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 XnsriTED STATES COAST SUHVEY. 
 
 IJENJAMIN i'ElKCK, SuperinteiMlont. 
 
 rn 
 
 PACiriC COAST 
 
 COAST PILOT OF ALASKA, 
 
 (FIRST PA.RT,) 
 
 SOliTHERN BOUNDARY TO COOK'S INLET. 
 
 I 
 
 BY 
 
 aEORCrE DAVmSON, 
 
 AHRIHTANT (MJAHT » U 11 V K Y . 
 
 1869. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 V K U N M E N T PRINTING O F V I C R 
 1869. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO TUE ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Tho information herein conveyed of the coast, harbors, cliu ato, and produc- 
 tions of Ahiska, formed the principal part of the oflicial report of George D.ivid- 
 son, wlio was in charge of the party of the United States Coast Survey for the geo- 
 graphical reconnoissance of the coast of Alaska, in August, September, Octobei-, 
 and November 1807.* While engaged in this special work it was peculiarly 
 desirable to collect information of those parts of tho coast which must necessarily 
 remain without direct examination for some years, to ascertain the resources, tho 
 climate, and products of the country, then almost unknown to tho United States. 
 In the absence of other official and authentic information, it has been deemed 
 proper to retain the articles upon the clinmte, vegetable productions, hsherics, 
 timber, fur-bearing animals, and population of the coast. These are important to 
 our fishermen, whalemen, fur-traders, miners, and ship-builders. Extended mete- 
 orological tables have been added as appendices ; the vocabularies of Unaiaska, 
 Kadiak, Kenai, and Sitka, by Lisiansky, and of the Chim-shyins, by Davidson, 
 have also been added. 
 
 As fresh material is collected it will be incorporated, corrections made, and 
 many articles not rigidly pertaining to a Coast Pilot, will be pruned or excluded. 
 
 The narratives of the old navigators, explorers, and fur-traders, have been in 
 great part examined and collated f jr special descriptions of bays, harbors, straits, 
 headlands, islands, coast lino, currents, fishing banks, &c. 
 
 Among the authorities examined have been Miiller, Coxe, Cooke, IMcares, 
 Portlock, Dixon, La Pdrouse, Vancouver, Lisiansky, Kruzenstern, Kotzebue, 
 Wraugell, Beechey., Seemann, George Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Venjauiinoft", 
 Tebenkoff, Holmberg, Grewingk, Annals of the Observatory at Sitka, together 
 with many manuscript maps of the Russian-American Comi)any, and verbal com- 
 munications from tho navigators of thy company. 
 
 Some of the tracks of the old navigators have been plotted on 'the best inai)s 
 extant, and great discrepancies, as in La Pi'u'ouse, reconciled. Many positions 
 have been determined from their recorded bearings, &c. 
 
 In the oflicial report a general description of the coast, and of the great 
 Japan warm current throwing its waters thereon, preceded the reniiuUs njmn the 
 climare, »%c.; but it has been judged best to keep everything specially rchiting to 
 the description of the coast in regular sequence. To understand the i)eculiaiities 
 
 * The party won? iiPconiiiio<lHt(>(l on liDiird tln> United Stutos rovpimo Hteaincr IJiiroln, Captiiiii 
 J. W. WhiU^, under the N|M>ciul direction of (Captain W, A. Howard, I'liited States revenue ncrvice, 
 and tlieir duti<» weni Nuliordiuuto to tbe speeiul revenue and other diitieH of that venHel. 
 
INTKODITCTION. 
 
 of tlio coast, cliiniitc, ami proaiictions in that IukIi latitude, it is, liowcvor, essen- 
 tial to know sonictliini,' of the causes which produce them. 
 
 A general description of the interior route from San Francisco to Alaska by 
 the Strait of Fuca, (Inlf of Georjjia, and consecutive channels, pr'jcedes the 
 descii|ttion of the coast of Alaska. As theses channels are mostly in British 
 Columltia, detailed descriptions have not been made, they being without the 
 Hcoiie of tin' present work. 
 
 tSoitiKlbuis arc given for the mean of the lower low-waters. 
 
 lUnrinijH are magnetic. 
 
 DlstnnccH are expressed in geographical (nautical) miles. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT 
 
 ni'fon^ (Miti'iing upon a ilotuiled dosttription of the coast and liarbois of 
 Alaska, it aitpcais desirable to state and conipaie tlie distance of Sitlva IVoni Sau 
 Francisco by the direct (umrse with that by the interior navijiation llirou;;]i Fnca 
 Strait and the channels lying betw 'en Vancouver Island and the main, and thence 
 through the archipelagos to the northward ; and to give a general description of 
 the channels and harbors through these archipelagos. 
 
 From a position ten miles west of the South Fanillou a direct course can be 
 laid to Point Woodhouse, the south point of the entrance to Sitka Sound. This 
 course is about luuth 23J° west, and the distance one thousand two hundred and 
 tifty-livc miles. The shortest distance from the harbor of San Francisco to that of 
 Sitka is one thousand two hundred and ninety-six miles. On the above course; a 
 vessel Avill pass five miles outside Point Arena; liftcen miles outside ('ape Mendo- 
 cino ; one hundred and eighty-livo miles off Cape Flattery; seventy-five miles off 
 Scott I, ..t the northwest point of Vancouver Island ; thirty-eight miles from Capo 
 St. James, the south point of the Queen Charlotte Archipelago; seventeen miles 
 from the northwesternmost point of the same, while the western shores of the 
 group lie nearly parallel with the course; twenty-three miles from Cape l$ar- 
 tolomo, the southwest iioint of entrance to Bucarelli Sound; eighteen miles from 
 Cape Ommaney, the southwest point of the entrance to Chatham Strait. 
 
 In making this direct eoiuse in summer, a vessel will iiato an adverse current 
 the whole distam^e; how great it is off shore is not well established, ]»ossibly 
 twenty miles per daj-. In winter this current, runnirg against the prevailing 
 southeast winds, tends to create a larger and shorter sea than is occasioned by 
 the same strength of northwest wind in sununer. 
 
 In making the passage by the interior channels from the same starting point, 
 the vessel will make a course for Cape Mendocino, one hundred and seventy-seven 
 miles ; thence to Cape Flattery, Ave hundred and forty-fimr miles. Here the infe- 
 rior channels connnence, and the mid-channel course through the Strait of Fuca to 
 the entrance of the Canal de naro gives seventy-three miles; thence through the 
 Canal de Haro, Shannon Channel, and Active Pass, to the (iulf of (lecngia, thirty- 
 five miles; along the western sluncs of the Gulf, within an average distaiu-e of five 
 miles from land, to the entrance of Discovery Passage abreast of Cape Jfudge, in 
 latitude 490 50', one hundred and seven miles; thnmgli this passage and -lohn- 
 stoue and P>roughton Straits to F'oit Kui)ert, in iJeaver Harbor, near the n(»rtli- 
 ern extremity of Vancouver Island, tuie hundred and seven miles; tla-nci- along 
 the Vancouver shore and through the Siiadwell Passage t(» (Jueen Charlotte 
 Sound, thirty miles; across the entrance to this sound to Cape Mosman, (»r Cal- 
 
() 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 vert, in latitiulo .IP LM'.O at tlic southwt'.st point of tlio ciitrauco to FitzlniKh 
 H..niMl, tliiity-.uic n.il.'s; tlirouKli tlii.t strait to the ea.stern entrant of Lnn a Pas- 
 isa^'.., forty n.il.-s; through th« passage ami Hoaforth Cliannol to :SIiH.ank Sound, 
 twHity-eiRht niik-s; across the sound and through Finlay.son Sound to Point 
 King(-(.nif, s.-vcnty-ninc miU's; thi-uce westward to Gronvillc Strait, sixteen 
 miles; through tlie .strait forty-seven inih-s; through Cliathani Stnuid to Oixou 
 S..nnd, forty-two miles; a«'ross Dixon Sound, (the dividing waters between 15riti,sli 
 Columbia and Alaska,) through Clareuce Strait to the north point of Coronation 
 Island, two hundred miles; thence outside around Cape Ommaney ami Haranoft' 
 Island to the jtosition off Point Woodhouse, eighty miles ; or a total distance of 
 one thousand six hundred and forty -s»ven miles. This gives three humlrcd and 
 ninety-two miles further than the direct course. 
 
 Shouhl a vessel not wish to go outside at all, she can leave the Clarence 
 Sound at its m)rthea.st bend and pass thnmgh Stikine Strait, Wrangell Pas.sage, 
 Frederick Souiul, Chatham and Peril Straits, to Sitka. In this case the naviga- 
 tion is more hazardous and the distance frouj Dixon Sound three hundred and 
 forty-flve miles; this would nmke about one thousand seven hundred and twelve 
 miles from the South Farallon to Sitka. 
 
 A large sailing ve,s,sel mu.st make the outside pas.sage, and if bound to Sitka 
 during the .sea.son of northwest winds, will find that by making a long tack otT 
 shore slu> crosses the main volume of the current running along the coast from 
 the northward, and that the wind hauls so as to admit of her heading well to the 
 north —at least the latter was «mr experience in July 1854, when about latitude 
 4.'}'' and longitude ^31°. The influence of the above current is generally supposed 
 to be felt about three hundred miles oft' shore. 
 
 A large steamer may make the direct course in part, and be much the gainer, 
 e.speeially if she recpiires coaling before her return, as coal can readily be obtained 
 at the Xasaimo n»im»s* in tl (^ Gulf of Georgia. In such a case, the outside pas- 
 sage n<«thward of (Jueen Charlotte Sound should be taken. A small steamer, 
 actually capable of nuiking this passage and having coal at Sitka, may tind it 
 advantageous to run through the smooth waters of the interior channels and 
 avoid the m)rthwest winds and seas of summer, or the heavy .southeast gales of 
 winter. The great objection to the interiin- navigation is the necessity for antdior- 
 Ing each niglit, and anchorages are not numerous. In summer this is not a very 
 serious loss of time, on account of the long days. With the recent reconnoissance 
 
 * Eijility milcN diNliint from Victorin, on the t'lvsteru sidu of Vimoouvcr Lslanil, oxtoiiHivo 
 (li'lKisits (if coal occiir. known aN tilt' \asainio mint's. Tht'st" niiiu's wt'if opfnt'tl in tlif year 1S,52 
 by tin' Hntlson llav ('tiin))any, Imt havi^ Hini'i; passt'd intti tlii^ liantU of otluT part it's. 
 
 Tlit> ttital .shiiuni'ntM of timl frtim thom fitnn the yt'ur 185'J to tlu' prt'Sfiit tinif proliahly 
 rxffftl two Inintli'i'il tlionsaml tonw, and, ai'ctirtlinn to Mactif, amonntt'tl at the cntl of tlit' year 
 IHi'il to lint' hnntlrctl anil twt'nty-tliifi> tlionHantl nint- liuntli-t'd antl thirtft'n tons; tlif sliipnifntH 
 ft)r thf yt'ai- l-'iil wcrt' t wcnly-nini- tliousanil antl forly-twti tons. 
 
 Tlif foal is liifrlily bitninintius, wfll siiitt'il tor lioiist'lioltt nsc antl stfaniinn pm|iiist's. Tlio 
 liftls art' linown to lii'lon;; to thf fit'tact'ons pcrinil, ami art' iniu'h npht'avt'tl antl fanltfd, ifntlt-rinK 
 thi'ir exploration tlilticnlt and t'X])i'nsivt'. 
 
 The cttal is fiiniiHhetl on the wharf at Nasainut at six ilollarH (K"l<i) I'fr tt)u. 
 
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7 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 shoots of tlio iidinivalty, it is praotioablo to run tlioso o)iannols and soniids in piod 
 woatlior witliont a pilot ; but on acooiiut of the liability to fogs, it is dosirablo aud 
 Biifor to trust to a pilot. * 
 
 III 1807 tlio Lincolu, with th« ooast survoy party on board, nindo tho interior 
 pnssafjos to Fort Simpson, in latitude 54° 34' at the oastorn oxtieniity of Dixon 
 Sound; thence through Dixon Sound to Ca|»e Kygane and along the coast to 
 Sitka Siuind. This shortons iho passjigo, but in thick, heavy weather, it is dilll- 
 cult to make the capes ab( .i' Sitka, and dangerous to a)>proach too close because 
 of the absenee of the nsiial iids to navigation. Moreover, no off-shore soun<lings 
 have been obtained of*" that section of coast to enable the navigator to judge of 
 his ])osition. 
 
 For the interior passages the admiralty charts are completed to the north end 
 (tf Vancouver, and in po't finished and ]mblishod in December 18G7, as far as 
 Fort Simpson. Admirnlt y Chart No. 1917 gives the interior channels from Fuca 
 Strait to Ca])e Calvert in 51- 24' at the north side of Queen Charlotte Sound, 
 with all the ocean shores, bays, and liarbuvs of Vancouver Island. Uesichs this 
 there is a series of cbarts of the passages on a larger scale. Chart No. 192.'5 exhib- 
 its this interior navigation from Cape Caution in Queen Charlotte Sound in latitude 
 61° 10' to latitude 52° 20'. J'art of this is there published in detail for the first 
 time since Vancouver's explorations, and is very impctrtant as exhibiting many of 
 the dangers of Queen Charlotte Sound, Smith's Inlet, and the entrance to Fitz- 
 liugh Sound, several barbors of retreat in that vicinity, several jin<-,horages in 
 Fitzliugh Sound ; but especially as exhibiting in detail the Lama and (iuuboat 
 Passages leading westwsird and northward from Fitzhugh Sound to Sea forth 
 Channel and Milbank Sound. These passages arc barely indicated by Vancouver 
 and very erroneously laid down on Admiralty Chart No. 2130, where a passage is 
 placed in latitude 52° 01'. In seeking for the Lama Passage nt night the Liiu^oln 
 was misled by this error of the chart, especiallj- as an islet lies in a small cove 
 in this latitude, and gives at night the appearance of an openiiuj. There is not 
 space for a steamer to turn in this place, hardly room to swing to a short scope 
 of chain, and the passage inside and arou >d the island is dangerous. This little 
 opening received the appropriate name of "The Trap." 
 
 Northward of Milbank Sound, through Finlayson Channel, this chart is oidy in 
 outline. It includes the southern part of the Queen Charlotte Archipelago with 
 the Houston Stuart r.hTinel through the islands in latitude 52° 00' to 52° 0!)', and 
 a survey of Rose Harbor in tliis channel, with the position of Stincuttle Channel 
 through the same archipelago indicated in latitude 52° 13' to 52° 18'. Admiralty 
 Chart No. 1923 A, with corrections to January, 1808, gives the interior navigation 
 by one main line of chaimels only, from latitude 62° 57' to the wate"s between 
 Alaska and British Columbia in latitude 54° 40'. The main channels are in 
 outline only, but several anchorages are indicated ; Ogden Channel has been par- 
 tially developed, leading from the north end of Grenville Channel, in latitude 53° 
 55', to the ocean, via Hecate Strait, lying between these islands aud Queen Char- 
 
8 
 
 ALASIwV (X)ABT l»ir.OT. 
 
 lotto Aicliipoliigo. It cxliibitH on a small scale IMetlak:'itla and Duncan Bays, 
 on tlic ciistciii shore of Cliathani Sound; and Port Simpson Bay and approaclies. 
 It also {;iv('S tlic survey of Oumshewas Bay and harbor, on the east side of Mores- 
 by Island ; of the Qneen C5harlott« Archipelago, in latitude 53°, and the eastern 
 part of Skidegiite Inlet, between Moresby Island and Graham Island, in latitude 
 fia° 2')'. 
 
 Admiralty Chart No. 1901, published in February 1868, contains ])lans of ten 
 haibors and anchorages of the interior navigation, the Ogden channel and adja- 
 cent harbors, all lyiug between Cape Caution anil Por<- Gimpson*. It exhibits 
 Schooner Retreat at the south entrance to Fitzhugh Sound, Safety Cove, Gold- 
 stream Ilarbor, and Namu Harbor in Fitzhugh Sound, McLaughlin Bay in Lama 
 Passage, Kynumpt Ilarbor in Soaforth Channel between Lama Passage and Mil- 
 bank Sound, Carter Bay at the north end of Finlay&ou Channel, Holmes Bay at 
 the south end of Grenville Channel, (this is the Home Bay of previous English 
 charts, and by this name only is it known by traders and the Hudson Bay pilots,) 
 Stuart Anchorage in the north part of Grenville Channel, Ogden Channel, and 
 Al^dia Bay in the same channel. 
 
 Chart No. 571, published in April 18GG, contains four haibors in the vicinity 
 oi' Queen^Chai'lotte Sound, on the north shore, abreast of Fort Rupert in Beaver 
 Harbor ; Blunden and Callen harbors would only be resoi'ted to by our traders 
 for refuge, while Cypress and Tracy harbors are situated among the imnow intri- 
 cate arms stretching into the mainland, about latitude 60° 50', and longitude 120° 
 50', twelvejniles from the north shores of Vancouver Island. 
 
 It is not necessarj' to follow in detail these connected interior channels of 
 Bricish Columbia, forming p...i of the great canals extending from the head of 
 Paget Sound, in latitude 47° 03', to the mouth of the Chilkaht, in latitude 5()o 15'. 
 All aftbrd splendid navigation for steamers and small sailing craft. Those of 
 British Cohunbia are comparatively narrow, ranging from half a mile in excep- 
 tional places to nearly ten miles in Chatham Sound and to sixteen miles in the 
 Gulf of CJeorgia. But it must be understood that to the navigator accust'Mied to 
 plenty of sea-room these channels look narrow, on account of the great height of 
 their rocky and almost perpeniMcnlar shores. 
 
 The inlets which occur at the hciul of the Gulf of Georgia, northeast of Van- 
 couver Island, are worthy of special remark. They are from forty to sixty miles 
 in length, from one to two miles only in breadth, and are walled with .vbrupt 
 mountains from four to eight thousand feet in height, Superb Mountain attaining 
 eight thousand feet at the head of Bute Inlet, and Mount Alfr-l eight thousand 
 four hundred ami Hfty at the head of Jervis Inlet. 
 
 According to the admiralty charts there are places in these fiords, within one- 
 half mile or less of shore, where no bottom was found at three hundred fathoms. 
 
 In Disiwefji /'««w/7p, leading from the northwest ])artofthe (rulf of Georgia, 
 the channel is contracted very much; about eleven miles inside of Cape IViUdge 
 the shores are ])recipitous, rocky, ami nearly a thousand feet high, and this occur- 
 
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 ALASKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 ring near the locality wliero tlie northern and southern tidal currents meet and 
 form hif,'li tides, there is occasioned at certain stages of the tide a heavy overfall 
 and a current running from four to eight knots per hour. It is exceedingly 
 dangerous to try and run through this race in a fog. Fortunately there are 
 anchorages at either approach of this gorge, which is called the ISvymour Xan-ows, 
 where a vessel may anchor until a favorable time. In the Race I'mmye on the 
 south side of llelmcken Island we metisured the flood current from tiie nortliwest, 
 running seven miles per hour for an hour and a half, and no available position on 
 either shore for an anchorage. Here the scenery is grand, for the mountains close 
 on the southern or Vancouver shore rise to an elevation of over four thousand six 
 hundred feet; on the north shore, on ITardvvicke Island the mountains rise two 
 thousand six hundred feet above the water. Tlience westward the Johnstone 
 Straits increase to two miles in width and the tidal currents run from one to three 
 knots witli a mid-channel depth of one hundred and seventy-six fathoms, no 
 bottom, while the high mountain range on the Vancouver shore rises abruptly to 
 five thousand feet. In Broughton Strait tlie channel is wider and has less depth, 
 but is filled with islands which decrease the available width, so that the currents 
 reach a velocity of five knots per hour. In this vicinity, however, are numerous 
 places for anchorage. Thence westward, through the eastern part of (^ueen Char- 
 lotte Sound,* the current is from one to three knots per hour. 
 
 Towards the north end of Vancouver Island the mountains directly on the 
 coast decrease in elevation, but the mountains on the maiidand to the north and 
 northeastward attain heights over six thousand feet above the sea and a'"e snow- 
 clad in July and August. In running northward across the entrance of Queen 
 Charlotte Sound to Fitzhugh Sound from the Shatlwell or Bute Pass, the outside 
 dangers to the westward, stretching from a position four miles ofi" Cape Mosman t 
 to a position twenty miles south-southwest from the cape, are readily detected and 
 form a dangerous ground that must bo avoided. The islets and rocks making oft" 
 the entrance to Smith's Inlet J are also x'eadily recognized and avoided in good 
 vtcjither ; but in foggy or thick weather it is perhaps best to run from tlie Shad- 
 well or Bute Pass for Cape Caution, a rocliy point of small elevation covered witli 
 dwarfed siu-uce, &c., and then for a jiosition one or two miles west of Egg Islam!, 
 which is two hundred and fifty feet high and easily recognized, but has two islets 
 and a sunken rock half a mile south and south-southwest from it. Leaving Egg 
 Island, a course can be laid for Cape Mosman. This cape, forming tlie southern- 
 most point of Calvert Island, presents a broad face east and west of low rocky 
 sliore line, covered with a thick growth of spruce, hemlock, &c., but backed by 
 mountains two thousand to two thousand nine hundred feet high to the north- 
 
 "Xiiiueil by C'iii)tiiiii S. WL>il)r(ji,oroiij;h, (if the KxiX'iiiiitMit, in Aujjiist 1780. 
 
 tNiiiiipil liy till' United StatcM Const Survey in .July lf!(i7. See view called Capo Calvert, on 
 Admiralty Chart No. lt)a:(, publiNhed in Ueeeiuher 1««7. 
 { Named by Captain James llanna in 178(i, 
 
10 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 ward on ('alvcrt Island.* A view of tliia cape is given; the latitude of the i.slet 
 oirthiM'xticiiH' jHiint is .')13 L'l'.fl, 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound is tlio only break in this line of interior navisation, 
 and it is not only j;iianled towards the ocean by nniny patches of low and sunken 
 rocks, but it is exposed to the fidl sweep of the ocean swell, and so situated as to 
 appear i)eculiarly liable to foj;. ritzliu;;h Soundt is forty miles hmff, with an 
 aM'ia^-e width of three miles, and great depth of water. Its general direction is 
 north, and the shores are bold, and on the west side free from rocks. Several 
 ])asses lead eastward and westward from it, but most of them are unexplored. 
 
 There is an anchorage on the eastern shme of ritzhugh Sound, in Schooner 
 RctrciH, the south entrance of which is in latitude 51° 27'.(!, and in huigitude 
 IL'To ■i'>'.H. From this entrance the extremity of Cape Mosnuui bears south ih>° 
 west. From the middle of the south entrance of the harbor the highest hill on the 
 island, behind «u' east of the harbor, bears northeast, so that it is safe to run for 
 the hill on that course until Karslake Point, the south jioint of the harbor, bears 
 about south-southeast, and then run mid-channel east and northeast through the 
 narrow throat, only two hundred yards wide, but having eight fathoms in tiie 
 middle. Inside this Fn'f/atc Jiiiij ex])ands, and anclun^age is had in twenty 
 fiitlioms. it is liigii water, full and change, at 0/(. oO/h. Springs rise fourteen 
 feet ; neajis eleven I'eet. 
 
 SitJ'riii Core is on the west side of the sound, seven miles north of Cape Mas- 
 nian(?)- The entraiu'c is in latitude '>l° 'M'X>, and longitude 127° flo'.O. It is open 
 to the <'ast, a mile deep, six hundred or seven hundred yards in width, Avith good 
 holding-ground in soft mud, from twenty-two to fifteen fathoms; very high land 
 all around it; high water, full and change, at l/i. 0»J.; springs, fourteen feet; 
 neaps, eleven feet. It is a good position to wait for fair weather for crossing to 
 Queen Charlotte Island, when bouml to the southward. 
 
 It was discovered by N'ancouver in 17!)2, and named by him under the first 
 impression that this was the I'ort Safety of Captain IJuncan. 
 
 Kirul-nhua. — This bay opens on the western shore of the sound, and is about 
 half a mile wide at the entrance, but has not been surveyed. There is a small 
 rock otVits n(nth ]toint. It ap/pears to stretcth nearly westward, but how far is not 
 known. This is belie\ed to be the Port Safety of Captain Duncan, who discovered 
 and named it in I'Sii, when he placed it in latitude 51° 4P, and recommended it 
 as a vcrv proper i»]aet> for cleaning and refitting vessels. At the entrance he had 
 one huiulred fathoms, whereas in Vancouver's Safety Cove there is only thirty. 
 On the Admiralty Chart 1(L';!, a depth of one hundred and eighty-three fathoms, 
 nuiddy bottom, is given ch»se off the entrance. Duncan gave a sket(;h of it. We 
 have never seen tlie sketch or the bay. The latitude of its entrance is 51° 39', 
 and the sound is hens three miles wide. 
 
 (iohlfttmiin Harbor is on the west sule of Fitzhngh Strait, at the northern end 
 
 *X;iini'<l Culvert Isliniil liv Ciiptiiin .liiiiics Diiiiciui in 178(!. 
 t Naiiird liy Cuiitiiiii .liiiiicM linniiM in ITHii. 
 
ALASKA fOAST PIIA)T. 
 
 11 
 
 
 of Calvert Island in latitude Hio 4.$'.7, longitude 128° 00'. It is very narrow and 
 irre{;ular. In the. narrowest part the ehannel is not over lifty yards wide and v»'ry 
 crooked. At the entrance sonndings are given in sixteen I'athonis a'<out two 
 hundred and (li'ty yards from either point. There is kelp otV the north point 
 (which is on a small island) witii twenty-seven fathoms in it. High water, full 
 and change, I/*. 0«i.; springs, fifteen feet; neai>s, twelve feet. 
 
 Around the north end of this .small island is a channel over a mile wide, 
 called by the natives Ilakai, leading to the lUtt^iite Strait and the ocean, and 
 through which Duncan passed to the sea in 1780. 
 
 Xamn Harbor is on the east side of the s<miid with Iviwash Island, two hun- 
 dred feet high, standing nearly a mile west and in the middle of the oi)ening. 
 
 The south point of this island is in latitude oP r»l'.r», longitude^ ll'To .>t'.;(. 
 There is a passage on either side. The best anchorage is about half a mile east of 
 it in twenty fathoms; h'ss water may be had by going a little further in, but with 
 the shores two hundred aiul lifty yards distant on either hand. Tlu-re is a siwdicn 
 rock two hundred yards from the easternmost shore, with a small islet about one 
 cable length to the nortli-half-«est; deep water around the rock. Two miles south- 
 east of this harbor is a rang(^ of mountains attaining an elevation of three thou- 
 sand three hundred and eighty feet. 
 
 The "trap" in latitude o'l° 01' has been spoken of in giving a general descrip- 
 tion of these channels. 
 
 The Lama Pannaf/e opens from Fitzhugh S»und towards the westward in lati- 
 tude 52° 04', while the conthiuation of the sound runs north-northeast, as Fisher 
 Channel, through which Vancouver took his ships to latitude 51"^ 20'; thence to 
 the westward and southwest into Seaforth Channel. 
 
 The Lama Passage is quite narrow, being not quite half a mile wide in two or 
 three places, but with deej) water. It runs west for six or seven miles, then north 
 for seven or eight, when it meets Seaforth Channel from the west, and (Junboat 
 Passage from the east; at the first turn a .strait, unnamed, leads southwest seven 
 or eight miles to Hecate Strait. The mountains on each side of the ])assage rise 
 from one thousaiul to one thousand eight hundred feet above the Avater. 
 
 About midway in the northern stretch of the passage, on the western shore, is 
 a small anchorage called McLauijhim Bay, with anchorage in ten fathoms about 
 three hundred yards from diore, but over very uneven bottom. A bare hill two 
 hundred feet high lies next the northern part of the bay. The passage abreast of 
 this has less than thirty fathoms across it, a.id is only half a mile in Avidth. The 
 latitude of the 'u.rth part of the anchorage is 52° 08'.(5, and longitude 128° 10'..'{, 
 and bottom sand and mud. In tlie northern part of the i ssage we had anchor- 
 ago in sixteen fathou!;-:, hard bottom, on the south side of a low, treeless islet, 
 o(!cupii!d by tli'e Bellabella Indians. Close to the westward was a larg(> woodc<l 
 island occupied by these Indians before they Avere reduced l)y the smallpox. The 
 longitude of the astronomical station of the Coast Survey on the islet is 128^ 07' 
 50", or 8/(. 32h*. 31.3«. 
 
 i 
 
12 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 From tlif iioitli i)art of Lama Passaj-f a very narrow crooked strait, iiamoil 
 (iiinlioat PaHsajjo, runs oij?lit miles oastward to tiio Fislier ('liannt*!. 
 
 From Lama Passafif tlio Srnfortli Chnnnel leads in a f,'eneral westward direc- 
 tion altont fourteen miles to Milbank Sonnd.* It lias an averaj-e width of nearly 
 two miles, with two islets nearly in mid-ehannel, two miles from tin; eastern end; 
 one of these is a fjrassy islet alxnit lifty feet hif,di, with poles and Indian Inmses or 
 jfraves. IMany openings api)ear in the southern low shores, and numerous hays 
 and arms o])eii toAvanls the ni)rth. About s(mthwest of the western ish^t in 
 mid-channel is the openinjj; of Kynumpt Harbor, with a white rock twelve feet 
 above water at its western point of entrance, which is about one-third of a milo 
 wide, with sixteen IVithoms in mid-channel and three and four fathoms close to 
 either shore. The harbor stretches south about half a mile, and has jjood anchor- 
 a;ie in mid-channel half the distance inside, with muddy bottcmi and eif-iit fathoms 
 of water, but the shores only four hundred yards apart. High water, full and 
 change, at O/i. ;$();n.; springs, fourteen feet; neaps, eleven feet. 
 
 In the Scaforth Channcd there is plenty of water on ciiher side of the islet near 
 Kynumjit Harbor, and the mid-channel soundings show tlMoughout no bottom at 
 thirty-nine fathoms. Al)out the middle of it, on the south shore, the Hecate 
 Channel leads south-southwest for twelve miles to the Ilecate Strait, while *rom 
 the north there arc two large arms leading twenty miles through a labyrinth of 
 channels. 
 
 The mountains or. either side of Seafoi-th Channel are not S(» high as along the 
 mor<^ interior channels; in the earlier part they attain one thousainl one hundred 
 feet, while most of the shores are low and all are covered M'ith timber. 
 
 In ]Milbank Sound, t about three miles northwest from the west entrance to 
 Scaforth Channel, are some white rocks lifty feet high, with a suidicn rock having 
 two fathoms ujion it, about three-fourths of a mile east of them. 
 
 The course is inside these rocks, which lie over two miles from the nearest 
 land to the northeast. 
 
 After passing the white rocks keep to the northwest, to avoid a .-.unken rock 
 four miles north of them and lying one mile off the eastern shore. 
 
 jMilbank Sound is eight miles across; opening southwest directly upon the 
 Hecate Strait, receives the full force of the southerly swell. 
 
 The western point is called Voint Bay, off which numerous islets stretch two 
 miles to the southwest. 
 
 Xortlnvard of Milbank Sonnd the strait, taking the name of Finlayson Chan- 
 nel, riuis nearly north for thirty-two miles to Carter Bay, with an average width 
 of two miles. From the south entrance of the channel a peculiarly marked high 
 pyramidal mountain is seen to the north-northeast. It was called the Quartz 
 IVIountain by the Count Survey, and is named Striped Mountain on "the admiralty 
 charts on account of a great white streak down its south side, evidently the rock 
 
 "Nimu'd l>y Ciipliiin Juiiirs Diinciiii in 1780. 
 t Named liy C'aptuiu Jumps JJunoaii in 1786. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 13 
 
 (lomided of Hoil mid trees. Tliis inoiiiitniii is wcMulod noiiily to its smniiiit, iiiid tiio 
 broiid white streidv, extending almost Irom tlic summit to tiie bottom, is a very 
 distinctive mark. 
 
 Tlio land at tlie base of the mountain is a comparative idateau, sjiarsdy cov- 
 ered with lierba]ije. It is tlie lirst untimbered .space we saw in mnwii nortii 
 tlirouffli these cliannels. 
 
 We estimated its elevation at over two thousand feet, wliile hif,'her nu)untain.s 
 appeared to the south of it. It was a litth; over a mil* from the water, and 
 bounded on the north by a clnnuu^l leadinj? northeast to another louf-' unnamed 
 strait. The position of this mountain is latitude o'J'^ 27'.-', longituih' ll'So 21'.."», 
 ami should be readily distiugnisluMl by any vessel coming round Day Point from 
 Ueeate Strait. Abreast of this Striped Mountain and near the western shore thci 
 admiralty chart has no bottom at one hundred and .seven fathoms. As the chart 
 in this region is oidy in outline, the following extract from our Jourmd may not be 
 uninteresting. "About ten miles north of this mountain on the western shore Im a 
 timbered hill, shaped remarkubl,\ like an old-fashioned cocked hat, a.s seen from 
 the southward. It is over eight huiulred feet high, and is in reality a small islan<l, 
 with the mountains west of it rising alxmt three thousand feet high. Nearly 
 abreast of it on the eastern shore is the lirst cascade we noticed going north. Jt 
 comes from a crater-like depression in the high mountains. Three miles further 
 nortli on the western shore is a mountain lake, with a flue cascade breaking o\ er 
 the rim of the crater-like basin and foaming for several hundred feet down the 
 mountain side." 
 
 The heights of the.se mountains we afterwiird approximately determined from 
 Carter Bay, and found two thousand nine hundred and eighty-four feet and two 
 thousand seven hundred and twenty-four ft>et; this will give a fair average of the 
 elevation of the shore mountains in tliis channel. 
 
 In latitude '>2° ."JS', or ten miles nortli of Strijicd Mountain, acccu'ding to 
 Admiralty Chart No. 1923, there is a channel opening to the west with a laige 
 island in the entrance; this clianuel runs north-northwest for about seven miles, 
 (when an opening makes to the .south westward,) then ntn-th-northeast eleven 
 miles into the regular channel north of Carter Hay. 
 
 This side channel has not been examined, but we are informed that it has 
 been traversed, found good, has an average width of nearly a mile, ar--' avoids 
 the shoal and Hewitt Eock, with ten feet on it at low water, situate<l in the regular 
 channel at its narrowest part, Ave miles northward from the southwest point of 
 (barter Bay. Whether the island in the southern entrance to this channel or the 
 "Cone Point" of the admiralty chart is our "Cocked Hat," we have no present 
 means of determining, as we used the very erroneous English Chart No. 2430. 
 
 Nine miles northward of Striped Mountain the admiralty chart has sound- 
 ings of forty-four fathoms, rocky bottom in mid-channel, and five and a half miles 
 further north soundings of fifty fathoms, i-ocky bottom. 
 
 In latitude 52° 48' Finlayson Channel divides; a narrow continuation runs 
 
14 
 
 ALASKA COAST I'll.OT. 
 
 iMirtli iiortliciist, iiiiil an aiiri ciillcd Ship I'i vsigc .stictehcs east-uoi-theast to 
 :;\liisscl Inlet. 
 
 Citrfrr /.V(//.— I'ariiij;- tlic soutli, w itli a cliannol to the northwest, and another 
 to tlie noitlicast, lies the openinfi of this hay, with as harp, tinihercd mountain rid;;o 
 (wo tlKMisand one hnnih'cd and ci.niit.v feet liij-Ii on tlie west, and a hi«li mountain 
 two limusand tiiice liumhcd and ten 1'eet lii<;ii on (lie east. Tiiis isouc of tlicniost 
 convenient anelioras^'^ i" these channels. Tin- hay proi>er is ahout a mih- deep by 
 hall' a mih' in wiiltli, ^ninhially (h'creasinfj to tlie head, where a tiat has tormed at 
 the mouth of a small rapid stream, emptyin;;- a lake; about a mile (bstant. 
 
 The best anchorajie is in tifteen fathoms, muddy bottom, about three hundred 
 yards from eitluM' shore, and tour hundred yards from the Hat. 
 
 Ill this position the southwest taii{;;eiit of the land will bear southwest by west, 
 and the southeast tangent south by east. Three fathoms can be carried to the 
 v*]iH' of the Hat, and ten fathoms close to the shores on eitlier bank. The stream 
 emptyiiii;' into this bay comes thronj;h a t>orj>e in the mountains, and abouiidsiii 
 speckled trout. They were caught ten inches long without a rod, but siinjily a line 
 held in the hand, with a hook baited with clams dug frojii the Hat at low water. 
 Tracks mid signs of animals were jdeiity, but traveling is very ditUcult. 
 
 "From the anchorage in Carter l>ay, looking down Finlayson Channel south- 
 west by west true, a splendid view jiresents itself; precipitous mountains over- 
 hunging the vessel on either hand, and high mountains in the distance on both 
 sides of the channel. On the west side, about seven miles distant, two huge 
 peaks tbrm i)art of the rim of a great mountain lake, the patches of snow in their 
 gorges (August 1st) and river sides deiiriving them of much of the massive gran- 
 deur of their granite formation. Towards the channel and the water's edge their 
 Hanks tor one thousand live hundred fec^t are covered with timber. 
 
 Carter 15ay was named by Vancouver after one of his crew who died from 
 eating poisonous mussels, and was luiried here in May, 17!);5. 
 
 Xoitli of Carter Bay no name has been applied to the narrow channel running 
 for thirty-four miles to Kiiigcome Point, where the main channel makes a sharp 
 turn to the west. 
 
 This channel averages about half a mile in width, with very precipitous shores. 
 Five miles from the south entrance of this narrow strait the passage is contracted 
 and the depth of water shoals to a few fathoms. At this contraction is found 
 Hewitt Ilock, nearly in mid-channel, with only ten feet of Avater over it at low 
 tide. The general direction to avoid this danger is to " keep the north shore 
 aboard." Half a mile northwest of it is the east point of the side or parallel 
 channel, coming into this strait from the locality of the " Cocked Hat." In passing 
 through this reach Vancouver says, (vol. II, p. 201,) "at the entrance of the 
 channel running northward from the southwest jioiii*- of Carter Bay the width 
 was narrowed to about a Iburth (»r a mile, and, having proceeded abont four miles, 
 the Chatham smldcnly found only six fathoms of water on a shoal stretching from 
 the starboard, or continental shore, into mid-channel ; this we passed on the oppo- 
 
 ^1 
 
ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 15 
 
 site side in ei^Jliteon and twenty fntlioins water. JU-yiunl this, wiiicli is tlie nar- 
 rowost part of the diannd, foinicd by a iii;;li, ronnd, project inf; i)art of tiie sontli- 
 west shore, appearintjlike an ishind, the <'iiannel wideneil to nearly half u lea^'UP, 
 and an extensive opening::, takin;^' a sontheriy direction, indicated a eonininnica- 
 tit)n with the ocean." This is the western cliannel tinit opens near tlie "Cocked 
 Uat." 
 
 Two nulos northward of this op(!ninf( a bay culled Grey's [nh't opens to the 
 eastward, Imt no aonndinj;s are given in it. Six and a iialf miles northward of 
 Hewitt Ivock the channel has a depth of tl;irty-ei;;lit fathoms, rocky bottom. In 
 latitude 53° 1' the channel has its least width of twolifths of a mile. 
 
 Throuf-hont this narrow strait are ininierons markin<,'s where tiieavalaneheaof 
 snow have swept down the steep mountain sides and carried tindier and earth 
 with them, leaving tracks of bare rock. 
 
 In some cases the trees have been forced into the channel; in others their 
 dead trunks, in yrotestpu^ confusion, arc found at tiie foot of tlie slide. 
 
 About latitude 5^5° ()'>' on the western shore is a cascade formed by a great 
 body of water pouring over a rocky incline from a lakc^ at the base of an immense 
 circle of perpendicular mountains. At the ]tr«)[)er season it is a great lesort for the 
 natives when fishing for salnum, as the cascade is not too high for the salmon h) 
 eftect an entrance to the lake. Several other lakes, and three rushing, tumbling 
 overflows, falling three hundred to four hundred feet, are seen in the next twenty 
 miles, all on the same side of the channel. 
 
 Through this (jhaiuiel Vancouv" ^ays he could find no bottom with one hnn- 
 dred and sixty-five to one hundred and eighty-live fathoms of line, but the indica- 
 tions on the admiralty chart do not conlirm these great depths. OlF Point King- 
 come and to the westward of it there are soundings without bottom in one hun- 
 dred and eighty-nine and one hundred and seventy-nine fathoms. 
 
 In the narrow channel Vancouver says that "in the vicinity of r>,'P 14' ]\rr. 
 Whidbey discovered a deep cove near this locality, a smoke issuing from among 
 the stones on the shore, that at low tide formed a kind of beach. On examina- 
 tion a run of hot water was found i)assiiig among the stones, which, at high tide 
 must be at least six feet beneath the surface of the sea. They were not able to 
 discover its source, and, having no thermometer, its degree of heat could not bo 
 ascertained. Some of the seamen attempted to wash their hands in it, but found 
 the heat inconvenient. It had a saltish taste, and Mr. Whidbey was of opinion 
 that the rapidity with which it flowed could scarcely permit of its receiving this 
 savor from the sea water." — Vol. II, p. L'09. 
 
 A deep bay opens abreast of Work Island, in latitude 53° 12', and stretches 
 two miles northward. Abreast of a large landslide on the east shore, in latitude 
 r>3'^ 14', the mid-channel depth is sixty-four fathoms, over rocky bottom. 
 
 At Point Kingcome one of the three great arms stretches northward forty 
 miles, with anchorage about three miles from the point, on the east shore, at tlie 
 mouth of Fisherman or liibachy Creek. From Point Kingcome the main channel 
 
ir, 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 niiis wi'stwanl niii*' iiiilcs, wIdtc ;;r<-iit cIiiiiiiicIh o|i('ii to th(« north aii«l Huiith, ))iit 
 tlir (liicil n»iit<' is tlirniiKli Cln-fiiN illc (liiiimcl, whose soutlu'ni ciitniiice lies north 
 (HP wi'Mt, ci^iht niih's from the north point of Ilornc Ha.,. 
 
 llitnif Hdji is on<' (»f the tew anriiora^ics in this vicinity, an*l is sitnatcd 
 (liicclly uniltr tlic point, seven or ei;;ht niih's west of Kin;;coine; it is eontiaetetl, 
 M'itli fireal deptli, except n( tiie liead where we anchored in it, in seventeen fatli- 
 onis, two iinndred yards from low-water line. It opens to the northwest. (Sec 
 sketch in .\(linira]ty Chait No. I!KH, where it is called Holmes Uay.) 
 
 (iirnrilli' (.'IkiiudI. — From the sonth entrance, in latitude .l.'P lil', this renuirk- 
 ahly strai^tht and narrow <iianncl runs forty live miles alxmt north 40° west, with 
 the nni>rok<'n shore of I'itt Island on the west, and the eastern shore of the main- 
 land, broken at regular intervals by tlin'o inletM. Tlie dt'pth thron<;hont tho 
 greater i)art ran^'t's thron;;h sivty-one, lifty, to forty-nine fathoms, over rocky bot- 
 tom, and seventy fatiioms o\er mnd. The narrowest part of the channel i.s not 
 over six hundred or st'ven hundred yards wide, and on account of tho great 
 ]iei;;hl of theshoies appears much less. 
 
 The followin;;'- description from our journal will convoy an idea of some of the 
 strikinji' points of the sc! iiery. " Tiie o\er(iow.-; of f;i'eat lakes in the mountains 
 jiour down the steei) declivitii's; f^reat swaths throu;^]! tiie heavy .spruce tind)er 
 reach from mountain summit to water's od^e, markiii}? the cour.se of rcsi-stlesa 
 avalanches ; the upper part of these paths well cleared of all timber, the lower 
 reach covered wilii tlie dead trunks, frcipiently pointinj;- in one direction; bri^^iit 
 t;reen streaks mark the course of older avalanches, where a new yrowth of veye- 
 I at ion has .sprung up; throuf^h rifts and {gorges in the numntain .shores are seen 
 mountains of {granite, reachiu),' an elevation of from four thou.sand to .six thousand 
 feet, some smooth, domed, and t,'ray, with every ravine and <'revice fdled with 
 suow, (Auj^ust li,) and tricklinjj; streams therefrom, others covered with patches of 
 dark j^reen to relieve the wildue.ss of the scenery." 
 
 Fourteen miles from tlu' southeru entrance anchorage is had in Lowe Inlet ou 
 the east .shore; half a nule inside the entrance of this inlet bottom is found at 
 eif,'hteen fathoms. The a])proacIi to this inlet from the .south is indi(!ated by a 
 bare hill four hundred feet \u<<;h on the western .shore, two nules southeast of tho 
 entrance which opens directly to the .south. Five; miles from the northern ex- 
 trenuty anchorage is Ibnnd on the western shore in Steicart Uuthor. 
 
 Anchorage in ten fathoms on the iu)rthwest side of a point or tongue fonning 
 the east sith' of tiie harbor, and itrojecting half a mile north from the shore. A 
 rock is laid down half a mile northwest of the extremity of this point, having thir- 
 teen feet at low water, and another just in.side, bare at low Avater. (See Admiralty 
 Chart Xo. litOl.) 
 
 Tlie northern end of the Grenville Channel expands to three miles in width, 
 but the middle is occui»ied by a large group of comparatively low, wooded islands 
 called the Clil-son (iroup. The usual channel is to the west of them, and when 
 abreast of them the wide pa.ssage to the sea, kuowu as Ogden Channel, opens to 
 
ALAHKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 17 
 
 tlio Noiitlnvt'st. Nearly west from tlic ii< iMi ciiil of tlio (Jiltsori (iioiip is a siiuill. 
 low, woodt-d point, iiiakiii;; out lialt'ii iiiilr, with very tlct'p water at its south side, 
 but linviii^ aiieliora;;e on the north side. In this vicinil/ the roeks are nietainor 
 idde slates, sandstones, and shales, trending; northwest and southeast; some small 
 barren (|uarlz veins aceompany the slates. In this vieinity we found the water 
 ehant,'<' its eoUu- to a dirty white, evidently brought from the river Skip, through 
 Port Kssinyton. Hence northward thi^ waters expand into larjfe arms and s<uinds. 
 Chatham Sound, lyinjr n»«arly north and s()uth for forty miles, connects the waters 
 we have passed tlirou;;h with those of Dixon Sound and the Straits of the Alex- 
 ander Arch ip»'la;,'(h Sunken roe vs are laid down on the charts, but their jMisitions 
 are doubtful. On the east sicl^ of the sound, in latitude .Ito LM)', lies TuH'weil 
 Ishuid, connec^ted with the maiidand by a low .4ind spit nearly two miles lon^; 
 east and west, and for' injj the bay of Mvtlahitla on thc^ south, protected from 
 the northwest wiiuls au<l swell ; and Duncan liaij on the north side, prote(!te<l from 
 the southeast wiiuls. The Admiralty Thin No. ;J«J4, exhibits the details of these 
 bays. The country behind these bays is pleasantly rolling,', with i)atches of open 
 ground. A thriving village, with an Episcopal missioimry <?hurch is hwutcd here. 
 Port SimpHon. — In the easternmost part of Dixon Sound, where it meets the 
 north itart of Chatham Sound, and tlfteen miles north of ]3uncait Bay, lies this 
 large bay, open to the west, but protected by iv large reef, and by Birnie Island. 
 The north shores of this bay run northwest and southeast f(»r nearly four miles; 
 and the south shore lies east and west, over two miles. On the north side of the 
 southwest jioint is the usiud anchorage, oft" the st^iticm of the Hudson Bay Clom- 
 pany, and the large village of the Chim-nhijanH. Two miles west of Fort Simpson 
 lies the north end of the moderately high and wooded island named Finlayson, 
 from which the south end of the moderately liigh and wooded island, named 
 Birnie, lies north tH° east, one ami a half mile. The triangular space between 
 the north end of Finlayson, the south point of Birnie, and Fort Simpson, is mostly 
 occupied by an extensive rix-ky reef, r.ncovering at many points at low water. 
 Two passages lead to Poi't Simpson: one, the southern, lies between the east shore 
 of Fiidayson Island and the nmin, three miles long, north and south, and half a 
 mile wide in narrowest part, with a very narrow passag'e through the r^tH; this is 
 that usually pursued by the Hudson Bay Company's vessels coming from and 
 returning south. Another, the northern and the safer passage, is between the 
 ^outh end of Birnie Island and the north point of the reef, lying half a mile south 
 tfit. This channel has about twenty fathoms of water. Piiss within one-quarter 
 (tf a mile of the south rocky point of Birnie Island, steering east-southeast one 
 mile, or until the easternmost Indian houses bear south-southeast, and run for 
 them until the stockade bears south three-cpjarters west, about six huiulred or 
 seven hundred yards distant, when anchorage will be found in ten or eleven 
 fathoms. These courses will keep the eastern edge of the reef distant over a 
 quarter of a mile. 
 
 The rise and fall of tides permit large \ essels being laid out here for repairs, 
 3 
 
18 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 head on the beach, on the west side of the rocks npon which the hmding jetty 
 
 is built. 
 
 IIi«li Avater at full and change 12/i. S'tm.; spring tides twenty-one and a 
 
 half feet ; •'eaps fourteen and a half feet. 
 
 Admiralty IMan Xo. -'4L'G, published 1856, exhibits the details of this port an- 
 chorage and approaches. In this chart the geogTaphical position of the stockade 
 is latitude 5P 33' 3.5" notMi, longitude 130o 25' 30" west. In Admiralty Chart No. 
 2431, i)ublished in 1805, the Altitude is 58° 38' north, and longitude 130° 20'.2 west; 
 iu No. H)23 A, ])ublished in 1S(.8, the latitude is 5P 33'.4 north, and longitude 130° 
 20'.1 west. Chart No. 2431 is evidently founded upon Tebenkott''s. 
 
 Vessels approaching i:*oviHi»ipson by the northern passage will avoid a large 
 reef called the rointers, lyiiig three miles north, seventy west from the south end 
 of Birnie Island. 
 
 Fort iiimpson is a stockaded post of the Hudson Bay Company, and the most 
 imi)ortant iu this section of the country. It consists of a S(puire, timbered pali- 
 sade, with a front of two hundred feet, and depth of one hundred and sixty feet, 
 having wooden bastions and the northwest and southwest augles. 
 
 It is entered by a large gate opposite the beach, and has one or two snudler 
 doors at the rear, leading to the vegetable gardens. Within this stockade are 
 large timber buildings for the traders and their families, for storehouses, mess- 
 house, and the great building on the west side for the reception of the furs until 
 ready for shipment. The roofs of the houses showed many marks of ritle huV ; of 
 belligerent parties of Indians, when firing at each other, and also when firing 
 upon the post. 
 
 The United States Coast Survey station was between the outer fence and the 
 stockade, on the Avest side of the great gate. No observations could be obtained 
 for latitude, which is assumed approximately at .54° 33' 3,5"; the longitude was 
 determined at 13(P 22' 4!)", or 8/t. 41)h. 31.3s. west. 
 
 The habitations of the Indians number about one hundred, and aie generally 
 large wooden buildings, from thirty to lori,j +'"et wide, sixty feet long, and flftvicn 
 to twenty feet high. 
 
 J>efore most of the houses there is a tall thick post, carved with grotes(pie 
 ligiues. I'liese are illustrated in the accompanying views. 
 
 When all the tribes and branches are assembled they nundier nearly two 
 thousand souls. Very few are hunters, but all are inter-traders. They frequently 
 endeavor to ])revent the Ilydahs, of Trince of Wales Island, Alaska, from trading 
 directly with the lliulson Hay Company, but the Ilydahs generally come in large 
 nund)ers, armed, and witho^.t their women. The Indians of this section are all 
 good carvers of silver, and very ingenious. Some read, Avrite, and speak English. 
 
 The countiy in the immediate vicinity of Fort Simpson is not high, and for 
 half a mile back has been cleared of wood tor fuel and building. IJut the soil is 
 covered w h a foot or tw(» of moss, sphagnum, thoroughly saturated with rain- 
 water, and almost impassable to the traveler. We were unable to find firm 
 
 
ryV" ' ^•' ■- T^TT-twTnn iriP 
 
 US 
 
 w 
 
 'eg? 
 
hi- 
 
 
 5?' 
 
 'Mr 
 
 % 
 
 Alstii^.-^vfei'i' ',>'." 
 

I 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 19 
 
 ground for the transit block except in the well-drained soil inside the grounds of 
 the compi'.ny. 
 
 The season of 1807 was one of remarkable prosperity to tlie Jliidson Bay 
 Company at this post, and the stock of furs the finest and heaviest purchased for 
 many years. 
 
 Berries were not ripe August 1 in the company's garden, but some were 
 found ripe in the forest; potatoes Avere in bloom; cabbages never head; lettuce 
 was very tine and crisp. Eoot crops mature ; cereals do not. 
 
 The geology of this vicinity is dilferent I'rom that ol' the narrow channels and 
 atraits to the southward. 
 
 The islands in the immediate neighborhood to the southwest are compara- 
 tively low, though to the north and northwest high snow-capped mountains are to 
 be seen. The rocks in the vicinity of the fort are regularly stratified mica schists, 
 generally garnetiferous, and sometimes i)yritiferous; these ])i)ss into gneiss and 
 granite. Tlieir trend, as examined along the shore near the fort, is nearly north- 
 west and southeast, (magnetic,) and their dip is thirty degrees to- the northeast. 
 
 Tlie schists are seamed with numerous intercalated <piartz veins, in some 
 instances highly charged with iron pyrites. According to the factor of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company at this post, gold is to be found by panning almost anywhere in 
 the vicinity; repeated trials which were made at dift'erent points, particularly in 
 the bed of a small stream two miles northeast from the fort, failed to establish the 
 correctness of his assertion. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 COAST CLIMATE OF ALASKA. 
 
 The experience and observations of a few months upon this coast can do 
 little towards determining the average conditions of the climate, but the valuable 
 published records of the observatory at Sitka, from 1849 to 18G2 inclusive, have 
 been examined, reduced, condensed, and tabulated in the appendix; while the 
 small table herewith exhibited contains the results of the observations published 
 to 1SG4. 
 
 For the climate of the Aleutian chain the observations i^t Iliouliouk on 
 Unalaska Island, by Bishop Veniaminoff, from 1825 to 18.'J4, have been reduced, 
 re-arranged, and condensed in the Ai)i>endix No. '6, In addition thereto is a table 
 in cxtenm of the observations of Priest Shayesuikoff at Iliouliouk, during tho 
 winter of 18CG-'07, being i)art of a regular series maintained by him. 
 
 The existence of a branch of the warm .lajtanese stream carrying to this 
 coast its waters imposes, at the outset, the necessity -of a high isothermal line 
 along the whole northwest coast of America. The records of thi; state of the 
 
20 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 tlionnoiiu'tor establish the fact ; the botany and even the conchoh>f,'.v of the wliolo 
 vefiion a(M th<'ir certain confiiniation. 
 
 Tlie whok". sontheast coast of the Ahaska peninsula is bathed by these same 
 waters, which retain a high temperature to Kadiak; thence westward this temper- 
 ature (lecrciiscs, althonn'h the latitude decreases. 
 
 Tlie report of the botanist exhibits a fh)ra that could not exist in this latitude 
 without an unusually liif^h isothernud condition, accompanied with a great con- 
 densation of vapor an<l precipitation of rain. 
 
 Our collection of shells has not yet been studied suflftciently to at!'ord data on 
 this point, but we have the authority of Woodward's Manual of the Mollusea for 
 saying that among the Aleutian Lslands *' the influence of the Asiatic curre'it is 
 shown in the presence of two species of llalioten, whih' aftinity with the fauna* of 
 West Anu'rica is strongly indicated by the occurrence of Patella, (mitra,) three 
 species of Crepidula, two of Fissiirclla, and species of J'loctinomia, Saxidomus, and 
 Velricnln, which are more abundant aiul range furilier north than their allies in 
 the Athintie." 
 
 On our passage inside of Vancouver Island, from Victoria to Port Simpson, 
 in r)4o .'34', the temperature of the surface water, in the latter part of July and 
 ejuly i)art of August, was 020.1 ; that of the air, .^4o.9. Outside the Alexander 
 Archipelago, from Port Simpson to Sitka, in 57° 0.']', the temperature of the 
 suifa<'e water was o^o.l ; air, 54°.!). In Sitka Harbor, where the cokl waters of the 
 mountains affect the Wiaters of the sound, our observations, from August 13 to 
 the li-M, gave oOo.o for the surface water, and 53o.4 for the air. On the voyage 
 from Sitka to Kadiak, August 22 to the 2oth, the surface water was 49o.4, and 
 the temperature of the air o.'P.o; the temperature of the water decreasing 
 irregularly from uOo.O to 47°.!, but variable. In the hrrbor of St. Paid, from 
 August 20 to the Slst, the siuCace water was 450.8, air 40O.5. On the voyage 
 from Kadiak to llnalaska, August ."51 to September (5, the surface water was 
 4.')0.<», and very uniform, the lowest being 45o.l; the temperatarc of the a'r was 
 48.9. In Ulakbta Harbor, in Unalaska Bay, from September (i to the 12th, the 
 surfa<'e water was 4.")0.4, and air 51^.0; the temperature of the water reaching as 
 low as 420.9. From Unalaska to Sitka, September 13 to the 20th/ the surface 
 water was 49o.4, rising from 4l)0 to 50° as we advanced westward. In Sitka 
 Harbor, from September 21 l^ the 2Gth, the surface water was 49'-''.4, and the air 
 51o,t5, At the mouth of the Chilkaht Itiver, at the head of Chatham Strait, in 
 latitude 59° 12', and sixty miles east of Mount Fairweather, October 17 and 
 18, the temperature of the water M\as 39°, and t' e air 42o.2. At Sitka, on the 
 27tli of October, when the mountains were covered with snow, and snow and hail 
 had fiillen on the water, its temperature was 41°, and that of the air 44o. In all 
 
 • The coiu'liolojru'iil fnuiia of West Anicrifii from Port .Simpson to Atton Islniirt, and inchiding 
 the Bhurt's of liristol liny, iiml tlic I'riliylof Ishinds, is undivided. North of that bounded ahing 
 short* by tlie line of tloiiting iee^ and at the bottom of the sea by temperature of the water, extends 
 the truly oireumboreul fauna eommon to Belirinj; Strait, Greenland, the OcUotsk Sea, and thft 
 extreme north of Kurope. W. H. Daix. 
 
ALASK^V COAST PILOT, 
 
 21 
 
 these cases it is remarked that the temperature of the air was nearly "P liigher 
 than that of the water. Lisiansky, on his voyage from Kadiak to Sitka, August 
 10-20, 1804, witli fresh westerly winds, found the temperature of the air '>',i°, 
 and barometer 20.5 inehes, but he records no observations for the temperature of 
 the water. June ln-2'2, ISO,"), on his voyage from Sitka to Kadiak, with 
 moderate easterly winds, the temperature of the air was 53°, barometer 20.5 
 inches; November 11 to 15, ISOl, on the voyage from Sitka to Kadiak, with 
 fresh easterly gales, the temperature of the air was 40°, barometer 20.2. The 
 observations of Lisiansky have a certain value, but the temperatiue of the water 
 M'ould have added greatly to tl> importance. We see in those regularly 
 recorded by the United States Coast Survey party, three times a «lay, that a 
 great body of warm water exists off the coast; for we hardly reach sixty miles 
 inside the Alexander Archipelago before the temperature decreases from 4(i°.5 
 to 30°. 
 
 Data concerning the climate of the interior of Alaska are wanting ; observa- 
 tions have been few and isolated. From gold miners who have been nearly tea 
 years on the Stikine River, debouching into tlie Alexander Archipelago in lati- 
 tude 50°, we learn that east of the coast range of mountains the summers are dry 
 and comparatively warm, the winters very severe, with heavy falls of snow that 
 completely stop mining oi)erations. The country is s])arsely covered with a 
 growth of small trees. The engineer engaged in exploring the inland route for the 
 llussian American telegraph line, reports that in latitude 55° and longitude 12(io, 
 2° south of Sitka, and one hundred and sixty miles east t)f (iueen Charlotte 
 Sound, "gi'ound ice" can be found at any time of the year at a depth of 'rom six 
 to eight feet below the surface, and in that region the surface usually freezes to 
 the depth of two feet in the winter, leaving an intervening stratum of unfrozen 
 soil from four to six feet thick. This ground ice does not prevent the grovth of 
 plants, a fact confirmed by Seeman in his "Botany of II. M. S. Herald, 1845-51," 
 in western lilsquimaux land. In that region he found vegetation flourish where 
 the ground ice was but two feet from the surface. 
 
 CLIMATE OF SITKA. 
 
 Appendix No. Ill gives much valuable meteorologicid information condensed 
 from the full and detailed observations made at the Sitka Magnetic and Jleteo- 
 rological Observatory, on Japonski Island, sustained by the liberality of the 
 Russian American Company since 1847. The latter published records have not 
 been received from St. Petersburg, but we have been able to obtain those up to 
 1802 inclusive. By this abstract it will be seen that the mean temperature of the 
 year at Sitka, in latitude 57° 03', derived from twelve years' observations, is 42o.9 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 ; ,i.:V'j.,:«. 
 
 
22 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Ecf-iiiiiiiifr with tlio iiiontli of INliiicli, wo ciiii Judge of the temperatiu'e of the 
 dift'eic'iit .si'iisous by the following scheme: 
 
 MontliH. 
 
 Mure 1 1 . . . 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 JllIK" 
 
 July 
 
 August.. 
 
 Si'iiti'inlH' 
 Oi'titlici-.. 
 Novi'inlic 
 
 Pcci'IiiIk' 
 .liiiiiiaiy. 
 Ffliniaiy 
 
 rnlireiilii'it. 
 
 Spiisons. 
 
 151)1111^. 
 
 .SmuMifi'. 
 
 A\iluniii. 
 44^2 
 
 Winter. 
 31'^ i) 
 
 111 the general table will be found one mouth of unusual cold and extraordi- 
 nary clearness of Aveather. In November 18r»;{, the mean temperature of the 
 moiilli was only l!)o.85, but 0.451 inch of snow fell ujion parts of six days, and 
 the month was marked by strong iiortueast winds. The highest mean for any 
 month in twelve years is 08°.;} for July 1800, during which month nine days are 
 recorded upon which rain fell, but no record appears of the amount. 
 
 The mean of all the minima taken from the daily observations for nine years 
 of the above period is .'?8o.t), and of the maximum for seven years 48o.9, showing 
 a remarkably ecpiable climate, whilst its humidity is demonstrated by the small 
 difl'erences of the wet and dry bulb thermometers. 
 
 The same appendix exhibits the monthly and yearly amounts of rain, melted 
 snow and hail that have fallen for fourteen years, and also the number of days in 
 each mouth upon which rain, snow, or hail fell, or thick fogs prevailed. 
 
 The average annual amount of rain, melted snow and hail that fell from 1847 
 to 18(14, (with the exceptitni of the year 1855,) was 82.06 inches, or -within a 
 fraction of seven feet, (yet five inches less than the fall at the mouth of the 
 Columbia Kiver,) and the average annual number of days upon which rain, snow, 
 or hail fell, or heavy fogs prevailed, was two hundred and finty-five, or two days 
 out of every three, while it does not tbllow that the other days have a clear sky. 
 
