jersey City, 75c. ; to Yorkville and Harlem, $0.75-1.00. Travellew about to leave New York or Brook- lyn can have their baggage checked from their house or hotel to its ultimate des- tination by buying their railroad tickets and leaving their orders at ttie express office. Hotels. — The * Windsor, a new, lofty, and elegant house on upper Fifth Ave. (corner of 46th St ), $ 5 a day ; the ♦ Fifth Avenue, a vast marble building oa Madison Square, $5 a day; the * St. Nicholas, a marble building on Broadway and Spring St., patronized by Western men ; the ♦Metropolitan, a stately brown- stone building at Broadway and Prince St., visited by array officers and railroad chiefs, $4 a day ; the Hoffman House, an aristocratic resort on Madison Square, European plan; the * Grand Central, an S-story building on Broadway, facing Bond St., $ 3 - 4 a day. The * Grand Hotel (corner Broadway and 31st St. ) and the Gilsey House (Broadway and 29th St.) are the finest European-plan hotels ia America. These immense hotels are amply supplied vrith all the luxuries of mod- ' em American civilization, and are unexcelled in the world. The St. Cloud is a fine up-town hotel at Broadway and 42d St. ; the Grand Union (Park Ave. and 41st St.) is conveniently situated for passengers arriving by late trains firom New 6 Jioute 1. NEW YORK CITY. England nnd the North ; the Winchester is at Broadway and Slst St. ; the Sturte* vnnt is at Broudwny and 28th 8t. The MailborouKh (t)th Ave. and 38tli St.) and tlie Hotel Royal ((itli Ave. and 40th at.) are quiet hotels on the \V. side. The Ashland, Putnam, and Wasljingtou are inexpensive houses on 4tli Ave. above 2iJd St. The lofty Stevens House (IJroadway and 27th St.), the Hotel Brantiiiy (Madi- son Ave. and 58th St. ), the Haight Hou.su, and others in the upper part of the city, are hotels garnis, wiUi expensive suites of furnished rooms. On and near Madison Square are also the St. James, Broadway and 26th St. ; the Coleman, Broadway and 27tli St. ; the tlnely situated and aristocratic Hotel Brunswick, 5th Ave. and 2(ith St. ; the Alliemurle, Broadway and 24th St. ; the o,. Germain, Bro.adway and 22d St. The ♦ Rossmore is a new and stately house (Broadway and 42d St.); the * Buckingham is a superb family hotel, ut 5th Ave. and 50th St. ; and the Oramerijy-Park House ha.s a -400 boarders. On and near Union Square are the Union Place, Hroadway and I4th St. ; the Union Square, 4th Ave. and 15th St. ; the Westmoreland and the * Everett, 4th Ave. and 17th St. ; the * Clarendon (patronized by English tourists), 4th Ave. and 18th St. ; the * Westminster, a tire-proof building, Irving Place and Itith St, Eu- ropean plan ; the Belvedere, Irving Place and 15th St. ; the Spingler. Fartlier down Broadway is the Irving House, corner of 12th St. ; the St. Denis, opposite Grace Church, frequented by foreign tourists ; and several neat and respectable hotels on the European plan. The Brevoort, on 5th Ave. and 8th St., is much visited by Englishmen ; the Glenham is at 5th Ave. and 2uth St. (European); the Sinclair is at 754 Broadway; and the Prescott, on Broadway and Spring St., is a fine house. The Brandreth House, at Broadway and Canal St., is on the Euro- Sean plan, and is much visited by merchants. Earle's Hotel, corner of Canal and entre Sts., charges $3 a day. The * Astor House is a famous old European-plan hotel, opposite the new Post- Offlce. Near the City 'Hall Park are French's, Leggett's, Sweeney's, the Park, and the Cosmopolitan. In Cortlandt St.. farther down town, are the Merchants', the National, and French's New Hotel, frequented by businessmen. The United States is a large hotel near tlie Fulton Ferry ; and the Stevens House is on Broad- way, near the Battery. Rooms may be obtained at the European-plan hotels at from $ 1 to i$ 3 a day, with meals d la carte in the house or elsewhere. The Grand, Giisey, and others of the more elegant houses, charge from $2 a day upward for a bachelor's room. For a tourist who is to make but a shoiii visit to New York, these houses will be found more convenient than those on the Ameri- can plan. There are about 150 other hotels of ail grades ; and in the uptown streets are many comfortable and comparatively inexpensive boarding-houses (.■^8 -15 a week). Begtaurants. — * Delmonico's, comer 5th Ave. and 26th St., the best in America (h iiti branch establisliments down town, near the corner of Broadway and Cedar St; 2 S. William St. and on Broad near Wall St.); the *Caf6 Bruns- wick, famous for evening dinners, 223 5th Ave. Parker's, on' Broadway near 34th St., is frequented by ladies ; also Bigot's, 14th St., near Broadway ; Geyer's, 734 and 736 Broadway, is a large and favorite restaurant ; Solari, corner of University Place and 11th St., prepares elaborate late dinners. lauch (864 Broadway) and Bergmai. (corner Broadway and 27th St.) keep ladies' restaurants, which are much frequented ; Maillard (621 Broadway) is famous for bonbons and chocolate ; Ar- naud (815 Broadway) keeps line French candies ; and Purssell's (910 Broadway^ \s a favorite lunch-saloon for the ui)-town ladies. Lucetti's (1383 Broadway) and Rudolph's (162 and 411 Broadway) are attractive ; and Martinelli (49 3d Av«.) has the Italian cuisine, and is visited by many artists. At 39 Park Row, Leggett's Hot«I, 14 Cortlandt St., and numerous other places down town, are large eating- houses for merchants and clerks. The caf6s and restaurants attached to the large hotels on the European plan are generally well kept, and are much visited by ladies. The Astor House has one of the best of these. Oysters may be found in every variety in the small saloons in Fulton Market (the "Saddle Rocks" of Dorlon's house are considered the best). New England dishes are served at Paysou's, on Cortlandt near Green- tvich St Beading Booms* — In all the chief hotels (for guests) ; T. M. C. Association, corner 4th Ave. and 23d St, also at 85 Hudson St, 473 Grand St., and 285 Bleecker St. Astor Library, Lafayette Place, open 9i - 5 ; City Library, City NEW YORK CITY. Route 2. Hall, open free to all, 10- 4 ; •Cooper Institute, corner 4th Ave. and 7tti St, open from S A. M. to 10 P. M. ; Woniaii'a Library, open 0-4 (#1.50 a year). Post-OtHce, corner Park Row and Broadway, open continuoiiHly exce)>t Sun- days, when it IS open only between 9 and 11a.m. There arc also 20 »ub pout* iflleea in the city, called " HtationH," and alphalwtically dHsi^nated. Letters may be mailed in the lanip-pOHt Im)xcs (of whicii there are 700), whence they are collected 9 times daily by the gray-uniformed letter-carriers. Baths are found in all the large hotels ; N. Y. Turkish Bath establishment, 13 Laight at, near St. John's Park; Turkish Baths also at 89-41 W. 26th St.: Russian vapor-batiis at 25 E ',h 8i. and on W. 24th St ; Turkish, Sun, and Electric baths, corner Lexington Ave. and 25th St. Turko-Russian and other varieties of baths are given at the Gibson Building, 13th St uud Broadway, with luxuriou.^ and costly equipments and appointments. Conguls.— Great Britain, 17 Broadway; France, 4 Bowling Green ; German Empire, 2 Bowling Green ; Austria. 83 Broadway; Russia, 62 Exchauge PL ; Italy, 7 Broadway: Spain, 29 Broadway; Brazil, 13 Broadway. Theatres. — Tlie ♦Academy of Music (E. 14th St., near Union Square), with, a brilliunt auditorium decorated in crimson and gold, — the home of the Italian opera in New York ; • Wallack's (Broadway, near 13th St ), with a well-adapted stock company, devoted principally to legitimate comedy : * Booth's (23d St , near 6th Ave.), the most elegant theatre in America, chiefly used forstandard tragedy: the * Grand Opera House (c;orner of 8th Ave. and 2od St), a superb hall, devoted to dramatic and spectacular representations. Dtdy's Fifth Avenue (28th St , near 5th Ave.) and the Union Square (14th St., near Broadway) are small, but elej^ant and ashiOuable theatres. Niblo's Garden (Broadway, near i^ince St.) exhibits brilliant spectacular plays ; the Olympic (Broadway, near Houston St ) is a vaude- ville and novelties theatre; Wood's Museum (Bi'oadway and 80th St ); the newr Lyceum Theatre. The theatre audiences at the Saturday matinees are mostly ^ composed of ladies, who go in walking-dress and without escort «. ) The Eagle Theatre is devoted to varieties and miscellaneous entertainments (at Broadway and 82d St.). The Lyceum Theatre (6th Ave. and 14th St) gives opera boull'e and French plays. The Germania is in Tammany Hall (E. 14th St.) and exhibits German dramas. The Park Theatre is nn Broadway, near 21st St ; the Globe is on Broadway, near Astor Place; and the Tivoli is on 8th St., between 2d and 3d Aves. The San Francisco Minstrels exhibit at Broadway and 29th St Gilmore's concei*ts are to be held also in the Hippodrome (4th Ave. and 26th St\ The Bowerj' and the Stadt Theatres are nearly opposite each other (on the Bow- er}', between Bayard and Canal Sts.), and produce German plays and operas. There are several respectable minor theatres on Broadway and near Union Square. The Itest negro minstrel entertainments are at the Twenty-Third St Theatre, and at Tony Pastor's Opera House (585 Broadway). Amusements. — Clmsic nt'u.iiic, oratorios, and concerts are given in Steinway Ball (litli bt, near Union Square) and the new Chickering Hall (iith Ave. and 18th St). Fine military and v/altz music is rendered by Gilmore's Band, at the armory of the 22d Regiment (14th St and 6th Ave.). During the summer orchestral music of the highest order (conducted hitherto by Theodore Thomas) is given at the Central Park Garden (corner 7th Ave. and 59th St ; admission, 60c.). The Atlantic Garden adjoins the Bowery Theatre, and is a great hall -where, at evening, 2-3,000 Germans drink beer and smoke pipes with tlieir families, and listen to well-executed vocal and orchestral nmsic. There are numerous other beer-gardens, of lower grades, in the Bowery ; and in the upper part of the city, near the rivers, are large concert-groves, where the Germans flock in crowds during the summer. The music is generally good ; but the beer of New York is very inferior in quality. The cellar concert-saloons on Broadway and elsewhere should be carefally avoided, for they are both disreputable and dangerous, and many a stranger has there been deprived of money and honor and even of life. Lectures on various subjects, and public readings, at Chickering Hall, Stein- way Hall. Association Hall (4th Ave. and 23d St), .ipoUo Hall, and Cooper Insti- tute (4th Ave. and 8th St). The great popular meetings relative to social or political issues are generally held at the Cooper Institute. The Pilgrim, an allo- gory, is shown at Bain Hall, on Lafayette Place. 1* 8 Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. JfttMumx.-- The* Metropolitan Museum, Central Park, near 89d Street, has, besides a large picture-galiery, tlio Cesuola Collection of Egyptian, Oreek, ami Phoe< nician antiiiuities from the buried cities of Cyprus ; modern statuary ; articles of vertu : and mediaeval MU8. and curiosities fopeu on Mondays free ; on other days 2&C. admission). The American Museum ot Natural History, at the Central Park j[5th Ave. and 64th 8t.), has large collections of stutTcd birds and animals, minerals, Tossils, etc. : and a zoological garden containing many rare animals and birds (ad- mission f^ee, excei)t on Monday and Tuesday, when tickets may be obtained at the office of the Department of Public Parks, 86 Union Square). The N. Y. His- torical Society (corner of 2d Ave. and 11th St.) has a valuable picture-gallery, and collections of Assvrian, F'j^ ptian, and American antiquities. The Lyceum of Nat- ural History {\Wi £'.., near 4th Ave.) is open to the public. Wood's Museum (Broadwav ana 30th St.) contains many of the old collections of Barnuni's Mu- seum, and may be seen on the payment of a small entrance-fee. The Anatomical Museum, and other special collections on Broadway, arc of interest to students. Athletic Sports. — Horse-races at Jerome Park, the most aristocratic race-course in America, largely attended by the ilite of New York. It is reached by the Har- lem K. R., and is 1^ M. from Fordham. Also at Fleetwood Park, ^ M. beyond Macomb's Dam Bridge, on the Harlem River ; and at tlie Prospect Park and Deerfoot tracks, near Brooklyn, and reached by horse-cars trom Fulton Ferry. Base-ball at the Capitoline and the Union grounds in Brooklyn, reached by horse- cars from Fulton Ferry (the Union grounds are also gained from the Roosevelt St. Ferry). Thousands of spectators witness the exciting match-games between the professional clubs. Cricket is often played on the Capitoline grounds. Scot- tish games are celebmted. at Jones's Wood and other suburban groves. Skating is a popular winter amusement, and its favorite localities are the lakes in Central Park and Prospect Park (Brooklyn). When tlie ice is firm and sm ; De Witt Talmage (Schermerhorn St, near Ke- vins) ; St. Ann-on-the-Heiglits (Dr Schenck ; Clinton St); Holy Trinity (with flue music ; corner Clinton and Montague Sts.) ; Dr. Cuyler (Lafayette Ave. and Oxford) ; the Pilgrims (Dr. Storrs ; Remsen and Henry Sts.) ; Dr. Sciulder (Han- cock St. , near Fulton Ave. ) ; the Cllnton-Ave. Congregational (late Dr. Budlng- ton's): theClasson-Ave. Presbyterian (late Dr. Duryeu's) ; Hanson-Place Baptist ; Dr. Putnam's (Unitarian ; Pierrepont St.). Car-Plages. — For 1 passeiiKcr for a distance of 1 M. or less^ 8 1 ; 2 nas- 8enger.s !jii.50. In 1876 the Aldermen passed a shameful law (over the May- or's veto) allowing hackmen to charge i^ 1 per mile for passengers taken from tlie depots or piers. No extra charge is allowed for 1 trunk, box, or valise ; cliildren between 2 and 14 years of age pay half price. A tarifT of fares la (or should be) hung In every carriage, but the drivers frequently attempt to extort undue sums from their passengera. In such cases, since the hack- men of New York are the most ruffianly of their class In the world, an instant appeal should be made to the first policeman who may be seen. Questions of disagreement as to distance, time, or price must be settled at the Mayor's of- fice (City Hall). The principal hotels have carriages In waiting, by which trav- ellers may be conveyed to various points at prices designated on cards that are displayed in the hotel offices (the rates are hi -her than those of the public carriages). Omnibuses (called "stages") (1) ft^m Fulton Perry, by Fulton St, Broadway, University Place, 13th St., and 5th Ave., to 42d St., returning over tHe same route ; (2) from South Ferry, by Broadway, 23d St., and 9th Ave., to 30th St , returning tlie same way ; (3) from South Ferry, by Broadway and 4th Ave., to 32d St : (4) from South Ferry, by Broadway and 14th St to Avenue A ; (5) from South Ferry, by Broadway, to the Erie Railway Ferry on 23d St ; (6) from Wall St. Ferry, by Wall, Broadway, 23d, and Madison Ave., to 40th St. ; (7) flrom Jersey City Ferry (Cort- landt St) by Broadway, Bleecker St., Bowery, and 2d St to Hous'.on St. Ferry. The omnibuses are cleaner and less crowded than the horse-cars, ai id are used by .a better class of people. The fare (usually 10c.) is posted up inside. Horse-Cars. — The fare on most of the lines is 5c. (1) Astor House to Central Park, by Barclay, Church, and Greene Sts. and 7th Ave. ; (2) Astor House to Central Park, by Vesey, W. Broadway, Varick, and 6th Ave. ; (3) Astor House to Central Park, by Canal and Hudson Sts., and 8th Ave. ; (4) Astor House to Manhattanville, by Vesey, Church, W. Broadway, and 8th Ave. ; (5) Astor House to Hunter's Point Ferry, by Park Row, Centre, Grand, Bowery, 4th Ave., 32d, and 84th Sts. : (6) Astor House to 34th St Ferry, by Chatham St, £. Broadway, 10 Route J. NEW YORK CITY. Avenuct Band A. and lit Ave. ; (7) Aitor Hnnse to flOtli St., by Centre, Bow* ery, 4th, and MudiHon Aveu. ; (8) curnur UriMulwiiv nnd Canal Hi. tu 4ad St., by Vurii'k tit. and Uth Ave. ; (tt) corner llroadway and Canal tit. to Central Pork, by Canal, HudHon, and Nth Ave. ; Ho) rorner Broadway and Ann Ht. throngh Chatham. E. Uroadway, AvenncH Hand A : (11) corner Broadway and Brnonio Ht. tu Centrnl Fark, by 7th Ave. ; (12) corner Broadway ond Knlton to&4th8t.. by Uroenwich Ht. and 0th Ave. ; (13) Teck Ulip to Harlem (12Hth Hi.), by Oliver Ut.. Bowery, and 2d Ave. ; (1^) Honth Ferry to Central Tark, by WoHt Ht.anU 10th Ave.; (1&^ Huuth Ferry to Central Park, by the lOast Uiver FcrrieH, iHt Ave., and bOth tit.; (10) Fnlton Kerry to lOth Ave., by Centre and Bk-ccker StM. ; (17) Grand 8t. Ferry to DeHbroHHeH tit. Ferry, by Grand and Ve.Htrv 8tH. ; (18) Grand Ht. Ferry to Cortlandt St. Ferry; (ll>) Grand Ht. Ferry to 4'2d 8t. (Weehawken) Ferry; (20) corner of Chambers and Went Utd. to Grand Central Depot. The EUvatul Itailwun r\UM ttom tiie Buttery to 59th tit., on Greenwich 8t. and 0th Ave. i'nu trauK hi NU|i|iurted by iron pillarH; the earn are Inxnriouu. and are drawn by eniall locomoilves ; and the stationH are at Liberty, Fraakiin, Canal, Uou8U)n, 12th, 21st, 80th, S4th, 420, and 6»th Bta. Ferries.— To Astoria, fh>m 02d St., and from Peck Slip; to DlackweU's Island, from foot of 20th tit. E. R. (fare, 20c.)l To Lonu Island City (Uiniter's Point), from James Slip, hnlf-honrly (fare, Oc.), and fi-om foot of 34th 8t., every 7 ndnutes. To Brooklyn, Irom foot of 10th and of 23il St. to Greenpoint ; twin Ilous* ton St. to Grand St. (Willinmsburg) ; from Grand St., N. Y., to Grand St. and S. 7th 8t. ; from UcMtsevelt St. to S. 7th St. ; from Jackson St. to Hudson St. (Navy- Yanl) : from Catluirine St. to Main St. ; from Fnlton St., N. Y.. to Fulton St. (the most hnuurtant of the ferries) ; from Wall St. to Montauue St. ; fhim Whitehall St. to Atlantic Ave ; from Whitehall to Hamilton Ave. To Bay RidKe, from foot of Wall St.. 8-10 times daily (fare, 15c.). To Staten Island, boats by either Una hourly ; from Whitehall St. to Tompklnsvillc, Stapletim, and Vanderbilt's Loud* ing (faro, 10c.) ; from Pier 10, N. R. (near Cortlandt St.) to New Brighton, SailoiV Snug Harbor. W. Brighton, Port Richmond, and Elm Park (fare, 12c.). To Jersey City, from Liberty St. to N. J. Central R. R., every 20 ndnutes ; from Cortlandt St. to Montgomery St. (and tenninus of R. R. to Philadelphia and the South) ; from Desbrossos St. to Montgomeiy St. ; fr*om Chambers and from 23d Sts. to Long Dock or Pavoina (Erie R. R. terminus). To Hoboken, from foot of Barclay St. and foot of Christopher St. ; to Bull's Ferry and Fort Lee, from Pier 43 (fai-e, 16c.) ; froni foot of 42d St. to Weehawken, every 40 minutes (fai-e, 12c.). There are lU ferry lines in the E. River and 10 in the N. River, carrying 85,000,000 pas« sengers annually, and making a net urotlt of over 1^1,000,000. Railroads. — On Long Island, tlie South Side R. R. to Islip and- Patchogue, by ferries fi'om foot of Roosevelt and Grr.nd Sts. to the station at Williamsburg (see Route 4) ; the Long Island R. R. to Sag Harbor and Greenport, by ferries from James Slip and 34th St. to the station at Hunter's Point (Route 5) ; the Flushing & North tide R. R. by ferry fr'om Jumes Slip to the station at Hunter's Point. To Boston by New Haven and Springlleld, or by the Shore Line (see Os- ?;ood's New England), fr'om the Grand Central Depot, 4th Ave. and 42d St. ; to Chatham, Allmny, and Rutland, by the Ilarlcm R. R. , from the Grand Central Depot ; to Albany and the N. and W., by the N. Y. Central and Hudson River R. R., from the Orand Central Depot. To Oswego, by the Midland R. R., by ferries fh)n) Coillandt and Desbrosses Sts. to the station in Jersey City ; to Buffalo and the W., by the Erie Railway from foot of Chambers and of 23d Sts. to station in Jersey City ; to Easton, by tlie Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. i Morris & Essex), by- ferries from Barclay and Christopher Sts. ; to Easton and he W. by the N. J. Central R. R., by ferry from the foot of Liberty St. ; to Phil- adelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, by the Penn. R. R., by ferries from the foe of Desbrosses and of Cortlandt Sts. ; to Long Branch and the N. J. coast by the N. J. Southern R. R., by steamers froni Pier 8, N. R. to Sandy Hook ; to Newark, by ferry from the foot of Liberty St. To the Staten Island R. R., by ferry firom Whitehall. Steamships. — Tramatlantie lines — for Queenstown and LiveP()ool, the Ca- nard (fares, ;^130, $100, 880, and $80) and White Star linef., 3 vessels weekly A'oni Jersey City, cabin fare $80 gold, steer^ $83 ; Inman Line, Pier 45, N. R., cabin $75 gold, steerage $28 ; Liverpool and Great Western, Pier 46, N. R., fares $80 and $30 ; National Line, Pier 47, N. B., fai-es $75, $65, and $28. For Glasgow, NEW YORK CITY. nouU 1. 11 Anchor Line, Pier 20, N. R.. (kreii • 7&, A 65. and i, .8. For London, Piem 44 and f)'2 ami 3, N. R. For Ut'liiist and (JIuhkow, HUite \Mw, IMcr 87, N. U. K«»r Iluvre, (Ip'ii Tr(iii»ttMntitl(! Co.. I'Ur TmJ, N. It, f ipih 9 l'2r» hikI m:>. Ft>r IIiiiiitMir»(, Ilnin- burK-Aiiu'rlcaii Lino, llolxiki'ii, fim-H «■ 120, $7'-'. »:iO ; KiikIo Mii«, llolxtkmi (to IMyiiioiitli, Cli"rl>om>:. nml liHinbur.'V For Hoiithiuiiptoii and llrnnirn, N. fl«r- nmn l.loydii, Uu»M»k«n, farnH « 120, #72, $40. For !St«!ttin, Ujiltlr; LloydH. I'inr 13, N. II., fiiifit ))H0 and !if :iO ; for Atitw^rp ; for tlio Medtturranouii |K>rU. Wut liullan linen -for Havana. AtlantU; Mall Line, every Thuriwlay, from Pier 4. N. H.. fare $70 (to NaHHan. $50); for Havana and Vera Cnii, every ten dayn, from Pier U. N. IL, f.iro $05, to Vera Cruz, $ l(K) k*)1r Bermuda, from Pier », E. 11., fare $30. For Ht. TlionmH and Brazil, from Pier :»3, N. R., the 2M of eadi month ; to 8t. Tliomax $100, Para $150, Hlo Janeiro $225. From I'ler 4'i, N. R., the l'u«;lllc ltd, HictiraKu $25, to UnlveHtoii, $05 and $35. For New Orloanv, Menthanta' Line, I'icr 12, N. R., every Saturday at 3 ; Cromwell Lino, every Saturday, from Pier 0. E. R. : Southcni Line. Pier 21. E. R. ; fares on either lino, cabin $50, Bteeraye$25. For Fernandina and the Fl(»rlda itorts. from I'ler 2». N. R. For Savannah, Atlantic r.lne, ThurHdaya, Pier 'M. N. R. : Black Star Lino, Haturdaya, Pier 13, N. R. ; Empire Line, Saturdaya, Pier 8, N. R. ; Murray'* Line, Tliure- days (3 F. M.), Pier 10. E. R. ; farea on either lino, (;ahln $20, steerage $ 10. For Cliarlc8tf»n, Pier 5. N. R.. Tucs.. Thura., and Sat. at 3 p. m., fares $20 and $12 ; for Norfolk ($10) and Richmond ($12), from Pier 37, N. R., Tues., Thura.. and Bat. ; fur Nowbern, trl-monthly. Pier 10. E. R. ; for WaHhin^ton and Alexandria, Bcml-weokly, Pier 20, E. R. ; lor Philadelphia, triweekly. Piers 33 and 34, E. R. ; for New Bedford, semi-weekly, Pier 13, E R. : lor Boston (outaide). Pier 14, N. R. ; for Portland. Homl-weokly, Pier 38, E. R. Coastwise and rioer lUies. — The Iludaon — Day boats leave Pier 39, N. R., at 8.30 A. M., for Yonkcra, Tarrytown. West Point. Cornwall. Nowburgh, Poughkeep« ale, Rhlncbeck, Catsklll. Hudson, Tlvoll, Albany, and Tniy (fare, $2 ; meals ex* tra) ; the evening boats for Albany and Troy leave Piera 41, 43, and 44, N. R. at P. M. (Saturdays excepted). The Mary Powell leaves Pier 30, N. R,, at 3. .SO p. M., for Cozzens', West Pomt. Cornwall. Newburgh. Milton. Poughkeepsle, and Rondout. The Chrystenah leaves Pier 31. N. R. at 3 45 p. m., for Yonkers. Irv- inyton. Tarrytown. Nyack, Grassy and Verplanck'a Points. Steamers from Pier 34, N. R. at 4 p. M., to Cozzens', Cornwall, Nowburgh, Poughkeepsie, and Esopus : and Irom Pier 43, N. R. at 4.30 p. m., to Cold Spring, Cornwall, Haverstraw, Newburgh, and New Hamburg. Other river boats leave Piers 34, 35, 49, and 61, N. R. dally. — r/w harbor and East River — to Bergen Point. Mari< ner's Harbor, and Ellzal>ethport at 11 a. m. and 4.30 P. m., from Pier 14, N. R. (fare, 20c.): to Key port, N. J„ dally at 4 p. M.ft-om Pier 20. N. R. ; to Long Branch. 4 times dady (In summer) from Pior 8. N. R. ; to Perth Amboyand landings on Staten Island Sound, daily at 3 p. M., from Pier 13, N. R. ; to New- ark from Pier 20, N. R., at 10.30 and 4.80 ; to Red Bank and the N. J. Highlands, daily, from Pier 35, N. R. ; to S. Amboy ; to Staten Island, hourly, ftom White- hall and Pier 19, N. R. ; to Bay Ridge fi-om Wall St. Ferry ; to Coney Island from Pier 1, E. R., at 9, 12, and 3 o'clock ; to Astoria and Harlem, 10 trips daily from Peck Slip ; to Morrlsania and Harlem, 9 trips dally, fnnn Pier 22, E. R. Lonft Island Sound — to Flushing. College Point, and Unlonport, from Pier 22, E. R. : to Glen Cove, Glenwood, Great Neck. Whitestone, Sand's Point, and Roslyn, f^om Pier 24, E. R., at 4 p. m. ; to Glen Cove, Sands' Point, Whitestone, Sea Cliir, and Great Neck, from Pier 20, E. R., at 5 p. m. ; to Huntington, Cold Spring, and Oyster Bay, from Pier 37, E. R., at 4 p. m. ; to Greenport, New Suf- folk, Sag Harbor, and Orient, from Pier 4, N. R., at 6 p. M. ; to Greenwich, Stam- ford, and Norwalk. every afternoon, IVom Pier 37, E. R. ; to Bridgeport, at 11.30 and 4 ; and ft-ora Pier 35, E. R. , at noon and midnight (fare, $ 1) ; to New Haven, at 3.1ft and 11, from Pier 37, E. R. (fare, $1.25); to Middletown and Hartford, fVom Pier 24, E. R., at 4 p. m. (fare, $1.50); to Now London (and Boston) and Norwich, ft-om Pier 40, N. R., at 6 p. m. ; to Stonington (and Boston), fW)m Pier 83. N. R., at ft p. M. : to Newport, Fall River (and Boston), ft-om Pier 28, N. R., at 5 p.^. (earlier in winter) ; to Providence, fron. Pier 27, N. R., at 5 p. m. 12 Route 1, NEW YORK CITY. >i h ■: t i New York Citt, the commercial metropolis of the United States and the chief city of the Western Hemisphere, is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River, in latitude 40° 42' 43" N. and longitude 3° 1' 13" E. from Washington. The island is 13^ M. long and from ^ M. to 2^ M. wide (containing 22 sq\iare M.), and is bounded on the W. by the Hudson (or Noi*th) River, on the E. by the East River, and on the N. by the Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, while its S. end looks out on the Bay of New York and is 17 M. from the open sea. The S. part of the island consists of alluvial deposits, but low rocky ridges are found along the centre and extend N. to tlie cliffs of Washington Heights. The city extends in compact lines for 5-6 M. N. of the Bat- tery, and the district above the densely settled streets is studded with villas and parks, public and charitable buildings, and market-gardens. The upper part of the island, and the rural towns of Westchester County which were recently annexed to New York, are comparatively thinly in- habited, by reason of their distance from the business part of the city. Schemes of viaduct railways and underground tunnels are now in various stages of development, and are designed to afford a means of rapid tran- sit up and down the island. The grand avenue called Broadway runs from tlie Battery to the Central Park, beyond which the broad and costly Boulevard leads to the upper end of the island. The city is laid out some- what irregularly from the Battery to Union Square (2^ M.), but beyond that point straight parallel streets extend from river to river. These streets are numerically designated; are called East or West from the point where 6th Ave. intersects them, and are each 60 ft. wide (except 14th, 23d, 34th, 42d, and several farther N., which are 100 ft. wide) ; 20 of these blocks (as from 14th to 34th St.) make 1 M. The numbered streets are crossed at right angles by 12 numbered avenues, 800 ft. apart and 100 ft. wide (except Madison and Lexington Aves., 75 ft. wide, and 4th Ave. above 34th St., 140 ft. wide). 3d Ave., on the E. side, and 8th Ave., on the W., are the principal highways above 14th St. ; and 5th, Park, Lex- ington, and Madison Aves., with their connecting cross-streets, are the most fashionable quarters for residences and churches. On the E. projec- tion of the island, beyond Tompkins Square, are avenues A, B, C, and D. The Bay of New York is one of the most picturesque in the world, and affords a safe anchorage for the lai^est commercial fleets and the great vessels of the transatlantic steamship lines. About 20,000 vessels an- nually enter this port, and are accommodated at 75 piers on the North River, and 70 on the East River. 65 per cent of the imports and 60 per cent of the exports of the United States pass through New York. The inner harbor is entered by a deep strait called the Narrows, which is de- fended by the most powerful and imposing fortifications and armaments in the Western World. -I w NEW YORK CITY. Route I. 13 States and Manhattan 43" N. and '.. long and ded on the ^er, and on s its S. end sea. The icky ridges iTashington f the Bat- idded \irith it-gardens, ter County ' thinly in- r the city, in varioiui rapid tran- iway runs and costly out some- ut beyond r. These L the point uept 14th, 20 of these itreets are ind 100 ft. 4th Ave. 1 Ave., on *ark, Lex- 8, are the E. projec- !, and D. yrorld, and . the great essels an- the North md 60 per :)rk. The lich is de- nuameuts The site of Ne' York was discovered by the Florentine mariner, Verrazzani, in the year 1524. on Sept. 4, 16U9, the harbor was visited by Hendiiclc Hudson, commanding a vessel of the Dutch East India Company, who reported it as " a very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see " ; and in memory of the scene of wassail and merriment that followed the meeting of the sailors and the natives, the Indians named tlie island Manhattan (*' the place where they all got drunk "). Hudson then ascended the river since named in his honor to the site of Albany, and claimed the land by right of discovery, as an appanage of Holland. Trading expeditions soon passed from Holland to the new land, and in 1013 a fort was l)uilt on Manhattan Island. Later in that year, the colony was broken up by Argall of Virginia, with the same British fleet that had driven the Jesuits from Mt. Desert. The States-General of the United Netherlands now encouraged fresh emigrations to the contested domain ; and the coimtry received the name of the New Netherland. In 1614 a Dutch colony came over and built houses and a fort (near the present Bowling Green), naming the place New Amsterdam, in honor of that city which had taken the foremost part in the entei-prise. In 1626 arrived Peter Minuit, the first Dutch governor, who bought Manhattan Island of the Indians for ^24. He was succeeded by Wouter Van Twiller (1633), William Kieft (1638), and Peter Stuy- V'"^ctut (1647). In 1653 a rairipart was built along Wall St., to keep out the Ind- ians ; and in 1658 the flrst wharves were built. In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant tteing Captain-General, and the place having about 1,800 inhabitants. King Charles II. of England granted all the land from the Connecticut to the. Delaware River to his brother James (Duke of York and Albany, and afterwards King James II. of England). An English fleet of 4 frigates and 450 soldiers captured New Amsterdam and Fort Orange (up the Hudson), and named them respectively New York and Albany, in honor of the royal duke in whose domain they lay. At the treaty of Breda, this new conquest was conflrmed to England in exchange for Surinam. A Dutch fleet retook the place in 1673 ; but after about a year, it was restored to the British crown. During tlie English Revolution Ca])t. Jacob Leisler seized the fort and assumed the government in the name of tlie Prince of Orange (King Wil- liam of England). He controlled the province and city during a period of bitter {)olitical struggles and foreign invasions , but refused to acknowledge the autlior- ty of the new governor sent from England, and was arrested, tried, and executed. In 1696 Trinity Church was founded ; in l702 the first free grammar-school was opened ; in 1711 a slave-market was established in Wall St. ; and in 1725 the Neto York Gazette was founded. A line of stages to Boston was started ia 1732, the time of passage being 14 days. In 1741, during the excitement caused by disas- trous conflagrations and the spread of the yellow fever, the so-called Negro Plot was imagined. Tliis causeless panic was more terrible in its results than the Sa- lem witchcraft delusion ; and within 6 months 154 negroes and 20 whites were imprisoned, and 13 negroes were burned at the stake, 20 were hung, and 73 were transported. The commerce of the city imireased rapidly, and its merchants made a bold and decided stand against the unjust aggressions of the British Par- liament. In 1765 a Colonial Congress convened here during the Stamp Act ex- citement, and efligies of the governor and the Devil were burned in public. In 1770, 3,000 citizens met to organize against the new taxation, and the landing of tea was forbidden by the people. Tlie statues of King George III. and Lord Chatham were destroyed, and tlie artillery of tlie forts was carried away into the Highlands. The American army, under Washington, occupied the city in 1776 ; but, after the adverse battles on Long Island and Harlem Heights, the British troops held the place for 7 yeara. Part of the city was burnt ; part of it was turned into barracks, hospitals, and prisons ; and thousands of American prison- ers were confined on floating hulks in the East River. Nov. 25th, 1783 (whose anniversary is celebrated yearly as Evacuation Day), the British troops embarked, and Washington and the Governor of the State entered tlie city in triumph. In 1785 the first Federal Congress met here ; and here, in 1789, Washington was inaugurated President. Commerce was paralyzed by the Embargo of 1810, and grass gi-ew on tlie streets and wharves. The first steamboat was put on tlie Hud- son in 1807, and the Erie Canal was completed in 1825, amid splendid celebrations throughout the State. Gas was introduced in 1826. In 1832 the Asiatic cholera carried off 4,380 persons. In 1836 a conflagration destroyed $ 18,000,000 worth of property, and the financial crisis of 1837 ruined thousands of merchants. Though 11 Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. frequently scourged with fire and pestilence, the growth of the city was not re^ tarded. The Croton Aqueduct was completed in 1842, at a cost of 9iii 9,000,000, since whicli over $30,000,000 have been spent on it, and $22,000,000 have been received for water taxes. A great fii-e in 1845 caused a loss of i^ 6 -7,000,000 ; and in 1849 and 1854 came the disastrous visitations of the cholera. New Yoric has grown rapidly since the introduction of the railroad system, and the most remote parts of the States are i-eached by its lines of traclc. Scores of ocean-steamers and fleets of packet-ships bring in the products of all continents, and bear away full cargoes of Western grain or the manufactures of the Middle and New England States. At the outbrealc of the Secession War, in 18Ie Gothic ior is 192 > window, es. The Jeps; fee, To the E. the noble of Staten sey City, ; and up Palisades brilliant mass of iver may h are the crowded here is a led Alex- Gallatin, tte I'em- riots who e Trinity ;sent site 1 service id, which America benefac- siderable . There 3 p.m.), 3 m the r, and is Republic. Nassau st Presi- irthenon a lofty ■ Massa- - costing le chief > Drexel Broad St. the home of speculators and brokers, leads S. from tLe Treasury (at No. 10 is the Stock Exchange) ; and to the N. runs the narrow and busy Nassau St., on which (2 squares distant) is a quaint old edifice, which was built in 1723-26, for the Middle Dutch Church. It was used during the Ilevolulion as a prison for Americans and a riding-school for British cav- alrymen ; but was reoccupied by the church society from 1784 until 1844, when it was secularized, and was used for the post-office from 1861 until 1875. In the steeple of this church Franklin developed his theories of electricity. On Wall St., below the Treasury, is the • U. 8. Cnitom Hoase, a rtiassive building of Qulncy granite, which was built in 1835 for the j Merchants* Exchange, at a cost of $ 1,800,000. It is 200 by 171 ft., and has a portico of 18 Ionic columns, while a dome 124 ft. high overarches a rotunda which is 80 ft. in diameter, and is surrounded by 8 Corinthian columns of Italian marble (open to visitors, 10-3 o'clock). The Bank I of New York is opposite the Custom House, and just below is Pearl St., [ the seat of a heavy wholesale trade in cotton and other staples. A ferry I runs from the foot of Wall St. to Montague St., Brooklyn. Returning to [Broadway, the stately buildings of the Bank of the P.epublic, the Metro- >litan Bank, the * Equitable Life Ins. Co. (137 ft. high), the Western [Union Telegraph Co. (ten stories high), and other corporations are passed. John St. (to the E.) leads to the oldest Methodist CHiurch in America (built in 1768) ; and on William St., near John St, Washington Irving was bom. Fulton St. turns off by the Evening Post** immense building, and leads to Fulton Ferry, passing an active business quar- ter and the Fulton Market. .St. PauPs Church (Epis.), on the W. side of Broadway, was built in 1766, and has a statue of St. Paul on its pedi- ment, with a mural tablet - in the front wall over the remains of Gen. Montgomery. Opposite the church are the floridly ornamented Park Bank and the extensive and elegant Herald Building (both of marble), occupy- ing the site of Bamum's Museum^(bumed in 1865). The long and un- adorned granite front of the Astor House comes next, on the I. side of Broadway, with Vesey St. diverging to the I. to the great Washington Market, whose rude and unsightly sheds are filled with a rare display of the fruits and vegetables, meats and fish, of the adjacent districts. This is the chief of the 11 markets of the city, and should be seen early on Sat- urday morning. Park Row stretches obliquely to the r., from the Astor House to Frinting-House Square, where there is a bronze statue of Ben- jamin franklin. This vicinity is one of the great intellectual centres of America, and here are seen the offices of the Herald, Times, Tribune^ World, Sun, Evening Mail^ Telegram, News^ Excess, Day Book, and JourtuU (all dailies, besides a great number of weekly papers). The lofty and symmocrical gi-anite building of the Stoats Zeitung (a German daily) is seen to tiie N., and the hew Tribune Building rises loftily on the B. of the 18 Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. square. It is nine stories (150 ft.) high, with a tower 285 ft. above the foundations, and is also completely fire-proof. The Christian Union, Independent^ Home Journal, and Daily Graphic are published in Park Place. By turning from Printing-House Square down Frankfort St., Franklin Square is reached, with the vast publishing-house of the Har- pers. Naiiau 8t. runs S. from Printing-House Square to Wall St., passing the old Post-OfiBce. It is a narrow, close street between lofty buildings, and in usually crowded with hurrying business men. The buildings are occupied by thousands of small o£Bces ; the periodical and cheap novel trade is largely centred here; in the cellars vast collections of old books are exposed for sale; and near Wall St. are several wealthy banking- houses. Chatham St., the prolongation of Park Row, runs to the N. B. to Chatham Square, and is a narrow and dirty street, lined with dilapidated buildings, which are the homes of Jew tradesmen, old-clothes dealers, pawnbrokers, and low concert-saloons. From Chatham Square, unclean, crowc^ed, and repulsive streets divei^ge on all sides ; and a short distance to the W. are the gloomy purlieus of the Five Points. Rimning N. from Chatham Square is the Bowery, a broad and crowded thoroughfare which: conducts, in 1 M., to the Cooper Institute. Although near Broadway, and nearly parallel with it, the Bowery forms a complete antithesis to that splendid thoroughfare. It is the avenue of the lower classes, and is lined with beer and concert saloons, shooting-galleries, policy-shops, lodg- ing-houses, pawnbrokers, Jew merchants, and cheap retail shops, many of which are kept open on Sunday. The population here is cosmopolitan and unasstmilated, consisting principally of Germans, and many of the signs are in Oerman. Since the dismissal of the volunteer fire-department, the up-town march of business, and the new police system, the Bowery has greatly improved, and the rufSan bands of the " Bowery Boys " and " Dead Rabbits " no longer wage sanguinary war upon each other and the city guardians. At the S. end of the City Hall Park, and opposite the Astor House, is the new * U. 8. Fost-OfBoe, an immense and stately granite building, with lofty Louvre domes and a frontage (on the 4 sides) of 1,080 ft. The architecture is Doric and Renaissance (in those peculiar forms which Super- vising Architect Mullett has used in all the new national buildings), and the front is adorned with 20 statues. The granite columns and blocks were cut and carved ready for their places at the Dix Island Quarries (Maine), and the building is incombustible. The lower floors are for the Post-Office (with a public corridor 600 ft. long and 25 ft. wide) ; the upper floors are for the U. S. Courts ; and twelve elevators keep up vertical communication. The building was occupied in 1875, and prob- ably cost 1 7,000,000. The City Hall is N. of the Post-Office, and is a NEW YORK CITY. Route L 19 fine building of Massachusetts marble, 216 by 105 ft., with Ionic, Corin- thian, and Composite pilasters lining its front. It has a graceful clock- tower, which is illuminated at night. The Governor's room contains many- portraits of New York worthies, painted by various American artists, and the table on which Washington wrote his first message to Congress ; the chairs of the first Congress and of Washington are preserved in the Alder- man's and Mayor's rooms ; and the Library is open all day. The City Hall was built 1803- 10, and cost $ 700,000. N. of this edifice is the new Court HouMt a massive marble building in Corinthian architecture, 250 I by 150 ft., and completely fire-proof. The Court House was founded in 1861. and the cost of its construction was esti- [ mated at 4 800,000 • but the infamous Tammany Ring gained control in the city (in 1 1869 -70- 71), and drew from tlie treasury over ^12,000,030 on its account 1$ 5,091,144 was received by J. H. Inge; soil (now in Sing Sing Prison) for fUrniture [and repairs at the Cuurt House and militia araiories : and 9 2,905,464 was paid to I A. J. Garvey for plastering and painting tlie same. The Tammany Ring (so called [from Tammany Hall, the Demm-ratic head-quarters) consisted of a number of un- Iscrupulous men, ignorant and low-bom, who got into power in the municipal Iffovemmeat during a season of general amthy among the voters of the city. Hav- Efng made their.positions secure by heavily bribing the State Legislature and all {Other corrective powers, they entered upon a career of open pluntlering and un- Iblushing theft, presenting "an example of criminal abuse of public trust without Iparallel in the history of the world." The Court House was a mine of wealth to ftlie Ring, and in its present incomplete condition (a lofty and graceful dome is to itte added) has cost as much as the Houses of Parliament at London, or the Capitol I at Washington. The authorities attempted to suppress the freedom or speech and the liberties of the press, and during their rule the government of the city cost ; $30,000,000 a year. In July, 1871, a dissension arose in the Ring, and one of its '. members made a public statement of the robberies. The newspapers turned their iinuiense power against the corrupt powers : the citizens arose and appointed a committee of 70 ; the Democratic leaders of the old school repudiated their un- principled partisanv^i ; and at the ensuing elections the Ring was overwhelmingly , defeated. Some of its members fled before the storm of popular wrath ; the rest were tried before the civil courts. A few escaped, bearing an ineffaceable stigma ; and others were sentenced to years of penal servitude in the State prisons. Wni. M. Tweed, the " Boss " of the Ring (fotmerly a chairmaker's apprentice and fore- man of a company of rufiianly firemen), made $ 15-20,000,000 out of the plunder ; and was sentenced (in 1873) to 12 years' imprisonment in tlie penitentiary, tie has since died in prison. " Not an official implicated in these uifamies has had the virtue to commit suicide." Opposite the Court House is the great marble building devoted to A. T. Stewart's wholesale trade (shawls, silks, and dry-good»), standing on the site of a British fort of 1776-83. Passing up Broadway, with im- mense and costly buildings on either side, and similarly lined streets run- ning oif to the r. and 1., the brilliant windows, the throngs on the side- walks, and the roar of the street cause constant surprise. At the comer of Pearl and Elm Sts. is the printing-house of Frank Leslie. On the r. is the " Bloody Sixth " Ward (bounded by Broadway, Canal, Bowery, and Chatham Sts.), with its dense and dangerous population, its filth, poverty, and crime. Leonard St. diverges to the r. to the city prison, called the Tombs, a granite building in the form of a hollow square, 200 by 252 ft. It is massively built in the gloomiest and heaviest form of 20 Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. M Egyptian architecture, and is usually crowded with 'criminals. In the interior of the quadrangle is the place of executions. A short distance beyond, at the intersection of Baxter, Park, and Worth Sts*, is the Five Points, formerly the most. terrible locality in the city and Republic, but now somewhat imp'iX)ved by the aggressions of religious missions. In this vicinity are the crowded and reeking tenements, the narrow and filthy alleys, the unspeakable corruption and utter depravity, of the slums of the Empire City. It is well to be accompanied by a policeman during a visit to this district, both to insure personal safety and to learn minute details (late evening is the best time). The Five Points Mission (founded in 1860, "to provide food and clothing for the poor, to provide for destitute children, and to fUmish temporary shelter and aid to the homeless") ia at 61 Parle St., and clothes and educates 450 children. The Five Points House of Industry (155 Worth St.) was founded in 1S54, and has furnished over 5,000,000 meals, lodges 90,000 yearly, and supports 400 children and 40 homeless women yearly. The Howard Mission (40 New Bowei^) is on the verge of slums that reek with appalling defi-adation, and is doing a noble philan- thropic work. Near Baxter St. is the Chmese quarter, inhabited by quiet and faidusti'ious Celestials, with a plurality of Irish wives. Advancing up Broadway, Walker St. is seen leading to' the 1. to the Hudson River R. R. freight depot, whose W. front is adorned by the largest bronze groups in the world (emblematic of Yanderbilt's career). The ancient Chapel of St. John fronts on the depot, wliich was built on St. John's Park. Passing now up Broadway by the superb white marble buUding (in Ionic architecture, costing % 1,000,000) of the N. Y. Life In- surance Co., and the tall Brandreth House, the broad thoroughfare of Canal St. is crossed. At 472 Broadway, near Grand St, is the Appren- tices' Library (48,000 volumes). Lord and Taylor's vast wholesale store, the St. Nicholas Hotel, Appleton's brilliantly adorned bookstore, and Ball, Black, & Co.'s jewelry store, are»seen on the 1. ; with the Prescott and Metropolitan Hotels and several theatres on the r. Prince St. leads to the E. to the CtUhedral of St. Patrick, a large plain building which dates from 1815, and has in its graveyai-d a monument "Ala memoire de Pierre Landais, Ancien Contre-Amiral des Etats Unis, Qui dispamt Juin 1818." Beyond the Olympic Theatre, Broadway Is crossed by Bleecker St., tlie Latin auarter of N. Y., and "the head-quarters of Bohemianiam " ; near which (at 8(H) [ulbeny St.) is the Police Head-quarters, from which telegraphic wires run to all parts of the city* There are atout 2,400 policemen, of whom 700 are on duty by day, and 1,400 patrol the streets at night. They are armed with clubs and revolv- ers ; are carefully drilled in infantry tactics ; and have always proved brave and resolute in the yiresence of danger. The Broadway squad is composed of men chosen from the whole force on account of their superior stature and fine appear- ance. Clofie by the Police Head-quarters is Harry Hill's dance-house, a dangerous resort of the disreputable classes. Near the comer of Amity and Greene Sts. is the Midniffkt Mission, a charitable reformatory institution which has achieved great results for good in one of the worst parts of the city. ^ The second side street to the I. beyond the lofty Grand Central Hotel leads to Washington Square, a pleasant park of 9^ acres, laid out on the old Potter's Field, where over 100,000 bodies are buried in trenchea. On m NEW YORK CITY. jR(mte J. 21 otliing for ihelter and I childi'eii. A, and has children r) i» on the 3le ^)hilan- quict and ) 1. to tlie ' id by the s career). built on te marbliB . Life In- ghfare of Appren- lale store, itore, and > Prescott n building memoire de ruin 1818." the Latin ich (at 8(K) I run to all on duty by md revolv- bvave and od of men Ine appear- dangerous aene Bts. is a achieved tral Hotel ut on the ches. On the E. side Is the University of the Cityqfyeto York, a fine marble bnfld- ing 200 ft. long, in Eogliah collegiate architectnre, with a large Oothio window lighting the chai>el. The Univer»ity was founded in 1831, and has schools of art, medicine, law, civil eiigineering, and chemistry, ^rith about 50 professors and teachers, and irom 500 to 600 students. Along- side the University is a handsome stone church of the Methodists. On IS. Wa!)hii)gton PI. was the home of Cornelius Yanderbilt, the railroad king, who was born on Statei) Island in 1794, and operated in the steamboat trade for 40 years. He then turned his attention to railroads, and accn- mulated $40,000,000. Above the Grand Central Hotel, Astor Place leads off obliquely to the r. to the Mercantile Library^ a circulating library of about 160,000 volumes (with 8 branches in adjacent cities)^ which has a re^ng-room containing 452 periodicals (open a. m. to l6 P. M. ; $ 5 a year ; strangers admitted to read on introduction from mem« bers). This library is in Clinton Hall, the first opera-house in N. Y. Here occurred the fatal riots between the people and the patricians, dur- ing Macready's performances, when the military fired upon the mob and [killed many persons, dose by (on the S.), in Lafayette Place, is the "^ Astor Library, occupying 2 lofty halls- in a large Romanesque building. The library was endowed by John Jacob Astor with $400,000, and has over 150,0(X) volumes, besides rare old books and considerable depart- ments in the European languages (open to the public from 9 to 5 o'clock). Adjoining the library lived the late Wm. B. Astor, the richest citi- zen of the U. S., — a plain, cold, hard-working man, who was worth $ 60 - 100,000,000. The Bibie House (at the end of Astor Place) is an im- mense stnicture, 6 stories high, covering | of an acre, with 728 ft. frohtage, and containing 600 operatives. It belongs to the American Bible Society, and besides the vast number of Bibles issued from its presses, there are 13 religious and philanthropic papers published in the building. Since 1817 tliis Society has received nearly $6,000,000, and has issued 10,000,000 Bibles and Testaments in 24 languages, besides granting $ 500,000 to mis- sionary stations. Several powerful religious organizations are domiciled in the Bible House. Opposite this point is the * Cooper InBtitate, a large brown-stone building which occupies an entire square, and was founded by Peter Cooper, a wealthy and philanthropic iron manufacturer of N. Y. (bom in 1791, and still living). It has a great library and read- ing-room, with courses of lectures and special studies (designing, teleg- raphy, etc., for women), nearly all of which are free to the public. In this building are the rooms of the American Institute and the American Geographical Society. Just S. of the Institute is the iron building of the Tompkins Market, over which is the armory of the wealthy and aristo- cratic 7th Regiment of the National Guai^^ of the State of N. Y., a thor- oughly disciplined coips (tf citizen-soldiers. t% Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. \ Down 7th St. to tlie E. ts Tompkint Squart, an open ground of 10^ aorM, nied for the paruUus uf tho inilltia anil police, and a favorite braathlng-place for the workingmen wlio live in the vluinity. Ilvro ouuurred the conflict Itetween the conununitttd and the police, In 1873. Retweon Tompkins Bquuro and the Bowery in tho densely ponulated 17th Waixl, wltli 2.305 tenement-houses, and 9S,087L In- habitants, on £M. square. Near Tompkins Hquare (Ud St., near Ave. A) Is the Church of the Most Holy Redeemer (Oornian Catholic), with a spire 205 ft. high. Stuyvesant Place leads N. K from the Cooper Institute, passing the ancient Church of St. Mark (" in tho Cowerie "), which has the tombs of tho Dutch Captain-General Stuyvesant (died in 1682), the Britinh Gov- ernor Sloughter, and the American Governor Tompkins. At the end of the place is the yellow sandstone building of the N. Y. Historical Society. It is to be regretted that, on account of some trifling depredations, the fine coUtictlons of this Society are closed against the people (except such as can get a ticket from a member). The Abbutt collection of Egyptian an- tiquities was gathered by Dr. Abbott during a residence of 20 yeiws in Cairo, and includes 1,118 specimens, among wlii< h are ornaments, amiUets, and statuettes in gold, silver, bronze, poi-celuiu, alalt&iter, marble, ivory, and glass ; weapons, papyi-i, and munnnics : 3 creut mununied bulls ; tho head of a colossal statue of the Pharaoh of the Exodus ; the armor of Kin|; Shishak, captor of Jerusalem in 971 D. c. ; strawlcss bricks of the llcbi-ew captivity ; the gold signet-ring of King Cheops, builder of the great Pyramid, in the year 2302 B. c . ; and the golden Jewelry of Menes, the tlrst king named in history (2771 b. c). The Lenox collec- tion of Nineveh sculptures includes 13 ]>iuces, representing the mystical figures of the old Assyrian theology. Tho Gallery of Art has 007 pictures, including 10 portraits by A. B. Durand, 11 by Jarvis, 4 by LUlott, 8 (Indians) by St. Memln, 8 each by I^icks, Huntington, nnd Osgood ; 13 pictures by Hogg, and examples uf Cranch, Ingham, Trumbull, Mount, the Peales, btuurt, Gignoux, Sully, vander- lyn, Copley, Benjamin West, and Page. Among other works of Thomas Cole is the celebrated series called " The Courae of Empire." Of the old masters thei-e are (of the Flemish .School) by Wouvermans 4 pictui-es, by Van der Velde 4, by Terburg 3, by Jan Both 4, by Van Bloemen 3, by Tenicrs the Younger 7, by Weenix, Snydei-s, Steen, Ruysdael, Rembrandt, Van Ostade, Neefs, Mabuse, Hemling, Van Eyck, Douw, Cuyp, Brouwer, Bei-ghem, Phillipe de Champagne, Quintin Matsys, Van Dyck (3 pictures), and Rubens (5). Of the German School, by Valkenburg, Schoen, Holbein (2), Durer, Denner, and Lucas Cranach (2). Of the French School, 5 by Nicholas Poussln, 3 by Guaspre Poussin, 4 of the school of Claude Lorraine, 2 Courtois, 2 Mignard, 4 Joseph Vemet, 2 Horace Vernet, 8 Decamps, 2 Boucher, 7 Watteau,6 by J. B. Greuze, and examples of Prud'hon, Toumiere, Le Sueur, Chardin, and Rigaud. Of the English School, by Gains- borough, Lawrence, West, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Hogarth. Of the Spanish School, 5 by Diego Velasquez, and 4 by Murillo. Of the School of Italy, 3 by Giottino, 2 Gaddi, 2 Memmi, Cimabue, Bordono ; 2 by Leonardo da Vinci, 2 Giorgione, and originals by Uccello, Castagno, Botticelli, Pemgino, Raphael. Ferrari, Fra Bartolomeo, Titian, Tintoretto, Zucco, Veronese, Del Piombo, and Andrea del Sarto ; 2 by Mantegnn, 2 by Correggio, 3 by Annibale Caracci, and ex- amples by Romano, Luini, Bronzini, Domenichino, Guido, Gentileschi, Sas(sofer- rato, Canaletto, and the schools of Carlo Dolci and Salvator Rosa. There are about CO busts and pieces of statuary, by Brown, Greenough, Houdon, Chantrey, Palmer, Clevenger, Mills, Ives, Ball, Launitz, and the Crawford marbles. Returning to Broadway and passing N., the dry-goods store of A. T, Stewart & Co. is seen on the r. (comer of 9th St. ), with its 5 stories of iron and glass, and 15 acres of flooring. It is the largest store in thevworld, and its sales average $ 60,000 a day. There are about 2,000 employees iu the building, and the salesrooms extend through 3 stories (the third being devoted to carpets). * Grace Churoh and Rectory are now seen on the r.. NEW YORK CITY. JUmUl 23 Md are costly marble buildings in florid Gothic architecture. The lofty and graceful spire is much admired ; and the interior of the church, with 40 stained windows, light columns, arches, and carvings, has a theatrical splendor. At Ihis point Broadway bends to the 1 ., — passes the St. Denia and St. Oemiain Hotels, and the Methodist Book Concern (whose lower floor is occupied by James McCreery's elegant dry-goods store), — and enters Union Square between the lofty building of the Domestic Sewing- Machine Co. and Wallack's and the Union Square Theatres. Union Bquue contains a pleasant oval park 3^ acred in extent, with green lawns and shrubbery, and a population of English sparrows (imported by the city to exterminate the worms on the trees). Although formerly the most fashionable residence-quarter, the Square is now lined with fine hotels and stores. On the K is a colossal equestrian * statue of Wash- ington, which is much admired ; and on the W. is a bronze statue of Lincoln. The palatial jewelry s1»re of Tiff'any k Co. is on the comer of W. 15th St. ; and on the next square is Brentano's " literary head-quar- ters" (foreign magazines and papers). Farther up Broadway are the great dry-goods stores of Arnold, Constable, & Co. (comer of 19th St.) and Lord k Taylor (comer of 20th St.). 14th St. runs E. from Union Square by Steinway Hall, the Academy of Music, Grace Cliurch Chapel, and Tammany Hall (the head-quarters of the Democratic party in N. Y.); and to the W. it passes through a line of stores and offices. The * Metropolitan Xoieam of Art has been transferred to its new building in the Central Park. The pictures by the old masters are of undoubted authenticity, and were pur- chased in Brussels and Paris in 1870. The gallery is entered by passing through tlie old conservatory and turning to the r. down a stairway. 1, Adoration of the M.igl, Van der Metre ; 2, Descent from the Cross, Van der Weyden ; 3, • Return of the Holy Family from Egvpt, Rubens ; 4, Lions chasing Deer, Rubens ; 5, St. Martlia at Prayer, Van Dyck ; 6, Portrait, Van Dyck ; 7, Triumph of Bacchus, Jordaens; 8, •Alexander and Diogenes, G. de Grayer; 10, Marriage Festival, Teniers the Youn:ier ; 11, Italian Landscape, Huysmani ; 13 and 14, Landscapes, Breughel ; 15 and 10, Landscapes, Ryckaert ; 18 and 19, Summer and Autumn, Vinckeboons ; 23 and 130, Church Interiors, Neefs the Younger ; 24, Pasture, Dm- meganck ; the next 9 pictures are by Horemans ; 35, Dives, Franck«n ; 36, 133, Combats of Cavalry, Van der Meulen ; 87, Interior of Antwerp Cathedral, Nee/s ; 83, Temptation of St. Anthony, Teniers ; 40, 41, 124, Genre pictures by De France ; 42, Oust of Wind, De Mame ; 43, Head of Christ, Bouts; 45, Old Fiddler, J. Van Ojtade ; 66, Sunset, Van der Nur ; 47, Smolcer, A. Van Ostade ; 50, Portrait, Ter- b^trg ; 51, Jacob and Laban, Victors ; 52, Italian Landscape, Both ; 53, View in Holland, Hobbema ; 57, 58, anc; 59, by Hugtenburgh ; 61, Dutch Kermesse. Jan Steen ; 56, Italian Seaport, Weenix ; 71, The Halt, Wouvermans ; 73, Fauns and Nymphs Bathing, PoeUnburg ; 74, 75, 76. Hunting Scenes, De Vries ; 80 and 81, Market Scenes, Gaet; 83, Portrait, Sir Peter Lely ; 94-97, Children's Games, AU bixni ; 98, Portrait, Paris Bordone ; 103, Comical March, Pater ; 104 and 105, Game Pieces. Gudry ; 107. 108, 115, Game. Fyt; 109, Banquet, Hals; 110, Dutch Kermesse, Ruysdael ; 113, Jewess of Tangier, Spanish School ; 116, Environs of Haarlem, Van Goyen ; 118. St. John and the infant Jesus, Jvrdaens ; 120, Head of a Young Girl, Greuze ; 122, Leda, Van der Werff ; 123, Mtidonna, Sowo/ermto ; 126. Portrait, Sir Joshua Reynolds ; 127. Jan Steen ; 129, Tippler, Van Mieris ; U2, Sketch, VorciaMw; 185, The Crowning with Thorns, Ti^^; 188, Portrait, 24 HouUl NEW YOBK CITY. rarndtrHOatj 180, Mvthologloal. W, Pou$itn; 140, The BMTlflce of AVrthan, Ti^foto; 148, Cruuiflxfon, Boyermans; 144, Portrait, FranM HaU; 145 and 146, Ven«tian Views, Guardi; l&O, Marine, and 161, View of Alkmaar, Ruyidatl; 167, Bcce Homo, and 168, Mater Doloroea, FlemUh School ; 162, Boar Hunting, Hoi^ divsj 166, Fruit, Wemix; 167, Fitth, Van Btytren; 168, Quay at Leyden, Van d«f Heyden; 170, Train-bands celebrating Peace, Hals; 171. Fruit, VelamnuM; 173, Portrait, JDe Vri«$ ; 174, Conquest of the Golden Fleece, Van Diepenbttek. In 1866 Qeu. di Cesnola, an Italian noble, and a soldier of America in the Secea* ■Ion War, was appointed U. B. Consul to C*yprus. He soon entered with ardor noon the task of opening the buried Greek and Phoenician cities of the ancient island ; and in 7 years' labor amid the rains of Citium, Idalium, Golgos, and Pa* phos, unearthed the present Ctmola Collection. TM British Museum and other European coUeotors attempted to secure it, but the Metropolitan Museum suc- ceeded in gaining the prize. The antiquities are more interesting in a historical and ethnological than an Ksthetic point of view. The conservatonr contains the statuary fVom the temple at Golgos, including Hercules and the high-priest of Venus, aqd other works, — Egyptian, Phoenician, Archaic, and later Greek.. Among the other otijects in the collection may be mentioned, vnses of all sixes, lamps, arms, and utensils of bronze and copper, pottery, amphorae, scarabni, ie« pulchral columns, statuettes, gold and silver Jewelry, gems, votive offerings, and serpentine and alabaster carvings. There are also groups of gold mortuary orna- ments, and a collection of 1,672 pieces of Qifeek glassware from the tombs at Ida- lium and Citium. The moat interesting collections of the Museum are those that are left on loan by the wealthy virtuosi at the citj'. Among these are many brilliaift pictures by the American masters ; modem statuary ; Delft, SSvres, and porcelain wares : antique and mediaeval curiosities of many kinds ; carved, inlaid, and mosaic work ; coins and medals, etc. Explanatory catalogues of the Cypriote collections and the old paintings are sold at the door (25c. each). At the comer of 14th St. and 6th Ave. is the armory of the 22d Regi- ment ; and to the S. on 6th Ave. is the Jefferson Market, near the new and costly court-house and jail of the Third District. University Place, runs S. from Union Square to the N. Y. University, passing the N. Y. Society Library (near 12th St. ; founded in 1754; 64,000 volumes; closed to the public), and the Union Theological Semi- nary of the Presbyterian Church, with 11 professors, 117 students, and a library of 33,000 volumes. 7oart]i Avenue runs N. f^om Union Square. 16th St. diverges to the r. to Stuyvesant Square and St. Oeorge'a Chwrch, a large brown- stone edi- fice in Romanesque architecture, with a lofty frescoed ceiling, and twin spires 245 ft. high. This is perhaps the foremost society of the Low Church Episcopalians in America, and is under the care of S. H. Tyng, D. D. Stuyvesant Square was part of the old " Bowerie " estate of tho Dutch Governor Stuyvesant, and was given to the city by one of his de- scendants. On the comer of 2d Ave. and 13th St. is the tnmk of a pear- tree which was imported by Stuyvesant from Holland, and flourished for 200 years. Farther up 4th Ave. (comer of 20th St.) is the Church of All Souls {T>T. Bellows; Unitarian), a singular structure in Italian architec- ture, with alternate cpurses of brick and Ught-colored stone. (A sliort dis- tance to the r. on 20th St. is the patrician Gramercy Park.) On the next comer is the Calvary CThurch (Epis.), a Gothic building of brown-stone ; uid near by is Si. PauTs Church (Meth.), a Romanesque edifice of white N£W YOWL CITY. nouU 1. 25 nmrble. On the comer of 4th Avo. and 23d St. if the Younff MnCt Christian AtMcitUion Building, a larpe and costly Renaissance structure of brown and Ohio stone, containing a toe library, reading-rooms, parlors, a gymnasium, and a public hall. Strangers will meet a kindly w«lc( me here. Opposite the Y. M. C. A. is the elegant • Kational Aoadamy of Design, built of gray and white marbles and blue-stone in the purer Gothic forms of the 12th century, with certain features copied from the \mt Venetian architecture. It has an imposing entrance and stairway, • leading to extensive galleries, where every spring and summer are held ex- hibitions of hundreds of the recent works of the best American artista (admission 25c. ; season-tickets, |1). ^ - Tlie Snydara Collection is here on permanent deposit. Among the pictures are 7 landrtcaiws by Buydam, 4 portroita by Huntington, 2 landncapes by M.Eutee, S iiortriits by Stone, 4 landacaiws by Kensett, 3 by HlcVfc, 2 by Church. Hubbard 2, Green 2, Caallear 2, Siiattnclc 8, Kellog« 3, Lang 2, iart 2, Cropaey 2, Oiflford, Cliampney. Durand. Richai-ds, Johnson, Dana ; Boughton 8, Lamb rtin 2. Vrin 2, Lanibtlin 2, Noel, Uckel, Mignot, Guilleinin, Diaz, Flauira, Achenbach, and Ciilanic. Besides tliese tliere ure several copies fW>m antiques, at 'I the oilginal Marriage of St. Catherine, by Corregglo (catalogues in th' gallery V E. of the Academy (on 23d St.) are the N. Y. College of Physida '' and Surgeons, the Demilt Dispensary, the Ophthalmic Hospital, and iln Col- lego of the City of N. Y. (comer of Lexington Ave. : 824 students ; 10,000 vols, in library). Passing W. along 23d St., • Midiion Square h soon reached (3 M. from the Battei7), a bright and fashion-favored park of 6 acres, surrounded by club-houses and palatial hotels ( Fifth Avenue, Hoffman, Brunswick, etc. )> and adorned with a monument to Gen. Worth. 2M St. runs thence to the Hudson River, passing Booth's Theatre, with the imposing Masonic Temple on the opposite corner, and the Grand Opera House on the comer of 8th Ave. Turning to the 1. from 23d St. down 9th Ave. to 20th St., there may be seen the plain stone buildings of the richly endowed and flourishing General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church. Broadway rans from Madison Square N. to Central Park in 2 M., passing at first through a c^^^nter of hotels, chief among which is thd picturesque Stevens House (Ac --* :/ami, comer of 27th St.). Beyond Wood's Museum (comer of 30th St.) and the stately Congrega- tional Tabernacle (comer of 34th St.), a divergence to the 1. leads to the Manhattan Market, which is at the foot of W. d4th St., and is the best building of the kind in the city. It was built in 1871, aud cost about $1,250,000, being 800 ft. long and. 200 ft. wide. The view from the tower (228 ft. high) up and down the Hudson River is highly commended. At the comer of Broadway and 62d St. are the three great palaces of the Hotels Newport, Saratoga, and Albany, French-flat houses. 26 Route 1. NEW YORK CITY. From the point where Broadway reaches the Central Park (comer of 8th Ave. and 59th St.) a grand avenue called the Bouleyard, with a parked centre and graceful curves, runs N. to the Harlem River. It is yet new, and has few houses, but is intended for the Champs Elys^es of New York. At 73d St. is passed the N. Y. Orphan Asylum, an elegant Gothic builduig on 15 acres of ground sloping to the Hudson (200 chil- dren). At 86th St, near the Riverside Boulevard, is the House of Mercy, with its fine chapel. It was founded in 1854 by the Episcopal Church, for reforming young women, and is under the care of the Sistera of St. Mary. The Leake and Watts Orphan House is at 111th St., and accommodates 250 children. Near this point is the new Morning-side Park, close by the Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane, which is lo- cated among pleasant ganlens covering an area of 40 acres (fronting on 115th St.). The Boulevard now leads by market-gardens and rural villas to the village of Manhattanville (125th- 132d St.), which extends to the verge of Harlem Plains. At 129th St. and 10th Ave. is the Sheltering Arms, where 100 sick and needy children are cared for by the Episcopal Sisters of St. Mary. Here are the stately buildings ot Manhattan College, with 694 students (in all departments) and 48 professors. It was founded by the Christian Brothers in 1853, and has 2 affiliated acade- mies in the city, — the Manhattan Academy (W. 32d St.) and the De La Salle Institute. Near the college is the great Gothic Convent of the Sacred Heart. Manhattanville is 8| M. from the Battery ; and little more than 1 M. beyond is Carmansmlle (formerly owned by the Carman family), a collection of villas near which is the large summer-resort known as the • Riverside Hotels fronting the Hudson. On 155th St. is Trinity Church Cemetery, where are buried Bishops Wainwright and Onderdonk, Philip Livingston (a signer of the Declaration of Independence), John Jacob Astor, and Audubon, the naturalist. On 14341 St. are the elegant buildings of the Colored Orphan Asylum; near 151st St. is the Soldiers' Orphans' Home; and at the foot of 154th St. is Audubon Park, a collec- tion of residences on the former grounds of the great naturalist. Audubon, the son of a French admiral, was bom at New Orleans in 1780, studied painting under David at Paris, and travelled nearly all over the U. S. for 20 years, with rifle and pen&il, gathering material for "The Birds of America," — a work in 4 volumes, with 488 life-size colored plates. It was flnished in 1844, and met with great success. It was called by Baron Cuvier, " the most gigantic and most magnificent monument that has ever been erected to nature." Audu- bon resided at this place, writing other great works, from lb39 until his death in 1851. Carmansville is on the narrow part of the island, on the S. E. slope of Mt. Washington and near the High Bridge on Harlem River (the Indian Muscoota). Over the latter is the site of the Morris House, the ancient mansion of Ccl. Morris, who. married Mary Philipse (the lady who declined Washington's attentions iu 1756), and afterwaixls became a royalist ofBcer. The Morris House overlooks up- per N.Y., Long Island, and the Sound, the Harlem River, Astoria, and Flushing ; and was the head-quarters of Washington during the disastrous campaign of ISept., NEW YORK ciry. Jtoute 1. 27 ^iw 1776. It was afterwards occupied for many years by Madame Jamel, the widow of Aaron Burr. Below Carmansville is " The Grange," the home of Alexander Hamilton, situated on a far-viewing hill, near which is a group of 13 trees, planted by Hamilton, and named after the original States ; the South Carolina tree alone grew up crooked. ifear Carmansville is the Clendenning Valley, which is crossed by an aqueduct 1,950 ft. long and 50 ft. deep, with archways for 3 streets. N. of Carmansville is Fort Washington, the chief summit on Manhattan Island (238 ft. high), commanding a noble * view over the upper city, the Hudson, and the bold opposite heights of Fort Lee. It is now occupied by villas, and near the river is the * West End Hotel, a sumptuous summer hotel, with ferry to the Palisade-Mt. House. Upon these heights is the large mansion with a gilded dome, which was built by James Gordon Beimett, the founder of the " N. Y. Herald." The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb occupies elegant and spacious buildings in Italian archi- tecture, surmounted by a domed tower, and is near the Kingsbridge Road (10 M. from the Battery). It is an educational establishment, with 30 teachers and 400 students (visitors admitted, 1.30-4 daily). Near 176th St. is the N. V. Juvenile Asylum, with dark granite buildings in a park of 20 acres, accommodating over 500 children. It is for the reformation and protection of children under 14 years of age, and has sheltered over 13,000. The broad Kingsbridge Road runs N. to Kingsbridge (15 M. from the Battery ; built in 1693 by Frederick Philipse), which crosses into the lower parts of Westchester County, recently annexed to the city of N. Y. ; and roads run thence to Yonkers and Fordham. 7 bridges cress the connected tidal inlets of Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Harlem River, N. of Manhattan Island; of which 2 are for railroads, and 1 is an aqueduct. The * High Bridge is a structure worthy of the Roman Empire. It is 1,450 ft. long and 114 ft. high, is supported on 14 piers, and is used to carry the Croton Aqueduct across the Harlem River. It is 11 M. from the Battery (near 173d St. ), is built of granite, and cost $ 900,000. In this vicinity is the Century Howe, an inn which was built about the year 1750. Above the bridge is a costly high-service reservoir and stand-pipe. The adjacent shores of the river are lofty and well wooded, and very picturesque. Soon after the battle of Long Island, the American army marched to Kings- brietween 181st and 180th St.)> and garrisoned by 3,000 men. Congress had ordered tliat Forts Washington and Lee, with the ol)8truc- tions in the Hudson between them, should be held at all hazards. But the Tort was soon environed ; the Heet ascended the Hudson ; and on the morning of Nov. 16, 1776, a combined attack was made. The Hessians and Waldeckers stormed Cockhill Fort and Fort Tryon ; Lord Percy drove the Marylanders frnni Manhat- tanvillo ; the guards and grenadiei*s drove the Jerseymen from Port Gertrge ; and Stirling's 42d Highlanders landed at the foot of 152d St. and carried the redoubt above. The Hessians and Highlanders then routed the Marylanders at Trinity Cluu'ch Cemeteiy, and at noon the Americans had all been crowded into Fort Washington. That citadel was surrendered at 1 p. m., with 2,000 Continentals and GOO militia. The Americans lost 100 killed and wounded, and the British 'lost nearly 1,000. Washington and his generals witnessed this battle and sur- render from Fort Lee, across the Hudson. The name of the conquered fortress was changed to Fort Knyphausen, and strong lines of batteries were built by the victors along the Harlem River. To the N. extended the neutral ground of West- chester County, nearly every village and valley of which was thereafter for five years alanned by hot skirmishes between Delancey's Loyalists and Simcoe's Queen's Rangers on the one side, and the New England and N. Y. partisans on the other. Fort Washington is most easily reached by taking the Elevated Railway from the lower part of the city and riding to the Hudson River R. R. station at 80th St., whence 10-12 trains daily depart for Manhattan ville, 152d St., Fort Wash> ington, Spuyten Duyvil, and Tarrytown. Fifth Avenne begins at Washington Square and runs N. to Harlem River in 6 M. For the first 3 M. (to the Central Park at 69th St.) it is lined with houses ; from 59th to 110th St. it is paved with wood, and has the Park on the 1., and on the r. occasional new houses on land of im-> mense value; and from the curve around the rocky heights of Mt. Morris to the Harlem River (118th to 135th St.) it is lined with villas. Below Madison Square it is being invaded by stores and hotels; but above that point it is chiefly devoted to residences. On leaving Washington Square, the Church of the Ascension (Epis.) is passed on 10th St., and at 11th St. is the Ist Pres. Church. At the 14th St. comer is Delmonico's (" the best restaurant in the world "), aUd Union Square is seen to the r. At the 15th St. corner is the house of the Manhattan Club, the head-quarters of the patricians of the Democratic party in N. Y. ; and lo the E. on 15th St. , near 4th Ave., is the house of the Century Club, which includes the leading literati and artists of the city. To the 1. on 16th St. are the Italian Gothic buildings and church' of the College of St Francis Xavler, a Jesuit institution with 27 instructors and nearly 500 students. Here is the head- quarters of the Order of Jesus in New York, Canada, and tlie Indian Missions on the Lakes. At 18th St. is the ornate and beautiful build- ing of Chickering Hall, devoted to music ; and the cruciform Gothic Church of the Holy Conmiunion (Epis.) is at the corner of 20th St. and 6th Ave. At 20th St. is the house of the wealthy Union Club ; and at 21st St. is the S. Dutch Reformed Church, beyond which the avenue passes the line of superb hotels on the W. side of Madison Square and NEW YORK CITY. Route 1. 29 crosses Broadway obliquely. The route from Madison Square to the Central Park by this avenue leads through the most aristocratic and splendid street in America, forming a scene of unexcelled brilli&iicy and beauty, especially on pleasant Sundays after morning service and late in the afternoon. At the N. E. comer of Madison Square is the Hip- podrome, an immense building accommodating 20,000 people ; and at tl'.e corner of E. 24th St. is Dr. Adams's Presbjrterian church. In this vicinity are the houses of the Eclectic Club, 6th Ave. and 26th St. ; the ♦ Union League, Madison Ave. and 26th St. ; the N. Y. Yacht Club and the American Jockey Club, Madison Ave. and 27th St. ; the Travellers', 222 5th Ave. ; and the Army and Navy Club, No. 8 28th St., near 5t.h Ave. Just off the avenue, ou 25th St., is Trinity Chapel, an elegant edifice, which is frescoed and lined with Caen stone, has riclily stained ■windows, and is famous for its choral services. On the comer of 27th St. is the quaint and picturesque Stevens House. 28th St leads oflF to the E. to Bellevue Hospital and the Moi^ue, passing St. Stephen's Church (near Lexington Ave.), an unattractive building, within which is the most elegant marble altar in America, and a famous altar-picture of the Cruci- fixion. The church seats nearly 4,000 people, and is celebrated for its music. At the comer of 5th Ave. and 29th St. is the white granite edifice of the rich Reformed Church ; and on 29th St., just E.* of the avenue, is the quaint and irregular Church of the Transfiguration, which is much used for fashionable weddings, and is faniiliarly known as " the little church around the corner." Behind tlie pulpit is a large copy of Raphael's painting of the Ascension. On the comer of 34th St. is the palace of the late A. T. Stewart, which cost $ 2,000,000, has a lai-ge picture-gallery, and is the finest residence in America. Stewart was born at Belfast, Ireland, in 1802, was partly educated for the min- istry, came to N. Y. iu 1818, was an assistant teacher, and in 1823 opened a small trijiinungs store. He worked 14-18 hours a day, and by energy and tact in- creased liis business until he became the most successful merchant in the world, and was wortli s;^ 30 - ^ 60,000,000. He died in April, 1876. 34th St. leads W. to the Hudson and the gi-eat Manhattan Market, pass- ing the Congregational Tabernacle (Dr. W. M. Taylor), and the turreted and battlemented buildings of the N. Y. Institution for the Blind. At 7th Ave. and 35th St. is the massive and loopholed City Arsenal; at the comer of 9th Ave. and 31st St. are seen the spacious buildings of St. Michael's Schools ; and at 9th Ave. and 36th St. is the Gothic building of the Northwestern Dispensary. E. of 6th Ave., 34th St. runs to Park Ave., on high ground which is underlaid by the 4th Ave. R. R. tracks, passing through a tunnel over which are well-arranged parks. The Uni- tarian Church of the Messiah fronts on. Park Ave., and has a very elegant portal ; and is near the spacious Church of the Covenant (Pres.), which is buUt of gray-stone in Lombardo-Gothic architecture. In this vicinity [T ! I 30 Jtoute 1. NEW YORK CITY. I:: : I (corner of 4th Ave. and 32d St.) is a vast and elegant iron building, erected by A. T. Stewart for a home for working- women. On the comer of 6th Ave. and 35th St. is the costly and ultra-ritualistic Christ Church (Epis. ), with its renowned artistic music and elaborate frescos ; while the plainer Brick Cliurch (Pres.) is on the 37th St. comer. From 40th to 42d Sts. (on Murray Hill) is the Dittribating Beieryoir of the Croton Aqueduct, massi"ely built in Egyptian architecture, 14 ft. high and 420 ft. square, wxih an area of 4 acres and a capacity of 23,000,000 gallons. The h oi I promenade on top is open to the public, and commands pleasing v. i^s. Reservoir Square is a pretty park to the W. (the fomier site of the Crystal Palace) ; and the French Catholic Col- lege of SI. Louis is farther down on i'jid St., beyond th6 St. Cloud Hotel. Opposite the Reservoir (on 6th Ave.> is the feudal building of Rutgers Female College, founded in 1838, and in 1867 made a college, with a 4 years' course and au art school. It is to be removed to Moming-side Park. Two squares to the E., on 42d St., is the * Grand Central Depot, the convening point of several railroads, and the finest building for the purpose in America. It is an enormous structure of brick, stone, and iron, covering 3 acres ; and its W. front, 692 ft. long, in Renaissance architecture; with several Louvre domes, is said to resemble the Tuileries. Just beyond (on 42d St.) are the round towers and pointed windows of the Asylum for Cripples. The new and spacious Church of the Holy Trinity (S. H. Tyng, Jr.) is on the corner of Madison Ave. and 42d St., above which are the minaret-like towers and gi'aceful round arches of St. Bartholoinew's- Church (Epis.), which has an inteiior of famed beauty. On the next comer is the singular round building of corrugated iron which is occupied by the (Cong.) Church of the Disciples. On tbo comer of 6th Ave. «»nd 43d St. is the Jewish * Temple Emanuel, the chief of the 27 synagogues of the city, and the finest piece of Saracenic architecture in America. It has some features borrowed from the ancient Alhambra, and the interior is a dazzling picture of Oriental magnificence. At the S. E. comer of 43d St. and 5th Ave. is the former mansion of Wm. M. Tweed, the head of the Tammany Ring. On the 45th St. cor- ner is Dr. Chapin's Universalist Church of the Divine Paternity, nearly opposite the curious front of the Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest. At 46th St. is the luxurious Windsor Hotel ; and at 48th St. is the new and costly Collegiate Dutch Reformed Church. 49th St. Iechjc style, with a lofty usul ai^issivo Victoria tower. The Foundlirg Hospital is still farther E. ; aiui in pkria sight is the Mount Sinai Hospital (Jewish), a cluster of ba*^- lings vi Elizabethan architecture, erected at a cost of $ 340,000. The \mt Ger- man park and beer-garden called «/bne«'£ Wood is ;>till farLher E., at the river-side, and looks across on Blackwell's IsJaad. The Colored Home is at the foot of 64th St, near the East River ; and the Baptist Old Ladies* Homo is on the comer of 68th St. and 4th Ave. At 78d St. and Madison Ave. is the Presbyterian Home for Aged Women ; at 77th St. and M Ave. f «? the Hebrew Oiphan Asylum ; i.nd at 79ih St. and 4th Ave, is the German Hospit>J. Near 80th St., the Belvedere Tc^ver U seen to the l, in the Park; m.'l beyond tlxis are the embankments of the reservoir. At 81st St, and Mat'isoa Av??, is the Convent of St. Catharine, occupied by the Sisters of Mercy, and .sun-ounded by auxiliary charitable institutions. At 86th St. anti Madiso:> Ave. is the Shepherd's Fold, lor poor children ; and at 5th Ave, and o9th St. is the Magdalen Benevolent Institution. At 88th St. and Madison Ave. is St. Luke's Home for Indigent Christian Females, a fine Gothic building, adjoining the new memorial Church of the Beloved Disciple. Farther E., on 89th St., is the Convent of Notre Dame, near St* Josepj|i's Orphan Asylum and the House of the Good Shepherd, with about 500 women who have been reclaimed from the evil life, and are cared for by 80 sisters. Near 105th St,, Mount St. Vincent and the Great Hill are seen, on the I. of 5th Ave. ; and the avenue soon leaves the Park, and enters an undulating and picturesque region. At 118th St. it reaches Mount Morris^ the park of Harlem, and, curving around its rugged basfi, passes on to Harlem, a large and populous vil- lage on the Harlem ..liver, with several fine churches and a lucrative manufacturing industry. An iron bridge crosses the Harlem Eiver at this point, near which a large ilotilla of pleasure-boats is kept for hire, and the steamboats for Peck Slip and High Bridge are moored. Horse-cars run from Harlem to Manhattanville. From the N. side of the bridge horse-cars nm to Morrisania, Tiemont, and Fordham (45 min. ; 10c.), traversing a dull and uninteresting wooden suburb, inhabited chiefly by Germans. 1 "1 CENTRAL PARK. Old A rstnal and Mustum, Marble A rch. Statues of Scott and Shake- speare. Casino. Music Pavilion. Terrace. Bow Bridge. Balcony Bridge* The Knoll. The Great Hill. Old Forts. The Pooh The Cascade. Scholars* Gate. Artists^ " Artisans* " Merchants* " WomenU " Hunters* " Mariners* " Gate of All Saints. Boys* Gate. Children* s Gate. Miners* " Strangers* " Wocdmen*s " Girls* " Farmers* " Warriors* '* Lenox Library. NEW YORK CITY. ItouU 1. 33 * * Central Park. points ^Atllll v- 4 p. M. in summer, are the favorite hour* for citizens to visit the Park. On sum- mer afternoons (especially Sundays) the promenades and driveways are thronged with people ; and during winter tiiero are brilliant sltating-carnivals on the frc ieii lal;e3 (skates may be hired at the adjacent cottages). The Park is reached by either of several horse-car lines ftom the Astor House and the lower part of the city. Near the -SfcAo^ar'a Cate (6th Ave. and 59th St.) is a colossal bronze bust of Humboldt, the gift of the German citizens of N. Y. On tlie 1. ia the irregular sheet of water called the Pond, lying between rugged hills, and covering 5 acres. It is a favorite skatiug-ground in winter, and is much visited by the Scottish admirers of the curling-game. To the W. is the Play Ground, which extendi nearly to the bronze statue of Com- merce, by the Merchants' Gate (8th Ave.). N. of the Pond is the Dairy (light refreshments), the Carrousel (children's amusements), and the base- ball ground. Near 5th Ave. is the * Amerioan Museum of Natural History, occupying the massive castellated building formerly used as the State Arsenal. The Zoological Garden is arranged outside the Museum, and includes lions, ^igers, leopards, camels, giraffes, buffalo, bears, wolves, hyenas, and muuy other rare animals. Those from the tropical regions are kept in a large warm hall dur- ing the winter season ; but the hardier animals of the North weather the cold montiiS in their cages in the open air. In front of the building are large aviaries filled with pigeons and bald eagles ; also families of monkeys and tropical birds. The Museum has been gatliercd on tlie nucleus of tlie famous collection of the Archduke Maximilian, and includes 12,000 prepared biixls, 3,000 reptiles and fishes, and 1,000 mammals. The first floor has several cases filled witli S. Ameri- can birds ; also statues of Columbus and Wasliington ; and the celebrated group of an Arab courier and camel attacked by lions. On the second floor aro the birds of Africa, 6 cases of crania and slcelutons, fish, reptiles, fossils, mineials, corals, shells, butterflies, moths, beetles, ancient stone implements, insects and their, arcliitecture, lichens, and polished building-stones. On the third floor are large and brilliant collections of birds, deer, monkeys, rodents, and marsupial and car- nivorous animals. On the upper floor are the costly and ingenious instruments of the Meteorological Observatory. The Museum is open to the public except on Mondays and Tuesdays, wlieu permits to enter must be obtained at the office of the Departmettt of Public Parks, No. 3U Union Square. The paths from the gates on 59th St. lead to the Marble Arch, a costly piece of masonry over which passes the driveway. The landscapes in the lower part of the grounds are of cultured beauty ; and the rambles and drives conduct by graceful curves and passing picturesque knolls and groves, bridges and arbors, to * The Mall, the chief promenade ot the Park. It is 1,212 ft. long and 208 ft. wide, and is bordered by double lines of large American elms. At the entrance to this noble esplanade 2* ^ 31 Jiouie 1. NEW YORK CITY. 1:1 l|! i are fine bronze * statues of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott; and other groups and statues are seen at various points. At the Music Pavilion, near the upper end, bund concerts are given on pleasant Satur- day afternoons in summer, and at such times the vicinity is filled witli a gay and varied crowd. 'I'o the N. E. and above the Pavilion is a long trellis-work overlooking the Terrace and Lake, and draped with flowering vines. To the E. of the Vine-covered Walk (beyond the carriage-con- covirse) is the Casino, a restaurant of good repute ; and towards 5th Ave. is a group of statuary in sandstone, called " Auld Lang Syne." Near the latter is a bronze statue of Prof. S. F. B. Morse, which was erected by the Telegraph Operators' Association. W. of the Mall is the broad lawn called the Green (containing 15 acres), above which is a pavilion for the sale of mineral waters. The Mall is terminated by * Tho Terrace, a sumptuous pile of masonry (of Albert freestone), with frescoed and carved arcades and corridors, broad pronienades, costly and elaborate screen-work in stone, and high pedestals, which are to be graced with symbolic statu- ary. Broad stone stairways lead thence to the Lower Terrace, a highly ornamented esplanade by the side of the Central Lake. In its centre is the most costly * fountain on the continent, with bronzes, great mono- lithic basins, and a colossal statue of the Angel of Bethesda. • Central Lake covers 20 acres, and is divided into two parts (that to the W. being the larger), wliich are joined by a narrow strait, over which is thrown the graceful Bow Bridge (for pedestrians only ; often called the Flower Bridge, from the abundance of its floral decorations). The Lake occupies the site of a swamp, and is filled with Croton water (7 ft. deep in summer ; 4 ft. m winter). Omnibus boats carry visitors about it for 10c. each ; and private boats may be hired at a tariff fixed by tlie Commissioners. The boats may be left at any of the G landings on the sliores. Tlie scene here on mooidight summer nights, when tho boats cany colored liglits, is wortliy of Venice ; and tlirongs of merry sl^aters occupy the ice during the winter days, and prolong their sports by the light of numenius gas-jets with strong reflectors. More pedestrians visit the Park in winter than in summer, attracted by the sliating ; and large temporary refreshment siiioons are erected near the Lake for their benefit. The swans are a notable feature here, and were presented by the city of Hamburg and the Worshipful Companies of Vintners and Dyers of" Lou- don. They thrive and increase, and endure the cold of the severest winters. The W. arm of the Lake is crossed by the massive Balcony Bridge ; and on the slopes N. of the Lake is the Bamble, a tract of aSG acres of copse and lawn, rock-work, and retired nooks, threaded by a labyrinth of romantic foot-paths. The statue of Schiller is near the lake-shore ; on the W. are the Grotto anil the Stone Arch ; and on the E. are the Ever- green Walk and the Dovecot. S. of the latter (near 5th Ave.) is the Con- servatory Lake, near the large new^ conservatory and flower-garden. N. of t&e Ramble is the * Belvedere, a loftily situated cluster of quaint structures in Norman architecture, built of massive masonry, and resem- bling some ancient Bhemsh castle. The view from the tower is broad NEW YORK CITY. Jloute 1, 35 1 I and pleasing, including a large p< 4on of the Park, the K and W. suburbs of New York, and the great archer of the High Bridge over and far be^ yond the Reservoirs. The Old Reservoir is just above the Belvedere, and covers 31 acres. It is 105 ft. above the tide, contains 150,000,000 gallons of Croton water, and is surrounded by ponderous walls of masonry. Above this artificial lake, and separated from it by the transverse road (or sub-way) of 86th St., is the New Reservoir, a massive granite struc- ture covering 106 acres, and holding 1,000,000,000 gallons. The gate- houses are fine stone buildings in which is kept the powerful machinery of the water- works. Above the New Reservoir is the Upper Park, which is less visited and has less artificial embellishment than the Lower Park, but is richer in marked natural beauties. Passing the broad plains called the East and West Meadows, on the E. is seen Mount St. Vincent, on which are the buildings formerly occupied by the Mother House and Con- vent of the Sisters of Charity. A large restaurant is now located here ; and the chapel contains 87 casts from the statuary of Crawford (presented by his widow). To the E. is the Arboretum ; and to the W. is Harlem Lake (covering 16 acres), with its bold S. shore lined with the remains of old fortifications. A pretty falling stream, spanned by 5 bridges and abounding in cascades, enters Harlem Lake after running N. E. down the ravine called M'Qowan's Pass. Over the Pass is the Great Hill, on whose summit is a carr.vige-concourse, whence a broad view is gained; and the Bluff ii a bold ridge which terminates the Park on the N., and bears the remains of old forts and field-works. The great buildings for the Museum of Arts and the Museum of Natural History are far advanced towards completion. They are of brick, with stone trimmings, and have no architectural attractions. They are to cost over $ 6,000,000. When completed, each of them is to have the form of the letter H, of which only the cross-bar is now under construction. The Natural- History building is N. W. of the Lake, on Manhattan Square, near 8tli Ave., and is to be opened in 1879, with tlie collections now in the Old Arsenal, great arcliaeological and ethnological museums, and other invaluable treasures of science and antiquity. Tiie Art building is on the 5th -Ave. side, near 82d St., and has been severely criticised. It will be opened late in 1879, and will perhaps receive bonie of the collections now in the Metropolitan Museum. The Lenox Library is near this building. In the vicinity of and under the advantages of these immense museums and libraries it is expected that one of the fore- most universities of the world will be established. Among the ornaments which have more recently been added to the Park, the foremost is the colossal * statue of Daniel Webster^ which was made in Italy (at a cost of $65,000), and rests on a block of Quincy 35 a Route t. NEW YOKK CITY. m .,-:.! I'll granite weighing 80 tons. It occuplen a prominent positior vherT the diive-way on the W. side passes the S. bay of the Lake, not fn: from the Terrace. On a jutting roclc between tliis point and the Terrace is one t»f tlie most graceful and spirited worlcs of art in the Parlt, the * Falcrmer, a bronze statue 7 ft. high (cast in Florence) representing a young man clad in doublet and hose, with a falcon poised for flight on his out- stretched left hand. Near the drive-way between this point and the 8th- Ave. Gate is a colossal bronze statue of a soldier, erected in memory of the men of the 7th N. Y. Regiment who died in the secession war. The pedestal is adorned with bronze trophies. Near the S. end of the Mall is a large bronze group by J. Q. A. Ward, representing an Indian hiuiter and his dog. Farther to the N. is a group of large birds of prey, in bronze ; beyond which, and near the terrace, is a bronze group (by Auguste Caine) representing a tigress giving food to her cubs. Near the Mall are to be erected statues of Robert Bums (opposite Scott), Daniel O'Connell, and others. The French. Governnjent has given to the city of New York a noble bronze statue of Lafayette (by Bartholdi ; costing 9 30,000), representing him as standing upon the bulwark of the ship, on the way to America. It is now in New York, and will soon be erected in the Park. There are also colossal busts of Goethe and William Culleu Bryant now in the city, destined for the Park. Other statues for which subscriptions are being made are those of Thomas Moore, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Cervantes, and Irving, — the latter of which will be accom- panied by statues of Rip Van Winkle and Diedrich Knickerbocker. The Belvedere tower commands a view to the S. down the Mall, over whose 1. side is the great white mass of the Cathedral, broken by the towers of St. Thomas's Episcopal and the Fifth- Ave. Pres. churches. To the r. are the distant and manifold towers, spires, and domes of New York, with the Louvre dome of the Post-Office, the Tribune tower, and Trinity spire. Farther to the r. are the pinnacles of the Roosevelt Hospital, with the Hudson on the r., over which are the Hoboken heights, crowned by the three-domed church of the Passionist convent. The long Orange Moun- tain is far beyond. Close at hand on the W. is the Miiseum of Natural History, a five-story brick building over and on each side of which are the shanties towards the Boulevard. The long and massive line of tlie Palisades runs to the N., and suddenly breaks down, precipitously, be- yond the light-colored walls of t*he Palisades Mountain House. On the r. of the Hudson valley are tlie Fort- Washington Heights, with the dark convent of the Sacred Heart ; and to tlie r. of the lofty stand-pipe are the arches of the High Bridge. The hilly districts of the old Westchester towns appear over the reservoirs, with Harlem on the r., ilanked by the broad waters of the Sound. To the r, of the Gothic-windowed Art build- ing are the hills and villages of Long Island, and then the eye rests on the NEW YOLK CITY. liouU 1. 35 h nearer clnnter of the Lenox HoMpital, Normal College, and Mt. Sinai Hos* I>iful, with the white Lenox Lil)rAry on tlicir r. Just to the r. of tlie library arc the many fi])ireM and domes of Broc'clyn. One of the most interesting objects now seen from Mt. 8t. Vinoent is the long and massive railroad viaduct, on the E. Among the casts in tlie beautiful little chapel are those of the Wasliington Monument at Richmond, Jefferson, Lincoln, Otis, Ori>heus, Hebe, Aurora, Apollo, Diana, Cupid, Flora, Herodias, David, Psyche, Adam and Eve, Mercury, the Angel, and numerous bas-reliefs and Indian statues. Below the cliapel arc several Esquimaux boats, cannon recovered from H. B. M. frigate I/ussar, shot fired into and from Charleston, and other curiosities. In 1861 a movement was nmile to secure a park for tlie citizens of N. Y., and Powninf?, the eminent lanilHcaite-ganlener, advocated it with fluent pen. In 1866 the }>resent 8ito of tlie Park was a dreary and desolate j-cKion uf Bwamps and ledges, disfigured with heaps of cinders, potsherds, and rui)tii»h, denuded of all vegetation except tangled thickets, and dotted with the squalid shanties of rudo and degradetl squatters. In that year the work began whicli has given the city the most lienutilul ami one c»f the largest of the parks of the world. It is a par- allelogram, 2^ M. long and k M. wide; and is nearly 5 M. N. of the Battery, and 1 M. irom the rivej-s on eitlier side. It includes 802 acres, of which 186 are cov- ered witli water (45 acres of lakes and 142 of reservoir.s). There are 9- 10 M. of carriage-roads, M. of bridle-paths, and 26 M. of walllanted here, many of which were transplanted when quite lai-ge. In 1873 the Park was visited by 10,160,159 jteople, of whom 4,868,620 were on foot, 60,055 on horseback, and the rest were in 1,711,528 carriages. Tlie cost of tlie Pork, up to Jau. 1, 1874, was 9 13,902,515. Through M'Gowan's Pass led the " Old Boston Road," the first road out of N. T. on the E. ; and by this route the Huguenots of New Rochelle came on Sunday to the French Church in the city. In the disastrous September of 1776, this vi- cinity was the shelter and rallying point of tlie demoralized American army. Af- ter the British army had landed at 23d St. (East River), the American rearguard, under Putnam, retreated hastily from the lower part of the island, and were en- gaged In the present Upper Park by the enemy's light infantry. The next day Gen. Leslie advanced through M'Gowan's Pass, drove back the American pickets, and deployed on Harlem Plains. The Continental troops soon attacked Leslie's men. but Col. Knowlton fell while leading the Conn. Rangers, and Maj. Lcitch was pierced by 3 bullets while charging with the Virginians. The Maryland line then came to the rescue, and the British were driven back across the Plains with severe losses. But they held and fortified M'Gowan's Pass, from which they were not dislodged. Most of the fortifications now found in the Upper Park were erected in the War of 1812. The East Biver. The best way to see the East River villages and islands, Harlem, and the High Bridge, is to take the steamboat from Peck Slip (at the foot of Beekman St., and a short distance above Fulton Ferry). These boats make 10 trips dailv (fare, 10c. ), stopping at 11th and 120th Sts., and connect with steamers for High Bridge. Passing out into the stream between the crowded shores of Brooklyn and New York, forests of masts are seen on either side; the tall piers of the East River Bridge, the many vessels in the river, and the retrospect of Governor's Island and the harbor, attract the attention. At the foot 36 Jtoute 1. NEW YORK CITY. 11' m ^t Pike St. (1. ) is the Sectional Dry-Dock, beyond which are numerous iarge ship-yards and dry-docks. On the r. is seen the U. S. Navy Yanl, >vith its ship-houses, naval dry-dock, batteries, and vessels of the fleet ; above which is that portion of Brooklyn formerly known as Williams- burg. At the foot of 12th St. (1.) are the immense Novelty Iron Works, near the works of the Manhattan Gas Company. At the foot of 26th St. is Bellevue Hospital, a free public institution with 1,200 beds, attended by the most eminent doctors, and famed for its clinical instruction. Near the hospital is the Morjxte, a gray-stone building, where the unidentified human corpses which are found in the streets and rivers of the city are exposed to public view for 3 days. Nearly opposite Bellevue, Newtown Creek is seen indenting the E. shore ; above which is Hunter's Point (L. I. City), where the Long Island railroad system converges. The boat now approaches * BlackwelVs Island, the Indian Minnahanock, which was owned for many years by the Blackwell family, and was bought by the city in 1828. It occupies 120 acres, and is surrounded by a sea-wall. The buildings are all of granite, quarried here by the convicts, and prob- ably there is nowhere else in the world a cluster of charitable and correc- tional institutions which combine so much of strength, comfort, and practical power for restraint. The Small-Pox Hospital is a Gothic building at the S. end. It was built in 1854, and in 1870 received 977 patients, of whom 100 died. The Fever Hospitals are to the W., and the Epileptic and Paralytic Hospitals are on the E. To the N. is the Charity Hospital, an immense granite building (354 by 122 ft.), with 29 wards and 1,200 beds. The E. wing is for men ; the W. wing for women. 7,000 patients are treated here yearly, of whom 450 die. The wards are models of neatness, and the medical attendance is skilful. IQext to the Hospital is the Penitentiary. a vast, gloomy, and massive building, with a battlemented roof and centre ana flanking towers. It is altogether built of granite and iron. It has 756 cells, but is always crowded, and a new penitentiary is to be built on Hart's Island, 12 M. distant on L. I. Sound. The male convicts are dressed in striped garments, and work on the new buildings on Ward's, Randall's, and Hart's Islands, having ex- hausted the quarries on Blackwell's and covered it with massive buildings. Over 1,600 prisoners are received here yearly, most of whom are under 25 years of age, — i are women, and over ^ are foreigners. N. of the Penitentiary are 2 large Almshouses (one for each sex), 650 ft. apart, with high verandas and neat grounds. These buildings are for the aged and infirm poor, of whom 1,100-1,200 can be ac- commodated. Near by are the Hospitals for Incurables. To the W. is the spa- cious Workhouse (of local hewn granite, 680 ft.4ong), the receptacle for the vagrant and dissipated classes of the great city. The terms of commitment are short (averaging 10 days) ; drunkenness is the chief cause of detention ; and there are 15-20,000 persons sent here yearly, of whom comparatively few are Americans. The octagonal building with long wings (one for each sex) is the City Lunatic Asylum, and on the E. is a separate building for the more noisy patients. The Blackwell's Island institutions can only be visited by persons bearing a pass from the Commissioners (office, E. 11th St. and .3d Ave). The island is surrounded by deep ship-channels, patrolled by guard-boats ; and the shores are watched by sentries. W. of Blackwell's Island, the space between 60th and 80th Sts. is oc- cupied by Jones's Wood, formerly a favorite German resort and beer- garden. The Woods are now fast giving way before the advance of NEW YORK CITY. Jtoute 1, 37 the eity streets. E. of the island are the villas of Ravenswood, and as the boat leaves the island behind, Astoria is seen on the r., a place of villas, flower-gardens, and picturesque shores. The boat now passes along the W. verge of Hell Oate, a (langerous strait at the W. entrance of L. I. Sound, obstructed by sunken rocks and strong currents. A greater amount cf commercial property passes through this thoroughfare every year than through the Narrows ; of late years extensive improve- ments have been (and are being) v^ade by U. S. Engineers and Welsh miners, who have mined the ledges in every direction. Ward's Island is now seen on the r., covering 200 acres. It was called by the Indians Tenkenas, and was bought by Van Twiller in 1637. The elegant and im- posing Inebriate Asylum accommodates 400 patients, for whose benefit religious and moral instniction is added to physical supervision. About 200 soldiers, infirm and honorably discharged, are taken care of in the Soldiers' Retreat, in this building. On the E. end of the island is the new Lunatic Asylum ; and 106 acres are occupied by the farms and spa- cious buildings of the Emigrant Refuge and Hospital. The city has re- cently built a large Catholic church on the island. The steamer passes between Ward's Island and Manhattan, and soon comes in sight of Randall's Island, separated from Wai-d's by Little Hell Gate. On its S. shore is the House of Refuge, a great line of build- ings, witli 4 domes, in Italian architecture, and with 1,000 ft. of frontage. It generally has 700 boys and 150 girls, who are sent here by their parents or by the courts, and are subjected to necessary restraints, and required to labor 6-8 hours daily, and to attend school 4-5 hours. As soon as they appear to be really reformed, they are indentured out to trades or to farmers. On Randall's Island are also the Nurseries, 6 large buildings where are kept 2,400 cliildreii, found abandoned in the streets or surrendered by poor parents : also tlie Infant Hospital, for 3-400 young children, and the Idiot Asylum, ac- commodating 150 patients. The list of city coiTectional institutions is com- pleted by the Catholic Protectory, on the adjacent mainland, in the old town of W. Farms. The imuiense buikllngs of this society (for protecting and uplifting destitute or vicious Roman Catholic children) are called the Houses of the Holy Angels. The boys (7-800 in number) are cared for by the Christian Brothers ; and the girls occupy an imposing ediflce in ultra-Gothic architecture, with many spires and pinnacles, and are supervised by the Sistei"s of Charity. 12 M. to the E., on Hart's Island, are the Industrial School (for vicious boys) and the City Cemetery. Beyond Randall's Island, the steamboat follows the Harlem River to the N., between the suburbs of Harlem and Morrisania, and stops near Har- lom Bridge (whence a line of horse-cars runs N. to Tremont and Ford- ham in 5 M. ). Smaller steamers run from Harlem to Macomb's Dam, the High Bridge (see page 27), and Spuyten Duyvil. The trip to or from Harlem may also be made by the 3d Avenue horse-cars, from the Astor House. M m 38 Jtoute 2. BROOKLYN. Jersey City (* Taylor's Hotel, European plan, at the ferry ; horse-cars to Hoboken, Communipaw, and Bergen Heights ; railroads to Newark and Elizabeth, Philadelphia and Easton, and to the S. and W. generally ; steamships to Queenstown and Liverpool) is a place of but little interest to the tourist. It is in the State of New Jersey, opposite N. Y, City, with which it is connected by several ferries over the Hudson River. To the N. is Hoboken, the terminal point of 3 lines of German steam- ships, and of railroads to the S. and W. The Stevens Listitute of Tech- nology is a school of mechanical engineering, founded by Edwin A. Stevens in 1867, and endowed with $ 650,000. It has a fine building, and is provided with apparatus and cabinets which are unexcelled in the country. In 1779 the present site of Jersey City was a sandy peninsula called Paulus Hook, on which (near the present corner of Grand and Greene Sts.) were 2 strong forts, garrisoned by the 57th British regiment. Aug. 19, 1779, Maj. Henry Lee, with 300 i)icked men, surprised the works at dawn, and captured 159 men, but drew off before the guns of the larger fort, and retired with but slight loss. For this spirited achievement, Lee was honored by Congress witli a gold medal. S. W. of Jersey City is Communipaw, an antiquated Dutch village, which was granted to Michael Pauw, director of the Dutch W. L Company, in 1630. He be- came patroon of a r *■ domain, which he named Pavonia, or Conimunipauw, — the Commune of Ps —the Latin pavo and the Dutch pmiv; botli meaning pea- cock. By orders of \. .if. Kieft, the Dutch trooi)s fell upon the Indian village of Arisshek, on this site, in 1643, and cruelly massacred 80 persons. Soon afterward the Indians attacked Communipaw, and exterminated its inhabitants (excepting one family) ; and the next settlers surrounded it with walls. 2. Brooklyn. Hotels. — *Pierrepont House, corner of Montague and Hicks Sts., 04 a day : Mansion House, Henry St.; Clinton House, Fultou St., near Clinton; Brooklyn House, at Hamilton Ferry. Restaurants. — Snedeker's, 187 Montague St., near Court ; Dieter's, 305-313 Wasliington St., near the Post-Office ; the Bank, near the City Hall. Theatreo. — * Academy of Music, Montague St., near Court, for operas and concerts ; the Brooklyn, Wa.shington St., near Fulton ; the New Park, Fulton St. Varieties at Hooley's Opera House, Court St. Reading-Rooms. — Mercantile Library. Montague St., near the City Hall ; Y. M. C. A., Fultou Ave. Post-Office, on Washington St., near Fulton. Horse-Cars. — From Fulton Ferry (every C minutes), by the Wall St, South, and Atlantic Ferries, and along Atlantic Ave., to E. New York (connecting there with steam-cars to Canarsie, Jamaica, and Rockaway) ; from Fultou Ferry, by Furman St., Atlantic, Flatbush, and 5th Aves., to Greenwood Cemcteiy (con- necting there with steam-cars for New Utrecht, Bath, and Coney Island) ; Irom Fulton Ferry, on Water, Washington, and Fulton Sts. and De Kalb Ave., to New- town (with a branch on Water, Bridge, Willoughby, De Kalb, and Broadway) ; from Fulton Ferry, by Fulton St. and Flatbush Ave. , to Prospect Park and Flat- bush ; from Fulton Ferry, on Fulton and Sands Sts. and Flushing Ave. , Broad- way, Graham, and Van Coit Aves. ; from Fulton Ferry, on Fulton St. and Ave., to E. New York ; from Fultou Ferry, on Furman St., by the lower ferries, to Hamilton Ferry ; from Fulton Ferry, on Fulton St. and Greene, Franklin, and Gates Aves., to Broadway ; from Fulton Ferry to Greenpoiut, by Clason Ave. or by Washing- ton Ave. ; from Fnlton Feriy to Greenwood, by Fulton aiul Court Sts. and Ham- ilton Ave. ; from Fulton Ferry to Broadway, by Fulton St. and Myrtle Ave. ; from Fulton Ferry to Greenwood, by Fulton St., Flatbush and 3d Aves.; from Fulton Hi Jm milsaaleV*. ''"A^ -fff jHSJirTlDgi 13 westwooa y^ r ^K, W'lri vv 1 GoawiuTX \« TJ.MIlforal j^ JTawtlioriic VICINITY. V' f J 9 8 4 < -X BROOKLYN. Route ft. 39 Perry, by Water, Main, Prospect, Jay, Smith, and 9th Sts., to City Line (con- nei'ting for Coney Island) ; from Fulton Ferry, by Water, Bridge, Concord, and Navy rtts., Park, Vanderbilt, and 9th Aves., to Greenwood ; from Hamilton Perry to Erie Basin ; to Prospect Park, by Sackett, Hoyt, and Bergen Sts. From Wil- liamsburjh (foot of Broadway) to the Penitentiary, by 1st, Kent, Clason, Flushing, and Nostrand Aves. ; to the Lutheran Cemetery, to Calvary Cemetery, to Montrose Ave. ; from Bridge St. Ferry to Prospect Park ; from Roosevelt St. Ferry to E. New York ; from South Ferry to R. R stations and 34th St. iJVrry (cross-town line) ; from Grand and Houston St. Ferries to Myrtle Ave. Park ; from Grand St- to Prospect Park ; from Greenwood to Bay Ridge and Fort flamiiton. Ballroada. — From Long Lsland City to Sag Harbor and Greenport (L. I. R. R.; Route 5) ; to College Point and Flushing (Route 6) ; to Roskaway and Baby- lon (Route 4); E. New York to Canarsie and Jamaica; Greenwood to Bath and Coney Island. Ferries. To New York fi-om Greenpoint Ave., Grand (E. D.), Hudson, Briil^'e, S. 7th, Main, Fulton, and Montague Sts., and Atlantic and Hamilton Aves! : also from Bay Ridge to Wall St. Brooklyn was first settled (near the Wallabout) in 1625, by a Huguenot family named De Rapalje. For a century and a half its annals were peaceful, and its pro'^ress slow. The colonization was effected by French exiles and Dutch immi- grants, and in 1706 there were but 64 freeholders in the place. On account of its £eigh1» and ravines it waj named Breucklen (Broken Land). The Battle of "Long Island. •♦ There the old-fashioned colonel galloped through the white infernal Powder cloud s And his broadsword was swinging, and hia brazen throat was ringing Trumpet loud : There the blue bullets flew And the trooper jackets redden at the touch of the leaden Rifle breath ; And rounder, rounder, rounder, roared the iron six-pounder. Hurling death t ** Aug. 22, 1776, a powerful force of British and Hessian troopa landed on Long Island (at Gravesend Bay), under the guns of 4 fii^jates. 27,000 American soldiers then held New York, but they were mostly militiamen and undisciplined volun- teers ; and the fortified lines on Gowanus Heights were still incomplete. The British r. wing, composed of chosen troops, made a secret circuitous march by niglit from Flatlands, and seized tlie important and unguarded passes to Jamaica and Bedford, on the American 1. (near E. New York). At the same time (Aug. 27) Gen. Grant advanced the British 1. wing along the line of Bay Ridge to the hills of Greenwood Cemetery, drove back the outposts and Atlee's Penn. troops, and halted bef:;re Battle Hill, where Lord Stirling Avasin position witli the Penn., Del., and Maryland line. Meantime, the British r. was hotly engaged. De Hcis- ter's Hessian artillery cannonaded tiie American works on Mt. Prospect (over tlie Fiatbusli pass), and the Count Donop led a fierce charge upon the redoubts. Sul- livan's American brigade was now cut off l)y Clinton, who had driven back the militia from Bedford plains ; and being caught between the light infantiy and dragoons on one side, and the Hessians ou the other, tlie brigade was speedily cut to pieces. A few fugitives were pursued to Fort Putnam by the grenadiers ; and doubtless that work would have been carried and the army on Long Island would have been captured, but tliat the soldiers were restrained by the roj'alist generals. After the d^bavdade on the American 1., Lord Cornwallis advanced v/ith intent to cut off Stirling and the r. wing ; and Grant drove Atlee's Pennsylvanians from Battle Hill. Perceiving that the only hope for his brigade was that the converg-' ing-liostile cohnnns might be checked, Stirling took Smallwood's Maryland bat- talion as a forlorn hope, and fell upon C(^rnwallis's grenadiers advancing from the N. E. In 20 minutes 259 of the patrician youth of Maryland perished about Cor- telyou's house, but the British advance was checked, and the Delawares and frag- ments of the other regiments escaped across the rising tide of Gowanus Creek. By mid-day the Battle of Long Island was over, and the Americans had lost 1,650 men, including Gens. Sullivan and Stirling (who were captured). The British loss was 867. The Scotch and Hessian troops gave no quarter ; and the flrigate Roebuck galled the American r. firom her moorings off Red Hook. Th^ next day 40 Hmte fg. BROOKLYN. 4 was stormy and dark, and tlie British cannonaded the ^orta IVoni newly raised parallels, while vessola of tlie fleet began to enter the harbor. Tlierefore, at night, when a (lense log overhung the lines and river, tlie 14tl» Mass. Keg. (500 men of Essex Co.; cnlleil " the anipltibious reg.") was detailed to ferry tlie broken army across the East River. Washington watehed the embarkation (trom the Fulton Ferry site), and it was eovcred by Mifflin's Pennsylvanians and tlie Delawaros and Marylnndcrs. From midiiiglit till dawn the Marblehead hsiiernien plied their oars, and safely landed the 0.000 Americans, willi their baggaj.^e and artillery, on the N. Y. shore. Tlie Rvitish eamj) was alarmed nt 4.Hii a. m. ; but the last' boat was out of i)!stol-shot when their videttes reached the shore and the sunlight brolie over the river. Gen. Wm. Howe, "the most indolent of mortals," was knighted for this victory. lie Avas a brother of Richard, Earl Howe, who com- manded the fleet in N. Y. Harbor, and also of the much-beloved Lord Howe who fell before Montcalm's lines at Tieonderoga, in 1758. The Americans evacuated New York, Sept. 13, 1776 (see page 27). Brooklyn, the third city of the Republic, is situated on the W. end of L' iig Island, and is separated from N. Y. City by tlie deep strait called the Ea.st River. Its population, of 7,175 in the year 1820, had increased v 1870 to over 400,000 (of whom 144,713 were of foreign birth). It has R water-front of 8 M. along Gowanus Bay and the East River ; and the ijwlands of the shores rise gradually to well-defined lines of heights. '"he newer parts of the city are laid out in broad avenues and boulevards, jnod afford residences to many thousands of the merchants and clerks of New York. Brooklyn has 12 banks, 13 savings-banks, 10 fire and 2 life insurance companies, and 3 daily and 14 other newspapers. It is said to have fewer hotels and more fnu- churches, in jiroportion to its population, than any other American city. There are about 240 churches and chapels, and 5 convents. There are 48 public schools, with 725 teachers and 63,004 pupils; and 200 private schools, with 25,000 pupils (reports of 1870). Tlie commercial facilities of BrookljTi are very extensive, including basins and piers along the Gowanus and Newtown Creeks and the East River. The A tlantic Docks cover 42 acres of deep water, sheltered by a fronting •wall h M. long and 20 - 150 ft. wide, lined with warehouses and elevators. Tlie immense Erie Basin is nt Red Hook ; and fleets of steamers, coasters, and canal-boats pas.s the winter in and near these basins and Gowanus Bay. The U. S. Navy Yawi ' • on • .allfibout Bay. about 1 M. from Fulton Ferry, and s the chief naval station of the Republic. It has nuincvous workshops, foundries, and .storehouses, and an immense ry-Dock, l)uiit 1841-51, at a cost of :"'.3,00a,001 The latter i s *i mass of granite masonry resting on 10,000 piles, and contains 610,0D0 gallons of water, which can be removed in '1\ lu-s. This doc'.c wasl.itely made fumoas as the prison of tlie Spanish iron-dad, the ArapihH. A short causeway leads to the island on whi(!h is the Ordnance Dock, whi(!h was pompleted in 1800, at a cost of $ 1,9;)0,000. Hundreds of ponderous Dalilgren and Tarrott guns arc i>arked in the yard : the most notable of which are the 3 20-inch Dahl'xrens called "Satan," "Lucifer," and "Moloch." In front of the head- c/iarters is a trupliy-battery, among whose cannon is " La Robnste," an ancient IPrench 30-pour>'ier captured at Sr.n Juan d'Ulloa, and the 11-inch gun of the Onahh:\, uaniaged in the battle of Mobile. Here is also seen the curious torjjedo- boat Midge, captured at Charleston. Among the frigates which are moored olf shore is the old line-of-battle ship Verinont (receiving-ship), and the immense 3- turreted iron-ciad Eoanoke. The Naval Muiteuui coutaius many relicii, uiuou;: 'i !:• i ■^•, ezi:t I. ei^ihM. t.r*iia0m. l,Jltnmtt.. ... ¥. ► It K K. R. .....U U .r. M. KXCmrlMimH..,,:.. g. r. it. MmmOb IMitif 1. ii> Jtmimf^ AH K. I» • « iftu* K ONUMNIS. I4'/*^7WUB> IC. If HjmtmA B, IC /%<<•« r. ly. W, Am'i m lit ttH^ , r. I& Amt t i» »n »ii M rf/flw»«y , r. M ntmmkfniim^O ■. nm,»t*ilil (nOlm'O I. (SniiKi>,) m.. «fi ri fci ^«W, f rn g ^ ^ t >3 a Greek temple, with it« portico of 8 massive Ionic columns, l n this vicinity are 2 famous schools, — the Polytechnic Institute (Livingston St., near Court), for \»oys, and the Packer Collegiate Institute (Joralemon St.), for ladies. Montague St. leads, S. W. from the City Hall, to the line Gothic building of the Mercantile Library, which has 60,000 volumes, besides well-supplied reading-rooms. Opposite the library is the broad front of the Academy of Music, adjoining the Academy of Design, whose ornate exterior is of Scotch and Ohio stone, in many places curiously carved. A broad oaken stairway leads up through the central tower to the gallery, where exhibi- tions of pictures are frequently held. Next to the Academy is the new building of the U. S. Courts. On the comer of Clinton and Montague Sts. is the elegant * Cliuich of the Holy Trinity, with a high clere-story, and rich stained windows representing the Messianic ancestry. To the 1., on Clinton St., is the ornate Church of St. Ann-on-the-Heights ; and to the r., on Pierrepont St., is the Reformed Dutch Church, modelled in- ternally after a basilica built by the mother of Constantine ; and also the Church of the Saviour (Unitarian), an elaborate piece of pointed archi- tecture. Grace Church, on Hicks St., near Remsen, is in florid Gothic architecture ; and the Church of the Pilgrims (corner of Henry and Rem- sen Sts.) is in the Norman style. On Orange St., near Hicks, is the large plain building of Plymouth Church (Henry Ward Beecher). Near the end of Montague St. is a high terrace, overlooking N. Y. and the East River, from which, on r. and 1., extend the fashionable streets of Brooklyn Heights. The L. I. College Hospital has a large and imposing building, in wide grounds, on Henry, near Pacific St. The Long Island Historical Society's rooms are at the corner of Joralemon and Court Sts., and con- tain (besides a small museum) a library of 23,000 volumes, with 20,000 pamphlets and many MSS. From the City Hall, Court St. runs S. E. to M ^?^^^ O /*^.^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y // ^./ ^ :/. 4 1.0 I.I 11.25 L;|2^ |2.5 |50 "^~ ■■§ *ii 1^ 12.2 Ul lUl U^ 12.0 us us u ■UUk M. 11116 - 6" <^ v: /A %S^ ^ '^ y Photographic Sciences Corporation N5 \ iV \\ 6^ 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 <^ ^r ^ <> 412 RouUt, BROOKLYN. \ the Brooklyn Basin, on Qowanos Bay, crossing Atlantic Ave., a broad thoroughfare which extends from the East River N. K across the city. Fulton St. and Ave. passes to the N. E. to £. New York, parallel with Atlantic Ave. In the N. part of the city are many miles of residences, on long, quiet streets traversed by tram-ways. In this distnct are many line churches, among which may be named Talmage's new Tabernacle (said to be the largest Protestant church in AmeVica), on Schermerhoni St.; the Clason Ave. and Washington Ave. Churches; St. Mary's, on Willoughby Ave ; Dr. Scudder's Tabernacle (of corrugated iron), on Hancock St.; and the unique brown-stone building of the Church of the Puritans, on Marcy Ave. Near the Clinton Ave. Congregatiohal C!hurch (Dr. Budington) are the vast and massive lower walls of the Roman Catholic Cathedral, where work was suspended several years ago. Brooklyn, R D. (Eastern District), is N. of the Navy Yard, and fronts on the East River, and was fonberly tlie municipality of Williamitbuig. 6 M. trnva. Fulton Ferry is the Cemetery of Cypress Hills, on the far-viewing ndge called "the backbone of Long Island." 85,000 bodies are buried here. In its vicinity is a national cemetery, where 4-5,000 soldiers are buried; also the Salemfield Cemetery (Jewish). To the S. is the Ridgewjod Resei-voir of the Brooklyn Water-Works, covering 48f acres, and with a caimcity of 162,000,000 spallons. N. of Broadwiay is the Cemetery of the Evergreens, which covers 115 acres, and has several small lakes. In Newtown, N. E. of Greenpoint, is the Calvary Cemetery of the Roman Catholic Church, in which 84,000 bodies have been buried. * Frospeot Park (reached by either of several lines of horse-cars from the N. Y. ferries) is a noble rival of Central Park, and covers 630 acres of broad and verdant meadows, tmibrageous groves, and heights which over- look the bay and city of New York, Staten Island, and the highlands of the Hudson and Neversink. The entrance from Flatbnsh Ave. is across the Plaza, a large circular space in whose centre is a costly fountain. The Plaza is also adorned with a bronze stMue of President Lincoln. K of the entrance is the Mt. Prospect Reservoir^ which (with a capacity of 20,000,000 gallons) supplies the higher parts of the city with water. The ornate gate-house overlooks the park, E. New York, Flatbnsh, Bashwick, the great cities and harbor, and the blue ocean S., beyond the beaches of Rockaway and Coney Island. Near the reservoir are the mazy paths of the Flower Garden. There are in this Park 8 M. of drives, 4 M. of rides, and a great number of rambles. The Parade and the Zoological Ground are on the W. side of the Park. From the Plaza, broad drives and sin- uous pathways run S. K to the defile called the Battle Pass, which was the scene of sharp fighting during the Battle of Long Island. From this point the Forest Road diverges to the 1. through a quiet and shadowy glen; while the Lake Road passes on to the Botanical Givrdens, which are pleasantly situated between placid lakelets near the centre, of the Park. The Lake covers 61 acres, and its broadest expansion is in tha S. E. part of the Park, beyond the Terrace and Refectory. Near the W. .1 I t QRCENWOOD CEMETERY. II. 5xAa» W«Ar C4. t. ytiitf 3. Arter D*U Crattnl DmU MmiUm .R4. .B.4. .C.t. .C. ». .C.S. .A.>. MtiOt/fia.... .A. J. «. OtMH Hilt. . . la yitUi *• . .. 1 1. GluU "■ . . I*. Sunttt ' ... . ij. A^tni ' . . 14. Strttwisrty HiU 1$. Cka^ 16. 0«i 18. MuUtny ' . .A. . B. . B. .a .c. . B. C. B. .A. .A. .A la TktPktmm .lA*** ti. CtwA Mm um nt ^^'.iA-^ .£.». «.••■• ••*«^A* 3" ».A.» A. J. ai. • ■ • . •••• B> la at. Finrnm't " *4. CtimUm * as. A/'^rw " a6. Andmm " 17. {f4>/*9 * aS. Serihur " t9. CaUtoaUt yx Htummg Tmtt ._. ...^A> «• ^ \ GREENWOOD CEMETERY. Haute t. 43 entrance is a high bluff, surmounted by a lookout tower which commands abroad view. Among the many fine archways and bridges the most prominent are the Nethermead and Meadow Port Arches and the Cleft Ridge Span. * Greenwood Cemetery is 3 M. from Fulton Ferry (several lines of horse-cars). It is the most beautiful cemetery in the world, and its forest- covered and far-viewing hills are adorned with thousands of costly monu- ments and mansolea. The grounds (413. acres) were laid out by skilful landscape-gardeners, and are provided with 17 M. of carriage-roads (graded and paved) and 15 M. of paths (covered with concrete). On and about these pleasant hills 172,000 bodies have been buried, and about 20 per day are now brought to rest in Greenwood. (Carriages are in waiting at the entrance, to make the tour of the grounds.) * The * Northern Entrance is a stately Gothic pile of sandstone, designed by Up- john. It is 132^ ft. long and 40 ft. deep, and the central pinnacle is 10(( ft. high. On the sides are the offices of the cemetery ; and in the tower is a deep-toned bell that tolls at the approach of funerals. Above the arches are 4 large ^ups of statuary, representing Christ's Entombment, the Resurrection, the Raismg of the Widow's Son, and the Raising of Lazarus. Above these groups are reliefs of Faith, Hope, Memory, and Love. From this point Landscape Ave. leads to the r. by the monuments of Dixon H. Lewis (U. S. Senator from Geoigia) and John B. uraham to the Receiving Tomb, in which are 361 coflln-cells. Its ornate fi-ont looks out on Arbor Water, a placid pond surrounded by trees. To the E. is Val- ley Water, under Strawberry Hill and near the densely occupied public lots. To the B. beyond Sunset Hill is Sylvan Water, the lai%est and deepest of the lakelets of Greenwood. Near this water are the Poet's Mound and the monument of Dohummee, daughter of a sachem of the Sac Indians, who died in N. Y. while on an embassy from the W. A line of marble Egyptian sepulchres ftonts on Sylvan Water ; on Sylvan Cliff is the chapel-tomb of G. W. Browne (designed by Upjohn) ; and on Oaken Bluff are the Skillin, tlie Becar. and the Judge Bi-onson memorials* In the neightmring public lots is buried Piero Maroncelli, the prison-comrade of Silvio Pellico at Spiellierg. On Sylvan Bluff is Catlin's lot ; and near Sylvan Water is the Western Entrance to tlie cemetery. On Lake Ridge are the temple- tombs of Townsend and Miller, beyond which is the Aspinwall monument, on Cedar Mt. On Locust Hill is the grave of Horace Greeley. Beyond the Hooker and Havemeyer monuments, Orchard Ave. leads to the grave of George Steers, the naval arcliitect. Just lieyond, and overlooking the deep Crescent Dell, is the Firemen's Monument, a lofty column surmounted by a spirited statue of a fireman on duty. Several firemen are buried in this vicinity. On Hill-Girt Lawn is the elegant canopied monument of Prof. S. F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph. On Crescent Water front the marble tomb of Niblo, the Gothic chapel of Phelps, and the grave of Dr. Bethune. Beyond Alpine Hill are the delicate Oriental mausoleum of Garrison, the urn of Udolpho Wolfe, and the grave of George Wood. On Vista Hill rests Prof. Edward Robmson, the foremost Oriental sctiolar of America (near the flne statue of Capt. Correja) ; on Central Ridge are George Gridwold and Erskine Mason ; and on Lawn-Girt Hill is the Pierrepont mound. Buttonwood Hill has the Schermerhorn mausoleum ; and on Sycamore Ave. are Morgan's Ionic temple and Quintard's statue. On Butternut Hill is tlie Haipers* lot ; and on Locust Ave. rests Gen. Strong, who fell in the assault on Fort Wag- ner (Charleston). At the crossing of Vine and Cypress Aves. is the open peristyle of Scribner, supported by 8 marble pillars and enshrining a statue of Hope, on a pedestal which has reliefs of the Nativity, Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascen- sion (carved in Carrara). On Sassafras Ave. are the grounds of Prof. Renwick and George Law, the financier. On Cypress, near Down Ave., rests Gen. O. M. Mitchell, the astronomer and soldier. On Ocean Ave. are Dr. Valentine Mott and Rev. Dudley A. Tyng, whose famous dying words, " Stand up for Jesus," are carved upon the monument. On Atlantic Ave., near Ocean, are the graves of David 44 Route t. CONEY ISLAND. Abeel, the missionary, Jolm Cleveland, and the Cornell fimiily. David Hale lies near Border Ave. On Ocean HUl (which overlooks Long Island and the ocean) is tiie costly and massive octagonal mausoleuni of Stephen 'Whitncv, with lancet windows of stained glass. Near Grove Ave. ai-e t)ie gixmnds of Lilienthal, Peter Cooiier, Cutler, Arnold (with a costly memorial), and Cozzens, on which is a fine bas-i*elief by H. K'. Brown. On Atlantic Ave. is the Soldiers' Lot, where, on the 80th of May of each year, the citizens strew flowers over the gitives of many ofll- cers and soldiers who died in the Secession War. Near this is the Hill of Graves, which is thickly covered with lines of gras.sy mounds. On Meadow Hill the tomb of W. S. Packer is adorned with a bronze stntue of Faith (by H. K. Brown). At the comer of Battle and Greenbough Aves. is the * tomb of Charlotte Canda^ the most mteresting point in the cemetery. It consists of a floridly oniamented Gothic arch, flanked by taU buttresses with floral ftnials and enshrining a statue of Miss Canda. Carved flowers, birds, and triiHMls adorn the monument, and on either side are kneeling statues of angels. Miss Canda was the daughter of an officer of Napoleon's army who came to America after the battle of .Waterloo. In 1845, on her 17th birthday, she was retunting home A'om ah evening partv, when the horses of her carriage ran away and she was thi-own out and fatally injured. The monument was designed by herself for an aunt who had recently died. On Battle Ave. are the grounds of James GoMon Bennett (founder of the N. Y. Herald), adorned with rich and delicate Italian statuary. On Highland Ave. is a statue of the Saviour, on Peter Gilsey's lot ; and not far distant are the graves of several officers who fell in tlie Mexican War. On Battle Hill is the Pilot's Monu- fnent, a marble shaft on which is a statue of Hoiie, erected in memoiy of Thomas Freeborn, who lost his life while piloting a ship on the N. J. coast. Near by is an Ionic temple with statues of the 4 Evangelists, belteen con • verted into a first-class summer-resort, enormously popular, and reachel easily from New York by luxurious and rapid routes, on land and water; 3. Staten Idaiid. steamboats run hourly from Pier 19 N. R to New Brighton, Fort Richmond, and Elm Parle ; and from Whitehall St. to Tompkinsville, Stapleton, and Clifton (fare, 10c.). Each of tiiese lines pasv'^s down the harbor between the fortified islands, and affords panoramic views of the cities on either shore. Horse-cars traverse the populous N. shore of the island ; and the Staten Island B. R runs B. W. 18 M., ftvm VanderbUt's Landing to TottenviUe. Staten Island, "the American Isle of Wight," and the "Staaten Eylandt " of the Dutch era, js S. W. of N. Y. Bay, and pertains to the State of N. Y. It is separated from New Jersey by the long and n.irrow Staten Island Sound and the Kill Von Kull, and from Long Island by the Narrows, and fronts to the S. E., on Raritan Bay. It has an area of 68^ sq. M., and a population of 33,029 (in 1870). The drives about the upper part of the island are very attractive, especially those on Rich- mond Terrace, the Serpentine Road, Glove Road, Vauderbilt Avenue, and to Silver Lake and Ocean View. There are broad views fromi the heights over the bay and the ocean. The mts. of N. J. are in the W.; and to the N. R ai'e the thronged harbor and the great cities. Hudson visited the island in 1009, and in 1680 Michael Pauw established hers the feudal domain of Pavonia. The first village was founded in 1639, and was destroyed 4 years later by the Indiana. Many French Hiigiienots settled here after the revocation of the Edict of Xantes ; and the British held possession during the Bevolution, though much harassed by partisan attacks fh>m the N. J. shore (especially those under Gen. Sullivan, Au^. 21, 1777, when 150 British soldiers were made prisoners, and by Lord Stirling, with 2,500 men, in 1780). Extensive encampments were formed here in 1812-15, and during the Secession War. New Brighton (St. Mark's ; Pavilion ; Belmont ; summer hotels) is a populous village, containing 9 churches and many pleasant villas of N. Y. merchants. To the W., and fronting on the Kill Von Kull, are the fine buildings of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, which was founded in 1831, for the support of aged and disabled seamen w^o have sailed for 5 years from the port of N. Y. It accommodates 300 men, and has lai^ge rev- enues. Near the Snug Harbor is an asylum for 130 destitute children of seamen. Port Richmond is a manufacturing village W. of this point. Tonijskinsville is under the heights, which are 310 ft. above the sea, and was formerly the site of the extensive Quarantine buildings, destroyed by the people in 1858. The present N. Y. Quarantine is ** without a rival in the wotld," and is located on Dix and Hoffman Islands, 2 arti- ficial works on West Bank Shoal, 2^ M. S. of the Narrows, and 1^ M. from the shore. There is also a hospital-ship moored in the Lower Bay, and cases of ship-fever and small-pox are sent respectively to Ward's and Blackwell's Island. VaTuUrbilt'a Landing is uear the villages of Staple^ 46 J!l(mU4* STATEN ISLAND. \ \ ton and Clifton, which front on the Nftrrows. In this vicinity is the Seamen's Retreat (accommodating 200 sick seamen); also the Mariners* Family Asylum, and St. Mary's Orphan Asylum. On Clifton Heights is the Chestnut Orove Hmtse, a summer hotel overlooking the Bay. The Staten Island R. R. runs S. W., by the Moravian hamlet of New Dorp to Court-House, which is near Richmond, the county-seat, where is the venerable Church of St. Andrew, built in 1713, and rebuilt in 1867. The Lower Bay and Baritan Bay are often seen on the 1. as the train passes through the broad town of Westfield (famous for oysters), and the low shores of Sandy Hook are visible in the distance. Near Tottenville, the terminus of the road, is the old Billop House, where, after the Battle of Long ][sland. Lord Howe held a barren conference with Franklin, Adams, and Rutledge, who had been sent by Congress to treat for peace. A steam-ferry crosses from Tottenville to Perth Amboy, whence trains run to New York, by way of Rahway and Newark, in 27 M. The Fortifleattons. — 1 M. 8. E. of Clifton is Fort Richnwnd, situated on a high blul^ and luouutiug 140 guns. It is a massive worlc, with granite walls, second only to Fortress Monroe in strength, and arranged to deliver a plunging lire on the Narrows. Attached to Fort Bichmond are 4 cliff-batteries, mounting 80 heavy cannon ; and at the water-side is Fort Tompkins, with 40 guns sweeping the channel. Fort Hamilton is opposite Fort Richmond, and is a rectangular bastioned worlc of blue granite, with a peace-garrison of 3 companies, in case- mate-barraclcs. It has a water-battery of 18 15-inch guns, and 2 Ihies of heavy batteries on the Bath Road, commanding the Ix)wer Bay and Graveseud Bay. Several of these guns are Rodmans, throwingl,000-pound shot. The main work mounts 80 guns, cost 9600,000, and was built 1824 - 32. A fleld-battery on this posi- tion was demolished by a broadside Arom the British line-of-battie ship Asia in 1770. On a reef 200 yards offshore is Fort La/ayette, which was built in 1812, cost9350,000, mounted 73 guns, and wa.s famous as a prison for disloyal civilians during the Secession War. It was burnt out in 1868, and has not yet been re-armed. On Sandy Hook is a well-armed lunette, with flanking batteries, to keep the Lower Bay clear. After passing the 400 heavv guns which bear on the Narrows (at this point less than 1 M. wide), a hostile fleet would enter the convergent fire of the 800 guns of the forts of the inner harbor. Some years ago surveys were made for a fort on Coney Island, but were stopped after Maury's report to Congress, in which that skilfUl engineer said, "Were it possible for an enemy, with the greatest army that was ever led into battle by the greatest captain, to take the countrjr by surprise, and to land on Long I-sland, .... and to be disembarking his last piece of artillery before he was discovered, the perfection of our railroad and telegraph system is such as would enable the government, before he cou)d reach the heights of Brooklyn, to have there in waiting, and readv to receive him, and beat him back to the sea, a force two to one greater than his, however strong." I ■ I 4. The South Shore of Long Idand. By the S. Side R. R., whose W. terminus, at the foot of S. 8th St., Brool:lyn, is reached by ferry-boats from the foot of Grand St. and of Roosevelt St., N. Y., or by the Greenpoint horse-cars tyom Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn. Trains run to Patch- ogue, the £. terminus, in 2^-3 hrs. Fare to Rockaway, 60c. ; Islip, #1.25; Fatchogue, $1.50. ; Stations, Brooklyn ; Bushwick Avenue, 2 M. ; Berlin, 9 ; Jamaica, 10 ; Spring- field, 11^ : Valley Stream, 16 (crossing of branch lines to Hempstead, and to Woodsburgh, 18 ; Far Rockaway, 21 ; Seaside House, 25) ; Pearsall's Coi-ner, 18 ; Rockville Centre, 19 : Merrick, 24 ; S. Oyster Bay, 28 ; Amityville, 81 : Babylon, W; Islip, 43 ; Fatchogue, 64. BOCKAWAT BEACH. M4mU4> 47 Spring- and to nier,,18; '^The train It drawn from the itation by a dummy-engine, and a looo^ motive is attached at Bushwiek Ave.. To the r. of Olendale station it Cypreie Hills Cemetery (see page 42). The train passes the Oreen Hilli, and soon reaches Janudoft (see Bonte 5). From Jamaica the line mns & K over broad alluvial plains, and beyond the hamlet of Springfield the long earth-covered line of the Brooklyn Aqueduct is crossed. From Val- ley Stream a branch B. B. runs N. £. to Hempstead (see Boute 6) ; and another branch diverges to the S. W. to Bookaway BaMli. Near Woods- burgh is the * WoodtXmrgh Pavilion^ a new and spacious summer-hotel^ with cottages connected. The Neptune House is smaller. A short dis- tance beyond is Far Bockaway, a smdl hamlet with several beach-hotels,- the best of which are the AtUmtie, United States, PatUion, and NaUtmali This was formerly the most fashionable of the N. Y. beaches, and is re- gaining much of its old popularity. The surf-6athing has been much im-^ proved by the washing away of tUe sand-bar which formerly fronted the beach ; and wild ducks and bluefish are successfully sought in the vicinity. To the W. is Bockaway Beach, a long and narrow sandy peninsula which runs 8 M. W. between the ocean and Jamaica Bay, a broad inlet which encloses several marshy islands. On this strand the Bockaway Indians formerly made much wampum. Near the end of the beach the Brietol was wrecked in 1836, and 77 lives were lost. Surf-bathing is obtained on the S. side of the beach, and still-water bathing on the N. During th» simimer many visitors come here by means of the horse-cars from Fulton Ferry to E. New York, and a dummy-train thence to Canarsie (3^ M.), whence steamboats cross Jamaica Bay to the beach in 6 - 8 M. The inin- cipal hotels on the beach are HammePs and the Seaside, at the latter of which (4 M. from Far Bockaway) the branch B. B. ends. Thd main line passes E. from Valley Stream by Pearsall's Comer to Bockville Centre, S. of which is Near Bockaway and Hempstead Bay, abounding in islands (on one of which the Mexico was wrecked in .WI, and 116 lives were lost). The train now traverses wide plains, through which flow prolific trout-streams (preserved)., and passes several small hamlets. S, Oyster Bay is near the bay of that name, and has 2 hotels; and Amityville ( South Side House; Ketcham House) is near the W. end of the Great South Bay. Babylon (Lagrange House; American; Sampwanis) is a comfortable village built on 2 intersecting streets, and famous for its fishing (10 tons of fish are sometimes sent to N. Y. in a single day). ^ M. S. are the broad waters of the Great S. Bay; and stages run from the station to the landing (1 M.), whence a steamboat crosses several limes daily to Eire Island (8 M. S. E.). This beach oeeupies the W, end of that remarkable peninsula of sand-dunes which extends for nearly 40 M. to the N. E., with a width of but a few rods. It shelters the broad estuaries of Great S. Bay, Moriches Bay, and Shinnecock B.«y ; 48 JtouU 5, FIRE ISLAND. \ and is joined to the mainland by the isthmus of Quogne Neck, abont 8S M. from Fire Island. This vast strand is one of the most lonely and soli- tary places on the coast, but affords good bathing (surf or still-water), and a large fleet of pleasure-lK)ats is kept near the hotels. The exciting sport of bluefishing is much in vogue off the inlet and in the Bay. The * Surf. House (500 guests) is a large and fashionable hotel ; and the Old Dominy House is smaller but comfortable. Near these hotels is the Fire Island Light, a revolving light on a tower 150 ft high, visible for 19 M. at sea. This is one of the most important lights on the coast for in and out bound vessels, from its relation to N. Y. Bay. Numerous wrecks have occurred on this, strand, in one of which Margaret Fuller, Countess d'Ossoli, was lost (1850). Beyond Babylon the lino passes the villas of Bay Shore (seat of the Olympic Club) and Islip Centre, and reaches Itlip (* Pavilion ; StUlin- werfs), a pleasant village in a fruit-producing district, and near the trout- ponds and fine club-house of the Sportsmen's C!lub. Islip is much visited in summer, and has several pretty villas near the Great S. Bay. The hotels on Fire Island Beach are seen on the S. The train now passes the hamlets of OakdcUe, SayvfUe (1,200 inhabitants ; 4 churches, several sum- mer boarding-houses), and Bayport, and reaches the present terminus of theR. R. at Patohocpie (S. Side Hotel and Roe's Hotel, $2.50 a day; And several boarding-houses at $ 8- 12 a week). This is a busy village of 8,000 inhabitants, manufacturing rope, paper, and flour, and is nearly 1 M. from the Great S. Bay. Trout and perch are. found in the ponds; larger fish abound in the Bay; and oysters and clams are found in laige quantities. 4 M. S. across the Bay is Watch Hill, on Fire Island Beach, 12- 15 M. N. E. of Fire Island Light; and 4 M. N. of Patchogue is Medford, (in the L. I. R. R. Stages ran4M.E. fh)m Patchogue to Moriches aud South Haven, yaaaing Bellport, a pleasant village on Bellport Bay, with numerous boarding-houses (i^ 7 - 10 a yreek). Across the Bay and near the hainlet of Mastic are the remains of Fort George, a Tory post which was attaclced in 1780 by Tallmoge's light dragoons. The Ameri- cans burst through the stoolcade late at night, and assailed the redoubt on 3 sides, shouting, " Washington and Olory." The Tory garrison, numbering 300 men, sur- rendered unconditionally, and was deported into Conn. & Longlfllaiid. The North and East Shores. By the Long Island R. R. and its branches, whose W. terminus is at Hunter's Point (above Broolclyn), and is reached by ferry-boats from James Slip aud Arom 84th St, N. T. Trains run to Greenport, the E. terminus, in 4-4^ hrs. Fare to Hempstead, 50c.; Huntington, 05c.; Riverhead, #2.30; Greenpoi-t, |2.75; Sag Harbor, $2.75. Stations, Hunter's Point ; Woo^side, S M. ; Winfield, 4 ; Jamaica, 10 (Brook- lyn Central Branch to E. New Yorl(); Queens. 13 ; Hvde Park, 16^ ; Minebla, 19 (branch lines to Hempstead, 21^ ; Roslyn, 23^ ; Qlenhead, 25^; Glen Cove, 27^ : and Locust Valley) ; Westbury, 22 ; Hicksville, 25 (Nortliport Branch to Syosset, 29 ; Huntington, 84| : Northpbrt, 40 ; St Jbhnsland, 45 ; Smithtown, 48| ; St James, 61^ ; Betau^et, 56| ; aud Fort Jefferson, 69) ; Jerusalem, 28 ; Farmiogdale, E. of Ra R. tellport, [a week). leorge, a Aiiieri- 3 sides, giir- [unter's kidftom {Fare to r&; Sag \ * 1 R 1 h ol ■ si 7, tl \ ol « V A P] JAMAICA. nonius. 49 ., 86 ; Brtntwood, 41 ; N. IiUp. 4S^ : Ukaknd. 48 ; Holbraok. 80 1 Mllport. 601 : Yapluuik, 50 : Manor, 6ft (divaistnoe of B$g Harbor it S^*.'- ' Good urbor, 100);. Hermltags, 88 ; S0:1>MrI'ailK, If •dfbrd, ft4 : B.«^. ., Branch to MoriehM, 70 ; Bpeonk, 78 ; W. Hampton, 7ft : Ground, 88 ; Boutbampton, 90 ; BridMhampton, 96 : and Riverhead, 73 ; JameMport, 78 ; Mattituok, 82 ; Cutohogue, Ooiitiiold, 00; OfMnport, 04. LnnK lalantj ^nolndes the 3 S. E. counties of the State of N. T., and, ac- cording to Walt Whitman, has the form of a flah. It la 140 M. long, oontaina 1,080 square M., and haa (excluaive of Brooklyn) 144,810 Inhabitanta. On the N. ia Long Island Sound (" the American Mediterranean "), which is 2ft M. broad at Ita ^reateat width, and ia the chief avenue of commerce and travel between N. Y. and the Eaatem States. It ia thought that when the obatructlona at Hell Gate are removed, N. Y. City will change flront to the E.. and the European commerce will enter the port by way of the Sound. The ialand, at ita W. end, Mheltera N. Y. Harbor, and at the B. end breaka into a chain of narrow penin- aulaa and ialands. On the S. ia a continuous line of broad lagoona, aeparated fW>m the ocean by narrow aand-bars. The soil is an alluvial sandy loam, for the most part level, and very productive when fertilised. The population (outside of Brooklyn) is mostlv agricultural and nuuritlme, and supplies the metropolia with great quantitiea of fhiit and vegetables, llsh, oysters, and clams. The island it well served by lines of railroad and steamboats, and contains many ikvorite seae side resorts. There were 18 tribes of Indians resident here, most of whom were engaged in the mannfkcture of wampum. The Montauka were the most formidable, and waged ftvquent wara with the Pequota on the malukmd. The European occupa< tiou was commenced early in the 17th century, by the Puritans on the E.. and the Dutch on the W. The former annexed their insular towns to Connecticut i but after the British conquest of N. Y. (in 1664) they Joined the latter province. The island waa held by the Britiah armv throughout the Revolution, unmolested save by forays made in whale-boata nrom the Conn, ooaat. The comparative mildness of the climate and the cheapneas of the aoil have Induced many settlari to locate here aince the completion of the railroad system. . Passing oat through Hunter's Point (Long Island City), the train runt by Woodaide, with its embowered villas, and Winjieldf where the Flush- ing and N. Side R. R. crosses the presefft route. Station, Jamftio* {Rem- ten House ; Union), a pleasant and prosperous village in the midst of a district of market-gardens. It has 3,791 inhabitants, a new town-hall, 8 weekly papers, 7 churches, and several academies. Jamaica was formerly the seat of the Jameko^Indians, and was settled by men of New England in 1650, under permission txom the Dutch authorities at N. Y, The name of Rusdorp was given to the village ; and during the pestilence at N. Y., in 1702, the government of l|^e province was located here. The S. Side R. R. (Route 4) passes through this village ; and tlie Brooklvu Central Branch R. R. runs W. to ClarenceviUe, Woodhaven, Union Course (the race-course here has been discontinued). Cypress Avenue (with Cypress Hills Cemetery to the N.), and E. New York. Horse-cars also run to E. New York (connecting for Canardie and Rockaway, and for Fulton Ferry). The low ridge called the Backbone of Long Island is 8een on the L, as the train passes E. by Queens and the level commons of Hyde Park to Mineola, the county-seat. A branch line runs 20I. S. to Hempstead (2 hotels), a place of 2,816 inhabitants, situated on the great Hempstead Plains, which aie 15 M. lohg lind 4 M. wide. 7,000 acres on the Plains were bought by A. T. Stewart, and a R. R. was built thence to Brooklyn, with intent to found a residence-city for the working-people of N. Y. Hempstead was settled in 1643 by a Puritan church firom Weatiiers- tteld. Conn. Its leader was Rev. Richard Denton, of whom Cotton Mather said , "His well-accomplished mind in his lesser body was an Iliad in a nutsheu."^ A branch of the S. Side R R. leads S. ftom Hempstead to Rockaway Beach. Tht Olen Cove Brunch runs N. firom Hempstead to Boaiya {Mamion Hwm\ a pleasant village at the head of Hempstead Harbor. Inttiis vicinity is Cadu^ 8 D 50 HouU 5. OYSTER BAY. 1^ mere, tlie home of the venerable poet and journalist, William Cullen Bryant S. E. of Roslyn is Harbor Hill, the highest summit on L. 1.(319 ft), whence are obtained pleasant views over the 8ouud; and a few M. N. W., on Manhasset Necic, is Sands' Point, with a quiet summer hotel. In this township (N. Hemp- etead) a colony of people from Lynn, Mass., settled about 1640, but were speedily driven away by tlie Dutch. S. L. Mitchill, the scientist, and Willard Post, the eminent physician, were natives of this town. From Boslyn, tl>e train runs N. near Hempstead Harbor, to Olen Cove (* Pavilion House, with broad piazzas fronting the water), tiie seat of a large starch-factory. Dr. Valentine Mott was a native of this village. There are many Quakers in the vicinity, and the shores of the harbor are much visited in summer. The present terminus of the Glen Cove Branch is at Locust Valley, 4 M. N. £. of Olen Cove. Beyond Mineola, the L. I. B. R. runs N. E., by the dairy-lands of Westbury, to Hicksville. To the N. is Jericho, which was bought of the Indians, in 1650, by Robert, the brother of Roger Williams. Here Elias Hicks, the Quaker schismatic, lived and preached from 1771 to 1830. He rode 10,000 M. on his missionary circuits, and preached over 1,000 times, and was an opponent of war and slavery. The Northport Branch nins from Hicksville N. E. to Syosset, whence stages run to Oyster Bay and Cold Spring (* Wauwepek House), a pretty village on Cold Spring Harbor. This deep inlet from L. I. Sound is much visited in summer ; and its best hotel is * Laurelton Hall, a new and costly house, with 100 rooms, situated on a \yrooded hill oNcrlooking the water (reached by steam- boat from Pier 37 E. R., at 4 p. m.). Many farm-houses about Syosset Bay take summer boarders at moderate prices. Lloyd's Neck, a high and far-viewing peninsula facing the Sound, was bought of the Sachem Ratux^an in 1654, and was formed into the manor of Queen's Village. It was fortified by the British in the- Revolution, and the Duke of Clarence (afterward King William ly.) was an officer in the garrison. Here was the head-quarters o> the Board of Associated Loyalists, whose irregular troops fought all along the Sound with the Coimectiuut whale-boat men. In July, 1781, Count fiarras sent 3 French frigates from Newport to attack the fort, then garrisoned by 800 men. The naval boinbanlment was ineffectual, the column of ti*oops ^uuder Baron de Angely) which assaulted the works was repulsed, and the expedition returned to Newport. In 1778-9, Simcoe's Queen's Rangers occupied and fortified Oyster Bay ; and later in the same year the Americans attacked Lloyd's Neck at night, carried the works, and led the garrison (500 men) captive to Connecticut. In 1672, George Fox preached from a large rock, which is still shown, in Oyster Bay village. This i>lace was the boundary between the Dutch and English colonics (as established by the Treaty of Hartford, in 1650), and was settled in 1653 by a nomadic Pilgrim church from Sandwich, Mass., the laud having been purchased from Assiapum, Sachem of the Matineoocks. Near Oyster Bay (in 1776) was captured Capt. Nathan Hale of Congress's Own Regi- ment (Conn, line), who had been sent by Washington to examine the British camps and works at Brooklyn. He was executed the next day as a spy, and, though biit 21 yenrs of age, met his fate bravely, his last words being. " I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." His farewell letters to his itiends were destroyed by the British provost-marshal, "tliat the rebels should not know they had a man in their army who could die with so much limmess." The train passes N. E. from Syosset to Hantington, wliich was founded in 1654, and was fortified in 1782 by Thompson's Royal Dragoons. Here were born B. Y. Prime, the poet, and N. S. Prinie, the divine, whose sons, S. Ireneus and William G. Prime, have attained high ranks in their BONKONEOMA LAER Routes, 51 respective departments of literature. The village is some distance N. of the station, and has 2,435 inhabitants, 6 churches, and several repntable schools. It is pleasantly situated on Huntington Harbor, one of ths deep and irregular inlets which open on L. I. Sound. Station, North- port {Northport Hotise; Washington), a sequestered village at the head of a deep and hill-environed harbor,^ much visited in summer. Ship- building is the chief industry. N. of St. Johnsland station is St. John's Church, a printing-ofElce, and 13 other buildings, forming an Episcopal charitable establishment which pertains to St. Luke's Hospital, of N. Y. City. Smithtoion station is N. of the village (founded in 1665, by. Bichard Smith, a veteran of Cromwell) ; and St. James is on Stony Brook Harbor. Near Smithtown Bay was the Tory Fort Slongo, which was stormed at dawn, Oct. 10, 1781, by 150 American troops. The train now passes SetavJeet (whose first pastor was the first American-bom graduate of Harvard) and stops at Fort Teffonon (large summer-hotel), a ship-building village with 3 churches and 1,500 inhabitants. A steam ferry-boat crosses the Sound to Bridgeport, Conn., twice daily. The trend of the coast E. from Port Jefferson is followed for many miles by a highway, which passes sev ral obscure marine hamlets. Beyond Hicksville the main line of the L. L B. B. runs S. E. by Jem- salem and the sandy plains of Farmingdale, then turns to the E. by a line of hills and passes Deer Park and Brentwood, in the thinly populated town of Huntington. On the 1. are the West and the Dix Hills. From N. Islip stages ran S. to Islip (see page 48) in 4-5 M. The train now crosses the level brush plains to Lakeland, which is 1 M. S. of Ronkon- koma Lake, a pretty sheet of fresh water among the forests. There are several summer residences on the shores, and the sailing and perch-fishing are good. The Lake House is of good repute. The Lake is 1 M. in diameter, " of singular transparency and wonderftil depth," and is bordered by a beach of white sand. It has no inlet or outlet ; and rises and falls every 4 vears. To the S. extends the town of Islip, which was formerly densely populated by the Patohogae and Secatogue Indians, who were engaged in the manufacture of wampum (the money of the aboriginal Americans ; consisting of the thick blue part of sea-clam shells, ground into the form of bugle beads, and strung upon hempen cords a foot long). The town was settled and named by immigrants ttom. Islip, in old Oxfordshire ; and was incorporated in 1700. Beyond. Lakeland the train passes the rural hamlets of Holbrook, "Waverly, and Medford. From Bellport station stages ran S. 3 M. to Bellport (see page 48). At Yaphank the line crosses the Connecticut Biver (of L. I.) and traverses the "Wild District." Stages ran S. W. from Yaphank (and from Manor also) to Centre Moriches {Ocean House ; Moriches; Long Idand ; Baldwin), a pleasant village which is much ▼isited in summer. Large quantities of fish, crabs, and wild fowl are 92 Route B, SAG HARBOR : sent thence to N. Y. Sail-boats run regularly across the Bay to the outer beach, where the Havens House is situated and surf-bathing is practised. There are numerous summer boarding-houses in Moriches and across the Tenillo River at E. Moriches ($6 - 10 a week). Beyond Yaphank the train traverses the Wild District to Manor. The Sag Harbor Branch runs S. E. from Manor to Moriches (stages to the bay-side Moriches), Speonk (fAnous for the flne eels which are taken in the adjacent waters), W. Hampton^ and Quogue, where there are several large boarding-houses. The lower hamlet is surrounded on three sides by salt water, and is on the isthmus which joins the great Firs island Beach to the mainland. The Shinnecock Hills are on the 1. and Shinnecock Bay is on the r., as the train passes near Good Ground and the lofty lighthouse of Ponquogue. At Canoe Place the line traverses a narrow isthmus between the Shinnecock and Great Peconic Bays, and reaches the remote Penhisula of Montauk. The Canoe Place clams are esteemed as the best in the N. Y. markets. Southampton is a sequestered marine village near the ocean. It was Settled in 1040 by n conipncy from Lynn, Mass.. who had been driven by the Dutch fi*om the E. part of L. I. ; and in 1644 it was annexed to Connecticut; The first minister of this tlieocratlc colony was Abraham Pierson, who leai-ne4 the language of the L. I. Indians and preached to tliem. According to Cotton Mather, he was " a true child of Abraham, and is now safely lodged in the Sinu Abraha " His son was the flrst President of Yale College. Near Canoe Place, W. of Southampton, Paul Culfee is buried, hard by his ancient church. He was a negro-Indian half-breed irovci the Elizabeth Islands ; acquired wealth by sea- faring pursuits ; devoted his life to the elevation of the two downtrodden colored races ; and was one of the founders of Sierra Leone. On a long peninsula W. of Southampton dwells the Shinnecock tribe of Indians, a peaceful Christian clan whose young men make daring sailors and whale flshonnen. Like most of the tribes along the Atlantic, they are ranked as an alien community, and are not liable to tha duties of voting and paying taxes. The peninsula was sold by the sachems to the town in 1703 ; and was then leased back to the tribe for the tenu of 1,000 years, at an annual rent of one ear of com. ^'^The train passes Mecox Bay and Bridgehampton, and runs N. E. to Sag Harbor (* E. End House), a village of 1,723 inhabitants, with a bank and 3 weekly papers. It is situated at the head of Northwest Bay, amid fine marine scenery which has been described by Cooper in the "Sea Lions." Sag Harbor was settled by Mass. fishermen in 1730, and was made a port of entiy in 1764. At an early date whales were killed by boats f^m the beaches in this vicinity ; and in 1841 Sag Harbor had a whaliiig fleet of 43 vessels (40 of which were ships). 1,025 mariners were employed on these vessels ; the voyages were made to the S. Atlantic and Pacific, and averaged 16 months in duration ; and in 1841 there were brought into this port 6,726 barrels of sperm, 68,827 of oil, and 482,110 lbs. of whalebone. The gold-fever in Califomia paralyzed this maritime industry, and in 1870 there were Vnit 4 whaling-vessels owned here. For 25 years the village has been decadent ; but since the construction vOf the R. R. (1869) it has revived somewhat, and is now mnoh visited in summer. In May, 1777, 130 Americans crossed L. I. Sound from New Haven in whale-boats, and surprised by night the British gan-ison at this point. The military stpi'es here collected and 12 vessels in the harbor were burned, and 00 royalist soldiera were led into captivity. In 1813 a boat expedition firom the British fleet, whic^ MONTAUK POINT. RotUe 5. 53 ((( lay in Gardiner's Bay througltout the War of 1S12, attempted to nnt out some vesaeU from before the village : l)ut the invaders were driven off by the foil and the militia. Steamboats run ' '^. Pier 10, E. R. N. Y. City, at 5 p. m. on Tues., Thurs., and Sat, to Orient, C mort, New Suffolk, and Sag Harbor, — returning at 4 p. M. on the alternate d& \the fare is 91.50). The steamer Sunthint runs ftt>m Hartfonl and New London tConn.) to Oreenport and Sag Harbor, leaving Hartford on Tuea., Thurs., and Sat, and returning on alternate days. East Hampton ia 7 M. S. E. of Sag Harbor (daily stages), and 1 M. from the sea. It was founded in 1648 by men from Essex County, Mass., who protected the Indians from the fierce assaults of hostile tribes. From 1657 to 1667 it was a part of Connecticut ; and in June, 1775, nearly every male inhabitant (253 in number) signed an agreement to support the Con- tinental Congress. The village is one of the most quaint and sequestered on the Atlantic coast ; and has gray old colonial houses, windmills, and a church which was built in 1652, rebuilt in 1717, and remodelled in 1822. Lyman Beecher, " the father of more brains than any other man in Amer- ica," was pastor here from 1798 to 1810 ; and under his influence the street was planted with the elm-trees which are now the pride of the vil- lage. Summer boarders are taken at several houses. S. E. are several ponds of fresh water ; S. is Napeague Beach (surf-bathing) ; and N. E. is the hamlet of Amagansett. Montauk Point is 18-20 M. N. E. of East Hampton, and Is reached by a lonely road running along the line of Napeague Beach. The E. part of the town (including 9,000 acres) is an unfenced moor, and is used for herding cattle. On this tract is the reservation where dwells the poor remnant of the Montauk In- dians under the Sachem Pharaoh. Long Island was, in the older days, the mint of the Ahierican Indians, and most of its tribes were engaged in the manufacture of wampum. The MontauI{s were the bravest and most powerful of the island tribes, and waged fierce wars with the continental Indians. The Sachem Wvan- dance ruled alMut the middle of the 17th century, and was an able and sagacious chief, who welcomed the English colonists and became their allies. There are niany quaint legends connected with this district Beyond Amagansett the road traverses for many M. the narrow sandy neck between the ocean and Napeague Bay, where millions of menhaden are caught yearly, and are used for oil and manure. A revenue-cutter cruises off and on in this vicinity to prevent snmg- gling ; and 5 -6 M. to the N. Gardiner's Island is seen. T^e most easterly pointi of L. I. is nearly insulated by Port Pond, and is partly occupied by Great Pond, a sheet of f^sh water covering 500 acres. On the extreme E., situated on a blutf over the sea, is the lofty tower which was built in 1860 for the Montauk Light It is an intense fixed light, with 2 revolving glasses, and a white flash, which is visible for 19^ M. This superb mechanism was sent by the French Government to the N. Y. Crystal Palace, and was afterwan^ presented by France to the United States. The * view fh)m the gallery is one of tlie finest on the coast, and Includes Block, Gardiner's, Shelter, Fisher's, and the Gull Islands, the shores of Conn, and R. I., and a broad sweep of the ocean. Visitors may l)e accommodated at the small cottage near the lighthouse if in extremis ; and summer camps are sometimes made in tlie vicinity. A pleasant excursion may l>e had by running dowr in a sail-boat from Sag Harltor by Gardiner's Island and Napeague Bay to Montauk Point ** Ultima Thule of thit ancient iile, Againit whose breait tlie everlaitina aurfte Long travelling on, and ominoua oxwrath • . Forever beats.*^ Mas. SlOOVRNCT. 54 Jtoute 5, SHtlLTEB ISLAND. I li The train runs near the Peconic River to the prosperous village of Biverliead {Qriffin Hotels Suffolk; L. /.), .with 3 churches, 2 high- schools, and the county buildings of Suffolk County. The surrounding country is pleasant, and 'a few deer and trout (protected) are found in the vicinity. The line now lies near the N. shore of Peconic Bay, through the populous farming district which is served by the station of Jamesport. Station, Mattituck {Mattituck House; Odell House), among the low wooded hills between Peconic Bay and L. I. Sound, and well served with crabs from an estuary to the N. New Suffolk lies to the S. K on Great Peconic Bay, and is a summer resort Cutchogue is 1 M. N. W. of the pleasant village of that name, which is much favored by city visitors. Beyond Hermitage (otherwise called Peconic) the train stops at Sonthold (Southold Hotel), a quiet anf the " 77 ttrst ministers of New England, that first enlightened the dark regions of America with their ministry* (Cotton MatherV Shelter Island is now a favorite place of summer rest. The * Manhanset House is u lai-gu uud ]>icture.sq':ie summer-hotel, in a park of 200 acres at the N. end of the island, near the quiet Dering Harbor. There are many pleasant drives througii ♦lie ricli country beyond, by gn)ves of noble old oaks, aiid near deeply receiised arms of tlie sea. Broad views over land and water ai'e afforded from the hills. Miicti water-fowl is to be found in tlie beaclies and uplands, and fish abound in the bays and inlets. Shelter Island is easily reached by the steaiu- ferry from Greenport (1 M. distant), which connects with the trains and boats at that village. Capt. Kidd was a bold N. Y. mariner, who was sent out with an armed vessel to chase the pirates from the coast. He succeeded, and sailed on the Adventure with 150 men, to chastise the freebooters of the E. Indies. But after rounding the Cape of Good Hope he turned pirate himself, and cruised from the Red Sea to Malabar, then crossed the Indian and Pacific Oceans, rounded Cape Horn, and swept the W. Indies. He wao captured in Boston, and was executed in London in 1701. Thousands of vision ary men have made excavations all along the N. At- lantic coast in hope to find tr<}asures that Kidd had buried ; and but a few years since costly operations tf> this, end were carried on at the Dunderberg Mt., far up the Hudson River. Kidd landed on Gardiner's Id. after his predatory circuit of the world, and buried vast ti'easures, of which 75 ounces of gold, 633 ounces of silver, and large quantities of rare jewels and precious stones were recovered in 1699 by the Earl of Bellomont, Gov. of Mass. 6. Long Island. The Northwest Shore. steamboats* The Arrcwsmith leaves Pier 24, E. R., and 83d St., at 9.15 a. m. for Whitestone, Sands' Point, Sea-Cliff Grove, and Glen Cove, returning at 1.45 p. M. ; and leaves Pier 24 at 5 p. m. for Whitestone, Great Neck, and Port Wash- ington, returning early nexl; morning. The Searvanhaka leaves Pier 24, E. R., at 4 p. M. for Whitestone, Fori; Schuyler, Great Neck, Sea Cliff, Mott's Dock, Sands' Point, Glen Cove, Glenwood, arid Roslyn, returning early next morning. The D. B. Martin leaves Pier 37, E. R., and 33d St., at 4 p. m. for City Id., Bay^'ille, Lloyd's Neck, Laurelton, Huntington, and Cold Spring, returning early next morning. The Osseo leaves Peck Slip, E. R., at 10.50 a. m. for Flushing and Col- lege Point ; and at 4 for Unionport and College Point. The Flushing and N. Side R. R. runs from Hunter's Point to Woodside, 3 M. ; Winfield, 4 ; Newtown, 5 ; Flushing, 8 ; College Point, 9 ; Whitestone, 11 ; Bay- side, 11 ; Great Neck, 14. The railroad is the more expeditious route, but the steamboats will be preferred by tourists, as showing the interesting shores of L. I. Sound. Passengers on these vessels can return to N. Y. the same day. Flashing is a cultured and wealthy village at the head of Flushing Bay, with 6,223 inhabitants, 8 churches, and 3 newspapers. It is famous for its academies, one of which (Erasmus Hall) is the oldest in the State ; and for its great tree-nurseries and botanical gardens. Many N. Y. mer- chants have villas near the village; and the surrounding district has sev- eral pleasant drives. In the N. part is a monument to the soldiers who fell in the Secession War. Flushing was settled by English Quaker 06 JtouUr, NICW YORK TO VERMONT. ' I. exiles ftt>m Holland in I'^^S, and was then named Vliiwingen. The Cen- tral II. H. qf L, L posv'jH from Hunter's Point through Flushing to Stewart's Purchase on Hempstead Plains and Bnhylon. College Point is a new village of 8,662 inhabitants, situated near the point on which St. Paul's College was founded. Whitestone {Whitestone Hotel) is a manufacturing village, near the Sound. Near Great Nock Landing is the Oriental House, a pleasant summer resort ; and on Sands' Point js an* other retired and fatihionablo hotel. On Wilkins Point new U. S. fortifl' cations are being erected, which, with Fort Schuyler (318 guns) on the opposite shore, command the entrance to N. Y. from L. I. Sound. The steamboats for Roslyn, Cold Spring, the Sound ports, and the Boston lines, after passing up the East Hiver (see page 85), tuni to the E. above Astoria and pass through Hull Gate (8 M. from the Battery and 8 M. from Throgg's Neck), with Word's Id. on the 1. Woolsey's Point is then rounded on the r., and the boat passes Hiker's Id. (a rendezvous for troops during the Secession War), with Flushing Bay opening to the S. E. Running now between College Point and Whitestone on the r. and the Westchester shores on the 1., the massive fortifications of Fort Schuyler and Wilkins Neck are passed, and the course is laid N., with the hills of Great Neck on the r. and Throgg's Neck on the 1. OIT Pelham Neck are seen City Id. and Hart's Id. (with its correctional institutions). Passing a small cluster of islets on the 1. and Sands' Point lighthouse on the r., the steamer enters the broader waters of the Sound. 7. V ew York to Vermont The Harlem Route. The N. Y. And Harlem R. R. was completed in 1862, and runs N. from N. T. along the borders of New England to Chatham, on the Boston and Albany R. K (128 M.), whence the Harlem Extension R. R. nms N. to Rutland, Vennont (108 M.). The morning mail-train from "S. T. connects through to Rutland. The line traverses a highly picturesque region, passing on the W. side of the Salisbury and Berkshire HUis, and ascending the valleys of the Green Mts. Fare to White Plains. 