 The following scheme exhibits the rain-fall for the ditferent months iu sixteen 
 and a half years: 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT, 
 
 23 
 
 Mnntlis. 
 
 Iiuhi's. 
 
 Maroh.... 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Juno 
 
 July 
 
 AugHHt 
 
 So])tpiul)er 
 Ootolicr... 
 November. 
 
 Dprcnibcr. 
 January... 
 February . 
 
 4.97 
 
 5. ao 
 
 4.09 
 
 :!.71 
 4.:)9 
 
 aw 
 
 9.97 
 
 11.91 
 
 9.00 
 
 7.89 
 
 7. «:{ 
 
 7.11 
 
 Sca.tOMH. 
 
 Inches, 
 Siiriiij,'. 
 
 14. ao 
 
 Sunnuor. 
 14. 89 
 
 Autumn. 
 30.86 
 
 Wint.'r. 
 22.0;i 
 
 Kainy days in 14. 1 vi'ars. 
 
 18 
 
 Sprin-;. 
 .-'•'■' 
 
 Sunimor. 
 UG 
 
 Autumn. 
 72 
 
 Wintor. 
 57 
 
 The greatest amount of rain that fell during any one year, according to the 
 tabulated appendi.x, was 95.8 inches, or eight feet, in 1850; the smallest was 58.0 
 inches in 1801. The mo.st that fell in anj' one month was 1!).5 inches, in October, 
 1853; the least was 0.5 inch, in November 1853. But the Api)endi.\ shows that a 
 rainfall of 21.3 inches took place in August 1807; 10.0 inches in September, and 
 about fifteen inches in October, or quite fifty-two inches of rain during the period 
 of our expedition to Alaska. 
 
 The Appendix gives in detail the daily means for the months of May, June, 
 July, August, and September, 1807, indicating, in part, the weather we have 
 unfortunately encountered, and the amount of clear sky, from means of nineteen 
 hourly observations each day. 
 
 Liltke has given interesting tables, conii)iled from two years' observations, in 
 1828 and 1820, wherein we find there were, on an average, eadi year, one hundred 
 and seventy days calm, one hundred and thirty-two days with moderate winds, 
 and sixtj'-thre'} days with strong winds. Also, an a%'erage of seventy-four line 
 days, one hundred and seventy-four days on which rain or snow had fallen at 
 intervals, and one hundrcMl and seventeen days on which rain or snow had fallen 
 continually. 
 
 Kotzebue says that " in the middle of winter the cold is not excessive ami 
 never lasts long." " Throughout the winter of 1821-'o the weather had been pai'- 
 ticularly mild; the snow in many of the valleys had never lain above a few hoins 
 at a time." "From March to the middle of August 1825, there was an almost 
 uninterrupted continuance of fine weather." 
 
 The enormous amount of rainfall along a seaboard essentially cloudy through- 
 out the year, has its nornml eliect upon the class of vegetation that Avill succeed 
 
24 
 
 ALASKA CHJAST I'lLOT. 
 
 in ripcnin;? niidpr such r-oiiditiiins of cliiiiato. Tlio whole e.\t«'iit of country sub- 
 ject to tlicsc rains is covered witii spliiifjrniini from one to two feet in depth; even 
 on the steepest hillsich-s tliis carpet is saturated witli water, and renders progress 
 tliroufih it very slow and dillieult, psi)ecially when tliore is a heavy {j:rowth of 
 wood and un(U'rhrush. At Fort Simpson, the Stikine, Chillvalit, Kadiak, Una- 
 hiska, and the islan<'s westward, tiiis unuass exists to the summits or snow line of 
 the mountains. In no part of the country, exeei)t on two or three nnmntain sides 
 on Chatham Strait, between the eastern entrance of Peril Strait and tin* mouth of 
 the Chilkaht, have we seen horbafje or tP'es destroyed by tiro, as is so universally 
 resorted to in Washin^ifor and Oregon, both by the natives and by the settlers. 
 At our dilferent stations we attempted to obtain the temi»erature of the earth 
 three feet below tlie surface, but never penetrated a foot before the hole began to 
 tni with water. 
 
 The prevailing grinds in winter are easterly, and if from the southward are 
 accompanied with rain and snow; wlien from the northeast the Aveather is gene- 
 rally clear and cold. La I't'-rouse says that when the wind is but a few degrees 
 north of west the sky is geiu'rally pretty clear. When approaching tin; coast in 
 the region of nehriiig liny, he says: "I lirst thought these seas more foggy than 
 those wliieii sei)aratc Europe and America; but 1 should have been greatly mista- 
 ken to have inevocably end)raced this ojjiniou. The fogs of Nova Scotia, New- 
 foundland, and IludscMi Lay have an incontestable claim to pre-eminence from 
 their constant density." The stormy weather comim'uces in October; storms and 
 tempests are frequent in November and December, and from the vicinity of Sitka 
 the aunu'u bcnealis is seen frequently and very brilliant during clear cold nights. 
 The winter weather breaks up about the end of ^larch, and the Kussian-American 
 ('onq)any's vessels arc ready lor their first fur trading early in April, when the 
 weather is cold but comparatively dry. ]Mai'ch, April, INIay, June, and July, 
 and sonu'times August, are good months, with an average monthly rainfall 
 not much greater than that on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 The geiu'ral oi)inion of the old navigators and fur traders, who visited and 
 aometimos wintered on thi~ coast, was, that after the middle of September it was 
 next to imiHtssible to continue their examinations or trading trips, and they either 
 sought more southern latitudes or wintered in some well-sheltered harbor. The 
 latter was generally avoided, on account of the losses sustained in their crews by 
 the ravages of scurvy. It is to be noted, however, that these tradin<i renxeh for 
 HiHCOvcry alone rated only from ouc hundred to three hundred and twenty tons 
 burden. 
 
 The weather in Cook's Ldet, north of (!0o of latitude, is said to be uincli better 
 in summer than along the coast generally. AVhen fogs and rain are prevailing 
 along the seaboard and at the entrance to the inlet, clear skies and pleasant 
 weather exist twenty miles Avitliin the inlet, unless very heavy soutbeasters be 
 blowing. Dixon reports that from July 19 to August 30, 1786, he observed the 
 
 III 
 
 tl 
 al 
 
 ir 
 
 al 
 
 aj 
 
 od 
 
 ink 
 
 bil 
 
 v\ 
 
 of 
 
ALASKA (JOAST PILOT. 
 
 25 
 
 mean state of the thcrmoinettT to be oHAo. Unless exceptional, this is waiinei- 
 than Sitka. Most of the old navipitors speak of the pleasant aspect of its shores 
 antl its sunimcr climate. The eonii)any's navinutors all combine to commend it. 
 Unfortnnately we have not any available records of mi'tt'orolo;j;ieal observations 
 at the Uussian trading esti.blishment of St. Xieholas, on the east side of the inlet, 
 at the mouth of the river Kakny, in latitude (ioo ii'2', TebenkofV says the climate 
 of Cook's Inlet is more extreme than the rest of the colonies. The thernunneter 
 in summer frequently rises to 95°, (28° Keaumur,) and in winter falls as low as oS'^ 
 below zero, ( — t(P lleanmur,) when the inlet freezes as far south as Kati-hetmakski 
 Bay. In the spring the great titles break u]) the ice, which very often lifts rocks 
 of considerable size and scatters them t»ver the bay and its shores. 
 
 We have iio regidar record of the temperature at Prince William Sound, one 
 hniulred miles east of Cook's Inlet. The following extracts from Meares's intro- 
 duction to his narrative nuist be taken with the knowledge that he wintered here 
 under very uufav4)ral)le circumstances, in ti small bay, close under the north tlank 
 of high mountains that did not allow th(^ rays of the sun to reach him. lie had 
 at noon, in midwinter, but a faint and glinunering light, the meridian sun not 
 being higher than (P — he was in latitude (J(P 30' — and that obsciu'ed from them 
 by hills reaching 22° high to the southward; snow covered the earth to a great 
 depth. He ran short of good provisions, and lost most of his crew by scurvj 
 
 On the last day of October, 1780, the thermometer fell to 32°, with the mora- 
 ings and evenings sharp. 
 
 In November, the thermometer ranged from 20° to 28°, and ice formed from 
 the vessel to the shore. 
 
 In December, the temi)erature fell to 20°, where it continued most of the 
 month. 
 
 In January and February 1787, the temperature contiiuied for the greater 
 part of that time at 15°, although it sometimes fell to l-io. In the llrst half of 
 January were heavy falls of snow. 
 
 March was cold as January and February, with nuich snow ; the temperature 
 continued for the most part at 15° to 10°, although it sometimes rose to 17°. 
 
 The first part of April wiiS frosty, accompanied Avith violent southerly winds. 
 
 At the end of the month the thermometer in the sun rose to 32° ; at night it 
 fell to 27°. 
 
 To the middle of May the thermometer in the shade stood at 40°, and at night 
 fell to 32°, with thin ice, and the nmin body of ice with which liis vessel was sur- 
 rounded began to loosen from shore. 
 
 Eeflecting upon the high latitude of this sound, its waters embraced by high 
 mountains on three aides, chilling it with the eternal snows and glaciers of the 
 Mount St. Elias range, we may be surprised .at the comparatively high tempera- 
 ture of the winter, especially iu the location he selected, out of the leach of 
 all sun influence for a couple of months. At this high latitude the lowest record 
 
■M 
 
 26 
 
 AliASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 lie jiivcs is IP r'alirciilicit, liiit the miirormity is rniiiiikiililt'. iiiiil fspcciiiliy as 
 (■(iiiliiiniii;; iiclow ',)-''-' lor siv inoiitiis. 
 
 TfliciikofV (I.SIS) ;;iv('s ii (larl< i>it'liirc of tlic ai)pcaraii('t' and cliinat*' of 
 Prince Wiliiani Sound, callinf;- it di'solatc, ;nlooni\, and deserted; snnoiinded liy 
 loeUs and |tine forests; mountains covered witli eternal snow, and ci'veloped in 
 l»erpetual fo^, or invisilile with drizzliiif; iniu. Jtain falls sonu-tinie.s for iiuhoU'. 
 nuintli, and tlure an^ not more tlniii sixty or ninety sunny days iit the year. 
 Durint; llie months of July and AuHUst, the thernunucter showed 5!P on fair 
 days and •10^' ou rainy days. The frost in wilder is vory sovere, hut of short 
 duration, for the south winds chan{;e it suddenly to thaw and rain. 
 
 CLIMATK or IvADIAK. 
 
 Wo were uiialde to obtain any niete(;rolo;,'ieal record at St. Paul, and our 
 knowledjic of it is extremely limited. In jicneral terms we know that it is warmer 
 in suninu-r than at Sitka, and colder in winter; and this is corroliorated l>y thu 
 fact that ice obtaiiu'd at Sitka for the Sau I'raucisco nuirket has been found untit 
 for eomnu'rco on account of beiu};' full of air-holes, «S:e., by which it ra|>idly melted, 
 and reeour.sc was had to the ice Ibnued by the colder winters of Kadiak. The 
 yearly supjily t(t San Francisco for the whole interior and seaboard eonsum])tioii 
 is about three thousand two hundred tons, of which nearly one-half is lost by 
 melting'; and it is a curious fact that the demand is no greater now thau it was 
 fourteen years ago. 
 
 The following information coneennng tlie ice crop was obtained from tlio 
 eom]>any at San Francisco and St. Paul: The ice lake is about five hundred yards 
 tVoni the shore and nearly surroundeil by wotxl, so that the spray from the ocean 
 beach does not vvmh it. It is partly artilicial, having been increased in area and 
 depth by Ibe 1'or\ui;(ion of a dam sixteen feet high, which gives the lake an extent 
 of two tliouw.id lWo hundred feet by seven hundred, and a dei)th of twenty-two 
 feet. The suiptus water drives an overshot wheel giving nnition to a saw-mill. 
 The ice croj) conies to maturity by December; the cutting commencing when there 
 is twelve inches thick of clear, solid ice, and ending in February, when it has 
 generally increased to eighteen inches. The cold is uniform, and the ice lias not 
 been known to nndce more than one and a half inch per night, although the ther- 
 mometer has be(!n once recorded as low as IfSo below zero during the last the or .six 
 years. During these unusual cold epochs the air is quitt! calm and labor practica- 
 ble. The average fall of snow is three feet and lasts nntU June, when it di.sap- 
 pears very (juickly, and grass springs fiu-ward with remarkable rapidity. 
 
 In the latter ])art of August we found grass growing from the sphaguuni and 
 having an average height of not less than two feet, while in many places it was 
 fully three feet. It is usually cut about the first of August, and cuics veil and 
 rapidly with a few warm days. Some stacks wo examined were in as flue condi- 
 tion and as sweet as any we have seen on the Atlantic .slope. AVestern nn>n with 
 us (torroborate our botanist in saying that this is really a tine grazing country, and 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 27 
 
 caiMiMc of sustiiiiiiiifi; a very Iutko number of cnttl*'. Tlio coiMlition of ilic cnttU) 
 we siiw iiltoiit St. Pnul, mid on Spruce Islinul, and at tlie frecduu-n'M wttlt'iMcnt, 
 was lint', and tlu^ llavor of tlic l)i'of we olitaint'd was good. 
 
 TrlicnkolV siiys tliat tln' IJnssianAiiicrican ('onii)any had a randio in one of 
 the bays on tlic soul!; shore ol' Cliiniak l>ay, where two hunched lu'ad of ealtle 
 glazed; nnd also at another station tliey ha«l ii number of eatth* f,na/inf;. 
 
 Lisianslvy mentions Itarley having' l)een howh in l.S(»4, and tliat it sncceech'd in 
 nniii.; phiees; hut 'Mlie darlv and rainy weather is unfavorai)le to aKrieulture, wliich 
 retiuiresfrrea! lalxirand patience — traits not heloufjin;; to tiie natives.'' Cal»liaj,'i's, 
 carrots, turnips, and j iota toe.s are successfully raised, and liie natives have many 
 well-fenced gardens on the low •around abrea.st of Cliagavka Cove. Potatoes were 
 in bloom when we left, August .'!1. 
 
 "The clearness of the weatlier dejiends entirely upon the direction of the 
 winds. Fine weather accomiianies winds from the soutii, round by the west, to 
 north; with easting in them, fogs and rain prevail. JJuring the montii of Deccni- 
 per, though the winds blew from the north, the weather was tolerably mild. The 
 thermometer was not lower than i\>>° till the 24tli, when it .sunk to 'JiP. The 
 ground was then c(»vered with snow and remained so several months. The 
 winter, however, was not supposed to set in till the beginning of .laiuiary. Dining 
 its continuaiu'c, a few days of February excepted, th»! air was dry and cleai', 
 witli fiesh winds fnuu the points between west and southwest. The .severest 
 frost was on the liL'd of .lanuary, when the thermometer fell to zero. The 
 last days of February and tiie beginning of ]\larch were also so cold that the 
 mercury stood between l.'P and 14^. During this period I purposely measiiied 
 the thickness of i('e in the ponds near the settlement, and found it to be eighteen 
 inches. On the !tth of .^larch commenced the return of sjuing. (Lisiansky, 
 page 171.) The winter w(> |>assed here was an exceptionally dry one." (Page 1!H>.) 
 
 Q'he navigators of the Uussian-American Company assure us that the nn)st 
 violent winds are those c<uning in great gust.s from the mountains behind the* 
 town, sometimes even unrooting the houses and driving the ves.sels froni their 
 moorings. The old archives of the company doubtless contain much valuable 
 information about the clinmte and iiroductions of this place, as St. Paul was 
 originally theii' princijial establislunent, UTid only yielded to Sitka on account 
 of the warlike character of the Koloshians, aiul the greater abundance of s<'a 
 otter about the Alexander Archi|H'lago. 
 
 During our stay at Kadiak, from August 2r>th to the .^Ist, the mean temper- 
 ature of the air was 4(P..") and of the water 450..S. 
 
 CLIJIATK OF TIIE ALEUTIAN IST^ANDS. 
 
 Our .stay at Unala.ska was too limited to enable us to Judge of the clinnito 
 excei»t in tlic inlluence it has ujion the botany of the islands. 
 
 There are no trees of any si/.e wiiatever ui)on any of the Aleutian Islands. 
 A few Sitka spruce brought to Unalaska Hay, and planted upon an island in 
 
28 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 the western roadsteatl, or Captain's Harbor, -^ome thirty years since, are said 
 not to have grown as many inches in that time; but it appears to mc quit© 
 probable tluit if trees were phiccd in good situations at lirst, and properly 
 attended to, they would succeed. This single and unsuccessful attempt well 
 exemplifies the retarding ettect Avliich the single pud sole aim of fur trading 
 has had upon the development of the colony. Bishop Veniaminoff says that 
 great numbers of d sad willows arc found among the mountains of Uualaskr!. 
 
 Not a stick of timber can be procured nearer than Kadiak, and every bit of 
 drift-wood is eagerly S( ized upon for fuel, for which the inhabitants are dependent 
 upon the lu'avy growth of sphagnnm covering mountain arul valley, and on the 
 blubber of the seals and sea-lions. Grasses giow luxuriantly, and when cut and 
 cured are used to feed the small Siberian breed of cattle through the winter. 
 
 The barometer observations of the United States Coast Survey party made 
 during the ascent of the active volcano of Makushin, September 7 to 11, place 
 the luie of perpetual snow on that moniitsiin at three thousand on 3 hundred sind 
 ten fer r, while the lowest limit of the small glacier was one thousand feet lowe> ; 
 and Vv^getation ceased at two thousand four hundred and fifty feet above the sea, 
 ev^ei/t the low foi-m of vegetation known as "red snow." 
 
 On the 13th of September, when we passed through the Unalga Strait to the 
 I'acific, the whole outline of mountain summits to the east and west was sharply 
 and cleaily defined against a beautifully clear sky, and snow had uot yet appeared 
 upon them. 
 
 But the published meteorological observations of the Greek Bishop Veuiami- 
 noff, made r.t Iliouliouk, between the 5ears 1825 and 1S.'U, att'ord much useful ma- 
 terial I'rom which to draw fair couclusi'^ns of the climate. We have rearranged his 
 abstn.cts and placed ulie results in the Appendix, but present some of the general- 
 izations in this place. The dates an" reckoiu'd according to "old style." The mean 
 temperature of the j tar, from nine years' observations, is 38"^.03, or 4o.9 oclow 
 that of Sitka. 
 
 Mouths. 
 
 March 
 
 Ainil 
 
 May 
 
 Juno 
 
 July 
 
 Aiinust ... 
 
 Seiitcmhcr 
 
 OltolHT... 
 
 Novcinber. 
 
 lliTi'inlici'. 
 Jamiiiry .. 
 Fi'bruiu'y . 
 
 Fiihreulieit. 
 
 29°. 
 XP. 
 41^. 
 
 4C°. 
 50°. 
 51°. 
 
 43°. 
 
 :ic° 
 
 32° 
 
 29°. 
 29'\ 
 !U°. 
 
 Season. 
 
 Spring. 
 34°.9 
 
 Suninior. 
 49°. 6 
 
 Autumn. 
 :i7°. (i 
 
 Winter. 
 :i(l°. 1 
 
ALASICA COAST PILOT. 
 
 29 
 
 The mean range ilnring the day, from the morning to the afternoon obsorva- 
 titn, is only 5°.0. The highest teniperatni-e recorded is 77° npon two oi-eai-iionH, 
 ail I the lowest Oo.() below zero; bnt only upon nine occasfons is it reeorded less 
 than ten degrees above zero. 
 
 Eschsciholtz found the temperature of the earth in the sources of tlic low val- 
 leys 38° and 39° Fahrenheit in the beginning of July 1817. 
 
 The mean height of the barometer for nine jears is 29.74 inches; the highest 
 reading during that period being 30.71 inches, and lowest L'8.37 inclies. The bar- 
 ometer reaches its highest monthly mean, 29.91 inches, in July, wlien winds from 
 the southeast to southwest prevail; audits lowest, 29.(j0 inches, in November, when 
 westerly winds prevail. The fluctuations of the barometer are >'ery great through- 
 ort the year, averaging 1.78 inches in each month; the greatest range being 2.31 
 in December, and the least 1.07 in July. 
 
 The clearest months, without (douds, are December, January, and Febnmry, 
 when the north and northwest wiuds prevail. 
 
 August, September, and October are the months in which the most rain falls, 
 during which time winds from iliC south to west prevail. The rainfall is not 
 r^con^'Ml, but he says thut rain falls during some parts of the twenty-four hours 
 upon one hundred and fifty days of each year, smd (Estimates the total fall at only 
 twenty-seven inches, which must be much inulerestimated. 
 
 Snow falls some time in every month except June, Jidy, and August, and is 
 recorded in every month except July. 
 
 Thuuder-stonns are very rare, only seventeen being recorded in seven years, 
 a .d none in winter. 
 
 The clearest month is January, and at any season clear weather accompanies 
 oi follows north winds. Very strong windp, prevail from October to March. 
 
 At Unalaska the aurora borealis is ritrely seen, it being recorded but once 
 during the above period of observation, when it appeared like the dawn of day on 
 the iCth of February 1831, (old style.) On the horizon it was dark, but higher ui) 
 the sky was lighter. 
 
 Earthquakes are comparatively frequent, no less than thir?y-two being 
 recorded in seven years. 
 
 VEGETABLE PUODX'CTIONS. 
 
 At Sitka fruit trees were introduced in the governor's garden, and special 
 attention devoted i;o their culture, but they have not borne fruit, except a few 
 small specimens that never matured. IJerries abound throughout the comitry in 
 great abundance and of huge size, but generally lack flavor, on account of the 
 absence of direct sunlight. 3Iost of the berries were ri])e when we left for Kadiak, 
 August 22, and potatoes were in full blooiii. The potatoes yield avqII, but are of 
 small 8 .e and watery. Turnips, l."e(s, carrots, i)arsnips, and other root croits, 
 with cabbages and tiie like, are cultivaf<'d in a few gardens. riisi!insky found wihl 
 lieas growing on the siiore south of iVIouut ijdgecumbe. < "rani>e. ries grow wild, are 
 
 t^m 
 
ao 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 quite siiiiiU iiiifl wcll-flavori'd, l)ut not in iibuiuliinco abont Sitka; tlioy might be 
 easily cnltivatnl here, and would form a valuablo addition to the Calilbi'iiiii 
 market, wliieli now n'ceives it.s .sni>i)lie« from the northern coast. Berries of all 
 kinds grow wild and in abumhuiee. None of the cereals are eultivated, aud it is 
 very doubtful if they would succeed. In fact, except a few very small n;ardens 
 beloufiinji' to private individuals, nothing is eultivated, the popidation trusting 
 mainly for their Ibod to the annual siii)plies bnnight from St. Petersburg and Sua 
 Francisco by the company's vessels. There is no space cleared about Sitka for the 
 raising of grass, ami there are i'vw horses and cattle doraanding it; but there 
 ai>i»ears no diihculty in raising as large crops of grr^^s ,• -ir Ka<liak, if the land 
 were cleared of wood and tin; increase of cattle dei/r • 
 
 On tlie .suuthern boiuulary, at Fort Simpson, we foiuid as line herdsgrass as 
 any country can boast. It had escaped ami was growing wild in thick-lodged 
 masses, without care or cultiue; and at Sitka the common white clover aud the 
 ]\Iedick or burr clover, recently introduced by California trade. They seem to 
 nourish and bloom well; hence the use of these and similar grasses as green fod 
 der api)ears ([uite practicable; and probably there is quite sullicient fair weather 
 for curing hay. 
 
 The ]ut'vailing forest tree is the Sitka spruce, growing to great size, covering 
 every foot of ground, and clind)ing the steepest nu)untain sides to the height of 
 two thousand or two thousand live hundred feet above tlie sea. AVe measured 
 felled trees of this s])rnce tliat were one hundred and eighty feet Ion."; ."ud four 
 feet thick at the butt, while adjacent standing trees measured ov< - i: f"et in 
 diameter, and were braneldess for over fifty feet. Uendock, aid" ••ii>i illows 
 are found, but (lu; most valuable wood of the country is tlie yc'i'i v - <t " , ■itli a 
 line, even texture, fragrant snu'll, good size, and greater strengtu lii.'.' •'' spvnee. 
 We llrst called jmblic; attention to the I'ort Orford white cedar, in 18.")l. i. tl .lilo 
 a«lnntting its many good (jualities, have no hesitation in saying that 1- J yellow 
 cedar of Alaska is a niucli superior wood. It is readily workeii .•kes a smooth 
 surface, and is remarkably durable. It will make a valuable addititm to ''le 
 cabinet woods of <lic Calit'nniia market, is sui)eri(U' as a ship tind)er to any on ■ tiv. 
 c(tas|, anil, from our slnut exannnation, we are satisfied that it may be obtained o 
 anqde si/c lor IVauies and kne's of ordinary-sized vessels. At Skalitch nnc'iora/: 
 one was measured eighteen feet in eireumferenee, and estimated o\ ;' one hundrc<l 
 and twenty live feet in heiglit. We obtaiiu'd and forwarded jij'.'.; ■ ' '" > kedson 
 and frame of one of the Itussian Anu'riean Company's snail ves.v . v.'nich was 
 constructed of tills wood over tliiity two years ago and had been lying a wreck 
 uptui tlie beach for several years, it exhiliit" 'ot the least sign of decay or teredo 
 attacks; the wood around .'lic cop;i( • ,iiii! iroi' ! -'fy. is nearly as "'ell preserved as 
 on tlie (l,i\ the.v were driven. 
 
 Tlie liiills of all the trading and tishing vessels <m this new coast nniy be c(>n- 
 stnicicd (if this durable wood npim am of t!ir innnnierable bays of the Alexander 
 ArclnjK'lago. We liji\ e seasoned a small piece of this wood for one year in a dry, 
 
 w 
 U 
 
ALASKA COAST riLOT. 
 
 31 
 
 wiU'in room, and it has a. 'weight indiciitiiig twonty-six pounds to the cubic foot. 
 Under oidiuirry seasoning the welglit would l)e over thirty iiounds. 
 
 The origiiud constructors of Fort Simpson hiid the ground tiujhers »»r pine, 
 thiidcing it tlui best. A piece of tliis cedar having been accith'utally used, on 
 recently replacing the rotten tind)ers, it was found to be tlu- only sound log left 
 after twenty-one years' trial. About Fort Simpson it is scarce, although '.ve saw a 
 sleeper thirty feet long, twenty-eight inches at the butt, eighteen at the extremity, 
 and eight inches thick, besides luisvrought knees, &c., used ftn* boat-building. 
 The bark can be stripped oft" in great sheets, and is used by the Indians lor 
 mats, covers to their eayoes, and to make and cover temporary habitations. In 
 this way great quantities are destroyed. 
 
 AVhile the vast ftuests of wood exist upon the waters of Puget Sound, Ad- 
 miralty Inlet, and the Strait of Fuca, it nniy be eomnu'rt^ially nnprolltable to cut 
 and ship even this yellow cedar to the California nuirket, unless natixe labor can 
 be obtained at low rates to get it out; yet, ev«'n if unavailable at the present tinui, 
 it affords an inexhaustible resource in futui'e, and Avill jirovc of the greatest 
 importance as the supplies decrease 'o the southward. 
 
 This timber is found from the southern boundary of Alaska to the farthest 
 point northward we examined in Chatham Strait. 
 
 The spruce, yellow cedar, hendock, &c., cover the coast as far north as Sterya 
 Bay, whence westward to Prince Willianr Sound very little is known, all naviga- 
 tors i-^iKH'ting a very forbidding low coast, covered in part with wood, but closely 
 backed by the great St. Eliasj range, Avith its summits aveiaging from eight thou- 
 sand to nine thovisaiul feet, and every gorge tilled Avith snow (ir glaciers, The 
 Itussian Company has no factory along this stretch of coast, and their explorers 
 report numerous small streams running through it to the ocean. 
 
 On Prince William Sound, notwithstanding the severity of the w inters, vege- 
 tation is reported to s])rii!g uj) with great laisidity, ami beriies of ever,- variety 
 and in great abundance lourish Avhere the low shores are not densely covered 
 Avith spruce, aMer, and birch. 
 
 The same remai".;.- a])ply to Cook's Inlet, with its warmer summer and nu)re 
 vigorous vegetation. Its shores are covered with tind)er. 
 
 Similar luoducts contiuae to Alaska Peninsula and the northern jMirt of the 
 islaiul of Kadiak, although on this island wo found the trees snuUler and shorter, 
 and growing only in the valleys or low grouiuls, and in comparatively small areas 
 along the northern and eastern coast lilu^s. We saw none covering the nnmntain 
 sides. The only tree worthy the nanu* of timber is the Sitka s])ruce. 
 
 This tree resend)les in form and foliage our silver lirs. Tim largest we saw 
 were three feet in diameter, and ninety to one hundred feet high. The average 
 size is seldom two f.-et; they are relatively of low growth and rapid taper, ai)t to 
 be too knotty, ai!.i in (ii?<'n exposiu'es branch to their bases. In the governiu's 
 yard wore so'.ie nnists and spars over a hundred feet in length, scarcely tapering 
 two inches in thirty or forty fet^; yet these were from Kadiak Island, so that gootl 
 
 im 
 

 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 timber of this spruce may be obtained, although we had no opportunity of seeing 
 noteworthy specimens in a j^rowiiij;' state. Many masts and spars are obtained on 
 Spruce Jshiud, ten to lil'teeu miles distant, from whence t'aey arc floated in rafts. 
 
 The mountains are covered with herba}j;e to their summits; grass grows two 
 and three feet higli over the gently sloping hill-sides; is cut about the first of 
 August, sta(;kcd in the open air, and is well cured and sweet. 
 
 A-t St. Paul and upon the lands about the settlements ou Spruce Island we 
 '■' iiated the number of cattle at two humlred. 
 
 The vegetable productions of Unalaska Avere found similar to those of Sitka 
 au,. Kadiak; but no trees exist west of the middle of Kadiak and the peninsula 
 al)reast of it. Turnips and ])o(atoes are cultivated by a few of the Aleutians, 
 after removing tlie covering of sphagnum from the soil; and were there any proper 
 and cultivated incentive to industry and improvement, no one can doubt the capa- 
 bility of the soil for affording fair returns. Bishop Veniaminoff says that the 
 jtotato yields from four to seven fold and attains "great size," when three to ten 
 make a pound weight! He is our authority for saying that among the mountains 
 of Unalaska are found great numbers of dead willows. 
 
 At Kadiak and Unalaska we fouiul the Elymus growing to the height of Ave 
 feet, with a strong, heavy stalk and a head five inches long: in August it was 
 nearly ripe and seeds were brought east. The grains were numerous as in a head 
 of wheat, and fully as larg(> as those of our best oats. This is the "wild wheat" 
 of the eai:; English fur traders. 
 
 The botanist of the expedition in his report remarks: 
 
 "Where grain Uke grasses grow, and mature well, it seems fair to infer that 
 oats and barley would thrive, provided they wora fdll-sown, like the native grasses, 
 which are often in such haste to take root that they even sprout in the ear before 
 reaching the soil. This is abundantly verified by reference to our collection. 
 Several of these grasses had already matured and cast their seed before we 
 arrived, showing sullicient length of season." 
 
 \\\' found growing in Unalaska Uay, in great cpiantities, in certain localities, 
 the pea called by botanists jrixum maritiiium, and from its luxuriance and size 
 have little doubt but that it could be readily cultivated. It was found in all the 
 stages from flowering to the ripe fruit on the 7th of September. Seed was pro- 
 cured for growing on the Atlantic, coast, but it did not germinate. Lisianaky 
 found it on the shores east of Cape Edgeeumbe. Throughout the whole country 
 the fields arc brilliant with many colored flowers, gratifying the eye, and satisfy- 
 ing the explorer that the country has a moderate climate. 
 
 The na\igators of the l{ussian-Ameiican Company inform us that the produc- 
 tions of all the islands to the westward are similar to those of Unalaska. Teben 
 kotf says that the potato is cultivated by the inhabitants in every village of the 
 country. 
 
 We have no available sources of information concerning the vegetation north- 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 33 
 
 ward of the peniusula of Alaska from Bristol Bay, in 58°, to the mouth of the 
 Kwichpak, in latitude 63°. 
 
 Fiu-ther to the northwai'd, we have the evidence of Seeman, in his " Botany 
 of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, ISiS-'ul," to show that the coast even in this 
 high latitude has a vegetation due to a much lower latitude. He says : " the di- 
 mple is considerahly milder than that of the eastern shores of America in the 
 same latitude. The proofs we need not deduce from artificial tables ; nature her- 
 self has written them on the face of the country. The abundance of animal life, 
 the occiu'reuce of many southern plants, and above all, the limit of the woods, if 
 compared with the opposite shores, furnish iudispiitable evidence. On the east- 
 ern side of America no forests are found above the mouth of the river Kgg, above 
 the sixtieth degree of latitude ; on the western they exteiul as far as latitude (5(>o 
 44', or nearly seven degi'ees further towards the pole." "The summer sets in most 
 rapidly, and the landscape is quickly overspread with a lively green ; flocks of 
 geese and ducks arrive from the south ; the plover, the snipe, and many other 
 b>ds enliven the air with their notes." "The sun is now always above the hori- 
 zon, and the rays falling continuallj^ upon the surface of the earth prevent the 
 temperature from cooling down too much ; and thus, notwithstanding the low alti- 
 tude of the sun, a degree of warmth is produced which, under other circumstances 
 would not be possible, the the uometcr rising as high as 01° Fahrenheit. With 
 the sun shining throughout the twenty-four hours the growth of plants is rapid in 
 the extreme. The snow has hardly disappeared before a m is of herbage has 
 sprung up, and the sjjots whi(;h a few days before presented nothing save a white 
 sheet, are teeming with an active vegetation, producing leaves, flowers, and fruit 
 in rapid succession." 
 
 The whole country, from Norton Sound to Point Barrow, is a vast moorland, 
 whose level is only interrupted by promontories and isolated mountains. The 
 rain and snow-water, prevented by the frozen condition of the soil from percola- 
 ting through it, form numerous lagoons, or, when the formation of the ground 
 opposes this, bogs, the general aspect and vegetation of which do not nmterially 
 dift'er from those of northern Europe, being covered with a dense mass of lichens, 
 mosses and other uliginous forms. Places are covered with plants and sonu^timt^s 
 diflicult to pass. " Wherever drainage exists, either on the shores of the sea, the 
 banks of the rivers, or the slopes of the hills, the ground is free from peat. Such 
 localities are generally clad with a luxuriant herbage, and produce the rarest aa 
 well as the most beautiful plants." 
 
 " The aspect of some spots is very gay. Many flowers are large, their colors 
 bright, and though white and yellow predominate, plants displaying other tints 
 are not uncommon. Cape Lisburne, (in hititude 08° 52',) one of the most produc- 
 tive localities, looks like a garden." 
 
 " Inland from Norton Sound, about ten miles, groves of white sj)ruc(' trees 
 and salijc speciosa are fragrant; northward they become less abundant, till in latir 
 tude 00° 4', on the banks of the Noatak, the piims alba disappears." 
 5 
 
34 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 To prevent the ravagea of scurvy, the Esquimaux "collect for their winter 
 stock, rasi)berries, whortleberries and cranberries, which are placed in boxes and 
 jtrcserved by being frozen into such a hard mass that in order to divide it 
 recourse must be had to the axe." 
 
 " In the sub-arctic regions there are plants which the eye is accustomed to 
 meet in the plains of more temperate clinuites. * * • * besides annuals and 
 biennials, and shrubs and trees." "A peculiar feature of the vegetation is its 
 harmless character. The poisonous plants are few in number, and their qualities 
 by no means virulent." 
 
 It i.s a curious fact that throughout our exploration no reptile, toad, lizard or 
 similar aninml was seen, and Seeman states the same in regard to the arctic and 
 sub-arctic regions. 
 
 Captain Thomas informs us that this season (18C7) in the Arctic has been 
 remarkably open, and that he reached the latitude of 72° 55'. From the position 
 of Plover Island, north of 71°, he skirted the low coast to the north-northwest 
 and to the west-southwest, iind saw it stretching far v.estward to include the 
 "extensive high peaks" of the maps. So this Plover Idand is only a hill forming 
 the eastern termination of a very extensive land, which was covered with a very 
 luxuriant coat of green in August and September. 
 
 Here it may not be out of place to state that Captain Long, of the 
 American whaler Nile, in August of the same year, skirted the south shore of 
 the "extensive high peaks" from the above low ground, which he did not see, in 
 179° to 181i'5. He found a volcano thereon, having an elevation of two thousand 
 four hundred and eighty feet. This is now denominated "Wrangell Laud." 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Of these little is known, and Prince Maksutoif, late governor of the Russian 
 colonies, acknowledged that the company had been so persistently engaged in 
 procuring furs and studying the best methods of keeping up the supply, that no 
 thorougli mineralogical exploration had been nuule, although a large cabinet 
 of mineraU)gical specimens fi)r comparison had been furnished by the com- 
 ])any to the chief .-stabllshment at Sitka. Under his direction the very few speci- 
 mens of Alaska minerals in possession of the servants of the company were 
 transU-rred to the coast survey and referred to the geologist. 
 
 The great desideratum of the Pacifu; coast is coal, and we had been led to 
 suppose that some of the reported deposits in Alaska were really coal, but the 
 specinu'us fror.i the island of Unga, given to us by the governor, are nothing 
 nu)re than lignite, thickly marlced with iron pyrites. Moreover, at the worked 
 ontev.tp in Coal Harbor it exists in veins of rarely more than a foot in thickness. 
 This coal has been faithfully tried on the Pussiau steamers, and after very many 
 experiments has been abandoned and recourse had to the Nauaimo coals from 
 Vancouver Island. The navigators and engineers of the Russian steamers report 
 that it is very light, burns with great rapidity, and leaves very much ash and 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 Z 
 
 1 
 ^1 
 
 CI 
 
 E 
 P 
 
 111 
 
 sc 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 35 
 
 clinker. The same general remarks perhaps apply to the coal ohtaine.i from 
 English Harbor, at the entrance to Cook's Inlet, and lirat fonnd and reported by 
 Tortlock. Unt at the north >, est point of the entrance to Tehugatcliik Bay, 
 under the anchor point of old navigators, there is an tmworked vein of coal of 
 seven feet in thiclcness, and this or similar veins crop ont upon the shore of Cook's 
 Inlet for twenty miles to the northward towards Anchor Point. Tliis coal has not 
 been opened on account of engineering difticulties ; bnt a special survey of T(^hu- 
 gatchik IJay was nnide to exhibit its location. Tliis has been forwarded to t!io 
 Coast Survey office. 
 
 Wrangell says there is coal along the east shore of Cook's Inlet, southward 
 from Cape Kassiloft". Wosuesscnsky gives details of this formation with a profile 
 of the three layers as they are seen cropping out on the bluff shores. A little 
 north of Cape Staritscldcoff (Stuk-talj-chin) the coal first exhibits itself in two 
 parallel layers, about one hundred and fifty paces from a poorly suj>plied water- 
 fall, which is nevertheless distinguished by a deep and wide basin. Tlie veins are 
 al)out one and a half feet thick, and lie from six to ten fathoms below the toj) of 
 the bank. A little to tiio northward a third is added ; the thickness of the larger 
 decreases from the uppermost. The three continue nearly to the first point of 
 Cape Neniitschik, (or Sanil,) with a dip towards the north-northeast; they disap- 
 pear at the flat coast line at the mouth of the river Chuick-chak, wliere a subterra- 
 nean fire in the veins burned in 1829 and 1830. They reappear at the second 
 point of Cape Neniltsehik with a dip to the south southwest, and tlience marly 
 Inn-izontal to the mouth of the first stream south of the Kassiloff Kiver. Mining 
 Engineer Doroschin carried specimens of this coal to San Francisco, ami it was 
 reported upon favorably. (Grewingk.) Two positions are reported to furnish coal. 
 One has been worked and tried by the Russians, aiul condemned. Tlie location 
 was near Hood's Bay, on the east side of Cliatham Strait, abreast of the eastern 
 entrance to Peril Strait. Indians report coal at Point Gardner, in Chatham 
 Strait, at the entrance to Frederick Sound, in latitude .57^ 01'. Examinations in 
 May, 18CS, show that coal exists in Port Camden, opening upon the south shore 
 of Frederick Sound, about eight miles east of Chatham Strait, in a position on 
 the map abotit latitude 50° 42', longitude 133° 50'. TI>" coal crops out about 
 twenty feet above low water mark, occurs in several veins, with intervening 
 strata of hard rock, the veins about six inches in thickness, at varying distances 
 of twenty to fifty feel of each other, increasing in tliickness inwards, with a dip of 
 .35° or 10° to the southward, and a direction nearly east and west: good anchor- 
 age liere, from six to nfteen fatlioms, over soft bottom: rise and fall of tides 
 about thirty feet: surrounding country thickly wooded. 
 
 The most important discovery was made by the Coast Survey in October, 
 1807, in tlie valley at the head of St. John's Bay, opening u))on Newski Strait, 
 about seventeen and one-half miles northward of Sitka. Pieces o( coal I.ngcly 
 intermixed with rock, to whicli their preservation was due, were found for four or 
 five miles fdoug the bed of the small but rapid stream. After a second partial 
 
'3G 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 exploration and obtaining large specimens, it was believed the ooal was anthra- 
 cite, bat a Hubsecpient analysis in San Francisco proved it to be bituniinons; but 
 ironi all the geologic^al evidence the geologist reported that the bed or beds from 
 which it was broken will, if discovered, afford coal of vastly superior quality to 
 any luiretofbre known to exist in the territory; and the government was advised 
 to direct an exlianstive examination of this locality, llecent information has 
 been received that this coal vein, which has been discovered, is of great thickness, 
 is anthracite, has been burned on a United States steamer, and reported upon 
 favorably. 
 
 The general course of the stream upon which specimens were found is east 
 and west; its rise for the first four or live miles is not very rapid. Along its 
 banks are small areas of flat alluvial land, particularly near its mouth. The 
 channel often separates into two or three, inclosing small islands on the level bot- 
 tom land. The rocks in situ are rarely exposed, but at tvro points on the stream 
 fine black shales and soft friable sandstones, without fossils, however, were seen 
 trending approxinmtely northeast and southwest, and inclined at a high angle. 
 Pieces of coal, much intermixed with foreign substances, i)rincipally limestone of 
 gi'cater or less size, were found along the course of the stream for a distance of 
 four miles. Highly crystalline limestone, white, streaked with gray, was also 
 found in the detritus. The dense growth of timber, thick masses of fallen and 
 decaying trees, covered with deep moss, thickets of the thorny shrub, panajo hor- 
 rida, and the general mountainous character of this locality, will render its future 
 exploration exceedingly difficult. 
 
 Should petroleum come to be used as a steam-producing fuel on steamshijjs, 
 there is a prospect of a supply being obtained from the southeast shore of Alaska 
 Peninsula, at or near Katmay Bay, in latitude 58° 01', longitude 154° 54', and 
 abreast of Kadiak Island. The governor furnished the Coast Survey with a speci- 
 men of the crude oil obtained there two or three years since. The finder (a 
 teaciier in the Kussian-American Company) reported that he found three streams 
 in the above locality covered with petroleum. 
 
 Specimens of pure copper have been gathered from various localities, but the 
 princiital source is on the Atna or Copper River, about twenty-live or thirty miles 
 above its mouth, where discovery an<l research are retarded on account of the 
 reported hostility of the natives. We have obtained from Mr. Klinkofstrom, Rus- 
 sian consul at San Francisco, a specimen of this copper; and masses of about a 
 cubic foot arc procured from the river. All the peculiarly-figured copper plates of 
 the natives, twenty-six Uy fifteen inches, and so much prized as heirlooms by the 
 Indians as far south as Vancouver Island, are hammered out of pure copper 
 obtained from this I'iver. 
 
 Copper combined with quartz is found in several localities, and Bishop Veni- 
 aniiiioff says that near Makushin Bay, between the distant pass and the Tarasi- 
 ousky Bay, there exists a lake high among .* ; mountains, and that metallic 
 collier is found along the shores of the lake. 
 
ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 37 
 
 Silver has been reported in several places, but when the Coast Survey sought 
 the localities the giiitles could not point them out. At St. Paul we found speci- 
 mens of (juartz with sulphate of iron and lead. Upon analysis in San Francisco it 
 was found to contain only $4 15 per two thousand pounds and had in it a trace 
 of gold. 
 
 Gold is found on the Stikino Itiver, and even with very cnide means of work- 
 ing the miners report that they can make from $2 to $7 per day, but the climate 
 forbids them working more than six mouths of the year. Pro])er methods of 
 working tl\e flue gold placers of this river would yield twice the above amount. 
 Gold is reported to have been found by Mining Engineer Doroschin on the Kakny 
 Kiver, Avhich enters Cook's inlet on its eastern shore about latitude (ioo 32', at the 
 Eussian station of St. Nicholas, but we have no authentic information on the sub- 
 ject beyond the statement by Tebenkolf. While we were at Sitka exi)erienced 
 miners made two prospecting tours over part of Baranoff Island, but without find- 
 ing the "color," The slate and quartz formation around Barlow Cove, at the 
 head of Admiralty Island, on Chatham Strait, in latitude '>S° 24', is abnost an 
 exact counterpart of many rich gold localities in California, but the heavy 
 weather that prevailed while we were there a few hours prevented any other than 
 a casual oxaminaticm of one view of quartz five feet thick cropping out upon the 
 shore. It was much disintegrated and abound'^d in iron pyrites. 
 
 In Little Naquoshiuski Inlet, fifteen miles from Sitka, the Coast Survey party 
 discovered very fine marble in inexhaustible quantities, and at the mouth of the 
 Chilkaht specimens of marble of a very coarse grain, and others of a remarkably 
 flna crystallization, were discovered, all being white, very pure ami unmarked. 
 
 On the flank of the mountain Vostovia, which attains an elevation of three 
 thousand three hundred and eighty-one feet, bismuth of remarkably pure quality 
 is said to be found, my informant being one of the llussian-American (!om] ,iny's 
 officers. The weather was so shockingly bad and the season so late, that it was 
 impracticable to send a party of exploration, although the time would occui)y but 
 one day. The specimen obtained was said to have come from the Koloshes Ki\er, 
 but that appeared doubtful, as it was not water-worn, and the geologist made two 
 explorations up the river for two or three miles without discovering any signs. 
 
 Iron ore is reported in the vicinity of Sitka, but after two searches in the 
 localities indicated the examination was abandoned ; yet in this case the failure 
 is attributed to our inforirtant's inaptitude for topographical description. 
 
 Kotzebue states that his compass in Chamisso Island, in the eastern jtart of 
 Kotzebne Sound, gave a variation of only 1° east, instead of 32° east. On the 
 point in the southeast part of the sound where the mammoth remains are in lati- 
 tude 00° 15'.3G, the magnetic needle gave a variation of Iflo west instead of '.V2° 
 east. On the summit of St. Paid Island, in the Pehring Sea, he reports the com- 
 pass "turning all round," so that he could get no bearing until he changed his 
 location. 
 
 The hot springs lying on the southwest part of Sitka Souiul, about fifteen 
 
38 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 milos from Sitka, wore not visittMl, aiid wo know iiotliiiiff moro than tlio nioafrre 
 description of liisiaiisky, Simpson, anil otlu'i-s. Thore arc tour distinct springs 
 issuing Ironi tissurcs in the granite rock. At its sonn-e tlic principal spring has a 
 toniiM-ratnre of ir».'{Ao Falircnheit, and is chiefly impregnated with sulphur, but 
 has also salt and magnesia in solution. There is also a largo basin purposely dug 
 in the ground to receive the waters of the springs, about two or throe hundred 
 yards from the beach ami about hfty feet above high water; in it the water baa a 
 tompcraturo of about lOO^ Fahrenheit. The two substantial buildings of howii 
 logs erected by the Russian Company for hospital cases of chronic, rheumatic, and 
 cutaneous diseases, are situated on the sloping fa.-'e of the bank. 
 
 In front lies a i)retty little cove, completely sheltered by an archipelago of 
 small wooded islands; in the rear is a barrier of rugged mountains; while inime- 
 diati'ly within the influence of the warm waters and continually rising vapors, 
 there grows a luxuriant verdure even when all around is clothed in suow. The 
 adjacent waters are alive with flsh and fowl, and the land teems with deer and 
 other game. 
 
 Eschscholtz found the temperature of hot springs in a meadow opposite the 
 entrance to Iliouliouk Harbor, Unalaska, 93° or 94°; other hot springs near 
 iMakushin Mountain were tasteless and without smell. On Akutau he reports a 
 hot spring in which meat was thoroughly boiled in a short tinie. Sulphur is 
 l\mnd by the natives in all the volcanic regions. 
 
 Graphite has been reported on the northern coast, and Kotzobue says that 
 the natives of St. Lawrence Bay, on the Asiatic coast, nearly abreast of Cape 
 Piince of Wales, possessed a tolerably large quantity of a fine graphite.* 
 
 FURDEABING ANniALS. 
 
 Of the number and value of the different varieties of skins obtained from the 
 Indians by the Russian-American Company it is impossible to form an opinion, 
 as the voiy existence of their trade depended upon the secrecy with which it was 
 conducted. That the company has been able to maintain a large establishment in 
 ]»ersons and nmterial is strong circumstantial proof of the value of the trade. 
 Tlic abnost absurdly small amount of trading articles paid to the Indians for their 
 most valuable skins was ascertained to be marvelonsly low compared to their 
 prices in our markets. The organization of the company has been, in fact, that 
 of a colonial government, and the governor of the company must be an oflicer of 
 the iini)erial army or navy, with power over all cases not involving death as a 
 punishmeiifc; and all the soldiers are selected for their expertness in the various 
 handicrafts. Tlie immediate traflic of the company has given trade to not less 
 than ten thousand Russians, Alentes, Esquimaux, &c. ; besides fifty-eight hun- 
 dred K(»l()shians, who act as inter-traders with the numerous Indians of the inte- 
 rior. The company has numerous stations or factories throughout the length of 
 
 •Probulily miciiceoiiH oxide of iron, wliicli in nbund.ant, iind used .as a pigment by the natives. 
 
 W. IT. Dam.. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 39 
 
 the coast and among the Aleutian Ishuuls; maintainiu}; nearly one thousand 
 people regularly ; two fine steamers and several sandier ones, six or eight barks, 
 brigs, &e., and numerous boats. 
 
 The value of the furs nuiy be estimated yearly at not less than one million of 
 dollars in gold, as the company insure their regular shipments for six hundred 
 thousand dollars. By the time these furs reach our markots they are doubled in 
 value. 
 
 The Hudson Hay Company had purchased right to trade in certain localities 
 on this coast, and their traders have availed themselves to tiie uttermost to 
 obtain the greatest possible supplies. From the mouth of the Chilkaht alone 
 they took this year over twenty-three hundred martens or "American sables." 
 
 It is useless to enter into the descrii)tion of the diftcrent kinds of fins upon 
 the coast, or of the Inibitat and relative abundance of the dilferent animals. The 
 governor of the company had a map in colors exhibiting at a glance the habitat 
 of every fur animal and its frequency. 
 
 The ])olicy of the company has been to maintain a regular supply, and to this 
 end they place restrictions upon the trade, (!ven desigiuiting islands and localities 
 where the aniumls shall not be taken. When the supply of any animal is run- 
 ning short, or an island is found peculiarly adapted to support certain kinds, a 
 stock is placed upon the island and the natives forbiddcMi to hunt there for a 
 series of years. 
 
 The use of fire-arms is prohibited in the pursuit of certain animals ' die 
 noise is certain to drive them away. The number of sea-otter skins now ai.iuudly 
 obtained does not amount tc over eleven hundred, where the supply seventy years 
 siiu!e, in the Alexander Archipelago alone, was eight thousand, of which it was 
 confessed that the American fur traders secured over sixty per cent. IJetweeu 
 -Yakutat Bay and Dixon Sound, Tebenkoft" says that not a single sea-otter is 
 found, attributing their absence not so much i > *. ueir destruction as to .the noise 
 of fire-arms. 
 
 An important consideration in sustaining the value of the fur trade, and 
 thereby continuing sin industrial pursuit to the natives, will be the rigid govern- 
 mental direction of the proper seasons for killing the difterent fur-bearing ani- 
 mals, and to a certain extent the manner of taking them. Where the practice is 
 to kill by spears and arrows, without guns, it will be wise to continue the custom, 
 at least until the inhabitants have become accustomed to the new order of things, 
 and the habits of the traders. Where the practice prevails to kill with lire-arms, 
 it appears politic to permit the sale of inferior powfler and arms in prescribed 
 quantities, otherwise those natives obtaining fiu'-bearing animals and game by 
 these means will be at a loss to keep up the supply with bows and arrows, which 
 they have abandoned nmny yeais. Every Indian in the Alexander Archipelago 
 and along the main possesses one or more muskets and one or two single or 
 double-barreled pistols ; bows and arrows are unknown, except as mere matters 
 
40 
 
 ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 of tnido IIS curioHitifH, uiul for tlioHO purposes obtiiiued from interior or very dis- 
 tant tribfs. 
 
 In ii few years the wliole fur trade will degenerate into an illicit trafllc with 
 whisky smufinlers, tuiless the most vi</u\ and indexible nu-ans arc employed to 
 regulate it. Tiie Indiiiiis themselves give aid and comfort to the 8mn},'},der by 
 timely warninj,' of apitroachin^j danger, by false information to the olllcers of the 
 law, and by secrctiiif; the small vessels of the smufrK'i'i' when beiiij,' searched for. 
 The tiionsand harbors of the coast, the thick weather, and the multitude of chan- 
 nels and straits, many of which are not even yet laid down, give the advantage to 
 the smuggler. 
 
 THE FISIIKRIES. 
 
 Next to the fur trade, in its legitimate pursuit, the fisheries of the coast of 
 the new territory will prove the most valuable and certai' n fact, I consider 
 them the most imi»ortant actpiisition to our I'acittc coast. 'c banks of New- 
 
 foundland have been to the trade of the Atlantic, so will uic greater banks of 
 Alaska be to the I'aeiiie; inexhaustible in supply of lish that are equal if not 
 siipeiior in size and quality to those of the Atlantic ; and the pursuit thereof 
 developing a race of seamen yearly decreasing, a:^ our steam marine, commercial 
 and naval, is increasing. 
 
 We have the reiterated and disinterested statements of all the old navigators 
 and fur traders, that every ]»art of the coast abounds in cod, halibut, salmon, and 
 every variety of flsh inhabiting comparatively cold waters, and the experience of 
 the present exjx'dition established the truthfulness of their descrii)tion8. 
 
 tSnlmiHi. — At some of the entrances to shallow fresh-water streams the water 
 is packed with salmon, and the bears (!ome down in numbers to feed upon them, 
 selecting the heads only. On some of the beaches, near these streams, the seine 
 will take them in thousands. In the bays leading to the small streams at their 
 head, on the southeast side of Alaska Peninsula, the salmon are crowded so 
 thickly that the progress of a boat is impeded, and should a southeast storm 
 arise at such times the iisli are driven on the beach in innumerable quantities ; 
 one of the lUissian navigators assures us that he has seen the beach strewn two 
 to three feet thick with the stranded salmon. 
 
 The United States Coast Survey has made a sketch of the outlet of Gloubo- 
 koe, or Deep Lake, on the south side of Sitka Sound, where the Russian- American 
 Company have built dams, traps, foot-bridges, houses, &c., in the most substan- 
 tial manner. The dams and traps lie across the upper part of the rapids, which 
 have a fall of nine feet over rocks. The traps are large rectangular spaces made 
 with .stakes placed perpendicularly ami near enough to each other to allow a free 
 How of wattr, and yet prevent the salmon passing between them. The side of 
 the trap towards the descent has an opening like the entrance to an ordinary rat- 
 trap on a large scale. The fish rushes up the rapids and passes through this 
 opening to the staked iuclosure, where it remains swimming against the moder- 
 
 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 41 
 
 atcly strong curroiit. When sovoral snliiiuu hiivo entere«l thoy ar« liftt'd out by ii 
 kind of wicker basket and placed in lai'fje Ixixes lyiny between the traps, of wliich 
 there are six, wltli means of addiiifj as many more. The last year's catch that 
 was packed for market amoniitod to live hnndred and twenty barrels, containin^j 
 from ei;;liteen to twenty-live salmon each. As hiyh as one thonsand salmon have 
 been taken in one day. In l.S(»8 the year's take, under the impetus of American 
 enterprise, was two thousand barrels. 
 
 At Karta Hay, in Clarence Straits, there is a Russian trading post and sal- 
 mon lishery that expcc^ts to put up three tlnaisand barrels of salnuni in l.S(W. 
 
 The {^reat winter food of the natives is dry and smoked salmon, of which they 
 lay in very large supi)lies. 
 
 Seennin says that "salmon, so frequent in Xorlv^n Sound, latitude 04°, are 
 not found to the northward ni the river IJucklaiid, emptyiu},' into Kotzebuo 
 Sound, in (itPOj'; they ai»[»ear, however, to be super.seded by the mullet, which 
 attains a considerable size. He obtained for a blue bea«l a mullet thirty-three 
 inches long, weighing twenty-one pounds." 
 
 Cud. — IJut the most valiuible lish on the coast is the cod, and, so far as 
 ascertained, it has already been very profitable to those iaterested in it, although 
 in one or two instances losses have oc(!iirred by linding the cargo improperly 
 cured. Those jtersons interested in it refused for two or three years to give 
 detailed information of their outfit, catch, profits, or banks where the llsU were 
 caught. 
 
 The richness and availability of the cod banks were first demonstrated in 
 18G4, in the Ochotsk Sea, near the Saghalin Lsland. All the vessels of 18(55 
 resorted there ; some fishing along the west shore of the Kamschatka Peninsula. 
 
 The time for rea(!liing the Peninsula of Kamschatka is about the 1st of July, 
 and the average length of passage from San F'ancisco to Cape Lopatka, the south- 
 ern extremity of Kamschatka. JJut in the Kurile Strait small good fish nmy be 
 taken as early as the 1st of June. At this date the fish are not found on the west 
 coast of the peninsula. In July fish nuiy be taken in moderate quantities on the 
 southeast side of Cape Lopatka, and in the western part of the Kurile Strait; but 
 the best flshing ground conunences about forty miles northwest from Cape Loi)at- 
 ka; at the first of the .season near the shore, but extending twenty to twenty-five 
 miles from the land in latitude 52° 30' to 53'^. When the fish como upon the west 
 coast of Kamschatka about the 1st of Julj' they are thin and poor, but improve 
 rapidly. On this ground thej' are usually taken in twenty-five to thirty fathoms 
 of water, though they are found in sixteen fathoms, say within three miles of the 
 land. They are caught as far oft" as twenty miles from shore in depths from forty- 
 five to sixty fathoms according to latitude. 
 
 Fish taken here two weeks after their arrival on the ground are a little larger 
 than those taken on the coast of Labrador, but not so large as thosT taken on the 
 Grand and other oft'-shore banks in the Atlantic. In quality they compare very 
 favorably with the latter. 
 6 
 
42 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 For bait tlie vessels have taken salt herring from San Francisco: some carry 
 frosh herrirg from Petropaulski in snow and ice; others use the small halibut 
 canglit on the vahI banks. 
 
 In lS(if! twenty-three vessels, comprising barks, brigs, and schooners, started 
 from San Francis(;o for the various fishing grounds, but concealed their particular 
 destinritions; their time *br leaving San Francisco is as early as March, airiviug 
 on the grounds in TSpril; and they should leave about September. More than 
 half these vessels \i sited the Ochotsk Sea, but the rest fished off the Fox and 
 Shumagui Islands. 
 
 Two or three small schooTiers sailed from Victoria and made fair catches, so 
 much so that the importation of cod into the ports of British Columbia has ceased 
 
 The amount of lish brought into the San Francisco market in the er',.sons 
 from 18(!4 was as follows: In 1864, forty thousand flsh, weighing one hundred and 
 twenty tons; in 1805, two hundred and forty-nine thousand flsh, weighing ilve 
 hundred aiul twenty-three tons; in 18GG, seven hundred and six thousand two 
 hnnilred flsh, weighhig one thousaiul six hundred and fourteen tons; and in 18()7, 
 nine hundred and forty-seven thousand two hundred and sixty -four flsh, weighing 
 two thonsand one hundred and thirty-four tons. Xo tongues and sounds were 
 quoted, and were evidently not saved ; and only a small quantity of cod-liver oil 
 ■was saved by one of the vessels from Victoria. The imports of codflsh from the 
 Atlantic Sta*^es for the years 1802, '0,3, '04, averaged nearly five hundred tons, so 
 tliat the Alaska supply overstocked the market in the absence of new outlets. In 
 consetiuence of this the number of vessels cleared for Alaska cod banks in 1SG8 
 was but twelve, with an aggregate tonnage of one thousand four hundred and 
 twenty four, against two thousand one hundred and thirty-four in 1S(!7. The av- 
 erage trip to the Shumagin Islands is reported al)out one liundred and ten days, 
 and to the Ochotsk one hundred and seventy days; a saving of two months anil 
 nearly two thousand miles in favor of the former. 
 
 The waters between the Alaska roninsula and the Sliumagin Islands are well 
 protected from the htavy swell of the riiciflc. All the Calit'ornia fisliing vessels 
 now resort to the grounds about the Shuiurtgins, where flsh are very plentiful and 
 superior to those taken in the Ochotsk Sea. Among these islands are many good 
 harbors; iresh water is everywhere readily obtained ; and some drift-wood for fuel 
 may be ]U'<,r.>it'd from the shores. But the greatest advantage is that vessels 
 when Ashing may always lie under the lee of soirie one of the numerous high 
 islands, thus making fishing a much more comfortable business than when riding 
 out in the open sen. 
 
 In this vicinity there appeur to be two kinds of codflsh, one of which is small, 
 btit of good tpiality. Tliese have always been fduud )»y tlie fishermen, no matter 
 how early or late in the sei'.son the vessel arrived upon tlie ground— say from the 
 first of May to tlie last of September. The other kiiul is considered migratory; 
 arrive about tlie 10th of ]\lay, and leave some time in September. These latter 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 43 
 
 are a little smallor than the Ochotsk flsh when taken, but when dried turn out 
 heavier. 
 
 The kind of bait used here is salted herrings from San Francisco, and halibut 
 and sculpin caught on the ground. 
 
 1*^ has been the i)ractice of the vessels among the Shumagins to rnn on Satur- 
 day night for Coal Harbor, on the north end of Unga, and remain there over Sun- 
 day night, when they again start out for a week's Ashing. 
 
 The winds about the Suumagins and in the Ochotsk Sea from June until tlie 
 middle of August are from the southeast with rain and fog; and from the middle, 
 of August to the middle of September from the northwest, with Hue weather and 
 smooth water ; after which there are heavy southerly gales. 
 
 In our voyage to Iviidiak and Unalaska, and returning to Sitka, Ave saw none 
 of the tmmerous fishing fleet that was out this season, probably on account of the 
 lateness ol the season. 
 