70n. ; to Bedford, $1.20 ; to Pawling, 92 ; to Millerton, 92.60; to Chat- ham Four Corners, 9 2.76. Stations, Grand Central Depot ; Harlem, 4 M. ; Mott Huven 4^ ; Melrose. 6 ; Morrisania, 7 ; Trt^mont. 8 ; Fordham, 10 ; Williams' Bridge. 11 (divergence of the N. Y. and New Haven R. R.) ; W(»odlawn, 13 ; W. Mt. Vernon, 14 ; fironxville, 10 : Tuckahoe, 17 : Scaradale, 20 ; Hnrtadale, 21 ; White Flains, 2B : Kensico, 26 : Unionville, 29 ; Pleasantville. 31 ; Chnppa(iua, 83 ; Mt. Kisco, 88 ; Bcdfc^rd. 40 ; Katonah, 43 ; Golden 's Bridge, 46 (diveigence of N. Y. and Lake Mahopac R. R. to Somers Centre, 4i> ; Lake. Moliopao, 62i) ; Purdy's, 47 ; Croton Falls, 49 ; Brewster's 53 ; Dyketnan's, 66 ; Towner's, 69 ; Patterstm, fll ; Pawling, 66 ; S. Dover, 71 : Dover Plains, 78 ; Wassaio, 82 ; Amenia, 86 : Shanm, 88 ; Millerton, 98 : lit Riga, 97 ; Boston Comers, 100 ; Copake, 106 ; Hillsdale, 110 ; CraryviUe, 112 : Martindale, 116 ; Philmont, 120 ; Ghent, 126 : Chatham Four Comers. 128 (the Boston and Albany R R divei*ges to Albany, 162 M. iVom N. Y.). Harlem Extension R R stations, flrom N. Y. to Chatham, 133 M. ; Rider's Mill, 1.S9 ; New Lolmnon, 146 ; Ijebanon Springs, 165 ; N. Stephentown, 169 ; Centre Berlin, 162 : Berlin, 167 : Petersburg, 172 ; Troy and Boston R R. Junction, 175 ; E. Hoosiok, 178 : Bennington, 181 ; N. Bennington, 186 ; S. Shaftsbury, 187 ; Shafts* bui7» 192 : Arlington, 197 ; Sunderland, 200 ; Manchester, 206 ; E. Dorset, 211 ; N. Dorset, S14 ; Danby k Mt Tabon 218 ; S. Wallingford. 228 : Wallingford. 3M; darendott, 230 ; Rutland, 236 (connecting with the Centinl Vennont RR.X FORDHAM. MouU 7. 57 '%« Celt' shing to ge Point n which tel) is a ng is the nt \n M- J. fortill- on the id. Tlie > BoHtop E. above nd 8 M. Point is evous for the S. E. and the Schuyler i hills of Neck are Passing n the r., pom N. Y. any R. R , Vennoiit and. The Salisbury ) to White ; to Chat- elrose. 6 : nee of the ironxville, nsico, 26 : IWrd, 40 : ip&c B. R« Falls, 49; Jg, 66 ; S. Millerton, 3raryvllle, tmera, 128 Harlem liU, 1S9; ;re Berlin, 175; E. r : Shafts* rset, 211 : ford.2M; The train passes out from the Grand Central Depot, and runs N. E. for 4 M., passing many fine buildings pertaining to the educational and chari- table interests of the city. On the 1. are seen the Central Paric, Mt. Morris, and the distant heights of Fort Washington. A short distance beyond the broad Harlem River, the N. Y. Central k Hudson River R. R. diverges to the 1., and the train enters the rural districts which were recently annexed to N. Y. City. Mott Haven is the seat of extensive iron and steel works ; and from Melrose a short railroad leads S. K to Poi-t Morris, on Long Inland Sound. To the W. is the aite of the old Morris mansion. In 1670, Btchard Morris, an Ofllcor of Cromwell's army, bought 8,0()0 acrofi in this vicinity ; and in 1007 this Antate was formed into the Manor "f Morrisania by his son I^wls (chlef-Jufttice uf N. Y. and N. J., and Qov. of N. J., ITdS-Mi). Here were born Lewis Morris's sons, — ytaats, a Drltiah general and M. P. : Richard, chlef-.ju8ti(;e of N. Y. : Ooitverneur, one of the most eminent statesmen of N. Y. ; and Lewln. a signer of the Uoclnratton of Independence (Ills S sons were brave' offlcera of the Continental army ; his grandson was killed in the assault on Monterey ; a second ffrandson commmdod the Mediterranean fleet In 1802-8 ; and a great-grandson. Lewis O. Morris, colonel of the lllith N. Y., was killed In the battle of Cold Harbor, Va.^ Gen. Moraau, Louis Philipfie of France, and many other eminent men, received the munificent honpltullty of this mansion. A picturesque region, traversed liy flne roads and dott^4 with villas, extends E. tothefDound. Near the iironx River Is the grave of Joseph Rodman Drake, a gifted poet (author of " The Culprit Fay "), who died at the age of 25, and to whose memory Fitz Greene Halleck wrote the lines lieginning : — *♦ Oreen be the turf above thee. Friend of my better dayi i Mono knew thee but to love thee, None named thee but to praiN." Tremont and Fordham, the next 2 stations, have each over 2,000 in- habitants. E. of Fordham station is St. John's College, a flourishing Jesuit institution, with several buildings on 20 acres of land, 10 profes- sors, 77 undergraduates, and 150 students in other departments. The St. Joseph Theological Seminary is located here. St. Mary's Church is a neat Oothic structure. Near this village are the mills and estates of the Lorillards ; on the N. is the Jerome Skating Pond ; and about \\ M. W. is * Jerome Park, a fine race-course under the care of the American Jockey Club. The train now runs N. near the Bronx River, and 1 M. beyond Williams Bridge passes Wood,lawn Cemetery ^ a broad undulating tract of 400 acres, which is patronized by N. Y. City families (the R. R. runs special trains for funerals). Among the many flne monuments here is the grave of Admiral Farragut, per- haps the foremost ofilocr in the history of the U. S. Navy. He was bom near Knoxvllle, Tenn., in 1801 (of Balearic parentage), and was a midshipman on the Essex, in 1814, when she was captured by 2 British frigates in Valparaiso Harbor. Thereafter, for 48 years, he commanded various vessels of the fleet, and on April 24, 1S02, he led the squadron that passed the Rel)el forts at New Orleans, de- stroyed the gunboats, silenced the batteries, and took the city. In the same year he attacked Vicksbiirej, and captured Corpus Ghristl, Sabine Pass, and Galveston. In 1833 he blockaded the Mississippi from Vicksburg to New Orleans, and thus out the Confederacy in two ; and co-operated in the capture of Vicksburgand Port Hudson. Aug. 6, 1864, he commanded the uaval forces which passed through 8» 58 Moute 7, WHITE PLAINS. V the lire of the Mobile (brta. and AnnihlUted the powerful Roliel fleet In the her* Ixir. Ho reculvml the thuuKN of Ooiiurutie in Dun., 1404; wiiM iiiude Admiral In IdiM) ; nnti in l(iU7 -0 wim iionoiva witli trlnniplial nufUiitlonH In the oliler ixirtii of the H (UMiUniMitM of the Old World, lie died iit I'ortMntotith. N. 11., A\\u. U, 1870. Tht N. Y, awl Sfw iltimn H, H, divt^rKUN from nUtvu williumM iTridKe, nud {MMiM«M the UiriviKK villii^jt^H of Mt, Vernon (dimni liirKe farm-Hchool nnder Jintii<*rnn Jomnmtmeoii) And M«w lto«h«ll« (/'khAx' Ihtel). Tliu Intttir idaco Imx nmny iHMntinil villuii, wnti n«>ur li!«) hiioio oi titc Itiound Ih iho NctUime lUmte, It wua settled liy Itn^nentitivhigeeH in KHU, niter the tidl of Im Rocliolle, tuid the Kiwnoh lAnKntiKO WHM long iiHed hero. The MUUe or N. Y. Kritntoil ii irtu;t of land in this town to Thonme Y'Mlno,> on whioh ii monument hue lieon erei'ind to hie memory. HtHtlon, Mamtmmmk, " the |)lnoo of rolUng etoneH," near which (Oct. 21, 1770) the holnWHit« and Mnrylnnd troo|w lient ni> the qiuirtere uf the (^neen'e liiuiKera and killud itnd ouiitnml 80 men, Rye etution Ih netir the Hivorite Hye Jkmh (t'o- diirOixtve U<>nHe)on L. I, Mound, whence romnrle Si4o Uoim) In a tlourlNhinu village, with A churchcH and nciirly 4,Ua8Hes iho faotorieti of JinmxvUle and the ieer Ridgo to Scnradale. Vico-Frosi- dent Tonipkina. was a native of Suarsdalv, ami Cooper was a it^sident here. White Plaint {Omimupum Home) is a pleasant and thriving village, with 5 churches and the public buildings of WestchcB^er County. Its site was coveivil with white balsam Mowers, and hence the name was derived. To the N. anil N. £. are St. Mary's Lake and llye Pond, al)ounding in pickerel ; ami .->. W. of the station is Chatterton's Hill, where was fo\ight the Utittlo of White Plains. After the Anglo- II eMian nrmy had forced WnHhington to retire from Manhattan Island, he fV>rm«tl furtitiod lineH along Uiu Bronx River from Fordhnm to White Plains. Oct. 28, 177«j the l»ostil« arniy, nnmhcrlniir 1!».(MH) men, advanced to at- tack the }M«ition at White Plains. Under cover of 'JO guns, tliey tlirew a bridge aon)8s the Rronx, end the light infantry and Hessian grenadiers attacked Chatter- ton's Hill, The American artillery ntowed down wliob platoons of the assailnntfl. and tlie l)elaw«n*s, Marylnnders, and New-Yorkers held tho hill in a hand-to-haud ooutliets At last they were overwhelmed by numl)ei-s, and the militia were dis- persed by cavalry "rue**, upon which the 8on>ly pressed Continentals retired wit^ their wounciou and artillej'y to the lines alwut White Plains. Two days of- terword, Washington fell Ixtck to the fortihed heights of North Castle, and Howe retireil to Mmilmttan Island. Station, Kensico, between the pleasant highland towns of Mt. Pleasant and N. Castle. Upon the heights of the latter town, Washington led his weary army in reti'eat ; and on Mt. Misery (in the S. E.) the Huguenots Aroni New Rochelle cut off and exterminated a war party of Indians. 1 ThomM P«lne wm born in Enftlund, in 17.V, and cnmc to America in 1774. Early In 1776 Ii(> l>ub|iiihed a tract called "Common 8t>iiar," arivo<-aUng r«>pubUoiin independence ; and in lite. " The Ctitiia " waa imbliahed, broinninff with the wordo, " Thesr arc the timei thnt try nu«n a aoula." Thia waa read at the head or every t'cntinciit«d resiment, and arousfd the droo|>ing apirila of the army and people. Paine then mied Reverat ofHcea in thotl. H., but went to r>aneo in 17111, and waa ei«rted to the National Convention. After • atormy liJe in Europe, dnrins which he attacked Burke in " The Kighta of Man," and advocated ntheism In « The A«eS Reaaon," he returned to New Rochelle in 1^, and died there In ISW. 10 year* later, Wm. Cobbett removed hia remaina to Fncland. 9 When the train crosaea the Bronx juet beyond Woodlawn, it leavei N. Y. Citv, whoae municipality Inctudea (since recent annexationa) the 9 former towna of Morriaania. W. Fanna, and K'.nna Brid^, — bounded W. by the Hudson River, £. by the Bronx River, uid N. by a Une runoinf due w. fiom the Brons above Woodlawn. ' LAKE MAHOPAC. JtotUe 7, 09 There are mai.y pretty lakei in North CoNtle, and the Connecticut line is quite near KunHiuo. A piotuntH((uo rood IooiIh B. W. to Tarrytown, on the IIuilHon. Tliu lino now luaven tlie Dronx Vulluy and ONccndn li^lit grades to tlio lilll-villngus of Uiiionvillu nnd IMennantviliH (the iattor plocti in 1 M. E. of ttio railroad, on tlio W, Nlopu of Dour IlidK«))> I''<>x lidi in pasHeWN|>u|ton, It ntlvricnted the Ahulitlon of Mlnvnry, the (ilovutlon of tliu lnlMirln}{ (dnitMutt, and the protection (by tnriil') or AmurUuui innntiriufturuii. Mr. Urucloy Konurally Httpnorted the inwiiiures of the Ucpiililiuuii purty front Itft orlj^lii until 18/2, nithouifh favoring n more ex* ttiiidud iiiiinoHty for thu Koiitlicrn Stntott. In 1872 he w.-ih iiontinutoil im cnndldnte for thu l*ruHid(>noy by thu LllMirnl Convuiitioii nt ( 'Imtinnnti, and by tbo Deinouratio Convention at Ualtlmoro, AfUu' a loiij^ nnd bittor c!uiii|itil|{ii, Ornnt wan re-elu(!toM." (N. P. Willis.) A road runs N. Ei 4^ M., acroMs the Croton Valley to C»rinel« the rnpltnl of Putnam County, the seut of the Drew Heminnry and Fciunlc College nnd tlie Riiymond Collegiate Institute, and the birthplace of Daniel Drew. Maliopnc is one of the chief of the highland lakes which supply N. Y. City with wrttei by the Croton Aqueduct, of which there are 22 within 12 M. radius. 3 M. '^oni Maliopac is Lake Oilead ; 10 M. S. W., and near PeekskiU, is I^ke Mohegan ; 6 M. 8. W. is I^ake Osceola ; Osoawana Lake Is about 8 M. W., among the rugged Highlands; Waccahuo Lake is 4 M. £. of Golden 's Bridge ; and Peach Lake is 4-5 M. E. of Croton Falls. All of these lakes are provided with summer hotels and boarding-houses. Beyond Golden's Bridge the main line passes Purdy's Station and Cro- ton Falls, and stops at Brewster's Station, a prosperous village in a lake- strown country. Near this place are the works of the Borden Condensed Milk Company, and in the vicinity are profitable iron-mines. Stations, Dykeman's, Towner*8, Patterson, and Paioling (trains stop for refresh- ments), an important point for shipping milk. \ M. E. is Mt. Tom ; and 8 M. N. is Quaker Hill, cron^'ned by an old Quaker meeting-house, which was used as a hospital in the Revolution. Beyond S. Dover the train reaches Dover Plains {Dover Plains Hotel), in a deep limestone valley, vrhich has many singular geological formations and picturesque ravines. At Wassaic the scenery is fine, and is said to resemble that of Harper's Ferry. The Taghkonic Mts. on the E., and the Fishkill Mts. on the W., close in over the Wassaic glen. The train now reaches Amenia ( Tuttle House), a pretty village in which is seen the Amenia Seminary (on the 1.). Amenia has 4 churches, and is the centre of an iron-mining district. Sharon Station is 3 M. from the village of Sharon, Conn. At Killerton the present route is intersected by the Dutchess and Columbia, Pough- keepsie and Eastern, and Conn. Western B. Rs., the latter of which runs E. 7 M. to the beautiful scenery of Salisbury (see Osgood's New £ngland, Route 20). 69 M. S. E. by this line is Hartford, the capital of Conn. The Harlem train now ascends among fine scenery, passing Mt. Riga and other Conn, peaks dose at hand on the r. Boston Comer belonged to Massachusetts, but was separated from that State by lofty mts., and was the scene of many prize-fights and other evils, to remedy which it was ceded to N. Y. in 1853. Mt. Everett and others of the Berkshire Itills (Osgood's New England^ Route 23) are now seen on the r. Copake is near large iron-mines, and has a blast furnace. About 5 M. N. W. is Copake Lake; and 2 M. E. is "that grand ravine and its wild water, * Bash Bish," with lofty cascades. The train runs N. and almost touches the Mass. boundary, then turns W. to Hillsdale, whence stages run N. E. across %remont to Great Barrington, Mass. Stations, Craryville, Mar- tindale, and Philmont ( Vanderbilt House), a modem village, with paper, woollen, and carpet factories. Claverack is 5 M., and Hudson is .9 M., from this point. Beyond Philmout the line passes through fine scenery. , LEBANON SPRINOa. JtouU 7. 61 and overlooking the Hoilion River Valley and the CatRkill Mts. At the ham- let of Ohent the Hudson and Boston R. R. is seen on the 1., and continues near the present route to the Junction of both lines with the Boston and Albany R. R. (Oflgn^'l's /iew England, Routes 21 and 22) at Chatham Four Comers The distance t> Boston is 177 M. ; and to Albany it is 24 M. The H and B. R. R. runs B. W. to Hudson in 17 M. The Harlem Extension R. R. runs N. to Rutland, Yt., in 114 M. Passing several obscure rural hamlets, the train soon reaches Lebanon Spring! (* Colunibia HaU, a fashionable and elegant summer hotel ; and several smaller houses, comfortable and less expensive). The thermal springs at New Lebanon have won an excellent reputation for their effi- cacy in diseases pf the skin and liver. There are about 24 grains of solid matter and 6 cubic inches of gases to each gallon of the water. The tem- perature is 73*, and the spring discharges 500 gallons a minute. Th« water is used mostly for bathing, and this is the only thermal spring in N. Y. or New England. The village is 1,000 ft. above the sea, and is surrounded with picturesque scenery, and from Gilbert Hill the Hudson River and Catskill Mts. may be seen. There are many fine drives in this vicinity, the best of which is that to Pittsfield (12-15 M. E.) by a far- viewing road which passes near Perry's Peak. Shorter drives are those to Queechy Lake and to the Shaker village. The Shaker Village is 2 M. 8. of the Springs, and contains 5-600 persons, who own large tracts of land, and are engaged in fanning and in making broonis, sieves, and baskets. 200,000 lbs. of herbs, seeds, and botaiiic medicines are put up annually. The village and farms are of spotless neatness. The Shakers originated fh>m a French sect which went to England in 1700, and was there Joined by Ann Lee, the wife of a Manchester blacksmith. In 1770, after emerging from a madhouse where she was confined for reviling matrimony, she announced, " I am Ann, the Word," and soon afterward came to America and was made the " Spiritual Heiid" of the sect In 1780 she converted many people of New Lebanon, and established here " the capital of the Shaker world, the rural Vatican wliich claims a more despotio sway over the mind of man than ever the Roman Pontiff assumed." The Spiritual Head claimed the power of working miracles, and held that Christ's coming was not the fulfilment of " the deuire of all nations, but that the second Divine advent must naturally be manifested in that particular object, to wit, woman, which is eminently the desire of all nations." The commonwealth covenant was accepted in 1795, and on Mother Ann's death the government was assumed by a hierarchy of 2 elders and 2 eldresses, called the Holy Lead. They remained secluded in the church at New Lebanon, appointed the minor clerjy> and supervisey taking the day-boat as tur as Hudson (114 M.), and returning to New York by the express-train. The great steamboats of the through lines are the most elegant river-boats in tlie world, and nra fUruiHiied witli every appliance for the comfort of the traveller. Fare, ii 2 (exclusive of meaU, which are well servctl at fixed prices) ; or, fur the trip to West Point, Cornwall, or Newburgh and back, returning the same day, 91. Through tickets to Saratoga by this raute, 98.50. The day-boats (the C. Vibbard oud Daniel Dretv) leave the foot of Vestry Ut., New York, at 8.30 a. m., and 23d St. 15 minutes later. They stop at Yonkors at 0.80, and connect In the Tappan Zee with the ferry-boat to /Nyack and Tarrytown. West ' Point Is reached at 11.80 ; Cornwall at 11.65 ; Newburgh at 12.15 p. M. ; Milton at 12.55 : Poughkeepsie at 1.10 ; Rhinebeck at 2 ; Tlvolf at 2.85 ; Catsklll at 8.20 ; Hudson at 8.40 ; and Albany at 6 p. u. The Hudson River Division of the N. Y. Central R. R. may be preferred to the boats in winter or In stormy weather. Trains leave the Grand Central Dei)ot, and pass through the lines of public and charitable buildings In the up{)er city, with the Central Park on the 1. Beyond the Hurleni River they diverge tVom the Harlem R. R., and follow the river and Bpuyten Duyvll Creek to tlie Hudson, whose E. bank is travei-sed genentlly all the way to Albany. 10 - 12 trains daily leave the old station at the comer of 80th St. and lOtli Ave. (i-eached by the Ele- vated .Rallwy fi-om lower New York) and run to Tarrytown, passing the stations of Manhattan, 152(1 St., Fort Washington, Inwood, etc. The Montreal, Chicago, and Pacific express trains (fTom the Grand Central Depot) run at the rate of 80 - 86 M. an hour, and make but few stops. They are chiefly composed of draw- ing-room cars ; and passengers who secure seats on the 1. side will have pleasant views of the river and Its W. bank. Steam-feiiies connect the line with the chief towns on the W. bank. Times and Fares. New York to Tarrytown. 1 - IJ hrs., 62c. ; to Poughkeepsie, 2^-3^ hrs., $1.83; to Hudson. 8^-6 hrs., $2.28; to Albany, 4^-7^ hrs., )||I8.10. Stations. Grand Central Depot ; Spuyten Duyvll, 11 M. ; Rlverdale, 12 ; Mt. St Vincent, 18 ; Yonkers, 14 J ; Hastings, 19 ; Doblis' Ferry, 20 ; Irvington, 22 ; Tarrytown (and Nyack), 25; Scarborough, 29 ; Sing Sing, 80 ; Croton, 84 : Cruger'a, 87 ; Montrose, 88 ; Peekskill, 41 ; Fort Montgomery, 45 ; Garrison's (West Point), 49 ; Cold Spring, 52 ; Cornwall Station, 54 ; Dutchess Junction, 57 : Fishkill (Newburgh), 58 ; Low Point, 02 : New Hamburgh, €4 ; Milton Ferry, 69 ; Pough* Iceepsie, 73 ; Hyde Park, 78 ; Staatsburgh, 83 ; Rliinebeck, 88 ; Barry town, 94; Tivoli, 98 ; Germantown, 104 ; Livingston, 107 : Catsklll Station, 109 : Hmlson, 114 : Stockport, 118 ; Coxsackio, 121 ; Stuyvesant, 123 ; Bchodack, 129 ; Castletou. 183 : E. Albany, 141^ ; Albany, 142 ; Troy, 148. The Hudson River takes Its rise In a lofty mountain-lake, 300 M. N. of N. Y City, and, descending thence through the defiles uf the Adirondacks, receives tho waters of Schroon Lake, and breaks througli the Luzerne Mts. in a series of long rapids. It passes through a tumultuous course until Ttx>y is reached, where the beean-ildes are met. Below this point the stream is deep and quiet, and is the avenue of an immense commerce, chiefly in lumber, coal, stone, ice, manufafttni'ed goods, and Western grain (In great clustei*s of freighted caual-boats, drawn by jwins-steamei's). The passage of the river through the Appalachian mountain- system ut the Higlilnnds and the long and lofty trap-dike called the Palisades ara remarkable for their scenic effect. Many ti'avellera prefer *he Hudson to the 1 «l f i 63 glimptM irts ; but the sen." loetM and of Wniiii [tat ion of •turesquo I Indiana Dutch nco Mau- ih finally affbrded !7ity and B on the le HUl, lien, the m, adii- *reMunr. Knee to iclined died 80 to yean, [ below ^sylum, pee (see ly situ- reached ,ei are a con- The sepa- Df the isolate )uyten n with Itooica I swim |to tlie fien he raters, blast, f 1 Henry Hndion win a boTfllWWlW of Juiifrland who lonjr labored, hy Nova Zembia and the Siberian waters, to ilnd a N. £. nsMage tn India. In ItiOO'he sailed w. in the Dutch East India Companv ■ vetsel, the Half-Moon, coasted alonfr Cape Cod and the Chesnneake, and ascended the Hudson River to the site of Trtty. In 1010 he sailed in the hnr1< Disroverp to Oreenlnnd, Labrndor and Hudsnn's Bay. where he was seized hy his inntinnns crew, and was set adrift In a small shallop, together with his son and 7 sailors. Ue was never heard of afterward. .. d t li t ■J 11 t fl r 1 c D 1 ?r k ..> .><^^u ^.. . . ^ (3 ucc^^ niiu ijutcb, uiiu la Hit) avenue of an immense commerce, chiefly in lumber, coal, stone, ice, nmuufactui'ecl goods, and Western grain (in great clusters of freighted canal-boats, drawn by towin^^-steamers). The passage of the river through the Appalachian mountain- system at the Higlilands and tlie long and lofty trap-dike called the Palisades are remarkable for their scenic elfect. Many travellers prefer the Hudson to tho THE PALISADES. Haute 8. 63 t 4 IJIO .u-etl I by are tiid Rhtne ; and Geoige William Curtis says of it. "The Dannbe has in part glimpses of such grandeur, the Elbe has sometimes such delicately I)«ncille'i efTects ; but no European river is so lordly in its bearing, none flows in such state to the sea." The beauties of the Hudson have been a favorite theme of American poets and artists : and its ancient folk-lore has been illuminated by the genial wit of Willis and the beautiflil language of Irving. The history of the Euroi)ean occupation of this valley covers 285 years, and until within a century H' abounds in picturesque incidents. The river was called tlie Sliatemuc and tlie Mohegan by the Indians until its exploration by Hudson,! in September, iU09, after which the Dutch named it the North River, and also the Mauritius (in compliment to Prince Mau- rice). The French called it Im Riviere dcs Montagnes; and the English iinally applied the present name, in honor of the discoverer. As the great steamer passes out into the stream, a fine view is afforded of the harbor in the distance, — the populous shores of Jersey City and Hoboken on the W., and the dense lines of piers and warehouses on the N. Y. shore. Above Hoboken are the Elysian Fields and Castle Hill, crowned by the Stevens mansion; and still beyond is Weehawken, the scene of a fatal duel in 1805. Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the U. S., challenged Alexander Hamilton, a dis< tinguished statesman and jurist, and for 6 years Secretary of the U. S. Treasuiy. There was no pretext but political antagonism ; and Hamilton, in deference to the public sentiment of the time, appeared on tlie duelling-ground, but declined to fire. BuiT toolc deliberate aim, and fatally wounded Hamilton, who died 30 hours after, amid the mourning of the nation. " Burr lived more than 30 years, a fugitive, like Cain, and suffering the bitter scorn of his countrymen." The great Manhattan Market is seen on the r. (foot of 34th St.), below Weehawken; and farther up (1.) is Bull's Ferry. At Manhattanvillflps seen the Lunatic Asylum; and above this is the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, on the heights 6f Fort Washington. Opposite the latter is Fort Lee (see page 28 ); and opposite Inwood (N. Y.) is the imposing and loftily situ- ated sunmier hotel, the ♦ Palisades Mountain House (300 guests ; reached from Englewood, on the Northern R. R. of N. J.). The * Palisades are 250-600 ft. high, and extend from Hoboken to Piermont, with a con- tinuation along the Tappan Zee to Haverstraw and Point-no-Point. Tlie ridge is a basaltic trap-dike, and is but g M. wide in some places, sepa- rating the Hudson from the Hackensack Valley. Tlie summit of the precipice is thickly wooded; and it looks almost as lonely and desolate as the cliffs of the Saguenay. Above Inwood the mouth of Spuyten Dui/vil Creek is seen on the r. This stream is named after a legendary Dutch trumpeter, hurrying down with a summons to arms when New York was menaced by 900 Indians. *' He took a hearty embrace of his stone bottle, swore most valnrously that he would swim across in spite of tlie Devil (en spyt den duyvel), and daringly plunged into the sti-eam. lAickles 4 Anthony ! Scarcely had he buffeted half-way over, when he was observed to struggle violently, as if battling with the spirit of the waters. Instinctively he put his trumpet to his mouth, and, giving a vehement blast, 1 Henry Hudson \rnn n bold mariner of Enprlnnd who lon^ labored, by Nova Zembla and the Siberian waters, to find a N. E. passage to India. In KJOU he sailed W. in the Dutch East India Company s vessel, the naif-Moon, coasted along Cape Cod and the ChesnneaVe, and ascended the Hudson River to the site of Troy. In 1(510 he sailed In the hark Dismvcrtf to Grcenliind, Labriidor and Hndson s Bay. where he was seized hy his mutinous crew, and was set adrift iu a anaaU shallop, together witli his sou and 7 Bailora. Ue was never heard at afterward. 64 Moute 8. YONKEBB. sank forever to the bottom I . . . . Here an old Dutch bnigher, femed for his veracity, and who had been a witness to tlie affair, related the melancholy atihir. with the fearful addition (to whi(-h I am slow in giving bolieO that he saw the Duyvel, in the shape of a huge nioHa-bonkcr (a species of inferior fish), seize the sturdy Anthony by the leg, and drag him beiicatli tlie waves." (Irving.) At this place tlie Indians attacked Hudson's vessel (in 1600), but wei-e repulsed after a severe conflict. The promontories of Spuyten Duyvil were strongly fortified by the ]3i'itish during the Revolution, and it formed the 8. border of the " Neuti-nl Ground," — a belt of about 30 M. wide, that was incessantly swept by the raids of the moss-troopers called Cow Boys and Skinners. 2J M. above Spuyten Duyvil is Hiverdale, near which are seen the stately buildings of Mt. St. Vincent, the Mother House of the Sisters of CHiarity, a Catholic order which has 67 establishments in and near New York. The castle of Font Hill is of blue granite and has 6 battle- mented towers. It was built by Edwin Forrest ; but after his domestic troubles he sold it to the Sisters, whose clergy now occupy Font Hill. Tlie spacious buildings in the rear were erected by the Sisterhood, and are occupied by the nuns and their young lady pupils. 1^ M. from Mt. St. Vmcent is Yonkers (• Peabody House), a pleasant town at the mouth of the Neperan River, with 12,733 inhabitants (in 1870), 1 daily and 3 weekly papers, and 9 churches. There are many fine villas in the vicin« ity, and x>leasant drives. The population is largely composed of N. Y.^ City merchants and their families. Jfonkera occupies the site of the Indian village of Nappechamak, off which dson made his second anchorage, and bought oysters and beans from the natives ("a loving people, who attained great age"), who ccme out in 28 canoes. It lay in the domain of Coleudonck, 24,000 acres in extent, which was ruled by the Patroou Van der Donck (1643-55). Much of this estate was afterwards ac* quired by the Philipse family, who erected a spacious stone Manor Hall near Yonkers, in 1682. Mary Philipse, the beautiful heii-ess of this estate (and the heroine of Cooper's novel, "The Spy") was the first love of George Washington (1756), and although he could not win her, he always remembered her fondly. She was attahited for treason after the Revolution, and her vast domains were sequestrated. The Manor House still stands at Yonkers (named from Ymik Heer, " a young lord "), and preserves its baronial halls, quaint carvings, wain- scoting, and Dutch tiles. In 1777 a naval battle was fought off Yonkers between the British frigates Rose and Phoenix and a flotilla of American gimboats ; and in 1778 Gist's Marylanders were driven from the place by the royalists under Tarleton and Simcoe. The Palisades opposite Yonkers are 400 ft. high, and their most pictu- resque poio^ is at Indian Head, 4 M. above, opposite Hastings-upon- Hudson. Much Westchester marble is shipped from Hastings. At this point Lord Cornwallis's British army crossed the Hudson, just before Washington's retreat through the Jerseys. On the heights above the village were 2 forts, whose cannonading greatly annoyed the British ship- ping on the river. Near Hastings is the stately old Livingston mansion, which was the head-quarters of Washington and the scene of the official conferences about the British evacuation of New York (1783). 1 M. above Hastings is Ddbbs* Ferry (the scene ot the legend of Heudrick and Katrina), an ancient village at the mouth of Wisquaqua Creek and below : ' THE TAPPAN ZEE. Route 8. 65 the Greenburgh Hills. It is a summer home for many citizens, and the view up the Tappan Zee is very attractive (especially from near the quaint Zion Church). The place is named for one Dobbs, a Delaware Swede of tlie 17th century, who owned this district and kept a ferry here ; and some years since a sharp controversy was raised by a well-sustained but unsuccessful attempt to change the name to Pauldin^^. Opposite tliis place is Piermont, where a pier 1 M. long (just N. of the line between New York and New Jersey) projects from the W. shore to the deep-water channel. A branch of the Erie Railway runs thence to Suffem, 18 M. N. W. ; and the Northern R. R. of N. J. passes the village on the route from N. Y. to Nyack. 2 M. from Piermont is the ancient village of Tappan, in the rich Hackensack Valley. Near this place, in 1778, Baylor's regi- ment of American cavalry was surprised at night by the British Gen. Gray, and two thirds of its men were massacred. The house (built in 1700) which was the head-quarters of the army in 1780 is still shown ; and at this place Major Andre was executed, Oct. 2, 1780. At Dobbs' Ferry begins a beautiful lake-like widening of the river, 10 M. long and 2-5 M. wide, which has been renowned for two centuries under the name of the * Tappan Zee. " Even the Tappan Sea in front was said to be haunted. Often, in the still twi- light of a summer evening, wlien the sea would be as glass, and the opposite \Mk% would throw their shadow halt across it, a low sound would be heard, as of the steady, vigorous pull of oars, though not a boat was to be descried Some said that it was one of the whale-boats of the old water-guard, sunk by the British sliips during the war, but now permitted to haunt its old cruising-grounds ; but the prevalent opinion connected it with the awful fate of Rambout Van Dam, of graceless memory. He was a roistering Dutchman of Spiting Devil, who, in times long p^al, nad navigated his boat alone one Saturday the whole length of the Tappan Sea, to attend a quilting party at Kakiat, on the W. shore. Here he had danced and drunk until midnight, when he entered his boat to return home. He was warned that he was on the verge of Sunday morning ;' but he pulled off nevertheless, swearing he would not land until he reached Spiting l>evil, if it took him a month of Sundays. He was never seen afterwards, but lu;)/ be heard plying his oars, as above mentioned, being the Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Bea, doomed to ply between Kakiat and Spiting Devil until the day of judgment." There is a legend of a stout, round, Dutch-built vessel, with high bow and stem, and bearing Dutch colors, sailing up tlie harbor of New Amsterdam in the teeth of wind and tide, and penetrated like a cloud by the cannon-shot fi-om the Battery. She never returned down the Hudson, but was often seen by the Dutch skippers. "Sometimes near the Pallisadoes, sometimes off Croton Point, and sometimes in the Highlands ; but she was never reported as having been seen above the Higlilands. Sometimes it was by the flashes of a thunder-storm, lighting up a pitchy night, and giving glimpses of her careering across Tap- pan Zee, or the wide waste of Haverstraw Bay Sf)raetiines, in quiet moonlight nights, she would be seen under some high bluff of the Highlands, all in deep shadow, excepting her topsails glittering in the moonbeams Her apiiearance was always just after, or just before, or just in tlie midst, of unruly weather ; and she was known to all the skippers and voyages of the Hudson by the name of the Storm Ship." Some maintained that this phantom was the Flying Dutchman, passed from the stormy Cape of Good Hope to moi-e tranquil waters. Others held that it was Hendrick Hudson and the shadowy crew of the Half-Moon, sailing to their weird revels in the Catskills. " It is said that she etill hauuts the Highlands, and cruises about Foint-no-Foint. People who live J: I 66 MouU 8. SUNNYSIDEL along the river insist that they sometimes see her in summer moonlteht. and that in a deep, still midnight they have heard the chant of her crew, as if heaving the lead." (Irvino.) Passing now the classic portico of Nevia, tlie home of the Hamiltons (from Nevis, a West India Island, where Alexander Hamilton was bom), and the Renaissance mansion of Caen stone, Nuits, owned by the Cotti- nets, the modern village of Irvington is seen on the r. Just N. of this place is * Sannyflide, the quaintly beautiful stono mansion where Irving dwelt and wrote. This house was built in the 17th century by Wolfert Acl;er, a world-wearj' and cynical Dutch councillor. He inscribed over its dour, " Luut in Bust " (pleasui*o in quiet), whence the English settlers called it "WoL'ert's Roost." Jacob Vau Tassel, the proprietor duruig the Revolution, was an active American partisan ; and the Roost was sacked and bunied by the British. Mr. Irving made many additions and enrichments to it. and named it " bwinyside." " It iJ said, in fact, to have been modelled after the cocked liat of Peter the Headstrong, as tlio Escurial was modelled after the gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence." The E. front is covered with ivy, from a slip which Sir Walter Scott gave to Irving at Abbotsl'ord ; and the place is charmingly described in Irving's story of " Wol- fert's Roost." Washington Irvino was bom at N. Y. City in 1783, and died at Sunnyside in 1859. His father was a Scotchnian, and his mother was English. He studied law, but did not practise, and began to write iu his lOtli year. 1804-0 he was in Europe. In 1807 he published "Salmagundi," and in 1808, "Knickerbocker's History of N. Y." The failure of a couinicrcird house in which his funds were invested injured his pecuniary position, and from 1815 to 1832 he lived in Europe, wli^re, with the aid of Sir Walter Scott, he published "The Sketch-Book" and several other works. 1820-29 he resided in Spain, writing "The Conquest of Granada," " Life of Columbus," and "Legends of the Alhambra." He was Sec. of Legation at London, 1829-31 ; and after his retui-n to N. Y., he wrote several books of travels. Prom 1842 to 1846 he was Minister to Spain, and, after re- tui-ning, revised his works, wrote biographies of Goldsmith and Mahomet, and closed his labors by a " Life of Washington." in 5 volumes (1855-59). He was a mem)jer of many European and American learned societies, and was Doctor of Laws of Oxford, Harvard, and Columbia. He never married ; and in 1846 he bought the old house of Wolfert's Roost, which was altered and a ended from time to time until the present " Sunnyside " was finished, and there he received many of the eminent men of his time, including Daniel Webster and Louis Na- poleon. He Avas a warm friend of Sir Walter Scott, Tom Moore, Campbell, and other eminent British contemporaries. Scott said of " The Sketch-Book," " It is positively beautiful" ; Byron speaks of " Irving, whose writings are my delight" ; Louis Napoleon said, "I admire him both as a writer and as a man"; Brj'ant predicts "for him a deathless renown" ; Miss Mitford says, "Few, very few, can show a long succession of volumes so pure, so graceful, and so varied as Mr. Irving " ; and Everett (speaking of American literature) holds that " it can never be disputed that the mild and beautiful genius of Mr. Irving was the Morning Star that led up the march of our heavenly host." Above, and near Sunnyside, are the mansions of Bierstadt, Wm. E. Dodge, Robert Hoe, Cyrus W. Field, and other leading men of N. Y. To the N., near the shore, is the pointed tower of Cunningham Castle, beyond which is the Paulding Manor, a costly marble building in Eliza- bethan architecture; and still farther N. is Tarrytown {* Cliff House; Irving House ; MotVs ; and several large summer boarding-houses), an ancient village, beautifully situated on a far-viewing hillside. Tliere are many line villas in and about this place (especially the Erickstan mau* 1 TARRYTOWN. JtouUS, 67 sion), and the views over the Tappan Zee are famed for their breadth and beauty. But this district has an interest greater than that of mere natu- ral loveliness, in that it is the land of Irving and of Andri. Here is Christ Church, of which Irving was a warden when he died. About 1^ M. to the S. is SunnysiJe; and just N. of the village is the sequestered valley known of old as Slaeperigh Havetij and immortalized by Irving in ** Tlie Legend of Sleepy Hollow." On a knoll in the valley is the quaint little Dutch church, built by Vedryck Flypsen (Philipse), the lord of the manor, in 1699, with bricks imported from Holland. On its spire is a flag-shaped vane, bearing the monogram of Flypsen ; and in the tower is a bell, with the inscription, " Si. Deus. Pro. Nobis. Quis. Contra. Nos. 1685." Beyond the ancient and mossy graveyard is the village cemetery (with the costly Delavan Monument on Battle Hill), where, in an en- closure near the receiving-tomb, is the flower-adorned grave of Washing- ton Irving, overlooking Sleepy Hollow and the Tappan Zee. In the dark glen below the church is a bridge over the Pocantico, which stands near that on which Ichabod Crane was overthrown by the spectre of the headless horseman. From the bridge is seen Castle Philipse, a grim and homely old man- sion. The lands E. of the Tappan Zee pertained to the Indian Sachem Goarius, and were bought in 1680 by Frederick Philipse, a descendant of the Viscounts Felyps, ancient Hussite nobles of Bohemia. These lands were formed into a bai'onial estate, with mansions at Sleepy Hollow and Yonkers ; and Castle Philipse was erected in 1683, with lines of loopholes and artillery, to serve as a rallying point for the tenantry in case of Indian hostilities. In 1775 the family pronounced against the Colonies and in favor of the Crown, and being attainted for treason, the estates were confiscated and sold to tlie tenantry. Castle Philipse was held by the Beekman family until 1860. Above the Castle is the cluster of modern villas called Irving Park. 1 M. S. of the old Dutch church, Andre's Brook crosses the highway, near a marble monument 25 ft. high, erect€d by the people of Westchester County, " as well to commemorate a great event as to testi y tlieir high estimation of that in- tegrity and patriotism which, rejecting every temptation, rescued the United States from most imminent peril, by baffling the arts of a spy and the plots of a traitor." Benedict Arnold, a brilliant and ambitious American general, was wounded at the Battle of Saratoga, and afterwardii (in 1778) was made Military Governor of Philadelphia. Here he married Margaret Shippen, a fair royalist and a friend of the British Adj. -Gen. Andre, and lived in a state of luxury and ex- travagance that was only sustained by corruption and malfeasance in ofBce. Of these charges he was convicted by court-martial, and was ivprimanded by Washington. His proud spirit felt the disgrace so keenly that he resolved to be revenged npon the country, ana he opened a secret correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton. Obtaining the command of the fortress of West Point, the key to the upper Hudson, he offered to surrender it to the British. Ma,jor Andre, Adjutant-General of the British army, went up the Tappan Zee on the sloop-of- war VuUtire, and landed by night near Haverstraw, where he arranged with Ar- nold for the surrender. But the Vulture was forced to retire by an American battery on Teller's Point, and Andr6, attempting to go by land to Now York (dis- guised as a citizen), was halted at this point near Tarrytown — in the Neutral Ground — by a sqnad of irregular militia. He was searched, and the papers and plans of the surrender were found in Iris stockings. Refusing the princely bribes that he offered them to release him, \ le militiamen carried him to head-quarters, whence he was removed io Tappan, tried before a court-martial, convicted, and hung as a spy (Oct. 2, 1780), amid the mourning of both armies. John Andr6 was * young man of noble character, an artist, poet, and chivalric soldier, involun- tarily a spy, and died heroically, his last words being, " I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a brave man." He was but 29 years of age, of II 68 JtouU 8, SING SINQ. Swiss pamitage ; and In 1831 his remains were removed from Tappan and bnried in Westniinster Abbey, near the elegant mural monument which was raised to his memory by King George III. Turrytown occupies the site of the Indian village of AUpeonek (" Phice of £lms "), and was early settled by the Dutch, who called it Terwen Dorp, or " Wheat Town," from its large crops of that cereal. Tlic English conquerors retained the " Ter- wen," and modulated it to its present name, though Irving says: "The name was given, we are told, in former days by the good housewives of the adjacent country, from the inveterate propensity of their husbands to linger about tne vil- lage taverns on market days. A stage leaves Tarrytown daily at 2 p. m., and passes S. E. to White Tlains and Fort Chester. N. of Tarrytown are the mansions of Fremont and AspinwaJU. , Nearly opposite Tarrytown (steam ferry every half-hour) is Nyack-on- the-Hitdson, a prosperous village at the foot of the rugged Nyack Hills. With a population of 3,438, the village has 3 weekly and 2 monthly papers, and several shoe factories. Boulevards ICO ft. wide lead to Rock- land Lake on the N. and Piermont on the S. Great quantities of milk, fruits, and vegetables are shipped from this point to N. Y. The Bock- land Female Institute is a favorite academy located here, and its large brick building, situated on a far-viewing promontory S. of the village, is used as a summer boarding-house, under the name of the * Tappan Zee House. The Palmer (new in 1873), Smithsonian, and Clarendon Houses are also popular summer hotels. Nyack is the N. terminus of the North- em N. J. R. R. N. of Tarrytown are many fine river-side villas, and the steamer ascends the placid Tappan Zee to Sing Sing, a large village, beautifully placed on a long upward slope. It has 4,696 inhabitants, 5 chiirches, and 2 weekly papers. There are 2 large military schools here, and on Highland Avenue are several summer boarding-housed. Great Methodist camp-meetings are held here annually. Sing Sing is an Indian name, meaning " Stone upon Stone " (or from Ossining, " a stony place "); and this portion of the Philipse Manor was settled in the 17th century. Over a ravine at this point the Croton Aqueduct is carried on an elliptical arch of masonry of 88 ft span. 4-5 M. E. of Sing Sing are the Chap- poqna Sulphur Springs, near the former home of Horace Greeley. The Sing Sing State Prison (1 of the 8 in N. T. State) was founded about 1826, with a view of employing the convicts in the marble quarries. The buildings were erected by felons from the Auburn Prison, and stand at the foot of the marble ridge of Mt. Pleasant, J M. 8. of the village (near the river), in grounds covering 130 acres. The main prison is 484 ft. long, and has 1,200 celb, with an iron foundry and manufactories of whips, saddles, shoes, furniture, etc., where the convict labor is utilissed. The female prison is to the £. on higher ground, and is built of marble with a classic portico. It has 108 cells, and the prisoners are employed in making clothing. Opposite Sing Sing (ferry frequently) is Rockland Lake, 1 M. from and 160 ft. above the river, and 3 M. around. It is the source of the Hacken- sack River, and 1,000 men are engaged during the winter in cutting and storing the 200,000 tons of ice which are sent hence to N. Y. every sum- mer (by the Knickerbocker Ice Go.). There is a large hamlet on its STONY POINT. Jl0,OUO,000 gallons. Near Croton Bay (where Hudson anchored the Half-Moon in lOOD), at the mouth of the river, is the ancient Van (Jortlandt Manor House. The Van Cortlandts were descended from the Russian Dulces of Courland, and in lGi)7 Stephen of that ilk founded a broad manor on the Hudson. The manor house was built (about 1710) of heavy masonry, with loopholes, and it looked out on Croton Bay as it now does. This family took the American side at the outbreak of the Revolution, and gave a mt^jor-genferal to the army. The Highlands loom up boldly in front as the steamer crosses the beau- tiful Haverstraw Bay to Haverstraw, an important village above Long Clove Mt., and under a range of high hills. N. of this point is Treason Hill, where, at Smith's old stone house, Benedict Arnold and John Andre arranged the terms of the betrayal of the Republic (Sept. 22, 1780). N. E. of Haverstraw (by ferry) is Cruger*s, a R. R. station and a popular summer-resort at the head endence was erected during the Ilevohition, and Putnam made his head-<|uart(>ri tliere. Large barruuks and sup> jtly-depots were at Continental Village, 3 M. N. E. among the hills ; and in Oct.. 1777, it was attacked and destroyed by Emerick's Hessian chasseurs. 2 M. E. or Peekskill is a later manor-houne of tho Van Cortlandts, near which is the little old Episcopal Church of 8t. Peter (built 1707), witli n monument in its venerable Savoyard erected by N. Y. City to John Paulding, one of the incorruptible cap- rs of Andr6. To the N. is the lofty bare ridge of Gallows Hill, which commands a fine view of Peekskill nnd the river, the Hollow, and Westchester County as far as Tarrytown. On the N. is Continental Village, in the rich Canopus Valley, be- 5'ond which are " the rough turrets of the Hifjhland towers " On the summit of his hill was executed Lieut. Palmer, a loyalist offlner of the royal army. He was caught in disguise within the American lines, and in answer to the demands of Sir Henry Clinton for his release, Putnam wrote : "Hir, — Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's service, was taken as a spy, lurking within our lines. He has been tried as a spy, condemned as a spy, and shall he executed as a spy ; and the flag is oi'dered to depart accordingly. P. S. He has been accordingly exe- cuted.^ In March, 1777, Gallows Hill was held by the retreating garrison of Peekskill, when that place was capfiired by 12 sail of British vessels, and its great depots of supplies were burnt. Bending to the N. W. at Peekskill, the Hudson enters that part of its course called the Race, and passes through the beautiful * Highlands, which Chateaubriand likened to " a large bouquet tied at its base with azure ribbon." From Peekskill to Newburgh stretches a panorama of river scenery unsurpassed in the world. Dunderberg, on the L, confronts Anthony's Nose on the r. This bold promontory derives its name (according to Irving) from the following incident : " It must be known, then, that the nose of Anthony the trumpeter was of a very lusty size, strutting boldly from his countenance like a mountain of Golconda, lieing sumptuously bedecked with rubies and other precious stones, — the true regalia of a king of good fellows, which jolly Bacchus grants to all who bouse it heartily at the flagon. Now thus it happened, that bright and early in the morning, the good Anthony, having washed his burly visage, was leaning over the quarter-railing of the galley, contemplating it in the glassy wave below. Just at this moment the illustrious sun, breaking in all his splendor from behind a high bluff of the Highlands, did dart one of his most pot«nt beams full upon the refulgent nose of the sounder of 'brass, the reflection of which shot straightway down hissing hot into the water, and killed a mighty sturgeon that was disporting beside the vessel. This huge monster, being with infinite labor hoisted on boaitl, furnished a luxurious repast to all the crew, l»eing accounted of excellent flavor excepting about the wound, where it smacked a little of brimstone ; and this, on my veracity, was the first time that ever sturgeon was eat«n in these parts by Christian people. When this astonishing miracle became known to Peter Stuy- vesant, and that he tasted of the unknown fish, he, as may well be supposed, mar- velled exceedingly ; and as a monument thereof, he gave the name of Anthony's Nose to a stout promontory in the neighborhood, and it has continued to be called Anthony's Nose ever since that time.' 72 Houte 8. PORT MONTGOMERY. Falling from the slopes of Anthony's Nose is the romant{< Brocken Kill ; and near the W. shore is the grape-abounding lona Island (the N. limit of the 8ea-breez«»), under the Dunderberg and near the mouth of the Forest- of-Dean Creek. Just above and also on the W. shure is the old Poplopen Kill (now Fort Montgomery Creek), whose deep, tranquil current conducts in i M. to uliff-environed falls. Bear Mt. is seen on the W. On the high promontories at the mouth of this creek are some remains of Forts Montgomery (N.) and Clinton (8.). In 1776-70, these wortcn were built, and a strong boom and an iron chain floated on raftH were stretched acroua the river and guarded by a flotilla of gunboats. Thin system of defencett was deiiigncd to close the upper Hudson aoainst the British fleet. In Oct., 1777, Sir Henry Clinton and 6,000 men advanced hitherward, and after some sharp skirmishing in the deflles and glens of the Dunderberg and about Lake Sinnipink, the hostile army divided into 2 c!olumnB, which api^eared before the forts and demandM their surrender. The garrisons consisted of 000 militia, under Gens. James and Oeoive Clinton. The British fleet opened upon the works and gunboats, and the Inna forces at- tacked with the bayonet. Lord Rawdon and the Polish Count Crabowski led the assault on Fort Montgomery, and the latter fell under its walls, and is now buried there. Putnam's New-Englanders, aroused by the roaring of the artillery amid the Highlands, were unable to cross the river, and the remnant of the over- powered garrison retired into tlie hills in the cloudy twlli(rlit. The fleet was unable to escape by reason of an advei-so wind, and the vessels were burnt at the ehevaux de/Hse. " The flames suddenly broke forth, and as every sail was set, the vessels soon liecame magniflcent pyramids of Are. The reflection on the steep face of the opposite mt. , and the long train of rud^ light which shone upon the water for a prodigious distance, had a wonderful efreet, while the ear was awfully flUed with the continued echoes fW)m the rocky shores, m the flames gradually reached the loaded cannons. Tlie whole was sublimely terminated by the explo- sions, which left all again in darkness." The British loss was 140, and the Amer- icans lost 300 men, 100 cannon, 2 fVigates, and 3 smaller armed vessels. The next morning the victors cleared away the ol>structions which had cost Congress S 250,000, and had a clear woy up thie river (see Thackeray's "Virginians," Chap. XCI.). Just 8. W. of old Fort Clinton is Lake Sinnipink, a forest-bound sheet of crystal water (123 ft. above the river), from whose W. shore Bear Mt. rises sheer to the height of over 1,000 ft. Much severe fighting occurred at the strung abatia by this lake, and the slain soldiers were throwrn into its calm depths, whence it was long called Bloody Pond. There ai-o considerable ruins at Fort Montgomery : but Foix Clinton has been razed. To the W. is the Forest of Dean, and the rugged mt. town of Monroe, with its many lakes. The river now bends to the N. E. Far in advance is the ruined height of Fort Putnam ; and on the r. front is the symmetrical cone of Sugar- Loaf Mt. Highland Falls are now seen on the 1., a series of wliite rapids on a brook which falls 100 ft. to the river (near which is the * Cascade House). Here are large flour-mills ; and just above is * Cozzens* Hotel, a fashionable summer resort, on a high bluff, with pleasant rambles and drives. There is a steam-ferry from Cozzens' to Garrison's; and a email village is near the former. ♦West Point " In this beuiitifUl place : the fairest among the fair and lovely Highlands of the North River : shut in by deep green heights and ruined forts, and looking down upon the distant town of Nowburgh along a glittering path of sunlit water, with liere and there a skiff* whose white sail often bends on some new tack as sudden flaws of wind come down upon her from the gullies in the hills : hemmed in, liesides, all around with memones of Washington and events of the Revolu- tionary War : is the Military dchooi of America." (Dickens.) WEST POINT. JtoukS, 73 > In 1775, CongreM ordertHl ilmt the narrow paaiM of the Hudson «hould b« fortified, and ho Fort b'uiiHtittitlon wan erected. u|>})Oftite Went I'oint ; but being connnanded by atlJacentliillH, it waa aluindoned on Mir Henry ClliiUm'a lulvnnoe in Oct., 1777. In 1778 -7U. WcHt Point and iU approaches were fortiiled with 4 forti and 8 redoubts, and h<ortaiit intnt in the Union, as keeping open transit t«> and fh)m New England, and alMo hh ciosina all chance of the British in N. Y. City for direct connuuni(;atiou witli I'anada. The various works were armed with 118 cannon, and garrisoned by :i,U8mbers, who remain in camp during the summer (from July 20). Various drills and evoluti(ms are carried on during the day ; but the most imposing spectacle is the evening dress-parade, At sunset. The National Military Academy is &1 M. fh>m N. Y. City. The buildings of the Academy occupy a plateau 157 ft. above the river (W. bank), and are I'eached by a steep road out along the cliff-side at great expense. The Plain is a broad plateau wliiuh is used for the evolu- tions of the artillery, infantry, and cavalry; and on its verge are the spacious buildings of the school. The Cadets' Barracks and th^ Academic Building are fine stone structures in castellated architecture ; the Library Building has over 20,000 volumes, and in its dome is an equatorial tele- scope, while the towers contain a mural circle and a transit instrument. The Chapel has a large chancel-picture by Prof. Weir; on the E. side are memorial tablets to the officers o fell in the Mexican War, and trophy cannon and colors taken in that war; and on the W. side are memorials to the generals of the Revolution, the cannons given to Gen. Greene, and trophy flags captured from British and German regiments. The * Museum (jff Ordnance and Trophies • outains hundreds of models of arms and am- munition, cannon, horses, itc. ; Rebel missiles and torpedoes; a 15-inch shot fired from the U. S. iron-clads into Fort Sumter, and recaptured by the U. S. army at Columbia, S. C. ; Indian trophies; a large model of the silver-mines of Valenciana; Mexican flags taken in battle ; Aztec idols ; the eagle and drapery from the hall of the Mexican Senate; and the colors of the regular army in the Shawnee, British, Seminole, Mexican, and Secession Wars. Tlie Picture Gallery is in the Acatlemic Building ; and on the 2d floor is a large collection of mogarden where the noble Pole ^ was wont to seek meditative rest. Flirtation Walk leads from the Garden to the Plain. Battery Knox is S. of Fort Clinton ; and the old Cliain Battery Walk leads thence around the bank to Gee's Point and the N. Wharf. Near Fort Clinton is a graceful monument to Major Dade's command, which was attacked by the Seminole Indians of Florida, while marching to relieve Fort King (in 1835), and out of 108 soldiers, 105 were massacred at their posts of duty. A bronze statue of Gen. Sedgwick has lately been erected on the parade ground ; and there is to be a memorial monument to the officers who fell in the Secession War. In the upper part of the grounds is a marble obelisk honoring Lt.-Col. Wood, who fell in the sor- tie from Fort Erie (Sept. 17, 1814); and near it is the Siege Battery. The Cemetery is over Camptown (soldiers' quarters), and contains many graves of officers, including Gens. Winfield Scott and Robert Anderson. The Cadets' Monument is a heavy castellated column, surmounted by an urn and trophies. To the S. is the picturesque Church of the Holy Inno- cents, erected by Prof. Weir in memory of his children. Fort Putnam is a gray ruin crowning Mt. Independence, 596 ft. above the river. It was built in 1778 (and rebuilt in 1794), and from its lofty position was deemed impregnable. It was flanked on lower ground by Forts Webb and Wyllys, and by 3 redoubts on Rocky Hill. The ♦views from many parts of West Point are very beautiful, but those from Fort Putnam are the finest, including the chief peaks of the Highlands, the battery-crowned 1 KflMiiiiiko wai born in Poland in I7fi6, and wai educated at the mUItarr academies of IVanaw and Pari*. He waa lent by franklin to Wushington, who made nim colonel of enitineera (thouvh but au yeera old). Hr planned Oatei a lortifled linea near Haratoga, and the fortreaa of west I'oint, and remained in the service until the dose of the war. In 171)8 he raised Poland in insurrection, and defeated several Russian and l*russian armies ; Aus- tria then declared aaainst him, and he was u terly defeated by ia>, wan is Old Beacon, 1,470 ft. high, ^ M. ^. of which is the Grand Sachem, 1,680 ft. high. The Dutchess and Columbia R. R. runs N. E. inrom the junction, 1 M. 8. of Fish- kill, to Millerton in 69 M. (3-3^ hrs.). It ascends the Fishlcill Valiey, passing Matteawan an'i Glenham, with the nigged Fishlcill Mts. on the r. The train next crosses the picturesque town of £. Fishkill ; and near the hamlet of Hopewell a short branch uiveiges N. E. to Sylvan Lake. Beyond the rural stations among the rolling uplands of La Grange, the line passes Verbank, in Union Vale, and crosses the town of Washington. At Stissing, this route is intersected by the Poughkeepsie and Eastern U. B.; and the road thence curves around, through Pine Phiins, to the terminus at Millerton (see page 60). 2 M. N. E. of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson is the Verplanck House, with dormer-win- dows and antique Uutch architecture. At this house, when it was the Baron Steuben's i heaa-quar''.ers (1783), the oflicers of the American army (then about to be disbanded) organized the Society of the Cincinnati, to perpetuate the memories and iriendships of the Revolutionary struggle, " to preserve inviolate the rights and liberties of human nature," to jpromote union between the Str.tes, and to assist distressed officers and their families. This patrician militaiy order adopted an elegant badge (a golden eagle, suspended from a. blue and white silk ribbon), and its meetings were for many years attended by the chief men of the nation. The society was foimded by Knox, its first president was Washington, and it still exists among the gentlemen of the old school. The steamboat now enters the Long Beach (from Newburgh to Crom Elbow), and soon passes, on the W , opposite Low Point, a rocky plat- forrti which was named*" the Devil's Dance-Chamber" by Hendrick Hudson, after seeing there a midnight pow-wow of painted Indians. But Knickerbocker virving), describing Gov. Stuyvesant's voyage, says, " Even now I have it on the point of my pen to relate how his crew was most horribly frightened, on going on shore alcove the Highlands, by a gang of merry, roister- ing devils, frisking and curvetting on a huge flat rock which projected into the river, and which is called the Duyvell'a Dans-Kamer to this very day." 1 The Baron Steuben, an officer of Frederick the Qreat, came to America in 1777, was made a Mai.-Uen., and introduced thorough diicipline into the army. He was one oi the mostuiefui offlceraof the forcei, and alter 1783 he retired to Steubenville, an crtate of 16,000 acres, given hhn by M. Y. State, where he died, in 17M. POUGHKEEPSIE. Haute 8. 79 ff The course is now to the N. E., through a less interesting country, rich, however, in agricultural wealth. A^ew Hamburgh (E. bank) is at the mouth of Wappinger's Creek, and has a steam-ferry to Marlborough; a few M. N. of which is Milton, standing in a rocky gorge opr-ning on the river, and coiinected with the E. shore by a ferry. These 'J hamlets are in a rich rural town (famed for its immense crops of raspberries), on whose W. border are the Marlborough Mts. PoQglikeepsie (* Morgan House, $ 3 a day) is a city of over 20,000 inhabitants, with 6 banks, 3 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, and 24 churches. The larger part of the city is built on a plateau nearly 200 ft. above the river, back of which are high hills. On this commanding site is laid the ground-plan of a great city, with pleasantly shaded streets, of which Main St. is 1^ M. long. The manufacturing interests are exten- sive and varied, and a lucrative trade is carried on with the adjacent rural towns of Dutchess County. But Poughkeepsie is chiefly famous as an academic city, and is the seat of Vassar College, the Poughkeepsie Female Academy, the Poughkeepsie Collegiate Institute, the Military Institute, Riveryiew Military Academy, Cottage Hill Seminary, East- man's National Business College, and St. Peter's Academies. There is a proudly conspicuous building, in the style of the Parthenon, overlooking 2,500 sq. M. of coimtry from the summit of College Hill, 600 ft. high, and I M. E. of the city. The CoUingwood Opera-House has an elegant hall; the mansion of Mayor Eastman is one of the finest on the Hudson ; and the Memorial Fountain, erected " To the Patriot Dead of Dutchess County," is worthy of notice. Near the river is the manufactory of the Buckeye Mowers. 2 M. N. of the city, on an eminence which overlooks the Hudson, are the immense and imposing buildings of the * Hudson Biver State Hospital for the Insane,. It has 300 acres of land connected, and was built in 1867-71, at a cost of $7-800,000. The Poughkeepsie and Eastern R. R. runs N. E. 43 M., across Dutchess County, to Miller- ton (see page 60), where it connects for Hartford and the E. * Vassar College is about 2 M. E. of Poughkeepsie (horse-cars), in a quiet rural vicinage. The main building is 500 ft. long, with wings and pavilions, and is modelled after the Tuileries palace. It is 5 stories (92 ft.) high, has 242 bedrooms and 100 parlors, and is divided by 5 fire-proof walls. The porter's lodge, gymnasium, and other structures in the park are of harmonious architecture. The college was founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, a wealthy Poughkeepsie brewer, who endowed it with $400,000, and made subsequent munificent gifts. It is the foremost college for women in the world, and has about 400 students. There is a large equatorial reflractor in the Observatory, and the mineral cabinets are well supplied. The collection of American birds is the finest in the world. The ^Art Gallery (3d story) contains a bust and picture of Vassar, ancient weapons 80 JtouU 8. VASSAB COLLEGE. and armor, the halberd of Francis I., and 1,000 volumes on art. Here is the heat collection of water-colors in America, including 187 firitish views (castles, cathe- drals, etc.X by Pngin, Ja Keux, Ma4;kenzie, and otliers ; pictures of Normandy, Venice, and Rome ; Hart's White Mt. slvetclies ; and several by Turner, one of which — tlie Pass of St. Beniard — includes a dead body in tlie snow by Stothart, and a dog by Landseer. There are 133 oil-paintings, including ifunrise on Bernese Alps, iShrine of Shaltespeare, Lake Maggiore, and the Roman Cam- pagna, by Gifford; Summer in 8. America, Autunui in N. America, and Evening in Vermont, by Church; Chocorua, Lancaster (N. H.), Sunset on Mole Mt., the Upper Conn., Bethel (Me.), and Mt. Washington, Slutttuck; Nantaslcet Beach and Henr Coiiasset, Gay ; Home Again and N. Y. Marlcet Scene, Gignoux ; Eveniiig at Paestum, Coast of Sicily, and Genevieve, Cropsey ; Lalve George, Casilear; and pictures by Boughton, Wust, Huntington, Beard, Champney, Kensett, Bellows, Richards, Weir, Martin, Mount, McEntee, Inness. B. West, D. Willcie, and others. In tliis city resides A. J. Davis (sometimes called "Tlie Poughkeepsie Seer"X one of the founders and the most al)le writer of the sect of the Spiritualists ; and on the beautiful estate of Locust Grove, 2 M. S., lived Prof. S. F. B. Morse, one of the originators of the electric telegraph. Alter et^ying the honors and emolu- ments of tlie principal nations of Christendom, he died in 1872 at the age of 81. 1 M. below Poughkeepsie is the Livingston mansion, a stately house amid ancient trees overlooking the Hudson. It was built by Henry Livingston in 1714, and was cannonaded by a British frigate in 1777. Poughkeepsie was the birthplace of J. H. Livingston. D. !>., 18 yrs. President of the College at New Brunswick ; Fitzhugh Ludlow, the magazinist ; and Elijah Hedding, the famous bishop of the Methodist Church. Late in 1873 there was laid at tliis point, with imposing cere- monies, tlie comer-stone of a new railroad bridge across the Hudson. The bridge is to be 1 M. long and 194 ft. above the water, M'ith 5 spans of 500 ft. each over the channel. It is to cost 9 2,600,000, and is meant to aftbrd direct and unbroken: i*ailroad communication between the New England coast and the Peun. coal- region and Western grain-fields. Poughkeepsie is spelt in 42 different ways on the old n. '^ords and maps. It is derived trom the Mohegan Apo-keep-sinck ([" safe harbor"), which commemorates a legendary achievement of the ancient Indian wars. A young chief of the Pequots and his betrothed escai)ed from perilous captivities among the Delawares and Hurons, and fled by niglit to the bay before the present site of the city, where they moored their canoe and, with the help of gathering fliends, beat ofT the tierce pursuers. It was settled by the Dutch about 1698, about the mouth of the Winnt^kee Creek, which they named the Fall Kill. Its N. promontory was called Slonge Klippe ("Adder Cliff"), from the many snakes found there; and the far- viewing 8. point was Call Rock, because ft-om thence the villagers were accustomed to hail passing vessels. 2 sessions of the State legislature were held here during the troublous times of the triple invasion of 1777-78 : and the Federal Constitu- tion was ratified by the State Convention here assembled in 1788. New Paltz Landing is opposite Poughkeepsie (steam-ferry) ; and 6 M. above is the handsome village of Hyde Park, with its 4 churches, situated on a hill ^ M. from the K bank of the river (which is here valuable for its sturgeon-fisheries). It was named in honor of Sir Edward Hyde, an early- colonial governor of N. Y., by his private secretary, who bought the land on which it was founded. Near this point the Hudson bends and nar- rows between high rocky bluffs. This curve was called by the Dutch Krom Elleboge (crooked elbow), and still retains the name of Crom Elbow. 1 M. above is Placentia, the former home of James K. Paulding, the es- sayist, satirist, and friend of Irving, who was Secretary of the U. S. Navy, 1839-41. Opposite is the great Pell farm, famous for its apples (many of which are sent to Europe). The river-banks are now and hereafter low and uninteresting, but an air of rich rural peace pervades the country* i OVERLOOK MT. HOUSE. RmtU 8. 81 side, and stately old mansions and ueat modern villas are seen on either hand. Passing Staatsburg and Esopus Island and Meadows (on and near the E. sliore) the majestic blue peaks of the Catskills ara seen drawing nearer on the N. W. Beyond Port Ewen is Bondout (Mansion House), at the mouth of Rondout Creek and the N. E. terminus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. These villaget have large foreign populations engaged in the manufacture of cement aid the trans shipment of coal, wliicli is brought up over the canal in immense quantities, and is thence dis- tributed over the upper Hudson valley. Kingston is an ancient vil- lage on an elevated plain 1^ M. from Rondout (horse-cars). It is the capital of Ulster County, and has 6,315 iuhabitantsj, 4 newspapers, and 3 banks. This site ^as settled by the Dutch in 1063, and was named Wiltwyck. A redoubt was built near Rondoui; Creek, but the place was attacked by the Esopus Indians soo'i riiter, and 65 pei'sons were killed or captured. The Indians besieged the redoubt until it was relieved by Dutch troops from N. Y. The soldiers then made a summer campaign among the hill fastnesses, destroyed the Indian forts and magazines, killed many warriors, and forced the tribe to sue for peace. Soon afterwards the colony was augmented by a company of Huguenots. In 1777 the N. Y. legislature met here and framed the State Constitution ; and in Octol>er of that year Sir James Wallace, with a flying squadron of light frigates, ascended the Hudson and anchored off the nioutli of Rondout Creek. 3,600 British soldiers landed and marched on Kingston, then a large and wealthy place. There were no troops there, and the invadera burnt the entire village. While their homes were in flames the fugitive citizens tried and hung a spy, who had been seen to cast something into his mouth when he was captured. A strung emetic caused him to throw up a hollow silver bullet, in which was a despatch from Sir Henry Clinton to Gen. Burgoyne. The IFalkill Valley R. R. runs S. W. from Rondout to Goshen (en the Erie Railway) in 102 M. The N. V., Kingston, and Syracuse R. R. is now finished from Rondout to Stamford (74 M. ; trains in 4^-5 hrs. ; fare, $2.70). The train passes from Rondout to Kinfrstoa and crosses Esopus Creek. From W. Hurley stotion stages run N. to the * Overlook Mt* House (500 guests), which is situated on one of the Catskill Mts., and commands an Immense view. Lake View Rock overlooks the lonely tarn called Shue's Lake ; and Grant Rock is a favorite view-point, from which are seen the Hudson and Esopus Valleys, the Berkshire Hills, and the Green Mts. The Pilgrim's Pass, Overlook Roclc, Poet's Glen, Pulpit Rock, and tlie Lovers' Retreat ai*e places of intertst in the vicinity. Beyond W. Hurley the line crosses the rugged town >f Olive, and ascends the Esopus Valley to Phcenicia, whence stages run N. E. into the lofty mountain-town of Hunter. Traversing the defiles of Shandaken, Dean's Comers is reached, fi>om which daily stages run down the Delaware Valley to Margaretville, Andes, and Delhi. Passing several mountain-hamlets on the great W. plateau of the Catskills, the train reaches Moresville, whence stages ascend the mts. to Gillx)a, Prattsville, and Windham. (The Overlook Mt House was burnt in 1875, but is to be rebuilt) On the E. bank of the Hudson is WUdercliff, the former home of a Maryland Episcopalian, who entered the first Methodist movement, preached widely, converted and married Chancellor Livingston's sister, and built this mansion (afterward a famous Methodist head-quarters) in 1799. 1 M. above Wildercliff is JSllerslie, the estate of the Hon. Wm. Kelly, with a river-front of 1^ M., a finely cultivated park, and a villa 200 ft. above the river. Opposite Rondout (steam-ferry) is Rhinebeck-on- the-Hudson (Rhine Cliff Hinuie j Exchange), near which, ou a high bluff, 82 JtouU 8. CLERMONT. . Is the fortress-mansion of the Beekman family, now nearly 200 years old. 2 M. inland is Ehinebeck, which was founded by Wm. Beekman in 1647| and was named for himself and the river of his home-land (Rhine-Beek). Above Rhinebeck is Rokeby, the estate of Wm. B. Astor. The mansion was built by his father-in-law, John Armstrong, an officer in the Conti- nental army, 1775 - 83 ; author of the " Newburgh Letters "; Sec. of State of Penn. (1784-85) ; U. 8. Senator from N. Y. (1800-2 and 1803-4) ; Minister to France (1804 - 10) ; and Sec. of War (1813 - 14). He di6d at Rokeby in 1843. Barry town is a river-side hamlet, from which a road runs E. to Red Hook, a quiet and sequestered old Dutch village. Above Barrytown is Montgomery PUice, an elegant villa in a costly park, birilt by the widovr of Geu. Montgomery, who fell in the assault on Quebec in 1775. She was a Livingston, and died after 50 years of widowhood, leav- ing the estate to Edward of that ilk, M. C. from N. Y., 1795-1801; U. 3. Dist. -Attorney, 1801 -3 ; M. C. from Louisiana, 1823-29; U. S. Sena- tor, 1829-31; Sec. of State, 1831-33 ; Minister to France, 1833-35 ; author of the Penal Code of Louisiana ; and member of the Academy of France. N. of Montgomery Place is Annandale, the villa of John Bard, who has also erected and endowed on his estate the fine English Gothio building of St. Stephon'f College, and the graceful stone Church of the Holy Innocents. The college is for educating young men for the Episco- pal ministry, and has 7 instructors and 60-70 students. 2 M. above Barrytown, near the E. shore, is Cruger's Island, on whose S. end stands an ancient Italian ruin, which was imported from the Mediterranean at great expense. Nef.r by is the villa of the owner of the island. 5 M. above Annandale is Tivoli^ near the old De Peyster mansion, whose owner (a Livingston) saved it from the British torch in 1777, by a liberal dispen- sation of choice wines from his cellar. To the E. is the antiquated village of Upper Red Hook ; and 1 M. N. is Madalin-ou-Hudson. Opposite Tivoli (steam-ferry) is Saugertiea, a factory-village of 3,731 inhabitants, at the mouth of Eaopus Cresn: (100 M. from New York), which flows from the S. through scenes of placid beauty. Saugerties is from the Dutch Zaeger'a Kill (Sawyer's Creek, from an ancient saw-mill here). The impending peaks of the Catskills are now seen in the near W. 2 M. above Sauger- ties (W. shore) is Maiden, the head-quarters of the Bigelow Blue' Stone Company, which employs 3,500 men and 35 vessels, and delivers annually to the cities 170- 200,000 tons of flagging-stone, valued at $1,500,000. Nearly opposite Maiden is Clermont^ which was founded by Chancellor Livingston. Robert Livingston, a Scottish gentleman of the family of the Earls of Lhilithgov^ came to America in 1672, and married a lady of the Schuyler family, the widow of a Van Rensselaer. He lived at Albany, and bought of the Indians great tracts on the Hudson, which were consolidated in 1710 by the royal governor into a manorial estate of 162,000 acres. He erected a mansion near the present Linlithgo, and HUDSON. JlouUS* 83 his son built the lower manor-house at Clermont. The third in the line was Robert R. Livingston, born 1747, a signer of the Declaration of Inde^iendence ; M. C, 1776-77 and 1770-81 ; Sec. of Foreign Affairs, 1781 -83 ; Clianccllor of N. Y. State, 1777-1801 ; and Minister to France, 1801-4 (itrocming tlio cession of Louisiana). He introduced ttie merino sheep into America, and was early Inter* ested in steam navigation. In 1797 lie and Nesbit bnilt a small steamer at Tivoli, but it would not work, althousli Brunei was its engineer. Whi'.o at Paris (where Napoleon presented him with his miniature an-^ a gold snuff-box) he met Robert Fulton, and in August, 1807, tliese 2 gentle .x,u had a steamboat built at New Yorlc. It was named the Clermont, and was popularly known as Fulton's Folly ; bnt the derision was changed to amazement and applause when she swung out from her dock and ascended to Albany against a head wind in 32 hours. In 1787 Jolm Fitch built and worked a steamboat at Piiilndelphia ; and in 1789 one had been operated on tlie Clyde (near Glasgow), but both inventors had given up the idea of tlie feasibility ttt steam navigation. In 1777 a raiding party from the British army at Kingston was sent up and destroyed the Clermont manor-houses, but they were soon rebuilt by the family. Passing N. between the high bluffs that shelter the old Palatine villages of East and West (Tamp, the noble * Catskills are seen on the 1. and the lofty Taghkanick Mts. are in the remote K The Catskill Mountain House is seen far up on South Mt., as the steamboat passes Catskill land- ing. (The Catskill Mts., see Route 9.) The Prospect Park Hotel is on the 1. ; and on the E. is the picturesque villa of F. £. Church, the artist, Vfho is famous for his landscapes painted among the Andes. Hudson {Worth Hottse, $3 a day, on Warren St.; Waldron Hoiue)^ the capital of Columbia County, is finely situated on a sharply defined plateau on the E. bank of the Hudson and at the head of ship navigation. It is made a promontory by the bro^ and shallow N. and S. Bays. Warren St. is the principal thoroughfare, and extends IJ^ M. from the Promenade — a small park on the crest of the bluff near the business part of the city, and overlooking the river for a great distance and the defiles of the Catskills and Helderbergs (10-12 M. distant) — to Prospect HUl, a high rounded eminence 500 ft. above the river. Hudson has 8,615 inhabitants,- with 3 banks, 2 daily and 4 weekly papers, 13 churches, a; (jray Nunnery with 250 pupils, 7 reputable private schools, and 2 public libraries. The Court House has a marble Ionic front; and near it is Christ CJhurch, a tall Gothic structure of brown-stone. The Presbyterian church on Warren St. has a massive Saxon tower ; and the Hudson Acad- emy is on Academy Hill. A short, distance S. of Hudson is ML Merino, from which may be seen the Highlands, Helderbergs, Shawangunks, Matteawans, Catskills, Taghkanicks, the Green Mts., the Luzerne Mts. at Lake George, and many leagues of the Hudson. 4 M. N. E. of Hudson, in the Claverack Valley, are the Colnmhin Springs (Spring House), situ- ated amid pleasant rural scenery. The Hudson and Chatham Branch R. R. runs from Hudson to Chatham Four Comers (see page f 1), 17 M. N. K This line passes (4 M. S. E. of Hudson) the hamlet of Claverack^ the seat of the Hudson River Institute (5-600 pitpils), which is situated on a far-viewing hill, and is used in summer as a boarding-houstt* 84 JtmUeS, ATHENS. \ 1 1 I In 1788 a nmnber of merchants and lea-offlcen of Providence and Kantnelcet, daring the decadence of commerce which followed the Revolution, resolved to emigrate to the upper Hudson country. They fni-nied an association and sent out a committee, who examined vurious places on the river, and Anally chose and {urchased the present site of Hudson (so named in 1784). It was made a city in 785 : in 1800 it had 4,048 inhabitants ; and in 1806 it became the county-seat. The immigration fh>m Nantnclcet was x-ery large, and as a consequence, in 1786 Hudson owned 25 vessels (with more tonnage thnn N. Y. City then had). In 1790 it became a port of ehtrv, and 2,800 laden "'.oighs have entered the city, and 15 freighted vessels have cleared in a single day. 6 vessels were kept in the 8. At- lantic seal-fishery ; others were in the whale-fishery, and in 1797 the American Hero brouffht here Arom the Pacific the largest cargo of sperm oil that had ever entered a U. 8. poi-t. The action of the Napoleonic wars and the embargo swept away the Hudson fleet, and produced great distress in the city. A well-sustained attempt to revive the whale-flshery resulted in a fleet of 14 ships owned and equipped here ; but the last one was sold in 1845, and since that time Hudson has been called " a finished city." At present it is the seat of extensive manufactures, which include 3 blast furnaces (bv the river-side), a steam Are-engine factory, paper car-wheel works, R. R. repair-shops, carriage factories, etc. The Hudson aiul Boston R. R. runs E. to Chatham ; and a daily line of steamers descends the river to N. Y. Hudson was the birthplace of Wm. J. Worth (in 1794), an officer of'the War of 1812 ; commandant at West Point, 1820 - 8 ; general-in-chief of the forces in the Floilda War (1840 - 42) ; and a leading officer in the Mexican War (1846 -48). He received 4 swords of honor. " Brave, chivalrous, and a good tacti- cian, his manners were popular, and his presence imposing." Here were also born B. M. Norman and Alice B. Haven, autliors ; Judge J. W. Edmonds, the Spiritualist polemic ; and F. W. Edmonds, .the artist. Opposite Hudson (steam-ferry hourly) is Atheus (Roi^na House), with an immense terminal freight-depot of the N. Y. Central R. R. This town exports much hay, brick, lime, and ice, and is bounded on the W. by the rugged Potick Hills. Beyond the Four Mile Pojbiit lighthouse is Coxaackie (from the Iroquois Kuxakee, or ''Cut Banks"), a long and rambling village on the W. shore opposite the headland of Newtown Hook, and famous for its shad-fisheries. Coxsackie has 6 churches, a daily paper, and several factories. Stuyvesant Landing (E. shore) is 5 M. from the ancient Dutch inland hamlet of Kinderhook (a Dutch word meaning " Children's Point," and said to have been given by Hendrick Hudson on seeing crowds of Indian children watching him from the banks). Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the U.-8., was bom at Kinderhook in 1782. He was Gov. of N. Y. in 1828; Sec. of 8tate. 1829-81 ; Vice-Pres., 1833-87 : and President, 1837-41. In 1841 and 1848 he was defeated in the Itesidential contests ; and he died in 1862, having siient the evening of life on his estate of Lindenwold, at Kinderhook. He opposed slavery, and ad- vocated the integrity of the Republic. New Baltimore is opposite the middle of Schodack Island, which is 3 M. long and is covered with broom-corn. Here begin the national dikes for the improvement of navigation. Above New Baltimore (W. bank) is Beeren Island, on whose rocky summit once stood the castle of Rensse- laerstein, pertaining to Killian Van Renssvlaer, the Patroon of Albany, and erected in 1643. The counties of Columbia, Rensselaer, Albany, and Greene comer on this island. The steamboat next passes the hamlets of Coe]rmans.(W.) and Schodack (E.), and approaches Castleton. Hudson anchored on this reach in 1609. ALBANY. JtouU 8, 85 '* One day more wafts him np between Schodaek and Cattleton ; and here he landed and jmiised a iltiy with the natives, greeted with all sortti of barbamiis hoHpitality ; the land ' the finest for cultivation he ever set foot on ' ; the natives so kind and gentle, that wlien they found he would not remain with them over night, and feared that he lelt them — itoor children of nature ! — because he was afVnid of their weaiN»is— he whose quarter-denl< was heavy with ordnance! — thpy brolortico and a dome. It was completed in 1842, at a cost of $ 300,000, and contains several important offices of the State. Near by is the City Hall, in classic architecture, and built of marble, with a recessed lonio portico above the first story. Nearly opposite is the red sandstone build-: ing (in Italian architecture) of the old and famous Albany Academy. At the Bureau of Military Statistics (219 State St. ; open daily to visitors) are many memorials of war, and also an interesting collection of the colors of the N. Y. soldiers of the Republic in the Secession War. The State Geological and Agricultural Hall is on State St., and contains vast and valuable * collections in all departments of natural history, agricultural products and implements, ancient relics of the Indians, and the skeleton of the Cohoes mammoth. At the foot of State St. is the massive Exchange ; and to the S. on S. Pearl St. are the new City Buildings, in Florentine architecture, near the Young Men's Association Hall. The State Arsenal is a massive castellated building in the valley at the comer of Eagle and Hudson Sts., and the State Normal School is at Lodge and Howard Sts. The Albany Medical College is an old and reputable institution (Eagle and Jay Sts. ), with lai|;e anatomical and pathological museums. The Law School is near the ALBANY. MimUS. 87 irallel * sfrom W. of i dates »8tot6 abovit ilctures ioslties . John- Email- is (pre- inted to nily ex* farewell 5 slowly laissanco lace, the liere will i to the 3 820 ft. id in the les. The an Ionic 300,000, the City sed lonio ne buiUU imy. At visitors) the colors ^e State vast and ricultural ^skeleton e S. on S. ^ near the lastellated , and the y Medical Jts.), with ,s near the Medical College, and is one of the most famous legal Institutions in the Republic. 1} M. S. W. of the city are the buildings of the Almshouse, Insane and Fever Hospitals, and Industrial Schools, all on one large farm. There are several other charitable institutions about Albany, and numerous public and private schools of high grade. On a hill in the N. part of the city is the Dudley Observatory, richly endowed by Mrs. Dudley, and fur- nished with a costly collection of astronomical instruments and books. The Catholic * Cathedral qf the ImmaciUate Conception is a well-finished and costly building on Eagle St., with far-famed windows of stained glass t and the spacious and lofty Gothic * Church of St. Joseph, on Ten Broeck St., is worthy of inspection. St. Peter's Episcopal Church (comer of Lodge and State Sts. ) is an elegant Gothic building, wit\i a service of communion-plate which was given by Queen Anne to the Onondaga In- dians. At the S. W. corner of the church is buried Lord Howe, who was killed at Ticonderoga in 1758. Several of the other churches of the city are notable either for quaintness or beauty. To the N., near Broadway, is the * Van Rensselaer Manor House and park, an interesting old build- ing on the site first occupied by Killian Van Rensselaer. This gentleman received from the Dutch king, in 1637, a grant of 1,150 square M., em- bracing most of the present counties of Albany, Rensselaer, and Columbia, and here he ruled in feudal state. After over 200 years of this govern- ment, the tenants became insurrectionary, and were repressed by the State troops. The anti-rent troubles in 1846 led to a curtailment of the prerogatives of the family, but the Van Rensselaers still remain powerful and wealthy. The old Schuyler mansion was built in 1760, and stands on Schuyler St., near S. Pearl St. It was the home of Gen. Philip Schuyler, and was visited by Lafayette, Steuben, Rochambeau, Reidesel, and many other eminent officers. The Albany Rural Cemetery is N. of the city, near W. Troy. To the E., across the Hudson, is Oreenbush, a busy rail- road suburb, back of which is the Mother House of the Sisters of Mercy. Albany occupies the site of the ancient Mohawk village of Scaghneghtada i" beyond the pine-woods "). wltich was visited by Hudson in 1609. In 1612 a )utch trading-i)08t was founded here ; and Albany is therefore the oldest Euro- pean settlement (still inhabited) within the 13 original States. It was fortified in 1014, and was named Beaverwyck, from the niunbers of beavers found there. In 1610 a trading-post and 13-gun fort was built by Conitiaensen on the island off Mt. Hope, and was called Fort Nassau, or the KasteeL This work was damaged by a flood, and in 1623 the Dutch W. India Co. built Ft Orange on the site of Albany, and settled the place with Walloons. The garrison was worsted in med- dling in a civil war among the Indians, and the new colony was partly abandoned. After their Admiral Heyn had captured the Spanish "Silver Fleet," the enriched W. India Co. resolved to extend their limits in America, and established the feudal oi*der of Pcbtroons. Broad domains, monopolies, and powers were granted to such of. the Comjiany as would found here a colonic of 60 vassals ; and to them was given the title of patroon. in 1637, Killian Van Rensselaer, a peari- inerchant of Amsterdam, founded and populated about Albany the domain of Rensselaerwyck, 48 x 24 M. in area. In 1643, Rev. Johannos Megapolensis erected a church (on Church St.) ; and in 1647 2 large whales ascended to the Mohawk, and 88 JtouUS. TROY. terrified the burghers. In 1652, Gov. Btuyvesant came up with Dutch troops fh)ni N. Y., and took down the feudal flag of Van Renoselaer. Meanwhile tlie colony had become the chief centre of the American fur-trude, and bands of Indian huntera fi'uia the remotest foroHta brought here the imtductH of the chase. Sept. 10, 10(14, after the full of New Amstei-dani, Carteret occupied Beaverwyck with a British force ; and it waa then named Albanv, in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany (afterwards King James II.), ihe pro^irietor of N. Y. In l(i90 it had GOO inhabitants, on 3 streets (the present State and Pearl 8ts. and Broad way )t and was surrounded >)y palisades dependent on a citadel. This work had 4 bastions, guns, and l&O soldiers, and occupied the site of St. Peter's Church (State St.). The early government was a military despotism, and the great councils with the Indian tribes were held here for many years. The burghers were plain and fiugal in tlieir habits, and lived in quaint Netherlandish houses, whose gables faced tlie street. The Dutch language was predominant here for a century after the Knglish conquest. In ItiSO Albany was made a city, and in 1708 it became the capital of the State. An inter-provincial Congress wliiith nuit here in 1754 formed such. a plan of union for the colonies that coiuierted at^tion was possible wlien later events required it. It was tlie centre of Revolutionai^ power in N. Y. alter 1770, was the head> quai*ter8 of the army in 1812, and had great camps during the SecesHion War (at Ureenbush, across the river). Since the comi)letion of tlie Erie and Clmm)ilain Canals and the extensive systems of railrotids which converge here, Albany has continued to increase in wealth and prosperity. It is noted for its stove-foundries, the N. Y. Central Railroad worksiiops, great cattle-yards, and lumber markets (&7 firms engaged, receiving, in 1870. 4i>2,3G8,U00 ft. of boards, 21,&88,000 shingles, and 17,760,100 lbs. of staves). There are immense breweries here, and the Albany ale Is fiuned for its excellence. The new State Capitol will be one of the finest Re- naissant^e buildings in the world, and will probably cost i$ 15,000,000. Among the natives of Albany were Ileury B^irclay, the missionary to the Mohawks ; Gen. Lewis Benedict, who was killed at the Battle of Pleasant Ilill, La., in 1864; A. W. Bradfoitl, the jurist; Wm. A. Butler, tlie author; Gen. J. B. Carr, Senator Roscoe Conkling. Sir Cornelius Cuyler of tlie British Anny, Gen. Peter Gtuisevoort ; Francis Bret Ilarte, the poet and humorist ; Prof Joseph Henry, tl>e scientist; Wm. and Philip Livingston, the Revolutionary statesmen ; Wm. Page, the artist ; Peter and Philip Schuyler, Gozen Van Schaick, Abraham Ten Broeck, and tlie Van Rensselaers, all eminent military officers in the earlier wars. Tht Boston and Albany R. B. runs S. E. ft'om Albany to the frontier of Mass. in about 40 M. (and to Boston, 201 M., in 8 - 9 hrs.). The line crosses tlie Hudson on a new and costly bridge, and passes S. tlirough the town of Greenbush and near the river. Schodack station is 2 M. E. of Castleton landing : and on the E. Bunker Hill is seen. The train descends to Kinderhook (village of Niverville), at the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, wliich is 4 M. around. Beyond Chatliam Centre tlie train reaches Chatham Four Comers, whence the Harlem (Route 7). Harlem Extension, and Hudson & Boston Railroads diverge. The line runs thence to the N. E. by £. Chatham and Canaan (near Queechy Lake and Lebanon Springs), and at State Line station entera the State of Mass. (State Line to Boston, see Osgood's New England, Routes 21 and 22). Troy. Hotels. — * Mansion House, on Washington Square; Troy House, comer of River and 1st St. ; American, comer of Fulton and 3d St. ; and several smaller and less expensive houses near the R. R. station. BeadinsxRooms* — The Young Men's Association, in the Athenaium ; the Catholic Library Association, 68 Congress St. ArnvsementB at the Opera and the new Music Hall. Horse-Car g on Congress St. and Pawling Ave. to the suburb of Albia ; fh)m River St. through Greenbush to Cohoes ; ft-om the Troy Iron Works on Wynant's Kill, by 2d, Adams, and River Sts. to Lansingburgh. A steam-ferry crosses the Hudson at the foot of Ferry St. ; and there are skiflT-ferries at Broadway and Washington St. Steamboata leave for New York morning and evening, stopping at Albany and several of the river p^fts. TROY. It&uU 8. 89 h troops vhile tiie bands of tio chase, iivcrwyck les, Duke «. Y. In 8ta. and I'hiH work t. Peter's , and the ars. The lerlandish iduniinaut the State. 1 of union jquired it. tno head- on Wor (at Uhamplain Albany lias -foundries, iiarkots (&7 ingles, and Albany ale i finest Re- ary to the asant Hill. Uen. J. B. A.nny, Gen. lof. Joseph statesmen ; c, Abraham \ the earlier ir of Mass. the Hudson liubush and on the £. verville), at liam Centre 7), Harlem lence to the prings). and lee Osgood's B, comer of reral smaller enceum ; the >era and the Albia ; from on Wynant's Y crosses the •oadway and ig at Albany ) * Ballroadt— fh>m the ' nion Depot. V. T. Central & Hudson River, for Oroenbush, Albany, New York, and the West : the Rensselaer h Saratoga, for Albany, Saratoga, and Rutland ; the Troy & Boston, lor Vermont, the Uoosao Tunnel, aud Boston. Trot, the capital of Rensselaer County, is situated at the head of navi- gation on the Hudson River, and is famous for its extensive manufactures. The greater portion of the city is ofi the alluvial plain near the river, and is crossed by the streams called Poesten's Kill and Wynant's Kill, vrhich de- scend from the high bluffs to the E. The hill on the E. ir illed ML Ida (the source of several destructive land-slides) ; and that to the N. £. is Mt. Olym- pus. The city proper has 46,465 inhabitants, and the suburb of W. Troy has 10,693. It has 9 banks, 5 savings-banks, 3 daily and 6 weekly papers, and 45 churches. The iron-works here are of groat magnitude, making spikes, horseshoes, nails, stoves, engines, safes, etc. ; the Meneely foun- dry (at W. 'iToy) is famous for its bells; and in the S. part of the city are extensive Bessemer ^teel works. The car-works are the largest in the State, and there are manufactories of cotton and woollen goods, collars, hosiery, boots and shoes, paper, flour, beer, and marbleized slate. River St» is the chief thoroughfare of the city, and runs parallel with the Hud- son. The new buildings on Washington Square and the Savings-Bank on State St. are worthy of notice. On Seminary Park (Congress St.) are the classic porticos of the 1st Presbyterian Church and the County Court House, between which is the building of the old Troy Female Seminary, founded by Mrs. Emma Willard in 1821, and for many years the leading school of its class in the country (having 7,000 alumnae). The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute was founded by Patroon Van Rensselaer in 1824, and is a well-known school of mathematics and the useful arts. Its buildings are near 8th St., in the vicinity of the Troy Hospital (Sisters of Charity) and the Mary Warren Free Institute. E. of the city on Mt. Ida is * St. Joseph^ a Theological Seminary of the Province of N. Y., a Roman Catholic institution occupying the great buildings (in Byzantine architect- ure) which were originally erected for the Troy University (Methodist). The tall round towers of the Seminary are visible for miles; and the ♦view from the Park, or from the Polytechnic Institute (above the Union Depot), embraces many leagues of the populous Hudson Valley, with Troy outspread below. Horse-cars run S. E. from the Seminary near Marshall's Infirmary and Ida Lake to the factory-village of Albia. The Catholic Orphan Asylums are large buildings in the S. part of the city. There are several other charitable institutions here ; and the educational facilities are very good. Near 1st, 2d, and 3d Scs. are the best houses and the finest churches of the city. The cemetery has pleasant grounds, and the Gris- wold monument is worthy of notice. W. Troy has 42 manufactories, aud is the seat of the Watervliet Arse- nal, a first-class national institation for the manufacture, storage, and tir 90 Itrisoned, letting out one a'» a time.' 1 In March, I8r4. th!i artillery was advertiied u about to be aold at auction /.or old lion. Such a diapMwd of trophiM of victoiy muat be tticmatistd af almoat MWiikfioor. ion War' lUdings, and are atf Sara- lensselaer wn at tlie [n 1789 it Troy, dis- pletion of le city has n 1810 was boat wWch ad the boat om the foot lyandNew- 62) stop at in from the } among the ) sometime )l, neat and . of Greene lewspapers, Bpect Park ive grounds ■ Catskill is king across rming rural old King's jn near the |rated series At the second Cauter- rom the resonnd- [ley, and knt path , House, id is the ses here, I ; Peck ; rojecting e valley, runs W. ove leads of brook c) are in I entrance ;h several love road mmes the les on the s followed he Laurel eral large The road '^ome) and to the 3. [ve, "which by Cow ear it is Colonel's ;s sunless itone is a irt known ond Tan* tnd 86M. ir the far- founded M.), and .),alofty entered from the plains of Sangerties by a road running along the foot of the mts. from Paleaville, or from the plateau near Tannenville. It is a deep descending gorge between massive cliffs, and is traversed by a falling brook and a rugged road. On the N. are High Peak and Bound Top ; and on the S. is the Overlook Mt. (see page 81). Dibble's House is in this Clove, S M. from Hunter, and is near the Black Chasm Falls, which are 300 ft. high. * High Peak is the most prominent object in all this region, and is often ascended, even by ladies. The path is rugged and long, and begins near Haines's Falls. The * view from the summit (3,804 ft. high) is said to be the most extensive in this region. Next S. K of High Peak is the symmetrical Round Top (3,718 ft. high) ; and these two summits are isolated from the others of the range by the detp passes of the Cauterskill and Plattekill Cloves. Blackhead is a steep and symmetrical peak 5-6 M. N. of the Mt. House. There remain several hundred square miles in Ulster and Greene Counties, explored but unchronicled, thinly inhabited, and coveied with tall and nameless mts. ; adorned with lofty cascades, clothed with primeval forests, and traversed by many picturesque trout-streams. • 10. Albany to HontreaL The most direct route is by the Rensselaer and Saratoga R. R. to Rutland, and thence N. by the Central Vermont R. R. Drawing-room and sleeping cars are attached to the through trains, and the line traverses an interesting and pictur* esque country. tSumnftr tourists, to whom time is no ottject, will prefer the way by Laliii the White Mts., nnd 412 M. fn>m Wash- ington. The Adirondack Railroad runs from Saratoga to North Creek (67 M.). Saratoga Springs, one of the foremost summer resort» of America and of the world, is situated in Eastern New York, about midway be- tween N. Y. City and Montreal. Like Newport by the sea, it is often called " the Queen of American watering-places " ; and this dual sover- eignty is generally acknowledged. The village is situated on a plateau 10-12 M. W. of the Hudson River, aDd lias a resident population of about 9,000. The hotel system of Saratoga is unequalled elsewhere m the world, and, although equal to the accommodation of 15-18,000 guests, it is taxed to its utmost capacity during the mouth of August (the season opens early in June). Broadway is the main street, and ex- tends fur several miles N. and S., with the chief hotels near its centre, and a succession of villas beyond. Circular St. and Lake Avenue are also famed for their elegant summer residences, -While large medical establish- ments and boarding-houses are found on the quieter side-streets. The village is at its brightest in August, when it is thronged by visitors Arom all parts of the Republic and from Europe ; while over 3,000 private carriages, together with the cavalcades from the public livery-stables, join in the parade of fashion on Broadway and the Boulevani Although the greater part of the visitors come from the central Atlantic States, yet the number from beyond that district is so great as to give a continental, or even a cosmopolitan, flavor to the summer society. The merry music of the bands, the regular processions of elegant carriages on the fashion- able drives, the crowds gathering about the springs at the hours for drinking, the brilliant hops and the world-nnowned balk at the grand 96 RfmUJO. 8ARAT00A SPRINOa hotels, and the surging of the multitnde toward the railroad-station at the time of the incoming trains, furnish endless resources for observation and amusement. OongroM Park is a pleasant ground for » ramble, and consists of a low ridge sweeping around the Congress and Columbian Springs. It is opposite the chief hotels, and is well laid out in paths, with a lake, a line of cottages, and many other neat embellisltnients which were added in 1876. 4S. of the Park is the Indian Camp, where a band of French half-breeds and Indians sojourn during the summer, carrying on a lucrative trade in bead-work, baskets, moccasins, and other small wares. Tho Circular Railway is near the camp, and is supposed to afford visitors a beneficial exercise. A little way N. of the camp (on the r. side of Circular St. ) is the Temple Grove Seminary, whose fine building is used during the summer as a boarding-house for families. On the same street, just beyond the Seminary, is the Drs. Strong's Institute (200 guests), for the practice of the water, vacuum, and movement cure*. 1^ M. N. of the Park are the hotel and driving-park at OUn Mitchell, with finely ar- ranged grounds and shady groves. \ The mineral springs rise in a stratum of Potsdam sandstone, near'a great break, or displacement, of tlie strata underlying the Saratoga Valley, and reach the sur- face by passing through a bed of blue clay. Most of tiie springs are owned by stock companies, one of which has a capital of 91,000.000, and controls the Con- Eess, Columbian, and Empire Springs. The process of boring artesian wells has en introduced with much profit, and some of the most valuable of the new sources have been discovered in that way (8175,000 has been offered for the Geyser Spring). Immense quantities of the waters are sent away to all parts of the United States, for the treatment of invalids at home, though the processes of bottling and packing are difficult and costly. In the year 1866, 800,000 bottles were sent away fTom the Empire Spring alone. Great quantities of artificial imi- tations of the waters are also sold in the American cities. The principal higre- dients are carbonic acid and salt, with bi-carbonates of lime, magnesia, soda, iron, and lithia, whose varying pn)portions cause the pecuUar properties of the different sources. The visitor may freely drink at any of the springs, the water being dipped up by boys (to whom a small gratuity is sometimes given). The cathartic waters should be taken before breakfast (3 glasses being a fair quantity) ; the alterative waters are taken in small quantities throughout the day ; the tonic (hron) waters after midday ; and the diuretic waters before each meaL The Congress Spring is near the new cottages in Congress Park. It was found by a party of hunters in 1792, and was so named because there was a Congressman among their number. The exportation of the water began in 1823, and it has now a continental fame, and is also sold in Europe. Each gallon contains 400 grains of chloride of sodium (salt), 143 of bi-carbonate of lime, 122 of bi-carbonate of magnesia, and 36 of other elements, with 392 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas. Tliis water is cathartic and alterative, and is beneficial in diseases of the liver and kid- neys, dyspepsia, and gout. More of it is drank than of the water of any other American spring, and its vicinity is thronged every bright summer moxning with health-seekers from the hotels. SARATOGA SPRINGS. JlouU JO. 97 ilrts of a ^. It is ke, a line ire added )f French ing on a all wares, rd visitors r. side of ng is used ime street, juests), for M. N. of b finely ar- great break, auh the sur- ire owned by rol« the Con- ian welU) has L of the new ered for the ) all parts of processes of )0,000 bottles irtiflcial iral- incipal Ingre- gnesia, soda, )erties of the gs, the water liven). The ilr quantity) ; ty ; the tonic 3S Park. It ecause there jf the water also sold in )dium (salt), d 36 of other his water is ver and kid- «rater of any ght summer The Oolnmbiui Spring is prettily sheltered in Congress Park. It was discovered in 1806, and is the favorite oaiong the residents of the village. It is a ferruginous water, containing much carhonic-acid gas, and should be taken in small quantities. It is a decided tonic and diuretic, and its use strengthens the digestive organs and lucres iCS the iron in the blood. Each gallon contains 2&1 grains of chloride of sodium, 90 of car- bonate of lime, 40 of carbonate of magnesia, 6 of carbonate of iron, and 457 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas. The WMhington Spring is in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel (across Broadway, and 600 ft. from the Congress). It was opened in 1806, and while being renovated and shafted in 1858, a torrent of water and gas burst into the subterranean tunnel and forced the workmen to flee for their lives. This is the pleasantest water in the valley, and has a taste of iron, with strong tonic properties. It is sometir 38 called '* the Champagne Spring," and is situated amid stately pine groves. The Hathorn Spring is on Spring St., opposite Congress Hall. It '7a8 discoveret8 also as a diuretic. It was tubed at a cost of $ 15,000, and is 40 ft. deep. 300 dozen bottles (93 a dozen) are put up daily. The Hamilton Spring U near the Hathorn, and back of Congress Hall (comer of Spring and Putnam Sts.). It is alterative and diuretic; also mildly cathartic, and is chiefly used for diseases of the kidneys. The Putnam Spring is on Phila St. (near Putnam), and is a chalybeate water. It is mostly used for bath- ing, for which there are conveniences on the premises. The Crystal Spring is under the Grand Hotel, and was opened in 1870. It is tainted with sulphuretted hydrogen, and is alterative in its effect. The Pavilion Spring is in a pretty park on Lake A '^nne, near Broad- way. It was tubed u. 1839 (re-tubed in 1869), and hb:- r v;ide reputation for its cathartic properties and its efficacy in dyspepsia and bilious com- plaints. Of late years it has improved in quality and popularity, and great quantities are sent away every year. The United States Spring is under the same graceful colonnade, and is tonic and alterative in its properties, while from its sparkling character it is used for giving life and flavor to still wines. Each gallon (;ontains 142 grains of chloride of sodium, 93 of bi-carbonate of lime, 73 of bi-carbonate of magnesia, and 245 cubic inches of carbonic acid. The sources previously mentioned are near each other in the centre of the village. The Seltzer, High Rock, Star, Red, and " A " Spiings are in a lin«) in the N. part.of the village. The Seltser is a short distance N. 5 Q i. 'J 98 Jtoute 10. SABAT06A SPBINGa of the Pavilion, near Spring Avenue. The water wells iip through an exposed glass tube 3 ft. high and 15 inches in diameter, in which the free gas causes frequent ebullitions. It is the least saline of the Saratoga waters, and is said to resemble the Nassau Spring iu Germany. It is a pleasant and invigorating beverage. The High Book Spring is just N. of the Seltzer, and is the greatest curiosity of Saratoga. It flows from a crater-like opening in a dome- shaped mass of tufa-rock nearly 4 ft. high, whiqh has been formed by the precipitation of carbonate of lime formerly held in solution in the water. This rock has been lifted off once, in order to allow of the removal of the underlying logs and mud. A graceful Saracenic canopy has been built over it. The water is tonic and cathartic, ami is actively beneficial in a large number of diseases. It is decidedly saline to the taste, containing in each gallon, 390 grains of chloride of sodium, 31 of bi-carbonate of lime, and 55 of b' -carbonate of magnesia. The Star Spring is near the High Bock, and was formerly called " the President " and 'Hhe Iodine." A large bottling-house is situated here, and immense quantities of f!l^e water are shipped thence to New England, where It is the favorite spring. It is also put up in barrels and kegs hucd with tin or porcelain. It is mildly cathartic in its effect, and pleasantly acid to the taste, and is beneficial for rheumatism and cutaneous diseases. The Empire Spring is just E. of the Star, at the foot of a detached bluff of Mohawk limestone. It was opened in 1846, has pleasant sur* roundings, and is provided with a large bottling-house. It is ver}' similar iu its ingredients and effects to the Congress water. Near this is the Med Spring, a strong ferruginoiis water which is of much efficacy in cases of dyspepsia and skin diseases, also in improving the blood. It is prin- cipally used for bathing. The " A " Spring is near by (on Spring Ave- nue), and is a valuable cathartic remedy. It is pleasant to the taste, and is exported in large quantities. The Ezoelsior Spring is about 1^ M. N. K of Congress Park, and is reached by Spring Avenue, or by a forest-path turning off near the cross- ing of Lake and East Avenues. It is in Excelsior Park, which has been laid out for a suburb of villas, and near Excelsior Lake, whence the village gets its water-supply. This spring is pleasant to the taste, and mildly cathartic in operation. Great quantities of it are shipped to the cities. Near this place are the Minnehaha, Union, and other sources, forming a group known as the Ten Springs. The Mansion House ($10- 20 a week) is situated in this vicinity. Tlie Eureka Spring is reached by following the park-like valley for a few rods beyond the Excelsior. It is situated amid charming forest scenery, and is gaining popularity as a cathartic agent, beneficial for cases of dyspepsia and for diseases of the digestive oigans. Near this place is the Eureka White-Suijphur Spring, SARATOGA SPRINGS. JtmUe 10, 99 having a copioiis flow of water charged with sulphuretted hydrogen. This is one of the best hepatic spiings in the State, and is efficient in many diseases of the glands, skin, and stomach. It is taken internally and externally, — the latter at the bath-houses (50c. a bath)' in the vicinity. Stages nm hourly from the great hotels to the Eureka Spring*} (20c. ). The Geyser Spouting Spring is 1^ M. S. W. of the village, on the Ballston Road (omnibus fare, 20c.). A shaft was bored (in 1870) to the depth of 140 ft., where it stnick a vein of water, which has since con- tinued to flow copiously. It rises through ft pipe of block-tin, and forms a jet 25 ft. high, agitateJ. by carbonic-acid gas. This is the coldest of the waters of Saratoga, and has a larger amount of mineral matter than any other. It is strongly cathartic, and is lively and pleasant to the taste. A pretty little park is being made in this vicinity. The Glacier Spouting Spring is near the Geyser, and was opened, in 1871, by sinking an artesian well to the depth of 300 ft. in the Trenton limestone. The water spouts to a considerable height, and has a large proportion of mineral matter. It is a powerful cathartic, and is bene- ficial in diseases of the Uver and kidneys. The uEtna, Triton, and EUia Springs are also in this vicinity. Saratoga Lake is 4 M. from the village, and is reached by the favorite drive called the Boulevard (entered between Congress Hall and the Park; omnibuses out and back, 75c.). The Boulevard is 100 ft. wide, is lined with trees on the sides and in the centre, and commands distant views of the Green Mts. It passes near the race-course and the trout-ponds. * Moon's Lake House is the favorite of the lake-hotels, and furnishes rare dinners of fish and game, at high prices. The fried potatoes of this house are considered a great delicacy. Boats and fishing-tackle may be obtained here. The lake was called Kayaderoga by the Indians, and is 8 M. long by 2J M. wide. The scenery is quiet, although the views from Chapman's Hill (1 M. from the Lake House) and Wagman's Hill (4 M.) are pleasing, and embrace the panorama of the Kayaderosseras Mts. On the shore is Frank Leslie's elegant villa of Interlachen. Lake Lovely is a sequestered pond among the hills near the Boulevard. It is a favorite resort for picnics, and has some fine woodland scenery. The Greenfield Hills, the falls at Corinth, Waring Hill, and Lake Luzerne are visited from Saratoga. Saratoga is an Iroquois word which means "place of herrings " (applied to the stream now called Fish Creek). The mineral waters were used by the Indians centuries ago, and were regarded with peculiar veneration. In August, 1767, while Sir William Johnson, the friend and whilom leader of the Mohawks, was suffnring from disease induced by a bad wound received at the Battle of Lake George, the tribe held a solen n council and determined to conduct him to "the medicine Spring of the Great Spirit." He was borne on a litter to the High Bock Spring, and was its first white visitor. In 4 days his strength returned rapidly, and he wrote to Gen. Schuyler : " My dear Schuyler, I have just returned fh)m a most amazing spiing which almost effected my cure." The tidings soon spread « 7T 11 '4 100 JtoutelO. THE BATTLES OF STILLWATEa 11 ! j wnong the coloniflts, and the Spring began to be visited by the forest-trails. In 1773, Dirick Scowton built a small lofj-tavem near the High Rock, but the Indians drove him away, and it was opened m 1774 by a Rhode-Islander. The land was on Rip Van Dam's section of the Kayaderosseras Patent. From 1776 until 1783 no one lived there, although the officers of Gates's army frequently visited the place. Norton came in 1783, and in 1789 came Gideon Putnam, who erected the first hotel. Gen. Schuyler spent the sunmer of 1788 in a tent near the High Rock, and built a house where he dwelt in subsequent summers. Large hotels were erected after 1816, and new springs were opened and made available. Several destructive fires have swept through the village ; and the great hotels of the present day are of late construction. The Battles of Stillwater were fought about 15 M. S. E. of Saratoga Springs. In June, 1777, Gen. Burgoyne marched S. from Canada with a large and well-appointed British army, sti-ength- «ned by German, Canadian, and Indian auxiliaries. This force was to meet an- other British army advancing from New York, somewhere on the line of the Hudson River, and thus cut the rebellious colonies in two, to be subjugated in detail. Bui-goyne took Fort Ticonderoga, July 6 ; defeated St. Clair's army ; and lost a large detachment of his best German troops, who were cut off" by the Ver- monters at Bennington, Aug. 16. On Sept. 14 the British army crossed the Hud- son and encan)ped at Saratoga, near the American works, wliere lay a strong force under Gen. Gates. Sept. 19, Burgoyne attacked Gates in 3 divisions, at the point of the bayonet. Morgan's Virginians and Dearborn's New Hampshire men checked the Canadians, after a furious fight in the forest. Near the Middle Ravine occurred the most serious fighting of the day, when Arnold attacked the enemy with the Ist and 2d N. Y. troops, the 2d, 8th, and 9th Mass. regiments, the 1st, 2d, and 3d N. H., and Morgan's Virginians. The British 9th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 62d, and grenadier regiments, with a swarm of Germans and Indians, pressed forward with the bayonet ; but " Arnold led the van of his men, and fell upon the foe with the fury and impetuosity of a tiger." The British leaders, fresh from the wars of Flanders, said that they had never known so long and hot a fire. At nightfall the enemy held the field, though they had lost over 600 men. The American loss was 319. The armies now began to throw up fortifications, within caimon-shot of each other, and, on Oct. 7, Burgoyne made another attack on the Republican lines. But the Americans left their works and charged upon the hostile field-batteries ; while Morgan routed the British r. wing. The German troops who formed the centre stood firm in the swash of the rout until Arnold fell upon them with his brigade of New-Englanders. Gen". Fraser, tVe life of the British army, was mortally wounded ; and Gen. Ten Broeck brought 3,000 fi^sh N. Y. troops into action. A panic now seized the royalists, and they fled to their fortified camps, closely pursued by the victors, who, under Arnold's lead, stormed the works in several places under a heavy fire of grape-shot. Night then settled upon the field ; and the enemy, having lost 700 men in the action, sullenly re- treated, leaving their trains and hospitals. The fords of the Hudson were guarded by Fellows's New England brigade and batteries ; and Burgoyne was forced to encamp at Schuylorville. Here he was confronted by 9,000 Continental troops and 4,000 N. Y. and Eastern militia ; his Indian and Canadian auxiliaries deserted en masse; the camp was incessantly cannonaded by the American batteries ; and {►rovisions gave out entirely. Oct. 17, Burgoyne's army (consisting of 3,379 Tritons and 2,412 Germans) laid down their arms. The artillery train consisted of 42 pieces ; and among tlie captive officers were 6 members of Parliament. The army was held in captivity until the close of the war (over 6 years) ; first at Cambridge, Mass., ana afterwards at Charlottesville, Va. As a result of this vic- torious campaign. Continental money rose 20 per cent ; the militia hastened to the camps ; Chatham and Burke denounced the war, in the British Parliament ; Spain, Holland, Russia, and Rome spoke cheering words to America ; and France acknowledged the independence of the United States. Large sums of money have recently been raised for a monument to be erected on the surrender-ground ; and it is hoped that it may be dedicated in 1876. Sehaylerrlll* {* Goldsmith House) is 12 M. E. of Saratoga Springs (daily BtageX at the confluence of Fish Creek and the Hudson Blver. It is a pleasant ■m 'm 4 m. '■}■ FORT EDWARD. R.,.^10. 101 est-trails. In ut the Indianv The land was L776 until 1788 tly visited the ho erected the near the High Large hotels lable. Several hotels of the Gen. Burgoyn* imiy, strength- as to meet an- the line of the e subjugated in lir's army ; and , off by the Ver- •ossed the Hud- re lay a strong livisions, at the Hampshire men ear the Middle >ld attacked the I. regiments, the 20th, 2l8t, 24th, [iidians, pressed nd fell upon the 3, fresh from the hot a fire. At 500 men. The flcations, within er attack on the arged upon the f. The German ut until Arnold r, the life of the ight 3,000 fVesh hey fled to their 's lead, stormed ght then settled ion, sullenly re- on were guarded e was forced to itinental troops iliaries deserted I batteries; and siBting of 3,879 train consisted arliament. The years); first at irisultofthisvlc- itia hastened to ish Parliament; ica : and France sums of money rrender-ground ; _ Springs (daily It is A pleasant village on the line of the projected Troy h Whitehall R. R. ; and has 4 churches, the old Schuyler mansion, and the sites of several ancient forts. A strong redoubt was erected here by the French army of the Baron Dieskau, in 17iJ'5 ; and near this fort Burgoyne's troops laid down their arms in 1777, after a campaign which " left the country stripped of nearly every evidence of civilized occujiatlon and culminatefl in one of tlie 16 decisive battles of the world." A bridge 800 ft. long crosses from Schuylerville to Galesville, near wliich is an ancient hill-fort dating from 1709 ; and also the * Dionondahowa Falls, on the Batten Kill. A pleasant river-road runs 12 M. N. to Fort Edward, passing Fort Miller (« M.), which was built by Sir Wm. Johnson in 1755. Once, when pursued by a party of Indians, Putnam escaped by boldly steering his boat down the white whirl of the Fort Miller Foils. The Montreal train passes N. E. from Saratoga Springs across the thinly populated town of Wilton, with the Palmertown Mts. on the 1. Stations, Gansevoort and Moreau, beyond which the Hudson River is crossed at Fort Edward {Eldridge^s ; St. James Hotel), a village of 3,492 inhabi- tants, with two banks and several paper-mills and blast-furnaces. The spacious buildings of the Collegiate Institute are seen on the 1. Lake George is reached by a branch R. R. diverging here (see Route 11). In 1690 Gen. Winthrop encamped here with a colonial army on the march to attack Montreal ; and in 1709 Schuyler fortified the place and garrisoned it with 450 British regulars. It becam«j an important point on the great milifciry route between the French and English colonies, since here began a land transit between the water-ways of the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. In 1744 Lydius, the Indian fur-trader, built here a fortified jwst, which was soon destroyed by tlie French ; and in 1755 Fort Lyman (afterwards called Fort Edward) was built at the confluence of a broad creek and the Hudson River. The rarapai-ts were 16 ft. high and 22 ft. thick, were flanked by 4 bastions, and were boi-dered by a broad wet ditch. Putnam repulsed an attack of the Indians on this post ; and in 1759 Lord Amherst organized here the grand army of 11,000 men, with which the Con- quest of Canada was effected, terminating that Seven Years' War which cost Great Britain $560,000,000, "and laid one of the largest foundation-stones of that national debt under which she now groans." In 1777 the fort was held by 5,500 Americans, who retired before the advance of Burgoyne ; and the beautiful Jane M'Crea was murdered by Indians, near the village, under circumstances which have caused her story to become one of the saddest in the New World history. Fort Ann was erected in 1757 at the N. B. end of the tram-way and portage fW>in Fort Edward ; and Wood Creek was navigable thence to Lake Champlain. 1 M. N. W. Putnam and 500 Rangers were ambushed and defeated by the French partisan chief Molang, with a large force of French and Indians (Aug., 1758). The Rangers suffered fearfidly, and Putnam was captured, and was being burnt at the stake when Molang rescued him from the savages. | M. N. of Fort Ann the R. R. traverses the rocky defile where the garrison of the fort attacked the 9th British regiment (July 8, 1777). After a long and obstinate conflict, the Ameri- cans were forced to retreat. . Tlie train runs N. E. fh)m Fort Edward, near the Clhamplain Canal to Fort Ann, whence it descends the valley of Wood Creek. On the r. are the Cossayuna highlands, and on the 1. are the uninhabited defiles of the Palmertown and Fort Ann Mts. Station, Whitehall {Hall's Hotel), an important lumbering-village with 4,322 inhabitants. It is picturesquely situated in a deep and rugged ravine at the foot of Skene's Mt. The rail- road to Montreal connects here. 102 RwUlO. RUTLAND. It was fortifled at an early date, and In 1763 a colony was established here hy Col. Skene (a veteran of Cartagena, Fontenoy, Culloden, Ticonderoga, and Hava- na). The Indian name KahclMquana was supplanted by Skeneslsorough, and a large stone mansion and military works were erected. It was captured by Her- rii;K and the Qreen Mt. Boys in 1775 ; and in 1779 was confiscated by the State of New fork on account of Skene's adhesion to the king. July 7, 1777, the British fleet here engaged the Americans fleeing ttom Ticonderoga, destroyed several gal- leys, and took 12S cannon and a vast ^linount of supplies. Burgoyne's army re- mained here 3 weeks, and the ruins of his military works are to be seen on the heights. Benedict Arnold's fleet was built in this harbor ; and hither retired Macdonongh's victorious fleet with the captured British squadron (1814). The flag-ships Saratoga and Confiance sank at their moorings. The train runs N. E. from Whitehall across Low Hampton; then pascis the Poultney River, and entera tie ';ate of Vermont. A richly pro- ductive slate region is now trave. ^ed, and the line passes Fairhaven and Hy^viUe (at the foot of Lake Bomaseen, which is 8 M. long, and is lined with quarries of marble and slate). Castieton {Sanford House) is a pretty village, which contains the State Normal School and 5 churches. 3(X),000,000 white soapstone slate-pencils, 1,000 billiard-beds, 2,000 slate mantels, and vast amounts of marble, slate, and marbleized slate are turned out here yeaiiy. 7 M. N. is Hubbardton, where Eraser's light infantry routed the American rear-guard retreating from Ticonderoga, 507 men being lost on both sides. Passing now the great marble-quarries at W. Rutland (stages to Clarendon Springs), the train soon enters Rutland. The Central Vermont R. R. is now taken from Rutland to Burlington (68 M. ), with fine views of the Green Mts. on the r. Bat- land (* Bates House ; Bardwell) is a well-situated and prosperous town of 10,000 inhabitants, with extensive marble-works and a lucrative country trade. The marble sells at the quarriei^ for a higher price than does Italian marble delivered iii New York. There are several fine churches here ; and the Court-House and Post-Office are worthy of notice. Pleasant excursions may be made to the Clarendon Springs (6 M. S.; large summer hotel), TCillington Peak (9 M. E.), and Sutherland Falls (6 M. N.). The Montreal train passes the quarries of statuary- marble neav the graceful Sutherland Falls ; Brandon, with its great quarries, kaolin paint-works, and Howe's scales-factory ; Leicester June- Ucrn, with a branch R. R. to Ticonderoga and Port Henry ; Salisbury, near the favorite summer-resort at Lake Dunmore; marble-producing Middlebury {Addison House), the seat of Middlebury College; and the little city of Vergennes {Stevens House), beautifully situated at the falls on Otter Creek, viewing the Green and Adirondack Mts., and near the summer resorts of Elgin Spring and the Fort Cassin House. From Burlington, the train runs to Montreal in 103 M., passing Es- sex Junction; St. Albans (* Weldon House), a pretty village of 6,000 inhabitants, the chief dairy-market of New England, with fine public buildings and immense R. R. workshops; High^te Springs {* Franklin RUTLAND. RtMtelO. 103 JTbuse), a favorite resort near Missisquoi Bay and the Missisqnoi and Sheldon Springs ; and the Canadian town of St. John% on the Richelieu River. (For a more detailed description of the route from Whitehall to. Montreal, see Osgood's New EngJ^md, Routes 28, 26, and 29.) The Troy (i'nd BosUm R. R. runs ftom Troy to N, Adams, Mas& (48 M.), whe»e it Joins the Hoosac Tunnel lines from tlie E. Stations : Lansingburgh (Park Hotel), a prosperous manufacturing village, with 6,872 inhabitants ; Melrose : Sohaghti- coke ; Pittstown, where the line enters the Hoosick Valley ; and JohrmnvilU, whence a branch R. B. runs N. 15 M. , across Cambridge and Easton, to Greets mch, a prosperous factory- village on the Batten Kill, 7-8 M. E. of Schuylerville (see page 101). At Eagle Brldsa (DaMon House), a R R diverges to Rutland ; and from near the uiauufacturing village of Hoosick Falls, a branch line runs to Bennington. In the town of Hoosick, near the WaUoomsac River, was fought the Battle of Bennington (Aug. 16, 1777), when Gen. Stark, with 1,800 men of New England, defeated Baume and Breyman, who were leading a force of Ger- mans, Canadians, and Indians on a raid into Vermont. The battle was long and obstinate, and the enemy lost 937 men and 4 cannon. The 16tb of August has been observed as a holiday in Bennington ever since the battle. The train runs S. E. fW)m Hoosick Falls, intersects the Harlem Extension R. R (see page 62) at Petersburgh Junction, crosses Pownal, in the 8. W. corner of Vermont, ana passes IVilliamstmvn, Mass. , the seat of Williams College, near the summer resort of ♦Greylock Hall, at the Sand Springs. Thence it jtasses up the Hoosac Valley to N. Adams (* Wilscm House), a busy manufacturing place among the Berk- shire Hills, and 2 M. from the entrance do the ^Hoosac Tunnel (see Osgood's Neno Englandj Route 23). Tro^ to Rutland. By the Rutland an^! Washington R. R., in f!* M. The Troy and Boston R. R. is taken for 23^ M. to Ea^le Bridge, whence the R. and W.. train diverges to the N., up the Owl Kill Valley ai\d across the town of Cambridge, famous for its growth of flax. Station, Cambridge (FenUn* Hotel), near the picturesque valley of Owl Kill Passing through the lake-studded Taghkanick Hills, the train enters the valley of the Batten Kill ; and beyond Shushan it reaches Saiem, a pleasant village and semi-capital of Washington County. To the E. are Mts. Iki'iinox and .^k>luH, near Manchester, Vt. ; and a few M. W. is Cossaynna Lake, a beautiful sheet 3 M. long, surrounded with high hills and dotted with green islands. High up among the Cosaayuna highlands is Argyle Lake. The train now enters Verm«>nt, and passes the rur?' sts^tions of Rupeit and Pawlet (famous for large potato crops). Bendihg back into N. Y. Stato, do\vn the valley of the turbulent Pawlet River, rich intervales are traversed, V>y raial stations, and the line re-enters Vermont, and passes Poaltney (2 hotels). This is a pleasant Tillage,, where Horace Greeley learnt tke printer s art, and Jared Sparks mastered the carpenter's trade. The old Ripley Female College is now used as a summer boarding-house (250 guests, $10-12 a week) Excursions are made to Lake Bomaseen, Carter's Palls, and * lake St. Catharine (St. Catharine Hotel), which is 5 M. long, and stands amoD'i flne hill-scenery. 8 M. E. of Poultney are the MiddUtown Springs (*Montv'jrt Hotel, 300 guests). The line now traverses a region of slate-quarries and rolling hills, and reaches Castleton station. ! I 103 a. Route 10 a. LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 10 J. Albany to MontreaL By the Champlain Division of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's RaiU roads, in 10 - 11 hours. Wagner's palace-cars are run on this route. Cars are changed at Rouse's Point The track of the t^a^toga Division is I'ollo'.veil frrtm Albany by Saratoga to Whit«>,liall (see Route 10), wliere the Cliamplain Division Is entered. Ueats on tlie r. bide of tlie trzin are preferable, as giving nnmy i^haa- ant views of Iiake Champlain. StatloBB.— Albany to Whitehall, 71 M. ; Chubb's T)oek, 78; Drtsdeu, ¥1 : Putnam, 80; Patterson, 91; AfMlson Junction, 95; Crown Point, 1<:3: Port Henry, 111; Westport, 122; Wuuiiam's Mills, 125; Wlmllomtbuig, l?y ; WiU» borough; Port Kent, 148; Vnlcour, 155; Plattsbur^jh. ICl; BiUiikmantown, 166; Chazy, 171; Sciota, 176; Mooer's Junction, 172 ; ChampiaiU, 170 ; Rouse's Point, 188 ; Montreal, 233. The express-trains ruu frtnn Whitelial' to Port Hem-y in IJ hrs., to Plattsbui^h in 31 hro., and to Rouse's Point Ic 5 hrs. The line now uses the rails of the Ogdensburg & Lake Cliamplain K. R (Central Ve.'n.nnt) from Moo«3i 's to Rouse's Point ; but will soon construct a uew railroad from Chazy t«} Rouse's Point On leavii:.g Whitehall the train passes to the N., and rooii crosses the outlet of South Bay, with the Whitehall Narrows on the r. For ovei an hour the track is foKc-wed to the N , bending frequently around bold ridges and curving along lite inhere of the narrow lake. The highlands of Dresden and Putnam are « i; iiie 1., and on the r. are the hills of Vermont, across the water. At Fu'ierson a branch railroad diverges to the W., which soun crosses the outlet of Lake George (near Ticonderoga), and sweeps around Mt. Defiance to Baldwin, the landing-place of the Lake- George steamboats. The branch is 5 M. longf and the fare is 75c. About 10 minutes' walk from Baldwin is the Bogers-Sook Honse ($S a day, $li a week), anew summer-hotel on a beautiful and far-viewing promon- tory between two quiet bays, near the foot of Rogers's Slide. The Montreal train next crosses the broad bay under Mt. Defiance, with view's of Fort Ticonderoga. At Addison Junction, 2 M. from Ticon- deroga village, the line meets the railroad which diverges from .the Cen- tral Vermont line at. Z«iceso- II Junction in ise to supper. hinly popu- Beyond the le lake, and it on the r. reaches the the Kaya- ■le r., as the 'W great iron-works N. of Port Henry are passed. The line soon turns far* ther inland, and runs through a thinly settled region to Westp&rt station, which is about 1 M. from the pretty lake-port of the same name, on Northwest Bay. Beyond this point the lake is long hidden by the huge mass of Split-Bock Mt., which is left on the E. Near WfuilloTieburg the Boquet River is crossed twice, and the line follows its course to Wills- borough, where it crossc s yet again, and soon approaches the broad waters of Willsborough, or Peru, Bay. The scenery on this section is of a high irder of beauty and impressiveness, as the train swings around the Trem- bleau Mts. and their connected ranges, on high grades, and often on ter- races which are built out on the sharp slopes of the ridges. There are several tunnels and deep rock-cuttings, but generally the lake is open to dew, and affords a series of beautiful prospects, bounded by the long line of the Vermont mountains. This section of the route is remarkable for its bold and imposing scenery, and daring engineering. 21 M. of the railroad in this region cost $3,000,000, a very heavy expenditure for Eastern railroad work. Above Port Douglas the broad expanse of Cor- laer's Bay is overlooked, and islands are seen out in the lake. Swinging around the N. end of the Trembleau Mts., the line soon reaches Port Kent, whence a ferry-boat runs to the city of Burlington, on the Ver- mont shore. Port Kent is the point of departure for the Ausable Chasm (2-3 M. W.), and also for the Saranac Lakes. From Port Kent to Plattsburgh the course is over a level and sandy country, with occasional fine views of the distant mountains Soon after crossing the Ausable river twice, near its mouth, and the Little Ausable River, the train passes Valcourf near the island of the same nanie^ off which Arnold was defeated in a naval battle. The line now lies nearer the 4ake, crosses the Salmon River, and soon reaches the large and pros- perous village of Flattsbnrgli (see page 118). From this point the ncenery is less interesting, as the train leaves the vicinity of the lake, and passes through the district across which Sir George Ptevost's army ad- vanced to its disastrous defeat, in 1814. At Mooer'a Junction the train is switched on to the Central Vermont track, and nins thence E. to. Bonie's Point (see pi^e 120). The route from Rouse's Point to Mon- treal is described on page 121. 11. Lake Oeorge. Fort Edward is 55 M. N. of Albany (see Route 10), and is the point at which the route to Lake George diverges from the Saratoga Division R. R. A short branch railroad follows the Hudson River N. W. by the prosperous village of Sandy Hill (near Baker's Falls) to Olen'f FalU (* Rockwell House, $ 3 a day, $ 14- 21 a week ; American House). This 104 RmtUlh LAKE GEOEGR r town has 8,000 inhabitants, 2 weekly newspapers, an opera-honse, an acad> emy, and a seminary. The * Soldiers' Monument is a fine work in Dor- Chester sandstone, 46 ft. high, surmounted by an eagle, and flanked by life-size statues of soldiers. The village was destroyed by fire in 1864, but has already more than recovered its losses. Large saw-mills and paper-mills are located here; and immense quantities of black marble are quarried for exportation. The jointa lime which is shipped from this point has a high reputation. The falls of the Hudson are about 50 ft. high, and are well seen from the bridge below. This bridge rests at mid- stream on a rocky islet, on which is a cave, where " amid the roar of this very cataract, if romance may be believed, the voice of Uncas, the last of' the Mohicans, was heard and heeded; here Hawk Eye kept his vigils; here David breathed his nasal melody; and here Durban Heyward, with his lovely and precious wards, Alice and Cora Monrr>e, fell into the hands of the dark and bitter Mingo chief." The scene of Cooper's novel, ** The Last of the Mohicans," was laid here. The black marble cliffs on either side contain many trilobites and other fossils. 2 M. above Olens Falls is the great State Dam whence the summit level of the Champlain Canal is fed, and a mgged road leads through the Luzerne Mts. to Lake Luzerne, 10-12 M.W. Morning and evening stages leave Olens Falls for Caldwell, 9 M. N. on Lake George. The plank-road runs across the Pine Plains, with glimpses of the Luzerne Mts. on the L, and the Palmertown and Fort Ann Mts. on the r. Near the HaHf-Way House are the remains of several ancient re- doubts ; and in this vicinity the daring French partisan. La Come, attacked a commissary train, burnt the wagons, killed 110 persons, and carried off 84 prisoners. Beyond the toll-gate is Williams's Bock, with a monument erected by the students of Williams College, to the memory of Col. Wil- liams, who fell here during " the Bloody Morning Scout " (see below). Near this point is the weird and sequestered Bloody Pond, into which the slain men of Williams's command were thrown, and there is a legend that its waters bore a sanguine hue for many years. The road now rises to a point which commands a fine * view of Lake George, and the stage soon reaches Caldwell^ a dull village at the S. end of Lake George; which en- joys a slight local distinction from the fact of its beii g the shire-town of Warren County. The * Fort WUliam Henry Hotel is an imposing struc- ture, situated on the old garrison garden and fronting the lake (1,200 guests; $5a day for transient visitors). The * Lake House is by the water-side, on the site of Montcalm's siege-batteries (200 gue»ts ; $ 3.50 a day ; $17- 21 a week). There are 2 village inns and several boarding- houses.- Stages run 2-3 times daily to Glens Falls ($1.25); and to Thunnan, on the Adirondack B. B. (9 M. ; $1.25). Hailroads from Lu- zerne and Glen's Falls have been chartered ; the latter is not likely to be LAKE GEORGE. nouU U. 105 bnilt. Steamers run down the lake thrice daily; an hourly ferry crosses to Crosbyside. Row-boats, 60c. an hour, $ 1.60-2.00 a day ; with fish- erman and tackle, $ 3 - 4 a day. Rattlejsnake Cobble is near the village, and commands a broad view down the lake. Prospect and French Mts. are also ascended thence, and afford superb Views of the lake and its shores. Bloody Pond (2 M.) and Williams's Kock (3i M.) are often visited. Nearly 1 M. S. E. is Fort George, which was built by Amherst in 1759. Much of its stone-work has been carried away and made into lime, but 'the embankinents of the old lines still stretch through the forest. Fort Gage is J M. distant, and th« remains of other colonial works are found in the vicinity. The ruins of Fort William Henry are just to the K of the great hotel, and are in fair preservation. Lake George vas flrst visited by Father Jogaes, a French Jesuit missionary, whose canoe entered ita quiet waters on the eve of the festival of Corpus Christi, 1046. In honor of that sacred anniversary he named these bright waters Le Lao du St. Sacrement (' * The Lalte of the Blessed Sacrament "), and then passed on to his he- roic martyrdom at the hands of the Mohawks, fulfilling the prophecy which he made on leaving Montreal, " Ibo, nee redibo.'* For over a century the lake was known in the border chronicles as the path of hostile incursions or of religious devotees passing to the land of the tierce heathen Mohawks. Courcelles, Tracey, Schuyler, Menteth, — French, Dutch, Indians, English, — diversified the record. In 1098 the Count de Frontenac led down the lake 450 soldiers of France and 200 Indians, and destroyed the Mohawk castles in Central N. Y. He was hotly pur- sued to these shores, but escaped on the ice with his plunder and captives. At tlie flrst American Congress (held at Albany, June 19, 1754) it was decided that the Lakes Champlain and George should be delivered f^m and fortified against the French aggressions. William Johnson was put in command of the colonial army, and a train of artillery was procured. (These cannon were all captured by the French at Fort William Henry ; retaken by the English at Ticonderoga ; fell into the hands of the Vermonters when Ticonderoga surrendered ; v^ere dravm to Cambridge on sledges, and did notable service in the American bombardment of Boston.) Having concluded a league witli the Six Nations, Johnson advanced his forces to St. Sacrement, which he named Lake George, " not only in honor of his M^esty, but to ascertain his undoubted dominion " (1755). The Baron de Dieskau (formerly a cavalry officer under Marshal Saxe) then commanded tlie French forces on Lake Champlain, and marched against Johnson with 1,600 men. His approach being suspected, Johnson sent out a scouting party of 1,200 men (the 3d Mass., 2d Conn., and 200 Mohawks), although the Mohawk Chief Hen- drick protested tliat they w^ere too few to succeed and too many to be slaughtered. The object was to engage and check the enemy's vanguard while Johnson com- pleted his hasty fortifications. But the detachment advanced into the very centre of the hostile army (which was marching in a great hidf-moon curve through the forest) and was speedily enveloi)ed and crushed. A terrible massacre ensued (in the ravine Avhich is still known as the Bloody Defile), and CoL Williams (of the' 3d Mass. ; founder of Williams College) and Hendrick, the white-haired Mohawk chief, were killed while foremost flghthig. Dieskau pursued hard after the fugitive sui'vivors, whose retreat was covered by the 1st Rhode Island. This action was called "the Bloody Morning Scout." The French now moved on Johnson's rude defences of earthworks and abatia, and the regiments of La Heine and Languedoc, halting before the American centi-e, opened and continued pla- toon-firing until they were nearly annihilated by the artillery. They then swung around and joined the Canadian and Huron auxiliaries in a sharp attack on the American right (1st 2d, and remnant of 8d Mass.). They were repulsed there, and the Chevalier de Montreuil led off the beaten army, Dieskau being wounded 6« 106 M(mU It LAKE GEOROB. and a prinoner, and St. Pieire (who had defeated Waahington on the Ohio) harlng been killed. Uetaohnients fhiin tlie 1st N. H. ami lat N. Y. were sent ftrom Fort Lyman, and gained anotlier victory over the French rear-guard. The attack on Johnson's position lasted ttom noon until 4 o'clock, and cost the asaailanta 400 men. Johnson was Iwdly wounded early in the action, and Gen. Lynian succeed- ed to the coniniand ; but the funner was rewanled with a baronetcy. The great- grandfather of President Grant (an olUoer uf tlie Conn, line) was killed in thhi action (Sept 8, 1755). A large fort was built after the battle, and was namcMl Fort William Henry, in honor of the Duke of Cumberland (brother of George III., and merciless victor at CuUodenX The French held Fort Carillon (Tlconderogai at the foot of the lake, and there were ft«quent skirmishes and hdds for the next 8 years. The American rangers, Rogers and l*utnam, were foremost in this parti- san warfare, which took place among the islands and bays. In March, 1767» Iligaud de Vaudreuil menaced Fort William Henry with 1500 picked men, and de- •troyed 300 batteaux, 4 armed sloops, and all tlie outworks. In July, the Cheva- lier La Come led 700 men around the f9rt and captured a large supply-train, but was attacked by Putnam with gunboats, near Babbath Day Point, and sufl'ered heavy losses. 2 days later a Huron-Canadian force drove the provincials fh>m the islands, and killed 54 men near the fort. During the same summer the Mar- ?uis de Montcalm (Commander of the Order of St Louis, and a veteran of the talian campaigns) advanced up the lake after the fall of Oswego, with 1,800 warriors from 18 Indian tribes (fh)m Nova Scotia to Michigan), 8,000 Canadian troops, and 3,081 regulars. The Chevalier de Levi advanced along the W. shore witii 4 regiments, while Montcalm, with the main liody, passed up the lake in 460 boats. The fort was garrisoned by 2,100 men, and the Frencn troops swimg around on the Fort Edward road to Keep off reinforcements, while siege-batteries were opened within 700 yards of the works. Parallels and covered ways were made, and a heavy cannonade was opened flrom 82 guns. A spirited Are was kept up flrom the English batteries, and sitveral sorties were niti.ie, but, after 6 days* bombardment, the cowardly Gen. Webb refusing to send reinforcements flrom Fort Edward, and the French parallels being near the battered ramparts, CoL Monroe surrendered the fort, having j)ermissTon to march to Fort Edward with arms, colors, and one field-piece. The capitulation took place at noon, and the English set out for Fort Edward the next morning. But the Indians had spent the night in drinking and martial rites, and (headed by a Nova Scotia tribe) fell upon the rear of the retreat with great fury, inspiring a panic in the English, who threw down their arms and scattered. Montcalm ordered up his troops and en- deavored to restrain his truculent allies, but a large number of the English sol* diers were killed before the massacre was stopped. The garrison was then sent to Fort Edward under escort of the Royal Roussilon regiment ; Montcalm removed the 34 captured cannon and immense supplies ; destroyed th& works, and retired to Ticonderoga. " The foit was entirely demolished Dead bodies, mangled with scalping-knives and tomahawks in all the wantonness of Indian fierceness and barbarity, were everywhere to be seen. More than ICO women, butchered and shockingly mangled, lay upon the ground, still welteriui in their gore." (Putnam.) Tlie most imposing spectacles which this or any other American lake has seen occurred in 1758 - 59. July 5, 1758, Gen. Abercrombie advanced down the lake with 16,000 men, in 900 batteaux and 135 whale-boats, convoyed by gunboats and grouped around 2 huge floating castles, brilliant with rich uniforms and waving banners, while the music of many bands echoed among the hills. (This pageant is flnely described by Cooper, in "Satunstoe," Chapters XXII. -XXV.) A few days later the shattered and defeated army passed up the lake to Fort William Henry, having left over 2,000 of their number dead and dying under the walls of Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga). In 175S Gen. Amherst led 11,000 men down the . lake in another grand martial procession which resulted in the Conquest of Canada. In 1775 the abandoned Forts George and Gage (at CaldwellVwere occu- pied by the troops of N. Y. and Conn. ; and, in the summer of 1777, rort George was chosen for the army hospital (on account of the salubrity of tlie air), and 8,000 sick men were sent there, of whom hundreds died of the small-pox and typhus-fe'^er. In 1777, after the fall of Ticonderoga, Fort George and the lake were aban loned by the Americans, but were reoccupied after Burgoyne's surrender. In Oct, 1780, the garrison of Fort George was defeated and cut to pieces near Bloody Pond, and the fort and the fleet on the lake were taken by the British. Sinee that day unbroken peace has dwelt on these tranquil waters. DIAMOND ISLAND. Rouien. 107 Ohio) havtaif nt ttom Fort "he attack on iBsailaoti 400 iian iucceed< Thegreat- liUed in this was named r George III., nconderogai for the nexi in tills parti* March, 1767, men, and de* y, the Cheva* )ly-train, but and suffered rincials from ner the Mar- toran of the >. with 1,800 00 Canadian the W. shor« e lake in 460 roops swung ege-batteriea 1 ways were Arc was kept after 6 days' ements from imparts, CoL Sdward with oon, and the ad spent the be) fell upon inglish, who 3ops and en« English sol* 18 then sent ilni removed and retired .69, mangled m fierceness tchered and (Putnam.) ke has seen wn tlie lake nhoats and ind waving Ills pageant :V.) A few ort William e walls of down the. 'onquest of were occu- 'ort George jie air), and 11-pox and the lake surrender. |>iece8 near le British. Lakv OiOROi, " the Como of Ameri " is litnated in NoTtheastcnl New York, near the Adirondack Mts., and is about 800 ft. above the sea. It is 86 M. long, and 1-4 M. wide ; and its shores are generally sterile; and bordered by the lofty and abrupt hills of the Luzerne and Kayade- rosseras Ranges. There are but 3 petty villages on the lake ; and a high- way passes through them on the W. shore, connecting Caldwell with Bolton, Hague, and Ticonderoga. The vicinity of frowning nits., the great number of islands, the transparency of the waters, and the bracing purity of the air of the highlands, unite to establish the claims of Lake George as a summer resort; while its scenery has been likened, not only to that of Coroo, but also to Lake Windermere and Loch Katrine. The steamer Minnehaha leaves Caldwell every morning at 7.46, reaches the N. end of the lake at 11, and gets back to Caldwell at 7 p. m. (faro, 82 ; to go and return, ^3). Tourists can visit Fort Ticonderoga, and return the same day. The Ganouskie and Lillie M. Price go down to the Narrows and 14-Mile Island morning and afternoon {k 1.60 for the round trip). . The steamer leaves the pier near the great hotel, and crosses to Crotiby' side, 1 M. distant on the R shore, with a spacious summer hotel and cottages situated in pleasant groves by the shore, and looking across to Caldwell (200 guests, $ 15 - 25 a week). The forest-covered French Mt. is seen towering on the E.; and 1 M. N., on the shore, is a convent of the Paulist Order (on a domain given' by Charles O'Connor). Tea Island (so named from a tea-house, or arbor, erected in 1828) is next passed ; and the summer-house oi Randolph, the publisher, is seen on the W., above which is Col. Price's stately villa. Diamond Island (3 M. from Caldwell) was held by 400 of Abercrombie's men after the great.defeat ; and was fortified by Burgoyne as a depot of supplies (1777), and garri- soned by part of the 47th line regiment, under Capt. Aubrey. It was attacked by Col. John Brown, with the New England militia who had swept the outworks of Ticonderoga ; but Aubrey repulsed the Americans with artillery, and then drove them away (''with great loss") by an attack with his gunboats. Brown lost all his vessels and cannon, and many men. ^The name of the island is derived from the f ue quartz crystals which are found there ; and the place was inhabited iu tlte early part of this century, the mistress of the family being generally known as " the Lady of the Lake." Near Diamond Point (W. shore) is Coolidge's Hotel ($10-12 a week). Above Montcalm's Bay (E. shore) are the Trout Pavilion and the Kattskill House, two sequestered hotels under the shadow of the mts., and near good fishing-grounds (80 guests each, $10- 15 a week). 4 M. from Caldwell is Long Island, with the Three Sisters on the W., and on the E. two promontories, which afford favorite camp- grounds. The Fort Ann Mts. loom up darkly on the E. as the steamer crosses the lake, with the Three Brothers on the W., and Dome and Recluse Islands on the N. Buck and Pilot Mts. are seen on the N. K, I Bl 108 Haute 12. BOLTON. and the Narrows open away beyond. Thia is the widest part of the L' t*, and affords views of rare beauty, with the graceful * Dome Island (whUn resembles Ellen's Isle, on Loch Katrine) prominently seen. MeelvM Idand is a beautiful islet just W. of the Dome, with a picturesque villa embowered among the trees. Recluse has the remains of fortifications which were built by Abercrombie's army in 1758, and the views from its 8. and £. shores are very beautiful. The steamer now rounds in at Bolton, a small village, with a noble outlook over the broadest expanse of the lake (Mohican, and Bolton Houses, $12-18 a week; Wells', Braley's, and other boarding-houses, $8-15 a week). In the environs of the village is the quaint little stone Church of St. Sacrament. There are several pleasant drives in this vicinity, — to Caldwell, by the lake* side (10 M.), and to Hague, over the hiUs. On the lofty plateau to the W. (1,000 ft. above Lake George) are several crystal lakes, the chief of which are Trout Lake and Edgecomb Pond. Prospect Mt. is back of the village, and commands a broad and delightful *view, embracing the widest part of the lake, Montcalm's and Oanoxiskie (Northwest) Bays, Becluse, Dome, and Green Islands, and the Narrows, with Tongue and Black Mts., in the N. and N. E. Oanouskie Bay extends for 6 M. to the N. above Bolton, being separated from the lake by the lofty prom- ontory of Tongue Mt. (called by the Indians Atalapoaa, "a, sliding- place "), where deer are found in the late fall and winter, and eagles build their lofty eyries. The steamer runs N. E. froni Bolton, passing Parodi (or Sloop) Island, wliich was named for the singer, Signora Parodi, who erected a cross here in 1851. Ou the 1. are Green and Crown Islands, closing the entrance to Ganouskie Bay; while Tongue Mt. is on the W., and Buck Mt. on the E., as the steamer crosses towards the lofty pal- isades called Shelving Rock, with the innumerable islands of the Narrows on the 1. A stop . is made at 14-Mile Island, with its twelve forest- covered acres, lying at the entrance of the Narrows, and near the fishing- grounds (14-Mile Island House, $10-14 a week). On the S. are the Hen and Chickens islets; and about 1 M. S., on the mainland, are the pretty Shelving Bock Falls. The steamer now enters * Tlie Harrowi, where the lake is compressed between high mts., and a fleet of small islands is anchored in the channel. These islets were the scene of nu- merous partisan combats in the colonial days, but are now deserted, save for the visits of sportsmen, who find large trout in their cool shadows. Steaming down between Tongue Mt. and Black Mt. (2,878 ft. high; sometimes ascended with guides from Hulett's Landing,'for the sake of its broad overview), the Minnefuiha passes the Hatchet, Half- Way, and other groups of islets. Just N. of the Floating Battery group are the Harbor group and Vicar's Islands, with the lofty palisades of Buck Mt. on the W., and the hamlet of Dresden, down Bosom Bay, on the E. To SABBATH DAY POINT. JlouUJJ. 109 the S. E. are the upper peaks of Black Mt., called, from their form, the Elephant Ridge, with Sugnr-Loaf Mt. beyond. There are 8 seqnefltejed farm-houses in Bosom Bay, where boarders are taken for 98 a week. SoMmth Day Point is soon approached (on the W.), a long low prom- ontory running out from the rich meadows under Bloomer and Deer's Leap Mts., and still retaining the air of peace and restfulness which won it the name it bears. In 1757 a sharp skirmish occurred off this point, and in July of that year the Ist N. J. Regiment was sent down the lalce scouting. While drifting by tlie Hnrbor Islands (Juat above the point), in the gray of the nioruing, they were ■tiddenly attaciced by 800 Ottawa Indians and 50 Frenclimen. Although tlie Jersey Blueii were superior in numbers, they were so daunted by the fury of the enemy and the/earful whooping of the savages, that they fled in panic. But the swift Indian canoes quicldy overtoolc their heavy barges, and only 12 men es- caped, —131 being Icfllod, and the rest made prisoners. Some of them were tortured to death, and tlie Ottawas feasted during the following night on human flesh. On July 5, 1758, the vanguard and centre of Abercromi>ie's grand army (light infantry and regulars) rested here fh)m sunset until nearly midnight, waiting for the 3 brigades of provincials and the artillery. In 1750 Amlierst's army rested on the point ; and in 1777 a sharp action was fought here between American militia and Tory refugees. The present commonplace farm-buildings detract from the natural beauty of the place (20 summer boarders are talceu here, 98 a week). The vast bulk of Black Mt. is prominent in the S. E., as the Minne' haha runs N. to the village of Hague, situated on a widening of the lake, where it is 4 M. across. (The Phcenix Hotel and Trout House charge $ 8-12 a week.) Parties go from this point to the lakes (abounding in fish) of Phturaoh, Brant, and Schroon. As the steamer regains the middle of the lake, the prospect of the pass between Rogers' Slide and Anthony's Nose, and the retrospect of the Narrows and its archipelago, afford de- lightful views. Friend's Point and the Waltonian Isle are next passed, and then Anthoni/'s Nose (on the N. E.) pushes out its rocky ledges over the deepest water in the lake (400 ft. ). Rogers' Slide is a lofty palisade on the W., at whose foot is the Rogers-Rock House (see page 103 a). On March 13, 1753, while Miyjor Rogers (afterwards a dangerous Tory officer) was scouting near Ticonderojia, with 200 Rangers, he was surprised by the Sieur de Langy and 200 soldiers of the regiment La Reiiie. 144 of the Rangers -were killed on the field, and 17 escai;)ed. The border legend states that Rogers was pursued by the Indians to the verge of this cliff. Suddenly reversing his snow- shoes and throwing his haversack down on the ice-bound lake beh)w, he retraced his tracks and got away down an adjacent ravine before his pursuers arrived. The Indians followed the tracks to the precipice, and saw none leading away, whence they concluded that he had cast himself over : aud when, a few minutes later, they saw him skimming away over the ice towai-d Fort William Henry they attributed his eocape to tlie protection of the Great Spirit Near the landing. Prisoners' Isle is passed on the 1. The prisoners of the Beam raiment, taken in Abercrombie's forest-fight near Ticonderoga, were put upon this islet and guarded by Mass. troops. But during the hight many of them walked to the shore on a ledge about 18 inches below the water> and, " as Montcalm dryly remarked, ' they took French leave.' " i •J 110 MouUlf^, LAKE CHAMFLAIN. If f'l ('■i Od the 1. is Lord Howe's Point. From the landing railroad trains run to Ticonderoga and around Mt. Defiance, meeting the Champlain Division B. R. 5 M. distant (see page 103 a). 12. Lake Champlain. Whitehall to Hontreal The Vennonl railroad lines touch the lake at Burlington, on the E. ; and the N. Y. & Canada i». B. sicirts it on the W. The favorite route of tourist-travel enters at Ticondei-oya, by way of Lake George. The most direct way of coming ft-om New York is by Routes 8 and 10 (221 M.); and from Philadelphia by the N. Penu. and Albany & Susquehanna R. Rs. There are four large steamboats plying on the lake. They leave Plattsburgh at 7 a. m., and Ticonderoga at noon (reaching Plattsburgh at ti.30 p. M.). An excellent dinner is served on the boats A<91;; and staterooms may also be obtainetl. Travellers leaving Caldwell on the morning boat meet the noon boat at Ticonderoga. The steamers formerly ran be- tween Wliitehall, on the S., and Rouse's Point, on the N., but tlieir voyages are now nmi;h shorter. The descriptions of those portions of the lake are still re- tained, for the use of boatmen. Lamiings — Fort Ticonderoga (24 M. ftrom Whitehall) ; Larrabee's Point, 2 M. ; Crown Point, 11 : Port Henry, 18 : Westport, 28 ; Essex, 40 ; Burlington. 61 : PortKent, 66; Plattsburgh, 81. ? Lake Champlain is a large and picturesque sheet of water, running nearly N . and S. ibr 126 M. , with a breadth of from 1 furlong to 13 M. Its waters are clear, and abound in bass, pickerel, salmon-trout, and other fish, while the depth varies from 9 to 47 fathoms. There are many islands, the largest of which covers an area of 18,600 acres, and has a population of 1,300. Besides numerous pleasant villages and towns, there is one city on the shores, and the ileets used in commerce here number many thou- sands of tons. Tliere is a large trade between the rivers, the Hudson being joined to the lake by a canal 64 M. long (to Watervliet), while the Riche- lieu River affords an outlet to the St. Lawrence. The scenery of the Ver- mont shore is that of a quiet pastoral country, with the Green Mts. rising in the distant E. The New York shore presents a continual succession of barren and mountainous scenery, with occasional foot-hills of the Adirondacks pushed out in promontories, and the parent peaks looming blue in the distance. liake Champlain was called by the Iroquois Indians Caniaderi Gvnranti C' The Gate of the Country "), and the Abenaquis called it Petoubouque {" The Waters that lie between," i. e. between their land and that of the Iroquois). The French gave the name La Mkre des Iroquois ; but for nearly half a century the English and Dut(!h called it Corlear's Lake, in memory of a Dutch officer who was drowned there. In the summer of 1609 a small exploring party set out from Que- bec under Samuel de Champlain,i the Governor of Canada, and ascended the St 1 Ctiamplain was bom of a good family of the provinco of Saintonge, In 1570. He bccamo R navol offlcer, and was afterwards attached to tho persoa of King Henri IV. In 1003 ho ascended tho St. Lawrence Riv er to the St. Louis Rapids, and thcnco until his death (in 16S6) he explored the country from Nantucket to tho head-waters of the Ottawa. He was a brave, merciful, and zealous chief, and held that " the salvation of one soul is of more im- etrtance than the founding of a new empire." Ho established strong miMlons among the urons, fought the Iroquois, and founded Quebec. FORT TICONDEROGA. RtmU It. Ill Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers to the Chambly Rapids, where they met a war party of Hurons. All the Frenchmen, excjept Champlain and two others, were sent back to Quebec, and theHe three joined the Indian band. July 4, 1(509, they entei-ed the lake, and on the following day tliey defeated 200 Iroquois at Crown Point, Champlain liaving sliot tlieir clilef with his arquebus. The Hurons re- turned In triumph, bearing 60 8cali»8, and the valiant Frenchmen, having found the way to the lake, were left to make subsequent explorations and campaigns thereon. A series of war parties traversed tliis route for nearly two centuries, and the lake became the scene of long campaigns and des^ierate battles. In Jan., 1666, Gov. de CourceUes ascended tlie lake with 600 men, in a ftnitless raid on the Moliawk Valley ; and later in the same year, De Tracey, witli 600 Franco-Canadians, took this route on his destructive foray on Central N. Y. In 1687 a war party of N. T. Moliawks passed down and destroyed the French settle- ment at Chambly with its people, and in 1689 the same route was traversed by 900 Mohawks, who destroyed Montreal. In 1690, 210 French regulars and a swarm of Indians passed up in canoes and marched to Schenectady, wliich they reduced to ruins, killing 60 of its people and carrying oif a great amount of plunder. In August, 1690, Capt. Schuyler, with 53 Christians and 125 savages, went down in boats to Ija Prairie, where they killed and captured 31 persons, and burnt the village. In 1691 Peter Schuyler, with 350 men, attacked tlie same place, but was beaten off with a loss of 46 men. In 1695 the chivalrous Count de Frontenac (a relative of Madame de Maintenon) launched a fleet of small craf£, and passed up with 400 Frenchmen and 250 Algonquins, witli wliom he laid waste the Mohawk country. After a daring foray, winch reached almost to the forts at Albany, he retired in safety, and laden with plunder and prisoners, although pursued by Schuyler and the Hudson Valley people. The lake was held by the French, and connnanded by their fortifications until 1759. In 1745 Marin led 300 Canadians in a fleet of canoes up the lake, whence he marched on Saratoga and destroyed it, and scores of marauding parties followed this route in tlieir forays on the Hudson and Conn. River towns. In 1759 Lord Amherst built a flotilla in South Bay, with a flagship mounting 18 guns, in which Capt. Loring swept and won this inland sea. Tlie military and naval operations around the lake will be considered in connection with the points of action. The old and deserted steamboat-pier is 1 M. from Whitehall, and near the submerged hulks of the British and American frigates which fought at Plattsburgh. Near this point is Put's Rock, where Israel Put- nam and his rangers ambushed and defeated the Franco-Indian forces of Marin. Soon after leaving the pier. Smith Bay is seen on the 1., over- looked by Saddle Mt. and Diameter Rock (N. shore ; 1,300 ft. high). From Whitehall to Ticonderoga (24 M. ), and even to Crown Point, the lake is very narrow, and appears like a river. The grades and deep cut- tings of the N. Y. and Canada R. R. are visible on the W. shore, beyond which are the bold hills of Dresden, with Black Mt. as their chief. The marshy shores of Dresden were named Le Grand Marais by the French, and are now known as the Drowned Lauds. Fort Tioonderoga. Fort-Tfconderoga Hotel, 83 a day, an ani'ient mansion-hnnse near the landing. Steamboats Irsave for Burlington and Pljittsbnrgh about noon, daily, making the run in 6-7 hra. The old and inconvenient stajre-ronte to Lake George (4 M. ; see {•age 110) has lieen replaced by a railrond. The Chamnlain R R. passes near he fort, on the W. There is also a station ahont 1 M. N. of the f«rt, j)er- taining to a braneh of the Central Vermont R. R. , which diverges from the main line at Leicester Junction. ^1 iffi ' i 112 Route 12. FORT TICONDEROGA. The picturesque ruins of the fort crown the high hill near the steam- boat pier, and command extensive lake-views. It is on a high and rocky peninsula, 500 acres in extent, surrounded on three aides by water, and bounded on the W. by a swamp. The sally-port where the Green Mt. Boys entered, the old well, the crumbling walls of the barracks surround- ing the parade, and the well-defined dry ditches beyond the ramparts, may easily be recognized. In one of the E. bastions is a deep and cavern- ous vault, which it is surmised was the garrison bakery. On the high point to the S. E. is the well-preserved Grenadurs' Battery y erected to command the landing-place, and to defend the long bridge to Mt. Inde- pendence. There is another small battery surrounded by a wet ditch, on tlie plain to the N.; and the forests to the S. and W. are furrowed with intrenchments and redoubts. From the ramparts of the fort Mt Inde- pendence is seen to the S. E. across the lake, and Mt. Beflanoe is to the S. W. across the widenings of the outlet of Lake George. The latter summit is 800 ft. above the lake, and is best ascended by following the nearly obliterated military road of Burgoyne from Ticonderoga village (3 M. from the fort to the summit). Others, who avail themselves of the fine rowing which is obtained here, cross the bay in a boat and scramble up through the forest. " = m this height the eye takes in a range along the lake of more than 30 ^ , and a more beautiful rural panorama can- not often be found." The view includes the rich plains of Vermont, the Green and Adirondack Mts., and the gray ruins below. Roads run from Ticonderoga S. E. 10 - 12 M. to Hague, on Lake George, and to Paradox Lake (13 M.) and Schroon Lake (22 M.) in the W. TicoNDEEOOA is a modification of Cheoiiderogo, the old Iroquois name for this locality. It meant " sounding waters," and applied especially to the falls on the outlet of Lake George. The point was occupied in 1690 by Capt. Glen, with a picket of 33 men, and defensive works were built. In the following year the Christian and Mohawk forces of Maj. Schuyler united here and advanced to their defeat at La Prairie. The place was then deserted for many years, until Baron de Dieskau oc(!upied it in 1754, and in 1755 Montcalm moved up to it with a lai-ge French army, and built extensive works, which he named Fort Carillon! ("chime of bells "), in allusion to the musical cascades in the vicinity. Daring deeds of partisan warfare became frequent in the vicinity, and American rangers engaged the Canadian hunters and French infantry among the deliles and islands. In July, 1758, Gen. Abercrombie advanced to attack the fort at the head of 7,000 regulars and 9,000 provincial troops. The English engineers reported that the works were weak, and could be carried by storm, and large reinforcements were hastening to join the garrisou, so Abercrombie ordered that an assault in column should be made upon the fort. In advancing through the forest the Beam regi- ment boldly engaged and checked the vanguard (comiiosed of the 1st N. Y. and 1st and 3d Conn.). Israel Putnam and Lord Howe hurried to the front, and the gallant young Howe was almost instantly killed. "His manners and his virtues made hiin the idol of the army," and " in Mm the soul of the army seemed to ex- 8 ire." (He is buried at the 8. W. Comer of St. Peter's Church in Albany, and [assachusetts erected a monument to him in Westminster Abbey.) The French detachment was exterminated (200 killed, 148 prisoners), but tlie Anglo-American 1 " L« Drapeau de Carillon Lower St. Lawrence. ' it an old Canadian song, which may atill be heard on tha I? i idlu J^ FORT TICONDEROGA. JRouie 12. 113 heard on th» troops became entangled In the forest and began to fire on each other, until they were withdrawn. At 1 p. M., July 8, 1758, Abercrombie ordered out 6,000 chosen troops to storm the Frencli works, which consisted of a line of breastworks 8 ft. hiyli, fronted by a belt of abatis 300 ft. broad, and defended by batteries at each end (near the water). 3,250 French regulars formed the garrison, composed of the regiments of Lauj,'uedoc, La Sarre, Royal Roussillon, Berri, La Reiae, Guyenne, and the remnant of Beam. The English combatants were the 27th Enniskillen, 42(1 Highlanders, 44th, 46th, 55th, 00th Royal Americans, and 80tl»; and the Pro- vincials had tlie 1st and 2d N. J., 1st, 2d, and 3d Conn., and regiments from N. Y., Mass., and R. L (also 500 Mohawks). The rangers, light infantry, and Royal Americans drew the first fire of the enemy, and were followed by the 55th and Lord John Murray's Highlanders (the '* Black Watch," renowned for its conduct at Fontenoy, and composed mostly of Campbells and MacGregors). The High- land charge was superb, and crossed the abatis and ramparts under a heavy ar- tillery fire, but the little forlorn hope of Campbells were bayoneted as soon as they entered tlie works, dying on the verge of victory. For 4 hours there ensued a succession of fearless charges and bloody reptdses, " and upon that rude barrier, which the simplest manoeuvre would have avoided, or one hour of well-plied artillery would have swept away, the flower of British chivalry was crushed and broken." At 7 in the evening, after two final and disastrous failures in attacks on the positions of the Guyenne and Royal Rousillon regiments, a panic seized the army, which broke up and fled in wild confusion (though unpursued) to Lake George. The French lost 380 men in the action, while several English vessels were sunk in the lake by the artillery of the fort, and 1,942 men (including 647 Highlanders and 25 Scottish officers) of the Anglo-American army lay dead and wounded on the plain. The victors raised over the battle-field a lofty cross bear- ing an inscription on brass, " Pone principes eorum slcut Oreb et Zeeb et Zalmunna" (.Judges vii. 25 and viii. 12). In July, 1759, Lord Amherst advanced on Ticon- deroga with 11,000 men and 54 cannon, and the French garrison, weakened by the necessity of meeting Wolfe before Quebec, evacuated the place after burning the barracks and exi)loding the magazine. At dawn, May 10, 1775, the fort was surprised and taken by 85 New England men, who had crossed the lake on the previous evening. They were commanded by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, who led them through the sally-port and out on the parade, when (it is said) Allen aroused Capt. Delaplace, the com- mandant, and demanded the suiTendev of the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 48 soldiers laid down their arms, and 174 cannon and vast supplies of anmiunition were taken by the bold patriots. When Burgoyne advanced from Canada, in the summer of 1777, und Arnold's fleet had been defeated on the lake, Ma,i.-Gen. Arthur St. Clair held tl' ♦"« rt with 2,646 Continentals, 900 militia, and 47 fortress cannon. He dismantle .' ^-he works to- ward Lake George, and strongly fortified Mt. Independence (remnants of the star- fort and graves of hundreds who died of camp-distemper arc now found in the forest on the mt. ). The bridge to Mt. Independence was? a strong floating struc- ture, supjiorted by 22 sunken piers and many floats. Bui^oyue's fleet was can- nonaded and forced to keep out of gunshot, but the Briti- 'ucceeded in getting heavy guns upon Mt. Defiance, from which a plunging tire was opened on tlie fort. On the night of July Cth, St. Clair evacuated the now untenable position, and would have escaped scathless, but that Gen. de Fermoy set fire to his quar- ters on Mt. Independence. The aroused enemy made rapid pursuit, defeated the American rear-guai-d at Hubbardton, and took the artillery and stores at White- hall, with 200 batteaux and the remnant of Arnold's fleet. 10 weeks later. Col. Brown, of Mass., witli 1,000 men of New England, captured the outworks of Ticonderoga, witli 200 batteaux, a war vessel, 5 cannon, and 293 prisoners;, and delivered 100 American prisoners and a Continental flag. The fort was dismantled a few weeks later, and in 1780 was reoccupicd by Gen. HaMimand with trjvjps from Montreal. Since that time Ticonderoga has been deserted, and ifcs well- cut stone and brick have been carried away by vessel-loads to the rising villages on the lake. It is now sealed against such invasions, and is recognized as one of the classic grounds of American history. July 18, 1872, the Vermont Historical Society had a field -day here, and there were 10,000 people present. "There the first trophy of our war for independence was won, and there a soldier of the Brit- ish realm first stooped a prisoner to the aroused colonists, driven to rebeltiou by uuuatural oppression." (LoaiiNU.) 114 RmiielS. CROWN POINT. I ''«! After leaving Ticonderoga the steamer passes through the long railway- bridge and runs N. to Larrabee's Landing, in the Vermont town of Shore ham. Fine views of the mts. on either side are now gained. The next landing is at Crovm Point, with its summer hotel (Gunnison's) facing down the lake. 6 M. N. is the ancient fortress, and Ticonderoga is 9 M. S. A road leads S. W. to Paradox and Schroon Lakes; and the old State road runs W. to Schroon Eiver {Root's Inn; 18 M.)and the S. Adirondacks (to Long Lake, 60 M. ; see Route 17). A short distance be- yond this landing the steamer passes through the Narrows between Chim- ney Point (on the E. ) and Crown Point. The ruins of the fortress of Crown Point occupy the promontory be- tween Lake Champlain and the broad Bulwagga Bay. They may be reached either by boat from Port Henry, or by carriage around the bot- tom of the bay. There is a ligh+,house on the outer point, but otherwise it is abandoned to its ancient remains of strength and pride. Tlie penin- sula is 1 M. wide, and. has only a thin robe of earth over limestone ledges, whose cutting away cost enormously during the erection of the fortress. The ramparts (^ M. around, 25 ft. high, and 25 ft. thick, faced with stone) and ditches of the fort, its broad parade, and the massive walls of the ruined barracks, are worthy of inspection ; while from the northern bastions are gained beautiful * views of the Green Mts. in the E. and the rugged foot-hills of the Adirondacks in the W., with the lake stretching away for many leagues in the N. Tlie main gate was in the N. curtain, and a covered way led to the lake from the N. E. bastion, in which was a deep well cut in the rock (8 ft. in diameter and 90 ft. deep). Tradition affirmed that vast treasures had been concealed in this well, and it was cleared out in 1824 by a company of 50 men. There have been many other excavations in this vicinity in hope of recovering French treasure ; but only iron and lead have yet been found. Tlie ramparts are brilliant with blood-red thorn-apples (in their season) on dense thickets of bushes. These peculiar shrubs are found nowhere else in the State, and are said to have been brought from France. 200 yards N. E. of the great British fort, and on the steep bank of the lake, are the ruins of the older French work. Fort St. Frederic, a pentagonal star-fort, with bastioned angles. In July, 1609, Champlain, 2 Frenchmen, and 60 Hurons came up to this point in 24 bark canoes, and here they landed and defeated the Iroquois, after passing the night in martial rites and in singing war-songs. This was 2 months befora Hendrick Hudson discovered tlie noble river which bears his name. In 1031 the French occupied Point a la Clievelure, (opposite this place), where they buili a stone fort with 5 cannon and established a farming community. In 1666 De Courcelles ascended by boats (with 600 men) to Crown Point, whence ho marched into the Mohawk country, and, on his subsequent retreat, the force was halted here for several days to enable the stragglers to come up. The destroyers of Schenectady were pursued to Crown Point (in the winter of 1690), but hero they " :% SPLIT ROCK. Route 1^. 115 put on skates and escaped. In 1781 Louis XV. of Prance caused Point de la Couronne to be fortified, to close the route to Montreal and to afford a base of supplies and ^ menacing fortress on the Anglo- American frontier. The works were named Fort St. Frederic, in honor of Frederic Maurepas, Premier of France, and consisted of a wall of limestone, high and thick, enclosing stone barracks, a church, and a tall bomb-proof tower, — the armament consisting of 62 small can- non. The shores were then much more thickly settled than now, a town of 1,500 inhabitants being near the fort, with gardens and vineyards, stores futd paved streets. The French project was to establish a new Canadian province, extending from the Connecticut River to Lake Ontario, with Crown Point as its capital, and the seignorites of Aliana and Hocquart liad already been surveyed and settled. Scores of marauding parties marched from this fortress to carry (ire and sword upon the English settlements ; but in 1759, after the fall of Ticondoroga, the {)lace was evacuated. Lord Amherst then executed the orders of Pitt to erect lere a fortress of the first class, to " cover the whole country and insure its quiet and peaceable possession." The enormous works then constructed cost the British government ^10,000,000. In 1773 the barracks took fire and the powder- magazine blew up, partially demolishing the works ; and in 1775 Warner's Green Mt. Boys captured the fort with its armament of 114 guns, 7,000 Americans re- treated here from Canada in 1776, and hundreds died irom the small-pox. In 1777 Burgoyne made the fort his main depot of supplies in the advance on Albany. Rounding Crown Point, the steamer reaches Port Henry (2 inns), which is picturesquely situated at the mouth of Bulwagga Bay, near Mt. Bul- wagga (the N. end of the Kayaderosseras Mts.). Tliere are large iron- works here, with an annual exportation of 300,000 tons of ore, which is mostly manufactured elsewhere. There are inexhaustible supplies of mag- netic ore in the hills to the W., and several mines are being profitably worked (a R. R. runs 7 M. N. W. to Moriah, at the mines). After leav- ing Port Henry, the Adirondacks are seen looming in the W., Di.x's Peak and the Giant of the Valley being foremost ; while near the lake is Bald Peak. The steamer next touches at Westport {Person's Hotel), on Northwest Bay, whence mail-stages run W. to Elizabethtown, Keene, and the Saranac Lakes (see Route 20). Soon afterward the spires of the city of Vergennes are seen on the E. shore, and the ruins of Fort Cassin, where Lieut. Cassin of the U. S. Navy repelled an attack on Macdonough's fleet, which was being fitted out at Vergennes. Split Book is soon reached on the W. shore, and is a rock ^ acre in extent and 30 ft. high, which is separated from the mt. (the northernmost of the Schroon range) by a deep cleft 12 ft. wide. This remarkable cliff was anciently called Regiochne, or the Rock Regio, from an eminent Indian chief who was drowned here. It was the boundary between the Mohawks and the Algonquins, whose territories vere respectively occupied by the English and French ; and in 1710 it wius acknowledged as the limit of the English dominions (Treaty of Utreclit). In 1760 the Rock Regio was fixed as the boundary between New York and Canada, leaving the jjresent sites of Burlington, St Albans, Plattsbnrgh, Ogdensburgh, etc., to the latter province. This limit was officially acknowledged as late as 1774 ; but in the following years the Americans passed it under arms, and won, and still hold, the tenitorv for 77 M. to the N. Rounding Split Rock, the steamer soon reaches the landing at Essex {Royce's Hotel), a pleasant village under the hills. 5-6 M. N.. near the mouth of the Boquet River, a colony was planted by the pioneer, Gilliland. in 1765. Tlie set- tlers aide-i Montgomery's army in its march, and for this they were driven away by Gen. Burgoyne. The British army encamped here for 6 days, duruig which ■i 116 Route 1ft. BURLINGTON. -. 'I 3 'tt ! BuTwyne made that celebrated speech to the Indian auxiliaries which Edmund Burke denounced in Parliament. The rear division of the retrciiting British garrison of Crown Point was captured here by the Vcrmonters. Near the middle of the lake is the dark clifT called Rock Dunder, which was once cannonaded by a British war-vessel. It was suspected of being a Yankee infernal machine. Shelhume Bay is now seen opening on the Vermont shore. It is 4 M. long, and is the winter quarters and ship-yard of the Champlain steamers. Camel's Hump Mt. looms up due E. ; and the islets called the Four Brothers (and by the French, Les Isles des Quatres Vents) are passed in the middle of the lake. On the W. are the Boquet Mts., terminating in the lofty cliffs about Perou Bay. Passing on into the widest part of the lake, a white city is seen on the N. E., ar 1 t^e steamer soon reaches square. ,Vti. dauy ! Pur 282 ¥ i^. t. Burlington. -American House, $3 a day ; Van Ness House ; both on the public 'ters twice daily up or down Lalic Champlain ; also steam-feny twico Kent and Plattsburgh. Railroads to New York, 310 M. ; to iJost(>n, e White Mts.. 165 M.; to Sanitogu, 130 M.; to St. Albans, 32 M.; to M. (see Osgood's New England). Montu! BuRr -K'N, "the Queen City of Vermont," is beautifully situated on a long sloping hill on the E. shore of Biirlington Bay, It is the largest city in the State, and has a population of 15,000, with 15 churches and 2 banks. In 1798 Burlington had 815 iuliabitants, and between 1860 and 1870 the gain in population was 105 per cent. It became a city in 1865, and is now the third lumber-mart in America. Most of the lumber is brought from the Canadian forests, and is assorted and planed hero; after which it is sent by rail to Boston and other Eastern cities, immense quantities are loaded directly from the cars to the vessels (in Boston) which convey them to distant ports. 40-50,000,000 ft, of lumber are sent away from Burlington yearly. 'Hie wharves and grounds about the freight-station are usually covered with piles of plank and boards. Sev- eral of the churches are fine buildings, especially the * Cathedral of St. Mary, a large and picturesquely irregular structure. St. Paul's Episcopal Church is an old Gothic building of i lue T riestone, v/ith stained windows. This is the ch\irch of the bishop, whose diocese (the State of Vt.) has 27 priests and 2,655 communicants. T^ ere are also hanujome Congregational and Methodist churches, built of Builington stone. Near the square, in the centre of the city, is a neat government building (Poat-OfFice and Cusloni- House), and the elegant Court-House of Chittenden County. The University of Vermont occupies an eligible situation on the summit of Burlington Hill, 1 M. from the Bay, and 367 ft, above it. This insti- tution was incorporatefl in 1791, and began operations in 1800, the Pres- ident being the only instnictor for the first 6 years, when there were about 30 students. Its connection with the State is but nominal, and BURLINGTON. RouU12. 117 Ich Edmund Liug British situated on the largest :hes and 2 II 1860 and ;y in 1865, lumber is aero; after immense ti Boston) umber are about the rds. Sev- Iral of St. Episcopal [ windows. ^)has 27 ;regational are, in the d Custom- ae summit rhis insti- the Pres- here were ninal, and has brought it no emoltiment since its foundation, when Vermont en- dowed it with a grant of 29,000 acres of land. In 1813 the building was taken by the United States, and was used throughout the war for an arsenal and barracks. In 1824 the buildings were burnt, and were re- built in 1825, the comer-stone bemg laid by the Marquis de Lafayette. In 1871 the Uuiv^ity had 16 instructors, 114 students, and 900 alumni, and the Medical School hail 5 instructors and 25 students. In 1865 the State Agricultural College was united with the University, and has able instructors and costly instruments, but wants a student. There are 50,000 specimens in the natural-history cabinets, and 15,000 volumes in the library. The 3 halls of the University have been joined in one building, which is sumioimted by a bright tin-covered dome, whence is gained a superb * view. On the W., Lake Champlain is seen from below Crown Point on the 8. to Plattsburgh on tlie N., with numerous islands surrounded by tlie bright ';irater8 which Imve become ohibsic in American history. Tlie lake is 10 M. wide here, and near the middle are the Four Brothera islets. Beyond the lake tlie ancient blue Adirondacks lill the horizon, over 60 peaks being visible on a clear day, prominent among wliich are Mclutyre, Whiteface, and Marcy, tlie latter being the highest peak between the White and tlie Alleghany Mts. The plains of Chittenden County are seen in the N. E., over the village of Winooski ; and in the E. are the stately Green Mts., tlie Verts Monts for which the State was named. Mt. Mansfield, Camel's Hump, and other well-known peaks are plainly visible, with a vast expanse of farm-lands tilling the foreground. Burlington City is overlooked on the VV., stretching down to the shores of its bay. The * sunset over the lake and the AG students, with 231 alamni, and is said to be the most expensive divinity-school in the Union. About 2 M. S. of the city is the U. S. Marine Hospital, fronting on the lake. Burlington was settled about 1775, and was named in honor of the Burling family (of New York), who were among the grantees. It lay on the route by the Winooski valley, which had been so often traversed by the Northern Indians in their forays on Mass. It was Ibrtilied and garrisoned by 4,000 troop.-! in the War of 1812, and in the Wai* of 1801-65 sent many soldiers to the national armies. 118 Moutelt AUSABLE CHASM. , it: ' '1 m Leaving Burlington, Juniper Island is passed on the 1., and Rock Point on the r., and the steamer runs N. W. across the lake to Port Kent, an iron-exporting station under Mt. Trembleau. The old Watson mansion is seen on a hill over the village. Stages run from Port Kent (leaving early) to the Adirondacks and Sarauac Lakes (see Route 19) ; also to Keeseville {Au Sable House; Adirondack), 6 M. distant. 2-3 M. W., on the Keeseville road, is the * Ausable ChAsm. Near Keeseville, the Ausable River flows between high banks of sandstone to a fall over 20 ft. high, beyond which it descends a line of white rapids to the * Birming- ham Falls {Chasm House, in the adjacent hamlet). The river here plunges over a precipice 60 ft. high, and enters a profoimd and narrow chasm which is bordered by vertical walls of Potsdam sandstone, 70-150 ft. high. The river is 'compressed into the width of 8-30 ft., and rushes dawn with great velocity. Lower down, the walls are about 60 ft. apart and 100 ft. high, and extend for ^ M. like great piers of artificial masonry. The length of the chasm is nearly 2 M.; and its sides and top are fringed with cedars, and are cut by lateral fissures. Fredrika Bremer said that " a visit to the chasm would reward a voyage from Europe " ; and it is claimed that it" successfully.rivals the famous Swiss Gorge du Trient. A bridge crosses the river in tlie spray of the Falls, and a long stairway descends (in 212 steps) to the Table Rock and the bottom of the gorge. Railings, walks, and stairways have lately been made there, and the numerous interesting points in the chasm may be visited with ease. The new and first-class Lake View Hotel is near the entrance. 6-8 M. N. of Port Kent, the steamer traverses the narrow channel between Valcour Island and the mainland, where Arnold's fleet of 15 small vessels was attacked by a powerful British squadron. After a hot day's battle, in which 5 vessels were sunk, the Americans attempted to retreat by ni^ht, but were elosely pursued. The flag-ship Congress was surrounded by hostile ships, and fought desperately for 4 hours, until the van and centi'e of the fleet had escaped, when Arnold ran her atthore and blew her up. Grand Isle, or South Hero, is now seen on the N. E., and the steamer enters Cumberland Bay, passes the long mole, with its lighthouses, and stops at Flattsburgh (* Fouquefs Hotel, a summer house, with spacious gardens overlooking the lake; Cumberland House, $2.50 a day; Witfier- ell's Hotel), P\ ttsburgh, the capital of Clinton County, is a flourishing town of about 6,000 inhabitants, situated at the mouth of tlie Saranac River, and benefited by a large water-power, on which are located lumber and flour mills. Trinity Church and the Clinton County buildings front on the Park, near Margaret St.; and farther S. on that street is the fine building of the U. S. Custom-House and Post-Office. On Cornelia St. is St. Peter's R. C. Church (Oblate Fathers), near which is a quaint old French nunnery. Near the Post-Office is the fine stone Presbyterian Church, also the new Catholic Church of St. John. On a sandy plaiu PLATTSBURQH. Haute li. 119 and 1 M. S. of the village are the extensive U. S. Barracks^ a frontier military post of some importance. In Sept., 1814, after Izard's army had marched to Sackett's Harbor, Gen. Macomb was left in command at Plattsburgh with 3,500 men (Including militia, broken detachments, ai)d invalids). Sir George Prevost, with 14,000 veteraa troops, advanced rapidly against this small force, designing to occupy the country as far down as Ticonderoga. The British vanguard was badly cut up by several attaclts of the militia, on tlie advance from Cliazy, while Macomb erected 3 forts to cover the village on the peninsula between the Saranac River and Lake Cham- plain. Over 200 British were killed and wounded on the advance, and their first slege-batterj' was destroyed by a bold sortie. On the raomiug of Sept. 13, 1814, Prevost opened a heavy fire from his artillery, under whose protection 8 col- umns of choice troops attempted to cross the Saranac River to storm the American works. Tliree of these assaults were repulsed by the riflemen and the cannonade from the forts ; but the third column crossed at the upper ford, driving back the militia of Essex County. A strong force of Vermonters was moved up to the support of tlie latter corps, and a sanguinary action was immi- nent, when suddenly tlie British force was recalled across the Saranac. The de- feat of the royal fleet on tlie lake had caused Prevost to suspend the attack. The Americans fought the battle with 1.600 regulars, 700 N. Y. militia, and 2,500 men of Vermont Tlie N. Y. and Vt. militia were now rapidly converging on Platts- bargh, and a letter prepared by Rev. Eleazer Williams (" The Lost Bourbon Prince,"— then in the American sei-vice)and sent so as to be captured by Prevost, gave the false Information that 10,000 Vermonters and 9,000 N. Y. militia were advancing on the British line of retreat. Dispirited by the loss of the fleet, alarmed at the gathering of the Siflte troops, and apprehensive of a second Bur- goyne's surrender, Prevost withdrew his splendid anny during the night, leaving his hospitals and army stores. The British lost 2,000 men In this brief campaign, while the American loss was less than 150. The lucomi)etency of Sir George Prevost was bitterly censured in Caiiada. and procured his disgrace by the home government ; while Gen. Macomb received the proudest hitnors of the Republic, and was general-in-chief of its armies from 1836 until his death in 1841. At 8 o'clock In the morning of Sept. 8, when the royal troops were advancing on the Saranac fords, the British fleet rounded Cumberland Head. It was led by Coimnodore Downie, and consisted of the Confiance, 38, the Linnet, 16, the Chub and the Finch, 11 guns each, and 12 gunboats. The American fleet, anchored in a double line between Crab Island and Cumberland Head, was commanded by Com- modore Macdonough, and consisted of the Saratoga, 26, Eagle, 20, Ticonderoga, 17, Preble, 7, and ten gunboats. The British had 95 guns and 1,095 men, and the Americans had 86 guns and 852 men : the ordnance, on both sides, being unusually heavy. Macdonough, with his ships cleared for action, knelt on the deck of the Saratoga, surrounded by his officei's and men, and Invoked the Divine blessing on tlie issue of the fight. The Eagle and Saratoga commenced the action, and Downie's flag-ship, the Confiance, moved up close to the Saratoga, and, with one tremendous point-blank broadside from her 16 double-shotted 24-pounder8, dls- ■ abled 40 of the Saratoga's men, and covered her trembling decks with ruin. The Llnne', raked her ft-om bow to stern, but still her fire was kept up, until the whole starboard battery was useless. By a skilful manoeuvre she was quickly wound around so that her uninjured larboard broadside bore on the Confiance, which was soon compelled to surrender under its teirible fire. Then, after a pounding of 15 minutes, tlie Linnet also struck her colors ; while the Chub had yielded to the Eagle, and the Finch had been disabled by the Ticonderoga, and had surren- dered to the battery on Crab Island (manned by in>-alids from the hospital). Meantime the British gunboats had driven the Preble in sh(ire, and assailed the Ticonderoga on all sides. The galleys came up valiantly, but were swept by her cannon until they were forced to flee to Cumberland Head. After 2^ hours of incessant cannonading, the whole British fleet surrendered, although the royal gunboats afterwards escaped, the vitttorious vessels being too much crippled to follow them. The American loss was 104 (49 killed), and the British loss was about 166. Com. Downie was killed early in the action by being struck in the gi'oin by a 24-pounder cannon which had been dismounted by a ball and. hurled in-board. Macdonough was crushed to the deck by the fall of a beavy 120 JtauUlt, ROUSE'S POINT. D I 'I I i< boom, which had been cut off by a cannon-ball, and goon afterward he was ■tunned by being lilt by the flying head of one of his sub-offlcora. Medals, nonors. and estates were showered upon him after the victuiy; insomuch thut heBaid, " la one month, from a poor lieutenant I became a rich man." Downie and lo other offlceni of the contending l( rcrs rest in the Plattsburgh Cemetery; and the men of the fleets who fell in the batti<^ were buried on Crab Iilpnd. Daily stages run N. W. 16 M. from Plattsburgh over a plank road 'o Dannemora (Clinton House), a small and straggling hamlet which has grown up around the Clinton State Prison. A long and gradual ascent leads to this place, which is 1,700 ft. above the sea and commands a pleas- ing view of the Green and Adirondack Mts. The prison contains about 500 convicts, who are employed in making iron and nails on State account ; and the stone buildings and forges are surrounded by a high stockade. 5 M. from Dannemora is Chaiy Lake {Meader House), a trout-abounding sheet, 4 by 1 J M., under the shadow of Mt. Lion. The usual way of en- trance to the Adirondack Mts, and the Saranac Lakes is by Plattsburgh (see Route 18). The Montreal and Plattsburgh A R. rtms N. to Montreal in 63 M. (connections unfavorable for rapid transit). Passing the unimportant stations, Beel and a N. Co., N. Y. The shores itive views. [rgh (which of Platts- Hoiise), a is 1 M. N ins. After found to Blunder." id the fort (Route 14) ith a float- of Rouse's julphur and liice granted Tinder whose [late in the wliich tlie pw miles E. (see Os- "1 ; MONTREAL. ^diy Jfmll mnir Mmm •«». , ZAt^ A. lA. A. J\,fri^(Cctthj^ _»<• \h.AM*n'can "B ♦ 1« J}-fW(pi_ -'■ It- 17. JItenJWw JeWtmtticomrtr.h. UJStJatwf'ffftaj J. a. :S5r^f "ttJmf-fSti — *' zM/o'.fimK - -' SOJffttt MrVir^ HCmwnp dm^ -—Mole VtJft,Jkm»r ^ - as.^fteviw. ~ rC.5- At. -■DCS. CZ. . M+. XMs ■R.X JB.S- I)i4> BS fI]CiaSQjQDQDaaD[]GDDDD[ • s*:' i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) (/ 1.0 1.1 UiW2A |2.5 k« Uii 12.2 2.0 lU lUO — 6" I i L25 iu 11^ "^ <^ v: '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4503 ^ ^ > 6^ A- *' ■' MONTkEAL. vcsfyHm - „, • iJMM^^-M »*• B.8. «r; JX*. , ^ $tm ©-f- h-i laGSQfiDDQDaDDlDDDDDQ ■.V*, !!l MjM^i^^smj ,r*%»iA^ \ ST. JOHNS. Route IS, 121 The Orand Trunk Railway (branch line) rons from Rouse's Point to Molltreal in 50 M., passing near Fort Montgomery, and following the level 1. bank of the Richelieu River to St. Jolma, a quaint and antiquated village near the head of the Chambly Rapids. It is situated on a level plain, and is connected with the suburb of St, Athanase by a fine bridge over the Richelieu. Near the military barracks is a large trophy-cannon from Sebastopol. Visitors at this quiet old town usually ride down the river-road to Charnblj/, a pleasant village 12 M. N. K, on a lake-like ex- pansion of the Richelieu, called Chambly Basin. The Richelieu flows toward the N. E. almost parallel with the St. Lawi'ence, which it joins at Lake St. Peter, 70 M. distant. The Marquis de Moutcalm built a fort at St Johns, which was strengthened by Gov. Oarleton, Benedict Arnold's American fleet was repulsed in an attack in 1775, but the fort was afterwards besieged by Gen. Montgomery, and after six weeks of blockade and cannonade it surrendei«d, with 600 British regulars and 48 heavy cannon. It was stripped and abandoned on the advance of Burgoyne. Chambly was fortified by tlie French hi 1711, and in 1775 it hod a strong stone fort built by the British, with massive towers at its angles. Large supplies were stored here, but the commander was inefQcient, and the works were captured by the Americans in October, 1775. It was retaken by Burgoyne, and served as an exercising ground for the Montreal garrison until the English military evacuation of Canada. In the crypt uf the Cauiolic Church is buried De Halabeny, Seigneur de Chambly, who resisted the Americans with such valor and success at the battle of Chateaugay, that he ever after bore the title of " the Canadian Leonidas." 12 H. fh)m Chambly is Belceil Mt. Other excursions from St. Johns are to Scotch Mt. (6 M. over a good road), which commands a view of the Green Mtfl. and the border counties, and to the Chambly Rapids on the Richelieu. St. Johns is the N. terminus of the Central Vermont R. B. to St. Albans, Lowell, and Boston (see Osgood's New England ; Route 29). From St. Johns the line runs N. W. across the fair and fertile plains of the parish of La Prairie to St. Lambert, crossing the Montreal River at Lacadie. At St Lambert the train crosses the St. Lawrence River on the wonderful * Victoria Bridge, and then stops at Montreal. " The sun suddenly shone out, gilding the lofty towers of the cathedral, the tall spires of the churches, the domes and tinned roofs that stretched along the river for more than 1^ M., to which the bold wooded mt on the rear formed a majestic background. I was at once reminded of Auxerre, Montreuil, and other old provincial cities of France." (Batard Tatlob.) 13. HontreaL Hotels* — St. Lawrence Hall, on Great St James St , 9 4. 50 (Canadian ) a day j Ottawa House ; St James ; Montreal House : Donnegana Hotel, Notre Dame St : Albion. The new • Windsor is the best hotel in Canada. Sliops.— The most attractive are on Great St. James and Notre Dame St& American money is usually received at the reigning rates of exchange, but it hi advisable to purchase sumcieut Canadian money for the tour at one of the banks on the Place d'Armes or St. James St. CarrlaKes.— One-horse carriages, for 1-2 persons, 25c. a course (within the city), 50c. an hour; for 3-4 persons, 40c. a course, 70c. an hour. Two-horse carriages, lor 1 - 2 persons, 40c. a course, 75c. an hour; for 3-4 persons, 60c. a course, #1.00 an hour. HorK-cars traverse the city on Craig, Bleury, and St 122 Jt&uU IS, MONTREAL. if' CathMrine Bta. ; also on St. Mary, Notre Dame, and St. Joeeph Sts. ; and out St Lawrence Main St. 8tage$ run to all the adjacent viUages, and to Chambly, St. Sauveur, and 8t. Canut. Hallways.— To New York, by Rutland and Albany, 420 M. (by Lake Cham- plain, 390 M.) ; to Rouse's Point, 50 M. ; to Toronto, 883 M. (14-15 hrs.) ; to De> troit, 564 M. ; to Chicago. 848 M. ; to Ottawa, 166 M. ; to Quebec, 178 M; (in 7 -9 hrs.) : to Boston, 884 M. (by Lowell), or 844 M. by Fitchburg. Also to Newport. Yt., by the S. E. RaUway, 79 M. ; to Waterloo, 70 M. ; to Chambly and W. F^' ham (35 M.). Stoamers. — The Dominion Line steamships leave weekly (in, summer) for Liverpuoi ; vessels of the Oulf ii'orts S. B. Lhie to Quebec, FaUier Point, Charlotte- town, Bhediac, and Pictou, weekly ; Canad. Navig. Co. boats daily to the river-ports to the W., Kbigston, Toronto, and Hamilton (see Route 28) ; daily from Lachine to the Ottawa river-ports and Ottawa city ; local lines to the smaller river-vilUurea as far as Cornwall, and also to the Bay of Quints. Steamers of the RichelieuCo. run E. daily to Sorel, Three Rivers, Batisi^an, and Quebec ; also to Boucherville, Vareuues, Bout de I'lsle, Lachenaie, L'Assomption, and Tenvbuime. Semi-weekly •teamers ascend the Richelieu River by Beloeil to Chambly. In the year 1535 Jaques Cartier visited the triple-walled Indian village of Hoch- elaga, and ascended the lofty hill behind it, which, ftrom the beauty of its view, he named Mount Royal. The place was visited by Champlain in 1608, and was settled by a small French colony. A tax-gatherer of AnJou and a priest of Paris heard (j^lestial voices, bidding them to found a hospital (H6tel Dieu) and a college of priests at Mount Royal, and the voices were followed by apparitions of the Vii^iu and the Saviour. Filisd with sacred zeal, and brought together by a singu- lar accident, these men won several nobles of France to aid tiieir cause, then bought the Isle of Mount Royal and formed the Society of Notre Dame de Mon- treal. With the Lord of Maissonneuve and 45 associates, in a solemn service held in the Cathedral of Notnn Dame de Paris, they consecrated the island to the Holy Family under the name of ViUe Marie de Montreal (Feb., 1641). May 18, 1642, Maissonneuve and his people landed at Montreal and raised an altar, before which, when high mass was concluded, the priest said, " You are a grain of mustard-seed that ahsSl arise and grow until its branches overshadow the land. You are few, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the land." The Hdtel Dieu was founded in 1647, and in 1657 the Sulpicians of Paris established a seminary here. In 1689, 1,400 Iroquois Indians (Mohawks) stormed the W. suburb, and killed 200 citizens ; and soon afterward Col. Schuyler destroyed Montreal with troops firom New York, leaving only the citadel, which his utmost efforts failed to reduce. In 1760 Lord Amherst and 17,000 men cap- tured the city, which then had 4,000 inhabitants, and was surrounded by a wall with 11 redoubts and a citadel. In 1775 Ethan Allan attacked Montreal with a handful of Vermonters, and was defeated land captured with 100 of his men. Gen. Ftescott sent them to England as " banditti," and Allen was imprisoned in Pen- dennis Castle. In the fall of 1775 the city was taken by the American ai-my under Gen. Montgomery. With the close of the War of 1812, a brisk commerce set in, and the city grew rapidly, having, in 1821, 18,767 inhabitants. The completion of the Grand Trunk Railway greatly benefited the place, and its increase has for many years been steady, substantial, and rapid. Montreal, the metropolia of the Dominion of Canada, and " the (^ueen of the St. Lawrence," is one of the most beautiful cities on the continent. It is sitacted on an island (at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Law- rence Rivers) containing 197 squftre M., which, from its fertility, has been called the garden of Canada. The city has 107,225 inhabitants (censns of 1871), with 60 churches, 20 banks, 7 daily and 86 other papers, ^d re- turns 3 members to the House of Commons. In 1872 there airived here 872 vessels from the ocean, aggr^ating 696,795 tons, bringing $ 40,088,665 of imports, and carrying away $ 18,171,38i of exports. The St Law- MONTREAL. BmtUlS, 123 tence is 1) M. wide at thia point, and the entire river-fipont is lined with lofty and massive walls, quays, and terraces of gray limestone, nueqoalled elsewhere in the world, eccept at Liverpool, Paris, and St. Petershurg. The commercial buildings are generally of stone and in plain and 9}ibstan> tial architecture, while the number of fine public buildings is very large. 2 of the population are Catholics, many of whom are French, while the bright suburban villages are almost entirely inhabited by the French Canadians. Although Montreal is 800 M. from the sea, it is the port which receives the larger part of the importations to Canada, and its manufacturing interests are of great extent and importance. Tlie Yiotoria S<\iiare is a public ground at the intersection of McGili and St. James Sts.; in which a statue of the Queen has bee^ placed. The Catliedral Buildings, St. James Hotel, Y. M. C. A. Building, and St Patrick's Hall front on this square. Going E. on Great St. James St., some fine bi^ks, insurance and commercial buildings are passed, and op- posite the Corinthian colonnade of the Bank of Montreal (beyond St. Francis Xavier St., the Canadian Wall St.) the Place d'Armes is seen. Here is the lofty fa9ade of the * Church of Notre Dame (the largest church on the continent), which has seats for 10,000 persons. It is 255^ ft. long and 144^ ft. wide, and has a chancel-window 64 X 32 ft. in area. The interior is not interesting, and the pictures are poor. One tower has a chime of bells, and in the other hangs " Oros Bourdon" the largest bell in America, weighing 15 ions. The towers are 220 ft. high, and are gen- erally open to visitors (small fee to the door-keeper). From their top is gained a panoramic view of the city and river, the Victoria Bridge and the islands. Alongside of the church is the ancient Seminary of St. Sulpice, on the site of the Seminary of 1657, as the church is near the site of the Notre Dame of 1671. The present Notre Dame was built in 1824 - 29, and was consecrated by the Bishop of Telmease in partibus. Fronting on the Place d'Armes is the elegant Ontario Bank and the hall of the Canadian Grand Lodge of Masons. A short distance to the E. (on Notre Dame St.), an archway on the r. conducts to the extensive and secluded Convent of the Black Nuns. Farther on, the * Court Houie is seen on the 1., — a stately stone building (300 X 125 ft.) in Ionic archi- tecture, back of which is the Champ de Alars, or Parade Gromid, an open space covering 50,000 square yards, and fronted by the Dominion Military School. Just beyond the Court House, the Jaques Cartier Square opens off Notre Dame St., and is encumbered by a dilapidated monument to Admiral Nelson. The Jaques Cartier Normal School (in the ancient French Government building) and the Institut Canadien (with a fine library) front en the Government Garden, at the head of this square. By the next side-street (St. Claude) to the r., the Bonieoours Karket may be visited. This market is unrivalled in America, and is built of stone. 124 JtmOe 1$. MONTREAL. at a cost of $ S00,000. It is 3 stories higb, is snnnotmted by a dome, and presents an imposing fh>nt to the river. The curious French costumes and langn^age of the country-people who congregate here on market-dnys, as well as some peculiuriblthic style and accommodating 4,000 persons. N. of Trinity and also on St. Denis St. is St. James Church (Catholic), in the pointed Gothic style, with rich stained glass. Some distance E. of Dalhousie Square, on St. Mary St, is Molson's College (abandoned) and St. Thomas Church (Episcopal), with the Papineau Market and Square and the great buildings of Molson^s brewery. I XoOill St. is an important thoroughfare leading S. from Victoriit Square to the river. Considerable wholesale trade is done here and in the intersecting St. Paul St. The Dominion and Albert Buildings are^ rich and massive, while just beyond is St. Ann's Market, on the site of the old Parliament House. In 1849 the Earl of Elgin signed the obnoxious Re- bellion Bill, upon which he was attacked and insulted by a mob, who also drove the Assembly from the Parliament House, and burnt the build- ing. On account of these riots, Montreal was decapitalized the same year. Commissioners' St. leads E. by St. Ann's Market and the elegant Custom House to the broad promenades on the river-walls. Ottawa St. leads W. to the heavy masonry of the Lachine Canal Basins and the vicin- ity of the Victoria Bridge. Radegonde St. and Beaver Hall Hill run N. from Victoria Square, passing Zion Church, where the Gavazzi riots took place in 1853. The armed congregation repulsed the Catholic assailants twice, and then the troops restored order, 40 men having been killed or badly wounded. Just above is the Baptist (Thurch, overlooked by the tall C!hurch of the Messiah (Unitarian), with St Andrew's Presbyterian CJlmrch on the r. A few steps to the r., Lagaucheti^re St leads to St. Patrick's Church, a stately Gothic building, 240 x 90 ft., accommodating 5,000 persons, and adorned with a spire 225 ft. high. The nave is very lofty, and the narrow lancet- windows are filled with stained glass. Near by, on Bleury St, are the massive stone buildings of St. Mary's College (Jesuit) and the * CJIiiiroh of the Oestl. The nave of the church (76 ft high) is bounded by rich com- posite columns ; and the transepts are 144 ft. long, and adorned with fine frescos in chiaroscuro. MONTREAL. MmiU IS, 125 Over the high altar is the Crociflxion and the Adoration of the Spotlaas Lamb, above which Is the Nativity. Bv the columns at the intersection of the nave and transepts are statues of St. Mark with a lion, St. Matthew with ai^ ox, St. Luke with a child, and St. John with an eagle. On the ceiling of the nave are firescos of St Thonias Repentant, the Bleeding Lamb, and the Virgin and Cliild amid angelic chotars. 8 medallions along the nave contain portraits of saints of th; Order of Jesus. Over the Altar of the Virgin, in the L transept, is a firesco of the Trinity ; near which is a painting of St. Aloysius Ooniaga receiving his first communion from St. Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan. To the r. is a firesco of St. Ignatius Loyola in the grotto of Manresa ; and on the L is Christ's appearance to him near Rome, while above is Christ blessing little children. Over St. Joseph's Altar (r. transept) is a painting of the Eternal Father, on whose r. is St. Stanislaus Kostka, receiving the communion firom angels. On the 1. is the Martyrdom of the Jesuits at JSTasasaki. on the r. is the Martyrdom of St. Andrew Bobola, in Poland, and above is the Raising of Lazarus. On ihe ceiling is a large Aresoo of the Holy Family at Work. St. Catharine St. leads W. to ^Chriit Chnroh Catbednl, the best specimen of English Gothic architecture in America. It is built of Caen and Montreal stone/ is cruciform, and a stone spire 224 ft. high springs from the centre of the cross. The chancel has a fine window and carved choir-stalls, and is laid with encaustic tiles; and the pointed roof of the nave (67 ft. high) is sustained by columns whose capitals are carved in imitation of Canadian plants. Near the Cathedral is a quaint octagonal chapter-house, used also for the diocesan library; and the house of the Lord Bishop (and Metropolitan of Canada) is in the same vicinity. To the N. is MoOill College, which was endowed in 1814, and opened in 1828. It is below the reservoir on Mount Royal, whence a charming * view of the city and river may be gained. Some distance W. of the coll^, and fronting on the same street (Sherbrooke), is the great Seminary of St. Sulpice, for the education of Roman Catholic priests. On St. Catharine, near St. George St., is the Asylum for the Blind, with a richly frescoed chapel, in light and delicate Romanesque architecture. W. of the Cathe- dral is the Erskine Church (Presbyterian); also the Church of St. James the Apostle, a €k)thic 1 uilding, with a graceful tower and spire. Near the old cemetery, on Lt;i Jiester St., are several churches, — the Wesleyan Methodist, in the English Gothic style; the American Presbyterian, an exact copy of the Park Church, in Brooklyn, N. Y.; and the Episcopal Church of St. George, in decorated Uolhic architecture, with deep tran- septs, costly stained windows, 'a timber roof, and fine school-buildings. On the E. side of this square is the Bishop's Palace, near the slowly rising walls of the new Catholic Cathedral, which is to be built on the model of St. Peter's at Rome (though smaller). Farther to the W., on Dorchester St., on the r., is the great cruciform building of the Gray Nunnery (founded 1692), with a foundling hospital and a refuge for the infirm. Mt, ^e. Mane is the large edifice across Dorchester St., which was built for a Baptist College, but is now a ladies' boarding-school, con- ducted by the Black Nuns, who have 67 schools and 12,(X)0 pupils in Montreal. The order vas founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys in 1659. 126 RoiOeJl CHATEAUOAT. \i Farther E. «re the St P»iil and the Knoz Chnrohes. There are many other notable churches and public buildings in the city, and the streets toward Mount Royal are lined with villas. There are pleasant excursions from Montreal to Monklands and the Isle Jesus; to Hochelaga, the vast Convent of the Holy Name of Mary, and Longue Point; to the Tanneries, Cote St. Paul, and Lachine, by carriage; but the favorite trips are to the mt. and the rapids. "Around the Mountain," it is 9 M. by going out St. Lawrence Main St., by the immense Hotel Dieu, and up the slopes to the pretty village of Cote des Neiges. Ascending thence, a fine view is soon revealed, including the city, a broad expanse of the river, with the bridge, St. Helen's Isle, and Longueuil, and the blue peaks of Vermont in the S. On the slope of Mount Royal is the Cemetery, which is entered by stately portals, and shows some creditable monuments, especially those of the Molson family. The Laohint Bapida (see Route 28, adfinem) are visited by taking the 7 A.M. train (at the Bonaventure station) to Lachine, whence the tourist desddnds the rapids in a steamer, and reaches Montreal about 9 a.m. '. The * Victoria Bridge is the longest and costliest in the world. It consists of 23 spans ot 242 ft. eaclt (the central one, 880 ft.) resting on 24 piers of blue lime- stone masonry, cemented aud iron-riveted, with sharp wedge-faces to the down current The tubes containing the track are 10 X 16 ft., and the bridge is ap- proached by abutments 2,600 ft. long and 90 ft. wide, which, with the 6,694 ft. of iron tubing, makes a total length of 0,194 ft. ftom grade to grade and over 1^ M. from shore to shore. The bridge was begun In 1854, and finished in 1859 ; it con- tains 250,000 tons of stone and 8,000 tons of iron, and cost $ 6,800,000. There is a beautiftil view of the city ftom this point. Ottawa and the routes thereto, see page 128. 14. lake Champlain to Ogdensbnrg. By the Central Vermont R. R in 118 M. (5-11 hrs.). Stations, Rouse's Point : Champlain, 4 M. ; Perry's Mills, 7 ; Mooer's, 12 (crossing of the Montreal and Plattsbnigh R. R.) ; Mooer's Forks, 15 ; Wood's Falls, 18 ; Altona, 21 ; Irona. 23 ; Forest, 26 ; Dannemora, 28 ; Ellenburgh, 29 ; Brandy Brook, 80 ; Clinton Mills, 85 ; Cherabusco, 87 ; Chateausniy, 45 ; Burke, 49 ; Malone, 57 ; Bangor, 63 ; Brush's Mills, 68 : Moira, 71 ; Lawrence, 77 : Brasher Falls, 82 ; Knapp's, 90 ; Potsdam, 93 (crossing of Rome, Watertown & Ogdensbuig R. R.) } Madnd, 101 ; Lisbon, 109 ; Ogdensburg, 118. Soon after leaving Rouse*s Point the train reaches Champlain (Mansion Houae), a prosperous factory-village on the Great CThazy River. 8 M. be- yond is Mooer's Junction (restaurant in station), where the line is crossed by the Montreal and Plattsburgh R. R. The line now traverses the extensive and desolate Chateaugay (pronounced Shattagee) Woods, with occasional glimpses of the highlands on either side. The soil is^light and the settlements are small and rude. This wilderness was called Oaarhe- hon by the Indians. At Chateaugay (Roberta Home ; Union Hotel) the Chatvaugay River flows through a gorge nearly 200 ft. deep, which is crossed by a railway viaduct 160 ft. high and 800 ft. long. MALONB. Roi»U14, 127 S M. 8. la the louwr ChatmugoM Lah$ (Bellows' Hotel : where bonte tod gntdet may be obUined), which ii 24 M. long, and haa lofty and rugged ahorea. The Upper Chateaugay Lake ta 5 If. long by 2 M. wide, and ia connected with the lower lake by a navigable atream called the Marrowa (4 M. long). Rook Island is near the middle of thia Uke, and Mt. Lion ia on the 8. ahore. The Chazy and Ragged Lakea and aeveral foreat-ponds are visited fhtm this point, and the hunt- ing and Ashing are good. Several summer-villas and boarding-houses are aituated on the shores ; also Collins'a Sporting Lodge and the spacloua new Adiromdouk JiouM. A email ateamer pliea on the Lower and Upper Lakea and the Narrows. The train now paSses on by Burke Hollow and traverses extensive pine- plains. Station : Xftlone (* Ferguson House ; HogU Houee), the capital of Franklin Co., a thriving manufacturing village of 4,000 inhabitants, situated on the Salmon River nearly midway between Rouse's Point and Ogdensburgh. It was founded by men of Vermont about the year 1800, and was plundered by the British in 1813 - 14. This village has become a favorite resort for sportsmen on account of the fishing which is found in the neighboring ponds and streams. MaJUmt to Paul Smith's {St. Regie Lake). This has long been a favorite for Western and Northern tourists entering the wilderness. The distance is 37 M. (Parties of 4 - 5 con hire a carriage at Maluue at reasonable rates.) Nearly 1 M. S. of the village the road passes the Springdale Fish Farms, where great numbers of trout are propagated. About 8 M. S. is the hamlet of Titusville, at the Qreat Falls of the Salmon River, near which is the State Dam (13 M. from Malone) which backs up the Salmon River in the spring-time, to afford a sufficient h6ad of water to run the logs down to the Malone lumber-mills. The small Sta^ Dam House is located here ; and 1 M. distant is Round Pond (3x2 M.), a famous trouting-place, amid forest scenery. The Deer Fly, Wolf, Plumadore, and Charley Ponds are near this inn ; and 5-6 M. S. E. is Ragged Lake (sportsmen's inn), a narrow and irregular sheet 9 M. long. Mt Lion is seen conspicuously on the S. shore; and many trout are found in the clear waters. The Chateaugay Lake is 4 M. from this point (by forest- trail). 2 M. S. of Titusville is the Great Bend in Salmon River (Myrtle Bower House) amid pleasant woodland scenery. The old mail-route from Malone to Ausable Forks (52 M.) diveiges from the present sub-route at Duane, and rims S E. by the Hunter's Home inn (31 M. from Malone). Meaoham Lake is reached in 25 M. from Malone. It is 4 M. long by 2 M. wide, and is dotted with pretty islands. Several lines of lofty heights environ its placid waters, and a beautiful view is afforded from Carpenter's Hill, a moderate elevation in the vicinity. The De Bar and St. Regis Mts. are prominent; and there are several sand-beaches on the borders. On the N. shore is situated the Meacham Lake House, a small hotel where guides and boats may be secured. Several trout-abounding ponds are found in this vicinity; and sportsmen sometimes visit Paid 128 MouUJS. If A8SBNA 8PIUN0& Smith's bj a water-roata of 80 M. (2 M. of curiu), which puiei through the Folingsbj, Jr., Pond and St. R«gii River. The road panes on among the trees, leaves the Chain Ponds and Bice Mt. on the r., rounds Osgood Pond on the r., and 12 M. beyond Meaoham Lake reaches Patd Smith's (see Route 18). . fieyond Malone the train passes by Brush's Mills to M oira, | M. N. of Moira village (small hotel). Daily Stages run S. 12 M. to Lincolnson (f 1), whence a road leads to the Spring Cow Houae (9 M.), a forest-inn at the 9 M. I>vel on the St. R^ River. Trout and deer are found in this vicinity. From Braaher Falls station (2 inns) daily stages run to St R«gi8. Stages mn firom Brasher VaXlM in 10 M. (also from Potsdam Jimctfcm In 14 If.) to Maseena BprinwBiHarrowgate; Hatfield Houm), whose waten are saline- sulphurous, and are beneficial in cases of cutaneous diseases and gravel. Thej resemble the celebrated Eilsen watera of Germany ; and but 8-4 tumblera per day should be talcen. The springs aro near the Raquette River, amid very pleas- «at scenery, and are 12 M. from St. Regis. The train now passes W. to Potadam, where the Rome, W. fc 0. R. R. comes in from the 8. W. Crossing the Raquette, the line soon reaches Madrid, on the Grass River, beyond which the level town of Lisbon is traversedi and the train enters Ogdeiubarg (see Route 28). 15. Ogdensburg to Ottawa. Railroad-^ferry-boats cross from the Ogdensburg station to Prescott on the arrival of trains, and local boats run r^ularly every 16 min. The baggage is inspected by Canadian customs-ofBcers at the landing. The St Lawrence and Ottawa Railway runs from Prescott to Ottawa iu 54 M. Time, 2^ hrs. ; fare, $2 (Canadian). The view from the train is very tminteresting, consisting mainly of tangled forests and occasional cold and rough clearings. The counties of Grenville and Carleton are traversed, but the villages of Oxford, Kemptville, and Manotick are all remote from their stations. From Chaudi^re Junction a branch track diverges to the great saw-mills above the Chaudi^re Falls. The valley of the Rideau is soon entered, and the great clusters of towers and pinnacles qver the Par- liament Buildings are seen on the L The station is over 1 M.,from the Upper Town. Ottawa. Hotels. —The Russell House, 02. 60 - 3, near the Parliament Buildings : Daniel's Hotel, Metcalfe St., Upper Town, 92 : Albion Hotel, on Court House Square. Sliope. — The best are found on Sparks St., but goods are here much more ex- pensive and in less variety than in MontreaL Fun are a specialty of this city, and gloves may be bought to advantage. Horee-Cara traverse the Upper, Centre, and Lower Towns, fh)m the Chau- di6re Falls to the Rideau Falls and New Edinburgh (on Sparks, Sussex, and Met- ealfe Sts.). Distance, 8 M. ; fan, 6c. through Rd ]MM«e8 on the r., rounds treftohes Paul ra,|M. N. of to Lincolnson .), a forest-inn r are found in iges ran to St action tn 14 M.) iters are saline- d gravel. They -4 tumblers per anid very pleas- W. k 0. R. R. ) soon reaches I of Lisbon is to Prescotton 16 min. The landing. The btawa in 54 M. ) train is very jional cold and are traversed, 11 remote from iiverges to the the Rideau is 9 c^er the Par- 1 M.ifrom the I > ! 1 lldings ; Daniel's [ouse Square, r much more ez- Ity of this city, ftom the Chan- Ittssez, and Met- I. Jliir-iiiij]; ffai'M-'ur I.*. t-DtmUtmUhmy'. B. }. » mmktt9 ^ ymmf,.K»mn.4ft.. . . F.6. ). Mmmh^ f< Onmm, M. 7. %, haHMCmiiMmfiminA. F>5' r Ci^ PMt C0I*. • F.& • Cmunl Stkitl, E- ?• % StP«*ia'» A^km '■■■ D.7. 10, Ctntn Mmm, C. r. 11. Cnfthmtif C 4. I «. Cmmm ^ Kt^ Dimu.. .j-: H r^ OXT I^UItCHBS. I J. Cmtludnl. C. j. 14 AM|»'tr) F.«. ij ClmifOhiwA B. 7. i<. ^ >*ft4V'-... K. 7i 17. ■»■ ^i. 7, 19. M rt kiJ M . ■■■■ A. 7. •QUAI L •I M m^ . u Cmnitr... •4. I/Mm. . . 16. ^kuM/ Nmu...- IJ. JJauU't MMi. . ■ 19. CUarftfrvlUfr. ■««.■;! ■£«„.> -*t»«swf'-* I 1 I ,'.-.. • .. - • .. ■ ■ ' ^ ■ * ,■ ■^ '■ ^^^1^ i ' ' ■ ,.^J^B ! '<■' .|^^^^ i ''^i^^^S^shL 1 ^ • . ". ■ ' ^ 'i -« * ' ^ * . ' ' i ■ , .■*"h ' ,1 / ■• ' ■ ;■ . ^ r .. . '■■ ■ • '■^'' ■ ' .. ■■■■"-' ■- ■ ■ ^. ■ i; * ''^ ■ ,' ■• ^ t.. :• . " ■• ■ ^ |; ',. ,. .;■. , , ■■ . . .. .. • " '' , r- ..• .' • ■ : ■ " ■ -' * r . ^.-. ... ■ ..^.. •■ — . -.v .- ». - % ' '■ ' '' ■ ' ' I I i" ' . ' ''"' '■ '* '^" ' • / "^ ■ ' *■■.■> ;■ . '■ * 4 ■■'....:■.. -■.. -£' ;,, . * ' • • ' , f ^ 1 •'. . . .>,•..... .1 l'-' ••■■'■ ' ,. ; , . ■ ?. ■.■..'.. ^^ ■.: '. :-.^,.. ■ . •^ ■• - ■ ' . 4 ' i ': ' i ■ ■ ♦ '■ ! , I " ••,' "' '. ''" y"" ■■'■ " ';" \ . '" A ' , I ■' '' '■ ■" ./ "" ; "■ : ■ .... "''tfm^' i i 1 ...•.,.,,' ^ ' ' ' . •'^■|™|,-'V ■ . .,1 ' „ .. •''■^_ ,,•,, :^™.. ,^.,. ) 1 ' ; i. 1 1. I .;, -:. ..- . , • * sJ^ OTTAWA. Itouie 15, 129 RaU^msrt. — The Si Lawrence and Ottawa, to Prescott in 54 M. The Canada Central to Carleton Place (28 M.). whence the Brockville. and Ottawa mns S. to Brookville (46 M.). and N. to Benfkew (41 M.X Other lines are projected, ea> pecially two to Montreal. Steamboats* — The Royal Mail Line for Montreal, morning and evening boats. The Union Forwarding Co.'s steamers leave Aylmer for Amprior, Femliroke, and Deux Rivieres, 188 M. N. W. (see page 182X In 1613 Champlain and 8 Frenchmen ascended the Ottawa for above Lalce Couionge and Isle des Alumettes, passing where, " on their L, the falling cur- tain of the Bideau shone lilce silver between its bordering woods, and in firant, white as a snow-drift, the cataracts of the Chandiire barred their way. .... Here, while New England was a solitude, and the settlers of Virginia scarcely dared venture inland beyond the sound of cannon-shot, Champlam was plant- ing on the shores and islands the emblems of his faith." (Pabkman.) In 17(59 Philemon Wright, of Wobum, Mass., came into this remote wilderness in search of a new home, and in 1798-99 he made other explorations here. In 1800 he left Wobum with 25 men, 5 families, 14 horses, 8 oxen, and supplies, and advanced from the St. Lawrence to the Chaudiire Falls by roads of his own cut- ting and upon the frozen river. He settled at the foot of uie great portage around the falls, and b^^ an energetic campaign against the forest. By 1824 he had cleared 3.000 acres, made a road 120 M. long, and built a village which had a popu- lation of 1,000 (mostly New-EnglandersX This settlement was on the site of the present villas of Hull, while the chief of the Highland clan of McNab, with a krge number of his clansmen, had located above. But Mr. Wright's capital was limited, and at one time he owed an Irish teamster named Sparks for arrears of wages. Having no money, he oflTered him the tall hills beyond the river in pay- ment of his claim. This Sparlcs contemptuously refused, but afterwards, conclud- ing that the hills were better than nothing, he took them in lieu of $200. It was but a few years, however, before this point 1>ecame the terminus of the Rideau Canal, and Sir John Franklin, in an address at the foundation of the canal-locks (in 1827), predicted that the Capital of Canada would be here. The town which soon arose from the canal-trade and the lumber business on the river was named Bytown, for Col. By, of the Royal Engineers, who surveyed the canal-route. In 1851 there were 8,000 inhabitants here, living in a very crude and lawless condi- tion. Some years later it was deemed best that Canada should have but one capi- tal, and the ancient provincial capitals, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston, and Toronto, strove earnestly for the honor. The contest became so bitter, and so little clumce was there of a settlement, that the question was referred by the (Canadian PsxUa- ment to Queen Victoria for her arbitration. The surprise was great yrhea she chose Ottawa, and one provincial statesman proclaimed in Parliament " I tell you candidly, gentlemen, you might as well send the seat of Government to Lab- rador." This was in 1858, and the first session of Parliament here was in 1865, since which the city has grown rapidly in population, cnltuie, and beauty. Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, occupies a fine sitna^ tion at the confluence of the Ottawa and Bideau Biversi It is divided into three'sections, known as the Lower, Centre, and Upper Towns, and is connected by bridges with the manufacturing suburbs of Hulf and New Edinburgh. The city is now in a very unfinished condition, but improve- ments are rapidly go\ng on. There are 21,545 inhabitants, many of whom are connected with the lumber business, and over 8,000 are French Cana- dians. There are 17 churches, 5 daily paperst and 7 banks. Besides the immense lumber-mills there are several iron- works, two large breweries, and a match-factory employing 700 hands, and making 1,000 gross daily. * * The Parliament Buildingi are situated on the highest land in the city, and occupy a plateau of 30 aores, 160 ft above the Ottawa Biver. They are in the 13th-century Italian Gtothic architecture, and are probably «♦ I 130 Jtoute tS» OTTAWAi M ilio best example of that style in America or the world. The material is cream-oolored Potsdam sandstone (from Nepean), with trimmings of Ohio stone and Amprior marble. There are 8 buildings, forming 8 widely detached sides of a quadrangle, and fronting toward Wellington St. The central building, or Parliament House, is 472 ft. long and 670 ft. deep, and covers an area of 82,866 square ft With its long lines of pointed windows, its massive buttresses, and the 18 towers and many pinnacles, it is only excelled in majestic beauty by the Capitol at Washington. In the centre of the front is a noble Victoria towor 180 ft. high, very massive and well ornamented, and surmounted by a great iron crown. The main entrtece is through the broad arches under this tower, and the quaint •qd delicate carvings on and about the capitals of the inner columns should ]>e noticed; also the imperial arms above the doorway. A bare and spa> cious lobby is entered from this point, wj^ a line of pointed arches npr held by marble columns. The front of the building is occupied by com- mittee-rooms and offices, and the Parliament Halls are in two lofty wings extending to the N. Ascending the stairs and turning to the 1. from tke entrance the Chamber of Commons is soon reached. Tffe hall is 82 X 45 1^, and 50 ft. high, and is richly furnished. It is surrotmded by pilasters pt gray marble from Portage du Fort, supplemented along the galleries by dusters of smi^l columns of dark Amprior marble, which sustain pointed lurches of gray marble. Above the galleries (which seat 1,000 persons) arQ lines of long lancet-windows filled with stained glass. The roof is of glass inct stained wood, and is provided with gas-jets and refleotors for nlgh| sessions. The lobbies of the Chamber of Commons and of the Senate are lined with portraits of Canadian statesmen, some of which possess much artistic merit. The Senate Hall is reached to the r. from the entrance, i^nd is of the same size as the Commons. . At the upper end of this hall is the vice-n^ throne and canopy, flauked by busts of the Princess Alex- andra and the Prince of Wales. At the opposite end is a marble statu^ vi Queen Victoria (by Wood), above which is a portrait of that lady at the time of her coronation. At the same side are full-length* portraits of Kilig Gteorge III. and Queen Charlotte, both by Sir Joshua Reynolds. On the !^. ttont of the buUding a unique and imposing structure has been built for the Library. It is a 16-sided polygon, 90 ft. in diameter, with enormous buttresses and a lofty conical roof. The library (30 - 40,000 Tol'umes) is to be removed here from its present cramped quarters. The irr^ular and picturesque stone buildings on the E. and W. of the qiiad- rangle are used by the various departments and bureaux cf the Govern- ment. The E. block (318 x 258 ft. ) is over the defile of the Rideau Canal, and contains the offices of the GU>vemor-(3eneral, the Secretary of State, the Privy Council, the R^istrar, Reoeiver-Qeneral, and Minister of the Militia, and the Departments of Costomsi Inland Revenue, and JusjUcsu OTTAWA. JtouUlS. 131 The W. block (277 x 211) contains the Departments of Pnbliq Works, Post-Office, Militia, and Marine and Fisheries, with the Bureau of Agri< culture and the Model-room of the Patent Department. From the W. side of this building (or of the Parliament House) is afforded a fine * view over and far up the river, with vast lumber-yards lining the shores and the bright Ghaudi^re Falls in sight. The quadrangle is being terracem the raftsmen). Ottawa is the chief lumber-mart of Canada, and in the 7 mills about the falls 4,500 men are employed, producing yearly about 200,000,000 ft. of pine lumber, of which 46-55,000,000 ft. is kept Jiled near the mills. 270,000 gross of matches, 600,000 pails, 45,000 tubs, and 2,000 zinc wash-boards are made here yearly. 16,000 men are employed in the vast forests o ;' the Ottawa and its tributaries, — the Oatineau, Madawfaka, Conlonge, Black, Fetewawa, and Riviere du Moine, — 10,000 men are in the river-miUs, and 17,000 sailors man the 1,200 vessels which carry away the timber. The * Bideau Falli are worthy of a visit They are reached by the horse-cars running E. from the Upper Town. The Rideau River, when within a few rods of its conflup vie with the Ottawa, here falls over a preci- pice of smooth rock 50-60 ft. deep. The falls are surrounded by mills, but may be visited by leaving the street at the E. end of the bridge. The Upper Ottawa River. The Ottawa River is navirated for 188 M. al^ve Ottawa by the 14 steamers of the Union Navigation Co. The portages are somewhat troublesome, but toiirists fluently take this route to visit the outposts of civilization, or to reach the If. sporting-grounds. Stages run tram Ottawa to Aylmer {Holt'$ Hotel), a largto village with 4 churches, whence the steamer Jessie vassels starts on the first reach of the river (early in the morning). As the pier is left, the range of the Eauxlley Hills is seen in the distance l)eyond Aylmer Bay. Long lines of lumber-booms are found on this reach ; and the steamer passes timber-rafts beuring low square sails and numerous huts, and great islands of logs drifting down to the Ottawa saw-mills. These rafts are managed by French 'Canadians and Indian half-breeds, — hardy, powerf^il, and semi-civilized men, who still chant the old Norman boat- songs amid these wild forests. After passing several landings, the steamer stops at noon at Pontiac (36 M. from Ottawa), where the river sweeps down the Chats Bapids through an archipeliu;o of picturesque islets. From this point horse-cars run on a trestle-work 3 M. long (in 20 min.) to Union Village, whence the FYince Arthur passes out on the Chats Lake (a widening of the Ottawa, 3 M. broad and 25 M. long). The steamer stops i^ Amprior (2 inns), a prosperous village at the mouth of the Madawaska River, near quairies or colored marble (auo a station on the Canada Central Railway, 69 M. tiom Brockville). At the end of the lake, the Cheneaux Rapids are slowly ascended ; and at 5 p. u. the tourist lands at Gould's, and rides in an omnibus over a wearisome forest-road 18 M. long (the Grand Portage). From Cobden, the Jason GotiM steams out on Musk- rat Lake, and runs through a narrow and tortuous channel among the islands to Pembroke (8.80 P.M.). The night is spent at this place, which is the most important village N. of Ottawa, and is also a supply-depot for the remote luml^er- camps. The Pontiac leaves Pembroke at 7 a. M., and passes through the dark and cliff-lined reach called Deep River, reaching the Des Joachim portage at noon. Beyond this point the Rocker Capitaine runs for 20 M.; and thence the Deiux Rivims passes to the end of the route, 188 M. N. W. of Ottawal Steamers have lately begun to run to Mattawa, a remote forest-hamlet (and a post of the Hudson's Bay Company) due E. of Lake Nipissing, beyond which the unexplored Ottawa extends toward Hudson'^ Bay. The Lower Ottawa River. — Ottawa to Montrecd. The day-boats leave at 6.80 A. m., and reach Lachine at 4.20 p. h. (Montreal at ' 5 p. M.). The Rideau Falls are soon passed on the r. ; and 1 M. below the city the Gatineau River comes in on the 1., after a course of 850 M. The boat stops at Buckingham (plumbago mines), Thurso, and L'Orignal, which is 9 M. from the Caledonia Springs QaxQ^ summer hotel). " The Canadian Hai^wgate " is crowded with visitors in August ; and its waters are iodo-bromated and saline, beneficial in cases of gout, rheumatism, and scroAila. The Intermittent Spring Is 2 M. from the hotel. At GfenviUe the traveller tak«s the cars aiound the Long LUZERNB LAKR Jt(miel6. 133 Saalt ana CarlUon Rkpidi to CarUlon (13 M.\ whence another xona to Bigaud, the seat of the Convout of St. Anne. Beyond the landings of Pointe•^RUX> Anglaia and Hudson ie Como, at the head of the Lake of the Two Mountains. On the 1. is seen the Indian vilLigp of Oka, near two tall hills, the highert of which is called Calvary, and is h»ld as sacred by the Indians. The Island of Montreal is now approached ; and at St* Axme a canal is entered, and the Iwat thus avoids the mpids, and passes under ttie great railway-bridge. It tljen traverses Lake St. Louis to Lachine, whence the railway is taken to MoatreaL In the quaint old village of St. Anne, Tom Moore wrote his Canadian Boat-Song, hwinning,— *' Faintly u tolla the cTenlng chime. Our voices keep tune, and our oam keep time. 8oon M the woods on ehore look dim. We 'II ting at St. Anne'a our evening hyinn. Row.hrothen, row, the ■treun rum tut. The Bapids are near, and the daylight % past "Uttf.wae' tide I thli trembling moon Shall we ui float o'er thy ■nrees loon. tiWnt of this green Isle I hear our prayers t O, grant us cool heavens and fiivoring airs I ^low, breezes, blow, the stream runs tut. The Bapida are near, and the daylight '• poat" 16. Saratoga to the Schroon and Baqnette lakes. By the Adirondack Railroad to North Creek (57 M.), and thence by stage to Bluet Mt Lake in 9- 12 hrs. (27 M.l Passengers leaving Albany or Saratoga by early trains can reach Blue Mt. Lake the same night fure to Hadley (Luzerne), 91 ; to Thumum, $1.75; to Aiverside, $2.25. The Adirondack Railroad is being made for the purpose of opening the great forest of N. New York, which it will cross diagonally to Ogdemiourg on the St. Lawrence. The rich deposits of iron about Mt. Marcy will theit be utilized, and a new route will be made for Western grain moving to the seabourd. The line was first projected in 1854, and 500,000 acres of land were acquired by grant and purchase. The 57 M. of track already laid (with its equipments) ^ostl 2,000,000. Statioru, Sarat(wa ; Grbenfield, 6 M. ; King's, 10 ; S. Corinth, IS ; Jessup's Landing. 17 : Hadley, 22 ; Stony Creek, 80 ; Thurman, 36 ; The Glen, 44 ; Wash- bum's Eddy, 47 ; Riverside, 50 ; North Creek, 57. The tmn leaves the B. & S. station at Saratoga and soon enters the Eayaderosseras Valley, — a belt of fertile land devoted to dairy-farms and apple-orchards. It is 6 M. wiae, and is bounded by the Palmertown and Eayaderosseras Ranges of mts. Station, Qreenjield, near which Schuyler and 600 Dutchmen and Mohawks defeated 625 Frenchmen and Algon- quins while on theli* retreat from a foray against the Mohawk castles. The French lost 60 men, and then retreated rapidly with their dog-sledge provision-trains, crossing the Hudson on a bridge of ice. The train passes along the ba&e of Mt. Anthony, crosses the Sacandaga on a lofty bridge, and stops at Hadley {Cascade ffotise, $ 12- 15 a week), a small hamlet at the confluence of the Hudson and Sacandaga Rivers. On the opposite bank of the Hudson is the mt. village of Laxeme {*Waj/3ide Hotel, $3.50 a day; * RockfwelVa Hotel, $3 a day, $14-21 a week; Wilcox House, $ 14 - 18 a week). The lofty hemispherical hill called the Potash is near the village, and overlooks the cluster of mts. about the glen. Jessup's Little Falls are near Luzerne, where the Hudson dashes tlirough a narrow gorge and falls between high cMs. Phelps' Bay (Tiserando, "the meeting of the waters") is at the confluence of the rivers, and 134 RwU 16, SGHBOON LAKB. «fforda abundant pickerel and bass fishing. Lmeme Lake Is a small bodj of water near the village, 700 ft. above the sea, and rich in quiet beauty. Several small boats are kept here for visiting parties. Jessup's Landing is 5 M. S. by a pleasant river>road; Conklingville is 6 M. W., up the Sa- tjandaga Valley ; and Lake George is 10 M. N. £. by a road which passes through pleasant scenery. The Mohawka bad a favorite rendezvous on the W. shore of the lake, and here King Hendrick and his men encamped while marching to their destruction at the battle of Lake George. Sir John Johnson led a force by this point in 1781, and occupied his old mansion lohg enough to i-emove the fiamUy plate t > Canada. The name of the lake was given in honor of the Chevalier de hi Luzerne, French Am- bassador to the U. S. from 1778 to 1789. The village is much visited in summer on account of its scenery, the facilitieci for fishing, and the pure air of its lofty pine-plains. Fare from New Tork to Lake Luzerne, 1 6.16. WoJf Creek station is situated near Isii^ quarries of red, gray, and green granite. Stoivy Creek is 2 M. E. of the mt. hamlet of Creek Centre (2 inns). Thurrfutn station is 1 M. from Athol and 6 M. from the large marble and verd-antique quarries ({tboundiug in Efxtoon Canadense) at Kenyontown. Stages leave ThurmaLr semi-daily (in summer) for Lako' .Geoige, 9 M. S. E. By this road the Schroon River is followed to War- renaburgh (Adirondack House), a manufacturing village on a lofty plateau surrounded by hills. Beyond this point the plank roaage 136). Beyond Riverside the raUroad runs N. W. to its present terminus at North Creek {Adirondack Home ; Rogers Hotel), Strenuous efforts are being made to carry the line forward by the Adirondack Iron Worics and Long and Tupper Lakes, to its objective point at Ogdensbnrg. Daily stages run to Minerva (Alpine House ; 8 M. ; fare, $ 1) in a forest-covoed town between the Schroon and Boquet ranges. ; Long Lake is reached by maikitages leaving Minerva every Wednesday at 7 A. M. (fare, % 5), ai^d running N. by Aiden Lair and through a chaos of mts. to ToAaiouA (Lower Iron Works), which is situated in a glen 4 M. N. of Boreas River, and has a small forest-tavern. The road from Minerva to Adirondack crosses the Crown Point and Carthage military road at this point, and passengers for Long Lake turn W. on the latter. 8 M. W. of Tahawus is the small village of Newcomb {Neweomb Hotel; Davie** Aimt Polly I:m)t where guides and boats may be obtained. On order by rfi^xy (weekly) teams will be sent from the hotel to North Creek or Biversido for parties. Lakes Harris and Rich are quite near the vm^e, and Lake Delia is 3 M. N. E. The Chain Lakes are visited Arom this point, whUe the Catlin Lake route leads to the foot of Long Lake in 13 M. (3 M. of carries). Soon after leaving Newcomb, the road follows Rich Lake, on the r., and traverses extensive forests to Long Lake Village, 20-22 M. from Tahawus, and 44 M. from North Creek. Blue Mcnntalii Lake is 27 M. W. of X. Creek, Inr a road which *»««• Indian Lake. It is thought that a stage-line will serve this route '- - - , i)ut in any case, teams and drivers may be obtained at the N. Creek hotels. The road is rugged, and runs W. through a desolate country, traversed by lofty ranees of hills. Waahbume'a Hotd is on Indian River, 15 M. out (fare, $1.40) ; and a trail leads thence 4 M. S. to Indian Lake, a sequestered and solitary sheet about 4 M. long. It is 25 M. by river and road ftova this point to Sageville. 8 M. beyond Indian River is Jwikaon'a, on Cedar River, where guides and supplies may be ob- tained. The road passes W. for 9 M. by Rock Lake to Blue Mt. Lake (see Route 28, ad fintm\ on which a new hotel is being built 12 M. W. is RaquetU Lake. 186 nouuir. PARADOX LAKE. 17. Sohroon Lake to the Southom AdirondaolDiL Sohioon Lake to Root's, 9 M. (Crown Point to Boot's, 18) ; Fenton's, 14 ; BoreM Biver, 20 ; Toliawus, 28 ; Newcomb, 80 ; Long Lake, 61. The road follows the valley of Schroon Rivfr, with the long slopes of Spirit Mt and the Blue Ridge on the W. At a point 3-4 M. N. of Sohroon Lake, the bright waters of Paradox Lake are seen, 2-8 If. W. This sheet of water is over 6 M. long, and affords considerable fishing. firoU*» Hotel is near its head, 9 M. from Schroon Lake; 10 M. from Root's; 18 M. from Ticonderoga ; and 16 M. from Grown Point About 2 M. S. B. is Long Pond, and Pyramid Pond is 1 M. S., while several other se- questered lakelets lie in the vicinity. The intersection of the Crown Point road is soon passed, and then a broad and barren plain is traversed until Boot*! Inn is reached, 9 M. from Schroon Lake. This house ac- commodates 40-60 guests at $ 10 a week, and is a famous resort for sportsmen. The routes westward from Ticonderoga and Crown Point meet at this point. Ticonderoga is 23 M. 8. E. of Boot's, and the road passes Paradox Lake and Long Pond. The distance firom Crown Point to Boot's is 18 M., the first half of which leads up the valley of Put's Creek. The Oreat Ncrthem Highwaiy. The tri-weekly mail-stage from Schroon Lake continues from Root's on the Great Northern Highway, with the lofty Dix Peak in advance. After passing through three deserted villages', it enters a wide and tangled forest, and ascends the water-shed heights. Thence it runs down into the Boquet River Valley, with the imposing peaks of the Giant of the Valley on the W. When near New Russia the Split Rock FaUs on the Boquet are seen by the roadside, and a little farther N. another fine cascade openi on the 1. 22 M. N. of Root's (32 M. from Schroon Lake) the beautiful village of EUiabcithtown (see page 141) is reached. The stage arrives here at 2 p. m., and waits for dinner, after which it goes N. to KeesevUle, passing the Boquet Mts. and traversing (for 3 M.) the romantic gorge known as Poke-a-Moonshine. Schroon Lake to EeeseviUe, 52 M. ; time, 12 hrs. ; fare, $4.25. In going S. from Keeseville, Elizabethtown is passed at 11 a. m., and dinner is obtained (at 4 P. M. ) at Root's. Root's Inn is situated on the ancient State military road from thrown Point to Carthage, crossing the Wilderness in 133 M. This highway has fallen into disuse, but is still (barely) passable with the exception of a section of 16 M. between Stillwater and Beach's Lake. Parties some- times hire conveyances from Root's to Long Lake, 42 M. W., accomplish- ing the trip in one long day. Fine sporting i» found to the S. and S. W. of the inn, while the obscure trail which leads by Chapel Pond to the Eeene Valley (18 - 20 M.) passes through noble scenery. It is 11 M. from ADIBONDAGK. JttmUir, 137 this point to the Hunter's Pan. Fusing W. for ff M., FerUon*s Inn U reached, near the fishing-grounds on the rugged slopes of the Blue Ridge. A forest-road here diverges to the N., leading to Clear Fond {Lake-Slide Inn) in 4 M., and to the inn on Mud Pond in 5 M. These sequestered waters are environed with mti., and a bridle-path conducts thence to the top of Mi Marcy, 16 M. from Fenton's. A difficult trail leads from the inn at Mud Pond to the summit of Dix Peak, 4 M. N. &, from which the view includes the lakes of Schroon and Ghamplain, the chain of the Oreen Mts., and the chief Adirondack Mts. The wonderful gorge known as the Hunter's Pass lies at the base of this peak. It is 6 M. from Fenton's to Btdlard'a, and the road passes between Hayes Mt on the S. and the graceful Boreas Spires on the N. (forests obstruct much of the view). BuUard's is near the Wolf and Sand Ponds, while Boreas Pond is 3- 4 M. N., whence a trail leads to the Ausable Ponds and the Keene Valley. The road now crosses the Boreas Valley, and in 8 M. from Bullard's (19 M. from Root's) reaches Tahavnu (Lower Works). Tahawus to Long Lake, see page 135. Adirondaek (Upper Iron Works) is 11 M. N. of Tahawus, by a piO" turesque road, which has Lake Sanford on the K for 6 M. Mooters Inn is at this place, and the vicinity is filled with objects of interest. The immense deposits of iron and the iron dam across the river were discovered and reported by an Indian hunter in 1826. Mining was soon commenced, but the expense of freighting the ore to Lake Ghamplain was too heavy, and after some years the village, with its Ghurch of Tubal Cain, was abandoned, and has since remained desolate. The tmfortunate names of two of the chief Adirondack peaks, McMartin and Mclntyre, were given in honor of two of the speculators in these mines. Lake Sanford, 6 M. long, and girded with mts., is 1 M. S. of Adirondack, and Lake Hender- son, E. of Mt. Henderson, is ^ M. N. and 3 M. long. Grand mt. views are found here, and from the trout-abounding Preston Ponds (2 M.- from Lake Henderson by path). 6 M. N. W. of these ponds is Ht. Seward, the Onnowanlah of the Indians, a remote peak 4,348 ft. high, which is separated firom Ragged Mt (4,126 ft. high) by the Pass of Ouluska (" place of shadows "), where panthers abound. Far around the S. base of Seward is the silent district, called by the Indians Coughaarageh^ " the dismal wilderness," while Ampersand Pond and Mt. lie on the N., and the confluence of the Cold and Raquette Rivers is 12 M. S. W. The * Adirondack Pais is 6 M. N. K of Adirondack by a well-defined trail. It is a great gorge between Mts. Wallface and Mclntyre, and presents a scene of wild grandeur. The bottom of the pass is 2,901 ft. above the sea, and Wallface fronts on the W. side with a continuous precipice 1 M. long and 1,319 ft. high. 6 M. beyond the pass is the hamlet of N. iSba (see page 145). There are many other scenes of sublimity and beauty in 138 XauU 18, MOUNT MAROT. i thifl vicinity, but they an difflcalt of acceii, ud the aoco«unod«tiotis ot the mt. inns are very limited. The trail to the lunimit of Mt. Many (aee page "i *4) ie 12 M. long, and very arduous. At 6 M. N. E. ttota Adirondack the path reaches lake Colden, " perfectly embosomed amid the gigantic mts., and looking for all the world like an innocent child sleeping in a robber's embrace." From this sheet, 2,851 ft. above the tide, flows the foamy Opalescent River. Far up the Opalescent gorge to the E. is seen Gray Peak, on which, 4,296 ft high, is Summit • Water, a bright mt. tarn from which the Hudson flows. 1 M. beyond Colden is Avalanche Lake, around which ■tand Wallface, Mclntyre, McMartin, and Colden Mts. The long slopes of Maroy arr soon encountered, and a steady climb over rocky ledges and steep acclivities conducts to the summit. After passing up by this route the mt. is often descended into the Keene Valley. . A long trail leads from Adirondack to Keene, via the Ausable Ponds. 18. Flatttbnrgh to the Saranfto Iskm, \ {Paid Smith's or Martin's.) This hM long been tlie favorite entrance to the Adirondacki, and la well travelled througnout the suninier. The train leaves the station (near Fououet's Hotel) of the K Y. and Canada R R. (which follows the W. shore of Lake O^aiu- plain), and runs S. for 20 M. (fare, 9 1), passing 5 small stations, and stopping at Ausable River. This point is the present B. terminus of one of the branches of the railroad which is being constructed ftom Whitehall to Montreal on the W. side of Lalce Champlain. Kxcursion tickets (good for seveivl weeks) from Boston to Ausable River and return, either by way of Fitchburg and Burlington, or by Lowell and St. Albans, are sold for • 10 (05 Washington St. ; tickets also |it 82 Washington Si } ; also ftom New York City (tickets and information at 176 Broad- way, or the Hudson River R. R. and steamboat oihcesV Through tickets may be obtainetl at the R and B. R R offices at Albany, Iroy, and Saratoga, and in Philadelphia at 81 1 Chestnut 8t titages are in waiting at Ausable River to convey travellers to Martin's, Paul SmitlPs, and Keeseville. Distance to Martin's, SO M., fai-e 84.00; to iSmith's, SS M.. fare, $4; to the Prospect House (Upper Saranac), 41 M. ; to Wilmiiigtou Notcli, 18-20 M. : to Keeseville and the Ausable Chasm, 10-12 M. N.> reguhir stage runs to Cox s, but conveyances are sent thence to Bloumingdale on receipt of telegrams announcing the approach of guests. It is tliought that a line of stages will run to Martin's by way of Wilmington Notch. The stage-route follows the river for & M. to AtuaMe Forks, a pros- perous village (3 inns) at the confluence of the W. and S. Branches of the Ausable. This is the head-quarters of the iron-works of J. ahd J. Rogers, who own immense tracts of land, and employ over 2,000 men. They run 22 forges and 48 nail-machines, consuming 4,500,000 bushels Of charcoal yearly, and making 80,000 kegs of nails, besides vast quantities of blooms. The plank road now ascends the hills, from which iWhiteface Mt. and other peaks are seen in the S. W., and passing through a dreary region of recent clearings and cold and sterile soil, traverses the iron- workers' village of Black Brook (6 M. from Ausable River station). At Franklin Falls, 20 M. from Ausable, the stages stop for dinner. Thia PAUL SMITH'S. JtOMi* a, 130 dAtiOtM Ot 12 M. long, ith reaohM Ad looking embrace.** . Opalescent yPeak, on a which the rand which long slopes f ledges and \j this route Uleadsfrom , and is w«n ior FouQuet's f Lake Ohaiu- aiid Btoppiiig ' the branches [eal on the W. i from Boston ington, or by BtH also at 82 at 176 Broad- Ickets niay be itoga, and in lartin'B, Paul t) Smith's, SS Wilniiiigtou N.) reguUur on receipt at a line of rks, a prW- Jranches of J. and J. I 2,000 men. bushels of quantities LiWhiteface a dreary the iron- fttion). At ler. Thia tillage was attacked (In May, 1862) by a Are running in the forest, which utterly destroyed it A new carriage-road has been madajh>m the hotel to within I M. of the summit of Whiteface Mt., and guides and carriages for tile aA(%nt are ftimished here. The trip occupies a long day (fares, $ 1.50 each way). The stage now follows the Saranao River for 8 M. to Bloomingdale {*St. Armand Howie, 100 giiests), pleasantly situated on the W. of Whiteface Mt.. and about 1,600 ft. above the sea. Trout aro found in the Saranao River near this point, and in Moose and Grass Ponds, 2-3 M. to the S. 9 M. N. of Bloomtnsdale (bv a road which crosses Cape Mi, and passes the hamlets of Venuontville and MerriUsville) la LewU SmUh'$ Hunttfi Homt, on the N. Saranao, and near the liiihing-grounds of Loon. Mud, and P^und Ponds. Roads lead thence to Flattsb'.irgh (by Elslnore, SO M.) and to Malone (tri-weekly mail-stage, by Duane, 81 M.). iVaraney's fishermen's resort is on Rainbow Lake gM. long), 9 M. S. W. of the Hunter's Home, 7 M. N. E. of Paul Smith's, and . N. W. of Bloomingdale. Martin's is reached by the stage about 6 P. M., after passing iVom Bloom- ingdale 8 M. up the valley of the Saranao. Baker's and Blood's inns ara seen when the lake is approached, Baker's being 2 M. from its shore. * Martin*! Saranao Lake Eoase accommodates 140 guests ($2.50-8 a day), and has a fine lake-view. Guides, boats, and camp-equipage may be obtained here by those who wish to enter the remoter forest. Distance by road to Paul Smith's, 14 M.; to Cox's (Upper Saranac Lake House), 16 M.; to Lake Placid, 12 M.; to Wilmington Notch, 16 M.; to Mt.' Marcy, 24 M. Distance by water to Cox's, 20 M. ; to Bartlett's, 12^ M. ; to Big Tupper Lake (by Sweeny's), 29 M. ; to Raquette Lake (by Stony Creek), 66-60 M. Good fishing is found on Ray Brook and other trib- utaries of the Saranao in this vicinity; also in Mackenzie's Pond, 4 M^. N. E., under Sugar-Loaf Mt. Colly Pond is 2 M. N. W. of the hotel, and 2 - 3 M. beyond is the deer-haunted Macauley Pond. Lonesome Pond is a sequestered loch 3-4 M. S. of the hotel, gained by boating down the lake and a " carry " of 1 M. But next to the frequent and easy excur< sions among the islands and bays of Saranad Lake, the favorite trip is to Lake Placid, 12 M. S. E. (see page 145). * '* Paul" Smith*! {St. Megis House) is reached by the stage in 10 M. from Bloomingdale. It accommodates 180-200 guests, and charges $ 2. 60 a day. The best table in the Wilderness is set here, and the house is furnished with bath-rooms and barber-shop, billiard-tables and telegraph. An extensive corps of guides, with camp-equipage and supplies, may be found here. The hotel stands on an eminence in the pine-forest, and fronts on the Lower St. Regis Lake, a large pond from which flows the Middle Branch of the St. Regis River. Distance by road to Martin's, 14 M. ; to Cox's, 17 M. ; to Malone, 36 M. (see page 127). Distance by water to Martin's, 80-82 M.j to Cox's, 12-14 M.; to Big Tupper Lake (by 140 Route 19. WHITEPACE MT. ! 1 Upper Saranac), 33-35 M.; to Raqnette Lake, 64-66 M. The connected waters of Lo^r St. Regis, Spitfire, and St. Regis Lakes are thoroughly explored by light flotillas from the hotel, and the pretty ponds on the " route of the 9 carries " are frequently visited. Osgood Pond is just N. of Smith's, and several other lakelets are found on the W. Bay Pond is a picturesque sheet about 12 M. W.; and a forest-road leads to Wardney's Hotel, on Rainbow Lake, 7 M. N. E. A pleasant excursion is made by following the Malone road for 12 M. to Meacham Lake. Parties from Smith's frequently ascend St. Beg^s Mt., a long and lofty ridge seen from the front of the house to the S. W. There is a rude path to the summit, and the excursion takes 6-8 hrs. The view over the St. Regis and Saranac Lakes is beautiful ; while the Chateaugay Woods are seen in the N. E., and the S. E. is filled with the lofty Adirondack peaks. 19. Port Kent to the Wilmington Pass and Saranac Lakes. The stages from Fort Kent (see page 118) to the Lakes have hitherto run by liVanklin Falls, but many parties have preferred to charter a stage (at but little extra expense) to go via Wilmingttm Pass and Whiteface Mt. It is said that a regular line of stages will be put on this route. Stages from Keeseville (5 M. S. W.) and the Ausable Chasm connect at Port Kent with every Lake Champlain steamer, and leave Keeseville for Martin's and Smith's daily at 6.80 A. M. The returning stages leave Martin's at 7 a. m., and connect with the train at Ausable River, and with the evening boat for the South at Port Kent. Trav- ellers from the East cross from Burlington to Port Kent on the steam ferry-boat. The distance trom Port Kent, by the Pass, to Martin's is 49 M. The road follows the Ausable River for 18 M. to Ausable Forks, passing the famous d^asm in 3 M., and Keeseville in 5 M. from Port Kent. The Jay and Poke-a-Moonshine Mts. are seen on the S., while Whiteface towers conspicuously in advance. At the Forks, the road turns to the S. W., following the valley of the S. Branch, with the Ausable Mts. on the W., and the Jay Mts. on the E. Fine views are afforded of the Jay Valley, with the lofty peaks of Keene in advance. From the little hamlet oiJay, the lovely Keene Valley (10-^13 M. distant; see page 142) is often visited. The road to the Pass turns W. at Jay, and crosses to Wilmington, 24 M. from Port Kent. • Another road is 'sometimes taken, running W. from Ausable Forks to Black Brook village, and thence following the W. Branch (22 M. from Port Kent). At Wilmington is the Whiteface Mt. House (40-50 guests; $10 a week), situated amid noble scenery. * Whiteface Mt. is usually ascended from this point, guides and horses being furnished at the hotel. For over 2 M. carriages are used, and then the ascent is on horseback, over a rugged bridle-path 4 M. long. There is a comfortable hut near the summit, where quarters for the night may be obtained. Whiteface Mt. is 4,918 ft. high (survey of 1872), and derives its name from the fact that a landslide has laid bare the whitish-gray ledges near its summit. The sharpness, bareness and isolation of this lofty peak render the * * view one of peculiar grandeur. THE WILMINGTON PASS. JtauUtO, Ul The coimected are thoroughly '■ ponds on the ond is just N. , Bay Pond is Is to Wardney'a .on is made by Parties from afty ridge seen ude path to the er the St. Regis )ods are seen in Ic peaks. ranac Lakes. e hitherto run by itage (at but little It is said that a !8 from Keeseville with every Lake ith's daily at 6.80 ect with the train Port Kent. Trav- steam ferry-boat. e Forks, passing ort Kent. The irhile Whiteface ad turns to the lusable Mts. on rded of the Jay 'rom the little ^j see page 142) and crosses to >metimes taken, ;e, and thence ilmington is the ited amid noble is point, guides carriages are )ridle-path 4 M. ere quarters for high (survey of le has laid bare !, bareness and uliar grandeur. On the S. Is a confused mass of imposing mts.. conspicnons among which are the Giant of the Valley, Mclutyre, Wallface, and the pre-eminent Mt Marcy. Close below, on the S. W.. is the lovely Lake Placid, divided by its chain of islets ; and away beyond is the heavy mass of Mt. Seward. On the W., beyond Sugar-Loaf Mt., the silv3ry Saranac Lakes are seen, with scores of ponds stud- ding the forest. Big Clear Poiul is due W., below St. Regis Mt. It is claimed that Lake Ontario, 125 M. S. of W., may be seen on a clear day, and that across the vast rolling wilderness to the N. mny be discerned the flash of the tin roofs of Montreal, 80 M. away. The whole Saranac Valley is under view to the N., and also the dark Chateaugay Woods. On the E. is Lake Cliamplain, beyond which is the long line of the Green Mts., with Mt. Mansfield as their chief. ' The Whiteface Mt. House is distant from Keene Flats 13 M.; from Martin's, 22 M. ; from the Indian Pass, 18 M. ; and from N. Elba, 12 M. A path from the 1. of the Notch road, 2^ M. from the hotel, leads to the Flume. Passing Little Falls, the roaring of • Big Falls is sowi heard, where there is a plunge of over 100 ft. 6 M. from the hotel the * Wil- mington Pass is entered, and followed for nearly 2 M., with the sublime cliffs of Whiteface towering on the r., approached by an equally great precipice on the 1. There is but little more than room for the road and the river for over 1,000 ft., where the cliffs run up to a great height on either hand. A road to the r., beyond the portals of the gorge, leads to Lake Placid (in 2 M. ) ; and the stage-road intersects the Elizabethtown road at If. Elba, 6 M. from the Pass, and passes down to the Saranac Lake. 20. Westport to the Saranac Lakes. Distance, 43 M. ; fare, $ 4 ; semi- weekly stages. From Westport (on Lake Champlain, 51 M. N. of Whitehall) semi-daily stages run to Elizabethtown (8 M.; fare $1). The latter village (* Mansion House , 200 guests, $ 10 - 12 a week ; Valley House ; and several boarding-houses) is the capital of Essex County, and is finely situated on the Boquet River. Its grand mt. prospects have made it a favorite summer resort. Lofty peaks and precipitous hills surround the village on all sides, and afford a fine view from the plateau on which stand the county buildings, the 3 churches, and the Mansion House. Cobble Hill, 1 M. S. W., has a singular rocky summit resembling a dome and fronted on the' E. by a great prycipice. It is frequently ascende summit (which nclttdes the val- ; Whiteface, the E. ; and distant this central sum- les, provisions, and is spent in shanties the mt. is ascended e regained by night- ircr route (but more Leene Flats, passing lorge (in which the ad Gothic Mts., and troon River, the dis- the forest-tavern at ;he base of the nit. lirondack, by a trail I's, on the Westport nl5M. In addition ireful to take thick d-glass will also be o'clock (travellers the Saranac stage . and Long Pond are reached, and I the State road is J of Pitch Ofif Mt. jabounding also in }oken lake, but an pentre and formed J, and the opposed [picturesque gorge, larly 2 M. square, 1"). An imposing panoramic view of the peaks of Marcy, Mclntyre, SHde, and Wallface is now gained in the S. ; while on the N. the blanched summit of Whiteface soon starts into sight. The stage now reaches Scott's (13 M. from Mar- tin's; 30 M. from Westport), a roadside farm-house (summer boarders), which commands a noble view, and is a good centre for excursions. It is 6 M. to Lake Placid; 9 M. to the Wilmington Pass; 10 M. (S. W.) to the Adirondack Pass (see page 137) ; and 15 M. (S. ) to the summit of Mt. Marcy. From the hill-top over the W. Ausable, about 2 M. beyond Scott's, may be seen the house and farm of John Brown, and the bowlder by which he is buried. The farm is now owned by an association formed by Kate Field. John Brown, "of Ossawattomie," was bom at Torrineton, Conn., in the year 1800. He was a Puritan of the straitest sect, " of unflinching courage and intense earnestness." In 1855 he moved to Kansas, and took a prominent imrt in the struggles between the Free Soil and the Proslavery parties. In Aug., 1856, his command defeated at Ossawattomie a greatly superior lorce of Missourians. In May, 1859, with a secret convention of Abolitionists in Canada, he formed the daring sclieme of invading the State of Virginia and liberating its slaves. On the night of Oct. 16, 1859, he surprised and captured the national arsenal and annory at Harper's Ferry, Va., with about 20 men. But the slaves did not revolt ; the Va. militia beleaguered him closely, and the U. S. Marines captured the few sur- vivors of the fearless liberators. Brown's 2 sons were killed by his side, and he himself was wounded in several places. He was soon afterwards tried, convicted, and executed, " meeting death with serene composure." A short distance beyond Brown's, N. Elba {LyovCs Inn) is reached. From this point a fine mt. view is obtained, including (in the N. ) Whiteface and Sugar Loaf. * Lake Placid is 2 M. N. of the village, and is one of the loveliest resorts in the Adirondacks. Whiteface towers up over the N. K shores, and is sometimes ascended by this route. On the W. are the dark ridges of Sugar Loaf, and lofty peaks overshadow the E. shores. [ Three islands in the midst of the waters divide it into the East and West Lakes, and many fisn dwell in these pure and crystal depths. The lake [is 5 M. long and 1^-2 M. wide, and near its S. end are the new \Stevens House (75 guests; $8-10 a week) and Allen's Hotel. Nash 4 Lake is very near the houses, and contains about 1 square M. ; and Conery : Pond is I M. N. Paradox Pond is also near the S. shore, and has an in- explicable tidal flow to and from the lake. After leaving N. Elba the road traverses a wide and barren plateau for M., when it descends into the Saranac Valley, and, passing Blood's ivern, speedily reaches Martin's Saranac Lake House (page 139), situated the head of one of the fairest bays of the forest-bound lake. Dozens the graceful Saranac and Long Lake canoes are seen floating before the >tel ; and the stalwart guides and himters of Long Lake, St. Regis, and Saranacs await the orders of the sportsman, with oars, rifle, and rods readiness. Martin's and Paul Smith's hotels are often made the so- |uming-place of ladies while their escorts pass on into the more remote est. 7 J I: I M ' ' 5S I i|i :!l U6 RouU9l THE SABANAO LAKES. 8L TheSaranao'Lakes. Martm'i to Coz*8 (and Paul Smith*!). BoatH and guides mny be engaged at Martin's. The hotel guides charge $ 2.50 a day and their board (the indoi)endeut guides usually get $8), and if tlie traveller leaves his guide at a distance front the place where he was eui^a^od, he must pay him wages and expuuaes fur thd time ncceaHMry for his (tlie guide's) return to that place. The distance from Murtiu's to Cox's is nearly 20 M., and the Journey ii easily made in a day. Saranao IjAKB is 6 M. long by 1 - 3 M. -wide, and its surface is broken by 62 islands, the largest of which is Eagle Island, | M. long. The rocky headlands and the numerous tree-studded islets make a continuously changing panorama as the light swift boat passes up the lake, while Sara- nac Mt., on the W., and Ampersand Mt., on the S., loom boldly on the view. Occasional glimpses are obtained of Mt. Marcy and its brother peaks in the distant S. B. At the base of a cliff in Loon Bay, near the head of the lake, is seen the rude guide-board at Jacob's Well, a clear, cold spring of sweet water. Beyond this point a narrow aud tortuous stream is en- tered and ascended for 3 M., passing a lively rapid (6-8 ft. fall), which is usually shot by boats descending. Bound Lake is soon seen in the advance, with Ampersand Mt. on the S. EL " This little lake is a gem. It is round, as its name imports, some 4 M. in diame- ter, and surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, beneath whoso shadows it reposes in placid and quiet beauty. Ou the N. E. Whiteface rears its toll head far above the intervening ranges, while away off in the E. Mt. Marcy and Mt. Sewnrd stand out dim and shadowy against the sicy. Nearer are the Keene ranges, ragged and lofty, tiieir bare and rocky summits glistening in the sunliglit, while nearer still the hills arise, sometimes with steep and ragged acclivity, and sometimes gently •loping from the shore. .... The rugged and sublime, with the placid and beautiful, are magnificently mingled in tlie surroundings of this little sheet of water." ^Hammond.) Ampe jand Mt* may be ascended by a path (cut out by Dr. Ely in 1873) whicl) le.-ids uu the slope ti. E. fTom Round Lake (a guide should be obtained from Bartlett's, 2 M. distant). The as<^ent to tho hut on the sumivith favorite camping-places on its shoi-es. Several ot)\er ponds are found in tl)o vicinity of Catlin Jjalce. '• Long Lake it r>ne of tlie most beautiful sheets of water I ever floated over, and its fTanie-work of mts. becomes the glorious picture. I never saw a more beautiful island than Bound Island It ai)pear8 to stand between two promontories whose green and rounded points are striving to reach it as tliey push boldly out into the water, while with its abrupt, high banlcs, from wiiich go up the lofty pine-trees, it loolis lilce a huge gi-een cylinder sunlc there endwise in the waves. I wish I owned that island, — it would be pleasant to be possessor of so much beauty." (Hammomo.) About 1 M. from Lower Island (on the W. shore) is the mouth of a small stream, by ascending which and carrying ^ M. the Anthony Ponds are reached. From Lower Island Mt. Seward is seen in the N. E., and in the S. are the pretty islands olT Buck Mt. Point (a favorite camp-ground), known as Camp, Scrag, and Ferris. * Hound Island is soon seen in ad- vance (about midway of the lake), and 3-4 M. beyond is Long Lake village (W. shore). Kellogg* s inn is located here, and accommodates 40 - 50 guests ($ 8 - 10 a week). This little hamlet is an outpost of civ- ilization, and has 3 stores and a Methodist church. In the vicinity dwell the families of Sabbattis, Cary, Plumbley, and other noted guides. Weekly mail-stages leave Long Lake for Minerva, North, Creek, and Pottersville (see pages 134 and 135). Ii >,;s route KeUogg' RAQUir ^ LAKE. Mou f' u\ is now turned lorania of fine anil tall pines, lion interesting the shores. 6 Utquette Falls, The house is >laHterecL The 1 all ■who came -2 MtotheE. V. of Johnson'* ad noted for its assiz, Emerson, e Raquette, the , its clear waters widens, and the Juck Mt. is Jteen, y reaches Lower n, at Newcomb, 18 route which leads CatlinLake. The iping-places on Its i I^ake. ever floated over, never saw a more tand between two ach it as they push from whicli go up ere endwise in the be possessor of so the mouth of a Anthony Ponds the N. E., and in ^e camp-ground), soon seen in ad- is Long Lake accommodates outpost of civ- [he vicinity dwell \v .noted guides, ^rth. Creek, and Used but arduous , Smith's (opposite crossing the pomi M difflcalt carry Is traversed for 2 M., wUm a « et- Jonrn- t^^J^ •?f**?1* (throuBh Mud ond the Slim Ponds). \ Mh.ri y and » H. of Ht«Miy Pond la followed by a carry of nearly 1 M. to Llttlo Tn pi Uke, «. i«|>us Uke Is some- tlinoH visited from Mnd Pond, or by anocndlnx U. r..()k froi» ooog Lake ; andtba llandHoino and Mohognn Ponds are reached froiu .ra«..piiH Owl*! Head Mt. (2,789 ft. high) Is often ascended from the village by rude trails leading up the E. slope (guide necesHary). The crystalline and trout- abounding tarn called Owl's Iload Pond may be visited fW>m the path. From either of the two peaks of the mt. is affonled a line lake-view, with Raquetta Uke In the 8. W. and the Adirondack peaks In the B. Dlue Mt towers con- splcuotisly In the 8. E. over Its lovely lake. Blue Mt Uke Is about 10 M. from Long Lake village, via South Pond. Soon after leaving Kellogg's the boat passes under a raised .section in the floating bridge which here crosses the lake. A few scattered houses are seen on the R, while Owl's Head looms in the W., and at 3i M. from the village the rapids at the end of Long Lake are reached. A carry of ^ M. and then 1 M. on the Raquette River leads to the • Buttermilk FalU, a resounding plunge of the waters over a high and rugged ledge. Trout abound in this place. 1 M. bn the river and a carry of IJ M. leads to Forked Lake, which is traversed for 3 M. amid fine forest scenery, with tall pines on the promontories. Niggerhead and the distant West Mts. are seen in advance, while the retrospect shows Blue Mt. and the dark ridge of the Windfall Mts. (near the Chain I^akes). riumhUy Pond is but 1 M. from this lake, and Little Forked Lake is reached by passing N. through a narrow and sinuous strait It is M. f^om the 8. shore to the head of Little Forked, whence a difficult route leads to Little Tupper Lake in 12 M. Gary, Sutton, Bottle, and Rock Ponds are traversed, and 4 M. of ob* structed carries are found. High Pond (I M. W.) and Moose Pond (Ij^ M. N. E.) are visited from the romantic shores of Little Forked. A carry of ^ M^ leads from Forked Lake to *Baqn6tt« Lake, where a boat-passage of about 2 M. conducts to Caty's Hotel, a carpetless and plastesless house out of isight of the lake. The old Crown Point road passes the hotel, and is rarely travelled (distance to Long Lake village, 14 M). Parties sojourning at the lake usually encamp on one of its bold points (generally on Indian, West, or Constable's Point, or Murray island). Raquette Lake is 12 M. long, with a width of 1-5 M. It is 1,700 feet above the sea, and its waters arc '^f remarkable clearness. The old environing forests, the projecting points and graceful islands, and the mt. -ranges in view combine to heighten the charms of this beautiful lake. Fish and game formerly abounded here, and may still be found in great abundance by skilful sportsmen. It is generally conceded that Raquette is the most beautiful of the Adirondack lakes; but fewer visitors come hither, on account of its remoteness and the poverty of hotel accommo- dations. After passing up the long and river-like lower end of the lake, a pretty islet is seen off North Point, and West Point opens on the r. The broad Marryatt's Bay is enclosed between West Point and Indian Point. The West Mts. are seen on the r., with North Bay opening back to the Carthage road. Below Indian Point, Eagle Bay stretches away to I' ' ' 'i i' 102 Route tl BLUE MOUNTAIN LAKH the W., bounded by Sand Point on the S.; while Wood's Point mnlcef out boldly from the £. Hliore, and Blue Mt. la Heeii beyond. Beyond Murray Island is the Rpacioufi Soutli Bay, about which is mucli of the finest forest scenery on the lake. On Rush Point and the low S. shores the mosquitoes display great numbor'^ and activity. lAHU Tupper iMke Ih viflltoi' rmin Rnquctto Lake by a difncult route IN M long. It starts trom the head of North Day (:) M. from Cary'H), over a weary i)<>ri igo of 4 M. Parties who have much ba^jrKiKu Hhonhl got tcuins from 'Jary'H, aH tint itortagfl lies along the Crown Point and Onrtlmgo lond. which has dogoiKtrated into a mere forest trail. The Imats arc hiuncihcd on Beacl>*s Lake* a Iwiiiitiful Hhoet U M. long, with Rock Island near the centre, and the WeHt Mts. on the H. K. uald Bock and Bear Point are favorite (tanip-grounds, and Dr. Brandrcth'H lodge, are near the N. shore. Several tnmt-noiid.s niny be viuited trom thin point, and the salmon-trout flshing in the lake is very flno. The Fulton Lakes may be visited trom this point, by way of Big Mooho Lake and tlie Bistt ' Ponds, in 2'j M. (nearly M. of carries). From Beach's to Salmon Lake is a rugged carry of nearly 2 M.; and after 2 M. on the latter, an arrluot;s carry of 1^ M. is traversed to Rock Pond. A short carry from this point leads to u ttmall stream, which is descended in 3 M. to Little Tupoer Lake. Shallov) Lake is reached by an inlet fi-om Mtfrryatt's Bay in 6-7 M., and the Murray Ponds are still more remote. This Journey is very arduous, but trout are found in great plenty. The Sar^'.ent Ponds (good fishing^ are visited by a path (1 M.) leading from the Crown Point road. 3 M. from Cary's. The South Inlet of Raquotte Lake may be ascended for 2 M. to the falls, whence a 2 M. curry conducts to Shedd Lake, and a 3 M. carry leads to Mohecau Pond. 2 M. S. E. of Shcdd is Fonda I^ke ; and all these waters are famed for trout. Boonville, on the Black River R. R., is about 54 M. from Ramictte Lake, via tlie Fulton Lakes and Arnold's ; and Fouith Lake is about 15 M. S. W. (see page 155). • Blue Mountain Lake, probably the most beautiful of the smaller Wilderness lakes, is easily reached in 12 M. (^ M. carry) from Raquette Lake, by passing up Marion River, and through Utowana and Eagle Lakes. Henry A ustin entertauis guests in a forest-house between Blue Mt. and Eagle Lakes (a hotel is projected ). Ned Buntline has n lodge on Eagle Lake. A road nu)s from Blue Mt. Lake to the Adironduck R. R. (see page 135). This lake covers only alwut 5 square M., but it has exquisite combinations of scenery, formed by the numerous islets on its bosom and the bold mts. which surround its shores. Blue Mt. is 8,595 ft. high, and is often ascended by a trail on its W. slope. The summit was cleared of trees during the State survey of 1873, and presents a lovely panorama of lake and mt. scenery. 24. Utioa to the St Lawrence Biver. Trenton Falls and the John' Brown Tract By the Utica and Black River R. R. To Trenton Falls in 40 min. (fare, 75c.) ; to Boonvllle in 1^ hra. (fare, 81.20) ; to Clayton in 5 -6hrs. Stations : Utica ; Marcy, 6 M. ; Stittville, 10 : Holland Patent, 12 ; Trenton, 16 ; Trenton Falls, 17 : Prospect, 18 ; Remsen, 21 ; E. Steuben, 25 ; Steuben, 26 ; Alder Creek, 28 ; Boonvllle, 35 ; Leyden, 38 ; Port Levden, 42 ; Ly(m8 Falls, 45 ; Olendale, 61 ; Martinsburg, 64 ; Lowville, 68 ; Castorland, 66 ; Deer River, 70 ; Carthage, 74 (a branch line diverges N. to Philadelphia, 87 ; Theresa Junction, 92 : Morristown, 123 ; Clayton, 108) ; Champion, 76 ; Great Bend, 81 ; Pelt's Mills, 83 ; 6|4Pk I^vpr, 85 ; Watertown. 91. TRENTON FALLS. RouU t4. 153 on Falls and ) min. (fare, 75c.) ; 170;i and wlipM ha . Uv WM I'hi'.rch omtor. 'on 1. ^.•lOUt tho of the hotel. , I. I'll; The train leaves the union station at Utica, and soon crosses the Mo- hawk Rivor, whose valluy it follows for several miles. The town of Marcy, with its villages of Marcy and Btittsville, is traversed, and sooa after leaving Uolland Patent a stop is made at tlie station of * Trenton Falli. * Moon's Trenton FaUn Hotel ^#3.50 a day ; 921 u week) is 1 M. from the station and is readied by currioKUH (&()(!.). Tite large Iiouho (tloses Hopt. 15, but a smaller hotel iieur by rumaiiis oimii all tlie year. Hutli theHe hoiiHUH are painted duric brown, as ii' in res|)e*!t to Willis's proteHt (written hero) agaiiiHt "tlie eliaUy uiiiv(;rH«H in rural places," with thuir " uneH(%"tpaUe white-paint OKgravatioiis or BUiiHliinv,"— "the iiiouiituinH of iiiitininuttMl clfffilHturds," — "our Mont Blano hutelM with their Dovur C'lllf porticoH." The J'erLim llouae is an inexpoiiHlve liotel near the upiier falls (reached from Frosi>ect station, where Its uarriaf^es ftW(lit) .loliii Sherman, grandaon of Roger Sherman, graduated at Ya'e pre)>-;hed to a CongruKational churuh at ManHtlulil, Conn., until 1'^' enit'ruced the new lilwral doctrines. He then vinited Trenton l^)•f barnoveldt, in honor of the Grand Pensionary of the DuU-' exe(uited for libt^ralisin in lUlU) §nd became pastor of the l ^ ..i. in the iState ( <' Fulls, and in 1822 he built a house for visitors ((tailed tiie " ^' ' " was enlarged in 1825. In 1827 he uubliHhtMl a long descrli Falls, and in 1828 he died and was buried under a nionumei.' .;.! il N Mr. Moore came to the Falls in these early days for sight-seeing, and, being in- jured l)y fulling on the roulm the Forge Hotel. Nick's Lake, 3 M. by trail from the Forge, is famous for its trout ; and fi.xther S. are the prolific spring- 1 - if I ! I ii 156 H(nUe i4. LOWVILLE. holes on the S. Branch of Moose River. A trail leads to the Woodhull lAikea in 9 M. N. of Arnold's are (Jibba ha\ui and tlie trout-haunts at the Indian 8i)rlng- Hole. The 8 Fulton Lakes strotcli to tlio N. K. Iruni neurtlio Forgo Ilotel, and form a water avenue to tlie Uaquetto Lake, '20 M. distant. Tlieir scenery is very attractive, and prolltaldo ilsliing ta found alony tlie line. Ascending Moose River by boat for '2h M., First Laive (IJ^ M. long) is entered. The Second and Third Lalces are each 1 M. long, and are connected by sliort inlets. Near the head of Third Laled glen with precipitous N. and W. sides. " As [the traveller] comes upon its brink suddenly, its wildness strikes him with awe. Opposite, and on the 1., are dark, massy, perpendicular rocks ; y I CARTHAGE. Route 94. 157 before him are lofty pines and hemlocks, and far, far below, as it were in the very bowels of the earth, tlirough tlie openings in the foliage, indlntinct glimp- ses are cauglit of tlie foaming rivulet, wliile the roar of tlie waterfall and the grandeur of the surrounding landscape odd an interest to the scene rarely ex- perienced." From Lowville is the usual entrance to the N. part of Brown's Tract, — the Number 1 and Stillwater distriota. A tolerable road leads by Smith's Landing and Crystal Lake to the commodious Fenton House (18 M.) in township No. 4, and fronting on Beaver Lake, which is a renowned deer- haunt. The Francis, Crooked, Sand, and Sunday Lakes, and other trout- resorts, are in this vicinity; and 3-4 M. N. W. is the beautiful scenery around Eagle Falls. It is 28 M. from No. 4 to Smith's Lake. The rugged remains pf the old military road from Crown Point to Carthage may be followed (by wagons) for 11 M. E. from No. 4 to Stillwater ( WardweWs tavern). The forest is studded on every side with ponds which afford good fishing. The Wolf Ponds and Red Horse Chain are on the N. ; and Big Moose Lake lies to the S. E. 12-14 M. N. E. is Albani/ Lake, which is over 6 M. long, and is a favorite sporting-ground on account of the deer and trout which are found there. 2 - 3 M. N. of Albany is Smith'i Lake, the finest in the Tract. It is about 3 M. in diameter, and abounds in speckled and salmon trout. The scenery is very attractive, — its most prominent feature being Smith's Rock, a far- viewing cliff on the W. shore, — while many islands dot the surface of the waters. Little Tupper Lake is but 6 M. E. of Smith's Lake (by Charley Pond). By a line of ponds and carries, Beach's Lake is reached (14-15 M. S.), from which a carry of 4 M. leads to Raquette Lake (see page 151). Croglian {Nortz Hotel) is a French village 10 M. N. E. of Lowville (dail^ stage). 4 M. from this place is tlie old Prussian settlement of Naumburgh, with its 2 churches, and 4 M. N. E. is the hamlet of Belfort, whence a road runs 9 M. N. £. to the famous flshing-grounds on tlie S. brandi of the Oswegatchie. 8 M. N. W. of Lowville is Copenhagen (Wasliington Hotel), within 1 M. of which are the Higli Falls, where Deer River descends 106 ft. in a deep gorge of the Trenton limestone. 2 M. below are the King's Falls (a descent of 40 ft.), so named because they were mucli admired by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, etc. Carthage {Levis House; Adams) is reached by the railroad 16 M. N. of Lowville. It is an important manufacturing village on Black River, and is the W. terminus of the old State Road, which leads to Crown Point in 133 M. Much of this road has been re-M'on by the forest, but the sec- tion from Carthage to Stillwater (35 M.) is kept in tolerable repair. The Oswegatchie fishing-grounds are reached by way of Harrisville (inn), which is 20 M. N. E., and 3 M. from Lake Bonaparte. Joseph Bonaparte, >)rother of the great Napoleon, Count de Survilliers, ex-king of Spain, Naples, and the Uicilies, was in France during a season of terrible battles and national apprehension. He met Le Ray de Chaumont, who then owned and was colonizing large sections of Northern New York, ami said to him, " Here [ live in the street, with several ambulances loaded witli gold and jewels. Take these treasures, and give me part of your Ameriran forests." Le Ray olyected on account of the Prince's ignoraoco of the character of the wild woodlands ; but ♦ 158 Haute 24* SACKETT'S HARBOR.' 'I I' iff i II Bonaparte answered, " I will take /our word for that ; the gold may be stolen from me in an hour." He came to his wild domain in 18t^9, and built a roomy house (with one section bullet-proof) at the Natural Bridge, where the Indian River nows for several .xids under the level strata of limestone, forming a cavern where large stalactites are found. ' Here he forgot La Oranja's gladei, Eicurial'a dork and gloomy dome, And tweet Sorrento's deathlen ahodea, In hit far-off secluded home." bold rocky shores, alteniat'ng with wooded swamps and " intervales, juesenting altogether one of the most picturesque and quiet woodland scenes which the greal forest affords. " At Harrisville the Polish Prince Sulkowski spent several years of exile, but in 1856 was restored to his hereditary honors and returned home. A road leads N. E. from Harrisville by Pitcairn to the wide forest-to>vn of Fine, near Cranberry Lake. A railroad is projected from Carthage to Harrisville. There are many Swiss colonists in this vicinity. The railroad runs W. 28 M. from Carthage doMoi the Black River Valley (crossing Route 25 at Watertown) to Saokett's Harbor (the Earl Hon, Jefferson, and Jones, each 22, and the Sylph and Oiieida, each 16 guns. With this powerful fleet lie thought that the question of naval supremacy was settled, and blockaded Sir James Yeo at Kingston. A month later. Yeo finished the St. Lawrence, an im- mense 112-gun ship, with a crew of 1,000 men, and Chauncey fled to Sackett's Har- bor, where ho was immedialely blockaded. He commenced the building of 2 mammoth frigates, the New Orleans and the Chippeuja, of 120 giins each, and would soon have regained tiie mastery of the lake, but the war closed before his levi- athans were launched, and- the costly fleets were rendered useless, and were sold for cDunnen ial purposes. The Chippewa was taken to pieces, but the New Orleans still rcmaii)* on the stocks, and has been housed over. On Sandy Creek, S. of tlie Harbor, a British t)oat expedition was attacked by 150 regulai's under 2 Georgian otHuers, and lost 68 killed and woimded, 170 prisoners, and 7 guus. a;' WATERTOWN. HouU tS. 159 After leaving Carthage the main line passes 13 M. N. through the for- est to Philadelphia^ where it crosses Route 26. 7 M. beyond this point the train reaches Theresa (Getman House), at the High Falls of the In- dian River. From Tlieresa Junction the line has been prolonged to Mor- ristown, on the St. Lawrence River, opposite Brockville. The train now crosses the towns of Orleans and Clayton, and stops at Clayton (Hubbard House), on the St. Lawrence, whence steamboats run to Alexandria Bay (see Route 28) on the arrival of trains. 25. Borne to Ogdensburg and Alexandria Bay. By tJie Borne, Watertown and Ogdensburg R. R. from the city of Rome (see Route 2ii). Three exi»ress-train3 run daily (in summer^ This is the usual route to Alexandria Bay, 25 hrs. from New York (fare from N. Y. to Cape Vincent, $8.20), and drawing-room cara run as far as Cape Vincent, wliere the river-steam- ers are talien (3 hrs. to Alexandria Bay). Tickets and information may be obtJiiiied at 413 Broadway, N. Y.. and the Orand Central Depot. Fares from Rome to Richland. ^1.30; Oswego, ib!2; Watertown, )$2.20; Cape Vincent, $2.90; Rich- ville, $3.45; Ogdensburg, $4.30 ; Potsdam, $4.23. Stations : Rome ; Taberg, 11 M. ; McConiielsville, 13 ; Camden, 18 ; W. Cam- den, 23 ; Williamstown, 28 ; Kasoag, 31 ; Albion, 37 : Ricldand, 42 (branch line to Pulaski, 40 ; Sand Hill, 50 ; Mexico, 55 ; New Haven, 60 ; Scriba, 64 ; Oswego, 71) ; Sandy Creek, 47 ; Mannsville, 52 ; Pierrepont Manor, 54 ; Adams, 59 ; Adams Centre, 62 ; Watertown, 72 (branch to Brownville, 75 ; Limerick, 79 ; Chaumont, 85 ; 3 M. Bay, 88 : Rosiere, 92 ; Cape Vincent, 96) ; Sanford's Corners, 78 ; Evans' Mills, 83 ; Philadelphia, 90 ; Antwerp, 96 ; Keene's, 101 ; Gouvemeur, 108 ; Rich- ville,(116 ; De Kalb Juno., 123 (branch to Canton, 131 ; Potsdam, 142 ; Potsdam Junction, 148) ; Rensselaer Falls, 130 ; Heuvelton, 135 ; Ogdensburg, 142. The line runs N. W. from Rome across the upper part of Oneida Co. Stations : Taberg, near the ravines on Fall Creek ; McConnelsville; Cam- den (Whitney House), a manufacturing village; W. Camden, Williams- town, Kasoag, Albion, and Richland (Mellen's Hotel), which is near the Richland Trout Ponds, where boats and tackle ar<^ furnished to fishermen upon payment of a round fee. A branch road diverges from Richland to Oswego, 29 M. 8. W. Stations: Pulaski {Gray' a Hotel), a semi-capital of Oswego Co., with 2,000 inhabitants; Mexico (Empire House), a flourishing village which is called " the TJotherof Coun- ties," because at its settlement (in 1792) it included a greater part of 4 counties : Niw Haven (village 1 M. S. W. of station) ; and Scriba. This district is noted for its lai-ge crops of apples, and boi-ders on the lake. Beyo» .1 Scriba the line pa-sses out on the shore of Lake Ontario, sweeps around close under the ramparts of Fort Ontario, and stops at Oswego (see Route 32). 5 M. beyond Richland the main line meets the Syracuse Div., R. W. & 0. R. R., which runs S. to Syracuse in 44 M. The wealthy farming town of EUisburgh is now traversed. Adams (Cooper House) is a village of 1,800 inhabitants, with 4 churches and the Hungerford Collegiate Institute. From Adams Centre (Merchants' Hotel) daily stages run to Belleville (5 M. S. W.)and Henderson ^ M. W., near Lake Ontario). Watertown (* Woodruff House; American; Kirby) is a prosperous city of 9,336i inhabitants with large factories on the rapids of Black River. The busi- ness part of the city is on the spacious square near the station, which is I 160 Route 25. CAPE VINCENT. Burrounded by substantial brick blocks. In the centre are two parked lawns and an elegant bronze fountain. A large retail trade is done by the shops in the two glass-roofed arcades near the square. Washington St. is a broad rural avenue which is lined with villas. There are 10 churches, 10 banks, and 1 daily and 3 weekly papers. The Brookside Cemetery is 2J M. S. of Watertown, and the new Calvary Cemetery, 2 M. distant, is favorably situated in a broad bend of the Black River. There are extensive caverns in the limestone formation under the city. Water- town was founded in 1800, and is the capital of Jefferson County. Tlie Sackett's Harbor.Branch of the Utica & Black River R. R. crosses the present route at Watertown. A branch of the R., W., & 0. R. R. runs thence N. W. 24 M. to Cape Vincent. After passing the stations Brownville and Limerick, the branch line approaches Chaumont Bay, on which are the stations of Chaumont ( Union Hotel) and 3 M. Point. This capacious bay affords large and lucrative seine-fisheries, lake-herring and white-fish being very abundant. The bay is nearly landlocked, and on its shores are several ship-yards. It was named in honor of Le Ray de Chaumont, a French gentleman who owned extensive tracts in N. N. Y. The limestone quarries in this town are of great value, and have furnished ma- terial for many of the public works along the lake. Cape Vincent {St. Laiorence Hotel) is an active commercial port, with grain-elevators, wharves, and a lighthouse. It was settled in 1809 in a favorable location near the efflux of the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario. The Vermont Central propellers stop here, and a line of ferry-boats runs to Kingston, Canada. A fine steamer leaves Cape Vincent (in summer) on the arrival of the trains at 9.35 a. m. and 4.55 p. m., and, after touching at Clayton, reaches Alexandria Bay at noon and at 7.45 p. h. ■ The main line runs N. R from Watertown across the wilderness towTi of Le Ray (2 stations), crosses Route 24 at Philadelphia, and passes Antwerp (Proctor House), a village on Indian River, near several large iron-mines. Rossie (with valuable iron and lead mines) is next crossed, and the train stops at Oouvemeur {Central Hotel; Van Buren House), on the Oswegatchie River. This tract belonged to Gouvemeur Morris, and was settled in 1805. The Wesleyan Seminary is located here, and the Riverside Cemetery, opposite the village, has pleasant grounds. The North Woods are sometimes entered from this station, by a road which leads by FuUersville and Edwards to Fine, 25 M. E. Cranberry Lake is 11 M. from Fine, by boating up the Oswegatchie River. Cranberry Lake to the Tupper Lakes, see page 149. Passing Richfield station, the train stops at De Kalb Junction. A railroad 26 M. long was built from E. De Kalb to the Clifton Iron Mines, toward Oanberry Lake. It is now disused. Daily stages run THE N. Y. CENTRAL R. R JtoutetS. 161 fh>m the junction to Clarksbaro* (Clifton Hotel), 24 M. S. K ; 12 M. be' yond which (poor road) is Cranberry Lake, a sheet 15 M. long, whose low shores have been flooded until the trees have died. Boats and guides may be obtained at the dam, 10 M. from Clarksboro', and the surrounding forests abound in haunts of trout and deer (but are deficient in scenery). The main line passes on from De Kalb to Canton {Bridges' Hotel), the capital of St. Lawrence County, with factories on the water-power afforded by Grass River. Canton is the seat of St. Lawrence University, a modem institution of the Universalist Church, with 70-80 students and a hand- some library building. Station, Potsdam {American Houae)^ a large factory village on the Raquette River, where the State Normal School is located. Potsdam to the Wilderness, see page 148. At Potsdam Junc- tion the line intersects the Lake Champlain R. R. (Route 14). A branch R. R. runs N. W. from De Ealb Junction, near the Oswegatchie River, to Ogdensburg (see Route 28). 28. New Tork to TTdca; Sochester, and Niagara Falls. By the N. Y. Central and Hudson River B. R.. which is a consolidation in one trunk-line of several smaller railroads. " From the time it leaves New York until it reaches Buffalo or Suspension Bridge, it traverses the garden of N. Y. State, rich in agricultural and industrial resources, and teeming with a large pop- ulation." The road and its efjuipment cost $63,300,000 ; and immense amounts are now being expended in laying a quadruple track throughout the whole line, to accommodate the Western ft«ight. Wagner's drawing-room and sleeping-cars are attached to the fast trains, and the road is laid with steel rails. New York to Poughkeepsie, 4 hrs.; to Albany, 5^ hrs. ; to Utica, 8^ hrs.; to Rochester, 14 hrs.; to BufTalo, 17 hrs. ; to Niagara Falls, 17 hrs. Fares. — New York to Poughkeepsie, $1.46; to Albany, $3.10; Fort 71ain, 14.28; Utica, $6; Syracuse, $6.06; Auburn, $6.58; Rochester, $7.68 ; Batavia, $8.30; Buffalo, $9.25; Niagara Falls, $9.25. Also to Burlington, Vt., $8.65; Montpelier, $10.30; Montreal, $12.05; Lake Luzerne, N. Y., $6.15; Coopers- itown, $6.15; Boonville, $6.40; Cape Vincent, $8.80; Oswego, $7.25; Clifton [Springs, $7.34. To Toronto, Ont., $12.25 ; Cleveland, $14.25 ; Detroit, $16.26 ; Cincinnati, $20; Chicago, $22; Milwaukee, $25; St. Louis, $27; St. Paul, $37.25; Memphis, $.S8.25 ; Vicksburg, $47; MobUe, $45; New Orleans, $60; lOmaha, $39.50 ; Salt Lake City, $119.50 ; San Francisco, $139.60 ; Portland. Or.. 1$ 175.50. Stations. — N. Y. to Albany, see pt,ge 62. From N. Y. to Albany, 142 M. ; shenectady, 159; Hoffhian, 168; Amsterdam, 175; Tribes' Hill, 180|; Fonda, 185J; Yost's, 191; Sprakers, 194; Palatine Bridge, 197; Fort Plain, 200; St. Tohnsville, 206; Little Falls, 215^; Herkimer, 223; Ilion, 225; Frankfort, 227; 7tica, 237 ; Whitesboro", 240J; Oriakany, 243 i ; Rome, 251 ; Verona, 259 J ; Oneida, 64 ; Canastota, 269 ; Canaseraga, 273 ; Chittenango, 275 ; Kirk ville, 279 ; Manlius, |82 ; Syracuse, 289J ; {Old Road) Camillu?. 298 ; Marcellus, 300 ; Skaneateles, 807 ; Bennett, 310 ; Auburn, 315 ; Cayura, 326 ; Seneca Falls, 331 ; Waterloo, 334 ; Ge- leva, 341 ; Phelps, 349 ; Clifton Springs, 853 ; Shortsville, 357J ; Canandaigua, |63J ; Farmington, 369J ; Fisher's, 377 ; Pittsford, 384 ; Rochester, 392 ; Mem- phis, 302 ; Jordan, 307 ; Weedsport, 311 ; Port Byron, 314| ; Savannah, 322 ; 31yde, 328 ; Lyons, 335 ; Newark, 340 ; Palmyra, 348* ; Macedon, 353 ; Fau^ort, I60i ; Rochester, 370* ; Chili, 381 ; Chm:ch';ille, 385 ; Bergen, 388 ; Byron, .S95 ; Batavia, 402* ; Crofts, 408* ; Corfti, 414 ; Crittenden, 419 ; Wende, 422 ; Grimes- 4Ue, 428 ; Forks, 431 ; BuflWo, 440 ; Niagara, 449 ; Cleveland, 622 ; Cincinnati. SO ; Chicago, 970 ; St Louis, 1,266 ; Salt Lake City. 2,637 : San Francisco. S.37a New York to Albany, see Route 8. •/. 162 RouU te. SCHENECTADY. 'II :ii PMsing out throngli the streets of Albany, the train soon reaches W. Albany f with its extensive cattle-yards, and with car and machine shops employing nearly 1,300 men. The line now approaches the Mohawk, and in 17 M. from Albany reaches BoheiMOtady {QiverCs Hotel; Car- leyi's)t a city of 11,026 inhabitants, situated on a broad intervale near the liver. It has 14 churches, i daily papers, and 2 banks; iron-works which have made 90 iron bridges for the Central R. R., and others which make 75 locomotives yearly. At the head of a hillside square on the E. is an arsenal of the State, near the pretentious Methodist Church. In the W. part of the city is the quaint old St. George's Church and an elegant Gothic church, while the old college buildings are near the river. On the E. is the Vale Cemetery, with a monument to 57 Revolutionary soldiers amid large pine groves. TTnion TTniversitj is situated on the heights over the city, and has 2 large buildings with long wings, between which is the costly and ornate • Library building, of stone, with Scotch granite columns, and forming a polygonal figure. Th.e collections of apparatus and specimens are large, and include the Wheatley Collection of minerals and shells ; and the library is of great value. A school of civil engineering and analytical chemistry is attached to the Univer- sity. Behenectady was assaulted at midnight, Feb. 8, 16&1, by 250 Frenchmen and Indians. 63 persons were massacred, and 27 were led into captivity ; while the town and church were given to the flames. Union College was founded in 1795 by a union of several religious sects, and is richly endowed. Eliphalet Nott was its president from 1804 until 1866. Leaving Schenectady, the University is seen on the r., and the line crosses the Erie Canal and Mohawk River on a long iron bridge, and trav- erses those alluvial plains of Glenville which were called Moialwyek and Woeatina by the ancient Dutch colonists. On the 1. is the fruitful Bouw- land, and Hoffman's Ferry is approached by the Touareunc Hills. The ferry was established by Hermanns Yedder in 1790. Glenville was settled by the Dutch in 1665, and was on the manor of Sander Leendertse Glen. Passing the villages of Van Vechteu and Cranesville, the train reaches ^^^Lmiterdam (Arnold House), a prosperous factory village of 5,426 inhab- itants, situated in a fertile farming country at the outlet of Chuctenunda (" twin-sisters ") Creek. On the broad Mohawk intervales are plantations of broom-corn, which flourishes in the deep alluvial loam; and the hill- country is devoted to pasturage, dairy products being an important source of revenue. Daily stages run from Amsterdam to Northville (24 M. N.); connecting with stages for Lake Pleasant (Wednesday and Saturday). Tribeii* Hill is a rural hamlet 6 M. W. of Amsterdam, and derives its name from a moimd where the Indians were accustomed to hold their coimcils. This district was held by the valiant Mohawks, who were conciliated by the settlers, and being hostile to the French on account of Champlain's raid m 1609, they TRIBES* HILL. Jtoute26. 163 formed valuable auxiliaries in the early carapalgna to the N. Between 1643 and 1648 the Jesuits labored among them, and fearlessly followed to martyrtlom their consecrated leader. Father Jogues, the discoverer of Lake 8t. Sacrement. In 1671 they led their proselytes to Canada, where the Mohawk dialect is still preserved at Caughnawaga. The heathen who remained strengthened the tribal " castles." and shielded the Anglo-Dutch colonies from French attacks. Several raids trom Montreal swept over the valley, and were repaid by a movement of the whole Mohawk nation upon that city, in which it was laid in ruins, and hundreds of Frenchmen were massacred. In 1692 the French harried the valley with strong forces, and destroyed the Indian castles, carrying back 300 captive warriors. In 1711 Fort Hunter was built near Tribes' Hill, and Queen Anne s Chapel was soon afterward erected, and was furnished with a communion service by Queen Anne. It stood near the castle of Osscunenon, and was fortified with artillery in the Revo- lution. About 1710 large numbera of immigrants from the German Palatinate settled here, and mingled with the Holland men. In 1735 Admiral Sir Peter Warren acquired abroad estate in this region, and sent his young nephew, Wm. Johnson, as his agent. In 1740 he built a large and well-fortified stone mansion between Tribes' Hill and Amsterdam, and lived in great state and elegance. He learned the Mohawk language, and frequently adopted their dress, and soon ac- Jnlreil an almost boundless infiuence over them. He commanded the army which efeated Dleskau at tlie Battle of Lake George, and was made a baronet for that achievement. In 1758 he led his red warriors in Abercrombie's army, and firom Mt. Defiance watched the disastrous attack on Tlconderoga. He died suddenly in 1774, and it is now supposed that he committed suicide to avoid making the awful decision to whom his allegiance was due, —his king or his country. His sons-in-law and heirs joined the royalists, and left their mansions (near Amster- dam ; Guy Park is still standing), leading bands of Mohawks and Tories to the British army. These lords of the valley made frequent forays through the settle- ments, with their Indians and the regiuient called "Johnson's Greens," but their lieutenants were badly defeated at the siege of Rome (Fort Stanwix). The Mo- liawl^ region was utterly devastated by these fierce raids, and its inhabitants were scattered. In 1780 Sir John Johnson led 500 men against Tribes' Hill, and com- mitted great devastations ; but in a second raid (in 1781) the militia gathered with 5>romptitude and de eated the Tory forces. The broad feudal domains of the Tohnsons were confiscated by Congress, and the valley was occupied by men of New England. Station, Ponda {Fonda Hotel\ the capital of Montgomery Connty, pleasantly situated on the Mohawk, and occupying the site of the ancient Indian village where the Jesuits were massacred. It was settled by the Butch, and named in honor of Douw Fonda, and was twice destroyed by Sir John Johnson's marauders. A railway runs N. firom Fonda 26 M. to Northville, passing through Johnsbywn, a populous village in the Cayadutta Valley, and the capital of Fulton County JM. N. W. of the village is Johnson Hall, the mansion erected by Sir Wm. ohnson in 1761, and where he ruled in baronial state until his self-inflicted death in 1774. His son. Sir John, armed his Scotch tenantry against the colonies, but was taken prisoner and paroled. The head-quarters of royalism in N. Y. was at Johnson Hall until a national force advanced against it (1776), when the loyal knight and his retainers fled through the wilderness to Canada. The last of his daring attacks was made in order to recover the family plate, which had been buried at the Hall. In 1781 a sharp action was fought here between 600 Tories and the American militi« The British government repaid Johnson for his seques- trated estates by a grant of $300,000 and a general's commission. Sir William lived 40 years ii) these forests, and had over 100 children. His grave is near the Johnstown I/Spiscopal Church. GloTemville is 4 M. N. of Johnstown, and has 6,200 inhabitants, with 7 churches and 2 weekly papers. It is famous for its glove manufactories, and it is claimed that more heavy gloves and mittens are made hereabouts than In the remainder of the U. S. The bucl(skins were formerly brought from the N. Wilderness, but are now Imported from rerr.ote States. Lake Pleasant is 46 M. N. of GloveraviUe (railroad to Northville, whenco i'lij 164 JiouU $6, SAQEVILLE. stages mn to the Lake, 20 M., on Wednesdays and Saturdavs). The road passes (1.) the Mayfleld Mts. and ascends the Sanandaga Valley, with tall mts. on either side, the country being thinly populated and rugged. At Pickleville the valley is left, and the road crosses the ridges to SagevUle vLake Pleasant Hotel, on heights overlooking the lake and village), the capital of Hamilton County, a rocky and sterile region, without railroad or newspaper, and with but 2,960 inhabitants on 1,745 square M. of area. SageviUe is pleasantly located on an eminence between Lake Pleasant and Round Lake, which here closely approach each other. Lake Pleasant is 4 M. long and 1 M. wide, and is bordered by high hills. Guides from the hotels conduct to the best llMhing and hunting grounds. The Sturgts House is a large summer hotel, 4 M. N. E. of SageviUe, and near the outlet of the lake. Bound Lake is just N. of SageviUe, and is U M. wide, with numerous capes and Islands. Hamilton, Little Long, Ox Bow, and other lal^es are near Sngeville. 16 M. N. by road is Lewev Lake, containing 2 square M. and 1,711 ft. high, with the noble Snowy Mt. near its shores rising to a height of 8,859 ft. The Raquette Lake region is visited trom SageviUe by Jessup's River, Indian and Blue Mt. Lakes (57 H. ; 88 M. by. water). Plseco Lake is 8 M. S. W. of SageviUe fby a road lead- ing along Ox Bow Lake). It is 6i x 11 M., and has bold and picturesque shores, esi>ecialiy near the outlet. The Sacandaga River and Oerundegut Bay afford good trouting. At the head of the lake is the deserted hamlet of Piseco. Numerous lakes stud the broad forests on every side, and rugged and primitive scenery is everywhere found. The Garoga L>akes and their connected waters form the reservoirs of the Hohawk, and are reached by plank road from Fonda (18 M.). The chief of these sequestered lakes are the Stink, Canada, Trout, and Green Lakes ; and the forest taverns are much frequented by sportsmen in pursuit of the game and fish which here abound. Pine Lake is 4 M. long, and is surrounded by tall pine groves. The E. Garoga Lake is 8 M. long, and is situated amid rugged scenery. Beyond Fonda the main line passes Yost's and the canal-village of Yates- ville, and then approaches the high hills called 'ilxb Noses, near which is Mitchell's Cave, with several rooms hung with stalactites. Stations, Spraker's, and Palatine Bridge, with a bridge crossing the Mohawk to Canajoharie (Kirby House), a pleasant village on the S. bank. This dis- trict was settled by Palatine Qermans in 1713, and was ravaged by the Tories during the Revolution. After Butler's raid on Port Plain In 1780, when 63 houses were destroyed and 76 persons were kiUed or captured, he was attacked by the garrison of Stone Arabia (a hamlet N. E. of Palatine Bridge). At the close of a sharp action in which tne assaUants were annihUated, Sir John Johnson led the Tories in retreat, and repelled the militia of the valley in a skirmish in St. JohnsviUe. The miUtia had made a forced march of 50 M., and were commanded by Gen. Van Rensselaer, but, becoming confused during a night attack on Johnson, thejr were withdrawn and the Tories escaped. Sharon Springs is 12 M. S. of Palatme Bridge and is reached by a daUy stage, passing through the rural villages of Cansjohane. Station, Fort Plain {Union Hall), a Krge village over which is seen (r.) the Fort Plain Seminary. During an attack upon this village in 1780 (the garrison being absent) the women dressed themselves in male attire, and manned the walls so effectually that the enemy withdrew in alarm. 3 M. from Fort Plain is the ancient Lutheran Church, which was endowed by the Nellis family in 1770. 4 M. S., on a narrow peninsula, are fortifi- cations of the ancient mound-builders; and the hill ^ M. N. W. of the village was the site of Fort Plain, a government post which was erected y LITTLE FALLS. RouUte. 165 road pMses 18. on either the valley !• 1. on heights a rocky and labitants on nee between (ther. Lake Guides from rgis House Is of the lake, us capes and Ingeville. 16 Igh, with the aquette Lake Ht. Lakes (57 a road lead- esque shores. ,y afford good I. Numerous ive scenery Is jrvolrs of the chief of these ind the forest md fish which i pine groves, jry. age of Yates- ^ear which is Stations, Mohawk to k. This dis- vaged by the s. destroyed and rlson of Stone harp action In rles In retreat, J. The mllltla an Rensselaer, ere withdrawn Bridge and is johane. which is seen illageinl780 male attire, jw in alarm, was endowed la, are fortifi- |n. W. of the was erected by a French engineer and was the strongest fort in the valley. Station, St. JohnsvilU, named from the ancient Church of St. John, the site of the Revolutionary Forts House and Hill. Near this place, after the battle of Stone Arabia, the Tories repulsed the valley militia under Van Rensselaer. East Creek is near the mouth of E. Canada Creek, which is crossed by au iron bridge 200 ft. long. The train now passes along the Manheim inter- vales, with the Danube hills across the river. At Indian Castle (1. ) Sir Wm. Johnson built a mission church in 1768; and the celebrated Mohawk chiefs Brant and King Heudrick, and tlie American General Herki- mer (mortally wounded at Oriskany) resided in Danube. Herkimer's (Erghemar) mansion, built of imported brick in 1763, is still standing. Little Falls {Benton House ; Jlinchinan's) is a busy manufacturing vil- lage situated in the narrow gorge of the Mohawk. Its houses are built on the steep declivities to the N. ; and the margin of the falling river ia lined with factories. The river here breaks through a ridge 6-600 ft. high, which is thought to have been the E. shore of a great lake reaching to Ontario until various erosive agencies cut through the barrier and drained the basin by au outlet through the Mohawk Valley. Little Falls is the market-town of Herkimer County, famous for its rich cheese, and in 1868-69, 213,707 cheeses, weighing 6,873 tons, were shipped from this point. Monday is the market-day, when farmers from the fertile pastur- age-lands of Herkimer throng the streets. The liver falls 45 ft. in ^ M., affording a fine water-power; and the bold rocky bills tower on either side and are pierced with many small caverns. Richfield Springs is 12 M. S. W. of Little Falls. Station, Herkimer, a prominent point for the shipment of cheese and the capital of Herkimer County (settled by the Palatinates in 1722). Near the Court House, on the point of Stone Ridge, stood Fort Dayton, a prominent frontier post during the troublous days of the devolution. A bridge crosses the river to the village of Mo- hawk, whence horse-cars run to Ilion. 2 M. from Herkimer the train stops at Ilion, a place of 3,876 inhabitants, with 4 churches, a bank, and 2 weekly papers. The village is S. of the river, and its reason for being is the Remington rifle-factory, with long ranges of buildings, where 1,000 men are employed. The capacity of the works is 800 rifles and many small-arms daily; and several remote and warlike nations have drawn their armaments from this peaceful village. Over 700,000 breech-loading rifles have been made here, including 50,000 for the U. S., 60.000 for Egypt, 10,000 for Rome, 3,000 for Japan, 42,000 for Denmark, 80,000 for Sweden, and 75,000 for Spain. During 7 months of the Franco-Prussian War, the works ran night and day. and made 155,000 rifles for France. Costa Rica and several S. American Republics have drawn their armaments from Ilion. Large quantities of agricultural implements are made here ; also sewing-machines and cotton-gins. The village society was made lively during the winter of 1873-74 by the residence here of several officers of the Spanish Republic, who were super> intending the preparation of armaments to be used against Carlos and Cartagena. I II III :,! '1 166 JR(mU96, UTICA. Beyond Frankfort (whence 850,000 pounds of cheese are sent yearly) the train crosses the Mohawk River on an iron bridge, and enters the city of Utioft. HotolSt— 'Butterfleld House, $8-4 a day, Genesee St. : Baggs' Hotel, near the siation: American ; Dudley, 92. Horiie-<;ara run ft-om the station out on Genesee Ht. to New Hartford ; to the Lunatic Asylum and Whitesboro' ; on Deer- field Hi ; and on Bleecker 8t. Railroads to the St. Lawrence River ; to Clinton and Norwich ; and to Binghamton (9*^ M. S. W.). The favorite excursions from Utica are to Trenton Falls (see page 153), 17 M. N. ; and to the Richfield Springs, 84M.S. Utioa is nearly in the centre of N. Y. State, and is situated on a broad plain S. of the Mohawk River. It has about 88,000 inhabitants, with 84 churches, 7 banks, 2 daily and several weekly papers. There are 17 pub- lic schools, with 4,600 pupils. The Welsh population has 4 churches, an jBisteddfod, a weekly paper (Y Drych) and the magazine Y CyfaiU o'r Hen Wlad ; and there are 6 Qerman churches, with 3 schools and 12 fraternities. The city water- works cost 9400,000; and the fire depart- ment has 10 companies. Utica derives its importance from being the market for rich and extensive rural districts, from which several railroads converge on this point. Here also the Erie Canal is met by the Clienango Canal, which runs S. 97 M. through the Oriskany and Chenango Valleys to Binghamton (and is being extended to meet the Penn. canal system at Athens). It was built in 1833 -37 at a cost of $ 2,782,124, and has 116 rubble-stone locks, overcoming an ascent of 706 ft. and a subsequent de- licent of 303 ft. Genesee St. is the main thoroughfare of Utica. It runs from the R. R. station across the canal and by several neat churches, then passes long lines of villas and is prolonged into the open country. The City Hall is on Genesee St. and is a spacious building of cream-colored brick, partly owned by the U. S. The Academy of the Assumption is on John St. ; and the old and well-known Utica Female Academy is on Genesee St. (comer of Washington). The ^ate Lunatic Asylum, is a large and imposing building situated on a farm of 130 acres in the W. of the city. It was opened in 1843, and has always occupied a high rank among the institutions devoted to the care of the insane. The rise of Utica is of recent date, and it occupies the site of Fort Schuyler (built in 1756). The convergence here of highways, railroads, and canals has greatly facilitated its progress, and large and lucrative manufactures have been located in the city. There are many workers in iron, brass, silver, marble, stained glass, cotton, and woollen : with manufactoi'ies also of shoes, cigars, carriages, telegraphic instruments, organs, and head-lights. The line now proceeds N. W. through that fertile valley which forms the lowest of the passes through the great Appalachian chain of mts., and which was formerly a favorite Indian trail to the lakes. Passing the sta- BOM& Rouute, 167 mi yearly) m the city Hotel, near itlon out on o' ; on Deer- ; to Clinton inlone from leld Bprlngf , , on a broad ats, with 34 are 17 pob- shnrches, an ■ Cvfaill o'r cols and 12 fire depart- n being the iral railroads he Clienango ango Valleys al system at and has US bsequent de- ica. It runs mrches, then ,untry. The ream-colored mption is on ademy is on Aaylum is a In the W. of a high rank Port Schuyler nd canals has [res have been parble, stained ^rs, carriages. which forms of mts.,and ssing the sta* tlonf of Whiteiboro' and Oriakany, in 14 M. firom Utloa the train enton the city of _ Borne. (Slanwix Hall, 1 8 a day ; American.) The population is 11,000, and it has somewhat of the cosmopolitan character of its majestic Italian name- sake, since of its 14 churches 2 are Welsh, 2 German, and 1 Irish. Large rolling-mills and R. R. shops are located here; and a prosperous country trade is carried on. 3 weekly papers are published, of which The Roman Citixen is the most prominent. The eastern Rome was the capital of the civilized world; the western Rome is a semi-capital of Oneida County, and, in default of the armaments of the imperial legions, has a small U. 8. arsenal. The Erie Canal was commenced in 1817 at this point, and 20 years later the Black River Canal was made from Rome to Lyons* Falls, connecting with navigable waters to the N. It ascends from Rome to the summit by 70 locks (693 ft rise), whence it descends 386 ft in 36 locks. The canal is 35 M. long, and cost $3,225,000. The Romans ex- pect a future goldeu age from the convergence on their city of the N. T. Central R. R., the Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg R. R. (Route 25), and the Rome Division of the N. Y. k 0. Midland R. R. The Indian portage called Deowainsta was on the site of Rome, and was an Im* portant strat^io point in the colonial days. A level " carry " of 1^ M. here separated the navigable waters of the Mohawlc (flowing into the Hudson) and Wood Creek (flowing into Lalce Ontario). At an early date 5 colonial farts were erected in this vicinity, and in 1750 Fort Bull was taken by M. de Lery with a Franco- Indian force of 362 men, flora Ogdeusburgh. A large amount of stores was de- stroyed, and 60 men of the garriDon were put to the sword. In 1766, after the f^nch hod taken Oswego, this whole district was abandoned, but in 1758 a pow- erful work called Fort StMtwIx (costing $ 300,000) was built on the site of Borne. It was evacuated after the Conquest of Canada, and was reoccupied by the 3d N. Y. regiment (700 men) in April, 1777. Later in the year it was be- leaguered by a detachment of 1,700 men flrom Burgoyne's army, imder 8t Leger and the Indian chief Brant. The militia of the county gathered quickly, and were being led to the relief of the fort when theywere ambuscaded near Oriskany, and were hemmed in by overpowering forces. The militia formed a hollow circle and fought desperately for 6 hours, losing their chief, Oen. Herkimer, and 160 men, but finally repelling the enemy. During this action, a sortie from the fort had swept through the hostile camps with fatal effect Bt L^[er now began a formal siege of the American works, and his parallels were within 160 yards of the ramparts when tidings came that strong relief parties under Arnold were hurnring up the Mohawk Valley. The British army broke up in flight leaving tents, bag- gage, artillery, and hospitals behind. The line runs S. W. from Rome, and passes Green's Comers and Verona. E. of the latter station are Verona Springs (water-cure hotel), whose waters contain 720 grains of muriate of soda in each gallon, and are saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, resembling the English Harrowgate Springs. To the S., in the town of Vernon, lives the remnant of the ancient Indian nation of the Oneidas, the former owners of all this land for many leagues. Station, Oneida {Eagle Hotel; National), a village with nearly 4,000 inhabitants, at the crossing of the N. Y. and Osw^^ if 1 ''Is li 168 JHouu ge. SYBACUSB. Midland B. B. (see Route 32). The line now nms parallel with Cieida Lake, but 6 - 8 M. S. of it. Station, Caiiasiotaj celebrated for its manu^ factory of astronomical and philosophical instruments. The Cazenovia and Canastota B. B. runs S. W. by Perryville and Ghittenango Falls to Cazenovia (15 M.), where it intersects the Syracuse and Chenango Valley B. B. Passing Canaseraga station (2 M. N. of the village), the train reaches Chittenango (* White Sulphur Springa Hotel), situated in the narrow valley of the outlet of the Cazenovia Lake. This village is cele- brated for its magnesia and sulphur springs, which are held to be effi- cacious in diseases of the skin, liver, and stomach. The waters are charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, and resemble the Fauquier White Sulphur Springs in Virginia. They flow from a ledge of rocks 1 M. S. of the village, and the vicinity is attractively adorned. Ohittenango is not a fashionable resort, but is visited annually by ^iiany invalids, who use the medicinal waters with great benefit. Besides the hotels, there are several cottages for summer residents, neav the waters. The once famous Yates Spring is now but little used. From a hill in this vicinity is ob- tained a pleasing view of the Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes, and the inter- vening country, and 2 - 3 M. above the springs the Chittenango Creek falls 136 ft. perpendicularly over a limestone cliflF. At Perryville, 2-3 M. E. of the springs, the Canaseraga Creek has a waterfall 130 ft. high. Stations, Kirkville, and Manlius, a pleasant village near the once favorite Elk Horn Springs (1 M. N.; sulphuretted hydrogen). Other mineral waters are found here, and on Limestone Creek (to the S.) is a waterfall 100 ft. high. Near Manlius are the Green Lakes^ of which Lake Sodom is the chief, and is ^ M. across and 156 ft. deep. " The bottom is a grass-green slate; the sides white shell marl; and the brim black vegetable i^ould; the waters perfectly limpid. The whole appears to the eye like a rich porcelain bowl, filled with limpid nectar. But to the taste it is the Harrowgate water. The waters contain much sulphate of lime and sulphuretted hydrogen gas." (Prof. Silliman.) These singular pools are in deep chasms in the limestone, and waterless fissures; in the vicinity retain ice until far into the summer. The Deep Spring is a sub- terranean stream £. of Manlius. Valuable quarries of lime and gypsum are worked in this town. Syraonie. Hotelg. — *Globe Hotel, near the R. R track, 1 8.50 ; Vanderbilt House ; Em- pire ; St. Charles. Keadlns-Booma. — Central Library, High School building ; Franklin In- stitute . Y. M. C. A., 13 S. Salina St. ; Catholic Toung Men's Assoc, 9 Lamed Building. Post-Office in Bastable Block, E. Genesee St. Amuaementa at the Opera House, E. Genesee St. HoTse-Cara to Oakwood Cemetery (2 M.), Onondaga Hollow (4 M.). Oeddes (2 M.), and Brighton Comer, on Salina, Fayette, James, Green, E. Genesee, and Lodi Sts. Stagti to Cicero, Euclid, Pompey Hill, Central Square, Navariuo, and Cardiff. SYRACUSE. Route te. 169 Ballroada.— The Synumse Northern, to Sandy Creek (and Ogdensburg) to Oran and Tunnel ; to Binghamton, 80 M. : to Oswego, 35 M. (see Route Z6). Stbacusb, the " Central City," is situated on level ground S. cf Onon- daga Lake, and is midway between Albany and Buffalo. It has 54,122 inhabitants, 9 banks, 3 daily papers, 40 churches, and 2 convents (Fran- ciscan and St. Anthony's) ; and is the seat of largo and varied manufactures, deriving a^so much importance from being a focus of R. R lines. It has several £~') halls, and, from its central position, has become well known as the gathering-place of political and religious conventions. The streets are broad and level, and generally cross each other at right angles; while the heights in the S. E. are being adorned with villas and rural streets, and the surrounding country is rich and fertile. The public schools have 150 teachers, and 7,738 pupils. The Court House of Onondaga County is near the centre of the city, and is a handsome structure of local limestone. On a hill 1 M. N. E. is the Penitentiary, with accommodations for nearly 900 convicts; and other charitable and correctional departments occupy large buildings in the vicinity. The 3 Orphan Asylums, the State Asylum for Idiots (on a hill in Geddes), and the High School are fine buildings; so is also the City Hall, on Washington St. St. Vincent's Asylum is a striking edifice (on Madison St.), and the business blocks of Bastable, Granger, Larned, and Ritchie are locally much esteemed. The * Syraouse University is situated on the heights to the S., and has a new and costly building. The University was founded in 1870, is under the Methodist Church, and has ample endowments. The Hall of Languages was com- pleted in 1873, and other buildings are to be erected on the 50 acres of the campus. There are 18 professorships and 108 students. Connected with the University is a College of the Arts, divided into the two schools of architecture and painting, where 4 years are devoted to aesthetics, the modem languages, and the theory, practice, and history of art (15 pro- fessors). The view from the Hall of Languages embraces the city and its suburbs and the long Onondaga Lake. Near this point, and seen from all parts of the valley, is Renioick Vaatle^ an imposing mansion in mediaeval castellated architecture, and surrounded by fine trees, over which its gray towers are seen. The Salt Springs are N. W. of Syracuse, near the shores of Onondaga Lake, and have been used for centuries. The State took control of them in 1797, since which time about 230,000,000 bushels of salt have been made. 35 g^ons of water yield 1 bushel There are 24 wells (160-417 ft. deep), emplo3ring 6,000 laborers, equipped with over 40,000 solar vats (covering 730 acres) and 15-20,000 kettles. 200,000 tons of coal are used annually, and 8-9,000,000 bushels of salt are made, yieldmg the State (from a tax of Ic. a gallon) a net revenue of 9 30 -40,000. It Is thought that the brine comes from vast subterranean deposits of rock-salt. The solar vats are 16 by 18 ft., very shallow, arranged in groups of 3, protected by covers in rainy weather, and each yields 60 bushels during the season. The pro- duct of these spr«.ng.s for the last 80 years would make 4 pyramids, each as large as the great pyramid of Egypt The processes of evaporation and ^e solar works are worthy of inspection (horse-cars from Genesee St). 8 li 170 Rouuee. ONONDAOA LAKE. Ommdngm I«k« is 6 M. long, 1} M. wide, and S61 ft. above fhe aea. It la the remnant of a vast basin, and on its shores are found samphire and other marine plants. Small steamers ply between Syracuse and Phoenix, on the Oswego Biver. In this vioinity were the council centres and chief villages of the Onon- daga Indians, a laige mbe of the Six Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy. While ^e Mohawks and Senecas were the most warlike of the tribes, the Onondagas were the conservators and guardians of the religious Htes and shrines, and were the Levites of the Confederacv. The Jesuits failed in several attempts to fouiid missions here, and English colonization only began after 1780. Near Liverpool, on the E. shore, was the chief tribal fortress. le tower built and cleared the wallit. i disastrously, and ere shot firom the I., amid a horrible iron invaders, and ount de Frontt nac ed in this vioiiity Dited their forc<«, infortunate Latins his locality shortly 1 at Pompty Hiu, 520. Somedistin- discoverer Of the I was his "silver- b the land of So- J ^uehanna region reservation about a sharp dissension luaws favored one le contested honor irseof the present thi site of Syra- .787. The Indians tnhealthy climate, (loved. When the habitants in Syra- Ines,— the "New ochester in 81 M. ; ind traversing 102 ner line ; the Old ot Geddes, and itions, Memphis, At Weedsport *ort Byron (1 M. the Montezuma «nd. On the I. i giving name to ^illnge of Clyde loosands of acres ased in the U. S. 7' ■. f- ;| if 'n i li iS I IN dii Sa Ills r ■' E' ' ' 1 ^ ■•"'■' • *■ ■ -V -1 * • i ■ I ■ ■ ■ •■ "' ■ .' 1 1 _ . - > \ i • / ■ .■■■ ■: - t •• ■ ■ 1 '■ ' • ■ r .■• ^•. . i V ■'* ' » ■ * * T' ■ • , '- ^ , '^ - ■ ■■ « •■ > ■ / '•■■. * 1 * . i ' "> V m '' ^ ' ' .• w ^ * ■ ' ^ ■ t »- ■ ,' ^ > r . - *- • .• * •■•■«♦ V 4 1 5- -,■• . 1 i .■ • i ■■■ ' ^ • • »■>■■ 1 • r ? ' ■> . • t ; . •>■ ^ -- •- - ROCETESTER. RouUte, 171 Is raised here. The second and third years' crops are cut and distilled, yielding 20-25 pounds of oil to the acre ($ 2 • 5 a pound). 60c. a pound is charged for distilling tho oil, which is sent to market in 1-pound bottles. The line now follows the Erie Canal to Lyoni (Congress Hall), the capital of Wayne County, and a neat and pleasant village. It has 8,S50 inhabi- tants, 7 churches, 2 weekly papers, 3 banks, several factories, and 20 peppermint distilleries. From Lyons there were shipped, in 1870, 100,000 pounds of peppermint oil, 75,000 bbls. of apples, 600,000 pounds of to- bacco, 3,000 bbls. of cider, and 3,000 baskets of cherries, besides large quantities of grain. Wayne is also probably the foremost county in the Union in the production of dried fruits, for whose manipulation ingenious machinery is used. The Court House is a fine stone building with a large d ;me and an Ionic portico. Pilgrim Port, 2 M. N. R of Lyons, has been occupied successively by the Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Com- munists. The train next enters Arcadia (township), and stops at Newark, a village where 2,248 inhabitants support 11 churches of as many different sects. At this point the Central B. R. crosses the Sodus Point and South- em R. R., which ezteuds 34 M. from Qorham (on the N. Central R. R.)to Lake Ontario. Near Palmyra, Joe Smith claimed to have found the golden plates of the Monnoa Bible buried in a hillside, while under the guidance of angels. He formed a new religious sect, and led his proselytes to Nauvoo, 111., where he amassed great wealth, and arrogated to himself the title of " President of the Church of the Latter Day Saints." After many lawless acts he was conflned in the county prison at Carthago, where (in 1844) he was killed by the citizens. In 1847 Brigham Young led tlie Mormons across the trackless Western plains, and founded Salt Lake City, in Utah Territory. The sect is still on the increase, and has converted the district S. of Salt Lake into a rich agricultural land. Spiritual- ism (or spiritism) also dates its origin fi^m the ancient domain of the sacerdotal and superstitious Onondagaa ; and its first " rap" was heard by the Fox family, March 31, 1849, at Hydesville, 7 M. ft'om Palmyra. The austere and sancti- monious Christian sect called the Free Methodists hold their camp-meetings near Palmyra. After leaving Palmyra the line runs parallel with the Erie Canal, passes the busy little factory-villages of Macedon, Fairport, and Brighton, crosses the Genesee River, and enteni the city of Boohester. Hotels.— *Osbum House, $4 a day. Main St.: Brackett Hotel, Concrefis Hall, Reed's, — all near tlie R. R.atation ; Clinton House, Exchange St. ; Whit- coinb House, corner Main and Canton Sts. ; Wood's ; Waverley. Antusementa at the Opera House, St. Paul St., near the Osbum House; and at Corinthian Ilali. R&iding-Rooma at the Athenseuni, W. Maiu St Fott- Qffice in the Arcade, W. Main St Horge-Cara on Main, W. Main, Alexander, Monroe, St. Pan!, Clinton, Ex- chatiKe, and State Sts., to the University, Mt Hope Cemetery, )^t Mary's Hoftpi- til, Lake Avenue, and Brighton. Omnibuses firom comer State and W. Main Sts; to city line at East Ave. half-hourly ; to the toll-gate, 8 times daily ; from the Arcade to N. St. Paul St ; flrom S. St Paul St to South Ave. Stages daily to Greece, Penfleld, Webster, and Ontario ; tri-weekly to Scottsville, Henrietta, and Rush : semi-weekly to Honeoye Falls. 172 itouute. ROCHESTER. Ballroadt*— Rochester Div. Brie Railway, to Corning, 96 IC. ; Charlotte Branch, N. Y. Central R. R. to Charlotte, 7 H. ; N. T. Central R. R. to Suepen- ■ion Bridge, and to Buffalo ; also the Old and New Routes to Syracuse. Steamen from Charlotte to the ports on Lake Ontario. Rochester is a handsome modem city, favorably sitnated on both sides of the Genesee River at the falls, and 7 M. from Lake Ontario. It has 62,386 inhabitants (in 1870), with an assessed valuation of $ 14,067,275 (^ of its real valuation). There are 56 churches (8 German, 1 French, 10 Cath., 8 Pres., 8 Meth., 7 Epis.) ; 19 schools, with 10,585 pupils ; and 9 Catholic schools and 3 convents, with 2,770 pupils. There are 6 banks, 5 daily papers (2 German), 7 weeklies, and 3 monthlies. The manu< factures are extensive and various; and Rochester claims pre-eminence among the cities of the world for its flour-mills and its nursery trade. Along the immense water-power of the Genesee Falls are place;! 30 flour- millf). with an annual capacity of 1,000,000 barrels, and from this great pro pupils;, and e are 6 banks. The manu- pre-erainenco aursery trade, lacpu 30 flour- rom this great The immense ,000 acres) are Lay be seen the flowers, oma- ) tracts of fra- i (attractive in cal and exotic $2,500,000 are ;h Ave.). The ;e as Main, W. a the centre of tre the finest used it a visit They itories high, with )ne, the wings of nd Iron, and the J 8,000,000 brick, sand (In mortal). ;ion of Americau .aymaking Scene, it, Deerfleld, and isa), Longworthy : nite CaBon, Han- ngardt; Tuppers tucket, Bextrani; luron, Martivm, ; ie Passaic, Cherry Michigan, Sunset \SiedoU: Wachu- iekhoven; several also found here, itlngs by Huhner, iethsemane : also >r copies of Coles open to visitors; imall fiM), whence a pleasant * view in gained, embracing the whole elty, the rich ruburban towni, the nurwriofl of \V. Brighton in the 8., and in the N. the OeneMe River, Charlotte, the broad expanse of Luke Ontario, and (on clear dayn) the Cana> dUn coHHt beyond. One of the chief utations of the Weather Bureau of the U. 8« War Dep't is located in thic building. Neftt' the Powers Buildings is the Arcade, and nearly opposite is the Court House of Monroe County, with a tall Ionic portico. Back of this is the new City Hall, a plain, dignified, and commodious stone building ; and the ornate and costly High School is in the same vicinity. The Athenceum is at present in the Court House, and has a library of over 20,000 volumes. The University of Rochester has new stone buildings fronting across a verdant campus on UniverHity Ave. The Ward Cabinet is said to contain the best geological collections in the U. S. The main hall is a massive sandstone building for lecture-halls ; near which a costly Library hall has been erected (12,000 volumes in library). The University was founded by the Baptists in 1846, and has 8 professorships and about 150 students. The Rochester Theological Seminary (Baptist) has about 70 students, with a rich library (15,000 volumes), including 4,600 volumes which formed the library of Neander, the German church- hLstorian. Among the professors are Drs. A. H. Strong, Buckland, and Schaffer. On West Ave. is St. Mary's Hospital, an imposing stone building 250 ft. long, with accommodations for 800 patients (under the care of the Sisters of Charity). The 3 Catholic asylums shelter 260 orphans ; and the Sisters of Notre Dame teach 1,300 children. The City Hospital (West Ave. ; 125 patients) and the Penitentiary (S. of the city; 250 inmates) have'spacious buildings. On a h .1 1 M. N. of the centre of the city and near the river is the Western House of Refuge, with extensive buildings situated on a farm of 42 acres, enclosed by high walls and stockades. It accommodates 500 boys, and was founded by the State in 1849 for the reformation of youthful criminals. The Erie Canal, after passing the Irondequoit Valley on lofty embankments, enters Rochester and crosses the Qenesee River on an aqueduct of cut stone which cost $ 600,000. It then meets the Genesee Valley Canal, which runs S. W. 125 M. (with branches) to Pennsylvania, ascending 978 ft. by 97 locks, and built at a cost of nearly $ 8,000,000. The suburban streets of Rochester are adorned with pleasant villas and gardens, and help to confirm the local belief that this is the most beautiful city in N. Y. State. Near the S. line (horse-cars to the gate) is * Movit Hope Cemetery, whose groves and hills and shady promenades form a resort of famed attractiveneiis. The ornamental gateway* opens upon a broad circular lawn, near which is the chapel. On a hill to the 1. is the Observatory tower, commanding the finest • view in this vicinity. The Penitentiary and Insane Asylum are seen near at hand, with the el^^nt mansion of the late Judge Warner ; while the eye follows the Genesee 174 Rouuie, ROCHESTER. ' ii i River fh>m the blue hills far in the S. to the broad sheet of Lake Ontario in the N. Rochester and its S. and W. suburbs are also overlooked. The cemetery contains 217 acres, and 22,226 burials have taken place here. The great EUwanger k Barry nursery is dose by (on the N. E.). The OtiMM* Fftllf are within the city, and are interesting in an indns* trial point of view. The river falls 226 ft in 8 M., and has 8 cataracts. The upper fall is 96 ft. high, and is best seen by descending the r. bank below and walking up the ledge by the water-side. Much of its water is taken away in races for the use of the mills on the 1. bank, and the Falls present a fine appearance only at high water. Over these cliffs of Niagara limestone, Sam Patch, the daring gymnast, made his fatal leap into the waters below. From this point the river flows through a deep gorge bordered by cliffs (and spanned by the Vincent Place Bridge, a triumph of engineering) to the middle falls, If M. below. This cataract is best seen from the L bank, and is reached by the horse-cars on State St. and Lake Ave. The middle fall is 25 ft. high; and a short distance below are the lower falls, where the river descends over a ledge of Medina sandstone 84 feet high. The lower, falls are not improved, being in a deep ravine, and are much more picturesque than those above. The geological theory is that the river once fell over cliffs higher than those of Niagara; but by attrition carried on through ages on strata of unequal resisting powers, it has worn its way back through the long Rochester gorge, and formed a succession of smaller cascades. The immense water-power of the upper falls gives Rochester its importance as a manufacturing city. In 1872 there were $ 60,0(X),000 worth of merchandise exported from Rochester, and $20,000,000 worth of manufactured goods were. made. It is said fhat more of the citizens here own their homes than is the case in any other American city of equal size. The first settler came to fhfs site in 1790, but there was no village for many ? rears. In 1812 the city was laid out and founded by Nathaniel Bocnester ; and ts growth began after the close of the War of 1812, and the completion of the Erie CanaL Of the present population (62,886) 7,780 are Germans, 6,078 Irish, 2,658 Canadians, 2,630 English, 610 Hollanders, 475 French, 440 Swiss, 428 Scotch, 71 Poles, 678 from Massachusetts, and 690 firom Connecticut. Charlotte (pronomiced ShaAoW) is the port of Rochester, an,d is situated on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Glenesee. It is 7 M. from the city, and is reached by a branch R. R., or by steamer (in summer; 25c. ) down the river, — a pleasant excursion. The lake-steamers touch here; and the village has 2 elevators and a blast-furnace. Along the W. shore are the long bayous oi Greece, and on the E. is the deep and narrow Ironde- quoit Bay. Daily steamers cross Lake Ontario (70 M.) t6 Toronto (see Route 28). The beach extrading W. from Charlotte is much visited in summer, and has a laige hotel and numerous cottages. BATAYIA. JtouUte, 175 lake Ontario ooked. The place here. E.). in an indns- 8 cataracts. J the r. bank r its water is and the Falls ffs of Niagara leap into the a deep gorge ge, a triumph ataract is best Stete St. and ince below are Una sandstone a deep ravine, )logical theory iagara; but by ting powers, it ), and formed a r of the upper city. In 1872 •om Bochester, de. It is said the case in any village for many . Rochester ; and jmplction of the lans, 6,078 Irish, wisB, 428 Scotch, an,d is situated from the city, ler; 25c.) down luch here; and le W. shore are narrow Ironde- Toronto (see lUch visited in JHoehe$ter to Buffalo. The train passes V: y. C*Htrmt - 17. Crwi/ yyttit^n i>, Cntdnttl Horn*.. 19, iHttmalioHdl HauM w fo. Sp^mtr HoHM. K % *i. Cli/loH H«»u., ...4. ....... B. I at. MtHitmgli H»M$ Da. Ij. Muunm — •4. Vitltria Hall Vl! NIAGARA FALLa Jtoutei?. 177 27. Viagara Falla Hotels*— * Cataract House. 600 guests, $4.60 a day (closes late in Oct); <> International Hotel, $4.50 a day. These hotels are of the lirst class, and are alongside each other, close to the rapids. Opposite the R R station is the Spencer House. 800 guests, $ 8. 50 a day (open all the year). The Park Place Hotel (^ 3-8.50 a day) is on the main street of the village. There are several smaller and less expensive hotels. On the Canadian side— <> Clifton House, facing the Falls and ^ving the best view ($8.50 a day, — U. 8. money) ; Victoria Hall Hotel, on the heights over the Clifton, $ 2 - 8 a day. The village inns at Drummondville (1 M. flrom the Falls) chaige $ 7 - 10 a week. At Suspension Bridge, 2 M. flrom the Falls, is the Monteagle Hotel, a fine stone building accommodating 200 guests ; $ 2.50 - 8 a day, $ 12 - 15 a week. There are also several inns at Susp. Bridge and in the Canadian village of Clifton. Railroads. — The N. T. Central to New Toric in 447 M. (Route 26) : the Erie, to New York in 442 M. (Route 83) ; the Great Western, to Detroit (280 M.) and Chicago (514 M.) ; the Erie and Ontario, to Queenston and Niagara (12 M.), also to Chippewa and Fort Erie (Buffalo). To Buffalo by the Erie or the N. Y. Central (22-26 M.) ; to Lewiston, by the N. Y. Central, 8 M. ; to Philadelphia, 488 M., by the Erie, Lehigh Valley and N. Penn. R. Rs. To Boston, 506 M., by the N. Y. Central and the Boston and Albany R. Rs. To Baltimore, 421 M. ; to Washington, 461 : to Richmond, 577 ; to Cincinnati, 450 ; to St. Louis, 726 ; to Memphis, 937 ; to New Orleans, 1^15 ; to Omaha, 1,005 ; to San Francisco, 2,912. CarTlaseg. — The hackmen of Niagara have been a source of continual annoy- ance to visitora by their importunity and extortion. They may easily be shaken off by a prompt and Arm refusal ; and gentlemen who wish to ilde with them should make an explicit verbal contract before starting, — in which the places to be visited, the time to be taken, and the compensation, should be distinctly understood by both parties. There is then but little danger of trouble. The tolls on the bridges and roads are paid by the tourist. No reliance should be placed on the hackman's statement of distances. The tariff for carriages is $ 2 an hour, but special contracts may be made at lower rates for visiting specified points. These rates vary with the men, the season, and the size of the party. A buggy and driver may be hired for $ 5 a day. The trip on the Canadian side includes the Table Rock, the Burning Spring, Lundy's Lane, the lower Suspension Bridge, and the Whirlpool (and sometimes Brock's monument on Queenston Heights). There is but little need of a carriage on the American shore unless busp. B -idge is visited, — Goat Island and Prospect Park being more easily and pleasantly trav- ersed on foot. A carriage and span may be hired (outside the hotels) for $ 10 a day to carry 4-5 ijersons to all the points of interest on both shores, — including the Suspension Bridge and Queenston Heighte. Tolls and entrance-fees aro not included in this price. Guides may be obtained in the village, but there is no fixed tariff. Shops for the sale of bead-work, baskets, fans, photo^^phs, mineraiS, spar and agate jewelry, eto., abound in various parts of the village. Many of these articles are manufactured by the Tuscarora Indians, who live on a reservation 7 M. distant. Indian squaws are seen at different points selling these wares, which are generally pretty and inexpensive. The extortions at Niagara have become world-famed, and are much exaggerated. It is true that the tourist is called upon to pay at nearly every step in the vicinity of the Falls (on the American side), but theu he is continually using facilities and improvements which have cost large amounts of money and are only remu- nerative for a few months in the year. The Falls and their surroundings are fre- quently " done " bv parties in a single day ; and a^ many rare and curious olijects are seen as would be found in weeks of ordinary travel The payment must he in some degree commensurate. Touriste who remain several days or weeks at Ni- agara can avail themselves of season-tickets to various pointe at low rates, and their expenses need be no greater than they would be at New York or Newport. Much of the extra expense at Niagara is due to the fact that the majority of tour- ists here indulge in luxuries which are neither necessary or customary. Nowhere are carriages so needless as here, since the distJBUices aro short and the roads are unmistakable. A gentleman travelling e» garson may spend 2 days here for less 8» I. 178 Route t7. NIAGARA FALLS. li i than $10, by avoiding some of the less interesting (yet always expensive) locali- ties ; by l)eing satistled witli comfortable, instead of luxurious, hotel-accommoda- tions ; and by walking, as he would at home. Arriving at the Falls in the morn- ing, the day should be devoted to the American side and principally to Ooat Island (good dining-saloon in the village). Crossing to the Canadian shore at evening, the second day should be given to that side. The chief points of inter- est are Prospect Park (20c.), Goat Island (50c.), the New Suspension Bridge (25c.) with the view from its Canadian tower (25c.), and the Burning Spring (40c!