 The supply from vhe Alaska banks has stopped the importation of codfish 
 from the eastern ports to San Francisco, and when the curing \ rocess is properly 
 understood and carried out, the Pacific coasts of America and Asia will beconui 
 consumers. Tl e yearly supply from the Atlandc States was about five hundred 
 tons; but the jod iieet brought in about tlu-ee times this amount ii» 18(i7, and 
 overstocked the nuu'ket. In 18(18 only ninet(!en vessels left for the (!(>d banks. 
 
 The fish ha\» not been cured on the Aleutian Islands because the territory 
 bijlonged to Russia, but were kept in salt as long as six mouths, or until the retmn 
 of the vessel to San Francisco, evidently to the injury of the cargo. Many of the 
 persons euga;^';iiig in the business knew nothing of the manner of catcliing or of 
 curing the fish, yet the prices conumuided were from thirteen to seven and a half 
 cents (gold) per pound; and last February the average rate was nine and a half 
 cents. One vessel carried a full cargo direct to Australia, and received eight 
 cents per pouiul. 
 
 Tlie large amount of flsh con: luued in California has always created and sus- 
 tained a large demand, and tli new cargoes have been fjuickly disposed of at 
 rates ranging as high as thirteen cents per pound. The southern coasts of Amer- 
 ica are almost wholly Catholic in their population, and so soon as the flsh are well 
 cured, the demand from that source will increase. It is doubtful whether we can 
 compete with the Asiatic flshennen in their own ports. 
 
 Some of the vessels are said to commence flshiu.: along tlMJ Alaska coast 
 noi'th of 54° 40', and to work northwartl along r.nmerous banks which they a[>pear 
 to have louiul. The fish are taken in from fifteen to forty fathoms of water; the 
 best fish in tl.>e deepest Avater. 
 
 It has bee.i found i)ractically tlmt the Ochotsk Sea is too distant from San 
 Francisco, and the ilccts of 18(>7 aiul 18(58, from Sau Francisco, fishing among the 
 Fox and Shumagin Islands, report that wherever the water is sufliciently shoal 
 the cod is very abundant. In 18(5(5 the largest takes Avere among the Sbunuigin 
 
44 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Islands, off wliicU we s^t sonnilings this year in forty and fifty fathoms at a dis- 
 tance of tliirty-fivc miles. 
 
 The Moumlliij[,'s of Portlock, of Vanconver, and of this expedition prove the 
 existence of a comparatively shoal bank, extending along the southeastern coast 
 of Afogiiak and Kadiak, with a deep pocket of ninety fathoms, no bottom, twenty- 
 five miles east of St. Paul. The shoalest water obtained on this bark by this 
 expedition was forty-flve fathoms in latitude 58° IC, longitude 140° 42'. It is fair 
 to assume that this bank extends along the southeast sho^e of Kadiak, as inci- 
 dental and unconnected observations indicate. Belcher anchored under Cape 
 Greville, the eastern ])oint of Kadiak, in an excellent position, and his crew 
 caught cod and halibut from the vessel. South bv east fourteen miles from the 
 castein end of ttie easternmost of the Trinity Islands Vancouver found bottom at 
 fifty fathoms. Souiulings on the English Chart No. 2172 give fifty-five fathoms 
 nearly midway between the Trinity Isles and tJkamok Island, which lies on the 
 prolongation of the longer axis of Kadiak, fifty miles from the Trinity. Fifteen 
 miles south of tTkamok Vancouver got seventy-five fathoms, sand and shell bot- 
 tom. In latitude 55° 10', longitude 15(P 07', tliirty-six miles south 31° west from 
 the south end of Vkamok Island, Lisiansky found eighty fathoms over grey sandy 
 bottom. Thirty-five miles east from the south end of the island of Niuniak, the 
 southernmost of the Shumagin Islands, we obtiiined coral and sand bottom in 
 f<uty fathoms of water; the position is in latitude 54° ,'58', longitude 158° .'50'. Ten 
 miles further westward the depth of water Avas fifty fathoms. In neither of these 
 localities were any attempts made to fish. 
 
 Tebonkoff gives soundings of forty-five fathoms fifty miles south 83° west of 
 the southernmost point of the Shumagin, on the line and nearly half way towards 
 the dang(M(»us reef aiul island of Sanak. From that position the nearest islands 
 to the northward are about thirty-five miles distant. In latitude 54° 20' ami lon- 
 gitude 102O 30', about nine miles southeast from the Sanak reef, we got bottom 
 in thirty-five fathoms, rock and barnacles being brought up by the lead. 
 
 In nearly this last locality Cook caught over one hundred halibut ranging 
 fro'u twenty to one hundred pounds each. lie therefore ai^plied the name Halibut 
 Island to it. 
 
 The bank where trial was first made for fish was found on the fifth of Septem- 
 ber, during a ])revalen('e of tliick weather. We fortunately seized an opening and 
 obtained good observations for longitude; with an ai>proxiniate latitude, the posi- 
 tion is in latitude 53o 35' and longitude l(»4o 10', and near it soundings were 
 obtained in fifty fathoms of water, the lead bringing up sand and a snndl starfish. 
 With thick drizzly weather the vessel drifted to the northwest by comjjass, until 
 sixty fathoms were struck with sandy, ju-bbly bottom. Here the lead-line was 
 baited, and while on the bottom the first cod look the hook. The fish proved very 
 plenty, fat, and bit eagerly; frecpuMitly two were brought up on a double-hooked 
 line, and sometimes three were brought up on a line with three hooks. The 
 largest measured thirty-seven inches in length, and several reached thirty-six 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 45 
 
 inclics. Tlie finest was tliirty-six inches long, tweiity-tliroc inclics girth, and 
 weighed twenty-seven ponnds; was very f;it, and certainly of as line if not finer 
 flavor than cod we liad eaten eleven months before, freshly canght on the south 
 coast of Newfoundland. 
 
 The vess(!l drifted all the afternoon over this bank, with tho same depth of 
 water and fish biting well, although all appeared in capital condition and their 
 7'>aws full of food, such as squid, halibut-head, fish the size of a herring, sea-lice, 
 &c., &e. We got no observations that noon or afternoon, nor any all the next 
 day, on account of thick, foggy, drizzling weather, but the vessel could not have 
 been far from latitude 5iP 40' and longitude l(»4o ;3()', lying sixty-five miles east- 
 southeast true from the middle of the Akoutan Pass, and forty nnles south-south- 
 east from the Unimal Pass. The weather was altogether too unfavorable to make 
 an exteiuled examination of this locality. The fifty-fathom position is forty miles 
 broad ofl;" the nearest island of tho Kriniatzin group, lying between iTnimak and 
 TTnalaska. Much deeper water, one hundred and four fathoms, over a bottom of 
 black sand, was snbsecpiently found in latitude 53° 38', longitude 165° 25', forty- 
 three miles westward of the above cod bank, and twenty-five miles broad off the 
 islands. 
 
 In addition to the alread' cknowledged success of the cod-fishers from San 
 Francisco and Victoria, anti xpcrience, we have that of <'iiiit tin Ibyant, 
 
 formerly a whaler in the North I'iicific: "Bdning Sea is a mig'ity rewrvoir of cod 
 and halibut, so that he never threw ovn his lines without Iringing up fish in 
 whatever part of the sea he might happen.''* ''In- s(mndiims if this sea, and of 
 the Arctic Ocean north of Behring's Strait, indicate it as the most ri'maikable 
 submarine plateau of such great extent j'et known. On (lie eaMcrn half of this 
 sea soundings of less than fifty fathoms are found i«\(r mi extent of eighteen 
 thonsaiul square miles. 
 
 The old navigators and fur traders found cod in all tiie iiarbors on the coast 
 and wherever they fished for them. Kotzebue alone dechn cs " • saw no fish on all 
 the American coast; we often threw out our lines, but nil mi. I believe, there- 
 
 fore, either there are no fish here at all, or they do not n ^mt here at this season," 
 July, August, and Sejjtember. Sjjeaking of the archipelago Alexander, Lisiansky 
 says "the rivers abound in fish; herring swarm in Sitka Sound every spring; tine 
 codfish and halibut of large weight may be caught with the hook and line." 
 Cook in his third voyage caught cod in latitude 54° 07', longitude 104° 25', about 
 seventeen miles southeast from iTninuik Strait in forty-two fathoms. He obtained 
 cod from the Aleutes in Snniganuda Bay, at the northeast part of Unalaska Island, 
 opening on the Akutan Strait. 
 
 In Behring Sea, in latitude 55° 43', longitude 102° 42', about twenty miles 
 broad otf the northwest «hore of the Alaska I'eninsula, he "caught a good num- 
 ber of fiiu? codlish" in thirty fathoms. In Bristol Bay and Kiver, emptying into 
 
 •Tilt ic nil III) rod iMirtli of tlin liiie of iloatiiin ice lii'fiirc iin iitioiicil, fioiii flic bent iiifoiiim- 
 tion 1 liiive biirn iible to obtuiu. Tliivc iiiv ut uay iiitf nour in Norton SouikI.— \V. li. lt.\l,l,. 
 
4(3 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 tlio lU'liriiit;' Sen, whoro salmon wiTo in iLjroat iibundancc, h« found that fish " in 
 the maws of cod which lie had . iu{,'ht." In the same bay, southeast Hagmeister 
 Island, in water of fourteen to twenty-six fathoms, he "liad tolerably successful 
 lishinf'-,catcliin}'' cod imd then a few Hat fish." In latitude 01° 48', longitude 180°, 
 St. Thadcns Nose bcaiing nortli-northwest about twenty-three leagues distant, he 
 caught >'abundan(!e of line (M)d" in sixty-flve to seventy-flve fathoms water. His 
 successor, King, in Sei)tembcr 1779, in latitude 5(P 38', longitude 177o, about cue 
 hundred and fifty miles west by south quarter-south from the is'raul of St. Mathew, 
 "got a great number of cod in seventy-eight fathoms." Portk .'.. obtained large 
 quantities of fine cod, halibut, crabs and muscles in Tort Etches. Captain Bry- 
 ant says: "South of Alaska, at a distance of say fifty miles from shore, there are 
 banks running parallel to the coast admirable for cod-fishing; these banks can 
 usually be recognized by the lighter color o"" the water." 
 
 The banks along the shores of Alaska bordering the Gulf of Alaska, around 
 the Kadiak group and part of tlu! Aleutian chain, will add not less than forty-five 
 thousand scpuirc miles, with a depth of not over fifty fathoms, to the eighteen 
 thousand miles of the IJehring Sea. If the fishing deptu is extended to one 
 hundred fathoms there is little doubt that the cod-fishing area will reach one 
 hundred thousand sipuire miles. 
 
 The fisliing smacks carry their bait from San Francisco at a cost of about one 
 hundred dollars in gold for a one-hundred ton vessel. We fished with clams, the 
 nehizothcnis iixttaUii, obtained at Port Simpson on our way up; but there are 
 l>lenty of small fish, herring, clams, &c., suitable for bait, in all the harbors along 
 the coast. The clam hangs best to the hook. In this connection it may be stated 
 that experience has proved the muscle of Alaskan waters to be very frerinently 
 poisonous. This is, without (h)ubt, the case at certain seasons, as ])roved by 
 Vancouver, Kotzebue. and oilicrs. lint I'ortlock ajtpears to have used them in 
 large (pmntities in Port Etches ; and Lisiansky speaks of them as if used regu- 
 larlj on his vessel. 
 
 Tin- imptutance of the possession of the Aleutian chain can hardly be over- 
 estimated ; not only can our fishermen enter and fish in every bay when heavy 
 weather compels them to leave the banks, but they give ample opportunities for 
 the successful curing of the fish, certainly as great, if not greater, than exists on 
 the south shore of Newfoundland. Instead of making the long trip to and from 
 San Francisco, and of keeping the fish so long in salt, especially if imperfectly 
 cleaned, it appears feasible to make a general depot and curing establishment, as 
 at Kadiak, whence vessels could carry the catch of all the smacks, which might 
 readily refit in winter and be ready for tin' (qx iiiiig of the next season. Kadiak is 
 mentioned as afiording the nearest a\ ailable timber for repairs, and as already 
 a dejjot fm' the ice crop of the Pacific. 
 
 In conversation with the governor of the Russian colonies upon the value of 
 the cod fisheries, he acknowledged that the Kussian government had not been 
 aware of the extent, value, and importance of the v'od grouiuls as a new industry 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 47 
 
 in the Patnflc. While its commercial value is so great to us, it will jirove of great 
 service to the Aleutes, who are patient, skillful, and fearless in their fishing. Under 
 proper guidance they may be very profitably employed in the taking and curing 
 offish; and in order that our fisherman may know where to find labor among 
 these islands, we have procured from the priest of the Unalaska district the 
 population of every village from Attau to Uuga. These statistics will be found 
 under the head of population, &c. 
 
 In addition to the fisheries of the great baidc, the cod are reported to run in 
 great numbers in the summer around and near the entrance to Hamilton Bay near 
 the western part of Frederick Sound. Lisiansky says they may be caught with 
 hook Owd line in Sitka Sound; Tortlock caught them in Port Etches; IJelcher 
 caught them from his vessiil inside Cape ('hiniak, and doubtless n-any otiier 
 localities will afford abundant local sup: dies. 
 
 Herring. — In September, when drawing the seine for salmon at Iliouliouk 
 Harbor, several herring were obtained of large size, fatter and of much finer 
 flavor than the herring caught on the California coast. No int'ormatiou was 
 obtained of the season wheu they visit the coast. They are found in the vicinity 
 of Sitka, and doubtless visit the whole seaboard. Portlock nuMitions that "when 
 haxding the seine, he caught large quantities of herring and some salmon. Tiic 
 herrings, though small, were very good, and two hogsheads of them were salted 
 for sea store." 
 
 Lisiansky says: "Herrings swarm in Sitka Souiul every spring." 
 
 Seemann says that the herring aiul whiting are caught in Hotham Iidet, in 
 Kotzebue Sound, latitude 67°, in great quantities; muI souu* of the smaller 
 streams produce trout. 
 
 Wrangell ssiys that suoa' of herring asceiul the Kolyma River, Asia, from 
 the Arctic Ocean, but they appeared to come from the west towards the east. 
 
 The herring, besides its own intrinsic value, has an important bearing on the 
 question of the cod fisheries in sujiplying bait, which is now carried from San 
 Francisco for that purpose at large prices. 
 
 Whale. — Tlie waters surrounding the Territory of Alaska have always been 
 celebrated for their whale fisheries, and the Russian- American Company formerly 
 paid some attention to this branch of industry and profit, and had surveys nuulo 
 in Cook's Iidet for ascertaining the proper anchorages and harbors for their 
 whalers in winter. They even established a ship-building establishment in 
 Resurrection Bny on the eastern shore of the Kenay Peninsula, and employed an 
 English superintt inh'ut, but as the whaling was not so remunerative as the fur 
 trade, their v lolc efforts were directed to the full legitimate development of that 
 business. 
 
 Some of the Russian navigators inform us that their best whaling ground, 
 from the middle of .Tur.o to the middle of July, was in the region named 
 "Fairweather Ground" by the American whalers, and lying between the I'aniplona 
 Reef and the shores off Mount Fairweather. The richness of this locality is con- 
 
m 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 flniu'd by all the nltl iiaviffntois and fur traders, who foiuul these waters aboimd- 
 iiif{ i;< whales, csijecially in the r('f,non of the JJarren Islands, between the Peninsula 
 of Ke,'i;i. and the island of Kadiak. As early as June 4, (1787,) Dixon, when four 
 or five leagues off IJehring Bay, found many whales playiufj about his ship. 
 
 Captain Bryant says that "Pairweather Oround" is at proper seasons the 
 great recejjtaele of the nn)llusk called "whale's food," a minute aninud, about tho 
 size of a flax seed ; and having a gelatinous consistency, the myriads of them 
 eover the ocean like a scum. 
 
 This inollnsk drifts along with the coast current towards the west at the rate 
 of about one mile ])er hour. During this season the sea ,ind all the adjacent bays 
 are lilJed with tlui whale. Tiie nn)llnsk collects under the lee of the submarine 
 range of Pamplona. The whaling season continues from the last of June to the 
 middle of July. 
 
 It beconu's an interesting question to trace back the path of this moUusk ; 
 the indications of whale in the vicinity of the divide of the Japan current, about 
 latitude IS'^ and longitude IfSo, are such as to suggest the probability of the 
 mollusk being brought by the great stream towards the coast. The old navi- 
 gators notice nmny whales in that region as early as April. 
 
 The clio horealis inhabiting the Atlantic Ai'ctic seas, is a small aninnil with a 
 cylindrical head, body, and a pointed tail, but having in addition a pair of fins, by 
 means of which it progresses. When the weather is calm they are so abundant 
 that the surface of the ocean is covered by them. They swarm in such myriads 
 as to serve as the great part of the food of the whales. This species is not found 
 in the North Pacific, the principal food of the whale there being the "biit," 
 Avhich is conijjosed of small crustacean ami various species of salpse. 
 
 Off the Barren Isles, at the entrance to Cook's Inlet, and ofi Cape ITermo- 
 genes of the Kadiak group, Dixon (1787) says the whales were so plentiful near 
 the land that their blowing was frecpicntly mistaken for the breaking upon a reef 
 of rocks. Off the entrance to Cook's Inlet, Portlock writes in August, 178G, that 
 "the whales on the coast are close in shore and in vast numbers;" again, "a very 
 great nmnber of (iallicia whales were seen near the shore, and indeed in every 
 direction as far as the eye could reach." 
 
 Belcher says that in June, 1839, when anchored off Cape Greville, the eastern- 
 most point of Kadiak, " whales were swarming; the numbers seen spouting at the 
 same instant seeiiu'd iiicredil)le, and can only be compared to the ricochet result- 
 ing from Ih'ing the broadsides of a frigate." 
 
 Ilobuberg says that around the Kadiak group there is found but one species 
 of whale,* (Bahenoptera,) but aconding to its age the natives apply four different 
 names, and almost exclusively catch those of'one year old or less. The whales 
 come into the bays about the michlle of July, and can be hunted until the end of 
 August. 
 
 ' Au evident error. (Dnll,) 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 49 
 
 As this ground has not been fished for many years it appears probable tliat 
 large numbers might be obtained. 
 
 Wrangell says that the inhabitants of the 'lYlmkchee village, on the south 
 point of Koliutschin, or Pnrney Island, in the Arctic, off the Asiatic shores, killed 
 fifty whales, besides walrussciL'. &c., in the season of 1821. He says that a whale 
 was killed on that coast having one of the stone spears of the Aleutes in its body. 
 
 About Unalaska we saw nuiibers of sperm whale in September; and in 
 August the sperm whaler, William Gifford, was entering the north strait of Kadiak 
 to fill up, reporting as having left the coast of Queen Chai'lotto Island, where four 
 other sperm whalers Avere fishing i'.;!« s*>asou. The Gitibrd had been out from 
 New Bedford since November, 1803, her time being five years. She had sent 
 home two thousand seven hundred gallons of sperm oil, worth $90,000 in gold, 
 and had on board four hundred ban ols more, intending to take nothing but sperm 
 whale until near the end of her cruise. 
 
 A great many wl'ales are found in Llie straits of the archipelago Alexander, 
 but the veiy deep water is a drawback to successful fishing. 
 
 For the last six years the Avhaliug fleet of the atretic has averaged not less 
 than eighty vessels, of which seventy belonged to the United States. Their aver- 
 age catch in those wsiters amounts to not less than twelve hundred barrels eiich, 
 and about twenty thoustnd pounds of whjilebone, reckoning the latter at sixteen 
 pounds to the barrel of oil. The priucipal reasou given by the whalers for prefer- 
 ring the Arctic regions over the Gulf of Alaska is the shallower water, in the 
 Arctic Ocean and Behring Sea the ^ipth of water is about thirty fathoms, and the 
 whale, in " sounding," after being struck, dives his head into the muddy bottom, 
 and has it covered with mud when he rises. The whaler learns readily where and 
 when he will rise i^ such a depth, but in the deeper waters of the Gulf of Alaska 
 the whale dees not strike bottom in sounding, and it is very difficult to estimate 
 where he will rise, and not unfrequcntly sounds again and again, and thus draws 
 the boats far from the vessel. 
 
 The command of all the bays and straits of the northwest coast resorted to 
 by the whale gives very great advantages to our whalers that need only be men- 
 tioned to be appreciated ; fishing at all seasons, opportunites to winter and refit, 
 depots for cargoes, and regularity in transshipping them to the eajt or to the 
 Pacific ports. It opens the broad question whether the whaling cannot be more 
 effectually and more profitably done in smaller vessels specially designed and con 
 structed for capturing the whale, and then storing the oil at some depot in the 
 Behring Sea, whence it can be regularly shipped to destinatio!i ; while the whal- 
 ing vessel, working until the latest day '>f the season, discharges her crew of 
 Aleutes among their island honvjs, and lays ip for the winter in Alaskan harbors, 
 ready for the whaling ground-, at the earliest opening of spring. If this be done, 
 with the increased knowledge of the whale's habits and the aptitude of the 
 Al< utes, the American whalers can sweep the field of foreign competition. 
 7 
 
50 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 ' WALRUS IVORY. 
 
 Coal ITaibor, on the north side of the iisland of Unga, has been the point for 
 receiving the wuU-us tusks obtained from the Wahnis Islands, on the north side 
 of the Alaska Peninsula. During tlie Aviuter the walrus is said to be driven by 
 great bodies of ice into the larger bay, thirty miles long and ten miles wide, 
 embracing the Walrus Islands. Here the uitivcs kill them, secure the tusks, 
 and trade them to an employ^ of the Eussi an- American Company stationed at 
 the storehouse in Moller's Bay, at the mouth of a small stream in latitude 55° 5.V, 
 and longitude 100° 41'. Thence the stock is carried on the shoulders of the 
 natives, or on dog-sledges, across the peninsula to the head of Portage Bay, twelve 
 miles deep by four miles wide, lying north-northwest and south-southeast by com- 
 pass, and directly north of Unga Island. In Portage Bay they are met by another 
 body of natives in their bidarkas, or skin canoes, from Coal Harbor, whither the 
 tusks are transported. In some seasons ten tons of these tusks arc secured by 
 the Indians, and they are valued at seventy cents (gold) per ponnd at Sitksi. 
 Largo quantities of the tusks are obtained in trade and capture by the Arctic 
 whalers, who also try out the oil. The skin of the walrus is used by the Aleutea 
 and by the Esquimaux for constructing their large travelling boats, (!alled baidurs, 
 capable of carrying ten tons of freight. At the saw mill on Woody Island, 
 oppsite St. Paul, the Walrus hide is successfully nsed for heavy machine belting. 
 
 The systematic linnting of the wahnus, prompted by better prices than have 
 been paid by the barely life-sustaining tariff of the Russian- American Company, 
 will develop this valuable branch of industry. Arctic whalers just from those 
 Milters assure us that the number of these animals is incalculable. 
 
 Near Point Mulgrave, in the Arctic, Cook found them in great numbers ; one 
 weighed eight hundred and fifty-four pounds; and they are generally of the size 
 of an ox, Near Cape Lisbnrne "the numbers of walrus is almost incredible;" his 
 crew liked the flesh, and called it "marine beef." When Kotzebue was at anchor 
 in eighteen and one-half fathoms, on the north side of East Cape, "thousands of 
 walrus played round the ship, and roared like oxen j and among them appeared 
 several whales." 
 
 POPULATION AND GENERAL CnARACXERISTICS OF THE INHABITANTS. 
 
 It is not necessary to enter into an elaborate account of the divisions and 
 subdivisions of the Indian races that inhabit the seaboard of Alaska, although wo 
 have had translated and gathered nuich material upon that subject ; nor is it ex- 
 pected that any account of the manners and customs of the people will by required. 
 
 Tiie annexed otticial table of the population of Alaska, excluding Esquimaux, 
 Kohishes, and inland tribes, has been obtained through the kindness of Prince 
 :Maksutoff, from the archives of the Russian-American Company at Sitka, and 
 includes the Russian half-breeds, (known throughout this territory as Creoles, (the 
 Aleutes, the Aliaskans of Alaska Peninsula, and the natives of Cook's Inlet, or 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 51 
 
 Keiiay Bay, rrince William Souud, and Copper River. The inhabitants of Lenni- 
 sin, Behring and Copper Islands, are embraced by the table ; bat in arriving at 
 the numbers now subject to the laws of the United States, tlioy and the llussians 
 are excluded from the final enumeration. The total adult and minor pojiulatiou 
 then stands four thousand five huudi'ed and eleven males, and four thousand five 
 hundred and five females. 
 
 The Koloshes are inhabitants of the Alexander Archipelago, and extend as 
 far west as Yakutat or Behring Bay, while many of them visit the Atna or Copper 
 River every season for the purposes of trade, and are supposed to muiiber four or 
 five thousand, although Tebenkoft' place them at forty thousand I and describes 
 them as a fierce and treacherous race. 
 
 Bishop Veniaminoff enumerates all their villages, and sums up their total 
 numbers at five thousand eight hundred from Dixon Sound to Yakutat Bay. Kot- 
 eebue says they bear the same relation to the human race that polecats do to 
 other qimdrupeds. 
 
 The Esquimaux north of Norton Sound and round the Arctic shores are esti- 
 mated by Beechey to number twenty-five hundred, which estimate is, doubtless, 
 excessive. 
 
 Through the courtesy of the officers of the company we are able to fur- 
 ther subdivide the numbers given in the table among their respective islands and 
 districts : 
 
 On the Island of Atton, one hundred and fifteen male and one hundred an*' 
 five female Alcutes. 
 
 On the Island of Atkha, one hundred and forty-six male and one hundred 
 and fifty-nine female Aleutes. 
 
 On the Island of St. Paul, one hundi'cd and forty-seven male and one hun- 
 dred and thirty-six female Aleutes. 
 
 The population of the islands and villages of the Unalaska anti tJnga dis- 
 tricts was kindly furnished us by the priest of Ilioidiouk. and dil&rs slightly from 
 the records at Sitka. It is here given in extens^^as indicating to onr fishermen 
 and traders where labor can be procured. It is compiled for the year 18G7. 
 
 On Unalaska Island : 
 In tho Ilionliouk settlement 
 
 Makusliinski village 
 
 Kiishu-gliiu-ski village 
 
 Tclieruofski village 
 
 Setshekinski village 
 
 Imagwinski village 
 
 Making a total of ,'>70 souIh on Unalaska Island 
 On Uiurka Island 
 
 Akoii 
 
 Ics. 
 
 Feniali!s. 
 
 153 
 
 156 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 ;;f. 
 
 3,3 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 4:< 
 
 42 
 
 r)0 
 
 4<J 
 
52 ALASKA COAf 1 TILOT. 
 
 Populnthn of the hlnwh and raUeys of the UnalniiJca and TJngn dintrkU—QonimwA. 
 
 On A vataiiok InIuiuI 
 
 ridiilna 
 
 Sviii-iioy 
 
 Uniimk 
 
 Making u total population of Unuhwka district 905. 
 
 liNliA DIKTItlCT. 
 
 On I 'nj;a Inland 
 
 KoroviiiNki 
 
 AsccoHion 
 
 rniniak ■ 
 
 Pcninrnda Alaska 
 
 In ravloCski village 
 
 Ik'lkdfski villa);i) 
 
 Morjlu'ski village 
 
 Making a total i)opulation of tlio Unga district MS. 
 
 On St. I'aiil Island 
 
 St. Qoorgo Island 
 
 Making a total jiopulation, under the charge of the priest of Unalaska, of 
 
 l,iH)H souls. 
 
 MnlPB. 
 
 Feinnles. 
 
 33 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 f)!> 
 
 103 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 156 
 
 l.'iO 
 
 C4 
 
 75 
 
 Upon the islaiuls of Kadiak and Afognak there are of Ru.ssiati8, .50 males ; of 
 Creoles, adult n»ale.s, 200, diildren, 240; adult females, 21(i, children, 196; of 
 Aleutes, adult males, 02S, children, .'$20 ; adult females, i'iOO, children, 324 ; mak- 
 ing a total of 2,400. The Kolo.shiau colony at St. Paul, formed of redeemed slaves 
 of Sitka, is iu)t enumerated; judging from the number of houses they probably 
 number sixty people. 
 
 On Ala.ska Peninsula, opposite Kadiak, there are of Aliaskans, 439 adult 
 males and 311 children ; of adult females, 422, and 2G1 children ; making a total 
 of 1,433. 
 
 The Indians about the entrance to Cook's Inlet, and round to Copper Eiver, 
 number 223 adult males, and \~A children ; 225 adult females, and 113 children. 
 
 The Indians in the northern part of Cook's Inlet number 324 adult males, and 
 107 children ; ,303 adult females, and 203 children. 
 
 The Aleutes are very distinct in their looks, manners, hiTiguage, and customs 
 from all the otlier Indians of the Northwest, and many of tliem bear a close re- 
 semblance to the less marked of the Japanese, so much so that the question at 
 once arises whether this people has not been directly derived from castaway or 
 .shipwrecked inhabitants of Japan, carried thither by the Kamtschatka branch of 
 the great Japanese stream; but it is not our province to investigate the problem 
 in this place. They are a (piiet, patient people, gifted with a great deal of ingenu- 
 ity, and always trusted implicitly by tliC Russians. The priest of the TJnalaska 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 53 
 
 district is an Aleut, and a man of moro than ordinary natural ability and taate. 
 Tlio surgtH)n of the company service at Iliouliouk, now the Coast Survoy tidal 
 observer, is also a full-blooded native, who has a<'(|uitted hinisc^lf creditably in his 
 observations. Many of the block-houses of the Russian Company are constructed 
 by the Aleutes; aiul the church at Iliouliouk is a piod specinu'u of their workman- 
 ship 5 even the capitals of the interior wooden cohunns were carved by them with 
 rude means. They make skillful mechanics, and the principal mechanician and in- 
 stnunent-repairer at Sitka is an Aleut, who early displayed talent, and was sent at 
 the company's expense to St. Petersburg, where he learned the business of an op 
 tician. His workmanship exhibits talent that needed a large flehl to develop. 
 This man's wife, a full-blooded Indian, and their daughter, attended by conunand 
 the ball given to the United States officers by the Prince and Princess Jlaksutoff, 
 during our stay at Sitka. The thirty-eight charts of Tebt'ukoflf's atlas were drawn 
 and engraved upon copper by a lialfbreed Aleut named Kadin. 
 
 The bidarkas or skin canoes of the Aleutes, constructed for one, two or three 
 persons, are tino specimens of ingenuity and form; the light frame is constructed 
 of wood, where the article is so scarce that it must be brought from Kndiak or 
 sought for on the beaches. In the management of these canoes they display 
 cool courage and thorough knowledge of their capabilities. In the early days of 
 the first sea-otter hunters, they made coast voyages of a thousand to fifteen hun- 
 dred miles with them, traveling from Unalaska as far as Sitka Sound. Vancou- 
 ver found seven hundred of these canoes, with fifteen hundred natives of Unalaska 
 and Kadiak, as far eastward as Behring Bay. Baranoff took six hundred of these 
 canoes and one thousand men to Sitka in 1804. As models they are not excelled 
 by any of those seen on the Pacific coast ; and as simple mechaiiical consti actions, 
 they are vastly superior to any southward. 
 
 Their large skin boats, baid.irs, capable of carrying from forty to sixty per- 
 sons, were used in triuling between distant I^'lands as far as r>t. Pan) ami St. 
 George, when the llusfiians first reached the couul^vy. They are still in use, and 
 were employed at Ulakhta harbor to coal the stv^amer. 
 
 The Aleutes are very ingenious in their tn ps for catching the smaller fur- 
 bearing animals, very neat in their spears, rsalrus larbs, and sinew twine, and 
 apt in adopting the simplest means to obtain their dnds. We obtained a speiii- 
 men of their application of the cam in so trifling an article as a clasp for holding 
 the edge of any fabric which they are sewing. They soon become very handy 
 with the use of ordinary tools, do good blacksmith work, use the lathe, &c.; but, 
 untbrtunately, have had few incentives to continued industry and improvement. 
 The great number of officially recognized holidays during the year — eighty -six 
 besides Sundays — has a very bad effi?ct upon their industry, and tends to keep 
 them in close acquaintance with poverty. In fact, the want of incentive for in- 
 dustry is the great drawback to development in general on this coast, and would 
 appear to have been the unexpressed but inevitable policy of the Itussian-Aj^ieri- 
 can Company. 
 
54 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Ill carviiif,' fl},niros from walrus tiisks, or tlio tiiskH of the fossil maiiiinotli 
 fouml <»ii Ivotzt'ltiif Sound tin- Alt'iitcs display patience, and in many eases eoiisid- 
 eral>ie in^jenuitj, eonstrnetinj,' out itf walrus tusk small litfuros of liiuiters, rocks, 
 seal and flsli, rejtresentiiiK the practice of seal-huntiiitf, making mimic representii- 
 tioi. of their danciii;j and musical entertainments, &c,, &c. 
 
 Jn hunting the sea-otter aiul seals they exliibit their tenacity of purpose by 
 \vatc!ii;:r for days at a time rather tiian lose the object of their pursuit. TIum 
 do not use 'he bow and arrow, but the small ivory-headed spear, thrown with the 
 aid of a hand-board, and tiieir exhibitions of skill proved their exi)ertness and 
 luoliciency. Most of the crews of the Russian Company's vessels are <'()mposed 
 of Aleutes, but they do not make the hardy sailor that the European or American 
 does. 
 
 Another pe(udiarity w(i noticed in then- favor at Unalaska: whenever a 
 woman was one of two oi' thnse persons in a bidarka, she was not compelled to 
 use the padiUe, as we have heretofore invariably seen on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Tlie women are v(ny ingenious in nuiking a great variety of stitches in tie 'r 
 sewing, and those of Unalaska have always been noted for skill in and the beauty 
 of their sewing. • 
 
 No miu'der has been committed among the Aleutes for the last fifty-two years, 
 and when the last occurred the whole race was horror-struck. 
 
 Of the Ivoloshes, of t\u' Alexander Archipelago, we have seen comparatively 
 little. They have forty large houses outside the stockade at Sitka, averaging 
 thirty feet front by fifty deep and twenty in height, constructed mostly of boards 
 from two to four feet wide, which they make from the spruce and cedar. Enor- 
 mous posts ami beams form the franu^, and they are roofed with Itoards similar 
 to the sides, but have no chimneys, only an oi)ening in the roof for the exit of 
 smoke. Some of them have pretensions to comfort and cleanliness inside, hav- 
 ing well-scrubbed boards laid for a floor, round the center space of six or seven 
 feet square, Avhich is filled in with pebbles and nsed as the fireplace. Their 
 canoes, hollowed from the trunks of trees, display much less ingenuity and grace 
 than those of the Chinooks of the Columbia river, or the Clallams of the Strait 
 of Fuca anil Admiralty Inlet. They have always been a fighting race, attacking 
 the early traders and discoverers whenever they could do so at an advantage. 
 They attacked A'ancouver's boats upon several occasions, and in 1798 attacked 
 and destroyed the first settlement of Sitka, a few miles westward of the present 
 location. In 1804 they had a stoekatled village and fort at the present site of 
 Sitka, with several four and six-pounders worked by American traders, and sus- 
 tained an attack from the Neva nnder Lisiansky. The error in all the past policy 
 of treating Mitli them has been to acknowledge the importance and power of their 
 chiefs, so as to secure their trade in furs from rival traders. This error has been 
 Tontiinied to the present day, and upon the slightest opiwrtunity, or for fiuuied 
 ."-light, they assume immense airs, swagger with cool insolence, and threaten war. 
 The practice of the Kussiau- American Company of selling to them certain quan- 
 
AFiAHKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 55 
 
 titioH of nun liiis traiiHiiiittctl !o our {{ovorniiuMit a lofjacy progiumt willi iiiiiny 
 evils. Till' ptdicy of tnuliiitf (iicuriiis, powder, aiul hall to tiu-ni for ti'iii|ioiiny 
 gain ill tiiulo lias assisted in dejieiiemtiii},' the laco and etVeetivlly «lcstroyed tlieir 
 liatiiial wealth, the sea-otter. 
 
 The prohleni to Iw, solved is a peculiar one, and it wonld h(> out of jilace to 
 make suKKCstions as to tlui hest.poliey to be pursued in treatiiif;- tlieni, especially 
 as tha present luilitary governor, Major (Jeneral ,1. ('. Davis, eonihines the reiiui- 
 sites for success in iuaiia{j;iiig and controlling,' them, altliou«:h his policy must suf- 
 fer much derangement by the illicit introdiuitiou of spirituous liquors, so readily 
 and secretly effected through the hundreds of harbors and channels of this archi- 
 pelago, esjiecially as the Indians, from a love of rum, assist in warning and hiding 
 the smugglers. Uiiiforin kindness, strict justice, prompt decision, and rigid exe- 
 cution of purpose are the corner-stones of any policy by which they can bo 
 humanely governed. 
 
 As traders they are shrewd, long in deciding, exacting presents after a bar- 
 gain is made, and do not hesitate to break any contract. On the Stikine lliver 
 they caused some annoyance to the early miners, but of late they have not proved 
 troublesome, especially since the death of two prominent liostile chiefs. The 
 Indians from the neighborhood of Kake are the same that sent a canoe-load of 
 fighting men, about the year 1850, all the way from the Clarence Strait to Wli id- 
 bey Island, in Washington Territory, to behead ex-collector of customs, ICbcy, in 
 retaliation for the killing of one of their chief men when the United States 
 steamer Massachusetts opened her batteries on the temporary encampment of 
 Stikine or Kake Indians on the saiul point opposite the saw-mills of Port (iambic, 
 where the men were employed as laborers. 
 
 Two or three years since some of the sub-tribes, twenty or thirty miles west 
 of the Stikine, captured the English trading schooner Koyal Charlie, murdered her 
 crew, and plundered and scuttled the vessel. In May, 18(52, between two hundred 
 and fifty and three hundred of the Indians on the west side of Chatham Strait, 
 and about twenty-live miles north of Cross Sound, or ley Strait, seized the cap- 
 tain and chief trader of the Hudson Bay Company's steamer Laboiiclierct, of seven 
 hundred tons, on the quarter-deck, and taking possession of the vessel drove the 
 crew forward. But parleying took place, and the crew luuir.g a large g'lu trained 
 aft, agreed to fire oft' their rifles, the Indians afterwards doing the same, and 
 finally leaving the vessel, which at night quietly steamed away and was afraid to 
 return for a year. It is but just to the Indian chiefs to say that when the vessel 
 returned they covered her deck with fine sea-otter and other skins as a present to 
 the captain and trader and a token of peace. One or two other instances of 
 attack upon small traders have been brought to my notice, but enough has been 
 stated to show th.it these Indians must be treated with lirmness. 
 
 The commercial rivalry that has existed between the traders of the Russian- 
 American Company and the Hudson Bay Company, which held a trading lease of 
 part of the Kussian sea-bound territory, has tended to keep ali\e and engender 
 
5(5 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 excited frolinjrs on the pjut of the Indians. Illicit traders, with whisky in their 
 ciirj^o, will hcij^liton all the bad i>assi()ns of the rnv Telu'ikott" says the Kolo- 
 slics are treaclicrDus, iiroud, and fond of fjain, but tiuit the first (inality has been 
 gradually controlled since the introduction of steamers in the fur trade, the 
 Indians acknow.' dging that these vessels can find them out promptly and punish 
 them. 
 
 The natives inhabiting the coast between Behring Bay and Prince William 
 Soiind are called (Jgalcnse: llicy are not numerous, reckoning only t»bout thirteen 
 hunilred souls, and living upon iish and the products of the soil and trade. 
 
 The Coast Indian.; on the southwestern part of the Alexander Archipelago 
 are ITydahs, air^ belong to the nation that occupies the Queen Charlotte Islaiuls. 
 Prom Portland Canal southward towards \ancou\er Island, along the main and 
 the bordering aichijielago, the Chimshyan nation holds the country nearly to 
 Millbank Sound, where the Bellbellas comrucnce and continue down Johnstone 
 Strait. 
 
 Of (he characteristics of the natives of Prince William Sound, Cook's Inlet, 
 ami Alaska Peniusnla, we have no reetuit information. They doubtless have 
 <!hanged in nuiny respi ts sinct; the fur trading has given them means of clothing 
 and lu.'vury to which none of them are averse. 
 
 THE COAST OF ALASKA — GEJJEEAL DESCIUI'TION. 
 
 The Pacific coast of Alaska commences at the southM^ard, in latitude 549 40', 
 forming the north shores of Dixon Sound, and sweeps in a long, regular curve to 
 the northward ami westward for Ave hundred and fifty miles, to the vicinity of 
 the entrance of Prince William Sound, and thence seven hundred and twenty-five 
 miles southward and westward to the extremity of Alaska I'eninsula, where the 
 line of islands generally known as the Aleutians Ktretches towards the coast of 
 KamtsehavUa in a long curve, Avith the convexity to the souih. 
 
 The highest latitude of the great bend of the main coast line north of Sitka 
 is nOA'^ and h»ngitude ItoP at Controller P>;.y; and the western and southern 
 point of Alaska Peninsula is in latitude 55" and longitude 10;$^, where it is 
 separated by the impassable Strait of Isanotsky from the extensive but nearly 
 snow-clad island of T''iiimak, marked with great volcanic peaks covered with 
 eternal snow. 
 
 Prom Isiinotsky Strait the Al, utians sweep in a very regular curve to the 
 Hoiitii^vard and we.-.t\va(d for seven hundred aud fifty miles, reaching the latitude 
 of 5U" in longitude 18(1°, and thence northward and westward three hundred and 
 twenty-flve miles towards Behring Island, in 55° of latitude and 195° of longi- 
 tude; but Attou, the westtin of the Aleutians, and (Copper Island, Just east of 
 iJcbriiig Island, are separated by a strait two hundred miles wide, through the 
 niiddlf of wliiili the boundary line of the treaty passes. 
 
 Tlie Altaitiar. Islands are the summits of the Alaskan range which sweeps 
 along the American coast from the southward and eastward, thence round the 
 
I 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT, 
 
 57 
 
 hoad of Triiice William Souml and Cook's lulet, and domi the Alaska Peninsula. 
 The i)eninsiila and islands arc marked by forty or iifty volcanoes in activity, and 
 reaching elevr oious as great as twelve thousand feet on the west shores of Cook's 
 Inlet, eight thousand nine hundred and flfty-three feet on Cnimak, five tliousand 
 six hundred and ninety-one on Unalaska, four thousand eight hundred and Iifty- 
 two on Atka, six thousand nine hundred and seventy-five on Tanaga, three thou- 
 sand seven hundred on Kryska, and three thousand eighty-four on Attoii, 
 
 Norih of the peninsula of Alaska the coast has a general direction northward 
 to latitude (iO^ in the Arctic Sea, indented by four large bays or sounds, respect- 
 ively named JJristol, Kouskocjuim, Norton, and Kotzebue; and receiving among 
 others the great river Youkou, having its sources about L%o west longitude in 
 British America, 
 
 The extensive sheet of water north of the Aleutians to Behring Strait, in 
 latitude G^jp, and between the American and Asiatic continents, is known as 
 Behring Sea, and, so far as .-"junded, consists of very extensive subnuirine 
 lev'.'ls of remarkable exeuness of surface at a very small <lepth. It is nuukcd by 
 several large islands, upon two of which, St. Paul and St. George, are located 
 Enssiiiu factories. 
 
 Ott" the southeastern shore of the Alaska Peninsula lies the large island of 
 Kadiak, which has numerous adjacent islands separated by n^irrow and navigable 
 straits, North of the Kadiak group, and f;.rming part of the eastern shore of the 
 Alaska Peninsula, is Cook's Iidet, one hundred and tifty-nine miles long and from 
 Iifty to twenty miles iu width, penetrating the Territory to latitude 01°, longitude 
 150<^, and receixing two large rivers near its lu-.d. 
 
 The great extent of water lying in the curve of tlio coast between Dixon 
 Sound ami the south part of the Kadiak (iron)* has been named, by the Sui)erin- 
 tendent of the Coast Survey, the Gulf of xVlaska. 
 
 From Dixon Sound, in u4o 10', to the Chilkaht, in 59° 14', the nmin land is 
 guarded by a vast archipt ago of veiy large islands, most of tlu;m having high 
 mountains throughout, and all covered with a dense growth of large sprucje, 
 hemlock, and cedar. The dinu'usions of this asscjnbhige of islands averages 
 about seventy-live miles cast and west, and two hundred and sixty-live miles 
 north-northwest and south-southeast, divided by numerous navigable passages, 
 ou(! of which, named l)y Vancouvt-r, (Miatham Strait, stretches in a straigiit line 
 one hundred and ninety-five miles iu>arly north-northwest from Cape Oinmaney, in 
 latitude 50o 10', to the mouth of the Chilkaht, in latitude 59° 11', with an average 
 Avidth of seven or eight miles, and great depth of water. This great strait has 
 numerous anchorages and sumll bays, and several large passages connecting it 
 with the other straits to the eastward, and two important ones with tlu; sea to tlie 
 north of Sitka. Of the iatler, one passes through IVril Strait and Salisbury 
 Sound to the Gulf of Alaska, about twenty miles north of Sitka Sound, with a 
 navigable branch to Sitka, and the second through Cross Sound, or ley Strait, to 
 .S 
 
58 
 
 ALASKxY COAST PILOT. 
 
 the Gulf of Alaska, about seveiity-flve miles north of Sitlca Sonnd. The north 
 sliore of Cross Souiid is the southern part of the i)eninsnla of the mainland lying 
 between Chatham Strait ami the (iulf of Alaska, and the termination of the 
 fjroat niiiye of coast mountains that embraces ilouuts St. Elias, Fairweather, and 
 Crillon. 
 
 To the iibove extensive archipelago, embra(!ing' a shore-Hue of nearly eight 
 thousand statute miles, wo have applied the name of "Alexander Archipc^lago," in 
 honor of the Enii)eror of Russia. 
 
 From Icy Strait the coast is very slightly indented by bays up to the extreme 
 northern part of the Gulf of Alaska, in longitude 111'°. Here the extensive area 
 of Avater, islands, and peninsulas, known as rrince William Sound, stretches 
 inland to the base of the great mountains for sixty miles, with a width of nearly 
 the same distance. 
 
 One hundred miles westward of that sound is Cook's Iidet, and the ])eninsula 
 lying bet'..eeii them is denominated the Kenai Peninsula. 
 
 aENEUAL APPEAKANXE OF THE COAST. 
 
 The sea-coast of the Alexander Archipelago is formed of very irregular 
 outline on account of the lunmrous bays, straits, and islands. The south coast, 
 facing upon Dixon Sound, and extending eighty miles from the mouth of Port- 
 laud Canal to Cape Kygani, exhibits headland, s' ;re, and mountains covered 
 M itli Sitka spruce and yellow cedar to their summits. The nu)untains attain an 
 eli'vation of two or thiee thousand feet, with no valleys for cultivation between 
 them. The same description ap])lies to the coast from Kygani to Icy Strait. 
 
 It is remarkable that outside the sea-coast line of this arclii]telago but two 
 islands are laid down, both being small, and t-^n to fifteen miles off the island of 
 Prince of Wales. The same absence of coast islands Mcstward of Icy Strait is 
 remarked as far as the eastern mouth of Coi)per River, in longitude 144:0, being a 
 distance of five hundred miles of coast from Kygiini. 
 
 AVcstward of ley Strait the coast mountain range attains an elevation o^ 
 about eight or nim> thousand feet, covered in most part with perpetual snow; 
 with some magnificent siu)w peaks reaching the great height of nearly fifteen 
 thousand feet, and freciuently seen at a distance of over one hundred and fifty 
 miles at sea. 
 
 The imnuHliate sea-coast west of Letuya Bay or Port Franyais, thirty-two 
 miles northwestward from ley Strait Sound, to Prince William Souml, is compara- 
 tively low wooded ground, but (ilose backed by icy-faced steeps that como down 
 from the high mountain range, and, as at the head of Behring Bay and Icy Bay, 
 fre(pu'ntly reaching the coast line. 
 
 A great part of the innnediate shores of Prince A\'illiam Sound is low, a', are 
 most of the projecting arms and sonu' of the islands on tlu^ western sidi. The 
 extrctne northwestern arm of this sound stretches through what is laid down on 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 59 
 
 
 the map as low ground, to within ten miles of the head of Tnvn-again arm of 
 Cook's Inlet. 
 
 The western shores of Kenai Peninsula are low and well wooded, but rise to 
 bold mountains a few miles baek. Although the elevation of this spur or penin- 
 sula is less than that of the Mount St. Klias range, yet it is sufficiently great to 
 develo]) numerous glaciers, which work down to the waters of the sound and to 
 the heads of the bays on the southeast coast. A very large one exists on the lake 
 at the head of the river Kassilotf, debouching into Cook's Inlet iibout latitude 
 COO 20'. 
 
 The peninsula of Alaska appears to be formed by a continuation of the Mount 
 St. Elias range, brokeu or deflected at Prince William Sound, and embraces some 
 very high and volcanic i)eaks. The southeast shores of the peninsula are gene- 
 rally bold and rocky, and as far we.stward as abreast of the islan<l of Kadiak there 
 is timber on the low margin of the coarst, but gradmilly becoming scarcer to the 
 west of Kadiak, when it ceases altogetlior. With the narrowing of the peninsuhi 
 many bays indent its shores on both sides, and nuniennis lakes, connected by 
 small streams, exist among the mountains. The northwest coast is low and 
 sandy, and backed by a narrow, low belt of land covered with herbage. For the 
 last sixty miles to \ho. westward the peninsula is (roniparatively low, and nearly 
 divided into islands by deep bays indenting its shores. 
 
 The chaui of mountainous islands thence westward to the coast of Kam- 
 tschatka commences with the high and extensive one called Unimak, having near 
 its eastern extremity the great volcanic peak of Shishaldin, said to have an eleva- 
 tion of nearly nine tlionsand feet. Further westward tiio islands diminish in 
 extent and fveciuency, yet among them are many high volcanit; peaks. The cli- 
 mate also changes, judging from the appearance of the snow upon the high range 
 of Uninuik in September, when there was no snow on the mountains of Unalaska, 
 except on the peak of IMakushin, with its five tlionsand seven hundred feet of eh;- 
 vati(m and small glacier. This modification of climate should naturally be 
 expected when the Marmer waters and winds of the Pacific can pass fully through 
 the numerous straits. West of Unalaska we should expc^ct a colder climate from 
 the influence of the Behring Sea current flowing south, unless more than counter- 
 balanced by the Avarnu'r south win<1s from the Pacific. 
 
 Abreast of the southeast coast of the peninsula of Alask'a, fin' one hundred 
 miles from its extremity, lie numerous large an<l high islands, extemling as far oflF 
 shore as sixty miles, and reaching the latitude of 54° .'{(»' in longitude 1500 
 Some of the Pussian navigators inform me that the ])ositions of these islands are 
 poorly determined, as their business rarely called them among them. 
 
 Broad olf the southeast coast of tlu' ])eninsula, towards Cook's Inlet, and sep- 
 arated from the peninsula by the Petries or Shelikoff Strait, twenty-five to thirty- 
 five miles wide, lies the large and important island of Kadiak, with Spruce, Afog-- 
 
 1 
 it 
 
 h 
 
00 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 link, iiiul otliiT isliiiids to the northeastward, and the Trinity Islands off its 
 soiitlnve.st extremity. 
 
 The elevations of the mountains of Kadiak rise probably over three thousand 
 feet, as some were tri<;()nr»metri('ally measured that were twenty-four hundred feet 
 higli (|uite near the coast of Cliiniak Jiay. 
 
 Tills island and its a(;cessories may b(^ really considered a prolongation of the 
 j)eninsula of Kenai parallel with the peninsula of Alaska and the Shelikoff Strait, 
 a continuation of Cook's Jnlet. The north end of Afognak Island is only forty 
 miles from tiie south end of Kenai IVninsula, with a cluster of high barren islands 
 lying between them. 
 
 That extensive banks exist well out to sea, off the south and southeast coast 
 of Alaska, Kadiak, and some of the Aleutians, there can remain no doubt, from 
 the oltservations of the old navigators aiul the determinations made upon this 
 e.v; '.nlition. Tiie limit of that otf the northeast end of Kadiak, discovered by 
 Portlock in 17S(I, has been extenih-d ; and an important lishing bank, situated off 
 the Akntan and I'nimak Straits, heretofore unknown, has been sounded upon, 
 and its iH)sition a]>proxiniately determined, in very thick weather. Soundings 
 obtained tliirty miles olf tiie .Sliuniagin Islands indicate a bank in that vicinity. 
 Other banks, freciuented by the codfishing vessels from San F-ancisco and Victo- 
 ria, exist in the western part of the Gulf of Alaska and among the Shumagiu 
 Islands. 
 
 Off the south shores of Unimak and Unalaska rocky islets are said to exist 
 and to have been visited by Aleutes in pursuit of sea otters. 
 
 Of tlie waters adjoining the (-oast very little is known with accuracy. The 
 currents have been oidy incidentally determined; the surface and deep-sea tem- 
 peratures liave not been investigated, and the general results are obtained from 
 the i)ra('ticai experience or opinions of navigators, in a region where ths oppor- 
 tunities for determining a vessel's position are very limited indeed, on account of 
 the large percentage of thick weatlier. 
 
 From tlie navigators of tlie liussian-Americau Company we have obtained 
 much valuable infornmtion, many interesting .acts and descriptions, and some 
 mannscri])! maps and tracings. 
 
 In cons;ib'ng the works of the old navigators many important descriptions of 
 headlands, bays, &i'., lie scattered t'nrough their volumnious pages; and in the 
 following descri])tions all that was not i • rsonally observed has been collated from 
 the Old navigat(Ms, diseoven is, and fur-traders, or obtained directly from the Rus- 
 sian navigators, and TebenkotV's di'scription of his atlas. 
 
 Coiisideiing the means at their disposal, and the special objects of the Ilns- 
 siaii-Ainerican Company, they have added very much to our stock of general 
 geographical knowledge, and the archives of the company would doubtless reveal 
 much more. In matters of minute detail tiieir surveys are detieient, but their 
 genera! results are good. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 61 
 
 CUKUENTS OF THE NOUTIT rACIFIO. 
 
 ThcNorth Pacific presents a peculiarly striking analogy to the Xortli Atlantic 
 in the existence of a great warm current, which sweeps along the eastern coast 
 of Asia to the northeastward, crosses the Pacific, washes the northwest coast of 
 America, affects the climate of the whole coast, and gives a much higher tempera- 
 ture along the seaboard than would exist under normal circumstances. 
 
 The Japanese have long been well aware of this great current, which washes 
 the southeastern shores of their empire, and have given to it the name Kuro-Siwo, 
 or Black Stream, ft-om its deep blue color when compared with the neighboring 
 waters of the Pacific. It has been noticed by nearly all tlie old navigators and 
 explorers, and a systematic series of observations was undertaicen by the L'uited 
 States expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. 
 
 This singular current, with the water at an average maximum temperature of 
 80° — being that of ecpiatorial waters — aft'ords a solution to the fact of the lioiiin 
 Lslands, in the latitude of -7J°, having an exclusively troi)ical vegetation, tlio 
 cause of which was long a mystery to naturalists. It also acctmnis for the pro- 
 ductiveness of the southern islands of the Jai)an group in sugar and other pro- 
 ducts, usually confined to intertropical regions and to the successful deyelopmeut 
 of the silkworm as high as latitude 15°. 
 
 The results of observations, (corroborated by the fact of the high temperature 
 above stated, show very satisfac orily that tlie Japan stream has its origin in tho 
 great northern equatorial current. 
 
 This great northern erpiatorial current, leaving the coast of Lower California 
 and the Gulf of California between the latitudes of I'P and L'.^o, s>veei)s across 
 tho whole Pacific, with its axis two or three degrees south of tlie Sandwich Islands, 
 and thence continuing on the parallel of I'P, and coming gradually northward 
 until it passes the position of the Ladrone Islands, in latitude 17°, and longitude 
 214° west, is gradually deflected to the north and northeast, along the Asiatic 
 coast, but ai)parently with decreased velocity ; although neecliey siiys that, when 
 between the south eml of Formosa and the island of iiotel Tobago Sima, lying 
 sixty miles eastward, he experienced a current which carried the vessel n<u(h 'A'P 
 west twenty-six miles in the night, or two and a half miles per hour. He does not 
 state the temperature of the water; .and several leagues oft' the Velo Kete rocks, 
 situated off the south end of Formosa, the weather being nearly calm, the vessel 
 was drawn into a very strong current rip, ami continued in it several hours, dur- 
 ing which no bottom could l»e found with one hundred fathoms of line. Fxperi- 
 ineuts with a buoy gave a current to the southeast of seven-eighths of a mile per 
 hour, but he doubts the accuracy of the results. The water was much agitatcid 
 and made considerable noise, and had a vessel seen it or heard it in (he night she 
 must have taken it for breakers and put about. On lieechey's voyiige from the 
 Sandwi(di Islands to the Ladrones he kept outsi<le the northern limit of the grciit 
 ecpmturial stream, and exiierieuced a counter-current to the eastward of nciirly 
 seven miles per day. 
 
62 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 At Olio Imndiod 1 1 twenty leagues eastward of Formosa the monsoon cur- 
 rent of tlie Ciiroliiic Isl) uds runs northward and then northeast, to add its waters 
 to those of the groat .iiipan stream. 
 
 The combined Avaters of the Caroline and equatorial streams are thrown 
 against the island of Formosa in latitude 22° and longitude 239° west,* thence 
 delicctod to tlic iiorthwaid and northeastward, and in the parallel of 31° strike 
 the sdiithern (extremity of Japan, and pass close along the northeastern coasts of 
 Niphon. Of the south and east point of Niphon, in latitude 35^, longitude 220° 
 west, the stroain begins to spread, and by the time it roaches latitude 38° and 
 longitude 210°, it has lieen divided or split into two by the intrusion of the cold 
 polar euiTont. The contact of the cold and warm waters gives rise to the constant 
 fogs that exist in this region. One branch of the stream, called the Kaintschatka 
 current, moves to the northeast nearly parallel with the coast of Japan, the Kurile 
 islanils, and the coast of Kaintschatka, its axis passing Just east of Copper 
 Island, in latitude 5")°, longitude 1!U°, and running directly for liehring Strait. 
 Tlie other and greater branch follows the parallel of 35° eastward, being detlocted 
 a degree or two toward the south in longitude 180° by the impinging of the cold 
 Eehriiig Sea enrrent, running southward through the Fox Islands; but in longi- 
 tude 170° it regains its latitiule, and finally reaches the latitude of 45° to 50°, in 
 about longitude 148°, where it appears to again divide. The main body of the 
 stream strotehos directly towards the coast of America, is deflected to the south- 
 ward and eastward, runs down the east coast of Oregon and California, and finally 
 sweeps back into the great northern equatorial current. The existence of this 
 current is well demoustratod by the wrecks of Japanese Junks upon the coast of 
 AVasliingtou Territory and Oregon. Many years ago, upon the beach south of 
 Point Adams, at the entrance to the Columbia lliver, there Avas cast away a 
 Chinese or Japanese Junk, with many hands and a cargo of beeswax. The ship 
 was totally lost, but the crew saved. In support of this Indian tradition pieces of 
 this wax, coated witii sand and bleached nearly white, are occasionally thrown 
 njion the boacli after groat storms. Formerly a groat deal was found, but now 
 it is rarely met with. In 18."»1 we saw many pieces of it. In 1833 a Japanese 
 junlc was wrecked near Cajje Flattery, of which accounts can be found in Belcher's 
 narrative and in that of the United States exploring expedition. 
 
 Kotzebiie mentions the following remarkable case in his " Voyage of discov- 
 ery into the South Sea and IJehring Straits" in 181.5-M8. 
 
 "Looking over Adams' t Journal I ibund the following notice: 'Brig Forester, 
 the 24th IMarch, 181;"), at sea near the coast of California, in latitude 32° 45' north, 
 
 * It is 11 curiiiiis fuel, liitliiito iiiiiidti 1. that this hititnih) is iionrly that (if the southern cx- 
 
 trpiiiity i)t I'liiiiila. and 1(1(» (lilVcrciit in hiiiKitudi' ; ho tlnit this cnrri'nt and the Atlantic (iulf 
 Stream riiinincnci' tlii'iv jiicat Junnn'vs (Viini nlative pDsitions tlnit art- irniarkalile. 
 
 tAI lliat time ('a|)lain Alixandcr Adams coniniandcd tlic Sandwich Island Inij; of war For- 
 I'stci', I'diniiijv nndi r icniMMMiid 111' (a|dain ri;^j;iitl when she was iiinltT I'njilisli lohirs. Shi^ had 
 Imiii a I'linrli inivatrrr named I.a (iiande (^nimlianle, and was eaiitnred l),v the Knj;li.sh and Mold 
 to London mt'iehants. Ailams was tlu'U I'iKjiott's seeoinl otticer. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 63 
 
 ami longitude 12Cfi 57' west; (this is three luuulred and fifty miles south, 73° west 
 from Point Concepcion.) During a strong wind from west-nortlnvest, and rainy 
 weather, we descried this morning at six o'clock a ship at a small distance, the 
 disorder of whose sails convinced us that it stood in need of assistance. Wo 
 inimediatelj' directed our course to it, and recognized the vessel in distress to be a 
 Japanese, which had lost her mast and rudder. I was sent by the captain on 
 board, and found in the ship only three dying Japanese, the captain and two 
 sailors. I instantly had the unfortunate men carried to our brig, where they were 
 perfectly recovered after four months' careful attendance. We learned from these 
 people that they came from the port of Osaca, in Japan, bound to another com- 
 mercial town, but had been surprised immediately after their departure by a storm 
 and had lost their mast and rudder. They had been, up to this day, a sport of the 
 waves for seventeen mouths; and of their crew of live and thirty men only three 
 had survived, who Avould have died of hunger.' This note is so far remarkable as 
 it proves that the currents in these seas, i. e., north of the tropics, always keep 
 their direction from west to east." 
 
 Supposing the junk to have kept on the south side of the axis of the great 
 current, and to have been carried directly down the American coast on the west- 
 ern part of this current, it must have traversed five thousand tiiree hundred miles 
 in live hundred and sixteen days, or a trifle over ten mdes per day for that whole 
 period. 
 
 Within the last four years a Japanese junk was found in mid-ocean by the 
 bark Aukland, and the crew brought to San Francisco. These wrecks are abund- 
 ant evidence of the force and direction of this great curreut, in conjunction with 
 the prevniling summer winds. 
 
 Of the northern branch of this great stream, flowing towards Alaska, we will 
 speak hereafter. 
 
 The Kamtschatka current, after passing through Behring Strait, inclines 
 towards the coast of America, as is fully proved by the existence of drift-wood 
 along the shores and in the waters of the curreut, while little or none is found on 
 the Asiatic coast or in the waters adjacent. We have this season conversed with 
 whaling captains who left the Arctic as late as October 12ih, and their experience 
 of years confirms the above statement.* 
 
 This current passes through the Behring Strait with a velocity ranging from 
 one to three knots per hour. Ir is hardly probable that it can run with much 
 greater velocity, as the whalers can generally work against it with a head wind. 
 
 * Mon-oviT, tho intei-estiiiR fact may here bo stated that there has rarely been »iieh an open 
 Beason iu the Arctic as that just pime.l. Captain Williams went as far westwar.l as 188-, and had 
 tlien nothing l)nt open sea lu'fore him. Captain Thomas went as far nortli as Ti^ 55'. From botli 
 we have many faets of importance in regard to the connection of I'lover Island with \Vranf;.ll Land 
 bv 'i low flat plain str.'tcliinfr novth-northwest and west-southwest from Tlover Island. This idaiii 
 was covered with fjrass in AuKUst and Septemb.'r, 18(i7. This same seas..n Captain Lon^ coasted, 
 tlu^ south shores of Wruufrell Laud, marked by mountains, uud a volcano over two thousand lour 
 hundred ■feet elevation. 
 
64 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 The ice that sometimes moves southward through the strait is not fairly attribu- 
 table to a change in the current, but to the fact that the wanner water of the 
 Ivanitschatka current striking the American coast permits the ice to form on the 
 siiores northwest of East Cape, ami even to overlap the cape. A heavy ncu-th- 
 west wind arising will break ui) this iioiut of ice cand force it southward against 
 the current. This Avinter ice capo has been seen thus formed by the llussiau 
 navigators. 
 
 Among the tangible proofs of the origin and existence of the Kamtschatka 
 current are the following: In September, ISOli, a Japanese vessel was wrecked on 
 the island of Attou. She had been driven off the coast of Japan two or three 
 months before with a crew of twelve men, of which she had lost ' ine before going 
 ashore, and had thus been drifted eighteen hundred miles in this current, at an 
 average velocity of over twenty miles per day. "Among the floating bodies which 
 the sea drives upon the shores of Copper Island, the true right camphor wood, 
 and another sort of wood, very white, soft, and sweet-scented, are occasionally 
 found." Kotzebue found Asiatic Moods among the Aleutes of IJnalaska. 
 
 But the whole of the waters of the Kamtschatka current do not pass through 
 Behring Strait. Striking against the south shore of the large island of St. Law- 
 rence, part of the waters are deflected to the eastward, southward, and finally 
 westward of south, casting tlieir f iting wood on the American coast and the north 
 shores of the Aleutian Islands, .jeecthey experienced a current to the west, when 
 north of Unimak, ecjual to three miles ])er hour, doubtless influenced in part by the 
 tidal current through the straits. Ilussian navigators assure us that when passing 
 south of the Aleutians, between 175° and 185° of longitude, they encounter a cold 
 current from the northward, bringing with it masses of sea-weed, doubtless torn 
 from the shores of the islands. In the vicinity of the island of St. Lawrence the 
 temperature of this return stream is 47°; north of the Aleutians it is also 47°; 
 near these islands and south of them it is 49°, southeast of them 51°. 
 
 Between the Kamtschatka current and the Asiatic coast and islands is a cold 
 polar counter-current, coming from the Behring Sea. It follows the coast of 
 Kamtschatka, the trend of the Kurile Islands, gives rise to the currents flowing 
 west into the south part of the Ochotsk Sea, and strikes the northern and eastern 
 l)art of tiie coast of Japan. - . 
 
 A small amount of the water of this current passes into the Japan Sea 
 through the Tsugar Strait, but the greater part keeps along the east coast inside, 
 and probably underrunning the great Japan stream, the northwestern edge of 
 which is strongly marked by a sudden depression in the temi)erature of the water, 
 amounting to 10° and I'Oo, while the borders of the stream where it chafes are 
 marked by strong current rips, often resembliug heavy breakers on reefs and 
 shoals. This difference of the thernnd condition of the waters of these two streams 
 causes harassing ]»ri'valence of fogs. 
 
 Kear the origin of the great Japan current the stream is usually confined 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 «;5 
 
 between the islands of Formosa and Majioio-Sinia, Avitli a width of one limidred 
 miles, but to the northward of the latter it rapidly expands on its southern limits 
 and reaches the Loo Choo and ]5ouin groui)s, attainiuf; a width to tiu^ northward 
 of the latter of five hundred miles. Its soutiiern and eastern limit is not distiiutly 
 delined, there being a gradual thermal apitroximation to that of tlu' air and water. 
 The velocity of the stream varies much, and we have no reliable data whatever of 
 its velocity towards the coast of America.* Tiie United States Japan expedition 
 determined its velocity between the south end of Formosa and the straits of 
 Tsugar, a distance of nine hundred miles, at thirtj-five to forty miles per day; and 
 upon one occasion, off tiic Gulf of Yedo, in latitu<le '.ii°, its maximum strength 
 ■was recorded as high as eighty miles per day. In the latitude of 3rp, at seventy 
 leagues from the coast, its direction is east-northeast, and its rate forty-eight miles 
 per day; while at twenty -live leagues from the coast in the same latitude it is 
 8eveuty-two miles per day, corroborating the above maximum velocity. King also 
 assures us that in these latitudes he found it running at the rate of live miles per 
 hour. The rate and direction vary with the season as well as the distanctt from 
 the coast. In ifovember its course becomes more northerly, and in July more 
 easterly. 
 
 The western body of the Behring Sea current from the north strikes this 
 great stream in about latitude ',i{)° and longitude -'00° west, and splits it, l)ut being 
 too feeble to overcome it, passes beneath it, and is gradually br(jught to the sur- 
 face upon reaching shoaler water ; while the Behring current combined with the 
 returning Gulf of Alaska current presses against the northern edge of the great 
 stream from longitude in 105° to 200°, an<l passes beiu-ath it. We have thermal 
 observations in proof of the existence of a cold sub-stream between Florida and 
 the Bahamas, and we also know clearly the existence of "cold walls" working, 
 as it were, against and through the stream of the Atlantic. The \>'hirls and 
 eddies observed in the middle of the great Ja])an stream, off the coast of .lapan, 
 indicate the existence of a similar cold sub-current ; and walls of cold water aro 
 indicated by the observations of the United States expedition, lieechey's thermal 
 observations on the southern edge of the great stream, in latitude ',ir>° and longi- 
 tude 194^0 west, corroborate these indications, for he found the temperature of 
 the water at seven hundred and sixty fathoms 28*^ colder than at the surface ; 
 and two days later, when on his course north northwest to Fetropaulski, in the 
 fork between the Kamtschatka arul Japan streams, "the tempeiature at one 
 hiuulred and eighty fathoms Avas as cold as at live hundred fathoms in the above 
 position; and also that it was 20° colder at three hundred ami eighty fathoms in 
 this position than it was at seven hundred and sixty fathoms in tlu> above," Thus, 
 at three hundred and eighty fathoms he found the temperature 18° colder than 
 the surface water of the great stream, which had already left the coast of Ja[)an 
 
 * III the vicinity of Siuiak Island aud rci-f, thoro is a current (Si'ptcnil)pr 15, 1865,) of a knot 
 and a half an lionr to the north and east. Surface tomiuTaturn '>('f. — VV. If. Pm.i,. 
 
66 
 
 ALASKA COAST IMLOT, 
 
 twelve ImiMlroil miles. Of couiNe, nndcr siich tliennnl conditions, Upocliey found 
 liiinscif eiivcloix'd in dense and confinuoiis fo;;-.** and dri/zliiif,' rains all the way 
 to I'etntpanlski, witii the exception of one tlay in latitude ."ioo. 
 
 On the southern edye of the great stream, almost idontieally in the j)osition 
 of Heeehey, Kotzebue was remarkably iiiHuenoed by the cold current which had 
 underrun the warm stream and risen to the surface. In latitude .'iP .'}', lonj-itudo 
 1040 S', a violent current carried the ship, on the 1st of April 1.S17, thirty-six 
 miles .south _'(P west; ami on the L'd, thirty-six and three quarter miles south 18° 
 east. This eurreut was accompaui(!d with a hi;;h sea from the sonth, and the tem- 
 jjcrature of the air fell from 8;50.8 to 04°."), and to us very cold. On the :Ul of 
 Ai)ril, in latitude ;U3 1i7', lonjiitude lO.'P 47', the current set tlu^ vessel south 81° 
 west thirty four miles. Tin was a faint wind, aiul he noticed the water ripple 
 on tlu- surface of the sea, caused by the currents. In this position the tempera- 
 ture of the air was (>(»0; of the surface water uSo..">, and at a depth of two 
 hundred and fifty fathoms 48o.5. On the 5th of April, in latitude 35° 35', longi- 
 tude 1010 4'J', by {-ood ol)servatious, the current had carried the xcssel in two 
 days lifty-two and three-(piarters miles sonth 34° west. 
 
 In the fiist positions Beechey and Kotzebue were fourteen hitndred miles east 
 of the .Tai)an coast, ami ten hundred and fifty miles broad off the Kurile Islamls. 
 
 While there is no doubt whatever that the greater body of water of the great 
 Japan stream Hows to the eastward after dividing ott' the coast of Japan, the fact 
 is also evident from the decreased velocity of the Kamtschatka current off the 
 coast of that peninsula, where Tessan found it, in the latitude of Petro])anlski, 
 running at a rate of only seven to ten miles per day in an east-northeast and 
 lutrthcast direction. The observations ui)on the western limit of the cold Behring 
 Sea current indicate, also, the contracted width of this (uirrent. On t'.ic contrary, 
 the eastern and main branch has, in the longitiule of 1G5<^ west, a maximinu 
 breadth of 20° of latitude from 22° to 43°. On the southern limit the tempera- 
 ture is 78°, or four degrees above that of the great ecpnitorial current returning 
 from the ('alifornia coast; and its northern limit of 04°, or 11° to 13° greater 
 than tlie variable currents to the northward. 
 
 The passages of the China and San Francisco steamers will, in time, afford 
 us means of determining many peculiarities of this current. 
 
 In tlu! vicinity of the great northern curve of this current, about longitude 
 150° and latitude 44°, all navigators have found drift-wood, seal, sea-otter, land- 
 birds, and many indications of land. We have collected nniny notices of this 
 character, ami will submit them to you in a separate report. Between this great 
 bend and the Sandwich Islands lies what is called Flienreus whirlpool or eddy. 
 
 Neither the great stream nor any part of it is laid down as passing as far 
 north as latitude 50°, ami hence is not supposed to pass into the Gulf of 
 Alaska ; but while the great body of the stream sweeps round and foUows the 
 direction of the western coast of America to the Gulf of California, a branch 
 continues direct towards the Alexander Archipelago, and, striking the southern 
 
ALASKA (JOAST PILOT. 
 
 67 
 
 part of tliat coast, is dcfloctcd to the iiortlnvanl and Avostward, and follows tlio 
 trend of tlio coast round tlio (luif of Alaska to tlic wostwanl, and, finally, to (lio 
 south westward. Jt is this Wiirni Alaska hranch whieh causes the hij;h isothermal 
 lino that exists diroetly upon this coast. Tho curront to tho uorthwanl, westward 
 and southwestward, along the coast of the (Julf of Alaska, is well known to iiav 
 iffators, and is jrenerally eon<'ede(' to have a velocity of ten to twenty miles per 
 day. One of the llnssian navi^'iitors informs us that he has found it rnnnin;,' at 
 least thirty-six miles per day. [J[Mn our trij) from Sitka to the ramplona rocks, 
 on a straight course, wo found but little current in our favor, but between the 
 Siiumagin Islands and the Sanualc Lsland and reef it was very strong to the south- 
 ward along the coast. If the position of the reef is correcitly laid down, we expe- 
 rienced ii current of not less than four or five knots ])er hour, between eight 
 o'clock a. m. and halfpast twelve p.m., on the 4th of Septend)er lH(i7. Others 
 Lave expcriencHid the same velocity, which is, doubtless, in great part due to tidal 
 currents i)assing through the straits into the Eehring Sea. 
 
 Otf the east shore of the Kii 'iak group, on th(>, Portlock bank, we experi- 
 enced a set towards the southwest, parallel to the coast of Kadiak. Tebcidiolf 
 lays down a current in the same direction. It is this returning current which 
 adds its weight to the current from the Behring Sea to press against the northern 
 edge of the great stream, and to underrun it. 
 
 An ex])loration of the region of the o(!ean where the divide takes place may 
 develop causes for the division of the great stream and the detlection of each part. 
 
 There is doubtless an eddy between the southern edge of this Alaska branch 
 when sweeping westward and the northern edge of the main stream running east- 
 ward; for Lisiansky, on his voyage from Kadiak to Sitka, in June, ISO."), which he 
 made in six days, to within a few miles of Mount Kdgecumbc, with fair winds, had 
 an "easterly current which had pushed him forward during the last five days, 
 and still tlowed in tho same direction." 
 
 AVe have been thus extended in our investigations upon this great .Tiijianese 
 stream and its branches that its etl'ects ujjon the climate^ of Alaska may Ik; prop- 
 erly understood, and also its effect upon the <piestion of the great circle route 
 from Sau Francisco to China. 
 
 GREAT OIRCI.E ROUTE PROM SAN FllANCISCO TO .lArAN. 
 
 These currents, their etlects ujion the weather, ami the prevailing westerly 
 
 winds, will, in the absence of the strongest advantages, decide the (]uestion 
 
 against the great circle route from San Francisco to Yokohama, or even to Ilako- 
 dadi. 
 
 The local and very variable currents about the Aleutians, the thick weather, 
 and the supposed existence of islands south of the chain, cond>ine to render an 
 approach to them oxtremolj' hazardous ; but, with tine weather, no coast alfords 
 better marked outlines and landn.arks. 
 
 A vessel making the great circle track to the eastward would have the great 
 
68 
 
 ALAHKA COAST PILOT,. 
 
 Jiipiiii stream in licr t'n\or to iilwut Intitmlo -130, longitude L'04o west, or iilxnit 
 one tliousiiml lour liiiiKlrcd and loity iiiile.s; then the cold I'lcliiin;,' Sen eurreiit 
 and tlie end of llie Alaska emreid to latitude 17° and longitude l.")7o west, <»r ono 
 llionsanil nine linndred and eifility miles; finally to San Francisco, about ouo 
 thousand ei},'ht hundred and sixty niilc8, passing through the great bend of the 
 •Fapan stream where so many indications of land have been recorded, and where 
 the weather is almost invariably thick and l)ad in summer, aud cold anil boister- 
 ous in winter. On this track the summer winds would generally be favorable, 
 and, with good weather, it woidd bo altogether the desirable route, but, with 
 thick, foggy weather for nearly the whole of this distance, undeternnned velocity 
 and direction of the currents except in general terms, great variability of climate 
 to passengers and cargo, and extra hazard and risk to lil'e and shij), sonu" great 
 aud positive advantage over all these must exist to warrant the a(h»ption of it. 
 The westward trip would have heavy, adverse winds nearly the whole distance ; 
 large sea and adverse currents for two-thirds the distance. In sucli a case a few 
 days extra bad weather woidd consunu; the vessel's coul, and run the supply short 
 just when in the axis of the main stream. 
 
 Tlie greatest inducement for adopting the great circle under such circum- 
 stances would be the discovery of <lei)osits of good coal anu)ng the Aleutian 
 Islands, or within a reasonable distance of the harbor nearest the great circle 
 route. 
 
 The comnuacial advantages of the steam route to China through the warmer 
 and more eciuable latitiules, must always outweigh any merely theoretical and 
 shorter but more hazardous route. A study of the (nirrents, winds, and weather 
 on the lower latitude route, will load to the coiu-lusion that is being solved ju-aeti- 
 cally. From the south end of .laitan to San Francisco, a course very little north 
 of a direct line on a IMcreator projection, carries a vessel across the great Japan 
 stream, in part through the axis of the nuiin branch tlowing eastward across the 
 northern part of the so-called Flieui'cus whirli)ool, and across the California 
 stream, with favoi'able or light winds the greater ])art of the distaiu-e. In return- 
 ing, the course should be southward of the direct course, taking advantage of the 
 California stream and favorable northwest winds, and entering the ujiper limit of 
 the waters moving westward to the longitude of the Sandwich Islands, to form 
 part of the great northern equatorial current, thence westward, through variable 
 and feeble currents, until the ui)por limits of the western part of the equatorial 
 current are entered. The other advantages of this route are fine weather and an 
 equable and warm tempenituro. This line is already competing for the passenger 
 tra\el and highest class freight between France and England and China, ria San 
 Francisco, and it is an important consideration with the company that the passen- 
 gers shall not have to undergo a rapid transitiitn from the heat of the tropics to 
 the i)enetrating fogs of the North Pacific. 
 
 Should good coal lie develoi»ed near Sitka, a depot for the comi)any could be 
 readily established on some of the islands near 
 
 
 I>ri 
 
 ip 
 
ALASKA t'OAST PILOT. 
 
 OS) 
 
 and supplied from Alnska. I?y tukiiifj advantage of the oroan cnrronta and f lio 
 jnoviiiliiif;' nortliwcst winds, niucii (inickcr tinu- could ho made l>,v the cojil slilps 
 than till' distance would lead us to suppose. 
 
 Of the Huialler and local currents in the llehring Son and aniouR (he Aleu- 
 tians, it is hardly necessary to enter into detail, as mention of them will l»c made 
 ■when describing the features of the coast. 
 
 THE aUKAT ARCIIU'ELACJO. 
 
 From tl:.i head of Paget Sound, in latitude 47° 0.'{', to the mouth of the 
 Chilkaht, in HO" LV, through seven hundred and Ihirty-two miles of latitude, 
 lies th(^ vast interior liut^ of navigation une(pialle(l iu the world for bold shores, 
 deep waters, nunu'rous bays and harlxus, bordered every mile with timber of 
 great size and height. The smallest craft can make their trading trips through 
 these waters without the risk of a sea voyage ; snudl steandxmts can traverse 
 them and llnd fuel at every point of the twenty thousand miles of shore-line. 
 The frequency of i)assages connecting these great straits and sounds with th(< 
 ocean, renders them of inestimable vabu! as means of refuge to vessels fearing 
 or suf}"ering from heavy weather at sea. Each year's examination develops 
 th(!ir availability and teaches us the characteristic marks by whi(;h they are 
 known. 
 
 The great ocean bulwarks of this labyrinth of waters are the mountainous 
 islands of Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Prince of Wales, BaranofV, and Ciiichagotf. 
 
 These waters were discovered by the American vessel Washington, that 
 entered by the Strait of Fuca, In 48° 24', and left them by Dixon Sound, r>4o 40'. 
 
 Meares examined inanj- of tlu^ connecting i>assages, and has not only left '"..s 
 the outline record of his work, but his ai)pr(M',iatiou of their importance by charac- 
 terizing them as the (hrai Arrhipchino. 
 
 Of this great net-work of jtassages, about one-half the extent iu latitude is 
 part of British Columbia — while the simthern and iKuthern parts belong to 
 the ITnited States. The southern ])art, between 47° («' and 4!P, lias been 
 descril)ed in the Calilbruia Coast Pilot, and the i)assages along tiie coast of 
 British Columbia have bicn described iu general terms. 
 
 The northern part of this great archipelago has been named the Alexander 
 Ai'chipelago, and will be described in its regular order. 
 
 liKTAlLED DKSC'UIPTION OF CAPES, BAYS, HARBOUS, ISLANDS, ETC. 
 
 It would bo almost impossible, Avithin reasonable limits, to give a detailed 
 description of the great number of known harbcu's and anchorages, rocks, islands, 
 and points, that abound in the Alexander A '.iii)elago. Indeed so numerous are 
 they that many of them are yet unexidored or known only in general character- 
 istics to the trader. From Toy Strait and the mouth of the Chilkaht to the head 
 of Paget Sound, this great labyrinth of ■ aters stands unecjualed in the world 
 
AT.ASKA COAST VU.OT. 
 
 for safp iHid liohl iiiliiiid nii\ i^^atioii. The sclierries of Finland ;\'u\ tlie fiords of 
 !>^or\va.v sink into insianilicancc lieloro tl)«> f^roat dimensions of lii^se straits and 
 Nonnds. liy their cxiiloratian and di'S('ri]>tion, Yaneouvor is enfitlcd to indispu- 
 tabh' (!eh'l»rity. A. nnndicr of harbors liave been partially cxainined and prelimi- 
 narily snrseyed by llie old navifiators and by the oflieers of the Eussiau-American 
 ('()mi)any. Many of these have been published in detached foiin in books and 
 maps and charts of travel, but no iittempfc was math- to arranjje them in any 
 sort of order until Tebenkotf undertook to a;j;f;re;;ate the labors of ^'aneouver, 
 Lii P<''rouse, Kotzebue, Heeehey, and others, witii the nuinerotis llnssiau explora- 
 tions, in an atlas of thirty eijjht eliarts published in 1818. His descriptive 
 inomoir does not till the requirements of a directory of the coast, but is nior.', 
 oe('U])ied with the names of the ollieers who made certain e\j)loriitions. Many 
 of these tentative examinations were made in their searches for new fields of 
 tradie, for winter haibors for the wlialers of the company, and also to instruct 
 the mates in such duties, aud to familiarize them with tlie diftercnt jiarts of the 
 coast. 
 
 J5y very nniiK'rons voyaj^es and systematic reports, eondiined with compara- 
 tively recent Enjilish and .1" rench exphu-ations, the Itussian-American Company 
 has imjjrovetl the ;,'eneral ,neo;>raphical positi<His of i)rominent points and harbors 
 alonf>' th(> whole ( oast and on the line of the Aleutians, although a vast amount 
 of ^'eneral, and especially of de'ailed labor, is yet to be accomidished. Jn fact 
 th»'re is iu>t even a small nmp ot any i)art of the coast, or of any harlior, which 
 can be (M)unted as worth nun'c than a reconnoissance or prelimimiry survey. The 
 shortness of the working seas(m and its uiu'eitainty, cond)ined ^vith the ])ara- 
 mount obJe<'t of the fur trade, accounts ftn- the lack of geograidiical knowledge of 
 this coast, and in consideration of Tiu.-e drawbacks the comjiany deserves great 
 credit <'"r the auiount of -eographical work its otlicers have ac< omplishcd. 
 
 Tin; ISLANDS OP THE ARCHIPELAGO ALEXANDER. 
 
 it is only i,cce>isary to locate and enumerate the ])rini'ii)al ones of the eleven 
 hundred* islands and isl(>ts laid down in this archi|>elago. The great islands 
 thinking the ocean are IM'ince of Waics and its closely adjacent islands and 
 islets. The island has a general direction north '2^" west; stretches from Cai»e 
 C!ia(on in hiiitiide r»lo 4^/^ j,, l^^^■^^^^ p,.,i-,>,.^ j„ .-,,;o 00,. i,.,vj„g ,,„ oxtreme length of 
 one hiMiilred and seven miles and an averagt^ wid'h of forty miles. Its north and 
 east sImmvs arc bonlcred by Clarcm-e Sound; its sontlu'rii by Dixon Sound; 011 
 the west li(^ the islands and straits forming Bucarelli Sound; between it and tiio 
 
 " riincc of Wiili'H Isl;m(l iiiul those rloscly Hurroiindinii il, 0110 Iiinidrcd iiiid tliiityllvi' ; fidm 
 rortlimd V:\u:\\ 1.) (.'iipc Ciiiiniann, one IiiiiiciimI and tliiit.v-loiii : iVoiii ('ape Caaiiiaiio to middle of 
 Stil>iiie Strait. s.v<'iity-H.'vcii; lietweeii t'liatliaiii, l'ie<l,Miek, and StiUiiie Sliaits, tliree luniilicd 
 iinil (illy: .AdiidraMy l>]aiid and (liose aromid it, one linnilivd and eij;liti'eM: llaranofVand ad.jucent 
 i.HlandM. one Innidivd and lldily-eiy.lii ; Cliat' .e.n St'.iil imrlli of Adnnral!;, Island, twenty-nine ; 
 (.'liuluHoll ami adjaeeul JKlaudH to Fairweathei I'eniiisulii, one Imuilred and nine. 
 
ALASJvA COAST PII.()T. 
 
 71 
 
 mainland lie tho Cliavina Lslaiuls and llevilla Gigedo, Zarcndm, Etolin, Wranj^cll, 
 &c. Those isliuids are all his'iit nmi-li hrokcn, and covered with ,i;i'eiit forests. 
 
 The southeastern part of ISaranolV Island lies olV ilie northwest ]iart of I'rineo 
 of Wales Island, with part of Kuiou Island and Chatham and Clarenee Straits 
 intervening. J uianoft' Island 'i.is a };eneral direetion north 17° west; streteiies 
 from Cape Omnuiuey, in latitude 'AP 10', to Peril Strait, in 570^1!'; havin;;- a leMj;th 
 of eij-lity-seven miles and an average width of twenty-two miles. Its nortli 
 shore, is washed by Peril Strait, and the east shore by Chatham Strait. Between 
 its southern part and the mainland, near the Stikine Kiver, lie the islands of 
 Coronation, Kuiou, Knprianott", ilitikotf, &e. To the east of its northern part 
 lies the southern part of Admiralty Island. Otl" its northwestern part lies the 
 large island of Pitt, or Kruzott", forming part of the shores of Sitka Sound. 
 ]?aranoil" is high, broken, and densely covered Mith tind)er. I'pon Kuiou tind 
 Kuprianotf Islands bituminous coal veins have been oitened. These coal deposits 
 and those of Admiralty Island have tliii same general trend as the islands and 
 main straits of the archipelago Alexander. 
 
 Pitt or Kruzotf Ishmd lies ncu'th and south between (!ape Edgecaimbe, in 
 latitude r)7°, and the north extremity in Salisbury Sound, in latitucU' ')1'^ IS'. 
 Its length is nineteen miles, and its greatest width thnmgli Mount Edgecundie 
 is about eight miles. It is naulerately high, broken, and densely wooded. 
 
 North of I>aranotr Island, and separated therefrom by Peril Strait, lies tho 
 island of Chichagoff. Its general direcition is the same as IJaranoll'; its length 
 fifty-seven miles, and average width thirty-six nnles. It has not been exjiloicd 
 since Vancouver's time. On the north it is separated from the Fairweather 
 Peninsula by Icy Strait ; its eastern shore is washed by Chatham Strait, and the 
 north part of Admiralty Island lies east of it. 
 
 Adndralty Island has a general direetion with Chatham Strait north by cuist ; 
 stretches from Point (Gardner, in latitude 57° 01', to Point Retreat, in latitude 58° 
 18'; has a length of eighty-three miles, and an average wi<lth .>f about twenty-five 
 miles. Its sluaes have bc'Mi described in the (h'scription of ( "hatham Strait, in 
 Krouznofl' I>ay, on this island, has been o])eiu'(l a bituminous coal mine. 
 
 DIXON SOUND. 
 
 This sheet of water, opening uiMHi the Pacific Ocean, lies between the north 
 side of the Queen Charlotte group and the south capes and shores of the Alexan 
 der Archipelago, between the latitudes of 51° 10' and ')'k° 35', and longitudes 
 1.'?lo and l.'i.'iAo. From (he northern ])art lead several great straits and sounds; 
 from the northeastern part, which was named liuccleugli Soun<l by Meares in 
 178{>, leads the channel to Portland Canal, the southern dividing line between 
 British Columbia and Alaska. 
 
 Dixon Sound oi»ens s(Mithward ui)on extensive waters leading among ilie 
 islaiuls. It is comparatively free from dangers, having, however, a tew rocks on 
 
72 
 
 ALASKA COAST riI,OT. 
 
 the norti' side tliut iuc icportt'd to ho. not well laid down. It is named on sonio 
 maps (!n m/;. Sound, and on others Ky-f^ali-ne Strait. It was named by Dixon,* 
 M<'ares in t\. " year niinie<l it Douglas Entrance, after the commander of the 
 
 iplii};-enia, one of bis vessels. 
 
 Before describiiij,' the headlands, bays, &c., of the North Sound, the following 
 remarks ui»on the north shores of the (^ueen (Iharlotte group, forming the south 
 shores of the western part of Dixon Sound, are given from the best available 
 authorities. 
 
 EOSK I'OTXT. . 
 
 Thi.s pecidiar point forms the northeast part of the Queen (3harlotte group, 
 on the south shores of Dixon Sound, and stretches well ir.to i' vaters. The 
 higher ])iirt of the point has th(> appearance of an island when Si ;n :i< ia the east 
 or west, but is {'onniu'ted to the main island by a low, narrow neck of wooded 
 land. The northern extremity of this high peninsula is in 510 12', longitude 
 1310 21'; but northward of it stretches a low, sandy reef to latitude 54° lit)'. On 
 the west side of the ]>eninsida there is the appearance of a good roadstead, shel- 
 tered from all sonllu'rly and east winds. 
 
 When abreast the north point of the peninsula, Douglas '' got sight of both 
 sides as well as of a sandy spit, level with the water, which ran to the northward 
 as far as the eye could see from the mast-head." " After rounding the sandy 
 level" and stretching along the eastern side of it, " they came to regular sound- 
 ings of ten, eight, and seven fathoms of water, about three or four miles from the 
 island, the extremes of which bore north by west, and southeast by east half east, 
 by compass. lie named it Rose Point, and placed it in latitude 51° J 8'. 
 
 PORTLAND CANAL. 
 
 This extensive arm of Dixon Sound forms the southeastern dividing line 
 l)etween J5ritisii Columbia and Alaska; it commences in latitude .Vfo 41', accord- 
 ing to Vancouver's nmp, and the entrance lies between Point ."Maskelyne,! on the 
 mainland near I'ort Simpson, and Point Wales,^ upon an island lying northwest 
 from Point IMaskelyne. Vancouver places the latter in latitude 54o 4l»J', longi- 
 tude ir)l»c 15' west, (Vol. I, ]). ;i27,) while the i)osition of Point Wales from the 
 nmp is in 54o 41V, and longitude ir)()o 20'. " The entrance is not more than two 
 and a half miles across, and this, at the distance of a few miles, seemed to bo 
 nuiterially contracted." From the entranw the canal runs mirtli 35° east twenty 
 miles, with an average width of three miles, with chaTinels Iwakiits: off to the east 
 ai d west, where it recei\es Observatory Inlet, a laii:*" bran«-h which comes about 
 forty miles from the north-nortliwast The north point, dividing Observatory Inlet 
 from Ihecnniil. was nanu'd by Vaneouxcr. Point Itamsden. .jud placed in latitude 
 
 * 111 1776 it was rtiscovered by Bodng.i, and uiimod hy him Poiw Iiil<>t.— W. H. D. 
 
 t Niuiicd Iiy Vaiicmivor in ITiKt. 
 
 t Niinii'd liy Vaiici.uvcr in ITlKi, iif'tci- bin iu*<^iiict4H-. Mr. WiiIi-h «*' ClniHtH Hrtspitall. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 73 
 
 540 30', anil lonjjitiule liflo oTi' west, (page JJJJC.) At first, mIicii oiitoriiij>' nito" 
 the survey of the canal and inlet, Vancouver was " uncertain wliich to eonsiih'r 
 tlie main branch."' (Vol. IF, p. .'{.'{0.) 
 
 Tlie canal continnes from the above point with thi conrse north LVP west 
 for seven miles ; then north 30° east for thirteen miles; nortli lioo west fin- thir- 
 teen miles; north 7"^ degrees west for ten miles; ninth 21° east for nine mih's, 
 and terminates in latitude TmO 4.V, and longitude lUP .>!'. (Vol. II. p. .MO.) 
 
 The distance on the above coiu'ses, taken from Vancouver's maj), sum up 
 seventy-two miles, and in his narrative lie says the total "distance from its 
 entrance to its mouth is about seventy miles ; which, in honor of the noble 
 family of Bentinck, I named Portland's Canah''^ (Vol. IT, j). .571.) 
 
 "The slim'i's of this inlet were nearly straight, and in gencial little more 
 than a mile asunder, composed mostly of high, rocky clill's, covered with ])ine 
 trees to a considerable height; but the more interior country was u coni]tact 
 body of high, barren mountains, covered Avitli snow, (.Inly lilt, 170.$.) As we pur- 
 sued this branch, salmon in great plenty were leaping in all directions; seals and 
 sea-otter were also seen in great inunbers, even wherir the Mater Avas ncaily fresh, 
 and which was the case for upwards of twenty miles from its termination." (Vol. 
 II, p. 340.) 
 
 On the Admiralty Chart No. lfll*3 A, the name of the iioiiit designated by 
 Vancimver as IMaskelyne, has been transferred to another lying two and one- 
 fourth miles inside the entrance of the canal and surrounded by islands. 
 
 Vancouver says that off Point Maskelyne lie two rocky islets, and to th(^ 
 south of it a small island close to the shore ; doubtless Birnie Island. 
 
 On this chart, the Point Maskelyne of Vancimver, is i»laced in latitude 
 .~i4o .3(5'.!), longitude 1.3(1^ 27'. 7, and Point Wales lies nortiiwcst one mih'. Tliis 
 will place the entrance about latitude 'i\° 37.y muth, and longitinle V.W^ liSA' 
 west. 
 
 TAYAKnONSITI IIAniiOU. 
 
 The tirst anchorage in the southeast part of Alaska is this contracted har- 
 bor,* situated about ten miles northwest of Port Simi»son. in the narrow straits 
 forming a grouj) of islands about tlve or six miles west-northwest from i'oiiit 
 Wales, Its only im])oilance was the large Aillage of about one hundred jiiid 
 forty-tiie souls of the Tongas tribe, and since 1.H(I7 the establishnient of a rnited 
 States military j)ost nanunl Fort Tongas. 
 
 Two small straits intersect each other in the group of islamls, and form luiu' 
 passages: one leading northeast from the intersection through luimerous islets 
 and islands to Portland (Miial; one to the northwest ; the i)rincipal one leading 
 westward towards Dixou Sound; and tlie fourth and narrowest one southeast. 
 This hitter passage is three miles huig, and 'r\ the irrowest i)art, near the inter 
 
 * SomrtinicN written HrklioiiNiti, llcdioiirity ;itt C'en 
 iifiiiii' iul'ipti'ii iw from tlio Uimsiiin manir^iipt h1\i „!;, 
 10 
 
 scfUt City luul Cli-muiit City. Tlio 
 
74 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Kcction, is less than tlio cif-lilli of :i mile wide, witli only two fathoms of wator. 
 Tlicic is andioraKf laiil tlown at its southern entrance in twonty-four fathoms, 
 over gravel bottom: about two miles in it lie three small islets in mid ehannel; 
 the ]»assane is on the west side of these islets, in five fathoms, aTid just beyond is 
 anchorage in twenty fathoms, mud: elose under the northeast point of the i)a8- 
 sage, at the interseetion, there is am-horage in 10 fathoms, mud. 
 
 The i)rineii)al i)assage leading in from the westward is half n mile in width, 
 with the shores bordered by rocks. The midchau'id couise gives souudings in 
 five or six fathoms in the entrauce, increasing to seven and eight when the village 
 on the south shore bears about south. A I'eef of rocks is laid down in front of 
 tiie village. The passages intersect about a mile ami a quarter from the Avest 
 entrance, with seventeen to twenty fathoms of water. The northeast and north- 
 Mcs, ])assages are rei)reseuted as about half a mile in width. 
 
 The latest iufornuitiou says no good harbor is found here except for very 
 small vessels; that the "harbor, in and about it, uecds a careful survey, being in 
 rather a bad situation, surrounded by rocks, reefs, and shoals on the outside 
 and inside." On acccmnt of the United States military j)ost here it was visited 
 by three large vessels in 18(i8. In clearing the timber for this post it is reported 
 that yellow ce<lar trees of eight feet diameter were cut down. 
 
 Chichagott" phutes the entrance of the west passage in latitude 54° 47' north 
 and longitude VM)° .'52' west and the entrance of the southeast passage in r)i° 
 ■\V north and longitude VM)° li!)'.". west. 
 
 The entrance to the west jtassage lies about lour miles east of Cape Fox on 
 the latest charts. 
 
 :i 
 
 SIK.VITS, HAYS. AND CAPKS ON DIXON SOUND. 
 
 From thf north side of Dixon Sound o|K'n IJevilla (iigedo* Channel or the 
 Tongas Narn)ws, hetx\een OaiH' Fi)X and Cape Xorthumberlaud, leading to liehm 
 Chaniu'l and (Maienee Strait; Clarem-e Strait, l)etween Capo Northumberland 
 and CajM' Chacon: and Cordova Day. iH^tweei"! I'ape Chacon and Ca])e Kygane or 
 Muzon, with the Tk-vak Strait, leading to l'iiio*iy»lli Stmiul. The foregoing capes 
 are nearly (hi tiie tame parallel of latitutlt? awi eouiprised within two degrees of 
 longitude. 
 
 . I. t\»x.t 
 
 This broad itoint lies in the '-'*>rem part of Dixon Sound, where it is only six 
 miles in width, with the north point of the Dundas Islands directly scmtli. The 
 south |tart of the cape is not less than t!\c miles in extent east »m\ west, bordered 
 by roeks and ish>ts and backed by liigh wooded ridges. 'Nv«r the scuithwestem 
 l)art of the caiie Vanc(Mi\ir took refugi< with his boats •• in si vH>mm<ulious, well- 
 sheltered little cove, whi(;h protecte«l them from h vtsry luuxl g8»Jf v»f wiml from the 
 
 ' Namod liy Viincouvrr nfV«>r the Coiitlf do U<\ iT* (;in<'<l<). > kxruv «>«'Nc\v !<|>air.. 
 t Niiiufd by ViMirouvcr. 
 
■f 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 75 
 
 southeast, wliich bron<>Ut from the ocoau so heavy a sea upon these shores as to 
 invade even our suii^' retreat." He i)l:ue(l the southeasternniost part ol' tlie eape, 
 Avhicli is loriiied by an islet, in latitu(U' ."4^ ■{'>),', but lie had rainy weather and 
 apparently no observations. Three miles westward from tlu^ southwest part ot 
 the c;><pe a suidven rock is laid down on the eharts, with the tracks of the tradin;;- 
 steamers on either side. This is the Cape Muorey of ]\leares, who placed it in lat- 
 itude 540 4;5', and says that a small rocky island lies oft' it. 
 
 TOUGAS NARROWS AND THE CJUAVINA ISLANDS. 
 
 The south entrance to the Tougas Narrows opens upon Dixon Sound between 
 Capes Fox and Northumberland, and runs in a {,'eneral north-northwest clirectiou 
 fi-rty "'^'e niiles t(. the latitude r>rp liTi', where the northwest openin;,' of IJeiim* 
 Channel meeSr' -?;;j-'euce Strait. At the south the width is lour or five miles, hut 
 in a few miles it is much reduced in width by luunerous small islands and islets; 
 at the north its width is a little over a mile. Throujifhout its leii<;tli several 
 anchorages are laid down on Tebenkoii"s chart, witii the track of the trading 
 steamers thnnigh the strait. 
 
 A very pretty but small basin is fouml on the east side of the northern 
 entrance, about two or three miles inside the northern jwint. Jt has a small 
 wooded islet in its entrance, and anchorage is found in twelve to tifteen fathoi is 
 over muddy bottom. This anchorage is resorted to by the Hudson Bay Company, 
 and we anchored in it in 1807. 
 
 The Tilhnaeh settlement of Indians is located near the northeastern point, 
 which was named Point Higgins by Vancouver. The nortiiwesteru jioint is V il- 
 lenar,t "a very remarkable projecting point, off which two small wooded islets 
 stretch over a mile to the north-northwest; from Point Higgins thescMsit-ts bea" 
 south HP west half a league distant." 
 
 The Gravina group of islands forms the western shores of the Narrows. It 
 consists of three large and numerous small ones, Avho.'!» eastern shores have never 
 been outlined. Two large channels pass through then, east and west, from Tou- 
 gas Narrows to Clarence Sound. 
 
 CAPE NOPTHTMBERLAND.t 
 
 This is the southeastern point of the entrance to Clarence Sound and lies 
 between it and the Tongas Narrows. It is the extremity of the group of islaiMl,« 
 called theClravina grt>up; is low, close to tlie water, i»ut rises to liigii ridge-- n\' 
 a thousand or fifteen hundred feet, wooded from the water's edg(> ti> tlie ■^iinniiis. 
 When coming out of the Tongas Narrows a low wooded islet is seen lying utl tli>' 
 cape. It lies thirteen miles north W<»o w,.st from (!ape Fox, iiinl twenty fuiir miles 
 north Gl° east from CajK; Chacou. 
 
 * Niiriii'd liy Viiiicimvcr ullcr Mii,ii>i' ncliiii Mt K:iinr'ii'1mtk:i. 
 
 t Naiiiril liy ViUKoiivi'i' in ITlt:!. iit'tfr lii- im .llciii \ S.- <■■■ Hiifjjiiis <li Viilliiiiir, lii.' jirrxiclmi ,.f 
 Clilli. 
 
 I NmiH'il tiy Vaiiruiivcr ill l7!»H"iii In '»l ili^il illiiilrion-- liiiiiil.y." 
 
7() 
 
 ALASKA COAST riLOi;. 
 
 Vancouver obsorvoil tlic Iiititiulo of Cape Nortliumberland on a small island 
 of a larf;c inmibcr lying south of the ca])e. From this island, which he describes 
 as tol('ra1)l.v hi^li, he ^laincd a vei\v distinct \ icw of the surrounding' roctks and 
 breakers in all directions. His position was in latitude ."i-io oU' north. lie says 
 the outermost of the rocky islets towards the northwest lies north 57° west, three 
 and a iiall' miles disUmt; those to the southwest, south G7° west, four and a half 
 miles distant ; the soutiicrnmost, which Avas furthest ofl", south six miles distant; 
 and tlic southcasteriuiiost, south ')(P east, distant five miles. Jlalfway between 
 the southeastern and soutiiwestern islets, and in line with them lies another 
 cluster. In ^'ol. II, p. USO, he describes them as follows: - 
 
 "The soulheriunost of the rocks lying oft" Cape Xorthumberlaud is a round 
 lumj* of bai'ren rock, very small, always above water, and which hus some 
 breakers lying at a little distance! off its southeast side. The southeasternmost of 
 these rocks lies from the south rock iu)rtli 4.'P east, distant four and a half miles, 
 and is a low, flat, (h)uble rock, always above water, but has nuich broken ground 
 in I lie neighborhood. The southwesternuu)st rocks are two sundl rocks above 
 water, with nuieh broken ground to the ncu'th and northeast of them and in a 
 direet line to the soutlK'asternmost rocks. They bear from the south rock north 
 II'' west, distant five and a half miles. Between these and the eastern shore lie 
 many dangerous rocks and breakers; but no dangers appeared northward of the 
 south rock, between it and the other rocks, where the channel to all appearance 
 appeared to b > free from inqiediments." 
 
 He ])laces the s«utliernmost rock in latitude 04° 44', seven and a half miles 
 soutli of file caiie. 
 
 Tebcnkoff places the rock in latitude 54° 4r.J', longitude l.'U° 1.'3', and live miles 
 soutii of the cape, with the tra> k of the IJnssian vessels on either side, 
 
 The English Admiralty Chart No. 24^51, place.> them in aecoivhuice with Van- 
 couver's description. 
 
 AVe have named this southernmost nx'k the "Banvn Kock;" it lies about 
 twelve miles west of Cape Fox. 
 
 In June ITSft, Mearcs named the "hixb mountain" of Cape Xortluunberlaiul 
 ]Mount St. l/.izaro, and phun-d ii in latitwK' -M^ 5J'. With his glass lu; i)erceived 
 the app'ar ine ' of a \ illage upon thi> v<tt>e. Vaueouver says thit from his latitude 
 station he saw at the northeast l>art of the, eHiH>, on a high detached rock, the 
 reniaiiis of a village. 
 
 Seven and a half mile.s south "^O ' west^ Vdmiralty ('hart Xo, L'l.U lays down the 
 IXnil's Hidge, but the positiv^u doubH\»h and twelve miles .south 7L'° west, !i rock 
 and eluster about it marked (Uwlm^d, Uoth are broad oft" the south entrance to 
 Clarence Strait. 'IVbcnkofV h;vs vvul,v oh*> patch of rock called the Devil's Bank, 
 lying fifteen miK's south ^7" w«vvt from Uarren Itock, and twelve miles south 7L'° 
 east t'loui Cape Clmeou. It is marked us a rock above water, with sunken rocks 
 aivuud it. 
 
 
ALASIwV COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 77 
 
 CLARENCE SOUND. 
 
 From the nortli side of Dixon Sound, between Onpes Xortliuniherland and 
 Chacon, in lonH;itude l''5U°, Clarence Sound opens with a widiii ol' lil'iccn to 
 twenty niih's; runs in a }:feneial northwest hy nintli direction for one JMnidrcd and 
 twenty miles; thence westward twenty miles; and linally southsoiitheast for 
 twenty-live miles, with the lar;,'e islands calh'd Coronation and Warren at its 
 Avesteru entrance, where it mingles its waters with those at the entrance to 
 Chatham Strait. The average width of the wholes sound is about seven miles, but 
 at some i)laces its available channel is much rt'duced by islets and rocks. In a 
 measure it surrounds the island called Prince of Wales, the southern jtoiiit of 
 Avldch is the initial point of the boundary line between ^Vlaska and llritisli (Jolumbia. 
 Numerous straits are reported to exist thron;;li parts of this larjje island, dividinj? 
 it into an extensive group, and is hence sometimes called Prince of Wales zVrchi- 
 I)elago. From the eastern side of Clarence Straits great arms penetrate in a 
 general direction to the northeastward until they reach the bus** of the coast 
 mountains; these arms or inlets are known us the liehni Canal, a large one not 
 named, Ernest Souml, Stikine Sound, Wrangell Straits, «&c. Their waters are 
 navigable, the shores generally very bold and covered with timber, and the whole 
 forming an intriciicy of ial.tnd navigation ditlicult to describe in detail, and best 
 studied on the chart. The southwest nn and i)arts of the eastern shores of Prince 
 of Wales Archipelago have remained unexi)h»red since the examinations of the 
 Spaniards, who left little more than numerous nanu's to prominent capes, points, 
 uiK^xplored bays ami straits. 
 
 Clarence Sound forms part of that vast and unparalleled system of deep 
 inland navigation extending from latitude -47° O.'i' to o\}° lo', 
 
 POUT rfARDNi^.n. 
 
 Tlie first bay and anchorage in the entrance to Clarenite Sound is Port 
 (lai'dner, on the western side, ami eight miles nortli-noitheast of the south(':i«t<*rn 
 extremity (Cape Chacon) of rrinec of Wales Island. The entrance is in latitude 
 54° 40'^ longitude l.'Uo 45', and on Tebenkoflf's atlas is laid down about a mile 
 wide and two miles deep, expanding into an am])le basin inside the niduth, which 
 has an islet and rock in it. The course to enter tins bay is marked on another 
 Enssian chart as on the north side of the islet. Xo depth of water or d(!tails are 
 given. 
 
 In .Tune, 17?^;t, Meares anchored in a small anchorage with a depth of twenty- 
 three fathoms over sand and shells, the latitude being i)i° .j1'. lie called it Port 
 Meares. 
 
 Another bay and aiichiH'age is imlicated as a stoi)ping jdaee for tiailing 
 vessels iibont two miles further northward, ahmg the sanu' shore, and is 
 designated on a Russian chart as "The Archipelago,"' as a great nund>er of islets 
 are laid down in it. The triu'k indicates the passage to lie north of the islets. 
 
7H 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 ClIICIIAGOFK HAV. 
 
 Ill latitude ."('2 or tin re is miirkcd aiiotlicr small l)iiy and anclioraso on tlio 
 SKiitli side (if the sontlii ast pniiit of the; ciitraiicc to Moira sound. Xo name is 
 given to this an<'liora)j;e, but the large bay filled with islands just to the southward 
 is eallcd Cliichagoll' by the Itussiaiis. 
 
 TONGAS DAY. 
 
 This large bay is on the eastern side of the sonnd, on the middle one of the 
 three large islands forming the (Iravina group lying between Tongas Xari'ows and 
 Clarence Sound. There arc two entrances to this harbor, separated by a largo 
 wooded island, or rather by a group of live or six smaller islands. Both are in 
 latitude .">t^ .")!)', and the islands separating them are in longitude i;51o li.'i', and 
 Imve an extent of two miles i-nch way. Toint Davison* is the southwest jioint of 
 the (Jraviini Island stretching farthest into Clarence Sound and forms part of the 
 shore to the western entrance. There is an t.'xtensive reef oft' this point, streteli- 
 ing southwestward about ii mile and a half. The eastern point, being the south 
 jioint of the island in the entrance, is named J'oint Perey,t and the pa^ssago 
 between these points is two miles wide and runs about northeast for four miles, 
 contracts to a mile in width, when it runs north one mile, northwest two miles, 
 Avhere it suddenly eontraeta to a very narrow passage to the west for half a mile, 
 and expands to a large basin two miles long, north and south, and one and a half 
 wide, east and west, with ten to fifteen fathoms of water in it. "Where the (;han- 
 nel is first contracted to one mile in width the soundings range from thirty to 
 twenty fathoms, with anchorages of fifteen to twenty fathoms in several places. 
 The bottom throughout is represented as muddy. There are several snmll islets 
 in the channel, but they have deep water close to them. 
 
 A'ancouver stiifcs the latitu(h' of J'oint Davison to be 55° OOV, The position 
 of the inner anchorage, according to Etolin, is in latitude 55° 03' noith and longi- 
 tude l.no L'.V west. 
 
 Itoiigh ])lans arc given of this bay by Tebenkoflf and in other Russian charts 
 from that of IMolin made in IH'Ml. The rise and fall of tide is stated at fourteen 
 feet. 
 
 MOIRA SOX'NI). 
 
 The entrance to this sonnd, on the west side of Clarence Sound, lias in about 
 latitude ."P ftl.", is about two miles in width, . id has several islets otf each point. 
 It penetrates Wales Island about six miles to the southwest, then turns shari>ly 
 to the northwest for six or eight miles, heading near the heads of Cholmondely 
 Sound, which «'omes from north-northeast, and Tliakak Bay, which comes from 
 the southwest from Cordova Bay. 
 
 " The land in the neighborhood of Moira Sound is high and rather steep 
 
 •Niiini'if liy Viini'onvcr in 17!):( .'it'tcr Afi'Xiiiiilcr Davismi, tlic kwikt iit' llic storcsliiii of fiis ox- 
 prditiou. 
 
 tNiinii'il liv ViiiHdiivi r in I'lKl. 
 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 70 
 
 towards Clarence Sound; l»ut lunili of Wedge Island, (in latitude Tm" 07',) llio 
 8tnii},dit and conipaet shores are moderately elevated, ami the interior eountr.N is 
 eom|»osed of lol'ty Ihonjjh uneven niouutaius, iirodueiiiji iin ahnost ini|ieiu'tral)le 
 Ibrest of pine trees from tin; water side iu,'ariy to tiieir snniniits, i>nt hy no means 
 80 high as wo had been accustomed to see in the more iidaud country." (\an- 
 couver ii, p. 381.) 
 
 Wrdf/c Tsl(t»d "from many jioints of view icsembled a Medge; from its south 
 point stretches a ledge of dangerous rocks on which the sea broke witli great 
 violence." 
 
 cii()l:\[()ni)Kt.ky sound.* 
 
 On the western shore of Clarence Sound, about latitude "P IT', Cape Tehaseni 
 runs two miles directly west to the eastern side of tiie entrance to ChohuoniU-ley 
 Sound, one or two miles wide, and in it lie several islets, with a larger one, named 
 Skin Island being north 75° west two and a half miles from the east point of Cape 
 Tehaseni. t A liussian chart has a small islet close on the mnth side of tl e east- 
 ern part of the cape. Tiie anchorage of the trading vessels is laid down broad off 
 the north side of the cape. This sound runs south-southwest for ten or twelve miles 
 and o])ens into several xmexplored arms. The head of the main body of water 
 lies near the heads of Moira Sound and of Tliakak 15ay, whieli o|)eus into the 
 northeast ])art of the unex'idored bay of Cordova. On tin- inside of tin- entrance 
 to the sound and on the eastern side lies the native settlement of Chasintzcll'. 
 
 KAZATIN BAY. 
 
 Forty-two miles north of Cape Chacon, on the west side of (^lareiic". Sound, 
 an anchorage is laid down at the entrance of Kazarn Bay, the oi)ening to which 
 lies in latitude 55° 27', longitude ISj"^ 01', one and a half mile inside the i)oint 
 eastward of it. A large island named (Irindall lies two miles northeast of this 
 point, while a broad unexplored arm of the sound runs westward of Kazarn. 
 The bay is four miles long, about one; mile wide, runs about south-southwest, and 
 has a setilement at its head. 
 
 A Eussian has established a trading post and salmon fishery in this bay, 
 and in July 18GS was curing and packing two hundred barrels a week, and 
 coidd have trebled it but for want of facilities; the salmon run from July I to 
 end of xVugnst. The harbor is reported good and easy of access ; s[)ruce and yel- 
 low (!edar attain gieat size and cover the shores which Tebenkoii" represents as 
 moderately low. 
 
 A second l)ay lies just west of Kazarn, and is represented as unexplored. 
 The great arm running to the westward is said to bend to the norlliwest, and 
 finally to bend to the north, oiH'uing again upon Clarence Sound in latitude 
 55° 40', where the l{u.ssian chart has an anchorage, and another live miles to the 
 southeast. 
 
 " Naiiinl 1)y Vanooiivor 1793. 
 tC'iillca INiiiit Cliarm on Adiiiiialty Map No. 'J»;i1. 
 
so 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 (Aim; caamano. 
 
 About latitiitlc .">o !,'!»' Clinfiicc Soimd irccivcs tlic Toiifjas >iinr()\v.s from 
 t\w Hontlicast, and tlii' west part (»!' licliiu Canal from tlic iioith-nortlicast. 
 
 Tlic point Ivin;; lictwccn llic west sliort- ol' liclini Canal and tlic cast shore of 
 ('larcncc Sound was iianu'd Cape. Caaniano by Vanconvfi', but its position was 
 not dcterinincd l),v observation. It is wooded to the water, and chjse around it 
 are roclcs. Kroni it Point lli;;>;ins lies east by south half south, about four ndles 
 (listant, and Orinchill Ishind south 58° west, about four miles. From Cape Chacou 
 it is ab(»ut forty-six miles distant. 
 
 I'OKT STEWAUT.* 
 
 Twelve miles north of Cape Caamano, on the western shore of the north ai-m of 
 P.ehm <'anal, v,hi<'h opens into the east side of Clarence Sound, in latitude .mO ;U)', 
 at the head of Tonkas Narrows, lies Port Stewart, off which the islet three-eij;hths 
 of a mile ncuthwest of the south point lies in latitude r>rp .'!S' l.V, louf^itudc 
 l.'Uo i')'. From the south point the north i)oiut bears north by west one and a 
 half miles. 
 
 The fAcneral direction of the bay is northwest, and the deptli two miles; l)ut 
 the upi)er part of the bay, receiving;- a small stream, is lu'arly tilled by a Hat at its 
 western part, leavinji' u snndl bay in the north part landlocked, with fuun six to 
 nltu> fathoms of water and onequarter of a mile in extent; this has a narrow 
 channel with seven fathoms close to the north shore, and rocks and shoal ground 
 to the south of the channel. 
 
 The islets on the south shore are nearly connected by shoals oidy visible at 
 low water; but good entrance may be had in fifteen to twenty fatlnnns to the 
 northward, and between them and a row of three smaller islets on(i-quarter of a 
 mile oiV the northern shore. One-(piarter of a mile south of tlie north point is a 
 rocky jiatch with deep water all around. 
 
 On the sauu' side of the Behm Canal, six miles north of Port Stewart, lies the 
 oiiening to an extensive bay running four miles west-northwest, with islets and 
 rocks in the entrance, and an extensive settlement noted at the head on Tebeu- 
 kotf's chart. This bay lias no name on the charts. 
 
 Directly east of Port Stewart lies the Traitor Cove of Vancouver, near which 
 his boats were attacketl by the Indians. 
 
 The southeastern point of the entrance of Ernest Sound into Clarence Sound 
 is called Point .Mesurier, and is situated in latitude .wO 4(i', according to Vancou- 
 ver, with a rock lying over a mile west-ncrthwest from its extremity. This point 
 is live miles long by one or two wide, and stretches well into Clarence Sound; 
 fiom its extremity the north shore runs east four miles to the entrance of a small 
 bay not yet named, and running to the s(aitheast two miles. It is om? of the 
 anchorages of the Kussian steamers. 
 
 
 • Nnmod liy Vancouvor in 179."?. 
 
ALASKA COAHT Pir.OT. 
 
 81 
 
 Till' low wdodnl jxiiiit cMllctl 'I'oiikdi, mi tlic wcstciii side of CliirciK't' Sdiiiiil. 
 iiiiil si'vcn miles wt'sl ii<ii'tliw*>.st iVoiii I'oiiit iMt'siiricr, liii.s iiii imkIidi:!^!' mi tin- 
 iKirtli siilc, iiltmit one mile inside the point. The (h'plh of wiiler 1^ not marlveil, 
 Iiiit TelieiikolV pliK'es aiielioiii^'e oil' the iiorlh shore ol' the point. This point lies 
 iibrejist of the mass of islamls Imininy: the southern point of York Ishiiid. (Duke 
 of York, \'ancoii\ei',) and Claii'iice Sound is Iktc eontiacted to a width of four 
 miles. 
 
 I''rom Tonkoi Point tiie sliore runs nofthwest by west for si\ mih's to the 
 narrow opening <)!' u hii'^ie basin named IJatstch IJay, whicli Tebeiikolf marks as 
 an anchorage. It has a small islet in the entrance. 
 
 Thence northward for fifteen miles the wcstein shme is com]iact, anil the 
 eastern nnich broken to I'oint Stanhope,* where .lohnstmie observed the latitude, 
 /itio 02', Tlu' south face of this ]ioint extends two miles east to the half mile wiiUi 
 entrance of a low^ bay stretchin;; seven or ei;;lit miles northward. Oil the west 
 side of I'oint Stanhoiie are some small rocky islets and rocks. 
 
 Five or six miles northward of I'oint Staidiope N'ancmncr aiu'lionnl in seven 
 fathoms water on the north sidi^ of a small island, close under the shore. This 
 situation is tolerably w(*ll sheltered from the southerly and southwest wimis, but 
 the souiidin}i;s are irrejj;ular and tlie bottom in some phi(;es rocky. 
 
 The islands between Ernest and Clarence Straits were called Duke of Ymk 
 Islands by Yancmiver, but on the Kussian and recent admiralty charts lliey are 
 called Etolin Ishtiuis. 
 
 In latitude ."iOo l.V, the lar};e arm called Sfikine IStrait makes into Clarence 
 Sound from the northeast. This strait leads to the mouth of the Stikine Itivei- by 
 two arms of which the lar;;('r or more direct is twenty-two miles lonj; i)y three 
 or four wide. Slcmncr lia;/ lies at the sontheast point of tlu^ entrance; no sound- 
 ings are ^iveii, and a manuscri))t IJussian chart shows the ancliora^;!' one mile in- 
 side the entrance in a cove on the west shore, .lust inside the entranceto thc^ strait 
 lie two islands on the south shore, and anchorage is marked on the south side of 
 the eastern and larger island, between itan«l the shore. Five miles within the en- 
 trance, on the eastorn shore, is the ojioniiig of (Jiiict Jiaif, stretching one mile, to 
 the south, l)ut no soundings are gi\en. 
 
 KTOIJN IIAUHOIJ. 
 
 There is no station immediately at the mouth of Stikine Iviver, but on the 
 northwest part of \Yrangell Island, (Katchkhanna on Tebenkotf,) about two and a 
 hall' miles smith of the niu'thern ])oint of the island, is tlie small liaiboi' of I^tolin, 
 in latitude 5(>o 31' ;]()", and longitude ];5lio li.'i' ;i(»", where the Uiissiaiis formerly 
 liail a stockaded factory, called Saint Dionisia. The harbor is very contracted, 
 only live hundred yards wide, opens to the northwest and runs to the southeast 
 for about six hundred yards, but has good soundings, regularly decreasing from 
 ten fathoms at the entrance, to three and a half well inside the bay, abreast of the 
 
 U 
 
 • Niinieil by Viini'OTiver in 17i);t. 
 
 \ 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
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 11111:^^^= 
 
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 1 1.4 1.6 
 
 L 6" 
 
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 7 
 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTEH.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 6^ 
 
82 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Hiiiall isliiml, with muddy botioiii from tlu^ oiitiiiiico iiparly to the hoad. A plan 
 of this is Hivcii in the Hussian chart Xo. 1(» of tlie I'acilic Ocean series. The 
 United States military post Fort \Vran{;ell is established liere. 
 
 The United States steamer Saginaw jtlaces this i»ost in latitude 50° L'7' 20" 
 and '.\° 04' ;{0" east of Sitlca, or l.'J-'o V.V l.V w«'st. Bat this ditl'ers from the nearly 
 concordant jxtsitions of Tebenkoft" and the "Devastation" in 1802. 
 
 POINT IIIGIIFIELD. 
 
 This is the northern extremity of Etolin Lsland, off which lies a small par- 
 tially wooded islet two tliirds of a mile distant : between this islet and tlie point 
 we anchored in sixteen fathoms, muddy bottom, but found disaj^reeidde counter 
 and sub-currents runniufj. A sketch of this anchorage is given on the Admiralty 
 Chart No. 24;U, wherci the position of the islet named Limonoft' is stated as latitude 
 r.OO IV.V, louf-itude i;52c 22', 
 
 From tliis islet the nnuith of the Stikine Hiver, fronted by very extensive 
 sand Hats, lies nearly north about eight miles distant. 
 
 KTIKINK KIVKR. 
 
 • 
 
 About three miles n(»rthnortheist (approximately) lies a small islet, one mile 
 off Green I'oint, and about half a mile east of the opening of the river at the 
 south edge of the flats. Under this islet soundings are laid down in ten fathoms. 
 The general course of the river through the flats is northward fur five or six miles 
 to the east point of an island two miles long north and south; from this island it 
 bemls due east two miles to the north shore of I'oint Kothsay. These extensive 
 Hats extend westward from the mainland for six miles to the numerous islands 
 four miles northwest of Point Iliglilleld and to the large island of Mityojf] and 
 thus blocks the broad passage from the north shores of Stikine Sound to the 
 s»»utiieast i)art of Frederick Sound,* except for boats at high water, when they 
 l)ass close along the southeastern shore. 
 
 A braiK^h of the Stikine opens into the southeast part of Frederick Sound, 
 about latitude 50° 48', but it has not been explored. 
 
 tiKNEUAL BESC'Rll'TKlN OF THE STIKK^E RIVKIt. 
 
 The Stikine is the largest river of the southern p.u't of Alaska. As aftbvding 
 the best means of reaching the interior, for the gold along its course, and its being 
 the prosjiective route of the telegraph to Sitka, it is Judged advisable to collate oil 
 the information icadily accessible. 
 
 In IS.ii an exiieditioii was fitted out at iMirt \ ancouver, on the Columbia, by 
 the Hudson's IJay Company, to establish a trading ixtst on this river, but tiie Rus- 
 sians established a bhtck-honse at the nuaitli, and scut a corvette to prevent this 
 aggie, sive ixdicy being carried out. 
 
 The headwaters of the river had be(ui explored by miners from California and 
 
 • Pritiri' l'>t'(1('riik'H Soiinit of Vuiuoiivfr, I70H. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 83 
 
 British Columbia who followed tho gold-bparing zone from Frazer River to the 
 northward. 
 