>. The great vice of modem travel, to wit, the visiting of places in order to say that they have been visited by the tourist, is very prevalent at Niagara ; and many (perhaps most) of those who go there come away with a vague idea of a little natural scenery, conftisedly mingled with swarms of vociferous hackmen, and obscured by a luge expense-roll. Should he devote a week or more to the careful and rev- erent study of this paramount wonder of the world, the summer-voyager would carry away a fadeless memory of sublimity, joining in the enthusiasm of two of the f cessively, and came out unharmed (1829). From the foot of the stai^'viray a path diverges to the 1., along which Prof. Tyndall and a guide advanced in 1873, wading waist-deep torrents, and passing nearly to the centre of the Horse-Shoe Fall. The road which continues along tlie top of the cliff soon reaches a bridge which leads to the islet where Terrapin Tower formerly stood (it was blown up in 1873). A visitor once fell from this bridge and was carried to a rock on the verge of the Falls, whence he was rescued speechless by means of ropes. The • ♦ vievr of the Horse -Shoe Fall from this islet is one of the grandest about Niagara. The width of thi« Fall is nearly 2,400 ft., with a height of 158 ft. (6 ft. loss than the NIAGARA FALLS. Route i7, 181 American Fall). Near Its centre is tiie smooth dark green current which marks the deepest water of the FitUs, — over 20 ft The term "Canadian Fall" is often applied to the waters W. of Qoat Island, but it is inexact, since the national bounoanr passes down the centre of the Horse^ Shoe, leaving fUlly half of the W. Falls in the domain of the Republic. Th<) out- line of this Fall has been so changed that the horseshoe curve is less apptirenfc than formerly. In recent years large sections of the adjacent clifb of Ooat Isluid have fallen into the abyss below, and Gull Island, near the curve of the Falls, i\u been washed away. In 1827 the condemned ship Michigan was sent over tke Horse-Shoe Falls with a cargo of animals, one of which, a samcious bear, de- serted the ship in the midst of the rapids, and swam ashore. In 1841 the old frigate Detroit (of Perry's fleet) was set adrift toward the Falls, but lodged among the rocks in the rapids, and was cut to pieces by the ice the next winter. Hun- dreds of wild ducks are carried over every year, and are picked up dead on the river below. Centuries ago the Indians were accustomed to spend some weeks of the autumn here, for the game which they could find. In 1810 a salt-boat sunk off Chippewa, and 3 of the crew were carried over the Falls ; in 1821, a scow and 2 men went over ; in 1825, 5 more, 3 of whom were in canoes ; in 1841, a sand- scow and 2 men, and 2 smugglers ; in 1847, a young boy, who tried to row across above; in 1848, two children were plajring in a skiff, when it got loose, — the mother, wading out, saved one, but the other was swept over, grasping the boat on each side. In 1871, 3 strangers tried to row across iar above, but the current drew them in, and carried them down ; and in 1873, a newly married couple, while rowing about near Chipjpewa, were drawn into the central current, and passed over the Falls in each other's arms. Many other disastei s have occurred above and below the Falls, as if to verify the Indian tradition that Niagara demands 2 victims yearly. Two bull-terrier dogs have made the plunge over the American Falls without harm. One of them lived all winter on a dead cow which it found on the rocks below ; and the other trotted up the ferry-stairs, very much aston- ished and grieved, within an hour from the tune when he was thrown firom Goat Island Bridge. The * Three Sitters are rugged and romantic islets S. W. of Goat Island, and are reached by 3 pretty suspension bridges connected with the road leading from Terrapin Bridge. They afford the best * view of the Bapids at their widest, deepest, and most tumultuous part, where the base of their heaviest whirl is wreathed with mist. A light bridge leads to another picturesque islet near the third Sister. "The Three Sisters are mere fni.gments of wilderness, clumps of vine-tangled woods, planted upon masses of rock ; but they are parts of the fascination of Niagara which no one resists." Between Moss ^the first Sister) and Goat Island is the Hermit's Cascade, where Francis Abbott, the Hermit of Niagara, was wont to bathe. He was a yoimg Englishman, who had travelled over much of Europe and Asia, and had alter- nated protracted theological studies with metropolitan dissipation until a mental unsettling ensued. He came here in 1889, and lived on Goat Island for 2 years, with no companions but a dog and cat, flute, violin, and books. He dressed in a long robe, and wrote much (in Latin), Removing to Point View, near the Amer- ican Fall, in 1841, he was soon afterward drowned while bathing. From the head of Goat Island, 1 M. up river, is seen the white house which stands on the site of Fort Schlosser, near which, at the raouth of Cayuga Creek, Father Hennepin and La Salle spent the winter and spring of 1678-79. They built here a 60-ton vessel, the Griffln, and sailed up the great lakes to Green Ba y (Wisconsin). Fort du Portage was afterward erected at Schlosser, and was taken by the English in 1759, after a si^, in which the French garrison destroyed their armed store-ships in Burnt Ship Bay. On Navy Island (near Schlosser) the Cana- dian insurgents of 1837 bad their head-quarters, and communicated with the 182 JtmUe ft. NIAGARA FALLS. ' I Amerioan shore by the steamer CSaroIin«. A British force boarde«l the Caroline by night, and after a short strasKle beat off the crew. The vessel was then set on fire, and drifted down, blazing through the darkness, to the cascades below Ooat Island, where she went to pieces (some say that she plunged over the Falls in a mass of flame). CoL Allan McNab, who ordered this attaclc, was soon afterwards kntghted. Grand Istond is above Navy Island, and is 12 M. long and 2 - 7 M. wide (containing 17,240 acres), la iS20 Mordecai M. Noah endeavored to make this island a home for the scattered Hcbi'ev/.« thr.^ngbout the world. After much legislation and wide correcipondf nee witli his compatriots, he put up a monument on the island, inscribed, "Araya!;, ti city of refum^ for the Jews," etc. Bu* the European Rabbins denouncttd tlio movement, ).t» 1 the project was abandoned. *PiORp6«t Fbxk (entrance, 20c.; sea.%p. ticket, 50c.; entrance and ferriage o'/ an endless cable, which is worked by water-power. Paths lead from the base of the cliflF into the spray toward the Falls; also to Point View, and to 2 small caverns nearly 1 M. distant (the path is nigged and dangerous). Near the foot of the railway the tourist enters a lurgia rowboat, which is tossed about as if on a stormy 0ea by the tumultuous waters. The * view of the Falls from mid-stream (or \ ci the way across) is awe-inspiring, and gives the full idea of their great height, which is not obtained from the banks above. This ferry was established in 1825, and no accident has ever occurred on it. From 1854 to 1867 the steamer Maid of the Mist plied between the Suspension Bridge and the close proximity of the Falls. The passage of the river takes 10 min., and the depth of the water on the line of transit is 180 ft. A road ^ M. long leads from the landing to the top of the cliff, near the Clifton House (carriages are in waiting). TlVe 'New Saspension Bridge (25c. for pedestrians) is 6-800 ft. be- low the Falls, of which it gives a grand panoiamic * view " from the begin- ning of the American Fall to the farthest limit of the Horse-Shoe, with all the awful pomp of the Bapids, the solemn darkness of the wooded islands, the mystery of the vaporous gulf, the indomitable wildness of the shores, as far as the eye can reach up or down the fatal stream Of all the bridges made with hands it seems the lightest, most ethereal ; it is ideally graceful, and droops from its slight towers like a garland." That "apotheosis of industry," the white and slender fall called the Bridal Yell, is seen on the American shore, and is the end of " a poor but respectable mill-race which has devoted itself strictly to business, and has turned mill-wheels instead of fooling around water-lilies. It can afford that idtimate finery," The bridge was finished in 1869, at a cost of $175j000| and is tiie longest suspension bridge in the world, being 1,190 THE BUBNINQ SPBINQ. RmUefT. 183 ft. ttoxa. cliff to cliff, and 1,268 ft. from tower to tower. 1,240 ft. of platform is sustained 190 ft. above the river by 2 cables, each of which is 7 inches in diameter, and is composed of 7 ropes, each containing 133 -wires. The American tower (10c. for the ascent) is 100 ft. high; and the Canadian tower (ascended by an elevator; 25c.) is 105 ft. high, and com- mands a noble * view of the Falls and the great ravine. The terminus is near the Clifton Honse, a spacious first-class hotel which faces the entire range of the Falls. Passing from the Clifton House toward the Falls, a continuous and mtyestic prospect is afforded. The Kaieum (50c.) is soon approached. It contains collections of coins, minerals, Egyptian relics and mummies, casts from Ninevite sculptures, a line of grotesque wax figures, and an extensive array of stuffed birds and animals arranged in a forest-scene. There is a pleasant prospect from the upper balconies, and in the hall below is a large salesroom for bijouterie characteristic of Niagara. Live buffaloes are kept in the yard. Oil-cloth suits and guides are frmished here ($ 1) for the passage under the Horse-Shoe Fall. When apparelled in these damp and clammy suits, ladies look like squaws, and gentlemen resemble Cape Ann fishermen in a heavy gale. Termination Bock is reached near the edge of the Fall, and visitors, blinded by the spray, and deafened by the roaring of the waters, will be satisfied to return speedily. Tourists without guides and appropriate clothing should not venture near the Fail. Another house beyond the Museum also furnishes conveniences for going under. 300 ft. above the Museum is Table Bock, from which is given the grandest front * • view of the entire Falls; and time sho.tld be unlimited at this point. Some caution is necessary here. A young lady once fell over, and was fatally bruised on the rocks, 115 ft. below. In 1850 a section of this ledge, 200 X 60 ft., and 100 ft. thiclc, broke away, and plunged into the chasm below with a tremen- dous roar. An omnibus which was standing upon it went down also, and was shivered to atoms, the driver barely escaping by the warning of the splitting rocks. Pieces of this rock fall occasionally during the winter and spring, render- ing somewhat perilous the narrow shelf below which leads to the Gothic arch under the Horse-Shoe Fall. The remaining part of Table Rock is thought to be destined to remain firm, as there is but little overhang ; although a crack 125 fL long and 30 ft. deep was left when the gi'eat crash took place. The *BaTiiing Spring is 2 M. above Table Bock, and should be ap- proached by the river-road, which affords a fine view of the Great Ox- Bow Bapids and the broad river above. On Long Island, near the bend of the Falls, is a tower (50c. ) from which the Bapids may be seen to good advantage, and also the E. line of the Horse-Shoe. Just above is the fine mansion and p^rk formerly owned by Mr. Street, a retired bachelor and fervid lover of Nature, who won the ill-will of the inhabitants of this section and the gratitude of all tourists by refusing to allow mills to be erected on his wide riverward domains. The Burning Spring (40c. ad- siission) is highly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, whidi bums ' t h ,r| I < 184 Rouurr. anE suspension bridge. with sn intermittent pale blue flame when ignited. Tb» water Ib in * state of ebullition, and the spring-house is kept darkened to increase the effect. A tub with a long iron pipe through the bottom is inverted over the water, and a constant stream of gas passes through it, affording a jet of flame over 3 ft. high. The spring is at the water's edge, and overlooks the white rapids to Goat Island; while nearer at hand is Cynthia Island, joined to the Street domain by a pretty footbridge. It is best to return to the Fails by the parallel road on the heights, by the Loretto Convent, from which good views are gained, including the best overview of the Horse-Shoe. ''By all odds, too, the most tremendous view of the Falls is afforded by the point on this drive whence you look down upon the Horse-Shoe, and behold its three massive walls of sea rounding and sweeping intj the gulf together, the color gone, and the smooth brink showing bl'ick and ridgy." A road diverging to the 1., near the Falls, leads to the hamlet of Drummondville (1^ M. from Table Bock), on whose heights is a tower which overlooks the battle-field of Lundy's Lane and a great extent of country, from Brock's monument on Queenston Heights to Buffalo and Lake Erie. The battle-field of Chippewa is 2 M. S. of the Burning Spring, and just beyond the hamlet of Chippewa (see page 186). The * Suspension Bridge which connects Suspension-Bridge village and Clifton, and sustains the track of the Great Western Railway, is about 2 M. N. of the Falls. It was built iu 1852, under the direction of John A. Roebling, and cost $500,000. It is 800 ft. long, and 230 ft. above the river, and weighs 800 tons, being fitted to sustain a maximum weight of 7,809 tons. It is supported by 4 cables (10^ inches thick), each of which contains 3,684 wires, with a total length of over 4,000 M. of wire; and its towers are 78 and 88 ft. high. The first wire was drawn across by a tftring which had been carried ov^r on a kite. 18 ft. above the carriage- way is the railway-floor, over w lich the heaviest trains pass safely, causing a deflection in the curv of but 5-10 inches. On the S. W. the New Suspension Bridge and t le Falls are seen, while on the N. are the white and terrible * Whirlpoc \ Rapids. Just beyond the Monteagle House (American side) is a double elevator (50c.), which leads from the top of the bank 300 ft. down to the verge of these marvellous rapids, where the waters of the great lakes are compressed into a narrow gorge, and rush down with such fury that the centre of the stream is 30-40 ft. higher than the sides. June 15, 1867, the intrepid pilot Robinson guided the steamer Maid of the Mist as she shot these rapids, "like the swift sailing of a large bird in a downward flight." Her smok«-stack was beaten down, and the vessel was tossed like a leaf on the huge surges, but speedily reached the calm water below LewistSn in safety. About 1 M. below the rapids is the Whirlpool, situated in a circular bend of the river, and bounded by difiii 850 ft. high. Logs and other things which ST. CATHARINEU JtauU f7. 185 ore drawn into these concentric currants wliirl about then for many days. Qneenaton is an insignificant Canadian hamlet 6 M. N. of the Falls; above which a lofty monument was erected on the place where Oen. Brock fell in the battle of Queenston Heights. This was blown up by a scoun- drelly refugee in 1840 ; and in 1853 the present noble * monument was dedicated. On a base 40 ft. square and 20 ft. high are 4 colossal lions, between which rises a lofty fluted shaft of sandstone. On the Corinthian capital is a relief of the Goddess of Wai, and above this is a dome which supports a colossal statue of Gen. Brock. The monument is 185 ft. high, aud is ascended by an inner spiral stairway of 250 steps. The view ftrom this point is extensive, and includes the tower on Lundy's Lane, a con- Biderable sweep of the river, And the broad lake. St. Catharine'! (* Stephenson House; * Wetland House; Spring Bank, famous for its baths) is a city of Ontario, 6 M. from Queenston. It is called " the Saratoga of Canada," and has several mineral springs, producing the best iodo-bromated saline waters in the world (except those of Prussian Krenznach). They are taken for cases of gout, neuralgia, cutaneous diseases, and rheumatism, either by means of warm baths or internally (highly diluted). The principal minerals in solution are the chlorides of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Welland is located on the Welland Canal ; and a favorite diive is to Lake Ontario, 3 M. distant, — whence, from Port Dalhousie, steamers run daily to Toronto. 6 M. N. of Queenston is the village of Niagara. It is probable that the fearless Franciscan monks and the adventurous Air- traders of France had often seen the Falls at a very early dav. But the first de- scription (with a sketch) was made by Father Hennepin in 1678, who gave them a height of 600 ft., saying also : " Betwixt the Lakes firie and Ontario there is a vast and prodigious cadence of water which falls down a surprising and astonish- ing height^ insomuch that the universe does not afford its pqjrallel The waters which fall from this horrible precipice do foam and boil after the most hideous manner imaginable, making an outrageous noise, more terrible than that of thunder : for when the wind blows out of the S. their dismal roaring may be heard more than 15 leagues. The River Niagara, having thrown Itself down this incredible precipice, continues its impetuous course fur 2 leagues together .... with an inexpressible rapidity. .... The two brinks of it are so prodigious high that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the water rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagined." Before this visit the peaceful Kahkwa tribe (called the Neuter Nation) had been driven from the region, and the Senecas had replaced them, but did not dwell near the cascades (Hennepin thinks they fearei to be made deaf by " the horrid noise of the Fall "). In 1687 the Baron La Hontan visited the Falls, and reported them to be 7-800 ft. high and IJ M. wide. The name Niagara is said to mean " Thunder of Waters." In 1678 La Salle en- tered the river (with 16 men, in a 10-ton brigantine) singing the Te Deum, and the next year sailed from above the Falls in the first vessel on the Great Lakes. In 1687 a fort was built at Niagara by the Marquis De Nonville ; and in 1750 Fort da Portage was erected above the Falls. This was taken in the year of the Con- quest of Canada, and was strengthened under the name of Fort Schlosser. In 1763 occurred a horrible massacre at Devil's Hole, 8^ M. N. of the Falls, when a large force of Senecas ambushed a commissary-train with a strong escort, on the shore of Bloody Bon. But 2 of the train-guards escaped, while the supports 186 RaiUeir. THE NIAGARA FRONTIER. which were hurried from Lewlston to the sotmd of the firing were neerlv an puis to the tomahawk in a second ambush. Many of the victims were cast alive from the lofty cliffb into the boUiug Niagara, and their horsett and wagons were hurled down after them. ! >ii The Battlei along the Niagara Frontier. The Battle of Queenston Heights was fought Oct. 13, 1812. A small force of 17. 8. regulars crossed the river liefore dawn and stormed the Heights under a heavy fire, but were soon hotly engaged with Aresh British troops brought up by Sir Isaac Broclc. After a long contest, in which Brock was killed, tlie regulars under 8cott and Wool held their ground and repulsed a second attack by 250 Mo- hawks under Brant. But most of the large army of N. Y. militia refused to orosii to their aid from Lewiston, and Gen. SheafTe soon fell upon the heroic little band with an overwhelming Canadian force, and compelled it to surrender. The British lust 130 men ; and the Americana lost 1,100 men (900 prisoners, of whom 4 - 500 were nut engaged, and were hidden under the banks of the river). After several sharp actions along the river, in May, 1813, an American fleet and army attacked tlie fortifications (garrisoned by 1,800 men) at tlie mouth of the Niagara and captured them by a naval l)ombardment and a land-battlo, inflicting on the British a loss of 803 men. 1,800 Americans pursued the enemy as far as Stony Creek, where they were surprised at night and lost 164 men, and their generals and artillery, while the British loss was 178. The Americans were soon afterward defeated near Thorold with a loss of 540 men ; and were obliged at a later day to bum Newark and witlidraw across the river to Fort Niagara, which was soon captured by a night attack, and Lewiston was sacked and destroyed. After vari- ous sharp actions near BufTalo, Gens. Scott and Brown advanced to within 4 M. of Niaga a Falls, and there (July 5, 1814) was fought the Battle ofChippeiva. The combatants were 1,800 Americans and 1,700 Britons, and after a long and obsti- nate conflict of infantry, the enemy fled in confusion, having lost 604 men (Ameri- can loss, 335). ' O'er Huron'! wnve the tun wu low. The weary toldter watched the bow Fait fading from the cloud below The dashing of Niagara. And while the phantom chained hli sight, AIil little thought he of the tight.— The horrori oflhc dreamleii night, That poited on ao rapidly." The Battle of Niagara Falls, or Lundy's Lane, was fought July 25, 1814, on the heights 1 M. W. of the Falls. Several days after the victory at Chippewa, Scott advanced with 1,200 men, and engaged the British at Lundy's Lane. Ho supposed that but a small force was before him, but in reality it was the whole hostile army. Jessup's 25th R^ulars charged through the lines of Wellington's veterans and captured Gen. Riaii and his staff, and at 9 in tlie evening the rest of the army reinforced Scott A little later, Gol. Miller and the 2l8t Regulars advanced up the heights in the moonliglit and stormed the British batteries above. After a tei rible hand-to-hand contest with the infantry supports. Miller held the hill, with 7 pieces of Britisti artillery, and repulsed 4 charges of the enemy. When the last British assault was disastrously repulsed, the Americans remained in possession of the enemy's positions and guns. Later in the night they retired a short dis- tance from the field and battery, which were reoccupied by the royalists. There were 2,600 Americans in this battle (of whom 852 were lost), and 4,500 British (of whom 878 were lost). The Battle of Niagara Falls " has few parallels! in history in its wealth of gallant deeds. It was fought wholly in the shadows of a summer evening between sunset and midnight Above was a serene sky, a placid moon in its wane, and innumerable stars, — a vision of Beauty and Peace ; below was the sulphurous smoke of battle, .... out of which came the quick flashes of lightning and the bellowing of the echoes of its voice, -—a vision of Horror and Strife. Musket, rocket, and cannon, cracking, hissing, and booming; and tlie clash of sabre and bayonet, with the cries of human voices, made a hoiTid din that commingled with tiie awful,, solemn roar of the great cataract hard by, whose muJBfled thunder-tones rolled on, on, forever, in infinite grandeur when tlie puny drum had ceased to beat, and silence had settled upon the field of carnage. There tlie dead were buried, and the mighty diapason of the flood was their requiem." (LOSSINO.) rare nearly all put ire cast alive from igona were hurled r. A email force of Heights under a f>s brought up by Ued, the regulars ftttack by 260 Mo- la refused to crosti heroic little band ) surrender. The risoners, of whom the river). After \n fleet and army ith of the Niagara , Inflicting on the y as far as Stony nd their generals ere soon aftei'ward I at a later day to , which was soon oyed. After vari- ed to within 4 M. ifChippeiva. The ' a long and obsti- 1 604 men (Ameri- chalned hli ilghl^ thoflght,— ileii night, pidly." y 25, 1814, on the Chippewa, Scott ne. Ho supposed hole hostile army. tn's veterans and rest of the army ars advanced up above. After a leld the hiU, with When the last ed in possession ired a short dis- royalists. There 4,500 British (of rallelsl in history uws of a summer ne sky, a placid nd Peace ; below the quick flashes on of Horror and ipming ; and tlie ide a horrid din t hard by, whose when the puny carnage. There their requiem." mi--K NIAGARA. MoutetS, 187 28. Niagara Falli to Toronto and Montreal Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence Biver. Trains leave Niagara Falls twice daily (in summer ; once daily at other seasons) for Lewiston, where connections are made with steamers for Toronto (fare through to Toronto, $2). Passengers from the Canadian side (Clifton House, etc.) will find it more convenient to take trains on the Canada Southern Railway from Clifton station to Niagara (at the mouth of the river), where the steamers stop on the way from Lewiston to Toronto. Some tourists prefer to take the Great Western Railway from Suspension Bridge to Hamilton (43 M.), a handsome city of 28,000 inhabitants, whence the Royal Mail steamers start for Montreal (Toronto being a way-station). Others, during stormy weather on the lake, pass by rail to Hamil- ton and Toronto (82 M.), and thence by the Grand Trunk Railway to Kingston, at the efflux of the St Lawrence (161 M. Arom Toronto). There are many who go from Lewiston to Toronto by boat, and then take the train for Kingston or Hon- treal ; but in pleasant summer weather the lake route is preferable. After leaving Niagara Falls the train passes along the edge of the gorge in which the river flows, and soon crosses the rails of the main line to the West (at Suspension Bridge). The river is now left, and the line runs out by the Academy of the Holy Angels, and returns (in 3 - 4 M. ) to the edge of the profound chasm in which flows the Niagara, white with rapids, and contracted into a narrow channel. After 2-3 M., in which the train whirls along a lofty gallery in the cliff far above the river, the Lewiston station is reached. Stages are taken to the steamboat-landing, which is nearly 1 M. distant. Lewiston is a decadent village at the head of navi- gation, and at the N. base of the mt. range through which the Niagara has cut its way during the past 35,000 years (Ltell). A fine suspension bridge was built thence to Queenston in 1850, with a span of 1,045 ft., and a height of 60 ft., but was capsized during a heavy gale. The Tuacarora Reservation is 8 M. E. of Lewiston, and contains 6,249 acres, on which live 872 Indians, most of whom are engaged in making knick-knacks for the shops at the Falls. The Tuscaroras were driven by hostile tribes from their home In North Carolina (in 1712), and migrated to New York, where they joined the Iroquois Confederation, which was afterwards known as the Six Nations. The steamer passes out into the stream with a fine retrospect of the mouth of the Niagara gorge and the monument-crowned Heights of Queenston. At the mouth of the river, the American Fort Niagara is passed on the r., and on the 1. are the ruins of Fort (Jeorge, the strong works of the Anglo-Canadian Fort Massasauga, and the village of Niagara. The great summer resort called The Queen^s Royal Niagara Hotel fronts on the lake, and is a favorite retreat for the aristocracy of Toronto. The steamer now enters Lake Ontario (Ontario is an Indian word, meaning "handsome water"), and running on a N. W. course for about 30 M., enters the harbor of Toronto. Hotels. — • Rossin House. $8 a day ; * Queen's Hotel, FronfSt., $8 ; Mansion House, opposite Rossin House (corner King and York Sts.), $1.50-2; Revere House, King St., small and comfortable, $ 1.50 ; American House, Yonge St., near the G. W. station, lately rebuilt ; Albion Hotel ; St. James, near the Union Rail- way Statioa. Restaurant in the Union Station. 188 JRotOe 28. TORONTO. I! I CMnrlages* — 25c. a course in either of the city divisions ; 60c. from one *il- vision to another ; SSI an hour. Horse-cars (5c.) on King, Yonge, and Queen Sts., to Trinity College and the Lunatic Asylum. Stages daily from the Bay Horse Inn (Yonge St.) to Thornhill, Richmond Hill, Rouge Hill, Cooltsville, and Stouffville. Readlns-Booma* — At the Y. M. C. A. rooms, comer of Queen and Jamea Bts. ; Mechanics' Institute, Church and Adelaide Bts. Post-Office, on Adelaide St., at the head of Toronto. Amusements. Royal Lyceum Theatre, King St. ; Lectures and Music at Music Hall, Adelaide St. ; Masonic Hall, Toront'^ St. ; Sliaftesbury Hall, Queen and Jnmes Sts. RallMrays. —From the Union Railway Station, on Front, between York and Simcoe Sts. Grand Trunk, to Guelph, 48 M. ; to Detroit, 231 M^ to Goderich, 133 M. ; to Montreal, 8.S3 M. : to Portland, Me., 628 M. Great Western, to Ham- ilton, 39 M. ; to Niagara Falls, 82 M. ; to Detroit, 225 M. ; to Southampton (on Lake Huron), 187 M. Northern Railway, to Orillia (on Lake Simcoe), 86 M. ; to Meaford (on Georgian Bay), 115 M. Toronto, Grey, and Bruce Railway, to Mt. Forest, 88 M. ; to Owen Sound (on Georgian Bay), 178 M. Toronto and Nipissing Railway, to Coboconk (on the Victoria Co. Lakes), 88 M. Steamers* — The Canadian Navigation Co.'s Royal Mail Line vessels leave twice daily, for Hamilton and Montreal. The boat leaving Hamilton at 9 a. m., leaves Toronto at 2 p. m. A steamer leaves Toronto once daily (twice in summer) for Lewiston, 30 M. S., connecting with trains for Buffalo. The Silver Spray leaves every afternoon for Port Dalhousie and St. Catharine's. Toronto, the capital of the Province of Ontario and the " Queen City of the West," is situated on a low sandy plain on the N. W. shore of Lake Ontario, between the Don and Humber Rivers. The harbor is safe and commodious, and is formed by a sandy bar (7 M. long and 2J M. from the shore) which ends at Gibraltar Point, opposite the city. Toronto is the chief city of Upper Canada, and has a population of 80,000, with a valua- tion of $ 33,645,000. The population in 1850 was 25,000. There are 54 churches, 13 masonic lodges, and 10 hanks, while the press is represented by 5 dailies, 14 weeklies, and 26 monthlies. The exports in 1871 were $ 2,118,978, and the imports were $ 10,354,265. There are 3 grain-eleva- tors on the harbor-front, with a storage capacity of 615,000 bushels. The streets are level and well paved, and run N. and S., E. and W., crossing each other at right angles. The principal streets are King and Yonge, the latter crossing King and running N. for 33 M., with fine villas in the environs of the city. The * University College of the Univ. of Toronto (open 2- 5 p. m.) is situated in a pleasant park, and is reached (from Queen St. ) by College Avenue, 4,000 ft. long and 120 ft. wide, with double rows of shade trees. The building forms 3 sides of a quadrangle 250 ft. square (the length of the S. front being 384 ft.), and cost over $ 500,000. The various fronts have a unique and imposing appearance, and the whole forms the best specimen of Norman architecture in America. In the centre of the S. front is a massive tower 120 ft. high, under v;hich is the * main portal, which, with the great window above, is a perfect flower of Norman orna- mentation. Passing through the entrance one enters a lofty vestibule traversed by a line of round arches upheld by stunted columns with gro- tesquely cai'ved capitals. The massive walls running through the interior i J ' H om one «^l- ^ueen Sts., Horse Inn Btouflfville. and Jumes delaideSt., d Music at lall, Queen tt York and > Goderic'h, :n, to Ham- ampton (on ), 86 M. ; to way, to Mt. id Nipissing essels leave a at 9 A. M., summer) for Spray leaves Queen City ore of Lake is safe and VI. from the •onto is the ith a valua- liere are 54 represented 1871 were •ain-eleva- Ishels. The ., crossing ,nd Yonge, jUas in the 5 P.M.) is I by College Ihade trees. length of fcous fronts Is the best of the S. tiin portal, lan oma- vestibule I with gro- bie interior TORONTO. JtauU 28. 189 of the building, and the stained timber roofs, should be noticed. A, 8tair> way to the i. from the entrance leads up to the Library (20,000 volumes), which occupies a lai^e, well-lighted hall with a pointed oaken roof. The stairway to the 1. leads to the Museum, a hidl similar to the Library (75X36 ft.), and filled with natural-history collections in well-arranged cabinets. The E. building is reached by a round tower in which stone stairs ascend by a range of stained-glass windows to the reading-room ; and contains the Convocation Hall, a spacious wainscoted chamber ending in a stained-glass window, and covered by a pointed timber roof, which rests on richly carved corbels of Caen stooe. A broad stairway by the door leads to the Senate Hall, whose vestibule is lined with quaintly carved Caen-stone corbels. The W. range (336 ft. long) is occupied by the rooms of the students, and at the S. W. corner is the round building of the Laboratory. The E. front (260 ft. long) has 2 towers topped with spires, in one of which is a Norman portal with sturdy columns carved with chevrons. The University was founded in 1827, with an endowment (from King William IV. ) of 226,000 acres of land, which now yields a lai^e revenue. It has 9 professors and 5 lecturers, Avith 32 scholarships. The buildings are of giay rubble-stone, trimmed with Ohio and Caen stone, and are of picturesquely irregular outlines. To the E. is the * Queen's Park, a domain of 50 acres, which has been leased to the city for 999 years. Beyond the E. facade is a sinuous lakelet, near whose S. shore is a tall brown-stone monument, with 4 marble statues in the upper niches (2 military and 2 allegorical female figures), and a colossal marble statue of Britannia on the top. *' Canada erected this monument as a memorial of her brave sons who fell at Limeridge, or died from wounds received in action, oi from disease contracted in the service whilst defending her frontier in .T-ine, 1866." Near the entrance to the Park on this side is a fine bronze ^tue of Queen Victoria (by Marshall Wood), at whose foot are two tropiiy cannon from Inkermann and Sebastopol. A short distance N. of the University is Knox College (Presbyterian; with 5 instructors), while on Clover Hill (E. ) is St. Basil's Church, under monks of the order of Ba.siiians. * St. James Cathedral (Episcopal) is a stately edifice on the comer of King and CJhurch Sts. Tlie architecture is the early English Gothic, and the seclusion of the building among umbrageous grounds adds to its attractiveness. It is 200 X 115 ft., with a height in the nave of 70 ft. (in the aisles, 35 ft.). The spire is 316 ft. high, and is adorned with a great illuminated clock from tlie Vienna Exposition. The open timber-roof is well adorned, and the wood-work of the pews and choir-stalls is worthy of notice. The chancel (semi-octagonal ; 42 ft. deep) has lancet- windows filled with stained glass. Nearly opposite the Cathedral is St. Lawrence Hall, with an extensive market-place, S. of I I _. t ' I "f 190 JtouteiS. TORONTO. ii lifll'! Im which is the City Hall, on a broad t-4aare near the harbor. Just N. of the Cathedral is the College of Technology (well endowed by the Govern-^ ment), and in the same building is the Mechanics' Institute, with its library (7,000 volumes), halls, and reading-room. Farther N. is the new and elegant J\ietr(^olitan Wesleyan Church (on Magill Square), having a massive tower surmounted by graceful pinnacles, ^S^ Michael's Cathe- dral (Catholic) is near by, and is a spacious edifice 200 X 90 ft., with an ornate ceiling 66 ft. above the floor of the nave. The edifice is in deco- rated Gothic architecture, and has broad transepts with rost'-windows. The spire is 250 ft. high. To the W. is Trinity Church, secluded in a quiet square; and a short distance N. is the Normal School. The main building is in Palladian architecture, and contains a large hall. The Model Schools are near by, and so is the Educational Museum, which, be- sides many other curiosities, contains several casts from ancient statuary and a collection of Italian and Flemish paintings. These buildings are surrounded by 7J acres of grounds, which are well laid out and adorned with trees and flowers. The Masonic Hall is on Toronto St., and ha3 an ornate front of Ohio stone, while the upper story is occupied by the lodge, chapter, and encampment rooms. At the head of Toronto St. is the new and elegant building of the Post-Office. In the district bounded by King, York, Front, and Nelson Sts. are the large banks and wholesale houses. * Osgoode Hall is a stately Government building (on Queen St.) which is used for the sessions of the 4 Superior Courts of the Province, and also for a law school. It is in classic architecture, with fine colonnades and a massive and fire-proof interior. The cost was % 420,000. Between Front 8t. and the harbor, and the most conspicuous object as the city is ap- proached from the lake, is the long and lofty Union Railway Station, with its 3 towers. In this vicinity (N. W. ) are the old Provincial Parlia- ment Buildings and their subordinate oflSces. The Upper Canada College fronts on King St., and has a range of very homely buildings. Trinity College is W. of the city (Queen St. horse-cars), and is situated in pleas- ant grounds (20 acres) overlooking the bay. It is in the 15th-century pointed style, and has numerous gables and turrets. The front is 250 ft. long, and there are wings running back 53 ft. It was founded in 1851 by Bishop Strachan. In this vicinity is ^ae spacious building of the Provin- cial Lunatic Asylum, surrounded by 200 acres of ornamental grounds, S. of which is the Crystal Palace, an extensive exposition building. The General Hospital is a fine building on tue E. of the city, near the Victoria Medical College. The House of Providence (near St. Paul's, on Power St. ) is carried on by 16 Sisters of P Joseph and cares for 240 orphans and 110 blind, lame, or incurable folk. The Loretto Abbey (45 nuns ; on Wellington Place) and the Convent of the Most Precious Blood (on St. Joseph St.) are interesting Catholic institutions. /v:„:: PORT HOPE. JRmUtS, 191 bN. of Gk)vem-v m\h its bhe new [laviiig a s Cathe- with an in deco- irindows. dcd in a ^e main ill. The hich, be- statuary lings are 1 adorned id ha3 an the lodge, IS the new I by King, le houses. ,) which is and also kdes and a een Front ity is ap- Siation, A Parlia- la College Trinity in pleas- |h-century i 250 it. 1851 by le Provin- [ounds, S. ing. The Victoria in Power orphans luns ; on Id (on St Toronto means " Trees on the Water," and was a name applied by the Indians to the low groves on Gil)raltar Point. On the site of the city the capital of Up- per Canada waa founded by Gov, Simcoe in 1797 ; and in 1813 it had 900 inhabi- tants, with fortifications garrisoned by 800 soldiers. It was then called Little York, and was a post of much importance. An American fleet under Cora. Chauncey appeared off the harbor (May 27, 1813), and opened a heavy fire on the lines ; while detachments of U. 8. regulars landed and carried the outworks at the point of the bayonet Ttie British abandoned the chief fort in dismay, having first fixed a slow-match to tlie great magazine (containing 500 barrels of powder and an immense quantity of sliot and shells). A teiyible explosion followed, in which 62 Americans were killed, and Gen. Pike and 180 were wounded. Of the British garrison, 300 men were captured, and 149 were killed and wounded. Just after the capitulation Gen. Pike died, with the Britinh fort-flag under his head. The Americans burnt the public buildings, and carried off tlio supplies and artillery, and a frigate which was taken in the harbor. York was evacuated by tlie victors 4 days after the battle. 2 months afterward another naval attack was made, and 11 British transports and 6 cannon were taken. The Royal Mail Steamers of the Canadian Navigation Co. leave Hamil- ton daily at 9 a. m. and Toronto at 2 p. M. They reach Port Hope at 6.50 P. M. ; Kingston at 5. 30 A. M. ; Gananoque at 7 a. m. ; Brockvilleat 9.30; Prescott at 10-30; Cornwall at 1.20 P. M. ; and Montreal at 6.45 P. M. State-rooms should be secured as early as po.ssiblo, and travellers should be awakened on leaving Kingston in order to see the Thousand Islands. The Scarboro' Highlands are passed on the N., as the steamer leaves Toronto, and the first landing is at Darlington, a fine harbor and but little else, 2^ M. S. of Bowmanville, from which there is railroad commu- nication to Port Perry, on the wide waters of Lake Scugog. Steaming out again upon the lake, at about supper-time the boat reaches Port Hope (St. Lawrence Hall), a picturesque village of Du!;ham County. It is chiefly located in a narrow valley which is overlooked by the hill of Fort Orton, and is surrounded by a good farming country. The population is 5,400; with 3 banks, 3 weekly papers, and 7 churches. There is a neat park of 14 acres at the E. end of the village, and on the hill near by is Trinity College (an academy of high grade). The port owns a large fleet of schooners, which are engaged in freighting lumber and grain. A daily steamer runs to Charlotte (Rochester), N. Y. ; and trains on the Midland Railway run N. W. to Beaverton and Orillia {'oQ and 87 M.), thriving villages on Lake Simcoe, connecting with steamers for the ports on Lakes Simcoe, Muskoka, and Rousseau. The Midland Railway also runs N. to Lakefield (40 M.), connecting there with steamers on the Salmon Trout, Buckhom, Chemung, Pigeon, and Bald Lakes, "a chain of beautifffl lakes stretching N. half-way to the Arctic Sea." Cobonrg is 7 M. beyond Port Hope, and is reached by late twilight. It is the capital of Northumberland and Durham Cos., and has 5,000 in- habitants, 7 churches, 2 banks, and 3 weekly papers. The buildings of Victoria College are in the N. environs ; and the museum contains over 6,000 specimens, including a small Egyptian collection. It is a imiversity (with 150 students) under control of the Wesleyan Clmrsih, and has a ^ > , »•■ 192 RouU t8. KINGSTON. !fii law school at Montreal and a medical college at Toronto. There are 9 acres of grounds, and instruction is giten by 5 professors. Cohourg is in the centre of a fertUe farming country, and ships annually to the U. S. 80,000,000 ft. of lumber, 30,000 tons of iron ore, and 160,000 bushels of grain. There are daily steamers to Charlotte, N. Y. ; and a railway runs N. 13 M. to Harwood, on the many-islanded Rice Lake, whence steamers ply, on Bice and Marmora Lakes, to Peterborough (tri- weekly; 30 M. N. W.) and Blairton. After leaving Cobourg, the steamer passes well out into Lake Ontario, to avoid the great peninsular county of Prince Edward, N. of which lies the Bay of Quints. At early dawn Amherst Island is passed, and by daylight the broad harbor of Kingston is entered. Kingston {British American Hotel) is the chief city of Frontenac County, and is favorably situated at the confluence of the Cataracqui and St. Law- rence Rivers, at the foot of Lake Ontario, and above the head of the Thousand Islands. It is a city of 13,000 inhabitants, with 12 churches, 2 small cathedrals, 2 daily papers, and numerous mauufactorics. The imports in 1871 were nearly $ 8,000,000, and the exports were $1,435,000. In the W. environs is the Queen^s University^ a Presbyterian institution, with faculties of arts and theology; near which is the Collegiate Institute (incorporated in 1792),, The Royal College of Physicians has 11 professors. The Catholic College of Regiopolis has attractive buildings, and the Black Nuns and Christian Brothers conduct large schools. 2 M. W. is the Pen- itentiary^ a first-class prison with 5-600 convicts, who are so employed that the institution is nearly self-supporting. The Rockwood Lunatic Asylum (3 - 400 inmates) is a fine building pertaining to the Dominion Government, situated near the Penitentiary. Kingston ranks, as a fortress, next to Quebec and Halifax, its harbor being defended by strong batteries, the chief of which is Fort Henry, on Point Frederick (the Dominicm Military School). The principal streets are Princess and King, and the City Hall is a fine building. The bay is very broad and deep, sheltered by Wolfe and Garden Islands ; and there are provisions for making here an extensive naval depot in time of war. At Kingston was built the powerful liritish fleet which played a bloodless and amusing (but costly) game of hide-and-seek with Chauncey's American squadron (see page 168). Tlie city was founded by De Courcelles in 1672, and was subse- quen\,iy named Fort Frontenac. It was occupied by the British in 1762, and became the capital of Upper Canada. The Grand Trank Railway station is 2 M. N. of the city (carriages, 25c. ; 50c. at night), and has a large restaurant where through passengers dine (20 min.; 60c.). Ferry-steamers run to Garden Island 4 times daily, and to Cape Vincent, N. Y,, where a connection is made with the Borne, W., and O. R. R. (see page 160]). A railroad is being built to Pembroke, 148 M. N. on the Ottawa River ; and the Bideau Canal runs from Kingston to the city of Ottawa. .•v. ■^C*J "here are 9 bourg is in > the U. S. jushels of ilway runs i steamera ly; 30 M. asses well of Prince I Amherst iugston is ic County, I St. Law- ad of the churches, rics. The 1,436,000. istitution. Institute trofessors. the Black I the Pew- employed I Lunatic Dominion % fortress, batteries, Domini(»i r, and the sheltered king here built the it costly) [see page as subse- in 1762, ^ THOCSANB ISLAND. ^«^«. ^93 Tk^ ran. " The Thonaand 1,1.. th ^J"** '^'•ttsand Islands. WmplTtKJ;i«. the Th^ F'^whe^A'Sfent Shade ton commences th«f .„>. , .. '''^"''«» PUyd." •^-t be,o„a Kingston comment J^ "" "' "^^"----' 1 800 i.i , ^°™® Peaces of 7 M • ^.JT * extends for 40 M •»»oW islands and i°' *^°"«t«nt ters open if ^Ut: 'tT T ^^^^^^ ^"^ - ^ LtSTtt ''''''' '"^^ passes within biscuTt'tofrAf "^''^^^"^'^ith the 7Z7nt^^T'"'^''" nels, with ft« • ''""-*oss of the islands, and th^r. 1 !*"^®"*' *he boat often Amherst led tte«epic^ '' ^es J^^SZ^'J^JI'^tor of the ptin^^i'^ J^trr^d? It consisted S 10 Sfi'^'"^"«^'^arn.ybTtSs^n^r^^ In AiSSst S't**"^ 9 «^ings Garden." The fort com- 194 RmUeta, ALEXANDRIA BAY. manded the S. channel, and was partly cut in the rocky ledges^ the stone being used for an escarpment. In 1775 it was held by a disciplined band of Mohawks, and in 1812 it was taken and destroyed by the Americans The island contains 1,274 acres, and has a lighthouse on the W.; while on the S. are the ruins of the fort and the graves of the garrison. Grenadier Island, the rendezvous of Wilkinson's army in 1813, is now a dairy-farm. The Cape Vincent shores were settled by a group of notable families of French refugees, headed by the Count de Real, Napoleon's Chief of Police; and this was to have been the home of Napoleon, if he had succeeded in escaping from France after the battle of Waterloo. The steamer passes through the clusters of islets between Howe's Island and the mainland, and stops at Gananoque, a flourishing village with 5 churches and several factories. It is situated at the outlet of the Gananoque River, and is 2^ M. from the Grand Trunk Railway. Many summer visitors re- main here ; while others cross in the steani-ferry to the American village of Clayton (see page 159), an important lumber-station at the mouth of French Creek. Many vessels have been built at Clayton ; and here the lumber which is brought by vessels from the upper lakes is made into rafts, and floated to Quebec. The fishing in this vicinity is very fine; including pike, black bass, and enormous maskinonge. Steamers ply between Cape Vincent, Clayton, and Alexandria Bay. Passing out from Gananoque, the steamer now enters an archipelago of small islets ex- tending to Wells Island. Alexandria Bay, a village of New York, S. of Wells Island, is the chief summer resort of the Thousand Islands. It has two fine hotels, — the * Thousand Islands House (600 guests), and the *Crossmon House (overlooking the lake and islands), with a large flotilla of pleasure-boats. " The Church of the Thousand Isles "is a stone building with an Italian campanile, built by the efforts of Dr. Bethune. The islets near ihe Bay are adorned with pleasant villas, in one of which (owned by Mr. Pullman, of palace-car fame) President Grant was enter- tained in the summer of 1873. The village is very small, and is built on a pile of gneiss-Yocks by the river-side. The fishing among the islands is very good, and skilful boatmen are furnished if required. 7-10 M. S. E. are the romantic Lakes (Clear, Crystal, Mud, Butterfield, and Lake of the North) of Theresa, with good fishing, and shores and islands aboimd- ing in rare minerals. the stone ned band mericans while on [grenadier liry-farm. fnilies of Chief of f he had loo. The Bland and churches ue River, sitors re- in village nouth of here the (lade into irery fine, mers ply out from slets ex- York, S. Islands. :sts), and li a large is a stone Bethune. of which as enter- built on slands is M. S. E. Lake of abound- ALEXANDKIA BAY The h -*"»*» «y. I\f4 ^ Martin V.n ""' ^""'y -«' visited by W H « ' '"•""'"•<«' >"">■ (86 M ) Thn ,,,:*' "'^"""^^t whence daily steamh^./ "'* »nme vided wi h 1 JT'°' *^"°^ ^' the Bay. T,7e 1!'"'' "*""«'"» between " '« claimed that there are onn • . ^'^"'^ «"^ ice-cream saloon der cultivation. It is divided into f„„ ' """"'' "^ "'»«'' « now „„ n.ns. »„d between t.,e.e .eeH«„, -1 r"?' """"""^ "■'' » -"^ZZ fi-om the river by another i-C" lid -^birr"" °' '"" "«'-• -'off C«".P-Mee.in, CJ^Z, o^rlntj •?""" ^"^ '^^ t"- -Cnd cent promontories, on the N Ivork ni:; ir^f r' "''"''"'^- TOea-^ rim *"'""^««'"«- ' ° "'" ''<'™ """"pi^ foe." We'^piorr:! freest an r^''"^i "■""S" -»« ^'M-'hin. i. I f i 194 6. Route is. ALEXANDRIA BAY. pound muscnlonge, twenty-pound bass, and six-pound pickerel have been cuuglit in these waters. The scusons for ^liooting wild fowl are late spring fiiul early fall, when ducks abound in this vicinity. Many visitors also amuse themselves by visi; .ng tlie historic localities in the vicinity, guided by the skilful oarsmen of the village. " No Ti'jtal Virgin guards their groves, No Cupid breathes of Cyprian loves, No satyr's form at eve is seen, No dryad peeps the trees between. No Venus rises from their shore, No loved Adonia, red with gore, No pale Endyniion, woo inhabit ^irr t° '^'*«^ the iJmTn. . ' "" » '^' -^stag from III * ^ '"'»"='"•. "d 2 ft. of lumL ^ T'" ''"Praents to the no "■' "^ ""■•'"ok. ™»» /toTerth Z*^ «« place, and the BrockvXa«?^„''™"l '^"^ earlj 20 M. long, (j^e Utica i Black ffilpV" ™'»*<»^ti„g ,heet 3; Capt. Poi^vth anH on^-^^8sel J«iia and th« n^lt?^? Below Brpckville ,h, .p,... . ° ''^^"•en'"™ fl-om „ap! Below B^olviUe th- t. ^°'"'"™ *°" "-i? a-i^ J-r (^1- --^--^iH^ r ,."^„.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A {./ ^ :/ 4r ^ 1.0 St«fKi ^ iU 11IIII.6 9h / r <%. ^"> '^ '^' /: /^ '^ 7 Photographic Sdfflices Corporation 33 VVFST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 6^ 196 HouU t8. OODENSBUBO. \\ Wbodnum ffouae). This dty is at the oonflnence of the St. Lawrefioe and Oswegatchie Rivers, and is regnlariy laid out and handsomely tridlt, its streets being so completely lined with trees as to have won for it the iame of <'The Maple City." The U. S. Post-Office occupies a new and elegant building (with a high dome), which cost $300,000. On the W. of the Oswegatchie, and near the site of Fort Presentation, is the great @t. Jean Baptiste Church. There are nearly 2 M. of wharves along the water-front, terminated on the E. by an immense grain-elevator. 10^000,000 busheli^ of Western grain pass this point yearly, en route to New England. The city has peculiar commercial advantages from being at the foot of sloop navigation on the great lakes ; and connections are formed with Central N. Y. and New England by efBcient railroads. Extensive flour and lumber mills are located here. The population is over 12,000. *' 80 Sept, 1748. The AbM Piquet departs from Quebec for Fort Frontenac. He is to look in the neighborhood of that fort for a location best adapted for A Tillage for the Iroouois of the Five Nations, who propose to embrace C9iristian>- ity." {Parit Doe., JC.) He chose the present site of Osdensbuig for* his settle- ment, and built a stone house and a 5-gun fort, which he named £a Presentation, in a situation "where a beautiftil towu could hereafter be built." In 1749 the settlement was destroyed by hostile Mohawks, but was speedily reoccupied and garrisoned. Piquet erected a 4-towered fort, with 18 cannon, under whose pro- tection clustered 5 Indian villages, with 8,000 inhabitants. " People saw with astonishment several villages start up all at once ; a convenient, habitable, and pleasantly situated fort ; vast clearances covered almost at the jame time with the finest maiase. More than 600 families, still all infidels, who congregated there, soon tendered this settlement the most beaatiftd, the most charmmg, and the most abimdant of the colony." (LettresCurieuseaetEd'Ulantes.'i In 1754 -58 "these new children of God, of the King, and of M. Piquet, fought valiantly under the Abba's command at the battles on Lake Ge^/ige and at Fort Duquesne ^tts- burghX Duquesne said "the Abbi Picquet is Worth 5 regiments ; and Mont- calm called him "the patriarch of the Five Nations." Uocquart and others speak of him as " the Apostle of the Iroduois " ; while the Anglo-Americans pre- ferred the title, "the Jesuit of the West. He was an Abbi of the order of St. Sulpioe, a Doctor of the SOrbonne, and King's Missionary and Prefect Apostolic to Canada. After the Conquest of Canada in 1760, he led 25 Frenchmen in an ad:- venturous flight up the imexplored great lakes, tiience descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. He was received with great pomp at Kome, and became Canon of Bourg (France), residing at the Abbey of Cluny until his death, in 1781. The Indian settlement dwindled away until early in the present century, when it was broken up. La Presentation was garrisoned by 3 royal regiments in 1^776, and an American attack was repulsed in 1779. It was held by the British "to protect the fur- trade," until 1796, when it was given up under Jay's Treaty. In Oct, 1812, a British attack on the place was repulsed, and one gunboat was sunk ; but in Feb., 1813, the Olengary Light Infantry crossed from nescott on the ice, and after losing 56 men, drove out the militia, and carried off 11 cannon and a large amount of stores. The village was incorporated in 1817, and was named for Samuel Ogden, its proprietor. In Nov., 1838. a large number of adventurous men congregated here, under the command of one Von Schultz (a Polish i-eiugee), and fortified themselves in a stone windmUl on the river-bank 1 M. below Prescott. The ob- ject was to fUmish a centre and rallying-point for the discontented Canadians, and to precipitate a general revolt throughout the provinces. The British regu- lars and loyal militia soon attacked the invaders by cannc' the massive walls of the windmill were proof against field-artillery; and an assault was or- dered. The storming party was repulsed with heavy loss by the 180 men in the mill, and then regular siege operations were begun, while retreat by the river was cut off by gunboats. In a few days the starving rebels surrendered, and Von »and it, its t the 17 and leW. great gthe 0,000 ;land. K)t of I with » flour mtenac Bdfor h iristlai^ i settle- tiUation, 1749 the )ied and ose pro- aw with ible, and ime with ed there, , and the |t8 "these nder the \e (Pitts- id Jiont- id others sans pre- ler of St. \postolic linanad- ississippi le Canon 81. The sn it was Lmeiican [the fur- L 1812, a ; but in ^nd after i amount llOgden, Igregated T fortified Theob- tiadians, lish regu- massive iwas or- |n in the river was id Von 4- PRESCOTT. naiUetS. 197 Schnltie and men were hong, while 00 more were transported to Van Dteman's lisnd : fid were pardoned ; 18 were released, and others died of their wounds. It wn the last act of the so-called Patriot War. i'rescott is 221 M. from Toronto and 112 M. ftom Montreal, by the Grand Trunk Railway ; and 54 M. fh>m Ottawa, bv Route 15. Besides being a regular station of the Royal Mail steamers, it is visited daily by boats from and for other river- ports. Ogdensburg is 118 M. ftom Rouse's Point, by the O. & L. C. R R (Route 14) : and 142 M. flrom Rome and 129 M. firom Oswego, by the R., W. & O. R. R. (Route 25X Steamers leave for various rlver-porls daily. " The propellers of the Northern Transportation Co. leave daily at 1 p. u. for the Western Lakes. The tour of the lakes by this line costs but little, and is often undertaken by travellers whose time is not much limited. There is but slight danger of rough water (except occasionally for a few hoars on Lake Erie), and the boats remain several hours in each of the lake-ports, giving ample time for visit- ing their principal attractions. The times, ports, and fiues ffpm Visdensbuig (including state-rooms and meals for flrst-class passengers) are,'— at Brockville, Can., at 2.15 p. u., 1st day, remaining 15 rain. ; at Alexandria Bay, N. T. (• 1.50), 6 p. M., 15 min. ; at Clayton, N. Y. (#2), at 6.45 p. m., 15 min. ; at Cape Vincent, N. Y. (12.50), at 10 P. M., 80 min. ; at Oswego, N. Y. (|8), at 4.30 a. m., 2d day, 6 Iiours ; at Port Dalhousie, Can. ($6), at 3 a. m., 8d dav, 1 hr. ; at St Catharine's, Can. (90.50X at 7 A. M. The propeller now enters the locks of the Wellxind Canal, and takes hrs. to go to Thorold, 2 M. distant Carriages are in waiting to con- vey passengers to Niagara Fails, 8 -9 M. distant ($ 1 each for parties of 4 or more to go and return). 4 hrs. are allowed at the Falls, the carriages return over the Lundy's Lane battle-field; and the boat is boarded at Thorold. Leaving Thorold at 4. 10 p. M. , Port Colborne, at the S. end of the canal, is reached at 7 p. m. Cleveland. Ohio (fare from Ogdensburg. 9 10), is entered at 9 a. m., the 4th day, and the boat remains tliere 4 hrs. At Detroit, Mich. (910), 8 a. m., 5th day, remaining 2-8 hrs. : at Port Huron, 5. p. u. ; at Duncan City, 10 a. m., eth day ; at Olen Haven, Mich. (S 15). at 6 p. M., 6th day ; at Milwaukee, Wis., at 9 a. m.. 7th day (remain- ing 4 hrs.): and at Chicago. 111. (115), at 8 p. m., on the 7th day. The 2d-clas8 fEtres (separate cabin) are ) the above rates, but provisions are not fUmished. As the Royal Mail Steamer passes out from Prescott, the St. Jean Bap- tiste Ghurch, the Post-Otiice dome, and the railway grain-elevator are seen conspicuously in Ogdensburg. Fort Wellington is on the 1., and the historic Windmill Point is soon passed. About 3 M. below Prescott Chimney Island is seen. This was anciently called Oraconenton by tho Indians, and was named Isle Royale by the French, who built upon it Fort Levis, mounting 35 cannon. In 1760 it was invested by Amherst's army of 10,000 men and was assailed by his fleet. After 5 days of bom- bardment, the fortress surrendered, about 100 men having fallen on both sides. The island was a rendezvou!^ fox' the Indian bands who harried N. Y. during the Revolution; but it has long been deserted, and its sturdy ruins have given it the name of (chimney Island. To ^e S. on the N. Y. shore is Indian Point, where the Oswegatchie Indians dwelt; and where the Count de Frontenac encamped with his forces in 1673, when he sent F^nelon on a mission to the Iroquois. On the N. Y. shore is Red Mills, a village of Lisbon town, and off Point Cardinal (on the N.) the first rapid is entered {Gallopes Rapids). The channel next leads between Point Iro- quois (N.) and Ogden Island. The Rapide de Plat is then descended, and the steamer passes the Canadian village of Morrisburgh, fi'om which a ferry-boat runs frequently to Waddington, N. Y. 30 M. below Ogdens- bui^gh is Louisville, N. Y., where the American steamers stop. Stages 198 EouUtS, LONG SAULT RAPIDS. \' ran from this point to XuMiia Spring! (7 M.), which are also nached by stage from Brasher Falls (10 M.) or Pot lam Junction (14i M.), on Bonte li. am like Mom of Ige. and B. Sta- »um, 25 ; ; CUftoa it, 102. Ins, and 'ay, and M. S. to hvisitJed meaning Bsque of IM. It ll,200 ft. abrupt er resort aer runs e hamlet e, vrhicb ft. high. !« Hotel, >rse-caT8 L State, trth St* dtal of on the ttories. lous for iks,l7 I acres of In-shops. is 950, xting to OWASCO LAKE. lioiUei9, 201 1 182,000. The premises are near the R. R. station, and are enclosed by a stone wall SO ft high. Adjoining the prison is the Asylum for Insane CkmTlcts, with extensive stone buildings. On (Jenesee St. (the principal street of Anbnm) is the Court ffouae of Cayuga County, a fine stone building surmounted by a dome which is surroimded with Ionic columns. Fort St. leads to the pretty cemetery on Fort Hill (an ancient Indian mound), whose most interesting point is the grave of Seward. The costly and elegant churches of St. Peter (Episco- pal) and St. Mary (Catholic) are at this end of the city, and the imposing First Presbyterian Church is on North St., near the quaint little City Hall and the spacious Church of the Holy Family. The Presbyterian Theological Seminary is situated in the N. E. part of the city, and occu- pies a large stone structure of 166 ft. frontage, N. of which is a new and costly library building. This school \7as founded in 1820, and is of high repute among the Presbyterians. It has 5 professors, 40 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes. The Orphan Asylum is on Wall St., and the State has just completed a large armory on State St. South St, is lined with fin*; mansions, among which is the old Seward home (near Genesee St ). William Hx^ut Seward (bom^it Florida, N. T., May 16, 1801) waa for nearly SO^yeara a resident of Aubnm. He graduated at Union College in 1820, and soon gained a high reputation as a criminal lawyer. Favoring internal improvements and secular education, he was made Gov. of N. Y. in 1838 and 1840, and was a U. S. Senator from 1849 to 1861. He opposed the Native- American party, and was a chief founder of the Republican party, uolding that "the antagonism be- tween fi^edom and slavery is an irrepressible conflict between opposmg and en- during forces." He would doubtless have been the President of the U. S. in 1861 - 66, but for the hosl^Hty of Horace Greeley, who worlced against him in the Republican convention. He was Secretary of State throughout the perilous years of the Great Rebellion, and by his bold and skilflil diplomacy Mexico was deliv- ered from French occupation, and threatened foreign interventions in behalf of the insurgent American States were averted. In 1866 he was attacked at his house by an assassin, who inflicted upon him several terrible wounds. Mr. Seward was Secretary of State under President Johnson, and fearlessly snsteined the Executive's reconstruction itolicy against the sentiment of the whole country. After 1869 he made a long triumphal joamey around the world, by way of Cali- fornia, India, Egypt, and France; and in 1872 (Oct 10) he died, at the Seward mansion, in Auburn. Owasoo Lake is 2^ M. S. of Auburn, and is much visited in summer (stages from the city). It is possible that the steamboat service between Owasco and Moravia will be resumed in the summer of 1876. The lake is 758 ft above the sea, and is bordered by bold bluffs and in part by the rich savannas known as the Owasco Flats. The lake is 11 M. long and less than 1 M. wide, and extends S. from the hamlet of Owasco (Benning- ton House) to the prosperous village of Moravia (Skidmore House), near the Mill Brook Falls and the Dry Falls, whose cascade is invisible in summer. The rural town of Scipio is on the W. shore of the lake, and is much frequented by summer boarders. The Southern Central R. B. lies along the W. shore. From Auburn the train runs W. 10 M. to Cayuga, whence steamers and a railway run S. upon and alongside of 9* 202 ItouU 99. CUFTON SPRINGS. w !l! Oaynga Lake (see page 207). As the train crosses the long bri<^ oyer the qnttet the lake is seen on the 1. Stat'on, Senee* Valll {Hoag't Botd, $ 2.60), a factory village at the Falls (51 ft) of the Seneca River. There are here nearly 6,000 inhabitants, 2 papers, 2 banks, 6 churches, and large manufactories of steam fire-engines, woollens, iron, yeast, and pumps. To the N. is Tyre, whose surface is divided between long drift- ridges and the low Montezuma Marshes. Seneca Falls is the scene of Bayard Taylor's novel of "Hannah Thurston"; and here Mrs. Amelia Bloomer began the so-called reform in feminine apparel which has since borne her name. Station, Waterloo ( Towsley House), a prosperous manu- facturing village with 4,000 inhabitants, 7 churches (2 of which are very attractive), and 2 banks. The Court House of Seneca County is a hand- some building; and Waterloo is further noted for its shawls and farming- machinery. 6 M. beyond the train passes along the foot of Seneca Lake, and stops at Geneva (see Route 31). The train runs now N. W. to Clif- ton Spring! (Foster ffouse^ 9Z a day; * Clifton Springs Sanitarium). The copious sulphur springs in this vicinity have attained much celebrity as remedial agents in cases of bilious and cutaneous disorders. The prih- dpal ingredients are the sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda, the carbo- nates of lime and magnesia, and the chlorides of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. The waters began to be used in 1806 ; and since 1850 Clifton has become the foremost resort on the Central Railroad. The Sanitarium is conducted by its founder, Dr. Henry Foster, on a unique plan. It is maintained that spiritual r^neration should precede physical rehabilita- tion; and that the restoration of the soul to harmony with God and& placid and restful faith will powerfully aid in the work of restoring the body to its normal health. After leaving Clifton Springs the train runs W. across Manchester. In this town Joe Smith claimed to have found the golden plates, on which. In an unknown language, were inscribed the writings of the Hebrew prophet Mor^ mon. It was asserted that Mormon (under Divine command) had written an abridgment of the sacred history and prophecies, the advent of the gospel among the Jews, and the final ruin of that nation. Mormon left his records to be con- cealed by his son Moroni, who buried them in " the hill of Cumorah," where Smith afterwards found them. At Shortsville the hnia tunis S. and soon reaches Canindaigna (CanandaigtM Hotel, large and comraodio'is, $2.50; Webster House), a pleasant village of nearly 5,000 inhabitants, with 7 churches, 2 papers, a bank, and 2 academies. There are 2 orphan asylums ; and Brigham Hall (1 M. W.) is a private insane asylum for 70 patients. In the old court house is the Wood Library and Museum. The Court*. House of Ontario County is situated on a hill near and N. of the R. R., and is adorned with an Ionic portico and a graceful dome, on which is a statue of Themis. In one of the court-rooms are 26 portraits of the chief pio- OANANDAIOUA. Routt SO. 203 (hich. In let Mor- }tten an among I be con- wheie Been of Ontario County. The broad main street of the Ttllage miis N. by embovrered mauRions and ttne churches, and on the S. it runs to the shore of Canandaigna Laket nearly 1 M. from the Court House. Steamers leave the village several times daily and run down the lake to Woodville{l6 M. ; fare, 75c.), touching at Seneca Point, the seat of the summer hotel called the Lake House. The bluffs here are 3 - 400 ft. above the water, and overhang pleasant glens. Stages run from Woodville to Naples (4 M.), a busy village in a hilly country which is studded with vineyards. E. of Naples are Italy and Jerusalem; and S. W. is Blood's Station, on the £rie Railway. Canandaigua Lake is 16 M. long, and 668 ft. above the sea. There are 2,000 vineyards around its borders. The S. shores are lofty and bold, Riid many summer visitors arc attracted here by the quiet beauty of the scenery. Canandaigua in the N. terminus of the Northern Central R. R, which runs 8. to Elmira (09 MX Hanisburgh (240 M.), and Baltimore (325 M.). Running out from Canandaigua to the N. W. the Rochester train passes W. Farmington and Victor, which is on the site of the Iroquois village of Oannagaro, destroyed by* French troops under the Marquis de Nonville. llie line then traverses Pittsford and the garden-like plains of Brighton, and enters Booheiter (see page 171). • . . Canandaigua to Buffalo and Niagara. By the Tonawanda, Batavia, and Canandaigua Div. of the N. T. Central R. R., and the Buffalo and Suspension Bridge Div. To Buffalo, 86 M. : to Niagara, 91 M. The line runs W. across an o\\en farming country. Stations, E. Bloonifleld (| M. from the village), W. Bloomfield (U M. N. of the village), and Honeove Fam, a brisk factory town on Honeoye Creek. Beyond W. Rush the line crosses the Roches« ter Div. of the Erie Railway, the Genesee River, and the Genesee Valley CanaL At Caledonia the Attioa Div. of the Erie Railway is approached, and it runs parallel with the present route to Batavia (17 MA liation, Le Boy (Eagle Hota^, a vil- lage on Oatka Creek, and the seat of Inghavt, -' i.iversUy, a school for young ladies, with 14 instructors and 186 students. The f, aunton Conservatory is a massive Stone building in which are kept numerous cabinets of minerals and S. American curiosities, together with a gallery of paintings Qnostly by Staunton). Stations, Stafford, Batavia (^ee page 175), E. Pembroke, Richville (S. sf the Tonawanda Reservation), Akron, Clarence, and Oetzville : beyond which the train reaches Tonawanda, where connections are made for Buffalo or Niagara. lifiraa w), a )apeTS, righam Ihe old of land is I statue plo- 30. Cayuga Lake and Ithaca. Ithaca is reached from New York by the Erie Railway to Owego (236 M.X and thence by the Cayuga Div. of the D. L. and W. R. R. (84| M.). Trains run N. E. from Ithaca to Cortland, connecting with a railroad to Syracnse ; and a new line runs from Ithaca N. W. across Seneca County to Geneva (40 M.). The N. Y. Central R. R. (Old Road) touches Cayuga Lake on the N. ; and the best route flrom Philadelphia is by the N. Penn., Lehigh Valley, and Ithaca and Athens R. Rs. The Cayuga Lake R. R. nins N. fTom Ithaca, along the E. shore. Staticfu, Ithaca: Norton's, 6 M.; Taughkannock, 11 ; Lake Budge, 13 ; Atwater's, 1? ; King's Ferry, 18; Willett's, 22; Aurora* 25; Levanna, 28; Union Springs, 83; Cayuga^SS. 204 JtouU9(K ITHACA. \l i 8t$amm\«$,r9 Ithaea at 7 a. m. and 1 p. m.; and, returning, leare Carnea at 8 and 2. Thtj stop at Norton's, Taughkannook, Trumansbnrgh. Lak« Rl&e, At- water's, Kklder's Ferry, SheUdrake ^int, Aurora, Levaoua, and Union Springs. IthtM (• Ithaea Hotd; Clinton House) is a yiUage of nearly 12,000 in- habitants, situated on level lands near the head of Cayuga Lake. The streets are abundantly shaded by trees; and De Witt Park, near the centre of the village, is a pleasant square of trees and lawns. In this vicinity (on Tioga St.) is the ComeU Library, in a spacious building, which also contains the Post-Office, lecture-hall, and De-Witt Guards* armory. The library has over 12,000 volumes, and is free, being much patronized by the people of Ithaca. The scenery in the vicinity of Ithaca is of the highest order of beauty ; and it is said that there are 150 cas- cades and waterfalls within ten miles. The * Ithaea Ck>rge is less than 1 M. from the village, and is entered firom the iron bridge at the N. end of Aurora St., by turning to the r. by a rustic lodge. Refreshments may be obtained here, and 25c. is paid for entering the Gtorge. The path has been made for the most part by out- ting and blasting out a way in the side of the cliffs, and iron railiiigs protect the more dangerous points. This ravine contains more waterfalls than are found in any similar space in the State, and Fall Creek descends liere 400 ft. in 1 M. Numerous fine view-points may be fotmd by short divei^ences to the r. of the path. The first fall is the celebrated * IthaOft Fall, where the creek (150 ft. wide) plunges down 160 ft. into a deep broad basin. A fine view is gained from the Point of Rocks, whence the path ascends a rock stairway cut in the cliffside to the Plateau, a broad moss-covered shelf at the top of the Fall, with pine-trees forming a shelter. Promoniory Point, 40 ft. above the Plateau, and on the open cliff, is next reached, and affords a rich view over the broad valley and the village. From this point a workman once fell to the Basin, 200 ft. below, and escaped without broken bones. A rock stairway now leads up to Cliff Rock, which gives another fine vall^-view. The lofty cliffs which line the gorge are followed by a path far above the stream, until a shady pine grove is passed, and the pleasant Moss Level is reached, over the bright Forest FaU. Between the Ithaca and Forest Falls, a singular tunnel entrance is seen in the base of the opposite cliffs. This tunnel is cut through the solid rock, 200 ft. long, and 15 ft. wide and high, and is used to carry water to the mills in Fall Creek village. The work was done by young Ezra Cornell, in 1830. The Spray Path leads down from Moss Level to the Inferno, at the base of the Forest Fall. Just above the Moss Level the path reaches the Foaming FaU, a sheer plunge of 80 ft., with lofty cliffs beyond. Rocky Fall (55 ft.) is a little way farther on, and some of its surplus water runs a turbine-wheel which pumps up Water to the top floors of the University buildings, on the S. bank. The ITHACA. JlouU SO. 205 aatS ;e, At- rlngi* 100 in- The Mr the n this ilding, iuards* much Ithaca 50ca8- entered le r. by >aid for by out- railiiigs aterfalls lescends by short »Iihao» a deep mce the broad ling a le open ^ey and 200 ft. bw leads f ty cU£f8 until a over lingular innel is and is |)Tk was from the 80 ft., Iher on, ips up^ Tho )ve work is accomplished by an endless wire cable and a gang of pnmpt. Passing now along the Sylvan Stream path, the Colimum is reached, a wide curve of the bare cliffs on N. and S., in whose centre is a deep cleft throagh which the resounding Triphammer Falls plunge down into a dark basin. The S. cliff is now ascended, by a spiral wooden staircase of 68 steps, to the picnic resort called Triphammer Qrove. From this point the path descends to the stream at the roaring Flwne Falls, Just above which is the Beebe Dam. The path continues up the gorge for ^ M. farther to the factory village of Free Hollow. Many persons prefer to cross the bridge over Flume Falls, and ascend to the University buildings by a path up the S. bank. The *Oornell UniTenity is located on the heights E. of Ithaca, and 400 ft. above Cayuga Lake. Tlie buildings form the widely detached sides of a quadrangle embracing the sharply outlined plateau between the deep gorges of the Fall and Cascadilla Creeks, and the estate covers over 200 acres. McOraw Hall is the most conspicuous of the buildings, and occu- pies the centre of the line facing Ithacr. It is built of dark' blue stone from the University grounds, and is 200 ft long and 60 ft. wide, with a campanile tower rising from the centre, 120 ft. high. This edifice con- tains several lecture-rooms, an anatomical theatre, the museums, and the library, while in the central part are two halls, each 100 X 56 ft. The building is divided into fire-proof sections, and is el^^tly finished within. The tower contains the Great Bell of the University (5,000 pounds), and a chime of 9 smaller bells, while the * view from the summit is of great beauty, including Ithaca and its fair valley and nearly two thirds of Cayuga Lake. The N. and S. Buildings are on either side of McOraw Hall, and each of them is 165 X 55 ft., 4 stories high, and built of Ithaca stone. They are occupied for lecture-rooms and dormitories. The Siblejf College of the Mechanic Arts\& a large stone building on the N. of the quadrangle, and contains a foundry, drawing-rooms, mechanical and botanical museums, etc. The laboratories and the farm-house and bams of the Colkjo of Agriculture are on the E., and on the S. is the Sage Chapel, in the old English Gothic style. Beyond the chapel is the im- posing building of the * Sage College, which is the home of the lady students of the University. It is in the Italian Gothic style, with a lofty central tower, and is quadrangular in form, with a frontage of 168 ft. Henry W. Sage, of Brooklyn, gave % 150,000 toward this building, which was erected in 1872 - 73. Cascadilla Place is a collie hall situated above the high cliffs over Ithaca. The University Road (admirably built) runs thence to the main campus (^ M.), crossing the goi^e of the Cascadilla by a bridge 70 ft. high. In the adjacent glen a pleasure-ground and ramble has been made. Cascadilla Place is of blue and white stone, 4 stories high, and 195 x 100 ft. in size. 206 JUmU^, TAUOHKANNOCK FALLa Tke Covnall Unlrenltj wu ftmndtd tn 1M6 by Mm ConMll, who mdowod It wtth • 600,000. New Tork'i ihara of the public lanUii given by (JougreM for tho benefit of agrioultore and the mechanic arte waa given to this iiiatitution, and «art of it waa aold. 400,000 acres in the best Btatea of the Weet stiU perUin to the Universitj, and are valued at over • l,fi00,000. There are 48 professors and assistanta, and 600 students, some of whom are fh>m distant countries (BraxU, Japan, Russia, etoA The library contains 88-40,000 volumes, including tha Anthon Classical Library, the Bopp Oriental Library, and the Ooldwin Smith Library. The College Museum contains large and valuable eollections (the Jewett Ibssils, the Billiman Collection, and others). One student annually is adml^ ted fh>m each N. Y. Assembly District, fnt of tuition, and students can deCngr ail or a part of their ezpensM by manual labor in the college-shops or on the ftnn. Bnttannilk Creek is two M. S. of Ithaca (by the Newfield road), and flows through a narrow glen which is famed for its beauty. The path is not good. Visitors with carriages should send them around to meet them on the bridge above the ravine. Passing through the Antechamber, the stream is followed by several cascades and through pleasant woodland scenery, to the * Pnlpit 7aU, near the tall Pulpit Rock. The Bridal VeU Fall is a broad thin sheet of water descending over broken ledges, and the Cornell and Dell Cascades are small but graceful. At the Pulpit the S. bank of the ravine is ascended, and soon afterward the path regains the level of the creek, where some caution is required. The cliffs here oampreM the waters into narrow bounds, forming numerous pretty cas- cades. Soonafter passing Steeple Bock, the upper road is reached at the bridge. Barnes's Olen is near the Buttermilk Bavine, and is nearly equal to it in beauty, having several lofty cascades. Uok Brook is reached by a rural lane diverging to the L from the New- field road 8 M. S. of Ithaca. The First and Second Falls are soon passed, and the path leads along the S. bank for nearly ^ M. to the great amphi- theatre. Here the brook pli^nges over a cliff 160 ft high, forming a long misty cascade. The Snfleld Olen is 6 M. from Ithaca, by a far-viewing hill-road. It is entered near the Enfield Hotel, and the path soon leads to the foot of the * Fall, which is 160 ft. high. Great variety of water and cliff scenery is found in the ravine, and skilful pedestrians often trav- erse the lower glen for 2 M., to the Inlet Valley. The glens of Newfield Greek and the West Branch are respectively 7 and 9 M. from Ithaca, and aro much visited. N. of Ithaca by the E. lake road aro SlcKinney's Qlens (2| M.), Burdick's Olen (4 M.; with paths leading to a waterfall 160 ft. high, interesting in high water). Luce's, Shurger's Glen (6 M. ; the upper fall is the finest), and the Ludlowville Falls and Bavine (7 M.). Qiz-Mile Creek, Spencer's Glen, and several other romantic ravines, aro found near Ithaca. \ The * Tangkkaimoek Falla aro 10 M. from Ithaca, and may be reached by the lake-steamers, the Ithaca and Geneva B. B. (station ^ M. distant), or by a pleasant road leading along the shoro of Cayuga Lake (or OATUGA LAKB. JUmUSO, 207 by Jaokfonville). The Taughkaiinock Hotel i» favorably situated N. of the Fall, and paths and stairways have been made throughout the glens. The Taughkannook Fall is 210 ft. in perpendicular height, and is ranked aa the finest of the smaller falls of the Middle States. It is narrow but massive, and is the white centre-piece in a stately amphitheatre of tall, dark cliffs. The water is gracefully curved by a protrusion of the rocks at the brink, and the cliffs rise for 850 ft. from the bottom of the ravine, and 145 ft from the top of the fall. '' The Fall is, in truth, the Staubbach of Switzerland most absolutely reproduced| and of concentrated beauty and grandeur." (Dr. O. B. Chkever.) The upper ravine affords pleasant rambles, and is provided with cleared paths. The banks are high and well wooded, and the stream has several cascades. The Upper Fall is broken in outline, and is closely flanked by fine cliffs over 100 ft high. It is reached by following the stream, and the return to the hotel is effected by a forest-path on the N. bank. During low water the brink of the main fall may be approached, but the best view is gained from the bottom of the ravine, which is reached by a long stairway. The gorge may be descended to the shore of the lake, and extensive lake-views ore obtained from the groves near the hotel. Oayuga Lake is about 38 M. long, and comparatively very narrow, ex- tending between the rich farming coimties of Seneca and Cayuga. As the steamer leaves Ithaca a fine retrospect is given of the high rolling uplands crowned by the buildings of the Cornell University. Running N. W. be- tween the high bluffs of Lansing and Ulyssgp, the boat soon reaches the landing near Taughkannock Falls (W. shore); beyond which it passes on the W. the cliffs ol Covert, seamed with deep ravines. N. W. of the high hamlet of Lake Ridge Shelldrake Point is visited, and the tall ridges of Ovid are seen on the 1.) with Genoa on the r. Aurora (Aurora Hotel) is a pretty villt^e on the K shore, the seat of numerous summer villas and of Wells Collie (for young ladies). Near this point, on a bold promontory between deep ravines, was the fortress and capital of the powerful Cayuga tribe of the Six Nations. In 1779 Sullivan's army de- stroyed 9 towns of the Cayngas along these shores, together with their orchards and grain-fields, making a desert of what had once been a land of gardens. The boat passes on to Levanna and Union Springs, a popu- lous village with several mills located on the water-power of 2 immense springs. This place was for some time the home of Louis Napoleon, and is the seat of the Howland School (for girls). A ferry crosses the lake to the hamlet of Canc^a. The lake nov narrows toward the end, and the steamer soon reaches Cayuga, on the N. Y. Central R. R. (sea page 201). 208 JRoute SI. WATEINS GLEN. 3L Seneoa Lake and Watkms Olen. Watklns is 295 M. from New York, by the Erie and N. Central R. Rb. ; 288 M. from Pliiiadelphia, by the N. Penn., Lehigh VaUey, Erie, and N. Central R. Rs. (but one change of cars ; at Elmira), — or by the Penn. R. R. to Hairisbuix; and thence by uie N. Central, 800 M. ; frt>m Baltimore, by the N. Central, 278 M. The N. end of the lake is touched by the N. T. Central R. R. (Old Line). Steamers make 8 trips each way daily between Watkins and Geneva in summer, and 2 trips daily the rest of the year. They leave Watkins at 6 a. m. and 1.45 and 5.50 p. u. ; and return trovoi Geneva at 9.55 a. m. and 2.85 and 6.20 p. m. In spring and autumn, frx>m Watkins at 6 a. m. and 2 p. M. ; from Geneva at 9.25 a. k. and 8.15 p. M/ Meals are served on board. Landings: Watkins ; Big Stream ; N. Hector ; Starkey ; Lodi ; Ovid ; Dresden ; Dejr's ; and Geneva. The steam- yacht Henrietta leaves Watkins at 9 A. m., 2 and 8.85 p. m. for Glen Excelsior, Painted Rocks, and Hector FaUs ; and gets back at 10.80, 8.80. and 8.50 (fare, 25c.). Watking Olen. Hotel** — * Lake View Hotel, an el^;antly fitted building on the heights over- looking the village and lake, and 10 min. walk from the Glen ($ 8.50 a day ; 9 21 a week) ; Glen Mountain House, near the centre of the Glen, 98 a day ; the Glen Park and Arlington House's, near the entrance, 98a day ; the Fall Brook and Jefferson Houses, in the village, 9 2-3 a day (open nil the year). Carriages to the hotels, 25c. Horse-cars from the station to the Glen, lOo. Shops for the tele of cheap and pretty mementos are near the Glen. Watkins is a rambling village of 2,639 inhabitants, situated on the broad plain at the head of Seneca Lake. It Ls the capital of Schuyler Co., and has some manufactures, but derives its chief importance from being the N. terminus of the Cihemung Canal (from the Chemung River at Elmira) and the railroad of the Fall Brook Coal Go. This region was first explored by Oen. Sullivan's army after the victory over the Mohawks at Newtown (Elmira) in 1770, and many soldiers settled here after the Rev- olution. It derives its name from Dr. Watkins of London, one of the early proprietors of this land (the Watkins and Flint Purchase). The view from the ridge of Lake View Avenue is very beautiful, and a still more extended * prospect is gained from the observatory on Table Mt., 5 min. walk S. of the Lake View Hotel. The fertile and populous valley is overlooked, with its villages of Watkins and Havana (the Cook Academy looming over the latter), while in the N. Seneca Lake is seen outstretched for many le^ues. A short path leads down from the ob- servatory through Glenwood Cemetery to the Glen Mt. House. * Watkins Olen is a deep and rugged ravine ascending between two long ranges of low hills on the W. side of the Seneca Lake Yalley. Its course is nearly K and W., and it rises 800 ft. in about 3 M. The remarkable forms assumed by the riven rocks, the rich foliage of the encircling forest, and the cascades on the falling stream, unite to make of this the most charming of American glens. Since 1863 - 64, when the paths and bridges were made, it has steadily gained in reputation, until in 1873 over 60,000 persons visited its depths. The distance to the end of the path is 2^ M. , and the bed of the stream may be followed far beyond. Turning in from the m WATKINS OLEN. RmUeSl. 209 ta.:288M. Ltral R. Bs. Uarriabunc, tral, 278 M. e). in summer, u. and 1.45 20 P.M. In at 9.25 A. U. fig Stream ; Tne steam- 1 Excelsior, 1 8.50 (fare, leights over* tday; 921a y ; the Glen L Brook and rifOiges to the T the tele of ited on the rf Schuyler rtance from mung River region was Le Mohawks ;er the Rev- one of the I). ^tiful, and a on Table id populous (the Cook take is seen am the ob- en two long Its course remarkable lling forest, Is the most Ind bridges Wer 60,000 |2iM.,aml from the village street (^ M. from the railroad and steamboat station), the tonrist passes up the Untrance Amphitheatre toward a narrow cleft in the lofty precipice. Ascending the Entrance Stairs, the narrow Entrance Cascade is seen, falling 60 ft. into a still black pool. From the Sentry Bridge, at the head of the stairs, is gained a fine view of the dark cliffs above, while the fertile valley is outspread in the K Another staircase leads to a railed path cut in the cliff-side, over the tranquil depths of Stillwater Gorge, fronted by a tall precipice. This section is called Olen Alpha, and Uie MinnehaJia Falls are seen near the end. The stream is crossed to the N. and recrossed by stairs to the S. as the path traverses the Labyrinth, — a narrow and intricate chasm between lofty cliffs. Before ascending the Long Staircase, which here climbs the cliff for 50 ft., theCSxvem Cascade is seen, falling for 40-50 ft. into a dark basin. A railed path along ^ the S. bank enables one to enter the Orotto, a weird dark cavern directly behind the cascade, which falls in a broad curve over its roof. Looking R from the stairs, the view known as Whirlvnnd Gorge is seen. At the head of the Long Staircase, the Profile Gorge of Olen Obscura is entered, and the path ascends the N. cliffs to Point Look Off. From this point Glen Alpha is seen in the E., while W. and above is the Olen Mt. Home. This hotel (175 guests; $ 3 a day ; $ 18 a week) is on a rocky shelf 100 ft. above the bottom of the gorge and 200 ft. above Glen Alpha. The rooms and parlors are in the building to the S., which is connected with the Swiss chdlet used for a dining-hall by a graceful iron suspension bridge over Profile Gorge. (A path leads from this point to Table Mt. and the Lake View Hotel in 10 min. ) Just beyond the Glen Mt. House i9 Capt. Hope's * Olen Art Gallery (fee, 25c.), with nearly 100 paintings by Hope, " the father of the realistic school of landscape painters." The pictures are chiefly of the Glen and of New England scenery ; and the most striking of them are the " Rainbow Falls," the " Gem of the Forest," and the large historical painting of the Army of the Potomac. ^ Passing the Art Gallery, the path continues on the N. cliff, passing the Point of Rocks, and overlooking the Mystic Gorge of Glen Obscura. A long descent follows to the bridge over the Sylvan Rapids, beyond which is * Olen CatLtiural, the grandest point in the series. This glen is paved with horizontal Silurian strata, and its sides are of rock for a height of 800 ft., above which the forest falls rapidly to the verge in 200 ft. more of altitude. The length is nearly 1,000 ft., in the direction of E. and W. Near the centre is the Pool of the Nymphs, a broad rock basin filled with crystalline water, called the finest pool in the Glens. In the chancel (W.) of the Cathedral is the massive Central Cascade, which plunges (60 ft.) into a narrow pool which is black with great depth. The vicinity of this dark and rock-bound recess is replete with gloomy grandeur. Returning to the centre of the N. side of the Cathedral, the Grand Staii'case is 210 Route Si WATKINS OLEN. Mcended (in two sections) to the entnnce of the Olen of the Poole. The retrospect from this point is called the Mammoth Qwgt^ and midway up the staircase there is a good view (from above) of the Central Cascade: The glen now entered contains a long line of symmetrical rock basins filled with the purest water, and surrounded by fascinating forest scenery. The view from the bridge, which is soon crossed (to the S.), is called the MatMeee Scene^ and presents a beautiful commingling of trees and cliffs, pools and cascades, rocks, rapids, and shrubbery. The path ascends to the Giants' Gk>rge, at the end of which are the * Triple CMoade and Bainbow Falli (best seen ftom a path leading beyond the staircase). This is the gem of the water scenery, and is formed by the Olen brook falling from Glen Difficulty in 3 leaps (Triple Cascade) ; while at the same place a small brook from the S. falls over a projecting ledge, and breaks up into a misty sheet of showering drops (Bainbow Falls). The staircase is next ascended, and^the path is followed along the side of the 8. cliff to Rainbow Falls, which are passed on the inside by a railed walk between the falls and the rock over whose projecting ledges the water descends. The passage-way is very wet, but the rainbow seen through the falls (in the afternoon) repays for the inconvenience. The Platform Stairs are now ascended (fine retrospect), and Glen Difficulty is entered. Passing along Shadow Gorge on a pleasant path cut in the cliff, and cross- ing to the N. by a bridge, the Frowning Cliff is seen in advance, stratified like masonry. Another bridge is crossed, and the path winds up the Harrow Pass, inwalled by smooth horizontal strata, to the weirdly dark head of Glen Difficulty, where the Pluto Falli plunge into a deep black basin. A damp and difficult rock stairway leads up alongside the falls into Glen Arcadia, the first forward view in which is called the Artist's Dream, while the retrospect' from the l^ad of the falls is named the Spiral Gorge. Glen Arcadia is traversed to the Arcadian Falls (at the head), over which is a bridge which affords a retrospect called the Elfin Gorge. The path proper ends here, but visitors often pass on without difficulty int4> the open glens (more properly, dells) above. Glen Facility is first traversed, and then Glen Horicon is entered (| M. from Pluto Falls). Beyond this narrow valley is Glen Elysium, a pleasant glade 50 acres in extent, overhung on the N. by a cliff 400 ft. high. Passing the Omega Fall, Glen Om^ga is reached, beyond which there is nothing but ordinary hill scenery. Most visitors turn back from the Pluto Falls, and leave the Glen at the Glen Mt. House, by a path diverging from the N. cliffs (it being difficult for ladies to descend the Long Staircase in Glen Alpha). It is held (Prof. Edmund Burke) that the rat. through which the Glen cuts Its way was once an island in a lake 70 M. long (from Horaelieads to Byron). When the waters suddenly subsided ("the seas went down into their hollows "X and Seneca Lake assumed its present form, this mt. was attacked ia the centre by HAVANA OLEN. HaiUeSl, 211 ols. The idway up Cascade: sk basins b scenery, called the and cliffs, scends to oade and staircase), len brook le at the ledge, and Us). The Ide of the ailed walk the water n through 9 Platform is entered, and cross* [, stratified s up the [irdly dark leep black e the falls le Artist's tamed the >,ll8 (at the the Elfia difficulty ktj/ is first |to Falls), acres in |ie Omega , ordinary I leave the cliffs (it Llpha). In cuts its t). When fws "X and centre by iorrents, and being relieved of the lateral pressure of the lake-waten, it n>llt through the middle, and the Rorge wai widened by nuhing waters. The mC is composed of metamorphic stratified roclc, resting npon a Silurian formation. Ferns which are rarely seen N. of the Carolinas and lichens and mosses pecoUar to Labrador are found here in connection with a great variety of the flora of this latitude. ">ln all my travels I have never met with scenery more beautlftil and romantie than that embraced in this wonderful Olen ; and the most remarkable thing of all is, that so much magnificence and grandeur should be found in a region where tliere are no ranges of mts." (Bayard Taylor.) " It is a marvellous rift in the mt, whictvit seems must have been made by some stupendous earthquake shock. It suggests Vanclnse in the pellucid clear- ness and sparkle of the water. .... It faintly suggests the sombre, magnificent Pass of the Finstermunz, in the Tyrol, but is mflultely brighter and more variedt It suggests Trenton Falls, but is wilder and deener. Most of all. it suggests Bash-Bish, in old Berkshire. — is. indeed, very like it, but is yet more picto- resque and perilous." (Grace OreenWooo.) The * Havaxut Olen is the complement of the Watkins. Glen ; and its waterfalls are heavier and the rocks are more mural than those of the latter. This Olen is 81 M. from Watkins, and is much admired by thousands of travellers. Tourists now visit it by carriage from Watkius ($1.50>2), or by railroad (the Olen is 1 M. from the Havana station). The Montour House, in Havana village, is large and in- expensive. At the Olen are the Olen Orove and Mt. Cliff HovaoB, small places for refreshments only. The gorge is entered near Portal Cascade, and at the little curiosity-shop just beyond, the entrance-fea (25c.) is paid. Passing around the Landslide Oap, the CryetaZ Rapida are soon seen in advance; and after crossing a bridge, the * Eagle Cliff Falls are reached. This massive and beautiful fall (60 ft. high) is flanked by lofty and symmetrical cliffs, which resemble ancient fortress-walls. Near the summit of the N. cliff an eagle's eyrie may be seen. A long stairway ascends at the E., and ends at the very veige of the falls. At the top the tourist enters the Oonncil Chamber, a remarkable hall 100 X 25 ft. in area, with sides and floor of solid rock, as smooth and rec- tangular as masonry. A stairway up the E. wall connects with a i>ath leading to the *Cartain Caicade, which is considered the most beautiful in the Olen. Passing a bridge over the cascade, and climbing another stairway ia. Hermit* a Gorge, a narrow and high-walled chasm, Jacob's Ladder (2 stairways nearly 100 ft. high) is ascended, with tlie lovely Bridal Veil FaU on the E., sweeping broadly over broken ledges. The view down Hermit's Gorge (W.) is full of interest. Pilgrim's Orotto is beyond the Ladder, and then the path crosses a bridge, winds along the cliffside, and passes through a cavern known as the Mountain Tunnel. Cavern Gorge is to the N., and beydnd it is the Indian Oven. Still farther E. the path winds along the cliff, by the Whispering Falls, into Chaos Gorge. Near I!c?u> Falls a bridge is crossed, then the Fairies' Cascade is seen on the r., and a final ascent leads to Summit Oorge and Falls. An easy pathway leads back to the entrance, by passing along the 212 JtouieSL SENECA LAKE. tipper hillside to the Mt. Cliff House (refreshments), but it will be fonnd more profitable to descend through the Glen. This Glen is 1^ M. long, and ascends 700 ft. On the road to the village is seen the spacious brick building erected for the People's College, located here in 1857, and intended to occupy 800 ft. of 4-story buildings (costing $ 175,000), and to have 19 professorships. The project failed, and the structure is now occupied by the Cook Academy, a flourishing Baptist school with 2-300 students. Glen Kontonr is W. of Havana, and is said to possess much beauty. Arrangements are being made to open it for visitors in the summer of 1876. Glen Excelsior is £. of Watkins, and contains the Empire FaU, with 280 ft. of slant height. Peach Orchard and Hector Falls Glens are on the E. shore of Seneca Lake, and are often explored by sure-footed pedestrians. The Magnetic Spring Sanitarium is in the village of Ha- vana, at the Magnetic Springs, whose waters are held to be beneficial in chronic, rheumatic, and cutaneous diseases (baths, 50c. ; Turkish baths, $1 ; board, medical treatment, and baths, $12-16 a week). Excursions are made from Watkins to Ithaca, by Cayuta Lake; and on the N. Central B. R to Crystal Springs, Eeuka Lake (23 M.)^ and Cauandaigua Lake (47 M.). Seneoa Lake. ** On thy fair boaont, diver lake. The wild swan spreads his snowy sail, And round his breast the ripples break, Am down he bears before the gale. "On thy fair bosom, waveless stream, The dipping paddle echoes far. And flashes in the moonlight gleam, And bright reflects the polar star. ** The wmyes ahmg th shore, " How sweet, at set of snn, to view Thy golden mirror, spreading wide. And see the mist of mantling blue Float round the distant mountain's side. ** At midnieht hour as shines the moon, A sheet of silver spreads below. And swift she cuts, at highest noon. Light clouds, like wreaths of purest snow. " On thy fair bosom, silver lake. I LUV WHTVW lUI/UII HAT |R:UiriT 0UUI^, , As blows the north-wind, heave thdr foam, OIil I could ever sweep the oar, And eurl around the dashing car, Vfhon early birds at morning wake, Aa late the boatman hies him home. And evening tells us toil is o er." "To Seneca Lake." (Pkbcivai..) Senega Lake is situated in Central New York, and is 35 M. long and 1-4 M. wide. It occupies a deep valley between bold shores running N. and S., from which cultivated uplands slope away to a height of 8 - 700 ft. There are many productive and valuable vineyards on the shores, and the general character of the scenery is that of rich and peace- ful farm-lands and quiet villages. The lake is 441 ft. above the ocean, and 196 ft. above Lake Ontario. There is a considerable commerce on its waters, — mostly in the transportation of coal. The depth of the water is remarkable, and reaches in some places over 1,000 ft., while 300 ft. is found near the shore. This great reservoir is kept full by the operation of couptless sub-aqueous springs, and but a small portion c^ the water enters from the tributary brooks. The waters are of rare transparency, and even in midsummer preserve their coldness, while during the coldest weather the lake never freezes completely over. It is held by scientists T be found ; M. long, ons brick I intended 3 have 19 cupied by dents, h beauty, ummer of pire FaU, Glens are ure-footed ge of Ha- ;neficial in Ish baths, Excursions N. Central igua Lake :wide, lue itain't tide. moon, |w. con, lureit mow* fake, Ir." 'BBOITAI..) M. long bid shores a height [ds on the [nd peace- le ocean, krce on its [he water 1 800 ft. is jperation the water sparency, |e coldest sientists f SENECA LAKE. HouUSI. 213 t that after the subsidence of the waters Lake Ontario emptied to the S. through the Seneca and Cayuga valleys, but the Seneca waters now flow N. E., and unite with the Oneida River to form the Oswego River, empty- ing into Lake Ontario. A century ago these shores were clotted with the villages of the valiant Senecas, a warlike tribe of the 8ix Nations. In August, 1779, General Sullivan led a strong force into this region, defeated the Senecas in a pitched battle near El- niira, and advanced rapidly through the defiles to the head of the lake. The troops then swept up the shores, bearing sword and torch through the rich plan- tations of the Indians. Dozens of villages were swept from existence ; Kendaia was utterly destroyed ; Qotheseunquean was taken and razed by 400 Continentals, and the tribal capital and castle of Ganundesaga (U M. W. of Geneva) was anni- hilated. " Few of the present generation are aware of the advances which the Indians, in the wide and beautiful country of the Cayugas and Senecas, had made in the march of civilization. They had several towns and many large villages laid out with a considerable degree of regularity. They had framed houses, some of them well finished, having chimneys, and painted. They had broad and produc- tive fields : and in addition to an abundance of apples,, were the enjoyment Oi the pear and the more luscious peach." (Stone.) Said the great Seneca chief, Com- rianter, to Washington (in 1792), " When your army entered the country of the Six Nations, we called you Annatdkaules, the Town-Destroyer ; and to this day, when that name is heard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling close to the necks of their mothers." The steamer passes out from Watkins, with tall highlands on either side. The Hector Falls are seen on the r., and also iV. Hector Point (summer hotel), famous for its June camp-meetings. N. Hector is nearly opposite Eddytown (W. shore), which is the seat of a Christian theo- logical seminary. 8 M. from Watkins a landing is effected at Big Stream, near an unexplored glen of great beauty and extent Near Lodi Land- ing the Mill Creek falls over a cliff 125 ft. high, and passes from a dark and romantic ravine into the lake. Long Point is now passed on the 1., and the steamer rounds in at Ovid (E. shore), where may be seen the spacious and costly buildings of the Willard Lunatic Asylum, which occupies also the former buildings of the State Agricultural College, 1 M. E. of the lake. Dresden (W. shore) wi'.s founded in 1788 by the heretical New England proselytes of Jemima Wilkinson, and is 5-6 M. from the large town of Penn Yan, on Keuka Lake. Great vineyards are seen on the W., S. of Dresden, producing rich still wines (sweet and dry Catawba). The steamer runs N. between the rolling hills of Seneca and Fayette, passes Dey's Landing, and stops at Oeneya {Franklin House ; American House, $2), a' town of 6,571 inhabitants,, with 9 churches and 2 weekly papers, and chiefly known for its schools. Hobart College is au Episcopal institution which was foimded in 1825, and has 9 professors and 60 - 70 students. It receives annual subsidies from Trinity Church in N. Y. C!ity. The buildings are substantial, and front on Main St., a fine avenue of villas overlooking the lake. The college has also a grammar school and a small Divinity school, but the Geneva Medical College is no longer in existence. Trinity Church is on Main St., and has a picturesque 214 Route S», THE MIDLAND R. B. I Saxon tower. St. Peter's Church has costly stained windows, and was built as a memorial to Bishop De Lancey. (Geneva is pleasantly situated with respect to Seneca Lake, and its fertile environs are devoted to the nursery business. Near the village is the ancient fbrfcitlcation known as Fort Hill, which was erected by the prehistoric race of "mound-builders," and was covered with large forest trees a century ago. 1^ M. N. W. is Old Castle, with an Indian cemetery and remains of fortifications. This was the site of the largest Indian village in W. New Yorlc, and was only ceded to the colonists under a promise (which has not been broken) that it should not be ploughed up or otherwise invaded. Many relics have been found in the vicinity, and the place is still held in honor by the remnant of the Six Nations. It was the chief seat of the brave and skilful Seneca tribe, but after thev gave in their adhesion to the British during the Revolution, tiiey were expelled from their ancient homes. 32. New Tork to Oswega By the N. J. Midland and the N. T. & O. Midland R. R., which was first opened to travel in 1878. The station in Jersey City is gained by ferry fTom the foot of Cortlandt St. or Desbrosses St., N. Y. Fara, to Montclair, S5c. ; Pompton, $ 1 ; ]|iddletowu, 9 2- 05; Liberty, 9 8.30: Sidney Plains, II 5. 60; Oneida,$6.56: Oswego, ^7.25. Stations. — New York ; Jersey City ; Pompton June. ; Deckertown ; MiddletOwn, 66 M. ; Crawford June, 69; Bloomingbu^h, 76; Wurtsboro', 78 ; Summitville, 81^ ; Fallsburgh ; Liberty ; Parkesville ; Morseton ; Cadosia Summit ; Walton (branch line to Delhi) ; Sidney Centre ; Sidney Plains, (about) 118 M. from N. Y. ; New Berlin June, 120J (branch to New Berlin) ; GuUford, 127 : Oxford, 1S6J ; Norwich, 146 ; Earlville, 160 ; Smith's Valley, 164 ; Eaton, 168J ; Morrisville, 171 ; Munnsville, 173 ; Oneida Community, 183 ; Oneida, 186^ ; Durhamville, 188^ : North Bay, 197 : W. Vienna, 200 ; Cleveland, 203 ; Constantia, 2101 ; Central Square, 218^ ; Caughdenoy, 222 ; Pennelville, 225 ; Fulton, 233 ; Battle Island, 236^ ; Seneca Hill, 238 ; Oswego, 243. Montclair Division. Leaving Jersey City, and passing Arlington, the marshes of Kearney, and the N.\ borders of Newark, the Ime runs out by the stations of Montgomery, Bloom- field, and Chestnut HilL Montclair is a large suburban village near Orange Mt., and is the terminus of the Newark & Bloomtleld R. R. The train now runs K. by several rural villages, with First Mt. on the 1., rounds the mt. and crosses the Vernon Valley to lAttU Falls, a factory village on the Passaic River, 4 M. S. W. of Paterson and N. of the Second Orange Mt The Morris & Essex Canal here crosses the river in a stone aqueduct Stations, Singac, Mt. View, Peauannojjk, and Pompton Plains, in a rich and populous valley 6 M. long, With high hills to the W. (abounding in iron). The train follows the Pequannock River to the N> to Riverdale, Pompton, and Pompton Junction, where the Midland R. R. is met. While stationed at Pompton in 1781, a part of the Jersey line of the Continental army revolted. Faithful troops were sent against them and forced the insurgents to surrender by training artillery on the camp. The ringleaders were tried by a drum-head court-martial, and were "shot to death with musketry." Station, Wanaque, with the mines on High Top Mt. on the W., beyond which the line approaches the widenhigs of the Ringwood River. On the r. are the Ramapo Mts. : on the 1. Winbeam Mt. Stations, Ringwood (near Greenwood liake), and Monks. Middletown is 66 M. from New York, and is often reached by the fast trains on the Erie Railway in preference to the regular line of the Midland. The N. J. Midland R. R. passes out from Jersey City through the hill-country of New Jersey and by Hackensack and Paterson to the WALTON. JtmUe St. 215 fntersection of tlie lu'ontclair Division at Pompton Jtinotion. From Poinpton the R. R. passes N. W. up the Pequannock Valley by the ham- lets of Bloomingdale, Charlotteburgh (near Copperas Mt.)> and Newfound- land, which lies to the S. of the Bear Fort Mts. Beyond Stockholm the Hamburgh Mt. is crossed to Ogdensburgh (seat of the Passaic Zinc Works) in a region of hills ; and then the train reaches Franklin Furnace, in the vicinity of profitable zinc-mines. A R. R. runs from Franklin S. W. to Newton, and to Waterloo, on the Morris & Essex R. R. Beyond Uam- burgh the train passes Pochung Mt. and the broad Drowned Lands on the r., and reaches Deckertoton, a large village in the town of Wantage. This region is rich in rural scenery and fertile farms, and lies in the Deep Clove, a portion of the Kittatinny Valley. On the W. is the Blue Ridge, and on the E. is the Pochung Mt. The town was settled by Alsatian Huguenots and New England Baptists about the year 1740 ; and was fre- quently desolated by the Indians, especially at the massacre of the Minisink. Beyond Deckertown the R. R. enters the State of N. Y. The line passes 3 small stations in the dairy-towns of Minisink and Wawayanda (with the Shawangunk Mts. on the W.), and then reaches MiddUtown (see page 223), at the intersection of the Midland R. R. and the Erie Railway. From Crawford Junction, 3 M. N. of Middletown, a branch R. R. runs N. E. lOJ^ M. to Pine Bitshf in the uplands of Crawford. The dark wall of the Shawangunk Mts. is now approached, and is passed by means of a tunnel 1,470 ft. long. Stations, Bloomingburgh, and Wurtsboro, a village on the Delaware k Hudson Canal, amidst pretty scenery. From SummitvUle station a branch R. R. runs 8 M. N. E. to Ellenville, a factory and canal village in the mt. town of Wawarsing. The train now enters Fallsbui^gh town, passing the hamlets of Sandbui^h (near several pretty cascades) and Centreville. Fallsburgh is at the falls of the Neversink River, and is N. of Monticello, on the Erie R. R. (branch line). The line now.crosses the mountainous and lake-strewn town of Liberty (3 stations), with Wal- nut Mt. on the 1. Liberty Falls is 100 M. from N. Y., and stands in a glen 1,467 ft. above the sea. The rugged forest-towns of Rockland and Colchester are now traversed and the Popacton Valley is crossed. Be- yond Cadosia Summit the train reaches WaltMii, which " stands on a knee of the Delaware with mts. folding it in like the cup of a water-lily. Walton looks hardly American to me. Its river and its mts. are like the Rhine, and its fields have an old-country look." (N. P. Willis.) Port Deposit is 20 M. S. W., down the W. Branch Valley; and the Delhi Branch R. R. runs N. R up the valley to Hamden and Delhi, the capital of Delaware County, finely situated by the river-side. In 1845 occurred the anti-rent insurrection in this county, when the rustics or- ganized in bands, d^-sgnised in Indian costumes, and attempted to abrogate the semi-feudal tenures of the land proprietors. The civil authorities were powerless, and the Governor placed the district under martial law, garrisoned Delhi, and 216 JtmOeSt. CLINTON. ! ^ patrolled the hills. After 4 months of military occupation, the InsntTection was auelled. 8. of Delhi is the lofty forest town of Andes, which is traversed by a aily stage line flrom Delhi to Dean's Comers (see page 81). Beyond Walton the main line runs N. W. hy 3 rural stations to Sidney Flaini, where it intersnets the Albany and Susquehanna R. R. (see Route 46). From the next station, £. Guilford, a branch R. B. divei^es to the N. up the Unadilla Valley by Rockdale, Mt. Upton, and Homesville, to New Berlin (Central Hotel). Stations, Guilford, and Oxford^ a pros- perous manufacturing village, where the line reaches the Chenango River. The train now runs parallel with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. to Norwich, crossing the Jjyon Brook iron trestle-bridge, which is 800 ft. long and 162 ft. high. Norwich {Eagle Hotel) is a thriving place, with piano, hammer, and carriage factories, and a population of 4,500. It is the capital of Chenango County, and has a handsome stone Court House, in Corinthian architecture. The Autnim Branch of the Midland R. B. extends firom Norwich to Sciplo Centre, 84 M. It crosses the fanning and dairy towns of Plymouth, Bmyma, OtseKc, Georgetown, De Ruyter, Cuyler, Truxton (near the picturesque Lawador Pond and Tinker's Falls), Homer, and Cortland. Prom Frceville, an intersection of several railroads, the line is un'^.er construction across the lake towns of Lui- sing, Genoa, VSnice, and Scipio, to Aubuni. The Utica Division of the D., L. & W. R. R. crosses the Midland road near Norwich, and runs ftrom the junction to Utica in 46 M. N. E., or 1 1 Binghamton in 95 M. S. W. . TJie Utica and Rome Divisions. The Midland train passes N. flrom Norwich by Smyrna to Earlville, whence the Syracuse and Chenango Valley R. R. diverges to tlic N. W. From the next sta- tion, Smith's Valley, a branch R. R. runs to the N. E., reaching Utica in 81 M. and Rome in. 35 M. Station, Hamilton^ an academic village, with 5 churches, the Hamilton Female Seminary, and the Madison University, a school and theo- logical department of the Baptist Church, with 11 professors, and about 150 students. It was founded in 1846, and has an Alumni Hall and Museum. Stations, Pecksport, Bouckvilla, SolsviUe, Oriskany Falls, Deansville, Franklin (iron-works), and then Clintoiif an academic village of 2,000 inhabitants, in the fVuit-growing town of Kirkland (named after an early missionary to the Oneidas). Hamilton College was founded as an academy by Rev. Samuel Kirkland, in 1793, and became a col- lege in 1812. It is situated in a pleasant park of 15 acres, overlooking the Oris- kany Valley, and has several plain stone buildings, — Dexter Hall (N.), Kirldand Hall (middle). Hamilton Hall (S.), the Chapel, the Smith Library (with about 14,000 volumes), and the Litchfield Observatory, containing a large equatorial telescope, by which 8 new asteroids have been discovered. Over the library is a Memorial Hall, and also a small portrait gallery. There are 11 professora and 160-180 students (1,300 alumni), but the college is not self-supporting, owing to a large number of free scholarships, and is somewhat dependent on its rich en- dowments and liberal State aid. A law-school is attached to the institution. The Clinton Liberal Institute was founded by the Universalists in 1832, and has 2 large buildings, for 150 students (both sexes). The Houghton Female Seminary is also at this place, and has finely ornamented grounds. There is an attractive view of the village and its great schools from the neighboring hill called "the Knob." A R. R. runs N. W. 13 M. from Clinton across the town of Westmoreland to the city of Rome (see page 167), and the Utica Division runs N. E. 9 M. to Utica (see page 166). The Midland train (main line) posses Smith's Valley 19 M. N. of Nor- wich, and runs N. by Eaton, Morrisville (a small hamlet, capital of Modi- son County), Munnsville, Stockbridge, and Oneida Community. ONEIDA LAKE. Haute SB, 217 The Commnnity is 8 M. 8. of Oneida, and consists of abont 800 men and women TBuiding in large baildings on a fk-uitrul farm. All property is held in common, and considerable rv^veuues are derived from fruit-raising and the manufiMiture or traps, hats, and sewing-silk. The Free-Love principles are here Inculcated, and the relations of the sexes are governed (not by law nor by license, but) by so-called ** inspiration." The Community was founded by John H. Noyes in 1847, and hat a branch at Wallingford, Cunn. The next station is Oneida, where the Midland line passes under the N. Y. Central R. K. (see page 167). The distance between the Midland and the Ontral stations is about ^ M. (omnibus, 10c.). Stations, Dur- hamville. State Bridge, and North Bay, beyond which the line follows the N. shore of Oneida Lake for about 15 M. The nearer shore is marshy and low, but there is a pleasant view to the S. across the broad waters to the blue highlands of Onondaga County. Oneida Lake is 19 M. long and ' 8 M. wide, covering 57,000 acres, and is 141) ft. above Lake Ontario. The level lands of the lacustrine counties are very fertile, and the chief agri- cultural industries are dair}ingand stock-raising.' Cleveland toid Con- stantia are the next stations on the lake. The former is the largest village on the lake ; and Constantia is a pleasant ham- let, 4 M. trom which is Frenchman's Island, a pretty circular islet containing 25 acres of primitive forest Here lived Devitzy and his wife, Wno was one of the loftiest patrician dames of France.. They had eloped, and were pursued by Eatemal anger, so about the year 1800 they fled to this remote place, where they ved in a log-cabin 7 summers, surroimded by flowers and books and Old- World luxuries. After 7 years the pursuing but long ago relenting father found them and led Miem home, where the great family estates and honors were settled on them. De Tocqueville penetrated the wilderness, during his visit to America, in order to visit this romantic isle, whose former denizens he had known. French- man's Island is a favorite point for picnic parties, sailing from the lake villages. Beyond Constantia the train enters the marshes of W. Monroe, and passes to Central Square, where it intefsects the Syracuse Northern R. B., 17 M. from Syracuse. The lowlands of Hastings and Schroeppel are now crossed to Fnlton {Levns House)^ at the Falls on Oswego River, with 8,507 inhabitants, 6 churches, and 2 weekly papers. On the opposite shore is the hamlet of Oswego Falls. The line now follows the Oswego River by Battle Island (scene of a sharp action with the French and In- dians, in 1756), to Seneca Hill and Oswego. Hotels.— *DoolittIe House, 5-600 guests, at the Deep Rock Spring ; * Reve- nue House, First St., corner of Utica St., $2.50-3 a day; Hamilton House, 9 2> 2.50 ; Ontario House. Beading -rooms at the City Library, Washington Square ; and at the Y. M. 0. A. rooms, 200 W. IstSt Post-Office, corner of Oneida and W. Isf Sts. Horse-cars traverse First St. and otlier thoroughfares. Stages run thrice daily to Unionville. Steamers of the Canadian Navigatiou Co. leave every evening for Charlotte and Montreal, and the Northern Transportation Co.'s propellers (see Bige 197) leave every morning for the West. Railroads. — The N. y, & O. idland (station on Washington Sqiiare) to N. Y. in 243 M. : the Rome, W. & O. B. R to Siichlandand Rome (71 M!) ; the Oswego and Syracuse Div. oi the D., L. & W. B. R. (station near the Revenue House) to Syracuse (35 M.) ; and the Lake Ontario Shore R. R. to Lewiston (150 M.), connecting for Niagara. 10 r'-*" 218 Jtoute Si^ OSWEOO. .W OswBOO is a thriving oomxnercial city on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, situated on the low blufls at the mouth of the Oswego River, which here discharges the waters of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. The harbor is broad and capacious, and is sheltered by long and costly piers. Vast quantities of grain and lumber are received here, and are sent away by rail or on the canal. There are 11 elevators, with a storage capacity of over 2,000,000 bushels, and 14 flour-mills, with 73 run of stone and a capacity of 6,000 barrels of flour doily. Kingsford's Starch Factory employs 600 men, and makes 33 tons daily, and there are other manufactories at the falls on the river. The city has 22,455 inhabitants, with 16 churches, 8 banks, and 2 daily papers. Oswego is handsomely laid out, with streets 100 ft. wide crossing each other at right angles. The river divides it into 2 nearly equal parts, which are joined by 2 bridges (from the one at Bridge St. is gained a pleasant view of the harbor). Near Washington Square, on the E. side, are the county buildings, the venerable Church of the Evangelists, the armory of the 48th Regiment, and the City Library (containing 12,000 volumes, a portrait of Gerrit Smith, — its founder, — and a curious slab of flexible marble). Christ Church is on Cayuga St., and the spacious Catholic Church is on Mohawk St. Fort Ontario is a strong work fronting the lake and commanding the harbor from the E. shore. It is garrisoned by a small force, and is open to visitors. First St. W. (W, side of the river) is the chief thoroughfare of the city, and passes the flne stone buildings of the Post-Office and the City Hall. The Normal and Training School occupies a spacious structure on the comer of Seneca and Sixth Sts., and is widely known for its efficiency. Tlie Deep Rock Spring was discovered near First St. W. in 1867, and is sai(> to have much medicinal virtue. Each gallon cohtains 318 grains of chloride of sodium, 149 of chloride of potas- sium, 1^ of chloride of magnesium, and 72 grains of silica. The n^w and elegant Doolittle House has been built over it to accommodate invalid visitors. The heights on either .side of the city and fronting the lake on the W. are occupied by pleasant villas and summer residences. The Lake Ontario Shore R. R. runs S. W. from Oswego through the lake towns, Sassing several small hamlets of Oswego and Wayne Counties. At Sterling (16 M. ■om Oswego), it crosses the S. Central B. B. ; and at Sodus (41 M.)i the 8odus Bay and Southern R. R. is intersected. The line is now uuuipleled by Ontario to Lewistou, on the Niagara River. Oswego (an Indian word, meaning Rapid Water) was first visited and fortified by tlie Count de Fi'ontenac (in 1C9G), while on his way to attacic the Ouondugas. In 1722 William Burnett, Gov. of N, Y. (son of Bishop Burnett, and godson of Prince William of Oixingc), erected a permanent fort at Oswego, and in 1755 Gov. Bhirley, of Mass., advanced hither across the vast forest with 1,500 men, and built 2 large forts, where he left 700 men in garrison. In Aug., 1756, the Marquis de Mon+calm invested the works with 5,000 men (French and Indians), and after a short siege and a bombartlment from 82 heavy puns, the forts were suiTendered with 1,400 soldiers, 134 pieces of artillery, and a fleet of vessels. Montcalm 1 i THE ERIE RAILWAY. JUmto 3S, 219 ike Ontario, which here lecA Lakes. ; and costly ere, and are ith a storage 73 run of ord's Starch re are other inhabitants, rossing each parts, which d a pleasant side, are the 16 armory of )0 volumes, a b of flexible ious Catholic fronting the faiTisoned by of the river) )ne buildings fining School th Sts., and discovered irtue. Each ide of potas- le nwW and [ate invalid the lake on U lake towns, sterling (16 M. '.), the aodus by Ontario to and fortified be Ouondagas. Did godson of U in 1755 Gov. knen, and built le Marquis de I), and after a suiTendercd Montcalm destroyed the works, and carried his captives and spoils to Montreal New (brtifl- cations were erected by the English in 1757-69 : and here Ht Leger gathered hia motley army of Tories and Indians, previous to the siege of Fort Htanwix. Here, also, his panic-stricken forces fled after the failure of that cainimlgn. Oswego was held by the royal troops until 1706, when it pasned into the Jurisdiction of the U. S. On the morning uf May 5, 1814. Sir James Yeo's British fleet appeared oil he place and bombarded it for 3 hours. Fort Ontario kept up a steady tli-e, but the enemy landed 1.200 men and the garrison retreated slowly up the river. The British destroyed the barracks and spiked the fortress-cannon, but failed to reach the great deposit of naval store!) at the Falls, and embarked the next dnv, having lost 235 men (American loas. 6(i). The little hamlet founded at Oswego in 1790 by Neil McMullin was devoted to building vessels : and after the introduc- tion of steam-navigation on Lake Ontario in 1810, the place grew rapidly in com- merce and manufactures. It is now second only to Rochester in the amount of flour produced. 33. New Tork to Elmira, BuflSedo, and Hiagara Falls. The Erie Railway. This great trunk-line to the West traverses a country which is more picturesque and romantic than that along the line of the N. Y. Central R. R., though the fat- ter line derives an advantage fVom passing through tlie handsome cities of Central N. Y. Pullman parlor and Hleeping cars are attached to the through cars on the Erie : and there aft comfortable arrangements for meals alun^ the route. The Day-Express tnin leaves N. Y. in the morning, and reaches BufTulo in 16 hrs. ; Cleveland in 23^ hrs. : Cincinnati in 34 hrs. ; Chicago in 36 hrs. The Pacilic Ex- press leaves eiirly in the evening, and reaches Eiiifalo about noon the next day. Farefu — New York to Suflt>m. $1 ; to Port Jervis, 9 2.70; to Cochecton, $4 ; to Hancock. 95 : to Binghamton. $6.15 ; to Waverly, $6.95 ; to Elmira. $7.25 ; to Homellsville, $8.50 ; to Buffalo or Niagara. $9.25 ; to Salamanca or Dunkirk, $10.40; to Erie. $11.75; to Toronto. $12.25; to Cleveland. $14.25; to De- troit. $16.25; to Chicinnati, $20; to Chicago, $22; to St. Louis, $27; to Memphis. $38.25 ; to Mobile, $45 ; to New Orleans. $50 ; to Galveston, $68.75 r toSt Paul. $37.25 ; to Omaha, $39.50; to Denver, $79.90 ; in Salt Lake City, 9 119.50 ; to San Francisco, $ 139.60 ; to Portland, Or, $169.50 or $179.50. Stations. — New York; Jersey City; Rutherford Park, 9 M. ; Passaic, 11 ; Paterson, 16 ; Ridgewood. 21 ; Hohokus, 23 ; Allendale, 25 ; Ramsey's. 27 ; Suffem, 81 ; Ramapo, 33 ; Sloatsburgh, 35 ; Southfleld's, 41 ; Newburgh June. 41 (branch to Newburgh. 63) ; Turner's. 47 ; Monroe, 49 ; Oxford, 51 ; Greycourt, 63 ; Goshen, 59 ; Hampton, 63 ; Middletown, 66 ; Howell's, 70 ; OtisviUe, 75 ; Port Jervis, 87 ; Shohola, 106 ; Lackawaxen, 110 ; Pine Grove, 116 ; Narrowrsburgh, 122 ; Cochecton, 130 ; Calicoon, 135 ; Rock Run. 138 ; Tlasket. 146^ ; Lordville, 152J; Hancock, 16.'i ; Dickinson's, 169 : Hale's Eddy, 171*: Deposit, 176 ; Sum- mit, 183 ; Susquehanna. 192 ; Great Bend. 200 ; Kirkwood, 205 ; Binghamton, 214 ; Hooper, 220 ; Union, 223 ; Campville, 229 ; Oswego. 236 ; Tioga, 241 ; Smithboro', 246 ; Barton, 248 ; Waverly, 255 ; Chemung. 260 ; Wellsburg. 266 ; Elmira, 275 ; Big Flats, 283 ; Coming, 290 (branch line to Rochester, 385) ; Painted Post, 2'.)2 ; Addison, 301 ; Rathboneville, 306 ; Cameron, 314 ; Adrian, 322 ; Canisteo, 327 ; Homellsville, 331 ; Alfred, 340 ; Andover, 349 ; Genesee. 357 ; Phillipsville, 865 : Belvidere, 369 ; Friendsliip, 373 ; Cuba, 382 : Olean, 394 ; Allegany, 898 ; Carrollton, 407 ; Great Valley, 410 ; Salamanca. 413 ; Little Valley. 421 ; Cattarau- fus, 428 : Dayton, 437 ; Perrysburgh, 440 ; Smith's Mills, 447 ; Forestville, 451 ; Dunkirk, 459. Buffalo Division. Homellsville, 331 ; Canaseraga, 343 ; Nnnda, 855 ; Portage, 361 ; Castile, 365 ; Gainesville, 367 ; Warsaw, 374 ; Linden. .H85 ; Attica, 391 ; Darlen, 397 ; Alden. 403 ; Lancaster, 412 ; Buffalo, 422 ; Suspension Bridge. 443 ; Cleveland, 605 ; Chicago, 961. Northern R. R. of N. J. New York to Nyack, 29 JI. ; time, 1^-2 hrs. Soon after leaving Jersey City the line turns to the N. between tlie heights of Hoboken and the broad marslies of the Hackensack River. The enening stations are at suburban villages which are more or less dependent on New You. New Durham is W. of Weehawken on 220 Route SS, PATEBSON. tli«> Hudson ) Ornnton ii W. of Bull's Ferrr ; Ridgefleld Park hu a Inrgs summer hotel ; and Leonia is N. W. of Fort Lee. The lino thonce aMcendM the fertile val> ley by Van Brunt's, and Enulewood, which is near the * Palisade Mountain llouse, opposite the N. end of Manhattan Island. Stations, Highland, Tenafly (near liighwood Parle, on the PallHados opposite Yonkers), Cresskill, Closter(nr i)ld Hook, in the Ilackensack Valley), and Norwood, btiyond which it cntoru New York and passes Tapi>un, and runs M. along the Hudsou shore to Piermont and Nyack (see page 60). The Hackenmck Branch, StoHotu. —New York ; Jersey City : Erie Juno., 8 ; Carlsiadt. 9 ; Woodrldge.lO ; liodi June, 12 ; HackcuHack, 13 ; Cherry Hill, 16 ; River Edge, 17 ; Oradell, 18 ; Kinderkainack, 20 : Westwood, 21 : IlillBdulc, 22 ; Posnack, 29 ; Park Bidge, 24 ; Nanuct, 28 ; Spring Valloy, BO ; Suflem, 87. After leaving Jersey City the train passes out through N. Bergen and crosses the Hackensack meadows and river to Erie Junction, where it diverges to the N. E. through the German village of Carlstadt. Stations. Woodridge, Corona, Lodi Junction (whence a branch P. R. runs to Lodi), and Hackentaclc {Ilackenaack Houk), an ancient village with 9 churches and the buildings of Bergen Countv. It is at the intersection of the present sub-route with the Midland R. R. ; and is in the fertile and wealthy Hackensack Valley (nearly midway between Fort Lee and Paterson). Tlie village was partially burnt by the Hessians in 1780 ; and Was the scene of several sliarp skirmishes. The train now ascends the valley, with the Palisade highlands on the r., traverses the level daitfr-town of Washing- ton, enters the State of N. Y., and reaches Nanuet, on the Picminnt Brnrich R. R., whence a R. R. is to be built N. to New City. Irom Nanuet the traic runs W. 9 M. to Suffem (see page 221). Passengers leave the foot of Chambers or of 23cl St., and cross to the Erie terminal station in Jersey City, whence the train runs out through the 6ei*gen tunnel, piercing for | M. the rocky ledges of Bergen Heights. Passing over the flat marshes of Secaucus, with Snake Hill on the 1., the line crosses the Hackensack River and a wide moorland, with the Boonton Branch R. R. on the W., and the Hackensack Branch diverging on the r. Beyond the low heights of Rutlierfurd Park ( Union Hotel), the Passaic River is crossed to Passaic ( Passaic Hotel), the ancient village of Acquackanonck, bought by the Dutch from the Sachem Captahem. Tliis village has 9 churches, and large print-workti near the river. The train now reaches Pi^terson (Hamilton House, $ 3 a day ; Franklin House, on Main St.), the capital of Passaio County, and a prosperous city of 83,579 inhabitants. It was founded in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton's efforts, and was designed for ** a great emporium of manufactures." In so far has this scheme succeeded that Patersou is now one of the first manufac- turing cities in New Jersey. There are many cotton-mills on the water- power afforded by the Passaic Falls; also the Passaic Flax- Works, im- mense locomotive-works, the mills of the American Velvet Company, and the largest eilk-factory in the U. S. (established in 1840), employing 800 hands, and making $ 2,000,000 worth of silk yearly. The city has 2 daily papers, 2 banks, and 34 churches (including 4 of Hollanders). The streets are broad and well laid out, and 2 bridges cross td the suburb of Manchester. The * Passaio Falls are within the city limits, and are surrounded by a small and rugged park. The river here falls perpendic' THE RAMAPO VALLEY. nauU33. 221 nlarly about 60 ft. into a deep crevice between palisades of banalt, and affonls u line night at time of high water. Below the falls (which are best aeon from the bridge) the river bends sharply, and flows through a dark gorge betweeii high rectilinear basaltic walls. On a cliff in this vicinity is a liundHome monument in honor of the soldiers of Paterson in the Secession War , unci alHO a belvidere tower, which overlooks the city and much of Passaic County. Near the latter are the high reservoirs of the water-worka. Paterson is a station on the Midland, the Paterson and Newark (11 M.), and the Del., Lack, and Western R. Bs.; also on the Morris and Essex Canal. The Erie train now runs N. through a fertile conntry by several rural hamlets, approaches the Ramapo Mts. on the W., enters the State of N. Y., and reaches Siifem. A branch line runs hence 18 M. S. E. to Sparkiil and Piermont (see page 65), from which a spur is to run N. (from Spring Valley) to Orassy Point, on the Hudson. The next station on the main line is Bamapo {Terrace House), whence may be visited the beautiful scenery of the Ramapo Valley. From this point the Tom Mt. is ascended, revealing a view extending over N. Y. harbor. Washington visited this peak in order to observe the British camps and fleets about N. Y. 2 M. W. is the lofty Potague Lake, commanding a view of the Ramapo Gap and Valley. The Mt. Lake House is a summer hotel at Mahwah. 1 M. beyond the village the Sterling Mt. R. R. diverges to the N. W., and runs 74 M. through the Bellvaie Mts. to Lakeville, on Sterling Pond and near Greenwood Lake. Beyond Sloatsburgh (on the r.) are seen the ivy-clad ruins of the Augusta Iron- Works, where the chain was forged which was stretched across the Hudson in 1776. The train continues up the Ramapo Valley to Turner*!* which is situated in one of the fairest parts of the district. It has achieved considerable success as a summer resort, the surrounding views being pleasant, and the country abounding in fine roads. There are several highland lakes (Tmxedo, Mount Basha, Round, etc.; with fine pickerel-fishing) in the vicinity; and a road leads 14 M. N. R, through a wild forest district, to West Point (see page 75). The high hill near the station overlooks the Ramapo Gap, the Hudson River, and Newburgh. The elegant summer hotel and railway dining-room at Turner's (of brick; 4 stories high and 400 ft. long) was destroyed by fire, Dec. 26, 1873. The Newburgh Branch R. E. trains run from Turner's to Newburgh in 18-20 M., passing Highland Mills (Oomwell's Lake House, 1,200 ft. above the Hudson), and then traversing the Schunemunk Mts. through Woodbury Gove. Beyond Cornwall (6 - 7 M. W. of Coniwall-on-Hudson) the line meets the Greycourt Branch at Vail's Gate, whence it runs through the arable hills of New Windsor to Newburgh (see page 76). The Erie train on the main line passes from Turner's to Monroe ( Wabeck Housed a 222 Route SS, GREENWOOD LAKE. I I i I I I ! pleasant highland hamlet in the lake country of Orange County. Xear this station is the Seven Spring^ Mountain House, accommodating 400 guests (at $3 a day) in spacious stone buildings. Greenwood Lake (* Windermere HouMf with spacious grounds ; * Brandon House^ $ 3 a day, $ 15 a week) is reached by stages from Mon- roe after a ride of 10 M. down a pleasant valley (2 hours). It is also visited from other adjacent stations. The Traphagen House is a new and elegant summer-hotel, pleasantly located on the E. arm of the lake. The steamers make semi-daily trips. The lake is 10 M. long (partly artificial) and 1 M. wide, and has been called " a miniature Lake (}eoige," being inwalled by rugged mts. The water is very clear, and contains many fish. Wawayondah, Macopin, Sterling, and other lakelets are visited hence, and a pleasant road leads to Warwick in 7 M., passing over the mts. and overlooking the Warwick Woodlands. From Greycourt station a branch R. R. runs N. E. to Newburgh in l8 M. ; and the Warwick Branch runs S. W. to the pleasant village of Wanoiek. The train now traverses the rich dairy-lands of Orange County, and crossing the fertile Greycourt Meadows (with Sugar-Loaf Mt. visible), the hamlet of Chester is passed, and the line reaches Goshen, a pretty Village of 2,205 inhabitants, with 4 churches and several classical schools. There is a monument in the public square in memory of the men of Gbshen who fell in battle at Lackawaxen, in 1779. It is a semi-capital of Orange County, the great dairy of N. Y. City; and Goshen butter is iH high I'epute. Besides great quantities of biitter, cheese, and condensed milk, this district supplies the metropolis with many small fruits and Vegetables. A railroad nms S. W. from €k>shen 12 M. to Pine Jslandf tn the Drowned Lands of Warwick, W. of the Bellvale Mts. Hie Walkill Valley Branch extends from Goshen to Kingston in 43 M. The line runs N. E. to the manufacturing villages of Montgomery and Walden, E. of the Com- fort Hills. The Shawangunk Mts. are seen on the 1. as the train traverses the towns Of Shawangunk and Gardiner, and the pretty village of New Paltz is next seen, on the widening intervales of the Walkill. 9 M. E. is New Paltz Landing, on the Hndson ; and to the W. is seen Paltz Point, one of the chief Shawangunk peaks. liftke Molionlc (* Mountain House, 125 guests ; $ 14 - 18 a week) is 6 M. fi'om New Paltz, and is on one of the highest ridges of the Shawangunk Mts., 1,248 ft, above the Hudson River. It is | M. long, very deep, and filled with fish, while its shores arc formed by great piles of quartz rock, and Paltz Point looms boldly over the quiet waters. Sky-Top is a j)eak on the N., 800 ft. higher than the lake^ and commanding a fine *view, includmgthe populous Walkill and Esopus Valleys, the ridges of the Shawangunk, the Hudson Highlands, and the Berkshire Hills. Eagle Rock, Sunset Rock, the Balance Rock, and the Labyrinth are favorite re- sorts near the lake. 5} M. from Lake Mohonk are the HlKh Falls, on the Rondout Creek. The Lake is reached by stages connecting with the day-boats lioin N. Y. at Poughkeepsie (14^ M.), and by semi-daily st^es from the Erie Rail<- way trains at New Paltz. N. Y. to Lake Mohonk, 5| hrs. (by Erie line). The main line beyond Gtoshen crosses the town of Wawayanda (in the Walkill Valley), which sends 27,000 gallons of milk to N. Y. daily (statioQi Hampton), and intersects the N. Y. and 0. Midland R. R. at *i ( i PORT JERVIS. Route 33. 223 )imty. Near uodating 400 ns grounds; es from Mon- i). It is also iise is a new . arm of the is 10 M. long iniatiiTe Lake sry dear, and other lakelets 7 M., passing Newburgh in jant village of )range County, af Mt. visible), islien, a pretty assical schools. )f the men of i a semi-capital len butter is in and condensed nail fruits and Pine Jslandf 43 M. The line n, E. of the Com- verses the towns U is next seen, Landing, on the wangunk peaks. !ek)i8 6M. ft-om k Mta., 1,243 ft. with fish, while nt looms boldly r than the lake,. Esopus Valleys, Berkshire HiUs. are favorite re- Falls, on the the day-boats the Erie Rail- line). lyanda (in the N. Y. daUy land B. B. at Xiddletown {Grand Central ; Ogden House). This is a brisk manufac turing place, with 6,049 inhabitants, 8 churches, 3 banks, 5 newspapers, and a printing-office that supplies " patent outsides " to 60 different rural papers. There is an active fire department, a system of graded schools, and water- works connected with Monhagan Lake. W. of the village is the new State Homoeopathic Insane Asylum. The train enters the hills beyond Howell's station, and at Otisville rapidly ascends the Shawangxmk Mts. It was at first thought best to tunnel through this barrier-ridge, but the present system of planes was finally adopted (40 ft. to the M.). The summit is passed in a deep rock-cut (50 ft. deep and \ M. long), and the track descends on the W. 45 ft. to the M. The line runs S. W. on lofty galleries, and beautiful views of the Neversink Valley are afforded, with Milford and Port Jervis in the distance (the best views are from the r. of the train). With fascinating prospects of rugged mts. and fruitful valleys on either side, the train sweeps down to Onymard (* G^cj/mard Spring House^ $2.50 a day, $12 a week), situated on a spur of the Shawangunk Mts. over the Neversink River. The views from Look-off Point and Mt. Camerdon are attractive, and a noble view is enjoyed from the peak called Prospect Point, including Guymard, Huguenot, Port Jer^'i8, the Neversink and Delaware Valleys, and a vast wilderness of rugged peaks terminated by Storm King on the Hudson River. The Neversink is followed to its confluence with the Delaware River at Fort Jervis {Delaware Hoxise : Fowler House), at the comer boundary of the States of N. Y., N. J., and Penn. This place has 8,700 inhabi- tants, and 7 churches, and is the seat of extensive R. R. shops. The round-houses have stalls for 60 locomotives. The village was named for John 6. Jervis, the engineer of the D. & H. Canal, by which Penn. coal passes this point and is carried to tide-water on the Hudson. The scenery in the district is very striking, and attnufts many summer visitors. Point Peter is often visited from this point, and commands a pleasing view, in- eluding Port Jervis and the valleys, and Mts. Sullivan, Williams, and other tall peaks. The Delaware Valley has fine caniage-roads leading through pretty scenery. "Prom the N. border to the famous Water Gap, 40 M. S., stretches a gigantic ' ridge, compacted of slate and shale, overhanging the rich meadow-banks of the Delaware,, and fringed with pine and lir. . . . . Along this romantic" valley are cliffs of wildest, cn^est forms, and streams as virginal as when they were the Indian maiden's bath and mirror. They tumble over the great bluffs into the lowlands and the welcoming river even at their own sweet will. Shut in with woods and buttressed with mighty walls of rock, are cascades lovely as any in the world, -^almost peerless in grace and variety of feature It is a Morning Land, with every cliff facing the risen sun. The mist and languor are in grain- fields far below ; the hills themselves are '»f the richest, darkest green ; the skies are blue and fiery ; the air is crisp, transparent, oxygenated, American." (Stbd- MAN.) Milford (DimmfcA; Home) is 1 hour's stage-ride 8. W. of Port Jervis, crowning a plateau beside the river and (according to Willis) " looking like a town that all the mts. around have disowned and kicked into the middle." Near I ■! I I 1 i I I I ! ii i 224 RouU 3S, LACKAWAXEN. Dimmick's is the picturesque Sawkill CHen(fl-8 M. from Port Jervis). with deep gorges and trout-pools, and the * Sawlcill Falls, " whose grace is the despair of artists." " But Raymondskill is the acknowledged monarch of our Milfonl fluvi- archy," and has several lovely cataracts (Bridal Veil, Main Fall, etc.). A branch B. R. runs from Port Jervis 24 M. N. to Monticello, following the Never- sink Valley. Stations, Huguenot, Rose Point, Oakland, and Hartwood, W. of which are the Mongaup Falls (70 ft.), in a deep chasm on the Mongaup River. Stations, Bamum'K, Newfoundland, and Monticello (Monticello ; Mansion), a highland village finely situated 1,387 ft. above the sea, and surrounded by hills. It is the capital of Sullivan County, and the main street is 1 M. long and 130 ft. wide, with flagged sidewalks and lines of shade-trees. The cotmty buildings are of stone, and there are 4 churches. Pleasant, or Kiamesha, Pond, is 1 M. from the village, and has a summer boarding-house on its shore. The N. Y. and O. Midland R. R. U 4-6 M. N. E. of Monticello. The train crosses the Delaware 3 M. beyond Port Jervis, and runs for 26 M.- in the State of Penn., in the midst of pleasant and picturesciue scenery. The line follows closely the river and canal, and l>eyond Stairway Brook the track is laid on broad galleries hewn high up in the S. cliffs. The surveyors who located it were lowered by ropes from the summit. Pond Eddy is at a broad curving basin of the Delaware ; and from Shohola a suspension bridge conducts to Barryville, on the N. Y. shore. The railroad for a long distance on this section cost $ 100,000 a mile, and looks down from its lofty courae upon the pleasant meadows of Lumberland. Station, Ltickatoaxen, at the confluence of Lackawaxen Creek and Delaware River. The canal here crosses the river by a suspen- sion bridge; and the railroad bridges the Lackawaxen. S. of Lackawaxen is the wilderness-county of Pike, 12,000 acres of which are occupied by the BloomlnB Orove Park« belonging to a sporting club and guarded by foresters. Amid these dense forests and lakes are 3 - 400 deer, with many foxes, hares, bears, and game birds and fish. The proprietors have summer shooting-lodges in the park. The Honesdale Branch B. B. runs W. up the valley of the Lackawaxen Creek, through the rugged and sparsely inhabited highlands of Pike and Wayne Counties, to Honesdale (25 M.), passing Hawley. 7 M. from Lackawaxen the train crosses the Delaware by a bridge 600 ft. long, and re-enters N. Y. State at Tusten, a forest town of Sullivan County. Station, Narrowsburg (summer hotel), at the Big Eddy, where the Delaware is compressed into a narrow channel by two rocky promon- tories. A single-span bridge here crosses the river; and a road leads E. into the lake-strewn towns of Highland and Lumberland, passing several of the hundred lakes of Sullivan County. The vicinity of Narrowsburg ■was the scene of Cooper's novel, "The Last of the Mohicans." The scenery is less interesting as the train passes Cochecton^ which is near Damascus, Penn., and is W. of the many trout-abounding lakes of Bethel. CaUicoon is near Galilee, Penn., and the pretty natural scenery of Calli- coon Creek. Stations, Hankins and Basket (at the new factory village of Douglas), beyond which the train passes along the bases of the mountain- ous bluffs of Delaware County. Lordville is opposite the Penn. hamlet of Equinunk ; Stockport is the station for a village of Penn. on the r. SUSQUEHANNA. JtauU SS. 225 r!s), with deep the despair of ' Milfonl iiuvi- nngtheNever- .rtwood, W. of ongaup River. o; Mansion), a ed by hills. It >ng and 130 ft. ^buildings are d, is 1 M. flrom e N. Y. and O. and runs for 1 picturesciiie nii »s of which are rting club and 400 deer, with B have summer :awaxen Creelc, ayne Counties, a bridge 600 of Sullivan Eddy, where )cky promon- Iroad leads E. ising several iNarrowsburg licans." The ^hich ifi near Les of Bethel, aery of Calli- ^ry village of I mountain- 'enn. hamlet an. on the r. bank. The train passes a long ridge on the r. and crosses the R Branch of the Delaware, then reaches Haiicock, a pleasantly situated village with a suspension bridge on the W., and a plank road (stages for Hamden and Delhi) running up the Popacton Valley to Walton. Tlie K bluffs are now skirted on the r., and beyond Hale's Eddy the train reaches Deposit, at the great bend in the W. Branch of the Delaware. It is at the mouth of Oquago Creek, and was formerly an important place of depoaii for lumber awaiting the spring freshets. Extensive cattle-yards are now located here. The line leaves the Delaware Valley and begins to rise over heavy grades through a desolate land of hills. It ascends 369 ft. in 8 M., and reaches the lonely station of Summit, 1,366 ft. above the sea. Then ensues a descent of 8 M. on a grade of 60 ft. to the M. 4 M. from Sumviit the train crosses the site of the Cascade Bridge, a light and graceful structure of wood and iron which spanned a dark ravine 250 ft. wide and 184 ft. deep. It has been replaced by a lofty embankment. A pleasant * view of the Susquehanna River and Valley is gained on the r.; and the train, entering the State of Penn., crosses the famous * Sta* ruoca Yiadnct. This noble piece of masoniy (built in 2^ years) cost $ 325,000, and crosses the Starucca Valley by 18 arches, with a length of 1,200 ft. and a height of 110 ft. The valley ana viaduct as seen in autumn have been celebrated by Cropsey in a brilliant painting. Cross- ing the Canauacta Creek at Lanes1)orough on a long trestle-work, the train stops at Susquehanna (* Stantcca Hotel, at the station ; passengers get good meals in the lofty and eleganj dining-room). This village con- tains the R B. repair-shops, and is sometimes called ''The City of Stairs," from the steepness of its streets and declivities. It was occupied by Penn. troops in March and April, 1874, to prevent destruction of property by insurgent employes. The buildings and machinery are the best in America, covering 8 acres, in 16 departments, and valued at $ 1,750,000. Opposite Susquehanna is the massive Oquago Mt. ; and 2 M. beyond the train passes the Painted Hocks, where the first settlers found, high up on the cliifs, a painting of an Indian chief. The Jefferson Branch runs S. from Susquehanna to Carbondale (38 M. ) and the coal- fields of Luzerne County. The Susquehanna River is crossed (beyond the Starucca Hotel) on a bridge 800 ft. long, and the train traverses level grades between the river and the tall hills on the r., and stops at Great Bend, whose village is on the farther shore. Here the i)el., Lack. & Western R. B. comes in from the great coal-fields of Penn., bringing long coal-trains for tlie Erie western trade. Its track runs parallel to the Erie (on the r. bank) as far as Binghamton. Beyond Kirkwood the present route reaches BinghamtoxL 10* o 220 nouhi sx BINOHAMTON. ! > i I I '^ 41 \ r 15 I ii Hotcli* ~ Tho * Dwltflit IIouNO ($ 9 - 4. ftO n day) la a new nnd elegant hotel Ilk • iHi'-vlowliiK imi'k luuif tho olty, HiilUiblo v\t\wv for toiniHtM or for a Niiiiinier luMiMo, H|tnul«lliiK HoiiHO, lumi' tlio Ntiitlon.il'i.riO: LowIn IIoiiho. On Court Ht, Uxohttiiuo llutui { Wiiy'M llolol ; CiilHirly IIoum«i. UoritttaiJikM. •— i)n MiUn, Court; iiiul t'luiiiunKo Stii. to Port DIoklneon (S M.) ; on Wiiiiliiutttoa Hud Kldrodi^o HtM. to Inobrlutti AHyluiii ; mid on WuMhington Nt, , ltiUlr«ii%«l«. -The Krlo, to N. Y. In i«Hi tlio tntorvidoit of tho Oliontuigo. The (dikif vllhiKO wua ifnlon (0 M. from Uinglinni- ton\ wlntro a liotol wm built and tho AmeHmn VoHaMUillon nowspuiivr was •t4U'ted (1800); but Union rotrogrudinl uttor Ulnghnni, with shrewd strntcgy, fbundod a town at tho conllucnco of tho rlvvrH. Tho county was owned by tlie Tu»onix)ra Indiana, who aold it to N. Y, In 17B&, nflcr a long ttiuity vonfoivnce at l*\)rt Ilorkinior. Togolhor with a great portion of Contral M. Y., it was idaiined by MaMHacdiusotu in virtuo of luu* royal clinrtor, which embraced nil the territory botwoi^n 44* and 48' N. iatiUido, " from mva to Hen." MaHH. yioldvd her right to thii) vaMt tnum-oontiiicnUd bolt nt tho Hartford Oonvontion of 1780, receiving, among other things, a tract of 2!)0,400 n<'.i'eiN in nnd near Hroonie Co. The Com- nionwoaUh oold thiii district to UO men of lit^rkHhiro in 1787 (lor i||i7,&00), and Uit •iHtriglnos woi'o soon crowded otf by tliu hanly Entiturn Immigrants. BiNuiiAMTON, tlie onpitiU of Broome Co., h pleasantly situated at the contlueiice of the Bu8(iuuhtun)a aiul Chenango Ilivers, and is surrounded by high wooded hiili'. It has about 1(5,000 inhulutants, with 12 churches^ 6 banks, 9 Masonic societies, and 3 daily papers. The city has risen to iinportanue by its railroad facilities, four great lines converging here and connecting with the Chenango dJanal. Innnense amounts of iron and coal are handled, and large manufacturing interests have been developed, while tlie country trade of many towns is centred here. The city is on both •ides of both rivers, and there ore 2 bridges over each. Chenango St^ runs S. from tlio station, by the Baptist and Presbyterian churches, to Court St., the main tlioroughfare. The Court House is a large building, surmounted by a dome, and fronted by a classic portico supported by Ionic columns. It is eligibly situated on Court St., amid open grounds, beyond which the hills ore seen. Court St. has several fine commercial blocks, tlie best of which is the lofty granite Bank Building (corner of Chenango St. ). Passing to the W., the Chenango Canal and River are crossed, and the new and ornate High School is seen on the 1., fronting tlie Cong. Church. On the hill beyond is the brick building of the Place College (MethoiUst; for ladies). The Chenango Canal was commenced in 1833, and extends 97 M. N. to the Erie Canal, at Utica. Christ Church is an irregular and picturesque stone building ; and St. Patrick's is on Le Roy St. , and is comiected with the Convent of St. Joseph. The city water-works are on the Holly system, and supply 22 M. of pipes. 6 continuous streams of water can be thrown 125 ft. liigh at the same time OWEOO. MauUSS. 227 by tho hydrants, and without engines. On Mt. Protpeet Is % favorite wutor-cnru hotel, situated among large trees, and overlooking the city and valley. In tho vicinity is a saline-chalybeate spring, whoije waters resemble those of Cheltenham, England (in each gallon, 53 grains of car- bonate of iron, 03 of carbonates of lime and magnesia, and 11 of chloride of sodium). In the N. W. suburb is the Spring Foreat CemeUry, where D. B. Dickinson, the senator and jurist, is buried, under a monument erected by tho N. Y. Bar Association. The State Inebriftte Aeylnni is situated upon a far-viewing hill 1-2 M.N. E.of the city (horse-cars), and is an imposing stone building, 365 ft. long, in the Tudor castellated archi- tecture, with many towers, and 400 acres of grounds. It is designed for the medical treatment and restraint of inebriates. The Susquehanna Valley Hume is near the city, and guards and educates indigent children* Beyond Binghamton the Erie train enters a fertile farming country, which is fringed by the rich Susquehanna intervales. Stations, Hooper, Union, Campville, and Owego {Ahtoaga House; Park; U. S.; Briggif)^ the capital of Tioga County. Owego is beautifully situated on the N. bank of the Susquehanna, which i» here crossed by a bridge 1,200 ft. long. It has 0,715 inhabitants, with 7 dmrches, 3 weekly papers, and 4 banks. Consi«lerable manufacturing is done here, and there is a lucrative trade with the farming country in the vicinity. In the W., on Ow^o Creek, is Glen Mary^ an estate formerly held by N. P. Willis, and where ho wrote the charming " Letters from under a Bridge." Evei'green Cem- etery is N. of the village, on a hill 200 ft. high, and commands attractive views of the valley. On the park is the new and elegant Court House of Tioga County. The Cayuga Div. of the Del., Lack. & Western R. R. runs from Owego N. W. to Ithaca in 35 M. (see page 204); and the S. Central R. R. crosses the Erie at this point. The Susquehanna is closely followed by the stations of Tioga Centre, Smithboro', and Barton, to Waverly {Courtney Houee)^ a prosperous village on Cayuta Creek, with 2,239 inhabitants, 5 churches, 3 newspapers, and 2 banks. S. of Waverly, at the confluence of the Chemung and Susque- hanna Rivers, is Tioga Pointy where the hostile army gathered before the Massacre of Wyoming. At a later day. Gen. Sullivan's American army encamped here before the battle near Elmira. The Penn. k N. Y. Cand & R. R. Co.'s R. R. intersects the Erie at this point; and the Ithaca and Athens R. R. runs N. to Ithaca. The train now passes down to the Penn. border, then turns N. W., and reaches . Elmira. Hotela.— •Rathbun House. $3 a day, corner of Water and Baldwin Sts.; Frasier House, at the station ; Pattinson House. &eading-Ro Here la the monument tu Uen. J. 8. WndHworth, a wuulthy geutleman of Ueneaeo who itudlod Ihw mider Uiuiiel Welmtor ; entorud tht« U. H. nrtiiv during the Heceatiion Wnr ; and wua murtiilly woundud wliile (ioinmnndlnK the FirMt Corpit of the Army of the I'otomaR, at tlio battle of the WildnriiuHH. Boynnd the flourishing village of Mount Morrta tlie train runs S. 10. to Danavlltof a place of a.OOO inhanitantti, with 8 ohurttliee, 2 Imnka, a Heininary, nnm a remark- 10 ; CanaseragA, le, 865 ; Qaiues-' Laucaater. 412; and the Chau- village of the am House, at , which is 818 icing a wooden of renowned ioe River from Portage Falls 12 hours from photographed I The fialls are k through the ) r. by a well- * 3re is seen the 's, and crossing • • Horse-Shoe, ed by a line of here the river tin surrounded ;he Fall is the (often visited iS). Near this |s gained a fine ;e. The river if sheer cliffs il white bands traverses the le rapid river astonishing high rapids (ing with per- the river is 20 ft. into ■oCk-pinnacle ;er. At this the gorge. )! X "•■•Tt«rf".»^*, ■» ■:if;-»-<;rft-viv ,».i-«,<«k . ■-.■'■o' -ttrj,' ■'. ^*^:',f-'- i^^- MR < il I I '• il I i si ?v I point tue nver wnirm uu att ri^jub ou^ico, auu oj^«, •'ii f P. I. .E4. P. 4 i;.4.$. D.j. D.J. .A. I. ,A.s. A. a, A. J. .D.J. ,.K.4. OHUROHIt. 15. St. TM4M'«r«MMlr«/ P. 4. i«. SlPrnWi " p. 4. 17. r«My^ A4/MI P. 4. til H^tmimnn,. ... D. 4. I*. StA/utmi, B.4. to. Si. LMkit . , 1. 4. fli. Aikwy .*..B,4. n. AT. i'lM^AMi B. 4. H(|riLS. •4. Btmrn^'i .C '♦I ■7, Afifgmfm SpuHv . . , . P. *1 J?Mrwtr D.( •«. KMiif Mm't Attn. ■ P. 4.J jtt PortMn* C J.j Ji. lM$iriml't Bri4g*. A. 7.^ jt. M K Cmu. SlMt9U.G 4^ 3). KpiiltmkMf » .G.4/ 34. J/«VMr«/'«/(r'*.F. J1 js .1^:' ^ ,<•»*- .1 .* , »-■.»■ 1- BUFFALO. JtmOe S3. 233 The High Banks of the Genesee extend for several miles, between the towns of Mt. Morris and Castile, with an altitude of 300-350 ft. 3. M. from the Lower Falls is Wolf Creek, which descends from the Silver Lake plateau through a resounding glen flanked by tall cliffs, and enshrining many graceful cascades. As the train crosses the Portage Bridge, fine views are afforded (on the r.) of the High Banks and the profoimd gorges of the Genesee. Beyond Castile the line reaches Gainesville 3 M. N. E. of a hamlet which con> tains a large female seminary. The Stiver Lake Railway (2 trains daily) runs N. K 7 M. from Gainesville along the shores of the lake to Perry, a small village on its outlet. Silver Lake is 3 M. long, and has a small summer hotel on its shore. Its waters deposit lime in the form of marl, and are said to be haunted by a monster serpent, concerning which there was much excitement in 1856. Station, "WarBaw (2 large country hotels; hotel at the station), the capital of Wyoming County, v/ith 1,631 in- habitants, 5 churches, 2 banks, and 2 newspapers. This is the favorite summer home of the visitors to the beautiful 0-at-ka Valley, or Valley of Wyoming (not the historic Wyoming). The village is very pretty, and is approached from the station by the Gulf Road, which leads down a deep ravine into the Warsaw glen. The favorite •drives are to Silver Lake, 7 M. S. E. ; to the High Banks of the Genesee anu the Wolf Creek glen ; and down the rich Oatka Valley to Wyoming, 8-10 M. Daily stages run S. W. by Wethersfield Springs to Arcade (25 M. ). " The vicinity of Warsaw— along the banks of the Oatka — is a rich pastoral country, Huch as artists love and strive tc reproduce in their pictures. Here groups of elms reach their graceful branches down to the water ; there the water reflects the soft gray spray of willows Like almost the whole of Northern N. Y., the region is full of waterfalls, the most beautiful, perhaps, being the Upper Falls alx>vethe railroad at Warsaw, which only need a different aud grander texture of rock to equal the waterfalls of Norway, or the Falls of Inversnaid, in Scotland." Warsaw and the Oatka Valley are seen to the r. from the train as it passes the station and winds along the highlands to Dale, Linden, and Attioa {Exchange Hotel), which is connected with Batavia (11 M. N. E.) both by the Erie and the N. Y. Central R. R. The line now runs W. across Erie (IJounty, passing several rural hamlets, and enters the city of Buffido. Hotels* —*Tifft House, $4 a day. Main St., near Mohawk ; * Mansion House, Main St., opposite the Terrace; Bonney's Hotel, Washington St.; Continental Hotel, $3, at the B. R. station ; United States ; aud several smaller houses, near the station, on Exchange St. BeadlnK- Rooms. — The Young Men's Association, comer of Main and Eagle Sts.; the Y. M. C. A., 319 Main St.; the CathoUc Institute, 412 Main St. Amusements* — At the Opera House, on Main, near Clinton St.; Academy of Music, 247 Main St.; St. James Hall, comer of Eagle and Washington Sts. Horse«Cars* — Every 6 min. on Main and Niagara Sts., running fTom the bai'bor out Main St. to Cold Spring Abbey and the Park ; also across Niagara 234 Eouu ss. BUFFALO. Stpare and on Niagara St., by Fort Porter, to Black Bock : and out Genesee St Cars run out Exchange St. through the lower uart of the city. Stages run daily to Clarence, Willianisviile, E. Hamburgh, Colden, Springville, Glenwood, Boston Centre, and White's Corners. Railroads. — The Erie (Route 83), to New York in 442 M. ; the N. Y. Central (Route 2o), \o New York in 440 M.; the Buffalo, N. Y., and Phila., to Emporium in 121 M. (and Philadelphia in 419 M.) ; the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, to Chicago in 539 M.; the Canada Southern, to Upper Canada and the West ; the Grand Trunk, to Detroit in 258 M. Niagara Falls is reached by the Erie (23 M.), the N. Y. Central (22 M.), or the Canada Southern (26 TA.). Steamers run to the principal ports on Lake Erie. Buffalo, the capital of Erie County, is situated at the E. end of Lake Erie, at the efflux of the Niagara River. It has the best harbor ou the lake, and its water-front is nearly 5 M. long. The site of the city is on ground which rises slowly from the shore, with bold bluffs fronting the Niagara River; and from the upper portion are gained pleasant views of the lake and the Canadian shore. There are 5 public squares, and the streets are broad and well arranged. The principal thoroughfares are Main, Niagara, and Delaware Sts., each of which is over 3 M. long; and the Terrace is an open square in the busiest quarter, and near the harbor. There are 10 banks, 14 Masonic societies, 9 daily papers (3r of whi(di are German), and 76 churclies (of which 16 are German, 4 African, and 2 French). The great basins, ship-canals, and elevators along the harbor and Buffalo Creek are worthy of a visit; and the number and activity of the steam-tugs plying in these narrow waters will attract attention. Lower Main St. is devoted to heavy wholesale trade; and from the point where Exchange St. enters from the spacious R. R. station, the broad square called the Terrace stretches off toward the canal. Passing up Main St., by fine commercial biiildiugs, Niagara St. is reached, and on the 1. are seen the First Pres. Church and the Episcopal Cathedral of St, PatUf a stately old structure, in which the body of ex-Pi-esident Fillmore was laid in state in April, 1874. This church has a fine chime of bells. A short distance beyond is *St. Joseph's Cathedral (Catholic), an im- posing building of gray stone, with a lofty nave and a chancel-window of Munich stained glass, showing the Nativity, Crucifixion, and Ascension of Christ. Church St conducts thence to the lake-shore, where may be seen the breakwaters which shield the Erie Basin, with the tall lighthouse, sustaining a first-class Fresnel light. The Post-Office is a fine stone build- ing on the comer of Washington and Seneca Streets. The Young MerCa Association has a library of 27,000 volumes, with large cabinets o! nat- ural history, and the collections of the Historical and Fine Arts Societies; the Y. M. C. A. has 10,000 volumes; and the Grosvenor Library is another large and valuable collection. Niagara St. diverges to the 1. abbve St. Paul's, crossing the aristocratic Niagara Sqr.'^rc, and passing nr.any fine residences. It runs out beyond Fort Porter {^ small work designed for 64 guns and 300 men), by the side of the Niagara Ritrer, and near the BUFFALO. Jt&uU 33, 235 out Genesee St. Stages run daily lenwood, Boston tie N. Y. Central i., to Emporium higan Southern, a the West ; the by the Erie (23 ). Steamers run S. end of Lake harbor ou the the city is on Fs fronting the asant views of [uares, and the x)ughfares are I M. long; and sar the harbor. 'r of whidi are African, and 2 ng the harbor nd activity of act attention, 'om the point on, the broad Passing up iched, and on \hedral of St. lent Fillmore le of bells. A lolic), an im- lel-window of id Ascension here may be 1 lighthouse, stone build- oung MerCs finets 0.' nat- 18 Societies; y is another 1. ab6ve St. |g n^any fine iesigned for id near the Church Chai ity buildings and the Reservoir, to BUtck Rock, a suburb of Buffalo opposite the Canadian town of Fort Erie. The Niagara River is here crossed by the * International Bridge, which was built in 1869-73 at a cost of $1,500,000, and has 12 spans, with 450 ft. over Bhck Rock Harbor, 1,300 over Squaw Island, and 1,800 over the river. It is to be used by the N. Y. Central, the Erie, and the 3 Canadian railroads. Re- turning to Main St., near the old city buildings on Franklin Square are seen Grace and St. Peter's Churches ; and Batavia St. runs out thence to the massive feudal building of the State Arsenal, with its heavy stone towers. Just beyond is 5<. Mary's Church, near the spacious Redemp- torist Convent of St. Mary. Above Franklin Square, Genesee St. is seen diverging to the r., running far out into the country. Trinity and the Central and N. Pres. Churches are now passed on Main St.; and to the r. near the Washington Market, is the red sandstone Romanesque build- ing of St. MichaeVa Church, fronted by a statue of St. Michael conquering the Dragon, and containing several frescos in chiaroscuro in the spaciouti nave. Above the church is Canisius College, a Jesuit institution. The Buffalo Female Academy accommodates 500 students, and lies to the W. of Main St., on Delaware Ave., and overlooking Lake Erie. Main St. now passes the Buffalo Medical College (8 professors; 94 students), in a broad district of handsome villas, and the Church of St. Louis. A short distance to the r:, on Virginia St., is the Martin Luther College; and to the 1., on the same street, is the Buffalo Orphan Asylum. The General Hospital is on High St.; and by turning from Main St. to the I., on North St., the Westmhister Churchy the fine buildings of the Normal School, and the College of St. Joseph are seen. 2-3 M. from the City Hall, Main St. passes the immense Cold Spring, crosses the Scajaquada Creek, and intersects the Humboldt Parkway near the spacious Providence Asylum (of the Sisters of Charity). By diverging to the 1., the new Park is entered. This municipal ornament is still in process of construction, and is to have broad parkways leading to subordinate public grounds farther in the city. The lake and lawns have been completed, and pleas- ant drives may be found here. The Forest Lawn Cemetery is bounded on 2 sides by the Park, and has large grounds adorned with lakelets and grove-crowned hills, among which are many fine monuments. To fche W., towards the river, are the new and costly ranges of buildings which are being erected for the State Asylum for the Insane. The commercial importance of Buffalo is due to its safe and capacious harbor, at the E. end of free navigation tm the Great Lakes, and to the termination here of the Erie Canal. With the exception of N. Y. City, this is the chief point on the continent for shipping grain, and employs great fleets in transporting it from the W. In 1872, 62,000,000 bushels arrived here by lalce, and 30,000,000 by rail- road, for whose storage there are 31 elevators, with a capacity of 7-8,000,000 bushels, and a transfer capacity of nearly 3,000,000 bushels per day. The coal traffic is altfo of great magnitude, and the receipts thereof in 1870 aiucuated to 236 Route SS, BUFFALO. 878,787 tons. Between 1857 and 1871 there were sent East from Buffolo, 2,783,186 cattle, 4,745,451 sheep, and 4,268,605 hogs. In 1870 the entries and clearances (American and Canadian) at this port amounted to ' ,625 vessels, with 4,157,703 toimage, and 105,708 sailors. The manufactures of B^ft'alo are of great extent and value, including immense iron-works, rails, and car-wheels, machinery, leather (40 establishments), pianos, scales, ropes, furniture, ale and beer (40 breweries). The Erie Canal was built between 1817 and 1825, and extends from Builalo to Albany and W. Ti-oy (352 M.) by Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica. It has cost about $45,000,000, and has 655 ft. of lockage in 71 locks (16 of which are found In thb last 3 M. at Troy, and require 5 hrs. to pass). There are over 7,000 canal- boats, with 28,000 men, and 16,000 horses and mules. The boats cost $3-5,000 each, and make 6 round trips every season, each boat containing more than a freight train. . They pass tvoxa. Buffalo to Albany in 11 days, running night and day, the crews being divided into 2 watches. In the active season 150 boats reach the Hudson daily, and in the last 80 years the ca.'talhas transported over 50,000,000 tons of ft^ight. In the year 1871-72, 9,993,214 tons of freight passed from the West to the seaboard, of which the N. Y. Central R. R. carried 2,250,000 tons ; the Erie, 1,262,881 ; the Pennsylvania, 1,192,846 ; the Bait, and Ohio, 720,275 ; and the Erie Canal, 3,087,212. Bu£ftilo received its name from the fact that the early French travellers saw large herds of wild cattle here, and hence named it Buffle. It was laid out in 1801 by the Holland Land Co. under the name of New Amsterdam, and owes the pecu- liar arrangement of its streets to the fact that it was surveyed by one of the Elli- cott brothers, who learned the art of obliquing streets across rectangular squares in laying out Washington City. This district was the theatre of stirring events during the War of ■ 1812, — the chief of v/hich were the sacking and burning of Buflfklo by the Royal Scots Regiment (Dec. 30, 1813), and the battles about Fort Erie. This fort was captured in 1813 by the Americans, and again in 1814. After the heavy battles at Chippewa and Niagara Falls, the American army fell back to this point and strengthened the defences. The British army advanced to and besieged Fort Erie, and after a long cannonade made a determined night attack on several points. T-e assault on Towson's battery was repulsed by the 21st U. 8. regulars, after 5 successive charges, during which the hostile ranks were swept with canister. On the right a force of British veterans succeeded in scaling the parapet under a tremendous fire, and held the bastion against repeated attacks of overwhelming American forces. The bastion was finally blown up, with all its defenders, and the fort opened a general cannonade on all sides, upon which the assault was given up. The British lost 221 men killed, 174 wounded, and 186 prisoners, and the American loss was 84. Sept. 17, 1814, the Americans made a sortie in force upon the dangerously advanced parallels of the besiegers, and un- der cover of a dense fog 2,000 men swept over and through the British intrench- ments, spiking their guns and inflicting a loss on them of nearly 1,000 men. The hostile &rmy soon abandoned its camps and retired by night to Chippewa. Only 2 houses remained in Buffalo after th«. "British attack in 1813, but its re- building began in 1816, and in 1818 the Walk-in-the-'lVater, the first steamer on Lake Erie, was built at Black Rock. The harbor was constructed by the citizens in 1820, and in 1827 the U. S. Gov't built the piers. The city has continued to grow in wealth and population since the completion of the Erie Canal (1825). In 1820 it had 2.095 inhabitants ; in 1840, 18,213 ; in 1860, 81,129 ; in 1870, 117,178 ; and in 1874 (estimated), 160,000. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern JH. R. runs W. from Buffalo to Dunkirk, 40 M. ; Erie, 88 ; Painesville. 154 ; Cleveland, 183 ; Toledo, 296 ; and Chicago, 540 (20-22 hrs.). Fare from Buffalo to Chicago, $15.60. The train runs S. from Buffalo, near the lake, but not generally in sight of it. Beyond Hamburgh-on-the-Lake, it passes Angola, and crosses Cattaraugus Creek at Irving. At Dunkirlc (see page 231) the Erie Railway comes in from the E., and the Dunkirk, Warren and Pittsburgh R. R. from theB. At Brocton, the Buffalo, Corry, and Pittsburgh R. R. comes in flrom the 8. The train now passes the populous ^illage of Westfleld, arid enters Pennsylvania beyond the sta- tion of Ripley, traversing the town of North East, about 1 M. from Lake Erie. North East Borough (Dawson House) hi a 2,000 inhabitants, and is situated among ext<)iisive vineyards. The South Short vineyards are | M. N., and produce 20,000 CHAUTAUQUA LAKE. R(nUeS4> 237 gallons of wine yearly. Beyond the hamlets of Harbor Creek and Wesleyville the city of Erie is entered. The line then follows the lake shore, and at a short dis- ttuice beyond Fairview it enters the State of Ohio. 34. New York to Ohio. By the Erie and the Atlantic and Great Western Railways. The Erie Railway fl*om New York to Salamanca, see pages 219-231. The Atlantic and (jreat Western Railway runs W. from Salamanca, and is one of the main first-class routes to the Western States. Statlf^na* — Salamanca, 413 M. ttova. New York ; Red House, 420 ; Steamburg, 425 ; Randolph, 431 ; Kennedy, 438 ; Jamestown, 447 ; Ashville, 454 ; Panama, 458 ; Grant, 461 ; Freehold, 464 ; Columbus, 471 ; Corry, 474; Union, 485; Mill Village, 492 ; Millers, 498; Cambridge, 501 ; Venango, 605 : BaegertoMOi, 509 ; Meadville, 515 ; Suttons, 523 ; Evansburg, 529 ; Atlantic, 634 ; Greenville, 542 ; Shenango, 544 ; Clarksville, 548 ; Orangenlle, 654 ; Akron, 616 ; Marion, 717 ; Dayton, 802 ; Cincinnati, 861 ; St Louis, 1,201. The train follows the valley of the Allegany River S. W. from Sala- manca, then runs through the forest towns of Cold Spring, Randolph, and Poland; enters the Conewango Valley, and reaches Jameitown {Cfifford House; American; Jamestown). This is a thriving town of 5,336 in- habitants, with 8 churches (2 Swedish), 3 banks, and 3 newspapers, while large factories are located on the rapids of the Chautauqua Outlet. There are also considerable exports of dairy products, and much of the freight- ing hence is done by boats on the Conewango and Allegany Rivers. The town was settled by men of New England (in 1812), and was named in honor of its proprietor. Judge James Prendergast. Chautaaqua Lake is 18 M. long and 1-3 M. wide; and is siirrounded by hills 5-600 ft, high. It is 1,291 ft. above the sea (the highest navigable water on the continent), and the name signifies " a fo^y place," indicating one of its characteristics. A steamer nms semi-daily from Jamestown up the out- let and lak(\ to Mayville (22 M.), passing the hamlet of Fluvanna on the r., as the lake is entered. After running N. W. 8 M., Bemus Point seems to close the passage in advance, but is rounded by a narrow strait which, after 2- 3 M. of sinuous course, leads to another opr \ reach of the lake stretching from Magnolia (W. shore) N. W. in 7-8 M. to Majrville {Chautauqtia Lake Hoicse ; Fox House). This hamlet is the capital of Chautauqua County, and has 3 churches and 2 newspapers. It is favorably situated near the head of the lake (and on the B., C & P. R. R.), and has many summer visitors. The train runs S. W. from Jamestown, and Pennsylvania is entered beyond Ashville and Panama. At Corry the line intersects the Alle- gheny Valley, Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia and Erie R. Rs., and its course lies near the latter road for 12 M., when it diverges to the S. W. and passes down the French Creek Valley to Venango and Saegertown, in the famous Penn. oil district. Meadville {McHenry Hotise ; Colt House ; Rupp's) is pleasantly located in a vallejr ou the E. side of Venango River, and has large machine- works and woollen 288 HouU SB, MEADVILLE. mills, together with the workshops of the A. & G. W. Railway. The busi- ness part of the city is substantially built, and there are 2 banks and 15 churches. The pleasant Greendole Cemetery is in the suburbs. There is a small Opera-House, and a public library (in Porter's Block). The city was founded and fortified by Oen. David Mead (in 1789) on the old war- trail between Forts Venango and Leboeuf. In 1816 it had 400 inhabitants; in 1860, 3,702; and in 1870, 7,103. AUegkeny Collegt is situated on a hill N. of the city, and has 3 buildings, 7 professors, and 130 students. It was opened in 1816 under the care of the Presbyterian Church, and was built up by the exertions of its president, Timothy Alden, D. D. He se- cured much aid from New England, and brought here the private libraries of Judge Winthrop and Isaiah Thomas. He procured also the large and valuable library of Dr. Bentley (of Salem, Mass. ), whose portrait i» now in the hall of the Allegheny Literary Society. In 1838 the th^r. languish- ing college was transferred to the care of the Methodist Church, and is now in a thriving condition. LadieS are admitted to the full course. The Meadville Theological School was established in 1844, and pertains to moderate Unitarianism. It has 7 professors, and a library of 9,000 vol- umes. A branch R. R. runs S. E. from Meadville down the valley of French Creek to Franklin (28 M.) and Oil City (36 M.). The train runs S. from Meadville, and soon leaves the French Creek, turning W. to Evansburg, 2 M. S. of the hamlet of Evansburg (LaJce House), which is on the S. shore of Conneant Lake, a beautiful sheet of water 4 x 2 M. in extent. It abounds in fish, and is famed for an abundance of double white pond-lilies. Running now to the S. W. near the Erie Canal of Penn., the line soon crosses the Jamestown and Frank- lin Div. of the Lake Shore R. R At the populous borough of Oreenville it meets the Erie and Pittsburgh and the Shenango and Allegheny R. Rs., then passes out across the town of Pymatuning, and enters the State of Ohio beyond the station of Orangeville, 307 M. N. E. of Cincinnati. I Hi l!^ : ' 36. New York to Scranton and Oswego. The Delaware Water Gap. By the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western B. R. , team the foot of Barclay 8t. or Christopher St., N. Y. City, to the terminal station on the N. J. shore; thence to Scranton, in 6| hrs ; to Binghamton, iu 10 hrs. ; to Utica, in 13 hrs. ; to Oswego, in 15^ hrs. Fares from N. Y. to Orange, 30c. ; to Moriidtowu, 80c. ; to Hackettstown, $ 1.70 ; to Easton. lj(2.25. Stations* — New York ; Hoboken, 2 M. {BoonUm, Branch. Kingsland, 5 ; Butlierftiitl Park, 9; Delawanna, 11; Passaic, 12; Clifton, 14; Paterson, 17; Beavertown, 25 ; Whitehall, 27 ; Montville. 29 ; Boonton, 32 ; Denville, 37). Main Litu. Hoboken, 2 ; Newark, 10 ; Orange, 13 ; S. Orange, 15 ; Milbum, 19 ; Summit, 22 : Cl>%tham, 25 ; Madison, 27 ; Morristown, 31 ; Morris Plains, 34 ; Denville, 38 ; Bockaway, 40 ; Dover, 43 ; Drakesville, 48 ; Stanhope, 53 ; Waterloo, 56 ; Hack* ettstown, 62 ; Port Murray, 68 ; Washington, 71 (Easton, 85) : Oxford Furnace, 75 1 Bridgeville, 80 ; Manunka Chunk, 82 ; Delaware, 84 ; Portland, 87 ; Water Gap, 92 ; Stroudsbuig, 96 : HenryviUe, 104 ; Oakland, 109 ; Forks ; Tobyhanna, 122 ; -4 ORANGE. ItouU 36. 239 ^ay. The bnsl- banks and 15 irbs. There ifi >ck). The city 11 the old war- 00 inhabitants; situated on a students. It iurch, and was D. D. He se- rivate libraries > the large and ortrait la now thfir. languish- Dhurch, and is II course. The nd pertains to r of 9,000 vol- the valley of French Creek, msburg {Lake iitiful sheet of famed for an he S. W. near vn and Frank- of Oreenville ghenyB.Rs., the State of icinnati. I Delaware toot of Barclay le N. J. shore; ica, in 13 hrs. ; riidtowu, 80c. ; Kingsland, 6; Paterson, 17; ille, 37). Main a, 19 ; Summit, DenvUle, 38 ; loo, 56 ; Hack- tl Furnace, 76 ; 7; Water Gap, byhanna, 122; 1 -.4 m Gouldsborf)', 128 ; Moscow, 180; Dunning's, 131> ; Scranton, 149 (branch to North- umberland, 229) ; AbinKton, 169 ; Factoryvillc, 104 ; Nicholson, 170 ; Hopbottom, 176 ; Montrose, 183 ; New Milford, 190 : Great Bend, 196 ; Blngharaton, 210 Sjranch to Utica, 306) ; Chenango, 217 : Chenango Forks, 221 ; Whitney's Point, 31 : Lisle, 233 ; Marathon, 240 ; State Bridge, 246 ; Cortland, 264 ; Homer, 257 ; Prebln, 264 ; Tnlly, 269 ; Apulia, 271 ; Onntivia, 276 : Jamcsville, 283 ; Syracuae, 290 ; iJaldwinsville, 802 ; Lamson's, 808 ; Fulton, 814 ; Oswego. 826. Morris and Essex Division. To Easton, 85 M. ; trains in 4 - 4J hrs. The passenger leaves New York by ferry-boat, aud takes the train at Hoboken, whence the Bergen Tunnel is traversed. (A new tunnel has been cut at great expense for the Morris and Essex R. R.) Tlie Hackensack River and wide marshes are crossed, and beyond the Passaic River the train stops at Newark (see R^ute 37). A branch railway runs hence through the populous town of Bloomfleld, with its paper and hat factories, to Montclair, 6 M. N. W. Just beyond Newark the train enters Orange (Park House ; Central Hotel), a city of 15,000 inhabitants. The streets are wide and well shaded, and contain many costly villas of New York merchants. Near the Orange station are the buildings of the Pres. Church, High School, and Library. Horse-cars run to Newark (3 M), and there are 2 railroads to New York (12 M.), affording frequent and quick access to that city. To the W. is Llewelyn Park, a district of villas and elegant mansions arranged about a pleasant park called the Ramble. Above this point, and W. of the city, is the ^ong ridge of Orange Mt*, on whose crest are the estates of Gens. McClellan, Marcy, and other eminent men. There are beautiful views from various points on the ridge, — especially from the vicinity of Eagle Rock, whence N. Y. City, with its bay and suburbs, is overlooked. Passing S. through Montrose (*S. Orange Mt. House)', S. Orange, near the Catholic college of Seton Hall ; and Maplewood, with their homes of N. Y. merchants, the line turns W. and crosses the N. J. W. R. R. near Milbum. With Springfield Mt. on the 1. and the Short Hills on the r., the train ascends long grades to Summit (* Summit House; Pierre House), a summer resort on the Second Mt. On the r. are seen Boonton, Chatham, and Morristown ; and on the 1. are Elizabeth and the fertile plains of Union County, with Springfield near at hand in the S. E. June 23, 1780, 6-6,000 British troops, with 20 cannon, advanced from Eliza- bethtown to Springfield, intending to cut through the discouraged Continentals and break up tlie camps at Morristown. They were met here, at the passes of tlie Short Hills , by Gen. Greene and the N. J. militia, and a sharp engagement ensued. The enemy carried the village of Springfield and destroyed it ; but the Americans formed on the Short Hills and checked the farther advance of the ex- pedition, which retreated hastily to Elizabethtown. Recrossing the N. J. W. R. R. and the Passaic River, beyond Chatham the train descends through the hills to Madison, the seat of the Drew 240 Boute 36, MORKISTOWN. t! ! ill Theological Sen**.nai7, a Methodist institution occupying several small buildings in a tree-studded park of 200 acres. Beyond the station near the Convent of St. Elizabeth, the train reaches Morriitown {Park House ; Grand View; U. S. ; Mansion), the capital of Morris County, It is beautifully situated on a high plateau near the Whippany River, and is a favorite summer resort for New-Yorkers. The new and superb State Insane Asylum is on Pigeon Mountain. It cost $3,000,000, and is built o'l granite, in semi-Gothic architecture. On a high knoll back of the court-house are the remains of the ancient Revolutionary Fort Nonsense ; and the pretty Lake Speedwell is near the village. The park is adorned with a soldiers' monimient ; and ^ M. E. is the ancient building of Washington's Head-quarters^ now owned by the State. In the winter of 1777-78 the American army was encamped about Morristown, the main force being at Spring Valley (the Indian Lowantica). S. E. of the village. On the Short Hills, by Chatham, were guarded beacons ; and by Summit were strong picket-lines, to watch the British in N. Y. The head-quarters were on the village park, and here Washington was initiated into the Masonic order. In the winter of 1779-80 the army was again quartered about MoiTistown ; and Wabhr- ington occupied the Ford mansion (now sacredly preserved), about Miiich bis body-guard was encamped. The main body was cantonned toward Mendhaih ; and the soldiers were engaged in building Fort Noii sense, to avert the evil conse- quences of idleness. The sufferings from cold and hunger were intense ; but " as an army, they bore it with the most heroic patience." The forces were reviewed with great pomp, in April, 1780, by the ambassadors of France and Spain, the latter of whom, Don Juan de Miralles, died here soon afterward, and received a stately burial in the village churchyard. The only revolt in the continental army took place here early in 1780, when the Penn. line (2,000 soldiers), being unpaid and held in service after their time had expired, rose against their officers and marched to Princeton, where they were paid and disbanded by order of Congress. The train runs N. from Morristown, with Watnong Mt. on the 1., passes Morris Plains, and meets the Boonton Branch at Denville. T?ie .Boonton Branch. The through express trains run over this route. Passengers leave N. Y. by fe^ from Barclay St. or Christopher St.; and beyond the Bergen Tunnel the train diverges to the r. from the Morris and Essex R R., and runs N. W. across the marshes, leaving Snake Hill on the 1. Crossing the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, several rural stations are passed, and the line reaches PatersoU (see page 220). Thence the course is to the W., and into the highlands. Passing along the S. verge of the Pompton Plains, with the Towakhow Mt. on the 1., the Morris Canal is followed to Boonton ( U. S. Hotel), a village of 4,000 inhabitants. It is situated among craggy and rugged highlands, and is the seat of several iron- furnaces, which are supplied from the prolific mines in the vicinity. There are lai^e nail-works and rolling-mills near Boonton, an^ the Morris Canal here rises over inclined planes. The ancient hamlet of Parcipf.ny is 4 M. S., and the Rockaway Valley is in the N. W. The train runs W. from Boonton to Denville^ where it passes on to the rails of the Morris u ■ LAKE HOPATCONO. RouUSS. 241 ireral small bation near irk House; nty. It is BT, and is a perb State 00, and is cnoU back )nary Fort [age. The ;he ancient ate. Morristown, ' the village, ummit were were on the der. In the ; and Wabh^- t M'hich his Mendhaih ; ) evil conse- se ; but " as jre reviewed 1 Spain, the 1 received a nental army •eing unpaid officers and of Congress. eave N. Y. he Bergen B. R., and Crossing lassed, and }e is to the B Pompton is followed is situated sreral iron- e vicinity, the Morris Parcipr.ny in runs W. the Morris w ■^ and Essex B. R At Rockaway a branch track runs N. to the extensive Hibemia and Beach Olen mines. Station, Dover (Mansion H(mse\ a small city engaged in the iron manufacture. A branch track runs S. through a mining country, and passing Ferromonte, Ironia, and the Succasuna Plains, to Chester, a pleasant village among the hills (summer board at i\\ /oung Ladies' Institute). Beyond Dover another branch runs N. to the mines at Mt. Hope; and the Brookland Mts. are seen on the r. as the train passes along the Rockaway River to DrakesvilUf whence stages run 4 M. N. to Lake Hopatoong, a loftily situated lake (720 ft. above the Hudson) among the Brookland Mts. It is 9 M. long and 4 M. wide, and has 2 islands (Canfield and Halsey), which are much visited. The waters contain pickerel, perch, and salmon-trout, and the shores are lined with forests (among which are iron-mines). From South- ard's Peak the country is overlooked from the Bloomfield Mts. to the Delaware Water Gap. The name Hopatcong means ** Stone over Water," and was probably given by the Indians on account of an ancient stone causeway (now submerged) leading from a large Indian village to one of the islands; but the lake is locally known as Brookland Pond. 2 small steamers ply on its waters, and summer visitors are accommodated by several hotels {Lake Hopatcov^g House ; Lake View, etc.). Station, Port Morris, in the gap between Schooley's Mt. and Brookland Mt., an im- portant point for the trans-shipment of coal, and near long inclined planes on the Morris Canal, up which the boats are drawn by powerful stationary engines. The Ogden Mine R. R. is being built from this point along Lake Hopatcong to the iron-mines, 15 M. N. From Stan?iope station stages run 2^ M. N. to Lake Seneoawana (Budd's Lake), a beautiful sheet of water well up among the highlands. It is nearly round, and is 3|| M. in circumference, lined with foliage and arable slopes, and affords pretty mt. viev/s. The clear waters are the abode of many fish, and the pursuit of pickerel is a favorite pastime here, while many pond-lilies are found over the shallows. The lake is 1,200 ft. high, and its secluded beauty, together with the ease of access, have made it a favorite summer resort {* Forest House, 200 guests, $3 a day, $15-21 a week). Lake Hopatcong is visited from this point, and Schooley's Mt. is 8 M. distant. The train passes from Stanhope to Waterloo, a small hamlet S. E. of Pohatcong Mt., whence the Sussex R. R. nms N. to Kewton {Cochran House : Willard House), the capital of Sussex County. On and about the public square are 5 churches and the Court House, and to the W. is the Collegiate Institute. By reason of its lofty situation and clear air, Newton is much visited in summer. The Sussex R. R. passes on to Franklin, where it meets the Midland R. R. (see page 216). Leaving Alamuche Mt. on the r., the line runs S. W. down the narrow and fertile Musconetcong Valley alongside of the Morris and Essex Canal, 11 P 242 RouUSS, SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN. 1^ I'i ii\ • ( to Haokettitown (American ffoiue; Warren), a borough of 8,000 in- habitants, in a rich farming country. Sohooley'i Moantain is 8 - 4 M. S. E. of this place (stages frequently), and is about 1,200 ft. high. In a glade on the W. declivity, | M. from the hotels, and near the summit, is a celebrated chalybeate spring, containing carbonated oxide of iron, muriates of soda, lime, and magnesia, sulphate of lime, etc. The water is pleasant to the taste, and is a fine tonic, being also beneficial in cases of dyspeptic and calculous troubles. The discharge of the water is small, and the spring is protected by a neat canopy. The purity of the highland air, and the picturesque scenery in the vicinity, attract many summer visitors to this point. The * Heath House and * Belmont Hall are the principal hotels, and ar6 largely patronized by New-Yorkers. Malvern Hill is seen to the W. of Hackettstown, as the train follows the canal and river to the S. W. Beyond the hamlet of Port Murray, it reaches Washington {Union Hotel), a pretty and prosperous village in a fertile farming country. The Morris and Essex B. R. runs thence 14 M. S. W. by Stewartsville to Phillipsburg and Easton. The train now passes on to the rails of the Del., Lack. & Western B. B., and runs N. W. to Oxford Furnace and Bridgeville; then traverses the Voss Gap Tunnel through Manunka Chunk Mt. (1,000 ft. long) and meets the Belvidere Delaware B. B. (Boute 44) at Manunka Chunk. At Delaware station time is usually given for lunch, and then the train crosses the Delaware Biver and enters the State of Pennsylvania. Portland station is opposite the N. J. hamlet of Columbia, and the line passes on by i^ate/ord (large slate quarries), with the Blue Mts. closing in ahead. The Water Gap fs now entered, and is traversed on a narrow gallery between the river and the mt. (the views on the r. are preferable). The train soon stops at the station for the Delaware Water Chip. Hotels. —* Water Gap House, on the summit of Sunset Hill, a new house for 800 guests, $4 a day, 9*21 a week ; * Kittatiny House, 918 a week ; and several sum- mer boarding-houses, — the Olenwood, above the village, the Mountain House (9 10-12 a week), the Analomink, Maple Cottage, Cataract, Highland Dell, and others. Railroadf. — To New York, by the Morris & Essex B. B. (without change, in 'djt hrs.) ; fare, $ 2.65. To Philadelphia, in 4 hrs. ; fare, $ 2.95. Bow-boats and glides at the landing below the Kittatiny House. Photographs of the scenery at raves's, near the Kittatiny. At the Delaware Water Gap the Delaware Biver passes through a nar- row defile of the Kittatiny Mts., which attain a height of 1,600 ft. on either side. As the stream flows down from the Minisink Valley and reaches the great barrier of the Blue Bidge, it makes a sudden bend to the E. and passes between the craggy portals of the Gap, where its waters are 60 ft. deep. The Indians called the country N. of this point the Minisink (me/. ^Ing "the water is gone "), evidently in reference to some DELAWARB WATER GAP. RoiUe SS. 243 ancient tradition of a lake-like expanse of water occupying the place. The existence of high marine terraces, alluvial hills, and the water-worn rocks on the heights, seem to favor this belief. There are several theories as to the formation of the Gap, — that the ridge at this place sank down into immense caverns; that the lake burst the barrier by its pressure; or that the mountain-dam was slowly worn away by a Niagara-like cata- ract. Of late years the Water Gap has become a popular summer resort, owing to the unique character of its scenery, and to its vicinity to the two chief cities of the Republic. Blockhead ML is a long secondary range on the E. shore, which lies across and partially hides the Gap from the hotels. The best near view of the chasm is gained by descending the river in a boat to Mather's Spring (IJ M. from the hotels; on the N. J. shore). The Cold Air Cave and Benner's Spring are each 1| M. from the hotels (by river) ; and In- dian Ladder Bluff, the Point of Rocks, and the Slate Factory are oft- visited localities along the shores. The Indian Ladder Bluff is a promon- tory at the foot of Mt. Tammany, over which the ancient Indian path was carried by means of steps cut in the rock and a tree laid against one of the precipitous sides. Mt. Minn is on the W. (Penn.) side of the Gap, and Mt. Tammany is on the K (N. J.). The latter summit is ascended (2^ M. from the hotels) by a rugged path beginning near the Slate Factory, and gives a broad view. A suspension-bridge 1,500 ft. high is to be built from Minsi to Tammany. This mt. is named in honor of Tammany, or Tamanend, an ancient Delaware chief, who was renowned for wisdom, virtue, and charity. Howbeit without the sanction of the church, this pagan sage was canonized during tlie last century, and was proclaimed the patron saint of America. His festival was on the first of May, when numerous societies which bore his name and admired his virtues were wont to assemble in their wigwams to smoke the calumet of peace and pass the day in merry-making. These societies afterward became political bodies, in which capacity one of them has acquired a wide notoriety. Pleasant views of the river ai. I Gap are gained from the road near the hotels, and also from the Water Gap Hotel on Sunset Hill (from whose tower Ciherry Valley and the Shawnee Hills are overlooked). A few rods distant from either hotel is the small pool called Lake Lenape, from which the Caldeno Oeek flows down by the Elittatiny House. Turning to the 1. from the lake, and following a path marked by white lines on rocks and trees, the hill is ascended by a steep and devicus path to Cocfper's Clif, 600 ft. above the river. The white lines conduct along the E. edge of the ridge to Table Rock (^ M. from the hotel), whence extensive views are afforded. Thence the white lines lead in ^ M. to the upper glen of Cal- deno Creek, which slides down Table Rock for 100 ft. at an angle of 45^ Among the trees and mosses of this glen is the deep rock-basin known as Diana* 8 Bath, below which are the Caldeno Falls. The sunuuit of Mt. Minsi is 3 M. from the hotels, and commands the \k 1, 244 Route 35. DELAWARE WATER GAP. most extensive prospect in this district, — embracing the N. valley with its surrounding mts. and bright river (with the Pokono and Schooley's Mts. in the distance), and also the great plains and ranges to the S., with many villages and fanns. This peak is often visited, and is reached by a broad forest-path which passes behind the Kittatiny bowliAg-alley, and is marked by red lines on rucks and trees. After crossing a grassy meadow and ascending a low ridge, a path (marked with blue lines) diverges to the 1. to the cliff called Lover* a Leap (1 M. from the hotels). The tradi- tion ctates that Winona, a beautiful princess of the Delawares, leaped from this cliff and was dashed to pieces on the rocks below ; being lieart- sick because her love for a young European was not duly reciprocated. The * view of the Gap from this point is held to be the finest, and forms a favorite study for artists, j^ M. beyond the entrance to the Lover's Leap, a white-lined path diverges to the r. to the Hunter's Spring, a sequestered forest-fountain. The Mt. Mmsi (red-lined) path continues beyond the entrance to this point, and the next path to the 1. (yellow-lined) leads to Prospect Rock (If M. from the hotels). The view to the N. is broac| and pleasing. 1| M. beyond is the summit of Mt. Minsi, with its view over 8,000 square M., in 5 counties. Rebecca's Bath, Eureka Falls, and Moss Grotto are on a brook which crosses the road to the Gap, ^ M. S. of the hotels. At the entrance to the village are the Methodist Church (r.) and the Church of the Mts. (1. ), and Mt. Caroline rises behind the latter to a height which overlooks Clierry Valley and the Shawnee Hills. The Lover's Retreat is on the cliff over the Kittatiny House, and is much fre- quented on account of its retired beauty and pleasant views over the liver. Cherry Valley nms W. at right angles with the Delaware, and is 35 M. long, its upper portion being called Aquonshicola. Stroudshurg is 4 M. from the hotels, and midway the long ridge called Fox Hill is crossed, yielding panoramic valley-views. There is a pleasant drive up the Valley for 6 M. to Crystal Hill. The Buttermilk and the Marshall Falls are respectively 3 M. and 7 M. distant, and at high water are worthy of a yisit. Transue's Knohy on the Shawnee Hills, 6 M. distant, is a tall diluvial pyramid which commands extensive views, and Castle Rock is in the same range of hills (4 M. distant). The Lake of the Mt. is situated on the summit of one of the New Jersey ridges, 4 M. from the hotels, and is I M. long. The circuit of the N. J. Hills is a favorite drive, and is made by ferrying across the river 3 M. below the Gap, following the river- road on the 1. bank for 6 M. N., and then recrossing at Shawnee village. The distance is about 12 M. V The valley of the Minisink is sometimes ascended by carriages, over firm and level roads leading through pleasing scenery. 10 M. over the liver-road, and 3 M. over the Shawnee EUlls, leads to Bashkill {Perry's STROUDSBURO. Route 35. 245 Hotel), near which nre the Bu^hkill Falls (90 ft high), and the Winona Fall, witli its B Hi^ter-ciiscades. 13 M. beyond Hushkill is Dinyman'M Ferry (High-FallH IIouho), near some pretty waterfalls, and 8 M. fartlioj* is ^Mil/only a favorite summpr-resort, 8 M. from l*ort Jervis. The IllnfT House is a new summer-hotel, commanding a grand view of the vulloy. The Mlnisink was the Ititlian name for the Delaware Valley N. of the Water Gap, and this region was inhabited by the Minsi trilMa of the Leni Lena|)e (or Duliiware) nation. They were n brave, liunest, and religious people, and received the Moravian ndssionurieti gladly. In 1725 wliite HettleiH entered tiie valley, and by a series of discreditable transactions acquired niudi land from the natives. In 1742 tlie cliinf Teodyuscung gatiiered tlie roiunants of the Delaware tribes and led them to Wyoiuiiig, wiieiice tiiey migrated to Ohio some yearn later. Settlers en- tered the Minisink fTom the Hudson Valley and from Philadelphia, and the Hhaw- nee Hills were occupied by a colony 'if Germans. In 1730 the Uap was traversed by provincial officers, and in 1793 a house was built here by M. Dutot, a French gentJeman. In 1800 a road was built through the Gap, although most of the tralnc to Philadelphia was done by Durham boats, — long and narrow vessels lilapers, 7 Itanks, and 31 churc?v ; Uarrisburgh, 18 i; Altoona, 813 ; Pittsburgh, 480 ; Cincinnati, 743 ; Chicago, 898 ; St. Louis, 1049. The feriy-boat leaves the foot of Liberty St., N. Y., and crosses the Hudson River to the terminal station of the Central B. B. of N. J., S. of Jersey City. The train passes out from the large and commodious sta- tion and runs along the Bay of N. Y. to Communipaw, where it turns to the S. W. down Bergen Point, with the Bay on the 1. New York and >^ Brooklyn are seen across the thronged harbor; and between Long Island ~;^ and the heights of Staten Island is the strongly fortified NarroAvs, leading to the sea. The Newark & N. Y. K. B. diverges from the main line at C-immunipaw, and runs to Newark in 35 min., crossing the Hackensack and Passaic Bivers and the Newark Meadows. Bergen Point is a nar- row and ridgy peninsula between Newark and N. Y. Bays, and has many pretty villas pertaining to city merchants. At Pamrapo is the * WiUoto Haven House (125 guests), situated in a willow grove facing the water, and affording facilities for bathing and boating. Beyond Bayonne and Centreville (which is near the great coal-depot of Port Johnston), the train runs W. near the Kill Von Kull, with Staten Island on the r., to Bergen Point. The • La Toureite House (300 guests) is a favorite summer hotel on the apex of the point, surrounded by trees and overlooking Staten Island and the Kill Von Kull (30 min. from N. Y., 25-30 trains daily; also reached by horse-cars from Jersey City, and by steam* ers from Pier 14, N. R. ). The train now moves out over Newark Bay on a pile-bridge IJ M. long, with the city of Newark and the Orange Mts. on the r. Elizabethport is an important coal 3hipping point, with 3 steamers daily to N. Y. ; and a large fleet of coasting-vessels transport coal, iron, and lumber thence to N. Y. and Brooklyn. Large factories are also in operation here; and a branch R. R. runs N. to Newark. The Central train now crosses the Penn. R. R. in the city of Elizabeth (see page 256), and passes the modern suburban villages of Roselle (Mansion House) and Crawford, The Orange Mts. are seen on the r. and 11» 250 JtouU S6, PLAINFIELD. in advance as the station of Westfield is passed; and Fanwood is S. E. of the rich farm-lands of Scotch Plains (settled by the Scotch in 1684). Plainfield ( City Hotel) is a city of 5,095 inhabitants, with 10 churches, and niVTierous hat-manulactories. It is prettily situated near Green Brook and at the foot of the mt., and overlooks a fertile country. In 1838 a railroad was built hence to Elizabeth, consisting of narrow iron bands fastened to wooden logs, and a man was employed to keep the bands nailed down. This primitive road was the precursor of the quad- ruple tracks of the present Central R. B. Washington's Rock is on the mt. 2 M. W. of Plauifield (stages run to the summer hotel near by), and was often resorted to by Gen. Washington in order to watch, nfith his telescope, the movements of the British army and fleets. " The scene is one of ancoramon beauty. On the 1. appear the spires of N. T. City, part of the bay, Newurk, Elizabethtown, Bahway, and Staten Island. Directly in front are Amboy and Baritan Bays. To the r. are New Brunswick and the heights of Princeton and Trenton : and far to the S. K the eye atretchos over the plains of Monmouth to the heights of Navesink. Beautiful villages be- deck the plain ; and cultivated fields, farm-houses, and niuuerous groves of ver- dant trees are spread around in pleasing confusion." After leaving Plainfield the Washington Bock and its hotel are seen on the r., and the train skirts the mts., passing Dunellen and Green Brook. Bound Brook (Bound Brook Hotel) is a small hamlet on tlie Baritan Biver, whence daily stages run S. K along the river to New Brunswick; and also N. through the mts. to Basking Bidge. The Chimney Rock is 2 M. from Bound Brook, and is a pyramidal stone 15 - 20 ft. high, rising from a cliff 100 ft. in height. The Americans were defeated at Bound Brook in 1777 by Lord Comwallis, and to the N. and W. the Continental army was encamped during the winter of 1778 - 79. The line now crosses Green Brook on an iron bridge, and reaches Somerville (2 inns), the capi- tal of Somerset County, a pleasant village of 2,236 inhabitants. It b as a lai^e country-trade ; and the mt. scenery to the N. is attractive. The Baritan Valley was the home of the Naraticong Indians, and was settled in 1670 by Huguenots tvom Holland and France. The South Branch B. B. runs 16 M. S. W. from Somerville, through a rich farming and peach-raising country, to FJemlUKton (County Hotel ; Union). This village is pleasantly situated on an undulating plain, and is the capital of Hunterdon County. A branch B. B. rund hence 12 M. S. W. to Lambertville, on the Belvidere PeL B. B. Stations, Raritan, with several factories ; iV. Branch, from which the distant hamlets of Coatesburg and Mechanicsville are seen ; and White- house, with Pickle's Mt. close at hand on the 1. This district is devoted principally to stock-raising. Daily stages leave Wbicehouse for Potters- ville. The grade now rises along the ridge, and the train passes Lebano)i and Annandale, in a land that is prolific in peaches. At High Bridge tlie S. Branch of the Baritan is crossed on a great embankment occupying the site of a bridge 1,300 ft. long and 106 ft. high. There are iron-works here, and also at Glen Gardner, the next station. The train now meets EASTON. JtauteSe, 251 the Del., Lack. & Westeni B. B. at the Junction, and nins S. W. down the Musconetcong Valley, with the Mnsconetcong Mta. on the 1., and the Pohatcong Mts. on the r. The scenery is graceful, and the Blue Mta. hegin to appear. Beyond Ashury (village 1 M. N.), Valley (1 M. S. of the track), and Bloomsbury, the Pohatccng Mt. is crossed. Passing the stock-raising district of Springtown and the hamlet of Greenwich, the train descends to Phillipsburg (Reese's ; Lee's Hotel), a busy manufac- turing town situated on a high bluff over the Delaware Biver and opposite ' the borough of Easton. It has over 5,000 inhabitants, and is notable for its iron-works, for whose use great quantities of magnetic ore, hematite, and limestone are found in the vicinity. The Morris Canal terminates here, and its boats reach the river level by an inclined plane, and cross to enter the Im 10 A. M. to 10 p. M. : the N. J. Historical Society, comer of Broad and Bank Sts., open from to 5 ; the Y. M. C. A., Washington Park, near Broad St., ojien from 8 A. M. to 10 p. M. Horse-Cars — to Orange (white light), every 10 min., on Market, Broorl, and Orange Sts. ; to Bellovi^ie (^Tcen light), every 20 inin., on Market and Broad Sts., and Belleville Ave. ; t») Mt. Pleasant Cemetery and Woodslde (red light), oa Broad St. and Clinton and Bellcvil'o Aves. ; to Irvlnrfton (yellow light) ; to Elizal)cth (blue light) ; and out Market St. to Ferry. Stages run to Jersey City on Sundays 7 times. Steamers to New York semi-daily. Railroads. -The Penn. R. R. to N. Y. or Philadelphia ; the Morris & Essex, to N. Y. or Easton ; the N. Y. & Newark, to N. Y. in 85 min. : the Paterson & Newark, to Paterson in 11 M. ; and the Newark & Bloomfleld and Montclair. Newark, the chief city of the State of New Jersey, and the capital of Sussex County, is well situated on an elevated plain on the r. bank of the Passaic River, 9 M. from New York, and 4 M. from Newark Ba^. It has 105,059 inhabitants (census of 1870), with 93 churches (14 German, 5 African, ?> synagogues), 11 banks, and 4 daily and 5 weekly papers. There are large manufactories of india-rubl>er goods, carriages, leather, boots and shoes, paper, and machinery. The jewelry-manufacture is developed to a great magnitude ; and the Clark Thread Company em- ploys 750 girls. Many thousand barrels of lager-bier are made here yearly, and the enormous Passaic Flour-Mills (S. of the R. R. bridge) turn out 2,000 barrels of flour daily. The building is 12 stories (156 ft.) high ; has 2 acres of flooring, and a capacity for storing 760,000 bushels of grain ; is served by 2 600-horse-power engines, and is the largest flour- mill in the world. The brown-stone quarries near the city are extensively drawn upon for building material for New York. Broad St. is the chief thoroughfare of Newark, and is the seat of its business houses. It is a noble avenue of 120 ft. in width, and runs N. and S. through the centre of the city. It is well shaded, and is traversed by several horse-car lines. Washington Park and th& Military Park are pleasant squares on the line of Broad St., containing grotQs of lofty and graceful elms, and surrounded by fine buildings. The ancient Trinity Church is on the Military Park. The U. S. Chistom House and Post- Oflftce is a fine building at the corner of Broad and Academy Sts., and the C!ity Hall (corner of Broad and William Sts.) is worthy of notice. Market St. crosses Broad St. at right angles in the heart of the city, and runs from the vicinity of the Penn. R. R. station W. to the Court House, a massive sandstone building in i^yptian architecture. The Library Association building is noticeable for its adaptability to its present use, and contains over 20,000 volumes. Just beyond the Court House is the new and im- finished, but finely conceived Episcopal Church of St. Paul. The build- ing of the Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co. is said to be the finest in the State, and the Newark Academy (on High St. ) has a lai^ brick edifice in grounds which overlook the Passaic Valley. At the comer of High St. and Cen? 256 Route 37. ELIZABETH. tral Ave. is St. Michael's Hospital, near which is the Catholic Cathedral On the comer of High and William Sts. is St. Benedict's Priory and Col- lege, and the High St. Presbyterian Church is a massive and elegant little brown-stone structure, with a Saxon tower and a clere-storj'. The Church of the House of Prayer (Epis.; comer of State and Broad Sts.) is worthy of notice ; also the craciform Church of the Redeemer, with its dainty portal ; the ornate Clinton Ave. Reformed Church ; St. Paul's M. E. Church, with minarets and lofty windows ; and the ivy-mantled and sparrow-haunted old church at the comer of Broad and Walnut Sts. Mount Pleasant Cemetery in an attractive ('round of 35 aci-es N. of the city, with line uveuues and luiduluting hills. The drives in the vicinity of New- ark are very pleasant, — the best being those to Orange, the city^f villas, 3 M. N. W., and^ along the banl^s of the Passaic, where may be seen many fine man- sions, including " The Cedars," where Henry William Herbert (" Franlt Forrester") lived in seclusion, and Ktm-ny Place, the former home of Gen. Philip Kearny, who was bom at N. Y. City in 1815 ; Avon the cross of the Legion of Honor in the Franco-Algerian War (1840), and again at Solferino, in 1869 ; lost his left arm in the attacic on the San Antonio Gate of the city of Mexico (1847) ; won the battle of Williamsburg, Va., in ISO'J ; and was killed while fighting at the head of his division in the battle of Cliantilly, Va., Sept. 1, 1862. Across the river from Kearny Place is the old mansion which has been celebrated by Irving under the name of " Cockloft Hall " (in the Salmagundi i)apers). In 1665 the colonies of Hartford and New Haven were united. The men of Branford had steadily opposed this union, and after its consummation they moved away in a body, headed by their pastor, and carrying their families and household goods. In 1666 they founded Newark, laying out the bn)ad streets which are now tiie pride of the city. The land was bought from the Hackensack Indians with £130, 12 blankets, and 12 guns. No one was admitted as a f^eman, voter, or officer of any sort unless he was a Congregational church-member ; and the church was fortified against the Indians in 1676. By 1682 Newark had become famous for its cider. In 1745 - 46 great riots took place here in consequence of attempts of the English grantees of East Jersey to invalidate the titles of the Puritans to their lands. The College of New Jersey was located here 1747 - 55, and the Newark Academy was founded in 1792. The tovm was occupied by the British in 1777, and was sacked, plundered, and nearly destroyed. The population in 1780 was 1,000 ; in 1830, 10,950 ; in 1840, 17,290 ; in 1860, 71,941 ; and in 1870, 105,059. The train rans S. W. through the city and passes on to Waverley, near Weequahick Ijake; 3 M. beyond which it reaches EliBabeth {Sheridan Hmse), a city of about 25,000 inhabitants, situated on elevated ground 3 M. from Newark Bay. It is called the handsomest city in the State, and is laid out with broad streets crossing each other at right angles, well shaded, and lined with bright, spacious, and widely detached villas. It is famed for a wealthy and cultured society, and for fine educational facilities; and its growth has been rapid and healthy. Elizabeth is principally known as a residence-city for business-men of New York, to which run 50-60 trains daily in 37-50 min. (over the N. J. Central or the Penn. R. R., which intersect near the centre of the city). In 1665 Gov. Carteret crossed the Atlantic and bought of the Indians the present site of the city, founding here a colony which he named Elizabeth, in honor of Lady Elizabeth, wife of Sir George Carteret (proprietor of East Jersey). The country was rapidly settled, and the predominant influence was that of the Puri- tans (as shown in the old colonial laws). Thenceforward for many years Eliza^ NEW BRUNSWICK. HouU 37. 207 !athedraL and Col- {ant little le Church is worthy Its dainty I'a M. E. itled and Sts. is N. of the Ity of New- villas, 3 M. y fine man- Forrester ") iearny, who onor in the left arm in n the battle head of his ) river from g under the The men of I they moved id liousehold lich are now ndiana with an, voter, or d the church le famous for attempts of Itans to their the Newark tlsh in 1777, in 1780 was 105,059. verley, near I {Sheridan ground 3 M. itate, and is well shaded, It is famed cilities; and jally known run 50-60 'enn. R. R"> as the present , in honor of Jersey). The t of the Puri- ^ years Elia- :ff? • rf. V'i bethtown was the oapltal of East Jersey : and during the Revolutionary War it was freqiieutly raided by the British and occupied by the Continental iorces. It was the residence of Uov. Livingston, and gave freely of its young men to the national army. As the train leaves the intersection of the railroads and passes S., the broad avenue called the Bay Way is seen on the 1., running to the water- side. Bahway (De Qraufa; Chamberlain House) is a city of 6,258 in- habitants, situated on the Rahway River at the head of schooner-naviga- tion and 4 M. from Stnien Island Sound. It has 10 churches and several small parks, with 2 academies ;. and is famous for its great carriage-fac- tories and other manufacturing industries. Tliis city was settled in 1720, and was named in honor of Rahwack, the Indian Sachem who owned its site. A branch R. R. runs 9 M. S. from Rahway across the populous town of Woodbridge to the ancient city of Perth Amboy, which is situ- ated at the confluence of the Raritan River, Stateu Island Sound, and Raritan Bay. It is a port of entry with a considerable coasting-trade ; and exports fire-brick and kaolin. Near this place is the summer roiort known as the Eagleswood Park Hotel, pleasantly situated near the Rari- tan River. The name of this port is compounded of Ompoge, or Ambo, the Indian name for the point, — and Perth, given in honor of the Scottish Earl of Perth, one of the grantees of East Jersey. The early travellers called it " a sweet, wholesome, and delightful place " : and William Penn declared of it, "I have never seen such be- fore in my life." It was settled in 1009, and 150 town-lots were laid out : the in- tention being to establish a town "the most considerable for merchandise, trade, and fishing in these parts." New York was rivalled in commercial importance by Perth-town ; and the capital of the province was located liere in 1684. The troops of the Havana expedition were cantoned here in 1761 ; and the point was garri- soned by British soldiers during most of the Revolutionary era. Beyond Rahway the train passea Uniontovm, near the Adrian Institute, wheresummer boarders are taken. Running through the peach-orchards of Metuchen, the line crosses the Raritan River and enters New Bruns- wick (C% Hotel; New Brunsvnck), a city of 19,000 inhabitants, with 17 churches and 2 newspapers. It is the capital of Middlesex County, and stands at the head of navigation on the Raritan River and at the E. terminus of the Delaware and Raritan Canal (running to Bordentown, 42 M.). The most extensive india-rubber factories in the United States are located here ; and the harness and hosiery manufactures are largely developed. The riverward streets are narrow and uneven, but the npper part of the city is well laid out and has many fine residences. The opera- house i.s one of the best in the smaller cities, and the musical culture of the inhabitants is quite remarkable. In the older part of the city are several quaint and antiquated churches. Butgers College occupies a range of «ubstantial buildings which front on a campus shaded with large trees, api from its vicinity are enjoyed pleasant views of the valley from Raritan Bay to the mts. of Somerset County. The college was founded in 258 Route S7. PRINCETON. 1770, when King George III. granted its charter to the Protestants fol- lowing the Netherland Reformed Church. It was then named Queen's College, in honor of the English Queen ; and received the name of Rutgers in 1825. It is now a richly endowed and flourishing institution. Here was founded the first theological seminary in the U. S. (by the Dutch Reformed Church in 1771) ; and this school at present occupies a line of new buildings on the ridge beyond the college. The main structure is known as Hertzog Hall, and on the lawn near by is a bronze statue of Mr. Hertzog, its chief benefactor. The Masonic Hall is one of the best build- ii|gs in the city ; and the Court House occupies a conspicuous position near the centre. The Catholic Cathedral and St. James Methoilist Church are modem edifices ; and Christ Church (Epis.) is an ancient building surrounded by graves. A branch R. R runs i'rom New Brunswick 8 M. to the quiet old hamlet of E. Millstone. n New Brunswick was settled late in the 17th century by men of Long Inland, and was occupied in 1730 by several Dutch families fh)m Albany. In 1748, Kalm, the Swedish traveller, found liere " a pretty little town, with 4 churches and a considerable trade with New York. After a sliarp and successful engagement with the American troops near the town, Lord Cornwallis evacuated New Bruns- wick, in June, 1777, leading several corps of the royal household troops and 8 regiments of German grenadiers. From Monmouth Junction branch lines run E. to Jameaburg (4} M.), on the Camden & Amboy R. R. ; and 9 M. N. W. to Kingston, near wliich the apostolic Brainerd, " with invincible self-denial and profoundest humility and devotion to Qod," -converted scores of Indians. At Kingston Washington eluded the British, and made a forced marcli whicii saved his array after the victory at Trenton. 2 If. beyond Kingston (by R R.) is Rocky Hill, where Washington dwelt for 8 months in 178.3, and whence he issued his " Farewell Address to the Arioies of the United States." 16 M. from New Brunswick is Princeton Junction, whence a branch line runs in 3 M. to Prinoeton ( * University Hotel ), an academic city finely situated on a high ridge and containing nearly 3,000 inhabitants. It is chiefly distinguished as the seat of the College of New Jersey, or Princeton College, which was founded by the Presbyterian Synod of New York in 1741, and \^as located at Princeton in 1757. Nassau Hall was built in the latter year, and was so named " to express the honor we retain in this remote part of the globe to the immortal memory of the glorious King William the Third, who was a brancli of the illustrious house of Nassau ; and who, under God. was the great deliverer of the British nation from those two monstrous furies. Popery and Slavery." This college is uo>^ under the charge of the Scottish-American metaphysician, James McCosh, D. D., LL. D. ; and has 17 professors and 417 students. The college buildings are mostly of stone, and occupy a long line parallel with the main street of the village. On the W. is the Halsted Observa- tory, with its bright blue dome; and the Gymnasium is the next in the line. Nassau Hall is a long and spacious building in the centre, sur- mounted by a tower. The floors and stairways are fire-proof ;■ and the hall projecting to the S. (formerly occupied by the library) contajns por- traits of many of the chief men of the college. A quadrangle is formed PRINCETON. RouU S7, 259 Kits fol- Queen's Rutgers a. Here le Dutch a line of ucture is ue of Mr. est build- I position ttt Church ; building vick 8 M. mg Island, 1748, Kalm, chea and a Bngagement New Bruns- oops and 8 M.). on *!»« he apostolic devotion to the British, Trenton. 2 dwelt for 8 e Armies of a branch academic ihabitants. Jersey, or Synod of J express the Imory of the ]us house of Imotiow from \if under the Id., ll. d. ; ine parallel Id Observa- Inext in the beutre, sur- (f ;.and the titdns por- ts formed by Nassau Hall on the N., Reunion and W. College Halls on the W., E. College on the E., arod 2 small buildings with classic porticos (on the 8.), occupied by the literary societies. The Philadelphian Society's Hall and the residence of President McCosh are nearer the y lllage street. E. of Nassau Hall is the elegant new • Library building, of red and gray sand- stona. The octagonal centre is flanked by graceful wings, and the portals are Hvpported by columns of Scotch granite with quaint capitals. In this building is preserved Peale's portrait of Washington at the battle of Princeton. Beyond the Library is Dickinson Hall ; and the E. end of the line is occupied by the new and ornate building of the Scientific School, a large and unique structure of red and gray stone. Nassau and Dickinson Halls and the Library front on a broad and verdant camput whicli is adorned with many large trees. The Theological Seminary oc upies several plain stone buildings near the college hulls. This is the leading school .f the Presbyterian Church, and has educated some of its ablest diviies. Tlie President is Dr. Charles Hodge, one of the foreniost >f Americau tbeo1ogian>>. Opposite the main hall is the handsome building occupied by tl • library of the semi- nary, situated in a pleasant park among ancient i res. The Preparatory School (of the college) is beyond the Seminary, and was o Aned in 1873 with 38 students. The Episcopal and Pr d>j ceriun churches, on the main street of Princeton, are large and imposing stone buildings. The Cemetery is a short distance N. of the college halls, and is perhaps the most liiter«Htiugs)tot in Princeton. There are Be\ eral fine monuments to deceased students : tlie noble old Stockton family has some interesting memorials ; and tiie remains of several venerable presidents of the college are buried here under tablets. But the cliief interest of tlie cemeterj centres around the humble monu- ments of tlie two l(insmen whose lives were in such startling contrast to each other. — Jonatlian Edwarrls and Aaron Burr. Jonathan Edwards, the greatest of American metaphysicians, was bom in Connecticut in 1703, educated at Yale, began to preach in 1723, and was a missionary to the Indians at Stockbridge (.Mass.), 1751 -d7. While there he wrote tlie remarkable treatise on " The Freedom of the Will." in whose close and subtle argument he maintained " that philosophic necessity was com- patible with freedom of the v/ill. .'h^-ly delined. and with human responsibility." "Tall and slender in jwrson, he 1 ;.'* u higli. broad, bold forehead, piercing and lu- minous eyes, and a countenance i.idicative of sincerity and benevolence." The great raligious awakening that startled the frozen churches of New England in the 18th century was largely caused by his marvellous sermons, unevadable in their directness, incontrove. lible in their logic, and terrific in their lurid earnest- ness. Probiibly no preacher since Chrysostom has had such power of striking terror into an audienrj ; and this he did simply by his words and by his intense earnestness, and without any of the graces or artifices of oratory. He was inau- giinited President of N. J. College in 1758 : but died of small-pox only 4 weeks after, leaving " The Freedom of the Will." " The Religious Affections." and "The H story of Redemption," as his great monuments. His works fill 10 octavo volumes. - " These three, — Augustine, Calvin, and Jonathan Edwards." Aaron Bhrr, the grandson of President Edwards, was born at-Newark, N. J. in 1706. He graduated at N. J. College in 1772, joined the army at Cambridge in 1775. was in Arnold's march through the Maine forest, the attack on Quebec, and other b!i4tles of the Revolution, and was for a time on Washington's staff, but af- terward joined the cabal of generals who opposed and endeavored to overthrow i 260 Route 37, TRENTON. the noble Virginian. He began to practise law in 1782, and was a leader in the Senate from 1791 to 1797. In 1801 Burr and Jefferson were the opposing candi- dates for the Presidency of the Republic. The vote of the national electors was a tie, — 73 for eacli. — and Congress, after 80 successive ballots, decided the elec- tion in favor of Jefferson, with Burr for Vice-President. In 1804 he killed Alex- ander Hamilton in a duel. Soon afterward he prepared to consummate his wild and ambitious scheme of forming a vast southern enix>ire from the S. W. American territories and the Spanish province of Mexico. He had already secretly banded together large forces of frontiersmen in order to seize and secure his imperial power, and had won over several officers of the western garrisons, when the U. 8. government discovered the plot, and arrested its author. He was tried for treason at Richmond (1807). and was barely acquitted. Fleeing the country, he lived abroad in great poverty imtil 1812, when he returned to New Yorl?, married Madame Jumel, and lived in obscurity until his death, in 1836. He was a man of brilliant talent and ability, a fiery orator, and possessed of rcinarlcable fascina- tion in conversation ; but as a politician he was totally unprincipled, and his social life was a succession of systematic villanies. Trenton {Trenton Hoiise, $3.50 a day; United States; American; State St. House), the capital of New Jersey, is situated at the head of navigation on the Delaware River, and is crossed by the Delaware and Raritan Canal. It has 22,874 inhabitants, with 4 daily papers, and 28 churches. The city is noticeable for its cleanliness and thrift, and its suburban streets contain many fine villas. State St., parallel with the river, and Main St., at right angles with State, are the chief thorough- faree. Various and extensive manufactures are carried on by the aid of the Delaware and Assumpink water-powers ; foremost of which are the potteries, 18 in number, with 67 kilns, employing 1,200-1,500 men, and producing $ 1,500,000 worth of goods yearly (much fine iron-stone china and white granite ware). The N. J. Steel and Iron Co. employs 650 men, producing 20,000 tons yearly; and the Trenton Iron Co. employs 4- 500 men. Great quantities of crackers are also made here. The State Hoase fronts on State St., across a small park, and on the other side overlooks the Delaware River. It is 100 ft. long, and was built with money obtained from taxes on the railroads. The building is sin- gularly disjointed, and has picturesquely irregular outlines. It is sur- mounted by a cupola which affords pleasant views of the river and city. The ^ate Library is a large and well-arranged collection occupying a hall in the rear part of the building. The new U. S. Post'Office is situated on State St., and is a fine Renaissance structure, massively built of stone. The State Penitentiary is on Federal St., and covers 8 acres, having 520 convicts and 44 oflScers. 400 of the men make shoes for the Bay State Company, finishing 2,000 pair a day, and the' women work on clothing. A new wing was added in 1872, at a cost of $ 150,000. The State Lunatic Asylum is nearly 2 M. N. of the city, on an eminence. It has 650 patients, and cost $ 400,000. The State Arsenal is near the Penitentiary, on the S. A branch R. R. runs 6 M. S. E. along the Delaware from Trenton to Boidentown, and the Belvidere Delaware R. R. runs N. W. to Easton (61 M.) and Manunka Chunk (58 M.). BRISTOL. Route ST. 261 Trenton was settled by the Friends in 1679, and about the rear 1720 it was named TrenXs-Umn, in honor of CoL Wm. Trent, the owner of the land. It was made the capital of the State in 1790, and became a city in 1792. Among the na- tives of Trenton were Gov. A. H. Reeder (of Kansas), Bishop O. W. Doane, Dr. J. R. Coxe, and Joseph Heed, tlie Revolutionary statesman. In 1776, after Wash" tngton's disttftrous reti-eat through the Jerseys, this place was garrisoned by a brigade of Oerman mercenaries under Colonel Rail. On Christmas night, Wash^ in^n crossed'the Delaware in a storm of sleet and snow, leading 2,400 men and 20 cannon by boats through the floating ice, and attacked Trenton in 2 divisions about daylight. The garrison was alarmed by the firing on the outer pictcet-line, but had hardly formed and begun to advance before their commander was mortally wounded, and the American columns converged on them from every side. Their artillery was taken by a charge, in which Lieut. Monroe (afteiwards President of the U. S.) was wounded, and the enemy broke ranks in panic. 600 of them es- caped, but 1,000 were captured, together with 6 cannon, and the colors of the Anspach, Knyphausen, and Rail regiments. Jan. 2, 1777, Lord Comwallis ad; vanced hitherward with 5,000 British regulars, intending to crush Washington's 6,000 militia, but was repulsed at the fords of the Assumpink with a loss of 150 men. During the following night, Washingt ; 2passen> syond. Car- al one. For children are IS otherwise LOO numbers ivhere in the ints on other Id be called ty directory, led those on »1 and Had> metery, and Kensington irby Ave. S. h St to the 15thSts.,to spital); and . E. of the horoughfare It., Camden, e Camden &, flrom South )per'8 Point, Locust Sts.) i-:, •' .'' t «f 1 ■■■ "■ f -^ . c '■' ~ ■ '.^ ' ■■ - ■ i . • ': , n ; . ■>; ■ . ^ . . 1:,;,:^ ■i • > Ji u .•> ■ r.. 4 ' ■^ ■ n ' ■»■ % ^- y .,> k 4 ical ant ts.) St int h bd iosa M« iast {on k: lut Bl; f iof bt- la. lie rs le n p. h 8 e 1 I. I p *w I^p&^fx'^ii*:' y (,.-;■.:, ,f.:-* ■■■,:>jj/' PMUBELPMI. mimtun .2-5t"- ""*• . KAiNM .A» KMCA m. ' a|p4MM« IbilV* »' ft.aWJMh^ahmt M,fc JH IIIi»i I*. *J«pi#*.... M-fCMf*-;- rt. TNEATMtw HfMimk. lltmdMm... NQTCLt. ■i. M r. tk.CN^Jflvk .A« ii*f««**»»a*«**i f #■ PHILADELPHIA. Haute S8. 263 la the largest opera-house in the U. S., and is devoted chleflv to operas and mnsical entertainments of a high order. Lectures are sometimes given here, and brilliant balls are also celebrated. The Walnut St. Theatre (comer Walnut and 9th 8ts.) has a fine auditorium, and is devoted to drama. Mrs. John Drew's •Arch St. Theatre is on Arch St., near 6th ; Fox's New American Theatre is on Chestnut St., near 10th ; and Wood's Museum is at the corner of Arch and 9th Sts. The Chestnut St. Theatre is above 12th St., and has a flne hall. Minstrtls entertain- ments are afforded at the Arch St. Opera House (above lOth St.; Simmons and Slocum's troupe), and at the opera-house on 11th St., near Chestnut (Camcross and Dixey's troupe). Varieties, on 7th St, between Arch and Market Sts. Classic imislc Mud concerts of a high order are given at the Musical Fund Hall, on Locust St., below 9th (a favorite hall, seating 2,500 persons); also at Concert Hall, on Chestnut St., alK)ve 12th St.; and at Horticultural Hall and the Academy. Beadlns-Rooms.—* Mercantile Library, on 10th St., near Chestnut St.; the Phila. Library, corner of 5th and Library Sts.; Y. M. C. A. 15th and Cliestnut St. ; tlie Apprentices' Library, corner of 5th and Arch Sts. ; tl»e German Library, on 7tli, near Chesihut St.; the Franklin Institute, at 155 7th St. (10,000 volumes) ; and at the hotels. Billiards at Qreen's, 731 Chestnut St.; the American Hotel; and the Continental Hotel. Art Collections* — Besides the public galleries, there are fine collections of pictures in tlie sales-galleries of Haseltine (1125 Chestnut St.), Elarle (816 Chest- nut St.), Hall (910 Chestnut St.), and others. The private collections of Phila. are renowned for their riclmess and value, and consist (for the most part) of the best works of the modem French sciiool, with numerous examples of the fore- most artists of America.' They are usually open on 2 days of the week to visitors provided with cards of admission, which may be obtained by application to the proprietors (in person or by letter), on presentation of letters of introduction or other credentials properly recognizing the worthiness of the applicant. Mr. Henry C. Gibson (1612 Walnut St.) has 100 choice pictures, displayed in 3 rich Forapeian cabinets, whicli are adorned with statuary and objects of vertu. This gallery contains fine paintings by Calix, Courbet, Isabey, the Bonheurs, Dif^, Zaraacois, Couture, Rothermel, Troyon, the Achenbachs, Tissot, Calami, Gerome, Meissonier, Fortuny, Daubigny, etc., and the celebrated work of Cabanel, *The Birth of Venus. James L. Claghorn, Esq. (on W. Logan Sqiiare), has about 120 Eictures, representing the chinf modern artists of both hemispheres, — Escosura, taubigny, Prudhon, Bouguereaii Schreyer, Zo, Rigaud, R. Bonheur, Blanchard, Meissonier, the A(jlienV>achs, lliizog, Flamm, Knaus, Stange, Voltz, Weber, Koekoek, Rossi, Zamacois, Madoa, Webb, Pyne, Tadema, Boughton, Holland, Hamilton, Rothermel, Gignoux, T. B. Read, Cropsey, Gifford, Leutze, Casilear, Durand, Church, Bierstadt, and others. Mr. Claghorn has also the best collection of engravings in America, numbering many thousand, and including rare and quaint works of great value. The galleries of the late Joseph Harrison, Jr. (E. Rittenhouse Square), Wm. B. Bement, A. E. Borie, and many others have rare treasures of French and American art. Railroads. — The Pennsylvania, to New York in 90 M., to Pittsburgh in 854 M., from the comer of 31st and Market Sts. Local trains to Bustleton, Trenton, etc., from Kensington ; Camden & Amttoy Division by ferry to the Camden station, ftom the foot of Market St. To Erie and Buffalo, by the Phila. & Erie R. R., from 31st and Market Sts. The Phila. & Reading R. R., ttom the comer of 13th and Callowhill Sts., to Reading (58 M.) and Pottsville (93 M.) ; the Germantown & Norristown R. R., from the comer of 9th and Green Sts., to Norristown (17 M.) ; the N. Penn. R. R., from tlie corner of Berks and American Sts., to Bethlehem (54 M.); the West Chester & Phila R. R., from the comer of 31st and Chestnut Sts., to West Chester (28 M.). Tlie Camden & Atlantic R. R , by ferry from the foot of Vine St. to the station in Camden, to Atlantic City (59 M.) ; the West Jersey R. R., by ferry from the foot of Market St. to the station in Camden, to Salem (43 M.) and Cape May (81 M.). The Phihi. & Bal- timore Central R. R., from the comer of Broad and Prime Sts., to Port Deposit (71 M.) : the Phila., Wilmington & Baltimore R. R., from the comer of Broad and Prime Sts., to Baltimore (98 M.). Steamships* — The American Line, for Queenstown and Liverpool every Thursday (fares, cabin, $75-100; intermediate, $40, — in currency); the Red Star Line, for Antwerp weekly, carrying the Belgian and U. S. mails (fares, first cabin, $90; second, $60; steerage, $30); for Havana and New Orleans fort- 264 Moute 38, PHILADELPHIA. nightly, from Pier 41 (foot of Ore«n St.) ; for Savannah every SAtnrday at 8 a. m. rnier 41); for Charleaton every Friday, fh>m Pier 4 (below Arch Si); for Wilmington, N. C, every Tuesday at 6 a. m., from Pier 41 ; ?or Norfollc and Richmond every Wednesday and Saturday noon, ft-oni first wharf above Market St. ; for Alexandria, Georgetown, and Washington (by the Chesapeake h Dela- ware Canal) every Wednesday and Saturday noon, m>m second wharf below Market St. ; for Baltimore and Havre de Grace daily, at high tide, 12 South Wharves; for Boston (48 hrs.) every Wednesday and Satui^day, at 10 a. m., by the Winsor Line, from the Pine St. Wharf; for Providence every Wednes- day and Saturday, by the Clyde Line, from Pier 3, North Wharves ; or by the Winsor Line, every Saturday at 10 a. m. ; for Hai-tford (by the Delaware and Baritan Canal and Long Island Sound) every Thursday noon, from Pier 4, South Wharves ; for New York daily (in 24 hrs.), fi-om second wharf below Market St. ; also tri- weekly from Pier 19 ; for Albany and Troy every Wednesday, from first wharf below Pine St. For Cape May tri-weekly Hn summer) ; for Bridgeton at 4 f. m. Tuesdays and Fridays ; for Salem, Newcastle, Pennsgrove, and Delaware City, daily, from Arch St. Wharf ; for Wilmington, Del, daily, from Chestnut St. Wharf and the pier be- low (at S and 5 p. M.) ; for Chester and Lazaretto daily, at 3 p. m., firom Pier 8^ North Wharves ; for Red Bank, BiUingsport, Bridgeport, and Chester, daily at 8 p. M., from Arch St. Wharf; for Lepslc, Spruance, Port Penn, and Lamokin, tri-weekly from Arch St. Wharf. The Edwin Forrest, fix)m the Arch St. Wharf daUy (with the tide), for the urper river-landings and Trenton (fare, 40c.) ; the John A. Warner, from the Chestnut St. Wharf semi-daily (at 2 and at 6 p. M.), for Riverton, Torrcsdale, Andalusia, Beverly, Burlington, and Bristol (25c.); the Twilight, from the Chestnut St. Wharf flemi-dnily(7 a. m. and 8 p. M.), for Bur- lington, Bristol, and the intermediate ports (25c.). Philadelphia, the second city in point of population in the Western Hemisphere, and the foremost city in point of manufactures, lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, 6 M. from their confluence and about 96 M. from the ocean. The land toward the Delaware is generally level and but slightly elevated, while the W. and N. W. suburbs are located on rolling ground which is traversed by the deep valleys of the Schuylkill and the Wissahickon. The city is in latitude 39° 57' N. and longitude 75° 10' W. of Greenwich ; and is 87 M. from. New York and 138 M. from Washington. The Delaware Biver at this point i8*a deep and navi- gable stream f M. wide; and the Schuylkill Biver (on the W.) descends hither from the coal-regions of Schuylkill Co-aty, 115 M. N. W. The commerce of Phila. is large and increasing, and is served by lines of steam- ships to Europe and the American coast; but the chief wealth of the city is in its immense manufacturing interests, which are favored by the com- parative cheapness of land and building materials and the vicinity of the great coal and iron districts. There are here 8,500 manufactories, with a capital of $ 206,000,000, served 1 y 55,000 horse-power of steam and 5,000 horse-power of water. In 1870 these works were reported as producing $ 362,000,000 worth of goods from $ 175,000,000 worth of raw material. They employ 100,000 men and 40,000 women, whose yearly pay-roll amounts to $ 68,000,000. Among the foremost industries of Phila. are i;he manu- factures of locomotives, ships, cotton and woollen goods (at Manayunk), umbrellas, shoes (for the S. and W.), carpets, iroi) in every form, books, and refined sugar. The city is the fourth in the Republic isx respect to .k J PHILADELPHIA. Jloute 38. 266 M commerce, much of which is dependent on the shipments of coal and iront and her coal-laden schooners and propellers visit the most remote points on the coast. Several first-class railroads converge here from every side ; and numercms short local lines connect the adjacent counties with the metropolis. Since commerce is not the leading interest, the city has less bustle and apparent activity than New York, Boston, or Cliicago ; and this air of comparative quietness is also largely due to the greatness of the area over which the enei^es of Phila. are at work. The mechanics and artisans of Phila. live more comfortably' and neatly than those of any other city; and from this fact an immense amount of skilled labor has directed itself upon this point. Beyond the heart of the city extend seemingly interminable lines of brick buildings, precisely similar in ex- temal appearance, neat, cleanly, and respectable, and at the same time inexpensive. With a population much smaller than that of New York, Phila. has more houses than that city ; and in 1870 reported 112,366 houses for a population of 674,022, while New York had 64,044 houses for 942,292 inhabitants. The domestic architecture of Phila. is very monotonous, and consists almost invariably of plain buildings impinging upon the side- walks, with pressed-brick fronts, marble steps apd trimmings, and white window-shutters. The territorial area of the muncipality is 129 M., in- cluded in a district 20 M. long and 5 - 8 M. wide, which is traversed by over 600 M. of paved streets. On about 2^ square M. (between South and Callowhill Sts.) the streets are laid out with great regularity, and cross each other at right angles; but beyond those limits the rectangular streets are traversed by oblique roads leading to the suburban villages. The houses are numbered by a convenient plan, each street commencing a new hundred ; and, as nearly all the streets running N. anu S. are designated by numbers, the location of a given house can be quickly esti* mated. From 2d St., which is the first street W. of Front St., to the Schuylkill there are nearly 30 streets ; and No. 1125 Chestnut St. would be found between 11th and 12th Sts. Market St. is the main business thoroughfare; Chestnut St. is devoted to banks and retail trade; Front St. has much wholesale trade; and Delaware Ave. follows the river and is the seat of commerce. lanu- |ink), }oks, 3t to The Indian domain of Wicaco (now South wark) was settled by the Swedes be- fore 1677, and a foriified block-bouse was erected. In October, 1082, William Penn and a large number of English Qiiakera sailed up the Delaware, and at Shackamaxon (now Kensington) he held a conference with the Indian chiefs. "The children of the forest were touched by the simple doctrine which the ' Quaker king ' avowed. They received the presents of Penn in sincerity, and lA hearty firiendship they gave the belt of wampum. ' We will live,' said they, ' in love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure."' This compact was well observed, and "not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian." Later in 1682, Penn purchased the lands of Coa- qtienakit ("the grove of the tall pines "), which he said " was not surpassed by one among all the many places he had seen in the world " ; and here a city was laid 12 266 Jloute 38. PHILADELPHIA. out whteh h« named Philadelphia, partly in honor of that Asiatic nity to whose church Chritit sent the niesHuge, " I have loved ttiee." and partiv Iwuauae of the etyninloKy of the name (from the Orvek comiwund word, ^iAa3«A^o<, meaning " iirotheriy love." and thereby identify inK the principles of the (Quaker inimigrnnts with the name of their city). The grovns of cliestnut, walnut, sprutie, and other trees were soon cleared awuy, leaving their names attached to tito streets which crossed their sites ; ami in 1U8S the l^ovincial Assenibly convened here and lormed " the cliarter of liberties." The ne^ city, thus planted in amity and peace, and fostered by the Penn family, grew rapidly in i>opuIntion and consequence, and until 1820 it was the largest in the U. o. A citv charter wus obtained in 1701, including the space between the Delaware and iSchuylklll and the present Vine and South Bts. Under the influence of Franklin. Logan, and .lolin Penn, a reflned and cultured society was devtdoped, and science received mui^b attention. Great excitement prevailed here after the Stamp Act and Tea-tax. and a band of disguised citizens captured the flrst landed cargo <'f tea and burnt it in the fields. Wiien the appeal to arms became neces< sary, that powerful and wealthy i)ortion of the community which Iwlonued to the sect of Quakers held back from the colonial cause, and were thenceforth imssive. but ardent royalists. In Sept, 1774, the first Continental Congress met here. and In July, 1776. it declared the independence of America. After the disasters about New York, Congress acljounied to Baltimore (Dec. 12, 1776), and on Sept. 26, 1777, after tlioir victory at the Brandywine, the British troops occupied the city. It was the Capua of the royal army, who passed the period of their occupation in rioting and lax diiscipline, while the vigilant Washington watched them tnnn the dreary camps at Valley Forge, 24 M. N. W. The grand military and chivalric fes- tival called tlie Mischiama took place May 18, 1778, and one month later the British anny evacuated their fortifications and cninps and retreated to New York. Sureued by Washington. The national government reoccupied the city, and enceforth its growth was steady .and rapid. The Constitution was framed here in 1787, and Congress continued o meet in Independence Hall until 1797> In 1684, Phila. had 2,000 inhabitants ; in 1777, 21,167 : in 1700, 42,520 ; in 1800. 70,287 ; in 1820, 119,325 ; in 1840. 258,037 ; in 1860, 565,629 ; ond in 1876,817.448. Among the natives of Pliiladelphia were the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, George Clymer, Francis Hopkinson, and Roliert Rush ; the U. S. Sena- tors, J. A. Bayuil, Nicholas Biddle, G. M. Dallas, and W. C. Preston ; and Wm. Franklin, W. M. Kelley, and Fernando Wood. To the Church she has given Bishops Carrell. Hobart, and White, and Drs. Alexander, Duchet, Charles Hodge, McClintooV w. H. Milbum, Odenheimer, Potts, Stevens, Turner, S. H. Tyng, Jr., and J. B. Walker. To the law she hos given Wra. Allen, Horace Binney, the Bawles, Sharswood, Shippen, the Wallaces, and the Whartons. The medical pro- fession is represented by 8. Bard, T. Gallaudet, Green. Harlan, Hosack, Morgan, Physic, the Shippens, and H. H. Smith. To the army she has given Generals Cadwallader, Darke, Harmor. Haupt, McCall, McClellan, Mifflin, Morton, Pern- berton (rebel), Naglee, and P. P. Smith ; to the navy, Bache, the Biddies, the Cassins, Dahlgren, Dehavcn, the Ellets, the Engles, E. K. Kane, and D. D. Porter. To literature, Allibone. Clif'on, Barker, Broadhcad, C. B. Brown, T. Coxe, Anna £. Dickinson, J. D. Englisa, Gallagher, Godfrey, James Hall, the Hopkinsons, the IngeraoUs, Charles G. Leland, Eliza Leslie, E. J. and George P. Moms, M. M. Noah, C. Roguet, the Reads, Henry Reed, R. P. Smith, and C. W. Thompson. To science, Robert Hare, .1. Leidy, 8. G. Morton, G. Ord, R. M. Patterson, H. D., W. B., and J. B. Rogera, T. Say, Townsend, and Wilson. To art, P. O. C. Darley, T. Doughty, and T. U. Walter, the architect To the stage, J. Jefferson, W. Warren, and J. E. Murdoch. The philanthropists Boudinot, Eddy, Pemberton, and Vaux were also natives of Philadelphia. William Penn, the foimder of Penusylvania, was bom at London, in 1644, and was the sou of Admiral Penn. He was liberally educated at Oxfoi-d and Paris, stndied law, and fought 'in the Irish war. In 1666 he became a Quaker, and began to preach, but was frequently imprisoned. In 1680 he received a royal patent for Pennsylvania, and in 1682 he made a favorable treaty with the Indians, andltought the land fh)m them fairly. Many years he spent in English prisons on charges of treason and debt, and in 1718 he died. His grandson, John Penn, was the last royalgovernor of Pa., and was a firm loyalist. He was confined in Virginia by the patriots, and the Penn estate (the largest in America ; valued at nearly $5,000,000) was confiscated by Congress. ^ PHILADELPHIA. Jtoute 38. 267 Varket St. is the central thoroughfare of the city, and is 100 ft. wide. It is lincu with stores and (in thu lower part) wholesale houses, and is traversed by numerous lines of horse-cars. Passing 3 of the great mar- kets for wliich Phila. is ho widely celebrated, the new public buildings on Penn Square are rounded, M'ith the Masonic Temple on the r. ; and the street runs W. to the Schuylkill, which in crossed on a new and mnssivu bridge. The elegant Chestnut St. Bridge is seen on the 1., and tlie city gtts-works are on the r. The Penn. R. R. terminal station (a large new brick and stone building) is now reached, beyond which Lancaster Ave. diverges to the r. to Ilostonvillc ; Dorby Ave. turns to the S. W. to tlie University and Almshouse, and Market St. passes W. to the Insane Hospital. At the comer of Market and Front Sts. is the quaint old building of the London Coffee-House, which was built in 1702, and was a famous resort in the later colonial days. The Penn Cottage is an ancient structure on Letitia Street (running from Market to Chestnut St. between Front and 2d St.). It was the first brick building in Phila., and was the home of William Penn in 1682-83. The new Exchange, comer of 2d and Gothic Sts., occupies the site of the Slate- Roof Jlouse, which was built in 1690, occupied by Penn in 1700, and by Wm. Trent (founder of Trenton) after 1703. LordCombury, John Adams, Baron De Kalb, John Hancock, and others sojourned here ; it was Amold's head-quarters in 1778 ; and here John Penn was bom, and Gens. Forbes and Charles Lee died. * Christ Charoh is on 2d St., near Market, and is a quaint and venerable stmcture which dates from 1727 (its communion -service was presented by Queen Anne in 1708). It was regularly attended by Washington, and the mossy graveyard (on Arch St.) contains the remains of many notable men of past eras. In the tower is the oldest chime of bells S. of Boston. They were brought from London in 1754, rang in the birth of Liberty in 1776, and were hidden at Allentown during the British occu» pation. The spire is 196 ft. high, and there is a fine view from the tower, including the Delaware and its islands and shipping, the level plains of New Jersey, and the broad masses ol the city blocks. On 2d St. is the old Loxley House, and at 239 Arch St. the first American flag was made. On the S. W. comer of 7th and Market Sts. is the house in which Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, and the identical room is still shown. An open iron railing on Arch St., near 5th St., reveals the grave of Benjamin Franklin, beyond which are the sepulchres of many ancient magnates, occupying Christ Church grave- yard. On Arch St., near 4th, is the Friends' Meeting-House, a quaint old building which is secluded in a broad graveyard. It was built in 1808, to receive the congregation who were driven from the more ancient Great Meeting-House" on Market St. by the ''street noises." The It S68 Jtoute S8, PHILADELPHIA. ■M' I Friends* Library In at 804 Arch St., unA hr ' "ver 10,000 vt)1iiimeH{ and tho Apprentices' Library had about. 25,000 v. liur)">i, in the old building at tho comer of Arch and 5th Stti., which wi.' io.niurly occupiertico of the Girard Bank (copied from the Dublin Exchange, and long occupied by Stephen Qirard), to the * Merchants' Exchange, the head-quarters of commerce, opposite which are the U. S. Appraiser's stores, in a new and massive stnicture which Supervising- A\x;hitect Mullet declares is the only flre-proof building in America. Be- yond this point, and on and near 4th St., are the costly and imposing buildings of the Penn., the Lehigh Valley, the Reading, and other railroads. To the 8. (corner of Pine and Sd Sts.) 1b St. Peter*a Church» which was built in 1758-61, and has a tower cnntiiining a n>«rry clilnie uf bells. In tlte churchyani is a uionuineiit to Cuui. Decatur, " the Bayard of the seas," a gallant naval officer in the Tripolitan, Algerian, and British (1812) Wars. 8d St. runs N. through a busy trade district, narallel with 2d St., the Bowery of Phila. On Cherry St., W. of 3d, is Christ Church Hospital, and at the intersection of Race and 0th Sts. is Franklin Square, a pleasant park in which is a nmrble fountain. To the W., on Sergeant St, between 0th and 10th Sts., is the Girls' Normal School. On Chestnut St., above 3d, is the Florentine front of the Bank of North America, the oldest bank in the Republic (founded in 1781), near which is tlie building of the Fidelity Safe Deposit Co., massively built of Mass. marble, with an impregnable safe weighing 150 tons (cost $60,000). Back of the ornate Guarantee Safe-Deposit is Carpenteri' Hall, which was built of small imported brick (each alternate one being glazed and dark), in 1770, for the use of the Society of Carpenters. Here, in the hall on the lower door, met the firat independent American Congress^ Sept. 6, 1774. " Here, with the news of the cannonade of Boston bursting upon them, arose the first prayer in Congress. Washington was kneeling there, and Henry, and Rutledge, and Lee, and Jay. and by their side stood bowed in reverence the Puri- tait patriots of New England, who at that time had reason to believe that an armed soldiery were wasting tlicir humble households." After the Revolution the hall passed into ignoble uses, but has since been restored by the Company of Cfuitenters, and is now carefully guarded and i-eserved for reverent visitors. The *Tr. 8. Custom House is on C!hestnnt St., between 4th and 5th, aad was built in 1824 for the U. S. Bank at a cost of $ 500,000. It has PHILADELPHIA. JtouU 38. 269 neii; and building by •' the lirough a Arch St. iBt Book- clmrcheH, monotony \ the city, il nquaros * the Wall jr Cooke & the Dublin lUerchanta* J the U. S. upervlslng- erica. Be- d imposing ur railroads, I, which was .ells. In the ^8," a gallant 1 8t. runs N. ^f I'hlla. On itlon of Race hie fountain. [ormal School. ik of North near which [it of Mass. it $60,000). [allf which I glazed and [ere, in the L Congress, them, arose Henry, and .ice the Puii- iieve that an B Revolution 1 Company of lisitors. Ih and 5th, \qO. It has 2 imposing fh>nts (one on Library St.), each of whioh haa 8 fluted marble columns of the Doric ortler, rising from a high piatfonn approached by steps, and supporting a plain pediment. Just above the Custom House is the Poit-Offiott a practical granite building, and opposite is the Farm- ers' and Mechanics' Bank, a tine marble structure, containing the Clearing House and occupying the site of Lord Howe's head-quarters. Just above is the Quincy-granite front of the Penn. Life Ins. and Trust Co. Above 6th St. is * iUate-Uotue Mow, a line of ancient buildings now occupied by the municipal government, and fronting on a broad paved sidewalk which is shaded by trees, and has a statue of Washington. Tlie central building dates from 1729-34, and is known as * Independenoe Hall. In its E. chamber the General Assembly of Penn. gave place to the Continental Congress. In this room ("the birthplace of the Republic") George Washington was elected commander of the American army (June, 1776), and on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted here by Congress, and was read from before the building (July 8) to a vast and exultant multitude. Tlie halls are now restore ber through the Centennial season. Among other relics in the W. hall are the banner of the Penn. Line, Franklin's table, Penn's chair, Paul Jones's flagon, and many other personal mementos of great interest and value, historically. I : 270 RouUSS. PHILADELPHIA. At the vestibule of the Hall is the * Old Liberty Bell, mounted upon its original framework of heavy timbers. This bell was made in London in 1752, and bore the inscription, " Proclaim Liberty throughout the land onto all the inhabilattts thereof." It was recast in Phila. soon after (re- taining the inscription), and its merry ringing announced to the city that Congress had adopted the Declaration of Independence (July, 1776). Passes to the steeple of the hall are given in the E. Chamber, and the view from that point is quite interesting, including the densely settled parts of the city, the white colonnades of Girard College, the hills of Fai'Tnount, and the N. J. shores. Independence Square is S. of the Hall, and is adorned with fine old trees. It was bought by the Province in 1729 and 1760, and was planted with .elm-trees in 1783. Here the assembled people heard the Declaration read, and on its S. side were the British military prisons during the Revo- lution. The Square covers 4 acres, and is worn smooth by the feet of many passers. The Court House is in this vicinity, with the offices of many lawyers. To the S. W. is Washiiigton Square, which is famous as containing trees of nearly every variety found in this latitude, in great number and luxuriance. This Square is well kept, and is surrounded by iron fences. It occupies the site of the " Potter's Field," where over 2,000 American soldiers were buried duiing the Revolution. The Athe- nfi&ztm building fronts on this square (comer of 6th and Adelphi Sts.), and has a reading-room, a chess-room, and a library of over 25,000 volumes. The * Fhila. Library is on S. 5th St., near Chestnut St., and occupies a plain old building, over whose entrance is a statue of Franklin. The main library has 94,000 volumes (rich in American history), and the Lo- ganian Library (classics) is in the same hall, and contains 6-8,000 vol- umes. This institution was founded in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin's in- fluence, and received its first importation of books in 1732. The present building dates from 1789. In 1877 the library will be partly changed to a grand new building at the comer of Broad and Christian Sts., which has cost $1,500,000, and was a bequest to the society from Dr. Rush. This edifice is built of white marble, with a massive portico upheld by Doric columns and flanked by secondary colonnaded entrances. The library hall is surrounded by portraits and busts of eminent men, while over the upper galleries are colossal busts of Minerva and Melpomene. The tall and ancient clocks of Penn and Cromwell are here, and in cases in the centre of the hall are many literary curiosities, chief of which are a volume of Franklin's Penn. Gazette, 1737-39; the works of Scotus, printed at Venice in 1477: the Golden Legende, by Caxton, 1483 ; St. Augustine's Vita Christiana, by Faust and Schoeffer, 1459 ; the Book of Hours, printed on vellum at Paris, 1610 : Plantage- net's New Albion, 1648 : Eliot's Indian Bible, Cambridge, 1663 ; a vellum MS. Bible of the 13th century ; an Abyssinian prayer-book ; the Book of Esther, in a Hebrew scroll ; a phylactery ; and ancient MSS. in Greek, Hebrew, Siame8e, Chinese, and Arabic. The library is open Ax>m 10 a. m. to sonset. The Avitrican PHILADELPHIA. Eoute S8. 271 upon mdon iland 3r(re- ^that 1776). id the settled ills of ine old jlanted aration B Revo- feat of aces of mous as in great ttded by ure over tie Athe- hi Sts.), I- 25,000 occupies in. The the Lo- ,000 vol- :lin*8 in- present anged to rhich has ih. This »y Doric (len, while The tall J centre of lFranklin'8 ■ 1477 ; the Faust and , Plantage- Mlum MS. fcther, i" a , Simnebe, Philosophical Society is domiciled near this hall (corner of 8. 5th and Chestnut Sts.)i ttiid has a collection of antiquities and curiosities, with a library of 30,000 volumes. It was founded in 1743 by FrankUn, John Penn, and others, and erected its present building in 1790 on land given by the State. Chestnut St. mns W. from Independence Hall, passing on the I. the stately brown-stone building of the Public Ledger, near which are the offices of the Sun, the Transcript, the Post, the Star^ the Age, the /)ay, the Item, the Herald, the German Democrat, and the Evening Bulletin. Elegant retail stores are now seen on either side, and the bright and mov- ing throngs on the sidewalks give to the ensuing squares the appearance of Broadway at its best. The office of the Pkila. Press is at the comer of 7th St., which diverges to the r. to the German Library and the Franklin In- stitute, whose library, cabinets, fairs, and courses of lectures are of great influence in educating the people. 7th St. also leads S. to the great * Penn. Hospital, a quaint and venerable pile of buildings 281 ft. long, fronting on Pine St., over groves of tall trees. The lawn is adorned by a statue of William Ponn, and the hospital contains a large anatomical museum and a medical library of nearly 12,000 volumes. The buildings were erected between 1755 and 1805, and are open to visitors on Monday and Thursday afternoons. At 820 Spruce St., on the Penn. Hospital grounds is the building of the * Historical Society of Penn. (open from 10 a. m. till 5 P. M.). On entering the lower hall there is seen the ancient printing-press of the Ger- man monks of Ephrata ; also tlio writing-desk of George Washington, a suit of armor captured in Mexico City, and a model of the Swamp- Angel battery. Sev- eral paintings are displayed in this room ; and the broad stairway is lined with quaint old American engravings. The main hall is hung with scores of portraits of ancient worthies of Penn. and N. J., among which are Rev. Israel Acrelius, Provost of the Swedish Church, by Schuessele ; Provost Smith, Benjamin IVest ; Joseph Reed, C. W. Peale; George Washington, Peale; Thomas Sergeant, T. B. Read ; Andrew Jackson, Sully ; Stephen Decatur, Sully ; Antliony Wayne, Rothei"mel ; Amerigo Vespucci, C. ir. Peale; William Penn. There are also many paintings of places of historic interest, as Stoke Pogis, Pennsylvania Castle, Brad- dock's Field, and Valley Forge. The room and the large bay-window which looks out on the Penn, Hospital grounds contain many mementos of the old colonial and revolutionary eras. In the flre-proof room are deposited, — a patent of land on the Delaware given by Queen Christina of Sweden in 1653 ; the lirst deed of tlie Indians to William Penn, and the belt of wampum given to him at the Treaty Elm ; the Penn MSS. ; 129 letters of John Adams, superbly bound ; the Bradford Prayer Book of 1710 ; the ancient lock of the Bank of St. George, at Genoa ; pikes made for John Brown and for the Baltimore rebels ; and many otlier curiosities. Tlie library contains about 20,000 volumes ; with the Potts Papers, giving the medical liistory of the Revolutionary War ; tlie MSS. of Mason and Dixon's sur- veys ; and 1,000 official documents of tlie Frencli Revolution. The Society has published many works relating to tlie early history of Penn. Returning to Chestnut St., the ultra-Gothic front of the old Masonic Temple is passed, and the Girard House and the stately Continental Hotel are seen near 9th St. At the N. W. comer of 9th and Chestnut Sts. for- merly stood the University of Penn., on the ground which is being occu- pied by the new IT. S. Post-Office, a stately building for which $ i,000,000 272 Route 38. PHILADELPHIA. has been appropriated. At the comer of 10th St. is an imposing new building of granite in Runaissance architecture, owned by the N. Y. Mutual Life Ins. Co. ; N. of which is the * Mercantile Library', which contains 128,000 volumes, arranged in open alcoves in one of the finest reading-halls in the country, adorned with fountains and covered by a high arched roof. It is open from 9 a. m. to 10 P. m. Opposite the Libraiy is St. Stephen's Church (Epis.), which is adorned by the * monuments of the Burd Family. To the 1. on entering is a recumbent marble figure (a por- trait-statue) under a rich Gothic canopy; and in a chapel on the N. side is a group of statuary clustered around a cross. To the S. on 10th St. is the Jefferson Medical College, an institution of high reputation, wliich dates from 1825, and has about 300 students. The anatomical museum is large and well arranged. On Chestnut St., comer of 12th, is Bailey's jewelry store, in an imposing marble building ; and beyond 11th St. is the head-quarters of the powerful religious society called the American Sunday School Union, which was founded in 1817 and has a wide-spread, and beneficent influence. Near the comer of 13th St. is the *TJ. S. Hint, with a marble front 122 ft. long, and a fine portico supported by 6 Ionic columns. It is open to visitors from 9 a. m. to 12 m. daily. Tiie U. S. Mint was founded at Philadelphia in 1792, since which it has coined over $ 800,000,000. The base coins arc all made here from Minnesota cojipor and Penn. nickel ; and the gold which is used here conies mostly from Montana and Nova Scotia (the California and Oregon gold is used at the San Francisco Branch Mint). The present building was erected in 1833, and is visited by 30,000 persons annually. As soon as a party of 6 - 8 persons collects in the vestibule, they are led into the coining-rooms by an attendant, who describes the various processes and points out the poAverful and delicate machinery which is used in making money. The * numismatic cabinets in the 2d story are of great intei-est. On the 1. of the entrance are cases containing Oriental and Barbary-States coins, includ- ing those of the 18 Moslem Caliphs from Othraan to Ibrahim. In the first cabi- net are also complete collections of the currency of Austria, Spain, Portugal, and S. Ameri(!a (the latter are in the flat cases in the centre). On the sides of the room are rare ores and minerals, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, asbestos, etc., bright crystals, and barbaric ornaments from the Gold Coast. On the E. side are Japanese coins of the square and round issues, and a line of alloyed gold in grad- uated proportions. Between the first and second cabinets are Persian, Bactrian, and Greek Republican coins, from 300 to 700 B. C. (on the 1.) ; also a set of By- zantines from 395 to 1448 A. D. In the cabinet under the dome are the moneys of the Greek monarchies (back to the 8th century, B. C), the early Roman lie- public, and the Roman £mpire from 222 to 475 A. D. ; also the latest issues of France, Great Britain, and the German and Italian states. In the centre is a case containing thousands of American coins from the early colonial era to the last issues, including the 25c. and ^ 50 gold pieces. In the passage to the third cabinet are the coinages from Caesar to Trajan, Hadrian, and Elagabalus, near which is a coin issued from the Philadelphia Mint over 2,000 years ago (in Asia Minor). The third cabinet contains national medals and tokens, and the semi- circular case at the E. end is filled with the rarest and most curious coins of all times and nations. Opposite the mint is the symmetrical white-granite building of the Presbyterian Board of Publication. The street next crosses the stately avenue called Broad St. and passes the Colonnade Hotel, beyond which long Ihies of private residences extend to the Schuylkill River. PHILADELPHIA. Route S8. 273 sing new ■. Mutual contains Ung-halla ;li arched iry is St. nts of the ire (a por- lie N. side LOth St. is on, which museum is is Bailey's nth St. is American iride-spread J. S. Mint, by 6 Ionic t has coined a copper and Montana and Icisco Branch ),000 persons ule, they are us processes d in making •est. On the ioins, inchid- ,he first cabi- •ortugal, and } of the room sbestos, etc., le E. side are gold in grad- an, Bactrian, a set of By- e the moneys jr Roman Re- late.st issues le centre is a ial era to the 3 to the third [gabalus, near B ago (in Asia [nd the semi- s coins of all Jding of the the stately jyond which 18th St. leads N. to Logan Square, a quiet park of 7 acres, on whose S. side is WiUa* Hospital, a neat classic building where patients are treated for diseases of the eye. At the comer of Race and 20th Sts. is the Penn. Institution for the Blind j a spacious four-story building 150 ft. long, where blind children are given an academic education, particular attention being paid to music, which is very successfully taught. On the E. side of Logan Square is the * Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, an imposing example of Boman-Corinthian architecture which was built be- tween 1846 and 1864. The facade is renowned for its massive power and symmetry, and consists of a classic pediment upheld by 4 lofty Corinthian columns, flanked by pilastered wings. The building is of red sandstone, 216 ft. long, and is crowned by a dome 210 ft. high. The interior is cruci- form, and is adorned with frescos ; and the great altar-painting is one of the most brilliant works of Brumidi. N. W. of Logan Square is the im- posing building of the Preston Retreat (between Hamilton, Spring Gar- den, 20th and 21st Sts.), which was founded by Dr. Preston as a lying- in hospital, but is now occupied by the Foster Home for poor children. \ M. N. is the Penitentiary, beyond wliich are the House of B«fuge and Girard College (see page 277). Bittenhouse Square is a short distance S. of Chestnut St. (by 18th St.), and is surrounded by fine residences, the most noticeable of which is that of the late Joseph Harrison, Jr. (on the E. side). A short distance to the E. (corner of Locust and 13th Sts.) are the halls and library of the widely celebrated College of Physicians (founded in 1787), and at the comer of 9th St. is the Phila. University of Medicine and Surgery. On Locust St., near i6th, is '* St. Mark's Church (Episcopal), a noble Gothio building of red sandstone, with high clerestory and pointed roof and a tall spire. The marble building of the Reform, Club is passed above 15th St., and beyond 23d St. Chestnut St. crosses the Schuylkill River on the finest iron * bridge in Z-.-^rica (built 1861-66, at a cost of $500,000), and traverses the quiet and picturesque residence quarter of W. Philadelphia. Beyond the Bridge the Junction E. K is crossed, not far from the station for N. Y. and the W. Costly and elegant villas are now seen on either hand, and especially to the S. , on Walnut St. The * University of Pennsylvania is situated near the intersection of. Darby Ave. and 36th Sts. (W. Phila.), and has fine buildings of green serpentine, in collegiate Gothic architecture, whose dim halls are lighted by memorial windows of stained glass. The building occupied by the col- legiate and scientific departments has 260 ft. frontage, and is adorned with towers and turrets. Back of this is the hosijital, and to the W. is the handsome building of the medical college. The university park covers 12* R 274 R(yiUe S8. PHILADELPHIA. 6 acres, and adjoins the Almshouse grounds. The mTLMam is worthy of a visit, and the apparatus of the scientiiic department is of the most delicate and costly kind. This institution was formed in 1791 by the union of the College of Fhila. (founded in 1749) and an older academy, which dated from 17«4 aad was made a college in 1755. The medical college was founded before the R(> trolution by the eminent physicians, Wm. Shippeu and John Morgan, and now has a European reputation, and is one of the leading medical schools in tho country. The univer- sity is divided into departments of arts, science, medicine, aud law, and has over 80 professors and 7 - 800 students. The present buildingH were erected in 1870 - 74, and are used for lectures, class-rooms, museums, etc., and the students board in the city. Previous to 1872 the University was located on 9th St., near Chestnut. Just S. of the University is the Phila. Aliishouse (entrance at 36th St.), with 4 3-story buildings, forming a hollow squai-e each of whose sides is 500 ft. long. The main front is adorned with a fine Tuscan portico, supported by 6 columns, and large hospitals and insane wards are in the vicinity. The Almshouse grounds cover 187 acres, and slope down to the Schuylkill River opposite Gray's Ferry. To the S..E., and acroes the river, is the * U. B. Naval Aeylnm (Pine St. horse-cars), on the Gray's Ferry Road, near South St., an imposing marble building 380 ft. long, whose central section is entered by a fine Ionic portico, supported by 8 columns. The ofiicial residences and ancient trophy cannon which are seen on the spacious and cultivated park are worthy of notice. There are 140 disabled veterans here, supported in comfort by the nation, and furnished with abimdant tobacco-money. S. E. of the Naval Asylum is the U. S. Arsenal, devoted to making shoes, equipments, and clothing for the army. Beyond this point are the Harrison Boiler Works, the Gray's Ferry Chemical Works, and other manufactories. In this vicinity is the fine viaduct of the Junction R. R., and the South St. Bridge crasses the Schuylkill above the Asylum. Woodland Cemetery is S. W. of the University, and fronts on the Schuylkill near Gray's Ferry. The portal is a lofty pile of granite, sup- ported by 4 Doric colunms, and a curving road leads to the fine old mansion which hence overlooks the river. The * Drexel mausoleum is the finest in the country, and is massively built of white marble in chaste classic architecture. The Moore monument is worthy of note, and is adorned with statuary. A tall obelisk has been erected to the memory of Com. Charles Steward, U. S. N., and an exquisite little monument covers the remains of Lieut. Greble of the U. S. Artillery, who was one of the first to fall in the Secession War. Darby Ave. nms S. W. from Woodland to the vicinity of the Mount Moriah Ce* tery, which has pleasant scenery along Cobb's (or Rinkermink) CrecK. The Episcopal Divinity School is situated in the old AUibone mansion (co.ner of Walnut and S9th Sts. ). The Fenn. Hospital for the Insane is still farther out in W. Phila. (reached by Market St. cars), and consists of 2 large buildings, PHILADELPHIA. Moia$ 38. 275 jrtliy of he most of Phila. as made a on by the European he univer- i has over 11870-74, 3 board in Chestnut. e at 36th of whose le Tuscan ane wards and slope S..E., and rs), on the ingSSOft. supported . inon which ce. There lation, and Asylum is d clothing orks, the lis vicinity [ge Grasses 430 ft long, sitnated in finely adorned grounds covering 113 acres. The Hospital accommodates 500 patients, and is skilfully conducted. Here is kept Benjamin West's great picture of * ** Christ healing the Sick.'* Visitors are admitted every day except Saturday and Sunday (tickets at the Ledger office). A little over j^ M. N. W. of the Hospital is the Cathe- dral Cemetery, containing 43 acres, and used by the Roman Catholics* Near this point is St. John's Orphan Asylum, and to the N. W. is Heston- ville station, on the Penn. B. R. Broad St. is one of the chief thoroughfares of the city, and is 15 M. long and 113 ft. wide, maintaining a course of undeviating straightaess. It begins on the S. at League Island^ a low tract at the confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, which was given by the city to the United States, by whom it has been fitted for a first-class naval station. About 3 M. N. of the island the street reaches the Baltimore Bepot, and the superb new Ridgway Library (which cost 9 1,500,000). At the comer of Pine St. is seen the Penn. Deaf and Dumb Institution^ which was founded in 1821, and accommodates 150 students. It has a substan- tial granite building 235 ft. long, and is patronized by the States of Md., N. J., and Del. At the comer of Spruce St. is the fine green serpentine building of the ♦ Beth-Eden Baptist Church, beyond whic'a is the Horti- cultural Hall, famous for its annual floral shows. Just N. is the spa- cious Palladian building of the * Academy of Music, whose magnificent auditorium seats 2,900 persons, and is the largest opera-house in America. Beyond the Academy is the Union League house, a costly Ronaissanoe building with rich interior decorations, paintings, statuary, etc. It is the seat of the Union League, which was formed in 1862 to aid the national govemment during the Secession War. The League raised 10 regiments of soldiers, circulated 2,600,000 Union documents, and carried the State for the Republican party. It now has over 1,800 members. An introduction from a member entitles a stranger to the privileges of the building for one month. Beyond the La Pierre House Broad St. crosses Chestnut St. and passes (by two classic-fronted Presbyterian churches) to Penn Square, on which the immense and imposing building of the * City Hall is being erected. This edifice is of white marble, 470 X 486^ ft. in area, and covers 4^ acres. It will be six years in constmction, and will cost over $ 10,000,000, There will be 520 fire-proof rooms connected by four elevators (one in each corner) and six broad stairways. The building will be crowned by a mas- sive tower and dome over 300 ft. high, surmounted by a statue of Wil- liam Penn ; and many-columned pavilions break the continuity of each front. The fa9ades toward the inner court-yard (which is 200 ft. square) are adorned with mediaeval turrets. i^, J2^^»t 276 Route SS. PHILADELPHIA. i Here Broad St. is intersected by Market St.^ the main thoroughfare of the wholesale trade and heavy transportation. To the r., near 12th St., are the freight-depots of the Peuu. R. R., and also the great buildings of the Fanners* Market. To the 1., on Market St., is the Polytechnic CoUege (W. of 17th St.), a prosperous scientific institution with 5 tech- nical schools. On the W. of Penn. Square is the School of Design for women, intended for the teaching of meclianical drawing ; and one square W. (comer of Filbert and 16th St.) is the State Arsenal, containing also the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, with its library. To the E. (Filbert St. below 12th) is the Homoeopathic Medical College, and the College of Pharmacy (the first in the U. S ) is near 7th St. The new * Xasoiiio Temple is on Penn Square (comer of Broad and Filbert Sts. ), and is an imposing structure of granite, in pure Norman architecture. It was completed in 1873, and is of wonderful solidity and strength. The main tower is 250 ft. high, and is adomed with quaint turrets of unequal altitude, and the Temple fafade is a bold and stately piece of architecture, with round-arched windows and a massive flanking tower. The * Porch is of Quincy granite, and is enriched with all the re- sources of the Norman style, in zigzag, billet, and chevron ornaments, and heavy round columns. The Temple cost $ 1,800,000. The Main Hall is a vestibule 350 ft. long, paved with colored marble, and cnn- stnicted in Doric architecture. The Grand Banqueting Hall is 105 x 60 ft. in area, and is adomed by Corlnthi&n colonnades. The Orie^ital Hall is on the- first floor, aivl is a brilliant example of Saracenic ai-chitecture, frescoed in arabesque designs. The Corinthian Hall (105 x 51 ft.) is occupied by the Grand Lodge, and is constructed in the rich Corinthian style, with furniture of walnut and cedar and blue velvet. The Grand Chapter Hall (90 x 50 ft., 50 ft. high) is in Italian Renaissance architecture, with inlaid furniture and rich symbolisms, the chief of which is the Veils of the Temple (containing 1,200 yards of French satin). The Egyptian Hall is of marvellous solidity, and is surroiinded by 12 elephantine columns, whose capitals are copies of those found in the temples of the Nile. The panels are enriched with Eg3rptian emblems (the cobra, lotus, etc.), and the fur- niture is of gilded ebony covered with black and gold tapestry. The Ionic Hall is chiiste and KracefUl, surrounded by 24 columns, and furnished with inlaid woods covered with blue and gold tapestry. The Norman Hall, the great Gothic cham- ber of the Asylum of the Commanderies, the Red Cross Chamber (with its guarded tents), the Library, and the Regalia Room are all worthy of inspection. Adjoining the Temple is the graceful cruciform white marble Arch-St. M. E. Churc' ycosting 1 250,000), purely Gothic, with a spire 233 ft. high. The Lutheran Church of the Holy Communion is opposite, and is of green serpentine, inflonu. Gothic style, with great stained-glass windows, a sumptuous altar, and a massive and imposing tower. Opposite St. John's is the plain and spacious brown-stone First Baptist Church (Dr. G. D. Boardman), with a spire 225 ft. high. At the corner of Cherry St. is the florid Academy of the Fine Arts (costing $400,000), with Gothio. windows and terra-cotta ornaments. Here are rich art-collections, ma''bles, casts, and lecture-rooms, with painting and sculpture. PHILADELPHIA. Jtoute SS. 27G a jhfare of 12th St., buildings dytechnic h 5 tech- )e8ign for »ne square iuing also FUbert St. College of Broad and •e Norman olidity and rith quaint and stately ve "flanking I all the re- ornaments, t)le, and c<,n- 5 X 50 ft. in til is on the frescoed in »y the Grand •e of walnut t. high) is in bolisms, the rench satin), elephantine eNile. The uid the fur- Ionic Hall is nlaid woods othic chani- I its guarded n. jle Arch -St. [33 ft. high, and is of [windows, a St. John's (Dr. G. D. |y St. is the lio windows [bles, casts, The * Penniylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (entrance, 25c. ) is at the comer of Broad and Cherry Sts., and was dedicated in April, 1876, having coxt $ 400,000. The building is 260 X 100 ft. in area, and is built of brick and stone, in florid Byzantine architecture, profusely adoi-ned with colored tiles. Over the main portal is a colossal marble statue of Ceres, brought from Greece by Com. Patterson. The entrance-hall fs brilliantly ornamented, and contains 30 pillars of polished, marble. The rooms on the lower story are devoted to gratuitous art-education, with lecture and modelling rooms, studios, and casts. The second story is in three longitudinal sections, of which that on the r. is reserved for the great annual exhibitions. The central corridor is devoted to statuary, and contains W. W. Story's Jerusalem ( " How doth the city sit solitary that was full of people ; how is she become as a widow ") ; Lombardi's Deborah ; Spring, by i?. D. Palmier; Hero and Leander, by Steinkauscr; Penelope, by Rinaldini; and others. In a bvotd cential expansion is the immense group of the Battle of the Centaurs and Lapithse, by Lough. The Gilpin Gallery is in the N. W. part of the building, and contains 6 marble statues copied from the antique, and copies of paintings by Domenichino, Raphael, Murillo, Titian, Salvator Rosa, Andrea del Sarto, Guido, Claude, and Correggio. The remainder of the pictures belonging to the Academy are in the S. galleries. They vary widely in merit, and have recently suffered from injudicious cleaning and restoration. Tho Benjamin West Gallery contains^ Paul and Silas, and also * Death on tho Pale Horse, famous works of West. The other galleries on the S. contain numerous pictures, and are named in honor of the early American paint- • ers, — Washington Allston, Charles R. Leslie, Gilbert Stuart, Thomas SuUj'^, and John Neagle. The Phillips Collection of prints was bequeathed to the Academy by Mr. John S. Phillips, who has spent thirty yeai"s in gathering, classilying, and properly ar- ranging it. There are about TiO.OOb pictures by 2,000 difl'erent engravers, many of them being very rare and valuable. The painters' etchings are of especial interest to artists and students. This collection is superior to the Tosti and Gray Collec- tions of Boston and Cambridge. The * Academy of Natural Scienoes has a new fire-proof building at the corner of 19th and Race Sts., fronting on Logan Square. It is con- structed of green serpentine and Ohio stone, in Collegiate Gothic archi- tecture, and is spacious and well-arranged, containing studios, reading- rooms, laboratories, and a library of over 25,000 volumes. Agassiz said of this museum that it was one of the finest anatomical, physical, and natural-science collections in the world. It contains over 250,000 specimens, — among which are Dr. Morton's collection of crania, 1,200 in number; Mexican and Peruvian human and animal mummies; 270 skeletons ; 31,000 bii-ds, of all classes and climes (the Iai*gest ornithological mmmmmmi 276 6 JtouUSS, PHILADELPHIA. mnseuin In the world); 1,170 varieties of flshei; OOOTnatnmals; SOOreptUes; 70,000 varieties of plants; '25,000 of insects;. 5,000 oi minerals; and 05,000 of lossils. The collection of shellH contains over 100,000 specimens, and is only excelled by that in the British MuHeum. All these great collections are arranged in orderly sequence and in a convenient manner for the student The Academy was founded in 1812, and remained at the corner of Broad and Sansoni Uts. from 1842 until 1876. It is open to the people on Taesday and Friday afternoons (tee, lOc.X The * Toang M^'i Chriitian Aisooiation Building is at the comer of Chestnut and 15th Sts., opposite the Colonnade Hotel, and is a large and imposing stnicture of Ohio sandstone, trimmed with rose-crystal mar- ble. The arcliitecture is moditied Venetian, massively treated, and the general effect is bold and striking. The area of the building is 72 X 230 ft., four stories high, with a tower 153 ft. high. It contains a library, reading-room, chapel, and other halls, to which young men are welcomed. The society was formed in 1854, and occupied this building iu the sum- mer of 1876. The Baptist Fnblioation House is on Cliestnat St., near Broad St., and is 46 X 230 ft. in area, of chaste and dignified semi-classiu architec- ture, the material being unpolished white marble. The Alhambra Palace has been built by the Kiralfys, at a cost of $ 450,000, for a summer theatre. It is on Broad St., near Locust, and has a picturesque iron front, in Saracenic architecture, richly painted and adorned. Adjacent is a concert-garden 600 ft. square, ornamented with statuary, cascades, and grottos. The Colosseum adjoins the Alhambra, and was formerly In New York City. ^ It is a cylindrical iron building 129 ft in diameter and ItiO feot liigh, witti a steam elevator ascending the central tower, wlience a broad view is gained. Tiie build- ing contains the cyclorania of Paris by moonlight, covering 40,000 square feet of canvas, and shown as in a bird's-eyo view from near the Place de la Concorde. The effect is highly realistic and very beautiful The * Bidgway-Library building is at the comer of Broad and Chris- tian Sts. , and is now externally completed. The grounds cover an entire square, in whose centre on a terrace stands the building, resembling an Athenian temple. The area is 220 X 105 ft., and the cost has been $ 1,500,000. The material is light-colore(^ granite, and the front is com- posed of a central portico, with a classic pediment upheld by 8 Doric columns (30 ft. high), flanked by wings (reading-rooms), each of which has a portico supported by 4 columns. The main library-hall is cruci- form, with 24 Ionic columns of polished marble. The ^^ "isoleum of Dr, Kush is opposite the main entrance ; and in the cok ^ed Memorial Koom are his personal effects. y Dr. James Rush died in 1869, leaving an immense fortune for the construction of this building, which was to be named Ridgway from his wife's maiden name. If the Philadelphia Library Company will accept the restrictions in his will, the structure will be appropriated to their use ; otherwise a new firee library will b« opened here. PHILADELPHIA. Route 38, 277 Spring Garden St. is a wide avenue, with a parked centre, which inter* sects Broad St. Betwt^en Callowiiill and Spring Garden Sts. (I. bide) are the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the largest in the world (employing 3,000 men) ; and the vicinity of the Reading R. R. track is filled with iron-works and taotories, chief among which are the Norris Locomotive Works, tellers' Machine-Tool Works, and the great machine-shops of W. B. Bement & Son. The terminal station of the Phila. &; Reading R. R. is at the comer of Broad and Callowhill Sts. At the comer of Broad and Green Sts. is the Central High School^ opposite a fine Norman Church (Presbyterian). The next building is the Jewish * Synagogue Rodef Shalom^ a quaint and imposing structure, exemplifying the richness of Saracenic architecture. The front portal is especially striking, and rests on massive polished columns. At the comer of Green and ISth Sts. is the new and attractive Norman building of the Central Congregational Church. At the comer of Brood St. and Fairmount Ave. Ridge Ave. turns N. W., running to Laurel Hill. Fine city mansions are now seen on either side, and attractive churches, the best of which is the Church of tfie Incarna- tion (comer of Jefferson St.), built of granite in Gothic architecture. At the comer of Columbia Ave. and 13th St. is the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Broad St., between Fairmount and Columbia A ves. , is a favor- ite place for driving ; and beyond the Avenue Broad St. mns N. through rural districts, soon passing the Moniimeritai Cetnetery, a crowded bury- hig-ground which was founded in 1837, and was designed to be " the American Pere la Chaise." In the centre is a tall granite obelisk, in honor of Washington and Lafayette. Fairmount Ave. leads from Broad St. to the Eastern Penitentiary (near 21st St.), a castellated structure, where nearly 400 convicts from the R comities are guarded, on the separate system. The prison consists of 7 cell-lined halls, radiating from a central corridor which commands a view through each of them, and is situated on a tract of 11 acres, sur- rounded by a massive wall 30 ft. high. It cost S 600,000, and was finished in 1829. Fairmount Ave. passes to Fairmount Park in 4 squares, and Corinthian Ave. rans N. to Girard College, near which (Poplar and 23d Sts.) is the House of Refuge, a great pile of buildings used for the deten- tion and reclamation of young criminals and vagi'ants. E. of this point is a reservoir which contains 37,600,000 gallons of water, and supplies 4 wards of the city. Oirard College is about 2 M. N. W. of Independence Hall (by Ridge- Ave. cars), and occupies 42 acres of high land, surrounded by a grim wall of masonry. Th? * * central building is probably the grandest existing specimen of the Corinthian temple-architecture, and presents an imposing front on every side. It is of white Penu. and Mass. marble, 218 X 160 ft. 278 Hcnite S8. PHILADELPHIA. |K in area, and 97 ft. high, and is of remarkable massiveness and solidity. The cella (169 X 111 ft.) is surrounded by a broad Miarble platform from 'Which rise lofty fluted columns, surrounding the b'lildmg and upholding a graceful cornice and pediment. Ti.o columns are 34 in number (8 at each end and 11 at each side), each of which is composed of 12 pieces (6 ft. in diameter), weighs 103 ton^, nad cost $ 13,000. The capitals show all the richness of the Corinthian ord^r ; and the platforms are approached by lines of marble steps which surround the building. The spacious halls at the N. and S. ends are paved with marble, and rest over strong-arched crypts. Tliey are supported by lines of Ionic and Corinthian colunms and antee; and the cornices over thr^ main portals are made of single blocks of marble, each of which is 25 ft. long. Inside the S. entrance (facing Corinthian Ave. ) is a quaint statue of Stephen Oirard, beneath which his remains are buried. The grand stairways lead off to r. and 1., and are massively built in geometric style. They lead to the class-rooms and museums of the college on the floors above. The library (5-6,000 vol- imies) is to the r. of the statue ; and on the upper floor is a museum of the antique personal effects of Mr. Girard. Still fartlier up, by a narrow and sinuous stairway , is the roof, a vast plain of marble joined with nicest skill and supported on brick arches. This fine piece of masonry weighs 906 tons. A broad view of Phila. is afforded from the roof, including the Penitentiary, the hills of Fairmount, the numerous spires of the churches, and glimpses of the Delaware. W. of this building is a * monument to the men of the college who fell in the Secession War, — consisting of a statue of a soldier, standing on a lofty inscribed pedestal, and sheltered by a classic canopy which bears the State and national arms and is supported by 4 fluted Doric colunms. On either side are plain marble buildings "which are used for dormitories, refectories, and professors' residences. Extensive grounds are reserved for the sports of the students. Stephen Girard, "mariner and merchant," was bom at Bordeaux in 1750, and became a common sailor in 1764. In 1773 he was a sea-captain ; and in 1777 settled in Phila. as a merchant. He died in 1831, leaving 9 7,500,000, of which he fave $300,000 to the State, $116,000 to various charities, and $500,000 to the city, esides vast amounts left in trust for the municipal police and other improve- ments. He loft $ 2,000,000 and 45 acres of land for the endowment of a college for poor white male children without fathers and between 6 and 10 years of age. Such children are supported here for 8 years and are instructed from the alphabet up to the grade of high-school studies. He forbade the entrance of clei-gymen to the college-grounds under any pretext, and this prohibition is still enforced. Permits to visit the college should be obtained at the hotels or of one of the Di- rectors. There are now over 500 students in the instil ution, with 20 teachers. Thomas U. Walter was the architect of the college buildings. The Female Medical College of Penn. is on ^. College Ave., at the cor- ner of 22d Street., and is the first medical school ever established for women. . PHILADELPHIA. Route 38. 279 Dd solidity, tfonn from 1 upholding umber (8 at >f 12 pieces ipitals show ) approached [>aciou8 halls trong-arched columns and tingle blocks ranee (facing ith which his i 1., and are lis-rooms and ;6-6,000vol- a mtlseum of , by a narrow ed with nicest asonry weighs including the the churches, nument to the ng of a statue leltered by a is supported •ble buildings •s' residences. iix In 1750, and I ; and ill 1777 i)0, of which ho loOOtothccity, lother iiuprove- tnt of a college io years of age. [in the alphabet V clergymen to 1 still enforced. 1 one of the Di- 20 teachers. at the cor- Itablished for shipmen at New briquet of **0' Old Swedes' CI St. near Christi The old Navy Yanl wns in the 8. E. part of Phila., but nearly all its material has been renioveil to the new U. 8. Navy Yard at League l8l> and, 7 M. S. of Chestnut St., whore there are vast woikshops, barracks, arsenals, artillery-parks, and costly dry-docks, with iron-clads and frig- ates moored in the stream. At the old yard the line-of- battle ship Pennsylvania was launched in 1837, in tlie presence of 100,000 peo- ple. She carried 140 cannon, and her mainmast was 250 ft. high. At one of the piers is the frigate Constitution, the most renowned vessel of the American Navy. During the War of 1812 she captured the Java, the Guerriire, the Macedonian, and other fine British frigaic.,, u,;l was ever victorious. Of 1 ite years she has been used as a school-^ -iv* .for .id- jid Annapolis, and is widely known iriar iho ^ou- ifles." Just above the Navy Yard u the quaint lied by 2d and 3d St. cars), fronting on Otsego lis venerable structure was built ir 1700 on the site of the fortihc i log-cliurch of 1677, and was attended by the Swedes who occupied Phila. before Penn and the Quakers arrived. In its mossy old graveyard is, the tomb of Alexander Wilson, the great ornithologist, who travelled all over the continent getting materials for his work on American birds, which appeared in 9 volumes (1808-13). Wharton St. leads W. from the Navy Yard to the Moyamensing PriioxL (of Phila. County), an imposing building of Quincy granite, with several towers and long lines of battlements. The old Debtors' Prison is to the N., and is a red sandstone building in EgyptiaQ architecture. A few squares N. E. (Catherine St., near 7th) is the House of Industry, a cluster of charitable offices in the poorest part of the Moyamensing district. Below the Navy Yard are the extensive terminal wharves of the Penn. R R., delivering freight on the margin of deep water. Above the Navy Yard are other crowded railroad-wharves. At the foot of Almond St. is the lofty building of the Franklin Sugar Refinery, and the busy river- front extends N. by numerous wharves, passing the great oyster-depots at the foot of Spruce St., and the fruit-sheds at Dock St. Near the foot of Green St. the river bends to the N. E., and Beach St. passes the great lumber-wharves at the foot of Coates and Poplar Sts., and approaches the network of tracks (occupying 1 M. of river-front at Richmond) where the Reading R. R. reaches tide-water and discharges millions of tons of coal yearly, freighting large fleets of coasting-schooners and propellers. The Kensington district is also famed for its ship-yards, where are made the largest iron-steamers, for ocean service. At the comer of Front and Laurel Sts. are the Keystone Saw Works, covering 8 acres, employing 900 men, and making 5 tons of edge-tools daily. On the r. side of Beach St., N. -of Columbia St. (reached by 2d and 3d St. cars), is the monument which occupies the place of the Old l^reaty Elm, under whose branches ■> ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 M 12.5 »- u UUU "1.4 ill 1.6 6" 7 >>?'^ '^^>..^" ^^^^' % 7] >> /^ 'w '/ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716)872-4503 L-vWte^l > 280 MouUSSr PHILADELPHIA. William Penn made with the Indian chiefs the famous treaty of fraternal love, *' the only one ever made without an oath, and the only one never broken." In the N. part of Kensington (at the comer of Front and Hun- tington Sts.) is the * imposing pile of i.3w buildings in Norman architec- ture which contains the Hospital of the Episcopal Church in Phila., where patients are admitted without regard to creed or coldr. Hourly horse- cars run from Richmond to Bridesburg and Frankford. • Fairmount Park. This noble garden of the people lies along the banks of the Schuylkill Biverand the Wissahickon Creek, in the N. W. part of the city proper. It was opened (with 70 acres area) in 1866, since which large sumS have been spent in adorn- ment and in enlarging the bounds, until now it is the largest city park in the Vorld. Fairmount covers 2,991 acres ; the Vienna Prater, 2,500 ; Richmond Hill, 2,468 : the Bois de Boulogne, 2,158 ; Hampton Court, 1,872 : Windsor Great Park, 1,800 ; Phoenix (Dublin), 1,752 ; Central (New York), 862 ; Druid Hill (Baltimore), VOO ; Prospect (Brooklyn), 630. Fairmount is reached by the 9th St. horse-cars from the Continental Hotel in 80 min. ; also by the Arch St. line, the Vine St. line, and others. The Bidge Ave. cars run to the upper end of the Park, and visitors can reach this point from any part of the city by means of transfer-tickets on the horse-cars. The Reading R B. sends trains to Fairmount, Columbia Bridge, and Belmont : the Norristown B. B. stops at Wissahickon and Chestnut Hill, and the Penn. B. B.' stations of Mantua and Hestonville are near the S. border. Park-carriages traverse the most interesting districts, stalling from the Fairmount entrance (50c. for the round trip in the E. or W. Park ; 9 1.50 for 1 person per hour, and 25c. for each additional person). Small steamers run on the river from the water-works to Bockland, Bel- mont, Laurel Hill, and the Schuylkill Falls (16 trips daily ; fare, up and back, 25c.). Batteaux may be hired cheaply for trips on the water, — for the Schuylkill near the carriage-stand at Fairmount ; for the Wissahickon, at Wissahickon Hall or Maple Spring. IMstances* — Fairmount to the Girard Avenue Bridge, 1 M. ; Lansdowne, 2^ ; George's Hill, S^ ; Belmoht, 3^; Mt. Prospect, 4^ - 6 ; the Falls (Biver Boad), 4^ ; the Falls (George's Hill), 6^ : the Wissahickon, by the E. Bank. 4 (by George's Hill, 7^ ; bv the Biver Boad, 6i) ; Fainnonnt, by the E. Bank to Maple Spring. 5^ M. ; the Pipe Bridge, 8^ ; Indian Bock, 9} ; Chestnut Hill, 11^. Th»graceM mystery of skating is much practised on the Schuylkill during winter, under protection of the Phila. Skating Club. The summer regattas of the Schuylkill Navy are worthy of notice, and the Music-days draw great multi- tudes to the Park. (The Editor recommends C. S. Keyser's " Fairmoimt Park '* as the best guide-book and souvenir of this great rus in urbe.) FAIRMOU^fT Park includes 2,991 acres along the Schuylkill River, ex- tending up the stream for 7 M. ; and 450 acres along the Wissahickon for 6 M. The Schuylkill (from the Dutch Sculk, hiddeu, and Kill, creek, so named on account of its half-concealed efflux into the Delaware) has an avenge width of J M., with high and picturesque banks. The main entrance to the Park passes a terraced hill, which was named Faire- Mount nearly 2 centuries ago. It now contains the 4 reservoirs (covering 6 acres and 12 ft. deep) of the city water-works, with a capacity of about 27,000,000 gallons. Tlie Schuylkill water is collected behind a dam 1,600 ft. long, and is forced up into the reservoirs by a powerful system of works, which are operated by water-wheels. Philadelphia has been supplied with this water for 75 years, and it is said to be purer than the waters which are used in New York and London. The fouling of the PHILADELPHIA. RoiUe S8. 281 Schnylkill by the erection of factories along its banks has now been prevented by the city's right of eminent domain throughout the Park, and the remaining aiills on the Wissahickon will be removed at the expi< ration of a few years. The reservoir is surrounded by a broad gravelled walk, and commands a pleasant view, including the lower portion of the Park, the white temple of Oirard College, and the dense lines of the city streets. The Wire Bridge crosses the Schuylkill near this point, and be- tween Fairmount and the river are some indifferent pieces of statuary, and the old engine-houses of the water-works. Just N. of the'resbrvoln is a small fire-proof building containing a fine public art-gallery. The chief attraction is the imniense picture, *The Battle of Gettysburg, painted by Rolhermel (" the American Rubens ^') at the order of the State of Penn. This has been called the finest battle-piece of ancient or modem times, and is remarlc- able also for its historic accuracy. Near by are 4 smaller paintings by the same master, representing episodes in the battle, — the Charge of the Penn. Reserves at Little Round Top, the Death of Reynolds, the Repulse of the Louisiana Tigers, and the Repulse of the Maryland Brigade fh>m Gulp's Hill. At the opposite end of the hall is Benjamin West's great painting, * Christ Rejected by the Jewish People. Among the other pictures are portraits of Longfellow and Holmes ; the Holy Family ; a View of Ancient Fairmount ; several pictures of dogs and game ; Marine View, Moran; the Dulce of Guelder's Cruelty to his Father, Wittkamp; Jephtha's Daughter ; Death of Sir Philip Sidney ; Patrick Henry addressing the House of Burgesses, Rothermel; * Christian Martyrs in the Coliseum, Bothermtl; and a great allegorical painting of the New Republic, by Pauwda. Beyond this point the road leads out on an open plaza which is adorned with a colossal bronze * statue (in a sitting posture) of Abraham Lincoln, designed by Randolph Rogers, and cast at Munich. It is on a tall granite pedestal, on which are inscribed some of the immortal words of the martyr-president. On the Tiver-front> above the steamboat landing, are the graceful boat-houses of the Schuylkill Navy, an ancient rowing asso- ciation composed of 10 clubs, with 4-500 members and nearly 70 boats (valued at $100,000). This is the most complete and best organized society of the kind in the world, and has exciting regattas during the summer. The Mineral Spring is N. of the Plaza, and is covered by a neat pavi^on. The waters are chalybeate, and many visitor^ drink of them during the summer. Beyond the Plaza the luad ascends the slopes of Lemon Hill, which is crowned by a fine old mansion (now used as a restaurant) situated among stately trees. Robert Morris, the Patriot Financier and the rieht arm of Washington, lived in his mansion on Lemon Hill firom 1776 to 1798. He was a member of Congress and a signer\>f the Declaration of Independence, and often replenished the empty treasury of the army at critical moments by pledging his personal credit. He paid off th(B murmuring army before the victory at Trenton, and raised ij^ 1,400,000 to equip the forces on their way to the final campaign of Yorlctown. He was U. S. Senator, 1789 - 95, and declined the secretaryship of the treasury ; but became in- volved in vast land speculations, wrecked his fortune, and in his 65th year was put in prison for debt. There he remained for 4 years, and died 4 years after hi9 release. His estate, "The Hills," was bought by Henry Pratt, who laid out beautiful gardens and named it Lemon HilL It was acqtdred by the city in 1837. 282 RouU 38. PHILADELPHIA. The road passes on 'to the bluffs of Sedgdey, which look across the Schuylkill to the groves of The Solitude. On this hill are. the remains of a fort which was built during the Secession War for tl ; defence of the city (while the rebels were marching through Penn.). Near this point is the small wooden cottage which was used as Grant's head-quarters at City Point, Ya. The road now descends to the stately Girard Avenue Bridge, above which is seen the massive stone viaduct of the Connect- ing Railroad (travei'sed by through trains from New York for the West or South). Near this point are the Egyptian buildings of the Schuylkill Water -Works, whose capacity is 23,000,000 gallons a day (supplying 5 wards of the city from a reservoir 124 ft. high,, containing 9,800,000 gallons). Crossing the bridge, and turning to the 1., the visitor reaches Egglesfiddf where in 1732 was located the club-house of the merry fishing-club called " The Colonic in Schuylkill " (now " The State in Schuylkill," and located near Gray's Ferry). Beyond this is The Solitude, a villa which was built in 1785 by John Penn, the poet (and grandson of William Penn). This estate was bought by the city a few years since, and was the last remnant owned by the Penn family of that great State which once was theirs. Near these grounds is seen the lofty stand-pipe of the W^ Philadelphia water-works, which is 130 ft. high, and is surrounded by a circular stair- way. It is now used as a public observatory. The * Zotf logical Gardens are near the Girard Avenue Bridge, and con- tain a lai^e invoice of animals from the Rocky Mts. and Western Amer- ica, including moose, black-tailed deer, elk, wolves, grizzlies, brown, black, and cinnamon bears, catamounts, golden eagles, cross and silver foxes, etc. There are also buffalo, beaver, American lions, and panthers; and a large assortment of European animals are to be added in due time. The 'Lansdovme Read passes to the N. imder the massive arches of the railway viaduct, and enters the old Stoeet Brier estate, which is now fitted up for the Children's Play-Ground. Samuel Bbeck was bom in Boston, July 17, 1771, and was educated at the French Royal Military College of Sor^ze (i^ xguedoc). He buili the Sweet Brier mansion, and lived here for 88 years, en ' in public 11 le and the cultiva- tion of his model estate. While a child he t . ueard the cannonade at Bunker Hill, and at a later day he stood before Washington in Phila. In 1861 he wel- comed President Lincoln to the city, and he died 'n the darkest hour of the Secession War (Sept. 1, 1862), his last words being " What of —my country?" . Beyond Sweet Brier the pleas'iui; road reaches a rustic bridge over the Lansdovme Ravine, commanding a beautiful view up the river. Still farther on the road reaches the cluster of venerable pine-trees at the Lansdovme Concourse. hostile to the cause of American Independence, and their public estate was con- fiscated by Congress, being " the largest one ever sequestered in civil war." The PHILADELPHIA. JttmUSS. 283 ftinily claimed 95,000,000 compensation from the British govenmient, and ?«• ceived an annuity of 920,000, besides a gift of 9650,000 dollm firom the State of Fenn. Lansdowne was inhabited for a time by ex-king Joseph Bonaparte, and was i^rwards owned by Lord Ashburton. The road now passes the Michaox grove of oaks, and ascends to fho concourse on George*! Hill, whence is obtained a charming * view of the Park, the river, and the city, over which are the white colonnades of Oirard College. This ancestral estate (83 acres) was presented to the city by Jesse and Rebecca Oeorge, two venerable Friends. The grounds extending S. E. from George's Hill nearly to Sweet Brier were used for the v. S. Centennial Ezpoeition of 1876. Between Jjansdowne and George's Hill the road passes a bronze group representing wolves quarrelling over the body of a deer, and Stauch's bronze statue of Night is on George's Hill, near the pavilion. Lofty ob- servatorius have been erected on Lemon Hill (225 ft. high), George's Hill (250 ft.), and at Belmont, whence noble views are gained over the Park and city. The first two cost $ 150,000. Visitors are carried to their tdpa by steam elevators (fee, 25c.). A road runs N. K from Greorge's Hill by the Belmont Reservoir (35,800,000 gallons) to the Belmont Maneion (* Proskauer's Restavrant), which was erected in 1745, and was often visited by Washington, Lafayette, Franklin, Morris, Jefferson, Adams, Luzerne, Talleyrand, Louis Philippe, Joseph Bonaparte, and many other distinguished men. The proprietor. Judge Richard Peters, was an eminent jurist, author, and patriot, and was Secretary of War from 1776 to 1781. The * view from this mansion is one of the noblest in the Park. The road now passes the Bdmoni Olen, a picturesque ravine on the W. side (leading to the Belmont sta- tion of the P. & R. R. R.). Just S. W. of the station is Tom Jioore^s Cottage^ where the poet of love dwelt and wrote some beautiful poems, among which was the one beginning, — ** Alone by the Schnylkill a wanderer roved. And dear were the flowery banlu to liii eye." The River Road runs thence N. E. 1 M. to the Falls Bridge, passing the Schuylkill viaduct of the Reading R. R. The road on the heights trav- erses Ridgeland beyond Belmont, then passes the Mt. Prospect mansion and the lake and concourse of Chamouniy and reaches the Fallf Bridge. The road on the E. bank beyond the Girard Avenue Bridge passes through a broad tunnel under Promontory Point, and crosses the ravine below Fountain Green. This shore is higher and bolder than that on the W., and has preserved more of it« natural form. The Mount PUagant Mansion is near the Columbia Bridge, and is a stately old colonial house dating from 1761. It was bought by Benedict Arnold in 1779, and waa confiscated after his treason. General Steuben then occupied the estate. 284 nauteSS, PHILADELPHIA. il i ' The road now passes the Bockland mansioii and the old estates of Belle- ville (steamboat landing), Ormiston, Edgeley, and Woot^ford. The latter mansion was built in 1742. Beyond Strawberry Hill the road lies close to the river, with Laorel Hill Cemetery on the r., and soon reaches the FalU o/Schuylkillf a busy factory-village amid picturesque surroundings, with several old hotels which are famous for their " catfith and coffee." The Bidge Boad now approaches Bari'en Jlilly whence Lafayette made a masterly retreat, with 2,200 men, from the inidst of heavy conveigiug British columns. Part of the Battle of Gennantown was fought on this line. The * Wisialiiokoii is a romantic stream which here diverges to the K. and is enclosed within the Park for 7 M. Its banks are high, rugged, and well wooded; and a pleasant road follows the up course of the de- scending waters, and passes several sequestered inns which furnish '^ cat- Jsh and coffee, wines and ices." Beyond the Maple Spring a lane leads ia the Hermit's Well, above which is a sharp rock 200 ft. high, known as the Lover's Leap. ^ M. above the Log-Cabin are the cascades at the mouth of Paper-Mill Bun, near which is the house where David Bitten- house, the great astronomer, was bom (in 1732). ^ M. beyond the Bed Bridge is the lofty palisade called Mom RwMe'a Jiock, in memory of an ancient tradition of its occupation by a weird woman who " drank dew from acorn-cups, and had the evil eye." ^ M. beyond, high over a sharp bend in the road, is a venerable stone building called The Monaftery, where, over a century ago, a band of €krman mystics came in, and watched and waited, with dim, quaint, religious rites, until they passed into the silent land. The road now passes the Caves; and a short distance beyond the Pipe Bridge is seen, with 2 20-inch mains conducting water to Germantown, Across the bridge above the Pipe Bridge a pathway leads to the dark basin on Cresheim Creek called the DeviVa Pool. The road soon opens out to Valley Qreen^ with its favorite hotel ; and \ M. beyond it passes a marble fountain basin. 1 M. from Valley Green the lofty Indian Rock is seen on the E. towering over a deep and solemn gorge. In this vicinity lingered the last Indian band in this region. 1 M. beyond this point the road ascends to the villas of Chestnut Hill, beyond the Park. * Laurel Hill Cemetery adjoins the upper part of Fairmount Park, and may be reached by the Bidge Ave. horse-cars. It is one of the most spacious and beautiful cemeteries in the country, and is especially inter- esting from Its fine views over the Schuylkill, and from the diversified character of its undulating surface. The entrance is of brown-stone, in Doric architecture, and is supported by 8 columns. Near this portal is a group in sandstone, executed by Thorn, ftnd representing Old Mortality with his pony^ and Sir Walter Scpt|, IL. 'cotcan • XiOwynedd PHILADELPHIA •UKKOUIIDIIIQS '^HFt.Wubliigti BandrliiinX ^ . VpreUmd -^■^ Edge HIU Kosxxraowv bnaholiocken^^^^v o Old Torl^BoMlX X, Spriiijrl«D[^\^ nV^ni I \ T Will li I I W.PhiladeJphia^a^ "-"TTerrj. '^ ' ' ' " V ..^ /^Ue: farkTine^,X^L ^^^ flMantna Woodbury .1 OERlfANTOWN. lUmUSS, 285 To the r. !• the ehapel, a pUtn Oothlo bnilding, near which !• the grare of Gen. Hugh Mercer, who fell at Frinoeton (lee page Ml). Under the blulb (110 ft high) which here line the river-bank, is the vault of Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, and also the tall monolithic obelisk over the remains of Charles Thomson, Becretarr of Congress from 1774 to 1789, " the Bam Adams of PhUa., the life of the cause of liberty." Among the eminent men buried here are Com. Isaac Hull, captor of the OuerrUre (under a monument resembling tlutt of Scipio, upon which an eagle keeps guard): Hassler, the director of the U. B. CkMst Burvev; Com. Alex. Murray, of the Mexican and Secession Wars : Thomas Oodt'rey, uie inventor of the quadrangle ; Judge Robert T. Conrad, the author ; Oen. Patterson : Admiral Lavallette, of the Mexican War ; Joseph 8. Lewis, the projector of the Fairmount Water- Works ; Joseph C. Neal, the humorist (author of " Charcoal Sketches ") ; and Dr. R. M. Bird, the novelist The new monument to Miss Bailey, constructed of polished Scotch granite, is worthy of attention : also the recently erected bronse memorial statues, in the lower part of the grounds. The trees of Laurel Hill are justly celebrated, and include several fine cedars of Lebanon. The mausoleum of Louis A. Oodey is a massive structure of white marble, in Egyptian architecture. Near Laurel Hill, and on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, is West Laurel Mill, a new cemetery, containing 110 acres. The Mt. Vernon Cemetery is near Laurel Hill, on Ridge Ave., and has a stately pyramidal mau- soleum adorned with groups of symbolic statues. Olentoood Cemetery contains 21 acres, and is on Ridge Ave., near Islington Lane, which leads N. £. to the spacious Odd Fellowtf Cemetery (32 acres). Oermantown may be visited either by horse-cars (passing through the German village of Nicetown), or by the railroad from the comer of 9th and Green Sts. It is 6 M. N. of Chestnut St, and forms the 22d Ward of the city. Along Germantown Ave. are several ancient colonial houses, with the small mercantile stores of the suburb. This is one of the most beautiful residence-quarters in America, and has long quiet streets lined with fine villas and pretty churches. Among the older buildings are shown Cheto's Hotise (where the American army was checked), Washing- ton's Head-quarters (on Market Square), and the ancient Button-Ball Tree Tavern. This village was settled in 1684 by (Germans from Cresheim, on 5,700 acres of land, which Pastorius bought of Willir< r. Penn at a shilling an acre. Rittenhouse St. leads down from the m&;r avenue into the quiet recesses of the Wissahickon Valley, near Mom Rinkle's Rock; and Germantown Ave. and the Rnilroad run N. W. by Mount Airy to the pleasant and wealthy village of Chestnut Hill, a favorite place of resi- dence for city merchants, and situated near the end of Fairmotmt Park. The Battle of Germantown was foiight Oct. 4, 1777. After Gen. Howe had flanked Washington and captured Phila., his main division encamped at German- town, where it was attacked by surprise about daylight, and was thrown into great confUsion. Line alter line gave way liefore the impetuous rush of the Amer- icans, and for a time it seemed that the British army would be destroyed. But Col. Musgrave and 5 companies of the 40th took refuge in Chew's large stone house, and effectually checked the victorious army. The house was cannonaded without effect, and meanwhile the retreating troops had been rallied and rein- forced, and attacked the Continentals, who were enveloped in a dense fog, and were repulsed in detail. Washington now commanded a retreat, after 2^ hours of fighting, in which he had lost over 1,000 men. The British loss was 535. The Americans then went into 'jamp on the hek;hts beyond Wh'temarsh, 6 M. from Mount Aiiy, and 6 weeks later retired to Valley Forge, 19 M. beyond. i ( 286 RouU 38. CAMDEN. At ffdnusburg is the new Home of Correction, a vast pile of stone buildings (witli 8 extensive wings), containing 2,000 cells, and estimated to cost 9 1,000,000. Brideshurg is the seat of great cotton-mills, which were occupied during the Secession War for the manufacture of arms. A short distance from this point is the Frankford Arianal, a military post of the (J. S. (visitors admitted during daylight). There are 62^ acres of grounds, on which are long lines of cannon-balls, with a few pieces of brass artillery. This arsenal is devoted to the manufacture of fixed ammunition for the U. S. army ; and one of the buildings can turn out 1,000,000 car- tridges a day. All the ammunition for the national armies is made here; and during a great part of the Secession War work never ceased here, be- ing carried on by alternating gangs of men through Sundays and holidays and night and day. N. W. of Frankford is the stately building of the Friends* Lunatic Asylum, near the banks of Tacony Creek. Camden ( W. Jersey Hotel) is a city of New Jersey, opposite Phila., from which it is separated by the Delaware River. It is situated on a level plain, and has several new streets occupied by the residences of Phila. merchants. There are 26,000 inhabitants, with 17 churches and 3 newspapers. There are 4 steam-ferries to Phila. ; and a bridge is pro- jected, — to be 120 ft. above the river and to cost $2,000,000. Besides being the terminus of several railroads, Camden is enriched by large manufactures, especially those of iron, glass, and chemicals. There are extensive ship-yards here; and Esterbrook & Co.'s steel-pen manufactory is the largest of the kind in the U. S. The rural districts near the city are occupied by fruit and vegetable gardens, which supply Phila. with market-produce. In the W. part of the city are the county buildings, near which are 2 soldiers' monuments. W. of the Court House is a fine Catholic church; and a pleasant residence-quarter extends to the N. Camden is a city of the 19th century, at whose beginning there were here only a few fishermen's cabins and a farm-house. In 1830 the population was 1,987; in 1870 it was 20,045 ; and in 1874 (estimated), 26,000. Windmill Island is in the Delaware River, opposite Camden, and was in ancient times joined to the N. J. shore. It was formerly used as a place of execution for pirates ; and in 1837 a canal was cut through for the passage of vessels. Just below Phila., and near League Island, is Fori Mifflin (46 guns), opposite which is Red Bank (in N. J.), where may be seen the remains of old Fort Mercer, the Whitehall mansion (built in 1748), and the graves of many soldiers and of the Count Donop. In the N. outworks, near the river, is a marble monument, erected in honor of ^he victory won here. In the fall of 1777, after the British occupatiou of Phila., Gen. Howe determined to open the communication with the sea by capturing the American works which then commanded the river. Fort Mercer was garrisoned by the 1st. and 2d B. I. regiments, under Lt-CoL Oreene; Fort Mifflin (on Mud Island) was held by the BED BANK. XouU39, 287 M«7l«Bdllne: md • imall fleet dtftadtd the dUvrnw df A Jects to lay down their arms ; and theyare warned that. If they stand the battle, no qnurtors whatever will be given." The intrepid Greene sent back reply : " We ask no quarters, nor will we give any." After a sharp cannonade. 1,200 picked Iloasians advanced to storm the works, and had reached the moat when a scathing flro of grape-shot and musketry was opened upon them, and forced them to give way. A second Hessian division at the same time attacked the fort on the 8.. and its bravest leaders reached the summit of the narapet, but were there out down, and the remaining assailants were put to flight. The American artillery wiM directed by the French engineer. Chevalier Manduit, and did terrible execu- tic 1 1 The garrison lout 88 men ; and the Hessians lost 400, including their chief. Count Donop, who was extricated fh>m a heap of dead soldiers, and soon died, saying, " It is finishing a noble career earlv, but I die the victim of my ambition and of the avarice of my sovereign." Meantime the British fHgates had ap* proached Fort Mercer, but were beaten off by the American gun-boats. The next mom)ng a doterniined naval attack was made, and was as fiercely met. The flrlg- ato Augusta, of &i guns, was set on fire bv a hot shot, and soon blew up ; and the Merlin, IH, siieedily met the same fate. The remainder of the hostile fleet dropped down the river in great haste, badly shattered bv the guns of the forts and of Com. Ilazlewood's flotilla. In November the British erected a line of heavy bat* tories near Fort Mifflin, and brought up a fleet carrying 8&8 guns, with which a continuous bombardment was carried on for 6 days and nights. On the 16th, the Jrl8, Someratt, Fury, Vigilant, Roebuck, and other fHgates, anchored where their yard-arms almost overhung the fort : and, with the land-batteires, opened a ter- rific fire upon the crumbling ramparts. With marvellous heroism the 800 Maiy- landers in the works kept t^p a steady fire, i^ntil every gun was dismounted, 260 of their number were killed or wounded, and the palisades and parapets were levelled with the earth. 1,000 shot and shell were hurled into Fort Mifflin within a few hours ; and at midnight the few survivors of the garrison fled firom the corpse-strewn ruins to Fort Mercer. Comwallis soon advanced against the latter work, and it was evacuated bv the handful of troops who remained. Of the 47 small vessels of the American fleet, 17 were burnt at Gloucester, and the remain- der crept by Fhila. at night and reached the upper Delaware. Thus closed what may perhaps be considered the most heroic and Spartan-like defence in the annals of America. 99. Philadelphia to Hew Tork. By the Camden & Amboy B. R. (pertaining to the Penn. B. B.) to B. Amboj, and thence by steamboat to K. Y. Some trains on this line reach N. Y. by waj of Trenton, Monmouth Junction, or Perth Amboy, and thence on Route 87. Stations. — Philadelphia ; Camden, 1 M. : Fish House, 6 ; Palmyra, 8j^ ; Riverton, 9 ; Riverside, 12^ ; Delanco, 13 ; Beverly, 15§ ; Ed^water, 16 ; Bur- lington, 1^ : Stevens. 18| : Florence, 23 ; Kinkora, 25 ; White Hill, 27 ; Borden- town, 28 (Trenton, 34): Yardville, 81 ; Newtown, 34J; Windsor, 37J; Hightstown, 41 : Cranberry, 44 ; Prospect Plains, 46 : Jamesbuig, 48^ (Dayton, 52 ; Monmouth Junction, 54) ; Spottswood, 62 ; Old Bridge, 54| ; S. Amboy, 62 ; New York, 93. The passenger leaves the foot of Market St. and crosses by ferry-boat to the Amboy station in Camden, whence the train passes out through the city, and runs N. £. by several suburban stations. Oossing the Rancocas Creek, the train passes Delanco, and stops at Beverly ( Wash- ington, Hoiue), a recent and populous village, with 5 churches and a U. S. Hospital. 4 M. beyond this point the train reaches Burlington (Bur- lington House ; Washington ; Belden), a river city of 5,817 inhabitants, with 9 churches, and broad straight streets. Fronting on the river are the buildings of Bwrlington College (founded by the Episcopalians in 288 ItauUS9, BORDENTOWN. I :i ^i» 1846) ftnd SL MaryU EaXU The Dekware it 1 M. wide at tliii point, and on the opposite shore is the Penn. hamlet of Brutol. Burlington is the seat of large preserving establishments, and has a branch R. R. to Mt H0II7 (7 M.), and daily steamboats to Philadelphia (19 M.). The city was founded by Quakers in 1667, and was bombarded by British gunboats in 1776 and 1778. The train now runs N. E. by Kinkora (whence a branch line diverges to New Lisbon) to Bordontown {Bordentoum House ; AmeiHean), a city of over 6,000 inhabitants, with 8 churches, a female coU^e, and the N. J. Collegiate Institute. It is the seat of several large foundries and machine-shops, and has the terminal basins of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The railroad passes below the level of the streets, which are on a plain elevated 65 ft. above the Delaware. Many Phila- delphians seek summer rest here, attracted by the neatness of the city and its pleasant environs. Bordentown was settled at an early date byJoseph Borden, and was plundered in 1778 by a British naval expedition fh>m Phila. In 1816 it was chosen as a home by the ex-Icing Joseph Bonaparte, and here he lived for 28 years, occupying a mansion in a broad and spacious parlc. The train runs over Crosswicks Creek, and passes Yardville, Newtown, and Windsor, beyond which the Pembertown & Hightstown R R. comes in from the S., and HigkUUmn (locally famous for its classical schools) la entered. A branch R R mns N. W. from Jmm«sb«irs to MonmovXK Jundion, on the N. T. Div. of the Penn. R R The Freehold & Jaraesbuig R R. runs 8. B. to the ocean in 88 M. (8 hours). Stations, Lower Jamesburg, Manalapan, and Treeliold (American House; Wauhington), the capital of Monmouth County, — a pleasant village with 4,231 inhabitants, 8 academies, and 6 churches. The SeAUe of Monmouth was fought on June 28, 1778^ near the village of Freehold. Sir Henry Clinton was retreating fh>m Phila. to N. Y., and was closely followed by the American army. His choice troops were disposed in the rear-guard, and the baggage was hurried on in advance. Early on the hot, dry muming of June 28, the American vanguard, under Lee, Lafayette, and Wayne, assailed the royalist forces, and, for a time, gained decided advantages ; but Lee ordered an unaccount- able retreat, which resulted in a panic-struck flight, through which the hostile grenadiers rushed cheering. When the routed vanguJard reached the main army, Washington gave Lee a stinging rebuke, and drew up the forces in order of battle. The troops of the van were again put to flight, and the enemy attacked the centre and right wing of the army. The grenadiers charged in beautiful order, but their commander and ofllcers were pick^ off by Wayne s riflemen, and Knox's batteries kept up a continuous fire with great precision. The British then fell back rap- idly, pursued by the Continentals, and encamped on the heights. Every prepara- tion was made to renew the action on the following morning, but during the night the enemy retreated noiselessly and escaped. The Americans lost 228 men, and the British lost about 800. Lee was court-martialled and suspended fTom the service (after challenging Washington to a duel) for his very equivocal conduct in the early part of the battle. Beyond Freehold the branch line runs 8. E. across a thinly settled region of pine-plains (of sinister fame during the Revolutionary era as sheltering bands of desperate banditti). At Farmingdale the N. J. Southern R R. is crossed, and the slow-moving train passes on to the old marine hamlet of S^tan and the ocean- viewing beach of Sea Girt, — a quiet summer resort, with several boarding-houses. A few M. 8. is the secluded seashore retreat of PoirU PleasaiU, in the pine-lands 2 M. flrom Bamegat Bay. A road leads N. near the sea, and, crossing the shallow estuary of Shark River, passes on to Ocean Grove and Long Branch. LONG BRANCH. Jhuis 40. 289 Hie New York train ram N. E. fh>m Junesburg orer puiUlIy denuded pine-plains and through a dreary and spanely populated country to the South River, which ia crossed at Herbertsville. South Amboj is situ- ated on Raritan Bay, at the mouth of the Raritan River, which separates H from Perth Amboy (see page 257), and here the traveller enters a steam* 1>oat which passes by Staten Island and up the Bay of New York to Pier 1, N. R. The latter portion of the route is very interesting and pictu- resque (see page 45). 40. Kew Tork to Long Branoh and the Delaware Bay. By the N. J. Southern R. R. To Long Branch in 2 hrs. ; to Philadelphia (fare, 12.25) in H hra. ; to Bny Hide in 7^ hrs. Stations. — Now York ; Sandy Hook Pier, (about) 20 M. ; Highlands, 25 ; Seabriglit, 27 : Atlanticville, 30 ; Long Branch, 31 ; Branchport, 83 ; Ocoanport, 84; Eatontown Junction, 80 (branch to Pprt Monmouth, 43); Shark River, 42: Farmingdale, 46 : Squankom, 47 ; Bricksburg, 53 ; White'H Brldj^e, 57 ; Ridgeway, 59 : Manchester, 01 ; Whiting's, C7 (branch to Pemberton Junction and Philadel- phia) ; Woodmansie, 74 ; Shamong, 70 : Atsion, 01 (brancli to Atco) ; Cranberry Park, 03 ; Winslow Junction, 00 ; Cedar Lake, 105 ; Landisville, 110 ; Viiiolana, 115; Roscnhayn, 121; Bridgeton, 127; Buwentown, 130; Greenwich, 134; Bay Side, 137. Spacious and elegant steamboats leave Pier 8, North River, nnd pass down the Bay of New York, affording pleasant views of the great cities along the shores, the heights and villages of Staten Island, and the forts which guard the Narrows. Below the Lower Bay the Highlands of Navesink are approached; and crossing Sandy Hook Bay the steamer reaches the N. terminus of the N. J. Southern R. R. At the N. end of Sandy Hook are 2 beacons and a powerful light, near the new fortifications which are designed to command the main ship-channel. The train now runs S. along the long and narrow peninsula, with the ocean on the 1. and the Highlands on the r., beyond the broad estuaries of the Navesink and Shrewsbury Rivers. Passing the fishing hamlet of Seabright, the line reaches Long Branoh. Hotels. — * Ocean Hotel (Lelands'), occupying ten acres and accommodating 1,000 guests, at !$ 5 a day ; the * West End, very fashionable, and a favorite of statesmen and diplomats, is at the S. part of the beach {ioa day) ; the * Mansion House is close tu the sea, surrounded with piazzas, accomiuouates 500 guests, and charges $4 a day ; the * Howland is a favorite resort of Philadelphians, and hiia rooms for 500 guests ; the ♦ United States is S. of the Mansion House, and can take 500 boarders ; tlie Pavilion (400 guests) has pleasant lawns. The East- End Hotel is ])artly devoted to extmrsionists ; tiie Sans Souni is on the European tilan ; the Central (with restaurant) is well situated ; and the Clarendon is small, tut good. * lauch's is famous for its restaurant, the Delmonleo's of Long Branch. There are several smaller hotels, and boatd may be secured in private families for 8 10 - 18 a week. LoNO Branch, "the summer capital of the Republic," occupies a bold and wave- washed strand which was formerly the resort o' fishermen and wreckers. Within the past decade it has attained a foremost position among the American summer resorts; immense hotels have arisen upon the shore, and costly private cottages have been built along the broad 18 • 290 Itwte 40, LONG BRANCH. avenues. The President and other emiiaent men occupy summer homes here; and brilliant companies of fashionable people frequent the hotels. The rapid growth of Long Branch is partly due to its proximity to N. Y. and Phila., and partly to its fine beach. The hotels are situated on the Bluff, a broad plateau 20 ft. above the sea, of which it commands a grand view. Bathing is usually done near the time of high tide, when white flags are hoisted on the hotels, and boats are stationed outside the surf- line to assist persons who get into too deep water. Before 6 o'clock, a. m., gentlemen are allowed to bathe without costume. The quaint and brill- iant dresses of the bathers during the regular hours form a pleasant spec- tacle, and the surf is then dotted with groups of enthusiastic people. A bath-house containing 100 rooms has been built for those who cannot meet the shock of the waves, and warm salt-water baths are given here. There is a fine drive S. from the Ocean Hotel for 2 M. along the bluffs, v.hence another drive-way leads through Hollywood Park to old Long Branch, Oceanport, and Red Bank (10 M.). Another macadamized road leads to Atlanticville, Seabright, and the Highlands (8 M.). Monmoath Park is 3 M. from Long Branch, and is one of the most famous race- courses in America. It cost $250,000, and covers 127^ acres. The races begin about July 3, and include heats, dashes, steeple-chases, and hurdle-races. Pleasure Bay (A^. V. Hotel; Price's) is 3 M. from the Branch, on the Shrewsbury River, and is famous for oysters and crabs. Yachts and small boats may be hired here for fishing or sailing on the broad river. The old hamlet of Long Branch is 2 M. from the shore ; Red Bank is 8 M. distant ; and Eatontown is 5 M. W. Oceanport (Dunbarton House) is i M. N. W. of the Branch, and is near the far- viewing summits of Wolf and Dunbarton Hills. The Tinton Falls, Rumson Neck, Branch Port, and other points along the Shrewsbury River are much visited by way of pleasant roads. Deal {* Hathaioay's Hotel ; Allen's) is an old village on the shore 5 M. S. of Long Branch; below which are the great Methodist resorts known as Ocean Orove and Asbury Park, containing several hundred cottages (and, in the season, great numbers of tents). In this vicinity are the Sunset, Fletcher, and Asbury Lakes. Farther S. is Shark River, a favorite objective point for excursions from the Branch, and famed for oysters and crabs. Bed Bank (* Globe Hotel ; West-End ; Union) is a village of over 8,000 inhabitants, with 5 churches and 3 academies, and is prettily situ- ated on the Shrewsbury River, which is here f M. wide. It is a favorite port for yachtsmen and other pleasure-seekers ; and artists frequent the vicinity for the sake of the pleasant marine views. S^ell-fish are found in great variety and abundance, and large oyster-beds are located in the Shrewsbury River. Steamboats run from New York to Red Bank daily NAYESINE HIGHLANDS. Route 40. 291 (according to the tide) in 8^ hra. (fare 50c.) ; and stages leave for the neighboring villages. Bed Bank is 1^ hrs. from N. Y., by rail The Highland! of Havesink [* Atlantic Hotel; Schenck^s^ — $3 a day) are bold hills between the Navesmk Biver and Sandy Hook Bay. They are rugged and picturesque in their outlines, and are diversified by fine reaches of woodlands. Mount Mitchell is the highest summit, and reaches an altitude of 282 ft., whence broad ocean- views are gained. Far up on the heights are 2 lighthouses, of which that to the S. is 248 ft. above the sea, and has one of the most powerful Fresnel lights on the coast. This range is usually the first land seen on approaching New York, and is also the last in sight for departing vessels. It is said that the name *' Neversink " was applied to these hills by impatient sailors eastward bound and held on the coast by adverse winds. The fishing and bathing in this vicinity, together with the pleasant rambles and broad ove Mauricetown. The main line runs S. W. from Bridgeton, by the stations of Bowen- town, Sheppard's Mills, and Greenwich, to Bay Side, its S. terminus, on Delaware Bay. A railroad ferry is projected from this point to Bombay Hook, in the State of Delaware. The last 4 stations are in the town of Greenwich, whose Indian remains show that a large aboriginal population occupied this region. It was settled about MOUNT HOLLY. Rmae4L 293 1 of Pnlaski'i tbra grounded hence a track ms are made don passes S. tland, Wood- branch B. B. &nd has been ;he cranberry U. S. in 1871, aised 130,000 le cranberries n-works were UfortheCon- ts. At Edge- last sojourn. but the com- on and inter- [ou; Junction. isville, Wheat B. B. is inter- by Bradway, el), a city of Inaries. It is dges), and has >ries, with an J, glass, wool- J. 3en%Y^ and ris. It follows tre of the town 97. On the S. tions, Newport uf the hamlet). >wn was settled fact that one of Indians above ns of Bowen- terminus, on it to Bombay 1680 by New-Bnglanders and others. After the "Boston tea-party," the East India Company sent the ship Grtyhownd up the Cohansey to Greenwich with a cargo of tea. On the night of Nov. 22, 1774, 40 citizens disguised as Indians took the tea flrom the st" : -^ouse, and, piling the chests in an adjacent field, destroyed the whole cargo :..: % Civil suits were brought against these bold patriots, but were dropped attoii :; j battles around Boston. 4L Philadelphia to Long Branch and New Tork. By the Camden & Burlington County R. R-. and the N. J. Southern R. R. From Philadelphia to Long Branch, 79 M.; to New York, 110 M. (fare, 92.25). Stations. — Philadelphia ; Camden, 1 ; Merchautville, & ; Stiles', 8 ; W. Uooreatown, 10 : E. Moorestown, 11 ; Hartford, 14 ; Mason ville, 15 ; Hainesport, 18; Mt Holly, 19; Smithville, 22; EwausviUe, 28; Birmingham, 24; N. J. Southern Junction, 25; Pemberton, 26 ; New Lisbon, 29 ; Hanover, 85; Whiting's, 43 ; Manchester, 49 ; Bricksburg, 57 ; Farraingdale, 64 ; Shark River, 68 ; Eaton- town Junction, 74 ; Eatontown, 75 ; Oceanport, 76 ; Branchport, 77 ; Long Branch, 79 ; Seabright, 83 ; Highlands, 85 ; Sandy Hook Pier, 90 ; New York, 110. The train diverges from the Camden & Amboy line at the Jmiction, and runs £. by the large village of Moorestown and several minor hamlets. 19 M. from Philadelphia it reaches Moxint Holly (2 inns), the capital of Burlington County, on the Bancocas Creek. It has 4,000 inhabitants, and is surrounded by a fruitful country. To the N. is the hill from which the place is named. It is 200 ft. high, and overlooks a wide extent of the W. Jersey plains. Mt. Holly was settled by the Friends, and was garrisoned during part of the Revolution by British troops, one of whose ofiicers afterwards became King William IV. of England. At a later day many of the French reftigees from St. Domingo were domiciled here, and Stephen Qirard peddled cigars and raisins. John Woolman, the Apostle of the Friends, was bom here in 1720, and spent an active life in works of beneficence. He made many religious journeys through the Jerseys, and lived in a style of stern simplicity. At that early day he de- nounced African slavery, deprecated sectarianism, and strove for purity of life and sweetness of culture. The Med/ord Branch runs S. 6) M. from Mt. Holly, by LumherUm, to Medford; and the B. & Mt. H. R. R. runs N. W. 7 M. to BurlluBton (see page 288). The N. Y. train runs E. from Mt. Holly to JSwansvUle (whence a branch B. B. diverges to Yincentown, 3 M. S.) and Pemberton Junction. The Pemberton & Hightstown B. B. diverges here to the N. E., and passes Lewistoum (crossing of Einkora Branch B. B.), Wrightstown, New Egj'pt, Homerstown, Imlaystown, and Hightstown (on the Camden k Amboy B. B., 26 M. from Pemberton). From New Lisbon, 4 M. K of Pemberton Junction, a branch line runs N. W., through Lewistown, Juliustown, Jobstown, and Columbus, to Kinkora, on the Delaware Bivsr and Camden & Amboy B. B. The train now passes across desolate pine-plains, poor and sparsely populated, to Whiting'i, on the N. J. Southern B. B., 18 M. from Pemberton. From Whiting's to Long Branch and New York, see Boute iO (reversed). remains show settled about k. ■ I'l I I 294 Route 4i> ATLANTIC CITY. 42. Philadelphia to Atlaatio Cily. By the Camden & Atlantic R. R. in 2-3 hn., traversing the level Mndy plaina of Lower New Jersey, and passing through a thinly settled but eligible country which is now being developed. Stations*— IMiilRdelpliia ; Cooper's Point (Camden), 1 M.; Haddonfleld, 8; Asliland, 11 : White Horse, 13 ; Berlin, 18 ; Atco, 20 (branch to Atsion, on the N. J. Southern R. R.) : Waterford, 24'; Ancora, 25 ; Winslow. 28 (crossing of the N. J. Southern R. R.); Hamnionton, 31 ; Da Costa, 88; Elwood, 8&; Egg Har- bor, 42 (bi-anoh to May's Landing, 49); Pomona, 48; Absecom, 68; Mlantic City, 60. Passengers leave the foot of Vine St., Phila., by a ferry-boat which crosses the Delaware to the R. R. station at Cooper's Point, in Camden. The train runs obliquely across Camdeu, and thence over level plains to ffaddoi\field (2 inns), a pleasant village where many Philadolphians pass the summer. It was settled by the Friends before 1690, and was named after an eminent preacher of that sect. The Continental Congress re- mained several weeks here, and the place was afterwards occupied by British troops. A large proportion of the preisent population belongs to the Friends, and that sect has 2 churches here. The train now passes the rural stations of Ashland, White Horse, and Berlin, and reaches Atco, a small glass-working hamlet. Branch lines diverge hence to WUliamsUnon (9 M. S. W.), and to Atsion, on the N. J. Southern R. R. Stations, Waterford, Ancora, Winslow Junction (crossing of the N. J. Southern R. R.), and Hammonton (Hanmionton House), a fruit-producing village set- tled by New-Englanders in 1860, and situated on the old pine-plains of Atlantic County. This is one of the numerous " cities on paper " of S. New Jersey, and imaginary streets are laid out for many miles on each side. Da Costa, Elwood, and Egg Harbor City {New York Hotel) are next passed, and are the sites of projected cities, with parks, avenues, and squares laid out on the long reaches of level sand. A German colony has recently settled at Egg Harbor, whence a branch R. R. runs S. W. 7 M. to May's Landing (American Hotel), the county-seat. This village was founded in 1710, and is at the head of navigation on the Great Egg Harbor River. The train on the main line passes Pomona and reaches Absec(»n (Absecom House; Franklin), whence stages run S. W., by the borders of vast salt-marshes, to Leed's Point and Scmiers' Point, on Great Egg Harbor Bay. Beyond Absecom the train passes out on the marshes between Absecom Bay and Lake's Bay, and after running 7 M., and cross- ing 2 narrow straits, it enters Atlantic City. Hotels* — * United States, between Del., Md., Atlantic, and Pacific Aves., accommodating 700 guests ; * Congress Hall, N. W. comoi* of Mass. and Pacific Aves. ; •Surf House, between R. I. and Vt. Aves. The prices at these large hotels are 9 2. 60 -3. 50 a day. The Chalfont, Clarendon, Tremont, Light- House, 8t Charles, and other houses are less expensive ; and there are numerous large ATLANTIC CITY. MouU 4S. 295 iKMurding-houBei, cli»n^$10-20awe«k. Another new and palatial hotel is nearly completed, ana wUl be ojiened in the summer. Ballroads.