 In 1803, a Russian expedition under Commander Bassarguine, of the eorvette 
 Rynda, explored the river about 8ixty-t.iree miles from its mouth, and four miles 
 above the Litth^ Caiion. 
 
 In l.S(i5-'(»7 the Russian American telegrapli eomi)any explored the interior, 
 and this river for about one hundred and twenty miles to the Jiald ilills, where it 
 is said to make its great bend to the southward. 
 
 This river, sometimes erroneously confounded with the Frances River of the 
 interior, is usimlly represented as running nearly east and west, and correctly 
 as heading far to the southward of its mouth. It rises by two branches, one to 
 the northeast an I one to the southeast, and from their juncticm near the latitude 
 of 57° 30' it ilows almost south 30', then west and southwest, with a general 
 antagonism to the Coast ranges near the arcliii»eIago Alexander. 
 
 The interior of the country apjiears to be broken into a siu-cession of sharjdy- 
 deflned mountain ranges separated by narrow and deep valleys, similar to those 
 between the islands of the coast. In fact, the topography of tho jvlexander Ar(!h- 
 Ipelago is a tji)e of that in the interior. A subnu'rgence of the mountain region 
 of the m.ainland v/ould give a similar succession of islands separated by deep and 
 narrow fiords. 
 
 It api)ears from the testimony of miners who have ])enetratcd far into the 
 interior in search of gold, that there is a broad i)lain stretching northwest and 
 southeast, which separates the mouiitainous z<me of the coast from a lofty range, 
 called by them the •' Blue Mountains." This is at the headwaters of the iSV/A/xf! 
 and of other streams that cut through the narrow strip of our recently acquir(»d 
 territory, and it is probably the main dividing range or prolongation of the Rocky 
 numntains. 
 
 The Stikine rises in the Creat Plain on the western flank of the Blue Moun- 
 tains, the North Fork m'ar Lake Ketclnnn, one of tli(^ sources of the Tahco River, 
 and the South Fork near the headwaters of the Skena River. It runs and breaks 
 through the mountains a lit io soutl: of the parallel of Silka.* 
 
 When the snows are melting the liver becomes much swollen, and is then 
 navigable, with some difliculty, by small steamboats for one hnniired antl twenty- 
 five miles or more above the nu)ntli. The valley is generally narrow, and is not 
 bordereil by a great breadth of alluvial land, excejit near the first great bend or 
 turn of the river, where it breaks through the numntains of the coast. At this 
 l)oint there is a broad valley extending far to the southeast, along which Lulians 
 can travel to Fort Simpson in six days. 
 
 Th sides of the mountain ranges are steep and rugged, and are covered, 
 where there is suflicient earth, with a dense forest of conife ous trees, the timber 
 
 •TIiIh account in taken |>artl,v iVoiii tlimiiicorrcclcd magnetic olimrvafioiiM of Professor lUnKc, 
 and li.v no iiicHiis tiillics in any inirliculiir with the a^ll■'"Hlnlil■al oliscivationH of Hir \V. I'. T. Kx. 
 cxiiloi'ci'H. Tlic )icii(lwatci-K arc <'onfi>iin<lc(l widi tlic 'i'alico IJivcr. 
 
84 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT, 
 
 of wliicli is thought to ho siiporior io that on the coast for spars and other pur- 
 poses. The upiM'r portions of tlie high ranges and peaks are covered with snow, 
 and are truly Alpine in their character. 
 
 The narrow strips of bottom land on the sides of the river, and the islands 
 between the diflerent channels and sloughs, are almost all low, and seem to be lia- 
 ble to occasional inundations. The soil of such lands is loose and sandy, but fer- 
 tile, and su))j»ortH a vigorous growth of alders and the cottonwood, or an allied 
 species of jxtplar. Thi^ i)o])lar is abiuidant and attains a large si/e, often three 
 feet in diameter. The wood is soft and lignt, is easily wrought, and is especially 
 well adapted for tiie interior i)ortions of cabinet furniture. The Indians use this 
 wood for their ciuioes, cutting them out of a single log. Inniu'uso numbers of 
 these trees are carried down by the stream, and are lodged in heaps on the sand- 
 bars and islands, or are left as snags in the channel, anchored by the roots and 
 pointing dovu stream, as in the Mississippi. The broad flats at the month of tlio 
 river are also strewn with these trees, and many are doubtless carried far out into 
 the sound. 
 
 CURRENT AND NAVIGATION OF THE STIKINE. 
 
 Tlie velocity and strength of the current throughout the whole length of tins 
 river, excei>t perhaiis the portion above the (Jreat Cafion, is, perhaps, its most 
 renmrkable feature. Plenty of bars and riflles over which the current sweeps 
 down with great uniformity, ami in most i)laces is so swift and strong that it is 
 useless to attempt to nudic headway against it with oars, and when the bed or 
 banks are not suitable tor towing or tracking, the only way to force a boat up is 
 by means of ]»oles, taking advantage always of the least forcible parts of the 
 stream. The line for towing a boat should be from two hundred to three humlred 
 feet long. The velocity of the current was measured at several places, and in the 
 ])ortions of the river below the Little Cafion i)robably averages five miles per 
 hour, and in the lower portion, or for about thirty miles above the mouth, about 
 four miles per hour. 
 
 The depth of the »vater is of course variable, but even at low water is 
 seldom less than three feet in the main channel. The highest Avater, or season of 
 the greatest lloodw, is in the month of July, when the snow is melting on the 
 mountains most niitidly under the suniiiier sun. At these times the height of the 
 river. Judging by the appearance of the banks, does not appear to be very greatly 
 increased, ju'obably .:iit more than six feet; but the water spreads out over the 
 low banks and islands, and the stream is thus greatly changed in its i'i>i)earaiice 
 and in the form and direction of its banks. Tiie water is always charged with 
 a very tine light-colored iKtwder or sediment, so that it is ojiaipie and the bottom 
 of the stream is not visible. This 8usi»ended material is i)robably derived from 
 the glaciers, or may perhaps be washed down from soft stratified formal Ions along 
 the sources of the stream. 
 
 Gold can be found in small quantities by ]mnniiig the drift of the bed and 
 

 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 85 
 
 bars of the rivor. Tlio "color" is iilniost iiiviuiably fouiul, Imt in particlos so 
 iniiiiite as to bo (liHicult to soi' aiuliiioic diniciilt to savo, Tliis, of course, is to bo 
 exjM'ctod in trialt, of the sand and {jiavcl from the surface. It is what is termed 
 "flour }iold," and to collect it would recpiirc blankets, (|uicksilvcr, and greater 
 care antl attenti(m than is generally given in the rajiid methods of California. 
 There was not time to make any excavations to the bed-rock, where, doubtless, 
 the coarse gold lies. Very good results can, however, be obtained in the layers of 
 gravel above it, and the miners infonned me that they seldom attempted to reach 
 the bed-rock, it was so far below the surface. Some of the best rcvsults of their 
 mining were obtained in a layer of gravel about eighteen inclu's below the sur- 
 face. This eighteen inches of gravel is skimmed oil' and thrown aside, and the 
 next five or six inches of gravel below is washed in cradles or rockers. The prin 
 cipal n)ining at Fiddler's and at Carpenter's bars, in bSfiU, was of this description. 
 One claim of two hundred feet sipiare, worked by two men, yielded ^'J,0()(); and 
 the bars are reckoned to yield from §.'? to $10 a day to the hand. Xearly all the 
 bars will yield from $lto.$l .10 per day. In l.S(i7 the miners reported on the 
 yield to be from $2 to $7 per day. The extent of paying groun<l is much 
 increased at the river falls, and doubtless the be«l of the river is extremely rich. 
 Unfortunately the time of lowest water is duiing the winter months, when all is 
 locked in ice, and, of course, wasiiing is then impossible. 
 
 The gold from the north foi':: of the river is the coarsest which has yet been 
 found or reported u]»on the Stikine, (l.S()L'-'(i;{.) One lump was worth $!) 75. 
 Even on this stream the bedrock has not been seen except at one or two places, 
 and it was believed that to reach and work the gravel u])on it, (h'rricks, pnm])s, 
 and other machinery would be necessary. The miners say that this ntuth fork is 
 subject to extensive landslidt^s along its course, which bring masses of eartli and 
 rocks into the stream and obstruct it until the force of accumulated water above 
 sweeps everything clean before it. 
 
 The officers of the Russian exi)edition were impressed in as<!ending this river 
 by the abseiu'c of any well-defliu'd terraces or old dei)osits of drift along the 
 mountain sides or on the low ridges. Ko terrace was seen until near the Little 
 Canon, where they are well defined and extend for a mile or two on «'ither one 
 side of the river or the other, and they are also found aliove tlie ('af.o They 
 rise some fifty feet above the stream, and are made up of coarse, heavy drift. If 
 at such places the bed-rock could be reached above the level of the river, Ihc'- 
 is little doubt that they would pay well for working. No favorable hill or oi^ 
 diggings have yet been found above. An exi»lanatioii of their absence may T 
 fouml in the fact that the valley is so narrow and the current so strong tlnu ■■'.'.' 
 drift accumulations are swept away. 
 
 The gold which has been brought by the Indians from _thc Tahco Itiver 
 further north is coarser than that found upon the Stikine. 
 
8(5 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 CLOrATE OF THE STIKINE. 
 
 At the time of the lliissian expedition — tlie last part of the month of May — 
 tlio jtoplars and otlicr dccidiums trees were just but'lins', and in some phiees tho 
 youn}^ leaves had spread out. The nights, tliongh cold, were not frosty; tho 
 thernionieter seldom imlicating less than forty degrees. It was (|uite hot in the 
 sun during the day, though in the shade the mercury seldom rose above sixty-flvo 
 degrees. It is niueh hotter in midsummer. At Sitka, in the same latitude, or a 
 little north, there is not as great a difference between the summer and winter as 
 upon the Stikine. The winter at Sitka is not severe, and in 1802 there was not 
 a crop of ice. On the Stikine, and in that interior valley, shut out from the 
 influence of the M'arm ocean current, the seasons are strongly marked. The win- 
 ters are cold and the summers are hot. The river ia reported to close ia 
 IJecember, freezes over from its mouth up, and reopens in May. In the winter 
 of lH02-'(i3 it was open as late as L>ecember 17, and in the spring the ice broke up 
 about the 1st of Jlay, and the previous year on the 9th of May. As soon as the 
 warm days of spring cause tho snows to melt tho river begins to rise, and so 
 breaks up the ice. There is then a short season of rising and falling, after which 
 come the continiu)us floods of the hot months. Very little rain falls during the 
 summer in the upper part of the valley. Little or nothing was known in 1803 
 of the climate of the mountain region .it the head of the Stikine. At the mining 
 cami)s at and near Shek's Bar the winter is said to be very severe. Snow com- 
 mences to fall in October, but is most abundant in December, and covers the 
 ground to a depth of from four to fourteen feet or more all winter. In 1802 four 
 feet of snow on a level fell in one day. In December the mercury sank below 
 zero, and in February was solid in the bulb for nine days coutinuonsly. There 
 was no thawing or rain during the winter. 
 
 It is iterhai)s this alternation of the seasons that causes the timber of the inte- 
 rior to be superior (according to report) to that of the coast. 
 
 FlSrt AND GASm. 
 
 Salmon, halibut, and other good fish aboniul at the mouth of the Stikine. 
 AVhen the salmon ascend the river in June and .Inly the Indians follow and catch 
 them in great numbers. They split them along the back, remove the backbone, 
 cut them in long strips, and dry and smoke them. When well cui-ed they are 
 very flue, and are very conveiuent in camp. Ducks and geese may be shot ou 
 the river, and grouse in the forests of the shores. Bears are plenty in the moun- 
 tains, and the numntain sheei» or goat in the rocky places. Beaver and otters 
 are taken in great nund)ers by the Indians of the valley and its tributaries. 
 
 The well-manned boat of the Russian expedition Avas two hours and a half in 
 jiassing the canon. The sides are formed of precii»itoiis cliffs of granite roughly 
 broken out, and the Mater ruslies between them with great force, boiling and 
 whirling as at llell Gate near IS'ew York, when the tide is tlowing rapidly. On 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 87 
 
 the north side, for a part of the way, there is an eddy setting up stream, of which 
 advantage can be taken in ])assing tlirough. 
 
 Tlie approach to this canon from the southward is marked by a fine conienl 
 mountain upon the east side of the river, visible for a great distance, and marking 
 the i)08ition of the lower end of the gorge through which the river has broken its 
 way. It has been named the "Cone ^L)untain." Some of the ridges which 
 extend from it project upon the river ami are composed of granite. 
 
 About forty miles below this cafion the river turns westward, and breaks 
 through the Coast Mountains for nearly twenty miles to the mouth. Tiie total 
 length of the river is estinuited at about three hundred miles, and up to the Little 
 (Janon the sketch of the Bussian exi)edition shows it to average less than a cpuir- 
 ter of a mile in width. 
 
 The river is also renmrkable for the glaciers which are encountered on its 
 right bank, no less than four being found between the mouth and Little Canon. 
 The first is a small one about ten miles up the river, and has retreated from 
 the shore a mile or two westward between the mountains. Jt has a higli inclina- 
 tion, and a very rugged and broken surface. At the mouth of the Icewater lUver, 
 flowing from it, is a i)oint of land formed of coarse river-drift, containing gold. 
 Up to this i)oint, the mountains on the south shore, or left bank, come nearly to 
 the water's edge. They are apparently from 1,500 to 3,000 feet high, and are 
 heavily timbered with flr and spruce. 
 
 The second glacier is about twenty-five miles from the mouth of the river. It 
 faces the east, presents a splendid appearance in the sunlight, and extends f'jr 
 about two miles along the stream. The background is formed by beautiful snow- 
 covered peaks, from between which the glacier issues, but its source cannot bo 
 seen. The slope of the glacier is very gentle, and the vast body of Tee appears to bo 
 unbroken until it reaches the valley of the iiver, where it breaks down in nmssivo 
 ledges and pinnacles of the purest crystal. The foreground ahmg the stream 
 consists of an ancient Inoraine, now covered with trees, anu)ng whicli willows and 
 pojdars are conspicuous in their delicate green foliage of spring. Some very largo 
 blocks of granite standing in the river bear witness to the vast transjiorting power 
 of ice and to a much greater extension of this glacier in former ])eriods. 
 
 From this part of the river a line of high, rugged, and serrated i)eaks is visi- 
 ble on the right or eastern side of the valley, and at a considerable distantje from 
 the stream. 
 
 The aceunmlatious at the foot of the glacier have evidently pushed the river 
 outward, and they have acted as a dam to the waters, which, above the moraine, 
 are quite deep and flow smoothly. 
 
 On the opposite side of the river a small clear stream of water enters. It 
 comes from hot springs a short distance up. 
 
 Two or three inlles below this glaciei', a liroad valley opens upon the left bank 
 of the river, and apparently extends far to tlie southeast. 
 
 The thiid glacier is about seven miles above the preceding. In this distance 
 
8,S 
 
 ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 tlio rivor is very crookeil, the valley is narrower, larso poplar trees arc abundant 
 alon^' the banks, and many tliat liave been uprooted by the undennininjr aetion of 
 the stream are stranded upon tiie sand bars and alon;;' the shores. 
 
 This is a very beautiful {jhi«'i«'r, tlctwiuff fiom a valley on the west. It is 
 rennukable for its syiiunetry, regular slope, thiekness of the ico, and for the con- 
 trast with the dense forest (Ui each side of it, and with the belt of deeiduous trees 
 upon the bottom land in front. In the extrenu' baekf;;round there is a maynilieent 
 angular peak shrouded with snow. 
 
 The drift, pebbles, and rocks of the river-bed at this point, aiul a short dis- 
 tance above, consist chiefly of linu'stone, porphyry, aiul Jasper, with some masses 
 of (|uai'tz. 
 
 Tlu^ fourth Hlaeier is about forty-six miles from the mouth. 
 
 The time oecui)ied by the Jvussian itarty in desceiuliu}*- the river about sixty- 
 three miles was seventeen and a half hours, while ascending the si;au> distance had 
 required eight ilays of hard exertion. 
 
 KTIKIKE SOUND. 
 
 The broad sheet of water leading westward from the Stikiue River to the 
 northeast Dend of Clarence Sound is juuned Stikhie Sound by Tebenkoff. It is four 
 ndles wide and ab(»nt twenty miles in length, with a larj>e nund)er of islands near 
 its eastern end, and lying directly otf the Hats of the Stikine Ifiver. 
 
 Several anchorages are found in this sound. Ten fathoms is laid down on 
 the east side of the southeast ixiint of the large island, lying about three miles 
 northwest by west from Toint Ilightield. On the northwest side of Yank's Island, 
 two or three miles in extent, and lying live miles west of Point Ilightield, anchor- 
 age is noted, but no depth marked. South of Vauk's Islaiul lie two iskU oft" the 
 month of Jiatli Harbor, lying eight miles west by south half south from Point 
 Ilightield. At the northwest point of Zarembo Island is a number of islets, ami 
 on tiie east side of them there is anchorage in eighteen fathoms. 
 
 AVRANGKLL STIfAIT. 
 
 It would serve no practical purpose to endeavor to describe the intricacy of 
 islands and sounds south of Frederick Sound and east of Chatham Strait. The 
 nnii)s that are already published mv, good guides for all general purposes. There 
 is only one available chaniud between Clarence and Frederick Sounds east of Cor- 
 onation Islam], ami that is Wrangell Strait, opening from the northwestern part of 
 Stikine Sound, in latitude r>0o 3.V and longitude Vi'2° 48'. It bears north-north- 
 east, distant four miles from the east end of the large island lying in the middle of 
 the west eiitraiu'c of Stikine Sound. It is tortuous, very narrow, has low wooded 
 shores, broad beacnes, and a mid channel depth of not less than four or Ave fath- 
 oms. A .sketch of this, on a large scale, is given on sheet Xo. lOG of the Russian 
 charts of the i'acilic Ocean series. This sketch is not very accurate, but it can be 
 used, esi»ccially at low water, when a i'ow rocks not laid down upon it show them- 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 89 
 
 selves. Tlie United States st<>amer Saginaw and other government steamers have 
 used it. Three miles west of Wrangell Strait is the entrance to Duncan Channel, 
 running twenty-three miles north and north-northwest. 
 
 From the north end of Wrangell Strait is visible the first great glacier that wo 
 have seen upon the shores of these waters, althuugh two are reported even south 
 of Port Simpson, on tho arms jjenetrating the continent in that vicinity. Tiiis 
 glacier is on the north side of the eastern part of Frederick Sound ; and from two 
 islands, about three miles northwest of Wrangell Strait, it bore nortli by west dis- 
 tant ten or fifteen miles, as well as wo could judge through the mist an<l rain. 
 Eain clouds completely enveloped the tops of the mountains between whicli it 
 flowed. It was seen over a low point on tho north and east side of the sound, and 
 ai)parently opened upon tho shore in the bay east of Point Vaiuleput, about lati- 
 tude 57'' OG', longitude 132° 54'. In this vicinity one of the early California ice- 
 ships filled with glacier ice in the Avinter of 185,'$-54. 
 
 Anchorage is laid down on tho west side of Point Vandeput, but no depth is 
 marked. 
 
 At the northeast bend of Clarence Sound, between Stikine Strait and Stikine 
 Sound, the channel is mainly occupied by large islands, and the usual and safest 
 course is to tho esi ^tward of them and close under tho southwest shore of Zarembo 
 Island. At the northern part of this group the channel is less than a mile in 
 Avidth. Tills group has been surveyed in detail by tho Ilussian com[)any, and is 
 well reduced on Admiralty Chart No. 2431. 
 
 In the northernmost part of Clarence Sound, whore it is from five to ten miles 
 wide, and twenty-three miles east and west, there are two bays on tho south 
 shores. 
 
 BED BAY. 
 
 The opening to this bay, resorted to by the trading vessel ■!, is situated at the 
 northeast point of Prince of Wales Archipelago. It "s represent<?d as five miles 
 long north and south, and from a half to a mi^le wide. No depth is given, and tlio 
 anchorage is marked at the entrance. Four miles north of Red liny, near the mid- 
 dle of the sound, is a rock, which is covered at high water. Around it are sound- 
 ings from twelve to forty-four fathoms over a rocky bottom. 
 
 Port I'rotection, sixteen miles west of Hod Bay, and at tho northwest bend of 
 Clarence Sound, is described in another place. 
 
 OAPE CHACON.* 
 
 Returning to Dixon Sound, ami following its northern shores and the Pacific 
 coast northward to the great straits, we first notice this cape, of which we can find 
 no description. In Juno, 1789, Meares placed Capo Irving in latitude 54° 40', and 
 described it as a "high bluff," probably this cape. We passed close to it in thicik 
 weather and subsequently saw it at a distance. It forms the southwest point of 
 
 12 
 
 ' Named by Caamaus. 
 
r 
 
 90 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 the Houthoni ontraiioe of C'larPiico Souiitl, is wooded to the water, and bacrked by 
 high wooded inountaiiiH to the iioitliward. ; 
 
 Tebeiikott" placeH it in hititude 54° 42J' and longitude 131° 54', evidently fol- 
 lowing the Russian dmrt No. 10, of the Pacific series published in 1848. It lies in 
 the same parallel as (y'apes Kyg.'ine and Nunez and Point Wales. 
 
 Two miles southwest of it lies a shoal or reef, and twelve miles south 70° east 
 the Devil's Bank, with one rocky islet and other dangers around. 
 
 CAPE NUNEZ. 
 
 Six miles west of Capo Chacon lies this point, while between the two a deep 
 broad bay makes six miles to the northward, and has two large islards at the west- 
 ern side. A mile west of the cape lies a rocky islet with rocks between it and the 
 shore. This cape is the eastern point of the oi)ening of Cordova Bay, and is 
 placed by Tebenkoff in latitude 54° 42', longitude 132° 05'. 
 
 CORDOVA BAY. 
 
 Between Cai>e Nunez and Cape ICygane, eighteen miles westward, is an 
 
 extensive unexplored bay called Cordova, extending northward into the Prince of 
 
 Wales Islaiul alxmt fifteen miles and filled with wooded islands, bare islets, and 
 
 rocks. From the northwestern jiart of this bay an unexplored strait named lleoak 
 
 is said to lead to the southeasternmost arm of the extensive waters called Buca- 
 
 relli Bay or Sound, 
 
 CAPE kyoAne. 
 
 This is the extreme southwestern i)oint of the Territory of Alaska. Tebenkoff 
 gives a very indistinct view of it at a distance of twenty miles, when bearing 
 north 45° east. On the 11th of August, 18G7, we saw the cape within the distance 
 of a mile, but covered with rain clouds very low down. A view of it as it then 
 appeared is given. No description of this important headland has been discovered 
 among the old or recent navigators. The immediate shores were comparatively 
 low and rocky, but covered with heavy sin-uce to the edge of the bluffs ; the out- 
 line of the shores to the northwest appeared much broken, and of similar forma- 
 tion to the point. The water around the cape appeared bold, but showed strong 
 current markings inside our position, which was about one mile distant. 
 
 TcbeidvotV places it in latitude 54° 42', longitude 132° 39', but our observa- 
 tions made near it gives the longitude 132° 43' .8. La Perouse placed it in lati- 
 tude 54° 40', but he did not approach it within twelve miles. He says that from 
 Forrester Island eastward towards Cape Kygi'me, and across the North Cape of the 
 Queen Charlotte group, he found no bottom with one hundred and twenty fathoms, 
 even a league from shore ; but his course is laid down southward and westward 
 of Cape Kygane. 
 
 Between Cape Kygiine and North Cape, forming the northwest point of the 
 Queen Charlotte group, lies the entrance of Dixon Sound. From Cape Kygane 
 the North Cape bears south 39° west, distant twenty-eight miles. 
 
■ 
 
 ( 
 
 I mmP'. 
 
I 
 
f 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 J)l 
 
 In this «iitraiice, La PciOhhc miyH thiit during the, night ho crossod curronts 
 in( re nipid than ho had over niut in the open Hen, and no hottoin witii ont^ hun- 
 dred and twenty fathoms of line. DoiiglaNH (irossed the houiuI from Cape lvy<jane 
 towards tiie eastern part of Queen Chariotte Ishinds, and when lying to in the 
 hazy night had 80uudiug.s in sixty to eighty fathoms over a sandy bottom. 
 
 KYOAnE HARBOIl. 
 
 On the oast side of Cape Ky-T'i"o, and about two and a half miles northward 
 of its extremity, after passing a A'>. ♦ number of islets chtse along shore, three 
 harbors open to the eastward upon Cordova Uay, and two and a half miles wt'st of 
 the southern point of the firs! 'urge i.'-land {unnamed) in the bay. The soundings 
 in the approaehes to the hai -oin are about forty fatiioms. The southern haibor is 
 about three-eighths of a mile wide, runs weit-nin-thwest for one and a half mile, 
 and has a large islet inside and !i. wards the southern shore. Up to this islet the 
 soundings are not less than tliirty fathoms, and thence gradiudly deereaso towards 
 the head. 
 
 The second entrance, less than half a mile north of the southern one, is tlie 
 opening into two arms of one bay, divided by a long narrow island lying west- 
 uorthwest. The southern arm is that used as an anchorage, is one mile deep and 
 less than a quarter of a milo wide, with soumlings of six fathoms at the entrance, 
 increasing to sixteen fathoms, and then diminishing to eight at the head, where 
 there is quite a snug boat cove on the south side, and a luurow i)assage to the 
 northern arm on the north side. 
 
 The northern arm or harbor has almost the same dimensions as the other, 
 with deeper water at the entrance, (twenty-eight fathoms,) and a basin with six to 
 eight fathoms at the head. 
 
 The anchorage in the middle harbor or soiitlicrn arm of the two northern har- 
 bors is placed in latitude 54° 4G', and longitude 132° 4't' .'50", according to the 
 sketch of Etolin, given on the Ilnssian Chart No. 10 of the Pacific series published 
 in 1848. It is also in Tebenkoff, wh») gives 54° 42' and 130° 30' as the position, in 
 the sketch, but on the general chart it is placed in 54° 47'. The former position 
 ■was determined by Kruzott'in 1824. 
 
 The rise and fall of the tide is stated to be sixteen feet. About five miles 
 north of the islet off the southeast point of Kygiine harbor and along the siime 
 shore lies Ameficau Bay, with a huge islet off its southeast point, and a sandier 
 islet under its northeast poiit, with anchorage in eighteen fathoms to the south- 
 westward of this islet. Two or three smaller bays and islets are passed along the 
 intermediate shore, opposite American Bay ; the strait is about three-<iuarters of a 
 mile wide. 
 
 BAZAN BAY. 
 
 The west shore of Cape Kygi'ine is indented by many small bays open to the 
 ocean swell. In latitude 'ti° 48', eleven miles west-northwest of the cape, is the 
 entrance to the large bay of Bazau, divided into two by the large island called 
 

 92 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Dolgoi or Long Island, about half a mile wide, and fonr or five long east and 
 west. 
 
 The bay is tliree miles wide at the entrance, and stretches eight miles east- 
 northeast, and at its head is filled by a large number of small ishnids. Between 
 the south shore and Long Island the width of the bay is about one mile, and from 
 the southwestern point of the entrance, called Point Bazan, runs east-northeast 
 for five miles, having soundings of twenty fiithoms in the entrance, with ten to 
 fourteen until the east end of the island approaches a point from the south- 
 ern shore, Avhen a depth of eight fatluuns is found in the i)asvsage half a mile 
 wide. Tlie anchorage is to the east of this point of the nuiin, with bottom in 
 lifteen fathoms. The '{ussiau navigators inform us that in southwest gales a 
 heavy swell rolls into this bay, which is exposed directly to the ocean, yet the 
 sketch would indi(!ate that perfectly safe anchorage is to be had in the position 
 indicated. 
 
 Tebenkoft" places Cape Bazan in latitude 54° 48', and longitude i;}2o 54', and 
 states the rise and fall of tide at fourteen feet. He gives a rough sketch of it in 
 chart No. 9 of his atlas. 
 
 rOKEESTEU ISLAND.* 
 
 The south end of this island lies in latitude 54° 48', longitude 133° 29', distant 
 thirty miles west, 12° north from Cape Kygane, sixteen miles broad off the coast, 
 and twenty miles soxith of Cape Bartolomo. Tebenkoff lays it down as a high 
 island, five miles long by one and a half mile wide, with rocks off the south end, 
 and rocks and an islet off the north end. We passed it in the night of the 11th of 
 August in thick rainy weather, and got a very iiid'stinct glimpse of it. The fol- 
 lowing description is from Meares, August 13 1788 : 
 
 " Douglas Island is a small island about two miles in circumference, and there 
 are two or three small, low, and rocky islands lying oft" its ntnth and south ends. 
 It is very high, and covered with verdure, and may be seen at tlie distance of six- 
 teen or seventeen leagues. It lies ten leagues from the main land, in the latitude 
 of 540 58', and longitude 133° 17'." 
 
 Dixon does not refer to it in his narrative, but named it Forrester Island in 
 his view and in his map, where he locates it in latitude 55°, and longitiule 133° 
 42'. In the sketch, where it is represented as a high island with several rounded 
 hills, he places it in latitude 55° 12', and longitude 133° 42'. 
 
 Vancouver simply calls it a small high island. Tebenkoft' gives a poor view 
 of it at the distance of twenty-five miles. 
 
 MaTirelle in 1775 named it San Carlos Island, and La P(^rouse says he saw 
 them at a distance of three leagnies ; the largest lies southeast and northwest and 
 may be two leagues in circumference. He determined the latitude of the south 
 ])oint to be 54° 48', and to tbe north of this island, three miles long, he has laid 
 down two other islets reaching to 54° 58'. His shores hence to the northward art 
 very erroneous. See notes on Wolf Kock. 
 
 * NiHucd Ity Dixon in 1787, after his steward. 
 
 i 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 WOLP BOCK. 
 
 In latitmle H'P 01', longitude 13,3° 24', Tebenkoff lays down a small islet and 
 rocks nine miles north 17° east from the north end of Forrester Island. 
 
 Meares says, August 1788 : 
 
 "Between Forrester Island and the main (to the northward) there is another 
 of lesser extent, which is rocky, barren, and almost level with the water. Between 
 these two islands we steered a course east-southeast by compass, but could get no 
 soundings with fifty fathoms of line." 
 
 Vancouver describes it thus : 
 
 " From Ca])e Bartolomo, in latitiule 5'^° 12i', south 21° east, distance fourteen 
 miles, and twelve miles from the nearest shore, lies a very low, flat, rocky islet, 
 surrounded by rocks and breakers, that extend some distance from it." 
 
 From its isolated position he considers it "one of the most dangiu'ous impedi- 
 ments to navigation that he had met with on the exterior coast, and hence it 
 obtained the name of the Wolf Kock." 
 
 La Perouse says : 
 
 "A long chain unites Forrester Island to some other islets, (the "Wolf Ilock,) 
 verj^ small and low, which extend a considerable Avay into the channel, (/'. c, north- 
 eastward.) But there are no known obstructions between the Wolf Ktxik and 
 Forrester Island ; we passed between them at night in August, 18()7 ; the track of 
 the Russian trading vessels is between them ; Meares got no bottom with fifty 
 fathoms between them." 
 
 It was called the Isla Rasa, or Low Island, by the Spaniards. 
 
 PORT smAEES. 
 
 The meagre description of this bay by Douglas, in 1788, hardly enable^ iis to 
 recognize the bay by the charts. The south point of entrance is about twenty 
 miles northwest half west from Cape Kygaue, and fourteen miles east half north 
 from the north end of Forrester Island. On Tebenkoft''s chart the two points of 
 entrance lie nearly three miles apart, and north and south :>f each other. Tin? bay 
 lies about northeast, and is about a mile and a half wide, with two islets inside, 
 about a mile apart northeast and southwest of each other, and in n.'d-channel; but 
 in another Russian chart they are placed near the iu)rthern sh()r(^ The bay 
 stretches into the land and then branches into two arms, one leading to the north- 
 east and the other a little east of north. 
 
 This agrees with the description of Douglas, but nobody could jiossibly make 
 anything out of his sketith. In his narrative he says they discerned tlie opening 
 to the bay when east of Forrester Island, and when up to it they "got within a 
 8U)all islaiul that lies a quarter of a mile from the main land," and drifting down 
 on the island, which was under thei*' lee, the ship was towed by canvas higher up 
 the bay, when they "dropped anchor in vwenty-three fathoms, with a bottom of 
 sand and shells." In this position the vessel is landlocked about a mile from tlie 
 
94 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 western shore, except being exposed to four points between east-northeast and 
 east-southt'iist, (by compass.) 
 
 By observation he placed tlie ancliorage in 54° 51'^ but on Tebenkoff the north 
 point of entrance is in 54° 57', and the south, in 54° M'; the cuter islet is in 57° 50J'. 
 
 In latitude 55°, twenty-six miles north, 00° west from Ins position of Cape 
 Kygane, I;a I'crouse lays down Cape St. Augustin, but no such promontory 
 exists. From a thonmgh study of La Perouse's narrative, and by plotting his 
 positions on Tebenkotl', we iiud no reliance can be i)laced ui)on his general shore- 
 line and positions. 
 
 CAPE BAUTOLOMO. 
 
 Forrester Island and the "Wolf Eock are nearly on the prolongation of the 
 long, narrow peninsula stretching southward and terminating in Cape Bartolomo, 
 in latitude 55° 12', longitude i;}3o 33', to the eastward of which peninsula lies a 
 large archipelago, in large part ex])lored, through which the Russian vessels are 
 accustonu'd to i)ass. Tiie cape is called Chirikoff on some of the Russian charts. 
 Close to its southern extremity are uuirked sunken rocks with very deei) water 
 outside. 
 
 This cape is the southwest point of the southern entrance to Bucarelli Sound. 
 From it the southeast point, named Cape Saint Felix, with a small islet on its 
 southwest face, lies six miles south 12° east. The indications on TebenkofiPs chart 
 that Bartolomo is comparatively low and wooded, and that for nine miles nearly 
 north the i)eniiisula is only a mile across. Saint Felix, on the contrary, is backed 
 by a mountain two miles to the north-northeast. 
 
 BUCARELLI SOUND. 
 
 The sound eastward of the large island of which Cape Bartolomo is the south- 
 ern termination is vei-j' extensive and filled with large islands, between which 
 l)ass wide channels with deep water. 
 
 The channel between Capes Bartolomo and St. Felix is four or five miles 
 wide, with bold water close to either shore. Its general direction is north by east 
 for seven miles, then northeast twelve miles to the west point of the largo island 
 of Saint John ; and the usual course is on the northwest side of this island. A 
 great number of largo bays arc found along the shores of the numerous islands in 
 tliis sound. The usual anchorage of the trading steamers is in Dolores Bay, which 
 opens to the north, and lies ten miles to the north and east of Cape Bartolomo ; it 
 is two miles deep by one and a half wide ; but the first bay inside the capes is 
 Santa Crnz, o]»ening to the west four miles north of Capo Felix ; rocks lie half a 
 mile off the northwest |)oint of the entramt' of this bay, which is three miles deep 
 and over tme mile wide, with soundings from twenty to ten fathoms. 
 
 The whole sound is too extensive to be described at this Www in d(^tail. From 
 Caite Bartolomo its eastern extremity is about twenty-tlve miles east-northeast, 
 and the northern entrance, among several, is twenty-five miles nctarly north of 
 
ALASKA COAST riLOT. 
 
 95 
 
 ' 
 
 Bartolomo. From its southeastern waters at tlie eastern part of Ulloa Channel 
 the Ileoak Strait runs south-southeast to the northwest part of Cordova Bay. 
 Near the northern extremity a channel stretches eastward, and then to the north- 
 northwest by the Schakhin Strait to the Otter Sound of Douf^las, in latitude 55° 
 54', and ten miles east-southeast from Capo Pole, at the north entrance to Clar- 
 ence Sound. 
 
 Eight miles east of Capo Felix is another entrance to this sound ; and the 
 northwest part of the sound can be entered by several channels not yet thoroughly 
 explored. Tebenkoff and the Admiralty Chart No. 2i'M give the general featiues 
 of the sound; and Sarytcheft's large Russian atlas of 1 820 gives in detail the sound- 
 ings throughout the shores. Sarytcheff erroneously credits the whole exploration 
 to La Perouse. Tliis sound is Puerto del Bayli Bucarellio of Quadia, 1775, .and 
 deserves thorough exploration. 
 
 CAPE ADDINGTON. 
 
 This cape is the westernmost of the island forming tln> western boundary of 
 Bucarelli Sound, and lies seventeen miles north 28° west from Capo Bartolomo. 
 "A conspicuous promontory" (Vancouver III, 2!)9) laid down by Tebenkott' in 
 latitude 55° 27i', and longitude IS3° 45', described by IMeares, from the journal of 
 Douglas, as a high bluff" laud lying iu latitude 55° 28', longitude 11VA° 3!)', and 
 forming the south point of a great bay lying east of the line joining this capo 
 and Coronation Island. No name having been applied to this bay, we have 
 designated it as IiMgenia Bay, after Douglas's vessel. 
 
 To this point Meares applied the name Cape Adamson. According to La 
 Pdrouse's view it was visible at a distance of forty-iive miles from the northwest 
 when he was oft" the Hazy Isles. 
 
 Between Cape Bartolomo and Addington recent charts indicate a passage 
 from the sea to the waters of the sound in the bight four or five miles east-south- 
 east of the latter, so that when niiide from the westward the land adjoining the 
 two capes appears to rise as two islands, as indicated in La P<;rouse'8 chart. 
 
 From Cape Addington the Avesteru end of Coi'onation lies north .'50° west, 
 thirty-one miles distant; and Cape Ommaney, at the western side of the entrance 
 to Chatham Strait, lies nearly on the same course, at a distance of fifty miles. It 
 will thus be seen that Capes Bartolomo, Addington, Coronation Island, and Capo 
 Ommaney, lie nearly on the same course, which is tho general trend of the outer 
 coast and headlands from Capo Kygane, in 54o 42', to Cape Fairweather, in 
 58° 51'. 
 
 Il'HIGENIA BAY. 
 
 This great bay lies eastward of the line joining Capo Addington and Cape 
 Barnett, thirty-oiui miles south 27° east, and soutli 27° west of each other: and 
 from the middle of that line the eastern shores lie twenty miles to the northeast- 
 ward. From Capo Addington the general trend of the shores of the islands form- 
 
mamammmmm 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 iiig tliP southeast shore of Iphif^oiiiii Bay and the north boundary ot Bncarelli 
 Sonn<! is northeast for twenty niik's, where numerous ro('ks are hiid down, aud 
 Avhere various eliannels auionj;' the islands h'ad into the northern i)art of Buearelli 
 Sound and into the southern entrance of Schakhin Strait ; thence north-northwest 
 about twenty niiU's along a sliore indented by bays and guarded by islets to the 
 Otter Sound aud the north entrance of the Schakhin Strait; then west by south 
 twenty miles to Cape Barnett, forininy the west point of Coronation Island, and 
 broken by the north entrance to Clarence Sound. In 1784 La Perouse called the 
 islands extending eastward from Coronation Island the Spanish Islands. 
 
 OTTEU SOUND. 
 
 This sound was entered by Douglas in 1788, and it is iudged that his point of 
 entrance lies in the northeastern i)art of Iphigenia Bay, about latitude 54° 50' on 
 Tebenkoll's chart, behind an island two or three nules long, and one mile from the 
 nuiin shore. Douglas says that "having run a considerable way up the bay 
 (Iphigenia) they > itered the mouth of a straight passage, not more than half a 
 mile across from shore to shore, steering north, (compass.)" By the number of 
 whales which were blowing a long way within the passage, it was evident there 
 was plenty of Avater for the ship. At eight in the evening they anchored in seven- 
 teen fathoms over a sandy bottom, about half a mile from the shore. In this situa- 
 tion the ship was entirely land-h)cked, except at the entrance, and the anchorage 
 was named Sea-otter harbor. In p' 'ling up the bay a passage was discovered out 
 to sea, and so the ship lay on the east side of an island, and it Avas evident that 
 the land forming the straits to the north consisted of islands. In three or four 
 Ikhu's' i)ulling from the shij), and sounding, two arms of the straits were found, 
 one stretching towards the north and the other to the east-southeast, (both coui- 
 l)ass.) The eastern arm is perhaps the north entrance of Schakhin Strait, and the 
 northern leads to a long, unnamed iidet. On his chart Meares desigiuites these 
 wat(!rs as Otter Soiiiul. When Douglas left the mouth of tlie harbor Cape Bar- 
 nett bore southwest by west half west (compass,) aud Cape Addiugtou south- 
 by west half west, (compass.) 
 
 The Admiralty Chart No. 2431, and Russian Chart No. 107, 1848, have an 
 anchorage in a cove on the north face of the island, first north of Seaotter harbor 
 and southwest of the entrance to Schakhin Strait ; no souudiugs given ; latitude 
 54° .W ; island about two miles in extent. In a late Avork Sea-otter Harbor has 
 been erroneously placed in Bncarelli Sound, but the foregoing examinatiou clearly 
 establishes its approximate position. 
 
 NOUTIIWEST ENTRANCE CLARENCE SOUND. 
 
 This entrance may be said to lie betAveen Capes Pole aud Decision, lying ten 
 or eleven miles Aveat-nortliAvest aiul east-sontheast of each other, Avith the large 
 islands Warren and Coronation lying southAvest broad off the entrance, and form- 
 ing several channels thereto. 
 
ALASIt^V COAST PILOT. 
 
 97 
 
 Cape Decision, on the west, lies in latitude 50° 03', and Capo Polo in 
 
 Coronation Island lies five miles south of Cape Decision, with some largo 
 islands between them, bnt attbrding a passage one and a half mile wide between 
 the cape and the nearest island by which vessels pass between Cliatham and Clar- 
 ence Sounds. Admiralty Chart No. 2431, and Kussian Chart No. 10, have the west- 
 ern entrance south of the first island lying oil" Cape Decision ; and Tebenkott" has 
 an anchorage on the east side of the first island north of the west pi»int of Coroiui- 
 tion Island, but no soundings are given. Coronation Island is high, eight miles 
 long east-northeast and west-sontlnvest, by four miles wide, and tiie western p(»int 
 is laid down by Tebenkoff, in latitude .>5o ':'*', and longitude 134'^ 10'. lietween 
 the northeast j)art of the island and the nearest island an anchorage is laid down 
 in one of the Kussian charts, but no depth of water given. Douglas saw tho 
 island at a distance of thirty-five miles from the southward; he name«l the west- 
 ern point Cape Barnett, ami says this island is h)w towards the si-a, but rises grad- 
 ually to a considerable height. His latitude is erroneous, having estimated his 
 distance. 
 
 Warren Island is four miles east-southeast and west-northwest bj- two miles 
 in width. Between it and Cape Pole, which is distant two miles to the eastward, 
 lie several lurking rocks and islets. One and a half mile south of the middle of 
 the island are several rocKS ; five miles south from the northwestern point of tho 
 island several rocks arc laid down, and south by east six miles from the northwest 
 point lies .1 small islet. 
 
 The entrance to Clarence Sound, between Coronation Island on the west 
 and Warren Island on tho east, is about six miles wide, and in mid-channel there 
 is no bottom with one hundred and twenty fathoms of line. 
 
 No passage is laid down between Cape Pole and Warrtni Island, and vessels 
 from Otter Sound and the north part of Bucarelli Sound •. ss w(>st of the islets of 
 Warren Island, and enter Clarence Sound between \ arren and Coronation 
 islands. For the description of this entrance to Port Protection see remarks 
 uuder head of Port Protection. 
 
 PORT BEAUC'LEIL.* 
 
 On the western side of the northwest entrance to Clarence Strait, about 
 eighteen miles north-northeast from Point Borlase, the northern extremity of War- 
 ren Island, lies a small island off the entrance to tliis port which is open to the 
 east. In coming into the strait from the westward, round Cape Decision, the first 
 point passed is St. Albans, about eight miles to the northeast of Decision; it is 
 guarded by many rocks extending a mile from its extremity ; and for eight miles 
 northward of it the shore is bounded by islets and rocks extending two mik's 
 out to A melius,* which lies a league south of the entrance to the ]tort. The small 
 
 13 
 
 Namt'rt by Vaucouvcr, 1793. 
 
98 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 island marking tl;e entrance lies directly west of Mount Caldcr, and eifjht miles 
 southwest (niartor west fiom Toint Baker, with an islet northeast of Kaker in 
 ranye with the point. Tiie island in the entrance has some rocks aronnd it, but 
 lies over a mile from the north point of entrance, and a mile from northeast of 
 the south jtoint. This islet "admits of a good channel on either side." 
 
 The outer points of the entrance to the port lie about north-northeast and 
 south southwest, two miles from each other; thence the port stretches two and a 
 half miles to the west-northwest, to the east side of a "small islaml with sundry 
 rocky islets and regular soundings from thirteen to twenty fathoms." This island 
 is in the middle of a narrow basin six miles long north and south, and from one to 
 two wide, with a passage a mile long and half a mile wide on the u(H'theast side 
 of the island ; and the other about the same width and a mile and a half long to 
 the southwest. 
 
 This is "an extremely good harbor; its access and egress are free from 
 obstructions except such us ai'c suthcicntly evident to be avoided." "The sur- 
 rounding shores are in general moderately elevated, well covered with wood; 
 water is very easily procured, as tlu; communication with the shore is sutlicieutly 
 commodious." 
 
 Vancouver places the northeast point in latitude .'ifio 17', but without observa- 
 tion. He designated the northeast point as that which lies one mile inside the 
 outer and northeast point proper, 
 
 rORT PROXnCTION. 
 
 From Point Borlase, forming the northwest point of Warren Island, to the 
 south point of the island in the lutrthwest bend of the Clarence Sound, the genertal 
 direction of the strait is north by east half east for twenty-flve miles, with an aver- 
 age available width of five miles, both shores bordered by numerous islets and 
 rocks. Theiu;e the strait turns east round the northwest point of Prince of Wales 
 Islaiul, and riuis twenty-live miles to the northeast point when it turns to the 
 •southeast by south, aud at its northeast part receives the western entrance of Sti- 
 kine Sound. 
 
 Port Protection is situated on the nortlnvest extremity of Prince of Wales 
 Island, where the Clarence Sound turns from its north ami south course abruptly 
 to the east. It opens to the northwest, and its southern extremity or head lies 
 at the base of a very remarkable barren, peaked mountain, which Vancouver 
 named Blount Calder. Tiiis extinct volcaiu) is conspi.nious in many points of view, 
 not from its superu/r elevation when compared with other mountains on the main, 
 but from its height abov»< the rest of the ccmntry in its immediate vicinity, and 
 IVoin its being visible in various directions at a great distance, lie observed 
 upon it when ftmr or live leagues west of Cape Addington, at a distance of over 
 sixty miles. Point Baker is on an islet close to the shore at the northeast point of 
 entrance, from whence the opposite point lies south 27° west, at a <listance of 
 three-(puirters of a mile. The chaiuiel is good and free to enter, yet there is one 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 99 
 
 lurkiiiff rock, visiblo only at low tides, lyins south 1."?° oast, six hniidrod yards 
 from Point Baker. The kelp upon it will {jive warning at hif,'h water, and <tu all 
 sides there is u depth of from eijjlit to twelve fathoms close to it. 
 
 This harbor has a general direction from mid-entraneo south 30° east for 
 about two and a quarter miles ; its width from one thousand to six hundred 
 yards ; and the upper i)art terminates in shallow cov<'s aiul a basin. The sound- 
 ings are irregular, from thirty to fifty fathoms, and where Vancouver places the 
 anchorage in twenty-ono fathoms, the rock in the channel bears north 33° west. 
 Point Baker north 25° west; the western point of the bay north 82° west, aiul a 
 small islet, with rocks oft" its northwest point, lies east less than a (piarter of a 
 mile distant. On the east and southeast of this islet is anchorage in twenty to 
 fourteen fathoms, but with contracted space. The bottom at the anchorage of 
 Vancouver is hard and rocky, aiul the position exposed to north and northwest 
 winds, but well protected from southeasters. The shores are in most places steep, 
 rocky, and covered with an impenetrable forest of spruce and other trees. Sev- 
 eral streams of fresh watc^r arc found, and halibut were caught by Vancouver. 
 
 Vancouver found the latitude of Point Baker 50° 20' 30", and Tcbenkoft" 
 gives the longitude 133° 32'. 
 
 Vancouver gives a i»laii of the harbor which the United States steamer Ossi- 
 pee used and found suflicient for all general purposes. She remained here during 
 a heavy southeaster. 
 
 About a mile to the north of Point Baker is situated a bank on which sound- 
 ings are irregular from fifteen to thirty-two fathoms, and at the meeting of the 
 tidal currents causes a race and rip that appear dangerous, especially at the 
 flood, but numerous soundings detected no less than lifteen fathoms upon it, and 
 sixty fathoms between it and the shore. 
 
 Tebenkoflt" has a rock near mid-channel of the sound, lying about two miles 
 west of the westernmost point of Port Protection, and another three or four 
 miles southwest of the same point. They are not in Vancouver, but are on the 
 latest liussiau charts, and on Admiralty Chart No. 2431. 
 
 HAZY ISLANDS. 
 
 These islets lie eight miles west of Coronation Island, and, Vancouver says, 
 "form a group of small rocky isles about a league in extent, lying south 7'^ east, 
 at a distance of sixteen leagues from Cape Ommaney." (Ill, p. 2!).s.) This is 
 evidently an error of the text of Vancouver, who i laces them lifteen miles south 
 of Ommaney and in latitude 55° 54^', and south of the entrance to Chatham 
 Strait. 
 
 Tcbenkoft' places them sixteen miles sonth of Ommaney and in latitude 55° 
 55 J', longitude 134° 25|'. 
 
 In 1787 they were named by Dixon, who placed them in latitude 55° .W. 
 
 On the lUissian charts they are known as the Tu:uauuoi (Misty) Islands, La 
 
100 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT, 
 
 Pt'ronso named a protij) of five, inlets La CroytTo, «lescribe<l as being soparated 
 I'loiii the continent Ijy a eliaiinel four or tive leaRiies wide, lie placed them in 
 CjO 51', about eighteen miles scmth of Capo Ommaney. 
 
 CAPE OinrANFA'. 
 
 This headland lies in latitude 50" 10^', Icmgitudo 134° 2SJ', and fonns the 
 western point of the entrance to Chatham Strait. The eastern point of entrance 
 is Cajjc Harnett, C(Monation Island. Abreast of Ommaney the strait is twelve 
 miles wide, and the eastern shore renuirkably broken by bays and guarded by 
 rock's. 
 
 Tliis cape is the sontliern extremity of Baranolf Island, upon which Sitka is 
 situated. It ''constitutes a very remarkable ])romontory, that terminates in a 
 high, blntf, rocky clitf, with a round, high, rocky islet lying close to it, and by its 
 shores on its eastern side taking a sharp northerly direction it becomes a very 
 narrow point of land, which, having been seen by Captain Colnett in his mercan- 
 tile expedition to this coast, was by him named Cape Omnmney, .;nd the opening 
 between it and Cape Decision, Christian Sound," being the entraiu e to Chatham 
 Strait. (Vancouver, in, pp. -'(>(>, 207.) Thid rocky islet "was named Woodeu's 
 Hock " (Vancouver, III, p. 298.) 
 
 The land to the northward of the eai>e was observed npon by Vancouver at a 
 distance of fifty-seven miles when off Capes Addington and Bartolomo. 
 
 La IVrouse ]uuued this cape Tschirikoii", and placed it in latitude 50° 13A'. 
 
 CHATHAM STBAIT, WITH ITS PORTS AND rNTEKSECTINa STRAITS. 
 
 This magnificent arm of the sea stretches in a straight lino through the 
 in)rthwesteru i)art of the Alexander Archipelago. From Cape Ouunaney, in 
 latitude 50° 10', where it is twelve miles wide, to the liead of the eastern arm, iu 
 59° 20', it maintains a nearly uniform width of seven or eight miles, with no 
 dangers excei)t close along the shores. The dei)th of water is very great, and no 
 soundings have ever been laid down in it. In latitude 58° 32' we found no bottom 
 with one hundred and fifty fathoms of line. Its general direction is north 13° 
 west for two hundred miles, and if the chart of Tebenkoft" is correct, a course 
 drawn throughout its length would not touch either shore. From it branch the 
 great straits eastward and westward, leading to the base of the coast range of 
 mountains and to the Pacific Ocean. Its northern termination is in a higher 
 latitude than Mount Fairweather, while the peninsula between them, terminating 
 on the nortli shores of Icy Strait, is a region unexplored, and from all indica- 
 tions the home of the glaciers. The entrance to this strait was named Christian 
 Sound by Colnett in 1788. 
 
 La Perouse, in honor of Behring's commander, who landed under a capo in 
 this latitude, and had two boats' crews massacred by the Indians, named the 
 entrance Tschiiikoft' Bay, as to him it bore the appearance of a spacious bay 
 
 [ 
 
ALASKA COAST ril^OT. 
 
 101 
 
 beliiud Cape Tschirikoff. Ton miles from the islaml.s oft* tlio oiitranct' ho ox- 
 perie'iiced very s^^rong currents. lie gives a view of the coast Jieroaboiits, taivon 
 from a position west of the Hazy Islands, with a hijjfh mountain hoariuj; north 
 40° east on the east side of Tschirikoff" Bay. 
 
 rOUT CONCLUSION AND PORT ABMSTUONO. 
 
 Between live and six miles northward from Cape Onimaney, on the western 
 shore of Chatham Strait, lies the entrance to Port Conclusion, whoso soutlioru 
 point is formed by an island about a quarter of a mile long', north northwest, 
 Avitli deep Avater all around it, except toward the nmiii point southwest of jt ; 
 between these lie an islet and sunken rocks. From this island to the in)rth point 
 of the bay the direction is north, and the distance one mile, with sevcnty-Hve 
 fathoms of water in mid-entrance. From the middle of the entrance the bay has 
 a direction south 27° west for two and three-quarters miles, contraetiiiK for the 
 last mile to a little over a quarter of a mile in width, with forty-four fathoms of 
 water. No rocks arc known to exist in the bay, and the deei)est water in the bay 
 is eiyhty-seven fathoms, about half a mile west by north Irom the south point of 
 the island. Three-quarters of a mile inside the south ])oint there is a small cove, 
 one-quarter of a mile in extent, facing north, with anchorage over irregular 
 bottom in from Ave to fifteen fathoms. One and a qmirter mile inside the 
 entrance is a very narrow cove, one-quarter of a mile long, about one-eighth of a 
 mile in width, with four fathoms of water, and opening to the southwest or con- 
 tracted head of the bay. In this cove Vancouver anchored. The head of this 
 cove is separated by oidy one-quarter of a mile from the head of another bay 
 southeast, and leading from the strait. It is one mile long, "runs nearly north, 
 and has a very narrow entrance, with four fathoms. Inside are soundings in 
 seven or eight fathoms. The Russian chart designates this as Alexander May, 
 
 The latitude of the north point of the island forming the south point of Port 
 Conclusion is 50° IC, and longitude 134° 27'. 
 
 The north point of Port Conclusion, called Point Eliza, also forms the south 
 point of Port Ai-mstrong, which has an opening to the cast from the strait of less 
 than a quarter of a mile in width for half a mile in length, with soundings from 
 ten to seven fathoms. Inside this narrow channel the bay expands to a basin one 
 mile long by half a mile wide, with thirty-four fathoms of water, decreasing to 
 twelve and eight close to the shores. The general direction of this port and its 
 entrance is south 70° west, and extends one mile and a quarter. 
 
 Vancouver gives a plan of it and describes it in volume II, pp. 208, 2G9. 
 
 The head of Port Armstrong is only one mile east of the head of Lis- 
 vinitchny Bay, making in from the Avest side of the peninsula, 
 
 POUT MALMESBURY. 
 
 This bay lies directly east of Port Coticlusion, on the eastern shore of ( •hat- 
 ham Strait, sixteen miles north 00° east from Cape Ommaney, ami twentythreo 
 
102 
 
 ALASlvii COAST l»lLOT. 
 
 lit 
 
 \i 
 
 mill's iiortli of tlio west i)oiiit of Coroimtioii Isliiiul. ^IctwcPii Cape llpcision and 
 till' liarlior the iiitcriiiciliatc shore is deeply indeiiteu by many small open bays 
 and fiiiavded by niimerons rocks. Tlio. harbor is easy of access by keepiii}; near 
 Ihe southern shore, and attbrds very excellent shelter, with soniidings from seven- 
 teen to thirtyfonr and t\v«'Ive fathoms of water. From the entrance its direction 
 is northeast for three miles, then south-sontheast for three miles, with some rocks 
 and islets in it. It is conveniently situated to the ocean, and has its north point 
 in latitude .ICP 17^' and longitude 134° 07'. Its north point is called Point Harris, 
 and rendered very remarkable by being a projecting point on which is a single 
 hill, apiiearing from many points of view like an island, with an islet and some 
 rocks extending nearly to the southwest of it. (Vancouver, HI, j). 280.) Ho 
 gives no plan of it, but its entrance and general features are exhibited on Tebeu- 
 koft" and other Ilussian cliarts, and on Admiralty Chart No. 2431. 
 
 Four or five miles northward ot Port Conclusion is a wide bay leading 
 three or four miles westward, with two arms, one to the north and the other to 
 the south. The head of this bay, not named, is within two miles of the liead of 
 Toporkoff (i. c, Piijjin) Day, leading eastward from the west side of the peninsula. 
 Thence northward the western shore is broken by numerous bays to southeast 
 point of Peril Strait in T)'" 22'. 
 
 The eastcnu shore, being the west side of Brooof or Keriou Island, is very 
 nuich broken by nuiiu'rons bays, islets, ami rocks. 
 
 Point' Ellis is the first prominent point on the eastern shore, north of Port 
 Malmesbury. Vancouver placed it in latitude 50° 31', and the latest charts give 
 the longitude 131° 17'. Along the northeast shore of Point Ellis a bay ten miles 
 long stretches to the northeast. From its head to the head of Port Camden, lead- 
 ing northward from Frederic Strait, a iiortage is used by the Indians, who carry 
 their cauoes across it. 
 
 Point Sullivan* is in latitude 50° 38', and longitude 134° 1G'.5. From it 
 the shore is less rocky and more compact for thirteen miles north 9° west to 
 Point Kingsmill.t At this point Chatham Strait is seven miles wide, with the 
 opening of a small bay on the western shore, laid down on Tebenkoff about west 
 by south from Point Kingsmill. 
 
 Point Kingsmill, about forty-two miles northward of Cape Ommaiiey, is the 
 southwest point of the entrance of Frederic Strait into Chatham Strait. Tlie 
 northwest i)oint of entrance is Point Gardner, lying ten or eleven miles northwest 
 by north half north from the former, with a small low-wooded islet, named Yasha 
 Island, on the same course, about three miles ofl' Point Gardner. 
 
 POINT GARDNER.t 
 
 This point is the southwestern extremity of Admiralty Island, is about two 
 mihis long by threecpiarters wide, and stretching south-sourliwest into Chatham 
 Strait, reducing its Avidth to leas than Ave miles. 
 
 * Niiiiiod I>Y Viini'oiivor. 
 
 tNiHucrt by Vimcouver, 1794. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 103 
 
 Prom this point some rocks lie tlirt'o-(|uaitors of a iniU' south -'.'P oust, and oil 
 tlio same beariufj Yasha Ishiiiil, small, low, and woimUmI, lies about tlinw mlloa 
 distant. By observation Vancouver placed the i)oint in latitiulu 57° 01', and 
 Tebenkotf {fives its lonj^itude l'.U° 2(5'.r» south. About two miles cast of tho point 
 lie two isl(!ts, and between them and th«^ point is laid down an anchorajte for the 
 tradin{;r vessels, but no souiulinj«s are noted. This aiu-horajje is open to the south, 
 and the ocean swell from the southward is said to bo felt here. At or uear this 
 point the Indians report coal. 
 
 The eastern shore of the strait, northward of Point Gardner, is uuiformlj' 
 bold, indented by bays and free from shoals. The main island is comparatively 
 high and wooded. 
 
 The first anchorage is at the bay called the Lower Koutsnow, ehivcn miles 
 northward of Point Crardner, and is reported good by the Saginaw. Oiu) mile 
 bi'oad oft' the middle of this bay lie some rocks ; the track of tlic trading ves- 
 sels is laid down east of them. The latitude is 07° ll'.."> and longitude i;JP .'50'. 
 
 Twenty-three miles north of Point Gardner is the broad open bay, named 
 HooiTs Bay by Vancouver, with a large island under its northern shore. On the 
 n(n-tli side of this island, about three miles eastward of its western point, is laid 
 down the anchorage of the trading steamers, abreast the large settlenumt called 
 Koutsnow. Tlie Saginaw reports "several anchorages in and around Koutsnow," 
 one abreast the Indian settlement, one to the right, and one in tlie channel-way 
 below the rapids, one to the northward and westward of the island, forming the 
 northwestern boundary of Hood's Bay, in latitude 57° 28'.5, longitude 134° ;{ t'. 
 No soundings are given. 
 
 The northwestern point of llood's Bay is formed by Point Samuel, aiul 
 between this point and the large island southeast of it is the entrance to Mud 
 Bay, an unexplored water, nearly dividing Admiralty Island, and rei»orted to 
 have a violent race at its entrance at certain states of the tide. This grcsat extent 
 of water forms really an "inland archipelago," being filled with numerous islands. 
 Bapids are encountered inside; abundance of all kinds of fish. 
 
 In 1808 there was opened in this bay "a mine of the best bituminous coal yet 
 found upon our Pacific coast," by the United States steamer Saginaw. 
 
 In coming eastward through Peril Strait, Admiralty Island, to the eastward, 
 looks like a great wooded, low plain, being the space occupied by this great bay 
 ami adjacent low shores. 
 
 Directly west of Hood's Bay, Peril Strait enters the west side of Chatham 
 from the ocean through Salisbury or Klokatchef Sound, and by Sitka Sound. 
 The two points are Schkaliakh Point at the south, in latitude '>1° 24', and Point 
 Tlakinikut at the north, in latitude "i° li!)', and lying nearly north and scuith of 
 each other. The western part of this strait lies nearly west-northwest and east- 
 southeast for twenty miles. 
 
 In the strait off Point Schkaliakh lie immerous rocks and islets, with one or 
 two available anchorages. We anchored in sixteen fathoms, soft bottom, between 
 
104 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 tlio iwlcts iind tlip iiiiiiiilaiid soiitliwanl. But it is not advisablo to pass ninoiif; 
 tliciii witljoiit a pilot. (Sec iciiiaik.s upon Peril Strait.) 
 
 Close iiiider I In; western shore of (!liatliaiu Strait, alxnit seven miles iioitli- 
 ward of I'eril Strait, Tebeidiotl" notes a white roek, not laid down on other ehart». 
 Nearly east of it, on the eastern slioro, is tho Point Pitrlcrr of Vauconver, in lati- 
 tude r)7° .'57', while a lea>,nie to the southeastward of it, in a small cove, is an ojien- 
 in;; about the eighth of a nillt^ wide. In the entranee Whidhy found fiv«' fathoms 
 of water, lint after advancin<; half a mile in he found it full of shallows. Tho 
 a«\iacont land to the south and east is low and wooded. At this entranee he 
 obtained herrin;,' from the Indians, July 1704. 
 
 J'itrl<i(}' llitrlinr* lies on thi^ western shore, twenty-one miles north of Teril 
 Strait, and llfteeu south of ley Strait. Two openiiifjs are found here, eaeh about 
 a mile wide, with an interveninjx jKiint of low, wooded land. The southern open- 
 injf leads west ami then north-northwest by an unexplored channel thirty-llvo 
 miles louf;- to ley Strait. The UfUthern openiu;,' is that of I'avlolf Harbor, about a 
 mile wide, with the points bearinj;' about northeast and southwest from ea('h other. 
 Tlu! general direction of the l»ay is n(n-tliwest for eifflit miles, but Tebenkoff lays 
 down the anchorage in a cove on the south shore about two miles inside the south 
 l)oint, but gives no soundings. The admiralty chart notes a cascade three miles 
 inside the entrance. 
 
 The north point of the entrance is in latitude r»7° 'A', longitude l.'Jlo 57', 
 according to Uussian authorities. 
 
 The eastern shores of the strait, both north and .south of Pavloft" Harbor, are 
 comparatively low, but densely wooded, the ininu'diatc shore line being "alternate 
 steep rocky cl Ill's and small sandy bays, with a few detached ro(.'ks and islets lying 
 close under it." 
 
 Icy Strait or Crnns (SoiokZ t connects Chatham Strait with the ocean, and uudces 
 in from tho westward between Points Augnstat and Couverdent, the latter lying 
 nine miles north 1.")° west from the former. Whidbey placed Point Augusta in 
 latitiule 58° o;?^'. 
 
 It is high, covered with timber, and has some rocks close under it. Two and 
 a half miles north-northeast of the i)oint Tebenkoff lays down some rocks in mid- 
 chamu'l, but the other llussian and admiralty charts place them close to Point 
 Mnrsden on the eastern .shore. Tebenkoff designates the trading tracks close 
 along Augusta Point, and west of the rocks. Five miles east-uortheast from it is 
 the contracted anclunage of Spaskia Bay. 
 
 Under the southwest shore of Point Couverden, "at a distance of two miles 
 to the northwest of the point, there is a small cove opening to the south, with an 
 island lying before it, and a mile south of the point lies a high, barren, rocky 
 islet." This latter is laid down on the llussian charts, '.ait not on Admiralty Chart 
 
 •Ti'lx'iikort's (•hart. Admiralty Chart No. 2431 culls it New Harboi'. By tho Saginaw it has 
 lieoii I'allod Kreshwatcr Hay. 
 t Named by Vancouvor. 
 
 _ 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 lO.") 
 
 No. 24.'U. "About two milos iiortliwiinl of tlit^ i»i>int art' oiio small island and 
 tlirt'c rocky isletM," one of which lies nearly in niidchanin-i, Tiicnco northward 
 the shorp is fontuMl by a narrow border of low lands, well W(M)d»'d witli larfj*' treoH 
 and backed by hif,'h mountains covered with snow. It is lu'arly strai^-ht, and its 
 p'ueral direction is nortli by west half west for sixty miles to the mouth of the 
 Cliilkaht. 
 
 Abreast of Point Aufjusta the strait is much contracted by J'oint Mamdeii,* 
 lyiuf,' less than four miles northwest from the f«»rmer, in latitutle ijso (Mi'. 
 
 Northward of Point ("(uiverden the strait has a width of four or five miles for 
 eleven miles to Pohit lietreat,* on the eastevn slum*, and forminf>' the northennnost 
 l>oint of Admiralty Island, and placed by Vancouver in latitude 58° 1'4', and by 
 Tebenkott" in longitude 134o 59/. 
 
 For six or eij^ht miles of this island south of Point Retreat the land is low, 
 level, and heavily wooded, and fi .1 its formation would well sufjfjest the nauu> of 
 Terrace Point. When rmnuling the iiorth end of the point we had a short view 
 of a great glacier bearing north 15° east by compass, but with the thick, squally 
 weather it was dilHcidt to estinmte its distance. It doubtless comes from the 
 southwest flank of the high mountain named the Lion's Head by the United States 
 Coast Survey, situated about (Ifteen miles east of Berner's Bay, and froiu which a 
 stream empties into the strait about ten miles north-northeast of Point lletreut. 
 This stream has a very extensive shoal otf its mouth. 
 
 Barlow Cove* lies on the east side of Point Uctreat, and stretches five miles 
 to the southward, with a width decreasing from two miles to one at the head, near 
 which we anchored in sixteen fathoms muddy bottom. The extent of the bay and 
 its safety is increased by a long island stretching nearly across its entrance on the 
 northeast, but allowing good passages to the westward of it, both northwest and 
 southeast. The shores of the bay are well wooded, low, and composed of regulai-ly 
 stratified, finegrained mica schists, lying northwest and southeast magnutie, and 
 containing large quartz veins, in which wo found nothing but iron pyrites. The dip 
 of the stratification is vertical. 
 
 Point Retreat is the northwest point of the north entrance to Stephen's 
 Passage, leading ninety miles eastward and southward to Frederick Soiuid. 
 
 In the middle of Chatham Strait, three miles north of Point Retreat, is a larg.i 
 comparatively low island, whose northwest extremity stretches six miles northwest 
 to with) I three miles of the west shore of the strait. 
 
 Teb kofi" gives the trading tracks on either side of this island, but other 
 charts .ace the track only to the west, and fill all the space between the east- 
 ern side of the island and the main with islet^•, and the great bank ofi' the river 
 mouth. Vancouver says Whidbey found this channel difficult to navigati', even 
 with boats; numberless rocks lay between the group of islets and the continent, 
 from the shores of which a shallow bank extends nearly half a league. Two miles 
 
 14 
 
 • Named by Vancouver in 1794. 
 
100 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 northwest of the northwestern point of this island no bottom is found with one 
 hnndred and fifty fatlutms of line. 
 
 M'liidhey Point is the name ai)plied by the Coast Siu-vey (1807) to tlie wooded 
 projeeting point on the w-^st shore of the strait, about twenty-three miles north 
 l(»o west from Point Couverden. A small islet lies close to its southeast point, 
 where Wliidbey observed the latitude oSo ;{5'. This point "forms a projecting 
 jtromontory about a league long in a northerly direction.'' 
 
 7>VrHfv'.s' Bay.* — Five or six miles northeast by east from Point Whidbey lies 
 Point Bridget, the southwest point of IJemer's Bay. The northwest point of the 
 bay is I'oiiit St. Mary,* and lies north -Oo Avest, about four mileu from Bridget, 
 while the bay is five miles deep in a noi ill n^.theast direction. No soundings are 
 given in this bay. Both points are low, and heavily wooded, Vancouver places 
 Point St. ?,rary in latitude 53o 4;3i', and Tebenkoff in longitude 135o 02'. 
 
 >«orthward of this the shores of the strait are compact and .straight, but the 
 width (Ucrei ses very gradiuiily to six or seven miles in latitude 58° 54', Avhere a 
 long island on the western side contracts it to four or five miles. 
 
 (>tf the .southern point of the larger island is an islet about two miles from the 
 western shore, and this was "NVhidoey's place of observation. 
 
 From this islet the larger island, which is one mile broad, stretches north-north- 
 west about live miles parallel with the western .shore, and leaving a channel about 
 a mile wide, but having at its southern entrance shoals that extend nearly across it. 
 
 Point Seduction.* — In latitude 51P Oli', according to Vancouver, lies the south 
 l)oint of a tongue of comparatively low land, one ^)v two miles broad, stretching 
 twelve or fifteen miles south-southeast, directly into the middle of the strait. From 
 this point stretches "a range of small islands about four miles in a southerly direc- 
 tion; all have trees upon theiii excei)t the southernmost, which is a fiat, bax-reu 
 rock." 
 
 The western arm, about two miles wide, I'cceives the river Chilkaht; and tlie 
 eastern arm, about three miles wide, has low land at the head, but is not known to 
 receive a stream of any .size. 
 
 DAVIDSON GLACIER. 
 
 In latitude 59° 07', abreast of Seduction Tcnigue, a magnificent glacier issues 
 from a narrow gorge betvt'eeu high, bold, snow-covered mountains on th- ^vestern 
 shore, and hr.s forced out a low point, now covered with spruce trees, into the 
 strait. AVhen we passed it, going northward, the fog hung over it so closely that 
 wi' could .see, over the timber, only a part of its deep .scarred front. Southward 
 of tnc main glacier a small branch couu\s through ii crooked ravine to the water's 
 edge. From our anchorage, abreast of Observatory Lsland, near the mouth of the 
 Chilkaht, we obtaiiu'd measurenu'nts of the part of the maui glacier visible east of 
 the mountain's flanks, \ssuming the distance at six .statute miles, the part exj)o.sed 
 
 * Nampd by Vancouver, 1794. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 107 
 
 was fifty-sovon Imiidred feet long; of this, forty-two liuiulrod and sixty-fivo feet 
 Lad a very uniform and regular inclination of 4° 4.'5' 21", and the height of the i)art 
 cut by the mountain-side, or fifty -seven hundred feet from its front, Avas six V'.ni- 
 dred and forty-flve feet above the Avater. After leaving the gorge it spreads itself 
 into a vast fan-shaped mass fr^m two to three miles broad. The moraine in front 
 is a low flat about ,i quarter of a mile in width, and com])osed of fragments, some- 
 times of great size, of slate, sienitic granite, and a flue ehrystalline, beautiful, 
 white marble. Two moraines are found on its northern slope. 
 
 CniLIC^HT RIVER. 
 
 This moderately large stream enters the north westernmost branch of Chathaiu 
 Strait iu latitude 59° 13', by the determinations of the United States Coast Survey, 
 and lies about eight miles further north than Point Sedu(;tion. Abreast of Glacier 
 Point the branch is only one mile in width, with the deeper water near the east- 
 ern shore. Two or three miles north of the glacier the Avidth is lu'arly three miles, 
 Avith a moderately large v ooded island close to the eastern shore, a\ hich is iudented 
 by scA'eral snuill bays, but Avhen' no soundings are laid down. FiAe or six miles 
 north-nortliAvest of Clacier I'oint is a low, burnt-oft" point, with fifteen to tAventy 
 fathoms half a mile east of it, and a small coac on the northwest side of it, open 
 to the northeast. Anchorage is laid down here in eighteen fathouis by Lindenberg, 
 and it Avould appear a better anchorage than iu the open branch, Avhere the strong 
 ebb currents of fhe rlA'er, running against a strong southerly AA'ind, niaice a very 
 disagreeable bertli. At this anchorage Pcsichnni (Farewell J Island, a small, pyra- 
 ntidal, treeless islet, occui)icd by the Coast Survey as an astrononiical station, will 
 bear northeast by north one and a half mile. lietween this bay and the island 
 soundings are given from twelve to tvvnty-seven fathoms. Shoal ground sur 
 rounds the island for a couple of hundred yards, and stretches northeast toAvards 
 the main, leaving a narrow channel of only four fathoms on iis east side. The 
 bench of the island is strewn \Tith large, erratic boulders. "We anchored abont one 
 mile northwest by Avest from the island in fifteen fathoms, Avith u Aery tenacious 
 blue muddy bottom, afTtbrding capital holding ground, but Avith southerly scjualla 
 tailed into three fathoms. The river is a mile and a half wide at its mouth, and 
 runs ten miles nortliAvest, to Avhich distance thiee feet can be carried at half tide. 
 At low water tiie bar ajipcared to be dry all the way across. The intlueiice of the 
 tide is felt but a short distance. At Cascade Point, on the Avest side of the bar, 
 the rise of the tide is only eight feer, and at P(>int JUa, about five miles inside tho 
 bar the rise is only one foot. 
 
 The general direction of this river is to the northward between high ]>recipi- 
 tons mountains, whose sides are in great part destitute of timber, ami exhil>it con- 
 stant disintegrati(ni by the action of the frosts. Sir Cieorge Siin]ison says the 
 Indians ascend it about fifty miles to a Aalley running toAvards Mount Fairweather, 
 and (iontaining a large lake, which pours its Avaters into the open ocean at Admi- 
 ralty (Ik'hnng) Bay. This can hardly be the geographical fact. The Indians 
 
108 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 reported to us tliey ascended the river for twenty days to a preat lake, (wheneo 
 tlicy make a portage to the Lewis River,) and conhl descend the same distance in 
 two days. 
 
 The astronomical station of the Coast Survey was on the sniidl treeless islet 
 named PeKtchani CFarcwellJ or Sandy, off the motitlt of the Cliilkalit, and the deter- 
 mination of the ji;*'<'R'i'pl''<"'l position diflers from the survey of Lindenberp: for 
 the Hussian-Americau Company. The latitude is .59° 11' 4.'!" north, the lon<>ituile 
 i:\'P L'.V 01" west, or in time, 'Mi. 01»». 40.3s. Lindenberf;; placed it, by his survey, 
 in latitude 59° OG'.l, and longitu'^e 13.>o ;{(>'.7, while AVhidbey i)laced the bar of 
 the river in 59° 12'. A sketch of Cliilkalit River and ai>proaclics, showing anchor- 
 ages, &c., is given on the Russian map Xo. 10, of the Pacific series. 
 
 ]<'roin our aii<!horage olf tlie bar of the river a remarkable snow-clad peak across 
 the strait bore south 4(5° east, true, rearing its head far above its feUows in the 
 range, and attaining an elevation of six thousand feet by estimation. From the 
 striking resemblance which the upper northern profile presented, it was very appro- 
 priately named the Lion's Head. 
 
 For thirty or forty miles along the eastern shore of the strait there is a lofty 
 range of snow-covered and sliar])-pointc mountains, hi which every marked 
 depression has its glacier of greater or less extent. 
 
 The northern part of Chatham Strait, ucu'thward of Point Retreat, was named 
 Lynn ('anal; but there seems to be no reason for applying three distinct names to 
 one great strait, so uniform in Avidth and directicui, and so free of islands. 
 
 In the northern part of Chatham Strait we noticc^d that many of the topmost 
 bnanches of the trees were trending to the northward, indicating that the prevail- 
 ing winds are from the southward. On many i)arts of the adjacent shores, and 
 esjH'cially of Seduction Tongue, near the I't'stclianl f Farewell J Islaiul, the timber 
 had been destroyed by lire; indicating less annual rain than at Sitka. 
 
 STRAITS INTERSECTING CHATHAM STRAIT. 
 
 ♦fuedkrick strait, its bays, harbors, and intersecting passaoes. 
 
 This strait runs twenty-four miles northeast by east, to two miles north of Povo- 
 rotny (Turnabout) Island, with an average width of ten miles, when it turus east by 
 south for thirty-two miles to where the Souchoi (Dry) Channel leads to the Stikino 
 river and the Wrangell channel to the Stikiiie Sound and Clarence Strait. North- 
 east of I'ovorotny (Turnabout) Island lies the !<outh entrance of Stephens f Passage 
 with a width of eighteen miles, east and west, between Nei)eau Point and Cape 
 Fanshaw.t Povorotny (Turnabout) Island is usually jtassed to the nortliward, as 
 
 *Niiiium1 Friiicc Fivdcrick Soiiiul l>y Vuncimvcr in 1794. 
 tNiu>M>«l by Viiucouver ill 17114. 
 
ALASIvA COAST PILOT. 
 
 100 
 
 rocks arc laid down between It and the soutlieni shore, but the eominaiuhn' of the 
 Sayiiiiiw reports that it may be passed to the southward, in which case keep 
 "ch)se aboard aiound the northwest point of Knprianoft" Island." 
 
 From Toiut Kingsmill to Point Cornwallis* the south shore trends north 47° 
 east for seven miles. The spaci> between these two points is occupied by two bays, 
 each takinj? a general southeast direction ; one to one and a half mile in widiii, 
 with a length of four or live miles, and tilled with many islets and dangerous rocks. 
 In the first bay nnder the western point wus the Kakc village in 1.S07. 
 
 The second bay has been (1808) named Saginaw Bay;t the ai.chorage is about 
 a mile and a half inside Point Cornwallis, on the po.t hand going in, and nearly 
 abreast of the Indian village, both east and west, in J'rom seven to eleven fathoms 
 over muddy bottojn. Although open to the northwest the anchorage is completely 
 sheltered, but is of limited extent, there being ground « nough for about a dozen 
 large vessels. It is very easy to lind llu' anchorage, which can be entered either 
 by sailing vessels or steamers with fair or head winds. 
 
 It is contemplated to establish a United States military post at this place; 
 and it may become important for cod lishiug, as the fish are reported to run in 
 gi'eat numbers, in the sunnner, around and near its entram;e. 
 
 The geographical position of tlu! Indian settlement is in latitude r>VP 'M', lon- 
 gitude li54o 10', according to Ttbenkoff and Admiralty Chart Is'o. 2431, but the 
 Saginaw places it in latitude .'jGo 'm'.'), longitude l'M° OO'.o. 
 
 Eastward of the long, low, narrow, wooded point Cornwallis, lies the Kako 
 Strait,t from four to five miles wide, leading southeast aiul south nearly forty 
 miles to the northwest bend of Chirencje Strait, directly oi)i)osit(i Port Protection. 
 It is filled witli an intricacy of rocks and islets, yet through which one of the small 
 trading schooners beat to the northward in 1807. The northeast point of entrance 
 to theKake Strait is Point Macartney,^ in latitude 57° 01^' and longitude 13)'^ 50', 
 and eleven miles northeast by east quarter east frf>m Point Cornwallis. Vancouver 
 describes this as a large, rounding, but not lofty pronnmtory, in which are several 
 small open coves, and near it several detached rocks. 
 
 Hamilton Unrhor. — On the east shore of Kake Strait and about eight miles 
 south-southeast of Point Macartney lies the entrance to Hamilton Ilaibor, about 
 a mile wide and stretching five miles in an easterly diicctiou. Two islets lie west- 
 ward of the southwest poiu*^^ of entrance. An arm oi tJiis harlHU' runs two miles 
 north-northwest just inside the north point. In this harbor Vancouver found 
 the sites of no less than eight old Indian villages; but it is now of importance as 
 being the locality where "a mine of good bituminous coal has been partially 
 opened," (-Iidy 31, 18(»S.) The location of this mine is on the south side of the 
 luirbor, three miles from the south point. "The chart exiiibits the ai)proaches us 
 being difficult navigation, on account of islets and rottks ; Init it is not so, at any 
 rate for steamers." Tlie Saginaw gives its latitude 5(»o 'i'l'.A and 1° 4;j'..'» east of 
 
 "Niiiiicil liy N'lMii'ouvcr in l7iM. 
 tNimu'il liy tln' I'ii'(f(\ SliitcM navy. 
 \ Ki'ku Strait on all ItuKNiiiu clinrtH. 
 
110 
 
 ALASIGV COAST PILOT. 
 
 Sitki). or 1'?'?° .'?l'.2 west, Tebeiikoff and other Russian maps place it in JjGo 54', 
 lonKitndo. l.'J.'JO aC. 
 
 JWt Camden. — This is an arm of Kalce Strait, opening to the north on the 
 western shore about five miles directly south of the south point of Hamilton Har- 
 bor. It is about a mile and a half wide at the entrance, runs south five miles, 
 then t<()uth-soutliwest six miles further, with a decreased width of a mile. Seve- 
 ral islets exist at its entrance and through its length. In a cove on the east shore 
 seven miles from the entrance, coal was reported (May 1808) to exist in several 
 small \oiiis, cropping out about twcTity feet above low-water mark, with interven- 
 ing strata of liard rock. The coal itself is about six inches in thickness and the 
 veins are at varying distances, fiom twenty to fifty feet, froni eacii otlier. They 
 have a dip to the southward of 35° to 40°, and their direction is nearly east and 
 Avest. 
 
 The entire beach is a formation of sandstone from high to low water mark, 
 and a rise and fall of tide estimated at thirty feet. Tlie harbor is perfectly 
 safe, with good anchorage in six to fifteen fathoms, soft muddy bottom. Numer- 
 ous streams flov. into the harbor, and the adjacent country is thickly wooded. 
 
 According to Admiralty Chart Ko. 2431, the position of this coal is in lati- 
 tude r.(Jo 42', longitude 1330 r,o'. 
 
 rortufje Rnrbor. — Twenty miles east by south half south from Povorotny 
 (Turnabout) Island, in Frederick Strait, lies the entrance to Portage or Percnosna 
 Harbor, one of the anchorages of the Eussian and English trading steamers, but 
 no soundings are given. An islet lies off its northern entrance, which is open 
 to the north and readily noticed in passing. The country on either side is only 
 moderately liigh and timbered. The harbor has a general soutli-southeast direc- 
 tion for four miles, and its head is only two miles from the head of Duncan Chan- 
 nel, coming in froiv. Stikine Sound. The country between this and Point Macart- 
 ney is low and moderately wooded for three or four miles back, but the cape of 
 wliicli ^Macartney is the western point is (piite high and heavily timbered. 
 
 Foiiit Vandqnit,* on the north side of Frederick Strait, lies about ten miles 
 east by north from the islet oft' Portage Harbor, with rocks stretching one mile 
 south of its extremity. Vancouver says this low, narrow point of land is two 
 miles long and about half a mile broad. On its western side and at its junction 
 with the main is an anchorage of tiie trading steamers, but with no soundings 
 given. 
 
 According to our bearings from the three islets near the entrance to Wrangell 
 Passage, a maf^nilicent glacier exists at the head of the cove or bay on the east 
 side of Point Vandepnt. Put the Aveather was th'ck and rainy, and the various 
 charts of this locality are very ditt'erent in tlieir details, so that this glacier may 
 be.in reality one laid down on Tebenkolf nine miles southeastward of Point Van- 
 depnt, in latitude .5(1° 5!)', at tlie head of a small bay east of a point about six 
 miles northward «)f Wrangell Strait. Vancouver says that along this shore is a 
 
 • Nnmeil by Vaucouver In 1794. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
ALASIOV COAST PILOT. 
 
 Ill 
 
 small oxtcut of low, flat land, well wooded, lying inimodiatoly l)oforo tlio lofty 
 mountains which here rise abruptly to a prodiffions height. A few miles to the 
 south of this low margin the mountains come directly to the water's edge and 
 "presented an un(!onimonly Avoful appearance, rising to a vast height, aiul loaded 
 with an immense (piantity of ice and snow overhanging their base, August ll'M.'" 
 
 In the Avinter of 185.'5-'4 one of the California ice ships took in a cargo of ico 
 from the face of one of these glaciers. 
 
 Wrangell Pnsmifc. — This is the passage from Stikine Sound to Frederick 
 Sound, by which the interior navigation of the great archipelago is completed 
 without going outside. It has not been surveyed in detail, but a Russian recon- 
 noissance has been published by which a vessel at low water may be in a meas- 
 ure guided, but without a pilot it is advisable to sound ahead, and make the pas- 
 sage about low water. 
 
 In coming from the north the entrance may be readily found ; vessels keep 
 close along the western shore of Frederick Strait, and threes miles after passing 
 the cape lying south of Point Vandeput, go on either side of three small wood(?d 
 islets, lying about a mile off the western shore. Tebenkoff has but two islets ; wo 
 noted three. About three or four miles southward of these islets the narrow 
 opening of Wrangell Passage is seen. The general direction of the i)assage is 
 north and south and its length about eighteen miles. About midway two chan- 
 nels enter it; one from the southeast opening opposite Vnuks Island; the other 
 from Duncan Channel. Both have small . lets in their entrances and a vessel will 
 uot be misled bj' them. 
 
 The shores on both sides of the Wrangell Straits are getierally low and flat, 
 covered with spruce, and cut by numerous sloughs, allording water-courses from 
 the high nuiuutains in the background. 
 
 Vancouver says the land lying between Kake Strait and the main is chiefly of 
 moderate height, and produces a "noble fcjrest of large and stately pine trees of 
 clean and straight growth ;" ami the shores along the bays, arms, and straits, 
 between Chatham Strait and the main, are in general low, and apparently lit for 
 cultivation if cleared of wood. • 
 
 ♦STEPHENS STRAIT. 
 
 . From the north s'de of Frederick Strait, twenty miles from its junction with 
 Chatham Strait, opens Stephens Strait, with u v.'!dth of twenty miles between 
 Nepeaii Point on the east and Cape Fanshaw on the west. The fornu-r is placed by 
 Vancouver in latitude 57<2 10', and (h'scribed as a high, steep, blulf, rocky jioiiit, 
 otf which lies a ledge of nnrks about half a mile. From it Povoroiiiy f Tunuthotil J 
 Island lies Ave or six miles east-southeast. Cape Fanshaw is placed in latitude 
 57° 11', and described as a very conspicuous, low, projecting point, from which one 
 shore trends sixteen miles east southeast towards Point Vandeput, and the other 
 north eighteen miles to Point Windham.* 
 
 " Nnuit'd 1)v VuiK'imver in IT'.M. 
 
9s^^m 
 
 mmmm 
 
 112 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 From tills broad ontriince the strait ruiis north by oast for eighteen miles to 
 Point AVMndliani, av1i« i-e it is ('ontracted to tliree miles in width ; then northwest 
 by ntnth thrce-qnarters north forty-five miles to Point A'den, with an average 
 width of Ave miles; then west-northwest for thirty miles to Chatham Strait, at 
 Point Ketreat, in latitude 58° 24'. The southern entrance is marked by nnmerous 
 islets, but with broad passages and deep water between them ; the western shore 
 is much Inokeii. The easteru shore is indented by the large bay named Port 
 Houghton.* The entrance is three miles wide, with Point Walpole on the south, 
 and Point Ilobart on the north, lying north 11° west and s(mth 11° ea.st from each 
 other. Off Point Walpole lie a number of small islets. Off Point Ilobart extends 
 a bunk of sand for a little distaiu^o from slune; but there is a clear passage 
 between it and the islets, to the eastward of which a snug anchorage is found 
 at a considcrabh! distance from shore in ten and six fathoms of water over sand 
 aud muddy botton). The bay extends south 70° east for Ave or six miles, and is 
 bouiuled by lofty mountains, from whose bases extends a small border of low land 
 forming the shores. 
 
 About sixteen miles from Frederick Strait, and ai>parently in the middle of 
 Stephens Strait, when seen from the south, stretches Point Hugh, with the strait 
 on the east and Seymour t Bay to the west. Point Hugh is a "lofty, rocky pro- 
 montory," off which extends a ledge of rocks upon which there are considerable 
 breakeis in a southeaster. 
 
 Seymour Bay opens between Points Gambler aud Hugh, lying nortli 29° east 
 and south 29° west, five miles from each other, the •hannel has an average 
 width of three or four miles, and runs northwest by north for twenty-nine miles, 
 terminating in latitude 57° 51'. Numerous islands occupy the northern ten miles 
 of the bay. The adjacent country is moderately high, and is covered with timber 
 of large growth, excei)t towards Point Hugh. 
 
 Point Windham is in latitude 57° 30', and lies northwest by west from Point 
 Hugh four («• five miles, but the nearest shore is directly west, and only throe 
 miles distant. 
 
 JS^nthward of I'oiut Windham the eastern shore is broken by two large bays. 
 The first is llolliham Bay,* with Point Astley for the south point, and Port Coke 
 for the north, lying ufU'th 29° west, ..bout four miles from the former. In the 
 middle of the entrance is a small island, towards which a shallow baidc extends 
 from either shore. There are two other islets inside, aud about which Vancouver 
 found nuich floating ice in August, 1794. The bay is sevn or eight miles deep, 
 and " bounded by the lofty range of mountains." Froin Point Coke, in a direction 
 ■south l.'io west two ami a half miles distant, are two rocky islets nearly in the 
 middle of the strait. The trading steamers pass on either side of them. 
 
 The second bay is twenty-two miles from Point Windham, and was named 
 I'ort Snettisham by Vancouver. The south point of entrance is Point Anmer and 
 
 * Named by Vimcouver in 1794. 
 
 t Named Seymour's Cbauuel by Vancouver, 1794. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 113 
 
 tlie noitliwest point is Point Styleman, situated in latitu(lt> 57° .W, aiul lyinpf two 
 and a lialf miles north Xi° west from the tbrnier. The bay extends nortlieast lour 
 milevS and then soutlieast tlu-ee miles ; the shores arc high and steep and i)rodueo 
 very few trees. 
 
 The Russian traders use an anchoraffe in latitude 58°, ten miles fr<nn Point 
 Styleman, on the same shore; no name and no soundings are given. Twelve 
 miles northwestward from Point Styleman a "high, round island" lies in the 
 middle of the strait, with the trading vessels' traek on the east side. 
 
 Point Arden, on the west shore, is placed in latitude 58° 09', and in longitude 
 1.34° 19', both by reckoning. Here the lit turns abruptly to tlie westward, 
 while the glacier arm leading to a small river, erroneously called Tahco Kiver, 
 opens foiu" miles to the northeast of it. 
 
 The trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company, named Talou, is situated in 
 a snug, Avell protected harbor, opening by a narrow entrance into Stevens Passage 
 from the main shore, at a point about six miles southward of Point Salisbury. 
 There is a small, thickly wooded island in Stevens I'assage a little to the north- 
 ward of the entrance to the harbor, by which mark it is easily found. 
 
 •glacier arm tXAKU RIVER. 
 
 This arm of Stephens Strait opens from the great bend of Stejdiens Strait ; 
 its western point of entrance is Point Salinhnry,l about latitude 58° 12', and longi- 
 tude 13-10 13'. With a width of two or three miles it extends thirteen miles north 
 11° east, when the eastern shore trends east three miles and a large basin is found 
 ■with a small islet nearly at its northeast extremity. The shores are backed ''v 
 high mountains, in every gorge of whiith is found a glacier. Vancouver says that 
 in August lu! found a compact body of ice around the shoi'es of the basin, and the 
 adjacent mountains rose with almost perpendicular sides to great elevations; their 
 bases bordered by a narrow fringe of low rocky shore, with a few scattered dwarf 
 spruce. From the gorges of the mountains around the basin immense bodies of 
 ice were projected with perjiendicular faces to the water of the basin, which then 
 admitted of no landing for boats. Simpson, in 18H.', says that one of the hills 
 near the fort terminates in the form of a canoe, which serves as a barometer. A 
 shroud (»f fog iiulicates rain. Vancouver found the tide to rise upwards of 
 eighteen feet. 
 
 This arm is in reality the outlet of the Taku, which emjities into the north- 
 east part of the basin oast of the islet. The general direction of the river is said 
 to be towards the northeast. Simpson writes that, "this stream, according to 
 Mr. Douglas, who asctended it lor about thirty-live miles, jtursues a ser])('ntino 
 coinse between stupeiulous mountains, which, with the excei)tion of a few jioints 
 of alluvial soil, rise abruptly from the water's edge with an uninviting surface of 
 
 •Tho naiiio on Tcbenkoff, 184i?. 
 
 tTliis niiKst not 1)0 confoiuKlcd with the Tiilico liivcr of the interior. — Dai.i.. 
 
 t Named l)yVaiieouver in 1704. 
 
 15 
 
n 
 
 114 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 snow iiiid it'o. T» spito of the rai)i(lit.v of tlio (Mineiit tlio savapfcs of tlio coast 
 pi'ocood about a liundrcd iiiilcs in caiioos, and tlicni't' tiud;;t' away on foot tlie 
 same distance to an inland mart, where they drive .1 profitable business, as 
 middlemen, with neifihlxnins" tribes. 
 
 In 1.S40 there was built an establishirient of the Hudson's Bay Company at 
 the mouth of the river. The fort was "complete, with {{ood houses, lofty pickets, 
 amrstrong bastions;" its complement of men was then twenty-two. 
 
 Tliere are great numbers of deer in this region; in 1841i no less than 1,200 
 skins were obtained. IJighorn sheep and the mountain goat are very numerous 
 in this neighborhood. The latter has an outer coat of hair not unlike that of the 
 «lonic.stic variety of the species. ]nst<'ad of wool, the bighorn has a thick 
 covering of hair much rescnd)ling that of the red deer, but, with the exception 
 also of the size of the horus, it slightly resembles the domestic sheep. 
 
 Simjtson says seven tribes of natives visited the Taku : four from the 7nain 
 and thiee from the archipelago; tliey numbered 4,000 souls of the Thlinkit 
 nation. 
 
 The northwestern part of Stephens Strait is nearly filled by a very large 
 island mimed Douglas, twenty miles long and six miles broad in the nuddle, but 
 narrow at each end, particularly the eastern, which terminates in a sharj) jtoint. 
 The channel to the south of the island is about two miles wide, with a bay on 
 the south shore. The channel is frecxuently tilled with lloating masses of ice from 
 the glaciers of the main. 
 
 FROM CAPE OMMANKY TO CA1>E EDGECUJIBE. 
 
 From Cape Ommaney, in latitude 'AP 10', to Cape Edgecumbe, in latitude 
 570 01', longitude 135° 40', the distance is sixty -six miles, .and the general trend of 
 the coast about ncn'tli 40° west, indented with numerous biiys of large and small 
 extent, and generally bounded by a bold, rocky shore, covered with spruce to the 
 ■water's edge, and backed by a high mountainous country, very much broken and 
 tilled with timber. 
 
 KED CAPE. 
 
 Fourteen miles, about north 40° west, from Cape Ommaney is Red Cape, the 
 southwest point of a large ar: of the sea making six miles into the land uorth- 
 Avard and having a width of two miles. Three other deep bays, Lisvinitchny, 
 Toporkof,* and Little Strelki,t indent the shore between Cai)o Ommaney and Ked 
 Cape. 
 
 PORT RANKS. 
 
 Thi?"teen miles north-northwest from Ked Cape is the south point of the three 
 miles wid(! entrance to Port Banks, with three hirge arms penetrating the island, one 
 of them nearly crossing to Chatham Strait. The north arm is a continuation ot 
 
 ,fc 
 
 "Puffin. 
 
 t Little Arrow. 
 
ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 11.") 
 
 tin' main bay, which stretches about north-northeast tor nine or ten miles, and in 
 this arm the Knssian navigators inform us there is anelunaye. Konr mih's witiiin 
 the entrance uloufj the sontlieast slun-e, and one mile before rounding the iioint 
 openinff the two interior arms, Tebenlcolf };ives a well prote<-ted anchoraiic and 
 deep bay openinj^ towards tiie north. Tim sonndinys in this anehoraf;e are 
 lifleen fathoms, 
 
 Tebenkolf calls this bay "Whale IJay, but it is the l\nt IJanks of Dixon, who 
 entered it in June 1787. He }?ives a sketch of it, and th<' (Ictails of the soiitii 
 haibor appear better than those of Tebenkolf. He says, pajj-e Kt.'t: "On our 
 ajuuoachiufj; the land the channel ahead had the ai>pearance of a river from the 
 north, but the tide setting: strouf^ly out of it, and the wind shiftiii},' to the north- 
 ward, we stood into a line harbor which now opened to the southeast. At the 
 entrance we had sonndiii^s from fifty to sixty-live fathoms of water over a rocky 
 bottom; but as we advanced further in the s(nindinys lessened to twcnty-oiu' fath- 
 «)ms with mud, on which we came to anchor, being comi»letely land-locked and 
 within musket shot of the shore both to the northward and southward." He gives 
 nineteen fathoms at the entrance, which is to the eastward of two small islands 
 abreast the west point ; and he has four islets inside, and also a stream not laid 
 down by Tebenkolf. Tebenkolf aptly names this Protection Bay, and tin- Adnu- 
 ralty Chart Xo. 2i'M calls it Closed liay. The south point of the entrance from 
 the ocean Dixon calls Point Lander;* the north point is unnamed. 
 
 The geographical position of Point Lauder, according to Dixon and JJenze- 
 nmn, is latitude tUP :i'.y, longitude ^•M° 58'; and of the northwest imint, latitude 
 rAio ;i.j.O', longitude VM° o!)'. TebenkotY has a snudl plan in his chart, but it is evi- 
 dently only a reconnoissance. 
 
 This port should be examined and its capabilities known, as it may aflbrd 
 good refuge and protection to a vessel nimble to nndvc Sitka Sound by stress of 
 northwest winds, or heavy southeast weather coming up. 
 
 La Perouse saw the opening of this bay and named it Port Guibert. On his 
 chart its latitude is 50° 38^'. Off Port ^ianks he saw Mount Edgecumbe, and gives 
 an erroneous view of it from latitude 5(5° 25'. At the same time he saw Capo 
 Ommaney and Coronation Island, distant forty-three miles. 
 
 The north point of Port Banks forms the south ])oiut of a broad' open bay 
 six or eight miles deep and ten miles across. On some Eussian (iharts it is called 
 Rocky Bay. La Perouse saw the opeidng to this bay, named it Port Necker, and 
 gave its latitude as 5(P 5L'i'. The shore runs north fen- eleven miles, and then 
 west-southwest for six or seven, forming this unnamed bay, with a cluster of large 
 islets near the middle of it, and extending out to the general line of the coast. 
 They are called the Egg Islands, but we find no descrii)tion of them. 
 
 Thence to Biorka Island, the south point of Sitka Souml, the coast is cut by 
 several narrow arms running deeply into the shore, and guarded by great nund)ers 
 of islets and rocks laid down only in a general nmnner. 
 
 * Al'trr die KurK<'<iii of lii» Kliip. 
 
110 
 
 ALASKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 About tlirt'O miles bcfon^ bcin^j iq) with the south point of Bioika Ishiiid lios 
 JJaieor Ooloi Islaiid, whihi all tho suiToiiiidiiif,' ishiiul.s are wooded. 
 
 SITKA SOVND. 
 
 Uetwoon Point Woodhonse,* on JJiorka Island, and Cape EdjyecMunbo, l.vinfj 
 north HP west, thirteen miles distant, lies tho ontiantfe to Sitka Sonnd, having ii 
 d<'pth of nin(^ty fathoms outside the middle of tho ontiuuco, and very bold water 
 in every direetion. 
 
 lliorkd Island is conii)aratively low find wooded, about two miles in extent, 
 noi'th and south, and the same east and west. It has a sunl^en i'0(;k oiu^ mile 
 south of its south point, and several islets, but along its w»'st and north fae»vs tho 
 water is thirty fathoms deep close in shore. On tho north faee of Biorka, one and a 
 half mile east of tho mnthwest p(»int, is a snudl cove, opening to the northward, 
 with soundings of eleven, nine, and seven fathoms laid down inside the heads. 
 Oil' the entninee to this eove are soundings in twenty-live fathoms, sandy bottom. 
 Tho Russian navigators assure us this would make a good pilot station. 
 
 Two miles west of the islet which lies oil the northwest point of Biorka is a 
 single sunken rock, where a heavy sea breaks only once every live or six minutes. 
 It is said to have ten feet of water on it, and, if so, must be very pointed. The Kus- 
 sian navigators inform nu' that they have repeatedly watched the break ajton it, 
 and that the rocky patch of nearly a nule in extent laid down «»u tho English 
 chart No. 2337, of Sitka Sonnd, does not exist. It breaks oidy in one spot, and 
 not oftener than once in live or six minutes. 
 
 All the adjacent islamls arc low aiul wooded, but the main land is well marked 
 by very higii mountains. 
 
 Cape Hilyecumbe U notedly marked by tho extinct volcano of Mount lildge- 
 cumbe,t bearing iu)rth 52° oast, four miles distant from the extrenuty of the capo. 
 The shores are covered with timber to the edges of the bold high blutls of rock 
 and lava, fringed with innunu'rable rocks. The capo presents the aiipearancc of a 
 wooded plateau extending to the base of the mountain, interrui)ted onlj- by two 
 small hills between tho cape and mountain. But tho great feature and landmark 
 is the mountain itself, which is peculiarly nuirked, ami has no counterpart in this 
 region. It rises 2,8r»o feet above the sea, and the top, forming the lim of au 
 ancient crater, appears nearly horizontal, and has a diameter of two thousand feet 
 by Coast Survey measurement. Lisiausky says the basin of tho crater is forty fath- 
 oms deep.J The sides, from the summit down, have a gentle and regular inclina- 
 tion of about twonty-fivo degrees, are marked by deep furrows, destitute of trees 
 or herbage, ami present in stuilight a didl reddi.sh appearance. In winter it is 
 covered with snow. It is situated upon Pitt or Kruzolf Island, of which the south 
 
 'NiUiidl by ViUU'ouver ill 1794. On liis phnrt tliiH luuiio is nppliiid to a position seven miles 
 Routli of Hioikii Island; but tbis coubl only bo to ono of a nunibor of small isUiuds strctobing out 
 iVoni tbc siiiitb i)oint of Kbitcbi'f Hay. 
 
 t DiHcovcri'd and named Mount San Jacinto in 177.'> by Bodejja. 
 
 J Admiralty ibait, ti,m) feet ; Heleber, ;t,l,')0 feet ; Lisiansky e.stinnitod it at 8,000 feet. 
 
 I 
 
 
 )» 
 
ALASICA COAST TILOT. 
 
 117 
 
 M 
 
 and east sides form tlio noitli and west shoros of Sitka Sound and tlic passa^ics 
 northward, wliilc its north side forms the south shore of Salisbury or IvlokatciietV 
 Sound. 
 
 OH' Capo Rdfjooumbe the mountains Crillon and Fairwoathor, distant one liun- 
 drcd and twenty-live miles to the northwest, are distiiuHy visible in clear weather. 
 La I'erouse has a view of tliom from a position near this ea[»e. 
 
 From Cape Edjjeeumbc the north shore inside the entranee to the sound runs 
 a general and nearly stniight course of east half north for seven nules to Otmoloi 
 Point, or Point of Shoals, off whieli, at the distaiu!e of a mile, lit; the Low Island 
 and roeks, with a passage reported between the point and island. Nearly midway 
 between these points, and one and si half mile olf shore, lies thi^ moih'rately hij^h 
 wooded island of St. Lazara or Cape Island, with from twenty to five fathoms of 
 water between it and the shore. Lisiansky landed in a small bay northiioitlieast 
 from Capo Island, where the shore was formed of a lava elitf about thirty feet 
 high. 
 
 The south shore, inside the entranee to Sitka Sound, is broken by innunierablo 
 roeks and low wooded islets, and indented by large bays. The whole shore is cov- 
 ered with spruce, making it ditlieult to distinguish the islands. No sunken roeks 
 are known to exist nearer the entrance than Williams Bank, the and a half miles 
 north-northeast from the northwest point of Biorka, and lying some distance off 
 the low islands inside. The bauk appears to consist of four or five sunken rocks, 
 upon some of which the sea invariably breaks. 
 
 AVithin the entrance the sound contracts its width to six miles between Point 
 of Shoals aiul Williams Bank, with deep water to and inside that line. From 
 Point of Shoals to J}ouranotf Point, forming part of the south shores, the bearing 
 is oast by south, the distance seveu and a half miles ; and on this line the souml is 
 contracted by the Low Island and rocks, one mile distant from I'oint of Slios'ls; 
 by the Vitskari and adjacent rocks, three miles distant; by the KulichotV Jfock 
 and adjacent suidcen rocks, five miles distant from this sanu' i)oint. Deep chan- 
 nels exist between Low and Vitskari, Vitskari and Kulichoff, and Kulicli(»ff and 
 the islets oft' BouranofT Point, with, liowever, dangerous rocks in the latter. Be- 
 tween Vitskari and Otmoloi, L' siausky gives soundings in eighteen, seventeen, 
 twenty, and seventeen fathoms. 
 
 But the channel invariably used by the Eussians is that between Vitskari ami 
 Kulichoff. On the English chart this channel is erroneously contracted by the 
 laying down of a sunken reef extending one mile east of Vitskari, nearly on the 
 line towards Kulichoff. In 1800 the Russian naval otHcers laid down sixty fathoms, 
 two-thirds of a mile from Vitskari, on this very bearing. The captains of the I'us- 
 sian-Aniericau Company assure us that they can and have i)assc(l Vitskari along 
 its southeast face within half a cable's length when steering a direct course to 
 Mochnati, a course north (iii^ east, true. We have made it close aboard when 
 coming in at evening, with very thick, heavy weather from the southeast, and 
 saw no breakers to iudicate such a reef; in fact, were nxisleit by not finding the 
 
 '1 
 
118 
 
 ALASKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 hrciiki'iM iu'conliiij,' to tlio chart. We havf^ also hcpii it from the sontlisontli(>ast 
 wlicii (lien- was no Itrcakcr otf its caNtcrn face, Imt the Idcaivcrs on tln^ reef oiio 
 niilc luiilli of it really apid'arcd to bo hnsikiiif; oil' tlu' castiTii face of the rock, 
 himI tlii« appeaiaiico may have led to the above error. It appeared, from tlie dis- 
 tance of a mile or two, to be about forty yards loiifj and ton feet above liigh watcu', 
 wilii a roni^li, irre^iular surface. In smooth weather it has been landed upon, and 
 the United kStates Coast Survey has already recommended that a li^lit be placed 
 ui)ou it, as from this point it would illuminate an arc <tf about 7(P of tiie horizon 
 beyond the sound from soutJiwest by west toward liiorka Island to west toward 
 (Jape Kd;,'ecumbe, and bo ti {juido to clear the rock ott Uiorka. From tlu^ north- 
 Avest point of Uiorka it bears north (P east, distant seven miles. From the rock 
 olf J>iorka it bears north l!l° oast, distant seven and a iialf miles. 
 
 KulichotV lJ(»ck is laid down on the Enjjflish chart south by east two miles 
 from Vitskari. It is about twenty feet hit,'h, and less in extent than Vitskaii. 
 There are sunken r(>cks to the north and south-southwest of it, about half a nule 
 distant, and om^ towards Vitskari, about a (puirtor of a mile oil', with doci) water 
 and dan;,'erous sunken rocks botwcicu the Kulicholf and the islets oil" Point Houra- 
 nolf. r>ut Tobcjukolf and the old liussian charts place the Vitskari ami Kulicholf 
 three miles ajmrt, while the latest unpublished Russian examinations about Knli- 
 cholf place the. reef a short distance north of the ro»;k, with a passaj^e of twelve 
 fathoms between them ami dose to the rock; and one of tiie Kussian navifjtiitora 
 assures us ho has taken his ship tlirough the i)assa(,'e. The Enjjlish chart places 
 Kulichott" more than two miles from Tiouranort, but the latest Russian deteniiina- 
 tion juakcs it only - ne and a half milo. 
 
 On a muH'.iM ri)»l (lussian majt Kuli(!hoff is laid down south 48° west from the 
 governor's hous" at'.! light, and the ledge about half a milo northward of it. 
 
 For four inii,;s inside of Vitskari Kock we find clear, deep water, up to the 
 range of wooded islands and rocks lying for two miles outside of Sitka harbor. 
 Tlirough this barrier of ishuuls there are three channels to the anchorages east 
 and west of tlic town. Those passages ai'o known as the eastern, middle, and west- 
 ern, the former being the longest, and the middle one the shortest, to eitlier 
 anchorage. 
 
 The approaches to these passages are free of all known dangers, except 
 towards the eastern. The Zenobia Rod* has been imperfectly laid down, but 
 the westernmost pt)sition assigned to it is one and tliree-cpuirtcrs mile iu>rtlieast, 
 half east from Kulichoff Kock, when the south side of Dolgoi or Long Island 
 will bear north (Jfo oast; iiiul the eastern point of Sandy island, on the north side 
 of tiie eastern channel, boars oast-northoast, so that a vessel should not bring 
 Sandy Island anything to the north of that bearing. The Zonobia has lifteon feet 
 npon it at low water. Ono-tputrtcr of a mile eastward of it, on the same bearing to 
 Bolgoi Island, is the Kadiii Rock with twelve feet. It is a sharp-pointed bayonet 
 rock, of very limited extent, and has from ttsn to seventeen fathoms close to it. 
 
 ' Niiiiii'tl iii'tt'r the Aiucrirun sliip Zi'iioUiu, wliidi Ntiiick ii|iim it nlMmt lf<r)r>. 
 

VnlUvMl 
 
 lir<cU I'hiii'cli 
 
 
 tfiiiinirri .", 
 
 SI I'KA 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 FiMirii tile aiiflini'HiSi- in (lie W»*Ht«»i 
 
Mt\>fiiiuva;anitt 
 
 (iri>tik t'hiirrh 
 
 lluiiK 
 
 v**)8»«|fg«^«'i9:r- 
 
 S I T K A 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 ii'lioi'mS«> in thp W»}i»tt>rt» Tlitrhor. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 119 
 
 V" I 
 
 rn 
 
 Wlion vosscls are in the eastern elianiiel tliey must keej) at least one third of 
 a inih- south of the ishind, on the north side of the channel, until the }4'(>\'i'rnor'8 
 house hears west of north by west one-half west, when the island may bo safely 
 apiiroaehed within two hundred yards. 
 
 In api»r(>aehing the islands l.vin^ off Sitka in thicik weathe •, the ollieers of the 
 eonii)an\ endeavoied to iind the Island of jMoehnati, whieh is from twenty to 
 thirty feet high, rocky, and covered with a thick growth of spruce, whose dark 
 foliage, with the oiacR rocks beneath, brought out in relief by the surf breaking 
 along its front and on the outlying rock, makes it dis(!ernible through the fog 
 when other islands ar<^ invisible. This islet lies between the middle and wi'steru 
 channels, live miles northeast by east half east from Vitskari, and a vessel 
 making it can take either, ami safely run for the antihorage. When the fog is lift- 
 ing, from the coming in of a westc^rly wind, this islaml appears (irst. Abreast of 
 ]\loclinati the western channel is about three-(iuarters of a mile wide, with a large 
 reef, bare at low water, forming the western side; and the luiddle (channel is con- 
 tracted by snidvcu and exposed rocks to a much narrower entrance. 
 
 The English chart, based upon tl*.' Russian survey of l.SOit, gives a good gen- 
 eral idea of the channels and the an. iiorages, which should only be entered under 
 the guidance of a pilot, or with good local knowledge. 
 
 The results of the preliminary survey of the two harbors by the United States 
 Coast Survey show that the base liiu' of the original survey was erroneous, and 
 this may ]>ossil)ly explain the announcement on the lOnglish chart that "there are 
 discrepaiicies between this chart and the plan of Sitka (I'lJl.S) which cannot bo 
 adjusted." 
 
 The harbor of SUha is very contracted, and, in the western anchorages, 
 numerous mooring buoys have been laid down by the Kussian-Ameri<'an ("ompany 
 near the town, although this i)art of the harbor is nari'ow and marked by fhn^o 
 sunken rocks. The easte n harbor receives the greater sweep of the sontheasters, 
 an<l a heavy swell is said to be brought in from the sound, so that the c )mi)any's 
 vessels prefer to anchor n the western, as they can discharge uKU-e readily, and 
 especially oeca.'se derin;,' tins winter the ollieers and iirews ;;re taken from the 
 ships, which are left with only one keei)er. The liritish men of-war use the east- 
 ern harbor. 
 
 In the great gale of October 28, 1807 — the severest at this i)lace for very 
 many years — three or four vessels broke adrift from their moorings ami severa'. 
 wei'e driven ashore. The steanishii) .lohn L. Stephens dragged her anchor, but 
 having steam up and getting her anelnu', stcamt'd through the throat connecting 
 the two anchorages, and anchored in nine fathoms in the eastciti liarbor. \\lier(\ 
 she iiide out the gale easily, and afterwards experienced great ditlicnlty in getting 
 her aiicluu', so firm a hold hatVit taken in the te'iacious bottom of nuid and shell. 
 The Stei)hens !■, an old Panama steamer of twenty live hundred tons burden, 
 very high oi'l of water, i;'ul had but one anchor, of fwo thousand p(Uiiids. 
 
120 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Tlio Piiptiiiii of the Stcphoii.s pronounces the bottom capital hohling ground, 
 whereas the Kussians have ehiinied that it is gravel with only a covering of mud, 
 and that a ve.s.sel hes uneasily; but the Stepiieus discharged the remainder of rhe 
 freight from tills anchorage. 
 
 As the eastern harbor is larger than the western, free of sunken rocks, and 
 ' ,' ' '!■ f^f access, the adoption of it as the better anchorage for large vessel:; is con- 
 fit '•ecomniended. 
 
 ' geographical position of the Coast Survey astronomical station, between 
 the new IJuitiMl States barracks and the church, is in latitude 57° 02' o'2" north, 
 and in longitude 135o 17' 45", or 9/t. Olm. lis. 
 
 The magnetic variation determined by the Coast Survey near the Russian 
 observatory on Japonski Island was 28° 40' east, in August, 18(i7. 
 
 It is proper to observe that in the Kussian survey of 180!) the latitude of 
 Sitka was given as 57° 03', and the longitude 135° 18'. 
 
 Light at ISitka. — From the cupola of the governor's house a light was shown to 
 vessels entering the sound at night to enable them to reach an anchorage. It is 
 one hundred and ten feet above the sea, and was exhibited (18G7) when two guns 
 were fired. It shows over all the islands southwest of the anchorages. 
 
 Tidc8 at Sitka. — From the Coast Survey tidal observations of two months, 
 from Augr. t; 21 to October l.'l, the mean rise and fall of the tide is 7.8 feet, and at 
 the full and change of the moon ll.'J feet. The extreme range observed during 
 the above period was l.'J feet, and tlie least range 2.1 feet. The Kussian charts and 
 autliorlties give the ri.se and fall between 14 and 15 feet, and this has been the 
 accepted fact; but the Engil.sh diait states: " H. W. F. and C. 0/(. 34w.; spring 
 rise 5 to 7 feet," cv.d discredits the Kussian results. The determinations of the 
 Coast Survey give, therefore, an important correction to established opinions and 
 authorities upon this subject. 
 
 Tiie following table enables a prediction to be made, for any required date, of 
 the time and height of high or low water under ordinary circumstances of wind 
 and weather: 
 
 The two tides of the same day are generally unequal in proportion to the 
 moon's declination. The time and height can be obtained approxuuately from 
 the following table : 
 
 
 Moan's upper nieridlau pnssngo. 
 
 Moon's lower meridian i assago. 
 
 Moon's declination. 
 
 High water. 
 
 Low water. 
 
 High water. 
 
 Low water. 
 
 
 Interval. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Interval. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Interval. 
 
 Heiglit. 
 
 Interval. 
 
 Heiglit. 
 
 
 It. jr. 
 
 13 08 
 IS 38 
 13 30 
 
 Feet. 
 0.5 
 0.3 
 7.5 
 
 If. jr. 
 
 10 13 
 18 46 
 18 33 
 
 Feet. 
 
 —0.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.1 
 
 n. J/. 
 13 3li 
 
 13 38 
 13 08 
 
 Feet. 
 7.5 
 0.3 
 0.5 
 
 //. jr. 
 
 18 35 
 18 40 
 10 13 
 
 Feet. 
 4. 1 
 
 /.I'l'O 
 
 l.U 
 
 
 —0.1 
 
 
 
IU*NiflMiii>(> 
 
 VnlUy Mt. 
 
 i 
 
 '":'?'?^ *^j»i i" ' '^••~^' 
 
 : ■;??SW.'«!iSS!.9||'i 
 
 Feet. 
 4.1 
 1.0 
 
 — 0.fl 
 
 .me) 
 
lit -J.-liHI H 
 
 
 Ml •.' 
 Ill I< 
 
 '■ ■•^:-v;*i»- 
 
 J»¥ S » 
 
 
 »y> 
 
 S I r K A 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 Frtiiri Aleiit.Hki l.slaiiii in Kiist<M-n l]tii-l>oi':<ii-iM>k ('Inn 
 
.Ml -.•Hill H. 
 lii'xoK l'liui'''l< 
 
 lli'.iil» 
 
 Vnllny Ml. 
 iriMiH 
 
 S I r K A 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 It'Pn Uiii'lHuvtiri'i'U riiiiiM-h lit'iii-iiin X-r("E.it 
 
 rin'l 
 
"" - I'lTny'ii'Wiirr.-.ii;/.. 
 
 'Tii'rr-"'i""iiiiiiff. 
 
ATiASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 121 
 
 Tilt' interval is to bo added to tlio tinio of the moon's meridian ))assa;;'e for tlio 
 date required, to give the time of liijjh or low water. Tlie time of the moon's 
 ui)iMM" meridian passage is given in the Almanac^ and the timt* of its lower meri- 
 dian jiassage is the middle between trto sueeessive upper passages. The heights 
 are given in feet and tenths, and show the rise above the level of the aveiage of 
 the lowest low waters, to wJiieh level the soundings on the chart are given. 
 
 Sjiring tUles. — At the full and change of the moon the liigli waters will bo 
 one and one-tenth feet higher than the above, and the low water one and one- 
 tenth foot lower. 
 
 Xeup tides. — At the moon's first and last «piarters' the high waters will be one 
 and one-tenth feet lower, and the low waters will not fall as low as one and one- 
 tenth feet. 
 
 Sitka was the in'ineijml establishment of tlie Hussian-American Comimny, 
 and comprises about one hundred and twenty good block houses, storehouses, bar- 
 racks, workshops, saw-mills, churches, hospital, and the governor's head(piartcrs. 
 On January 1, 18(i7, it contained nine hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants, 
 of which three hundred and forty-nine are Hussians, and the remainder (-reolcs or 
 half-breeds aiul Aleutians. Outsider tlu^ stockade are forty larger Indian liouses, 
 facing the westeri. harbor, and occupied by not less than one thousand Koloslics 
 dunng the winter. The site of the town is cramped, and it is a mere (picstion of 
 tinjc and expansion when these Indian louses will be renu)ved. For years the 
 Hussians have had about a dozen guns directed along the i'.wv. of the Kolosiiian 
 village. 
 
 It would be useless to attempt to describe the labyrinth of channels ami islets 
 passing iu everj- direction, like tentacula, from the sound, yet a few items may not 
 bo without interest. 
 
 About nine miles south thrco-iiuartcrs oast from Sitka (but tliirtocu miles by 
 the usual courses) are tlu^ rapids, conncHiting tlu; waters of Dec?!) Lake with the 
 southeast part of Oserski Bay. At those rai)ids, having a fall of uiuo feet, a scries 
 of fish woirs have been constructed by the Itussian (Company in a very sultstantial 
 manner, from shore to shore, and great quantities of salmon arc caugiit and cured. 
 In 1807, besides furuisliing Sitka, the produce was live iiuiulrcd and twenty bar- 
 rels, and there is ample opportunity to increase this (latch livolbld. 
 
 A good passage exists between the north part of the sound and the eastern 
 end of Salisbury Sound, which enters from the Gulf of Alaska, in latitudi! ."»,S^ L'O', 
 and continues tiirough IVril Straits to Chatham Straits. Tlie Coast Survey has 
 made several preliminary examinations through these waters, and cliang(!<I mate- 
 rially their shapes on the English chart. But they should not be iiin without a 
 l»ilot of good local knowledge. 
 
 The Neva Passage, leading from the north entrance of Olga Strait lo Peril 
 Strait, is (juite narrow, and lias numerous sunken rocks along its shores. The 
 Coast Survey made a preliminary examination of it which indicated i)lenty of water, 
 1« , 
 

 122 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 Itiit iiiadf tlh' passn^f narrower than laid down on tlio cliarts. Willi a thorough 
 Nurvcy of this strait ami of Salisbury Soiiml, with its Itold ai)proafh(vs, another 
 (tntranee is atlorded to Sitka Sctund to ve^^sels driven north of Cape Eilgeeunibe by 
 heavy southeastcrs or l>y the currents in light airs. 
 
 A v«'ssel onee inside Sitka Souiul and unable to reaeh the anchorage, on 
 account of heavy southeast weather, will find two small bays and anchorage about 
 t<'n miles to the north-northeast of Low Point, and north of Vitskari. The first is 
 I'lirt Kristor (CroHHj in (Jross I5ay, and is reached by following the western shore 
 of the sound about a mile distant, gradually ajtproaching it to within half a mile, 
 alioul seven miles from Low Point, wlu'u Rocky Point will be on the west, and 
 (inide Island, high and wooded but erroneously marked as a rock awash on Admiral- 
 ty Cliart No. U'S.'ST, will bear east; and land to the west of north will apparently ch)SO 
 all progress. This is the entrance to Cross Bay, and Pent Ivrestov lies to the west- 
 ward of lh(^ lirsl [>oiiit on th(! west. This point lies about southwest by south 
 from the ojiposite point of the port, and a channel leads along the western side of 
 it to a large s(»und no.'thward. Eound tlu^ southwestern ])oint pretty dose and 
 run wt'stward iialf a mile, when anchorage may be had in ten fathoms. This part 
 of the jiort is half a mile wide, north and south, dimiiushes to a very narrow 
 chainiel, with six fathoms, in three-quarters of a mile, and then opens through a 
 very narrow, crooked channel to the. northward. Tebenkotf gives a small plan of 
 this port in his chart. The other bay is wide open to the eastward, and its south 
 point lies one mile to the novvh-northeast, with a rock one-third of a mile south of 
 the point, in the middle of the bay lies a small woody island. It may be, jiasscd 
 on cither baud and anchorage found in the head of the bsiy in twenty fathoms. 
 Half a mile east of this island is a rock showing ten feet above high water, but 
 marked sunken on Admiralty Chart No. U;5;{7. Jn a southeaster there is a large 
 swell coming into the bay. 
 
 In 1787 Dixon anchored in eight fathoms, sandy bottom, one mile north of 
 Otmeloi or Shoals I'oint, which he named AVhite's Point, being somewhat pro- 
 tected by a rocky reef off the point. Close on the eastern face of the reef he gives 
 soundings in sixteen fathoms; from this anehorigo Mount Edgecumbe bore west 
 by south (compass.) lie determined the latitude 57° 03' ; it is in 57° 01'.5, 
 
 Sitka Sound was fairly represented by Vancouver, who named it Norfolk 
 
 Sound in 1704, but he did not enter it. La Perouse had very vaguely indicated 
 
 the existence of a. bay here, but its head was obscured by a fog. He applied no 
 
 name to it. In 1775 Quadra named it the IJay of Terrors, and named the north 
 
 jioint Cape Engaimo. Tebenkotf describes its appearance as terrible in heavy 
 
 southeast weather; but it is neither bettor nor worse than any other large, open 
 
 sound. 
 
 ST. joun's bay. 
 
 Near the northern end of the Neva Strait, seventeen miles from Sitka by the 
 straits, this harbor opens to the westward, and directly towards Salisbury Sound, 
 of which it may really be considered the termination. 
 
ALA8KA COAST riI/)T. 
 
 12:j 
 
 TliP bny is aluHit ii mili' iiiul a half dooj) towards the «'ast-Ho\ttIit'ast, and lialf 
 u mile wide; it lias ^^dod aiuihora;;*' near tlic head in sixteen fathoms of water. 
 The shores are hold and rise to mountains eov(>red with 8i»ruee to tiie water's 
 c'd;;i'. The sticam at the head eonu-s into tlu> hn.v thronyli a nairow low valley 
 between hi;jh mountains. We anchored here in October 1807, and discovered 
 specimens of jjood <'oal. 
 