— The Camden k AtUintic, to Phila. in 69 M. (Strains daily in summer) ; to New York in 126 M., by the Camden & Atlantic to Winslow, and thence by the N. J. Soutliem R R. (Route 40). Atlantic Citt vas settled in 1S18, and became a city in 1854. It has over 1,000 inhabitants, with 5 churches, and is laid out with broad and pleasant avenues. Within a few years it has become a favorite summer resort, especially for the citizens of Philadelphia; and the season lasts from July to the middle of September. Near the outer point of the island on which the hotels are located is a lofty stone lighthouse which bears a powerful first-class light. There are nearly 50 hotel'i at the city, and 40,000 guests a year arrive here; and the social element, in hops, balls, and receptions, is supervised by some of the leaders of Philadelphia society. The beach is one of the best on the coast, and affords fine bath- ing facilities; while the boating and fishing on the adjacent inlets and outer waters afford fine amusement. The country in the vicinity is unin- teresting, and consists, for the most part, of flat salt-marshes. The autumnal sport of duck-shooting is successfully followed here. N. of Atlantic City, across Absecom Inlet, is the long and unbroken Bngantin$ Beach f which is called by seamen " the graveyard," on account of the number of fatal wrecks which have taken place there. 43. Philadelphia to Cape May. By the West Jersey R. R., which traverses the thinly populated plains of the 8. counties of N. J., with several branch-lines divei^ng to the ports of the Dela- ware. Stations* — Philadelphia : Camden, 1 M. ; Gloucester, 4 : Westville. & ; Wood- bury, 9 (branch to Berkley, 13 ; Clarksboro', 14 ; Swedesboro', 19) ; Mantua, 12 ; Baraesboro', 14 ; Glassboro', 18 ; Clayton, 21 ; Franklinville, 24 ; lona, 25 ; Mal- aga, 28 ; Newfleld, 30 ; N. Vineland, 31 ; Yineland, 34 (crossing of N. J. Southern R. B.) : S. Vineland, 37 ; Millville, 40 ; Manumuskin, 46 ; Bclleplain, 63 ; Wood- bine, 56 : Mt. Pleasant, 59 ; Seaville, 62 : Swain's, 66 ; Cape May Court House, 69 : Rio Grande, 75 ; Bennett's, 78 ; Cape May, 81. Bridgeton and Salem Branches, — Phila. ; Glassboro', 18 ; Union, 20 ; Harding, 22 ; Monroe, 24 ; Elmnr, 26 (di- vergence of the branch to Daretown, 81 ; Yorketown, 84 ; Alloway, 38 ; Middle- town, 89 : Salem, 43) ; Palatine, 29 ; Husted, 31 ; Finley, 84 : Bridgeton, 87. Crossing from the foot of Market St., Phila. (1. ferry-house), the travel- ler takes the cars at Camden and passes S. near the Delaware Biver to Oloucester (2 hotels), a small river-city devoted to manufacturing. It was founded in 1689, and was held by Lord Comwallis with 5,000 British troops in 1777. Station, WestvUle, near the mouth of Timber Creek, where Capt. Mey (of the Dutch West India Company) founded Fort Nassau in 1621. The colonists were soon at feud with the Indians; and, being decoyed into an unfavorable position, they were all massacred and the fort was destroyed. Woodbury ( Wills's Hotel) is a village 2 - 3 M. S. of Red Bank (see page 287), with a branch R. B. running S. W. 10 M. by Berkley and Clarksboro' to Sioedeiboro* (2 inns), a hamlet on Baccoon ; *i 'i .»! 296 Jt55 inhabitants, and is the centre of a populous farming country. There are d .ily steamers to Philadelphia, — by Salem Creek and the Delaware River. Salem was settled by 60 immigrants fTom New Haven (Conn.) in 1641 ; but the colony was broken up and replaced by a Swedish fort, which in turn yielded to the Dutch and the Eng- lish. In 1673 Lord Berkeley's half of New Jersey (known as West Jersey) was bought by 2 Friends for £1,000. The chief proprietor soon visited his new domain, and "landed at a pleasant, rich spot, situate near Delaware, by him called Sdlem ; probably from the peaceable aspect it then bore." The new colony ^ew rapidly, and in 1682 was made a port of entry. The first settlers were Friends, and that sect still has 2 churches here. In 1778 Salem was plundered by 1,200 Scottish troops under CoL Mawhood. This force advanced to AUoway and defeated the N. J. militia by ambuscade, but was afterward seriously re- SiUsed in several attempts to cross the AUoway. The Americans there defeated imcoe's Queen's Rangers, who had tried to storm the fortified bridge-head. Then Mawhood returned to Philadelphia, bearing a large quantity of forage and many cattle. Beyond Clayton and Franklinville the main line passes the vineyards of lona and Malaga ; and thence by Newfield and N. Vineland reaches Yineland ( Vinelund House). At this point, a few years ago, a specula- tive gentleman bought a tract of pine-plains 10 M. square, through which broad avenues were laid out and public reservations were made. By lib- eral advertising and low rates for the land, large sales were effected, and the forests soon gave way before the sturdy arms of men of New England. A bright new town grew up like magic, with pretty villas and cottages located along (and at prescribed distances from) broad straight avenues; and fine churches and academies were erected. Several thousand persons settled in this vicinity ; but the dreams of a southern Arcadia which had lured so many from the rocky hills of New England were soon dissipated. At present Vineland is one of the chief towns of S. New Jersey, and is inhabited by a semi-literary community of Puritanic memories, whose local laws are peculiar and beneficial, and far in advance of the age. The principal business of the town is raising small fruits for the N. Y. and Phila. markets; and, by diligent application, considerable sums have been made in this branch of industry. 6 M. from Vineland the train reaches MiUvUU (Tice House ; City Hotel), a place of over 6,000 inhabitants, situated on the Maurice Biver, CAPE HAT. Jtouu 4S. 297 and containing several glass-factories. The line now runs S. E. through a sandy and sparsely populated country by the stations of Manumuskin and Belle Plain. Entering the low and marshy domain of Cape May County, beyond Woodbine and Mt. Pleasant, the Qi«at Cedar Swamp is crossed, and the train stops at SeaviUe station, whence the Se^i-Shore road runs N. E. 10 - 12 M. between the Swamp and the salt estuaries behind Ludlam's and Peck's Beaches. It passes through Seaville and terminates at Beesley*s Pointy a quiet simimer resort on Great £gg Har> bor. The R. R. runs S. W. down the Cape with broad sounds and marshy islands and moors 1-2 M. to the 1. Stations, Swain's, Cape May Court House, Rio Grande, and Bennett's, beyond which the train passes Cold Spring and stops at Cape Hay. Hotels. — * Stockton House, 1,200 guests, $4.60 a dav,S28 a iveek; *Con- ffress Uull, 1,000 guests, $4.60; Ocean Houiie, 900 guests, $8.fi0; Atlantic, 9 8.50, 921a week; Columbia, $400; Centre, 350 guests, $350; National, Delaware, and Arctic, eacli $ 3 a day ; Chalfont, West End, United States, Merchants, and Treuiont. The Sea-Breeze House is U9ed by excursion-parties. There are also several boarding-boufles, which charge $ 12 -20 a week. Railroads, — to Philadelphia in 2 hrs. (81 M.,$ 2.50) ; to Atlantic City by way of Yineland. Steamers run didly to Philadelphia (fare, $ 2). Cape Mat is the most southern point of New Jersey, and is one of the Capes of the Delaware (the other being Cape Henlopen, across the Bay). It is insulated by a small tidal stream, and fronts on the Atlantic The beach extends from the point of the Cape t9 Cold Spring Inlet, a dis- tance of 5 M., and is composed of firm gray sand, affording a fine drive- way at half or low tide. The bathing facilities are unsurpassed, and the surf is massive, and is (it is claimed) less chilling than that of the New England coast. Most of the hotels front directly on the sea, and afford fine marine views ; and a long promenade-walk is built down the water- front. The visitors are mostly from Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the Western States ; while the Southerners who were wont to come here be- fore the Secession War are beginning to return to their old summer home. The aristocratic military organizations of the adjai^ent States make their encampments in this vicinity, and the Slite of Phila. society is found at the larger hotels (notably at the Stockton House). The steam- boat-landing is on Delaware Bay, about 2 M. from the hotels ; and down the beach to the W. (near Lilly Pond) is the lighthouse, which is 90 ft. high, and sustains a powerful revolving light. 2-3 M. inland is Cold Sjpring, a favorite place for excursions, and so named on account of a large spring of sweet water which rises through a salt marsh. Sea Grove is a Presbyterian summer-village near Cape May, with cottages, avenues^ and a large new hotel. Cape May was named in honor of himself by Capi Cornelius Jacobse Mey, who visited this coast in a ship of the Dutch Yiwt India Company. The same mariner 13 ♦ 298 ltu«e), a pleasant village with factories on the feeder of the Delaware & Raritan Canal. A bridge crosses the river to New Hope, Penn. At this point (then called CoryeVs Ferry) a division of the Continental army crossed during the disastrous retreat through the Jerseys. Lord Com- wallis attempted to seize this strategic point, but was repulsed by the Scottish-American Lord Stirling. A branch R. R. runs 12 M. N. E. flrom Lambertville up the Alexsocken Creek to Flemington, passing the ancient valley-village of Ringoes, which was settled by John Ringo in 1720. Flemington (County hold; Union) is the capital of Hunterdon County, and is pleasantly situated on an undulating plain. The S. Branch R R runs from Flemington £. to SovwrvilU, on, the N. J. Central R. R Beyond Lambertville the main line passes on to Stockton, Bull's Island, Point Pleasant (village in Penn.), and Tumble, after which numerous islands are seen in the liver, and beyond Erwinna (r. bank) the train BELVIDKRE. JiiMte 44- 299 i<>.v'!iM Frenchtwm. opposite the Penn. hamlet of Uhlentown. MUforA is connected by a bri(lg;e with Upper Black Eddy, and i« overlooked by a picturesque line of heights, while thb red sandstone blulTs of Nockamixon are seen across the river. The line next curves around a broad bend of the river, with the Musconetcong Mt. on the r. Beyond this ridge is RitrjtLa- ville, about 3 M. S. W. of which, near the confluence of Durham Creek and the Delaware River, is a remarkable cavern, containing several halls and sloping down to the level of the river, where a deep pool is found. The train now traverses a romantic district of hills, and on the 1. are the highlands, among which is the tall hill of Ilexenkop/^ or Witches' Head, where the old German colonists alleged that the weird women were wont to meet in *' linked dances " on stormy nights, Tlie KettentanM of the Hartz Mts. was reproduced here, and accompanied with ghostly chanting upon the huge and far-viewing summitrroclc. Thetie orgies de« clined after the puuishment of a witch for practising " certain most wiclied acts (called enchantinonts and charms), nmliciouriiy and diabolically, upon and against a certain white horse of the value of 4 £,.... by means of which the said horse of the said Justice W., on the day aforesaid, at the township of Willianis aforesaid, worstended and wasted away, against the peace of our said common* weal*^^h, and against the laws in this case made and provided." The trMn crosses the Pohatcong Creek, and runs N. W. to the Lehigh Junction, with beautiful views of Easton and Phillipsburg. The great bridges, the mouth of the Lehigh, and the buildings of Lafayette College are seen on the 1. Beyond Phillipsburg the Marble Mt. is followed on the r., with pleasant river scenery on the 1. Stations, Harmony ^ MartirCa Creek, and Belvidere {American House), the capital of Warren County, a pleasant village sit- iiated at the confluence of the Pequest and Delaware Rivers. The former stream afibrds a good water-power, falling 60 ft. in 1 M. Near the centre of the village is a public square on which front 4 churches and the Court House. N. of the Pequest is the Brainerd Seminary, with other public buildings. The train now rounds the Manunka Chunk Mt., and meets the Del., Lack, k Western R. R. coml^^' in from New York on a high grade. Passengers change cars here (the only change between Fhila. and Oswego), ascending to the platform of the D., L. & W. R. R. Manunka Chunk to Oswego, see pages 242-249. ill |i I I I 'i I i * 300 Route 45, FORT WASHINGTON. 45. Philadelphia to Central New Tork. The Valley of Wyoming. By the N. Penn. and Lehigh Valley R. Re. To Wilkea-BAire, In 6 hn. ; to Bl- mira, 10 hro. ; to Auburn, 13 hra. ; to Bufiklo, U\ hn. ; to Niagara Falls, lOf hrs. Palace-cara run through fh>m Phila. to Niagara Falls. Phila. to Bethleliem, 3 hrs. ; to M^ucb Ohunii, 8^ hra. ; to Wilkes-Darro, 6 hn. ; to Elmira, 10 hra. ; to Rocheatcri 14t hra. : to Buffalo, 1&| hra. ; to Niagara Falls, 10^ hra. This route {>a88e8 through a great variety of pleasant scenery, from the rich agricultural ands of Bucks County and the Valley of Wyoming to the cold and fhiwning wil- derness of the remote mountain counties. The great iron-works of Lcliigh County and the collieries of Carbon and Luzerne are also passed, and afford much interest to the tourist. Information with regard to exouraion mutes, fares, and palace- oan may be obtained at 732 Chestnut St., and 106 8. Fifth St., Phila. ; also at the Central R R. and the Morris k Essex R. R. stations in New York. BtaUona* — Philadelphia ; Fisher's Lane, 4 M . : Green Lane, S ; Tork Road, 7 ; Jenkintown, 9 ; Abington, 10 ; Edge Hill, 11 ; Fort Washington, 14 ; Ambler, 15 ; Penllyn, 17 ; Gwynedd, 18 ; N. Wales, 20 ; Lansdale, 22 (branch to Colmar, 25 : Chalfbnt, 27 ; Doylestown, 38) ; Hatfield, 25 ; Soudera, 27 : SclleraviUe, 81 ; Perkasie, 83 ; Quakertown, 38 ; Cooperaburg, 44 ; Center Valley, 45 ; Bingen, 48 ; Hellcrtown, 51 ; Bethlehem, 55 (Eaaton, 67). Lehigh Valley R. R. — E. Penn. Junction, 60 ; AUentown, 60 ; Catasauqua, 63 ; Hokendauqua, 64 : Cophiy, 65 ; Laury's, 70 ; Slatlngton, 77 : Lehigh Gap, 79 : Lehighton, 86 ; Mauch Chunk, 89; Glen Onoko, 92 ; Penn Haven Junction, 96 : Hickory Run. 109 ; White Haven, 114 ; Fair View, 128 ; Newport. 135 ; Wilkes-Baire, 144 ; Pittston, 158 ; L. & B. Junction, 154 ; Falls, 165 ; McKunes, 168 ; Tunkhannock, 176 ; MehoOpany, 188 ; Meshoppen, 191 ; Black Walnut, 196 ; Laceyville, 199 ; Wyalusing, 209 : French- town, 215 ; Rumnierfleld, 219 ; Standing Stone, 222 ; Wysauking, 226 ; Towanda, 230 : Ulster, 237 ; Milan, 241 ; Athens, 245 : Sayre, 247 : Waverly Junction, 249 ; Elmira, 267 ; Ithaca, 281 ; Auburn, 844 ; Buffalo, 416 ; Niagara Falls, 438. The train on the N. Penn. B. B. leaves the terminal station on Berks St., and runs N. through the borders of the city, passing several large factories and rolling-mills. Leaving the Episcopal Hospital on the r., the line crosses the tracks of the Beading B. B. (coal-branch) and the Penn. B. B. (connecting line), and passes out into the pleasant suburban region near the Old York Boad. At about 6 M. from the Berks St. station, the line leaves Phila., and enters Montgomery County, passing the pretty Chelten Hills. The celebrated park and mansion established by Jay Cooke are near the Old York Boad station; and Gen. Meade lived near Jenkintown. Abington is considerably to the E. of its station (whence a branch B. B. runs N. K to Hatboro, near Warminster) ; and Edge Hill is near large smelting-works. From Oreland the Plymouth B. B. runs S. W. to Conshohocken, on the Schuylkill Biver. Sandy Bun is known for its fine white lime ; and Fort Washington is near the remains of the field- works which v.ere erected to check the advance of the British army after the disastrous Battle of Germantown. The quaint old gambrel-roofed stone house which was used for Washington's head-quarters is still stand- ing, 1 M. from the station. From this point the army retreated to its dreary winter camps at Valley Foi^e. Beyond the pleasant rural hamlets of Ambler and Penllyn, the train reaches Owynedd, a Welsh village 1 M. E. of the station. Bunning through the costly Gwynedd Tunnel (500 ft. BETHLEHEM. Rne hlllt ; When the tpear in conflict ahakes. And the ttrong knee, quivering, breaks." Me OoHBeeration t^ PuUuki'$ Banner. (Umhbt W. LoKorsLLOir.) The Widows' House is the quaint little building opposite the Single Sisters' House. Back of the latter is the Boys' School, and farther out on Church St. (on Mrliich are many ancient houses) is the Moravian Theo- logical Seminary. On Church and Market Sts. are the old cemeteries, which are scrupulously guarded. A small horizontal slab of marble is laid on the top of each grave, and all classes and conditions of men are buried side by side. The pile of buildings S. of the church is the Mora' vian Seminary for Young Ladies, the oldest in the Republic (founded in 1749). It has 42 teachers and tutoresses, 805 students, and 6,000 alumnae, with fine libraries and cabinets. Many of the students belong to churches other than the Moravian, and some come from foreign lands. Below the cheerful reading-rooms of the Y. M. C. A. (86 Main St.) is a room containing a museum of curiosities (entrance, 25c. ). Among these are a quaint fire-engine made in London in 1698, and brought over by the Moravians ; the war-costumes of Osceola and Bed Jacket ; ancient weapons of warfare. Christian and heathen ; a spiunet and a spiuning-wheel ; old books and newspapers; collections of autographs, medals, and minerals (including zinc ores from Friedensville) ; trophies from the mission- stations of the Brethren; and relics of the old Pennsylvanian settlements. The finest thing in the hall is a large historical painting by Schuessele, representing Zeisberger preaching to the Indians. The Sun Inn was opened in 1760, and was carried on by the Moravians (by salaried landlords) until 1851. The rates for transient visitoi-s were 2^ shilling a day. It was fortified in 1763, and in the same year a weekly stage-line to Pliila' delphia was started. Among the guests at the inn were Generals Gates, Sullivan, Fermoy, Schuyler, Mifflin, Knox, Lafayette, Lee, Steuben, Pulaski, Poineroy, Lewis, and the Ambassadors of France and Spain. Generals Riedesel and Philips and their staffs (of Burgoyne's captive army) were kept here. At a later day General and Lady Washington visited the plaice ; and the Marquis de Chastellux, in 1782, speaks enthusiastTcally of tixe Inn. mm NAZARETH. Route 45. 303 The Sun Hotel wm enlarged to itn present lize in 1851, bat the maaaiv* walU and deep-set windowM still remain ; and the architect's plans (drawn in Saxony) are framed in liie roading-room. Above the hotel a street to the 1. leads to the lofty bridgn over the Manocasy Creek, whence the valley i* overlooked and the Lehigh University is seen. The drives up the Manocasy Valley are pleaRant, and Calypso Island, in the Lehigh River, is much visited. On South Mt. is a large hydropathic institute (Lehigh Mt. Springs; $12-15 a week); and the Episcopal ladies' school of Bishopthorpe is open iu summer for family boarding, The * Lehigh VniTeriitj was founded by the Hon. Asa Packer in 1865, and is under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In the first 2 years mathematics, the languages, elementary sciences, etc., are taught ; and in the last 2 years the student passes through one of the 6 technical schools, — general literature, civil engineering, mechanical en- gineering, mining and metallurgy, or analyticl chemistry. Tuition in all branches is free, and the other yearly expenses are reckoned at $ 245. The vicinity of the great mining and engineering works of the Lehigh Valley affords special advantages to such a polytechnic institution. There are 12 professors and instructors, and 121 students. * Packer Hall is the chief building, and is 213 ft. long, with a fine facade of stone, and a lofty belfry-tower. In its central portion are the chapel, library, r^jid cabinets. De!>cending the hill en echelon from this hall are the houses of the pro- fessors ; and Christmas Hall is a large brick dormitory-building on the E. These buildings are in a park of ancient trees on a far-viewing spur of the Lehigh Mts. The immense rolling-mills of the Bethlehem Iron Co. are near the village, and produce many thousand tons of Bessemer-steel rails. Friedensville is 4 M. distant, and has the most powerful stationary engine in the world. There are rich zinc-mines in the fissures of the Silurian limestone at this place, producing yearly 3,000 tons of oxide of zinc, 3,600 tons of metallic zinc, and 3,000 casks of sheet-zinc. Kasareth is 10 M. from Bethlehem, and is most readily reached from Bath, on the Lehigh & Lackawanna R. R., which runs N. 15 M. to the mines near Chapman's. It is a quaint old village pleasantly situated be- tween the Blue and the South Mts., and is 8 - 10 M. S. of the Wind Qap, a bold pass in the Blue Mts., 15 M. S. W. of the Delaware Water Gap. Nazareth was settled in 1740 by George Whitefield and a colony of Moravians. The latter were soon driven out by Whitefield, as the issue of certain theological. differences ; but they afterwards bought the land and made it an appanage of the Countess of Zinzendorf, under the name of the Barony of Nazareth. Here (in 1785) was established the Moravian Boarding-School for Boys, which now has 13 teachers and 145 students. Morning and evening prayers and frequent military drills (in uniform) are carefully observed. The main buil<^g is Nazareth Hall, a quaint old H i; I r a 304 Route 45, ALLENTOWN. ■tmctture with dormer-windows, and a hipped-roof snrmonnted by a tall belfry. Moravia was Christianized In the year 863, and in 1419 the Bohemo-Moravian Church revolted against the Papacy, and took up arms under John Zislca and the League of tlie Hussite Barons. For 12 years Catholic armies vrere vainly sent against Moravia, and in 1431 the fifth and last crusade was shattered at the great hattle of Tauss. A formal secession Arom the Catholic Church was effected ; they received bishops from the Waldenses, and suffered several bloody persecutions. When Luther's Reformation l)egan (1517), the Moravians had 400 churches and 200,000 communicants. They did not ETecond the German and Swiss reformers, and suffered persecutions from both Catholics and Lutherans. In 1627 they were totally dispersed, 30,000 families being driven firom the kingdom by King Ferdinand II. A few of the exiles ("the hidden seed ") gathered at Lissa, in Poland, and after fresh hardships and many mar- tyrdoms, the fragments of the church were gathered at Hermhut, on the estate of the Saxon Count Zinzendorf (1722). This noble was created a bishop, and united the opposing sects into " the renewed church," but was oppressed by the Saxons, and began to send his people to America in 1735. In 1741 Bishop Nitsch- mann founded Bethlechem (a Hebrew- Indian name, meaning " House on the Le- high "), and Count Zinzendoif visited the place later in the year, and named it Bethlehem. A cluster of exclusively Moravian vUlages arose in the vicinity, of which the chief secular peculiarity was a communism of labor. This polity lasted until 1843, when Lutherans were admitted to the villages, and now the old Mora- vian towns are open to all comers. Many of the distinctive traits of the sect have I>assud away, and it now includes (in America) 66 churches, with 6,400 members, governed by 5 bishops with very limited ex officio powers. The chief strength of the church is in Penn., Wisconsin, and N. Carolina. The Diaspora (to the cold state-churches of Europe) and the Pitgrims (to the heathen Indians) are the titles of the two great missionary enterprises of the Con- tinental and Moravian Provinces (both begun about 1750, and still active). The maintenance of remote and perilous missions is now the chief work of the church. There are 6 stations in Greenland, 5 in Labrador, 3 among the Indians, 46 in the W. Indies, 12 in S. America, 12 in S. Africa, 8 in Australia, and 2 in Thil)et, em- ploying 318 missionaries, and having under care 70,311 converts (Moravian Manual, 1869). The church is divided into the English, Continental, and American Prov- inces, and holds to the evangelical doctrines as set forth in the Augsburg Con- fession. In 1755 the Indian tribes declared war on the colonies, and the Moravian mis- sionaries to the W. were cruelly massacred. Bishop Spangenberg fortified Beth- lehem, and it l)ecame a city of reftige on the outer frontier. In 1775 the Vii^ginian troops, marching to the siege of Boston, halted here, and afterward large bodies of soldiers and prisoners of war were moved by this route. In 1776 the general hospital of the Continental Army was located in the village ; and out of 2,000 patients more than 400 died. After the defeat at the Brandywine, the baggage of the army was parked here in 900 wagons, and many memljers of Congress fled hither after the fall of Philadelphia. Meantime, from the foundation of the place until the expulsion of the Indians, many delegations of the Delawares, Six Na- tions, Wyomings, and other tribes visited the United Brethren at Betlilehem, and were kindly treated. With the recent development of the iron-manufacture, a large alien population has come in, and now but \ of the people are Moravians. In former times this people feared the Irish more than the Indians, and were re- viled by them as '* d— d Hernhutters." After leaving S. Bethlehem the train passes along the Lehigh River and near South Mt., and beyond the divergence of the Allentown Line (Route 36) at the E. Penn. R. R. it stops at , Allentown (American House, $2.50 a day), the capital of Lehigh County, favorably situated on high ground S. of the Lehigh and at its confluence with the Little Lehigh and Jordan Creek. It was founded by ALLENTOWN. R and the coal itself is the hardest which can be found. The Mauch Chunk m below Shick- shinny, through the Susquehanna and Lackawanna valleys, to Carbondale, covering an area of 77 square M. It is estimated that 2,285,600,000 tons underlie this tracC Ttie rich Wyoming veins average 80 ft. in aggregate thickness, and will yield 80,000 tons to the acre. Horse-cars run from Wilkes-Barre to S. Wilkes-Barre and Ash- ley ; also (crossing the river) to Kingston, the seat of the line buildings of the Wyoming Seminary. The Lackawanrta & Bloomsburg R. R. runs from Kingston to Scranton (17 M. N. E.) and Northumberland (63 M. S. W.). Many interesting excursions may be made from this point. Prospeot Rook is 2 M. distant, and 750 ft. above the river (the highway ascends r,he mt. to within 500 ft.). The *view includes the city and river, the opposite mts., and a great part of the Wyoming Valley. " There is a beetling precipice upon the verge of the eastern barrier, called ' Prospect Rock,' from the top of which nearly the entire valley can be surveyed at a single view, forming one of the richest and most beautiful landscapes upon which the eye of man ever rested. Through the centre of the valley flows the Susquehanna, the winding course of which can be traced the whole distance. Several green islands slumber sweetly in its embrace, while the sight revels amidst the garniture of fields and woodlands ; and to complete the picture, low in the distance may be dimly seen the borough of Wilkes-Barre, especially the spires of its churches." (Stone, History of Wyoming.) Harvey's Lake {*Lake House) is 12 M. N. W. of Wilkes-Barre, and is a vast spring of pure clear water, 200 ft. deep, and covering 1,285 acres. It is much visited for its boating, fishing, and game dinners, and is reached by a road which crosses the W. mt.-wall and affords beautiful valley- views. The lake is 1,000 ft. above the Susquehanna, and is over- shadowed by the main range of the Allegheny Mts. 14 S14 Rm the remote West and con(][uered the Mississippi Valley, they advanced to the Atlantic coast and occupied it from the Potomac to the Hudson. The Susquehannocks were driven from their homes, and the Minisiuk tribe of the Delawares occupied the Valley. These were succeeded by a clan of the Shaw- nees, "that restless nation of wanderers," who had been driven from Florida and were adopted and protected by the Delawares. They built a town near the present site of Kingston, and by 1732 had 3 - 400 warriors. After the subjugation of the Delawares by the confederated Six Nations (of New York), in 1H2, they were ordered to Wyoming by their conquerors, and built the town of Maughwawame, near the present Wilkes-Barre. About the same time the Nanticoke Indians moved from the eastern shore of Maryland into the lower part of the Valley, near the Nanticoke Falls of the Susquehanna. In 1742 Count Zinzendorf and another Moravian missionary came to the Shawnee town to establish a mission ; but the natives, suspicious of Euro].)ean rapacity, detennined on his assassination. " The count was alone in his tent, reclining upon a bundle of dry weeds, destined for his bed, and engaged in writing, or in devout meditation, when the assassins crept stealthily to the tent upon their murderous errand. A blanket-curtain, suspended upon pins, f0i.med the door oi' his tent, and, by gently raising a comer of the VALLiiJY OF WYOMING. it. ># 31 \f Wyoming.) enrtain, the Indians, undiscovered, had a fiall view of the venerni "ttiiarch. i< conscious of hirlcing danger, nnd with the oalnineds of a Haint up4tu i>-i 1>eiiif;i fe features. They were awe-stricken ))y his apiiearan(;e. Hut UiIh was not nil. it was a (!Ool night in Hcpteml)er, and the count had kindled a small tire for his com- fort. Wanned by the fliune, a large rnttleHiiako liad crept from its covert, and, approaching the fire for its greater enjoyment, glided harmlessly over one of the legs of the holy man, whose thoughts, at the moment, were not occupied upoa the grovelling things of earth. lie perceived not the serpent ; but the Indians, with breathless attention, had observed the whole movement of the poisonous reptile ; and, as they gazed u])()n tlie aspet^t and attitude of the count, .... tiieir enmity was immediately changed to reverence ; and, in the belief that their intended victim en.)oyed the snecial protection of the Great Spirit, they desisted from their bloody purpose and retlreid. Thenceforward the count was regarded l>y the Indians with the most profound veneration." A mission was established, which lasted many years. About the year 1765, while the Shawnee and Delaware hunters were on the mts., their wives and children were gathering fruit together, wlicn a quarrel arose between certain of the little ones about tlie possession of a large grasshopper. The mothers took the part of their children, and the war of words was succeeded by a physical contest In which several Shawnee women were maltreated. On the return of the hunters to the towns, the incensed Sliawnees attacked Maughwawarae, and, after a long and obstinate battle, were repulsed with great slaughter. The Delawares then drove them from the Valley, and they retired to Ohio, and the Nantlcokes soon moved to Chemung. After Braddock's defeat tlie Delawares became insurgent, and ravaged the Penn. seHlemcnts, until they were pacllled by the Moravians and Sir Wra. Johnson ; and after tlie great council at Easton they retired to the Valley, where houses were built for them by the province. The Royal Charter of Connecticut (1061) defined the territ«)ry of that colony as extending from Narragansett Bay to the Pacific Ocean, and consequently including all of Northern Penn. In 1702 several hundred Conn, people moved into the Valley, and made a thriving settlement near Maughwawame. But the vengeful Iroquois, having murdered Teedyuscung, chief of the Delawares, fathered the crime upon the new immigrants, who were soon furiously assailed by the grieving tribe, and forced to flee from Wyoming. 30 of the men of Conn, were massacred, and their desei-ted village was given to the flames. The troops of Penn. then drove the Indians from the district, and colonists from that province entered. In 1769 a large colony came from Conn, and fortified themselves against Penn., which claimed the territory ; and a series of attacks and reprisals began. 240 Penn. troops, with artillery, soon entered the Valley, and, after a siege, took the fort, Slandered the village, drove off the stock, and ejected the New England men. In [arch, 1770, the men of Conn, returned in force, and captured the place after a siege and cannonade ; and, 7 months later, 140 Pennsylvanlans crossed the mts. and fell by surprise on the settlement. Hundreds of prisonera were taken thence to Easton ; the fort was carried by a night-assault in which several were killed ; and the farm-houses were completely stripped. In December the fort was re^ taken by Connecticut men and Lancastrians, who evacuated it by night after re- pulsing an attack in which the Penn. commander was killed. July 6, 1771, a resolute Conn, force descended ttonx the nits, and invested Fort Wyoming. After a six weeks' siege, in which several were killed and wounded on each side, the place was surrendered, and the Valley was soon filled with Yankee settlers. It" was attached to Litchfield County, and Afras represented in the Conn. Assembly. Late in 1776, 700 Pennsylvanlans marched against the colony, but were repulsed with severe loss by the settlers ambushed in the defile at Nanticoke Falls. Soon afterwards 300 men marched from the Valley to the Continental army. In the summer of 1778, 400 Tory Rangers and Royal Greens and 700 Indians (mostly Senecas) advanced against Wyoming, and were valiantly attacked by Col. Zebulon Butler with 400 of the settlers, — mostly old men and striplings. The enemy was at first driven back by the heroic charges of the Americans, but the little force was soon outflanked and enveloped by the Indians, and a horrible massacre en- sued. The non-combatants of the Valley fled to Forty Fort (6^ M. N. of Wilkes- Barre), and over the mts. to Stroudsburg ; and scores of women and children perished amid the gloomy defiles and swamps of "The Shades of Death." The survivors of the battle gathered at Forty Fort, but that place was surrendered next day, and the entire Valley was then swept witii fire and rapine. Over 300 if •4f f I ^! 316 Route 45, TUNKHANNOCK. p«raons fell on this moumftil day, although '^e carnage ended when the fort ■or' rendered. A few bold eettlers returned aftei the enemy had departed, and forts were erected, but the savages freauently swept through the district Another great swann flrom the New England hive settled here aoout 1780, and in 17S2 the tate of Penn. took the forts, disarmed and plundered the people, and drove them into the wilderness, where many died of hardship and exposure. New swarms fl*om Conn, and fresh levies of renn. troops l Indians), and Wysauking, a pretty farming village whose name siginties "the Place of Qrapes." Stages nm N. and K to Leraysville, Orwell, and Rome (near which are sulphur-springs). The train now runs tlirough straight narrows between high cliifs, and passes Towanda ( Ward House; Mean's Hotel), a thriving and handsome borough situated in a broad bend of the Susquehanna, and much visited in summer. It is the capital of Bradford County, and has nearly 3,000 inhabitants, with 6 churches, a bank, 3 weekly papers, and prosperous manufactories. The Susquehanna Collegiate Institute is a Presbyterian academy situated on a hill S. W. of the village, and has about 230 students (of both sexes). The borough has a lucrative trade with the surrounding country (which is populated with descendants of the New England immigrants of the last century), and exports large quantities of poultry and dairy products. 318 Ilm Sayre through Central N. Y. and by Lake Owasco and Auburn, to Fairhaven, on Lake Ontario, intersecting the Erie, Ithaca & Elmira, N. Y. Cen- tral, and Lake Ontario Shore Railroads. Fare from Sayre to Fairhaven, $ 3.65. Stations. — Sayre ; Smith boro', 9 M. ; Tioga. 13 ; Owego, 19 ; Flemingville, 23 ; Newark, 28 ; Berkshire, 34 ; Richford, 38 ; Harford, 44 ; Dryden* 50 : Free- ville, 53 ; Groton, 58 ; Locke, 64 ; Moravia, 68 ; Wyckoflf's, 7.8 ; Auburn, 85 ; Weedsport, 95 ; Cato. 103 ; Martville, 111 ; Sterling, 113 (Oswego, 129 ; 886 M. from Phila.) ; Fairhaven, 116. The train diverges to the N. E. at Sayre, and runs along the Susque- hanna River, the track lying near that of the Erie Railway for 13 M. At Owego (see page 227) the line turns N. up the Owego River, and traverses several of the hill-towns of Tioga County. Passing near Dryden Lake (1 M. long; 1,500 ft. above the sea) and the thriving village of Dryden, the Ithaca & Cortland R. R. is intersected at Freemlle, and the train crosses the towns of Groton and Locke. Moravia is pleasantly ^^ituated on the rich alluvial flats 3 M. S. of the head of Owasco Lake, and is surrounded by picturesqiie hill-scenery. A pleasant road leads 10 M. N. E. across the town of Sempronius to the sequestered Glen fiaven Water Cure, at the heail of Skaneateles Lake (see page 200); and the beautiful hamlet of Aurora is about 16 M. W., on Cayuga Lake. At Owasco Valley the train reaches Owasoo Lake (see page 201), whose W. shore is now followed for 10 M., affording pleasant views of the narrow and tranquil waters. The Old Road of the N. Y. Central is crossed at Auburn (see page 200), and the N''W Road is met at Weedsport (see page 170), 10 M. N. The train next traverses the towns of Cato and Ira (adjoining Conquest and Victory) intersects the Lake Ontario Shore R. R. at 'Sterling, and reaches its ter- minus at Fairhaven, a port on Little Sodus Bay, one of the best harbors on Lake Ontario. 46. Philadelphia to Saratoga and Montreal Sharon Springs and Otsego Lake. By the N. Penn., Lehigh & Susquehanna, and Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.'s. Railroads. The districts which are traversed by these connecting lines are ftill of interest, and drawing-room cars reduce the hardships of travelling to a mini- mum. The distance from Phila. to Saratoga by this route is somewhat longer than by way of New York (Routes 37 or 39, 8, and 10), but many travellers prefer it on account of the variety of the hill-scenery. The Saratoga route nearly coin- cides for 125 M. with the Lehigh Valley route to Central New York (using also with that line the N. Penn. R. R. to Bethlehem) ; and as the latter is perhaps the more important, the country between Phila. and Wilkes-Barre is described under its heading (Route 45). Information relative to fares, excursion-tickets, and con- noutious may be obtained in Phila. at 700 Chestnut St., 105 S. Fifth St., or the N. Penn. station ; and in New York at the station of the Central R. R. of N. J. (foot of Liberty St.). Through cars run fh)m Phila. to Scrauton (also from N. Y. to Williamsport or Scranton). Stations. — 2^. Penn. B. i2. — Philadelphia ; York Road, 7 M. ; FortWashing- ington, 10 ; Lansdale, 22 ; Souders, 27 : Quakertown, 38 ; Coopersburg, 44 ; Beth- lelient, 55. Lehigh dk Susquehanna R. B, (running from Easton, 11 M. N. E. of Bethlehem). — Allentown, 60 ; Catasauqua, 64 ; Laubaoh's, 66 ; Siegfried's Bridge 320 Jtoute 46. NESQUEHONING VALLEY. 07 ; TreicMer's, 71 ; Walnutport, 76 ; Lehi^ Gap, 78 ; Parryville, 83 ; Weisffport, 86 ; Lehighton, 86 ; Mauch Chunk, 89 ; Penu Haven Junction, 96 ; Rockport 104 ; White Haven, 110 ; Penobscot, 128 ; Ashley, 186 ; Wilkes-Barre, 189 ; Pitts- ton, 148 ; Moosic, 152 ; Scranton, 158 ; Green Ridge, 160. Del. dk Hudson R. JL — Providence, 161; Dickson, 162 ; Olyphant, 164 ; Peckville, 165 ; Archbald, 169 ; Gibsonbuig, 172 ; Carbondalc, 176. Jefferson Branch, Erie Railway. — Forest City, 181; Uniondale, 187 ; Herrick Centre, 189; Ararat Summit, 194; Thompson's, 200 ; Starucca, 203 ; Nineveh Junction, 211 (divergence of the Erie R. R. to Bing- hamton). Nineveh Branch. — Comstock, 218 ; Windsor, 221 ; Ouaquaga, 224 ; Centre Village, 229 ; Nineveh, 232. Albany & Susquehanna R. R. (main line). — Binghamton to Nineveh, 28 M. ; Afton, 237 M. (from Phila.) : Bainbridge, 248 ; Sidney, 248: Unadilla, 252; Wells Bridge, 256; Otego, 261; Oneonta, 269; Col- liers, 276; C. & S. V. R. R. Junction, 276 (branch to Cooperstown, 292) ; Mary- land, 281: Schenevus, 284: Worcester, 289; E. Worcester, 294; Richmondville, 801 ; Cobleskill, 306 (branch to Hyndsville, 31 1 ; Seward, 315 ; Sharon Springs, 820; Cherry Valley, 829); Howe's Cave, 312; Central Bridge, 818 (branch to Schoharie, 319}^ ; Middleburg, 825^) ; Esperance, 820 ; Quaker Street, 324 (branch to Schenectady, 889); Duancsburg, 327; Knowersville, 334; Guilderland, 837; New Scotland, 340; Slingerlands, 344; Albany, 861 (Boston, 552); Saratoga, 389 ; Montreal. 628. The train leaves the station on Berks St., Phila., and runs N. over the N. Penn. B. B. (Boute 45) to Bethlehem (see page 801). At this point the Lehigh & Susquehanna B. B. is intersected (coming from Easton, 11 M. N. E. ), and the train turns to the S. W. up the valley of the Lehigh, with the Lehigh Valley B. B. on the opposite shore under the slopes of South Mt. Allentown is soon seen, crowning a symmetrical hill on the L, and is reached from the station by crossing the Lehigh Biver and the fine viaduct over the Jordan valley (see page 304). The line now ascends the valley through a rich mining district, passing Catasauqua (see page 805) and Hokendauqua, and at LauhacK's (opposite Coplay) the slate region is entered. Siegfried is opposite Whitehall; the flour and lumber mills of Treichler are opposite Bockdale ; an^ Walnutport is opposite the great slate-quarries of Slatington (see page 806). The long dark ridge of the Blue Mt. is now approached, and the train traverses the narrow pass which is called the Lehigh Water Gap. The next important stations are Parryville, near valuable paint-mines and iron-works; and Weissport, opposite Lehighton, to which the train passes by a bridge over the river. The Big Creek and Mauch Chunk Mts. are now rapidly approached, and beyond Packerton (Lehigh Valley B. B. coal-depot) the line traverses a narrow and winding gorge and reaches Mauch Chunk (see page 807). The picturesque church and village, the spacious Mansion House, and the terminal peak of the Summit Hill B. B., are seen as the train sweeps on to Coalport, the chief coal-depot of this line. The Nesquehoning Valley Branch diverges from Mauch Chunk and traverses a rugged country to Tamanend, 18 M. S. W., showing some bold and imposing works of engineering. The Nesquehoning Valley lies between Broad Mt. (r.) and Sharp Mt. (1.), and near its end the line passes throiigh Broad Mt in a tunnel 6,000 ft. long. Beyond Hometown the wild gorge of the Liltle Schuylkill is crossed on a timber bridge 1,200 ft. long and 158 ft. high ; and th > i'-aln passes on to Tamanend (under Mahanoy Mt), where it connects wiiii the Catawi^sa R. B. for WiUiamsport (see Route 47). CABBONDALE. Jt(yuU 46. 321 Beyond Coalport the line ascends through picturesque scenery, and at Penn Haven the branch railroads are seen diverging to the W. between Broad and Spring Mts. The Lehigh Valley B. B. crosses the present route several times, and the two lines run up side by side to Whitehaven, whence the Nescopec Branch runs along the dreary highlands of the Green Mt. to Upper Lehigh, 8 M. W. Leaving the Lehigh Biver the train now strikes across the Nescopec Mt. to the N. W. ; passes through a tunnel 1,800 ft. long, and traverses a wide and desolate plateau. The two rail- roads run nearly parallel as far as Solomon's Gap, passing Penobscot (Fairview), with its broad prospect down the Wapwallopen Valley. At Solomon's Gap the L. V. B. B. begins the descent of the mts. by running to the W. ; and the present route turns to the N. £. and passes Laurel Jtunj i M. from Prospect Bock (which commands a superb *view). Bounding the ridge the train descends to the S. W., doubling on its pre- vious course, with the * Valley of Wyoming outspread on the r. The track is on a lofty gallery cut out from the side of the mt., and descends on a grade of 96 ft. to 1 M. Beaching the level of the Valley the line once more reverses its course and runs N. E. through Ashley to Wilkes- Barre, the metropolis of Wyoming (see page 312). From this point the Valley is followed about midway between the Susquehanna Biver and the W. range of mts. througli a region abounding in coal-mines and enor-. mous breakers. Near Pittston the lofty cliff of Campbell's Bock is seen, and the line runs up the Lackawanna Valley to Soranton (see page 246). Crossing the Boaring Brook valley the great round-houses and workshops of Scranton are seen on the r., and the line is carried across the Pine Brook valley to the suburb of Oreen Ridge, where connections are made with the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.'s B. B. Crossing the Lackawan- na Biver and ascending its valley, between the Moosic and Lackawanna Mts., numerous collieries are passed, with villages which are inhabited mostly by foreigners and miners. From Olyphant begins the ascent of the Gravity Bailroad, crossing Moosic Mt. to Honesdale ; and beyond the modem and populous villages of Archbald and Gibsonburg the train reaches Carbondale. This is a modem city of 6,393 inhabitants, situated at the N. end of the anthracite-coal district, and nearly surrounded by tall ridges. There is but little to interest the traveller in this vicinity, except the collieries and their engineering works. There are 4 large coal- mines near the city, with beds of anthracite 20 ft. in thickness. The ex- tensive car-shops of the D. & H. B. B. are located here ; and in the vicinity is the track of the Gravity Boad, on which long trains of coal- cars are drawn on inclined planes to the top of Moosic Mt. (850 ft.) by stationary engines. From the summit they descend to Honesdale, 16 M. distnut, where the coal is discharged into the boats of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, and is carried by that route to the Hudson Biver. There 14* U 322 Mmite 46. SIDNEY PLAINS. are 2 planes between Olyphant and Carbondale, and 8 between Carbon- dale and Honesdale; over which continuous trains are passing, fx^emingly without any impelling force. The empty cars are sent back ov*. another series of planes. Stages run daily from Carbondale to Honesdale (16 M. ). 6 M. N. W. of the city is the mountain-loch called Crystal Lake, with a summer hotel and a small steamboat. The train now runs N. on the Jefferson Branch of the Erie Railway, crossing the E. part of the cold and mountainous Susquehanna County. The country is wild, and in places assumes an air of picturesque beauty, and the settlements are few and small. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in the lumber or tannery business. On the E. are the rugged ridges of the Moosic Mt. ; and W. of Uniondale is Elk Mt., the last of the Tunkhannock Mts. Beyond Herrick the train ascends the great spur of the Alleghenies called Ararat Mt., and at Summit station attains an altitude of 2,500 ft. above the sea (the highest point reached by any regular railroad E. of the Rocky Mts.). The scenery is bold and striking as the train advances to Thornpson, a lumber village situated in a lofty glen. Starucca (Moimtain House) is next passed, and the train descends, by Stephensp&inty to the banks of the Susquehanna River. The through train passes to Nineveh, by the Nineveh Branch (in 22 M.), and the Erie runs N. W. to Binghamton (see page 226). Binghamton to Nineveh. The train leaves the Erie station at Binghamton, and runs X. W. through a region of high hills and singular glenu, passing the Inebriate Asylum on the r. Stotions, Port Crane, Osborne Hollow, and Tunnel, where a tunnel | M. long is ^aversed. This cutting was difficult, because of the hardness of the rock ; but eyposure to the air caused it to crumble, until an inner arch of firni stone was built. The A. £c S. and the Erie Railways at one time contested the possession of this tunnel, and moved several thousand men on the ground. The so-called Erie War was only quelled by the occupation of the place by troops of the State. Station, Nineveh, on the Susquehanna River. Beyond Nineveh the line traverses the broad intervales of the river, which curves gracefully through farms and cultivated fields. Station, A/ton, a prosperous village with a suspension-bridge over the river. Vallonia Springs {Spring House) is a highland hamlet, amid picturesque scenery to the S., with stages to Afton. The waters contain sulphur, magnesia, and iron, are strongly prophylactic, and are efficient in cuta- neous diseases. Station, Bainbridge, a brisk village in a Wide valley, which is well cultivated and fertile. Stages run to Coventry, Greene, Oxford, Norwich, Guilford, and Deposit. Station, Sidney Plains (Dela- ware House; Bartlett House), where settlements were formed in 1772, and destroyed in 1777 by the Indians. It was founded Ity Rev. Wm. Johnson, and was named for Admiral Sir Sidney Smith. The highway to Catskill was built by the State in 1790. The Midland Railroad COOPERSTOWN. JR(mU40. 323 (Route 32) crosses the present route at this point. Station, UnadiUa (Unadilla House), a thriving village from which stages run to Walton, Butternuts, Cannonsville, and Delhi. The train crosses the Susquehanna twice, and stops at Otego (Otego House), whence stages run to Franklin, Walton, and Delhi. Station, On^&nta (Grand Central Hotel ; Susque- hanna House), a factory village with stage-routes to Morris, Laurens, and Delhi Colliers (Goodyear House) is at the confluence of Schenevus Creek and the Susquehanna. 1 M. beyond (75 M. from Albany; 67 M. from Binghamton is the C. & S. V. R. R. Junction, whence trains run to Cooperstown in 1 hr. (16 M. N,). Cooperstown (* Cooper House, $4 a day, $16-25 a week; Fenimore House ; Central Hotise) is situated at the foot of Otsego Lake, where the Susquehanna River flows forth. It is surrounded by hills, and from the beauty of the scenery and the purity of the highland air it has become a favorite summer resort. Besides the large hotels, there are many fine mansions in the village, and the resident society is of a high order. The Cooper House is 1,100 ft. above the sea, and from its vicinity Otsego Lake • is overlooked and the rolling hills on either side. A broad view is gained from the lofty Observatory Hill. This place was occupied by Clinton's army in 1779, when a dam was erected at the outlet in order to allow the boat-expedition to pass down the river. In 1786 Judge Wm. Cooper came here with his family, and made the fii*st settlement. Cooperstown is the capital of Otsego County, and has nearly 2,000 inhabitants, with 6 • churches and 4 banks. It has been visited by Washington, Talleyrand, and other eminent men. James Fenimore Cooper was bom at Burlington, N. J., in 1789, studied at Tale, and served in tlU' U. S. Navy 6 years (1806-11). Between 1821 and 1833 he wrote many novels, depicting scenes of naval adventure (" WiuK and Wine " "The Pilot," "The Water Witch," etc.) and episodes in early N. Y. history and Indian life (" The Pioneer," " The Deerslayer," etc.). He also wrote works on foreign travel, and several naval histories. He lived at Cooperstown, whose vicinity has been made classic by his eloquent descriptions. " Here he pa. .ed his childhood, with the vast forests around him, stretching up the mts. that overlook the lake and far beyond, in a region where the Indian yet roamed and the white hunter .... sought his game ; a region in which the bear and the wolf were yet hunted, and the panther, more formidable than either, lurked in the thickets, and tales of wanderings in the wilderness aiid encounters with these fierce animals beguiled the length of the winter nights." In his later year? Mr. Cooper retired to his estate in Cooperstown, and here he died in 1851. " The enduring monuments of Fenimore Cooper are his works. While the love of country continues to prevail, his memory will exist in the hearts of the people." (D. Webster.) " The works of our great national novelist have adorned and purified our literature." (Evereit.) " Cooper emphatically be- longs to the nation. He has left a space in our literature which cannot easily be supplied." (Irving.) "The creations of his genius shall survive through centuries to come, and only perish with our language." (Bryant.) " We accord to Cooper an equal degree of talent and power with that ascribed to Scott, and would place the originality of the American author at a higher point. There is certainly in Cooper more power of concentration, a more epigrammatic style, and greater terseness of expression." (Eclectiv Rwiew.) I 324 Jtaute 46. COOPERSTOWN. The Tomb of Cooper is near thd front of Christ Chnrch (in which are hrilliant memorial windows), and is a plain horizontal slab inscribed with his name. " Let Cooper sleep with his kindred in the old churchyard, needing no scolptured monument to mark the pathway to his grave, deeply worn by hundreds of pilgrim feet year after year." Near the foot of the main street is the site of the old Cooper mansion, Otsego Uallf which was burnt in 1854. Lakewood Cemetery is 1 M. distant (£. side of the lake), and contains the Cooper monument (by Launitz; of Italian marble; 25 ft. high), which is surmounted by a statue of the legendary hunter Leatherstocking, '' a man who had the simplicity of a woodsman, the heroism of a savage, the faith of a Christian, and the feeling of a poet." " But dearer than all, in his gentle simplicity, honest-hearted Natty, the greatest creation of Cooper's pen, haunts the lake and woods around, hunting the deer with dog and gun, the kindliest spirit of the band. Sometimes, as the Deer- slayer, he is seen near the Fairy Spring, his grave, youthful face unmoved by the beauty of Judith Hutter, that alluring Lady of the Lake whose dark eyes fasci« nate us even ttova the written page, and make us wonder at the severity of this forest Galahad. Then, as Leatherstocking, the mighty hunter, advanced in years, but honest-hearted still, he is sometimes visible, coming down from the cave that bears his name, gliding in his canoe across Blackbird Bay, or crossing the Vision in haste to rescue from the panther's cruel claws the fair form of Elizabeth Temple The old trapper, with his white hairs and trembling steps, has returned to the Haunted Lake, and at early dawn his bowed figure appears at rare intervals standing on Otsego Rock, shading his eyes from the burning sun. and gazing over the Glimmerglass, the scene of his youthftQ exploits, with earnest interest. Dear old Natty, — faithful, kindly wraith 1 " Harmah*8 HiU (named for Cooper's daughter) is about 1^ M. from the village (W. shore), and commands a view of which the great novelist says, " I have seldom looked upon a more bewitching scene. The lakes of Cumberland will scarce compete with this." Mt. Vision is nearly 2 M. from the village (E. shore), and overlooks the lake and its diversified shores. ?rhe best view is obtained from the arbor on Prospect Bock, al- though the summit of the mt. commands the rugged Black Hills in the S. Leatherstocking' s Cave is 1^ M. from the village (E. shore), and the Leatherstocking Palls are on the same side, at the head of a ravine near the lake (frequently visited by boat). These falls are also called the Panther's Leap, in allusion to an old tradition. The Council Rock is near the outlet, a few rods from the shore, and is a round-topped bowlder about 4 ft. high. "At a small round rock near the foot of the lake, where .... the tribes are given to resorting to make their treaties and bury their hatchets. This rock have I often heard the Delawares men- tion." The Mohegan Glen is 3 M. distant (near Wild Rose Point), and contains several small cascades. Among the usual drives are Hartwick Seminary and Lakes (5 M.), Bear Cliff Falls (3 M.), the Beaver Meadow (7 M.), and the Westford and Pierstown Hills. Rum UiU^ 7 M. distant, commands a prospect of over 60 M. Highways lead to Cherry Valley (13 M. ), Bichfieid Sprmgs (12 - 15 M.), and Sharon Springs (20 M.). OTSEQO LAKE. MouU 46, 325 Otsego Lake. ** O Hannted Lake, from out whnae ailrer fonntaliu The mighty Susquehannit takes it< riie , O Haunted Lake, among the pine-clad mountaina, Fo 'ever imiling upward to toe akies, — ** A mi jter'i hand hath painted all thy beauties t A I luster's mind hath peopled all thy shore 'Witi! wraiths of mighty hunters and fair maidens, III nting thy forest-glades forevermore." " The magic of his genius lingers around the lake he so lovingly described. Its points and bays are haunted, and its t'orei^ts ai'e peopled with wraitha and shades. A listener under the trees on a dreamy Hummer day will hear the low, musical laugh of Wah-ta-wah, the gentle Indian mii.iden, and catch a glimpse of the young chieftain, her lover, in the distance through the forest arches. Sometimes, at dusk, the camp-iires of the Iroquois gleam from the gravelly points of the £. shore : and off Hyde Bay, where the rushes wave on the shoal, the dim outline of Muskrat Castle can still be traced ; and the faint strains of an old-time hymn are heard strangely sweet over the water, — the even-song of innocent Hetty at her mother's grave. On a moonlight night the solitary oarsman is startled by the flapping of unseen canvas ; and silently appearing from the realms of nowhere, tlie ark glides slowly into view, old Hutter at the helm, and the gigantic form of Harry Hurry lounging in the doorway." " A broad sheet of water, so placid and limpid that it resembled a bed of the {mre mt. atmosphere compressed into a setting of hills and woods Nothing 3 wanted but ruined castles and recollections to raise it to the level of the scenery of the Rhine." (C6oper.) " Away W. stretched the calm plane of the Otsego, narrow like a river ; . . . . beautiful, uncommonly beautiful mt. shores shutting it in, and the slopes on the far side charmingly pictured with cultiva- tion. A lake's mirror was never set in a prettier encadrement by theflrame-making eddies of the retiring deluge, and .... its entire regilding by the sunsets is visible from every quarter of the town. The path of the eye from Cooperstown is up a 9 M. reach of wooded water." (N. P. Willis.) Otsego Lake is 9 M. long by 1 - 1^ M. wide, and is bounded by lofty hill ranges, reaching to the height of 4-600 ft. on the E. shore. The steamboats Pioneer and Satty Bunippo make several trips daily, con- necting, at the head of the lake, with stages for Cherry Valley and Kich< field Springs (7 M. ; see page 247). As the boat moves out, Hannah's Hill is seen on the W. (1.), and Mt. Vision on the r., along whose base are the estates o' Lakelands and Bowers, the Lakewood Cemetery and monu- ment, and the picturesque Chalet, where Cooper spent his later years. Here is the landing for Leatherstocking's Cave, and above (2 M. from Cooperstown) is Point Judith. On the W. shore are seen Blackbird Bay, the estate of the late Judge Nelson, of the U. S. Supreme Court, and the groves on Brookwood Point (2 M.). Wild Rose (or 3 M.) Point is on the W., and is a resort for boat-parties {Thayer's Hotel). TuuiclifTs (P M.) Point is now seen with its summer hotel, nearly opposite the Dugway, or Beer Brook. Mt. Wellington^ or the Sleeping Lion (so called from its form), is now seen looming in advance. This hill is often ascended by tourists for its broad off-look. Passing Gravelly Point (E. ; 6 M. ) and the site of Muskrat Castle ( W. ; 7^ M. ), the steamer soon reaches the head of the lake. The village of Springfield is 1 M. distant, and a pleasant road leads 326 RouU 46, SHARON SPRINGS. across the town of WarrOi:, by the Twin Lakes (called by the Indians, Waiontlui) to Biohfleld Springs (see page 247). Beyond Colliers the line leaves the Susquehanna and enters the narrow Schenevus Valley, remarkable for its ancient river-terraces. Stations, Mainland, Scheiiemu (stages to Davenport and Bloomville, in the Char- lotte Valley), and Worcester (Knapp's Hotel), a busy village among the hills. E. Worcester and Richmondville are now passed, and the water- shed between the Mohawk and Susquehanna is OTOssed. Cobleikill {Bhdget H(mse ; National Hotel) is a prosperous hamlet, 900 ft. above the sea, with several factories. Fort du Bois was built here during the Revolution, and an American force was defeated (in 1778) by Mohawks under the chieftain Brant, with serious loss. A branch railroad runs N. from Cobleskill by Sharon Springs to' Cherry Valley (23 M.). ascending the Westkill Valley and passing the stations of Hyudsville and Seward, in the hilly uplands of Schoharia County. This region was settled, about the middle of the last century, by frugal and industrious Palatinate Germans. Sharon Springi. Hotels*— -* Pavilion, on the hill over the village, $4.60 a day (600 guests); * Congress Hall (400 guests) and * Union Hall (300 guests), at the Springs. The two latter have a German cuisine and patronage, and chai^ge $i& day (| 25 a week). Mansion House, new in 1873, 75 guests, $14 a week; United States (150 guests); Sharon ^ American ; Howland ; and several summer boarding-houses. At Bode- vitk, ^ M.fVom the Springs, are 2 large and inexpensive hotels ($10-15 a week; free carriage to the Springs). Railroad to Albany in 59 M. ; New York, 201 M. ; Philadelphia, '320 M. ; Cherry Valley, a M. Stages run daily to Palatine Bridge, on the N. Y. Central R. R. (9 M. N. ; fare, $1.50> Stages await the arrival of all trains at the Springs station. Sharon Sprinos is situated in a narrow upland valley surrounded by high hills, about 1 M. from the railroad. It is the favorite summer re- sort Df the German citizens of the Republic, and has been called 'Uhe Baden Baden of America." In 1781 a sharp action occurred 2 M. E. of the Springs between 300 Tories and Indians (encumbered with plunder and prisoners) and an American force under Col. Willett, in which the former were routed with severe loss. The town wasi named after Sharon, Conn., and the Springs village was incorporated in 1872. The springs are situated near the base of a high wooded bluff W. of the village, and flow into a small stream below, depositing a crust of white and flocculent sulphur. There are 4 mineral spiings, — chalybeate, magnesia, white sulphur, and blue sulphur, — and a copious fountain of pure water opens above. Below Congress Hall, Brimstone Brook is crossed by an orna- mental rustic bridge which leads into Congress Park, which is laid out in walks among the trees on the hillside. Near the centre of the Park is a graceful domed canopy, supported by 18 fluted Corinthian columns of iron, CHERRY VALLEY. JtauU 46. 327 over the Magnena Spring (in each gallon, 31 grains of bi-carbonate of magnesia, 23 of sulphate of magnesia, 76 of sulphate of lime, and 3^ cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen). A short distance beyond is the O^rd- ner Magnesia Spring (in each gallon, 20 grains of sulphate of magnesia, 94 of sulphate of lime, etc.). The White Sulphur Spring contains in each gallon, 85 grains of 6 .x^hate of lime, 34 of sulphate of magnesia, 24 of bi-carbonate of magnesia, and 21 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen. The waters are free to those who wish to drink, and the Magnesia Spring is a valuable remedial agent; but the specialty of the place is its sulphur- baths, for which there are large bath-houses at and below Congress Hall (160 in number ; 40c. a bath). The usual hour for bathing is between 11 and 12 a. m. The waters are held to be efficacious in diseases of the blood, skin, and liver, and in rheumatic and neuralgic affections. Since the year 1830, when these springs became known beyond the town, the number of visitors has steadily increased, until it now amounts to over 10,%0 a year. Below the Swiss cottage at the N. end of the Park are the houses where the singul i,r Pine Needle baths are given. They are tonic in effect, and are used for neiTous and pulmonary complaints, par- alysis, scrofula, and neuralgia. Tliey are prepared by adding to the mag- nesia water a portion of the extract of pine (from the German Black Forest), and their effect is t^eeable. The administration of mud-baths (for rheumatics) was commenced in 1873. The patient is covered to the chin with mud impregnated with sulphur and heated to about 110 de- grees. In this vicinity are grottos in which are found stalactites and beautiful crystals of sulphate of lime. From the hill on which the PavUion is situ- ated is obtained an extensive * view, embracing the broad and populous Mohawk Valley, with the Adirondacks beyond and the Green Mts. in the remote distance. A favorite drive is that to Project Hill (3 M.), from which another and yet broader prospect is gained. Visitors also drive to Cherry Valley (7-8 M.) and N. to Palatine Bridge (9 M.). Cherry Valley {Park Hotels open in summer only; Palmer House) is 9 M. from Sharon by R. R, and Js favorably situated at the head of the Valley. It has become a summer resort by reason of its romantic scen- ery and pure air, and is famed for its cultivated society. Just S. of the Park Hotel is the site of the old fort and the grave of the massacred vil- lagers. A monument has been erected to their memory. About 2 M. N. are the Tekaharaiioa Falls, where a brook from the hills falls 160 ft. Mt. Independence is S. E. of the centre of the tov/n, and rises 1,000 ft. above the plateau and 2,000 ft. above the sea. Along the N. W. is a line of rugged highlands, near which is a cluster of salt springs. The Cherry Valley White Sulphur Springs (Grand Hotel, $ 3 a day, $ 14 - 20 a week) are 1^ M. from the village, and resemble the waters of Teplitz, in Hun- V 328 HouU 46. HOWE'S CAVE. gary. They are surrounded by ornamental grounds, and there are also chalybeate and magnesia springs near by. It is 6 M. thence to Sharon Springs, 12 M. to Richfield, and 4 M. to Otsego Lake (see page 325). Stages run from Cherry Valley to Fort Plain, Cooperstown, and Milford ; and a railroad is to be built t^ Richfield Springs, 16 M. W. *Howe*i OftTe (Cave House) is 6 M. beyond Cobleskill, on the main line. It is also called the Otsgaragee Cavern, and was discovered by Lester Howe in 1842. It is claimed that he penetrated to the distance of 11 M., but the usual route of visitors only extends for 3^ M. from the entrance. During the summer the cave is frequently lighted with gas as far as the lake. Guides accompany visitors, each of whom pays $1.50. The temperature is 60°, and the air is pure and dry, benefiting lung com- plaints. Many thousand visitors enter the cave every year, and it is only excelled by the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. The entrance is 50 ft. above the valley, and the rock chambers known as the Reception Room, Washington Hall, the Bridal Chamber, and the Chapel are traversed in succession. The Harlequin Tunnel is then passed through, beyond which are the Cataract Hall, Qhost Room, and Musip Hall. The Stpgian Lake is 30 X 20 ft. (10 ft. deep), and is 'illuminated with fantastic effect by a cluster of gas-jets. Lai^e stalagmites are found above and below the lake, and the passage has been cut out at much expense. Crossing the lake to Plymouth Rock in a small boat, the path follows a small brook, and traverses the chambers and passages known as the Devil's Gateway, Museum, Geological Room, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Giant's Study, Pirate's Cave, Rocky Mts., and Valley of Jehosaphat. Then the Winding Way is followed to the Rotunda^ which is at present the limit of the incursion. Stalactites and other lingular geological formations are found in these halls and passages, and imaginative visitors have named several of the stalagmites for the objects which they are thought to resemble. 8 M. from Howe's Cave is the Central Bridge station (2 inns), whence the Schoharie Valley R. R. runs S. to Schoharie (5 M.) and Middleburgh. Schoharie ( Wood's Hotel ; Parrott House) is the capital of Schoharie County, and is situated in a fertile valley among high hills. It has 1,500 inhabitants and 3 churches. The town was settled by Palatinate Germans in 1711, and in 1777 the Lower Fort was established here. The stone church (built in 1772) was surrounded by a high stockade, and was fur- nished with military supplies. The building still stands, and many of its stones are carved with the names of the builders. There are several remarkable caves near Schoharie. BalPs Cave (4 M. E.) is 100 ft. below the surface, and is visited in boats which are rowed on a subterranean stream. Nothaway''^ C!ave is 2 M. S. E. Stages run from the village to HELDERBERG MTS. JtoiUe 46. 329 Gallupville. Middlehv/rgh (Atchinson House; Freemyer's) is 5 M. be- yond Schoharie, and is a large village among rugged hills. It occupies the site of the old Palatine village of Weisersdorf, one of the 7 dor/a or villages of the Rhenish Germans in this valley.' The original owners of the land were the Schoharie clan of the Six Nations. Several sharp skirmishes took place hereabouts during the Revolution; and many of the rustics became Tories, and moved to Canada at the close of the war. Stages run from Middlebnrgh to several of the hamlets among the Western Catskills (Durham, Prattsville, Gilboa, etc.), and to N. Blenheim, which is near Utsyanthia Lake, a mountain loch 1,800 ft. high, where the Dela< ware River takes its rise. Beyond Central Bridge the main line passes the village of Eaperance^ and reaches Quaker Street station, whence a branch railroad diverges to the N. E., descends into the Mohawk Valley, crosses the river and the N. Y. Central R. R. at Schenectady, and runs to Ballston and Saratoga. Through passengers for Saratoga take this route and avoid the long detour to Albany. Tlie road to Albany now runs nearly E., and soon enters the valley of Norman's Kill, on the N. of the rugged Helderberg Mts. Sta- tions, Duanesburgh, Euowersville, and Guilderland, above which the bold palisaded sides of the Helderberg Mts. rise to a height of over 800 ft The Helderbergs (" clear mts.," from their broad prospects) attain an ele- vation of 1,200 ft. above the sea, and are remarkable for their precipitous E. slopes. They are an outlying group of the Catskill system, and occupy all the W. part of Albany County. Station, New Scotland, near Lawaon'a Lake, whose outlet runs f6r ^ M. under ground, through a cavern abound- ing in stalactites and populated by bats. Near this point are several sink- holes 5-8 ft. wide and 12-20 ft. deep, connected by a roomy cavern which was formerly a smuggler's resort and depository. Near ClarkaviUe, a hamlet at the foot of the Helderbergs, are 2 caves, respectively ^ M.and I M. long. The line now descends by the ithic building of red sand- READING. Route 47. 333 mean; Mish- stone (on N. 6th St. ), with a spire 202 ft. high. There is a large public library nea the City Hall, a neat building at the comer of S. 6th and Franklin Sts. On N. 3d St is the German resort known as Lauer's Park, and in the N. part of the city is the extensive burying-ground called the Charles Evans Cemetery. The Schuylkill River bounds the city on the W., and is crossed by 3 high way -bridges. The Grand Opera House and Mishler's Academy of Music are capacious halls where the citizens attend evening amusements. Penn St. leads E. from Penn Square to the sturdy and medieeval-looking structure of the County Prison^ near the basins of the city water- works, which are neatly terraced and surrounded with flowers. Beyond the prison the Hill Road ascends Fenn's Mount by easy grades. If M. from Penn Square, and 1,000 ft. above the river, is White Spot, a favorite resort of the citizens, commanding a beautiful view of Reading and the long valley, with the Blue Mts. in the distance. The White House Hotel is 1^ M. S. of the city, and 300 ft. above the river, on a spur of the Neversink Mt.; and 1 M. N. is the pleasant summer hotel called Andalusia Hall. 1^ M. E. of Reading is a munh- visited mineral spring. There are also pleasant drives among the hills of Cumru and Brecknock, to the S. (passing the White Hall, Green Tree, and Sorrel Horse Inns); also to the N. K, among the narrow limestone valleys and under the lofty ridges of Alsace; and to the S. E., on the Morgantown road, toward Welsh Mt. Reading was laid out and founded in 1748 by Thomas and Richard Penn, the proprietaries of the Province. The Jahr-Markts (yearly markets) which were held here in June and October were for many years the chief festivals of the county. The rural population of this district (as well as that of the otiier Penn. counties S. E. of the Alleghanies) is largely composed of the descendants of the early German immigrants from the valleys of the Rhine and the Neckar, and the customs and architecture of those ancient lands are preserved here. They speak the dialect called " Penn. Dutch," which is the S. German language, enriched by English words and local idioms. A few of tlieiii kuow uotliing of the Engiisii language, and the traders who travel here find a knowledge of the Dutch nearly as iiupovtiint as the English. The Penn. Dutch has its newspapers and maga- zines, books and schools ; though it is true that these people aro very indifferent to literary culture, and while generally wealthy and industrious, are ignorant and unprogressive. They are devoted to their own ways and manners, religions, and hereditary t'-ddes, and but rarely intermarry with the Americans who live among them. The Penns expressed fears lest their land should become " a German province," but were unable to stay the tide of Teutonic immigration ; and the Penn. Dutch numbered 100,000 in 1742, and 280,000 in 1763. The great Germanic immigration began about 1708, when thousands of Palatinate citizens came to Pennsylvania. Many of these were sold on their arrival, to pay for their passage across the ocean, and were thence known as "redemptioners." Muoli opposition was aroused against the swarms of new-comers ; and the Provincial Secretary declared that " they come in in crowds, and as bold, indigent strangers from Germany, where many of tJiem have been soldiers ; all these go in the best vacant tracts, and seize upon them as places of common spoil." Reading is an important station on the Schuylkill Canal, and the Union Canal here diverges to Middletown, on the Susquehanna River. The AUentown Line ^ee Route 36) from New York to Harrisbui-g passes this point, intersecting the Phila. & Reading R. R. ; and the Berks County R. R. is built S. E. to Birdsboro'. Stages run to Boyerto^vn, Friedensburg, Straustown, and Bernville. The Wil- niington & Reading R. B. (Route 49) runs S. E. 73 M. to Wilmington, Del. ; and the Reading js Columbia A. B. (Route 48) runs S. W. 45 S(. to Columbia. 534 Route iff. POTTSVILLE. I! The train runs N. from Reading, and soon crosses the Schuylkill, which is followed for many leagues. The Blue Mt. fills all the foreground with its great ridges; and the borough of Hamburg (1,600 inhabitants) is passed near its foot. Port Clinton is reached after traversing a pictur- esque nit. pass, and here diverges the Little Schuylkill B. B. (for Tama- qua) from the main line for Auburn and Pottsville. The Schuylkill Jt Swquehanna S. B. runs S. W. firom Auburn. Statlona* — Auburn; Summit, 7 M. : White Horse, 12 ; Pine Grove, 18 ; EUwood, 24 ; Rausch Gap, 30 ; Cold Spring. 83 ; Yellow Spring, 85 ; Battling Bun, 88 ; Foige, 46 ; Dauphin, 61 ; BockvUle, 54 (Harrisburg 59). The country which is traversed by this line is thinly settled, and con- sists of a long and narrow valley between Infty and continuous mt. chains. 20 min. after leaving Auburn the water-shed is crossed at Summit station, and the line descends into the Swatara Valley. The tall ridge of the Bliie Mt. is on the 1., and at Pine Grove the line intersects the Lebanon k Tremont B. B., which nms S. W. through the Swatara Gap to Lebanon (see page 253), and to the N. traverses the defiles of the Second and Sharp Mts., and enters the coal-mining district abotit Lorberry and Donaldson. Its terminus is at Brookside, beyond Tower City, whence splendid views are et\joyed. The B. & S. train now runs S. W. in the deep trough be- tween the Second and Third Mts., through a solitary wilderness, with trackless ridges on either hand. The Susquehanna Biver is reached at DawphiUy 8 M. N. of Harrisburg. Beyond Aubiim the Pottsville train pa.sses on to Schui/lkill Haven^ whence a coal-branch runs N. W. 13 M., by Mine Hill Gap to Glen Car- bon and Glen Dower. Passing to the N. through the Sharp Mt., at Mt. Carbon is seen the large summer hotel known as the Mansion House. Pottsville {Pennsylvania Halt, $2.50 a day; Merchants' Hotel; Ameri- can) is a city of 14,516 inhabitants, with 6 banks and 19 churches (of which 4 are German and 3 are Welsh). This place is the head-quarters of the Schuylkill coal-district, and is the abiding-place of the chief opera- tors in the mining-stocks. It is also the seat of large and important manufactures, and owes its growth to the development of 50 years. Just to the S. is the gap in Sharp Mt., and the city is picturesquely located upon and about the steep hills near the Schuylkill. The great Schuylkill coal-field extends to the N., E. and W., and is traversed by numerous railroads which converge on the Phila. & Beading B. B. In each of the years 1871 - 73 there were over 5,000,000 tons of coal shipped from this district ; and the aggregate export since 1850 has been 87,700,000 tons. Most of this immense product is moved East by the P. k B. B. B. and the Schuylkill Canal ; and 2,266,893 tons were shipped from Port Bichmoud (at Phila.) in 1873, of which 1,363,303 '.ons went to New TAMAQUA. Route 47, 335 England. In 1872 - 73 the P. & R. R. B. carried over 10,000,000 tons of coal to the E. Pottsville is the capital of Schuylkill County, and is pic- turesquely situated in the narrow valley between Mine Hill and Sharp Mt. Several railroads diverge hence to the great collieries tc the N. and N. E. '(Frackville, St. Clair, Port Carbon, etc.), crossing Broad Mt. and inter- seeling the system of tracks which traverse the defiles below Mahanoy Mt. The Mt. Link Je Schuylkill VaUey R. R. (3 trains daily) run'> N. K 18 M. to Tamaqua, passing several large collieries and the important borough of Port Carbon, the seat of the Schuylkill Iron Works. This line follows Sharp Mt. (on the r.) up the narrowing valley; and at Tus- carora the Locust Mt. is seen on the 1., and is followed to TamaqvM, At Port Clinton the through train passes on to the rails of the Little Schuylkill R. R., and traverses a rugged and uninhabited region. Th6 Blue Mt. is followed (on the r.) for 6 M., and then the Second Mt. is ap- proached on the 1. Beyond Hecla the Wild Cat Mt. loorrs on the 1., and the Mauch Chunk Mt. is seen on the r. Tamaqna {Mansion House) is an important borough of 6,000 inhabitants, with a lai^e coal-trade, and is connected by railroad with Mauch Chunk (see page 307). The tracks of the Reading R. R. in this section of the county intersect and connect with tLose of the Lehigh Valley R. R. (see page 311). ". Catawissa R. R. runs N. W. from Tamaqua, and is followed by \\v 'V iliamsport train. At E. Mahanoy Junction the Mt. Link & S. V. R. K is met; and the train ascends Locust Mt. on heavy grades (60 ft. to the M.). Views are given of the Quakake Valley, and beyond the tunnel at Summit station (1,400 ft. long) the Catawissa (" clear w^ater ") Valley is seen for ntany miles. Stages run from Summit to Hazleton. The Cata- wissa Creek rises in the tunnel, and is followed by the railroad for 30 M. At Quakake a branch of the Lehigh Valley R. R. is intersected, and the coal-lands given by Stephen Girard to the city of Phila. are traversed. Opposite Girard Manor is Spring Mt. , the highest point in K Penn. Green Mt. on the r. and the N. Mahanoy Mt. on the 1. now attract the atten- tion ; and the city of Mahanoy is 4 M. S. of its station, among the high- lands (see page 311). Fine railroad-engineering works are now seen as the line approaches McAuley's Mt. ; and at Ringtown the Catawissa is crossed on a bridge 1,210 ft. long and 135 ft. high. The irregular heights of Catawissa Mt. are now approached on the 1., and the scenery on the creek at Stranger Hollow is highly esteemed. The Nescopec Mts. now draw near on the r. ; and the line crosses the Long Hollow Bridge, 1,050 ft. long and 125 ft. high (near Shuman's); Fisher's Bridge, 755 ft. long and 124 ft. high (beautiful views of the valley); Mine Gap Bridge, 600 ft. long and 103 ft. high ; and Mainville Bridge, 700 ft. long and 110 ft. high. Fram this latter bridge are obtained fine views of the quiet hamlet of !I5 1 I 336 Houte 48. EPHRATA. 1 i" i m MainvilUt the rich valley, the Nescopec Mts., and the Maioville Water Gap. CatawiSBa {Susquehanna House) is prettily situated at the con- fluence of the Catawissa Creek and the Susqiiehanna River, and is sur- rounded by fine scenery. From the adjacent bluffb are gained beautiful views, one of which Moran has painted for an autumnal landscape. The village was settled by the Friends at an early date, and has 1,200 inhabi- tants, 4 churches, several iron-works and machine-shops, and a lucrative local trade. At this point the Danville, Hazleton & Wilkes-Barre R. R. is intersected ; and 2 M. beyond the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg R. R. is reached. The Susquehanna is crossed at Catawissa; and from Rupert station daily stages nm to Bloomsburg and Orangeville. Montour's Ridge is seen on the r., and the train passes on to Danyille (Montour House), a borough of 8,436 inhabitants, lai'gely engaged in the iron-manu- facture. The Montour Iron Works make great quantities of railroad iron ; and there are 7 furnaces and 5 rolling-mills in the borough.^ Danville is the capital of Montour County; and on an eminence in the vicinity are the 8i>aciou8 buildings of the Pe:m. Insane Asylum. S. Danville is a popu- lous village across the Susquehanna (N. Branch), and has the stately Grove nansion. The train now leaves the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, crosses Montour's Ridge and approaches the Mahanoy Mt. Beyond the fertile valley of Liberty it reaches Milton, on the Phila. & Erie R. R. and the Susquehanna River. Milton to WUliamsport, see Route 55. 48. Beading to GolTmibi& By the Beading & Columbia B. B in 2^ hrs., crossing the fertile and populous county of Lancaster. Stationa. — Beading ; Sinking Springs, 6 M. ; Fritztown, 8 ; Beinholdsville, 12 ; Union, 15 ; Ephrata, 19 ; Millway, 23 ; Litiz, 27 : Manheim, 32 ; Sellers, 88 : Landisville, 86 ; Bruckharts, 39 ; Chestnut Hill, 41 ; Kaumnan's, 42 ; Co- lumbia, 45. The Columbia train diverges from the Lebanon Valley line near the Heidelberg hills, and passes S. W. across E. Cocalico to Ephrata, near which, on the summit of the highlands, is the summer resort and hotel at the Ephrata Mt. Springs. In the village remains the ancient convent of Ephrata, with its quaint and barn-like buildings. Early in the last century a band of German Pietists came hither, and erecied huts on an estate of 250 acres, where they lived in conventual retirement and discipline. Tracing the history of their fraternity trova John the Baptist, and devoting themselves to lives of purity and diligence, the brethren endured an austere and arduous life with earnest devotion. In the time of the Prior Ones- imus a sisterhood was added to the order (under the Prioress Sister Mareella), and its operations were extended. The monastic dress was the white robo of the Capuchin friars, with cowls and sandals ; the diet was solely of vegetables ; and during their journeys the brethren walked in single file, with eyes cast down, and without speaking. They celebrated the Eucharist at night, washing each other's feet ; attended Divine service 4 times daily ; and covered their faces with cowls when beyond the walls. There were 86 monks in the Zion cloister, and 85 nuns H LITIZ. Jtoute 49. 337 iville Water at the con- and is sur- !d beautiful 3cape. The ,200 inhabi- I a lucrative Barre R. R. iirg R. R. is rom Rupert Montour's ie (Montour > iron-manu- lilroad iron ; Danville is inity are the ) is a popu- the stately ii8quehanna> Beyond the ie R. R. and In the Kedar olotster, and their sweet and peculiar singing resembled " the /Eolian liarp harmonized." Much time was spent in illuminating MSS. ; and a printing- press was set up in the convent, after wliicli it became a great centre of liglit in tlie province. 1 he entire fraternity wa;t dei>nrt«d to Lancaster Jail for nonpayment of taxes, but were released, and gave saintly serviue to the great army hospitals at Ephrata (160 Continental soldiers were buried on Mt. Zion). Tlie WeHtern settlers were all driven in on this place during tlie Revolution, and were defended by a detachment from the army. The founder of the order is buried under a stone which is inscribed : " Here rests a Birth of the love of Qod, Peaceful, a ijoiitary, but who afterwards became a Superintendent of the Solitary Community of Christ in and around Ephrata ; bom at Oberbach, in the Palatinate, and named Conrad Beisael. He fell asleep the sixth of July, a. n. 1768 ; of his spiritual life the &2d. but of his natural one, 77 years and 4 months." The cloisters stand near tlie bctiiks of the Cocali(!o River, and are now nearly deserted ; but the people of Ephrata are of the same sect, and are " remarkable for the purity of their lives^ the simplicity of their manners, and the fervor of their devotion." The quaint old volume (printed here) called the Chronicon Ephratense gives their early history ; and there ai-e some ancient illuminations in the chapeL Beyond Ephrata the train passes W. (with Black Oak Ridge on the r.) to Litis, an ancient Moravian village with quaint and cleanly houses and large church-schools. It was founded by Bishop Hehl in 1756, and has been the seat of several councils. There is said to be much resemblance between this place and the Moravian village of Kdnigsfeldt, in the Bavarian Black Forest. In this vicinity is the summer hotel at the Litiz Springs, situated amid pleasant hill-scenery. The train now crosses the towns of Penn and Raplio, with the long South Mt. on tho r. (distant). Turning S. from the borough of Manheim, it intersects the Peun R. R. at Landisville, crosses the town of W. Hempfield, and reaches Columbia (see Route 59). 49. Beading to Wilmingtoa By the Wilmington & Reading R. R. in 4-4^ hrs., descending the Brandywine Valley ar>d crossing the county of Chester. Fares. — Reading to CoatesviUe, $ 1 : to Wilmington, 82. Statlona. — Reading ; Birdsboro', 9 M. ; White Bear, 14 ; Oeigertown, 17 : Cold Run, 19; Joanna, 22; Springfield, 23; Conestoga, 27; Waynesburg Junc- tion, 28 ; Rockviile, 30 ; Beaver, 31 : Honeybrook, 32 ; Hibemia, 36 ; Brandy- wine, 37 : Coatesville, 40 ; Modena, 43 ; Mortonville, 45 ; Embreeville, 48 ; Sager's, 64; Pojopson, 50; Cliadd's Ford, 58; Smith's Bridge, 62; Centre, 64; Dupont, 66 . Lancaster, 69 ; Newport Road, 71 ; Wilmington, 73. The train passes out from Reading and follows thePhila. & Reading R. R> by the Neversink Hills and along the placid Schuylkill River. At Birdsboro^ it diverges to the S., and crosses the sterile gravel lands of Robeson and Union townships. Beyond Geigertown the fruitful Oreat Valley is entered, and the line ascends the Welsh Mt. by easy gradients. Descending to the plains of Chester County, the train crosses the Waynes- burg Branch of the Penn. R. R. The W. Branch of the Brandywine is now reached, and the maiu line of the Penn. R. R. is intersected at the flourishing borough of Coatesville. The train now runs S. E. through a fertile and well-cultivated land, and near the placid Brandywine. From Sagir^H stages run N. E. 3-4 M. to West Chester, the county-seat; and 15 V 338 RouUSO, BRANDYWINB. the State Road runs 6 - 7 M. S. W. to Kennett Square. ChadcTs Ford is 4 M. beyond Sager's. The BaUle of Brandytoine was fou^rht Sept. 11, 1777. Gen. Howe had led his anny by sea from New York to attack Phila. : and, landing at the head of Chesa- peake Bay, advanced to Kennett Square. Washington held tlie heights about Chadd's Ford with 9,000 Continental troops and a swarm of active but undisci- plined Penn. and Del. militia. The Anglo-German army advanced against the American position at daybreak, and wliile Knvphausen's Hessians menaced and cannonaded the patriot lines. Lord Cornwallis led the main body of the army by a rapid, secret, and circuitous march of 17 M., eluded the putrols, and suddenly appeared on the heights over the American right rear. Sullivan's brigades had hardly formed in line of battle, when the enemy swept upon them in overwhelm- ing numbers, and routed the right and left wings. 800 Continentals stood ilrm in the centre, under Sullivan, Lafayette, and Stirling, until they were nearly anni- hilated by artillery. This was near the Birmingham Quaker meeting-house, now a quaint old building of serpentine stone, in whose yard many officers are buried (an incorrect local tradition points out the grave of the noble Northumbrian, Earl Percy, who left America before the battle). Lafayette was wounded, Sullivan's aids were killed, and the entire riglit wing was broken u}i. Greene's Virginians and Pennsylvanians left Chadd's Ford, and double-quicked 4 M. in 40 min. ; formed in line 1 M. from Birmingham church ; received tlie broken regiments of fiigitives ; and repelled the victorious British until dark. Meantime the Hessians had crossed at Chadd's Ford and routed tlie left wing under Wnyne, capturing their camps and artillei-y. Wayne's men took shelter behind Greene's valiant division, and during the night the Americans fell back to Cliester,, having lost 1,200 men and 11 pieces of artillery. The royal army lost about 600 men, and soon afterwai-ds entered Phila. in triumph. Near Chadd's Ford the present route crosses the Phila. & Bait. Central B. R. ; and beyond Smith's Bridge the State of Delaware is entered. 50. New Tork and Philadelphia to Harrishnrg, Pittsburgh, and the Westy By the Pennsylvania B. B., which forms one of the chief routes between the Atlanti<( coast and the Western States, controlling 1,G00 M. of track. This line traverses some of the richest agricultural districts of the State ; posses through several large cities ; and affords beautiful views of the scenery of the Juniata Valley and the main chain of the Allegheny Mts. Numerous branch roads di- verge on eitlier side ; and at Pittsburgh connections are made witli the Ohio sys- tem of railroads. Rapid express-trains run W. from N. Y. and Phila., and are fUmished with palace and drawing-room cars. The cars are lighted by gas and heated by steam, and run on steel rails over a road-bed of limestone 20 inches deep. Tlie Pullman cars i-un through (without change) from Phila. to Harris- burg in 4 hrs. ; to Pittsburgh in lb - 15 hrs. ; to Cleveland in 20} hrs. ; to Chi- cago in 33 hrs. ; to St. Louis in 44 - 46 hrs. : to Louisville in 80^ hrs. There is but one change of cars to Omaha, 58 hrs. ; St. Paul, 57| hrs. ; Memphis, dik hrs. ; Mobile, 82 hrs. ; and New Orleans, 83 hrs. Tickets and information may be ob- tained at 77 and 79 Washington St., Boston ; 271, 435, 526, and 944 Broadway, 8 Battery Plane, and 1 Astor House, New York ; 838 and 901 Chestnut St., the comer of Broad and Cltestnut Sts., and 116 Market St., Phila. ; the corner of Bal- timore and Calvert Sts., Baltimoi-e ; the corner of 6th St. and of 13th St. and Penn. Ave., Washington : and at the railroad stations. The head-quarters of the road is at Phila., and the actual terminus is at New Tork, whence its swift Cincinnati and Pacific express-trains cross New Jersey with but S stops, and swing around Phila. to Mantua Junction and W. Phila. The local fares are : Phila. to Downington, $ 1. 13 ; to Lancaster, $ 2.40 : to Harris- burg, 93,69; to Millerstown, $4.83; to Lewistown, $5.81; to Huntington, 97.10; to Altoona, $ 8.29 ; to Johnstown. 99.65; to Greensbuig, 911.29; to Pittsburgh, 912.40. VILLA NOVA. MouU SO. 339 Statloiif.--N. T. to W. Fbila., 90 M.; W. Phila. to Manttu, 2 M.; Heston* vilie, 8 : Overbrook, 4 : Merion, 5 ; WynnAwood, 6 : Haveiford Collie, 8 ; Bryn Mawr. 9 ; Villa Nova, lOJ : Radnor, 11 ; Wayne, 14 ; Eagle. 16 : Paofl, 19 ; West Chester Intersection, 21 ; Glen Loch, 25; Oaldand, 28; Downington, 32; Oalla- {;herville, 34 ; Coateavillo, 38 ; Parkeahurg, 44 ; Penningtonville, 47 ; Christiana, 4S; Gap, 51; Leaman Place, 57 ; Bird-in-Hand, 61 ; Lancaster, 69; DiUersville, 70; LandisvillCf 76; Monnt Joy, 80; Elizabethtown, 87; Branch Intersection, 95; Middletown, 96; Harrisburg, 105; Rockville, 111; Marysville, 113; Dun- cannon, 120; Baily's, 128; Newport, 133; Millerstown, 138; Thompsontown, 143; Perrysville, 1»2; Mifflin, 154; Morrows, 161; Lewistown, 166; McVeytown, 178; Newton Hamilton, 188; Mount Union, 191; Mapleton. 194; Mill Creek, 198; Huntingdon, 203; Petersburg, 209; Spruce Creek, 215: Birmingham, 220; Tyrone, 223; Tipton, 226; Bell's Mills, 230; Altoona, 237; Kittaning Point. 242; Oalitzin. 249; Cresson, 252; Lilly's, 255; Wilmore, 262; S. Fork. 264; Mineral Point, 269; Conemaugh, 273: Johnstown, 276; Nineveh, 285; New Florence, 289; Bolivar, 295; Blairsville Intersection, 300; Derry, 308; Latrobe, 313; Greensburg, 323; Penn, 328; Irwin's, 332; Carpenter's, 337; Wall's, 839; Brin- ton'8, 342 ; Hawkins, 345 ; E. Liberty, 347} ; Millvale. 319 ; Lawrenceville, 352 ; Pittsburj^h, 854*; Wheeling, 445; Cleveland, 504; Toledo, 615; Detroit, 680; Fort Wayne, 674; Chicago, 822; St. Touis. 974; Memphis, 1,154; Mobile, 1,473; New Orleans, 1,531 ; St. Paul, 1,231 ; Duluth, 1,387 ; Omaha; 1,316 ; Cheyenne, 1,832 ; Salt Lake City, 2,382 ; Sacramento, 3,088 ; San Francisco, 3,223 M. from Philadelphia. The through train on this route from Naw York to the West crosses New Jersey, and follows the r. bank of the Delaware from Trenton to Frankford, where it turns W. and passes around the city of Phila. New York to Phila. by the Penn. R. R., see Route 37. On leaving the W. Phila. station (31st and Market Sts.), the train passes near the S. border of Fairmomit Park, and at Hestonville gives a view of St. John's Asylum. At Overbrook are seen the imposing buildings of the Roman Catholic Theological School of St. Charles Borromeo, which was founded in 1833, and educates the clergy of this diocese. The buildings are of great extent, and are situated in pleasant grounds, while their domes and cloisters exemplify the light and cheerful Italian architecture. The line now enters the fair and fruitful county of Chester, which was early settled by the Friends, and is now largely populated by German-Ameri- cans. For a long distance a uniform ridge is seen on the r., bounding the famous Great Valley. The dairy products of this county are of great value, and clusters of farm-buildings are seen on cither side, among whicli the most conspicuous are the spacious and substantial bams. Haverford College pertains to the Friends, and was founded in 1833. It has 5 professors and 50-60 students, with a library of 8-10,000 volumes. At Villa Nova are seen the stone buildings of the Villa Nova College, pleasantly situated on a knoll over a rich farming country. It has nearly 100 students, and is conducted by the Augustine monks, whose convent is near the college-halls. Station, Faoii, near the ancient tavern which was distinguished over a century ago by the sign of Gen. Paoli. 2 M. S. W. of this inn is the marble monument which marks the battle-field of Paoli. On the night of Sept. 21, 1777, Gen. Wayne and 1,500 Americans were encamped here in fancied security, when Gen. Gray, with 2 British regiments, cut off their pickets and attacked the lines. The Coutinentids, hastily forming 340 RmtU 60, WEST CHESTER. ii! by the light of the camp-flres, were ritruck with resistless force by the hostile columns, leaping forth n-om the stoi-ni and darlcness. A pnniv-striclcen flight ensued, and the assailants, refusing to give quarter, bayoneted 150 men. Tliey then scattered Smallwood's Marylanders (1,160 men), and remained in possession of the American camps, stores, and artillery. About 2 M. trom Paoli was born (Jan. 1, 1745) Anthony Wayne, one of the bravest and most brilliant of the officers of the army. He was called " Mad Anthony Wayne," and was especially distinguished for t1;e storming of Stony Point (see page 69), and for his victorious campaigns against the Indians of Ohio (1792 - 94^ The West Chester R. R. runs S. W. from the intersection, 2 M. be- yond Paoli, to West Cheiter, the capital of Chester County. The borough contains 5,630 inhabitants, and is beautifully situated on a ridge over the fertile valley. There are 3 fine academies here ; and the villas and mansions in the vicinity are neat, and occupy embellished grounds. The West Chester & Phila. B. R. runs thence S. E. and E. to Phila. Dovmington is a pretty rural village near the marble-quarries which supplied Girard College. The Chester Valley R. ^.runs thence N. E. 22 M. through the garde.'^-like Great Valley to Bridgeport (see page 331); and the Wayneshurg Branch runs 18 M. N. W. to Waynesburg (fare, 55c. ; time, 50 min.), a farming-centre near the Welsh Mt. The Pittsburgh train passes S. W. to the prosperous borough of Coatesville (3,000 in- habitants), where the W. Branch of the Brandywine is crossed on a bridge 900 ft. long and 60 ft. high. The Wilmington & Reading R. R. is inter- Bi^cted near this point (see page 337). The Pmn. & Delatvare R. R. runs 38 M. S. W. trom Pomeroy, traversing a quiet rural region. At Avondale it crosses the Phila. & Bait. Central R. R. ; at Lou- den beii^, the Wilmington & Western R. R. ; at Newark, the Phila., Wil. & Bait. B. R ; at Del. R. R. Crossing, the Delaware R. R. ; and in 2} hrs. from Pomeroy the train reaches Delaware City. Parkesburg is a new and thriving village with iron-works and machine- shops. From Gap station a pleasant road leads off through the pictur- esque hill-country of Che.ster and Lancaster, whose inhabitants have been likened, in their frugality and simplicity, to the Tyrolese. They ai-e mostly Friends or descendants of Friends. Tliis district was called by Theodore Parker the most beautiful country that he had ever seen. From Mine Ridge the railroad overlooks the rich plains of Lancaster County, which has been called "the garden of America," and is occupied by countless small farms (6C - 80 acres, or less), whose fine bams attract the attention. This district is famous for its large and powerful drauglit- horses, and "or fine breeds of cattle. The county is also remarkable for its multiform theology, and it is claimed that no spot on the earth, with so small a population and area, has so many religious sects. In addition to the more familiar churches, there are many rural societies of the Dun- kards, Mennonites, Amish, and other singular German sects, whose vo- taries are generally distinguishable by peculiarities of costume and per- sonal appearance (see page 383). Beyond Gap the train descends to the LANCASTER. MouU SO. 341 Peqnea Valley, which was settled in 1709 by Swiss Mennonites from Zurich and Berne, whose deputies returned to Europe and brought over large numbers of fellow-sectaries. From Leaman Place a branch railroad runs 4 - 6 M. S. W. to the pleasant borough of Strasburg. The train now crosses Pequea Creek, traverses the towt of Lampeter, and reaches Lanoafter. Hotels* - The Stevens House is a new and flrst-class hotel ; the City Hotel ; Michael's ; and several other small houses are near the station. Railroads. — The Penn. B. R., to PhiU. in 69 M., to Harrisburg (36 M.) and Pittsburgh (285 M.) ; the Reading k Columbia, to Reading in 42 M. (see Route 48) ; the Columbia Branch, to Columbia in 12 M. (and Harrisburg in 87 M.)' Stages run from Lancaster to Safe Harbor, Peach Bottom, New Hollow, Gordonsville, Millersville, Fairville, Nefibville, Rawlinsville, and Quarryville. Lancaster, the capital of Lancaster County, is favorably situated in a rich fanning country, 1 M. W. of Conestoga Creek. It has 20,233 in- habitants, with 21 churches (1 Moravian, 1 Mennonite), 2 daily papers, and 6 weeklies (2 German), and 3 banks. There are extensive manufac- tories of locomotives, rifles, carriages, axes, and other wares; and there is a considerable slack-water navigation on the Conestoga, which descends by 9 locks to Safe Harbor, 18 M. S. W. on the Susquehanna River. The city is compactly built (for the most part of brick), and its main streets. King and Queen, intersect each other in a wide central plaza, which is generally crowded on market days. To the E., on E. King St., is the imposing building of the Court House, with a portico supported on Co- rinthian columns. Farther out on E. King St. is the County Prison, a neat building in Norman architecture. At the W. end of James St. are the halls of Franklin and Marshall College, an institution of the German Reformed Church, with 7 professors, 70 - 80 students, and a library of 13,000 volumes. Franklin College was founded in 1787, and was well endowed by the State ; but languished and was finally closed up. The Reformed Cliurch assumed its control in 1853, and united it with Marshall College. The buildings are neat and substantial, and command pleasant views of the city and the Conestoga Valley. S. Queen St. leads to the Woodward Hill Cemetery, a large and picturesque ground in a bend of the creek; and the old Moravian graveyard is on North St., near Chest- nut. Fulton Hall is near the market-place, and is much used for evening entertainments. Lancaster was laid out in 1728 by order of the Penn proprietors, and was rapidly settled by German Lutherans. In 1742 it was made a borough, and in 1754 it had over 2,000 inhabitants, with manufactories of saddles and guns. The turnpike leading to PhiLa. is said to be the oldest in the Hepublic, and was built 1792-94 at a cost of $465,000 (edition came to naught. Lancaster was 'for many years the largest inland city in the U. 8. ; and was the capital of the State from 1790 to 1812. Among the natives of Lancaster were Dr. A. L. Atlee ; B. 8. Barton, the naturalist ; John W. Forney, the Journalist (founder of the Phila. Press, and Sec. of the U. 8. Senate, 1861-08) ; Col. George and Uen. John Oibson, Gen. Henry Miller, Col. Naumann, Oen. John Steele, and Gen. Andrew Porter, of the U. S. Army ; Gen. J. F. Reynolds, who was killed while leading the vanguard at Gettys- burg ; David Ramsay, the historian ; and Lindlev Murray (in a neighboring vil- lagej, the grammarian. Bishop Otterbein here lounded the sect of the United Brethren, which has 90,000 communicants in the U.S.; and J. W. Nevin, D. D., the originator of the Mercersburg system of theology, has resided here for many years. Robert Fulton, the inveutor of steam-navigation (see page 88), one of tlie most ingenious and energetic of men, was bom in tliis county and educated in Lancaster. 1 M. from tlie city is Wheatland, the estate where lived for many years James Buchanan, the 15th President of the U. 8. He was bom in Franklin County in 1791 ; became a successful lawyer at Lancaster; was in Congress from 1821 to 1831 ; minister to Russia, 1832-34 ; U. 8. Senator, 1834-35 ; Secretary of State, 1846-49; minister to England, 1853-56. In 1856 he was elected President by the Democratic party ; and during the last months of his administration tlie Southern States declared themselves free. Buchanan's extreme views of State Bights prevented him from re-enforcing and defending the U. 8. forts and arse- nals in the insurgent States ; and he left public life at Uie outbreak of the Seces- sion War. In 1868 he died at Wheatland. The train runs N. W. from Lancaster, and at Dillersville, 1 M. distant, the Columbia Branch diverges to the 1. At Landisville the line is inter- sected by the Reading k Columbia R. R. (Route 48), and beyond the wealthy borough of Mount Joy the South Mt. ridge is seen on the r. Elizabethtown is near the gap in the South Mt., and the train crosses the Conewago Creek on a fine bridge 100 ft. high and meets the Columbia Branch near the bridge over the Swatara. Middletown {Middhtovm Hotel; Railroad House) is an important shipping-point at the confluence of the Swatara and the Susquehanna Rivers, and is on the Union Canal. It has over 8,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of car-works, foundries, and machine-shops. The name is derived from the fact that it was laid out (in 1775) as a midway halting-place between Lancaster and Carlisle. The train now runs N. W. for 9 M., with the broad Susquehanna River on the 1. hand, and enters the city of Harrisburg. Hotels. — '* Kirkwood House, 98 a day, on Market Square ; *Lochiel House, $3, on Market St. ; Bolton's Hotel, on Market Square; City Hotel, and other small houses near the R. R. station. State Capitol HoUse, on Sd St., near tlie Capitol Park. BeadlnK-Booms. — State Library, in the Capitol, open 9-12 and 2-4; Y. M. C. A., College Block, 2d St. Ainusemients at the new Opera House, on 3d St., near the Cai»itol. Horse-Cars. — From the R. R. station up Markel St. to 2d St., and N. on Walnut, Sd, Vcrbeke, and 6th Sts., passing the State Capitol and running near the Insane Asylum. Bailroads. — The Penn. R. R. to Lancaster, 69 M. ; to Phila., 106 M. ; to New York, 198 M. ; to Altoona, 131 M. ; to Pittsburgh, 248 M. ; to Erie, 841 M.; —the Northern Central Railway, to B^timorej 8& M. ; to Washington* 125 M. ; HARRISBURO. RmUeSO, 343 to Elmln, 171 Iff. ;- to Rochester, 269 M. ;— the Cumberland VolleT R R, to Hagentown, 74 M. ; — the Lebanon Valley R. R (Alleutown Line), to Reading, M M. ; to AUentown, 90 ; to New York, 182. Harririburg waa fniinded in 1719 by John Harris, a Yorkshire brewer who had made a fortune by removing stumps from the streets of Philadelphia. The land was called Paxton, and was owned by the Unami tribe of the Delaware nation. The settlers marched toward the scene of the Mahanoy massacre in 1755, but were ambushed and lost several men ; and at a later day the Indians (led by French officers) killed many of the [>eople. The 4th Penn. battalion was raised in this vicinity during the Revolution ; and in 1784 John Harris, Jr., laid out the [)resent city. In 1789 - 00 the Republic v/hs nearly broken up by fierce discussions n Congress, — the Northern and Eastern members demanding that the national capital should be located on the Susquehanna, near Harrisburg, while tlie members fropi the 8. and W. insisted on the line of the Potr)mac. The per- suasions of Jefferson finally located the capital on the Potomac. In 1786 the town was named Louiaburg, in honor of the King of France ; while, in honor of the prince-royal, his son, the county received the name of Dauphin (which it still retains). Harrisburg hecainc a borough in 1791; the Oracle of Dauphin ne.y/B- f)aper was started in the same year ; and in 1812 the capital of the titate was located lere. Washington and Jjafayette were received at Harrisburg with great ceremony; and 13 companies left this vicinity for the War of 1812 (1st and 2d Penn. Regs.). The city is now largely engaged in manufactures, and is favored by its proxim- ity to the great mineral deposits of the State. The chief industries are the car- fact«)ries, steel-works, and the rolling-mills and furnaces of the Lochiel Iron Co. Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvaniaf is favorably situated on alluvial hills on the E. bank of the Susquehanna River, 106 M. from Philadelphia, and 248 M. from Pittsburg. It has 24,796 inhabitants, 30 churches, 6 banks, 4 daily and 6 weekly papers. The surrounding scenery is pleasing, and the country is very populous; and the city derives much importance from its railroad connections with the Sus- quehanna, Juniata, and Cumberland Valleys. The State Capitol is a comfortable but antiquated building on a hill N. of the city, and fronting down State St., on the Susquehanna. The main entrance is by a circular portico upheld by 6 Ionic columns of sandstone, 36 ft. high. From this point a lofty rotunda is entered, with the Senate Chamber on the 1., and the House of Representatives on the r., — low and unpretentious but comfortable chambers. The chair of the Speaker of the House is the same in which John Hancock sat while signing the Declaration of Inde- pendence and also Lafayette's commission in the American army. The State Library is in the second story, and contains 30,000 volumes, in a well-lighted and cheerful hall, whose centre is occupied by a statue of Minerva. Around the galleries are an'anged portraits of 29 governors of the colony and State, including Mifflin, Franklin, and Penn (the latter bearing date 1666, and representing Penn in full armor, and with long hair). The portrait of Gov. Geary (over the door) is by Rothermel. In cabinets here are a few notable curiosities, — medals, quaint coins, letters of Franklin and Hamilton, Continental money, ancient royal charters (Charles II. to Penn), Indian deeds of land, a Mexican lance, and the flags of the Hessian garrison of Trenton, Opposite the Adjutant- General's office is a room in which are skilfullydisplayed the 830 flags of 344 Route 60. HARRISBURO. 'lilli : I m the Penn. regiments in the Secession War (28 only were lost). The snmmit of the dome is always accessible, and commands an attractive * view of the city and its environs, with the broad Susquehanna, and its passage throiigh the mts. to the N. W. Flanking the Capitol are two buildings in similar architecture, occupied by the State and Land Departments. To the S. is a lofty and graceful marble monument in honor of the Penn. soldiers who fell in the Mexican War. Beyond this is the State Arienal, with its military armaments and park of artillery. Among the eannon are 2 captured at Cerro Qordo, and 4 which were brought to America by D'Estaing, and were presented by Lafayette to Congress. The oriflamme is emblazoned on each gun, and near the muzzle is the significant legend, Ultima Ratio Regum. Between the Capitol and the river is a rude and unadorned obelisk raised in honor of the soldiers of Dauphin County who died in the Civil War. The Court House is a spacious brick building on Market St., with a high portico and a dome. Just below the long and costly bridges which cross the Susquehanna is the Harris Park, where is seen the trunk of the tree to which John Harris, the pioneer of the city, was bound by hostile Indians. They were about to bum him to death, when a rescuing party arrived and drove them away. Front 8t. is on the bank of the Susquehanna, and is lined with fine mansions. It is a favorite promenade, and commands a series of pleasant views of the river, with its villages, islands, and bridges. During the advance of the Confederate army, in 1863, Harrisburg was seriously menaced, and the opposite heights were crowned with strong field-works. The villages of Wormleysburg and W. Fairview are seen on the S. shore, and the 2 parallel bridges (railroad and highway) which cross at Foster's Island. 1^ M. N. W. of Harrisburg is the State Lunatic Asylum, with a Tuscan portico and spacious wings. The view from the dome is extensive and diversified. On the heights to the N. is the Brant mansion (in Gothic architecture), near which is a'large convent. 3 M. distant is the ancient Paxton Church, built in 1722, and still used. Market St. is the chief busmess thoroughfare, and crosses State St. at a wide square, which is occupied by market-houses. There are several large churches, and the Opera House is a costly building. The Harrisburg Cemetery is favorably situated on the ridge above the Penn. Canal and the Paxton Creek, and is approached by State St. It affords a fine prospect of the river and city, and of the Kittatinny Mts. on the N. and W. As the train leaves Harrisbui-g for the W., it passes the Insane Asylum on the r., and runs N. to that picturesque point where the Susquehanna breaks through the Blue Mt. This fine pass has been likened to an epi- sode of the scenery of the Rhine, at Andemach. The train now crosses the river on a bridge 3,670 ft. long, whence pleasant views are afforded on JUNUTA VALLEY. JtauU 60. 345 either side. This bridge was defended 1>y block-houses during the Secet« sion War. On the 1. is Cove Mt., which forms a semi-ellipse, with both ends resting on the river and enclosing a valley 6 M. wide, called The Cove. A second gap is now approached on the N., in which Peter's Mt. is passed, amid pleasant and highly pictureRque scenery. Station, /)u-> cannon (at the mouth of Sherman's Creek), whence a road leads 12 M. W. to the Perry Warm' Springs. The line soon diverges from the Susque^ hanna River, and follows the course of the beautiful Juniata, ascending through a wild and picturesque region of mts. and ravines. The narrow and fertile limestone valleys which diverge on either side are occupied by farms and small hamlets ; but extensive districts among the rugged mts. are still in the wilderness state, and are frequented for the arduous sports of deer and bear hunting. The accommodations for tourists are but limited, and much of the best scenery is seen from the cars. This region was formerly inhabited by an active tribe of Indf ms, who subsisted on the game which then abounded here; and the Delawares and Nantiookes held the lower valley for many years. •* Okt wu the mountaln-flong Of bright AlfaraU, Where sweep the waters of The blue Juniata. ** Strong and t"ie my arr'>wi ar«, In mv painteu quiver : Swift goee my Iisht cano* Adown the rapicfriver." 2 M. above Duncannon, the hamlet of Btfnyenne is seen on this r., on Duncan's Island, a long and level alluvial island at the co; Jluvnce of the rivers. The aqueduct of the Penn. Canal is on the r. as i>he train turns to the N., with the Juniata close alongside. On the 1. is Dick's Hill, above which the Limestone Bidge (1.) and Half-FaUs Mt. (r.) nearly close the gorge. Duncan's Island was occupied at an early date by the Dela^vares, who were afterwards defeated here after a battle in which 1,000 men were slain. The Delawares fought heroically; but the Cayugas were armed with muskets, and therein held a decided advantage. In 1740 the Hcotch-Irish settled here, but were soon evicted by the Penn proprietors, who also burnt their cabins. The Nanticoke Indians located on these fertile plains after leaving the Valley of Wyoming, and were visited by the austere and fearless missionaries, Loskiel, the Moravian, and Brainerd, the Puritan. Brainerd called these Indians " pa^na and idolaters," and endeavored, by the aid of the h il :. to spoil the incantations and frustrate twe charms during their great religiou • ■'sstival. But the Nanticoke pontiff said that God had taught him his religion, and he would never turn ttom it ; adding that he would not believe In the Devil, and maintaining that the souls of the dead passed to the South, where the good were kept in a fair city with spiritual walls, while the evil hovered forever ia outer darkness. As Buffalo Mt. is approached on tlie r., the train re&chea Newport, a river- village, whence a road leads 5 M. S. W. to Bloomfield, the capital of Perry County, a small and dejadent borough in the Mahanoy Valley. The Ttiscarora Mt. is now seen in advance, filling all the horizon with its long and even-crested ridge. Beyond MiUerstovm a narrow defile is traversed in this ridge, and the line enters the great Ttiscarora Valley, which ex- tends for 50 K. between the Shade and Tuscarora Mts. From the slope 15* 846 JtotUe CO, LEWISTOWN. of Law's Ridge pleasant views are now enjoyed of Mifflintown, which is •oon reached by the train. It is a pleasant liamlet on the 1. bank of the Juniata, and is the capital of Juniata County. 4 M. beyond this point tlie line enters the romantic pass called the Long Marrowi, where the river is compressed into a gorge which is overhung by bold bluffs and shaggy hills. Within these .contracted limits the railroad, highway, river, and canal make many broad curves between the broken lines and low peaks of the Shade Mt. and the Blue Ridge. These heights are said to be haunted by the ghost of Captain Jack (otherwise called the " Wild Hunter of the Juniata," and the "Black Hunter"), a daring ranger and Indian-lighter of the early colonial days. Lowiftown (National Hotel; ColemarCs) is seen across the river from the station of the same name (stiges run to the hotels). It is a borough of 2,787 inhabitants, situated on high ground on the 1. bank of the Juniata, nearly midway between Jack's Mt. and the Blue Ridge. It is the capital of Mifflin County, and the Court House occupies a conspicuous position on the central square. Lewistown Avas settled by the Buchanans about the year 1755. Fort Granville wai built 1 M. above, and was garrisoned by provincial troops, but the French and Indians captured it in 1756, and tortured several of the soldiers. 6 M. N. (near Reedsville) <« Logan's Spring^ the favorite camping-ground of the great chief, Logan, a firm friend of the Americans, and a brave and accomplished chief. He moved to Ohio in 1771 ; and in 1774 his family was slaughtered by marauding Americans. Thereafter, until his violent death in 1780, he was the scourge of the Western settlements. Logan's famous speech to the American en- voys is preserved in Jefferson's " Notes on Virginia." From Lewistown the picturesque Kishacoquillas Valley is entered, and may be followed to the N. for 13 M. to the Sevtn Mta. It is enclosed between Jack's Mt. and Stone Mt. (Blue Ridge), and on the E. "is split into 3 deep, picturesque Tales by 2 long mts. standing out in the valley like stranded ships turned ^ttom up." Opposite Logan's Gap it is 4 M. wide, and is " a paradise of beautiful fertility." Fine trouting is found in the upper parts of the iralley ; on the Blus Ridge to the S. is an unbroken wilderness which ex- tends for many leagues, and is haunted by bears and deer. The Miffiin Jt Ctntrt County R, R. runs 13 M. N. (in 50 min. ; fare, 40c.) from Lewistown to the sequestered hamlet of Milroy (450 inhabitants), which is near tlie silent passes of the Seven Mts. This railroad follows the Kishacoquillas Craek througn a deep defile in Jack's Mt. and enters Armagh, whose fertile limestone inUleys are overlooked by knob-like peaks. The Lewistown Division. Statlona* — Lewistown Junction ; Lewistown, 1 M. ; Haitland, 5 ; Painter, 8 ; fihindel, II ; Wagner, 12 : McClure, 17 ; Adamsburg, 23 ; Beavertown, 25 ; Benfer, SO; Middleburg, S3; Meiser's, SO; Kreamer, 87; Pawling, 89; Selinsgrove, 43; Selinsgrove Junction, 46 ; Sunbury, 60. This railroad (2 trains daily) traverses a thinly settled (Ustrict between Jack's and Shade Mts. The inhabitants are mostly BEDFORD SPRINGS. RimU 60, 347 of German origin, and are enoaged in agriculture. Beavertown and MiddUburg are the chief statiouH on the lino ; and at SeUnavrove the train cpohbcs the broad and many-islanded Susquehanna and connects wltii tiio N. Central R. R. (Route 00). The Penn. R. R. runs S. W. from Lewistown with the Juniata on the T. and the Blue Ridge on the 1. At Newton Hamilton the Great Aughwick Valley opens to the S. ; and at the prosperous borough of Mount Union, the line passes through a gap In Jack's Mt. A narrow-gauge R. R. runs 12 M. S. from Mt. Union to Orbiaonia, in the Germany Valley. The Sideling Hill is soon seen on the 1. ; beyond which a view is afforded (1.) of the mouth and lower valley of the beautiful Raystoton Juniata (branch river). Huntingdon {Ellsworth House ; Mansion) is finely situated on the 1. bank of the Juniata, and has a large shipping trade. The Hunting- don Warm Springs are 5 M. N., near the foot of the Warrior Ridge ; and on the Ridge are the remarkable bowlders known as the Pulpit Mocka. The views from Warrior Ridge are of great breadth and interest. The borough contains over 3,000 inhabitants, and occupies the site of an im- portant village of the Oneidas. It was founded by the Provost, of the University of Penn. before the Revolution, and was named in honor of the Countess of Huntingdon, who had been a benefactress of the University. The Huntingdon ds Broad Top R. R. Stations. — Huntingdon ; McConnelstown, 6 M. ; Pleasant Grove, 7 ; Mark- lesbiug, 11 ; Coffee Run, 15 ; Rough and Ready, 11 ; Cove, 20 ; Suxton, 24 ; Rid- dlesbuig, 29; Hopewell, 31; Tatesville, 40; Bloody Run, 43; Mt. Dallas, 44; Lutzviilo, 47 ; Bedford. 52 ; Woli'aburg, 65 ; Napier, 57 ; Sulphur Springs, 62 ; Londonderry, 66 ; Preston, 71 ; Bridgeport, 75 (Cumberland. 89). The train crosses tlte Juniata at Huntingdon, and runs S. W. up the arable and productive valley, witli Tussey'a Mt. on the r. From Scuton a branch diverges to Vocdinont and Broad Top City* on the high plateau of Broad Top Mt. This region abounds in senil-bituminous coal, and has 23 collieries, from which 474,178 tons were «ent to marlcet in 1873. Tlie Raystown Juniata is crossed near Sax- ton; and from Middleburg (between Warrior Ridge and Round Knob) a branch line runs E. to Fairplay. The train passes throu^^h the Warrior Ridge, in the gap whicii is formed by the Raystown Juniata; tlien traverses Evitt's Mt. and reaches Bedford {Juniata Hmiso. the capital of Bedford County. This borough (1,247 inhabitants) is lieautifuUy situated on a limestone vidge, surrounded by tall nits., and nan'ow fertile glens, and is favorably linown for the purity and coolness of its air. Bedford Springs ( *Bedford Sprinija Hotel) are ll M. ftom the borough, in a pretty glen under Dunning's Mt. The chief spring is chalybeate, and contains, in each gallon, 5 grains of carbonate of iron, 8 of carbonate of lime, 80 of sulphate of magnesia, 10 of chloi'ido of sodium, and 15 of sulphate of lime. Tlie effect is cathartic, and affords relief in cases of aysi>epsia, incipient consump- tion, dialwtes, and cutaneous diseases. In the curative process much credit la also given to the pure mountain air. 40 rods from thechalyWate spring is a strong sulpliur-spring ; and a line of pleasant wallcs leads to the summit of Constittition Hill, whence are afforded tine views of Bedford and its encircling mts. These springs were discovered in 1804, and have been a popular resort for over 60 years. Tlie R. R. passes S.W. ftrom Bedford with Will's Mt. on the 1. ; and at Bridge- port connects with tlie Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore R. R. Leaving the picturesque environs of Huntingdon, the Pittsburgh train runs N.W. throiigh the pass in Warrior Ridge, and beyond Peteraburgh 348 Route 50. BALD EAGLE VALLEY. 1 the Juniata is seen diverging to the 1. To the S. W. is MorrisorCa Cove, a rich valley wliich was settled in 1755 by the German J)unkards, a singu- lar religious sect, one of whose doctrines was that of non-resistance. In 1777 the Indians entered the Cove and exterminated the settlers, who sub- missively bowed to the stroke of death, saying, " Oottes mile sex gethan " (God's will be done). One of their number (named Neff) made resistance, killed two Indians and escaped; but for this inconsistent action he was tried by the Dunkard Church and excommunicated. The train passes from lofty Petersburgh up the valley of the Little Juniata, and penetrates the long ridge of Tussey's Mt. by a costly tunnel. Iron-funiaces and ore- banks are now occasionally seen ; and a productive iron-district is entered. Tyrone {City Hotel) is now reached, and is noted for its great iron-works and forges. It is the chief shipping-point for the products of Clearfield and Centre Counties. A few M. S. E. is the Arch Spring, one of several curious fountains in the limestone rock, and near productive lead-mines. The Tyrone A Clearfield Division runs 41 M. N. W. from Tyrone through scantily populated valleys and deep ravines, and terminates at Clearfield {Allegheny House), the capital of the wide forest-county of Clearfield. It is situated in a region of pine-hills, and has 1,600 inhabitants, 5 churches, and 2 papers. At 24 M. from Tyrone the train passes Fliilllpsburg (Loyd House), a neat village of 2,000 inhabitants, with 5 churches and 2 papers. It is located on the Moshannon River, far up on the Allegheny Mts., and was founded in 1796 by Henry Phillips of Eng- land. Near this point is the large lumbering-village of Osceola (Osceola House). The Bald Eagle Valley Division. Stations. —Tyrone ; Bald Eagle, 5 ; Hannah, 10 ; Port Matilda, 14 ; Martha, 17 ; Julian, 21 ; Unionville, 26 : Snow Shoe Intei*seetion, 29 (Snow Shoe) ; Miles- burg, 31 (Bellefonte, 33) ; Curtin, 34 ; Mount Eagle, 37 : Howard, 40 ; Eagleville, 44 ; Beech Creek, 46 ; Mill Hall, 61 ; Lock Haven, 65. Tliis line traverses the Bald Eagle Valley, a remarkable hollow be- tween the main chain of the Alleghenies and the ranges which are known as the Bald Eagle Ridge and the Muncy Mount. The valley is from 4 to 7 M. wide, and has a productive limestone soil. The scenery is wild and picturesqtie, and civilization has as yet made but slight inroads into the region. A branch line diverges to the N. W. at the Snow Shoe Intersec- tion, and runs to Snow Shoe^ a prominent village among the mts., and the chief place in this rugged district. Bellefonte (*Bush House, 300 guests) is a prosperous borough of 2,655 inhabitants, with the public buildings of Centre County. It is largely engaged in handling and export- ing the products of the valley, and also of the Nittany Valley. Much iron is sent to market from this point; and there are large furnaces iii the vicinity. A canal runs hence to the Susquehanna Valley at Lockhaven. Bellefonte is finely situated at the foot of Bald Eagle Mt., and is famed for the purity and salubrity of its air and the beauty of its environs. Tlie romantic district of the Seven Monntains is easily reached from this point; and other localities, famous for hunting and fishing, are also ac- ALTOONA. »auU 60. 349 cessible. The borough of Bellefonte is supplied with water from the large spring which has given it name. From Milesburg the railroad descends the Bald Eagle Valley fur 24 M., passing several small hamlets, and then connects with the Phila. & Erie R. R. at Look Haven. A railroad is being constructed from Tyrone to LewUburg, about 80 M. N. £., on the Susquelianna River. It traverses a wild and rugged district among the Seven Mts. and the Nittany, Jack's, and Brush ranges. This line will be crossed at Linden Hall by a railroad from Bellefonte to Milroy (and Lewistown). The Pittsburgh train turns S. W. from Tyrone, and ascends the Tucka- hoe Valley, with the Brush Mt. on the 1. and the bold AUegheuies on the r. Iron furnaces and mines are seen on either side, and just across the shaggy ridge of Brush Mt. is a region of lead-mines. Beyond the petty hamlets of Tipton and Fostoria, the train reaches Altoona. Altoona (* Logan House^ at the station, $3.50 a day; Brant House; St. Charles), ** the Mountain City," is situated on a broad plateau at the £. base of the Allegheny Mts., and at the head of the Tuckahoe Valley. In 1840 this site was chosen for the location of the machine-shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., and it was then covered by an ancient forest in whose recesses were 3 log-huts. An agent was sent with written orders to buy the land of the woodsmen, even if he had to give $ 10,000 for it. The orders wero mislaid, and the pioneer's wife found them just in time to prevent her husband from selling the land for $ 6,000. The authorized sum was paid, and in 1850 the works were commenced. At that time a large pond occupied the site of the present hotels, and 1 train daily (with 3 cars) was sent across the mts. on the old Portage R. R. The city now has 15,000 inhabitants, 3 papers, 3 banks, 16 churches (valued at $450,000), and a convent, and 16 schools with 3,000 pupils*. Tlxe fire department has 8 steam-engines, and the water is brought from a point 4 M. distant by works which cost $ 300,000. The Mechanics* Library (near the Logan House) contains 5,000 volumes. Besides the immense R. R. shops, Al- toona has numerous other manufactories, including foundries, car-works, and the rolling-mill of the Altoona Iron Co. Travellers from the E. arriving here at evening frequently remain over night, in order to ascend the Alleghenios by daylight. Hollidayshurg, Morrison's Cove, and Nevyry Branches. Stations. — Altoona; Canan's, 4 M.; Hollidaysburg, 8(Ncwry, 11); Williams- burg Junction, 9 (Williamsburg, 22); Reservoir, 11 ; McKee'8,15; Roaring Spring, 17 (Bloom&cld, 22); Erb's, 19; Murtinsburg, 22; Henrietta Junction, 24; Henri etta, 23. Hollidaysburg {A merican House) is the capital of Blair County, and has (with its close-lying environs) over 4,000 inhabitants, with 8 churches and a popular academy. It is finely situated near the E. base of the Alleghenies, and is in the centre of a region prolific in iron and bitxuui' I I 4'' m . H \m< I '. 1 S50 " Jtoute 60, CRESSON SPRINGS. nous coal. It is on the great National Road to the West, and was the E. terminus of the old Portage R. R., which ascended the Alleghenies by long planes and stationary engines. There is fine sporting at the great reservoir S. E. of Chimney Ridge ; and 1 M. from the borough is the Mountain House, a summer hotel 1,200 ft. high. The village of Gay sport is adjacent to Hollidaysbrrg, and in the vicinity are large blast-furnaces where the Juniata iron is prepared for market. A branch line runs S. W. to the hamlet of Nevxry ; and another line follows the Frankstown Juniata to the N. E., up Plorrison's Cove, to the picturesque village of WUliainsburg^ beyond the Lock Mt. Still another railroad runs S. E. from Hollidaysbiirg, folic vi j: the shore of the Reservoir, and traversing Dunning's Mt. at McKe » ixap. Roaring Spring is a natural curiosity which is much visited in summer, and a branch line runs thence to Bloonifield. Tiie train passes on to Martinshwrg (Continental House), a neat borough of 800 inhabitants, in the lower part of Morrison's Cove ; beyond which is the terminus of the road, at Henrietia^ under Tussey's Mt. and 6 - 8 M. from Saxton, on the Huntingdon & Broad Top R. R. Beyond Altoona the Pittsburgh train commences the ascent of the Allegheny Mts. The engineering works on this section exhibit the greatest skill and daring, and are massive and of great strength. Tlio grades are heavy (maximum, 84^ ft. to 1 M. ), and descending trains shut off steam and keep the breaks on for 11 M. The L side of the car should be taken, and extensive mt. -views are afforded as the train climbs up along the side of the great ridge. Near Kittaning Point is the famous Horse-Shoe Bend, which is so short that the head of the train is seen going in an opposite direction from the rear cars, and ascending on the farther side of a deep ravine. On the ridges to the B. are seen sections of the old Portage R. R., and the Tuckahoe Valley is overlooked for a great distance. At the summit the. train passes iYiTOVi^ ih& Allegheny Tunnel, which is 2,200 ft. above the sea and 3,670 ft. long. Station, Galitzin (Washington House), in a coal-mining district. Cresson is 2^ M. beyond the Tunnel, and is famous as a summer resort. It is 3,000 ft. above the sea, and has accommodations for 2,000 guests. The *Mountain Home is situated amid pleasant groimds to the 1. of the track, and is near the Cresson Springs. There are. 7 of these springs, the chief of which is a pleasant and astringent chalybeate water near the remains of the old Portage R. R. Near this point is a strong alum spring, and there are other well-arranged sources on the hotel-grounds. But the chief attraction at Cresson is the remarkable purity and coolness of the air, which is doubtless due J;o its great altitude. The thermometer rarely reaches 75° in the hottest summer days, and the guests sleep under blankets throughout the season. The bracing quality of the air is very JOHNSTOWN. RcnUelSO, 351 beneficial to invalids and persons who have beea weakened by sedentary life. The rides and rambles lead from the hotels to several points of interest, especially to certain lofty summits which command broad views over the Allegheny ridge and the valleys to the E. There are numerotu cottages in the vicinity; and the hotels are much visited by people from the West, whose merchants, passing to the Atlantic cities on business errands, leave their families at Cresson until their return. There is a large livery-stable at the hotel, and the railroad runs special trains over the nioimtain division to exhibit its scenery to the guests. 6-8 M. N. W. of Cressen is lioretto^ where a prosperous Catholic community was establislied in 1793 by Father Galitzin (son of Prince Qalitzin of Russia). This remarlcable man was some time a Russian army officer, but came to America iu 1792, designing to travel. He l)ecame a Catholic priest, and expended great sums in establishing Loretto^ whence Lis missionary charge extended over the whole mt. region. Hererused the episcopacy several times, and died in 1840. A monu> nient has been erected to his memory in ttoni of the Loretto Church. The Catho* lie College of St. Francis is located here, and has 12 instructors and 90 students. The Ebensburg dt Cresson Branch H. A runs W. to Ebensburg in 11 M. (I hr. ; fare, 40c.). This borough has 1,240 inhabitants, and is the capital of Cambria County. It has 3 Welsh churches, anat were rejoined, and she passed W. on the canal to the Ohio. Beyond Johnstown the line passes Laurel Hill in the gap through which the Conemaugh flows ; crosses the Ligonier Valley; and traverses the gorge in Chestnut Ridge, ** the last mt. the traveller, going West, sees this side the Rocky Mts." ** Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge run parallel led .1 352 JlouU 50. LATROBE. I 1 ! \\"'i for 70 M., and enclose the Ligonier Valley, the orest-lines of the 2 mts. l)dng always almost exactly 10 M. apart." Beyond Lockport, with its line conal-aqiieduct, the train passes Bolivar and sweeps around the slopes of Chestnut Ridge; traverses a great tunnel and cutting; and reaches Blairs- vUle Intersection. The Indiana Branch runs N. fi-nm Blairsville Int. to the borough of Indiana, capital of Indiana County, in 19 M. (70 uiin. ; fare, 67c.)> Western Penn. Division. Stations. — Blairsville itit. ; Blairsville, 3 M. ; Llvermcre, ?; Kelly's, 12; Baltzburg, 17; Fairbanks, AS; Northwest, 22; Roaring Sinn, i) ; Apollo, 27. Leachburg, 82: AUefdomy Junction, 37 (iutersfiction of Alh ^'luniy V;»lley R. II ) ^ Freeport, 88 ; Butler Jun(!tion, 39 (branch to Butler, 60); ^al 'ona, •'■■'. ; 'i'u\^'niu\;i. 45 ; Spr^ngdale, 61 ; Haruiersville, 65 ; Faurviow, 67 ; bharpsburg, 62 ; AllegJifiiy City, 67. Blairsville is a pleasant village, whose chief curiosity is a bridge with an arch of 295 ft. span. Tine W. Penn. line follows the C'onemaugh River to the salt-works at Saltzburg, where the Loyalhaunc Creek conies in (rora the S. E., and the confluent stvcani is henoeft'^rtli known as the Kiski- tninetas. Tlso train follows the 1. banft of the nvor throi!::^h a i^vi ct rural country to its confluence with the Allegheny River, near *hich the W. Penn. It. B.. crosser the Allegheny Valley R. R. and the Allegheny River. From Butler .3 laictiou the Butler Extension M. R. runs 21 M. N. W. (IJ hrs. ; fare, iitk. ) to the thriving borough of Butler, the capital of the county of ihe. same name. It is prettily situated, on high ground, and is favored with a broad view over the Conequenessing Valley. The W. Penn. train runs S. W. on the r. bank of the Allegheny River, and passes Natnma and Tarentum, On the opposite shore are the tracks of the Allegheny Valley R. R., traversed by long trains of tank-cars; and the line passes rapidly down through the manufacturing suburbs of Pittsburgh and stops at Allegheny City. ! i The main line runs S. W. from Blairsville Intersection, with Chestnut Ridge on the I. Latrobe (Huston House) is pleasantly situated on the Loyalhanna Crer.k, and is the head-quarters of the order of Benedictine monks in the U. S. (There are nearly 300 American Benedictines, who are devoted to educational labors. ) St. VincenVs College is located here, and has 22 teachers and 227 students, with a library of 6 000 volumes (conducted by the Benedictines). Oreensburg is the capital of West- moreland County, and is pleasantly situated on far-viewing heights. It is surrounded by a pleasant and fertile country with which a considerable trade is carried on. In the Presbyterian churchyard is a monument ovw the grave of Arthur Si Clair, grandson of the Scottish Earl of Roslyn, and brother-in-law of Gov. Bow- doin of Mass. ; an officer in the early French and Indian wars ; commander of the N. J. militia in 1776, and afterwards of Fort Ticonderoga (see page 113). He founded Oncinnati, and named it in honor of the patrician military order oi' which i! ■II mmmXtiMLm „ m — ■ K i )f the 2 mts. , with its tine the slopes of aches Blairs- ;h of Indiana, ; Kelly's, 12] .) ; Apollo, 27 ; VnUey R. II ), •■;:; ; 'i'liivjntiivi; 62 ; AUegJu-Jiy a bridge with emaugh River conics iu Irora as ihe Ki. ski- ll a t^uut rural which the W. legheny River. . M. N. W. (H capital of the gi'ound, and is lley. The W. ver, and passes tracks of the •cars ; and the s of Pittsburgh with Chestnut tuated on the of Benedictine [ledictines, who is located here, 6 000 volumes _ _iu?=ir=^rnc — I^ 11 II JL ^^i^^k. ^"^L ££,^ ik mi tpitai of West- I nnQysHr4^r^Hr'^^ I i II heights. It is _^ a considerable ■ L ^Unrinr ,i , Jl i ill fif -ffffi' ^"^'^^-^^^^^f I \ |P ve of Arthur St aw of Gov. Bow- omraander of the page 113). He ry order of whicli I. Mmk^/Mt " • <- M.fMqfhf ^ y », CtuHMm "-S- 4.4fe*M "-5. pM^Srtitl. f-y .s. |k r M. C. AutiMim I >• )' » IK/Vm. //tH^Mi)*/ *WA ■ J4. CiiMffUJt. •■ If. JIUtAimn' ij, Ofmi$t/ jH. Krmiitgtam tttfttt — tf. St. Pm»n MtKt>iir> 0».a^HiM .C4. .n»i4l-Mw*r C.4 .0. 1. 41. MriikmfmUmlttiy. . . ^ C4- .tK4.4t,UIMm^ mMt i i iiiif c*. «J ♦J.4J. Af# C.J 4 4*> StitPtw* .. U. f 4?. St. fnirt Cimrct C 4*. I'^fDjtgMtl St*ti ■ .9- • , VkdiUtk Cmtlrry Ky JA Tiw^ wm mW* A. S' St. st.cyir ;.... f. i« St. Mt U^iiii^im C. f. 5jt. AUmUam .!>.}. 14. Cy>A-r I4W*» , _ . K|. Si. ttrmi^^hmStittm P. 4 St. SO* ^ «.f. 37. CMPWHwdk. G, » y). (VMm/..^ -. H.^ §^ Mnin0$$m . .• • •• •» •Hi s» D.4i|itb ouring in a deadly fire from the ravines and sheltered positions on every side. Wa^ihiit^tuu's Virginians checked the French by Itush-ilghting ; but the close itlatoous of the regulara were mowed down rapidly ; and Braddock, after 5 horses were shot under him, fell with a mortal wound (from one of his own men). Htr Peter Hal- ket was killed, Sir John St. Clair was wounded, and the army broke ranks and fled, hflvlng lost tt3 officers and 714 men. Washington (then a colonel of provin- cials) was the senior surviving officer, and led the remnant of the forces back to Virginia. I Beyond Wilkinshurg the line enters the municipality of Pittsburgh, and pas.ses numerous large suburban villages. Near Torrent' are extensive stock-yards ; f(>,ctories and furnaces are passed in continuous lines ; broad networks of tracks cluster about the main-line ; the air grows heavy and smoke-laden, and the train enters the Union Railroad Station at i ',. ' , ': » ; 4. ■'■■isi/r"' Fittsbnrgh. Hotels. — •Monongahela House, on Smithlield St., $4 a day ; Central, comer Sniithlleld and 3d Ave., !J3 a day ; St. Charles, corner Wood St. and 3d Ave. ; St. CUir, Penn. St. In the railroad station is the entrance to the • Union Depot Ho- tel (^S.^O a day) ; and near the station are the Bush and St. James Hotels (Euro- pean plan). ■«. „ r^ . Beading-RoonM.— Mercantile Library, Penn St., near 6th ; Y. M. C. A., corner Peun and (Jth Sts. ; Church Guild rooms, Penn St Post-Office, comer of 5th Ave. and Smithtleld St. Horse-cars. — From the comer of Penn and 6th Sts. to the Cemetery and Sharpsburgh, and to Allegheny City, Manchester, and Troy Hill. From 4tli Ave., near Market St.. to Oakland and B. Liberty ; to Centre Ave. and Minersville : and to Ornisby. From the corner of Grant and Liberty Sts. to Birmingham. From 5th Ave. and Smithfield St. to Allegheny City and Pleasant Valley. Inclined planes (6c.) ascend Mt. Washington from Monongaliela, and Mt. Oliver from Bir- mingham. , ^ „ , . Amusoments. — Music and drama at the Pittsburgh Opera-House and at the Academy of Music ; varieties at the American and Varieties theatres ; lectures, etc. , at Mercantile-Library Hall and Masonic Hall. Steamern. — On the Ohio River to Portsmouth, Zanesville, Parkersbur^, Marietta, Wheeling (91 M.), EvansviUe, Nashville, Cincinnati (.$13 M.) Louisville (482 M.), Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans. On the Monongahela River, to W I 854 MouU 60, PITTSBUROH. Morgantown and tntermediate porta, trI-wMklv. On the AUegbfrijr F.^cr (for fhiight) to Oil City. Hteanitira auo run semi-avti. Pittsburgh, one of the chief manufacturing cities of the UnitoU States, is situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. The most thickly populated quarter is built on an alluvial delta near the union of the waters ; and populous suburbs extend along the river shores, with abrupt hills rising amphitheatrically on all sides. The municipality includes about 125,000 inhabitants, having annexed a large territory ad- jacent, in 1872. The wholesale and retail trading is mostly done on and about Smithfield St., 5th Ave., Penn and Liberty Sts. The river- banks are lined with manufactories and steamboats, and the hills are being rapidly occupied by residences. There are many fine view-points about the city; but it is very rarely that a prospect of any magnitude can be gained, owing to the dense pall of smoke which continually overhaggs the valley. The multitude of tall chimneys that belch forth heavy clouds of smoke from fires fed by bituminous coal overcasts the city with a murky twilight, such as is frequently seen at London and Birmingham. The picturesque site of Pittsburgh is best seen on a breezy Sunday. The city (together with Allegheny) has 22 banks, 10 daily (3 Qerman) and 11 weekly papers, 82 Masonic societies, 45 lodges of Odd Fellows, 8 convents, and 205 churches (47 Meth., 45 Pres., 80 Catb., 12 Epis., 11 Luth., and 10 Bapt.; of which 10 are AfricaUi 16 Oerman, 4 Welsh, 2 Hebrew, and 1 Bohemian). The *]Cttxiioipal Hall was built at a cost of $750,000. It is at the comer of Smithfield and Virgin Sts., and has a massive central tower and granite front. Closely adjoining is the solid and substantial Post-Office and Custom, House building, on the comer of the brilliant and busy 5th Ave. On the hill to the E. is the Catholic Cathedral of St. Paul, a large structure with 2 lofty twin-spires and a dome over the choir. The aisles are double, and the high altar is adorned with a large painting of the Cmcifixion. Near the Cathedral is the * Court House, lifted high above the street on a terrace encased in masonry, and displaying a classic portico adorned with columns. St. Peter's CAurcA (Epis.) is a. graceful structure which fronts on Grant St. * Trinity Church (Epis.) is a new and elegant edifice on 6th, near Smithfield St. It is in the English Gothic style, and contains some costly stained gloss. Near this is the 1st Presbyterian Church, with a lofty fa9ade flanked by towers; and with its quiet pres- ence amid the centre of busy traffic, and its massive yet dingy stone- work, it reminds one of the ancient London city churches. Tlie Mer- cantile Library has a spacious building (costing $250,000) on Penn. St., in which is the library-hall, with 15,000 books and files of the latest papers and magazines. The audience-hall in this building is the largest and finest in the city. The Western University is near the PITTSBURGH. Koute 60. 355 Court Honse, and has 14 initructora and 296 itudents. The Pittsbunch Female College Ih a Methodist institution with 347 students. Along the Monongahela front of the city are the landings of the steamers, a large fleet of which are usually moored along the shelving hank. Many tourists will here get their first view of the |)«culiar vessels which are used on the Western rivers. The point at the confluence of the rivers is occupied by the West Point Boiler Works, and thence the Ihtqueane Way runs N. E. along the Allegheny River. The Way is lined with great factories, — the Duiiuesne Engine, Globe Plow, Wayne Iron and Steel, Pittsburgh Plow, and other works. The densely settled S. wards are nearly separated from the rural wards liy Htecp hills, on which are fine residences and public buildings, with the City High School. These rural wards are dotted with villages, and their river-shores are lined with factories. They are traversed by 3 horse- railroads and 3 steam-railroads. Beyond Lawrenceville (the seat of the extensive Allegheny U. S. Arsenal) is the Allegheny Cemetery, the chief of the numerous burying-grounds about Pittsburgh. The Western Fenxi* Hospital is a large building near Ridge St. (12th Ward) ; the Mercy Hospital has fine houses on Stephenson St. ; the Convent of the Sisters of Mercy is on Webster Avenue (comer of Chatham), and is the oldest house of the order in America. The Ursuline Convent and Or- plmnage has spacious buildings K of the High School. The Alleglteny U. 8. Arsenal occupies spacious and highly ornamented grounds in the N. E. part of the city, near the Allegheny River, and has lai-ge clusters of buildings for the manufacture of military armaments. The South Side Boroughs are S. of the Monongahela, and belong to the city. Those on the river include (from K to W. ) Ormsby, E. Birming- ham, Birmingham, S. Pittsburgh, Monongahela, W. Pittsburgh, Temper- anceville, and Chartiers. These suburbs are dark, dingy, and full of activity, scores of factories being arranged along the river. S. of this line is a range of lofty and abrupt heights, on which is another tier of villages (St. Clair, Allentown, Mt. Washington, and Union), which are occupied by residences, and are reached by inclined planes. A short and interesting excursion may be made by crossing the Suspension Bridge, and turning to the r. to the station of the Mt. Washington Inclined Plane. Cars are drawn up every few minutes (6c. ) by stationary engines above, the track rising 370 ft. perpendicular in a distance of 640 ft. From the balcony of the upper station is afforded (if the smoke will allow) a bird's-eye view of the cities, hills, and rivers, the busy activities of the valley, the converging railroads, and the many bridges. Birming- ham is the seat of the Pittsburgh, Tremont, Flint, and other glass-works, the Monongahela, Ormsby, Birmingham, and other iron-works, rolling- mills, foundries, nail, bolt, tube, and steel works. On the heights above it'! 356 Houte 50. ALLEGHENY CITY. ■% m ■m •Si' 'I are seen St. Michael's Church, the Passionist Monastery of St. Paul, and the Franciscan €onvent. From the foot of the hill (Mt. Oliver), at 12th St., an inclined-plane railway ascends 250 ft. perpendicular in a course of 1,600 ft. From its upper terminus another broad view is gained, and a yet better prospect is that from the platform of the monas- tery church. Allegheny City (population, 55,000) is N. W. of Pittsburgh, and U connected with it by 5 bridges over the Allegheny River and by 2 horse-railroads. There are many factories in the river-wards, and on the hills are the pleab»,nt homes of Pittsburgh merchants. A narrow but verdant parkway extends around the centre of the city. On the East Park is a bronze statue of an American artillerist, erected in honor of the Hampton Battery of Allegheny, which distinguished ifself in the Civil War. The City Hall, Allegheny Library, and Market are on the square, at the crossing of Ohio and Federal Sts. Passing W. by St. Peter's Church (a new and costly building, with a bas-relief of the Ascension over the door), the stern and frowning walls of the • Western State Penitentiary are seen on the r. This building was erected in 1818-26, and is of gray stone in castellated architecture. There are 460 convicts. The Penitentiary is open for visitors from 2 to 4.30 p.m. daily (except Saturday and Sunday). The Park is adorned with a monument to Baron Humboldt, and has several small ponds. It is traversed on sunken grades by the P., Ft. Wayne & Chicago R. R. Ohio and Ridge Sts. run W., and have some fine residences. The latter passes the Orphan Asylum and the plain buildings of the Western Theological Seminary (Presby- terian ; founded 1825), which has 5 professors, 70 students, and 935 alumni. The United Pres. Theol. Seminary is also in Allegheny City, and has 3 professors, 36 students, and 426 alumni. On the outer cres^^ of the thin and lofty ridge which runs toward the Allegheny River is a stately * monument which is visible from all parts of the valley. The column (from whose minaret-li?<.e upper railing the cities are overlooked) is surmounted by a colossal bronze female figure, below which are statues of a sailor, infantryman, cavalryman, and artillerist. This monument was " erected to the memory of the 4,000 brave men of Allegheny County who fell in the great struggle to maintain the integrity of our Union." From this summit the Ohio River may be seen for many miles, and to the N. is the Allegheny Observatory. Millvale, Etna, and Sharpsburg are factory-villages on the Allegheny, N. E. of the city. In tlie W. is the U. S. Marine Hospital and the House of Refuge. In the winter of 1753 George Washington was sent into the W. by the Virginian authorities, and carefully examined the site of Pittsburgh. On his return lie ad- vised that a fort should be built there to check the advance of the French on the Ohio, and in Vlb'k this was done. Scarcely was it finished when a peremptory 5L PITTSBURGH. Itoute SI. 357 Paul, and Dliver), at cular in a ■d view is he monas- argh, and and by 2 bud on the larrow but 1 the East onor of the 1 the Civil the square, St. Peter's Ascension ^rn State n 1818-26, convicts, ily (except Lt to Baron iken grades s. run W., an Asylum ry (Presby- and 935 heny City, ter crest of River is a lUey. The averlooked) are statues monument eny Coxinty ur Union." and to the 'psburg are W. is the lie Virginirn eturn he ail- rencli on the peremptory Bunimons was sent " From the Commander-in-Chief of his Most Christian MtvJ- esty's troops, now on the Beautiful River, to the commander of those of Great Britain." Contrecoeur and 1,000 men soon appeared before the fort and com- pelled its surrender. The French army then built Fort Duquesne, and soon afterward defeated Braddqck's army (see page 353). In 1758 a Moravian named Post detached many of the Indians from the French interest, and later in the same year Major Lewis advanced against the fort with 800 men, but was defeated under its walls with a loss of 270 killed and many wounded. A few weeks later Gen. Forbes approached with a large force, and the fort was blown up and evacu- ated. It was rebuilt by the English, garrisoned by 200 Virginians, and named Fort Pitt. In 1759 Gen. Stanwix built a large pentagonal fort on this site, sur- rounded by a ditch and defended by artillery (costing $ 300,000). It was vainly besieged by swarms of Indians in 1763, and was relieved by Boquet's troops, who only reached it after a severe battle, in which they lost 124 killed and hundreds wounded. In 1764 a town was laid out near the fort, on manor lands of the Penn family, and in 1770 it had 20 log-houses. There are 11 blast furnaces in the city, and about 500 large factories. The re- ceipts in 1873 were 631,182 tons of iron ; 115,066,146 bushels of coal \ 34,230,500 bushels of coke ; and 25,035,182 barrels of crude petroleum. There are about 60 oil-refineries here, valued at $8,000,000, and liandling immense quantities of petroleum (for which Pittsburgh is the chief market in the world). The coal- trade amounts to over $ 10,000,000 a year. There are 60 glass-factories in the city, employing 5,000 men, and turning out S 4- 6,000,000 worth of glass every year. The iron-works are of enormous extent, — including 60 foundries, 30 rolling-mills, and 6 steel mills. The American Iron- Works alone employ 2,500 men, and cover 17 acres of ground. There are 8 copper-factories and 5 brass-works. The Fort Pitt Works have made immense numbers of cannon, with mountains of shot and shell. The value of Pittsburgh's manufactures in 1874 was ij; 109,693,205. Pittsburgh to the West. 1. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis R. R. (" Pan Handle Route ") runs from Pittsburgh to Steubenville in 43 M. ; to Columbus, 193 ; to Xenia, 248 ; to Cincinnati, 313; to Louisville, 423; to St. Louis, 653. — To Chicago, 607 M. ; fare, $ 14. 2. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago R. R. runs to Homewood, 35 M. (see Route 52); Canton, 102; Crestline, 189; Fort Wayne, 320; and Chicago, 458 (fare, $ 14). 3. The Cleveland & Pittsburgh R. R. runs N. W. by Rochester and Alliance to Cleveland in 150 M. 5L Pittsburgh to Titnsville and Buffido. The Fenn. Oil Begions. By the Allegheny Valley R. R. and the Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh R. R. in 13- 14 hrs. The line ascends the picturesque Allegheny Valley for 130 M., passing the great works of the petroleum wells and tanks. Fares, Pittsburgh to Kitta* ning, $1.55 ; to Brady's Bend, !$2.40 ; to Oil City, $4.60. Stations. — Pittsburgh ; McCandless, 3 M. ; Sharosburg, 4 ; Brilliant, 6 ; Ire- land, 7 ; Armstrong, 9; Verona, 10 ; Edgewater, 11; Hulton, 12; Logan's Ferry, 16; Parnassus, 17; Arnold's, 19; Tarentum, 20; Cliartiers, 22; Soda Works, 27; W. Penn. Junction, 29 ; White Rock, 33 ; Kelly's, 35 ; Rosston, 39 ; Kittaning, 44 ; Cowanshannock, 48 ; Pine Creek, 49 ; Mahoning, 55 ; Red Bank, 64 ; Phillips- burg, 66; Brady's Bend, 68 ; Catflsli, 71; Parkers, 8-2; Foxbiirg. 85; Enilenton, 89; Scrubgrass, 106 ; Foster, 115; Franklin, 123 ; Oil Citj', 128 ; Rouseville, 132 ; Petroleum Centre, 135; Titusville, 146; Centreville, 157; Corry, 174; Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh R. R. —Corry Junction, 185; Clymer, 188 ; Panama, 195; Slier- man, 199; MayvUle, 205; Prospect, 211 ; Brocton, 219; Butfalo, 268. ti '11 V ' 4 'V c4 358 HouU 61. KITTANING. 11 ':\ ifll The train leaves the. Union Depot at Pittsburgh and runs ont through miles of factories and works, drawn up in dark lines along the Allegheny Biver. Tlie Allegheny U. S. Arsenal grounds are crossed, and at Sharpg- burg station a bridge leads over the river to Sharpsburg, the seat of great iron-works. The track sweeps around by Brilliant, which is under Brilliant Hill, and follows the river close at hand around a succession of broad bends, with a general direction to the N. E. The scenery is bold and pleasing, the broad river flowing freely between high hills. The river- villages are small and uncomely. At about 30 M . from Pittsburgh the train intersects the W. Penn. R. R. and crosses the Kiskirainetas River. Beyond the busy village of Freeport the line passes the Wliite Rock Eddy and reaches Kittaning {Reynolds House ; Wilson), the capi- tal of Armstrong County. This borough has about 2,000 inhabitants, and is in a prolific coal and limestone region, from whose mines its furnaces are fed. Kittaning holds tlie site and name of an Indian town wliich was attacked by Armstrong and 300 men, at dawn on Aug. 8, 1757. The In- dians refused to surrender, and were killed in detail, while the town was set on fire and destroyed. The train runs N. to a long bend near which the Mahoning Creek is crossed at its confluence with the Allegheny. From Red Bar'- the Eastern Extension R. R. is being built across Jefferson, Clearfield, and E" - unties to Driftwood, on the Phila. & Erie R. R. It is now completed to Brc<- ivvlUe (American House ; Franklin), the capital of Jefferson County, and to the hamlet of Reynoldsville. Brookville is 1,300 ft. above the sea, in a vast pine-forest, whose trees are cut and sawed here, and are rafted to the Allegheny River. , The train now passes around a bend in the river, which almost makes a circle, and reaches Brady's Bend {Central House), an important town situated on a great curve of the Allegheny River. It was commenced late in 1869, and now has 5,000 inhabitants, 6 churches, and 2 papers. The Brady's Bend Iron- Works employ about 1,200 men in making rails; and large forces are busied in the trans-shipment of oil. The Modoc Oll.Distrlct is near Brady's Bend, where its oil is shipped. It is of recent development, and the Karns City R. R. is to cross it. Greece City was founded in Oct., 1872, at the Morrison Well, which yielded 500 barrels a day. It has 1,200 inhabitants,, 2 banks, and 5 hotels. Modoc City h&s 1,000 inhabi- tants, and 13 wells which produce 40,000 barrels a day. Stages run from Brady's Bend and Parker City to Falrvievir (Adams House), which is on a high hill over- looking the oleaginous " cities '' of Karns and Petrolia. The train runs on to Parker's Landing (Phillips Home ; Wallace), and the derricks of tlie oil-wells are seen from time to time, remote ou the hills or close to the track ; sometimes in operation, but oftener de- serted. Crossing tlie Clarion River, Emlentown is passed and the line is followed around great loops of the river. At the Gregory House at Scrubgrass station is a dining-room for passengers on the through trains. Franklin (* ExcMnge ; National ; U. S.) is now seen on the W. shore, and is a well-built city of about 5,000 inhabitants, with 2 papers, 2 banks, OIL CITY. EmUeSl. 359 throxigTi llegheny Sharps- seat of is under 3Ssion of r is bold Is. The ttsburgh iminetas le White the capi- Bints, aud furnaces hich was The In- ;own was lar which ny. Jefferson, It is now ' Jefferson re the sea, ;ed to the ; makes a ant town mmenced papers, ing rails ; jped. It 'Jreece City rels a day. 00 inhabi- m Brady's hill over- Wallace), emote on tener de- le line is louse at ;h trains. N. shore, 2 banks, and 3 oil-refineries. It is the capital of Venango County, and occupies the site of the French Fort Venango, on the ridge at the confluence of French Creek and tlie Allegheny River. Fort Venango was built here in 1753, as one of the great chain of French mili- tary posts which hemmed in the American colonies. 700 French troops and 1,000 Indian auxiliaries were gathered here just before the Conquest of Canada (1759). After that event it was held by the Aniericans, but was taken in 1763 and the garrison was massacred to a man, — the commandant being slowly roasted to death through several days. Steamers run from Franklin to Pittsburgh, and a branch of the A. k G. W. R. R. ascends the valley of French Creek to Meadville (see page 237). From Franklin the train runs N. E. by the rapid river to Oil City, which is picturesquely situated on the W. shore. Oil City {Duncan House; Petroleitm House) is located at the con- fluence of Oil Creek on the Allegheny River. It was founded in 1860, organized in 1862, destroyed by flood in 1865, destroyed by fire (loss, $ 1,000,000) in 1866, and incorporated as a city in 1871. There are 2,276 inhabitants, with 1 daily paper, 2 banks, and 8 religious societies. It is an important railroad centre, and is the head-quarters of the petroteura trade (in which $25,000,000 are invested). The wells in the vicinity pro- duce 600 barrels daily, and 2,000,000 barrels are shipped hence yearly. There are iron tanks h^re for 500,000 barrels, connected with lines of tubing by which the oil is drawn out into the tank-cars and river steam- ers. "Within a very small area the tourist may see all the processes. con- nected with this traffic, — boring, pumping, refining, barrelling, gauging, and shipment. Tlie air is filled with the strong odor of petroleum, and the lower streets seem to be saturated with the precious fiuid. The narrow space along the river is occupied by the railroads and business houses, and above this is a tall bluff which is occupied by res-l;;nces. The Oil Creek dt Allegheny River R. R. runs N E. fTon. jil City to Irvineton, on the Phila. & Erie R. R. (50 M.). From the hamlet of OknpoHs a branch R. R. runs 7 M. N. E. to Plthole City, The U. S. Well was opened here in the winter of 1864-65, and yielded 7,000 barrels a day. Great multitudas flocked hitherward, and within six months there arose in the wilderness a city of J 5,000 inhabitants, with 2 theatres and an academy of music, a daii. , iper, antl 72 hotels and saloons. Now but 9 families live in the place ; and the great hotel, whicli cost .S 31,000, was sold in the winter of 1873 - 74 for S 100. The AUeghf-ny River is c-losely followed by the train through a rugged and thinly populated country ; passing Rouseville (Rathbun House), in a forest of abandoned derricks ; Tionesta ; and TidiouU (Shaw House), with its iron-works, Irvlnetoii, see Route 55. The Buffalo train runs N. from Oil City up the valley of Oil Creek, passing great lines of derricks, tanks, and the rude shanties of the oil men. Occasionally the pumping-engines are seen at Avork; but in ihe majority of cases the derricks are abandoned, and stand as monuments over de- parted ho]»es. Petroleum Centre (Central House) is a village of 1,500 in- habitants; beyond which the train reaches Titusville (* Parshall House^ $3 a day; Mansion House, $2), the chief city in the Pennsylvania '■m 360 Haute 51. TITUSVILLR El oil district. It is agreeably situated in the valley of Oil Creek, which is here 1 M. wide, and is surrounded by prominent hills. By ascending the path near Church Run, a point is reached whence the valley may be over- looked. The streets are broad and straight, and are lined with bright and spick-and-span wooden houses, each with its bit of garden-land. There are 8,630 inhabitants, with 2 daily papers, 4 banks, and 9 churches. The business street is lined with new brick blocks, and the environs contain many oil-wells and refineries. There are 3 large iron-works, chiefly en- gaged in mftking engines, tubing, and tanks. The petroleum business had its origin at Titusville. This oil was formerly prized by the Seneca Indians on account of its supposed medicinal properties, and a tract on Oil Creek (N. Y.) was reserved by them at the final sale of their domains. The settlers in this district were accustomed to collect the oil by skim- ming it from the water in shallow vats and trenches, until the arrival of Col. Drake, in 1859. This gentleman bored the first well (1 M. S. of Titusville), and on removing the tools a copious flow of gas and oil commenced. At that time Titus- ville had 300 inhabitants ; at present its refineries are only third to those of Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Many wells were sunk in the vicinity soon after, and with varying success ; but the product Irom the whole district was so great that by 1861 petroleum had fallen to 25c. a barrel. The Empire Well yielded 2,500 barrels daily, and the Phillips Well gave 3,940 barrels. In 1863 the production slackened, and the prices rose proportionately. During this period vast fortunes were made rapidly, and were afterwards scattered with almost equal speed. In the first 12 years of "the develojyment " there were taken from this district 42,000,000 barrels of oil, valued at $ 163,000,000. This territory is about 400 square miles in extent, and contains 4,000 wells, with new ones going down monthly (in prosperous times). 5,000 steam-engines are employed, and there are now in use 8,000 M. of iron-pipe and 25,000 M. of drilling cable. 4 first-class railroads have been*built to carry out this vast production ; and the fleets of the oil-exporters are found on every sea. The foreign trade has increased rapidly, and the 10,000,000 gallons of the export in 1862 were increased to 55,000.000 gallons in 1871. The Union & 'ntusvilU R. R. runs 25 M. N. W. from Titusville to Union City, on the Phila. & Erie and the Atlantic & Great Western R. Rs. The Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh R. R. runs from Titusville 91 M. N. to Dunkirk. At first it runs N. E. 20 M. through an unpopulated region ; then turns E. on the line of the Phila. & Erie R. R., and passes from Garland to Warren ; and there di- verges to the N. and follows the Conewago River into New York, where it runs through the Chautauque County hills for 42 M. ; latterly passing the brisk village of Fredonia, and reaching Dunkirk (see page 231). The Buffalo train runs N. from Titusville, and after passing several ob- scure villages of Cravirford County, crosses the State Road near Spartans- burg, and enters Erie County, advancing to Corry, where the P. & E. R. R. and the A. & G. W. R. R. are intersected. Corry {Domner House, comfortable ; St. Nicholas) is a new city, which derives its origin and importance from the location at the entrance to the " Oildorado," and from the intersection here of several railroads. The streets are broad and straight, but the houses are generally inferior. The site of Corry was covered by a forest until June, 1861, when the Atlantic & Great Western R. R. crossed the Phila. & Erie R. R, here, and a small board-shanty was put up at the junction. Later in the year the Downer Oil Co. (of Boston) sent out an agent to locate an oil refinery. He chose this ECONOMY. Jiouu Si. 361 little flag-crossing (named Corry after a neighboring farmer), and bought 60 acres of land. The great Downer Oil Works were then pnt up, other enterprises followed, and a rapid growth began after the railroad was built iiito the oil regions. In 1866 Corry became a city, and it now has 6,809 inhabitants (census of 1870), 76 streets, 2 daily papers, 2 banks, and 8 churches. The line (lo.'»lly known as *' The Cross-Cut ") runs N. from Corry into N. Y. State, wlere it crosses the whole extent of Chautauqua County. MayvUle is beautifully situated at the head of Chautauqua Lake (see page 237) ; and Brocton is on the shore of Lake Erie, near the Harris Community, a singular religious colony which settled here in 1868. They are semi-Swedenborgian in their views, but are very reticent about their doctrines of " the new life." They own 2,000 acres, on which are prolific vineyards. Salem-on-Erie is a pretty hamlet in this vicinity. Passen- gers for Buffalo change cars at Brocton, and ride to their destination on the Lake Shore & M. S. B. B. (see page 236). 52. Pittsburgh to Eria By the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago R. R., the New Castle Branch, the Erie & Pittsburgh R. R., and the Lake Shore & M. S. R. R. Through trains from Pittsburgli to Erie in 7-8 hrs. Stations. — Pittsburgh ; Allegheny City, 1 M. ; Manchester ; Dixmont ; Se- wickley, 13 ; Economy, 18 ; Baden, 21 : Freedom, 24 ; Rochester, 26 ; New Brighton, 29; Honiewood, 35; Clinton, 38; Moravia, 44; Lawrence Junction, 47 ; New- Castle, 50. E. (t P. R. R. — Harbor Bridge, 54 ; Pulaski, 61 ; Middlesex, 66 ; Wheatland, 68 ; Sharon, 71 ; Sharpsville, 74 ; Clarksville, 77 : A. & G. W. Cross- ing, 83 ; Shenango, 84 ; Greenville, 85 ; Jamestown, 92 ; Kasson's, 99 ; Espy ville, 101 ; Linesville, 105 ; Summit, 109 ; Conneautville, 113 ; Spring, 116 ; Albion, 122 ; Crosses, 128 ; Girard, 133 ; Fairview, 137 ; Swainville, 140; Erie, 148. The train departs from the Union Bailroad Depot in Pittsburgh, and crosses the Allegheny Biver with the Hand Street and Allegheny Bridges on the 1., and the Mechanics' Bridge on the r. Traversing the streets of Allegheny City, the Park and the Western Penitentiary are seen on the r., and on the 1. is the lofty soldiers' monument. Beyond the municipal limits the Ohio Biver is approached, and the U. S. Marine Hospital is seen on the . 1. The line now runs N. W. through a series of suburban villages which are dependent on Pittsburgh, with the Ohio on the 1., and the long Neville's Island. At Economy is the large village which was founded in 1825 by the German Harmonites. The priest and patriarch of this sect was George Bapp, who claimed to have received a Divine lega- tion to restore the Christian Church to its pristine purity and simplicity. He led his proselytes from Germany to America, and foimded a flourish- ing colony at Economy, The principle of a community of property was the chief secular characteristic, and the colony soon increased to 800 per- sons, with large estates and manufactories. Tlie village was widely famed for its singulai' neatness, simplicity, and comfort; and the fine and lus- J6. I'- 1-. 362 RmteSt NEW CASTLE. 1 ' 1 trons silks which were made here were highly prized in the East. The borough now has 1,324 inhabitants. The train runs W. from Economy to Rochester (Pavilion; Doncaster House), a busy town it the confluence of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. The Cleveland £ Pittsburgh R. R. diverges here and follows the r. bank of the Ohio River, running to Bellaire (Wheeling), 68 M. S. W., and to Cleveland, 124 M. 1 M. S. W. of Rochester it passes Beaver (National Hotel), the capital of Beaver County, a borough of 1,120 inhabitants, situated on a fertile intervale near the Ohio. The Frankfort Springs are 22 M. 3. of this point, and are locally famed as remedies for dyspepsia, rheumatism, and cutaneous diseases. The Cave and the Leiper Springs are the most important, and contain carbonates of iron and mag- nesia, muriate of soda, and sulphuretted hydrogen. The C & P. train passes on from Beaver to IVellsville (Whitacre House), where the road forks, one division running N. W. to Cleveland (102 M.), the other running 8. to Bellaire (46 M.X \ The Erie train now turns N. up the Beaver River, and passes the popu- lous boroughs of New Brighton (Keystone House), and Beaver Falls, de- vo! od to manufacturing and situated at the falls on Beaver River, where thiat stieam descends 75 ft. in a succession of short pitches between rocky aks. At Homewood the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago R. R. Uiverges to the 1., and enters Ohio about 15 M. W. ; and at Lavrrence J'-ictinn the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburgh R. R. turas off to the IT. W. New Castle is a city of 12,000 inhabitants, with 14 churches, 4 j>aiiK8, 4 weekly papers, and considerable manufactories, especially of iron and glass. It is favorably situated at the confluence of the Shenango River and Neshanock Creek, and is the capital of ILawrence County. At New Castle the train passes on to the rails of the Erie & Pittsburgh R. R., and runs N. W. up the valley of the Shenango River. At Sharon (Shenango Hotel ; Hanson) the line approaches within 1 M. of the Ohio line ; and the Mahoning Division of the Atlantic & Great Western Rail- way runs thence N. W. to Cleveland (80 M.). Sharon has 4,221 inhabi- tants, and is aigaged in coal business and the iron manufacture. The line now runs N. E. and approaches the Atlantic & Great Western Rail- way (see page 238), an«J beyond the transfer and crossing points it reaches the villages of Sfienango and Oreenville. Tlie SJienango & Allegheny R. R. runs 33 M. S. E. from Greenville to Harrisville, passing the pleasant rural village of Mercer, the capital of Mercer County, The '^rarMin Division of the Lake Shore & M. W. R. xi. extends from Ashtabula to Oil City (50 M.), and crow' « the \ jsent route at Jamestown. Conneaxitville (Holman Hoiise) is a villa '^ of about 1,000 inhabitants, with 5 churches and a w*i kly paper. It is surrounded by a rich agri- cultural country, and is a 3hipping-point for dairy-products. The village is 2 M. E, of the station, and 8-9 M. S. E. is Conneaut Lake (see page 238). The train runs due N. to Lake Erie, where it turns to the N. E. on the line of the Lake Shore &> M. S. R. R., and soon reaches the city of Erie (see Route 55). STEUBBNVILLE. Route S3. 363 The omyto nee of : of the , 124 M. ! Beaver lear the imed as and the ad mag- asses on division M.). le popu- allSy de- p, where m rocky J R. R. Mwrence ff to the arches, 4 dally of Chenango ^ty. ittsburgh ; Sharon the Ohio em Rail- inhahi- re. The em Rail- t reaches Tarrisvillet |r County, Lshtabulu labitants, fich ^- 16 village |(see page Ihe N. E. the city 0a Fittsbnrg^h to Wheeling. By the Chartiers R. R. and the Hempflcld R. R. These lines meet at Washings ton,' but do not make connections ; and the traveller by this route is obliged to wait there several hours. Hi Ationa, — Chartiers R. R. — Pittsburgh; Mansfield, 8; Leasdale, 0; Wood- ville, 10; Bridgeville, 12; Boyce's, 15; Hill's, 17; Canonsburg, 22; Ewing's Mills, 28; Cook's, 28; Washington, 31. Hempfield R. R. (Wlieeling, Pittsburgh & Baltimore Division of the Bait. & Ohio R. R.). — Chartiers, 35 ; Taylorstown. 88 ; Claysville, 42 ; Vienna, 45 ; W. Alexander, 47 ; Valley Grove, 51 ; Point Mills, 53 ; Triadelphia, 57 ; Carbon, 59 ; Mt. De Chantal, 61 ; WheeLmg, e/2. The "Pan-Haudle Route" to the W. leaves Pittsburgh and crosses the Monongahela River, passing the factories of the lower South Side Boroughs. Beyond the small villages of Allegheny and Washington Counties, it crosses W. Virginia and enters the State of Ohio, and at 43 M. from Pittsburgh reaches Steubenville (United States Hotel), the capital of Jefferson County. It is finely situated on high ground on the r. bank of the Ohio River, and is surrounded by a fmitful country. There are 8,107 inhabitants, with 12 churches, 2 banks, a daily and several weekly papers, and large manufactories, which are supplied with fuel from the coal-ndnes in the vicinity. The Cliartiers R. R. crosses the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh, diverges from the Pan-Handle Route at Mansfield^ and follows the Chartiers Creek to the S. W. for many miles. At Canonsburg is the Jetferson Tlieological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, occupying the curious old stone buildings of the Jefferson College, which was founded here in 1773, and held its first academic sessions in a log-cabin. Washington is next reached, and occupies a pleasant situation on high ground on the old National Road. It is a prosperous borough of nearly 4,000 inhabitants, and is the capital of Washington County. Washing- ton and Jefferson College is located here, and is under the care of the Presbyterian Church. This institution has 10 professors and 118 stu- dents, and since its foundation, in 1806, has graduated the large number (for a rural college) of 3,000 men. The fertile county of Washington is devoted to grain and pasturj^e, and was settled by Scotch- Irish Presby- terians, a virtuous and resolute class of men who have left to their descendants the habits and creeds of the old land. At Washington the traveller leaves the Chartiers R. R., and takes the train on the Wheeling, Pittsburgh and Baltimore Division (Hempfield R. R. ) of the Bait. & Ohio R. R. The line runs S. W. through a hilly region, traversing several tunnels, and following the line of the old National Road. Beyond W. Alexandria it enters the State of W. Virginia, and soon reaches Wheeling (see Route 65). ■•■.till ■i I '' 1 t 364 lioute54. CONNELLSVILLE. M. Fittebnrgli to Gnmberland. The Connellsville Route. By the PittsbuTgh, Washington & Baltimore R. R., which runs through to Washington in 13 - 14 hrs,, and to Baltimore in 15^-16 hrs. Fores, — Pittsburgh to Connellsville, $2 ; to Confluence, 8^.05 ; to Cumberland, $ 6.20. Stations. — Pittsburgh ; 8oho, 2 ; Laughlin's, 8 ; Hazelwood, 4 ; Olenwood, 5 ; Brown's, ; Mills', 9 ; Braddock's, 10 ; Port Perry, 11 ; Saltsbu»-g, 12 ; Riverton, 14 ; McKeesport, 15 ; Long Run, 17 ; Osceola, 20 ; Coultersville, 22 ; Guffey's, 24 ; Moore's, 28 ; Amieville, 30 ; W. Newton, 33 ; Port Royal, 37 ; Jacob's Creek, 40 ; Oakdale, 49; Laurel Run, 50 ; Sedgwick, 63 ; Broad Ford Junction, 55 (branch to Mt. Pleasant, 65) ; Connellsville, 57 (branch to Uniontown, 71) ; Sand Works, 60 : Indian Creek, 65 ; Stewarton, 69; Ohio Pyle, 74 ; Egypt, 79 ; Confluence, 84 : Ur- s'.na, 86 ; Fort Hill Siding, 89 ; Forge Bridge, 94 ; Cassellnian, 96 ; Mineral Point Junction, 101 ; Garrett's, 108 ; Voder's, 109 ; Meyer's Mills, 113 ; Sand Patch, 116; Bowman's, 120; Glencoe, 126 ; Fairhope, 130 ; Bridgeport, 135 ; Cook's Mills, 141 ; Mt. St> vage Junction, 146 ; Cumberland, 150 (Washington, 800 ; Baltimore, 340). The train emerges from the Pittsburgh station, and (after. passing Grant Hill) runs E. and S. E. along the Monongahela River, with the busy South Side Boroughs on the opposite shore. Several suburban stations are passed, and beyond Braddock's (opposite the field of battle, see page 853) the train passes the tracks at Port Perry Junction, which diverge to the Penn. R. R. McKeesport is a borough of 2,523 inhabitants, situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers. It is engaged in coal-mining and boat-building, and is the seat of the works of the American Tube Company. The railroad here turns to the S. E. and follows the r. bank of the Youghiogheny for many leagues, with the river on the r. hand. The stations are small, and the country is thinly settled. In the advance are seen the long heights of Chestnut Ridge. Connells- ville (Smith's Hotel) is a large village with manufactories of woollen goods, paper, iron-wares, etc. A bridge crosses the river to the factory village of New Haven. The hill scenery in this vicinity is quite pictu- resque, and there is a famous view from the Cow Rock, on the ridge which towers for 1,300 ft. over the town. •* Near the Cow Rock, on the broad, flat summit of the mt., stand rows of pulpit rocks, relics of the eroded edge of the soft yellow sandstone of the Coal Conglomerate." The Southwestern Penn. R. R. runs N. from Connellsville to Greensburg (see page 552) in 24 M. The Mt. Pleasant Branch runs N. E. (diverging from Broad Ford, 2 M. distant, on the main line) to Mount Pleasant borougli, in 10 M. The Fayette County Branch runs S. W. along the base of Laurel Ridge, passing Mt. Braddock and ending at Uniontown (Messmore House), 14 M. distant. This is a compact borough of 2,503 inhabitants, and is situated on tlie National Road, 4 M. W. of Laurel Ridge. The surrounding country has a fertile limestone soil^ and is occupied by many profitable farms. Bituminous coal is found in the vicinity, and 469,450 tons were shipped from this county in 1870. Madison College was founded at Uniontown in 1825, by the Methodists. 9 M. B. E. of Uniontown, on the summit of Laurel Ridge, is a remarkable cavern with large subterranean halls and narrow passages. Stages run from Uniontown over Laurel Ridgo to the Fayette Springs (Fayette Springs Hotel), 12 M. S. E. These waters are a pure, strong chalybeate, and are much visited in summer, although perhaps the chief attraction is found in the beauty of the hill-scenery in this vicinity, and the purity 0. X- GREAT MEADOWS. Haute 55, 365 of the highland air. The Washington Spring and the Chalk Hill Hotel are within easy di-ive of the Bprings House. In this vicinity ai-e tlie Great MeadowH, where Majoi' George Washington, of the Virginia militia, erected Fort Necessity (May, 1754), whence he advanced and de- feated Jumonville's French detachment, 5 M. N. on Laur«l Ridge. On July 3 he was besieged here by M. de Villiers with 900 men, and was soon forced to surren- der, being allowed to lead his 400 soldiers back to Virginia. Near this point Gen. Braddocl< (see page 353) died, on the 15th of July, 1755, and was buried at night in the road, while Washington read the funeral service of the Episcopal Church, by torchlight. Part of Uurgoyne's remains were afterwards carried away by curiosity-seekers ; but the rest are interred in a rudely marked grave near the National Road (1 M. W. of Fort Necessity). The Cumberlaud train runs S. E. from Connellsville through the pic- turesque water-gap in Laurel Ridge, and follows the Youghlogheny through a wild and thinly populated region. Beyond the romantic scenery about the Ohio-Pile Falls, and the dark ravine in which the line passes between the Sugar-Loaf and Red Mts., it diverges to the N. E. up the valley of Castleman River. From Mineral Point Junction a branch line runs N. E. to Somerset, a small borough and the capital of the Germanic county of Somerset, well situated on a knoll over the great highland glades which extend between the Laurel Ridge and the Alle- gheny Mts. The surrounding country contains large reserves of coal. The train now rounds or the r. the long ridge of Negro Mt., which runs N. from Maryland, and traverses the Glades to the S. K, ascending long grades and crossing the Allegheny Mtl. beyond Summit Mills. Travers- ing in succession the Savage Ridge and the Little Allegheny, the line turns S. in the narrow valley between the latter and Wills Mt. (on the S. E.). At Bridgeport the Huntington & Broad Top R R. (see page 347) meets the present route, and the train soon enters the State of Maryland. 15 M. from Bridgeport the train reaches Cttmberland (see Route 65). I Ml I ^ 55. Philadelphia to Eria By the Phila. & Erie R. R. ; a favorite route to Western N. Y. and the oil and lumber ftgions of Penn. This line is controlled by the Penn. R. R., and its trains run on the Penn. tracks to Harrisbuis. There are 3 express-trains daily be- tween Phila. and Lock Haven, and 2 daily between Phila. and Erie (furnished with Pullman cars). Fares. — Phila. to Lewisburg, $5.30 ; to Williamsport, If U ; to Elmira, *7.50; to Renovo, $7.84; to Emporium, ;J 8. 65; to Buffalo, ;J 10.75; to Ridgway, $ 9 ; to Corry, $ 10.50 ; to Oil City, $ 11 30 ; to Erie, $ 10.75. Also to Minnequa, 87.45; to VVatlcius, ^8.15; to Rochester, $9.75; to Niagara Falls, $10.75 ; to Toronto, « 13.75 ; to Cliicago, $20 ; to San Francisco, $137.50. Stations. — Phila. ; Coatesville, 39 M. ; Lancaster, 69 ; Harrisburg, 105 ; Dauphin, 117; Clark's Ferry, 124; Halifax, 130; Milleraburg, 136; Liverpool, 139;Mahantango, 143 ; Georjjetown, 146 ; Trevorton Junction, 151 ; Fisher's Ferry, 150; Seliiisgrove, 158; Sunbury. 163; Nortliumberland, 165; Lewisburg Junction, 172 ; Catawissa Junction, 17o. ; Milton, 176 ; Wutsontown, 180 ; Dewart, 182 ; Mont- gomery, 187 ; Muncy, 191 ;. WiUiauiaport, 203 ; Newberry, 205 ; Linden, 208 ; Sus- quehanna. 209 ; Jersey Shore, 215 ; Pine, 220 ; Wayne, 223 ; Lock Haven. 228 ; Queen's Run, 232; Farrandsville, 233; Ferney, 238; Whetham, 243; Ritchie, 246 ; Hyner, 249 ; North Point, 252 ; Renovo, 255 ; Westport, 261 ; Cook's Run, 265 ; Keating, 268 ; Wistar, 270 ; Round Island, 273 ; Grove, 277 ; Slnnemaho- niug, 280 ; Driftwood, 283 ; Sterling, 292 ; Cameron, 296 ; Emporium Junction, 301 } ^1 366 Route 5S. SELINSGROVE. I Emporium. 302; West Creek, 303; Beechwood, 811 ; Rath bnn, 813; St. Mary's, 823 ; Uaguseahonda. 328; Hhawiiiut, 3:51 ; Ri.J«way, 833, WilmarUi. 341 ; Wilcox, 847; Uergeant, 352; Kane, 350 { Wetmoro, 3tt2; Ludlow, 3t>6 ; Roystune, 3U9; Sheffield, 372 ; Tiona, 375 ; Clarendon, 87^' ; 8tonehani, 380 ; Warren, 386 ; Irvine- ton, 391; Youngsville, 393; Pittstteld, 397; Garland, 401; Spring <;reel<, 407; Columbus, 412 ; Corrv. 414 ; Lovell's, 417 ; Comiord, 419 ; Union, 42o ; Le Boeuf, 428; Waterford, 432; Ja( kson's, 438; Langdoii'ii, 442; Belle Valley, 444; Erie, 451. Philadelphia to Harrisburg, see Route 50. From Harrisburg the Erie train takes the line of the Northern Central R. R. to Sunbury. On leaving Harrisburgh, the broad Susquehanna is followed to the N. W. through a bold pass in the Blue Mt. Beyond" the long bridges of the 2 railroads another deep gap is traversed, and the train approaches the dark ridge of Peter's Mt., which inwalls the fair valley called The Cove. At Dauphin, the Schuylkill k Susquehanna R. R. diverges to the N. E. (see page 334). Rounding the rugged chain at its point on the Susquehanna, on the 1. are seen the mouth of the Juniata River and the plains of Duncan's Island (see page 345). Beyond the well-populated town of Hallux, the line passes through the water- gap of the Susquehanna in Berrie's Mt. and reaches Millersburg, whence the Summit Branch R. R. (for coal transi ortation) diverges to the E., running for 20 M. through narrow valleys to Willinmatovm, which is 3 - 4 M. from Tower City (see page 334). The colliery at Williarastown shipped 301,326 tons in 1873, which was the largest annual shipment ever made by any American colliery. There are also large deposits and mines of the Lykens Valley copI at Big Lick and Short Mt. The Erie train now passes through the gap ;u tlKD Mahantongs Mt., and passes on by Hemdon, where a, long bridge crosses the river to Port Trevorton. The M'hanoy ^ Shamokin R. R. runs N. E. from Hemdon through the deep valleys and mt.-pastieiii of the Mahanoy coal-uelds, passing the populous boroughs of Shamokin and Mt. Carmel and scores of collieries. Stations. — Hemdon ; Trevorton, 13^ M. ; Shamokin, 21 ; Excelsior, 25 ; Mount Carmel, 27 ; Locust Gap, 28^; Ashlund, 35^ ; Girardville, 38|^. From the latter place railroads pass E. and S. £. to all parts of the Schuylkill coal-fields (Tamaqua, Mahanoy City, Potts-> ville, etc.). * The line now passes between the W. end of the Line Mt. and the river, and follows the broad and beautiful Susquehanna through the fertile limestone intervales. At Selinsgrove a connection is made with the Lewistown Division of the Penn. R. R., whose track here crosses the river to the W. (see page 346). Selinsgrove is a borough of 1,453 inhab- itants, and is chiefly distinguished as an educational centre, being the seat of the Missionary Institute (a religious college of the Lutheran Church, with 6 professors and 140 students) and the Susquehanna Female College (a Lutheran institution with 4 professors and 82 students). The train passes on to Sa&bnry {Central House; City Hotel), the capital of North- omberland County, a borough of 3,131 inhabitants, pleasantly situated pn the E. shore of the Susquehanna. WILLIAMSPORT. JtmUe 65. 367 Mary's, Wlknx, me. »UU; ; Irvine- !ek, 407; Le Boeuf, 44; £rie» I Central hanna is yond'the , and the the fair quehanna ged chain th of the Beyond the water- g, whence ^o the E., ichis3-4 vn shipped sr made by tnes of the [low passes ion, where The DanviUe. Hazteton A WWcea-Barre R. R. rani N. E. from Sunbary ap tha N. Bnuu'li or tlie Susquehanna, pa»8ing Danville and CatawiBsa (see page 336), beyond which it untera the Maiiiville Water Gap, and runH £. through the Nesco- pec Mtt)., amid striiiing scenery. Through this wild district the train posReH on to Hazleton, where It connects with a branch of the Lehigh Valley It. R. (sea Sage 311). Htatlons* — Sunbury ; Kline's Orovc, ft M. ; Wolverton^ 0; Kipit's lun, 9; Danville, 12; Roaring Creek, 17; CatawiHsa, '21; Muiiiville, 27: MiiOin Cross Roads, 30; Scotch Valley, 34; Wolfton, 36; Rock Glen, 88; Qowen, 40; Tombicken, 44 ; Hazleton. The train now passes on to the rails of the Phila. ik Erie R. R., and crosses the N. Branch of the Susquehanna. Nortlianiberland (Central IJiMse) is a handsome borough of 1,788 inhabitants, finely situated on the point at the confluence of the N. and W. Branches. At this point are the Lackawanna & Blooms- Ridge on the r., the train sburg Centre & Spruce ••g^ crossing the Susque- irom the Junction. This is a the tenuini of the Lewistown Division burg R. R. (Route 67). Passing Mo! reaches Lewisbicrg Junction, wheuci Creek Branch runs S. W. 11 M. to hanna, and reaching Lemsburg at 2 l\. borough of 3,131 inhabitants, and is the seat of Lewisburg University, a Baptist institution which dates from 1846, and has 14 instmctoni, 216 students, and a library of about 5,000 volumes. The Erie train passes on to Miltott (Huff's Hotel), a large village where the Catawissa R. R. comes in from the S. E. (see page 336). The train now advances over the allu- vial river-side plains, with the Nittany and White Deer Mts. in the W. The country is thickly settled and fertile, and the line passes several pretty rural hamlets. The Catawissa R. R. (see page 336) crosses the river below Milton, and follows the W. shore ; and about 9 M. above the Phila. k Erie also crosses to the W. bank, and intersects the former near Montgomery, at the outlet of the White Deer Valley. The lines ran parallel for several miles, and then the Catawissa recrosses the river and reaches Muncy (whence the Muncy Creek R. R. runs N. E. to Hughes- ville). It then follows the 1. bank by the flourishing borough of Montours- ville (Putney House), and, crossing the Loyalsock Creek, enters Williams- poil;. The Phila. & Erie R. R. sweeps around the broad Muncy Bend under a high ridge, crosses the Susquehanna (W. Branch), and also reaches Williamsport (* Herdic House, in gardens near the station, $3 a day; * Crawford House, in the city; City Hotel, opposite the Court House, $ 2.50), the capital of Lycoming County, and the chief lumber-mart of the State. It is situated on the W. Branch of the Susquehanna, and is surrounded by high hills, the Bald Eagle Mts. occupying the S. border. The streets are wide and straight, and are traversed by horse-cars (on 3d and 44h Sts.); andW. 4th St., toward the spacious Herdic House, is lined with villas. The county buildings are on 3d St., and the prison is a quaint piece of castellated architecture. To the N., at the head of Academy St., is the Dickinson Seminary, an extensive pile of brick build« I I til ^H ii ^a!i •fc^ *"• V, .0>«fc ^^ 'K ^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 |50 '""^■" IBI^B i k: Ui2 |2.2 I.I .,< • 11^ ■" .^ 1 1.25 III 1.4 1 1.6 ■ 6" V] /: ^^'^ ''W 9/ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRMT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 S68 Jtouto SB, LOCK HAVEN. tap aooommodating 200 students of both saxes (founded 1847). N. of the city is Herdic Park, containing 85 acres of land, and equipped with Iwgfi trout-houses. To the N. W. is tk "i Wildwood Cemetery. The fnreat Suaquehanna Boom extends from Williamsport for 8 - 4 M. up the river, with massive piers and braces. It cost over $ 1,000,000, and will hold 800,000,000 ft. of lumber. In the spring months this boom is so filled with logs that the river can be crossed anywhere on a solid floor of timber. During the past 10 years the boom has held 8,812,000 logs, equalling 1,648,000,000 ft. of boards, and valued at $ 100,000,000. The shipments of lumber for the last 4 years amounted to over 900,000,000 ft. The river-front of the eity is lined with basins and saw-mills, the chief of which are the Dodge Mills, where 200 men and 200 saws, in the 200 days of the lumbering season, make 25,000,000 ft. of boards. The wood is pine and hemlock, and the trafSc is regulated by the Lumbermen's Exchange (near the Court House). The suburbs of Duhoiatoton and Rocktoum are on the S., under the Bald Eagle Mts., and are joined to the city by a long and graceful suspension-bridge, which ends near the Catawissa R. R. station (foot of Pine St. ; 1 M. fVom the Phiht. k Erie B. R. station). Williamsport was fbunded about 1795, and now has 16,030 inhabitants, 24 churches, 8 daily and 2 weekly (German) papers, and 4 banks. It is the terminus of the Catawissa R. R. (199 M. from Phila.), and is 78 M. from Elmira, by the K. Central R. R. The elegant Trinity Church was finished in 1876. The Erie train now runs S. W., crossing the Lycoming C*reek, and then the W. Branch. Near the entrance to the Nippenose Valley is the station for Jersey Shore (Jersey Shore Hotel), a thriving borough 1^ M. N. W. on the 1. bank of the river. 13 M. beyond, the train reaches Look HaTen (* Fallon BouM ; Montour ; Irvine), a city of over 7,000 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in the lumber trade. Immense numbers of pine logs are received at the Lock Haven boom every year, and are used in the saw- mills of the city. The Bald EagU VaUey Division of the Penn. R. R. runs 55^ M. S. W. to Tyrone (see page 348). The scenery of the Alle- ghenies and of the Bald Eagle Valley attracts summer visitors to Lock Haven; and there are many pleasant drives in the vicinity. 5 M. above Lock Haven the Erie train crosses the W. Branch, and runs N. W. on its 1. bank, through a rugged and uninhabited region, where lofty ridges close in on the river on each side. Benovo (* Renovo Hotel) is a borough of over 2,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of the railroad shops and foundries. There are large deposits of bituminous coal in the vi- cinity, and the mountain- scenery is picturesque. The pleasant aspect of the valley and the flne trouting in the adjacent streams'^have made Renovo a favorite point for summer visitors. The line now runs S. W., and near Keating leaves the W. Br&nch, and runs N. W. along the broad Sinnemahoning Oeek. The. country which WABtlBN. n plate was ileron, com- lommander- r these can- 9th of July, renewal of e preceding r their arms ChapeUe." I near Con- (250-800 Tins N. W. 18 a day; — tela. AmuM- of State and depot to the M., to Buf- l. ; the Phila. h 1 daily 6 Masonic edges and The city bluff over- >al and the arge docks Dng, — one unloading ides brass- >rt of entry 24,716 ag. •rt. The len discon- [1 Regions, tropellers), iports in ft. ; lum- els; oats, 1,469,000 bnshels; com, 1,176,000 bushels; and barley, 147,000 bushels. Presque Isle Bay lies before the city, and is the best on Lake Erie, being 5 M. long by 1 - 3 M. wide, and 14 - 27 ft. deep. It is the only lake-port which belongs to Penn., and is sheltered by Presque Ide^ a narrow penin- sula 7 M. long, pertaining to the State and the Republic. The Isle ftonta the lake with a w^ll of .sand, and is an uninhabited wilderness, where ducks and fish are sought in the ponds and bayous. Fine black bass are caught in the bay; and Massasaugie Point is a favorite resort for pic- nics. Several of Perry's frigates sank in Misery Bay, and the hull of the ^Si^. Laivrence is still seen in calm weather. The distances from Erie by water are, —to Buffalo, 79 M. ; to Toronto, 126; to Cleveland, 100; to Detroit, 188; to Chicago, 827; to Duluth, 933. The Park is about ^ M. from the bay, and is divided by State St. It is the central point of the city, and is surrounded by iine buildings, chief among which are the great hotels. On the well-kept lawns are lines of umbi*ageous trees, and the Park is further adorned by a * Soldiers* Monu* ment, consisting of bronze statues of heroic size, representing a soldier and a sailor upholding the flag. This memorial was dedicated late in 1873, and cost $ 10,000. The Court House is near the Park, and is a handsome building in classic architecture. Toward the bay is the mas- sive little Custom House, and at the corner of Ash and Second Sts. are the spacious buildings of the U. S. Marine Hospital. Id 1749 Jean Coeur built at Presque Isle (now Erie) an important fort, the most northerly of the chain of posts established by the Fronch in the W. The place was deserted after tlie Conquest of Canada, until Gen. Wayne built a block-house here in 1794. On hi& return from the Maumee campaign the brave old soldier died here (of the gout). In 1813 the U. S. built two strong block-houses near the entrance of the port. The town was laid out in 1795, and was a pretty village in 1812, when Com. Perry began here the construction of the Lake Erie fleet. To this point he brought vessels and naval supplies from the Niagara River, and here he was long blockaded by Barclay's British squadron. There were 1,500 Penn. militia in garrison, but Perry had no sailors uiave 150 Rhode-Islanders) to man his fleet, until Aug., 1813, when he sailed boldly iW>m the harbor, and within 5 weeks met and captured the hostile fleet in the renowned Battle of Lake Erie. 56. Philadelphia to BnfEao. By the Penn. R. R., N. Central, and Phila. & Erie lines to Emporium, where a connection is made with the Buffalo, New York, & Phila. R. R. Pullman palace- cars run through to Buffalo without change. Tliis route (or rather, that portion between Emporium and Buffalo) has been recently completed ; and it is claimed that it affords a great saving of time to traveller bound from Phila. or Baltimore to Western N. Y. The line traverses (for the most part) a region devoid of cities and of history ; but the rugged scenery of the Alleghenies and the Susquehanna Valley will attract the attention of the tourist. Stations. — Philadelphia ; Downington, S3 M.; Lancaster, 69; Harriflbui|^ 109 ; Sunbury, 163 1 WiUiamsport, 203 ; Lock Haven, 228 ; Renovo, 255 ; Drift- wood, 283; Empomm, 302. Buffalo, N. Y. £ Phila. R. iJ.— Shippen, 809; Keating Summit, 316; Liberty, 319; Port AJiegheny, 327; Turtle Point, 382; SartweU, 334; Larabee's, 336; Eldred, 3.S9; State Line, 344; Portville, 847; Weston's, 350; Olean, 353; Hinsdale, 360; Ischus, 360; Franklinville, 874; I 372 JHovUSr, . NORTHUMBERLAND. \ MachlM, 881 ; Torkshire Centre, 886: Arcade, 888; Protection, 894: HoQand, 807; S. Wales, 402; E. Aurora. 400; Jamison Road, 409; Elma, 411; Spring ^ Brook, 418 ; Ebeneser, 417 ; Junction, 422 ; fiuflhlo, 428. Phil*, to Harrisbui^g, see pages 888-342; Harrisborg to Emporium, see pages 866-369. At Emporium the Buffalo, N. Y. k Phila. R. R. diverges to the N., and crosses the forest-county of McKean, which has but 8,825 inhabitants on 1,120 square M. of area. At Port Allegheny the train reaches the Allegheny River, whose r. bank is followed for 27 M. to OUan (see page 281), where the Erie Railway is intersected. ' Run- ning N. through the hilly N. Y. county of Cattaraugus, the line ascends the Oil Creek and Ischna Valleys. E. of Ischua station is the Oil Creek Reservation of the Seneca Indians. The rural hamlets which are next traversed throughout many miles of the hill-country were settled early in the present century by men of New England. Beyond the small villages of Cadiz and Franklinville, the train passes along the E. shore of Lime Lake and enters Yorkshire, after which Sardinia, Holland, and Wales are traversed in succession. From HoUand stages run S. W. to Springviilef a large village near Cattaraugus Creek, with 5 churches and anewspaper. From K Aurora stages run S. E. to Wales and Java. The fertile valley of the Cazenove Creek is followed firom Protection to Buffalo, except in Elma, where the line makes a detour to the N. Beyond the settlement of W. Seneca the train crosses the Buffalo Creek, and soon enters the city of BufBftlo (see page 233). 67. Hanislrarg to the Valley of Wyoming. By the N. Central and tlie Laclcawanna & Bloomsbuig B. Rs., following up the Susquehanna Valley for 127 M. Stations.— Harrisburg: Millersbuii^ 27 H.; Northumberland, 66; Danville 08 : Oatawiseia Bridge, 76 ; Rupert, 78 ; Bloomsburg, 80 ; Espy, 82 ; Briar Creek, 89 : Berwick, 93 ; Beach Haven. 05 ; Sbickshinny, 104 ; Hunlack's Creek, 109 ; Kantiooke, 112 ; Plymouth, 116 ; Plymouth Junction, 117 : Kingston, 119 ; Wy- oming, 124 ; W. Pittston, 126 ; Pittston, 127 ; Lackawanna, 130 ; Soranton, 1S6< Harrisburg to Northumberland, see pages 366, 367. At Northamberland the Lackawanna k Bloomsburg R. R. diverges to the N. £., reaching Scranton in 80 M., after traversing the whole length of the Valley of Wyoming. The line ascends the N. bank of the N. Branch of the Susquehanna River, and, beyond the petty hamlets of Cameron and Chulasky, approaches Montour's Ridge (on the 1. ), and reaches the large iron-manufacturing borough of Danville (see page 336). Following now the broad curve of the river to the S., Catawissa Bridge is soon reached, beyond which is seen the pretty village of Cataioissa (see page 336). Intersecting the Catawissa R. R. near*Rupert, the present route continues on to Bloomsburg (Brown's Hotel), an old borough of 3,341 inhabitants, which has been the capital of Columbia County for 72 years. As the train passes up by Espy, the Catawissa Mts. are seen on iL VALLEY OF WYOMING. SouUSS, 373 the r., with glimpnes of the Mainville Water-Gap. Farther to the E., the traveller has occasional views of the Huntington Mt. on the 1., and the dark Nes'copec Mt. on the r. Beyond Berwick the line enters the coal- abounding Luzerne County, and at Belle Bend turns N. with the river, traverses the water-gap at Lees Mt., and reaches Shickahinny (Yaple'a Hotel), a borough of 1,045 inhabitants, near the Wapwallopen Mt, and in a district which is frequented by trout-fishers. Ascending for 6-8 M. the narrow pass between the Shickahinny Mt. (1.) and the Nanticoke Mt. (r.), the train enters the Valley of Wyoming beyond W. Nanticoke, and soon reaches Orand Ttmnel and the mines and breakers of the Susque- hanna Goal Co. The river is followed over the rich alluvial plains called the Shawnee Flats; and on the r., beyond the island gemmed river, is the tall peak called Penobscot Knob. Avondale is near the great colliery where (a few years since) 102 nihiers were burnt or suffocated in the depths below by the conflagration of the breaker over the mouth of the shaft. For several miles the line passes a succession of coal-pits and slopes, and the great wooden buildings of the breakers. PlynwiUh is a borough of nearly 8,000 inhabitants, and is near the Delaware k Hudson, Wilkes-Barre, and Nottingham Collieries. Station, Kingston (Kingston Hotel), a prosperous village near large collieries, and the seal of the Wyoming Seminary. Horse-cars run thence across the -^yet to Wilkev* Barre, the metropolis of the Valley (see page 312). Traversing now the verdant fntervales, the train passes near the Maltby Colliery, Forty Fort, and the tall obelisk of the Wyoming Monument (see page 314), and, be- yond the pretty village of W. Pittston, crosses the Susquehanna in full view of Campbell's Ledge. Passing through Pittston, the line leaves the Valley of Wyoming, and ascends the narrow and mt.-walled valley of the Lackawanna River. Approaching the coal-planes and breakers which surround Scranton, the train traverses the suburb of Hyde Park, crosses the Lackawanna, and enters the city. Soranton, see page 246. [are seen on 58. Harrisburg to CarlMe and Martiiisbiirg. The, Ciini- berland Valley. By the Cumberland Valley R. R., traversing a fruitftU and pictoFesque region which has gained a new interest from its history during the last decade. Trainir fh)m Harrisburg to Carlisle in 1 hr. ; to Chambersbuig in 2^ hrs. ; to Martins- burg in 4i hrs. r bui OOUVii Jnii. wuMV'Vi\#iif xa \i.iuo vaturc, •'•'7/ 1 viuxioic, xa , viv/uu Axi/fc. «uj f&.viuvwu, 26 ; NewviUe, 30 ; Oakville, 34 ; Shippensbuig, 41 ; Scotland, 47 ; Mount Alto Juhctiun, 48 (Mount Alto) ; Chambersburg, 52 ; Marion, 58 ; S. Penn. Junction, 59 (Merceraburg, 73 ; Richmond, 78) ; Greencastle, 63 ; Statg Line, 68 : Morgan- town, 70 ; Hagerstown, 74 : Washington, 77 ; Williamsport, 81 ; Falling Waters, 85; Biddington, 88; Berlceley, 89 ; Martiusburg, M. 374 RouUSS, CARUSLB. 1 :i The tndn leaves the greiit •Ution of the Penn. R R. at HarrisbtiTg^ and crosses the Susquehanna on a bridge from wh^oh are gained pleasant views of the dty, the island-strewn river, and the picturesque water-gap to the N. At Bridgeport the N. Central R. R. is orodsed, and on the adjacent heights are seen remains of the fortifications which were erected in 1863 to defend Harrisburg against the Rebel invasion. The train soon reaches Meohuiietbnrg {American Hotel; national), a handsome borough of 2,500 inhabitants, with 7 churches, a neat town hall, and busy car- works and paper-mills. It has a large trade with the densely popu- lated farming-country in the vicinity, and a branch railroad runs S. 16 M. to the villagb of DiUahurg. E. of the Irarough is the spacious brick building of the Irving Female College, a Methodist institution of con- siderable local fame, and to the W. is the Cumberland Valley Institute, with 75 students. Both these buildings are seen on the 1. as the train passes the compact little borough with its cluster of church-spires. The train now ascends the valley, with the South Mt. on the 1., and the imposing range of the Blue Mt. on the r. Carliale {Bentz Houee ; Man- sion House)^ the capital of Cumberland County, is a pleasant borough of 6,650 inhabitants, and is situated nearly in the centre of the valley. It is compactly and substantially built on wide straight macadamized streets which abound in shade trees; and the Court House fronts on the public square opposite an ancient church. On this square is a neat monument which was erected " In honor of the soldiers of Cumberland County who fell in defence of the Union, during the great rebellion." The county prison is a neat building of brown-stone, formed by 3 towers connected by a curtain-wall, and in the W. ward is the county fair-ground, with its floral hall and race-course. On Main St., W. of the public square, are the grounds which surround the plain old buildings of Diokinion College, a venerable institution of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was founded in 1783, and has nearly 1,200 alumni. It now has 8 instructors and about 100 students, and the largest college library in the State (numbering 26,000 volumes). The name was given in honor of Hon. John Dickinson (the Delaware statesman of the Revolutionary era), who endowed and. aided in founding the college. The scientific department, library, and museum are on the opposite side of Main St. The Carlisle Barraoka of the U. S. Army formerly consisted of 25 buildings, situated ^ M. from the public square. They were built in 1777 by the Hessian prisoners from Trenton, and were the head-quarters of the U. S. army during the Whiskey Rebellion (when Washington's quarters were on Han- over St., near the square). At a later day this post'was commanded by Capt Robert K Lee, of the U. S. A., who afterwards became com- mander-in-chief of the immense armies of the insuigent Southern States, and conquered the Cumberland Valley. OARLISL& Bouie 68. 375 Thli diftrict wu settled In 1780 by the Scotch-Irish, on the lands of the Aquanuchioni Indians. In 1761 CariUle was founded by the proprietaries, and soon became an important military post of the W. frontier. For many years it was on« of the proudest and most aristocratic places in the State, and it still re> tniiiM much of the ancient dignity. July 1, 1863, it was heavily bombarded by rebel artillery and suffered murh damage. It wuii taken by the Houthem troops, wlio then occupied MechanicnburK nnd advanced to within 4 M. of Harrisbunt, wlience they drove in tlie National outposts to tlie alarmed capital, and caused the costly bridges over the Susquelianna to be prepared or burning. 1^ M. N. of Carlisle, on the Conedoguinet Creek, is a remarkable cav« em which is entered by a aymmetrical arch 8 ft. high. A straight pas- sage through the limestone ledge.s leads thence (in 270 ft.) to the diver- gence of ^ avennes, of which that to the r. leads to the obscure hall called the Devil's Dining-Room. The Happy Retreat, the Carlisle Springs, Mt. Holly Spring, and other points about the borough are often visited. The Sowth Mt. R. R. runs S. W. trovn Carlisle (Junction station) to the extensive iron-worlcs at Laurel Forge and Pine Grove, amid the defiles of the South Mt, 17| M. distant (I train daily, in 2( hrs.). Mt. Holly Springs {V. S. Hotel) is pleas- antly situated at the base of the mts., and has a newspaper called The Mountain Echo, The new Miramar R. R. wiU pass this point. The BoUing Spring is 5 M. S. E. or Oarlisle, and is the seat of the Carlisle Iron Ca, which owns 10,000 acres of mineral land about Mt Victory. The Carlisle Spring! {Springs Hotel, $2.50 a day) are situated in a pleasant valley at the foot of the Blue Mt., 4 M. N. of the borough (daily stages). The' waters are sulphurous, and are beneficial iu cases of general debility and weakness. Tha accommodations are good, and the roads in the vicinity lead through pleasant scenery, while the fishing in the Cone- doguinet and its tributaries affords fair sport This is a favorite resort for families from Phila., Harrisburg, and Baltimore. The Perry Warm Springe are 14 M. N. of Carlisle, by a road which crosses the Blue Mt. at 'Sterrett's Gap, affording pleasant views of the Cumberland Valley (stages every afternoon). The waters issue from the base of Quaker Hill, in the deep glen under Mt. Pisgah nd are chalybeate in their properties, containing carbonate of iron and an e.y :;e88 of carboniC' acid gas. The thermal waters maintain a temperature of 70°, and are much used for bathing, as thus applied being beneficial in cases ot cu- taneous diseases (taken internally they are aperient and diuretic). The hotel is very low in its prices, and is situated amid pleasant hill-scenery near Sherman's Creek. The Martinsburg train passes S. W. from Carlisle, with fine mt. views on either hand, beyond the rich and arable valley. On the r. front is the bold peak of the Blue Mt, which bounds Doubling Gap on the S. Neto- viUe (Big Spring Hotel; Logan House) has nearly 2,000 inhabitants and 6 churches, and is the shipping-point for a wide farming district. Stages run thence to the Doubling Oap Springs (sulphur- water), near the noble scenery of the Doubling Gap, a great cul-de-aac which is formed by a loop in the Blue Mt 6 M. long. The trainnow xqhb S. W. to Shippeni burg 876 lUmU68, CHAMBEBSBURO. ' i (Skerman Hcnue), an ancient borongh of nearly 8,000 inhabitants, with 7 churches. It is a grain market and shipping-point for the populous rural districts in the vicinity, and has a large water-power on the Middle Spring. The CumberUnd Valley Normal School is ^ M. N., on a commanding hill (seen from the railroad, on the r. hand); and at Middle Spring are pro- ductive papyrus-mills. Roads run thence 12 - 15 M. N. W. to the Am- berson and Path Valleys, between the Kittatinny and Tuscarora Mts. At Scotland the train crosses the Conococheague Creek, which is fol- lowed to Ohamberaburg {Mansion Howie ; Montgomery ; Washington), the capital of Franklin County. It is a borough of 7,000 inhabitants, with 8 churches and manufactories of cotton and woollen goods, paper, and iron. It is favorably situated at the confluence of the Falling Spring and the Conecocheague Creek, in one of the richest districts of the Cum- berland Valley, and is surrounded by a populous farming-country. ML Pamell lies to the W., and commands a beautiful valley view. Steigea ran daily to Gettysburg, ascending the defiles between Mt Alto, Rooky Mt, and Chestnut Bidge, and crossing the cold highlands of Green Bidge. They «!ipart early in the morning, and reach Gettysburg in 6 hrs. (fare, 8 2). Stages run every afternoon 22 M. W. across the Cove Mt. to McCannehburfi, tne capital of the mountain county of Fulton. There are tri-weekly stages to Waynesboro' (Waynesboro' Hotel ; Washington), 16 M. 8. E., situated on South Mt., over Uie Antietam Creek. The Mount Alto Branch trains leave Chambersbunr twice daily, and run in 1 hr. B. E. to the Mount Alto Iron-Works ^Shanks' Hotel), situated in the Valley of a Thousand Springs, under the dark riages of Mount Alto. The SoiUhem Penn. Branch trains leave Chambersburg twice daily, diverging from the C. V. K. B. below Marion. Station!. — Chambers- burg; Marion, 6 M. ; Mercersburg, 21; Loudon, 23; Richmond, 26. Xeroersbnrg {Old Mansion House) is a small village which is reached by a secondary branch railroad, and is 2 - 3 M. from the base of the North Mt of the Tuscarora range. It is famotis as the place whence emanated the " Mercersburg System of Theology," which was originated and de- fended by Dr. Nevin (President of Marshall College), in the Mercersburg Review. Marshall College was removed to Lancaster in 1853; and in 1865 the German Reformed Church founded the M&rcersJmrg College, whose halls are S. of the village, near St. John's Lutheran Church (6 pro- fessors and 112 students). To the E. are the buildings of the Theological Seminary of the Ghirman Reformed Church. The 8. Penn. R. R' runs N. through Cove Gap into the long town of Metal, which lies in the Path Valley, between the Kittatinny and Tuscarora Mts. In a desolate valley of Cove Gap was bom James Buchanan, 15th President of the U. S. The stages to McConnelsburg leave the station of Loudon, crossing the Cove Mt. in:>-7M. ^ V Chambersburg was founded by Col. Ben. Chambers in 178,0, and was laid out as k town in 1760. It was much annoyed by hostile Indians in 1755 - 56, but was held fearlessly by the Scotch-Irish settlers of the valley* This brave and patdotie HAQEBSTOWN. JtouU S9, 377 nee hM long stno« been crowded out of the region by the Penneylvuiia Dutch, « Seople to whom wealth and uoinfort are the paramount ol\]ects of attraction and esire. In 1863 Chamliersburg was captured by Southern cavalry, and was doomed to the torch. Fires were set in various purts of the borough, and prop- erty to the value of •2,000.000 was destroyed. This severe measure was in retail- ation for the (alleged) similar acts of the national armies in the insurgent States. The borougli was speedily rebuilt in a more compact and oity-like form than it bore before the contlagration. The Martinsburg train runs S. W. from Chambersburg by the Moravian hamlet of Marion (Union Hotel) and the Dunkard village near Kauf- mann'fl station, and reaches OreenOMtle (Hays' Home ; Adanu), whence dail^ stages run 9 M. S. K to Waynesboro' and 11 M. N. W. to Mercersbuig. Greencastle has 1,650 inhabitants, and is built around a public square at the intersection of Carlisle and Baltimore Sts. It is the centre of a rich and productive farming country. 6 M. S. the train passes Mason k Dixon, and enters the State of Maryland. 6 M. beyond the State line the train reaches HsgeritoWB ( Washington House), the capital of Washington County, a town of 5,779 inhabitants, where the present route is intersected by the Western Md. R. B. During the Secession War several well-fought actions occurred about this town. In July, 1863, 6 regiments of U. S. cavalry attacked the rebel garrison here, but were repulsed with severe loss, after a combat in the streets. 5 days later the town was carried by an attack of national infantry. The train now runs S. W. to Williamsport, where the Southern army, retreating after its defeat at Gettysburg (see page 380), turned at bay and checked the pursuit of the victors. At Falling Waters (near this point) the 5th Michigan Cavalry charged over a line of works and captured 1,200 men, 3 battle-flags, and 2 cannon. The train crosses the Potomac on a long bridge, and runs down through Berkeley County ( W. Va. ), to its June- tion with the Bait, k Ohio R. B. at Martinibiirg (see Boute 65). 59. Philadelphia to Gettysbnrg^. By the Penn. R. R. to Lancaster, and thence by a branch line to Tork. The Northern Central R. R. is followed to Hanover Junction, whence short local rail- roads lead W. to Gettysburg. L new route is now open fl:om York. X. Y. to Harrisburg by Route 36, and thence to Gettysburg by the N. Central R. R., etc. Washington to Gettysburg by the Bait. & Potomac and N. Central It. Rs., etc. fares. — Phila. to Gettysburg, $4.52; Washington to Gettysburg, 84 : New York to Gettysburg, $7.51 ; Pittsburgh to Gettysburg, $10.16. Stations* — Philadelphia; CoatesviUe, 39 M.; I^Jincaster, 69 ; Rohrerstown, 72 ; Mountville, 76; Columbia, 81; Wrightsville,82; Ewing, 84; Garver's Lane, 86; Hershey's, 88 ; Campbell's, 90 ; Turnpike, 92 ; York, 95 ; Olatfelter's, 103 ; Han- over Junction, 106 ; Strickhauser's, 108 ; Cold Spring, 109 ; Jefferson, 110 ; Porter's, 114 : Smith's, 116 ; Hanover, 119; Valley, 123 ; Oxford, 125 ; Gulden's, 131 ; Granite, 132 ; Gettysburg, 136. Philadelphia to Lancaster, see Boute 50. From Lancaster the train runs W. across the fertile and densely pop- ulated plains of Hempfield, and in 35 min. reaches Colmnbia (Con- titiental Hotel), a wealthy borough of 6,461 inhabitants, with 12 churches I 178 Roiii$S9, TOBK. fnd large iron-worki. It U the chief depot for the lumber of the Bniqiie- l^anoa region, and i» built on the high, eloping bank of the river, which la over 1 M. wide, and ia atudded with small islands. Beautiful views ire enjoyed from the hills in the vicinity, including the rich limestone plains of Lancaster Ck>nnty and the picturesque river. Crossing the bridge (I4 M. long), the train reaches WrightmnlUf which was one of the chief points urged for the location of the national capital when the Republic was founded. To this point advanced the splendid infantry of Early's tebel division, in June, 1863. A strong force of Penn. militia were garrisoAed at the fortifications about the bridge-head, but the hostile artillery drove them from the works ; and in the retreat they burnt the bridge, thus preventing the farther advance of the invaders. 11 M. be- yond Wrightsville the train reaches York {National Hotel; York House), ft borough of over 11,000 inhabitants, with 18 churches and 8 banks. It is well and compactly built, and has many church-spires; while the Court House is a fine granite building in classic architecture. There are several Urge manufactories, but the borough is chiefly noted as the iharket-town for ft wide extent of populous German farm-hamlets. It is' situated on CSodoms Creek, and the chief streets (Main and George) intersect each ether at the Central Square. The Codorus Valley was settled in 1733 by Lutherans ftom Wurtemberg, and York was founded in 1740; after which (in 1777-78) the Continental Congress held its sessions here for 9 months. Ihiring the rebel invasion of Penn. (May, 1863), this borough was dis- honored by the officious timidity of its magistrates, who rode over 7 M. to the camp of the Confederates, to whom they surrendered the place without summons. Early soon occupied York (the largest Northern town ever taken by the insui^nts) with 10,000 men, and levied a contribu- tion of f 100,000 on the citizens. The railroad works and bridges in the vicinity were destroyed; but private property was carefully guarded, and remained intact. The traveller passes S. W. from York up the Codorus Valley on the N. Central B. B., and at Hanover Junction takes the Hanover Branch B. B. Hanover is a borough of nearly 2,000 inhabitants, with 6 churches, 3 papers, and 2 banks. While marching through this place, on June 28, 1863, Kilpatrick's division of U. S. cavalry was suddenly and furiously attacked by a lai^e force of Southern horsemen, under Gen. Stuart. A battle of 4 hours' duration ensued, and was only terminated by the anival of a fresh Federal brigade, under Gen. Custer. The York Sulphur Springs ( York J^mngs Hotel) are reached by stage from Oxford station, beyond Hanover, in 9 M. (also by carriage from Gettysburg in 12 - 14 M.). They contain sulphates of lime and magnesia and muriate of soda, and there is a chalybeate spring in the vicinity. O^iese mineral waters were discovered in 1790, and were for many yean I • GETTYSBURG. lld by stage Tiage from i magnesia le vicinity, paany years a favorite resort for Baltimore families. They are now less visited than formerly. Octtyiburg {Eagle Uotel ; Keystone House) is the terminus of the railroad, and is a quiet borough of abttut 3,300 inhabitants, with 8 ohurches, 2 banks, and 3 newKpapers. It is situated on a fertile plain amid a populous farming country, andis surrounded by low ridges. Penn- sylvania College (founded in 1832) is located here, and has imposing build> ings in classic architecture. There are 8 professors and 133 students, and tlie library contains 17,450 volumes. The Lutheran Theological Seminary has 3 professors and 43 students (400 alumni), with a library of 12,000 volumes. The view from its cupola (courteously open to visitors) over- looks the borough and its vicinity for many leagues, with Bear Mt. in the N., and the bold and diversified Green Ridge in the W. The Katalyiine Spring {* Springs Hotel; 250 guests; $3 a day; $15-20 a week) is reached by carriage in 11 M. from the borougn. The waters are cold, colorless, and tasteless, and are classed with those of Vichy and Pyrmont They are alkaline in character, each gallon con- taining 7 grains of sulphate of magnesia, 5 of carbonate of lime, 2^ of sulphate of soda, and 2 of silicic acid, and are said to be ellicacious in cases of gout, rheumatism, dyspepsia, diabetes, and in dissolving calculi and chalkstone concretions. There are many pleasant drives in the vicinity of Gettysburg, amid picturesque rural scenery, and through scenes of the deepest historic interest. . The Seminary Ridge is W. of the town; and the Chambers- burg road leads thence, by Lee's Head-quarters (back of the Seminary), to Herr's Tavern and the vicinity of the Katalyeine Spring. The Millers- town road leads to Willoughby Run and Bream's Tavern. Round Top is reached by the EmmittsbnrgorTaneytown road. Visitors who wish to make a close study of the battle-field should buy Batchelder's " (Gettys- burg : "What to see, and how to see it " (with large topographical map). . The * Soldiers' Kational Cemetery is the most interesting point in this vicinity. Just after the battle an association was formed by the governors of the Northern States, under whose auspices the remains of the patriot dead were removed from the groves and heights, valleys and fields, where they had fallen, and were buried on the lofty ridge of Ceme- tery HilL The Confederate dead mostly lie on the wide field, except such as have been removed to the Hollywood Cemetery, in Richmond. Nearly 3,600 National soldiers are buried here in semicircular lines whose centre is occupied by the monument. The dead of each State are ranged in sections, separated by radiating pathways, and contmuons lines of granite blocks are placed at the heads of the graves, and marked with the names and regiments of the fallen heroes. There are 18 States repre- sented, from Maine and Delaware to Miimesota; of which New York has ^1: ,iil 'ii U 380 JtouUSB, BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 867, and Pennsylvania has 534. Near the entrance of the cemetery is a semi-colossal bronze * statue of Maj.-Gen. Reynolds, who was killed while leading the First Corps in the battle. It was designed by Ward, and cast from condemned cannon, and rests on a high pedestal of Qaincy granite. The * National Monameiit is an imposing memorial which stands in the centre of the lines of the dead. It is of white Westerly (R. I.) granite, 60 ft. high, and is crowned by a colossal marble statue of Liberty, holding the laurel-wreath and the sword. There are 4 but- tresses about the base of the column, bearing colossal marble statues of War (an American soldier), History (recording the achievements of the hero), PSace (a stalwart mechanic), and Plenty (a female figure, with grain and fruits). On the base of the monument are carved a fuw of the grand and solemn words of President Lincoln, delivered here in Novem-, ber, 1863. " It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the gi'eat task remaining before us, — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of f^edom, — and that the government of the people, by the i>eople, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." The Battle of Gettysburg. Shortly after the sanguinary defeat of the National army at Chancellorsville, Vs. (May, 1863), Gen. Lee advanced rapidly into Maryland and Penn. at the head of a powerful and compact army of Southern veterans. The Cumberland Valley towns fell in succession before the invading host, the Lower Susquehanna Valley was overrun, and consternation filled the adjacent States. It was even thought possible that the Confederate cavalry would water their horses in the Delaware and the Hudson, and lines of fortifications were thrown up before Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia (whence much valuable property was sent to the more remote North). Where the blow would fall on one could tell, and the gather- ing militia of the adjacent States were scattered over such wide lines of defence as to be of but little avail. Meantime the Array of the Potomac, Uncertain of the plans and whereabouts of the enemy, was endeavoring to cover the cities of Balti- more, Philadelphia, and Washington, and to impede the hostile advance. On the 1st of July, 1863, Hill's corps descended from their camps in the mts., and attacked the National cavalry beyond Herr's Tavern, driving them in towards Gettysburg. A part of the First Corps \ras soon brought up, and the famous " Iron Brigade " (2d, 6th, and 7th Wis., 19th Ind., and 24th Mich.) swept into the foi-est E. of the present Springs Hotel and routed Archer's brigade (1st, 7th, and 14th Tenn., 5th and 13th Ala.), after a terrific struggle in which Gen. Reynolds was killed and Qen. Archer was made prisoner. Tlie 2d Miss, was captured on the r., but the National lines were forced back slowly by overwhelming nun»bers. Powerful reinforcements now joined both combatants, and Southern batteries be- gan to enfilade the 11th Corps from Oak Hill. A North Carolina brigade was cap- tured en masse and hurried to the rear, and the German troops of the 11th Corps held their positions well. But Early's divison now flanked the National line on the Harrisburg road and the Georgia and Louisiana brigades made a resistless attack. Outflanked and overpowered, the Union army fell back without orders, and huddled into Gettysburg. Hoke's North Carolina brigade routed Coster's New-Yorkers and swept through the streets, capturing great numbers of prison- ers. Smith's brigade lay on Cemetery Hill as a reserve, and here the broken divisions were re-fV>rmed, while every part of the hill was garnished with cannon, which were ordered into position as fast as they came in from the rout Troops were hurried on to the field all night long, by both of the combatants. I ft ■fr W BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. Ront of the Union line, and destroyed a supporting column by a close and unexpected flank fire. Howard's artillery, massed on Ceme- tery Hill, shattered the South-Caroliniaua ; the right wing of the assault WM ii 1 I 382 RauUeO, BATPLE OF GETTTSBURO. l>roken ; and fhe Hiinrlvon of the Virginia division, withering under the eloae convergent Are, threw down their arms and surrendered. Tlie broken remains of that superb Southern infantry drifted back to Seminanr Ridge; and the Pennsylvania Reserves began a successful advance on the left wing which was only terminated by nightfall. During the night the Confederate army retreated through the passes of the South Mt. , and soon reached Virginia, though mucli harassed by the National cavalry. The number of men engaged in this grand battle is variously estimated, but the best accounts give 80,000 Nationals and 70,000 Confederates (others claim that there were 100,000 Nationals and 91,000 Confederates). The National loss in the 8 days' battle was 2,334 killed, 13,733 wounded, and 6.643 missing. The Confed- erate loss was about 18,000 killed and wounded, and 13,620 prisoners. 60. Baltimore to Central New York. By the Northern Central R. R., whose N> terminus is at Canandaigua, on the K. Y. Central 9. R. This is the favorite route for travellers from the South on the way to Watkins Glen and Niagara FhUs. The latter is reached eitlier by pass- ing through to Canandaigua and taking the N. Y. Central ; by changing on to the Erie Railway at Elmira ; or by divei-ging ttom Williamsport to Elnporium and Buffalo. The line runs Pullman parlor and sleeping cars, and traverses the rich and thicldy settled Susquehanna Valley, and the wild and uninhabited Allegheny Mountain region. Baltimore to Harrisbuig, 3^ hrs. ; to Williamsport, 8^ hrs. ; to Elmira, 12^ hrs. ; to Watkins Glen, 13f hrs. ; to Canandaigua, 16 hrs. ; to Rochester, 18 hrs. ; to Niagara Falls, 22^-24 hrs. Stations. — Baltimore ; B. & P. R. R. Junction, 1 M. ; Mt Vernon, 2 ; Relay, 7; Timonium, 12; Cockeysville, 15; Sparks', lOf; Monkton, 23; Parkton, 29; Freeland's, 34^; Glenrock, 42; Hanover Junction, 46^; Glatfelter's, 49; York, 57:i; Conewago, 67; Goldsboro', 72^; Red Bank, 78^; Bridgeport, 83i (Harris- burg, 84J); Pairview, 85i; Marysville, 91 ; Dauphin, 92^; Clark's Ferry, 99; Halifax, 105^; Miliersburg, ill; Liverpool, 114; Mahantango, 118; Georgetown, 121i ; Trevorton Junction, 126J ; Fisher's Ferry, 131 ; Selinsgrove, 133 ; Sunbury, 138 ; Northumberland, 140 ; Lewisburg Junction, 147 ; Catawissa Junction, 150 ; Milton, 151 ; Watsontown, 155 ; Dewart, 157 ; Montgomery, 162 ; Muncy, 166 ; Williamsport, 178; Cogan Valley, 187; Crescent, 188 1; Ti-out Run, 192; Bodine's, 198 ; Ralston, 202 ; Roaring Branch. 206^ ; Carpenter's, 212 ; Canton, 218 ; Min- nequa, 219^ ; Alba, 221^ ; W. Granville, 225 ; Troy, 231 ; Columbia Cross Roads, 235^; Snediker's, 240^; Gillett's, 243i ; State Line, 247; Elmira, 256; Horse Heads, 262 ; Pine Valley, 266 ; Millport, 269 ; Croton, 271 ; Havana, 275 ; Wat- kins, 278 ; Rock Stream, 286 ; Starkey, 289 ; Himrod's, 203 ; Milo, 297 ; Penn Yan, 301 ; Benton, 305 ; Bellona, 307 ; Hail's, 311 ; Gorham, 314 ; Hopewell, 319 ; Canandaigua, 325 (Rochester, 254 ; BufMo, 422 ; Niagara Falls, 431). The train leaves the Northern Central R. B. station in Baltimore, and runs out by the Bait. & Potomac Junction, whence it continues to the N. by the rural stations of Baltimore County, passing the cotton-mills at Woodbury and the low shores of Lake Roland. At Relay the Western Maryland R. R. diverges to the W. to Westminster and Hagerstown, and beyond Freelands the line enters Pennsylvania. From Hanover Junction a railroad runs W. to Gettysburg in 30 M. (see Route 59) ; and beyond Glatfelter's the train reaches the wealthy borough of York (see page 378), whose streets are traversed for a considerable distance. De- scending the rich Codprus Valley, the traveller soon sees the rounded ridges of the South Mt. on the r., and turns, to the N. W. along the broad Susqiiehanna River. Beyond the Conewago Creek, York Haven is passed, and long islands are seen on the r. ; while above Gk>ldsboro' the borough MINNEQUA SPRINGS. ^ouUeO, 383 of Middletown is seen on the opposite shore. Thus following the noble river, the trair on reaches Bridgeport, whence a long brieve conducts to Harriiburg, -i capital of Penn. (see page 342). Beyond Bridgeport fine views of Uarrisburg are enjoyed ; and the Conedogoinet Creek is passed near the base of the Bine Mt., where the line traverses a wide gap between picturesque rot. -promontories. Harrisburg to Williamsport, see pages 366, 367 (Route 55). From Williamsport the line ascends the Lycoming Oeek through narrow gorges in a thinly settled region. Near Trout Xun, Bobst Mt. looms up on the 1., and a road leads E. to Rose Valley. Beyond the coal- abounding district of Balston, the line passes near the Towanda Mts. and reaches Miuuequa, a summer resort of i-ecent origin. The Minnaqiia Spring! {*Minnequa Springs Hotel; 500 guests) are situated in a cool mt.-glen, 1,445 ft. above the sea, and are surrounded by rugged heights. The adjacent brooks afford good fishing, and athletic and adventurous huntsmen traverse the rugged mts. in search of game. The waters con- tain, in each gallon, 3^ grains of oxide of iron, and small quantities of the carbonates of soda, lime, and magnesia, with free carbonic acid; and \ of their volume is sulphuretted hydrogen. The hourly flow is 660 gallons, and the waters are beneficial in cases of dyspepsia, consumption, rheumatism, and diseases of the skin and liver. Beyond 'Alba the prosperous rural village of Troy is passed, and the train speeds away to the N., across Bradford County, and enters New York State. At Elmira (see page 227) the Erie Railway is intersected, and the present route runs N. to the great summer resorts of Havana and Watkins Olen (see page 208). The track now follows the W. shore of Seneca Lake for 12 M., with pleasant views over its deep still waters (see page 212). At Big Stream is the romantic glen of the same name. Stages run from Starkey S. W. to the Crystal Springs (large hotel and water- cure; $8-14 a week), whose waters contain carbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron, chlorides of soda and lime, and a large amount of free carbonic acid. They are beneficial in cases of cutaneous diseases, dyspepsia, neu- ralgia, etc. The hotel is pleasantly located near the head of the Big Stream Hollow, and Keuka Lake is to the W. The train soon reaches Penn Van, the capital of Yates County, a pleasant village at the foot of Keaka Lake, with 3,206 inhabitants, 6 churches, and 3 newspapers. Steamboats leave this point at 9 a. m. and 2.30 P. M., and ascend the lake to JIammondsport, a pretty village whence a narrow-gauge railroad (3 trains daily) nms up Pleasant Valley to Bath, on the Erie Railway. Hammondsport is the centre of an extensive district of vineyards, which cover over 7,000 acres and yield abundantly. The deep cellars of the Ur>)ana and Pleasant Valley Wine Companies are worthy of a visit, and contain hundreds of thousands of bottles of native ii ':i^ ii 384 Route 60. KEUKA LAKE. wines, including sweet and dry Catawba, claret, Isabella, and choice gold- seal and imperial champagnes. The average yield is 3,000 pounds of grapes to an acre, and 2 wine companies have pressed over 2,500 tons in a year. This lucrative industry lias sprung up since 1851, and now the Pleasant- Valley wines are sent to remote sections of the country. 6 M. N. of Hammondsport is the summer resort Icnown as the Orove Spring House. Keuka Lake is 22 M. long, and 1^ M. wide at its broadest point. It is 718 ft. above the sea, and 277 ft. above Seneca Lake (which is but 7 M. distant), and is surroimded by lofty ranges of hills, whose sheltered slopes are the home of the vine. The N. part is divided by a remarkable promontory called Bluf Pointy which runs 8 M. into the lake, with a -width of 1-2 M., and a height above the water of 4-700 ft. At the head of the W. Branch of the lake is the secluded hamlet of Branchport, with 5 churches and 100 dwellings. There are pleasant drives between Hammondsport ana Crystal Springs, either by the lake-road, or by the way of Little Lake, a beautiful sheet of water 3 M. long, secluded among the highlands of Wayne. i The flrat settlement in this vicinity was made in 1789 by Jemima Wilkinson, a woman of Rhode Island who had founded a new religious system, whereof she was the head, bearing the official title of " the Universal Fnend." In 1780 the sect held a conference in Connecticut, and resolved to move into the Western wilderness, where they might enjoy their peculiar ideas undisturbed. So the Universal Friend, with her two " Witnesses and the proselytes, moved West and settled £. of Penn Yan, the lady occupying the first frame house in Western New York. The settlement was derisively called Penn Yank by the New-Yorkers, in allusion to the fact tiiat it was formed by Pennsylvanians and Yankees. The Northern Central train runs N. and N. W. from Penn Yan, passing several small rural hamlets. Beyond Benton it enters Ontario County, and soon reaches the populous village of Canandaig^a (see page 202). 1 M. E. of Canandaigua, on a symmetrical hill, are the remains of the round fort which was held sacred by the tSenecas as the place of their origin. 8 M. N. W. is the fortress which was destroyed in 1687 by the Mai-quis de Nonville, ""t the head of 900 Hurons and 8 battalions of Frenchmen. It was a favorite seat of the Senecas, and was won only l. ter a long and desperate battle. Sullivan's American army destroyed the Seneca town of Canandr^igua (in 1779), then marched S. W. and swept away the villages of Honeoye and Conesus, defeated the Indians near C^nesus Lake, and laid in ashes the Genesee Castle, with its large and well-built town. In this harsh campaign, " 40 Indian towns were burned ; 160,000 bushels of com in the fields or in granaries were destroyed ; a vast number of the finest Aruit-trecs, the product of years of tardy growth, were cut down ; hundreds of gardens covered with edible vegetables were destroyed ; the inhabitants were driven into the forests to star\'e, and were hunted like wild beasts ; their altars were overtiuned, and their graves trampled upon by strangers ; and a beautiful, well-watered country, teeming with a prosperous people, .... was desolated and cast back a century within the space of a fortnight. . ■^ 1 KENNETT SQUARE. RauUei. 385 61 Philadelphia to Port Bepoiit By the Phila., Wil. &i Bait. R. R. to LamoVin, where the Phila. k Bait Central B. R. diverges. A branch of the P., W. it b. R. R. connects with this route at Fort Deposit, carrying passengers into Baltimore in 6^ hrs. from Phila. Fare from Phila to Port Deposit, 92.46. Stations. — Phila. ; Lamolcin Junction, 14 M. ; Knowlton, 17 ; Rockdale, 20 ; West Chester Junction, 21 ; Patterson, 23 ; Concord, 25 ; Brandywine, 27 ; Chadd's Ford Junction, 30 ; Fairville, 33 ; Rosedale, 34 ; Kennett, 36 ; Tough- kenamon,39; Avondale, 40; West Qrove, 43; Penn, 40; Elk View, 47; Lincoln University, 49 ; Oxford, 62 ; Nottingham, 55 ; Rising Sun. 60 ; Colora, 62 ; C & P. D. Junction, 67 ; Port Deposit, 71 (Perryville, 75 ; Baltimore, 112). The train follows the line of the Phila., Wil. & Bait. R. R. (Route 62) as far as Lamokin, where it diverges to the N. W. and intersects the West Chester & Phila. R. R. Thence the road runs W. by Paterson and Concord to Brandytoine, near the place of the great battle of Sept., 1777 (see page 338). The train crosses the Brandywine Creek and enters Chester County, which Bayard Taylor has well called " a lovely repro- duction of English Warwickshire." Kennett Square is a pleasant old hamlet N. of the track and on the State Road. It was the camp-ground of the royal army under Sir William Howe before its victory at the Brandywine ; and its scenery has been celebrated, in later days, in Taylor's poem, *' The Story of Kennett." The Eaton Female Institute receives summer boarders. J. Batard Taylor was bom at Kennett Square in 1826, and in 1842 he began to learn the printer's art and to write verses. In 1844-46 he made a romantic pedestrian tour in Oermauy, Italy, and France, whose account was given in "Views Afoot." Since that time his travels have been incessant, and have reached the most remote points, concerning which he has published numerous interesting books, besides volumes of romance, poetry, and translations. The mansion of Cedarcroft, at Kennett Square, belonged to Mr. Taylor, who died in 1878, while Minister to Oeraiany, and is buried at Kennett Square. The train passes S. W. across an ancient and well-populated region where the prolific limestone soil yields large crops. Lincoln Univeraity is a school of the Presbyterians, founded in 1854, and having 9 instructors and 140 students. From the neighboring village of Oxford stages run to Penn Hill, Oakhill, and Peach Bottom. The train now passes S. W. to Fort Deposit, a town of nearly 2,000 inhabitants, situated on the Susque- hanna River at the lower falls and 5 M. from the Chesapeake Bay. It has a large trade in the trans-shipment of pine lumber which is floated down the river in rafts from Lock Haven and Williamsport ; and there are granite-quarries in the vicinity. The Port Deposit Branch of the P., W. k B. R. R. runs S. E. along the 1. bank of the Susquehanna to PerryviUe, Perryville to Baltimore, see Route 62. 17 i^' i« I 386 RouU 6i, CHESTER. 62. Fhiladel^iia to Wilmins^n and Baltunora By the Phila.. Wil. & Baltimore R. R. in 8^-5^ hra.— The new Limited Ex- press-train (Pullman cars) runs between the two cities (stopping only at Wilming* ton) in 2 hrs. and 40 min. Stations. — Philadelphia; Oray's Ferry, 2 M. ; 58th St ; Mt. Moriah; Bonaf- fon ;. Paschall, 6 ; Darby ; Sharon Hill ; Glenolden ; Ridley Park ; Cruni Lynne ; Chester, 14 ; Lamokin, 14^ ; Thurlow, 16 ; Linwood, 18 ; Claymont, 20 ; Bellevue, 23 ; Wilmington, 28 ; Delaware Junction, 30 ; Newport, 32 ; Stanton, 84 ; Price's Wood, 87; Newark. 40; Elkton, 46; North-East, 52; Charlestown, 55; Perry- ville. 61 ; Havre de Grace, 62 ; Aberdeen, 67 ; Perrymansville, 71 : Edgewood, 77 ; Magnolia, 79 ; Chase's, 83 ; Steramer's Run, 89 ; Bay View ; Baltimore, 98. The train leaves the terminal station at the corner of Broad St. and Wash- ington Ave., and runs W. through a busy manufacturing qv rter, passing the U. S. Arsenal and the Naval Asylum on the r. The immense build- ings of the Almshouse and the white monuments of the Woodland Ceme- tery are seen on the r. as the train crosses the Schuylkill River on the Newark Viaduct^ a costly structure 800 ft. long. At its W. end is the station of Oray's F&rry^ which was named in honor of the proprietor of the ancient ferry at this poii^t. Over the floating-bridge which was after- wards built here, Qeu. Washington made a triumphal passage in 1789, while on his way to assume the Presidency of the new Republic. The through trains from New York to Washington here run on to the P., W. & B. tracks, after flanking the city of Phila. by way of Frankford, Fair- mount Park, W. Phila., and the Junction R. R. The line now bends to the S. W. and passes several suburban stations. Near Ridley Park is a large summer hotel, and the station-building at Crum, Lynne is noticeable for its pretty decoration (as are i^lso most of the other stations on this railroad). 11 M. below Phila. the traveller may see the spacious build- ings of the Lazaretto, the quarantine of the city. The main structure is 180 ft. long, and is surmounted by a dome. Vessels from foreign ports are boarded at this point and examined by the health-officers. The Lazaretto is on Tinicum Island, near which was the fortified town of Ntto Gottenburg, "the metropolis of New Sweden." It was founded in 1642 Vy Lt.- Col. Printz of the Swedish army, the governor of Queen Christina's American do- mains. He arrived here in the ships Swan and Charitas, with a goodly companjf of adventurous Scandinavians, whose spiritual head was the learned Pastor Cam- panius. To the N. were soon erected the fortifled towns of Nya Waaa and Orips' holm ; also the new Fort Kingsessing, whereof the Swedish annalisc wrote : " This was no fort, but good strong log-houses, built of good strong hai-d hickory, 2 stories high, which was a fort good and strong enough to secure themselves from the Indians. For what signifieth a fort when ttie people therein boast of the strength of the place, and do not crave for God's atoistance ? And there lived 5 freemen, who plough, bow, plant, and manure the land, and they lived very well tiiere for the governor had set them there." | The train now passes on to Chester {American ^ouse ; ColunibiaX a thriving city of nearly 12,000 inhabitants, with foundries, car-factories, cotton and woollen mills, and great ship-yards for the manufacture of iron steamships. The ship-yards of John Roach cover 23 acres, and em- CHESTER. RowU6t» 387 ploy 2,000 men, building the great vessels l* the Pacific Mail Steamship Line (of which the City of Peking recently launched, is the largest vessel in the world, except the Oreat Eastern), and other stanch and .stately vessels. There are several quaint old liipped-roof buildings here, dating from the early provincial era, and the churchyard of St. Paul's has many curious and mossy grave-stones. The holly-tree near Penn's landing- place (S. of Chester Creek) is shown to visitors; and the Court House is a venerable building which dates from 1724. The Penn. Military Academy is located in this city, and is a State school, with 10 instructors and 140 students. The Aston Ridge Seminary is 6 M. N. W. sear the hamlet of Village Green (by pleasant rural roads through a land of dai- ries); and to the N., in Springfield, is Stoarthmore College, an institution of the sect of the Friends, with 18 instructors and 243 students (a station on the W. Chester & Phila. B. B.). Benjamin West was born near Springfield in 1738, of an old Quaker family, and soon developed an intense love for drawing. After 1760 lie dwelt in Europe, achieving a wide celebrity for historical paintings of a high order of conception and harmonious execution. In 1792 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as Presi- dent of the Royal Academy, and in 1820 he died at London. Among his chief works were " Christ Healing the Sick," and " Death on the Pale Horse." Chester was on the Indian domain of Mocoponaca, and was settled by the Swedes about 1643, under the name of Upland (Oplandt),-- being, therefore, tlie oldest town in the State. In November, 1682, William Penn and his companions landed here and bestowed upon the place the name which it now bears. The first Provincial Assembly convened at Chester, Dec. 5, 1682, and enacted a code of 70 laws for the government of the new settlements. The county -seat re- mained here for 169 years. Beyond Chester the Baltimore train runs through the old Marcus Hook district, where colonies of Finns settled in the 17th century. The village of lAnwood was formerly called Marcus Hook, and lies in a rich dairy- region, \ M. S. of the station of the same name ; 1 M. beyond which the traiu enters the State of Delaware, and follows the course of the broad Delaware River, by the milk-stations of Claymont, Holly Oak, Bellevue, and Ellerslie. The Brandywine Creek is crossed near the Old Swedes' Church, and the train sweeps around to the S. side of Wilmington, the metropolis of Delaware (see Route 63). The Christiana Creek is now fol- lowed to the S. W., by the divergence of the Delaware R. R. Neiopori (Miller's Hotel) is a quiet and venerable hamlet on the Christiana, dating its origin from the FinnifA immigration of 1640. Stanton is | M. W. of the line, on the water-shed between the Cliesapeake and Delaware Bays, and between the Red Clay and White Clay Creeks. It was settled by the Quakera about 2 centuries ago, and the name was given in honor of a prominent Quaker gentleman. The train now passes near the Iron Hills, where the Indian tribe of the Minquas dwelt. From the chief of these summits Washington watched the advance of the British army from Elk- ton, in 1777, while Gen. Maxwell's New Jersey troops held the hills. ( ■ i ■ ! 388 Route e». NEWARK. Lord Cornwallis advAnced upon Newark in Sept,, 1777, defeated Maxwell near Pencander, and compelled the Continental army to retire to the line of the Brandy wine. Newark {Delaware House) is N. of the Iron Hills, and 1 M. N. of the station of the same name. It is a pretty hamlet, with several manufactories on the White Clay Creek. This place has acquired the name of " The Athens of Delaware," on account of its educational facilities, consisting of 2 female seminaries, the Newark Academy (founded in 1749), and the Delaware College, a prosperous institution which dates from 1833, and is well endowed. 2 M. N. of Newark is a mineral spring #ith considerable local fame, and stages run to Hqpewellf 18 M. distant. 2 M. beyond Newark and about 1,000 ft. N, of the railroad are the stones which mark, the li'aiigent Point of the celebrated Mason avd Diaon'a line. This line marks the boundary between Penn and Maryland, and was located by the sur- veyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in 1762- 67. It was 327 M. long and was marked by stone pillars 4 ft. high at each mile, carved with the arms of the Calvert and Penn. families (between whose domains it was drawn). In later days this boundary as sumed great importance as separating the Slave States from the Free States, and tn this phase it came to be reganled as extending across the Re- public from ocean to ocean. After the extinction of blavery " south of Mason and Dixon's line," and the close of the Secession TYar, this local boundar}' lost its na- tional significance and importance. Beyond Mason and Dixon's line the train enters the State of Maryland, and runs down to Elkion^ a town of about 1,800 inhabitants, the capital of Cecil County. It has an ancient Court House, an academy of high re- pute, and 4 churches. The Elk River runs S. to the broad estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay. This village was settled in 1694 by Swedish mari- ners from Fort Casimir, and was called the Head of Elk for about a cen- tury. Aug. 26, 1777, Sir William Howe's Anglo-German army (13,000 British soldiers and 5,000 Germans) landed on the Elk River and marched 11 M. N. to the Head of Elk, whence Howe soon advanced to the short and victorious campaign of the Brandywine, which resulted in the con- quest of Philadelphia (see page 338). The train now crosses the Head of Elk Neck, and stops at North- East, a hamlet which was destroyed by the marauding British fleet under Admiral Cockbum in 1813 (when Charlestbwn and several other of the Bay towns were destroyed). 9 M. N. W. is the Brick Meeting-house, which was built in the 17th century by William Penn. The most northerly point of Chesapeake Bay reaches NorthEast, and is crosled by a railroad viaduct. Charlestown is S. of its station, and was settled in 1742. It was for some time a commercial rival of Baltimore; "but received a terrible blow from Admiral Cockbum's pillaging naval parties, and is now known only for its manufactories of fire-bricks. The train now traverses high embank- ments, from which the Chesapeake Bay is seen on the 1., and passes the iron-works at Principio, on the Principio Creek, which was explored by Capt. John Smith in 1608. Perry ville is the S. E. terminus of a branch HAVRE DE GRACE. Rmtt 6t 389 railr w-arl to Port Deposit (see page 385). The road here reaches the broad and stately Susqnehanna River, which was foi*merly crossed by the trains on great ferry-boats (until 1867). The bridge over which the line now passes is a substantial and lofty structure, | M. long, and costing $ 1,250,000. Fine views of the river and its bordering hills are gained on either side, with the Chesapeake Bay on the 1. On the S. side of the Susquehanna is Havre de Grace, a thriving town of about 2,400 inhabi* tants, situated on ground sloping up from the water's edge. The vicinity of this place is noted for the wild fowl which are found late in the year. The own was laid out during the Revolutionary era, and was named Havre de Grace by some Franco- American officers who passed hitherward on their way to the southern campaigns, and saw a topographical re* semblance between the new town and the city of Ha\Te, in France. Aberdeen is a characteristic Maryland hamlet in the old parish of Hall's Cross Roads, with stages rumiing 6 M. N. W. to Churchville. About 3 M. beyond, the train passes (on the r., ^ M. distant) the Spesutia Churchy a handsome Norman edifice occupying the site of the similarly named church which was built here in 1670. The name ** Spes-Utie*' (hope of Utie) was given in honor of the Utie family, so powerful and active in the early colonial days; and the church accommodates one of the oldest )'piscopal parishes in Maryland. The train now passes Perrymansville, aid soon crosses the great bridge over Bush River (3,189 ft. long), and then, beyond Edgewood and Magnolia, the Gunpowder River is crossed on a bridge 5,238 ft. long. To the S. E., near the mouths of these broad estuaries, are the most famous sporting-grounds of the Chesapeake Bay, where immense flocks of aquatic birds feed along the shallows and flats. The pursuit of canvas-back ducks forms an arduous but profitable and exciting sport, and several of the shooting-grounds on the most frequented islands are preserved and carefully guarded by their owners. Abbey Island, at the mouth of Bush River, is famous for its annual visitations of large water-fowl; and CarrolVs Island, ax the mouth of the Gunpowder River, is similarly favored. The low-lying points and marshes in the vi- cinity form fine shooting-grounds, where geese and swans are found; and MaxwelPs Paint, 3 M. from the Gunpowder Bridge, has good accommo- dations for sportsmen. The level shores near Harewood and Stemmer's Run are also visited for this purpose. Stemmer's Run is near the head of the Middle River, and the train soon crosses the Back River on a wooden bridge 760 ft. long, with the Bay in sight on the 1. The train runs S. W. 7 M., entering the manufacturing suburb of Canton, and passing in sight of the harbor of Baltimore and Fort McHenry (on the 1.). Baltimore, see page 394. 890 JtmUe 63, WILMINGTON. ; { • m 63i Wilmington to Lewes and Criifleld.— Tlie State of Delaware. By the DclawatiB Division of tho Phila., Wilmington k Bali R. R. and its eon- Becting lines. Wilmington to Lewes in &i lira.; to Crlslield in 7^ hra. 8tatlou«. — Wihniui^on; Newca.stle, 6 M.: Bear, 12: Kirkwuod, 16; Mt. Pleasant, 21; Middlctown, 25; Townsend, 29; Blackbird, 81; Oreen Hpring, 84; Clayton, 87 (Smyrna): Brenford, 40; Moorton, 42; Dover, 48; Wyoming, 61; Woodside, 64; Canterbury, 5U; Felton, 58; Harrington, 64 (Lewes, 104); Far- mington, 68; Greenwood, 72; Bridgeville, 76; Seaford, 84; Laurel, 90; Delmar, 97; Williams' Siding, 100; Salisbury, loa; Forktown, 107; Eden, 110; Princess Anne, 116; Westover, 121; Kingston, 125; Marion, 129; Crlslield, 136. Wilmington. Hotels. — * Clayton House, an elegant new building at the corner of Market and 6th Sts. (-1^3 a day) ; United States Hotel ; and several smaller houses. AmusementB at the new theatre-hall in the Masonic Temple. Heading-Room at the Wilmington Institute, corner of Market and 8th Sts. (open from 8 a. m. until lO p« M.). Post-Office, comer of King and 6th Sts. Horse-Cam on French, Front, Market, and 10th Sts. and Delaware Ave.; and from the B. R. station to the centre of the city, and to Rising Sun and Christiana Hundred. Stages run ftom Grubb's Hotel to Newcastle 6 times daily; also to Avondale semi-weekly. Railroads.— The Phila., Wil. & Bait., on Water St., near FreAch (to Phila., 28 M.; to Bait., 70 M.): the Wil. & Western, at the S. side of the Market St. Bridge (to Landenberg, 20 M.); the Wil. & Reading, comer of Front and Madison fits, (to Reading, 70 M. ). Steamem i-un to Phila. daily. Wilmington, the chief city of the State of Delaware, is situated be- tween the Brandywine and Christiana Creeks, near their confluence, and 2 M. from the Delaware Biver. It has 40,000 inhabitants, with 43 churches and several academies, and is evenly laid out in rectangular squares. The manufacturing interests are of great extent and value, foremost of which are the ship-yards, where many steam-vessels are made, ranging in size from the swift little tug-boat to the stately ocean-steam- ship. The Harlan & Hollingsworth Co. builds 7-8 large ships yearly, besides river-boats and steam-tugs. Several U. S. frigates were made here during the Secession War, and the yard now turns out iron steamships for the West India and Southern coast-lines. The flour-mills on the Brandy- wine grind over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat yearly; 8-4,000 carriages are made by 3(X) men ; and the Dupont Powder-Mills, 3 M. to the N. W., are among the largest in the country. There are also car. and car- wheel works, cotton and woollen mills, shoe and leather factories, and other branches of mechanical industry. Market St. is the main thoroughfare; and the markets are at the inter- section of 4th St., while the quaint old City Hall is near 6th St. Grace Church (comer of 9th and West Stb.) is a stately Ck>thic building of green serpentine-stone from Chadd's Ford, and is one of the finest Methodist churches in the Republic. Near this point is the massive little Sweden- borgian Church, situated on the broad and pleasant Delaware Avenue, which crosses the ridge (112 ft. high) back of the city, and overlooking NEWCASTLE. lunue es. 391 and its eon' the broad Delaware River. St. Andrew's (8th and Shipley Sts. ) is a plain structure which is the seat of the Episcopal bishop of this diocese. The Wilmington Institute is at the comer of 8th and Market Sts., and has a gooii library, — small, but accessible. On 6th St., comer of French St., is the Wesle^an Fenialr" College, which is under tlie care of the Metliodist Church. The Old Swedes Ohnroh is near the Brandy wine River, and is a remarkably quaint stracture, surrounded by a venerable graveyard. It was founded in 1698. William Penn contributed to the building-fund ; Queen Anne sent a Bible ; and the miners of Sweden presented a silver chalice and service of plate. Among the ancient tombstones is one which covers the grave of Petrus Tranberg, rector of the parish from 1742 to 1748. He was succeeded by Acrelius, the Swedish historian ; and Girelius was the last of the Swedish rectors. It is claimed (with reason) that Peter Minuit, the founder of the city, and Reoras Torkillus, its first minister, are buried here. The old church, deserted and decaying for years, was taken by the Trinity parish, and is now kept in good order. The Brandywine Springs are near Wilmington, and are a favorite summer resort for Delaware families. The waters are chalybeate in character, and are mildly tonic in effect. A large new hotel has recently been opened at these Springs, situated on high land and surrounded by ornamental grounds. The scenery of the lower Brandywine valley is very attractive in its quiet mral beauty, and is accessible by well-built high- ways. Newcastle {Jefferson House, facing the bay; Butler Hottse), the capital of Newcastle County, is 6 M. S. of Wilmington, on the Delaware River, and has about 2,000 inhabitants, 4 churches, and the plain coimty-build- ings. It has large iron-works and some commerce, and is latterly mailing considerable progress. Fort Delatoare is seen, 4 M. to the S. In the year 1632 King Oustavus Adolphns of Sweden and Chancellor Oxen- stiern acquired Delaware by negotiation with Holland ; and while the Swedish army lay at Nureml)erg, sagacious plans were made for the settlement of a new {)rovince. But the king was soon afterwards killed at the battle of Lutzen, eaving the great scheme of a free Protestant colony in America ('* the jewel of his kingdom ") to be carried out by Oxenstiem. In 1638 Peter Minuit sailed fTom Gottenburg in the ships Key of Kalmar and Bird Grip, and founded a colony on the present site of Wilmington, having bought the land from the sachem Matta- hoon with a copper kettle. He built a 5-gun fort, which was named Fort Chris- tina, in honor of the Queen of Sweden. Fresh Scandinavian swarms soon entered the Delaware, and the rapid growth of New Sweden began to alarm the Dutch at New York. Both parties fortified their settlements along the bay and river, and the men of New Haven were expelled from the E. shore and sent home. A Boston ship which was ascending the Delaware in search of " the gi-eat lake Lyneonia" was fired upon by the Swedish batteries, and was forced to pay for the shot which had been thrown at her and to leave the river. Lt.-Col. Printz succeeded Minuit as governor, and built Fort Elsinburg at Varkenkil (Salem, N. J.), where the doughty governor, who "weighed 400 pounds, and drank 3 drinks at everj' meal," ruled in state until the fort was attacked by an- enemy more terrible than the Yankees or the Dutch. The 8 guns of the fort availed nothing against the myriads of the assailants ; and the garrison abandoned the place, giving it the significant 1 ,: li >!' I 892 Rouues, SMYRNA. I name of MomtuUouiberg. In 1661 Oor. Btayretant of New Tork Irailt Fort Cutmlr at Newcastle, to check the Swedish power; but it was captured 8 yean later, and was named Fort Trinity, because ttie attack was made on Trinity Sunday. The region adjacent was called New Amstel, and was placed under the patronage of the city of Amsterdam, whence came many immigrants. In 1666. Oov. Stuyvesant entered the Delaware with 7 ships fh)m New York, and captured Fort Trinity after a short siege. He brought nis armed vessels up the creek, and estn^ .shed 6 land-batteries around Fort Christina. The Dutch parallels were advancii-^:, the ammunition of the fort ran low, and Oov. Rising was forced tosurrende), stip* ulating that the Swedish troops " should march out of the fort with beati'ii^ of drums, flfes, and colors flying, firing matches, balls in their mouths, and with their arms." So fell the Swedish power in Delaware, and in 1664 Fort Jhrisi na (which had been named Altona by the Dutch conquerors) was taken by tlie English. In 17S9 King George II. chartered it as " the fiorough of Wilming- ton"; and in 1777, after Washington's heud-quarters had been removed to the N., the British army occupied the place. It was made a city in 1882, since which (and especially during the past 20 years) Wilmington has become wealthy, and prominent as a manufacturing centre. The Delaware B. B. rnns S. from Wilmington to Newcastle, whence it turns to the S. W., leaving the Delaware River, and gaining the interior plains. Bear station is 1 M. N. of Red Lion village and its celebrated camp-grounds. Kirkwood station is 3 M. from the hamlet of St. George (St. George's Hotel), and the train thence passes S., and crosses the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal. From near Kirkwood the Penn. & Del. B. R. runs 6 M. S. E. to Delaware City, a maritime village at the outlet of the canal, and opposite the island where stands Fort Delawarei a powerful work mounting 155 guns, and which has cost $ 1,750,000. In 1873 a new barbette battery was commenced opposite Fort Delaware, designed for 6 mortars and 21 15-inch cannon. The train now runs S. across St. (George's Hundred, by Mt. Pleasant, to Middletotm (Middle- town House ; National), a pretty village (4 M. W. of Odessa) whence great quantities of peaches are shipped. From Totonsend the Rent Co. and Queen Anne's &; Kent R. Rs. run S. W. into the Eastern Shore of Maryland, forking at Masseys, and reaching Chestertown and Rock-Hall (31 and 36 M. from Townsend), and CefUrevUle, the capital of Queen Anne's County (36 M.). Chestertown is the seat of Washington College, which was founded in 1785 and has about 80 students. The Delaware R R. next crosses Appoquinimink Hundred, and reaches Clayton, whence a short branch runs to Smyrna {Delaivare House; Smyrna Hotel), a thriving hamlet of over 2,000 inhabitants, with 5 churches and a library. It is the second town in the State, and annually ships great quantities of peaches and grain. The Maryland & Delaware R. R. runs from Clayton 44 M. S. W., across level plains, well settled and prolific, to Easton (Brick Hotel), the capital of the Maryland county of Talbot, near the remote and bay-environed peninsula of St. Michael's. 8 - 10 M. N. E. of Smyrna is Bombay Hook (Logan's Hotel, visited by sportsmen), N. of which is CoUins* Beach (Hygenia House), a quiet summer resort on Delaware Bay (reached by tri- weekly steamers from Arch St. Wharf, PhUa.). The train LEWES. Houuej. 393 nins S. E. from Clayton to Dorer (Capitol Ilouae), the otpital of the Stute of Delaware, a villagf^ of 2,231 inhabitants, 8 M. from Delaware Bay. On the Public Square at the centre are the county buildings, the el, bank, Delawarian office, ami the neat and conimodicms Bute House. U M. S. E. of Dover is the KitVa Hammock ffotue, on the Delaware Bay. Wyoming station is 1 M. from the fanning centre of Camclm (National Hotel); and the line now tra, rues a rich fruit-growing district to FelUm (Foimtain House), whence a highway leads E., by Frederica, to the summer resort of Botner'a Detich (2 hotels). The Junction dr Breakwater R. Jt. runs 40 M. S. E. to Lewes. Stationa. — Harrington; Houston, 4- Milford, 9; Lincoln, 12 ; Ellendale, 17; Rob- bins, 19; Georgetown, 25; Gravelly Hill, 29; Cool Spring, 33; Rehoboth, 86; Lewes, 40. The train traverses the broad and fruitful plains of Sussex County, to Milord (Milford House), a neat village on Mispillioa Creek, beyond which it crosses the Cedar Creek Hundred, near the sports- men's resorts at Thorn Point and Doctor's Island. Oeorgetoum (Union House; Eagle House) is a pretty hamlet, with the Sussex County build- ings fronting on a central circular park. Tlie train runs N. K to LewM (Atlantic House; United States), a maritime hamlet fronting on Lewes Creek and the Delaware Bay, near the immense and costly national break- waters, where 18 - 20,000 vessels are sheltered annually. 4 - 6 M. N. E. of Lewes is Cape Henlopen, one of the great Capes of Delaware, with its tall lighthouse and first-class light A few M. S. of Lewes is Jtehoboth Beach^ a seaside resort for the Delawarians, with several small hotels and cottages. Terrapins, rock- fish, perch, and eels abound in this vicinity; and near the Breakwater large quantities of black-fish and flounders are caught. It is claimed that Cape Henlopen has advanced 1 M. in 100 years, and the lighthouse which was built during the colonial era is now 1} M. inland from the new lighthouse. The population of Lewes is of the nautical element, and the viUage is the headrquarters of the Delaware Bay pilots. In 1631 the Swedish officer De Vifes came to Lewes with a colony of Scandina- vians on 2 ships. They planted the banner of Sweden on the lonely shores, and erected Fort Oplandt, in the SwanendtJe (" Valley of Swans "). But they were soon at feud with the Indians, because the latter carried off the metallic shield which bore the arms of Sweden to make smoking-pipes from. Before many weeks the savages surprised the Europeans and totally exterminated the colony. The Delaware B. R. runs S. from Harrington across Mlspillion Hundred by the fruit-raising hamlets of Greenwood and BridgevUle (Pans Hotel), a centre of the peach and berry trade, and reaches Seaford ( Union Hotel), a large village on the Nanticoke River, whence considerable coasting-trade is carried on, partly by means of small steamers. .The canning of oysters is a profitable industry at this point. The Dorchester A Delaware Jt. Jt. runs 33 M. E. across the Eastern Shore of ^laxyland, passing Federals- 17* iBlllIf lll| !! ? I; 394 R(mt$e4. BALTIMORE. burg, Williamsbnrgf and E. Newmarket. The terminns is at Carnbridge the capital of Dorchester County, with 1,642 inhabitants and a steamboat line to Baltimore. The village is on the estuary at the mouth of the Choptank River, where Northern colonies have lately been established. The main line runs S. from Seaford to Laurel (Planter's House), a rural village on Broad Creek, famous for its exportation of blackberries, sweet potatoes, peaches, and melons, beyond which it reaches Delniar. The Eastern Shore R. R. runs S. W. from Delmar, passing Salisbury ^ a village of 2,064 inhabitants, situated on the Wicomico River. The train now traverses down through Wicomico County, Maryland, by several quiet old hamlets; passing near Princess Anne, the county-seat, and ter- minating at Crisjield, a maritime hamlet of 350 inhabitants, situated near the broad Tangier Sound. Steamers run thence to Norfolk on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The Wicomico rical Society the Y. M. m opened in le new Acad- HOTELS. )6 ijfeiuit lftrn$M . . . D. a J;-. Strimm't ....... . D. J. i&. C.*$rtHtt>j> 0.4. 59 EmtiV C I, hn. Mattiy D. . «i. A/6tci4 - «« Sl.Ctoir ..D-3 65 HcimiTj . C.J RAILMOAD STATIONS. 04- ^a'limart 3m4.Qh!i .. . .C. 4. J »5 PKthJtlpiiia r 4 «a iV Cf». f-'Mnit. ir- Patam X). 1 opeSaoSBO □DOQBE ai7c DDD □aamp^a i "ff yCDDCPa BALTIMOm. I. Ckfifta D. .1. a. PufUMti 0.4. J. xmh» i>, 4. 4. UmiMI-SMuCHift»tmt» U. -x. ^P*mil$Mti^lty O' »■ Attrdkfintf Erndkamgi 1). «. i 5M Tiwr V. 3. i. Agtd UtH'x tfmm A. j. •o. Ur^itNyljr^/wM,..., A. .V I ■ • M9iS9$m •••••••••■v*t*iaat*«aalV* )• *t. Jittan* " F.J. 13. CkMrtAM*mt V. \. •4. Afl. Htft M. j. 19. FtlVt Print** 1.4 ao. Cmht " E.'j SI. Green MnuU CtmtUry 1-'. 1 ■9. /MtfMtW t " •••• ..•(}. It. I. %\, Cmlhidrtit " B. *. £4. Od4 Vcllmtof HM. D. 3. It. Mitfvtiic 'Fttnfti •..>••••...•••• I'' 3- •6. Ath*nmtm 1). 3. ■7. Pfab«dy InttltuU D. 9. ■X. Ataitttny of Seltmt D. 3. SQ. nfnttc ..«••*.*.•§..••«•. .^. 3* 30. Gmnii 0/cra Homh C. 3. jl. CvMvrdia Offra Umut C. 4. l». VrontSt, TUtatr* E. 3 gQ i ; ii Wi i ifciii H ** ■«*<***'''***^^ BALTIMORE. JifmUei 395 I ■p ■fi-- .-'1? 1 ,_,,^,...vftK.: •1A7 of Mnsio, on Howard St.; the Concordia Opera-Honse (corner of Bntaw and German Stti.), belonging to the German Concordia Society, and usually devoted to the German opera and drama (introduction to the flne billiard-ball, etc., by a member of the society). The Front Bt Theatre represents burlesques and spec* tacular pieces. CUuaie musie is given at the Peabody Institute «nd in the new Masonic Temple^ where also the best lecturers may be heard. Miscellaneous entertainments nt the New Assembly Rooms, the hall of the Maryland Institute, and otlier public halls throughout the city. The famous old HolUday Street Theatre was destroyed by fire in 1873, but has been rebuilt. Amasements* — Horse-racing is canied on. under the auspices of the Main- land Joclccy Club, at Pimlico, 2 M. fh>m the N. W. boundary of the city. Match- games of base-ball are frequently played on the grounds of the Baltimore Club, one of the best of the professional clubs. Art Oolleetlons. — The annual exhibitions in the Athennnm draw lai^ge crowds. The Peabody Institute Gallery of Art is in process of organization. The sales-galleries of Myers & Hedian and of Butler & Perigo are on Cliarles St. , and have a variety of American and Freuch pictures. The best private gallery in the city (and one of the finest in America) is that of William T. Walter, Esq., at No. 65 Mount Vernon Place. Horae-Cars. — To Druid Hill P^rk, by Baltimore and Eut^w Sts. and Madison Ave.; to Waverly and Teairody Heights, by Charles and Calvert Sts.; to the Balti- more Cemetery and Clifton Park, by Gay St. and the Bellair Road ; to Powhatan, fh>m the W. end of Baltimore St. ; to Hall's Springs, by the Hurford Road ; to Federal Hill, Locust Point, and Fort McHenry, from the comer of Hanover and Baltimore Sts.; to Fell's Point and Canton, by Baltimore St., Broadway, and Alice Anna St. ; from the President St. station, on Baltimore and Green Sts. and Penn.sylvania Ave., to the city liniita; to Greenmount Cemetery, Waverly. Go- vanstown, and Towsontown, by the York Road ; to Franklin Square ana th« city limits, by Fayette, Republican, Townsend, and Gilmor Sts.; to Patterson Park, by Lombard and Pratt Sts. Passengers can pass from one route to another by* means of exchange-tickets. Canrlasea. — Public hackney-carriages are entitled to 75c. for carrying a pas- senger from any railroad station or steamboat to any house or hotel in the city. Each additional passenger pays 25c. ; and each trunk or box, 15c. From ono point within the city limits to another, 75c. ; 2 passengers, $1 (children under 10 years of age, no charge : over 10, half price). By the hour, 9 1. 50, and 9 1 for each additional hour. Tanns of fores are placed inside the carriages, and in case of disagreement with the driver, the passenger should apply to a policeman to rectify the trouble. Stages* —To Bellair, Tues., Thnrs., and Sat., at 8 a. m. fhnn Brown's Hotel ; to Kingsville, Kellville, and Franklinville, Mon., Wed., Fri.. and Sat., at 1 p. m., from the Rising Sun Hotel : to Long Green and Harford Road, daily at 3 p. m., from the Starr Hotel ; to Franklin and Powhatan daily at 3. SO p. m., from th« Gen. Wayne Hotel ; to Pikesville daily, atB p. u., from the Hand Tavern. Railroads. — The Phila., Wihnington & Bait., to Wilmington (70 M.) and Fhila. (98 M.); New York, 188 M. ; Boston, 422 M.; the Northern Central, to Harrisburg, 85 M. ; Elmira, 256 M., and Canandaigua, 325 M.; the Western Maryland, to Hagerstown, 84 M. ; the Bait. & Ohio, to Washington, 40 M., and to Cumberland (178 M.) and Wheeling (879 M.); the Baltimore & Potomac, to Washington, 43 M. Passengers who are. bound to Washington on the through Pullman trains do not change cars here. The famous railroad tunnels under Baltimore are interesting pieces of engineering. The Bait. & Potomac R. R. traverses 7,520 ft. wil^in the city limits, most of which is in brick-arched tun- nels, built in 1870 - 73, at an expense of $ 2,300,000. The portions of the line which are not arched over are masked by deep sunken cuts. The Union Tunnel runs from the upper {lart of the city to the open track which leads to the wharves at Canton. The tunnel portion is 3,400 ft. long, and cost over $ 1,800,000. It is used chiefly for freighting and commercial purposes, and affords teansit to the 5 rail- roads which terminate at Baltimore. Steamships* — To Bremen, fortnightly ; to Liverpool ; to Havana and New Orleans, fortnightly ; to Savannah, weekly ; to Chanestown, every 5 days ; to Wilmington, N. C, weekly ; to Richmond, at 4 p. m. daily : to Fortress Monroe and Norfolk, at 4 p. m. daUy ; to Fredericksburg, Tries, ana Fri., at 4 p. M. : to Alexandria and Georgetown, weekly ; to Norfolk and Boston, tri-weekly } to New m 396 SouU 64. BALTIMORE. Tork (by the eanals) daUyj to Philadelphia, at 8 r. m. daily (by the Chesapeake h Delaware Canal), fkre, 9 1>&0.' Cheaapedke Bay Lines.— To Crisfleld, Onancoek, Newton, Snow Hill, Occa* hanock, and the Eastern Shore, at 5 p. u. on Tues., Wed., Frl, and Sun. (from South St. wharf) ; to Benedict and the Patuxent ports, at evening on Wed., Thur., and Sat. (Pier 8) ; to Havrd de Grace and Port Deposit, at 6 p. m. dally ; to An* napolis and West River, at 7 a. u. daily (Pier 8) ; to Easton, Oxford, Cambridge, and Denton, at 9 p. m. Tuea., Thur., and Sat. (Pier 8): to Crumpton and the Chester River ports, at 7 a. m. Tues., Thur., and Sat. (Pier 7). Ferries, — tiom W. Falls Ave. to Federal Hill ; from Broadway to liocust Point. The Bay Line of steamboats forms one of the main pleasure-routes to the South. The boats leave Baltimore at 4 p. m. (on arrival of ]>assengers who leave New Tork by the 9 a. m. train), and passes down the Chesapeake Bay, connecting at Ports- mouth, Va. (early the next morning), with the Seaboard k JSoanoke R. R. for the South-Atlantic States. Baltimore, the metropolis of the State of Maryland, aiid ond of the chief commercial cities of the Republic, is situated on a deep and narrow estuary 2^ M. from the Patapsco River and about 14 M. from Chesa- peake Bay. It is favorably located for coinmerce by reason of its fme harbor and an open connection with the sea either by Chesapeake Bay or by the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal (200 M. ). Several railroads from the West convei^e here, and large shipments of grain are made to Europe. , The city is the chief point for working the rich copper-ores of Lake Su- I perior, besides great quantities from Chili and Cuba, and produces nearly 4,000 tons of refined copper yearly. Tlie smelting-works are in the suburb of Canton, and employ 1,000 men. Millions of feet of lumber are re- ceived here every year, and are piled near Jones' Falls. The bituminous coal of the Cumberland district and the anthracite of the Susquehanna Valley are brought hither to the amount of nearly 1,000,000 tons annually. There are large iron-works and rolling-mills; nail-factories turning out 100,000 kegs yearly; and 2 locomotive-f .stories. 50,000 hogsheads of tobacco are received yearly, being provided for in large and dry fire-proof warehouses belonging to the State. 1,000,000 barrels of flour are in- spected here yearly, and enormous quantities of grain pass'to Europe by this port. The new elevator at Locust Point has 52 bins and a capacity of 1,600,000 bushels, and the docks and railroads in that part of the city greatly facilitate the trans-shipment of coal and grain. 500,000 hides are annually made into leather and sent to the New England States, and shoe- factories are now being successfully established. 300,000 barrels of sugar are refined yearly; 400,000 barrels of whiskey are sold; 40,000 bales of cotton are used in the mills; 1,500,000 pounds of wool are made into cloth; 40,0(X) tons of Peruvian guano are imported ; 25 firms are engaged in packing Chesapeake Bay oysters; thousands of hands are employed in manufacturing clothing; coffee and other West Indian products are im- ported in immense quantities; pianos are made in great numbers; and over $10,000,000 worth of live stock are sold here. These returns of ti.e trade of Baltimore date from 10 years ago, and are far exceeded by the m BALTIMORE. RmUe 61 397 pment conditions. Many of the fleetest and most beautiful vessels of the American commercial marine are made here, and the reputation of the ** Baltimore Clippers " is world-w'de. The chief manufactures of the city are on the fine water-i)ower8 of Gwynne's and Jones' Falls. The population of the city was 267,354 in 1870, and is now estimated at over 800,000, with a valuation of $225,000,000. The tonnage of the port is 250,000 tons, and it has a foreign commerce of $20,000,000 a year. There are ^0 banks and 9 savings banks, and 5 daily and several weekly newspapers. The city is picturesquely situated on a cluster of hills, and is surrounded by a fertile and diversified country. The municipal limits cover about 12 square M., and are bounded on the N. by North Ave., a fine thoroughfare 100 ft. wide and 4 M. long. The business quarter is between Eutaw St., Baltimore St., Jones' Falls, and the basin, and has many fine mercantile buUdings; while the W. part of the city is devoted to pleasant residence-streets. Baltimore Sti is the main thoroughfare of the retail trade, and affords a brilliant spectacle on pleasant afternoons. Here may be seen thousands of the ladies of Baltimore, who are pre-eminent among their American sisters for brilliant and enduring beauty and vivacity. The * City Hall is a new edifice on the comer of Lexington and Holliday Sts., and is one of the most imposing municipal buildings in America. It was built between 1867 and 1874, and cost nearly $ 3,000,000. The architecture is Benaissance and composite, with many graceful Palladian arches; and the building is surmounted by a round tower and dome, 222 ft. high. The walls are 5-7 ft. thick, of Maryland marble, and all the floors are of iron, brick, and cement. There are 200 rooms and 2 inner court yards, and t port Library; a memorial church at Georgetown, Mans, (to hiH mother's mem* cry); 9200,000 to his native town; • 150,000 each to Harvard and Yale Col< leges ; $ 1,400,000 for the Institute at Baltimore ; $ 2,000,000 to the Southern £du> OMional Fund : and •2,fi00,000 to the poor of the city of London. He was offered the honors of knlghlJiood ; received ttom Queen Victoria her portrait set in dia- monds ; WIS given the Hreedom of the city of- London ; and after his death (1869) his remains were sent to America in funeral state on one of the finest vessels of the British navy. In this vicinity are several handsome churches. The First Presbyterian (comer of Madison and Park Sts.) is a bitilding of Albert freestone, in lancet Gtothic architecture (the spire is to be 286 ft. high). The Emanuel Episcopal Church (comer of Reed and Cathedral Sts. ) is a massive strac- ture of gray sandstone, and Orace C!huTch (comer of Monument and Park Sts.) is a brown-stone building with a clere-story. Christ Church is a new and elegant marble temple of the Episcopalians, situated at the comer of St. Paul and Chase Sts. ; and still farther out (near the comer of O'larles St. and North Ave. ) is the costly building of the Maryland Institutioii for the Instraction of the Blind. Beyond this point Charles St. run» en into the open country, traversing a picturesque region dotted with villas and parks. This road forms a pleasant drive as far as Lake Roland (6 M. distant). The * Exohange is a fine building 240 ft. long, with porticos of mon- olithic Ionic columns of Italian marble. It is on Gay St., between 2d and Lombard Sts., and was built in 1820 (after Latrobe's designs) at a cost of $600,000. The stracture is surmoimted oy a dome 115 ft. high and 53 ft. in diameter, which is brilliantly frescoed and overarches a spacious rotunda. The U. S. Custom House, the Post-OfSce, and other public institutions are located here. Near this point is Exchange Place, where much of the wholesale trade is done ; and the financial head-quarters are along South St and 2d St. Farther S. is the Basin, lined with wharves and small vessels; and the Com Exchange has a handsome hall between Pratt St. and the water. The Rialto Building is a fine Renais- sance stracture at the comer of 2d and Holliday Sts ; and at the comer of Baltimore and South Sts. is the tall iron building of the Sun news- paper. To the E. (comer of Baltimore St. and Harrison) is the Mary- land Institute, a spacious brick building which dates from 1854, and is devoted to the advancement of the mechanic arts. The lower hall is occupied by the Centre Market (fine displays of Maryland produce), and above are the library (20,000 volumes), schools of design, and the great hall, where industrial exhibitions are held in October of each year. The hall accommodates over 5,000 persons, and is historically interesting as the seat of the seceding Southem Democratic Convention of 1860, which nominated Brv.;ckinridge ibr the Presidency of the Republic BALTIMOREL Hmu 64. 401 Beyond the Institute Baltimore St. crosses /oiim' FtUla, a snail *xi nu which rises about 20 M. distant, and flows down through a pictureii4iue ▼alley. In the rainy season it becomes turbulent and dangerous, and sometimes floods the lower part of the city, causing immense damage and loss of life. Beyond the Falls Baltimore St. leads, by the fine building of the 2d Presbyterian Church, to Broadway, a wide and beautiful street which runs S. to the Fell's Point Market and the harbor. The JScutem Fountain (a small park*around a spring of fresh water) is on this side, and is much visited by the Qerman citizens on summer even* ings. Baltimore St. continues on to Patterson Parky a pleasant public garden of 70 acres area, containing the remains of old earthworks erected for the defence of the city. The view from this park is broad and pleasant, including the dense lines of houses stretching down the valley of Jones' Falls, the monument-crowned heights beyond, the great copper- works in Canton, and % wide sweep of the Patapsco and the Bay. To the N. is an undulating rural country, on one of whose ridges is seen the Bay View Asylum, an imposing building 714 ft. long and 3 stories high, situated in an ornamental park of 48 acres, and overlooking the bay and city. It cost $1,000,000, required 7,000,000 bricks for the construction, and accommodates SOO paupers. The Odd Fellowi' Momunent is on Broadway, above Wildey St., and consists of an inscribed base, a pedestal carved with emblems of the order, and a fluted Doric column, which supports a statue of Charity protecting orphan children. This monument is a memorial to Thomas Wildey, the founder of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in America. April 20, 1819, Mr. Wildey. an obscure English mechanic, formed and instituted at Baltimore tlie Washington Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F. , the first lodge in America of that powerful order, which by 18t)5 numbered 427,000 members, and had raised 927,000,000 for charitable works. Wildey trav- elled through all parts of the country founding new lodges, and died in 1801. " the lips of the iatherless and widow invoking blessings upon him." April 26, 1865, the city was made brilliant by the processions of an Immense host of Odd Fellows, who then met to dedicate the monument, and to renew the fraternal ties which had been broken by the Secession War. Jackson Square is near the monument, but is yet unimproved. It is on the crest of the ridge, and overlooks the Chesapeake. To the W. is the Church Home, a charitable institution under the care of the Episcopal Church. The old Maryland Hospital is on Monument St., E. of Broad- way (the* site of the new Johns Hopkins Hospital) ; and the Hebrew Hospital is in the same vicinity. The Odd Fellows' Hall is on Gay St., and is a handsome Gothic build- ing with a square tower, containing a large library. The Church of the Messiah is at the comer of Gay and Fayette Sts. ; and at the comer of Fayette and Front Sts. is the Merchants' Shot Tower, 246 ft. high and 20-40 ft. in diameter. The masonry contains 1,100,000 bricks, and the 402 JlouU 64. BALTIMORE. top otoillatM through 10 inohei dnriug heavy wlndt. Cky 8i mni out by the Bellair Market, and paseea (at the interaection or AiaqnUh and Monument Sta. ) the Wells and McComoa Monument, a plain memorial in Ashland Square, erected over the remains of the young soldiers who ihot Oen. Rosa, the British commander (Sept. 12, 1812). The Hanover Market is a spacious building at the corner of Camden and Hanover Sts., beyond which (on Camden St. ) is the Camdan BtatiOA of the Baltimore k Ohio R. R., with a front 808 ft. long, adorned with a steeple 186 ft. high. At the comer of liombard and Greene Sts. are tlie old buildings of the School of Medicine of the Uuiversity of Maryland (foundeil 1807; 8 professors and 170 students). The Medical School of the Washington University has professors and 147 students ; and the College of Dental Surgery has professors and 69 students. At the comer of Oreene and Fayette Sts. is the Westminster Presbyterian Church, in whose burying-ground is the neglected grave of Edgar Allah Poe (bora at Baltimore in 1811, and died here in 1849). This erratic gen\us passed his short life in reckless misadventure, but achieved an un- fading fame for the fantastic beauty and marvellous melody of his poems. Franklin Square is a pleasant public ground in the W. part of the city, on which fronts a Baptist Church of white marble; and the ornate iron building of Bethany Methodist Church is on the farther angle of the square, neat the Oothio buildings of the Homes for Aged Men and Women. The Madison Ave. horse-cars, on their way to Druid Hill, pass near the tall marble spire of the Eutaw Place Baptist Church (designed by Walter); and at the comer of Druid Hill Ave. and Lanvale St. is the broad and im- posing marble church of St. Peter (Episcopal). St. Luke* a is near Frank- Uu Square, and has the richest stained-glass windows in the city (repre- senting the Messianic history). This society is Ritualistic in its position and ceremonies. The N. W. part of the city and the avenues leading toward Dmid Hill are being rapidly occupied by fine residences. * Druid Hill Park is about ^ M. N. of the city- limits, and is reached by the Madison Ave. horse-cars. It covers about 680 acres, and has cost over $ 1,500,000. In 1860 the city bought the old Rogers estate (on this site), consisting of 500 acres, and adorned with groves and lawns which were laid out over a century ago. The chief attraction of the park iii in its rich forest-scenery and picturesque diversity of surface ; and well- 'graded roads and paths traverse the grounds in all directions. * The treet are the grandest and oldest in any American park, and were skilfully aiTanged by the pre-Revolutionar}' landscape-gardener, so that the har- monies and contrasts of the colors of the foliage are Very pleasing to the eye. Forest glades and dark green vistas alternate with velvety lawns and breezy hills; and the immense tranks of the ancient oak and hickory trees rise like columns through the forests. Certain of the more promi- BALTIMORE. JUmU 64. 40S nent of these treet have reeeiyed elgniflcmt name*, m the Sentinels, the King of the Woods, the Seven Oaks, the Twin Beeches, and the CouncU Orove (a clnster of noble oaks under whose branches the Indians formerly met in council). The horHe-cHfs mn far into the park, and the entrance is through a handsome archway of dressed stone. There is bnt little artistic or ar- ohitectural eiubelUshment on the grounds, since such ornament has been sonsidered superfluous in view of the other attractions. Some of tho springs which itow freely near the drives have been ailomed with marble work, and ther^ are a few pieces of indifferent statuary. Near the centre is the old Rogers mansion, which is 326 ft. above the tide, and commands pleasant views. To the N. is a conical hill whence another and broader prospect is gained, the altitude being 36G ft. ; and still another favorite view-point is from the tower near Druid Lake. The city is seen, with itf monuments and spires; the Patapsco lies beyond ; and the Chesapeaka Bay is overlooked as far down as Kent's Island and Annapolis. The High Service Reservoir is in the N. W. part of the park, and covert 9 acres, — furnishing a water-supply to the hills of Baltimore. Dmid Lake is on the S., and is a natural basin with a water-surface of 66 acres, with 20-39 ft. of water, and a capacity of 600,000,000 gallons (217 ft. above tide). The water-supply of the city is draw*' from Ixike Roland, an artificial reservoir 8 M. to the N. W., covering 116 acres, and retained by a stone dam 60 ft. thick and 40 ft. high. An oval brick aqueduct 6 M. long and 6 ft. high leads to the Hampden and Mount Royal Reservoiia. * Oreenmonnt Cemetery is about 2 M. N. of Baltimore St. (by York Road horse-cars), and covers 60 acres. It was founded in 1838, upon the foinner domain of Uub^rt Oliver, and has cost $250,000. The landscape^ gardening and embellishment have been done with much skill, and the grounds are carefully guarded (tickets of admission may be obtained at No. 1 Cortland St n The entrance is an imposing piece of feudal archi* tecture, 80 ft. lorg, and surmounted with turrets. Opposite this point ia the quaint and striking Gothic chapel, and the Mausoleum is a massive structure in Egyptian architecture. There are some choice pieces of sculpture here, chief among which are Rinehart's fine works, " Immor- tality " and " The Sleeping Children." The Symbolic statues of " Hope** and " Resignation " are also much admired. The grave of Major Ring- gold (a veteran of the Mexican War) is fenced in by Mexican gim-barrels. The McDonogh Monument is adorned by a portrait-statue (^ larger than life) of John McDonogh, an eccentric gentleman who was bom at Balti- more in 1778, and removed to New Orleans in 1800, where he died in 1850. His immense fortune was bequeathed to the cities of New Orleans and Baltimore, and to the American Colonization Society. The monu- ment was erected by the municipality of Baltimore. I 404 R(nUe 64. 6ALTIM0RR The * Loudon Park Cemetery is 2^-3 M. firom the centre of the city (Franklin Square and Ellicott City oars), and covers 100 acres. The grounds are picturesquely diversified, and from the hills pleasant views of the city and bay are gained. The * Fitzgerald mausoleum is adorned ■with statues of ** The Redeemer" and ** The Angel of the Resurrection," and' with finely sculptured vases (all by Rinehart). Tlie entrance to Loudon Park is through an imposing gateway, which resembles a tri- umphal arch. The Bcdtitrwre Cemetery is a large and well-arranged ground occupying the heights N. E. of the city (reached by Gay St. horse-cars). Federal Hill is S. of the centre of the city, and is a prominent land- mark over the Bay and Basin. The views from the summit are very interesting, including the city and the adjacent waters. After Gen. Butler's night-march and occupation of this hill, it was fortified by Duryea's Zouaves, to guard the city against her foes (whether foreign or domestic). Fort McHenry is about 3 M. from the City Hall, on Whetstone Point, and commands the harbor. It is a star- work of the old style (built in 1794), and has a moderate armament. The sentinels will usually admit visitors, and pleasant views of the harbor are afforded from the ramparts. 4 M. below, and commanding the Patapsco, is the artificial island which sustains the costly and powerful Fort Carroll (not yet completed)^ with its heavy artillery. Just above Fort McHenry is Locust Point, where are the docks of the European steamers and the immense elevators and freight-depots of the Bait. & Ohio R. R., whence the grain and coal shipments are made. Fort McHenry and Locust Point are reached by the S. Baltimore horse-cars, which run S. from the comer of Baltimore and Hanover Sts. The Maryland Hospital for the Insane occupies an estate of 136 acres 6 M. from the city, near the suburb of Catonsville. Since 1852 the State has appropriated over $ 400,000 to this work, and a massive pile of build- ings has been erected on the far-viewing heights. It is 600 ft. long, and accommodates 300 patients, the walls being of heavy granite masonry. The Sheppard Asylum for the Insane is 7 M. from the city, near Towson- town, and was endowed by Moses Sheppard, a wealthy Quaker, who left $ 600,000 for the purpose. The Mount Hope Hospital for the Insane is 4 M. distant, on the Reisterstown road, and is an immense brick building situated amid ornamental grounds. It cares for 500 patients, and is managed by the Sisters of Charity, who also superintend the Mount Hope Asylum, at the comer of North Ave. and Bolton St. St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys is 2 M. S. W. of the city, and is an immense stone building which accommodates 400 laoys. The Johns Hopkins Hos- pital is being raised on the site of the old Maryland Hospital, and will be, perhaps, the finest in America. The endowment is immense, being BALTIMORE. JioiUe 64. 405 of the city Eicres. The asant views is adorned surrection," entrance to ables a tri- I occupying linent land- nit are very After Gen. fortified by ther foreign ty Hall, on •work of the rhe sentinels are afforded Eipsco, is the Carroll (not McHenry is lers and the B., whence locnst Point the comer of 136 acres 152 the State )ile of build- 't. long, and ;e masonry, ear Towson- Ler, who left Insane is 4 ick building ents, and is the Mount St. Mary's an immense bpkina Hos- al, and will lense, being stated as over $2,000,000. Mr. Hopkins died in 1874, bequeathing also his estate of Clifton (near the city) and an endowment of $2,000,000 with which to found a Univeraity there. The first settler on the site of Baltimore was David Jones, m 1682 ; and in 1730 the town was laid out, and was named in honor of Cecilius Calvert, Lord Balti- more, the proprietaiy of Maryland, —who derived his title ft-oin the obscure ma- rine hamlet of Baltimore, on the Irish (Munster) coast. The new settlement was imperilled by the advance of the Western Indians in 1755, and its women and children were put on the vessels in the harl)or, ready to flee down the Bay. In 1756 a colony of exiled French families from Acadia settled here and erected the first Catholic chapel. (It is generally supposed that Baltimore is a Catholic city, but such is not the case. It was founded by Episcopalians and Friends, and a considerable majority of the citizens are Protestants or secularists.) In 1768 the county-seat was fixed here ; in 1773 the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Adver- tiser was founded ; and in 1776 the Continental Congress assembled here. The port was now becoming famous for its exportations of tobacco and grain. In 1776 fortifications were erected ; in 1778 Pulaski's Legion was organized here, and Baltimore privateers began to scour the coast; -in 1780 the first theatre was opened ; in 1782 a stage-line began to run to Philadelphia ; in 1797 the town was made a city ; and in 1803 Baltimore was made the seat of the Primate of the Bo- man Catholic Church in the U. S. The increase of the population of Baltimore has been from 200 in 1752 to 5,934 in 1776; 13,503 in 1790; 26,514 in 1800; 62,738 in 1820; 102,313 in 1840; 217,000 in 1860; 267,354 in 1870 ; and (estimated) 330,000 in 1876. At the outbreak of the Secession War, strenuous attempts were made to detach Maryland from the Union, and to cut off Washington from the loyal North by raising Baltimore in revolt. The great majority of the people were patriotic and loyal, but throngs of secessionists came into the city, and made incendiary ad- dresses and riots. April 19, 1861, there arrived at the President St. station 2,000 U. S. soldiers (being part of the national militia called out by the President). The 6th Mass. started across the city to take tlie cars at the Washington station ; but the re *r cars (containing 4 companies) were cut off and stopped, and the troops were forced to march under the attacks of an immense and infuriated mob. Along Pratt St., between Gay and Calvert Sts., the hostile crowd (numbering prrjbably 10,000 men) made a heavy attack on the little band, upon which the Mass. soldiers turned and fired a 8cathii\g volley into theii* faces. At last the Washington station wa.s reached, after the troops had lost 3 killed and 18 wounded (the mob had 9 killed and many wounded). The 6th then hurried away to Washington, and was the first regiment which arrived at the imperilled capital. The secession mob hurried back to the President St. station, and fell. upon a force of 1,000 unarmed soldiers of Penn. The Union citizens of Baltimore were now hurrying to the rescue, and stood shouldci to shoulder with the Pennsylvanians throughout a fight of 2 hours' duration. The secessionists then controlled the city, and burned the bridges leading to the N. ; forbade the passage of th«> national militia ; and by ordinance of the Common Council made it an offence to display the American flag in the streets. May 1, the Unionists raised a flag over the Exchange amid un- bounded enthusiasm, singing the " Star-Spangled Banner. " General Scott planned to crush the small but active Secession party in Baltimore by a campaign of 12,000 men converging on the city from 4 points; but Gen. Butler seized the Relay House (Washington Junction), 9 M. distant ; and during the stormy night of May 13 entered Baltimore with the 6th Mass., the 8th N. Y., and the Boston Light Artillery. Pushing through the deserted streets, the troops occupied the summit of Federal Hill, commanding the city with their artillery. Baltimore was soon purged of its demagogues and traitors, and remained thereafter as patri- otic as any city of the Union. The Republican National Convention held its sessions at the Front St. Theatre in 1834, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. When the Confed- erate army advanced into Maryland in 1863 and 1864, the citizens of Baltimore took up arms and fortified their city against an expected attack of the Southern invaders. In 1865 the restoration of the National authority throughout the some- time insurgent States was celebrated here by grand illuminations and parades. 406 Route 66, ELLICOTT CIIT. 65. Baltimore to the West By the Baltimore & Ohio R. R, one of the main tranlc-lines between the Atlan> tic seaboard and the great States and cities of the interior. Cars run ttom BhI- tiniore to Columbus, Cincinnati, and 8t. Louis without change ; and but one change is made by passengera between Baltimore and Omaha, Memphis, Mobile, New Orleans, or Deuison (Texas). Baltimore to Cumberland, 7^-8 hrs. : to Parkersl)urg, 16-17 hrs. ; to Cincinnati, 22-24 hrs. ; to St. Louis, 37-38 hrs. i^'are^. — Baltimore to Washington, $l.:tO; to Pittsburgh, 90.50; to Wheeling, $12.50; Columbus, 913.85; Farkersburg, 915.20; Cincinnati, 916; Chicago, 917; St. Louis, 923. The Baltimore & Ohio R. B. is interesting to the tourist as passing through the debatable ground over which the National and Confederate armies fought duritig tlie years of the Secession War. For the Urst 180 M. of its course there is scarce- ly a town but what was the scene of battle or skirmish or hostile occupatibn ; and scarcely a bridge biit what was destroyed by raiding cavalry or retreating annies. The scenery along the line is of great interest and becomes sublime during the long ascent and passage of the Alleghany Mts. Several laive hotels have been established on the road, and are operated by the company, aflbrdin^ facilities for meals to passengers on through trains, which stop at the hotel-stations. Stations. — Baltimore ; Carroll Switch, 2 M. ; Camden Junction, 4 ; Wash- ington Junction, 9 ; EUicott City, 16 ; Elysville, 20 ; Woodstock, 26 ; Marriotsville, 27 ; Sykesville, 32 ; Mount Airy, 43 ; Monrovia, 50 ; Frederick Junction, 68 (Frederick, 62); Point of Rocks, 69 (Metropolitan Branch, to Washington, 112 M. m>m Baltimore) ; Berlin, 75 ; Hagerstown Juncti6n, 79; Sandy Hook, 80 ; Har- per's Ferry, 81 ; Duffleld's, 87 ; Keameysville. 92 ; Vanclievesville, 95 ; Martinsburg, ICO ; North Mountain, 1U7 ; Sleepy Creek, 117 ; Hancock, 122 ; Sir John's Run, 128 ; Willett's Run, 133 ; Rockwell's Run, 139 ; Little Cacapon, 156 ; Green Spring, 168 ; Patterson's Creek. 170 ; Cumberland, 178 ; Brady's Mill, 186 ; New Creek, 201 ; Piedmont, 200 ; Bloomington, 208 ; Frankville, 214 ; Swanton, 220 ; Alta- mmit, 223 ; Oakland, 232 ; Cranberry Summit, 242 ; Cheat River, 253 ; Tunnelton, 260 ; Newburg, 267 ; Thornton, 274 ; Grafton, 280 ; Texas, 294 ; Fairmont, 802 ; Farmington, 312 ; Mannington, 319 ; Burton, 330 ; Litdelon, 8.S7 ; Bellton, 844 ; Cameron, 351 ; Rosely's Rock, 362 ; BenwoOd, 375 ; Wheeling, 879 ; Zanesville, 454 ; Columbus, 613 : Indianapolis, 701 ; Chicago, 827. Parkersburg Division. Grafton, 280 ; Webster, 284 ; Flemington, 290 ; Bridge- gort, 297; Clarksburg, 802; Wilsonburg, 306; Salem, 816; Long Run, 821; mithton, 826 ; Central, 382 ; Pennsboro', 842 ; Ellenboro', 347; Corn wallis. 852; Laurel Fork Juuction, 864 ; Walker's, 369 ; Kanawha, 374 ; Claysville, 877 ; Farkersburg, 884. Cincinnati, 589 ; Louisville, 699 ; St. Louis, 929. Oossing the stream called Gwynne's Falls by the CarroUton Viaduct, the line traverses the old Winans estate (celebrated for its great peach- orchards), runs through the costly Deep-Cut, and follows the course of Bobert's Buii. To the I., on the highway to Washington, is the oldest American telegraph, which vtas constructed in 1844 with a National ap- propriation of $ 40,000. The first message was sent by a lady, and con- sisted of the words, " What hath Grod wrought." Washington Jnnotion is the point at which the Washington Branch (Boute 66) diverges from the m ain line of the Bait. & Ohio B. B., and is seen sweeping away to the 1. over the grand arches of the Washington Viaduct. The ♦ Viaduct Hotel is owned by the railroad, and charges $ 2. 50 a day for board (meals, 75c. each). The train now turns sharply to the N. W. tip the rugged ravine through which the Patapsco flows; passes the Avalon Iron- Works, and crosses the river near Ilchester Mills, the seat of the Catholic college of Mount St, Gement Sllioott City (1,722 inhabitants), the capital of FBEDEBICE. RmtU 66. 407 a the Ailan- in ftt)m BhK md but one this, Mobile, -8 hrs. ; to 37-38 hrs. Wheeling, 6; Chicago, through the »ught duriug ;re is scarce- ipatton ; and iting armies. B during the Is have been facilities for >ns. >n, 4 ; Wash- klarriotsville, Junction, 68 igton, 112 M. olt, 80; Har- Martinsburg, John's Bun, Sreen Spring, New Creek, 1, 220 ; Alta- ; Tunnelton, iirmoDt, 302 ; Bellton. 344 ; ; Zanesville, 290 ; Bridge- g Bun, 321; nwallis. 352; ysville, 877 ; on Viaduct, p-eat peach- B course of i the oldest !^ational ap- y, and con- a Junotion vei^es from away to the ttduct Hotel (meals, 75c. ged ravine orks, and college of capital of Howard County, is devoted to manufactures, and is situated amid pic< turesque glen scenery. The water-power is furnished- by the Patapsco, and is sometimes in excess of the demand (as in July, 1868, when the greater part of the place was destroyed and 60 lives were lost by a sudden flood). The Baltimore & Ohio R. R. was completed from Baltimore to tliis point in August, 1830. Near EUicott City are the Rock Hill College and the St. Charles College, schools of the Roman Catholic Church, with the aggregate number of 33 instructors and 347 students. The train crosses the old Frederick road on the arches of the Oliver Viaduct, and runs between the cliffs and the detached granite mass called the Tarpeian Rock. Running to the N. on the r. bank, the river is crossed and re- crossed by massive viaducts, and beyond the factories of Elysville and the lime-pits of Marriottsville, the line ascends Parr's Ridge, from whose summit (Mt. Airy) the Frederick Valley is overlooked, boimded by the blue Catoctin Mts. Near Mt. Airy station the train crosses the old National Jioad, a highway which was founded by Thomas Jefferson, and extended from Baltimore to Frederick, Cumberland, Wheeling, Zanesville, and Columbus, The train now descends along Bush Creek, and crosses the Monocacy River on a long iron bridge. Near this point a National army under Gen. Lew. Wallace was defeated by superior Confederate forces, and driven.back on Baltimore, after making a bold stand at the crossing of the Monocacy. : A branch line runs N. W. from Monocacy to Frederick in 3 M., connect- ing there with a line running N. E. into Pennsylvania (to Hanover, Get- tysburg, and York), Frederick {City Hotel; U. S. Hotel) is a pleasant Maryland city with 8,256 inhabitants, 11 churches, 3 banks, and 2 news- papers. It is the capital of Frederick County, and is 2 M. from the Monocacy River. The houses are well built, and the streets are broad and cross each other at right angles. The city was several times occupied by the Southern armies, and an incident of one of these invasions inspired Whittier's fine lyric of " Barbara Frietchie." Beyond the Monocacy River the train crosses the broad and fertile lime- stone plains of the Monocacy Valley for 11 M., with the Catoctin Mts. rising on the r. It reaches the Potomac River at the Point of Rocks, where the river cuts through the mts., leaving a high cliff on either side. At this point the Confederate army crossed between Sept. 4 and 7, 1863, and began the first invasion of Maryland. The Metropolitan Branch R. R. runs 43 M. S. E. from Point of Rocks to Washington, crossing the unfruitful Montgomery County. The Wheeling train now traverses a tunnel ^ M. long, and passes Berlin and Hagerstown Junction, whence the Washington County Division R. R. runs 24 M. N. to Hagerstown (see page 377). From Keedysville, on this branch, the traveller can visit the National cemetery and the battle-field of Antietam. 408 Route 65. HARPER'S FERRY. I!'h The line now traverses the great pass through which the Potomac River flows rapidly over a rocky bed, diversified by many is' ^ts. On the I. is the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, on which the bituminoub coal of Cum- berland is carried to tide- water at Georgetown. The track runs under the cliffs of JSlk Mt.^ which was scaled by Jackson's Confederates in Sept., 1863, and then passes passes to the N., Harper's Ferry was held by 12,000 national troops, under CoL Miles. That ofticer abandoned tlie strong positions about the town, after slight attacks from Jackson's division, and allowed 2,00u of hii cavalry to flee to the N. The Confederates acted with great energy, and soon opened a plunging Are fh)m tlie lofty Maryland Heights upon the U. S. troops massed in tlie town. Although a line of retreat was open, and McClellan's relieving anuy was close i^ hand, Col. Miles speedily surrendered the post, with 11,553 soldiers and 73 pieces of artillery. Miles's treason mot with speedy punishment, for he was killed by a canuoQ-ball after the wtiite flag had been disphiycd. The Battle, of South Mountain was iought about 6 M. ftom Harper's Ferry, at the pass in the South Mt called 'rumer's Gap. The position was held by Qen. Hill with 5,000 Confederates, and was attacked (Sept. 14, 1802) by the centre and right wing of the Army of the Potomac. Lougstreet was hui-ried to the relief, and at 2 p. m. there were 30,000 rebel troops on the crests and in the pass. At 4 o'clock tlie fighting was terrible, and the national forces stormed the hostile positions on the cliffs and rugged ridges with rare heroism. At sunset the Union commander, Oen. Reno, was killed at tlie head of his columns, and at 10 p. u. the contest ceased. During the night the enemy retired, having inflicted a loss on the National forces of 312 killed and 1,234 wounded. The action took place where the old National Road crosses the South Mt, in a pass 400 ft. deep. The Confederate loss was not reported, but they left 1,500 prisoners. The Battle of Antletam occurred Sept. 10 - 17, 1863, near the village of Bharpsburg. After the Battle of South Mt. and the surrender of Harper's Ferry, the Confederate army was concentrated near Bharpsburg, to meet the slow but ponderous advance of tlie Army of the Potomac. Ihe f^ont was covered by An- tletam Creek, which was commanded by formidable heights. In the first day's battle Hooker's corps carried the Williamsport bridge, and drove back Hooa's Texans after a severe conflict. At dawn on the 17th, while the National batteries on the E. bank of the Antietam enfiladed the hostile lines. Hooker led 18,000 tvoops to assault the Confederate positions. All day long the National right and centre pressed against the Confederate positions, and the ebb and flow of sangui- nary contest surged about the old Dunker Church N. of Sharpsburg. Qens. Mans- field and Richardson were mortally wounded ; Oens. Hartsuff, Sedgwick, Craw- ford, Dana, and Meagher '>vere wounded : and several brigades were nearly exter- minated (Duryea's brigade emerged from the flgljt with but 20 men, bearing 4 stands of colors). At nightfall the Nationals held the field and the positions of the Confederate left wing and centre. On the National left a terrible engagement was fought at the Burnside Bridge. The troops were ordered to storm thU pot><- tion and carry the heights beyond, though the approaches were enfiladed by Confederate batteries and riflemen. Again and again Qen. Burnside was repulsed, but at 1 p. M. a forlorn hope of 2 regiments swept across the bridge, scattered the hostile brigades on the farther shore, and opened the way for the left wing to ad- vance to the Sharpsburg heights. Darkness now settled on the scene, and tJie National lines held the field after a battle in which " nearly 200,000 men and 600 pieces of artillery were for 14 hours engaged." Their loss had been 2,010 killed, and 10,450 wounded ; the enormous Confederate losses were never reported. The exhausted armies held their respective positions during the next day without fighting ; and during the night of the 18th the Confederates recrossed the Poto- mac and retreated hastily down the Valley of Virginia, having lost, during the fortnight's invasion of Maryland, 30,000 men, 13 cannon, and 39 battle-flags. The Antietam battle-field is now honored by a National Cemetery, in which are buried the thousands of brave soldiers who fell hero. A stately and impressive monument has been erected in tlje cemetery to commemorate tlie victory. The field is reached eitlier by a long carriage-ride fh)m Frederick (traversing an attractive country); from Keedysville station, on the Hagerstown Branch: or from Keameysville. on the main line of the Bait. & Ohio R. R. (crossing the Potomac and passing through Sharpsburg). The new monument has been snrr mounted by the largest statue in the country (21| ft high), representing aa Ameri(ian soldier. 1ft 410 RmiUeS, THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. The Shenandoali Tftlley runs S. W. from Harper's Feny, and is fa* rnons for its rare fertility and picturesque beauty. In later years it has acquired a mournful interest as a battle-grotmd and land of camps during four years of civil war. The Winchester, Potomac & Strasburg K. R. runs from Harper's Ferry up the Valley of Virginia to Harrisonburg (100 M. ), passing Charkitown, which is 8 M. from Harper's Ferry, and is 2^ M. N. W. of Washington's Masonic Cave; 2 M. N. E. of the ancient ruins of Trinity (Norbome) Church; and 5 M. from the Shannondale Springs. Winohetter is the next important station (32 M. from Harper's Ferry), and is the metropolis of the Valley. It was Washington's head-quarters in 1756, and is the burial-place of Lord Fairfax and of Oen. Morgan, com- mander of the Virginia riflemen in the Revolution. Se/eral sanguinary battles occurred in this vicinity during the Secession War. The famous Rock-Enon {Capper) Springs are 13 M. from Winchester, on the Gre(;b North Mt. (Wormley's Hotel). From Straaburg a milroad runs E. to Washington in 89 M., passing the beautiful mt. hamlet of Front Boyal» near Manassas Gap, and the scene of desperate fighting during the Seces- sion War. Harrisonburg is in the lower part of the Valley of Virginia, and is the capital of the rich agricultural county of Rockingham. The Bait. & Ohio train run? N. W. from Harper's Ferry, leaving the Potomac beyond the rock-tunnel, and ascending the valley of Elk Branch. Beyond KeameyaviUe it crosses the Opequan Creek, and enters the valley of the Tuscarora, which is followed to Martinsburg {McSherry House), This is the capital of Berkeley County, and is a pleasant town of 4,863 inhabitants, with 8 churches, and large machine-shops of the railroad. It is on a high and fertile plateau W. of the Blue Ridge, and has favorable opportunities for manufacturing, by reason of the water-power of the Tuscarora Creek. It was occupied by the Confederate troops early in 1861, and was the scene of severe fighting. Milroy's U. S. army was dis- astrously defeated in this vicinity; and other national forces were repulsed and expelled from the place by Confederate armies from the Valley oi Viiginia. In June, 1861, the Southern troops destroyed, near this town, 87 locomotives and 400 cars belonging to the Bait. & Ohio K R. The Cumhtrland Valley R. R. runs N. E. from Martinsburg to Harrisbuigh, Fenn., in 94 M. (see Route 58, page 873>. Beyond Martinsburg the train runs N. over the North Mt., leaving the Valley of Virginia and traversing a dreary upland, beyond which it descends to the Potomac River, with fine views in front. On the opposite shore of the river are the ruins of Fort Frederick, a quadrangular stone work which was built by Virginia in 1755 - 56 (at an expense of $ 30,000), as one of the 6 frontier forts. The British troops captured at Yorktown in 1780 were located here, in camps guarded by Continental soldiers. At BERKELEY SPRINGS. R(mU6B. 411 nd is fa' j«it has M during Tg K. R« jurg (100 and is 2^ ent ruins Springs, s Ferry), -quarters ^an, com- inguinary le famous the Gre?;6 van E. to itBoyal, the Seces- Virginia, saving the k Branch, the valley y House). I of 4,863 Iroad. It favorable rer of the 3 early in ^ was dis- B repulsed Valley oi ;his town, irrisbuigh, ., leaving which it opposite ^ar stone 130,000), Torktown iezs. At the station of Sir John*s Run, stages are in waiting to carry passengers to the Berkeley Springs {* Berkeley Springs Hmtae), a famous old sum- mer resort of the Virginians. The springs are 2^ M . S. of the railroad, and are 4 in numbe *, flowing from the forest-covered ftides of the Warm Springs Ridge. Thoy flow 1,200 gallons a minute, and are chiefly used for bathing, the temper Sture being 74°. The Oentlemen's Spring is provided with a pavilion and lounging-room; and the Ladies' Spring is similarly embellished. Tliere are numerous private baths, shower and spout baths, and large swimming-baths for ladies and gentlemen. The waters are held to be beneficial in cases of neuralgia and general debility; and the high, cool moxmtain-air is also famed for its salubrity. There are hotel accom- modations for 700 guests. The Berkeley Springs was the first summer resort which was opened in the South. Tliey were on the immense domain of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, who re- served to himself tlie source still known as "Lord Fairfax's Spring," and granted the others to the province of Virginia. In 1755 the ill-fated army of Qen. Brad- dock (see page 853) passed near this place, and Sir John's Run still commem- orates Sir John St. Clair, an officer of the vanguard. The province laid out the town of Bath in 1776, and Gen. Washington, Oen. Gates, Charles Carroll of Car- roUton, and many others of tho colonial gentry, had cottages here, where they spent portions of the summer in forest-sports and bathing. Horse-racing, card- playing, and tho old stately dances were in vogue ; and at a certain hour, which was announced by the blowing of a horn, the gentlemen retired and allowed the ladies the privileges of the foliage-shaded bathing-pool. Hither came the Baron and Baroness de Riedesel in 1780, — he to recover his health, which was shat- tered in the Saratoga campaign. In 1786 James Bumsey earned enough money at the baths to build his steamboat, perhaps the first in the world, which was launched at the mouth of Sir John s Run (or at Shepherdstown, a lew miles he- low), and successfully ascended the rapid Potomac. Beyond Sir John's Run the ]ine enters the mts. of the great Alleghany^ range, near the Cacapon Mts., with the prominent peak of Round Top plainly in view. In 4 M. the great Cacapon River is crossed, and after following the curves of the picturesque upper Potomac and ascending massive galleries on the sides of the ridges, the train traverses the Doe Gully Tunnel, which is 1,200 ft. long and pierces a mt. 1,700 ft. high. Fine rugged scenery is passed on either side as the line is followed to the Paw Paw Tunnel. Oossing the Little Cacapon Creek and the South Fork of the Potomac, the broad intervales opposite Old Town are traversed, and in the advance are seen the mts. which surround Cumberland. Be- yond the Oreeti Spring Tunnel, the tall cliffs called Kelley's Rocks are passed, and the picturesque rock-scenery about Patterson's Creek. The train now crosses the Potomac on a bridge 700 ft. long, and enters Mary- land in the mt.-county of Alleghany. When Maryland was debating whether to secede or not (in 1861), this patriotic county sent its delegates 1 Thii chain of mti. 'with the itmilirTy n«med river tnd adlocent towni and eountiei) !• called "Allegany ' in ita New YoA portion, " Alleftheny " in Penniylvania, and " Alie- ghan V " in Marrland and the South. A uniform method of ■pelUnff thli name in deairable ; nut the Editor it as adhered to the varioui local forma of ■peliing, oelieving it hit duty ta report things •■ they are, rather than as they ahould be. 412 RouU66, CUBIBERLAin). to the Convention with the instruction! that if they voted for secession they should be hung on their return. Oumberland (* Queen City Hotel, at the station), the second city of Maryland, is finely situated in a basin of the mts., with Will's Mt. on the W., and the Nobleys on the S., beyond which is the lof*^ ridge of Dan's Mt. There are over 8,000 inhabitants, with 8 churches and 3 newspapers; and the public buildings of Cumberland County are located here. The great rolling-mills where the Bait, k Ohio company makes its steel rails form an important feature of the city ; and the country-trade is ex- tensive and lucrative. The Chesapeake k Ohio Canal terminates at this point, and is mainly used in the transportation of coal from the great mines in the vicinity. During the year 1873, 779,412 tons of semi-bitu- minous coal were sent to Georgetown, D. C, over the canal, and 1,794,200 tons were sent East by the railroad, making a total of 2,573,618 tons shipped from Cumberland during the year. The scenery in this vicinity attracts summer visitors, who generally stop at the great Queen City Hotel (an appanage of the railroad company). 1 M. W. is the deep gorge called "The Narrows" where Will's Creek has cloven iti way through the escarped and palisaded sandstone strata of Will's Mt. Through this water-gap runs the old National Road and the track of the Pittsburgh, Washington k Baltimore B. K. (see page 364). The Cumberland A Pennsylvania R. R. runs from Cumberland through the great coal-region to tlie W. FrostburK is a place of about 6,000 inhabitants, 1,400 ft. above Cumberland, aud is approached by trades in the form of a succession of ■""a. This lofty and prosperous town is undermined in everj' direction by ex- hausted coal-shafts, and the railroad passes under it in a dark tunnel. Running thence 3. W. , the line follows the narrow carboniferous valley of George's Creek, by several villages of miners, and soon reaches Pledmontf 84 M. from Cumber* luid (time of transit, 3 hrs.). The main line runs S. W. from Cumberland up the narrow valley of the Potomac, between the Nobley Mts. (on the 1.) and Will's and Dan's M' \ (on the r.). The ridges on either side furnish varied views, and beyond the rich glen of Black Oak Bottom the train crosses the Potomac on a costly bridge of stone and iron. Piedmont is the seat of large rail- road repair-shops, and is at the confluence of the Potomac (North Branch) and George's Creek. At this point begins the ascent of the Alleghany Mts., and for 17 M. the train climbs an average gradient of 117 ft. to the M., propelled by 2 engines. On the r., beyond the deep ravine of Savage River, are the Savage Mts; and near Crabtree Creek the line sweeps in broad curves around the main Alleghany ridge. The scenery on this section is majestic and imposing, and the lofty p^ks are shown in new combinations as the train clambers along its lofty galleries and bends on long curving grades. Altaxnont is on the summit, and is 2,720 ft. above the sea. The line now enters The Olades, a series of rich alluvial meadows lying along the Youghiogheny River and on the great Alleghany plateau. CHEAT RIVER VALLEY. JtouU65. 413 8 M. from Altamont is the station at the • Deer Park Hotel ($8.60 a day; $20 a week; $75 a month), a firat-class summer resort mider the management of the railroad company. It is 2,800 ft. above the sea, and is visited for the sake of the pure cool air, and for the romantic and sublime scenery along th<- Hades and on the mts. The hotel has 150 rooms, furnished with gas and water, and employs an orchestra in sum- mer. The thermometer in summer iHnges from 58° to 76° Fahrenheit, and the air is crisp and sparkling. 6 M. beyond Doer Park the train passes the village of Oakland, with another large wayside summer-house, called the * Oladei Hotel (a favorite resort for Baltimoreans). The trouting in the highland streams affords much sport, and game is still found in the forests. A highway runs N. from Oakland, down the pleasant valley of the Maryland Glades, and by the Youghiogheny River, to the remote hamlet of Friendwille. 6 M. beyond Oakland the train enters W. Virf^nia, and traverses a region which is filled with striking scenery. Embankments, tunnels, and deep gorges succeed each other, and at 11 M. beyond Cranberry Summit the line reaches Rowleaburg* The famous * Cheat Biver Valley is now crossed, with beautiful views on either side. Here the chocolate-colored Cheat River, uniting with the Tray Run^ descends through a valley between bold and imposing mts., and is lined with dark forests. The raiUoad crosses on a high grade, bridging the river and rusliing along the slopes on narrow yet massively built galleries. The attention and admiration of the triaveller is divided between the charms of the natural scenery and the daring skill of the engineering works over which the train passes. " This scenery has a character of grandeur of its own, and, in the wonderfbl' varieties of forest and lawn, of river and mt., of nature in her savage wildnesa and nature in her loveliest forms, presents a series of pictures which no well- educatfcvl American should leavr; unvisited. We cross the Atlantic in quest of attractive scenes, and, lo I we leave at home, alongside of the great central iron pathway, views that excel anything that can be seen among the mts. of Scotland or in the passes of the Appenines." (George Bancroft.) Beyond Cassidy's Ridge the train passes through the great Xingwood Tannel, which is 4,100 ft. long and cost $ 1,000,000. It took 3,000 men 2 years and 8 months to make this tunnel. A long descent now follows, the Murray Tunnel (250 ft.; through sandstone) is passed, and beyond the hamlet of Newburg (on the intervales of Otter Creek) the train follows the narrow valley to Grafton (large hotel at the station). This village has about 2,000 inhabitants, and is picturesquely situated on the Tygarfs Valley River. About 20 M. up Tyf,art's Valley (12 M. from Webster) is Philippi, which was occupied by the Confederate forces sent for the subjugation of W. Virginia in 1861. June 3, 1861, these troops (numbering 1,500 men) were attacked by the Ist Va. (Union) and 2 Western regiments, and were totally routed. I ii i '; I 414 Bauues. PARKEBSBURG. ! ■ "i • "ll !UI^ The Parkenbitrg Divinon runs W. from Qrafton to Parkenburg in 104 M., traversing the picturesque mts. of W. Virginia and passing several small forest-hamlets. Among these rugged higlilands the institution of slavery obtained but a slender foothold, and in 1860 the 4 counties be- tween Grafton and Pari'ersburg had 85,256 freemen, and only 830 slaves. When the Virginians voted (in 1861) as to* whether their State should stand by the Union or secede, the mountain-counties were loyal by large majorities; and when the State took up arms against the Republic, this patriotic section was formed into the new State of West Virginia (with the motto, " Montani semper liheri "). The first station of any note is Clarksburg, the capital of Harrison County, a village of nearly 2,000 inhabitants, situated on a hill-environed plain near the W. Fork of the Monongahela River. Petroleum station is in the oil-district of W. Vii^inia, and a branch track leads N. from Laurel Fork Junction to Yoloano, the chief place in that district. In this vi- cinity is obtained a heavy dark-green oil which is extensively used in lubricating fixed machinery, locomotives, and cars. This valuable petro- leum is pumped up from the natural rock-reservoirs far below in the earth, and is kept in large tanks (seen near the line). The deep ravines and rugged hills of this region are occupied by thousands of tall derricks, most of which have long been deserted. At Claysville the train reaches the Little Kanawha River, whose course is followed to the N. W. to Parkersbnrg (Stoann House), the capital of Wood Ciounty, a city of 6,646 inhabitants, engaged in the petroleum trade. The train here crosses the Ohio River on a noble bridge which was erected in 1869-71, at a cost of over $1,000,000. It is 1^ M. long, with 6 spans over the river and 43 approaching spans. The line connects at Belpre with the Marietta k Cincinnati R. R. for the West. The Wheeling train runs N. W. from Grafton down the TygarVs Vallep, with a variety of picturesque scenery. Fairmont is a pretty village, with about 600 inhabitants and 2 churches, situated near the confluence of the Monongahela River and Tygart's Valley River. A fir^ suspension-bridge crosses the river to the hamlet of Palatine. Fairmont is the capital of the forest-county of Marion, and is at the head of steamboat navigation on the Monongahela. The line now crosses the hill-country of Wetzel County, and beyond Littleton it enters the Pan-Handle of W. Virginia. MoundsviUe is finely situated on the fertile intervales of the Ohio River at the mouth of Grave Creek, and is near the village of Elizahethtovm, the capital of Marshall County. Between the villages is the Mammoth Mound, a relic of the prehistoric inhabitants of America. It is 80 ft. high and 200 ft. broad, and towers over the fertile intervales. The train now runs over level lo\ 'onds for several miles, and after an interlude of WHEELING. Roitu ee, 415 rocky narrows, advances by the Ohio River to Bentoood (where conneco tions are made with the Central Ohio Division of the B. & 0. R. R.) and Wheeling. Wheeling {McClure House) is the capital of W. Virginia, and is 8itii« ated on the Ohio River at the influx of Wheeling Creek. It has 19,280 in« habitants, with 21 churches, 4 banks, and 5 newspapers, and is the seat of the University qf W.. Virginia^ a State institution with 10 professors and 154 students. The manufactuiing interests are profitable and ezten> sive, and are served by an easily available water-power and immense sup' plies of coal in the adjacent hills. The National Road crosses the Ohio here (over Zane's Island) by a graceful wire suspension-bridge, whose span is 1,010 ft. long, with towers 153 ft. above the river ; and the railroad bridge (below the city) is one of the finest in the country. With the ap> proaches, it is If M. long, including a viaduct of 43 spans in the city of Bellaire. Wheeling is finely situated on a narrow alluvial plain which is overlooked by rugged hills, and has a large commerce on the Ohio River. The 40 mountain counties of Virginia bad long been at odds with the rest of the State by reason of unequal taxation and other un,iust discriminations. When Virginia seceded flrora the Union (in 1S61) these counties established themselves into the State of W. Virginia, and testifl«u the patriotism of the new member of the Republic by giving to its armies 26,540 men out of 33,774 enrolled male citizens. The Hempfleld B. R. runs N. E. to Washington, Pa., in 32 M. (see page 868) ; the P'ver Division of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh R. R. runs (Pmm Bridgeport) to Pittsfc irgh in S3 M., and to Cleveland in 138 M.; and the Central Ohio k, Lake Erie Divisions of the Bait. & Ohio R. R. run (from Bellaire) to Columbos in 187 M., and to Sandusky in 220 M. 66. Baltimore to Washing^ton. By the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. (Washington Branch) in 1 - 2 hrs. Stations* — Baltimore (Camden station) ; Carroll Switch, 2 M. ; Camden Junction, 4; Washington Junction. 9; Elk Ridge, 10; Hanover, 12^; Dor>ey's, 15 ; Jessup's, 17 ; Annapolis Junction, 19.^ ; Savaire, 21 ; Laurel, 23 ; White Oak, 25 ; Beltsville, 28 ; Paint Branch, 81j^ ; Bladensburg, 84 ; Metropolitan Junction, 89 ; Washington, 40. The train moves out from the Camden station, and runs S. W. through the en- virons of Baltimore. Baltimore to Washington Junction, see page 406. The deep valley of the Patapsco River is now crossed on the famons * Washington Viadnot, a splendid piece of masonry whose arches rest on 7 high piers. The views on either side are broad and pleasant, espe- cially on the 1., where the valley widens. The scenery in this vicinity, and the exigencies of railroad travel, have given reason for tho erection of the fine hotel on the E. side of the river. The train now traverses the hilly region on the borders of Howard County, with the peculiar clayey soil of the country exhibited in the deep cuts and gullied knolls. Elk Ridge Landing \% an iron manufacturing villf^e on the Patapsco; and Hanover (locally farao\is for its camp-meetings) is near the iron-mines which supply the Avalon Furnaces. 416 Rouu ee. ANNAPOLia At Annapolu Junction (2 hotels) the Annapolis k Elk Ridge R R diverges to the S. K and runs for 21 M. across Anne Anmdel County, intersecting the Bait, k Potomac R. R. at Odenton. Trains run from Baltimore to Annapolis in 1^-2 hrs. . Jkmiapolii (Maryland ffoiue), the capital of the State of Maryland, is a quaint old city of 5,744 inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the S. bank of the Severn River, 2 M. from Chesapeake Bay. It derives considerable local importance from its relations to the State, while it has a national interest from the fact that it is the site of the training-school for the officers of the republican fleets. The State Home is situated on an ele- vation in the centre of the city, enclosed by a circular granite wall, and is entered from Frances St. It is built mainly of brick, and is surmounted by a dome nearly 200 ft. high. The hall beyond the main entrance is imder the dome, whose interior work is seen thence. On the r. is the Senate Chamber, memorable in American history as the place where Con- gress ratified the Treaty of 1783 (acknowledging the national independence), and also where Washington resignbii his command of the army. Here are full-length portraits of Charles Carroll (by Sully), Chase, Paca, and Stone, the Maryland signers of the Declaration of Independence ; and of Howard, ''the hero of the Cowpens" (by Sully) ; also a fine painting of Washington resigning his commission to Congress. In the adjacent Com- mittee Room is a singular painting by C. W. Peale, representing Lord Chatham in the costume of a Roman senator. The Chamber of the House of Delegates is opposite the Senate Chamber, and has galleries for visitors. The State Library is at the end of the hall under the dome, and has over 20,000 volumes. On the second floor is the Executive Department and the Court of Appeals (wherein hangs a large picture of Washington and Lafayette reviewing the army, by Peale). Another stairway leads to the platform of the dome (130 ft. high), whence a broad view is gained, in- cluding the city, the pleasant hills of Anne Arundel, the Severn, and the broad Chesapeake, and the remote line of the Eastern Shore. The State House was built in 1772, and the dome (of wood) was added after the Revolution. The Treasury is a venerable building in the circle near the State House, and is famous for having been the legislative hall of the old Provincial Assembly. The Record Office is N. E. of the Treasury, ind contains the archives of Maryland. On the N. E. of the hill is an ancient cannon which was brought to the province by Lord Baltimore about 1633. St. John'i College occupies a range of buildings between Prince George St. and the Severn River, and has 12 instructors and 181 students. In 1744 Oct. Bladen began the erection of a costly gubernatorial mansion on the site of St. John's College. European architects provided with almost un- limited resources had nearly completed the house ; when Bladen quarrelled with the Assembly, which thereupon cut off its appropriations. In 1784 the Assembly founded St. John's College, and located it in tlte ruined building (which was ANNAPOLia Xauuee. 417 known am " th« Oorcrnor*! Folly "O. It lUao received the endowments of " King WiUlam'ii School." which was founded at Annapolis in 1000. But the uolieg j wii« dot)endent, and lanKniahed whenever the 8tAte atibxldioii were witlihelU. The College Green waa the camp-ground of the French forcea in the Revolution, the 3IaryTand militia in the War of 1812, and the national troops in the Civil War. £. of the college in an ancient poplar-tree, which probably antedates the city, and la much venerated by ilie Annapolitans. 8t. Anne'i Oharoh (Episcopal) is on the Church Circle (6-700 ft. W. of the State House), and is a stately edifice, with colonnades of stone sep< arating the nave and aisles, and an altar of carved stone. The bell (now destroyed) of this church was given by Queen Anne, and the 7 vessels of the communion service (still in use) were presented by, and bear the monogram and arms of, King William III. The church is the third Stt Anne's which has occnpied this site, the first having been built in 1696. St. Mary's Church (Catholic) is on the Duke of Gloucester St., on land given by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and adjoins St. Mary's College and Convent. Candidates for the missionary clergy of the Redemptionist Order study 6 years at St. James College (Baltimore), 2-4 years at St. Mary's (Annapolis), and 5 years at St. Clement's College (Ilchester, Md.), returning to Annapolis for a final practical course. The Government House is a costly new mansion W. of the State House, used for the resi- dence of the Governor. There are many quaint old houses in the city which date from 1740 - 60 and were built of imported brick. The * V. 8. Naval Academy is the national school for the education of midshipmen and their preparation for the higher commands in the navy. The course of study covers 4 years, and is varied by cruising ia the school-ships. This school was founded in 1845, and was transferred to Newport, R. I., during the Civil War (May, 1861 -Sept., 1865). The buildings were occupied by the army during that period, and at the close of the rebellion the naval cadets fetumed. The grounds cover 114 acres, and are fronted by a sea-wall along the Severn River. The new Midship- men's Quarters accommodate 200 cadets, and are croMmed by a dome which commands a broad marine view. The Officers' Quarters, Gunnery Build- ing, ObseiVatory, Hospital, and Mess Hall are commodious structures. The Department of Steam Enginery is at the foot of the main avenue, and contains bright models and large engines of steam-frigates. In front is a fountain surmounted by a statue of Neptune, and a portal formed of can- non captured on the Confiance (War of 1812). The Chapel contains sev- eral memorial tablets, and on the grounds are 3 monuments, — to midship- men killed at Vera Cruz in 1847, — to Lieut. Hemdon, lost on the Central America, — and to the soldiers of the fleet who fell in the Tripolitan War (in 1804). The latter monument was erected at Washington in 1808, was mutilated by- the British in 1814, and was removed to Annapolis in 1860. The old Government House of Maryland, erected before the Revolution, was bought by the U. S. in 1869, and is now used for the library (15,000 18* AA . - 418 RwU 66. ANN*JPOLIS. Tolumes) and reading-room. In this building are laige and yaloable col< lections of birds, shells, minerals, coins, etc., with trophies, flags, and other cariosities. There are many busts of eminent men, and casts of celebrated antique statuary; also several rude but spirited paintings of battles at sea, and portraits of the great naval chiefs, Stewart, Farragut, Paul Jones, M. C. Perry (Japan expedition), 0. H. Perry (Battle of Lake Erie), Decatur, Hopkins, Rodgers, Preble, McDonough, Biddle, and David Porter. The Academy has a fine band and a marine guard, ball and boat clubs, and a gymnasium on the walls of old Fort Severn. A dress-parade of the battalion occurs every evening (unless stormy), and many visitors attend the imposing ceremonial. The dress-balls given here during the winter (especially on Feb. 22) attract hundreds of the patrician damsels of Baltimore and Washington. The Academy is situated in finely adorned grounds, adorned with trees and shrubbery and ancient trophy-cannon. The remains of old Fort Severn are near the river, and there are usually two or three vessels of the fleet moored ofi" Severn Park. On St. Cecilia's Day, 1633; the Catholic pilgrims set sail from England, "having placed our ship under the protection of Ood, the Blessed Virgin Mother, St. Igna- tius, and all tlie guardian angels of Maryland." In due time they reached land at St* Mary's, near the Potomac River, and founded there the capital of the pro- spective province. In 1648 Episcopal Virginia began to persecute her Puritan citizens, and in 1649 the aflSicted church moved to Providence (the present site of Annapolis). The Catholic Governor Stone soon advanced by sea fh>m St Mary's against the new colony, but was defeated and captured after a fierce fight, in which 50 of his men were killed. The Puritan battle-cry was, " In the name of Ood, fall on. God is our strength "; and the Marylanders shouted, " Hey f|^r St. Mary's." In 1694 the Puritan village became the provincial capital ; and in 1695 it was named Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. In 1745 the Maryland Gazett9 was establislied ; in 1752 a theatre was opened (the first in America) ; in 1774 the citizens burned the British brig Peggy, with her cargo of tea ; in 1776 the royal govempr, Eden, was forced to fly. and the "glorious old Marj'land Line" began to gather here. About 1795 the city began to decline in relative importance. At the outbreak or the Secession War the oity was occupied by rebels, who were arranging for an attack on the Naval Academy and the frigate Constitution. April 21 the 8th Mass. regiment arrived here (by water), and rescued the im- perilled national property ; occupied the city : i^ored the petty and impertinent sectionalism of tlie Mai-yland governor ; and marched to Annapolis Junction, rebuilding the demolished railroad, and attended by the 7th New York Regi- ment. Thereafter, until the redemption of Baltiniore, the troops advancing to the defence of the national capital passed through Annapolis. fj: i ' Beyond Annapolis Junction the train crosses in succession the Little Patnxent and Big Patuxent Rivers, and approaches Laurel (Laurel Hotel), a thrifty and growing village of about 1,200 inhabitants, situated ^ M. N. of the line. It has busy iron-works and cotton-mills, and is situated in a district which abounds in peaches. The railroad was cut at this point by a daring band of Southern cavalry during the summer of 1864. Muirkirk has iron-works which draw their supplies from the rich ore-beds in the vicinity: and the stately granite building of the Agricultural College of Maryland is seen from Paint Branch (College) station, crowning a line of heights on the r. PORT TOBACCO. Rwuer, 419 ** A series of grassy hills, With sandy creeks at their passes ; then Bladensburg, an angular stretch of old, gable-chimneyed, bent-roofed houses, i M. from the railroad ; then a line of red-clay breastworks, worming up to the hill-tops, wliere stand dismantled forts ; then an octagonal builduig with a cupola on it, — the home and foundry of Clark Mills, sculptor; then the uneasy outlying landscapes of a city, — culverts planted nowhere, streets graded to no place, brick-kilns and pits, a cemetery, frame shanties on goose pastures disputed by cows made sullen by over-milking; boys, babies, friendless dogs, and negro women 'toting' great bundles on their heads; no more fence, the smell of apparent garbage and ash-heaps; signs of ground-rents and dirt-throwing invitations ; and all this time you are descending into basin-land and down the valley of a bare creek; at last a dome, such majesty and white- ness ii you never saw elsewhere, appears sailing past the clouds, — the Capitol!" (George Alfred TowNSEND.) Washington, see page 420. • 67. Baltimore to Waahington. By the Bait & Potomac R R. in 1^-2 hrs. Stations. — Baltimore ; N. Central Junction, 2 M.; Lafayette, 3: Winans, 9; Stony Bun, 11 ; Severn, 15 ; Odenton, 18 ; Patuxent, 21 ; Bowie, 26 (branch to Marlboro', 40; Pope's Creelc, 75); Seabrook, 30; Wilson's, 34; Benning's, 88 ; Navy Yard, 41 ; Washington, 43 (Richmond, U6). The train leaves the Calvert Station, in Baltimore, and passes through the great tunnels beneath the city, traversing the rural environs, and passing the divergence of the N. Central B. R. The train now diverges to the S., and crosses the broad Patapsco Biver. At Odenton it intersects the Annapolis & Elk Ridge R. R., on which trains run 15 M. S. E. to Annapolis, the capital of Maryland (see page 416). The line next trav- erses the fertile hills of Anne Arundel County, whose chief products are com and tobacco. The county was named for Lady Anne Arundel, who married Lord Baltimore, and in 1860 had 16,568 free citizens and 7,332 slaves. Beyond the Patuxent the line enters Prince George County, which, in 1850, produced more tobacco than any other county in the Union (8,380,851 pounds), and is still famous for that staple. From Bowie the Pope's Creek Branch diverges to the S., and runs for 49 M. through the rural districts of Prince George and Charles Counties. La Plata station is near Fort Tobacco, the capital of Charles County, and a garrisoned post during the Secession War. The terminus of the branch line is at Pope's Creek, fronting the wide waters of the lower Potomac. Beyond Bowie the Washington train passes on to the shores of the Eastern Branch of the Potomac, which is crossed on a long trestle-bridge. Pleasant views are afforded of the broad river and its hilly banks. The Washington Tunnel is a costly and massively buUt structure of masonry. I I ill, 420 Routes 68, 69, WASHINGTON. 1,600 ft. long; and as the train emei^ges from its depths, the white dome of the Capitol is seen on the r. The terminal station is on 6th St., near Pennsylvania Ave. 68. New York to Waihing^toiL The new route by the Limited Express trains affords the most speedy and luxurious mode of passing from the metropolis to the national capi- tal. The train is composed entirely of Pullman cars, and uns through without change in 6 hrs. and 40 minutes. The fares are, New York to Philadelphia, $4.25; to Baltimore, $8.50 ; to Washington $10 (Pullman- car fares included). The train leaves New York at 9.30 a. m. (3| hrs. after the arrival of the night express from Boston), and arrives at Washington at 4.03 P. M. (city time). The route between New York and Philadelphia is described on pages 254-262; between Philadelphia and Baltimore, on pages 386-394; between Baltimore and Washington, on pages 419, 420. The Limited Express stops en route at Newark, Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Trenton, Germantown Junctipn, W. Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore. 69. Washington. Hotels. — *The Arlington, alatge and imposing bailding near the Treasuiy, accommodating 325 guests and chai^ng $5 a day; * Willard's, comer of Penn. Ave. and 14Ui St., accommodating 400 guests (#4.50 a day); the * Metropoli- tan, Penn. Ave., near 6th St., 300 guests ^$4 a day); the *Ebbitt, comer of F and 14th Sts., 800 guests, a favorite resort for officers of the army and navy ; the * National, comer of Penn. Ave. and 6th St., a famous old hotel, accommodating 400 guests (#4 a day), Wormley's, on 15th St. ; the Imperial, on E St., near Penn. Ave. and 14th St. ; the Washington, corner of Penn. Ave. and Sd St. ; the Con<^ tinental, Penn. Ave., near 3d St. ; the St Marc, Penn. Ave. and 7th St. (Euro- pean plan); the Globe, corner of F and 12th Sts. : the Milliken, E and 10th Bt& ; the St. James (European), near the Bait & Potomac station ; the Treniont (^ 2.50 a day), near the Bait & Ohio station. Tlie Union Hotel is eligibly situated til Georgetown (corner of Bridge and Washington Sts.). Boarding-hoiisea are found in all parts of the city, and with widely varying prices. Bestauraiits. — * Welcker's, on 15th St near H, is famous for its costly dinners and ricli wines ; * Wormley's (15th and H Sts. ) is a quiet and aristocratic resort ; the * St. George (F St , near 9th) is much frequented by ladies, and tickets are sold at a lai-ge discount ; Harvey (corner of Penn. Ave. and 11th St ) has oys- ters in every shape; Russell & Leonard's (9th St & Pefnn. Ave.) is elegant and rich ; the National (Penn. Ave. and 6th St ) is a good lunch-saloon. Freund's is in the Capitol, and is much frequented by Congressmen; and there is a large restaurant in the Treasury Department. The hotels on the European plan are provided with dining-rooms where meals are served d {a carte ; and table- board may be secured at the better class of boarding-houses fur $30-35 a month. Readlns* Rooms are found in the larger hotels. The * Library of Congress is open from 10 a. m. to 4 £-. m., and visitors can tliere examine the largest collec- tion of books in America. The library and reading-rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association are open to all visitors from 9 a. m. until 10 p M. The offices of the Washington correspondents of the chief American neM'spapers are on News- paper Bow and near the corner of 14th and F Sts. Though not open as public he white dome a 6th St., near e most speedy ) national capi- uns through , New York to $10 (Pullman- e arrival of the 4.03 P. M. (city s described on >ages 386-394; The Limited wick, Trenton, Baltimore. ur the Treasury, comer of Penn. the *Metropoli' }itt, comer of F f and navy ; the accommodating S St., near Penn. d St. ; the Conf< d 7th St. (Euro- en, E and 10th •n : the Treniont- eligibly situated hovMs are found IS for its costly and aristonratic dies, and tickets til St ) has oys* .)is elegant and >n. Freuitd's is there is a large European plan rte ; and table- fur $80-S& a ary of Congress e largest coUec- he Young Men's > M. The ofldces srsareon News- open as public Ill ! \ IfASHINGTON. KmOeeP. 