 From Cape Edgecunibe the ffoneral trend of the coast to Cape Phipps, in lati- 
 tude 5!P .'{(>', lonf;itnde 1.'$!)° 4L", forming the s<mtlieast juHiit of the entrance to 
 JJehrinj; or Yakiitat Uay, is alxait north 40° west, and tla^ distance one hundred 
 and ninety miles, Avith the greatest deviation from this course at theentran<'e to 
 ley Strait, whoso north point is twenty-six miles northeast from the above coiuse. 
 
 From Cap(5 Edgecumbe the general trend to Caj)e Fairweafher, in latitude 
 fiso oO'.L', longitude i;{7»48', is north .'MP west to Icy Strait, lying tifteen miles 
 northeast from this line. 
 
 From Cape Edgecumbe to Ijotuya Bay, twenty-thre(^ miles southeast of Fair- 
 weather Cape, the coast is bold, rugged, and rocky, Ixmnded by great numbers ot 
 rocks, and indented by numerous small bays and the large entrau<re to Chatlnnn 
 Strait. 
 
 From Ciipe Edgecumbe to the island forming the new point of the entrance 
 to Salisbury Sound the direction is nt)rth, ami distance twenty miles. 
 
 MAUY BAY. 
 
 Between Capes Edgecumbe and Georgiana, seventeen miles nortl .no shore 
 is deeply indented by a large open bay nanu'd by Vancouver, but never entered 
 by him. One of the ltu».dan captains intbrmed us that he was compelled to 
 anchor in the southern i)art of it for three days, during heavy southeast and 
 soutln\est gales, at great hazard. On some of the Russian chaits it is called 
 Shelikott' Bay, and the south point nam ' Beaver Point. A crude skettih is 
 given of it on Bussian chart N^o. !), 184 . '\oni this bay there is a trail to the 
 sound north of Krestoir Harbor. 
 
 SALISDUKY OR KLOKATCnKF STllAIT. 
 
 The entrance to this strait from the Pacific lies between latitude '}~° 18' and 
 51° 22', and through Peril Strait it opens in Chatham Strait, in latitude r)8'3 I'.V. 
 
 The south j)oint, luimed ('ape (reorgiana by Portlock, is narrow, compara- 
 tively high, and wooded, with the Morskoi or Sea Rock lying one mile north OIP 
 Avest from it, with twenty-seven fathoms between them. The north |)oint,* lying 
 north half Avest from the south point, is an islanil named Klokatchef, and 
 appeared from the inside of the strait to be about two hundred niirl titty feet high, 
 and covered Avith spruce trees, Avitli high mountains lying to the noitheast. 
 
 * Numoil Point Olgtv by tlio United Stutca Coast Survey. On souib KuMHiuii uhartit it is nillcd 
 Kl<il<iit<lirt' t'ain'. 
 
1L>4 
 
 ALASKA COAST IMIiOT. 
 
 Tlit'Nc iiioiiiitaiiis arc covcied with wood liull'-way iip, l)iit haio and rocky at their 
 .siiiniiiits. 
 
 Tlic strait runs directly east flvc mih's, coiitractiii;j at its narrowest place to 
 one mile l»etwccii the rocks otV the north and sonth shores. It opens into IMshintj 
 Hay anil I'eril Straits at the northeast, and into FFayward* Strait an<l St. John's 
 Ihiy at the sontheast. OtV the; north shore the rocky islets extend hall' a mile, the 
 sonthennnost lyiny three and a halt' miles iuHidc the entrance, and are low and 
 hare. Nearly ahreast of them, otl" the sonth shore, lies the low, wooded island of 
 Sinitsiii, with rocks otY its noith ])oiiit, and fonrteen fathoms close to them. 
 
 lictween <'a]ie (icor^j^iana and Sinitsin Island a small bay, namctl Ivaliiiina, 
 half a mile wide at the entrance, makes in to the Hontheast, and then to the 
 sonthwest for a mile and a half, ami said to aftbrd good shelter in Hcven fathoms 
 of water well in. iJnt from its i)osition it is probable that tin; heavy swell of 
 sontheast and sonthwest j^ales wonld be felt. On its caster ide a wooded moun- 
 tain abont rtfteen hnndr(Ml feet hi^h rises very abrnptly. nkolV gives a plan 
 of the western «'ntrance to Salisbnry with this bay and .iinlings. He has 
 ninety-three fathoms outside, and anchorage in dftecn fathoms southwest from 
 the northeast jioint. 
 
 Sinitsin Islmid lu-arly touches the southern shore of the sound, and rocks are 
 laid down between them. To the southeast of this island the shore is laid down 
 straight on the nmps, but from our position in the middle of the scmnd the sIku'o 
 appeared to retreat well to the sonth, heading in a low valley, with the high 
 mon'itaiu that tianks Kalinina J5ay to the west, and a wooded hill of about six 
 hundred feet high on the east. Two rocks appeared in the entrance of this 
 aj)parent bay, yet it might atl'ord a good harbor of refuge. 
 
 In the middle of the eastern part of the strait we found fifty-five fathoms of 
 water. 
 
 This strait is the Bay of Islands of Cook, the Salisbury Hound of Portloek, 
 whose boats in 17.S7 ])assed through it and by the llayward Strait t to the north 
 part of Sitka Sound. It is called Olga Strait by Tebenkoft'. 
 
 Cape (Icorgiana was snbsecpiently nanu'd I'oint Anu'lia by Vancouver, hut on 
 his chart the name is applied to a point four or live miles further south. On the 
 Admiralty Chart So. 2337 it is designated Siouchi rouit 
 
 PERIL STRAIT. 
 
 This strait, leading from the northeast part of Salisbury Strait to Chatham 
 Strait, has a tortuous channel, with a general north-northeast direction for ten 
 i'.iiles, with an average width of three-quarters of a mile. A mile and a hal*' from 
 Salisi.iny Strait it oi)ens into a great bay, Fish Hay, stret<'hing five miles to the 
 eastward, vjtii width of two miles. Under the north shore of Fish Bay, about 
 
 * <liily aflforilB passnRe for boats iit Nontlicni end. 
 t Named Soiikoi ou Admiralty Chart No. 'i'i:i7. 
 

 ALASKA C'OAHT PILOT. 
 
 125 
 
 two iiiiU's cast of tlio nortlnvcst iMtiiit, u small ha.v iiiakt's in towards the iioitli, 
 and an<-liora;;(' is to l)t> had tli<>i'(> in ten t'atluiins. It is nscd by ilu- Itiissian ves- 
 sels. On tlie ivt st shore two lai'fjo Imyn ojion, the (list diroetly opposite the north- 
 west point of Fish Hay, otV which lie some islets that must lie iel't to the east- 
 Mai'd. Two miles northeastward of (his island, another lies close nnder tho 
 eastern shore. Anehorajje is liad Itelween the sonlh side of this island and the 
 8horo in thirteen fathoms. It is used by the Uiissian vessels. The navipition of 
 this strait, nutil bettor known, should be nnule under the direction of a pilot, and 
 at or near slackwati'r low-tide, as there are si'veral narrow places wliere the cur- 
 rents and counter-currents are very strong' and dan};ei'ons to a side wheel steamer. 
 
 From the nortliern side of Peril Strait, about midway throujfh, an unex 
 jdored jiassafre is reported to exist, leading; northward to the south shores of 
 Cross Honnd in Icy Strain 
 
 Near the eastern entrance of Peril Strait, on the northern shore, there is a 
 small bay formed on the west side of a ]»oint Jnttinjj out nearly half a mile, it is 
 about five miles west of the northeastern entranee, is named Lindenber}; Jlay, 
 and is used by the Russian vessels. In lS(i7 a e(uiple of small, rude lionses were 
 on the shore behind the sandy beach. The country behind is very lii^h and cov- 
 ered with tiinl)er. 
 
 From the north point of Salisbury Strait to Cajie Edward, in latitude .')7'' .'!!)', 
 louffitmh' l.'5(io 14/^ ti,o general trend of the coast is mnlh UP west, and the dis- 
 tan(!e twenty-ftmr u)iles, with a slightly retreating shore of bold clills wooded to 
 their edge, and innumerable rocks. 
 
 KIIAZ BAY. 
 
 Six miles northward of S.alisbnry Strait, TebenkofT has a bay called Klia/, 
 entering tlie laml about three miles "astward, but has rocks nuirked in tho 
 entrance. We find no details or inforimition about it. 
 
 From Salisbury Sound to ley Strait tho coast is borderc^d by low wooded 
 islands, anu)ng whicli, Portlock says, tliere ai)iiear several ])laces of good shelter. 
 The mountains rising almost directly from the coast are quite high and irregular, 
 some w ell wooded and others quite bare. 
 
 CAPE EDWAKD. 
 
 Between Kliaz Bay and this ''ai>e the bold coast line recedes a few miles, but 
 the general direction is maintained by the great uund)er of outlying islands; to 
 this bend of the shore Tebenkoff has given the designation P>ay of Islands. 
 
 Vancouver says that off Cai)e Edward lies a cluster of snnill islets and rocks. 
 Tebenkoff has the islets and rocks, and lays the cape down as broad, extending 
 two miles north and south, bold, high, and rocky. 
 
 Seven miles to the north-northwest of the cape, and almost on the line to 
 
T 
 
 12(5 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 Cross Ciipc, T('l)(Milvf)fr lays down some rocks or islets three miles off the const 
 and two I lilcs f'rotii the neiirest islets. 
 
 The .'.oiith point of the capo is placed in latitude 58° ."59', and longitude 
 13G0 14'. 
 
 From Cape Kdwanl to Cape Spencer, in latitude 58^, longitude ^W° :W form- 
 ing the uorlhwest noint of the entrance to fiiy Strait, the {-eneial direction of the 
 coast is north 10- west, and the distance thirty-foiu- miles, passing tangent t« 
 Cape Cross, in latitude 57° 50'. 
 
 ILINA HARBOR. 
 
 This is a siniill contracted bay, of which we find a luthlished chart by the 
 ])ilot Ilina, 'tut without date. It is not iiid'cated on Tebenkoff', but or Miother 
 Itiissian chart its entrance is laid down about two miles east-northeast of the 
 island, lying sex en miles north-northwest of Cape Edward. From its sjnallness, 
 and being open to the south, it Avould appear of no importance. Ilina places its 
 douthciist point of entrance in latitude 07° 4(5', longitude 130° IC, with islets 
 lying three-cpiarters of a mile south of it. The northwest i»oint of entrance lies 
 northwest by north half a mile Irom the s<tutheast point, with islets half a mile 
 southwest by south from it. II(> has one line of soundings from twelve fathoms at 
 the approaches, and ruuii'iig close along the eastern shore, with eight Cathoms, 
 between it and the iirst small islet inside the point, over a hottom of mud, sand, 
 and muscle shells. His anchorage is in the northeast part of the bay, in eight 
 I'athonis, but an islet on (he western shore lias a sunken rock to the northeast. A 
 narrow arm of the bay continu»>s north-northeast, with ten fathoms at tlie 
 entran(!e. In the shore an intricacy of small oluunels in the northeast is marked 
 by Koloshian habitations. 
 
 A i|uartcr of a mile east of the southeast point of entrance is marked the 
 vreck of a tender. 
 
 roRTLOCK IIARBOK.* 
 
 This large day has been fully desci-ibed by I'ortloek, but his sketch of it is 
 mere y a rough estimate, and he makes no mention of d«'termiiiiiig its latitu«le, 
 althoi'jjh lis map i)laces his anchorage inside the north entrance in latitudi^ 57*^ 
 4!)', and \'ancouver says that about six miles lun-th of Cape Edward the harbor 
 that ajtpeared of easiei't access wiis considered Portlock Harbor, in hititude 'u^ 
 44', but the weather was thick, foggy, and rainy, and the shores not well seen. 
 
 I'oitlocK says: "On drawing near the onening, and about two miles from the 
 shore to the northwest of it, we had tw'enty to twenty-tive fathoms of water over 
 a muddy Itottom, and just in the entrance were some high, barren rocks." 
 
 The following is the best description that can be drawn from I'orth.ck's 
 sketch and text: The o]tciiing to Portlock Harbor lies between two points lying 
 northwest and southeast Ironi each other and distant from tiiree to four miles 
 
 * Ntinied by Portlock 1787. 
 
ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 127 
 
 ai)ait. Tliis ontriiiico is, lio\vov«'r, divided into tliroo i)assiiy;os by two larj;t>, I)liilV, 
 wooded islands iyin^- directly botwi't'ii tiic ))()iiits. Tlii' southeast isliuid icfeivcd 
 file iianic of lloj^aii, idd that to th« northwest, Hill.* The south passage is aiiout 
 half a niih^ \vi(h', with bold slu)res and twenty fathoms of water. The nii»hlle pas- 
 safjc is a mil" wide at tlu' outer piut, but at the inner jtart is eonlracted to half a 
 mile, with ten fatlioais of water, b^ two bare islets and rocks from the southeast 
 point of Hill Island. The northern passage is narrow, and no soundiiifjs aro 
 given. Rocks lie oft' the southeast point of the bay, off the south point of Ilogiiu 
 Island, and bare, rocky islets and rocks oil" the northwest point of llo;;an Island. 
 The south side of Hill Island is "low land, forniiuf:; itself into several small bays, 
 from whose points are breakeis at no great distance," with bold rocks extending 
 nearly half a mile otV the southeast \mnt. 
 
 The deepest water in the middle passage between Hill and Tlogan Islands is 
 l(>;'iy s'x fathoms over rocky bottom; the length of this i)assage, is about a mile; 
 has boltl, rocky shores, and the course through it is lu-arly northeast Ity east. 
 From the skelv i, the best course in would be to steer erst-northeast for a wooded 
 islet inside, and lying half a mile north-northeast from the north ](oint and islet 
 off Hoj;au Island; between this wooded islet and Ilogan Island a dciilli of thirty- 
 two fa'.lioms is given. The southeast passage is about a mii;> in length. 
 
 Inunediately upon passing the bold rocks otV the southeast i)oint of Hill 
 Island, "le water deepens very <(uickly to tiiirty and forty fathoms, and a most 
 spaci»)us anil excellent harbor oi>ens to view, trending to tin; northwest an.d south- 
 east, and running deep into tlu; northwanl, with a number of small islands scat- 
 tered about. IJinming np towards the northwest part of the liarboi', and after 
 passing the small island close to tin; north side of the noitlieast i)oint of Hill 
 Island, I'ortlock anchored in thirty-one fathoms of water, muddy bottcnn ; lln> 
 rocks ofV the east part of Hill Island being Just shut in by the small island, and 
 bearing south three or four miles. (According to ihe sketch they bore al)out 
 south-southeast, distant on mile,) 
 
 The country adjacci ( to Portloc'k Harljor abounds with white cedar, which 
 was cut and sawed intu shcathing-boards. This is evidently the yellow cedar of 
 Alaska. 
 
 Tebeidvot^'s chart gives no idea of a deep bay in this locality, although he has 
 the name ill latitude 57° 4.V, 
 
 Qouhiintj llarJior. — The entrance to this harbor is nearly abreast of the north 
 entrance to Portlock Harbor and about one a.,d a half mile north of his anchor- 
 age in the latter. It is represented as nearly Half a mile wide, but nearly closed 
 liy a wooded island running close t<» the southwest point of the iieninsuhi between 
 Gou'ding and Portlock Ilarbiu's, with six fadioms in the ehann<'I aroiinil the west 
 end of the island. Tin- harbcn- runs about four or live miles to (he northeast, with 
 a wiilth ot alii'iit a mile, and two broad arms running to the northwest. It has 
 ninnerims snndl wooded islets in it, and a depth of six fathoms nmy be carried 
 
 Niim«il lifter Portlook'it iU48iMt.Hut triulur. 
 
128 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 most ()(■ tlic way np. The sketcli is very evidently an eye sketcli, and tlie view- 
 very crnde and erroneons, for it represiMits ])a]ni trees growing: on tlie shores. 
 
 In hititnde ~)H° T)!' I'ortloelc lias a. bay three niilos deep east-northeast, with 
 two islets oil' the northwest point, and others a mile or two sonth of the sontli- 
 east pe«int. 
 
 POINT BINGHAM. 
 
 This roeky headland, in latitnde o8o 03', longitnde ^30o 27', forms the south- 
 west point of the entrance to ley Strait, and lies south 1(P enst, eleven miles from 
 (Jape Si)eneer. Between it and Oape Edwar.l the coast is bold and rocky, guarded 
 by islands, indented by two bays three or four miles deej), and by a broad entrance 
 to I<'y Strait, ten miles south of Point IJingliam and six miles south of Cape 
 Cross. 
 
 The bays were judged by Portlock to art'ord good shelter, but the vast num- 
 ber of wooded and bare islauds and rock that extend to the distance of three or 
 four miles from the shore, will render entering such harbors unpleasant and haz- 
 ardous until better known and described. 
 
 CfDs.s ('(ipc, of Cook, lies in latitucU^ ^TOoT', six miles south of I'oint IJingham, 
 and is in reality the wt stern point of Jacob or Khaz Lsland, around the south and 
 east faces of which u strait one mile wide connects Icy Strait with the ocean near 
 Portlock Harbor. At the southeast part of the cape a bay one mile wide aiul 
 three deep is laid down by Tebenkoft' in an east-northeast direction. Cook says 
 the soiit'ieast ])oint of Cross Sound is a high promontory which was naraed t!ross 
 Cape. J'oint Bingham was named by Vancouver in 1701: ; by the Itussians it is 
 sometimes called Cape Takhanis. 
 
 The entraiu'c is eleven miles wide between Cape Spencer on the north and 
 Point Bingham (m the south, bearing south HP east from the former. 
 
 N'aiicouver describes Cape Spencer as a conspicuous, high, blulf promontory, 
 oil" which (^vtend some rocks to the distance of a mile and a half It is long ami 
 terminates in a narrow point, with the outer-shore stretching nearly northwest, 
 and the inner shore north. The cape is placed in latitude 58° 13'.4, longitude VMP 
 31', by Telienkod'. Point Bingham is not described, but its rounding point is a 
 rocky blulV with small islets along its face, and the height decreasing eastward. 
 The point is placed in latitude 58^03', longitiule 130° 27'.5, according to Tebenkolf. 
 
 The entrance to this strait is wide, open, and unobstriu'ted by rock, shoal, or 
 island. This api)ears to be the ease for t(!n miles within the heads, and Vancouver 
 says tliat, if it possesses any navigable objection, it is the unfathomable depth of 
 water which everywhere exists except very near the shores, along which in many 
 places are detached loeks, lyii-'g, however, out of the way of navigation, and sulli- 
 ciently cons]>i('uous to be. avoided. InsiiU' of Cape Spencer the strait expands 
 into a great bay running titleen miles north northwest, and from ten to four miles 
 wide. Six miles inside of Point llingham a passage two miles wide opens to the 
 Bouth-sontheast ami runs ten miles in that direction, when it turns iibruptly to 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 129 
 
 tlio west-southwest, and reacLos the ocean in ahout six or ei};ht iiiiU's, in hititudo 
 57° 53', four miles southwest of Cape Cross, where PorthK-k noted the "al)))ear- 
 ance of a harbtn" in 1786. This passage lias been named Little Cross Strait by 
 the United States Coast Survey. 
 
 Cross Sound has been named ley Strait by the lliissians, and appears to well 
 deserve the apiu'llatioii. Tebenkotf says that ice is found there all the year, 
 impeding navij-ation ; and in July an A August Vancouver's ollieers found part of 
 the passage almost elosed with the ice. l-'requently the masses of ice are detached 
 from the face of the glaciers, covered witli gravel and earth, and these drifting in 
 the sound are often taken for rocks awash. Vancouver mistook tiiem and fonntl 
 110 soundings with eighty to ninety fathoms. Upon the Kiissiii , chart are nnirked 
 the positions of the dilferent glaciers that come down from the terminal sjuir of 
 the IMount Julias and Fairweather range to the heads of the bays opening upon 
 the luuth shore of the strait. 
 
 The general direction of the strait is about northeast by east (jnarter east 
 for thirty miles, then southeast by east for twenty-four miles to Chatham Strait. 
 C'aiK' Spencer is sometimes c;dled Cape Tsianikhta. Tin; first anchoi'age insider 
 the sound is on the south shurc, about lour or five miles eastward of I'oint JJing- 
 hain, and one mile west of the ncutli entrance of Little Cross Strait. It is evi- 
 dently very contract md no soundings are laid down, althongli tlie track of the 
 trading vessels is laid III '«u to it. 
 
 POUT ALrnoui'. 
 
 Vancouver has given a sketch of liiis l»ay, the entrance to which is sit iialcd 
 on the south shore of ley Strait, ten or eleven miles ■lortheast (piarter north 
 from Point P.inghaiii, and ten railes east b\ south from Cape Spen(;er. The 
 entrance to tlu; bay, opening from the sound, lies between two islands north and 
 south of ea(rh otiuu', and is bcu'densd l)y a nuinl)crof rocks and islets. It ims nine 
 fathoms of water in it, over rocky bottom, with thirtv and forty fathoms around 
 this ledge. "The channel is clear, free from dangei'. .nd is one and a (fuarter mile 
 in width, with a tolerably snug cove, just withii iiie entrance iind off the south 
 face of the western jtart of the island, that forms the north point of entiaiu-e." 
 Here Vancouver ancliored in fourteen fathoms, a cable's length fnnu siiore. 
 Tebenkoft" puts the anchimige down in ten fatliouis, sandy bottom, "Tins high 
 narrow island affords great protection to the bay, which is two and a hull' miles 
 wide just inside. Nearly in the middle of the bay, and one league s(uifheast by 
 south from the anchorage, are sonu' detached rocks. Th(> island forming the south 
 point of entranc(! is altout two miles long, and stretches to the south-soulheast 
 toward Point Lucau, from \\\\'uh it is sei)arated one inile, but the space is filled 
 with numerous islets." "At Point Lucau, wliich is situated IVoia the anclioiage 
 south li.'P east four and a half miles, the wi<lth of the harbiu' is two miles, from 
 whence it extends south 30^ east about six miles, and terminates iu a small basin 
 17 
 
130 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 that .'itloids good an<l socnif^ iinclionif-o, tlie best passage into which is on the 
 pastern shore; rocks and an islet gnarding the Avest." Vanconver gives the hiti- 
 tudc of his anchorage 58'' 12'; Tebenkoff gives the longitude 130° 12'. 
 The surrounding country is covered with spruce trees. 
 
 ISLANDS IN ICY STRAIT. 
 
 The islands that lie nrrth luirtheast from Port Althorp contract the middle of 
 the strait very much, and almost close the passage to iuc "-.toi. The group consists 
 of one low and two high rocky islands, with some rocks and islets among them. 
 Between these islands and the shores that form the north and south sides of the 
 sound there are two narrow channels; the northernmost, being the widest, is 
 nearly a niil<; across ; the southernmost is about half that width; both of which are 
 free from ro<ks and shoals or any other obstructions than the large masses of 
 fh)ating ice which at that time of the year (July) rendered each of these channels 
 very dangerous to navigate. Tin. track of the Kussian steamers is laid down 
 through tlif southern passage, keeping the south point of the islaiui (;lose aboard. 
 After passing it two or three miles tiiu course is about east by north half 
 iKulh for fourteen miles to Point Adolphus, on the south shore, with a deeply 
 indented bay to the southward. Nine miles sontl.east from Point Adolphus is the 
 twoniile-wide entrance to Port Frederick of Vancouver, being tli • north entrance 
 to two unexplored passages. The western one is said to lead nearly south to the 
 northern bend of Peril Strait, and the other southeast thirty miles to Chatham 
 Strait, opening just south of I'aoloft" Bay, and jwssibly communicates with it. lu 
 the entrance to Port Frederick, which opens directly to the north, lie two or three 
 large islets olV the western shore, Avith deep passage on the western side of the 
 northern island. The ..nchorage of the English and Russian trading steamers is 
 on the east side of the entrance, about three miles south of the northern point, and 
 between the eastern shore and t]u» first island under it. Xo soundings are laid 
 down. 
 
 The northeast point of the entrance to this port was named Point Sophia by 
 Vancouver. It has a high hill to tlie southward for two miles, and then a low 
 neck of land. From Point Sojdiia to Point Augusta, forming the southeast point 
 of the eutranec into Chatham Strait, the general trend of the slioni is southeast 
 by east ihird east for seventeen i' ilcs, and is eomjjosed chiefly of rocky cliffs, 
 with islets and detached rocks lying at sonu^ distance from the shore, which was 
 compact, not very high, but well covered with wood. 
 
 S'ASKA HAY. 
 
 Five n\iles west-northwest from Point Augusta the Kussian traders have an 
 anchorage laid down in Spaska JJ.iy. The extreme nortliwest point is two miles 
 north of the entrance of the bay, which runs westsouthwest about one mile, with 
 thirty-live fathoms in mid-entrance, diudnishing to four over a level bottom half 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 131 
 
 way up the. liay. The Russians anchor in a very sniall eovc jnst within the south- 
 east point of entrance, in four fatlionis water. Tiie hititiuhi of this i)oint is j?iven 
 by Tebenkoff as 58^ 06', ami U)a„itu(lo 135° 08'. A sketch is given on tlic IJussian 
 map Xo. 20. 
 
 On some Russian charts, and on Admiralty (Jliart No. -'t.'ll, this harbor is hiiil 
 (U)wn on the west side of tlie lirst prominent point seen westward from I'oint 
 Augusta; ou Tebeidcoff it is ou the oast side of that point. 
 
 OCEAN COAST NOKTIIWAUD OF CAPE SI'EXCER. 
 
 For twenty miles north of Cape Sp>iicer, Vancouver says the coast is com- 
 posed of a steep, Avoody shore, much indented with coves or bays, of a hilly, 
 uneven surface, with some rocks and rocky islets scattered along it ab'>ut a mile 
 distant. 
 
 icv CArE. 
 
 Fifteen miles northwest from Cape Sjx'ncer is Tcy Cai)o, having a small open 
 bay on the eastern side, making in a mile or two northward, and dislingnished 
 by having the first sea-coast glacier at the northeast side of it. A small island 
 lies well up in the bay, and Tebenkoff has one nearly a mile south of the cape. 
 
 La Perouse indie.ites this bay on his ma]); but hence southward to (^apo 
 Edgecumbe his shore and positions are very erroneous. The shores to the north- 
 west and southeast arc bold and I'ocky and wooded. 
 
 l.ITUYA n/V. 
 
 Thirty-two I'.ules northwest from Cape Spencer is the narrow and dangerous 
 ojjening to this ii„y, — hich has a certain im])ortanee as being tlie oidy place which 
 La Perouse examim.. in detail, and whieji lie pronounced the most extraordinary 
 place in the world, and wJiere he lost two boats and twenty-three men of his 
 expedition. 
 
 Seven miles west of the entrance he found soundings in thirty two fathoms 
 muddy bottom. This bay ]U'esents the aitju-arance of a great llssiire in the 
 elevated plateau of this reach of the coast, about a mile wide at the entiance ami 
 two miles inside, running six oi- se\-en miles inland north 10° east, and then ojuMt- 
 ing into twt) large arms at right angles to the former course. The eastern arm is 
 one mih^ wide, and fcmr miles long south T.'P east; the western one about the 
 same width, four miles long north oL'^ west, with soundings iu both indicating 
 great lupth, but the eastern arm has less depth. 
 
 The two points of the entrance from the ocean lie only five-eighths of a mile 
 from each other U])on the beaiiny north (iri-^ west; but the available passsage is 
 contracted by a great rocky reef stretching nearly five-eighths of a mile south l(P 
 
 cast from the western point, and nearly on a line with II uler ro<ky shore to 
 
 the westward. Kocks also lie o(f the eastern point lor a (piaiter of a mile; and 
 
132 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 V-."' I'Jasfrni Rod; iK»t always visible, lios tUrco-oiffliths of a inilo south of the oast 
 IX'u' and a (iiiarter of a mile south (i(P east from the southeastern extremity of 
 the reef makinf^ out from the west point. Inside the eastern rock is Cormorant 
 Kocl; at the narrowest part of the passage, wliich is here only three hundred yards 
 wide. La I'erouse's boiits souiuled across the entrance for two hours, and found 
 seven and eight fathoms of water in the middle of the passage, and five fathoms 
 witliin forty yards of the rocks on either side; inside they reported ten and 
 twelve fathoms, with good bottom, with the water very smooth, while the reefs 
 were eovensd with breakers. 
 
 The course in, according to the mai>, is noith bj' west, keeping close to the 
 eastern end of the western reef, and running close along its eastern facc^ with Hood 
 curi'ent to a small cove one mile from the passage, close under the western rocky 
 point, where the best anchorage is found in five and six fathoms, over sandy 
 bottom, where the point will bear east of south. From this cove a trail lea<ls two 
 or three tniles to a large Indian salmon fishery, at the mouth of Salmon KLver, 
 where tiie shore changes from rocky blulf to sandy beacii westward. 
 
 Just inside the eastern iioint of the entrance is a small bight, with the sum- 
 mer hal)itations of the natives on the beacih, and a small stream emptying 
 hrougli it. Lii Perous'L>, losing the wind after entering, and having a strong ebb 
 current, anchored otf this bight, and found six fathoms, over sandy bottom, where 
 the entrance bore south-southeast. It is prudent to enter only near slack-water, 
 low tide, with a sailing vessel ; or slack-water at either tide with steamer. An- 
 chorage may iilso be had under the western shore, a mile and a half directly north 
 from the entrance, and where the bay begins to expand, with dei>th of \\ .ter 
 fifti'cn fathoms, over muddy bottom, a quarter of a mile from shore, witli an Iii'lian 
 house at the mouth of a stream Iteariiig west-southwest. 
 
 La Perouse says that at full and change it is high water at 17/. OOw., and the 
 tide at (U-notaph Island rises seven and a half feet. 
 
 The geographical position of the Oorinorant IJock, reduced from D'Agclet's 
 position on Cenotaph Island, is latitude 58° 30' [J(>", longitude, by Lii»inski l.'57° 
 1(5'; that by D'Agelct was lVu° 27'. The magnetic variation in 178() was liS° 
 east; and Lipiiiski made it 1'.")° east in ISlMi. 
 
 In Shiltz's report to IJaranotf, (.July 170(i,) he says: "The entrance to Lituya 
 Uaj* is most dangerous; tlie strong currents, rushing over hidden rocks, occasion 
 rapids which almost entirely coiu^eal the channel, and thus add to the danger. In 
 fair weather my vessel was being towed in, when the water before me ai)peared 
 one and a half fathoms higher than in the bay, and wo shot the descent with 
 irresistil)l(' speed and great danger. Once inside, all immediate danger ceased. 
 The bay is large and lilU'd with rocks and sands; no wood at the immediate 
 entrance, and no i)osition tit for a settlement. The bay is destitute of fish, except 
 lialii)nl, which abound only in spring and summer. In the winter the bay 
 abounds in sea lidus, (i>hoca jiib<ita,J but the common seal (i>hom ritidiiiaj is v«'ry 
 seldom seen."' 
 
ALASKA COAST PI LOT. 
 
 i:v,] 
 
 Other navigators j)roii<)nii('c the cntnuico (laiijLjoroiis. Tho shores a sliort 
 Oistaiioe. iiisi»U^ tlie entrance are described as ''eoinposcd t>f cnornions clitl's t'i;;ht 
 and nine hnndred feet high, overhan}j;ing f;itliondess waters ; the fjlacicr ice, forced 
 from tho nionntain pn-jics, covers the surface of the water all the year ronnd. No 
 sound but the fall of >'reat masses of ice disturbs the silence of this terribly };rand 
 but {gloomy j,'orge." 
 
 There is no doubt of Mio entrance being dangcnms at certain stages of the 
 tide; but the fact of La P'irouse's boats examining the imssage for two hours; of 
 the Indians constantly eidering and leaving it, "whole villages at e\ery tide," 
 prove that it may be entered with safety; and even when two of La IVrousc's 
 boats were lost, the jolly-boat pi.^'.sed through the breakers stern first without 
 damage. With a sailing vessel the gn at trouble arises from the calms that ])rcvail 
 inside. La Perouse was five days moving his vessel a couple of miles. 
 
 For about a mile and a half inside the entrance the width is only three- 
 quarters of a mile, when it expands by the retreat of the eastern shore to a mile 
 and a. half in T^idth, and Cenotaph Inland* lies neaily in the middle, about two 
 and three-quarter miles from the entraiu'c , This island, covered with wood, 
 lies northwest half west and southeast haL' east, three-quarters of a mile long 
 and over a quarter broad. There is a hill rt each eiul ; rocky sh<'-.> to the east 
 and low at the west, with a slightly curved bight on the southwest face, which is 
 rocky, but bordered by sand beach. Tin: west end is out three-eighths of a mili^ 
 from the west shore of the bay, '..ith thirty-five fathoms wat<r. La Perouse 
 an<'hored in thirteen fathoms, nuuldy bottom, witli the middle of the island bearing 
 southeast. 
 
 La Perouse reports : The forests along the coast for seven or eight miles to 
 the eastward abound in great spruce trees that measured six feet in diameter, 
 and vc'.v esUmat«'d upwards of oiu' hundred and forty feet high. 
 
 The sides of the harbor are formed by secondary mountains, of great height, 
 (tivo thousand one hundi-ed to five thousand sin en hundred feet,) and coxcred 
 with pines, carjieted with verdure, and n .ely capped with snow; several six-cies 
 of grass; woods full of blackberries, ras]»berries, strawberries, «S:c. Vegetation for 
 three or four numths is very vigcu'ous. Hivers alutuud in salmon and trout, but in 
 the bay they caught nothing but halibut, sonw over one hundred pounds; muscles 
 in heaps. Bears, martens, and squirrels in the nn)untains. 
 
 lie says the iron daggers of the natives were "as soft and easy to cut as 
 lead," and that they knew how to forg(^ iron, fashion co])per, i*v:c., altlixngh lu^ 
 cannot admit they are acipiainted with the method of reducing iron from the ore. 
 
 Two great glaciers en*^<r (ho ends of the easterr. and western arms, and two 
 smaller ones conu' from the uoAh face nearly ojtjMtsite the main bay. and he 
 doubts whether the profound valleys of the Alps and I'yrenees exhii)it a piiture 
 equally terrific, ami at tho same time so iticturesf|m\ 
 
 * NiOiU'il in 1780 liy La IVrouw, wlio i'i'('i.'ti'il si iiioiiiiini'iif tlii'irnii lo i'iiiiiiiM'ni<ir;iti' llic Iuks of 
 IiIh iiit'ii. 
 
134 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 IIo np])li(Ml the namo Port «lc.s Finii(;iiiH to this bay. Lituya is the native 
 iianic, accmdiiiiJf to Tchciikoir, and by tliis it is known on tho coast. Anotlior 
 Knssian cliait calls it Alitnya, but La Peroiise says the natives call it Skecter. 
 The Uussian Coni))any liad their vessels many times in this bay before La Perouse, 
 an<l (M)nteiiipliited establishing a post here, until Khromteheuko and Lipitiski 
 reported adversely. 
 
 The great snow peak of Mount i'riUon* is placed abont seventeen miles east- 
 northeast from the entrance of Jjitnyiv Hay, but Tebenkott" places it only twelve 
 nules oast by north from tin; entrance, and oidy five miles north of the west arm. 
 No height has been assigned to it, but it is visible, with Fairweather, oft' Capo 
 Edgecund)e, and ap])ears at that distance slightly higher, so that it nuist be 
 nearly of the same elevation as Mount Fairweather. La Perouse says it would be 
 easy to mistake Monnt Crillon for Mount Fairweather, but the latter appears, from 
 every jxtint of view, accompanied by two less lofty mountiiins, while the former is 
 more isolated, and the summit inclines to the south. 
 
 Lii»inski places 3Iount Crillon (Lituya Peak of the natives) in latitude ~>^° ;$8 .5, 
 longitude L'57o 11 '.."», and only eight miles from the coast. Abcmt two or three 
 miles north-northwest of Lituya l>ay is the mouth of a stream with a lagoon at its 
 mouth, and having its head in a mountain lake, to which the salmon ascend in 
 great numbers at the i)roi)er season. A large Indian fishery was formerly estab- 
 lished here, and a road leads along the rocky coast to Lituya Bay. 
 
 CAl'E FAlUWKATnER. 
 
 From Lituya iJay to this cape the distance is twenty-two miles northwest; the 
 immediate shores low and sandy, with a live-mile margin of low ground covered 
 with trees, running a few miles to the foot of the snow range of Mount F'air- 
 weather, and only broken by the lUver Katagini, nine miles from Lituya. 
 
 It is situated in latitude 'tS^ 5(>'.2 and longitude l.'i7° -kH', according to 
 Ijipinski. Vancouver says: "This cape cannot be considered a very conspicuous 
 l)roinontory; it is nu)st distinguishable when seen from the southward, as the land 
 to the west of it retires a few miles ba;,'k to the northward, and there forms a bend 
 in the coast; it is the nmst consi)icuous point we noticed cas< vard of Cape Pliipps. 
 It is terminated by a low blulf clitF on a sandy beach, near which are a few 
 detached rocks." 
 
 Seven miles Avest-soutliwest from the cni)p, and with IMount Fairweather 
 nearly in line over it. La Perouse obtained soundings in forty-three fathoms, and 
 thence ten miles southeast by south half south, nearly parallel with the coast, he 
 regularly increased his soundings to sixty-live fathoms. Twenty-nine miles west 
 of Cape Fairweather, and twenty miles broad olf the nearest coast, he places 
 soundings in seventy-three fathoms. 
 
 Tebenkoff designates this headland as Cape Litnya. 
 
 A small stream enters the sea about a mile east of the extremity of the cape. 
 
 • Named by La Pdrouso iu 1786. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 i;;.") 
 
 MOUNT rAiRAAn:ATiii;n. 
 
 The inagnificcnt ]>oak of ^Moiiiit rairwoathcr* lifliiij;: its otoriially snow- 
 covfi't'd Iicad to an clt'vation of tliirtocu tlioiisaiiil nine liiiiHlicd and t'oity-.six t'cct 
 nbovet tlui ocean, and friMincntlj- visible at a distance, of (tne. Inuidrcd and lifly 
 miles at sea, lies in latitude 58° 57' and lon^-itnde. 137° 27', nine miles from tlio 
 uearest shore, and twelve from Cape Fuirweatlu^r. 
 
 The natives know (Jrillon and Fairweatlier as the LitAya Poalc. 
 
 Six miles north of Cai)e Fairweatlier a small stream named the Kakhvefjin 
 enters the ocean. Tebenkolf has a glacier marked upoii it one or two miles inland. 
 
 CAPE FAIRWEATIIER TO CAPE PHIPPS. 
 
 The general direction of the coast from Fairweatlier to riiipiis, tlu' south 
 ]>oint of the entrance to IJehring or Yakntat bay, is iiortli 01''^ west, and the dis- 
 tance seventy-one miles. The shore leaves this general direction as much as 
 seven miles, about ten miles north of Fairweatlier Cape, where is the eastern 
 boundary of Dry Bay. 
 
 Tebeiikotf describes this sketch of coast from the details of the head men of 
 the ]>arties sent to hunt the sea-otter, and says the shore is ii "narrow strip of 
 land, low, level, and covered with wood. Its brea<lth between the sea shore and 
 the foot of the mountains is five to seven miles, and many livers and streams 
 enter the narrow plain in ditVerent <lire(!tioiis, and serve as so many canals for the 
 purpose of inland navigation ; but all the rivers are small and shallow." 
 
 DRV BAY AND AI.SEKII RIVEB. 
 
 About eleven miles north by west qriarter west from ('ape Fairweatlier is the 
 eastern point of this bay, of which very little is known. The western point lies 
 twelve miles west northwest from the eastern, and close under each Hows one 
 of the mouths of the Alsekh. 
 
 Tebenkolf says: The most important of the streams on this jiait of the 
 coast is the river Alsekh, which at twelve oi lifteeii miles from the shore is divided 
 into iive branches, which tlow througl. such low ground that the high waters vi ry 
 frequently cover a great extent of it, and at such times really form a shallow bay, 
 having a width of twelve miles upon the ocean, and extending inland to where the 
 Alsekh divides. In the middle of this Dry Bay is a rocky island two or three 
 miles in extent and covered with wood. 
 
 La Peronse anchored six or seven miles off the western point of this bay in 
 thirty fathoms, muddy bottom, when the ''entrance to the river bore north 17° 
 east, and Capo Fairweatlier south 5° east."' If these bearing^ are assumed mag- 
 netic, they will plot very well. lie found the water change to a whitish color and 
 
 *NiUii(><l liy Cook ill 1778. 
 
 t Caiitiiiii Viisilicll", of tlip Olkritic (Discovery,) (letfi'iuiiHMl tliis nltitiiilc. Ti'luMikolV lias in,sri4 
 fft't ; Admiralty chart has 1J,7(I8. 
 
IIJG 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 iiliiKist fn'sli iit tliivc to lour Icatiiics from tlio nioiitli of tlio rivor. His boats s]K'nt 
 live or six hours search in;,' for an {■iitraiicf a?i(l I'oiiiul two moderately hivav elian- 
 iicls, Imt each had a l)ar on which tlie sea broke so violently tiiat the boats could 
 not ai>iiroa<h it. From tlie ship perceived the water very smooth inside the bur, 
 and a basin several lca;;ues wide and two leagues (h'cp. On liis chart he jdaces 
 two islands alon;;' the mouth of the bay in line with the coast eastward and west- 
 ward, and the two probable entrances at the east and west extremes of the island. 
 >'ine miles south of the, west point of the bay he ;?ot soundings in forty-flvo 
 fathoms. When otf this bay, Vancouver says, "the nearest shore, distant seven 
 miles, was near a narrow, shallow ojM'iiing into a higoon ;" but he says no siu-h bay 
 or island as (Jook describes exists in this neighborhood. 
 
 La I'erouso named this Uehring's Itiver. 
 
 On some llussian maps, the Alsekh is made to break through the Mount St. 
 I'ilias or Yakutat range, and ("ook mentions "this chain of mountains being inter- 
 rupted by a plain of a few leagues extent, beyond which the sight was unlimited, 
 so that there is either a level country or much water l)ehind it ;" and again refers 
 to it when describing ISloiuit St. Elias as "belonging to a ridge of exceedingly 
 high mountains that nniy be reckoned a continuation of the Fairweather range, as 
 they an^ only divi(h'd by the i)hun above mentioned." From Cook's position 
 (about latitude 5iP 01', hmgitude I.'liP lit',) when he saw this break, it would lie up 
 the valley of the Alsekh. When Vancouver was seven miles west by south of tho 
 entrance to Shallow Bay, he suy.s this interruption in the snnmut of these very ele- 
 vated mountains was conspicuous, and looked like a i)lain eomi)oscd of a solid 
 nniss of ice inclining gradually towards the low border; its surface was clean, 
 smooth, and uniform in this depressed i)art of the mountains. 
 
 Qlnrtyeight miles northwest by west from Cape Fairweather is the o]»ening 
 of two streams by one mouth in about latitude r/jo 14' and longitmle l.'$8o 45'. 
 Each stream has a vdlage upon it from six to twelve miles from their juiu-tion, and 
 the lind>ered land comes close to the ocean shon^ between them. AVestward of 
 these rivers the low country stretches twelve or fifteen miles into the base of the 
 mountains, and is filled with lagoons and marsh in a measure destitute of timber, 
 but part of the shore has a l)elt near its margin. Just west of the mouth of these 
 rivers, Cook, by his bearings, jjlaces IJehring Bay; and Meares anchored in the 
 immediate vicinity in twenty-seven fathoms water and named it Tianua lloads. 
 Here the Indians came in canoes from the shore. 
 
 From the mast-head Vancouver saw lagoons over the low beach of this coast, 
 and cor.nnunicating with the ocean through breaks in the beach, across which the 
 surf bro\e with nuu'h violence. 
 
 The range of mountains forming a snow-clad barrier behind the coast hence to 
 Prince William Sound, is saitl by Tebenkoff to attain a general elevation of eight 
 or nine thousand feet, and from all their gorges great glaciers force their irresist- 
 ible way upon the low land. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 i:;' 
 
 nRnnimt bay, or yaki'tat. 
 
 Ciipc IMiii)i)s. ill liitiliidi' ."ilP ;{;!'.(), InnMiimlc l;',!P IL". luims llif sdiitlimst 
 poiiitof thf ciitnincc to lliis hiiv, l)iit it slmiild lie liorrii- in iiiiiid lli;il this oiiicr 
 Clllii' is cill'.i'il oil tlic I'lissiiill limps tiic OccMIl (';lp(', illld tli;ll tiirv drsii;l|iilc (lie 
 point tlircc mill's nortli\Mii'd iil' it as Cape I'liipps. 'I'lic noilliwrsl poinl nl' tic 
 l>ay is Cape Maiiliy, ill latitude ."iiP l.l', lon;;itinlo I Kt^ (Hi', and licais iioitli IV 
 west t'idiii CaiH' I'liii>ps, distant cij^iilccii milrs. 
 
 l''i()in ("ape i'liipjis, .Mount St. I-^Iias hears north .">P .'JO' west, distant sixty- 
 two mill's. 
 
 Vancouver says lliat "ofl' Point Maiihy the water was t'oniid to lie diseoloicd 
 at the distance of tour miles IVoiii shore, w here no hot Ion i could lie lound w ith I he 
 liand lead." 'I'wo miles ninth of ('ai»e Maiilty, on its western side, a stream enters 
 the sea, with a shoal some distance oil' its moiilii. I'iiy;et says, (\'ancon\er, III, p. 
 L'.'i",) ''The danj;ers in Iteliriii;^: May, parlicniaiiy hetween ('ai»e Maiihy and the 
 island forininj;' I'ort Mal^iiave, are considered to he niimeroiis, since se\eral locks 
 
 weie seen iust sliowlliK' tiieii' heads ahose 
 
 ter.'' Hill there is no iloiihl thai he 
 
 mistook for rocks lh)atiii;>' masses of ice coveri'd wilh dirt, such as he afterwards 
 loiind in Icy Strait, 'rehenkolf does not refer to any such dandier, ami il is ipiile 
 j)rohahIe that i'u;;('t mistook for rocks delaehed and lioatiu^i' masses of ice, coM'ied 
 with earth or stones, siicli as he suhseipiently mel wilh in Icy Strait. 
 
 l)oii;;las says, (Meares, i>. ,)_'(),)" at the entrance to this hay we had fifteen, 
 tell, and eleven fathoms water, over a rocky hottom, hut hijuher uj) no soiindiii;;s 
 could he ohtained with lifly fathoms of line." Hut he jjives !!o distances, hearings, 
 or sketch t:' indicate his position; he merely entered aloiij;' the eastern low shores. 
 
 A Iviissian sketch of Port MiiljJtravo has soiindiiiju's of live and seven fatlioms 
 half a mile ojV inner ('ajM* I'hipps, and rocks close under the pitiiit. 
 
 ,\. spur fiom the t'oast >.[: niitaiii ranice {'omcs towards < )cean ('ajie parallel 
 aii^l close to the soiitheastorn slim ■ of the ha\'; its southern cNlreiiiity reaches 
 "within two or three miles of the coast, Viherc the low shore i ■ cut li\ a connected 
 si'ries of lagoons and streams, lead'nj;' ten miles eastsonlhi'ast from Port JNIiil- 
 grave. 
 
 Cape Pliipps ami the Ocean i'ape a'ci re]nc.-.cnted as low and sandy and 
 wooded il short distance hack, hilt the whole ])oiiit or peninsula is an iiiliicacy of 
 crooked channels, with from one to ioiir fathoms of water in them. I'or li\e 
 miles inside the point the shores are low, cut up hy lagoons, covered with wood, 
 and in many places the shores are (covered with water in the I'aiiiy season. 
 
 TebiMikolV says that Cape Maiihy or (Ireat Cape is high, and at some places 
 steep and rocky : in his chart he represents it as low and not wooded dose to 
 shore. Vaiicoiucr says the shore west of it is a low, comiiaci holder of plain land, 
 which towards Point Manhy gradually appeared more verdani and Jcitile, and to 
 the eastward of it the country was again well wooded. 
 18 
 
w 
 
 i:]8 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 I.ii I'croiisc iiiK'liorcil tlircc lc;i;;iirs soul Invest (il'tliis *' Wdodcil point. (Miiiihy.) 
 wliicli hi' Ml tiist liclifviil to Im- ill! isl;iii(I," lint '■siil)sc<|iii'ii(ly I'oiiiitl to lit- joiiu'd 
 io tlir iniiiii 1)\ iitlici Innil still lliitlcr iind witlMiiit trees." 
 
 The ;.!cneii:l direelion of the liii\ is north .'IP rust lor twenty-fonr miles, diniin- 
 ishin;^ lidni ei]L;lileen to two miles in width, I'onr miles iVom the entrnnce to l>i;j;K(''* 
 S(Hind iit the hend, whieh Tel>enkoll' sii\ s receives *m snndl sireiiin coininj^' from 
 between enormons masses of ice; the monlii of this stream is in latil'ide ."liP ."il', 
 loiij;itude l.'UP L'.">'. Here Malespina, lieinf,' disappointed in lindin;;- tne northwest 
 passa},'e, called the harlxn' 'Assnranee hay,' ami its entrance Ferrero, (.Maldonailo's 
 Christian mune.") Vaneonver has deserihed the hay, and says the pro^^ress of 
 I'n.uet was harri'd at the eiilranee to l)i,u};-es Sound by a solid harrier of iee. 1"lie 
 Itnssian chart represents its shores as masses of ice, and named it I >iseneliantment 
 liay. Inil places an anchoraji'c in its sontheasf part. 
 
 Teltenkoll's chart represents the north shoic as low and sainly and covered 
 with wood to the base of the nninnlains, from which Hows a stream eiirityiu;;' into 
 the iia\ lifteen miles nertli by east frinn Cape I'hipiis, and liaviii-- an extensive 
 saiid bar at ilsnioulli. In his hydroi;raphic notes he says the siiores i 1' VaUiltat 
 are nnnintaimHrs, woody, and in many places cut by glaciers; Init the climate is 
 better than that of I'rince William Sound. 
 
 The sonthciist shores are broken and frin^icd by nnnnrons w led islands 
 
 Willi low shores, and forming;' a H'reat immber of small bays and aiichorajies with 
 very ihicp water in most of theiii. The entrances to these anch(naj;es have stioiifjr 
 cnri'cnts and arc ri'prcsented by tlic Unssians as dillicnlt of access for sailinj-' ves- 
 sels. 
 
 Inside of Cape Pliip]»s of the Ifussiaiis, and three miles south half east, is a 
 low wiiiMleii )ioiiit called Point Tinner,* with \cry <lee|i water tjuite close to it, and 
 a reef of rocks jiarallel to it runninji' alou;;' its eastern face a little more than a 
 (piarterofa mile distant. Iletwceii this reef and llie Ion;;' point the depth of water 
 \aries IVom twenty to ten Intlioms, and the anchora;;!' is well up the shore of the 
 |i()inl to a\(ii(l the \ eiy sirou!; eiirrenls that rush past it. 
 
 P.elclier makes the followin;;' remarks in appioachin.u' i'ort Alnl^ravc: ''Hauled 
 up and broiifiht Mount Fairweather over Ca[)e Turner, which the chart .showed to 
 be a uood leadin;; mark (north SSo east compass) I'or the entran(H>. We were <'VOii 
 in doubt on opeuin.u' the nnaitli ol' the port, whieh ajiiiearcd like a cluster of 
 islands. • ♦ » ]!ore u)) for the auchora;ic, passinj;' from .soundiny:s at sixty 
 fathoms suddenly into thirteen and ei,yht. by kcejiin.i;' too close to Ca|)c Phi|)i)s, 
 
 ■^ a,u;ain to forty, until reachin,n- the Icd^coll'Caiie Turner, 
 
 and as suddenly deepen 
 
 when it exceeded the leiijith of our hand lines. * 
 
 Anchored clos(> around 
 
 the low .u'ra\('lly jxiint ol' the island in thirteen fathoms, within three hundred 
 yards of the beach."'* When he weighed aiieiior lu' experienced j^reat ditlicnlty in 
 fjettinj;' it up on account of the t(ai{;h (;lay in which it had hooked. 
 
 Niiiiicil liv I>i\iiii ill l<~7. iil'tcr liis sriniid ihmIi 
 
AI,ASKA COASr I'lI.OT. 
 
 i:;;! 
 
 This iiiu'lior i;;.' iinil tlic iidjin'ciil wiitfis cniiiiMisc tlic I'lUt Miilur;n<' ol' \';iii 
 couvcr. Tt'lii'iiktilV ;;iv('s n sketch ol' the isliiiitls and rhiiiiiirls, vVc. 'I'lic lirplh 
 til" \v;it('r lii'l wfcii Ciiiii' I'liipps and ('.\]»' Turner ,s I'ldni lilty In ei;;ht,v ratlhnns, 
 Hinl tlie ennenls nre said to niii with avi-M rapidity. 
 
 When IJcieher ielY this Itay lie was, during' the nijiht. ilrawn lowai'ds Iheshnre 
 into seven lallidins. w itii liea\y itreakeis insnle him. lie snpposes ilieie nia.\ lie an 
 olT'shoie shoal, Inil his explaiiai ion. ami his I'ailiire Id search lor it,c!eaily indiciilu 
 that he was nearly l(»st on the main shoic 
 
 In ls();> I'etnitV reported that the nsnal rise and fall of tide in .Inne and 
 Jnly, at ('a[ie Turner, was ei;;ht I'eet ; lint in Octola't' and Novenilier it reached 
 over sixteen feet. He repin'ts the time of hi^h water at lull and chanj;-e, I'.'/i. t.'iw. 
 
 Cape TnrmT is laid down in latitude ."i'.P .)■•', lon^iilude l.l'.t' .f,")', ami Teltcii- 
 Ivotr.s sketch is cinnpiled I'nnn the examiimtions of I>nli;;in and Kromtchenko; the 
 first of whom laid down the anchora;;e in Vakntat Uay iioilheast of Khantak 
 Islaml, and the latter those on the south side in ISL*,!. 
 
 In IT'.iri the Itnssians had a post nanu'd New linssia on the la;;(ion inside ('api^ 
 I'hipps, Iml it has heen aliandoned, as also one on the sleep clill' east of llu- 
 anchora;;(^ under t'ajic 'I'nrm'r. 
 
 Cook did not see or enter this liay, Imt he applied the name Itehiini;' Hay to 
 the harlior he supposed jlehriu}: anchoriil in when he first made the t'oast. I,a 
 I'c'iouse declared no such harlpiU' i'\isted, and yet liy ploltiii;^- his course and coast, 
 line westward from Liti'iNa Hay, his IJaie de .Monte falls exactly upon IJehrin^ 
 Bay. It was entered and examined liy Dixoii, and named Atlmiralty Hay; after- 
 wards Meares was in the t'litrauce; i'li^^ct examined the hay tlioroiij;iily, and \'an- 
 eouver named it Jjehrin,::;' l»ay, as liein,;;' what Cook intended. liy (he llussians 
 it is known as Vakiitat Hay. It is (Inildless the hay in wliicli Hehiin^- lirst 
 anchored when he discovered this part of the coast in 1711. 
 
 The Indians inhahiliiiji' the coast itetweeii Yakiitat and Tihu.i;at/ I'ays are 
 Utjaleimi' ; they are not nnmeroiis; reckon alioiit thirleeii hiindied souls; have, 
 their own lauyniajie ; li\e alonj;' the risers and subsist on lish and piodncts of the 
 eha.se. 
 
 KNIOIIT'B IHLANU, 
 
 
 The southern point of this island, wliich lies in the northern and eastern 
 part of Heliring Hay, is twenty-one miles east of point Mauley and Ihirlecii miles 
 northwest (»ne-third north IVoni the inner Cajie I'liipits. Half-way between it 
 and tlu! north end of the KhantHnk (l)isli) Island lies an islet iianu'd Kriistoi or 
 Steep Lslaiid. Knight's Island is alioiii two miles lony, .southeast half east 
 and iMU'thwest half west, and about a mile broad. It lii'S aliont half a mile 
 o If the eastern slujre, and admits of a navi;;able 'i.iss.ige all round it; but thei-,) 
 are some ioe!;s lying about a, mile from its west iioint, and otf its northeast sidi> 
 there is an islet between it and the main land. East of the south i>oinl of tin; 
 island the main shore retreats and forms a cove ojieii tow aid.- llie noil hw est wilii 
 
140 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 jf(»o(l iiiiflnir.'i^c, Imt no soini(liiijij:s <;ivoii. Tliis is tlio Elcoior Core of I'li^^cl, 
 w)i(» jiliiccd tlic simtii ])oiiit of Kiii;j;lir.^ Island in latitude 5!P 44'. Ti'lH-idioff 
 l)la('('s ii ill latitude, u'»a 4.'!', loiiKitiidi- i;.i'.P ijl'. 
 
 CAW'; iMiirr.s to oaiu; suckling. 
 
 Fioiii Tape Pliipiis to Cajie Siicklint;- tlie eourse is north T.S'^ west, and (lie 
 ilislaiHc line hundred and twenty-live miles, with the eo ist eurvins' northward of 
 this line as ;iiiieh as twenty miles, esjieeially at tlie entranee to ley Hay. This 
 sti'elcli of 'Miast is a hiw fringe of lr\'el plain lyiii.u' lietweeii tin' ocean and the foot 
 of the mountain raiijue of ]\Iouut l-llias. The soil is sand and {gravel eoveri'd with 
 spha.unnni, through wliieh j;rows the s]»riu.'e, and from wiiieh hi'"^*^ s])rings. Xo 
 wood, however, exists hetwc mi Cape 'Vfanhy and (.'ape LMou, and \'aneou\'e!' 
 descrilies it as ]»reseutiii^' a naked barren coiin^^ry, composed of ajiparenll.N loose 
 uueonnected stones; jiradually tlie surface assumes a hrownisii api'/caiancc as if 
 from ve.'^elalion. The avera,!4e widili of this skirtin,:;' is only aiioiit three miles; 
 where it reaches the mountains the ravines arc lilh'd with etcviiai ice, and all the. 
 streams (U'tinii' (liron^^h it arc small and sliallow, and come from the j;laciers. 
 I''r(iin the description of this nioiiidain laiiiic, its a]tpidachcs, glaciers. ^:c., tliis 1 
 border of stony coast line may lie 
 fidiii all the ulacicrs. 
 
 The follow iny- is tlic description of La I'i'tousc as he ajiproachcd the coast just 
 
 ow 
 
 '.sjdeicd simply as a .u;rcaf comliiiicd iiiorain 
 
 westward of I'oint ALinby. am 
 snou covered a harr<'ii soil, imemhc 
 
 1 of w hich he 
 
 'iN'cs a 
 
 n c\tendc(l \ i 
 
 •:m; 
 
 of 
 
 cd liy a siii;;lc tree. Tiie mountains ap- 
 jiearcil to lie at a very little distance from the sea which broke aj;aiiist (he clilVs* 
 of a table Ian 1 three hund.'cd or four hundred ya;-ds hi^h. Thi.; ))]ain, blaciv as il' 
 
 burned bv tire, was rotallv destitute of verdiin 
 
 ad\ 
 
 d 
 
 lierceivcd lictweeii ii-; and thcele\ated I'lab-au lo\\ lamls cov( red with trees, which 
 we took for islamls. The talile land serves as u base to vast monnfains a few 
 lea^iiies within. Ai)iiroacliin<4' th(> coast he saw to the eastward a low point (Capo 
 IVIanby) covi'red with trees wlii<'h appeared to join tlu> tabic land, and terminate 
 at a short distance from a .se;ond chain of miaintains."' 
 
 The depth of water clo.se along the shore i.s generally from five to twelve 
 I'alhoms a! iwo cables' length, and at two miles is from thirty to forty fathoms. 
 About twenty-eigli; miles ^(>utliwest of Cajic I'hipps. La I'l'rouse obtained eiglity 
 
 fatl 
 
 lOlllS 0\e 
 
 IIUK 
 
 ld\ 
 
 itti'iii : liflecn miles olV llie 
 
 ■;(, in loii-itude 14(1'^ 1(1', 
 
 Cook found eighty-two faihoins of watei over muddy bottom ; aine miles oil' tin- 
 coast, in longitude 141- 4(r, \aiieoiivcr I'ound thirty fathoms of wati»r; a league 
 south of I'oint Uiou he found twenty three fathoms ; six miles olV an aluiipt elitl', 
 in longitude 14^'^ 47', he found .orty two fathom.s. with deeper water to tin' west- 
 
 w in! and an in-sliorc cildc ciirreiit seitiii!;' Iiis vessel in a calm to the eastward. 
 
 I'ldiii liis |Misitiiiii, mill ilisiiiiire iViiiii till) coust twimty or thirty iiiih's, it wiw iittrrly imiioHxi- 
 I>1'' tin- liini 111 »r. llir lili>;il\il's nil 111" sliiil'r : iiiiil hi.-; si|li.-iiM|ililit iiliM'i Viltiim ill" si'iill;!; thr lllfiM'\ cil- 
 ilij^ low l.iiul |ii'iivt'ii it. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT, 
 
 141 
 
 Tlic coast (MimMit is lo llic west wind, panillcl witli tlic sliorc. This liit'l lias 
 1 t'ci' noticed by all iiavi^'at(»rs. Jlclc-licr states it at one to one miil a lialt' mile 
 },ei' lioiiv when eastwanl of ("ape Snclilin;;". N'anecMncr expeiii'iieed an e\ee|ilion, 
 an in shore eddy current settin;^ to the eastward when six niih s oil' the hlnlV point 
 lyinj; forty miles east of Cape SneklinjH'. This may have been in part owinj;' to the 
 ontlhnv of tiie river Kalielvh, off which he then was. 
 
 I'oity miles wcst-noi'thwest from Cape I'hipps lies Cape Sitka;;!, a low project- 
 ing point of hind sitnated in lalitnde 5iP 17', accordinji to N'smconver, and lons^i- 
 tnde ]UP il', according' to Li])inski. I'astward of this tla^ shore is dcstilul*' of 
 vegetation, and a ;;reat marsh lies belwei'n the shore rind the foot ol' the nionnt- 
 aius. Westward of it there is no wood alon^' the immediate shore, according to 
 TcbcnkolV, l)nt, there is a belt along the base of the nearest monntains. 
 
 This point is Poiiit<.' de la iiimssoU^ of La I'eroiise. Thirteen miles northwest 
 by west (piarter west I'rom Sitkagi, lies the Cape Itiou of Nancoincr, and tin- Low 
 (Jape of Tebenkolf. 
 
 ICV BAY. 
 
 From (]a])e Phipps to Cai)e IJiou the distance is lifty-one miles, and the, 
 ilircction north t!.')0 west; Cai»e Kioii, in latitude oiio rt'.V, and longitude lll"^ IP, 
 forms the southeast jioint of Icy Hay, which runs n. 'ally iioith for seven miles from 
 
 tli<' middle (vf its entrani'i 
 
 Vu 
 
 coaver uescnltes the poiiii as low, wi'' 
 
 d. 
 
 , ilh a small islet detached at a little distam 
 
 o the Westward of it, and not laid 
 
 down by TebenkolV, nor seen b\- Pelchci', who says that the point "mast have dis 
 s )lved. The base of the point jiroliably r*'mains, but being free, for s(ane distance, 
 of the greater bergs, it ja'csenteil only a low sanil or inndily sjiil, with ragged, 
 dirty-colored ice, grounded. " 
 
 The north point is called lc,\ (^ape, and lies north 
 
 ')'2^ west, distant ; ,'\('n 
 mill's from Ition, which \'ancoiiver describes as a high, abrupt, clitVv point, Ibrm- 
 iiig the west poii* of the bay, bounded by a solid body of ice or frozen snow. 
 