421 reading-rooms, the files of papers in these offices are generally accessible to Tisi* tors from their respective sections. Amasemeiita. — The National Theatre (E St., near 14th) produces dramas and coiuedies, witli a regular stocli company and occasional " star " engagements. Operas are sometimes presented here during the winter montlis. Ford s Opera House (9th St, near Penn. Ave.) has a small auditorium. Leeturea and Conoerte are given in Lincoln Hall, comer of 9th and D Sts. : Masonic Hall, corner of 9th and F Sts. ; Odd Fellows' HaU, 7th St., between 1) and E Sts. ; and Willard's Hall, F St, near 14th St. Billiards are found in sevenri saloons throughout the city, the principal resort being at the National HoteL German sports and viands are found at the Schuetzen Parle, on 7th St., beyond the Howard University. Boating is a favorite unuseraent of the civil-service men, who have several weU- drilled rowing-clubs. Tlieir races are conducted on the broad reaches of the Potomac, and attract many spectators. Base-ball is played on the grounds in the N. W. part of the cifr^. Th« Season*— The best times to visit Washington with design to see the natural beauties of the city and its environs are in May, early June, and Octo- ber, when the air is bland and genia? and the rich foliage of the parlis and Uie flowers of the national gardens are in bloom. The fashionable season is during the winter, when much of the brilliant society and talent of the Republic is con* centrated here. The sessions of Congress begin on the first Monday in Decem- ber, and continue until March 4 (in the odd-numbered years), or until early sunmier (in the even-numbered jrears). During this jperiod the galleries of the Senate and House of Representatives are open to visitors (except during occa- sional short executive sessions of the former body) ; and the leading politicians of the nation may there be seen. The debates in the House are oftentimes spicy and exciting, but are nearly unintelligible on account of the noise ; and most visitors will prefer the stately decorum and quietude of the Senate. The two houses open their sessions at noon, and the first hour is devoted to the uninter- esting routine of reading the journal and reporting bills. The sessions usually close late in the afternoon, though during times of exigency and the discussion of important measures the Senate sometimes continues in conclave until far into the night. When the House is in session a flag is displayed over the S. wing of the Capitul: and the flag over the N. wing indicates that the Senate is in session. When tne debates are prolonged into the evening, the great lantern over the dome is illuminated, forming a brilliant mass of light which is visible for many miles. The fdshionaible season lasts fh>m New Tear's until Lent, and is flUed with** round of receptions, balls, and parties. The days of the receptions are announced in the newspapers, and the Presidential levees are open to all who may come. Full evening dress should be worn, although it is not essential to admission. Ambassactors. — The oCSce of the legation of Austria is at 17^8 H St., N. W. ; Belgium, 1714 Penn. Ave. ; Brazil, 822 Conn. Ave., N. W. ; Chili, Wormley's Hotel : Denmark , 2015 G St ; Ecuador, 1741 G St, N. W. ; the French Repub- lic, 1721 H St, N. W. ; the German Empire. 734 15th St., N. W. ; Great Britain, in the costly new building of the British Legation, on Conn. Ave. ; Hayti, Ar- lington House : Italy, 2017 G St, N. W. ; Japan, 926 Scott Place ; Mexico, 1724 G St ; Holland^ 611 13th St. ; Peru, 1709 H St. N. W. ; Portugfl, 1725 H St, N. W. ; Russia, 1801 PSt. N. W. ; Spain, 1301 K St, N. W. : Sweden and Nor- way, 2016 Q St, N. W. ; Turkey. 1404 H St., N. W. Military Musio by the Marine Band daily at guard-mounting at the Marine Barracks. Also (daring the summer) on Wednesday afternoons in the East Park, and on Saturday afternoons in the grounds of the Executive Mansion. CarrlageB* — Caution and firmness are necessary in dealing with most of the backiuen of Washington. The legal tariff allows them : for 1 -2 passengers (one- horse coach), 75c. per hour or per course, or if less tiian 1 M., ^ the above rates ; for 1-2 persons (two-horse caniage) per hour, $1.50; per course of overl M., $1; fur ?m 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. CapUol (page 426), on Capitol Hill; open daily until dark,^aBd sometimes till late at night. Cengreasional Cemetery (page 425), open daily till dusk. CiAuvnMa Hospital, corner of L and 26th fits.; Tues. and Frl., firom 10 a. x. to 4 p.m. Colwnbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (page 440), reached by Columbia Railway ; open daily. Committu-Rooms in the Capitol. — Entered by permission of Lhe sergeants-at- arms. * Congress (page 421), open during session from 12 m. to 8 p. m., or later. Convent of the Visitation (page 447), Fftyette St., Georgetown ; open to visitors Wed. and Sat. afternoons. * Corcoran Oallery of Art (p^ 440), cor 9r of Penn. Ave. and 17th St.; open daily from 10 a. m. until dark (Tues., Thura., and Sat., firee)L Dame of tAe Caigitol (page 427), open daily. EdvaaXUm, Bureau of, comer of O and 8th Sts. (opposite Fatont^fllce) ; open daily, 9-8. ^ExtxniXive MantHxm (page 489), Penn. Ave., near 10th St.; open daily, 10-8 o'clock. * Georgetown College (page 446), on Georgetown Heights ; open daily. GUnvmod Cemetery, It M. flrom the Capitol : open daily. Howard University (page 445), 7th St Road ; open daily. Insane Asylum (page 445), 2 M. flrom the Navy Yard; open Wednesdays, S-9 p. M. Interior Department, N. Corridor of Patont-Offlce ; 9-8 daily. *IAbrary of Congress (page 427), W. ftront of the Capitol ; open daily, 9-4 (or until the adjournment of Congress). Louise Home, Mass. Ave., near 15th St. (page 488); open eve^ afternoon. ^ Mount Vernon (page 450). Steamboats daily from the 7th St whaif. Naval Museum (page 425), Navy Yard ; open daily, 9-4. ^aval 06iservatori/ (page 443), foot of 24th St; open daily, 9-8. Navy Department, 17tn St, near Penn. Ave.; open daily, 9-8. Navy Yard (page 424), foot of 8th St E.; open daily, 7 a. m. till snnset •Ooft Hill Cemetery (page 446), Georgetown Heights ; open daily from sunrise to •unset ** Ordnance Museum (page 442), comer of 17th and F Sts.; open daily, 9-8. * Patent-Office, Model Rooms (i)age 436) ; open daily, 9-3. Post-Office (page 436). open didly, 9-3. President's House, see Executive Mansion. Smithsonian Institution and Museums (page 482), open daily, 9-4. * Soldiers' Home (page 445), 3 M N. of the Capitol ; grounds (^n daily. StatCf Department of {page 438), open daily (except Thursdays), 9^-:^. Supreme Court (page 428), open daily during session. Treasury De/partment (page 439), open daily, 9-JL W^or Deporim«'/ii: (page 442), open daily, 9-3. Washington MynvmerA (page 434), open daily on application to the keeper, who lives near by. Fees and gratuities are not expected by the attendants and custodians of the national buildings, and attempts to bestow them would generally be resented. 1 It if almost raperiluoaa to mention that the public boUdingt of WaiUogton, as gener* ally throughout the Bepublic, are doaed on Sundiajr. ^ WASHINOTON. JtouU 69, 423 7th St.; open Inesdays, 8-9 Po«t*Oflle«f on F Bi near 7th, open ftrom ▲ m. to 11 p. m. ; and on SnndaTi from 8 to iU ▲. M. and d-7 p. m. feUgraph-Ojfiou. — Weittern Union, corner of Ponn. Ave. aud 14th Bt ; Franklin, eov) Penn. Ave. Uorae-Canu — All points of interest in che city can be reached toy hone-can. The F bt. Hue (Metropolitan iUilway) ruiic prettily Aimished oue-bone can, and ia patronized by the better claMes (far^, /c. ; 10 ticlceta for 60c.). They run every 4 uiin., trota the Senate wing of the Capitol by the Bait & Ohio station, C 8t, Ix>ui8iaQa Ave.. 5th 8t, F Ut (passing the Post-Olflce and Fatent^Uflke). 14th St., U St.. and 17th St. (passing the War and Navy aud new State Departments). The same line rans cars from Lincoln Square up E. Capital St., 1st St E., B Bt, N. J. Ave.. St. Louisiana Ave., 5th St.. F St. 14th St. H. St, Conn. Ave.. P St. West St. (Ueoigetown), High St. and Fayette St to the Convent of the Visi- tation ; also from the P St Circle, out Conn. Ave. to the city-limits ; also from the corner of 9th and M Sts. doMrn 9th St to fi St, 6th St , Missouri Ave., and 4^ St. to the Arsenal gate. Tlie Washington &, Georgetown Street Railway (fan, 5c.) runs every 5 min. from the Navy Yard along 8th St £. and Penn. Ave. to the Capitol, tlience on Penn. Ave., 15th St.. Penn. Ave., and High St (Georgetown). The 7th St Branch runa from the Pctomac Ferry to Alexandria on 7th St. (intersecting the main line at Penn. Ave. ) to the city limits near the Howard University ; where it connects with tlie Silver Springs Branca to the Schuetzen Park and the vicinity of the Soldiera' Home. Tlie l4th St Branch runs (every 10 min.) from the Treasury out New York Ave. and 14th St. to the city limits and the vicinity of tlie Columbian University. Tlie Columbia Railway runs (every 10 min.) from the Treasury over New York aud Mass. Aves. and H St by the Government Printing-OfHce and St Aloysius Cathedral, and terminates at the city limits. The Belt line runs fit>m the Ca]))tol along 1st, C. 4th, O, 11th. E, 14tb, Ohio Ave., 12th, Virginia, and Maryland Aves. Railroads* — The Bait & Ohio, to Baltimore and the North (see Route W) ; the Biilt & Potomac (see Routes 67. 68). The Metropolitan Branch runti from the Bait & Ohio station to Point of Rocks, 43 M. (Harper's Ferry, 56 M.). The trains for tlie South leave the Bait. & Potomac station (comer of 6th and B Sts.) by the Washintzton & Alexandria R. R. (to Alexandria, 7 M.). Steamboats* — For Norfolk and Boston C>y transfer), Mon. and Thura. at 2 p. M. from the 7th St. wharf; for New York every Friday from the foot of High St., Georgetown ; for Philadelphia on Tues. and Fri. fh>m Water St, Georgetown (by Ches. & Del. Canal) ; for Baltimore and the river landings at evening on Mon., Tues.. and Fri. ftom 7th St. wharf ; for Quantico (Acquia Creek) every morning at 7 o'clock, connecting with trains for the South ; for the river ports and the Northern Neck, on* Mon., Tues.. Thun., and Fri., ftom the 7th-8t wharf: for Mount Vernon daily at 10 a. m. fh>m 7th St wharf. Ferry-boats run to Alex- andria every hour during the day, ttom the 7th 9t. wharf (fare, 15c. ; round trip, 25c.). Washinoton, the capital of the Republic of the United States of America, is favorably situated on the L bank of the Potomac River, at its confluence with the Eastern Branch. The site of the city is one of the finest in the country, and occupies an undulating plain encompassed by high hills. It is famous for its salubrity, and is rapidly becoming a favorite winter resort, while the wide avenu&s are being lined with h&ndsome residences. The plan of the streets is very peculiar ; and it has been well said that ** Washington City in its grand plan is French ; in its minor plan, Quaker. It is the city of Philadelphia griddled across the city of Veraailles." The rectangular streets are crossed obliquely by 21 broad avenues (120-160 ft. wide), bearing the names of the States; and the triangular spaces at the intersections are laid out aa parks. There are 264 M. of streets and avenues, with more width than in any other city ; and of these OT«r 160 M. are firmly paved (costing nearly 424 ItauueB, WASHINGTON. $5,000,000). Massaohusetts Ave. and Penasylrania Are. are eaoh 4) M. long, extending across the city ftrom the Eastern Branch to Bock Creek. The last-named avenue is the main thoroughfare, and passes the Capitol grounds, the Treasury, White House, and new State Department, and continues the chief route to Georgetown. 7th St. is the next important thoroughfare of the city, and runs from the wharves on the Potomac to the heights by the Howard University, intersecting Penn. Ave. nearly midway between the Capitol and the Treasury. The population of the city in 1870 was 109,199, of whom 35,455 were negroes, and 18,757 were foreigners (mostly Irish and German). There are 5 banks, 8 daily and 10 weekly papers, and 120 churches and chapels (of whicb 20 are negro, and 6 are German). There are 22 lodges of Masons, 18 of Odd Fellows, 19 of Knights of Pythias, 7 of Bed Men, 4 of the Brotherhood of the Union, 8 tents of Bechabites, 6 posts of the Grand Army of the Be))ublic, 8 Schuetzenvereins, 2 Tumervereins, and 7 musical societies. The com- merce and manufactures of the city are comparatively insignificant ; and the majority of the inhabitants are, directly or indirectly, connected with the civil and military services of the Bepiiblic. From the Capitol Grounds, Maryland Ave. leads S. W. to the Long Bridge, and N. E. to the toll-gate. JE. Capitol St. runs E. (with a width bf 160 ft.) to the Eastern Branch, passing Lincoln Square, on which a costly monument has been erected. N. Capitol St. leads N. to the Gov- ernment Printing-office, the largest printing-house in the world. The building is over 400 ft. long and 4 stories high, and has 52 presses and 800 composing-stands. The third floor is occupied by the bindery. The number of government documbuts, reports, and surveys which are printed here annually is simply enormous; and some of the illustrated reports and histories are of great beauty and typographical excellence. Just beyond this point is the Boman Catholic Cathedral of St. Aloygiua, a plain but spacious building where fine music is heard on Sunday afternoons. N. of the Cathedral is a tall campanile. New Jersey Ave. runs N. N. W. from the Capitol through a thinly settled district, passing the Bait. & Ohio station, and terminates at the base of the heights, near the Howard University. Pennsylvania Ave. runs E. S. E. from the Capitol grounds across the broad plateau where the city was intended to have been located. T]^e great building of the Providence General Hospital, i& seen on the r. at 2d St., and is conducted by the Sisters of CHiarity. At 8th St. the horse-car line and the current of general travel turns S. and passes to the Navy Yard, by tho Marine Barracks. The * Washington Navy Yard is situ- ated on the Eastern Branch, or Anacostia Biver, 1^ M. S. E. of the Capi- tol (horse-cars every 6 min.). It covers 27 acres, and is entered by a portal which was designed by Latrobe. Within the entrance are 2 long WASHINGTON. MoiUe 69. 425 eaoh4)M. lock Greek, the Capitol tment, and \, important Potomac to Ave. nearly \tion of the 18,757 were laily and 10 > negro, and llows, 19 of : the Union, Bepnblic, 8 The coro- lificant; and inected with to the Long vith a width on which a to the Oov- world. The I presses and ndery. The I are printed reports and Just beyond a plain but >ons. N. of N. W. from lalt. & Ohio ;he Howard across the cated. l%e the r. at 2d le horse-car the Navy ard is situ- rf the Capi- itered by a are 2 long brass cannon which were captured by Decatnr flrom the TripoUtan gun- boats (in 1804). Offlcem' quarters are seen on either side; and a short distance to the r. is the * HftTftl MoMiim, a small two-story bnilding, whose interior is kept in remarkable order, and with true man-of-war's- man's daintiness. The polished wooden walls and ceilings are adorned with stars, circles, and crosses formed of bright cutlasses. Here may be seen Confederate torpedoes ; projectiles in great variety ; war-rockets ; marine howitzers ; models of heavy navul artillery; swivels; a cannon used by Cortez in the Conquest of Mexico ; a mortar captured from Lord Cornwallis ; Spanish gims ; blunderbusses ; two 20-inch cannon«lMtlUi from the cannon on the Rip-Raps Battery ; and the stem post of the frigate Ktarsarge^ smashed by a shell from the Alahama. The Artillery Park is .beyond the Commandant's residence; near the centre of the yard, and contains a remarkably interesting trophy-battery. Here are the powerful armaments of the Confederate iron-clads Albe- marUf Atlanta^ and Tennessee; an immense Whitworth gun from Fort Fisher ; other heavy artillery from the Southern coast; Austrian and French guns; and a heavy cannon which was on the Confederate ram, the Merrimac. There is a fleet of vessels in the stream, among which are several monitors and torpedo-boats. The monitors are battered veteran! of the Secession War, and may be inspected on securing a permit at the office of the Yard. High up on the opposite shore is the imposing firont of the Asylum for the Insane ; and pleasant views are afforded down the river. The Experimental Battery is near the shore, and is devoted to in- culcating the principles of naval gunnery. The great ship-houses, ord- nance-foundries, store-houses, and other buildings in the Yard, will attract the attention of the visitor. Two squares N. of the gate are the Karine Barraoki, the head-quarters of the U. S. Marine Corps, a body of 2,600 men, who are the soldiers of the fleets of the Republic, and have rendered the most illustrious and brilliant services in all quarters of the globe. The ceremony of guard-mounting is performed at the barracks erery morning (8 in the summer and 9 in the winter), with military pre- cision and the music of the famous Marine Band. There are some inter- eisting trophy-flags in the armory. The Washington Navy Yard was established in 1804, and here were built the renowned frigates, the Wasp, Viper, Essex, Argus, St. Louis, Potomac, Brandymne, Columbia, and others. The Congn^siional Cemetery is beautifully situated on the high blnff over the Eastern Branch, 1 M. above the Navy Yard, and contains over 20 acres. There are 147 plain freestone cenotaphs, erected in honor of the Congressmen who have died during their terms of service. Among the monuments are those of Oen. Jacob Brown, commander of the U. B. Army from 1821 to 1828 i Oen. Alexander Macomb, bis successor ; Qena. Gibson 426 Jtouues, WASHINGTON. and Hendenon ; Commodorec Tlngejr, Channocy, Wainwrlght, IfontooiMTj. and other offloen of the army and aavy ; Elbrldge Oernr and George Clinton, Vice* Preeldente of the U. 8. ; John Fonyth. Secretary of State from 1886 to 1841 : A. P. Upehur, Secretary of Btote, 1848-44 (killed by the bursting of a gun on the ftrigate PHneton,) ; wlllUm Wirt, Attomey-tien. ftrom 1817 to 1880 : A. D. fiaohe. Superintendent of the U. H. Coaet Survey from 1848 to 1867 : Joseph Lovel, Bur- aeon-General of the Army trom 1818 to 1886 : Tobias Lear, private secretary of Washington ; and many other notable men. Several of the monuments are dis- tinguished for artistic merit and beauty. Beyond the Cemetery is tiie reservv tion occupied by the Army and Navy Msgaidnea. Tlie • * Capitol of the United Btatei is probably the most mag- tiiflcfint and imposing building in the world. It stands on the summit of Capitol Hill (89^ ft. high), with the W. front overlooking the city, and the main front facing £. on the plateau towards the Eastern Branch. The Bun-ounding parks are now being altered and artificialized, with broad plazas, bronze lamps, flower caskets, etc. The general style of the architecture of the Capitol is classic, and the stmcture consists of a main building of Acquia Creek freestone (whitened), surmounted by a mi^estic and somewhat disproportionate iron dome, and flanked by great marble extensions. It is 751 ft. long, 824 ft. in extreme depth, covers 3^ acres of ground, and has cost over $ 13,000,000. The * central portico, on the R front, is 160 ft. long, and consists of 24 monolithic col- umns supporting a tympanum in which are the sculptures of Persico representing the Oenius of America, with Hope and Justice. The portico is approached by broad stone stairways, on whose upper buttresses are the statuary-groups representing the Discovery of America (carved by Persico), and the First Settlement of America (carved by Oreenough in 1842). On r. and 1. of the entrance are colossal * statues of Peace and War, in fine Carrara marble; and over the portal is a bas-relief represent- ing Fame and Peace crowning Washington with laurel. The Capitol is entered by a * bronze door 19 ft. high, which was designed by Randolph Bogers and was cast at Munich in 1860 (placed in its present position in 1871). The exquisite statuettes and relievos on the door represent the Life of Columbus and the Discovery of America, and at the key of the arch is a head of Columbus. On the sides are allegorical statuettes of Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. There are 16 statuettes, representing Fojpe Alexander VL, Cardinal Archbishop de Mendoxa, King Ferdinand of Spain, Queen Isabella, King Charles VIII. of France, Lady Beatriz de Bobadilla, King John II. of Portugal, King Henry VII. of Enc^nd, Prior de Marchena, Pinzon, Hernando Cortez, Bartholomew Columbus, Ojeda, Balboa, Amerigo Vespucci, and Francisco Pizarro. The panel-reliefis rep- resent Columbus before the Council of Salamanca, Columbus sailing trom Palos for Spain, his audience at the Spanish Court, his embarkation trom Palos, landing on Ban Salvador, battle with we Indians, his triumph at Barcelona, Columbus in chains, his death-bed. ^ The visitor now enters the * Botanda» a remarkable circular hall 96 ft. in diameter and 180 ft. high. Over the doors are infertor bas-reliefs by disciples of Canova, representing : (E.) the Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymoufh; it'?I) a new and appropri- ate fire-proof ouilding for the occupation of th«i rapidly increasing liter- ary collections. The * Dome of the Capitol overarches tl; > Rotunda, and is 307^ ft. high (from the base-line of the building to the top of the statue) and 135^ ft. in diameter. It is exceeded in size only by the domes of St Peter's (at Rome), St Paul's (at London), St. Isaac's (at St. Petersburg), and St. Louis des Invalides (at Paris). The structure is crowned by a bronze * statue of Freedom, designed by Crawford and cast by Clark Mills at Bladensburg. The statue is 19| ft. high, and stands on a globe which is encircled by the legend £ Plurihus Unum. The majestic beauty and sense of power in IMs fine piece of statuary will attract the visitor's at- touMon. Upon its lofty and heroic face fall the first rays of sunshine * 428 RotUe 69. WASHINGTON. at morning. The dome is of iron and weighs over 8,000,000 ponnds, rest- ing on massive columns and piers below. It is ascended by a stairway diverging to the 1. from the corridor which leads from the N. door of the Rotunda (passing near the curious electrical apparatus for lighting the gas-jets). Above the entablature of the building an open peristyle is reached, bordered by 36 fluted Corinthian columns, and affording a pleas- ant walk around the dome. The stairway then ascends to the balustrade, whence is viewed the great * fresco of the Apotkeosin of Washington, painted on the inner shell of the dome and covering 5,000 square ft. This work was done by Brumidi (a Roman by birth, American by adop- tion), and cost $ 40,000. Washington has Freedom on his r. and Victory on his 1., with the 13 States in thit foreground ; and below are groups representing : the Fall of Tyranny, Agriculture, the Mechanic Arts, Com- merce, the Ocean, the Arts and Sciences (Franklin, Fulton, and Morse, with Minerva). On this balustrade is a remarkable whispering-gallery, and a stairway leads up to the promenade at the base of the great lantern (which is modelled after the monume.it of Lysicrates, at Athens). The 'view flrom this point is interesting and beautiftd. Looking directly over the Senate Wing, N. Ca|ntol St. is seen crossing the railroad, and rupning out by the Government Printihg-Offlce and th6 Cathedral of St. Aloysius. On the distant heights are the white buildings of the Soldiers' Home, and a little to the 1. is the Howard University Passing to the 1., in the octant between N. J. Ave. and Penn. Ave., is seen the seat of the chief business and population of the city, with the white Patent and Post Offices and the City HaU. In the distance are the heights of Georgetown and Kaloramn. Looking straight down Penn. Ave., the eye encounters the gray walls of the Treasury and a part of the White House, with the turrets of Georgetown College, on the distant heights, and the Aqueduct Bridge over the great market To the W. are the national parks, with the Conser- vatory, Armory, Smithsonian Institute, Agricultural Depai-tment, and Washington Monument ; and on the dark heights across the Potomac is the yellow colonnade of the Arlington mansion. Maryland Ave. leads to the Long Bridge, which is seen crossing the river to the sites of the old camps and forts of the Army of the Potomac. Almost due S. W., the spire of Fairfax Seminary (Episcopal) cuts the sky-line over the distant Virginian heights. Farther to the 1. is the Arsenal, at the confluence of the Potomac and the Eastern Branch (or Anacostia River), over which is Alexandria, with wide reaches of the placid Potomac. N. J. Ave. runs 8. E., by the Coast Survey buildings, to the Eastern Branch ; and the Insane Asylum is seen on the hills beyond. To the 1 is the Navy Yard. Penn. Ave. runs out towai-d the Congressional Cemetery. Looking over the E. park, the course of E. Capitol St. is followed to the Eastern Branch. The capitoline dome was less than half done at the outbreak of the Secession War. Work was suspended upon it at that time, but was resumed at the desire of the commander of the national volunteers, who claimed that the cessation of the work at the Capitol had a dispiriting effect upon the soldiers. The Editor has often stood upon the luiflnished dome (in the winter of 1861-62), and, by the help of a field-glass, has seen the rebel troops drilling on the slopes of Munson's Hill, whose summit was crowned by a battery over which floated the Confederate flag. The Supreme Court of the United States occupies the old Senate Chamber, which is reached by the corridor running N. from the Rotunda. Visitors are admitted during the sessions of the court (October to May, 12-4 p. M.). This hall is not large, but is one of the most symmetrical * in the Capitol. It is semicircular, and on its diameter-line is a screen of WASHINGTON. Jtwte 69, 429 ndSj rest* stairway , door of ;hting the ristyle is I a pleas- ilustrade, shingtoiif iquare ft. by^adop- d Victory re groups rts, Cora- id Morse, g-gallery, at lantern ). rectly over tng out by the distant he 1. is the , Ave. and i city, with ice are the . Ave., the ite House, » Aqueduct he Conscr- ^ashington colonnade ), which is my of the il) cuts the Ajrsenal, at liver), over , Ave. runs the Insane Penn. Ave. park, the ) Secession the desire issatiOn of Editor has )y the help iBon's Hill, lerate flag. Id Senate Botunda. r to May, mmetrical screen of Ionic colnmns of rich Potomac marble {Jbreccia). The exceeding simplicity of the hall is relieved by a series of busts of the former Chief Justices of the Republic. The Supreme Court is the tribunal of final appeal, and is the head of this judicial department of the national government. The Senate Exteniion is reached by tVI N. corridor, beyond the Supreme Court. In outwaixl form it is similar to the House Extension, and is also built of Massachusetts marble, with colonnaded fronts to the N. and W. j and on the K a grand * portico, reached by a broad and lofty marble stairway. It consists of 22 rich monolithic Corinthian columns of Maryland marble, arranged in double lines, and supporting a pediment and tympanum which contains a group of statuary by Crawford, repre- senting the Progress of Civilization in the United States. America is the central figure, on whose 1. are figures of the Pioneer, the Hunter, and an Indian warrior and squaw ; and on the r. are War, Commerce, Youth, Education, Mechanics, and Agriculture. The superb marble vestibule is entered by a '"'bronze door, which was designed by Crawford and cast at Chicopee, Mass. The Munich foundry reftised to make this door unless its cost was prepaid by the U. S. government (it was then the dark hour of the Secession War) ; and such derogatonr advances being declined, the model was shipped to America, and was cast and finished in admirable style. The panel-reliera represent the Battle of Bunker Hill (death of Warren), the Battle of Monmouth (rebuke of Qen. Lee), the Battle of Yorktown, Washington's Triumphal Reception at Trenton, the Inaiiguration of Washington, and the Foundation of the Capitol. The first door to the L in the corridor leads into the Senate Post-OJiee, which is embellished with rich frescos representing History, Geography, Physical Science, and Telegraphy. The Senate lobby is open when the Senate is not in session, and leads to the Vice-President's Room (wherein is Rembrandt Peale's portrait of Washington) and the * ICarble Boonif whose sides and ceiling are of highly polished marble of various colors. The windows overlook the N. part of the city. The President's Room is one of the richest in the Capitol, and is adorned with frescos, symbolic, arabesque, and portrait. The * Senate Chamber is best seen from the galleries of the people, which are reached by two grand stairways. The E. stairway runs up from the corridor in which is a marble * statue of Benjamin Franklin, by Hiram Powers. The stairway is made of rich Tennessee marble, with columns of the same material, surmounted by bronze capitals. At the head of the stairway is Powell's painting of the Battle of Lake Erie. The W. stairway is of highly polished white marble, and is adorned with Walker's * painting of the Battle of Chapultepec. At the foot of the stairway is a marble statue of John Hancock, by Horatio Stone. The * Senate Chamber is 113^ ft. long, 80| ft. wide, and 36 ft. high, md is surrounded by galleries for the use of the people. There are 74 Senatorial desks, arranged in 8 concentric semicircular lines. The N :i 430 ItintU 69. WASHINGTON. ceiling is an immense plane of iron and glass, with deep panels and ornate cornices, and 21 stained-glass symbolic centre-pieces. The basement of the Senate Extension is occupied by richly finished and frescoed committee-rooms ; and the corridors are painted throughout in the most delicate and beau0ul manner (the darkness of this part of the building prevents a sufficient study of these rich frescos). The fauna and flora of Americai and numerous portrait-medallions, are depicted with great skill upon the corridor walls, in a style borrowed from Raphael's loggie at Rome. Passing S. from the Rotunda the visitor sees, on the 1., a stairway which leads to the crypt of the Capitol, with its 40 elephantine columns support- ing the immense weight above. The upper corridor leads to the * Na- tional Statuary Hall, a stately and imposing chamber of semicircular form (96 ft. in diameter and 57 ft. high), bordered by monolithic columns of variegated marble. This hall was used for 32 years for the sessions of the House of Representatives, and is generally conceded to be the noblest in the Capitol. It was designed after an ancient Athenian theatre, with a dome like the Roman Pantheon. " Here Clay presided, Webster made his dibut, Adams died." Over the N. door is a marble * clock, repre- senting History standing in the car of Time and recording the passing events. Over the S. door is a statue of Liberty, by a disciple of Canova, and an eagle, by Valaperti. In 1864 this hall was set apart as a national gallery, and each State was requested to send to it statues of two of its representative men. Rhode Island has sent Gen. Greene (marble) and Roger Williams (marble); Connecticut has sent Jonathan Trumbull and Roger Sherman (both marble); New York, George Clinton (bronze) and Robert R. Livingston (bronze) ; New Jersey is to send Gen. Philip Kearny and Richard Stockton ; Maryland will send Charles Carroll and Roger B. Taney ; and Massachusetts has chosen Winslow and Samuel Adams. Busts of Kosciuszko, Lincoln, and Crawford ; statues of Lincoln, * Hamilton, II Penseroso, and Washington, further adorn the hall, with the statues of Gov. Winslow, Ethan Allen, and * Thomas Jefferson. The corridor running S. from this hall leads to the Hoase Extenaioii. This superb building is fronted by porticos similar to those of the Senate (the bronze doors ar-o not yet finished), and the main vestibule is flanked by coupled columns. The Speaker's Room is to the 1., and is richly adorned. The corridors about the galleries of the people are reached by two stately stairways of marble. At the head of the E. stairway is a large equestrian portrait of Gen. Winfleld Scott; and at its foot is a * statue of Thomas Jefferson, by Hiram Powers. At the foot of the W. stairway is a bronze bust of a Chippewa warrior, and at its head is the immense chromo-silica * fresco by Emanuel Leutze, entitled Westward Ho, depict> iug a band of Western pioneers. WASHINGTON. JtmOe 69. 431 The * Hall of the fiepreientativef is the noblest legislative hall in the world. It is 139 ft. long, 93 ft. wide, and 36 ft. high, and contains deska for 302 members, arranged in 7 concentric semicircles. On the r. of the marble desk of the Speaker is the pedestal of Vermont marble on which is kept the mace wliich typifies the authority of the House; and overhead are two brilliant American flags. On the S. wall are * portraits of Wash- ington (by Vanderlyn) and Lafayette (by Ary 8cheffer)\ also the fresco (by Brumidi) of Washmgton receiving Lord Comwallis's Envoy at York- town. The ceiling of the Hall is highly adorned, and is of iron-work, with 45 stained-glass panels containing the arms of the States. The base- ment of the House Extension is adorned with scagliola walls and elegant colonnades of fluted marble columns. Bierstadt's paintings of King's- Biver Cation and the Discovery of the Hudson are in the Hall. The fres- cos in the chamber of the Committee on Agriculture are very rich. The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid in 1793 by George Washington, with naaonic rites and ceremonies. The building was destroyed by the British in 1814, and was rebuilt soon after. Dec. 12, 1803, the statue of IiYeedom was elevated to its present position' on the new dome ^which cost 91,000,000), and the N. and . 8. Extensions were completed interiorily in 1859 and 1857. The halls of Congress were converted into a citadel early in 1861 ; then they became barracks for the National volunteers ; and on subsequent occasions the corridors were used as hos- pitals for the army. The comer-stone of the Extensions was laid in 1851, and contains the wor^s of Daniel Webster : " If, therefore, it shall be hereafter the will of God that this structure shall fall fh)m its l)ase, that its foundation be upturned, and this deposit brought to' the eyes of men, be it then known that on this day the Union of the United Btatea of America stands firm, that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, and with all its original usefulness and glory, growing every day stronger and stronger in the affection of the great body of the American people, and attracting more and more the admiration of the world. And all here assembled, whether mlonging to public life or to private life, with hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty Qod for the preservation of the liberty and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and fervent prayers that this deposit, and the walls and arches, the domes and towers, the columns and entablatures, now to be erected over it, may endure forever. " God save the United States of America. "Daniel Webster, "Secretary of State of the United States." In the R Park is Greenough's * statue of George Washington, a colossal figure in classic costume, and in a sitting posture. It was made in Florence, occupied 8 years in its completion, and cost $44 000. It has been regarded as one of the grandest statues in the history of art, and has also met with much ridicule and condemnation. Tlie W front of the Capitol overlooks a line of massive casemates, which were built for fuel, and were fronted by a fine glacis. These chambers were used in 1861 for the bakeries of the army. S. of the Capitol, on New Jersey Ave , is the head-quarters of the Coast Survey, which "was suggested by Jefferson, begun by Gallatin, organized by Hassler, perfected by Bache, and is recognized by every learned body in the world." The * Botanical Gardens (open 9-6) are W. of the Capitol, and cover 10 acres. The conservatory is 300 ft. long and is built of glass and iron. 'I II Si I fi I t 432 nrought ftx>m Syria by the frigat« Constitution). The Gk>t.hlo Hall is a small but beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture, with a clere-stury and groined roof supported by slender columns. On the r. side are cases con- taining costumes and weapons of the Indians and Esquimaux, and from ilie pillars depend portraits of Indian chiefs. On the I. side of the hall are cases filled with the rich and quaint products of China, Siam, and Japan, including costly Persian shawls and robes, carpets, weapons, china, furniture, and other presents sent by those governments to the Presidents of the U. S. The pearl- work from Siara is noticeable for its beauty, and the Persian and Arabic goods are curious. In the centre of the hall are cases displaying medals given to the WASHINGTON. E(mU69. 433 8 varieties nnnamon- mperatnre >ns of the exico, the the most s supplied rL;; other rare and ^. of the buildings rtment of [ue, archi- :own hue. lich is the the octag- t conspic- r is 160 ft. the secre- gant little le chapeL ]g. Many aining the iments and ia. At the brilliantly ntre of the ian tribes. 15 in ^at curiosities, id. la the id fine or^ the hall are lections in A cloister of the hall temple of Nicaragtia, e Emperor 16 €k>thio clere-story cases con- . from ilie are cases including and other The pearl- abio goods .veu to the offlcen of the U. S. A., Burmese and Siamese MSS., Chinese paper-money, JajH anese MS8., D&vy Crockett's tomahawk, Capt. Cook's razor, locks of hair of the tirst 14 Presidents of the U. 8., a bolt to which Columbus was chained, the great seal of the Republic, treaties with the chief powers of Europe (including Turkey and Russia, in their own languages), the treaty of alliance witli France in 1778. In the next case are ethnoloorical collections from the drift, shell, stone, and other early epochs, including models of the lake-dwellers' house near Zurich, ancient remains firom Dordogne, Patagonian curiosities, a model of Stonehenge, and relics of the old Polar explorations. At the E. end of this hall is Rembrandt Peale's portrait of Washington (also a curious old painting of the Moslftm attack on Con- stantinople); and at the W. end is a fine portrait of Quizot, by Healy. The * iVest Hall is entered beyond the Gothic Hall, and is a beautiful chamber with groined roof, round -arched windows, and a deep apse. It was occupied for many years by the great library of the Institution, which was removed to the Capitol after the Are. In the centre is. the celebrated Irvrin-Ainsa meteorite^ a ragged metallic ring weighing 1,400 pounds, wliich fell from the heavens upon Arizona. The Couch meteorite, fossil woods, etalactites, cinnabar, and otlier curi- osities SLve found here ; also a mass of native copper ttom Ontonagon, near Lake Superior. This remarkable piece of ore was formerly used by the Indians as a sacrificial altar, as described by Father Ciiarlevoix. It cost the U. S. govern- ment $5,654. On the E. side of the hall are the ore and metallurgical collec- tions arranged in cases and with their myriads of specimens ('arefully classified. On the H. side is the mineralogical collection ; also the Polaris Collection, gathered on the voyage of the Polaris in 1870 ~ 73. The W. wall is occupied by a series of lithological specimens. In and near the apsidal projection are numerous lai^ photographs of scenery in the for West ; also a painting of Columbus before the Council at Salamanca. The Kthnologlcal Hall is a spacious apartment over the Main HaU, which has buc recently been refitted from the fire of 1865. In the centre are casts of numerous ancient species of animals, including a megatherium, glyptodon, and other;. The Smithsonian Grounds (52J acres) are very attractive, and wiere laid out by Downing, the eminant landscape-gardener, to whose memory the American Pomological Society has erected a rich vase of Italian mar- ble, 4 ft. high and well adorned. It is E. of the Institution Building, and was designed by Calvert Vaux. E. of the Institution and near 6th St. is the Armory, a long imoccupied building designed for military uses. James SMrrHsoN, a natunu pon of the Duke of Northumberland, graduated at Oxford in 1786. Ho was weil provided fsr by his father, and led a quiet and studious lifo, much of whvh was spent on. the Continent, where (At Genoa) he died. His favorite pursues was chemistry, on which he wrote several articles for the Royal Society, He never visited America, and knew no one here, yet, for reasons which have not yet been "cvealed, he left his whole estate " To the U. 8. of America, to found %t Washington, imder the name of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, an establishmeut for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." The sum given an*uunted to $515,000, which was invested in Arkansas bonds and was lost when tiiat State repudiated, but the money was supplied firom the na* tional treasurr. The building was erected by the interest-money which accrued during the long preliminai7 delays. Great contention arose in Congress as to the methods of "dfiffusing knowledge " ; but a library, museum, and art-gallery were established, and the Smithsonian Contributions have given much scientiflc and ethnological information to those who care for it. The ^'D^partment of Agricaltnre (open from 9 to 3) is situated ou the Mall between the Smithsonian Institution and the Washington Monu- ment (at the foot of 13th St.). It is a fine brick building in Renaissance architecture, 170 ft. long, with 3 stories and a Mansard roof, and is con- 19 BB t 434 Rf'vut 69. WASHINGTON. structed of pressed brick vrith brown-stone and bronze trimmingt. Hie lower corridors are flanked by prettily frescoed oflSces, and lead (on the r. ) to the library of the department, which contains a large collection of agricultural treatises. A double stairway leads up to the Museum of Agri- culture, a hall 102 ft. long and 52 ft. wide, neatly frescoed and bearing the arms of the 37 States. The cases contain apecimaxin of the grains, Brasses, and l\brUo producte of ilie BepubUe ; the varieties of woods ; sUlc in all stages of its foim ) tion ; foreign grains ; Fayal aloe-laces ; diu.t'H, dyes, starches, and sugur : piaetBr models of American fruits ; domestic poultry ; birds and anitnals in which far.'iiejp nre la terested, etc. The top of the table near the cent r« of tlto hail is insdti i'iron?. i slab of California red-wood 12 it. long and 7^ it wide. The Entomological Museum is entered W. of the hall, and (.-ontains a great number of iusecti and of works on entomology. The Herbarium la above the Museum (E. end, 3d atory), and has 26,000 varieties of plants. The Dt^partment • )' Agriculture was founded in 1862, and distributes 1,200,000 paclcnges of seeds annually, besides 2SO,000 annua! re- jports, gi-eat numliers of monthly reports, and tliousatids of bulbs and pluuts. Ihe i'lant-Houaes are W. and S. of the iaair> building aad have mi. aggregate length of 470 ft. They are of iroa and glass (costing $75,000) in graceful curvef^ im(r.v.. and con- tain a grapery (S. wing), an oranger:^', and a central pavilion for palms, ^.u: nappies, smd other trofucai products. The ♦ Flower Gardens uve i« lYont of the main build- ing, and tLTn Hiiorned with statuar}', varies, and terraces. The display of floral splen- dor here dui'.'ug tht^ 3i.>ringtin!'^ and summer is worthy of a long Journey to see. The Arbiratum in to tito N. ; aud to the S. are the extensive Experimental Gardens. Tlie 'Washiogtoii Monument is at the W. end of the Mall, beyond 14th St., and uverlooking the Potomac River. It is an enormous and costly work, but from its unfinished and disproportionate condition is rather a blemish than an ornament to the city. . It in 174 ft. high and 81 ft. square at the base, founded on a ma.ss of dark gneiss, and with the supei-structure of white Maryland marble in large blocks. In the low wooden building to the E. is a collection of many score of finely carved and ornamental stones sent by different governments. States, and societies to adorn the interior of the monument. Some of the American blocks are remarkable for their elaborate carving, especially those of the fire de- partments aud Northern societies. Michigan has sent a block of copper weighing over a ton; and the various States have sent fine local stones. Japan, China, Switzerland, the Hanseatic Cities, £gypt, Greece, and other foreign states have sent memorial stones. The block sent by the Sultan of Turkey is covered with delicate Arabic inscriptions ; the Commune of Paros (Greek archipelago) has sent a block of pure Parian marble; Naxos contributes another; there are marbles from ancient temples along the Mediterranean shores ; and lava from Mount Vesuvius. The monument was founded in 1848, and was designed to be completed as an obelisk 600 ft. high, with its base surrounded by a superb rotunda 250 ft. in di- ameter and 100 ft. high, encircled by 80 titanic columns, adorned by scores of statues of eminent Americans, historic bas-reliefs, insignia 'of the States, and con- taining the tomb of Washington. It is now a matter of doubt whether the monu- ment will be completed (for which $ 1,200,000 are necessary), or will be demolished and made into a grand triumphal arch. 8. of the monument is the Government Propagating Garden^ covering 8 acre? with its forcing-houses and flower-beds. It presents a brilliant scene when the flowers are in bloom, and has a pleasant outlook on the Fotomao. WASHINGTON. XouU 69. 435 s, i-uiiapples, Penniylyaiiia ATenne, in that part of its course in which it runs W. N. W. from the Capitol to the Treasury, is the most busy and attractive street in the city. On and near this line are the chief hotels, stores, and saloons, the theatres and places of amusement, and the trunk-line of the horsb rail- road. The distance between the Capitol and the Treasury i& about 1| M. ; and the magnificent width of the avenue gives it an imposing appearance, which is In undesirable contrast with the plain buildings on the sides. Fonr and a Half 8t. is the first important cross-street W. of the Capitol, and leads N. by the Territorial buildings and the fine building of the Metro- politan Methodist Church {vfhere the President attends) to the old City Hall) a handsome (but incomplete) structure of painted freestone which is now occupied by the U. S. courts. In front of its central Ionic colonnade ia a Doric column on which is an heroic marble statue of Abraham Lincoln, erected by the citizens of Washington. The statue is not attractive for its beauty, but bears the calm, nigged, and determined expression of the martyr-President, and is looking towards the Capitol. Louisiana Ave. runs nearly S. W. from this point, and affords a fine vista, extending to the Arlington mansion, in Virginia. N. of the City Hall is the Judiciary Square. 4^ St. runs S. from Penn. Ave., and crosses the Bait. & Potomac B. B. at Virginia Ave., near the great Jefferson School^ which accommo- dates 1,200 pupils. Farther down, at the comer of 6th and F Sts., is ^. Dominic* s Church, a spacious and imposing granite structure (unfinished) with several side-chiipell It is the head-quarters of the Dominican Or- der in the United States, and is intended to be worthy of the ancient power and wealth of that brotherhood. This pai ' of the city (bounded by B St. N.) and the canal is locally known as "the Island," and was formerly quite insulated by a canal which connected the Potomac with the Eastern Branch, N. of the Mall, and was recently covered over as a sewer. The Island is inhabited for the most part by persons of moderate means. 4^ St. terminates at the Arsenal gate. The * Arsenal is situated on a reservation of 44 acres on Greenleaf s Point, at the confluence of the Potomac and the Eastern Branch. It was founded in 1803, destroyed by the British in 1814, rebuilt by Col. Bom- ford, and during the Secession War was the depot of ammunition and ar- tillery for the great Army of the Potomac. The grounds are pleasantly laid out, and command beautiful views over the broad river. B. of the entrance is a 15-inch Bodman cannon, which was placed there in position to command the river early in the Secession War. Near the centre of the grounds is an immense park of artillery, containing 7 - 800 cannon of all sizes, from small mortars and mountain-guns to the heaviest marine and fortress artillery. A fine battery of brass pieces fronts on the river; and before the old barracks is a trophy-battery containing French, British, Mexican, and Confederate guns ; the fine Blakely cannons sent ttom. 436 BouU 69, WASHINGTON. Europe to insturgent South Carolina ; and a Rhode Island cannon which was curiously wounded at the Battle of Oettysburg. The officers' quarters near the middle of the grounds occupy the site of the old U. S. PeniteU' tiary, where Booth and his fellow-conspirators were buried. Beyond 4^ St. Penn. Ave. passes several large hotels and a succession of stores, and reaches the broad plaza at the intersection of Louisiana Ave., 7th St., and C St. Here are the large new buildings of the Centre Xarkett which should be visited at early morning to see the rich supplies of vegetables and fruits, meats and game, with which this city is favored. It is claimed that the Washington markets have larger supplies and at cheaper rates tha on which the fronts are of granite. The inventive genius of the Americans is fully displayed here, amid over 100,000 models, in whose dontemplation it is said that inventors sometimes grow crazy. During the last 250 years Great Britain has issued 40,000 patents, but between 1840 and 1870 the United States issued over 50,000 (whose fees amounted to $2,500,000). WASHINGTON. JtouU 69. 437 the *Model-Soomi are open daOy from 9 a. m. tintil 8 P. M., and contain models of all the patents issued in the United States since 1836, making a bewildering maze of complicated and interesting mechanism. They are arranged in cases, on which are cards describing the contents. The * S. Hall is a marvellous room, 242 ft. long, 63 ft. wide, and 30 ft. high, upheld by 36 Doric columns, and frescoed brilliantly in the Pom- peian manner. Many of its curiosities were removed to the Centennial Exposition. Case 23, near the door, containH Washington's tents and camp-equipagr;, — his blankets, camp-chesty and antique furniture: the model of a barge inveuied by Abraham Lint^oln ; an arabesque ornamentea gun, presented to Jefferson by the Emperor of Morocco ; the treasure-chest of the Continental Army ; the com- mission of Washington; and the * Declaration of Independence. Case 94 contains 13 sclmeters given by the Bey of Egypt to U. S. naval offlcera ; the china sets given to Washington by the Society of the Cincinnati, and to Mrs. Washington by Lafayette ; the uniforms of Washington and Jacksotij the arms of the Washington family ; the coat of Oen Paez (Venezuela); De Kalb's war- saddle; the first American flag raised by loyal Southerners after the war; the diamond-hilted sabre given to Com. Biddle by the Viceroy of Egypt : the war- sword of Washington ; etc. On the r. of the entrance is Franklin's old printing- press ; and on the 1. are the models of the Washington Monimient and of Ferich • statue of Washington. The W. Hall is 271 ft. long ; the N. Hall is 266 ft. long, with a re- markable ceiling; and the E. HaU is 271 ft long, with a groined roof resting on marble piers and pilasters. These spacious apartments are filled with immense numbers of models (often of fine and 'delicate work- manship), representing every department of mechanical art, from an im- proved knitting-needle to a floating battery or line-of-battle ship. Beyond the Post and Patent Offices, 7th St. runs out through a mer- cantile district, and grows less and less interesting until it reaches the base of the heights N. of Washington, and near the Howard University. Looking up 8th St., to the r. from Penn. Ave., the classic front of the Patent-Office is icen. 9th St. leads (in one square) to the lofty and ornate sandstone building of the Yaimg Men* a Christian Association. On the second floor is a library of 17,000 volumes, a reading-room containing the principal newspapers and magazines, and parlors for social meetings. A ready welcome is given to strangers. On the next floor is Lincoln. Holly the finest lecture-hall in Washington, with frescoed walls and amphi- theatrical seats. In the Association chapel religious meetings are held at noon and at 6 p. m. daily. At the comer of 9th and F Sts. (opposite the Patent-Office) is the Masonic Temple^ a fine building of granite and sand- stone, embellished with symbolic carvings and containing a fine public hall, which is much used for balls and sociables. The Army Medical Mnsenm (open daily, 9- 3) is on 10th St. W., be- tween E. and F Sts. On the first floor is the Surgeon- General's Office, with 16,000 volumes of hospital records, and the names of 270,000 soldiers who died in the hospitals, and 210,000 who were dischaiged as disablcHl. \\\ m m 438 Route 69, WASHINGTON. The MtiMum proper fa on the third floor, and is the finest and most eomplet* of the kind in the world. It contains 10,000 specimens (900 pathological and 2,800 microscopic preparations), illustrating all manner of wounds and diseases. The Anatomical Section contains about 1,000 human skulls, mostly of Indians ; and the Section of Comparative Anatomy contains 1,000 skeletons of American mammalia. This building was formerly used as Ford's Theatre, and within its walls, April 19, 1865, Prebident Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Etooth. After the fatal shot Mr. Lincoln was carried to the house across the street (No. 616), where he died during the night. The theatre was closed by the government, •nd was afterwards purchased and applied to its present use. Advancing along Penn. Ave. to 10th St., beyond the fine iron front of the Chronicle ofiice, the Smithsonian Institution is seen to the 1., and at the foot of 13th St. (1.) is the Department of Agriculture. Passing the imposing building of the National Republican^ the avenue intersects Fourteenth St., near the National Theatre and Willard's Hotel. This important street begins at the S. at the Long Bridge, a shabby structure about 1 M. long (i>artly causeway), which crosses the Potomac River. This bridge was strongly fortified during the Secession War, and was the chief line of communication between the Army of the Potomae and its supply-depots. Passing thence to the N., 14th St. runs between the Department of Agriculture and the Washington Monument, intersects *Penn. Ave., passes Newspaper Bow (the h'^ad-quarters of the Washing- ton correspondents), crosses F St., with the Treasury on the 1., gives glimpses of the Foundry (Meth.), Epiphany (Epis.), and N. Y. Ave. Pres- byterian churches on the r. ; and traverses a district of fine residences. Across Franklin Square the fine building of the Franklin School is seen ; and a short distance beyond, the broad Massachusetts Ave. crosses the street, running N. W. to the * statue of Gen. Scott. This magnificent work was completed in 1874 at a cost of $ 20,000, and was cast (in Phila- delphia) from Mexican cannon captured by Scott. It is colossal in dimen- sions, and represents Scott sitting upon his horse and overlooking the field. The design was by H. K. Brown, of New York. The pedestal is composed of 5 enormous blocks of Cane Ann granite, two of which weigh respectively 119 tons and 84 tons, and are the largest quarried stones in the world (except those in the' ancient walls of Jerusalem and Baalbek). Near this point is the Lmiise Home, an elegant building which was erected by Mr. Corcoran for a home for impoverished old ladies of culture and social standing. At S St., 14th St. passes the Protestant Orphan Asylum, a roomy and comfortable building of red brick, and soon afterward reaches the city limits, near the Columbian University. This institu- tion is under the auspices of the Baptist Church, and has 11 instructors and over 400 students, with a famous law department (on Judiciary Square) with 5 instructors and 160 students, and a medical college (H St., near 14th) with 10 instructors and 70 students. The college buildings occupy the crest of Meridian Hil!, which commands fine views of the city and the river. Wayland Seminary (Baptist) is on this hill. WASHINGTON. Route 69. 439 The * 'Treuury I)ep«rtmeiit > at the corner of Penn. Ave. and 15th St. And remains open to visitors from 9 a. m. to 2 p. if. It is the finest building for the purpose in the world, and is constructed in massive and imposing Ionic architecture. The K front was built in 1836, presenting an unbroken line (342 ft. long) of 30 Ionic columns, and is of painted sandstone. The remainder of the building is of gray granite from the coast of Maine, and is of the most substantial and enduring character. The dimensions (over all) are 582 ft. long by 300 ft. wide, with 2 enclosed court-yards, and the cost has been about $ 6,000,000. The W. front has side porticos and a grand central entrance fronted by 8 columns, and ap> proached by broad granite stairways. The immense dze of the mono- liths of the columns and capstones (the latter 18 x 17 ft. in area) are worthy of note, and the columns are said to be the largest of the kind in the world (weighing 33 tons). The N. and S. fronts are alike, and are adorned by imposing porticos. The N. front is below the level of the Avenue, and looks out on a garden which is embellished by a fountain ; and the S. front is highly elevated and looks across a broad platform which is to be adorned with statuary, and commands a pleasant view over the Potomac River. Within the building are 195 rooms, with broad corridors adorned with colored marbles. The finest apartment is the Cash Room, which extends through two stories, is lined with rich marble, — red and white for the pavement. Sienna, Bardiglio, and Pyrenean for the panels, black and dove-colored Vermont, white Tennessee and Can-ara, and veined marbles for the pilasters and stylobates. The coffered ceiling ia enriched by elaborate mouldings, and is lightly gilded. The Oold Room, or Treasury vaults, may be seen by permit from the Treasurer. There is usually about $ 10,000,000 in gold coin in these vaults, defended by thick walls of chilled iron and steel. The reserve vaults are not accessible; and the bond vault is near the Gold Room. The operations of counting the currency, examining the mutilated bills, etc,, may be seen from the cor- ridors. Great numbers of ladies are engaged in clerical duties in the building. The Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company has a stately brownstone building N. of the Treasury, in whose upper stories. are the offices of the Department of Justice. The * Ezeoutiye Mansion (popularly known as the White House) is li M. W. of the Capitol, and fronts on Penn. Ave. near 16th St. It was modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster, and is 170 ft. long by 86 ft. deep. The material is freestone (painted white), and the portico to the N. is of considerable depth (upheld by Ionic columns). Toward the Potomac is a semicircular portico with an Ionic colonnade. The chief at- traction within the mansion is the ♦ East Room (open daily from 9 to 3), a fine boll 80 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, adorned in classic style and richly famished. In and near the vestibule are portraits of Presidents Joho^, 440 JtouU 69, WASHINGTON. Adams, Van Bureii, Tyler, Polk, Fillmore, Pierce, and Lincoln { also Btuart's portrait of Washington. The Blue, Red, and On Rooiha are also on this floor, and ore sumptuously decorated. The Executive Offic€ and the Cabinet Room, with the private apartments of the faniily, an-e on the second floor. W. of the mansion are the spacious conservatories ; on the S. is the pleasant park where the Marine Band plays on Saturday aftenioons during the summer season. This park iiji bordered by the graceful curves of Executive Ave. The President's Mansion was founded in 1792 ; first occupied by John Adams, in 1800 ; destroyed by the Brit- ish by fire and cannonade, in 1814 ; and rebuilt after 1818. Lafayette Square is N. of the White House, and is the most beautiful park in the city, being filled with fine shrubbery and trees, and trav- erseeople. WASHINGTON. Jtouueo. 441 icoln ; also Pootnui are :utive OffiM itly, an-e on atories ; on n Satunlay red by the vas founded by the Brit- Bt beautiful 8, and trav- ian * statue nnon. The con by Oen. remarkable ) flanks and k are 2 rich rom antique lUrch of St. i); and the ids N. N. E. Square) the , and Scott to the new horse-cars, irenue ; and rt. At the soon to be e. and 17th n winter; 6 the other 8 wnstone, in lie carvings it art-build- thoroughly ; backer of ission War, •rterraaster- )y Mr. Cor- rests of the Tlnlton an reeoniiMiidcd to buy th« etinitor*ii ratalofniis (28e.), which h y*Tj ftiU hi ItM de^rrlptionM. Tb« Hull of Hculpturc Ir flilmi with cwtH of tht mnnter- f)ieceii of nnttqulty. A r«rtlon of thefrlcai' of the Parthenon (kflfr Phldlw), 180 (I. nnir, rntm around under the eorntre. Amonff the ranta are the DiaeoKolua; 9, YciiuaorMUo; lO.YeDundl Mcdirl ; 11, Capltoilne VenuJi ; 12, Ariadne Deaerted; Kutcrpe, Diana, Kroa, Abundance, Minenrn, Oemtanicun, Antinoua, the Dying OlatltHtor, the liaoroon, Nero, AJnx, Sllenua, Venua CaillpyRoa, Achillea Borcheae, Men-ury, Venua, Crouching Venua, Venua at the Hath, Aaculapiua, Drmontbenea, .liilia, Arlxtidea, Fophoclrw, Sorratca, Homer, .Tupltir, PolyhymnlA, Apollo, Centaur, Venna Anadyoniene, Apollo Frlvidere (AH\ Juno, Mcleager, Menelaua. Jaaon, Oly- tie, I rla, Trajan, and many othora. 8lde ho, Mmtl ; l>u*t of Humboldt, Rnvrk ; aeTeral THiiea of majolica and Sevrea porcclnin ; 114 of Barye'a exquisite and renowned *bTOniea(the finest collection in Aniorica) ; 90 electrotype reproductiona of inedl« Bpval European armor, wcnpona, plate, omamenta, baa-reliefa, ahrinea, ete. ; antiqu* flre-doga ; atatuettea, after John of Bologna and Barye'a fbmoua group of Theaeua SlayinK the Centaur Mnlii Gallery (on the second floor, 06 x 45 ft. in area). 1. Portrait of W. W. Corcoran, Elliott; 2, 8, The Departure and Return, Cole ; 4, Watcring-Plaee, Schrfyer; 5, Odalicque, St. Pierre; 6, Foreat-Pcene, ihirand ; 7, •The Veatal, Leroux; 9, DroTe at the Ford, Hart; 10, 11. liand^capea, Robbf ; 12, Amaion, Leutze ; 14, Paddy 'a Marie, TVieo/; 17, * Mercy's Dream, i/un(tn^(on ; 18,Magdalena River, Churrh; 10, Savoyard, CoUette ; 21, Caeaar Dead, Gerome; 28, 24, Interiors, Dtmamt ; 26, Autumn on the Hudson, Doughty; 26, Seaport, /. Yemet; *27, Adoration of the Shepherds. R. Metigs ; 28, Peta. E. Johnson ; 80, Fruit, PertUi ; 84, Le Puits qui Parle, A. Vely ; 86, The Drought in Egypt, Portaels; 40, The Long Story, Jlfoifn<; 42, Lost Doga, Von Thoren; 46, F&te of St. John in Daleearlla, Salmson; 46, * Count of Wurtemburg and his JDead Son, Ary Sehtfftr ; 47, Crom* well and Milton, Lnttxe ; 40, 60, Landscapes, Japy ; 58, Portrait of John Tylar, Hra/yi 64, M. tasteyrie, R. Peale; 66. Andrew Jackson, Sully; 67, John Raa- dolph, Harding; 68, Death of Moses, Cabanel; 59, Charlotte Corday in Prison, MuUft; 61, Ouixot, Healy; 62, Henry Clay, Inman; 66, Fann-House, Morland; 66, In Madeira, Hildtbrandt; 68, *Le Regiment qui Passe, DttaiUe; 70, Seheven' ingen, Kaemmerer ; 72, Satyrs, Priou ; 78, Heir Pvesumptive, Boughten ; 74. In Auvergne, JBai7; 76, Constantinople, ZtVm. E. Gallery — 1, French Cuirassiera and Bavarian Prisoners, DetailU. W« Oallenr — 2, Landscape, CHgnoux; 4, Lenox, Mass., Odi/ie; 6, Swiss Scene, Se^neh; 6, Mt. Washington, Kenutt; 0, Napoleon I. ; 11, Humboldt ; 18, Caacade, aftfr Aehenbaeh; 16, Battle, V. Breughel; 16, Castel Gondolfo, C. P. Cranek ; 20, Norman's Woe, Lanman; 28, Great Falls of Potomac; 24, Italian Moonlight, Taverm'er; 26, On the Hudson, Kenaett; 26, Vir- gin and Child, allriftia«on to be ite, War, immense -Architect old pavil- trong con- ildings of ne length, I, and will the lower there will The hall jy (30,000 iing (comer iscuni is on ess artillery itary eqnip- •pound ball manner of n the small )el shot and worth gun ; riage of the sland Arse- y cut down 1 hundreds which were ss. and is the The in- le original during the ags. Since in advance ibilities of and ocean le Weather the comer ;agon. Its The ancient Van Ness mansion is at the foot of 17th St. It was the home of David Bums, owner of the land on which a large part of the city is built. His daughter Marcia was married by Gen. Van Ness, of New York (in 1802). who made of this estate one of the finest places in the country. Bawllns Square is on New York Ave. , near 18th St , and Is prettily adorned. Herehas been placed a statue of Oen. John A. Rawlins, Secretary of War in 1860. Penn. Ave. passes between the Corcoran Art Gallery and the War De- partment, and deflects to the r. at 17th St , passing through an old quarter of the city to the Washington Circle (at 23d St.), in which is an equestrian ♦ statue of Gen. George Washington, by Clark Mills (completed in 1860). He is represented as at the Battle of Princeton, with his terror-stricken charger recoiling before the fire of the hostile artillery. The * U. 8. Kayal Observatory is at the foot of 24th St. W., and is -one of the chief institutions of the kind in the world. It occupies a hill near and 98 ft. above the Potomac ; and the central building is provided with a revolving dome. There are numerous fine instruments, the chief of which is tlie great equatorial telescope (the largest of the kind in the world). The observatory is on the ^st meridmn for astronomical pur- poses in the U. S. (the Greenwich meridian is used for nautical calcu- lations), and is in latitude 38° 53' 38" N., and longitude 77" 3' G' W. of Greenwich. On the Observatory Hill encamped part of the army of Braddock, in 1755; and Washington wished to have a National Univer- sity founded here. On Oct. 21, 1783, Congress was insulted while in session at Philadelphia by a party of mutinous soldiers, and removed Its sessions to Princeton. It had then occupied 8 different locations within as many years, and now desired to establish a federal city for the location of the national capital. Tlie great diillculty was found in the local pride of the sections, each of wliich desired to have the capital within its borders. New York wanted it at Kingston, Rhode Island at Newport, Maryland nt Annapolis, and Virginia at Williamsburgh. South Carolina protested against Philadelphia on account of the antislavery sentiment there. German- town, Wrightstown (Penn.), and Havre de Grace also had strong advocates ; and in 1787 Lee, of Virginia, proposed Georgetown, which was, however, rejected by Mass., N. Y., Va., and Ga. In 1790 an act was passed locating the city on the hills of Conococheague (the present site), and Wasliington purchased the requisite land from the 4 resident farmers. As earlv as 1663 the domain was called Rome, the traversing water-cour^o the Tiber, and the chief eminence (on which the Capi- tol now stands) was known as the Capitol ine Hill, — not, as has been intimated, on account of prophetic intimations of its future greatness, but because it was owned by a Mr. Pope, who facetiously desired to be called the Pope of Rome. In 1755 Washington had encamped on the present site of the Naval Observatory with Braddock's troops, and i)robably had studied the surrounding topography. April 15, 1791, the corner-stone of the District of Columbia was laid with Masonic ceremonies. Gen. Washington named the new capital " The Federal City"; but in the following year (1792) the commissioners entitled it "The City of Washington." Jeffei-son detested the old Babylonian plan of rectangular squares (as exemplified at Philadelphia) ; and under his influence the surveyors (L'Enfant and Ellicott) introduced a system of grand Versaillaise avenues. The commissioners ordered the founding of an ornate itinerary column in tlie present Lincoln Square (like the Umbilicus in the Roman Forum), whence all American distances should be computed and the national roads should depart. A grand national church (non-sectarian) was to be founded on the present Patent-Office site ; and 15 squares were to be given to the States for adornment. In 1788-89, Maryland and Virginia ceded a domain of 100 square M. to the U. S. (of which the Virginian portion was unfortunately retroceded in 1846X J\i 444 Route 70, WASHINGTON. nr The Battle of Bladenshurg was fought Aug. 22, 1814, when 8,000 Maryland militia were led out to repulse the invading British force under Gen. Ross. The militia, though superior in number to the enemy, behaved with shameful pol- troonery, and fled at the first volley ; but a detachment of 400 sailors with artilleiy fought valiantly until they were surrounded and overpowered, and the hostile force then occupied the city (after losing 250 men). President Madison had watched the battle, and was obliged to seek refuge in Virginia. The Navy Yard had been destroyed by the Americans, and the British, under the lead of the truculent Admiral Cockbum, proceeded to bum and cannonade the Capitol, White House, and other public buildings. After these Vandalic acts of destruction the invaders retired, leaving the shabby village in ruins. At the opening of the Secession War Wasliington was an imclean and widely scattered city of about 60,000 inhabitants, with many slaves and unassimilated factions of society. Northern and Southern. Wide and desolate avenues ran through half-settled districts, unpavec and miiddy ; and the unfinished public buildings looked ragged and uncomely. Tl>e volunteers reported that it was " hardly worth defending, except for the klat of the thing." The half-disloyal District militia was inadequate, even if willing, to protect the city against the in- surgent Virginians ; and great enthusiasm was manifested when the Central Pennsylvania troops reached the capital. The armed and disciplined 6th Mass. quickly arrived, and was followed by the 7th N. Y., and thereafter by a vast stream of Northern and Western volunteer. The camps of the Army of the Potomac were hence "orth, for a long time and at different periods, about tlie city ; and its vast depots of ammunition and supplies were located here. It retreated on Washington after the disastrous defeats at Bull Bun (July 21, 1861 ; and August, 1862). On "the solemn circle of those far-bastioned hills" about the city were established lines of fortifications gi'eater than those of Torres Vedrasor any others heretofore constnicted in the world. The defensive perimeter covered 35 M. ; and 20,000 acres of V' i 'land were cleared to give play to the guns. There were 56 forts and 60 bat% . i, connected by many miles of intrenchments and rifle-pits, with heavy bomb proofs and secure masked roads. They mounted 8-900 guns (some of the heaviest calibre), and peeded a garrison of 25,000, while with 50,000 men the city was impregnable. In July, 1864, while nearly all the troops were with Qrant before Petersburg, the defences were assailed by a division of Confed- erate veterans under Gen. Early. The men of the civil service were enrolled in regiments and put into the rifle-pits, but the artillerists in Fort Stevens and De Bussey (7th St Boad) did all the work, shattering with a heavy convergent fire a storming party of rebels, and easily driving back the hostile field-guns. In the nick of time the veteran 6th Corps arrived on transports from the South, and, marching out through the fortifications, fell upon the astonished enemy. Early Wtired to the Valley of Virginia in season to be defeated by Sheridan. Since the close of the war and the grand pageants of the parade of Grant's and Sherman's united annies, the growth of the city has been remarkably rapid and healthy. In 1871 the District of Columbia was erected into a Territorial government, under whose administration immense amounts have been spent in paving and grading the streets and embellishing the city. This government was broken up in 1874. i> 70. The Environ8 of Washington. Arling^n and Mount Vernon. Bladensburg is 6 M. N. E. of Washington, and is a shabby old Mary- land village, near the battle-field of Aug. 22, 1814. 1 M. distant, ar.d in a sequestered glen near the highway, is the famous " duelling-ground," where so many fatal duels were fought during the earlier days of the Re- public. The most mournful of these encounters was that between Com- modores Barron and Decatur, in which the latter was mortally wounded. 2 M. N. of Bladensburg is the noble old estate of (Jeorge Calvert, of the Lord Baltimore family, where a deer-park was formerly established. 'Sk^: SOLDIERS' HOME. Haute 70. 445 Maryland >B8. The leful pol- i artilleiy le hostile ison had avy Yard id of the Capitol, struction id widely similated nues ran Bd public it it was f-disloyal St the iu- ; Central Sth Mass. Dy a vast ny of the the city ; Teated on i August, city were my others 3 M. ; and •e were 56 rifle-pits, -900 guns itli 50,000 oops were )f Confed- irolled in is and De ;ent Are a In the luth, and, y. Early Since the Sherman's ilthy. In nt, under d grading in 1874. Mount Id Mary- , ar.d in jround," the Re- en Com- rounded. t, of the ed. The CNyvemment Aiylrnn for the Iniane (of the army, navy, and District of Columbia) is reached by crossing the Navy Yard Bridge and ascending the heights beyond Uniontown: The building is 750 ft long, and is in collegiate Qothic architecture, occupying an estate of over 400 acres. It stands on a high ridge over the Eastern Branch, and overlooks Washington and the Potomac. The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb occupies the old Kendall Green estate, N. K of the city. It is open to both sexes, and has a collegiate department. The central build- ing is a beautiful sandstone structure in ornate Gothic architecture, and is richly adorned and furnished ; while the adjacent buildings are spacious and commodious. The Olenwood Cemetery is \\ M. N. of the Capitol, and is a pleasant rural burying-ground. The Howard University is on the 7th St. road just beyond the city limits, and was founded in 1867 (by the efforts of Gen. 0. 0. Howard) for the education of youth without regard to sex or color. It has nearly 600 students, of whom (report of 1871 - 72) there are, in the nonnal depart- ment, 238; preparatory, 100; collegiate, 35; theological, 26; law, 67; medical, 45 ; commercial, 84 ; musical, 21. The larger part of the stu- dents consists of negroes, from Washington, the Southern States, the West Indies, and Africa. The University building is a stately structure of white brick, containing the lecture-rooms and museums, and overlooks the city from its lofty hill-top. The view from the tower is very pleas- ing. To the N. are the Miner Hall, Nonnal Building, and the Clarke Hall ; and to the S., on the plain, are the Medical College and Freedmen's Hospital. The ♦ Soldiers' Home is 3 M. N. of the Capitol (horse-cars on 7th St.), near the 7th St. Road. It consists of severel marble buildings in Norman architecture, surroimded by a fine park oi jO acres, which is laid out with winding roads, lakelets, and copses. Near the dormitory building is a bronze statue (10 ft. high) of Gen. Seott, by Launt Thompson. This noble asylum, " the Chelsea of Araericii," was founded in 1851 with the' proceeds of a forced levy on the city Ji Mexico, which Gen. Scott's army carried by storm in 1847. The military-asylum fund had increased by 1868 to $ 800,000, and was about to be distributed to the State asylums, when the commissioners of this institution applied it to the purchase of W. W. Corcoran's adjacent park and domain of "Harewood." This home is for disabled soldiers of the legular army (who forego their pensions while here), and is supported by a tax of 12o a month on each soldier of the army. Presidents Pierce and Lincoln made this their favorite summer residence. N. of this point is a National Cemetery^ where 5,424 soldiers are buried. The Rock Creek Church (St. Paul's) is a fine old Episcopal church near the Home, and situated in a broad and venerable graveyard. The church was built in 1719, with bricks imported •m 446 itouuro. GEORGETOWN. ^^^^1 i MvHiif i: ftrom England, and has been somewhat remodelled. Beyond this glen are the bare heights which were occupied by Forts Totten and Slocum and their connecting batteries ; aitd farther to the W., beyond the 7th St. Road, are Forts Stevens and De Bussey, whose fire scattered the rebel invaders in 1864. Georgetown (Union Hotel) is a quaint little city of 11,384 inhabitants, separated from Washington by the small ravine of Rock Creek, and sit- uated on a line of bold heights overlooking ^>he Potomac. It is connected with Washington by 4 bridges over Rock Creek, and by 2 lines of horse- cars. The low riverward street is lined With half-ruined warehouses, which mark the decline of the commerce of the port. The upper line of heights command fine views over many leagues, and are occupied by old villas, where dwell the leaders of the polite and cultured society for which Georgetowu is famous. * Oak Hill Cemetery is one of the most beautiful in the country, and covers the slopes of the heights toward the deep glen of Rock Creek, with, great groves of old oaks. It covers 30 acres, and is richly endowed. The chapel is a handsome Gothic building to the r. of the entrance, and is remarkable for its luxuriant ivy, which completely covers the stone-work. Among the eminent men buried in the cemetery are Chief justice Chase (died 1873), Gen. Reno, Secretary Stanton, Bodisco (the Russian Minister), and numerous ofiiuers of the army and navy. Near the N. E. comer is the massive Doric * mausoleum of W. W. Corcoran. The Linthicum Chapel is worthy of note, and the Van Ness-Bums Mausoleum (modelled after the Temple of Vesta, at Rome) is in the E. part of the grounds. About half-way down the slope is a small bronze monument, admirably executed, representing a dead cavalry-soldier. Beyond the Cemetery is the Georgetown high-service reservoir, a loftily situated, dome-shaped structure which is visible from a great distance. " Oldish, castellated, with queer, feudal-looking round-towers, stands Georgetown College, on the heights above the Potomac." This vener- able institution was founded in 1789 by the tolerant and scholarly Mary- land patrician, John Carroll, first Roman Catholic Bishop of the U. S. It has 18 instructors and 251 students (many of whom are in the pre- paratory department), and instructs on the ancient and approved system of the P6re Jouvency. From the lofty and sequestered grounds is ob- tained a most beautiful *view, embracing parts of Washington arl Greorgetown, the Arlington Heights, with their crumbling forts, and :* long vista of the broad and silvery Potomac. The extensive grounds include a vineyard (for sacramental wine), wide play- grounds, and serpentine walks. The old building is flanked by newer construc- tions, and the round-domed astronomical observatory is on the knoll to the N. The * library contains over 80,000 volumes, and is especially rich in patristic GREAT FALLa JimUe 70. 447 literature and ancient volumes (100 printed befbre the Reformation). There we also rich illuminated MdS., black-letter missals and prayer-booica, a Bible dating from 1435, the Docretala of St. Isidore, the BoUandist Llvea of the Saints, and a • set of religious works printed in nearly every langaage and hieroglyph of Europe, Asia, and tiie Americas (see case near the S. window). The museum contains many curious natural and historical souvenirs, including some relics of the Decatur family. Visitors are conducted through the buildings by bland Jesuits, in medisBval costumes. This richly endowed colle^ is the nead-quarters of tlie Jesuits in the District, and has large medical and law acl.o<>l8. The brotlierhood also conducts the Gonzaga College, in Washington, and is very powerful in this region. Under its auspices, several thousand Catholics of the District made a Eilgrimage (iu May. 1874) to the ancient mission-church of White Marsh, in Mary- ind, where the Church held its conventions during the colonial era (near which is a statue of the Virgin Mary, carved in the roclc over a :ipring which is reputed to produce miraculous cures). The Convent of the Visitation is on Fayette St., near the College preached by F St. horse-cars from Washington), and has flne buildings in a park of 40 acres. It Is under the nuns of the Order of the Visitation, and has a large pominary for young ladies, much patronized by the Catholic aristocracy of the neighboring States. It is the oldest house in America of this order, and was founded in 1799. Tlie Aqueduct Bridge crosses the river at Georgetown, and connects the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal with the Alexandria Canal. The aqueduct ■was drained in 1861, and was used during the Secession War, for the pas- sage of troops, supplies, and artillery. It is now provided with a carriage- way above the water-course. The canal was built in 1828-41 at a cost of 9 13,000,000 (most of which was borne by Maryland), and runs from Cumberland (see page 412) to Georgetown, a distance of 182 M., with 75 locks, 11 aqueducts, and numerous tunnels (one of which is 3,100 ft. long). It is desired to extend it to Pittsburgh. Analostan Island is opposite Georgetown, and contains 70 acres. The dilapidated mansion of Gen. Mason still stands on a knoll at the S. end. Here, in its palmy days, was born James M. Mason, U. S. Senator from Virginia (1847-1861, then expelled for disloyalty), author of the Fugitive Slave Law, and Rebel Commissioner to Europe (with Slidell). The * Great Falls of the Fotomao are about 14 M. from the Capitol. The road passes the great reservoirs of the water-works, amid very pleas- ant scenery, viewing on the 1. the Chain Bridge and its connected fortifi- cations, and the Little Falls (37 ft. of rapids). About 7 M. beyond Georgetown is the * Cabin John Bridge, the largest stone arch in the world. The aqueduct is here carried across Cabin John Creek about 100 ft. above its bed on a granite bridge of 220 ft. span; and from the canal beneath looks like a mere thread against the sky. The Mountain Spring Bridge is 1 M. above, and is a fine elliptical span of sxibstantial masonry. At the Great Falls the river is narrowed by precipitous banks and rocky islands, and passes through and down the rugged slopes, falling 80 ft. in 1^ M. The principal fall is 40 ft. high, and the neighboring scenery is remarkable for its ragged appearance. The Washington Aqueduct was founded in 1856, and has cost $ 3,600,000. It collects the Potomac water by a line of stone dams at the Great Ftdls, and con- 448 Jtugh an arched gateway at the S. E. comer of the grounds. There are 15,585 soldiers buried in the cemetery, the greater part of whom are back Ci the Mansion House, drawn up in long lines on a high and well-shaded plateau. The ofScers are buried above and along the carriage-way; and >:>ear the garden is a massive granite cenotaph surrounded by 4 cannon, under which are the remains of 2,111 unknown soldiers, gathered after ti.i) war from the battle-fields between Bull Run and the Rappahannock. Near this point is an amphitheatre with sittings for 5,000 persons, where are held the annual services of Decoration Dviy {May 30). Among the lines of graves are numerous insoriptions : •• These fdthful herald tablets, With mournful pride, shall tell (When many a vanished age hath flown) The story how ye fell. Mor wreclc, nor change, nor winter's blight, ' Mor Time's remorseless doom. Shall mar one rav of Glory's light That gilds your deathless tomb." The white soldiers are buried W. of the mansion; and the colored troops and refugees are on the slopes some distance to the N. The ArliTtgton mansion is a stately old building occupying a hill-top ^K) ft. above the river, and fronted by a classic portal resting on 8 mas- sive Doric columns. It is provided with spacrous wings, stables, slave- quarters, gardens, and ' onser'atories. The *view of Washington and the Potomac River froiu the portico is one of the most beautiful in America, and is of itself worth the joun. y hither. The interior of tho mansion (open to visitors) contains nothing of interest; the valuable mementos of Washington and collection of pictures was canied away by the family in its flight. The Arlington estate belonged to Mr. D. P. Custis, whose widow was married by George Washington, who left the estate tr George Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of Mrs. Washington and the adopted son of Washington. This gentleman bu>lt the Arlington mansion about 1802, and the domain l^can.a cele- brated for its good cheer and generous hospitality. Mr. Custis's daughter married Bobert £. Lee, who afterwards dwelt here while an officer of the U. S> Army. ** The neighing troop, tue flashing blade. The bogle's stirring blast. The charge, the dreadful cannonade, The din and shout are past Nor War's wild note, nor Glory's peal, Shall thrill with fierce delight Theae breasts, that nevermore may feel The laptons of tlie fight" ; ( ALEXANDRIA. JUatUeTO, 449 eiToir is 4 ; reservoir gh-Mrvic« > Capitol, carriages ter route the tite- he horse- traDce is Fhere are are back U-shaded way; and I cannon, red after hannock. IS, where nong the li flown) er'ibUght, it ) colored hill-top m 8 mas- , slave- gton and utiful in >r of tho valuable away by married Ice Custis, on. This ;aib3 cele- jr married S. Army. Here he made his fatal deoision to follow the fortunes of the insurgent South, and soon afterwards went to Richmond. The deserted estate became a camp-ground for the National troops ; forts were erected on its hills ; and the mnnsion was used as a head-quarters. In 1863 the domain was sold on account of the non> payment of taxes, and was purchased by the United States. The cemetery was completed in 1S67, and is the scene of solemn and imposing yearly ceremonies, at which the President and Cabinet and the chiefo of the army and civil service are usually present. Fort Whipple is on the eminence next N. W. of the mansion. It was one of the lighter field-works of the Defences of Washingcou in 1861 -65, and is now used as the head-quarters and training-school of the Signal Corps of the army. Fort Corcoran was over the head of the Aqueduct Bridge; Fort Albany was 3. of Arlington; and the storm-beaten remnants of other forts are foimd all along the heights for many miles. Alexandria {Mansion House) is situated at the confluence of the Poto- mac River and Hunting Creek, 7 M. below Washington (ferry-boats hourly from 7th St. Wharf, 15c. ; railroad hourly from comer of 6th and B Sts.). It is a city of 13,570 inhabitants, devoted to commerce and the shipping of corn and tobacco. The streets are quaint and quiet, paved with great uneven stones, and lined with staid and characteristic houses. The in- habitants are almost altogether of the purest Virginian stock, with the peculiar dialect and manners of the Old Dominion. The names of the streets — King, Queen, Prince, Duke, St. Asaph, etc. — are suggestive of the old-time memories of the people. The chief object of interest is Christ Church, a venerable edifice (comer of Washington and Cameron Sts.) in the peculiar " Queen Anne's architecture " which was common to the pro-Revolutionary Episcopal churches of Virginia, now falling into ruin throughout the tide water counties. This church was erected be- tween 1765 and 1773, of imported bricks, and is interesting from the fact that George Washington was a vestryman and had a pew here (No. 69), which is still reverently shown. The church is surrounded by a venerable graveyard. Pew No. 46 was occupied by Robert E. Lee, of Arlington, afterwards commander of the rebel armies. On the outskirts of the city is a National Cemetery containiug the remains of nearly 4,000 National soldiers who died during the Secession War. The Little River Turnpike runs W. from Alexandria to Aunandale and Fairfax Court-House, and was the chief route of advance for the National armies during the war. It is very familiar ground to thousands of Northern gentlemen. Near the city it passes the ruins of Fort Ellsworth^ on Shuter's Hill, beyond which a road diverges to the r. to the Fairfax Seminary, a famous theological school of the Episcopal Church, witli 3 professors, 59 students, 450 alumni, and a library of 9,000 volumes. The buildings are neat and commodious, and occupy a secluded hill-top, whence are gained delightful views of the broad Potomac, Alexandria, and Washington. The Seminaiy was occu- GO ;:rl| .'I 450 JtouU 70. MOUNT VERNON. pied by troops daring the Secession War, and a short distance to the W., beyond Fort Worth, was the picket-line which watched the debatable ground of Northern Virginia. Rugged roads lead N. along the embattled ridges to Hunter's Chapel and Arlington Heights. Tlie Accotink Turn- pike runs S. from Alexandria across the broad estuary of Hunting Creek and over the bold heights where stand the ruins of Fort Lyon and its con- nected batteries. This road commands pleasant views of the stately Potomac, and leads to Mount Vernon. Alexandria was founded in 1748, under the name of Belhaven, and soon became a commercial port of considerable importance. In 1766 Braddock'M Anglo- Amer- ican army rendezvoused here, and the governors of 6 colonies met in the town to concert plans of operations against tlie French. Washington was a fi^iient visi- tor here, and left substiintial tolcens of liis esteem. In 1814 the town was taken by the British, who carried away large quantities of provisions and several vessels. Alexandria pertained to the District of Columbia from 1788 to 1846, when it was gvexi back to Virginia. Early in 1861 it was occupied by rebel cavalry ; and on ay- 24 the N. Y. Fire Zouaves occupied the place, their Colonel, EUswortli, being killed while taking down the Secession fl^ on the Marshall House hotel. Thence- forth for 4 years the city was ovemm with soldiers and girt with fortifications, and its streets were barrieaded with palisades and abatU. The damages caused by the war have never been retrieved. * Mount Vernon is 15 M. below Washington, and is reached by steam- boats, which leave the foot of 7th St. at 10 a. m. daily (fare down and back, including admission to the grounds, $ 1.50). The voyage down the river is very pleasant ; and the quaint wharves of Alexandria are soon reached, beyond which the boat passes (on the r.) the lighthouse on Jones's Point and the mouth of Hunting Creek. Landings are made at Fort Foote and Fort Washington (an old stone fort, well armed and garrisoned, which was destroyed by the British in 1814). Crossing the river diagonally, with the outlet of Little Hunting Creek on the r., the steamboat stops at the landing of Mount Vernon. The mansion-house is a wooden building of considerable size and antique style, with a broad and lofty portico fronting towards the Poto- mac. The views of the river, especially to the S., are of great beauty and attractiveness. The interior of the mansion is spacious and anti- quated; and the room in which Washington died (S. side ; second story ; fine view from windows) and the chamber occupied by Lafayette (second story) are its most interesting parts. The dining-hall contains the paint- ing of Washington before Yorktown, by Rembrandt Peale ; also copies of TrumbuU'i and Stuart's portraits of Washington. The Sienna-marble mantel (carved in Italy, and presented to Washington in 1785) and the ancient harpsichord in this room will attract the attention ; also the key of the Bastile in the hall (presented by Lafayette), and the personal mementos of Washington in the other rooms of the groimd floor. N. W. of the house are the buildings of the lodges, servants' quarters, etc., and a garden which was laid out by Washington. The old family-vault occupies a pleasant situation near the river. FREDERICKSBURG. ItmUe 70. 451 The country about Mount Vernon is rich In memories of Washington and his eminent contemporaries. 7 M. S. W. of the mansion is the ancient Pohick Church, an Episcopal parish church which was located by Wash- ington, who was one of its vestrymen. It was built in 1765, and at one time had a large, wealthy, and aristocratic congregation, but is now abandoned and in a semi-ruinous conditio^. Beyond this point is the ancient and decadent hamlet of Occoquan, at the head of navigatipn on the Occoquan Creek, and below the great wilderness called the Occoquan Forest. A few miles below is Fredericksburg (founded in 1727, and named in honor of the heir-apparent to the English throne), a quaint and dilapidated little city on the Rappahannock River. It was completely ruined by a long and teiTific bombardment from the artillery of the Army of the Potomac ; and here (and at Chancellorsville, a short distance to the S.) the National armies suffered two disastrous defeats. The Con- federate cemetery near Fredericksbui^ is adorned with a monumental memorial; and the National cemetery contains the remains of many thousands of patriot soldiers who fell in the defeats in this vicinity. Still farther down the tide-water region is Westmoreland, "the Athens of Virginia," with its ancient ruined churches and mansions and decadent vil- lages. This county derives its honorable title from the fact that within its borders were bom the two Lees who signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence, " Light Horse Harry " Lee, Judge Bushrod Washington, Pres- ident Monroe, and George Washihgton, with numerous other prominent men of local renown. Near Fredericksburg stood a stately (but unfin- ished and desecrated) monument over the grave of the mother of Washing- ton, on whose site the nation is about to erect a new and worthy memorial. The * Tomb of Waihington is a plain and homely brie!" structure near the Mount Venion mansion, and on the edge of a steep hillside over a wooded glen. Within, and visible through the iron- work of the gate, are the marble sarcophagi which contain the remains of George and Martha Washington. In 1743 Laurence Washington married Anne Fairfax, and soon afterward built the spacious mansion on the Potomac, whicli he named Mount Yernoiif in honor of Admiral Vernon, with whom he had served in the terribly disastrous campaign against Cartagena (on the Spanish Main). Laurence's young half- brother, George, was a frequent visitor here, and inherited the domain in 1752. This became his cherished home; and here he engaged in the labors of agri- culture, living prudently, yet with a generous hospitality, and entertaining the most distinguished men of America. After his death the estate ]>assed to other branches of the family ; and in 1866 the mansion and 6 acres of land were pur- chased for 200,000 by the Ladies' Mount Vernon Association, aided by the efforts of Edward Everett. It has since been the property of the nation, and was treated with sacred respect by both armies during the Secession War. Ogoroe Washington, " the Father of his Country," and the victorious general of the American armies in the War for independence, was descended from an ancient rural patrician family of English Northamptonshire. He was bom Feb. 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the banks of the Potomac, Am;us- ilii 1 ; l!ii ilii 'i : :i 452 RouU70. WAiiHIKOTON. tine and Mary Washington betng h\n parenta. At the age of 14 (hli father having; been dead 8 yean) he received a warrant as a inldahipman In the British navy ; and his baggage had already been Hriit on board the frigate, when hin mothe.- withdrew her consent, and rie was sent to school. In his 17th . oar he was seiu on a Rurveying expedition to the Alleghanv Mts., and devoted 3 years to the buriness or surveying. He went to Borbadoes in 1761, and on his return was put in command of forces of Virginia militia. In 1769 h<) tfft the provincial service, married Mrs. Martha Custls, and thenceforth devotoc< his time to agri- culture and Virginian local government He was oummamU^r ui the troops of the Province in 17fi5 and 1758, and in 1774 was sent as a delegate to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia. In 1775 he was chosen commander-in-chief of the American armies, and proceeded at once to the N. to carry on the siege of Boston. Henceforth he led the Continental forces through long, and oftentimes adverse, campaigns, before superior armies of royalist troops, and kept the dis- courageid, unpaid, and half-fed Americans in line by his ^icrsonal influence aiui power. Late in 1783, the national independence being secured, he resigned his commission, and retired to Mount Vernon. In 1789 he was inaugurated first President of the United States, and held that oflice through two tenns. In 1797 he again retired to his estates, and lived here in auietness, amid the well-be- loved scenes of his youth, and in the company or hia noble wife. He died Dec. 14, 1790. in fkther havin;; British navy; sn hin mothe.- ar he was sent, I years to the lis return was the provincial time to agri- e troops of the le Continental a-chiof of the I the siege of ind oftentimes [ kept the dis- influence and le resigned his ngurated first snns. In 1797 id the well-be- rife. He die4 Abbey Island, Md. 889. Aberdeen, Md. 880. Abington, Pa. 800. Absecom, N. J. 294. Adams, N. Y. 159. Addison, N. Y. 280. Adirondack, N. Y. 187. Adirondack Mts. 188-168. Afton, N. Y. 822 Aiden Lair, N. Y. 186. Albany, N. Y. 86, 162, 829. Arsenal 86. Cathedral 87. Dudley Obserratory 87« Erie Basin, 86. Law School 86 Manor-Uouse 87. New Capitol 86. St. Peter's 87. State Hall 86. State Library 86. Albany Lake 157. Albion, N. Y. 175. Alburgh Springs, Vt. 120. Alburtis, Pa. W3, 806. Alexandria, Va. 149. Alexandria Bay, N. Y. 169, 1(30, 194. Alfired, N. Y. 230. Alhambra, the 154. Allegany Reservation 281. Alleghany Mts., Md. 411. Allegheny City, Pa. 356. Allentown. Pa. 304, 252. Ahiia, N. Y. 280. Ahnond, N. Y. 280. Altamont, Md. 412. Altoona, Pa. 849. Amagansett, N. Y. 68. Amber, N. Y. 200, 248. Amboy, Perth 46, 257. Amboy, South 28<^. Amenia, N. Y 60. Amherot Id., Can. 198. AmltyviHe. N. Y. 47. Ampersand Mt 146. Amsterdam, N. Y. 162. Andes, N. Y. 216. AngoUoa, N; Y. 280. INDEX. Annandale, N. J. 260. Anuand%le, N. Y. 82. Annapolit, Md. 41<' AnnvUle. Pa. 254. Anthony's Nose ''^ Anthony's Pon«i Antietam, Md. 4 Antwerp, N. Y. Ararat, Mt., Pa. Arch Sprin(>:, Pa. bid. Arlingtori, Va. 448. Armagh, tA. 846. Arnprior, Can. 182. Ashley, Pa. 812. Atco, N. J. 294. Athens, N. Y. 84. Athens, Pa. 818. Atlantic City, N. J. 294. Attica, N. Y. 2-38. Auburn, N. Y. 200, 819. Audenreid, Pa. 811. Aurora, N. Y. 207, 819. Ausable Chasm 118. Ausable Forks 188, 140. Ausable Ponds, N. Y. 148. Avalanche Lake, N. Y. 188. Avondale, Pa. 878. Avon Springs, N. Y. 229. Aylmer, Can. 132. Babylon, N. Y. 47. Bainbridge, N. Y. 322. Bald Eagle Valley 348. Bald liakes, Can. 191. Ballston Spa. N. Y. 94. Baltimore, Md. 394. Athenseum 398. Battle Monument 897. Calvert Station 398. Cathedral 396. City Hall 397. Druid Hill Park 402. Exchange 400. Federal Hill 404. Fort McHenry 404. Franklin Square 402. Greenmount Cem. 403. Historical Society 898. Hospitals 404. Baltimore, Md. Loudon Park Cem. 401. Loyola College 888. Maryland Institute 400. Masonic Temple 886. Mt. Vernon Church 880. Odd Fellows' Mon't 401. Patterson Park 401. Peabody Institute 880. St. Ignatius 898. St. Paul's 398. Tunnels, the 895. Unitarian Chureh 889. Washington Mon. 899. Barclay, Pa. 818. Bamegat Beach, N. J. 201. Barnes's Olen, N. Y. 206. Barren Id., N. Y. 45. Barrytown, N. Y. 82. Bartlett's, N. Y. 146. Bash Bish Falls 60. Basking Hidge. N. J. 260. Batavia. N. Y. 176, 176, 208. Bath, N. Y. 44, 229. Bath Id., N. Y. 179. Batsto, N. J. 292. Battle Id., N. Y. 217. Bay Pond 140. Bayport, N. Y. 48. Bay Ridge, N. Y. 44. Bay Shore, N. Y. 48. Bay Side, N. J. 292. Beach's Lake, N.Y 152,167. BearMt.,N. Y. 72. Beauhamois, Can. 199. Beaver Lake 157. Beaver, Pa. 362. . Beaver Falls, Pa. 362. Beaver Meadow Falls 148. Beaverton, Can. 191. Bedford, N. Y. 69. Bedford Springs, Pa. 847i Beede's Falls, N. Y. 143. Beeren Id., N. Y. 84. Beesley's Point, N. J. 297. Bellaive, 0. 415. Belfort, N. Y. 157. Bellefionte, Pa. 848. BeUeviUe, N. Y. 160. 11 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5< 1.0 1.1 U£ |2B |2.5 2.0 11.25 II 1.4 1^ 1.6 % / y y^ Photographic Sciences Corporation m \ ^\ •sj \\ <> ^ >. '^rl\ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 ,.<^. 1^ 4^ o^ 454 INDEX. Bellport, N. T. 48, 61. BellTale Mts., N. Y. 221. Beloeil Mt., Can. 121. BelpT«, 0. 414. BeMdere, N. J. 299. Belvidere, N. T. 280. Benvenue 846. Benwood, W. Ys. 416. Bergen Cut, N. J. 264. Bergen Point, N. J. 249. Bergen Tunnel 220. Berkeley SpringM, W. Ya. 411. Bemice, Pa. 818. Bethel, N. Y. 224. Bethlehem, Pa. 801, 820. Beverly, N. J. 287. Big Clear Pond 147. Big Falls 141. Big Mooee Lake 166. Big Stream, N. Y. 218. Big Wolf Pond 149. Bingen, Pa. 801. Binghamton. N.Y. 226, 822. BirdRboro', Pa. 832, SSI. Birmingham, Pa. 866. Birmingham Falls 118. Black Brook 188. Black Chasm Falls 98. Blackhead Mt. 98. Black Lake, N.Y. 196. Black Mt. 108. Black Bock, N. Y. 286. BlackweU's Id , N Y. 86. Bladensburg, Md. 444. BlairsTille, Pa. 862. Blood's, N. Y. 203, 229. Bloomfield, N. J. 289. Bloomfield, Pa. 846. Bloomingdale 1^, 147. Blooming GroTe Park 224. Bloomsburg, Pa. 872. Blossburg. Pa. 229. Blue Mt. 148. Blue Mt. Lake 152, 186, 161. Bluff Point, N. Y. 384. Boiling Spring. Pa. 876. Bolton, N. Y: 108. Bombay Hook, Del. 892. Boonton, N. J. 240. BoonTille, N. Y. 162, 166. Boquet Mts., N. Y. 116. Bordentown, N. J. 288. Boreas Pond 187, 148. Boreas Spires 187, 144. Bosom Bay, N. Y. 109. Boston Comer, N. Y. 60. Bound Brook, N. J. 260. Bower's Beach, Del. 898. Bowie, -Md. 419. Bowmanville, Can. 191. Bradford, Pa. 281. Brady's Bend, Pa. 868. Bnmehport, N. Y. 884. Brandon, Tt. 102 Brandywine Springp Del. 891. Braiidywine. the 886. Brant Lake 184. Brantingham Lake 166. Brasher Falls, N. Y. 128. Brewster's, N. Y. 60. Bricksburg, N. J. 291. Bridesburg, Pa. 286. Bridgeport, Pa. 866, 874. Bridgeton, N. J. 292, 296. BridgeTiUe, Del. 898. Brigantine Beach 296. Brighton, N. Y. 171. Brilliant, Pa. 868. Bristol, Pa. 261, 288. Broad Top City 847. Brockport, N. Y. 176. ' BrockTlUe, Can. 182, 196. Brocton, N. Y. 286, 861. Brooklyn, N. Y. 88. Acad, of Desfgn 41. Atlantic Bocks 40. Ba> Ridge 44. Court House 41. Cypress Hills 42. Greenwood Cem. 48. Holy Trinity 41. Mercantile Lib. 41. Navy Yard 40. Plymouth Church 41. Prospect Park 42. Tabernacle 4Si. Washington Park 41. Brookside, Pa. 884. BrookTille, Pa. 868. Brookwood Point 826. Brown's Tract 166, 167. Buckingham, Can. 182. Bndd's Lake, N. J. 241. Bufhlo, N.Y. 283,176. Arsenal 286 Cathedral 284. Brie Canal 286. - Fort Porter 284. Insane Asylum 286. Park 286. St. Michael's 286. St. Paul's 234. Terrace, the 284. Burdick's Glen 206. Burlington, N. J. 287. Burlington, Yt. 116. Burning Spring 188. BushkiU, Pa. &4. Bush RiTer, Md. 889. Bustleton, Pa. 261. Butler, Pa. SBH. Buttermilk Creek 206. Buttermilk Falls 72. Buttermilk Falls 161. Oaeapon Mts. 411. Caldwell, N. Y. 104, 184. Caledonia, N. Y. 208. Caledonia Springs, Ckn. 18S CalUcoon, N Y. 224. Cambridge, Md. 894. Cambridge, N. Y. 108. Camden, Del. 898. Camden, N. J. 286. Camden, N. Y. 169. Camel's Hump Mt. 142. Canadice Lake, N. Y. 229. Can^joharie, N. Y. 164. Canandaigua, N.Y. 202. 884. Canandi^na Lake 208. Canarsie, N. Y. 47. Canasen^ Falls 168. Canaseraga Yalley 280. Canastota, N. Y. 168. Canoe Place, N. Y. 62. Canoga, N. Y. 207. Canonsbuig, Pa. 868. Canton, N. Y. 161. Cape Henlopen, Del. 898. Cape May, N. J) 297. Cape Tincent 160, 192, 194. Carbondate, Pa. 821. Cardiff 248. Carleton Id. 198. Carlisle, Pa. 874. Carlisle Springs, Pa. 876. Carlstadt, N. J. 220. Carmel, N. Y. 60. Carroll's Jd , Md. 889.. Carthage, N. Y. 167. Cascade Bridge 226. Castle Phllipse 67. Castleton, Yt. 102. Catasauqua, Pa. 806, 820. Catawlssa, Pa. 886. Catawissa Talley 886. Catlin Lake 186, 160. Catskill, N. Y. 90. Catskill Mts., N. Y. 90. Cattaraugus, N. Y. 281. Caughnawaga 120, 1^. Cauterskill Cove 92. Canterskill Falls 91. Cauterskill Lakes 91. Caye, Ball's 828. Howe's 328. Lawson's 829. Notliaway 828. of the Winds 180. Cayuga, N. Y. 201. Cayuga Lake 208, 207. Cayuta Lake 212. CazenoTia Lake 168. CedAnnere, N. Y. 49. Cedar Rapids 199. Cedarville, N. J. 292. Central Square, N. Y. 217. CentreTiUe, Md. 882. INDEX. 455 04,184. i.Can.lSS m. 394. .108. i. }6. 69. It. 142. «. T. 229. Y.164. Y. 202, 884. ke208. 17. 1 168. ey280. .168. Y.62. 07. .868. 61. Del. 898. ^297. », 192, 194. m. \. 4. , Pa 875. 220. 0. d.889r .167. 225. 67. 02. . 805, 820. m. ▼ 885. Y.90. Y.281. 20,199. 92. b91. 68 91. 180. 01. 18,207. 2. 168. :.49. V. 292. N.Y.217. .882. Chadd's Fofrd, Pa. 838. Chain Lakes l86. Chambly, Can. 121. Chameleon Falls 810. Champlain, N. Y. 126. Chomplain, Luke 110. Chambersburg, Pa. 376. Chapel Pond 136, 148- Chappaqua, N. Y. 69, 68. Charlestown, Md. 888. Charlestowo, W. Va. 410. Charlotte, N. Y. 174, 191. Chateaugay, Can. 199. Chateaugay Lakes 127. Chateaugay Woods 126. Chatham 4 Corners 61, 88. Chats Lake, Can. 182. Chaumont, N. Y. 160. Chaumont Bay 160. Chautauqua Lake 287, 861. Cha^ Lake 120, 127. Cheat RiTer Valley, \f. Ya. 413. Cherry Valley, N. Y. 827. Cherry Valley, Pa. 244. Chester, N. J. 241. Chester, N. Y. 222. Chester, Pa. 886. Chestertown, Md. 892. Chestertown, N. Y. 181 Chestnut HiU 284, 285. Chimney Id. 197. Chimney Point 114. Chimney Point Qulf 166. Chippewa, Can. 184. Chittenango, N. Y 168. Clarkesboro'N. Y 161. Clarksburg, W*. Va. 414. ClarkesTiUe, N. Y 829. Claverack, N. Y. 83 OlaysTiUe, W. Va. 414. Clayton, N. Y. 159, 194. Clearfield, Pa. 348. Clear Pond, N. Y. 136. Clermont, N Y 82. Cleveland, N. Y. 217. Cliffoid FaUs, N. Y. 142. CUfton Heights, N.Y. 46. Clifton Iron Mines 160. CUfton Springs, N. Y. 202. Clinton, N. Y. 216. CUnton Prison 120. Clost»r, N. J. 220. Clyde, N. Y. 170. Coalport, Pa. 310. CoatesTille, Pa. 837. 840. Cobble HUi, N. Y. 141. CobleskUl, N. Y. 326. Cobourg, Can. 191. Cochecton, N. Y. 224. Codorus Valley, Pa. 878. Cohoe8,^N. Y. 98. Colchester, N. Y. 215. Colden, Lake 188. C. Id Spring, N. Y. 60, 75. Cold Spring, N. J. 297. College Point, N. Y. 66. Colliers, N. Y. 828. Collins' Beach, Del. 892. Colton, N. Y. 148. Columbia, Pa. 877, 887. Columbia Springs, N. Y. Sa Communipaw, N. J. 88, 249. Gomo, Can. 183. Conesus Lake, N. Y. 229. Coney Island, N. Y. 44. Conneaut Lake, Pa. 288. Conneautville, Pa. 832. Connellsville, Pa. 834. Gonahohocken, Pa. 881. Continental Village, N. Y 71. Constantia, N. Y. 217. Constitution Id., N. Y. 76. Cooperstown, N. Y. 828. Gopake,N Y. 00. Copenhagen, N. Y. 157. Coplay, Pa. 806, 820. Corey's, N. Y. 149. ComeU University 205. Coming, N. Y. W8. Cornwall, Can. 198. Cornwall, N. Y. 76, 221. Cornwall Ore Banks 263. Corry,Pa.830,237. 860. Cortland, N. Y. 248. Cossayuna Lake 108. Coteau du Lac 199. Cove, the 846. Covert, N. Y. 207. Cow Rock, Pa. 864. Cox's, N. Y. 188, 147. Coxsackie, N. Y. 84. Cozzens' Hotel 72. Cranberry Lake 149, 160. Crane Mt.,N.Y. 184. Crawford Junction 215. CresRon Springs, Pa. 860. Crisfield, Md.^. Croghan, N. Y. 157. Crom Elbow, N. Y. 80. Cro' Nest, N. Y. 76. Crosbyside, N. Y. 107. Croton Aqueduct 69. Croton Point 69. . Crown Point, N. Y. 114, 186 Cruger's, N. Y. 69. Cruger's I&land 82. Crystal Lake, Pa. 822. Crystal Springs, N. Y. 888. Cuba, N. Y. 281. Cuba Siunmit 280. Cumberland, Md. 865, 412. Cunningham Castle 66. Curtain Caacade 211. Cynthia Island 184. Damascus, Pa. 224. Dannemora, N. Y. 120. Dansville, N. Y. 280. Danube, N. Y. 166. Danville, Pa. 886, 873. Darlington, Can. 191. Dauphin, Pa. 834. Dayton, N. Y. 281. Deal, N. J. 290. Dean's Comers 81, 216. Deckertown, N. J. 215. Deer Park Hotel, Md 418. Do Kalb Junction 160. Delano, Pa. 811. Delaware, N. J. 242. Delaware City, Del. 892. Delaware VaUey 228, 245. Delaware Water Gap 242. Delhi, N. Y. 216. Delmar, Del , Md. 894. Denville, N. J. 240. Deposit N. Y. 225. Derry, Pa. 264. Devil's Dance Chamber 78. Diameter Rock 111. Diamond Island 107. Dillsburg, Pa. 874. Dingman's Ferry 245. Dionondahowa Palls 101. Dix Peak 133, 137 Dobbs' Ferry, N. Y. 64. Doe Gully Tunnel 411. Dome Island 108 Doubling Gap Spiings 876^ Douglas, Pa. 882. Dover, Del. 893. Dover, N. J. 241. Dover Plains, N. Y. 80. Downington, Pa. 881, 840. Doylestown, Pa. 801. Drakesvillo, Pa. 241. Dresden, N. Y. 108, 218. Driftwood, Pa. 839. Drowned I^nds 111. Drummoudville, Can. 184. Drydet, N. Y. 819. Duncannon, Pa. 345. Duncan's Id., Pa. 845. Dunderberg, the 70. Dunkirk, N. Y. 286, 860. Dunmore, Pa. 246. Eagle Bay, N. Y. 151. Eagle Bridge, N. Y. 106. Eagle Lake 162. Earleville, N. Y. 216. Easton, Md. 892. Easton, Pa. 261- £. Bloomfleld, N. Y. 20a K. Cliff 164. E. Hampton, N. T 68. iE.MillBtoiM 268,286. 456 INDEX. Eaton. V%. 816. EbensDuig, Pa. 861. Economy, Pa. 861. Edge Hill, Pa. 800. EagepeUck, N. J. 292. Edrnboro\ Pa. 870. Edmund Ponds 144. Egg Harbor City 294. ElSn Spring, Yt. 102. Einsabeth/N. J. 266, 249. Elisabethport, N. J. 249. Elinbethtown 186, 141. Elifeabethtown, W. Ta. 414. Elk Ridge, Md. 416. Elkton, Md. 888. ' EUenville, N. Y. 216. EUerslie, N. Y. 81. ElUcott City, Md. 406. Ellisburgh, N. Y. 169. Elmer, N. J. 296. Elmira, N. Y. 227, 888. ElysTille,Md.407. Emaufl, Pa. 268 Emporium, Pa. 869, 872. Enfleld Glen, N. Y. 206. Englewood, N. J. 68, 220.' Ephrata, Pa. 886. Equinunk, Pa. 224. Erie, Pa. 870, 287, 862. Erie Canal 286. Espy, Ps. 872. Essex, N. Y. 116. Evansbuzg, Pa. 288. FaetoryTille, Pa. 247. Fairfox Semina^, Vh. 448. FairhaTen, N. Y. 819. Fairmont, W. Ya. 414. Fairmount Park 280. Fairport, N. Y. 171. Fairriew, Pa. 868. Falling Waters, Md. 877. Fallsburgh, N. Y. 216. Falls, Bash Bish. 60. Bastion 92. Beaver Meadow 148. Beede's 148. Big 141. Birmingham 118. Black Chasm 98. Boshkill 246. Buttermilk 72, 161, 244. Canaeeraga 1^. Cauterskill 91. Chameleon 810. Chaudi^re 181. Cliflbrd 142. Dionondahowa 101. Eagle Cliff 211. Empire 212. Fltmie 206. Forest 204 GeneMt 174. Falls, Haines' 98. Hector 218*. High 164. 167. Hull's 142. Ithaca 204. King's 167. Leatherstocking 824. Marshall 244. Melsingah 78. Minisink 810. Minnehaha 200. Mongaup 224. Niagara 177. Onoko 810. Passaic 220 Piercefleld 148. Pluto 210. Portage 282. Prospect 164. Pulpit 206. Rainbo^v 148, 210. Rideau 132. Russell 148. SawkUl 224. Sherman 164. SpUt Rock 186, 142. Sutherland 102. Taughkannock 206. Tekaharawa 827. Trenton 168 Triphammer 206. Fanwood, N. J. 260. Farmingdale 288, 291. Far Rockaway 47. Fayette Springs, Pa. 864. Felton,Del. 898. Fenton*s Inn 187. Fine, N. Y. 168, 160. Fire Island 47. Fisher-s Island 64. FishkiU, N. Y. 78. Flagstaff Peak 810. Flemington, N. J. 298. Flume FaUs, N. Y. 206. Flushing, N. Y. 66. FlUTanna, N. Y. 2Sf!. Folingsby's Pond 160. Fonda,N. Y. 168. Font HUl, N. Y. 64. Pordham,N.Y.67. Forest Falls 204. Forked Lake 161. Fort Ann, N. Y 101. Columbus 16. Covington 198. Delaware 892. Edward, N. Y, 101. Fiederiok, Md. 410. George, Can. 187. George, N. Y. 106. Hamilton, N. Y. 44, 46. Heniy, Can. 102. LaAiy^,N Y.46. Fort Massasanta, Can. 187. Mifflin, Pa. Jsr Miller, N Y. lol. Niagara, N. Y. 187. Ontario. N. Y. 218. Plain, N. Y. 164. Putnam 74. Richmond, N. Y. 46. Tkonderoga 110, 111, 186. Tompkins, N Y.46. Washington, 27, 800. Washington, Md. Whipple, Va. 448. WiUiam Henry 106. Fourteen-Mile Island 108. Fourth Imke 166. Franklbrd, Pa. 286. Frankfort Springs 862. FrankUn, Pa. 8^. Franklin Falls 188. Franklin Furnace 216. Frederick, Md. 407. Fredonia,N. Y.281. Freehold, N. J. 288. Freemansbuig, Pa. 262. Freeville, 216, 81^. Frenchman's Islahd 217. Frenchtown, N. J. 299. Friedensville, Pa. 808. Front Royal, Va. 410. FrostbuTg, Md. 412. ' Fruitland, N. J. 292. Fulton Lakes 166, 162. GainesviUe, N. Y. 288. GaUlee, Pa. 224 Galitiin, Pa. 860. Gallopes Rapids 197. Gananoque, Can. 194. Ganouskie Bay 108. Gap, Pa. 840. Garden Id .Can 192. Gardiner's Id., N.Y. 66. Garoga Lakes 164. G»i 'lion's 76. N.Y. 176. Q. rt, Pa 860. Qfc^^aee, N. Y. 280. Genesee Falls, N. Y. 174. Geneseo, N. Y. 229. Geneva, N. Y. 202^18. Georgetown, Del. 898. Georgetown, D. C. 446. Germantown, Pa. 286. Gettysburg, Pa. 879, 876. Ghent, N. Y. 61 Giant of the YaUey 188, 141. Gilead Lake, N. Y. 60. GUesville, Pa- 281. Girard Manor, Pa. 886. Glades, the Mar/land 412. Glassboro', N. J. 296. Glen Catbedial 209. INDEX. 457 288. 192. r. Y. 66. ly 186, 141 60. Olen Oofre, N. T. 60. Excelsior 212. Hanui»212. HaTen200.248,819. Montour 212. Onoko, Pa. 810. Watkins 208. Olendon, Pa. 262. Glens Fails, N. T. 108. OienTille, N. Y. 162. Gloucester, N J. 296. GloTersTiile, N. Y. 168. Gnadenbutten, Pa. 807. Goat Island, N. Y. 179. Gorge, Ithaca 204. GoAhen, N. Y. 222. OouTemeur, N. Y. 160. Governor's Island 15. Grafton, VT. Ya. 413. Grand Portage, Can. 132. Grassy Point, N. Y. 69. Graveaend, N. Y. 44. Gray's Ferry, Pa. 386. Great Bend 225, 247. Great Meadows, Pa. 866. Great South Bay 47. Great Valley 831, 887, 889. Greece City, Pa. 358. Grecnbush, N. Y. 87. Greencastle, Pa. 877- Greenfield, N. Y. 188. Green Lakes 168. Gieenport, N. Y. 64. Green Ridge, Pa. 821. Greensburg, Pa. 352. Greenville, Pa. 288. Greenwich, N. J. 292. Greenwich, N. Y. 103. Greenwood Lake 222, 214 Grenadier Island 194. GrenvUie 132. Greycourt, N. Y. 222. Gull Islands 64. Gunpowder River 889. Guymard, N. Y. 223. Gwynedd, Pa. 300. Hackensack, N. J. 220. Uackettstown, N. J. 242. Haddonfleld, N. J. 294 Hadley,N.Y.183. Hagerstown, Md. 877, 407. Hague, N. Y. ICO. Haines Falls 92. Hamburg, Pa. 884. Hamilton. N. Y. 216. Hammondsport 229, 883. Hammonton, N. J. 294. Hancock 226. Hannah's Hill 824. Hanover, Md. 415. Hanover, Pa. 878. Harbor HIU, N. Y. 60. Harlem, N. Y. 82. 87. Harper's Ferty, W. Ya. 408. Harrisburg. Pa. 842, 264. Harrlsonbuis, Ya. 410. Harrisville, N. Y. 168. Hart's Island 87. Harvey'ri Lake, Pa. 818. Harwood, Can. 192. Hastings, N. Y. 64. Hatboro', Pa. 800. Havana Glen. N. Y. 211. Haverford College 839. Haverstraw, N. Y. 69. Havre de Grace. Md. 889. Hadeton, Pa. 811, 867. Hccla835. Hector Falls 212, 218. Helderbeig Mts. 88, 329. Hellertown, Pa. 801. Hell Gate 37. Hempstead 47, 49. Hempstead Bay 47. Henderson, N. Y. 169. Henderson, Lake 137. Herkimer, N. Y. 165. Hemdon, Pa. 368. HestonviUe, Pa, 889. Hexenkopf, the ifiS^. High Banks of the Genesee 233 High Bridge, N. J. 260. High Bridge, N. Y. 27, 87. High FaUs 154, 157. Uighgate Springs, Yt 102. Highbnd Mills 221. Highlands, the 71. Liighlands of Navesink 291 High Peak 93. Hightstown, N. J. 288. Hillsdale, N. Y. 60 Hoboken, N. J. 88, 68. Hoffman's Ferry 162. Hogansburgh, N. Y. 199. Hokendauqua 806. Holland 8^. * Holley, N. Y. 176. Hollidaysburg, Pa. S4S. Holme8burg261,286. Homer, N. Y. 248. Homewood, Pa. 862. Honeove FaUs 208. Honosdale, Pa. 224, 82L Hoosac Tunnel 103. Hoosic Falls 108. Hopatcong, Lake 241. Hopewell, N. J. 298. Hornellsville, N. Y. 280. Horse-shoe Bend 350. Howe's Cave 328. Hubbardton, Yt. 102. Hudson, N. Y. 83. Hudson River 62. HuU's Falls 142. HammelBtowii, P». 2Bi> Hunter, N. Y. 93. Hunters Home 189. Hunter's Pass 187, 148. Huntingdon, Pa. 847. Huntingdon Warm Springi fi47 Huntington, N. Y. 60. Hurricane Peak 142. Hyde Park 80. HydesviUe, N. Y. 171. HydeviUe, Yt. 102. IdlewUd 76. Uchester, Md. 406. Ilion, N. Y. 166. Indiana, Pa. 862. IndianCastle, N. Y. 166. Indian Lake 186. Indian Point 197. lona Island, N. Y. 72. Iron HiUs.I)eL 887. Ironton, Pa. 806. Lrviueton, Pa. 369, 869. Island, Amhent 198. Barren 45. Bath 179. Beach 291. BlackweU's 86. Carleton 198. Chimney 197. Coney 4i4. Constitution 76. Diamond 107. Dome 106. Fire 47. Fisher's 64. Fourteen-Mile 107. Gardiner's 66. Goat 179. Governor's 16. Grand 182. Grenadier 194. GuU64. Hart's 37. lona 72. Long, Can. 188. Long, N. Y. 49. Luna 180. Navy 181. Nuns' 199. Petrea 69. Plum 64. PoUopell's 76. RandaU's 87. Recluse 108. Shelter 64. Staten 46. Thousand 19a Three Sisters 181. Ward's 87. Wolfe 193. Isle Pwrot, Can. 199. !;jli!- m bote 9dk 18ft. IsUp, N. T. 48. 61. IthMft, N. T. 204. 818. Ithaca Gorge a04. Jamakm N. T. 47, 49. Jameobarg, N. J. 268, 288. James Run, Pa. 810. JaknefltQwn, N Y. 287. Jay, N. T. 140. Jerlehp, N. Y. 60. JeromiB Park 67. Jersey City 88. Jersey Shore, Pa. 868. Jessup's lianding 184. Jessup's Little Alls 188. John Brown Tract 166. Johnsbu^h, N. Y. 184. Johnson's 160. Johnstown, N. Y. 168. Johnstown, Pa. 861. Jordan, N. Y. 170. Juniata VaUey 846. Kane, Pa. 860. Katonah, N. Y. 68. Kayaderoeseras Yalley.N.Y. 188. Keameysrille, W. Ta. 409. KeedysrUle, Bfd. 407. Keene, N. Y. 142. Keene Yallmr 188, 140, 142, KeescTiUe U8, 186, 140. Kennett Square, Pa. 886. Kensico, N. Y. 68. Kensington, Pa. 261, 279. Kenwood, N. Y. 86. Kevka I^e 888. Kinderhook, N. Y. 84. King's Falls 167. Kingston. Htm. 168, 160, 192. Kingston, N.. J. 268. Kingston, N. Y. 81, 222. Kingston, Pa. 878. Kingwood Tunnel 418. Kinkora. N. J. 298. Kisco, Mt. 69. Kishacoquillas Valley 810. KiPkatom, N. Y. 91. Kittaning, Pa. 868. Kutstown, Pa. 268. Labrador Pond 216. Laclcawazen, Pa. 224. La&yette, N. Y. 248. Lake, Albany 167. Avalanche 188. Bald 191. Beach's 162. Bearer 167. Big Moose 166. Black ipfi.. INDEX. lake. Bine Mt.l8M62. Bonaparte 168. Brant 184. Brantingham 160. Budd'B 241. Canandaigna 208. Cauterskfil 91. Cayuga 208, 207. CasenoTte 168. Chain 110, 186. Chats 182. Chautauqua 287. Chaqrl20. Golden 188. Conesus JB9 Conneaut 288. CoBsayuna 108. Cranbwrn 149, 100. Crotor 69. Crystal, N. Y. 167. Crystal, Pa. 822. Dunmore 102. Eagle 162. Pondal62. Forked 161. Fulton 166. Oaroga 164. Oeorge 106. Gilead60. Green 168. Greenwood 222, 214. Harris 186. Harrey's 8ia Henderson 187. Hopatcons 241. Indian 186. Keuka888. Lewey's 164. Little Tupper 149. Long 160.. Lovely 99. Luseme 184. Mabopac 69. Marmora 192. Meacham 127, 140. Mohegan 60. Mohonk 222. Mud 149. Nick's 166. Oneida 217. Onondaga 170, 248. Ontariol87. Oscawana 60, 76. Osceola 60. Owasco 201. Paradox 186. Peach 60. Piseco 166, 164. Placid 146, 189, 141. Pleasant, N. Y. 166, 162, 168. Ragged 127. Balnbo^ bow 189, 140. Lake Raqnette 161 , 160, 167. lUcellRi. Rich 186. Rockland 08. Ronkonkoma 61. Round 140, 164. 94. St. Catharine 106. St. Francis 199. St. Louis 188, 1S8. St. Regis 189. Salmon 162. Sabnon Trout 191. Sanford 187. Saranael89,146,148. Saratoga 99. Schroon 184. Schuyler 248. Scugog 191. Seneca 212. 202, 206. Senecawana 241. Shedd 162. Silver 149. 288. Stancoe 191. Sinnipink 72. \ Skaneatelek> 20O. ' Smith's 167. Sodran 168. Sunday 167. Transparent 166. Tupper 148. Two Mts. 188. Utowana 162. Utsyanthia 829. Waccabuc 60. Woodhull 160. LakefleldlOl. Lakeland, N. Y. 61. LakevUIe, N. Y. 221. LambertviUe 260, 298. Lancaster, Can. 199. Lancaster, Pa. 841, 877. Landisville887. Lansingburgh 108. La Tourette House 249. Latrobe, Pa. 862. Laubach's, Pa. 806, 820. Laurel, Del. 894. Laurel, Md. 418. Laurel HUl, Pa. 861. Laurel Run. Pa. S21. Lanrelton Hall 60. Lawrenceville 868. Lazaretto, the S^. Lebanon, Pa. 2^. Lebanon Springs 61. U>ed'8 Point, N.J. 294. Lehighton, Pa. 807. Lehigh University 808. Lehigh Water Gap 806,820. Leicester Junction 102, 111 Leonia, N. J. 220. Le Ray, N. Y. 160. Le Boy, N. Y. 206. INDBX. 459 ,166,157. I. 09. 191. i6,146. 1,206. 1. >1. 21. 298. 90. 1,877. e249. 6,820. >1. 21. El. r. «)8. • 806,820. 102,111 LewM, Del. Lewey Lake 164. Lewiibuig, Pa. 867. Lewiston, N. Y. 187. Lewistown, Pa. 846. liberty, N. Y. 21fi. Uck Brook 206. Ligonier TaUev 862. Lima,N. Y.m Lineolnaon, N. Y. 128. Linwood, Pa. 887. Litis, Pa. 887. Little Falls, N. J. 214. Little FallB, N. Y. 166. Little Forked Lake 161. Little Lake 884. Little Tupper Luke, N. Y. 149,150,161. Little Valley 281. Little York Lakes 248. Llewellyn Park '289. Lloyd's Neck, N. Y. 60. Lock HaTen, Pa. 849, 868. Lockport, N. Y. 176. Lockport, Pa. 862. Locust Valley 60. Locust Mt., Pa. 886. Lodi, N. J. 220. Logan's Spring 846. Lonesome Pond 189. Long Beach, N.J. 291. Long Branch 289, 298. Long Island, Can. 188. Long Island, N. Y. 49. Long Lake 160. Long Lake Village, 186, 160. Long Narrows, Pa. 846. Long Pond Mt. 144. Long Sanlt Ripids 198. Loretto, Pa. 861. LouisTille, N. Y. 197. Lower St. Regis Lake 189. LowrMle, N. Y. 166. LudlowriUe Falls 206. Lumberland 224. Luna Island 180. Luzerne Lake 104, 184. Lyons, N. Y. 171. Lyons, Pa. 268. Lyons Falls, N. Y. 166. Lysander 2^. liacauley Pond 189. McConnelsburg, Pa. 876. Macedon, N. Y. 171. McKeesport, Pa. 864. Mackenzie's Pond tSd. Madison, N. J. 289. MagnoUa, N. Y. 287. Mabanoy City 811. Mahoning Valley 807. Mahopae, Luke 68. Mahwah221. MainTttle, Pa. 886. Maitland, Can. 196. Maiden, N. Y. 82. Malone, N. Y. m. Mamaroneck, N. Y. 66. Mammoth Mound 414. Manayunk, Pa. 880. Manchester, N. J. 291. Blanchester, N. Y. 202. Bfanhasset Neck 60. Manheim, Pa. 9SJ. Manlius, N. Y. 168. Bfanumuskin 297. Manunka Chunk 242, 299. Marathon, N. Y. 248. Marcus Hook 887. Marcy, N. Y. 168. Marion, N. J. 264. Marlborough, N. Y. 79. Marmora Lake 192. MarriottsTille, Md. 407. Martin's 139. Martinsburg, W. Va. 877, 410. Massawepie Lake 148. Massena Springs 1%, 198. Mattawa, Can. 182. Matteawan Mts. 76, 78. Mattituck 64. Mauch Chunk 807, 820. MaxweU's Point, Md. 889. May, Cape 297. May's Landing, N. J. 294. Mayrllle, N. Y. 287, 881. Meadham Lake 127. Meadville, Pa. 237. Mechanicsburg, Pa. 874- Medford, N. Y. 48. Medina, N. Y. 176 Mercer, Pa. 362. Meroersburg 876. Metal, Pa. 876. Metucben, N. J. 267. Mexico 169. Middleburgh, N. Y. 829. Middlebuiy, Vt. 102. Middletown, Del. 892. Mlddletown N. Y. 214, 223 Middletown, Pa. 842. Middletown, Vt. 103. Mifflintown, Pa. 846. Milan, Pa. 318. Milford, Del. 393. Milford, N. J. 299. Milford, Pa. 228, 246. Millersburg, Pa. 366. Millerton, N. Y. 60, 78. MUlYiUe, N. J. 296. Milroy, Pa. 346. Milton, N. Y. 179. Milton, Pa. 367. Mine Gap Bridge 886. Mineola, N. Y. 49. Mine Ridge 840. Minerra^. Y. 184, 185. Mhiisiak, N. 1*. 215. Miuisink FUli 810. Minnequa Springs 888. Mitchell's Cave 164. Modoc OU District 868. Moh^gan Qlen 884. Mohegan, Lake 60. Mohonk, Lake 222. Moire, N. Y. 128. Monocacy , Md. 407. Monroe, N.Y. 221. Montauk Point 68. Mont Glair, 214, 289. Monteiuma Marshes 170. Montgomery, N. Y. 222. Montgoinery Pa. 867. Montgomery Place S2. MonticeUo, 216. 224. MontoursTille 867. Montreal, Can. 121, 200. Black Nunnery 128. Bonsecours Market 128. Christ ChUTOh Cathedral 126. Court House 128. Gesi^, Church of the 124. Qny Nunnery 126. Laohine ]>lapids 126. McGill CoUe«126. Notre Dame S28. St. Helen's Isle 124. St. Patrick's 124. Trinity Church 124. Victoria Bridge 126. Victoria Square 126. Montrose, N. J. 288. Montrose, Pa. 816. Mooer's Juitctlon 126* Moosebead 812. Moosehead Mt, 148. . Moose Pond 161. Moose iUTer 166. Moravia, N. Y. 201, 819. Moriah, N. Y. 116. Moriches, 48, 61. Morrisania, N. Y. 67. Morrisburgh 197. Morrison's Cove 848, 860. Morristown, N. J. 240 Morristown, N. Y. 169, 195. MorrisviUe, N. Y. 216. MorrisTille, Pa. 261. Moscow, Pa. 246. Mott Haven 67. MoundsTille, W. Va. 414. Mount Airy, Md. 407. Mount Alto, Pa. 376. Mount Carbon, Pa. 884. Mount Garmel, Pa. 811. MountEolly,N.J.29& Mount Holly Sfnrings 876. 460 IND£X. Mount Jaj 812. BfQant KiMO, N. T. 6d. Mount Morrill 280. Mount PlMMuit, P». 864. Mount St. Vincent 64. Mount Union, Pa. 847. Mount Vernon, Va. 460. Mountain, JEolun 106. Ampersand 146. Anthony 188. BelcBil 121. Black 108. Boreas Spires 187. Camel's Hump 142. Defianre 112. Bfic Peak 186, 187. Elk, Md. 406. \ Equinox 108. Giant of the Vallej 141. Independence 118. Mclntyre 187. Marcy 188, 144. Merino 88. Minsi248. ' Mitchell 291. Orange 289. OTerlook 81. Owl's Head Ifil. Pharaoh 186. PisgahaOO.. Prospect 106. St. Regis 140. Schooley's 2^ Seward 187. Storm King 76. Sugar Loaf 72. Tammany 248. Taurus 76. Tongue 106. Vi«ion824. Wall&ce 187. Mountains, Adirondack 187. Boquet 116, 186. Catoetin, Md. 407. GatskUl do. Helderberg 86, 829. Highlands 71. KayaderoBseras 184. Matteawan 76. Bamapo 214, 221. Shawangunk 76, 216, 222. West 161. Mud Lake 149. Mud Pond 187, 144. Muirkirk, Md. 418. Muncy, Pa. 867. MuMonetcong, Mt. 261. MuBknt Castle 826. Muskrat Lake, 182. Myerstown, Pa. 268. Nanu0t, N. T. 220. N^eagne Beach 68. Naples, N.T. 208, 229. Narrows, the 46. 108. Narrows. Longd46. Narrowsburg 284. Nash Lake 146. ' Natural Bridge 168. NaumburghTN. Y. 167. Naresink Highlands, N. J. 291. NaTy Island, 181. Naiareth, Pa. 808. Nesquehoning VaU«y 820. Nerfa, N. ¥.66. Newark, Del. 888. Newark, N. J. 289, 264. Newark, N. Y. 171. New Baltimore 84. New Berlin 216 New Brighton. N. Y. 46. New Brunswick 267. Newburgh,N.Y. 76,221. Newcastle, Del. 891. New Castle, Pa. 8@. Newcomb,N Y. 186,160. New Dorp, N. Y. 46. New Durhion, 219. Newfoundland. 216. New Hambuign 79. New Hayen, N. Y. 168. New HaTen, Pa. 864. New Palts 80, 222. New Pond 142. Newport, Del. 887. Newport, Pa. 846. NewRocheUe,N. Y.68. New Scotland 829. New Sufiblk. 64. Newton, N. J. 216. Newton Hamilton 847. NewvUle, Pa. 876. New Windsor 76, 221. New York City 6. Acad, of Design 26. AU Souls, Church of 24. Alms-Houses 86. Amusements, 7. Art Collections, 8. Astor Library, 21. Battery, 16. BelleTue Hospital 86. Bible House 21. Blackwell'B Id. 86. Boulevard 26. Bowery, the 18. Bowling Oreen 16. CarmansTille 26 Castle Oarden 16. Cathedral. New 81. Catholic Protectory 87. Central Park 82. Belvedere 84. Harlem Lake 86. Lake 84. New York Oitr. Central i an. MaU8l< M'Oowak:'8PaM86. Museum 88. ■ Pond 88. Bamble 84. Reserroirs 86. Terrace 84. Charity Hospital 8& Church«i 9. City HaU 18. Colosseum 26. Columbia College 80. Cooper Institute 21. Court House 19. Custom House 17. Bast Biver 86. EloT. RaUway 10. Festivals 8. Fifth Avenue 28. Five Points 20. Fortifications 46. Fort Washington 27. Fourth Ave. 24« Orace Church iG|. Grand Central Depot 80. Greek Church 81. High Bridge 27. Hippodrome 7, 29. Historical Soc. 22. Hotels 6. House of Beihge 87. Inebriate Asylum 87. Institution for Deaf and Dumb 27. Jesuit College 28. Juvenile Asylum 27. Lenox Library 81. Lunatic Asylum 86. Madison Square 26. Manhattan College 26. Metropolitan Museum of Art 28. Morgue 86. Nassau St. IS. New Post-OlBce 18. Normal Collie 82. Orphan Asylum 26. Penltetttiaiy 86. Printing-HOnse Sq. 17. Quarantine 46. Reservoir 80. Roosevelt Hosp. 81. St. Alban's 81. St. Oeoi^e 24. St. Luke's Hosp. 81. St. Stephen's 29. Sub-1^!«a8ury 16. Temple Emanuel 80. Tombs, the 19. Transfiguration Church 1 Pantt. f * 15. lege 80. at«21. 19. el7. 10. 28. ). 46. ton 27. >A. 28. 1 Depot 80. iSl. !7. ,29. .22. ige87. iuiu87. r Deaf and 28. iiin27. 81. m 86. re 26. liege 26. tfuMum of el8. e82. n26. 5. B Sq. 17. >.81. >.81. h 6. el 80. Chnxoh I New Tock dty. . Trinity Church 16. Union Square 28. UniTenUy 21. Wall St 16. Ward's laland 87. Washington Bfarket 17. T. M. 0. A. 26. Niagara, Can. 186, 187. Niagara Falls U7, 197. Amerioan Ikll 180. Battles 186. Bridal Veil 182. Burning Spring 188. CaTe of the Winds 180. Centre Falls 180. Verry 182. Ooat Island 179. Horse-shoe FaU 188, 184. Luna Island 180. Lundy's Lane 184. Museom 188. New Susp. Bridge 182. Proepeot Park 182. Queenston 186. Bapida 179. Suspension Bridge 184. Table Rock 188. Terrapin Tower 180. Three Sisters 181. Whiripool Rapids 184. Nick's Luke 166. Nineveh, N. Y. 822. Norristown, Pa. 831. North Adams 108. North Branch, N. J. 260. North Creek, N. T. 136. North-East, Md. 888. Northeast, Pa. 286. North Elba 187, 146. North Hector Point 218. North Lake 166. North Mt. 91. Northport, N. T. 61. Northumberland 867, 872. North Wales, Pa. 801. Norwich, N. Y. 216. Nuits, N. Y. 66. Nunda, N. Y. 232. Nun's Island 199. Nyack, N. Y. 68, 220. Oakland, Md. 4ia Oak Orchard Acid Springs, N. Y. 176. Oak Point, N. Y. 195. Oatka Yalley 283. Occoquan, Ya. 461. Ocean Qrove 290. Oceanport, N. J. 290. Odenton, Md. 419. 0<^ien8burgh, N. J. 215. Ogdensburg^ N.Y. 196. INDEX. Oblo^PilefaUsaaS. OU Ci^ 288. 860. Oka, Can. 188. Olean, N. Y. 281. Olyphant. Pa. 821. Oneida, N. Y. 167, 217. Oneida CommuAity 217. Oneida Lake 217. Oneonta,N. Y.828. Onoko, Glen, Pa. 810. Onondaga Lake 170. Onondaga Rflserration 248. Ontario, Fort 218. Ontario, Lake 187. Opalescent Rirer 188. Orange, N. J 289. Oreland, Pa. 800. Orient Point 64. OrilUa, Can. 191. Oscawana Lake 00, 76. Osceola, Pa. 848. Osceola, Lake 60 Osgood Pond 140. Oswegatchie River 167. Oswego, NY 160,217,248 Oswego Falls 217. Otego, N. Y. 323. Otisco Lake 200, 248. Otisville, N. Y. 228. Otsego Lake 826. Ottawa, Can. 128. Cathedral 131. Chaudiere Falls 181. Departmental Buildings 130. Dominion Lib. 130. Gray Nunnery 131. Parliament Buildings 129. Rideau Canal 131. Ottawa River 132 Overbrook, Pa. 339. Overtook Mt. 81. Overslaugh, the 86. Ovid, N. Y. 207, 213. Owasco Lake 201. Owl's Head Mt. 161. Oxford, N. Y. 216. Oxford, Pa. 386. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 60. Packerton, Pa. 307. Painted Post 230. Palatine Bridge 16& Palensville 92. Palisades 63, 220. Palmyra 171. Pamrapo, N. .T. 249. Panther Greek Yalley 809. Panther Gorge 144. Paoli, Pa. 8^. Paradox Lake 136. Paradox Pond 145. Parcipany 240. 481 ParlMlNng,Pft.8IO. Pariienbvffg, W. V*. 414. Parker's Landing 868. ParryvUle, Pa. 807. Passaic VMls 220. Patchogue, N. Y. 48. Patenon, N. J. 220, 240. Paulding Manor 66. Paul SoAth's 189, 148. Pawlet,Vt 108. Pawling, N. Y. 60. Peach Lake 60. Peach Oroliard Olen 212. Peekskill, N. Y. 70. Pembroke, Can. 1^ 102. Penn Haven 811, 821. Pennington, N. J. 296. Pennsburg, Pa. 881. Peunsbuiy Manor 261. Penn's Mt. 888. Penn Yan 218, 888. Penobscot, Pa. 32L Pequea Yalley 341. Perkasie, Pa. 801. Perkiomen, Pa. 881. Perryvllle, Md. 886, 888. Perryville, N. Y. lOB. Perry Warm Springs, Pa. 875, 346. Perth Amboy 257, 46. Peterborough 192. Petrea Island 69. Petroleum, W. Ya. 414. Pharaoh Lake 185. Philadelphia, N. Y. 150. Philadelphia, Pa. 262. Acad, of Music 275. Acad, of Nat. Sc to iMM 275. Alms-Honse 274. Apprentices' Lib. 268. Arch ? . 268. Art Cv M»v^ions 268. Broad St 275. Carpenters' Hall 268. Cathedral 278. Chestnut St. 268. Christ Church 267. Custom House 268. Eastern Penitential^ 277. Fainnount Park SSO, 880. Art GaUery 281. Barren Hill 284. Belmont 283. Centennial Exposition 283. Falls of Schuylkill 284. George's Hill 288. Lansdovme 282. Lemon Hill 281. Monastery 284. Mt. PleRsant 283. Sehuyi^dll Navy 281. 462 INDEX. PhUitdelphk,P». Vahtnoant Puk. SMlgelcy 28SI. BoUtudc 282. Sweet Arier 282. Water Works 280. WIsMhkkon 284. Zotilogicftl QantoOB 282> FrankUa's QntTe 267. Friends' Ubrurv 268. Frieods' MeetlDg*Hoiise 267. Oinurd College 277. Glenwood Gemetery 286. Historical Soc. 271. Hospital for Insane 274. Independence Hall 269. Jeflerson Medical OoUege 272. Laurel Hill Gem. 281 Logan Square 278. London ColfBe House 267. Market St. 267. Masonic Temple 276. Mercantile Library 272. Mint 272. Mt. Temon Cem. 286. Moyamensing 279. Naval Asylum 274. Nary Yard 279. Old Liberty BeU 270. Old Swedes' Church 270. P«in Cottage 267. Penn Square 276. Penn. Hospital 271. Pbila. Library 270. Post-Offloe 260. St. Mark's 278. St. Peter's 268. St. Stephen's 272. Third St. 268. Treaty Elm 270. Union League 276. VnlTerslty 278. Washington SquaM 270. Woodland Cemetery 274. Philippi, W. Va.418. PhiUimburg, N. J. 261, Philiipsbnrg, Pa. 848. Phihnont, N. Y. 60. Phflenicia, N. Y. 81. PhoenixTille, Pa. 881. Piedmont, Md. 412. Piercefleld Falls 148. Piermont 66. 220. Pilgrim Port 171. Pine Bush 216. Pine Orove, Pa. 268. Pine Island 222. Pine Lake 164. Pi8ecol'!;el66,164. PitoliOffMtl44. /PlthotoCltySBO. Pittsburgh, Pia 868- Allegheny Arsenal 866. Cathedral 864. Court House 864. Duquesne Way 866. Inclined Planes 866. MercanUle Ub. 864. Municipal HaU 864. Po8t-Offlce 854. S. Side Boroughs 866. TrlnUy Church 864. W. Penn. Hosp. 866. Western Routes 867. Pittston, Pa. 816. Plaoentia 80. Placid, Lake 146, 141. Plainfleld, N. J 260. Plattekill Clove 92. Plattsburah 118, 188. Pleasant Lake 149, 166, 168 Pleasant Valley 142 PleasantTille, N Y. 69. Pleasure Bay 290. Plumbley Pond 161. Plum Ishmd 64. Plymouth, Pa. 878. Pochung Mt. 216. Pocono Mt. 246. Pohatcong Mts. 261. Point-no-Point 69. Point of Rocks, Md. 407. Point Peter 228. Point Pleasant 288. Poke-a-Moonshine 186. PoUopeU's Island 76. Pompton Plains 214, 240. Pond Eddy 224. Pontiacl82. Popacton Valley, N. Y. 216, 226 Pope's Creek, Md 419. Portage, N. Y. 282. Port Allegheny, Pa. 872. Port Byron, N. Y. 170. Port Carbon, Pa. 886. Port Chester, VI. Y. 68. Port Clinton, Pa. 884. Port DaLbousie, Can. 186, 188. Port DeixKit, Md. 886. Port Henry, N. Y. 116. Port Hope, Can. 191. Port Jefferson. N. Y. 61. Port .Terris, 228, 246. Port Kent, N. Y. 118, 140. Port Leyden, N. Y. 156. Port Monmouth, N J. 291. Port Norris 292. Port Perry, Can. 191. Port Tobacco, Md 419. Potague Lake 221. Potash (Hill) 188. Potsdam, N. T. 19B, 118, 161. PottersTilU, M. Y. 184. Pottstown, )f%. 882 PottsTiUe, Pa. 884. Poughkeepsle, N. Y. 70. Poultney, Vt. 108. Pownal, Vt. 108. PratUTlUe, N. Y. 92. Prescott, Oato. 196,^128. Presque Isle, Pa. 871. Preston Ponds 187. Princeton, N. J. 268. Principio, Md. 888. Prisoners' Isle 100. Prospect, N. Y. 164, 166. Prospect, Mt. 108. Prospect Point, N. Y. 228. Prospect Bock, Pa. 821. 81& Pulaski, N. Y. 160. Pulpit Rocks, Pa. 847. Quakake, Pa. 811. 886. Quaker Street 829. : Quakertown 801. ', Quarantine of N. Y.'46. Queenston, Can. 186-87. Quogue 48, 62. Ragged Lake 127. Ragged Mt. 187. Rahway, N. J. 267. Rainbow Falls 148, 210. Rainbow Lake 189, 140. Ralston, Pa. 888. Ramapo Mts. 214, 221. Ramapo Valley 221. Randall's Island 87. Rapide de Plat 107. Rapids, Cedar 199. Gallopes 197. Lachine 190. Long Sault 198. Whirlpool 184. Baquette Lake 161, 166. Raquette Pond 149. Raquette RiTer 147, 149. Raritan, N. J. 160. Raven Hill 141. Reading, Pa. 882. 268. Recluse Island 108. Red Bank, N. J. 286, 290. Red Hook, N. Y. 82. Red Lion, Del. 892. Red Mills, N. Y. 197. Rehoboth Beach, Del. 898. Remsen, N. Y. 165. Renovo, Pa. 368. Rhinebeck, M. Y. 81. Rice Lake, Can. 192. _ . ^ Richfield Springs 828, »» X^ 7 Rich Lake 125. * ' Richland 169. MB, Mi. I Y. 79. in. 58. 4,166. T.228. .821,Sia 847. r 46. 86-87. ,210. ,140. 221. ,166. ,149. i68. 36,290. 2. ►7. >el. 89& !1. 2. Riehmond, N. T. 46. RlchvUie, N. Y. 208. Ridgeflwld Pwk 220. RiJgwftv, Ptt. 869. Ridley Park, Pa. 886. RiegeUTiUe, Pa. 299. Rinud, Can. 188. RingoM,N.J.298. Ringtown 836. Ringwood, N. J. 214. RiferhflMl, N. Y. 64. Rlf«nlde, N. Y. 184. Roaring . pring860. RobeioDia, Pa. 268. Rochester. N. Y. 171, 208, 280. Charlotte 174. Genetee Falls 174. Mt. Hope Cemetery 178. Nurseries 172. Powers Buildings 172. UniTersity 178. W. House of Reftige 178. Rochester, Pa. 862. Rockaway 241. Rockaway Beach 47. Rock City, N. Y. 281. RockdUe, Pa. 806. Rock Dander 116. Rock-Enoa Springs 410. Rockland, N. Y. 216. Rockland Lake 68. Itock Regio 116. Rocky Hill, N. J. 268. Rogers's Slide 100. Rokeby 82. Rome 169, 167. 216. Rondout, N. Y. 81. Ronkonkoma Lake 61. Root's Inn 186. 142, 148, 144. Roselle,'N. J. 249. Roslyn, N. Y. 49. Round Island 160. Round Uke 146, 164, 94. Round Top 98, 879. Rouse's Point 120. Rum Hill 324. Rummerfleld, Pa. 817. Rupert, Vt. 108. RusseU Falls 148. RutheiAird Park 220. Rutland, Vt. 102. Rye Beach, N. Y. 68. Sabbath Day Point 109. Sackett's Harbor 168. Saegertown, Pa. 287. Sager's, Pa. 837. Sageville, N. Y. 136, 162. Sag Harbor, N. Y. 62. St. Albans, Vt 102. St. Attn*, Can. 188. INDEX. St. Athaaasa, Can. ISl. St. Catharine's, Can. 186. St. Francis, Lake 199. St. George's, Del St. John^s, Can. 121. St. Johnsland, N. Y. 61. St. JohnTille, N. Y. 166. St. Joseph. Pa. 816. St. Lottiit, Lake I9a. St. Maiv's, Pa. 869. St. Miehael's, Md. 892. St. Regis, N. Y. 198. St. Regis Lake 189. St. Regis Mt. 140. St. Stephen's Collem 82. Salamanca,N. Y.m. Salem, N. J. 296. Salem, N. Y. 108. Salem-on-Brie 861. Salisbury, Md. 894. Salmon Lake 162. Salmon Trout Lake 191. Salt Springs, N. Y 169. Saltsburg, Pa. 862. Sandburgh, N. Y. 216. Sands' Point 60, 66. Sandy Hill, N. Y. 108. Sandy Hook 46, 289. Sandy Run 800. Sanford Lake 187. SangenriUe, N. Y. 164. Saranac lAkes 146. Saratoga Lake 99. Saratoga Springs 04. Columbian 97. Congress 96. Crystal 97. Empire 98. Eureka 98. Excelsior 98. Geyser 99. Glacier 99. Hamilton 97. Hathom 97. High Rock 96. Pa?ilion 97. Putnam 97. Seltier97. Star 98. United States 97. Washington 97. Sargent Ponds 162. Saugerties, N. Y. 82. BaTannah, N. Y. 170. Sawkill Glen 224. Sayte 818. Sayville 48. Scarsdale, N. Y. 68. Schenectady, N. Y. HI, 162. Schenevus, N. Y. 826. Schodack, N. Y. 86, 88. jSchoharie, N. Y. 828. 463 JkboolOT«toMt.Ma. ichvoon Lake 184, 100. 114. Sehroon Lake ViUage 186. Schuyler Lake 248. SchuylerrUie, N. Y. 100. Schuylkill Fails 284. SchuylkiU HaTen 884. Sclpio, N. Y. 201. Scott's 144. 146. Scriba, N. Y. 160. Scranton, Pa. 246, 821. Sougog, Lake 191. 8eaGirt,N. J. 288. Seaford, Del. 898. SeaTille, N. J. 297: Seuauous, N. J. 220. SeUnsgroTe, Pa. 847, 8881 SellersrUle, Pa. 801. Seneca Lake, 212, 208, 206. Seneca FalU, N. Y. 202. Seneca Potait,N.Y. 208. Senecawana, Lake 241. Seren Mountains 846, 846. Seven Springs Ml. UonM 222. Seward, Mt. 187. Shades of Death 807, 816. Shaker Village 61. Shaunondak) Springs 410it Shark RiTer,N;j7ttO. . Sharon, Pa. 862. Sharon Springs 826. Sharpsburg. Pa. 868. Shawangunk Mti. 76, 216, 222. Shawnee Hills 244. Shelbume Bay. Vt. 116. Shelby Centre 176. Shelter Island 64. Shenandoah, Pa. 811. Shenandoah Valley, Va. 410. Sherman Fall 164. Shickshinny, Pa. 878. Shinnecock Bay 62. Shippensburg, Pa. 876. Shohola, Pa. 224. Short Hills, N. J. 289. Sidney Plains 216, 822. Siegfried, Pa. 806, 820. Silver Lake 149, 288. Simcoe, Lake 191. Sing Sing, N. Y. 68. Sinking Spring 268. Sinnipink, Lake 72. Sir John's Run 411. Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. 200- Sky Top 222. Slateford, N. J. 242. Slatington, Pa. 806. Sleeping Lion 826. Sleepy HoUow 67, 91. Smith's L^ke 167. Smith's, Paul 19r, 126. 464 INDEX. Bnlth'sTalkvSie. fknlthtown, N. Y. 61. Bnurrna, Del 802. Snow Uill, Md. 8M. Bnow Shoe, Pa 8i8. Bodui, N. Y. 218. BonMraet. Pa. 866. Somen* Point, N. J. 294. SomenrlUe 260, 296. 8. Ambojr 289. Southampton, N. Y. 62. South Bav, 111, 16L 8. DanTiife, Pa. 886. South Lake 166. South Mt., Md. 409. South Mt.,N.Y.9L Southold.M. Y.64. 8. Orange, N. J. 289. 8. Oyster Baj 47. Spencerport, N. Y. 176. Spenoer'i Olen 206 Spencer Springe 818. Speonk, N. Y. 68. Spesutla Church, Bid. 889. Spirit Mt. 186. Spitfire Lake 147. fipUt Bock 116. SpUt Kock Falls 186, 142. Sprln^ld, M. J. m Springfield, N. Y. 826. SpringTllle, N. Y. 872. Springs, Acid, N. Y. 176. Alburgh, Vt. m Aton, N. Y. m. BaUston, N. Y. 94> Bedford, Pa. 847. Berkeley, W. Ya. 411. Blossbiug, Pa. 229. Brandywine, Del. 891. Burning, Can. 188. Caledonia, Can. 182. Capper, W. Va. 410. Carlisle, Pa. 876 Chappaqua, N. Y. 69. Cherry Vallqr, N. Y. 827. Chlttenanso, N. Y. 168. Clifton 202. Columbia, N. Y. 88. CreflBon.Pa 860. Crystal, N. Y. 888. Deep Rook, N. Y. 218. Doubling Gap, Pa. 876. filgln. Tt. m. Ephrata Mt., Pa. 886. Vayette,Pa:864. Frwkfbrt, Pa. 862. Gettysburg, Pa. 879. Guymard, N. Y. 228. Hlghsate 102. Huntingdon Warm 847. Lebanon,N. Y. 61. , LltlB, Pa. 887. ^ 128,168, Sprlngi, Mlddlatown.Vt. 108. Mlnnequa, Pa. 888. Oak Orchard 176. Perry Warm 876, 846. Rkhfleld, N. Y. 247. Rock-Buon, W. Va. 410. St. Catherine's, Can. 186. Salt, N. Y. 169. Sand, Muss. 108 Schooley's Mt. 242. Shannondale 410. Sharon, N. Y 826. Spencer, N. Y. 818. VaUonla.N. Y.822. Verona, M.Y. 167. Yellow, Pa. 882. York Sulphur 878. Spuyten DuyTll 68. 8quan,N.J.288,291. Staats Island 86. Standing Stone, Pa. 817. Stamford, N. Y. 81. Stanhope 241. Stanton, Del. 887. Starucca 822. Staruoca Viaduct 226. State Dam, N.Y. 127. Staten Island 46. Stemmer's Bun 889. SterUng, N. Y. 218. Sterling Pond 222. Steubenville, 0. 868. Steveuspdnt 822. Stisslng, N. Y. 78. Stone Arabia 164. Stony Brook Qlen 280. Stony Clove 92. Stony Creek, N. Y. 184. Stony Creek, Pa. 812. Stony Creek Ponds 149. Stony Point 69. Storm King 76. Strasburg, Pa. 841. Strasburg, W. Va. 410. Stroud&burg, Pa. 246. Suffem,N. J.221. Sugar Loaf Mt. 72. Summit, N.J. 2S9. Summit, N. Y. 226 Summit, Pa. 822, 884. Summit Hill, Pa. 809. SummitTllle 216 Summit Water 188. Sunbury, Pa. 866. Sunday Lake 167. Sunnyside 66. Sunset Rock 92. Susquehanna, Pa. 225. Sutherland Falls 102. Swarthmore College 887. Swedesboro', N. J. 296. Siiwny Carry 147. iSyoMMt, N. Y. 60. SyracuM 168, 248. Taberg, N. Y. 169. Tahawus, 185, 187. 144. Tamanend, Pa.'820. Tamaqua, 807, 809, 886. Tappan.N. J. 66. Tftppan Zee 65. Tarry town, N. Y. 66. Taughkannock Falls 206ii Tfturus, Mt. 76. Tenafly,N.J.220. Theresa, N. Y. 159. 194. Thompson, Pa. 2S2. Thousand IslandM 198. Three Sisters Ids. 181. Thunnan, N. Y. 104, 184. Tkonderoga. Fort, M. Y. 110^ Tldloute, Pa*. 869. Tioga Point, Pa. 227. Tip Top Summit 280. TitusTlUe, Pa. 859. TiYoli, N. Y. 82. Tobyhanna, Pa. 246. Tom Mt. m.. TompkinsTllle 46. Tom's IllTer 291. Tonawanda, N. Y. 208. Tonawanda Reservation, N. Y. 176. Toronto, Can. 187. Normal School 190. Osgoode Hall 190. Queen's Park 189. St. James Cathedral 188. St. Michael's 190. Trinity College 190. University 188. Volunteers' Mon. 189. Torrens' Pa. 858. Tottenville, N. Y. 46. Towanda, Pa. 817. Transparent lake 166. Treicbler, Pa. 820. Trenton, N. J. 260. Trenton Falls, N. Y. 158. Tribes' HUl, N. Y. 162. Trout Pavilion 107. Trout Run, Pa. 888. Troy, N. Y. 88. Troy, Pa. 814, 888. Tmzedo Lake 221. Truzton, N. Y. 216. Tuckerton, N. J. 29L TuUy, N. Y. 248 TunkhaiiDock, Pa. S16. Tumcliflrs Point 825. Tupper Lake 148. Turner's, N Y. 76,221 Tuscarora Mt. 845. Tuscaxora Bwwr. 187* INDEX. 4C0 M44. 20. »,885. 68. I. »,194. 188. 181. 104, 184. ,N.Y.110^ 827. zao. S4a. .208. Tation, N. i90. K). }0. drall89. 0. 190. 1.189. 46. 166. ). Y.168. 162. r. 8. |9L 816. ^. ,221 187. ToMMom Tdlgr 84ft. Toiten, N. Y. 221. Tyra, N. Y. 202. Tyrone, Fa. 848. Ulstei . Pa. 818. Unadilla, N Y. 828 IJDdercUff76. Union City, Pa. 800. Union Bpringx, N. Y. 207. Unlontown,N. J. 267. Uniontown, Pa. 864. Upper Leblgli, Pa. 821. Upper Saraoac Lalie 14^ Utioa, N. Y. 216, 166, Ifil UUyanthla Laiie 829. Valley, Bald Easle 848. Cheat RiTer 418 Kisbacoquillas 846. Oatka^ Kamapo221. Shenandoah 410. of Wyoming 821, 814,812. Talley Foige, Pa. 831. TaUonia Springs 822. Tanderbilt^B Landing 46. Tassar College 79. Vergennes, Yt. 102, 116. Vernon, N. Y. 107. Vemoa Spilngpi 167. Verplancli's Point 68. Victor, N. Y. 203. Villa Nova, Pa. 339. Vineland 293, 292. Volcano, W. Va. 414. Vosburg, Pa. 817. Waccabuo Lake 60. Waddington, N. Y. 197. Walnutport, Pa. 820. Walton, N. Y. 215, 226. Wanaque, N. J. 214. Ward's Island 87. Warren, Pa. 868. Warrensburg, N. Y. 184. Warrior Ridge 347. Warrior's Qap 812. Warsaw, N. Y. 238. Warwick Woodlands 222. Washington, D. ^0. Agriculture, Department of 488. Army Medical Ifnaeum 487. Arsenal 486. Botanical Gardens 481. Capitol 426. Bronxe Doors 426, 428. Dome 427. House of Reps. 481. Library 427. Portico 426. 20* Washington, D. C. CajAtol. Rotunda 426. Senate 429. Statuary llaU 480. Supreme Court 428. Coast Surrey 481. Columbian UniT. 488. Congreas 421. Congressional Cem. 425 Corcoran Art Gallery 440. GoT't Printiug-Offlce424. Laftvette Square 440. Marine Barracks 426. Masonic Temple 4A7. NaTal Obserratoty 448. Nary Yard 424. Ordnance Museum 442. Patent-Office 486. Post-Offlce 486. President's Uouse 489. St. AIoysiuH 424. St. Dominic 485. St John 440. Signal Office 442. Smithsonian Inst. 482. State, Dep't of 488, 442. Statues. Columbus 426. Farragut 429. Franklin 429. Freedom 427. Hancock 429. Jackson 440. Jeflbrson 480, 440. Lincoln 485 Rawlins 448. Scott 4S8, 445. Washington 481, 448 Treasury Dep't 489. War Dep't 442. Washington Monument 434. Y. M.'c. A. 487. Washington, N. J. 220, 242. Washington, Pa. 868. Washington's Grossing 298. Washington Junction 406. Washington's Masonic Caye 410. Washington Viaduct 416. Wassaic, N. Y. 60. Watch Hill 48. Waterford, N. Y. 94. Waterford, Pa. 869. Water Gap, Delaware 242. Lehigh 306. 320. MainviUe 386. Waterloo, N. J. 215, 241. Waterloo, N. Y. 202. Watertown, N. Y. 158, 169 Watkins Glen 208, 388. WattrfUei, N. T. 88 Waferley, N. J. 866. WaTerly,N. Y.227. Wawayanda216,222. W^nesboro', Pa. 876. Waj nesburg. Pa. 810. WeatherbySU. Wuedsport, N. Y. 170. Weebawken, N. J. 68. Welssport, i>a. 807. Wellsboro*. Pa. 229. Wenonah 296. W. Albany, N. Y. 161 W. Bloomfleid 208. Westbury 50. West Chester, Pa. 840. Weotfleld, N. J. 260. Weetfleld,M. Y. 46. W. IMttston, Pa. 378. West Pohit 72, 221. Westport, N. Y. 116, 141. W. Rwhm W. Rutland, Vt 102. W. Troy, N. Y. 89, 98. WestTllle, N.J.296. Wheeling, W. Va. 868, 416. Whirlpool Rapids 184. Whitefltce Mt. 140, 189. Whitehall 101, 111. Whitehall, Pa. 806. Whiteharen 812, 821. Whitehouse, N. J.260. Whiting's, N.J. 292, 298. White Plains, N. Y. 68. White Spot, Pa. 888. Whitestone, N. Y. 66. Wilcox, Pa. 868. Wildercliff81. Wild Rose Point 326. Wilkes-Barre 812, 821, 878. Wilkins Point 56. Williamsburg, Pa. 860. Williamsport, Md. 877. WilliamRport, Pa. 867. Williams's Rock 104. Williamstown, Mass. 108. Williamstown 159. WilUng, N. Y. 280. Wihnington, Del 890, 887. Wihnington, N. Y 140. Wilmington Pass 141. Winchester, Va. 410. Windfiill, the 148. Wind Gap, Pa. 808. Windham, N. Y. 92. Winfleld 49. Winslow, N. J. 292, 294. WolfGreek,N. Y.184. Wolf Creek GI 288. Wolf Island 193. Womelsdorf, Pa. 268. Woodbury, N. J. 296. WoodcliffFaUa2aO. DD 466 INDEX. WoodUwn CSemetenr 67. Woodflburgh, N. Y. 47. Woodside, N. Y. 48. WoodTiUe, N. Y. 208. Worcester, N. Y. 826. WrightSTille, Pa. 878. Wnrtaboro*, N. T. 216. MTyalusiDg, Pa. 817. Wyoming, N. Y. 288. Wyoming, Valley of 814, 812,821. Wysauking, Pa. 817. Taphank, N. T. 61. YatesrUle, N. Y. 164. Yellow Springs, Pa. 882. Yonkera, N. Y. 64. York, Pa. 878, 882. York Sulphur Springs 878. Index to Hiitorioal Alluiioni. m l! V Albany, N.T. 87. Alburgh, Yt 120. Allentown, Pa. 806. Annapolis, Md. 418. Anthracite Coal Discorery 808. Arnold's Treason 67, 76. Baltimore, Md. 405. Battle of Antietam 409. Bennington 103. Brandy wine 888. Chippewa 186. Chiysler's Farm 198. Fort Erie 286. Fort Mifilin 286. Fort Montgomenr 72. Fort Stanwix 167. Fort Ticonderoga 112. Fort Washington 27. Germantown 285. Gettysburg 880. Long Island 89. Lundy's Lane 186. Monmouth 288. Paoli 839. Pittsburgh 119. Princeton 261. Queenston Heights 186. South Mountain 409. Stillwater 100. Stone Arabia 164. Trenton 261. White Plains 58. Berkeley Springs, West V. 411. Bethlehem, Pa. 801, 804. Binghamton, N. Y. 226. Braddock's Defeat 858. Buf&lo, N. Y. 286. Burlington 117. Canandtdgua 384. Cape May 297. Carlisle, Pa 875. Catskill Mts. 90. Caughnawaga, Can. 199. Chambersburg, Pa. 876. Chambly, Can. 121. Cb«st«r, Pa. 887. Chimney Island 197. Cincinnati, Society of the 78. Crown Pohit, N. Y. 114. Delaware Talley 245. Duncan's Island, Pa. 845. Ea«thampton, N. Y. 58. Easton, Pa. 252. Elizabeth, N. J. 256. Elmira, N. Y. 228. Ephrata, Pa. 886. Erie, Pa. 871. Essex, N. Y. 115. Fort Leboenf, Pa 870. Fort Mifflin. Pa. 286. Fort Necessity, Pa. 865. Fort Schlosser, N. Y. 181. Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y. 112. Fort Venango, Pa. 859. Gardiner's Island 55. Geneva, N. Y. 214. Gettysburg, Pa. 880. Gnadenhutten, Pa. 807. Harper's Ferry, W. Va.'408. Harrisburg Pa. 848. Hempstead, N. Y. 49. Horse-Shoe Falls, N. Y. 181. Hudson, N. Y. 84. Jamaica, N. Y. 49. Jersey City, N. J. 88. John Brown's Tract 155. Johnstown, Pa. 851t Kingston 81. Lake Champlain 110. Lake Geoige 105 Lancaster, Pa. 841. Lewes, Del. 893. Lloyd's Neck, N. Y. 50. Long Island, N. Y. 49. Luzerne Lake, N. Y. 134. Bfartiashurg, W. Va. 410. Mason and Dizon^s line 888 M'Gowan's Pass, N. Y. 85. Montauk Indians 58. Montreal. Can. 122. Moravians, the 801, 804. Morgan Affair, the 175. Mormons, the 171, 202. Morristown, N. J. 240. Mount Holly, N. J. 298. Nazareth. Pa. 808. Newark. N. J. 256. Newburgh Plot, the 77. New Brunswick, N. J. 258. New York City 18. Odd Fellows 401. Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 196. Onondaga Indians, the 170, 248. Oswego, N. y. 218. Ottawa, Can. 129. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 50. Patriot War 181, 196. Peekskill, N. Y. 71. Penn^lvania Dutch, the Penn Yan, N. Y. 884. Perth Amboy, N.J. 257. Petroleum Development 860. PhiladelphU 265. Pittsburgh. Pa. 856. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 80. Princeton College 258. Reading, Pa. 883. Red Bank, N. J. 287. Rochester, N. Y. 176. Rock Regio 115. Rome l&t. Sabbath Day Point, N. T. 109. Sackettfs Harbor, N Y.168. Sag Hafbor, N. Y. 52. St. Johns, Can. 121. St. Regis, N. Y. 198. Salem, N. J. 296. Saratoga 99. INDEX 467 14. .882. ngsSTS. Schodack, N. T. 86. Sohroon Lake, N. T 181. Scranton, Pa. 246. Seneca Lake 218. Shakers, the 61. Shelter Island, N. T. 64. Southampton, N. Y. 62. Springfield, N. J. 289. Staten Island, N. Y. 45. Stony Point, N. Y. 68. Son Inn 802. Swedkh Colonlei 886, 891 Syiacase,N. Y 170. Tammany Ring 19. Tioga Point 818. Treaty Elm, Pa. 265, 279 Tribes' Hill, N Y. 162. Troy, N. Y.90. Tuckerton, N. J. 291. Yalooor Island, N. Y. 118. Yonken, N. Y. 64. Valley Form, Pa. 881, 266. Valley of Wyoming 814. West Point, N. Y. 72. West Virginia 414. 415. Whitehall, N.Y. 102. Wilkes>Barre, Pa. 818. Wihnington, Del. 891. Wyalu^, Pa. 817. I line 888 N. Y. 86. 68. 2. 1,804. »176. ,202. 240. 1.298. he 77. K. J. 268. 1. Y.196. 8, the 170, .60. 196. 1. Itch, the 884. J. 267. pment8e0. 66. Y.80. 268. |287. 176. nt, N. Y. N Y.168. .62. 21. 98. Index to Biographioal Allnsioni. Armstrong, John 82. Audubon^ John James 26. Bonaparte, Joseph 167, 288. Lreck, Samuel 282. Brown, John 145. Buchanan, James 842, 376. Burr, Aaron 269, 63. Champlain, Samuel de 110. Clinton, De Witt 44. Cooper, JamesFenimore 323. De Soto, Fernando 17 . Drake, James Rodman 67. Edwards, Jonathan 259. Farragut,Admiral D. G. 67. Fen^lon, Archbishop 193. Fulton, Robert 842. 83. Oalitzin, Father 351. Girard, Stephen 278. Greeley, Horace 69. Hale, Nathan 60. Hicks, Ellas 60. Hudson, Henry 68. Jay, John 69. Johnsons, the 163. Kearny, Philip 256. Kidd, Cfapt. 55. Kosciuszko 74. Livingstons, the 82. MoiTis, Robert 281. Mosrises, the 57. Morse, S. F. B. 80. Paine, Thomas 68. Peaboic^, George 400. Penn, John 266, 282. Penn, limiiam 266. Philipses, the 67. Piquet, Abb6 196. St Clair, Arthur 862. Index to Qnotationi. Seward, T^lliam Hen^ 20L Sherman, Rct. John 163. Smith, Joe 171. Steuben, Baron 78. Stewart, A. T. 29. Tammany 248. Taylor, Bayard 386. Van Buren, fifartin 84. Van Cortlandts 69. Wadsworth, Gen. J. S. 280. Washington. Geone 461. Wayne, Anthony 840. West, Bei^amin 887. Williams, Eleaanr 190. Willis, Nathaniel P. 76. Wool, Gen. J. E. 77. Woolman, John 298. Worth, Gen. W. J. 84. Ziniondorf, Count 814. Bancroft, George 413. Bremer, Fredrika 117, 118. Bryant, William CuUen 828. Campbell, Thomas 314. Chateaubriand 71. Cheever, George Barrell 207. Cooper, James Fenimoie 324, 826. Curtis, George William 6a Dickeus, Charles 72, 178. Everett, Edward 85. Greenwood, Grace 211. Ualleck, Fiti Greene 57. Hammond 146. 148, 160. Hennepin, Fatner 185. Uowells, William Dean 180, 181, 182, 184 Hudson's Log-book 13, 64, 77, 86. Irving, Washington 68, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 78, 823. Jeflbrson, Thomas 408. linooln, Abraham 880. LoQgfbUow, Henry Wadsworth 802. Lossing, Benson John 104, 118, 186, 881. Mather, Cotton 49, 62, 66. Moore, Tom 133, 283. Morris, George P. 76. Parkman, Francis 129. Penn, William 257. Percival, James Gates 212. Putnam, Israel 106. Richardson, A. D. 232. Seward, William Henry 201. Sigourney, Lvdia H. H. 68. Silliman, Prof. 168. Stedman, E. C. 223, 224, 283. Stone, William L. 213, 245, 246, 818, 816, Taylor, Bayard 211, 885. Townsend, George Alflred 419. Washington, George, 77, 240, 881. Webster, Daniel 178, 8^, 431. Whitefleld, George 64. Willis, NathantelPMrkmr 60, 158, 164, 166, 215,228,826. i68 INDEX Xndn to Bailroadi. Adirondaek 188. Albany and SuKquehanna 820, 82S. Allegheny Valley 867. Allentown Linear. AnnapoUsand Elk Ridge 416. Atlantic and Great Western 287. Bald Bagle VaUey, 848. Baltimore and Ohio 406. Baltimore and Potomae 410. Belvidere 208. Buffi&lo, Gorry and Pittflburgh 861. Buflhlo.M Y., and Philadelphia STL Camden and Amboy 287. Camden and Atlantic 294. CatawiBsa 885. Cayuga Lake 208. CaaenoTia and Canastota 168. Central of If . J. 249. Central Vermont 102, HI. Chartiers 868. Chester VaUey 881, 840; Cleyeland and Pittsburgh 862. Colebrookdale 882. Cooperstpwn and SuBquehannaVaIlOT828. Coming, Gowanosque and Antrim Wd. Cumberland Vall^v 878, 410. Cumberland and Pennsylvania 412. Danville, Hadeton and Wilkes-Barre 867 Delaware 890. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western 288. Dorchester an-*. Delaware 898. Dunkhrk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsbnigh 860. Dutchess and Columbia 78. Kastem Shore 894. East Pennsylvania 258. Ebensburg and Cresson 861. Erie 219. Erie and Pittsburgh 862. Flushing apd North Sid« 65. Fonda, Johnstown and OlovenviUe 166. Freehold and Jamesborg 268, 288. Orand Trunk 121. Hackensack 220. Harlem 66. Harlem Extension 61. Hempfleld 868. HoUidaysburg 849. Huntingdon and Broad Top 847. Indiana Branch 852. Ithaca and Athens 818. Junction and Breakwater 896. KeaC County 892. Lackawanna and Bloomsburg 872. Lake Ontario Shore 218. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 286. Laurel Fork and Sand Hill 414. Lebanon Valley 268. Lebanon and Tremont 268 Lehigh and Susauehanna 819. Lehigh TaU«y 800. Lewlstown 846. Long Island 48. Mahanoy and Sbamokin 866. Blaryland and Delaware 892. Mauoh Chunk and Summit 1011909. Middleburgh and Schoharie 828. Morris and Eseez 289. Montreal and Plattsburgh 120. Mountahi Link and SchuylkiU Valley 886. Nesquehoning Valley 820. New Jersey Midland 214. New Jersey Southern 289. New York and Canada 188. New York and Harlem 66. New York and Lake Mahopao 69. New York and New Haven 6S. New York and Oswego Midland 214. New Yoric Central and Hudson Biver 62. 161. New lloute 170. Old Route 200. New York, Kingston and Syracuse 81. North Pennsylvania 80O, 819. Northern Central 882. Northern of New Jersey 219. Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain 126. Oil Creek and Alleghenv River 868. Oswego and Syracuse 2w. Pennsylvania 888. New York Division 264. Penn. and N. Y. Canal Co. 816. Pennfiylvania and Delaware 840, 892. Perkiomen 881. Philadelphia and Baltimore Central 886. PhiladelphU and Erie 866, 867. Philadelphia and Reading 880. Philadelphia, Qermantown and Morris- town 880. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 886. Pithole VaUey 869. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago 861. Pittsburgh, Washington and Baltimore 864. Poughkeepsie and Eastern 79. Queen Anne's and Kent 892. Reading and Columbia 886. Rensselaer and Saratoga 98. Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg 169. Rutland and Washington 108. St. Lawrence and Ottawa 128. Schoharie Valley 828. Schuylkill and Susquehanna 834. South Side, Long Island 46. Southern Central 819. Southern Pennsvlv^nia 876. Staten Island 46. Sullivan and Erie 818. Sussex 241 Busquehaiuw, Qet^bnig and Fotomao ( I I i I i I I INDEX. 469 [mao9. 28. K 168. I. id 214. Km BlYW 62, ■afoae 81. S^Tacnae Northmi 169. Tioga 229. Troy aud Boston 108. Tuckerton 291. Tyrone and Clearfield ^^ '. Utka and Black River 162. Utica, Chenango and Siuaaehanna Tal- l^y247. Waahlngton Branch, B. k 0. B. B* Weat Chester 840. Western Pennsylvania 862. West Jersey 296. Wicomico and Poeomoke 894. Wilmington and Beading 887. Winchester, Potomac and Stnuboig 410. Index to Steamen. American Coast 11, 264, 896. Bay Line 896. Canandaigua Lake 208. Cayuga Lake 204, 207. Chautauqua Lake 287. Chesapeake Bay 896. Delaware River 264. East River 11, 86. European Ports 10, 268, 886. Hudson River 11, 62. Keuka Lake 888. Lake Champlain 110. Lake George 107. Long Island Sound 11, 65* Mount Vernon 460. Ohio River 868. Ontario, Uke 187, 191, 217- Otsego Lake 826. Ottawa River 182. Potomac River 428. Sag Harbor 68. St. Lawrence 198. Sohroon Lake 184. Seneca Lake 206, 212. Staten Island 46. Western Lakes, the 197* Dplidnl26. rer869. n6. 840,892. Central 886. 67. and H orris- id Baltimore Chicago 861. id Baltimore sbuig 169. .834. id FotoniftO AI^ VERTiaEMENTa, CO ■M Ir{'W.TAia^ o ^STANDARP> ^ i TOOTH WASH. I f^S^rtS^^^^Ti BUBNETT'S EALLISTON, As a Wuh Ibr the Compkizion, has no equal. It b dietingnMied fat Ke cooling and soothing propratiee, and is admirably adapted to all nnnataml conditions of the skin. THE KALLISTON IS HIOHLT REGOHMBNIffiD AS A Wash for the Head, Ooolfng, eteanttng, and r^retkitiff. After fibnTiimry Stifttning the beard, and rendering the tirinemooth. For Bites of HosqnitoeB and other Insects, Neutralizing thepoiton aMo$t instanta- neotuly. After Sea-Bathtngr, RiUevimg the dieaoreeable aetUm vf tketaU water and the tim. For Chapped Hands^ An tff^tive ofiplicatUm, In the Hmrserfy Peculiarly adapted to the bathing cf in- fants. A fac drops smfftcient far a bowl cf water. This preparation renders the nkin soft, thereby relieving its glandular parts, and inducing that^H« tutian of the capillaries which imparts both beauty and health to the comi^ezion. It may be relied upon for promoting a healthy condition of the skin and beasUifying the complexion. 10 ADyERTlSEMSHTS^ WK[\jm STEAM PACKET COMPANY. DAUT LDIB or mtSI-OLASS 8IBAMERS BETWEEN Bcmton and Portlaiia THBOUOHOUT THX 'XEAIU One of the flnMlaM steoMn ctf" fhlfl Um, JOEV BROOKS, - - FALKOtTH, - - FOBEST CXTT, will kaTS India Whaxf, Boston, EVERT EYENINO, Sundays excepted, oonnecting, on anlTal at Portland, with lailway trains liir North Conway, VMte MoDntains, Gorham, N, E, Hontreal, QUIBBEC, AND ALI. PABTS OF CANADA. ALSO WITH STBAMEBS FOB Bangor, Mt. Desert* Machias, Halifax, If. S., Prlaoe Edward Iiland, Cape BretoUf and St. J. Boston, in Summer, at 7 P. M • In I'Hntef , at S P. K. Portland, at 7 P. M. throughout the year.' MFBBKS, Agent, INDIA WH4lBF, Boston* J. B. OOTEJB, Jr., Gen. As% FBANKLIN WHABT, Portlamlit ANY. ]XiA T CITY, B0pt6dy i ktreal, Edwaid excepted). NMurd tbe nrof eksaat ITMNS, DB. MI. |aeii.Ag% REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON. PRIOiSS RBDVOmi. $2JfO amd $S.OO per day^ ezo«ptiiif VnmH Boomt Booms with Bathi. Notwitlistuidinf fho redmtion in priost, the Utberto UNBI- VALLBD BXCBLliBNCB OF THE TABLE will be itiiot^ 0HA8. B. FERBIN, Proprfetor. TREMONT HOUSE, Oonwr Trcaumt and Beacon Streets* The old *' Tremont/' conceded to be the moit eligibly loceted 1^ any Hotel in Boston, is in perfect appointment, and oflbn anraipaued accommodations to the Travelling PubUc. BILA8 OUBVBY ft CO., Pnpiistoia ' i II I If « t -J <— r » I - Mis z < ADVERTtaMMSNTa, | • «• I52|fW&T irtt^r-f. .'^. v', ' ■ '" Z • * 1 "AMERICAN" OEMTRA.LLT LOCATED). CONTAINS OVER FOITR HUin)BED BOOUa 8UITES AND SINGLE APARTMENTS, WFZH BATHINa AMD WA- TER CONVENIENCES ADJOININO. TOURISTS. PASSENGER ELEVATOR IN CONSTANT OPERATION. READTNG-ROOM, Rn.T.TARTVHAT.Tfl^ AND TELEORAPH-OFFIOE. ■■■w- -" 3 56 Hanover Street. *■■■ ¥ " AD VERTJaBMBNTS, PARKER HOUSE. School Street, HARVEY D. PARKED. BOSTON". ON THE EUBOFEATfl' PLAN. ' Tha most oomfiirtable Dining-Roonu and Beitaiuaii^ with tlie betfc lamlM and eooUng to be fonnd in Bofton. i ■^1 )N". tlMbMi WESTMINSTER HOTEL, Oir THE EVBOPEAir FLAV, Corner of Sixteenth Street and Irving Plage, NEW YORK. Tba location of this house la ono of the mott eentnl yet qidci in tlie dty. Only one Uock fipom XTnion Square^ and within ea«7 walking diitanoe of an the principal plaoes of anraMment^ TiiEuiyX Stawart'% Arnold and Constable's, Lord and Taylor's, and all the fiunons basaan of the city. Has been enlarged and improved the past season by tha addition of fifty new rooms, Passenger Elevator, etc. CHAS. B. FEBBIIT, Proprietor. APfMMTI9MMMMTM, CONTINENTAL HOTEL, 9th and OheBtnut Streets, FHZUkDl^iFHIA. J. S. XINaSLEY 4 CO., PYopilflton. mi WM, OMinllr looMtd, is CM of lh« pnrkm aad cbMnbm m Milli^ wtth «M«f«te tent TwitfkteA and auMii ujlMMliBttewaikL IftkMW to and tti a CToial a i ii it i rf \ T«rm8, $4.50 p«r day. *S WRITINGS. < »>■» Saborbaii BketdheSi nim- trated $2.00 Venetian Life . . . . a.00 Their "Wedding Jonmey. lUostrated 2.00 Italian Journeys . . .$8.00 A Caianoe Aoqnaintanoe. Illiutrated 2.00 The Same. 18mo . . 1.50 Poems . . . ... . . 1.50 "Mr. How»na dw e rfM % plaet in fhe lint xaak of AnMrioaa tmTelkn."— Paa Maa Qazttf, " Tb* gnat body of the enltirated pubUo has an InitlnctlTO delight in orloliial fmliM, irtiethor It be refined or aensational. Mr. Howelli*! le emioMitly refined. ttiehiUBorlgthehnniorof apoet"— E. P. Whitpu. i *i|*^Tor taiU by Soc3t$dUn. SetUf pott-^paid^ on reemjpt ^f ptict by the EOUOHTON, OSGOOD, & CO.. Boitcm. %• For . ' ' FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, , NEW YORK, Frontiiig on Madtocm Park, Fifth ▲▼8a«% 23d and 2Mk Straatik FIR8T-0LA88 IN EVERY RE8PE0T. OoaTwlMii toall tiM pgrladptl plaots of aaraMOUB^ ud of omf momi LiTwrf all BOW, and fho flaoit in tlM oi^. DABLINa, OBISWOLD, ft 00. M BOOKS or BAMB ANB BBZXOIOUB XUXOJU*' WARNER'8~WRITINGS. mr SUMMEB IN A QABDBN ...... .$1.00 The Same, niostrated by Darlbt 8.00 SAUNTEBIKOS. A Book of Travel Sketches in Europe 1.60 BACELOO STUDIES. Bliistrated by Hoppin . . . S.00 BADDECE, and that Sort of Thing. Travel Sketches in British Provinces 1.00 " Thow who hare read one of Mr. Warner's books will not probably need any persuasion to indace them to take up another. His wit and humor are always d»> Ughtftil, often fhll of surprises, and the flaTor lingers long alter the leaf has be«i turned on which the author had impressed it." — Jhe Morning Star. *«* For $ah bjf BockteUen, SttUf pod-paid^ on recent of price by the HOUGHTON, OSGOOD, ft CO., Bofton. AD VMBTJSBMBIfTS, GRAND UNION HOTEL, 8A&AX0GA amSQB, ' * « I*. . «l BRESUN, FUKCELL^ & Ca ri HOTEL, HEW YOBX» Oor. BroadTvay and Prince St. BOARD 1^4 Pl» DAT. bbesldt; pxtroell, & ca GILSEY HOUSE, NEW TOBE, Oor. Broadway and 29tli Street ON THX BUBOPKAN PLAN. BBESLIN, GABDNER, & 00. AL VERTiaMMEWT9* &ca u St. . kca *eet 00. 3^01X8X3 X:STASXiI8SBI> 1887. DIXON'S fift f'- PAtKHTID'^ IMSBIOAII ORAPHITX; PXSIVCIIiS. 10 snida»t 4»l Mads iii Art styles. FINEl smooth; STRONG, PLEASANT. THB FOLLOWING 00RRBSP01f»BN0B SPEAKS TOR TTSBiV. Mr. Knight is probably, the mpet critical and ^chniaftl ezpevt in Um hn of peBcflli In this country, and reeiiTed our wuckj^ with ttie natural prvdadioe agafaut a new article ; tried them under protest, partaking, aa we beUeTt he did, of the wide-spiMd feeling that a really fine panctt has not yet been- produced in the United States. But, with the true j^nsti^cts of a highrtoned ciitlc, he does not besitata to acknowl- edge merit, when ftilly convinced. v. 8. Patent Offlce, ' '- WAiBtKOMx, D. C. March 6, 1874. I am using the beet Imported Slberfaub ptoells And paying ^(8 IAjOO) eighteen dol- kxs per gross ftnr them. I haye, ftir the production dr thd diawtags iiMd in my Dictionary, four draughtsmen who eannot be beaten in the United States for fin* pencil-work. Tour pencil Y Y H is quite up to the quality of the 9 18.00 imported ; It can hardly be \>tVba\ but my best draunttnoan says it is perh^p a little better. We shall hereafter use none but your Y Y H, and I have experimented careftilly. I send some of the drawings firom which ay cuts are made, to show you that I need the Best High-Grade Pencils at any price. nie paelo^e eontaintng M, Y H, and Y Y H peneils came mShXy to hand, aiid some have been gtrea to otiier bureaus in the department, with <>terywhere a ftroiaUe verdiot. I ain, yours truly, EDWARD H. KNIGHT, A. M., Ejmminer-in- Charge of CHaaiJkaHtm and Official PiMieaUons, U. S. FattiU Qffie$; Author of **E$iigke$JbnmeamMuhamiMlI)uti^^ ■ Post-Ofllee I>epaitiiifUkt9- (ToFOSAArarcii, Dinsioii), Washwoton, D. C, March n, 1874. Ousm CiitatAlH», Esq;: Sir,-^HaTing made tried of the IHxon American Graphite Pencil in this Division of the Post-OBiee Department, I cheerfhlly add my testimony. W. L. NICHOLSON, Topographer P. O Depttrlment. '• f*.<^ E"« ' The Unders^ed concur in the above. 0. H. POOLE, AssistatU Topogn^pher. A. F. DINSMORE, PrinJpal DrauglUnnan. Treaaary Department* (OmoB OF SunRvumo ABOBmor), WASHmoroiv, D. 0., April 8, 1874. Obistes Cletixand, Esq. : Sir, — Having used Dixon's American Graphite Pencils in this Department, it affordi me pleasure to add my testimony to the above. F. W. CHANDLER, AssistatU ArehUeet. THB ONIiT PENOIIiS AWARDED THE GRAND MEDAL FOR PROCURESS AT VIENNA, 1873. These fine pencils are rapidly taking the jdace of every other kind, for samples W InfionBatiwi write to THE JOa BIXOH CETJdBLE CO, Jersey City* Bf. J. Manuihetnrers, for nearly fifty years, of Dixon'i CrnelbleS) Dixon** Stovre Poltob, liumber Penella, and Plumbasoy Blaek I YERTISBMBNTa, INE. ite AL, J! «ii> Mnwi tdo» 3T," PAI. Icet-olBoei, Mass. ,. The Grand Pacific Hotel J Opposite the GoTemment Square and the new Federal Buildings, is without doubt the most perfect hotel stmctuie in the world, and the largest edifice representing priTate enterprise in the United States. Its four fronts — on Jackson, LaSalle, Quincy , and Clark Streets — haye an extent of ten hundred and twenty-two (1,022) feet. It was opened to the public on the 2d day of June, 1878, and has prored to its multitude of patrons, representing the best elements of the trayelling community, the well- chosen and unsurpassed character of all its appointments and arrangements (of which special mention may be made of the Baths, Turkish^ EUetrie, and Vtgxtr), secured with a layishness of outlay, aided by experience and eaieflil study, ne^er before (^ren to an enterprise of its class. The magnificence of the exterior, its great interior rotundas, superb public apartments, and unequalled suites of prlrate rooms on its mile of corridors, the system and detidl of its management, haTe not only won the pride and admiration of our citizens and guests, but ftimish the key to th« success of the Grand Pacitio, which flrom the outset has nerer been equalled by any previous or contemporary enterprise. Central to all the great railway depots, the banks, wholesale stores, and places of el^pmt shopping, and amusements, it it at all seasons, hy its lightness, spaciousness, and perfection of ventilation, the most comfortable as well as elegant home for the resident guest and tourist ever oflfiBred. And it wiU be maintained aa it has begun, the most complete and perfect hotel In the world, — a claim for it sustained by the guests of the past eleven months, many of them our patrons since the opening of the fbimer Sherman House, July 8, 1861. OEOBGE W. GAGEy JOHN A. BICE, Lxssus roR 20 tiam. AD VERTiaBMENTa, FORT WILLIAM HENRY HOTEL, LAKE GEORGE. This magailloant Hotel, with Moommodatioiui for 900 pcfMnu^ win be opened fax gneeta Jime 1, 18T6. To accommodate thoee who wUh to q>end tlM •wumer at the Lake^ tlie price will be placed at the popolar latec of firom $81 to $S( per daj depending on locatton. ^ Sail utd 8t«am TaehtSt Small Boata» Oantecas of all Idnda, Saddla Hovaos, #te*» can be had by iaqnirinf at the cOca. Tba m the reason, when a lady once uses it she continues it in preference to anything else. Our customers for it are regular ones. I find it is retailed by the druggists and fluioy stores at Two Dollars a bottle yet. There is more sold here than yon are aware of. What is required to insure a large nale is a liberal amount spent in judicious ad- vertising. Let the ladies know its merits, and especially the price, and if they once tir it we secure a regular customer. If I was the owner, I would sell more of it in ttalii citiythan ail the rest of the skin preparations put together. ^ T. W. Evass. Prepared and Invented by DB. T. FEliIX CK>UBAUD, 48 Bond St., N. T. EstSbliBhed 18S9. To be had of Druggists, Ac. BSWAMB OJF COUNTXSBFBITS. AD YERTiaEMENTa. ST. NICHOLAS HOTEL, Broadway, New York, It unequalled in size and appointmenta, liaving 600 rooms and 100 suites of apaxtments for private fiunilies, and accommodations fur 1,000 guests, each apartment containing hot and cold water, and gas. THIS HOTEL 18 ADMIBABLT LOCATED FOB BV8IHE88 OB PLEASUBE TBAVELLEB8. of Passe n g wr elevator conneots with every floor. 8. HAWK ft CO., Froprib::oni. ,> WWWViKSi HOUSE, Madison Square, - - • 19'e'W York. EUROPEAN PLAN. Said by all travellers to be tbe best hotel In tbe world. 0. H. READ, Proprietor. i ■MWtakBKM ADTMRTiasMKNTa, Grand Hotel, Oor. 31st Str^pt and Broad-way, NEW YOBE. I ▲ nevhonae. Themoit elegaat and eonToniflgit in NtwYork. Splen* didly flmUalied, Most fiiYoxably located for evoiy pmpoM of tnudneu or ploarare. Kear all Depots, Theatres, and the most fiwhionable stores. COHDVCTED ON THE EUBOFEAK FLAK. HENRY MILFOBD SMITH, Plfoprietor. ADVERTiaEMMXra. fork. Splen* )f InudneM or 'Stores. EVopxietor. ADVICE TO TRAVELERS. Evert man who travels, and every other man, is ^ore or less exposed to death or injury by accident. Such men are reminded that there is a company organiibcd for the special purpose of insuring against accidents to life and limb. Not against accidents of travel alone, bult against accidents in general. So well has this company prosecuted the business of Acci- dent Insurance, that it has written upwards of two hundred and eighty-five thousand policies, and paid over Two Mil- lion Dollars in benefits to its policy-holders. We refer, of course, to the Travelers Insurance Compant, of Hart- ford, Conn., which has cash assets of Two and a Half Mil- lions, is every way sound and reliable, and promptly pays all just claims. Every man, whether he travels much or little, should have one of the general accident policies of the Travelers. Thousands of men have them, and ** There >& room for thonsa&ds more." COST OF A YEARLY AGCIDEIVT POUCY In the Travelers Insurance Compant. Amomit Iiuund. Wceklv bidemnitr. ANNUAL PREMIUM. Clan FNftiTCd. Clan Ordinary. Clan Medium. 1,000 2000 8,000 6,000 10,000 6.00 10.00 16.00 26.00 60.00 6.00 10.00 16.00 26.00 60.00 7.60 16.00 22.60 87.60 76.00 10.00 20.00 80.00 60.00 Fr^flurrad CUu indudes Olergjmen, Editors, Lawyers, Merdumts, Clerks, Bankers, Bookkeepers, etc. OrtitiMry CUus includes Oommeroial Agents, Trayellng Men, Insoranoe Adjusters, Bookbinders, Printers, Railroad Superintendents, Machinists, eto. Mtdium ClM$t includes Passenger Conductors, Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Varmen^ Botchers, Masons, Stage-Drivers, eto. tr Apidj to any Agent, or wri(« to tha Company, at Bartfiod, Conn. JONB, 1876. ^■7 ■ ^ ADVMMTiaMMKMTM. I I LITTLE CLASSICS. ■f ' "A MriM of CKqnlaltelf' printed little Yalmiiflt In fl«zlM« Undlns •ad red edgee* which sather op the Tenr eholoeat thlBge In our Ut- «initaiie In the w»7 off diort talee and ikeWhee."-- Ji#ito I i# '.V t<« * t ^^^lK|iT MnoniA. .«- :iA > a ■%.*' , ■ ▲ ^^p^ ^ igr Urn. CUII4 BMpusOunnnm-^SiA^ imm .■••IB'' Jl XUBCV JBRBII0 IpDCK^ A Vor^ 1 to!;, Mno. iMP. " mih aa sss«s% tiMt um metyM^HMti^u F^ ^ .„..:if:^ i sjt.'''^'- ▲ FAXB BABllABXAS. fSn* Boiaitt'M Bflw '.- # ".f ;iii ' I '»>: A SovYBHiR oir tmm 8«.. Li.inpni<|tt Xtapat^ bMnd In ipwy and gold. flJI6. !^ dneinnatt CommtreW isft/ ** AS » lov« irtoiy^ rlmne, with ptulon aftd ftdtog wnraght tato the tcim^ **S,fe?^t !y.^if*,^^^"'^ '''^ ** ^* ^o^^'"^'* C'or booiteUen. Saa, pott p d H , m r$edpt tf prU», by fhtpuXMtken, j^MES R. OSGOOb ft CO.»^ Boston. 1m^rc''^»^^ .^ *f ^ >" %'k' ■m^^M.