 The eastern shore is low, and has a large lake Itetween it and Cape Sitkagi. 
 \'ancouver says that from the "easiern side of this bay the coast is form<'<l of low, 
 or rather moderately elevated land. The western shore is a c(mipaet mass of iee, 
 and terminates toward the ocean in a high, abriiiit. and shar[> point. l)iirher 
 
 savs the smal 
 
 iiergs, or 
 
 soft nmsses of ice forming the elill'v oiilline of t'l 
 
 ^^ere veined and variegated b\ muddy streaks like marble, and where the.i, had 
 been e\|)osed to the sea were excaxated into arches," &c. 
 
 Inside the entrance of the bay TebenkolV gives soundings in t\ 
 
 d 
 
 lifteeii f.illioms to tlu^ head, where (he depth is IInc fatlion 
 
 'I'licre can lie M.i 
 
 lieli would set the whoh' force of the swc 
 
 11 
 
 ancinirage la ic with siMdlicrly winds 
 into it. 
 
 \aiicoiiver gives a view of the western shores of ley Hay, with Mount St. 
 I'llias in the backgi'>nnd. lielclu r says, " the whole of this ba.v.aiid the valley 
 aliove it. was Ibund to be coniiio: ^>I of (apparenllv) snovvice, alioni thirty feet in 
 
142 
 
 ALASKA COAHT PILOT. 
 
 lii'i;;lif iit tlio walci'-clirr, luid ]ii<ibiilil,v based on a low, iinulily beach." TIic, 
 soiiiidiM^rs of Tebcnkoir (leinoiistiate the cvisteiico of tlie bay; while Vancouver 
 was wilhiii a lea,i;i!e of Cape Kioii and saw into tiic bay. 
 
 It is |)ii)hable (lial Ihe -larial foiinaticn on the bay may sonietinn's fdl it; and 
 that the island wliieli \"aneonver saw was a mass of cai'th-eovcred ice a.yioniid. 
 Tliirteen miles southwest by west from Icy Cape Vancouver found soundin^-s in 
 thiity fathoms; tliree miles south of Cajio JJiou he found tweuty-thi'ee fathnms; 
 anil Iji'lclier says thai eastward of Ifion he edited along, keeping' within a mile, 
 and a half of shoi'c, carrying from ten to iiftei'ii fathoms. 
 
 ?I()1/NT ST. KLIA.S. 
 This great snow peak lies in latitude (HP 22'.0, and longitude 1 HP o I', and 
 
 rises to an elcxa 
 
 inn between sixteen thousand and .seveuteeu thousand* feet 
 
 above til" sea, ami is situated twenty-nim; miles from Icy Cape, and twentythre{5 
 miles from the head of Icy Hay, which receives a stream from the Hanks of this 
 range. This remaikable pyramid of eternal ice is acknowledged by all the old 
 iiax'igators and (lisco\-erers as a magniticeiil spectacle from the sea, especially 
 when (lit! whole coast range to .Moiuds I'airweather ami Crilloii is visible. In 
 IS.'.U it began to emit volumes of smoke and vapor from a crater opened on its 
 northeast side, and in 1S17, when the eartlupudvc occurred at Sitka, Mount St. 
 
 !•: 
 
 las eji 
 
 cted ashes a 
 
 nd liam 
 
 T 
 
 M're appears ti> .a\(' ln'cn 
 
 icnen 
 
 suoterra- 
 
 nean disturbance at this ep 
 
 for .Mould JJ.iker, iu Washington Territory, in lati 
 
 Hide IS^ 1,")', was in a state of eruption, and shocks W(>re felt along the Aleutian 
 Islands. An eartlnpiake was felt on Agonnik, one of ihi^ Shuniagin group, ami iu 
 
 Alaska reninsnia I'avlolf Teak ejected ashe: 
 
 anil 
 
 Ih 
 
 The niouhlain is xisiiile over a hundred and lifly miles at sea. ami has been 
 ■tcheil by \'aniou\er and others. 
 
 t'APF, TAKTAG. 
 
 This is a low, rounding i>oint of land, twenty-three miles west of Icy Cape, 
 ami is the tirst point along this low shore where outlying rocks have been noted. 
 Thiee miles southwest of the southern extrenuty of the cape, Tebenkolf lays down 
 snidicn rocks with thirty fne fathoms of water outside of them. 
 
 About lilteen or eighteen miles west by math half north from Cape Lnktag, 
 Vam'ouyer notices an ainnpl (^litl at tlio .seaward extremity of a range of hills 
 that stretch, as it were. peri)endicu!arly to the direction of the base of the nn)un- 
 lains, iidercepting the low border, and terminating at th(> seaside. J'ive or six 
 miles .south of this jioint he found bottom in forty-two fithonis, with an inshore 
 eddy current carrying his vessel eastward in a oidni. 
 
 * Acrorilinjj tii Ti'tii'iiknll' it is sixtnn tliniiHiinil iiino limiilii'il hiiiI tlilily-ciKlit I'c t liin'i; 
 ( rinviiiKli. Hixti'di (IioumiuhI seven limiilnil iiinl til'ly-fiinr feel ; I{iissinii t'liiiit of ISH. /leviMitiMMi 
 taoiisiinil ei|L;ht liinuliiil iiiiil lil'ly-l'nui- feet ; .Viliiiinilty Cliarl No. 'Jl*',', I'lmrleeii tli .isiiml iiinK 
 Imcdred ami seveiUy feet ; iiiiil l)'\i{elel in I.ii I'eiimse's e\|ieililiiiM. twelvi- lli(ills:iii' six liuiiilreil 
 ioiil seMiUy-lwii feet, Imt the latter iilueeil il eleven iir twi'lve miles iu enm. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 u:] 
 
 Six or oiolil Tiiilcs woslwiivd nt' this clilV is ii siimll opcniii,!; in tlic liciicli, iiidi- 
 catiiiji' tlio niontli or inoutlis of tlu' Kivcr Kiilickli, I'loiii wliicli llic discolored 
 imiddy watci' wns Ibiiiid several miles dislr.iit. OIV tiiis stream Telieiikoll' lias six- 
 teen latlioms, aliout a mile tlistnnt. 
 
 Sixty-nine miles west from ley Cape is tlie soiitliern extremity of an extensive 
 reel', streteliinii' six miles soutii of a short s))ace of roeky sliore line. It is in lati- 
 tude .")',P .">S', longitude 1 l.'P i:!'. and ealled Laida by Telienkolf. \'aiicoM\fr, wlio 
 Avas close in with the laud at this place, notes a sand jKiiul iyin;; oil' two or tliice 
 miles, and says he juisseil it at the distance of four miles without <;ainin,i;- sonnd- 
 in,i>s, with thirty-live fathoms of line; it extenils in'a southerly direction two 
 miles from the low point of land formin;;' the west point of a hay. aitparently \('ry 
 slioal, judjiing- by the quantity ol' white, muddy water that tlowcd out of it. IJut 
 Tebeu! iff has this shoal or rei'f separated by a narrow channel hetweeu it and 
 the shoi'c, without, however, givinj;- any soundings. Two rocky islets lie olf the 
 blntf ]»oint. and towards the northeast part of the reef. 
 
 From Cai)e Sm-kliug this reef lies cast seventeen miles, and fi;.m the south 
 ])oint of the reel' making south of Kayes Island, it beais north 7J- east, distant 
 thirty-six mik"'. ISetweeu it and Cajie Suckling the shore line ", -.hoots out in small 
 ])r()jecliug points, witli alternate low clilfy, or white samly beaches, being the fer- 
 mination of a liordcr of low woodland country, extending s(uue distance within 
 until it reaches the foot of the mountains." 
 
 ■ CAI'K src'Ki.i.NC. 
 
 Between Kaye Island and the Laiihi reef lies the low point named Cape Suck 
 ling-,* its eastern extremity laid down in latitude ."i!)'^ .T,)', and hmgilude IIP 11'; 
 its western ))oint, within eight miles of the northeast point of Kaiali or Kaye 
 Island, being the point to which \'aneouver a[)p!icd the name. 
 
 Uelehcr says, *' in one direction I'riim the southward Cape Suckling exhihits 
 on its lower profile the brow, nose, and lips of a man. It i-s a low lock. stretching 
 out I'lom a nuiuutainous isolated ridge, which terminates alxuit three miles from it 
 easterly, where the masses of ice pyramids terminate." N'aueouxcr says, ''the 
 highland of Ca[>e Suckling, when thirty-nine miles si>uth L'.'P west, (compass,) from 
 it," Cook says, '' it is low, but within it is a toh'ral)ly high hill, which is disiointcd 
 fi'om the mountains by low land, so that at a dislance it looks like an island." 
 1'cbenkotf lays the whole cajie low and Hat for ten or twcKf miles inland, uilh 
 large lagoons northward of it, and also a stream ealled the Little rgaleiilz, empt,\ 
 ing nine miles eastiiortheast from the eastern poiid of the cai)e. Olf the month 
 of that stream lielcher found drift trees of large size, one nu'asuring about two 
 hundred feet in length. The water was whitish for three miles olf shore, with the 
 lilio of .separati(ni from the salt water distinctly marked. 
 
 Some distance off sliore and to the ea.stward lie found the cnrrotit selling a 
 
 l!v C.iulv. 1:7^^. 
 
144 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 iiiilt' to ii mile mill n liiilf per lioiu' tit tlu- west, no diil't trees then noticed, iuid yet 
 the wliite Wiitcr Wiis tlicii two miles outside liis position. 
 
 The south t'iiee of ( 'ii)ie SiieUlin;^' is nearly east and west for li\e Mii1(>s, and 
 fi'oiii its eastern limit comnu'nces that lon^i' reach of low, sandy beach, from li\e 
 to ten miles in width, which runs lu'uce hordcrin;;' tli»^ <'oast to Jlinehiiibrook 
 Island, a distance of seventy-li\e miles. This extensive sandy Hat is cut throuH'li 
 liy numerous streams llndin^' their way from the hiw shores to iheocean. .Vt the 
 distance of one or two niil<.'s from its outer ed^i'e tlie depth of water is not more 
 than live to ten fathoms. Small streams fed by lakes and by rivulets from the 
 jilaciers abound alon;^ the shoics ; and one lar;n'e stream, the Atna or t.'o] j)(>r lliver, 
 finds its outlets between Kayak and liincdiinbrook Islands. Olf the cajie, Don;;- 
 las says he had ten to twenty fathoms over a clayey l)ottom. Cape Sacklinj; was 
 named by Cook : the IJussians call it Cape- Sinu'on. 
 
 KAYK, Ol! KAVAIC ISF.AM). 
 
 The soulliern I "1 of tlusishind lies ill latitude .VP I'.l', lon.t;itu<le IW^ 'h',', 
 with an island and reef slictchiiii;- thi'ce miles scmUIi of it. It iscalledCape Ilamond 
 bv N'anioiiver, and St. I'.lias bv 'I'ebeiikotV. l>elclier savs Kayes Ksland, as seen from 
 
 le east, aii]iears as two islands. Tl 
 
 outherii ])oint is a l>';;h table rock, free 
 
 from trees or veu'elation, and of a whitisii hue: the otiier is luoderatelv h 
 
 land 
 
 11 
 
 lis re;i'ioii, with three bare peaks, its lower rej;ion lieiii.u' well wooded. Cook 
 
 says the smilli point is very remarUi 
 
 le, beiiitia naked vi 
 
 •levat 
 
 ed considerablv 
 
 above the land north of it. There is also an elevated lock lyin;;- olV it, wliicli 
 from some points of \iew appears like a ruined tower. X'ancouvei' calls the .south 
 point a " \('ry conspicuous cai>e," which he named Cajie Ilamond and placed in 
 latitude ."ilio IS.y. Tebeiikolf calls it Cape St. lllias. l)oiij;las j;ives a viewoftlu^ 
 
 and. 
 
 til this Iiij;h southern point, and the rock, which he uaiiied Slapli' A'oc/.-, 
 
 l»earin;i' southwest by south ten miles ilistant. 
 
 Tebenkoir jiives two views of the island: one with the south peak of tin 
 
 islaml bearim:' north "S'j east, twehi 
 
 mil 
 
 es distant 
 
 iiid th 
 
 island bears frcmi north "1° west to north S° east, no distai 
 
 ice 
 
 e other when' 
 ■stated. Co 
 
 ;1\('S 
 
 three views of it: one witli tlie south jioint bearing; west smitliwest eif;lit or nine 
 leagues di>t.int, with the Steei>le Kock; t!ic island beajinj;' from TO west by west 
 to intrthwest quarter west, distant from nearest part three, and one half Icajiiies; 
 the third with Steeple IJix-k be;M'iii,:^ north two miles and sliowiiiii' iiinnaclc one- 
 third the heijiht of the main rock, on the west side. 
 
 N'aiicoiiver describes the north shori' of the island as a low tract of land, well 
 wooded, and that it is indented b,\ small coves, with a channel between it ami tho 
 saml\ Hals of ( 'ontroilei's liav. 
 
 T 
 
 le west side is ilea 
 
 uiv straijiht. and runs northward twelve miles. The east- 
 
 ern face of the island runs from the south ]ioiiit, where it is \cry nai'row, to the 
 mu'tliward ; and in latitude T\\\^ ;!,S', where it is three miles wide, runs eastnorlh 
 east tor six miles. Olf this east»>ni extremity, named .Mesmier i'oiut, lies a rocky 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 145 
 
 reef and two small isle>';9 atretching two or three miles to tlu> broad sandy lieacU 
 west of Cape Sncklingj but between the islets and this beaeli Paget found a nar- 
 row, intricate channel with four fathoms. 
 
 Cook landed upon its nortlieast side, and siiys that towards the shore the 
 island has bare sloping dilfs, with a very narrow beach of large pebble-sloiics in- 
 termixed with brownish clayey sand. The clilfs are a bluish rock in a nioldering 
 state. The timber is spruce from two to three feet in diameter, and continues 
 from the top of the cliff half way up the sides of the hills. Sphagnum covered 
 the whole island, lie imincd it after Dr. Kaye. 
 
 Puget anchored between the northwest point of the island and the south 
 point of Wingham Island in seven fathoms, with Winghani Island bearing from 
 north ir>o east, to west 17° north, by compass, Ki;y.ik fiom south lio west to north 
 .'{SO east, and the nearest shore being a steep green point on Kayak island, south 
 11° west, one mile distant. 
 
 A DOUBTFUL ROCK. 
 
 Tebenkoff gives all that is known of a rock or bank supposed to exist in hiti- 
 tnde oi)o W, longitude llio ^A)', and in the track of vessels bound to I'orl lOtcIies 
 from the position of the Pamplona Itock. "Tradition siiys tluit south of tluj 
 island of Kayak there exists a rock. Mate Zaikolf, of the sliii» Alexunder 
 Kewski, states in his report in 1781, that ' being afraid to run in tlie fog fnrtlier 
 south on account of a baidv sitniited south of Kiiyak, we were compelled to lay 
 to.' Guided by tiiis rennuk, it is located on tlic chart with a doubtl'nl sign, thir- 
 teen miles south of the southern extremity of Kayak Island." 
 
 Vancouver beat over a great deal of ground in this immediate vicinity with- 
 out encountering anv (hmger. 
 
 AVINGHAJI ISLAND. 
 
 Off the northwest point of Kaye Island lies Wingham Island, about two miles 
 distant, with six fathoms of water between them, but a bar of two fatlu>ms con- 
 necting the .soutlieast part of Wingham witli the nortli shores of Kayak. Wing- 
 ham Island is four miles long north and south, by two miles wide, Otf its north 
 point are laid down some rocks, but on its eastern side, reached by j)assing its 
 north end from tius west througii a narrow dianncl iind cl<tse to the ishunl shore, 
 Paget says it forms a tolerabiy wellslieltered roadstead even against the easterly 
 Avinds, and that good anchorige will be found to the southward of th<^ first small 
 beach from its in)rth point at a comodious distance from the sinu'c ; at this anchor- 
 age the northeast point of Kayak bears south iiiP east, and Cape Suckling north 
 70° east, true. 
 
 Ami Vancouver speaks of the excellent shelter which these islands iinnrd 
 against the sontheasters. 
 
 Belcher says this island can be seen to nearly its whole length between Cape 
 It 
 
140 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 KiickliiiK' niid Point ^losurior, (tlio iioitlioast point of Kayak Island;) tliat it is 
 inodcratciy clcvatcil, .isinj;' in tlin'c liuniniocks uhicli arc l»ai«' on their sn'ninits. 
 Tlif sontlicrn liuniniock from a distance appears separated from the rest on ac- 
 oonnt of tlic lowncss of the neck connecting them, Tiie whole is Avell clothed 
 witli trees. 
 
 If he saw tliis island from a position east of Capo Suckling he was at a distance 
 oi" twenty-(ught nnles; and either the noith end of Kaye Lsland is laid down too 
 far north by Vancouver, and Tebenkoff who followed him, or Wingham Island is 
 not laid down far enough north. 
 
 Tehenkoft' represents tlie island low, with the south point rocky. 
 
 i'uget says tiiat in many [)laces the shores are steep, rugged, rocky elitt's; the 
 isjaiul is w(!ll wooded ; and on its eastern shore two small streams empty into the 
 sea. 
 
 Wlien at anchor inside the north i)oiut of Wingham Island, he <letermiued its 
 latitude <»(P ()."iA', and Teliunkolf gives the longitude lllooT'. At his ancliorage 
 he could catch lu) lish after repeated trials. 
 
 The nearest point of the main shore lies north, seven miles distant from the 
 north end of Wingham Island, and was uamed Cape Uej' by Vancouver. Wing- 
 ham was called Steele Island by Portlock. 
 
 contkollkk's bay.* 
 
 The indentation in the coast uorth and east of Kayak and Wingham Lslands, 
 and west of ('ape Suckling, was named by Cook Controller's Hay, into tlu' north- 
 west part of whieli enters a small river culled the Chilkaht, emptying a larger 
 lake of the same name lying at the base (if the mountains. 
 
 In the middle of tlu' northwest ]nni of tiiis bay, and six miles off the mouth 
 of the Chilkaht, and three miles east of Cape Iley, lies the island of Kanak, two 
 or tliree miles in exti'ut and overgrown with wood. South of this island, and 
 towards the edge of the great tlats, are nuuiy shoals covered witii grass, and hav- 
 ing the ai)pearance of snudl, low islands. 
 
 Tlu' great Hats of Controller's Bay extend fimr miles south of Cape Hey, and 
 as many from the west point of Cape Suckling. IJetween these two ])ositions it 
 cui'\t's towards Kayak and Wingham, and leaves a tortuous ehannej in wliich 
 four fathoms was carried to the ocean between Kayak and Ca](e Suckling. In this 
 channel the tides were found to set irregularly, and the winds batHing. Puget's 
 vessel was ashore on the flat east of A\'ingham, but got off readily. 
 
 Pefuge in this vicinity is very im])ortant, as no harbor exists nearer than 
 Ueining Hay to tlu' east, and I'ort Inches sixty miles to the west. 
 
 Forty-one miles west iiortliwest from Cape llamond, and nearly in line to 
 Ilinehiubrook, Vancouver hiys down soundings in thirty-eight and Ibrty fathoms 
 of water. 
 
 * NiiTiicd K:iyiiU fvotn its luiicirii rcsciiililiiiii r tii ii ddiilili' ciiiKii' iii liiiyuk. Tcstr Kiulin. — D.vl.l,. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 147 
 
 OTCIIKK Oil MlUni.KTON ISLAND. 
 
 Tlic loiifiitiido of this island is not positivt'ly dcti'iniincd, Tt Wiis visited in 
 1838 by one ol' tlie mates of the IvnssiaM-.Vnierican ('onii)any, and lie n'poit.-, tiiat 
 it is above seven miles lonj^ from noitli to sontii, with a breailtli of about three 
 miles. The north end is in latitnde ."ilP ;io', lonj-itnde IMP ;50'. Oil both extrem- 
 ities of the island are reefs extending for three miles on the prolongation of fho 
 longer axis. Off the northern reef is a roek upon Mliich the water breaks in great 
 jets, giving it the form of a pillar, even with a eomitaratively smooth sea, and it 
 has been appropriately 7ianu'd r/ic P«HH^«i«. ; «■ 
 
 The south i>oint of the island is placed in latitude ~>')° 1'.'!' and longitude 
 14GO ;{l' l)y Xetzretof, with the reef four mih's south of it. 
 
 Oil the west side is a roek situated southwest three miles fi'oin the northern 
 point of the island, and north-northwest of the jdace used for anchoring, where a 
 snniU cove exists with thirteen fathom,-; of water over a giavelly bottom. 
 
 F"om tlui north point i)f the island V;\[h' Clear bears north 71° west forty- 
 niiu' mill's; Ca]>e Ilinchinbroolc m)rth 11° west forty-seven miles; Cape Ilamoml 
 north .^(P east twenty-three miles. 
 
 Thirty-two miles south IP west from the sontli [)()int of the island I'ortlock 
 gives a sounding in ninety-six fathoms, over nuiddy bottom. 
 
 The surface of the island is comparatively low, (piite level, and destitntc of 
 
 trees: the shores are craj 
 
 Xy, especially on the wes 
 
 st side of the island, south of 
 
 the aiu'horage. A few huts are scattered on the shore near the anchorage, and 
 serve as a shelter foi' the natives temporarily sojourning here for the purpose of 
 collecting sea-wei'ds and hunting seals. Several small lakes, places of refuge for 
 birds of passage, are found along the eastern shore. 
 
 In l<S.'i7 Belcher anchored off the island in twenty-(uu' fathoms of water, l)ut 
 does not state where, nor give the position of the island. He says it docs not 
 exceed thirty feet in height, has a very soft, spongy soil over micaceous shale, 
 terspersed with (|uart/, dikes. Fie refers to it as liose or Middleton Island. At 
 
 ni 
 
 s anclioraj;( 
 
 he 
 
 iglit halibut weighing one humlrcd and f(u(y six pounds. 
 
 Tebeukolf visited it in ISIO and gives a view of it, when the south point bore 
 south (Jl."3 west, (compass,) six miles distant. 
 
 SEA-OTTKB BANK. 
 
 This bank lies nearly equally distant between the lunth end of Otchck and 
 .south end of Kaye Islands, being north 'tiP east, twenty-three miles from the 
 former, and south .S()o oast, thii'ty-two miles from the latter. It is laid down as 
 two rocks, two miles east-northeast and west-southwest of eacli othei', with twenty 
 and Ibrty fathoms close to them, and a liiu' of soundings is laid down with de]itlis 
 of forty, lifty, fifty-live, and si.\ty-tive fathoms, exleiuling southwest by west for 
 nine mile.s. 
 
 The reef was discovered in I7!»S, with the announcement that to the "siaitli- 
 
148 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 cast of Iliiichiiilmiok Isliiiul (Kliti)<,'iili">iik) thoic exists a hniik wliicli tlio ('hiijjiifli 
 iiiitivcs assiiic lis alxmiids in sea-ottor, wliicli rt'sort liciv for brcodiii^." Tlio 
 t'xistcnco of this baiilc was douhti'd for a long time; however, in 1842, Mate Lin- 
 (Iciibcifi, of the Russian-Aniei'iean Conii)an,v, saw it, but liaving an overcast sky 
 lie (U'teiinined its ])osition approximately from Kutchek J5ay, and obtained lati- 
 tude r»!)o It' and longitude 14,'jo 54'. 
 
 PA5IPL0NA ROCKS. 
 
 Many doubts have been expressed about the cxistenee of these roeks, and 
 especially as to their being visible. Captain Bryant, who was whaling her<^ for 
 some years, says there is a submarine range in the vicinity of tl.e position usually 
 assigned to it, but this can hardly be the case if they are the resort of the sea- 
 otter, as will be showu to be the case. 
 
 Tcbenkotf says: "Jn the parallel of this Dry Bay (latitude 59° 03', and 
 ajtproximatc longitude 14-'° 40') there exists a rock discoxcred in 177!l by a Span- 
 iard, Caiitain Artciga, which he called Kix-k Pamplona. In 17!>4 3Iate Talin, in 
 the ship Orel, (Eagle,) saw it and named it after his vessel, but did not detcrmiiio 
 its position." 
 
 Tlu' navigators of the llu'- !an-American Conipanj' are divided in opinion 
 about it, but agree that one r their nui!i!»er rep(»rts seeing it as a three-pointed 
 rock ; another intbrms us that he sailed over the longitude laid down by Tcben- 
 koff and did not sec it, although the day was clear and a man alod on the look- 
 out. 
 
 On various charts the position ranges three miles in latitude, and thirty min- 
 utes of arc in longitu«le. 
 
 In August l.SOT, the United States revenue steamer Lincoln intended to 
 search for it, and when about twenty miles south 00° cast of its su)>posed position 
 hove to and sounded with one hundred and eighty fathoms of line, but found no 
 bottom. She driltcd to the ascribed latitude al)out three o'clock in the moi'iiing, 
 but a dozen miles to the eastward, then steered a c(mrse that passed four miles 
 north of its ascribed position, at (ive o'clock a. in., with a clear horizon. At seven 
 and three-cpiarters o'clock a. m., in latitude 5!)° 12', and longitude 143° ()."»', no 
 soundings could be had with one hundred and eighty fathoms of line. Xo other 
 ctl'orts were made to lind it, although the noise of birds fre(iuenting land had been 
 heard during the early morning. 
 
 Vancouver's account of this rock is as follows: George Portlofl' informed lis 
 that a very dangerous rocky shoal, about fitteen miles in length, lies by compass 
 in a direction south l>y west sixty-three miles from a place called by them lA(la 
 Unala. This ]Mr. Tiiget conceived to be near the point that had been named 
 Point Itiou, the eastern cape of the entrance to Icy Bay. Portlotl' himself had 
 been on this shoal, taking sea-otters, and stated that the lirst discovery of it was 
 owing to a Uussian galli(»t having had the misfortune some years before to be 
 wieckcd ui)on it ; two of the crew were drowned, but the rest escaped in tlu-ir 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 149 
 
 boats, Since tliat period an annual vinit lias been made to it for the pui'iiose of 
 kiilinj;' sea-otters, which arc there met with ; and as it f,'enerall.v proves advan- 
 tageous, J'ortlott" meant to stop there on his return, "rroiu the Spaniards, alsd, I. 
 afterwards beeanu' ae(|uainted that a very dangerous roek e.\ist«'(l in this neigii- 
 borhood, the situition of whieli they iiad taken great pains to ascertain, and had 
 found it to be south -tl'^ east from Cajte S'M'kling at the distance of .>(» miles, ami 
 which was called by them Kocii i'ami)lona; when this was delineated on our 
 charts it api)eared to lie in the direction south 77° east, distaid eight miles from 
 the rocky shoal described by Portloff ; hence it may be inferred tliat Poitloff and 
 the Spaniards intended the same shoal, although it is' not stated by the latter to 
 be 80 extensive as by the former. It Is without doubt dangerously situated tor 
 the navigation of this coast." 
 
 • ♦ * The circumstantial evidence appears too strong to doubt tho 
 existence of this roek. 
 
 ATNA OR COrPEU RIVEU. 
 
 From Cape Hey or Kanak, in latitude C(P 1.7, longitude 114'^ 50', the coast 
 runs west by north half north for thirteen miles to the eastern mouth of *he 
 Copj)er, with Cape ^Martin or Kikhtak {Aut/l ice Muml) lying about lialf way, ami 
 on the same course. This mouth of the river is situated in latitude (10° 17', longi- 
 tude 14r>° 20', according to Tebenkoff. Thence the coast runs nurtliwest to the 
 broad mouth of the sanu- stream, i)assing several smaller mouths of the river 
 before reaching it. Along this wooded coast lies the broad sand beach or Hat 
 which boiuuls the shore for a width of five or six miles. 
 
 The principal mouth is a wide, shoal bay, opening upon the broad, low delta, 
 and extending in a general dire(;tion north-noitheast to the great bend in latitiule 
 (!(|o 4<l', and longitude ttriO 4.V, where it is two miles wide; thence it swe. ;>,•> to 
 the south-southeast for twenty-three nules parallel to and about tliree miles fnim 
 the ocean shore, around the spur from the nujuntain chain to an island wheic the 
 two i)rincipal streams divide, at a distance of six miles from the mouth nf the 
 eastern one. The whole of the low delta formation is attrilnited to tlie debris 
 brought down by the Co])per Ifiver. 
 
 Near the edge of the great flat, three miles south of Cajx' AVhitsed and four 
 miles east of Point Bentinck, lie two islands, and near the eastern one the main 
 body of water of the Coi)i)er Kiver enters the ocean. These islands are <;alled tho 
 Nik-khtykhat; olf them soundings of oidy five and seven fathoms are laid down 
 a mile and a half from this flat. Xagaief went through tiie sliallow channels of 
 this great Hat with his bidarkas (skin canoes) from Kaiak Island to Khtagatiouk 
 or Kinchinbrook Island. The whole delta of the river, thirty miles long l>y four 
 or five wide, is overgrown with willow. Inside the i)riucii)al mouth, called Aid 
 by the natives, Tebenkoff says there is a snudl rocky island* on<' mile in extent, 
 about ten nules from the ocean edge of the flats and in llie middle of the ri\('r, 
 
 • Viiitulutui or Egf{ Liluiiil. 
 
150 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 wlii'ic it is live iiiilfs witlc. Six iiiilt's iioitli of tiiis islet tlic river turn.s vt'iy mikI- 
 (Iciiiy to the east iiiid tlieii soutli-soutlieast, at the Haiiio time eontraetiiiy; to a iiiilo 
 or h'ss ill widlii. Li llie northwest imrt of the great liemi is situated mi Liiliaii 
 \ ilia;;!' ( iilliil A!aj;aink, ami placed liy SerebreiiikoH' in latitude 00° ll'.^J and loii- 
 Kitude WrP 111'. 
 
 The ciiiTeiit in the lower reaches of the river is slnf;Kish. A few miles east- 
 ward of the second {;reat lieiid at the eastern mouth the Ivussians rather indefl- 
 nitei.v locate a larf-c lake, the resort of ducks diiriny the breedinj; season. 
 
 The course of the river has heeu partly traced by ollicers of the T'lissian- 
 Americaii (Joiiipaiiy, several de;;rees northward haviny been reached by an expe- 
 ditiou followiii};- Klineek (Fire) river, flowing from Lake J'lavejno, in lati- 
 tude (!li° 10', and longitm' 141(0, and from the lake descended the Tleshytui lUvcr 
 and reached Copper Hiver. 
 
 Scrcbi'cnikof ascended the river to latitude (!2° 48'. 7, longitude 147^ .'}()', where 
 he lost his life at the hands of the natives whom he attempted to wrong, but who 
 dcli\cic(l lip his instruments, books and inaiis. The general coiiisc of tlie ii\cr 
 for one hundred miles is almost north; then runs west-northwest for ninety miles; 
 then north, iiorthiiortheast and east. The depth of the river is shallow; the 
 width occasionally not more than lii:lf a mile. The banks are moiiiitaiiious, 
 especially the right one. In many i)laces these mountains present periicndicular 
 precipices broken by gn-at gorges and ia\ iiies fiom whiili come glaci<'is. As the 
 glaciers ijj;c forced into the river, they are undermined by the stream, and great 
 masses fall into the stream, with awful revt'rbeiations for miles. 
 
 (irewingk says that the gorges bordering the river are filled with ice twenty 
 fathoms tliiik and one mile wide near the river. Jn some places this ice is coNcred 
 with a soil uiion which moss bushes and berries aie growing. In the middle of the 
 ii\er ice masses are often seen covered with fresh gr<'en bushes and rijie berries. 
 
 AboNC the rapids, which are formed where the liver breaks tliioiigli the gla- 
 ciers ol' the Vakutat range, no more ice is found, and the country is free from sea 
 winds and fogs. These winds and logs confine themselves to the ocean slope of 
 the range. In winter the nati\es lea\(' tlu' coast and retire to the interior. 
 
 One hundred miles above the rapids of the Atna the swift Tschettschitna 
 enters from a lake one hundred miles east of its mouth. It is on this snnUl river 
 that the pure copper is found in nuisse.s from a few iMnuids to forty pcmuds. Jn 
 1S07 we could not ascertain the precise locality of the copper; we learned that 
 the inhabitants have tried to retain the secret of its location, and several parties 
 have been murdered or held as slaves in at teiii])ting to exph)re the country; but 
 one of the oflicers of the company informs us that the copper is found about twenty- 
 live or thirty niiles above the eastern mouth, and in readily moved mas.ses of pure 
 copjicr. We received a ])ie(H' weighing about tlftceii imuiids. 
 
 There is an Indian scttU'iiieiit at the niuutli of the Tschettschitna, and when 
 the ice breaks up in the lake the stream sufhleuly overflows its bunks and rushes 
 with such swiftness that the inhabitants flee to the mountains. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 IT) I 
 
 Oil tlic Irlt hiiiik of the Atiiii, a mile aliovc (lie Tsclicttscliii mi, is the single 
 Iiousc (if line of till' Ifussiaii < ouiiiaii.v's tnidors. Tcht'iikotl' placos it in latitiulc 
 (iP L'.S'.l, ami litiifjtiluilc 1 l'>^ Hi. Tp to this ]it)int llir livcr is wvy s|iiiis('l.v pi-o- 
 pled Tlic shores aio rocky, hut covi'icd with llr, jioiilar. wilhiw, ami hirch. 
 North of tliis ]iost tlioiv is a tolerably extemled plain lietweeii the iiiomitaiiis on 
 both sides of the river. 
 
 On the left bank, direetly in view of the jxist, is the sii<;ail(mf-shaped volcano 
 Mount Wiaiifiell, covered with per|ietnal snow, but eniittiiii;- tire and sniuke. 
 several heavy eartli(|iiakes every year. It is not part of an.v inoiintain 
 
 Thei 
 
 •e are 
 
 raii;;e, but an isolated peak. Ou Grcwiiiyk's map it "is less than ten miles north 
 of the tradiiij; jiost. 
 
 In winter the natives, by an easy jiortaye, pass to I'rinee AVilliam Sound, 
 from a lake which they reach by ascendinj; a small stream emptying' into the 
 ^Vtna below the tradiii'^ iiost ; others travt'l over monntains, lakes, and j;'it'i't 
 frozen marshes, to the head of Cook's Inlet. 
 
 The natives <mI1 the river Ij^rili . but the lJ.i;aleiise who trade with them call 
 the east«'rii month the Atna. It is called the < 'opiter River from that metal bein;; 
 foniid niion it and its tributaries. None of the old navi;nators saw the principal 
 month, nor did Hclclier as late as IS.'JT. The natives of the rixcr arc described by 
 TiibeiikotV as savaj^e, bloodthirsty, suspicious, stubborn, and nnwillinji' to have 
 anythiiif;' to do with the IkUssians. This disitosition apjiears to have been 
 iiillamed by Ser(>brenikoir's imprndence, for in l.S,"i'J they "burst into a very serious 
 and dauf^erous revolt," which was, however, put down. 
 
 The natives inhabiting the coast between Yakutat and Prince William Sound 
 are called LTgalense, and number about thirteen hundred souls. They have their 
 own langnai,'!', and inhabit the banks of the streams, living up(m lish and siicli 
 berries and vegetables as they can gather or grow. 
 
 PllINOE AVILLIAM .SOUND Oil C'UUOACII GX^LF. 
 
 This extensive body of water has an area of about twenty live hundred miles. 
 It is very irregular in shape and outline, but may be described as a great gulf 
 entering the coast to the northward and spreading great arms in <'veiy diri'ction. 
 Th(^ entrance, reckoning from Cape Ilinchinbrook <(> Cape Puget, tiftyli\e miles 
 ajiart and about west-soiithwest and east-iiortheast from each other, is mainly 
 occupied by large islands, of which Montague is the [irincipal one, strc^tching well 
 out into the ocean, and by its general direction of northeast and soiU Invest nearly 
 blocking the entrance. 
 
 The easternmost i)art of the sound is the head of Cordova Bay, whose w atcrs 
 reach within four miles of the great bend of (Jopper liiver. with an intervening 
 low wooded iieniiisuhi lying to the southwest, and whose .soutliern extremity, 
 J'oint Wliitshed, reaches within five miles of Point Ijcntinck, to the northeast 
 extremity of Jlinchinbrook Lsland. This intervening sjtace between the two 
 
l.")2 
 
 ALASKA COAHT PILOT. 
 
 pdiiilx woiilil rorin aiiotlicr t'litinncc In I'lincc Willimii SoiiikL l»nt is (lIltMl Iiy tlio 
 wi'stciii |nii( (if the ;;r('iit ('i>|i|K'1' L'ivi'i" Hats. 
 
 Miiiiy III' tli<- isliiiMis in tin- soiirhl, jiiiil nt' t\w points iiiul pfiiiiisnliis toniictl liy 
 tlic ;;i(at aims pciii'tialiii;;' till' laiiil, arc low anil covcrrd witli Wdiid ; imt iicliiiul 
 tlii'sc rist^ j'tcinal liariricrs of ice iiioiiiitaiiis, especially to llic iioitli ami west. 
 Till' waters of the soiiiiil are very deep, the rise and fall of the tides ipiitc laifio, 
 and the eiineiits in the dilVerciit ehanncls are very stroiij;-, with stroii;: tide rip- 
 l»lin},'8 ill the ciitiaiice hctwceii Port Ktclics and .Monta;,nie Island. The waters of 
 the sound are chilled by the larjic anioiint of iee-wator from the siirroiiiidiii};' ;,dii- 
 eicrs; and, in conseipieiice of this and the colder air from the moiiiitaiiis, niectiii;,' 
 the warmer waters ami warmer vajiorladeii airs from the (iiilf of Alaska, tlio 
 weather is very changeable, ami sudden sipialls of wind and thick fogs prevail. 
 
 North and west of the sound lies an elevated range of iiinantains, streteliing 
 northwestward from the western jiavt of the Jfoiint St. lOlias range, (perhaps being 
 a coiitiniiation of it,) and inclosing the sound round to the north. The highest 
 jteak is abiuit eighty miles distant from the shores; and Tcbeiikotf saw the range 
 in ISIS in all its grandeur, but I'cinarked no indication of any active \dlcaiioes. 
 On the north slnue glacier.s come down to the heads of the bays, and Whidboy 
 says that such great masses are sometimes detached from their faces that the. 
 noise of the shock passes over the sound like dull, heavy thunder, and he felt the 
 earth tremble at a distance of six miles from the locality of one of these concus- 
 sions. 
 
 There is communication between the western jtart of the sound and Cook's 
 Tnh't; and Vancouver understood that a party he met with had crossed from 
 Tiirnagain arm of Cook's Lilet to Passage Canal of J'rince William Sound. 
 Tebenkod" says that looking at the short distance which separates these waters, it 
 would seem as if the isthmus were the best route of intercommunication; but the 
 natives prefer to take c'ther of the imtside routes, or a iiortage of eight miles 
 from Uesurrectiou P>ay, in latitude (ido 07', to the lake whence the Kakni River 
 rises, and descend to Cook'.s Inlet, in hxtitude 00° ;5L", where the Kussians have the 
 stockaded post St. Nicholas. Grewingk's map indicates that this portage exists 
 between the head of Resurrection Bay and the Tnstiimena Lake, which lies on the 
 western think of great glaciers, and empties by the Kassilov iJiver into Cook's 
 Inlet, a few miles south of Fort Nicolas. 
 
 The passage on the isthmus passes through a ravine between two mountains; 
 the ravine is tilled in part by a glacier, from beneath which Hows a stream. Dur- 
 ing summer this ice melts, and leaves a continuous cavern adorned with icy stalac- 
 tites overhanging the stream. Some courageous natives during their winter travel 
 take the isthmus loute, when the ravines and precipices are covered with drifted 
 snow. (Tebenkotf.) 
 
 Vancouver says the sound reipiired the greatest circumspection to navigate, 
 and although it diverges into many extensive arms, yet noiu^ of them can l)e con- 
 sidered as commodious harbors, on account of the rocks and shoals that obstruct 
 
ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 
 i:);i 
 
 tlio appi'Oiicli to tliciii or of the vory aw/At (h'pth of wiittT at or nlioiit their 
 ••iitniiiccs. 
 
 Thf lii;,'li«'st liititude roaclicd by ariii.s of tlic .soiiiid is in I'orl Valilcs, lat it iidc (IP 
 0.% loii^citudt' IKP ")7' witii no ice at its lirad, and Port Wells, latituili- (iio OUy, 
 lon;;itud<' 1 IS^ (»,V, witli a yieat ;;laeier at tiie head. 
 
 Tlie natives reach Copper IJiver ahout lalilnde 01;}^ from some one of Die 
 nunierons arms at tiit^ northeast i>art of the sound. 
 
 The nnmlier of Indians in tho simnd is e.stimated at sixteen hnndred sonis hy 
 Tehenkotf. The principal settlement is at Fort Constantine, and tlie second on 
 Tklallvhiont or Hawkins Island, northeast of Ilinehinl^rook Island. The Indians 
 of this rej;ion are called the Chn;,'ach. 
 
 For ronnirks on the climate of the soiiinl see another pa/^c. Portloi^k experi 
 enced very f<»f,'fi!.V» hoisterous weather with northeast winds, in .May, olf the sound. 
 Vancouver had boisterous weather in June in the sound. 
 
 It is proper to make the followin;;' explanation of our knowledj;e of this exten- 
 sive sound as nothing has been done wince the time of Vanc<mver, who says tho 
 examination of the contineidal shoi'cs of the sound were completed, but the 
 num<>rous islands, inlets, rocks, and shoals, which are contained within thissjiace, 
 beinj;- considered as secoinlary objects, did not fall within llu* limits of his service, 
 of which tho i)rincipal object was to survey the shore of tho continent, 
 
 lIINf:HINlJROOK isr-AND. 
 
 This island occni)ies the eastern part of tlu' main entrance into I'rince Wil- 
 liam Sonnd ; tho southeastorn face of tho island is a nearly stiai;;ht line lyinf( 
 northeast lialf oast and southwest half west for Hoventoeu nules, broken by nnmer 
 ous .snndl coves, but, so far as kiu)wu, without ad'ordiuf,' any shelter. I'uget lays 
 down fourteen to nine fathoms two miles broad oil' the northeastern i)art of tho 
 i.sland. The wcjsteru face runs luiarly north for lifleen miles indented by Port 
 Etches. Johnstono aa;ys that in imssin<( alonjf th»^ northwest part of the islaiid 
 "which in westerly direction is formed into coves and small oiten bays," he 
 8toi)ped in one of these bays and found a wooden cross ci'ccted on which was 
 inscribed "Carolus IV llispau. Kex. A. N. 17!»0 I" I)" Salvador l-'idaljio." This 
 Avouhl appeal" to bo about four miles oust of tho northwest point where ho 
 observed tho latitude tioo .'iO', almost the same as given by TobenkotV. The north- 
 west point of the island having remained without any designation, the l.'nitcd 
 States Coast Survey has named it Johnstcme I'oint. The ncuth side of the island 
 lies nearly east and west for .seven or eight miles to tho mile-wide j)assago 
 between it and the southwe.st end of UawkiiLs* Island. This passage leads south 
 for three miles to a large bay in the northeast side of IIinchiid)rook Island, with 
 soundings in from two to live fathoms. The n(...iieast extremity of the island is a 
 sharp narrow point nanu-d i'oint Hcntinck,! to which stretches the sou'.hwest- 
 
 " Portloi'k named tliin Rhso iHlnnd hi 1787. 
 
 t Named by Vancouver, 1794 ; it was mimed Point Steeli: by Portlnck, in 17'<7. 
 
 20 
 
"WUffWWHf J,U- ' I* ■^^**'!?"-",T'/m*lf , iP » U*«WJJ,l|i.UI IP ii.p Wi#« 
 
 LYt 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 «;tiin()st j>aTt of tlio Copper I'ivcr tliits. Q'liis point li<»s in latitnilf (30° 27' iiccoid- 
 iiij; lo TflienliolV; a;ul li\o or nI.v miles to tlio nortliciist by oust lurCeast lies 
 Point Wliitslicd,* while between these two lies a "low. nninterrn]ite(l, barren 
 ^ai.tl as lar as l!ie eye could ri'aeli'' from .lohnstone's Imat. 'J'liis bank seemed 
 impassable at lo'.v water, but some of tlie Ifassiaa boats have jjassed thronHh 
 clianuels at hi^Jih watei Looking; from Point iJentinek the space toward Point 
 ■\Vliitslied was occupied by a tremendous surf in boisterous .southeast weather. 
 
 We have no description of the i)iiysieal ap[»eavances of this island; ttn Teben- 
 koir it is laid down as high and presenting a mountainous ri«lge towards the ocean, 
 with the Io\\(M' ]iarts exhibiting a growth of s]>i'uce. The l^sr.uiinanx name of the 
 island is Klitagalioiik, by which it is known ou liussiun maps; Grewingk calls i*i 
 Nutsehek, which is the Indian ai)pelhition. 
 
 ENTKANCl^.S TO }'K1X(;E WILLIAM .SOV^ND. 
 
 The eastern and usual entrance to this sound is about six miles wide between 
 (ape llinehinbrook on the east and Point Zaikolft ou the west. The titlal (.'urrents 
 run al)out three miles per hour; much fog is reported by the; Russian navigators 
 to i»revail about the entrance. The depth o?' water in the eliannel is great — l!el- 
 clui has one hundred and six fathoms one and a half miles west of the <^ape. 
 The a])proa(;l'ies to this entranee are in part obstructed by the Seal Itocka 
 described on another page, otheiwi.se tli : apjtroaches are bold and the <,'oasts east 
 and west foifitteen or twenty Uiiles f:ee of known dangers. Twenty-two mile.S 
 southeast by east one fourth east from CajK- ilinchinbi'ook, sdundings in tliirty- 
 eiglil and forty fathoms are laid down by N'ancouver. The middle eutrance is 
 between Montague Jslaiul on the east ami Latouche Island on the west. The 
 width of the ( utranee between their .southern i)oint.s, which lie northwest three- 
 (juart' ; . north i.nd souMu'ast three qua iters .south from each other, is alxuil nine 
 mile.-: wide, but decreases to three abo.w ten miles insicU'. strong ti<lal cnrrent.s 
 of three and four miles per hour pass through this jiassage, olV the entranee of 
 whi.'h I'ortloek found sixty-live fathoms mud. when Cape Clear bore about east 
 three (jUaiters south, seven or eight miCs; when the cape bore a'sout east by 
 north half noiih. distance six miles, he found forty-three fathoms over gravel, 
 small ston.'-i, and shells. Xo know n dangers I'xist olf this entrance, and the head- 
 lands are bold; the weather is generally unfav(Mab|e, and the channel inside has 
 lunnerous dangei's tbi' a sailing ves.sel. Yancouver .says tlnit from the nnniber ;if 
 i'o( ks whicli he discovereil in this passage be*'veen Montague and the Creeu 
 Islands na\iga1ion is infinitely more intricate aval unpleasaul than had been 
 imagined from the accounts of Cook, Pent lock, and others. 
 
 The other entrances to the soiuid are the narrow one to the wtst of Latouelie 
 Inland, described on auolher i>ag(-, and tin' widei' one, lixc miles west, between 
 Point I'ilrington on the east and Cape Puget on the west. We kiu)w little of 
 
 * NiUiud |p_v VaiicdUM ■ . IT'.H. 
 
 t Jinniod liy tli« IJjiittU iiuxtvtt C'lxmt f^iiivi.v in li-OS. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 155 
 
 tlioni. The formov was trnvcrsod liy ITiiywiird in bouts Ix'twccii Port Ktclifs itiul 
 Cook's Inlet, nv.d ( iillt.'d Prinoi- of NNalcs Piissago. 
 
 •CAPK UINCIIINUnooK. 
 
 This capo i- 'lie south poini of Iliiicliiiiliioolv Island, anil ilic eastern |>oini of 
 the piinciiial entrance to Prince William Sound. 
 
 The southeast extremity of this eaj)e is north VCP wi-st, distant sixty-lour 
 miles from the south i»oint of Kayak Island, and is <lesij;nated the Ocean Cape on 
 TebeidvotPs cha't. It lies in latitude (>0o Kl', lonj-itude \ UP 17'. Imoiu this point 
 the .shore stretches west m nth west and then ntu'thwest for three miles to the 
 entran<'e to l<]tcl,es harbor, (Nutchek, of the IJussians.) 
 
 From this <■:!(»• the Seal Itocks, directly in the ai>|iroacli to the entrance (tf 
 Prince William Suuud, lie .seven miles .south 50° west, aeeording to Vancouver. 
 
 SEAT. HOCKS. 
 
 A firou)) of snndl rocky islets lies otVCajje Tlincliinbrook, on the luolonjration 
 of the southeast shore of the island, ami seven nnles south ."ifP west from the east- 
 ern i)art of the I'ape ; and also seven miles broad oil' the (southeast shore <p|' Mon- 
 taf;iie Island. In this vicinity of much Ibi; they foiin a danH'enus impediment, 
 dire<'tly in the mi<l entrance to i'rime AVilliam Sound. Tebcn'volV has a view of 
 them when beaiinj; north I'lP west, distant three miles, when two larfic rocks .show 
 towards the west on the group and numerous snmll ones to the eastward. He has 
 their position jn'operly jdaceil on his chait, but does not refer to tiicm in his 
 ileseription. Vani'ou\('r describes them as a " barren, tlat, rocky islet with several 
 rocks lyin;i' at a small distance fiom it." Cook tirst discovered them, but did not 
 i)laee them on his ehait. 
 
 ri)UT irrciiKs ou nutciiek hav. 
 
 This bay lies in the southwestern part of IFinchinbi-ook island and opens 
 directly upon the narrowe^t part of the enti'aiice to PriiiiM^ William Sound. The 
 south jtoint of entrance is situated in latitude (l(P IO',t louf-itude I l(P ."iti' aciMuil- 
 ing to Chornotl" and Uelcher, altliouj,di TebenkotV places it in lalitmle (KP IS', Ion- 
 };itude lU'P oP. It has very bold water etosi' to it. Helchei' lias one hun<hcd and 
 si.K fathoms a mile and a half west northwest from it; he anchored close under 
 the !)lutV in seventeen fathoms. The immediate shori; is b(dd and rocky. The 
 jioint to the northward of P(ut Ltches is distant three or foui' miles north by west, 
 and nanu'd .l/('(?r(V;/e or Bear Cape. The nearest shore on the oi)posite side of the 
 entrance to the sound is Point Zai<lolT', distant six ndles west northwest. 
 
 Two miles inside the southern jxiinl of eidi'ance to the ita.s. Cook anchoreil 
 diu'inj;' a thick foji in a snmll co\i> aboal a ipiartcr of a mile otV shurc in ei;;lit 
 
 * Niuiit!(l l>.v Clink hi 177>^ ; on UIh chart it ih JUiicliingliroiik ; in tliu text lliiidiiiiglm)l<i.>. Tli t 
 lircMi'iit Niiclliiiy; its Vaiicdiivi'i'M. 
 
 t Viiiiiciiivi'i- pliiird it ill hititiiilc (10 llj'..">. 
 
i:)») 
 
 ALASKA COA8T I'lLOT. 
 
 I'litliitins (ivfT imidily bottom. This covo lies Tiearly tlirco iiiilos south l»y west 
 I'nim J'"(> ' . ■istaiitinc. CooU f;ives a view of the couiiiiy from tliis cove ; hi;",h 
 iiumiitaiiis ■ "V diicction, ami covered with patches of timber and snow. The 
 noitlieiM |>aii of tile eiitiiine<' is ()ecii|»ied l>y a mass of i'oel<y ish'ts, named tlie 
 I'orpoise or I$ird Hocks, nearly half a mile in extent, described by Cook a.s "rocky 
 islands," and havin^j;' twenty fatlioms close to their south faces accoidinji to IJclcher. 
 Tile space between tliem and tlie noitlieast sliore has not been siMindcd. Tliey lie 
 north by ea.st two and a quarter miles from the south point of entrance, and aue 
 mile and a ijuaiter southwest iiy west from I'ort Constantine, and on the I'.'olonfja- 
 tion of tlie hij:li ridfic terminating;- at the fort. Iiefweeii these rocks and the south 
 shm'cs tiio soundings iaii;;e from sixty to thirty fathoms. The nearest .vtiithern 
 shori! fi'om th(^ I'orjioise liocks lies southward one and a half mile, aud Ikis may 
 be considered the available width of the eutrance. 
 
 Tlu! .south .shore of the bay, indented by two or three small c». .■.s, is nearly 
 Ktrai};ht from the out(!r jiointto the head, a distance of ei^ht miles on a northeast 
 by east course ; the bay has the same direction as the south shore, and one mile 
 northeast by east from the Pori»oise Kocks is Point l$arber* on the north shore. 
 This point lies north northeast three and a half miles from the .south point. 
 The north shore commences from this point to run on the same j^eneral cour.se a.s 
 the south shore, fifradnally, however, approaching' it at the head. Two miles north- 
 east wanl from Point IJarlier on the ncu'th .shore a lar{;e bay indents lue shore, and 
 receives the waters of an extensive laj^ooii through a ver,\ narrow channel. 
 
 The southea.st .shine is bounded by high mountain.s, .skirted along the innnedi- 
 ate shore with a narrow belt of wooded land. 
 
 'Ihe Kussiaiis Innc an anchorage in (laidiii Cove on the .southea.st shore, fmf 
 and a half mile from the head of the bay and two and a half miles east sontli- 
 east from Point Phii»])s, with two small streams entering it. It a)>pears well i»ro- 
 tected and has regular soundings in five aud four fathoms. Porilock anchored 
 here in 17S7, in live fathoms muddy bottom, and called the i.sland jirotecting it 
 (larden Island, beeau.so he planted a variety of garden seeds upon it; the western 
 rocky \)o'mt he mimed Point Horn.* This anchorage affords an abundance of mus- 
 cles and cr,d)s; and in the bay abreast of it he caught abundance of hue cod and 
 halibut, and <'ven caught them alongside the vessel. With the same he caught 
 hogsheads of small but very good herring. Sometimes took two thousand salmon 
 at one haul of the .seine, and they were in sneli quantities that any (pnintity might 
 Inive been taken, {.lime 11.) Two small streams enter this cove. In this cove he 
 cut good sticks for spare topnu.sts. mizeu-mast, and mi/.enyard. On flarden Island 
 Portlock lopjied olV all Ihe branches from the higiiest tree on the isiand and fixed 
 a statV about ten feet long at the to]) with a wooden aiiiic on it, and near the hot 
 toni was inscrilied (he shii)'s name, with Ihe year and dav of the month. IJchdicr 
 I'ound (his tree in 1S,'$7, with the inscription, '• Pint Mtclies, ship Js.ing Cemge, 
 ^.ath. Portlock, Commr., duly L'_* ITST." 
 
 " NmiHil l>.v I'ortlook, 17H7. 
 
ALASIv^V COAST PILOT. 
 
 IT)" 
 
 
 Tlio northwest sliorc is bold, iintl for llio first two miles oast of tlio fort is 
 formed hy the southeast face ol a liij;li iieiiinsida, terminatiiij;- at the norllieast by 
 (.'ape riiipps, wheri- a narrow channel sejtanites it from the main ami ;;ives pas- 
 safjc to a large inner liny or la,i;(ion, tlic hea<l of wliieh sfretcl:''s soiilhwest l4>\vMr(Is 
 the sound, from wliieh it is separated by a beaeh only a few liuiidre<l yards wide. 
 This la;;non is abont two miles hni;;- and nearly one wide, with shallow water oecii- 
 jiied by Hats, l)nt alfording a ciiamiel of twelve I'eet water nearly to I'oit ('oiistan 
 tine, which lies north only two- lUlhs of a mile froai the north jiointuf the eiitranee 
 to Etehea. 
 
 Where the jiassajre leads from Port Etches to Constantine or Prooks* harbor, 
 as the la^-ooii is called, the shores recede and form a bay a mile wide, iioitheasl and 
 southw»'st, and nearly three-quarters of a mile deep, with anchora;;(nii from live, 
 to seven fathoms of water hall' a mile fiom sIkuc, and over xcry e\cii buituin. A 
 small stream empties fnnu the north into this indentation inuthof llu above rocks. 
 At the above anehorafi'e a vessel lies apparently too close to the isUls for a com- 
 fortable berth if ii southeaster springs up suddenly. IJelcher says lliat he aiiciiored 
 in seven fathoms when the islets bore iiorlli and the weslein slaire bore souiliwesl 
 half west, and tla^ nearest blulf land to tlie west one lliinl ol' a mile dis 
 tant ; and that when it blew hard tlie vessel l)iou;;lil liidiie her anchor, in look 
 ing into the port with a fresh ntu'theast l)ree/e, the souiuliii;L;s on both shores gave 
 twenty-live, thirty, and forty fathoms at every tack, close in shore and almost 
 touching the rocks. 
 
 The English chart by Pelchor gives a depth of two and a half fatlKuns as the 
 least -water into Constantine Harbor, but a rock having only four feet at low water 
 is laid down in mi<lchaiiiiel on the Piissiaii survey by Choriioif. The ciiireiit 
 through the strait, which is only two hundred yards wide, soiiii'tiiiies runs four 
 knots per hour. In the outer bay they are also (piite strong, and the rise am! fall 
 «if tide is stated to l)o nine and a half feet ; but with southerly winds uml in the 
 autumn Tebenkotl says they rise esen li^'teen feet. The time of higli water at full 
 and change is given Ui, low. by Pelchcr. 
 
 The geographical position of Fort Constantine from tlie mean of the observa- 
 tions of ChornoilT and Pelcher is latitude (itP '20' l.l" (diU'ering only (i") when re- 
 duced ace(U'diiig to Piissian inaiiuscript survey,) and the longitude IKi'J .">l" IJ", 
 being the mean of Ivussian and ICiiglish determinaticms from Sitk; applieil to ihc 
 Coii8tSur\ey (h'trrmimitioiis of Sitka. Magnetic variation in l.s,i7 vvas;)l'> ;W east. 
 Chornolf gives 31° east, in lAMl 
 
 I'ort Constantiiu' servers as a defense of the ( liugaeh Indians against the en 
 croaehments ami atta<'ks of th ' ivoloshes ami i ualense. 
 
 Pelcher says that in 18.'37 the houses of ilic company were in-'fiided within a 
 substantial wooden quadrangle furnished at its sea angles with two octagonal tiir- 
 
 • NiuhimI liy PiiHliirk, I<ST. lie li:i il I'ml Ktrlii . 
 
 iiKTcliiiiitH <i)iii]mHiiit; "'I'lii' KiiiK (iiuij;!'-, Suiiiid (.'oiii| 
 Wt'HtClll CllllHt of AiinTirii to ClLiliii. 
 
 ' K'icli 
 
 I ■!■ ' 
 
 I ( ';iititiiiii Kli'lii'H, our III' ihi' 
 \ ill;; oil .1 III!' II'ikIi' t'lo'ii IIm' 
 
158 
 
 ALASKA COAST ril/)T. 
 
 rf'ts rn)ipci] ill tlio old I^iif,disli style, aiiil iiid'ccd with looj) holes and ports. The 
 siiinmit of the line of the stockade is armed with spikes of wood ; and the walls 
 of th(! stockades are ei;iliteen inehes thiek and well calculated to dcly musketry, 
 
 or the climate of Port Miches, I'ortlock says that whei. he anchored in (lar- 
 den ("ove, ^lay 10 JStlT, the land around had a dreary a[»pearaiice, lieiuj;' covered 
 witli snow live or six feet deep cpiite down to hijihwater mark, so that the only 
 space where the crew could walk was on (he beach at low wat(u\ fu June In; 
 jilanted many fiarden si'cds on the small island, so .hat the snow was ^one hefoi'c* 
 the middle uf the mouth. June l!>, he says the surrouudiufr country wore a diller- 
 eut aspect from Mhat it did at their arrival ; the heavy rains had melted most of 
 the MU)W, and cverythinf^f seemed to inomise the speetly approach of sju'ing. J?y 
 June 24, parties who ascended the highest hills in the neighborhood found a vari- 
 :;*y of tlowcrs in fidl bloom. 
 
 JIc fonml "wild wheat" Just above the beach between the cove and a fresli- 
 Avater lagoon that empties itself by a small stream at the n(n'th part of the beach. 
 This wild wheat is an rlijmKs with an ear somewhat like wheat, a strong wheat-like 
 stalk and leaves, and a grain attaining at Kadiak and Unalaska the size of an 
 oat grain. The country abounds in i>iiu^ trees, some very large; alder, a kind of 
 hazel, but only large enough for handspikes, lierry bushes are in great abundaiu-e 
 and variety, but not ri|)e .Iidy .Jl. Among numerous vi getables and plants he 
 iMitiees the wild jiea, doubtless thv iti.sidii iiKiritiniKin which we found at Unalaska, 
 ami is distributed as far north as (>!''. The snrronmling country, after (lie snow 
 left it, which was about the middle of .lune is (piite pleasant ; and the weather at 
 tinu's, long befme that perioil very fnic and pleasant, but at other times exceed- 
 ingly boistenuis with constant rain, which, however, dissolves the snow, when 
 the ]»lanis immediately sjtring foiih. lie recommended West or Brooks Harbor as 
 the .site for a settlenu'ut. 
 
 Iklcher, in 1S.'«7. notices the above-nu'utioucd patch of wild grain, ami fcmud 
 strawlx'rriesand other berries iu toleiabU- profusion Mithout searching for them. 
 
 SNTO COBI«Sat BAY. 
 
 Twenty foitr miles north of the enh-anw to Port Etches, and fourteen miles 
 north l>y west tiinvt'-<pi.u'ters west froik ')t>toisNuie Point, lies i small island about 
 one mile iu extent, and lying otV tin- wt>!s«i'ri' point of the jh ninsula between jiorts 
 Fidalgo and Oravina. Tl«c chawrtiel ^tween fhis island and the ])eninsula is 
 about a mile wide and '•se-attft'tv** ovei' with many rocks." The niuthern i»oint of 
 this island lies about two TUi'U's southwestward iroui tin' west jtoint of Siuig 
 Corner IJay. This harbor lies o|K>n to the northwest; the entrance about two 
 miles wide, and the general direetiou of the bay southeast, wth stinie rocks and an 
 islet laid down on the easicrn sliore. CiH»k says it is ".« Hue bay or rather hai- 
 bor;" he liiMt iuti> it in a thick to;;, with excessively har«l s»jn;4lls and rain, ami 
 of course saw notliirru, but the shores ot' thelKiv. li ivtssiu;; the islaiid oti' the 
 peninsula he had a de[>th ot twenty six falhoi»».s over a mudi(\ bottom; soon after- 
 
^p 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 l.V.) 
 
 ■wards tlio (lojitli inrreased (o sixty and seventy I'atlioiii.s ovr rocky bottom; Init in 
 the enlianee to tiie liay I lie deptli was IVoin tliirty to six, the hist, hein^' wvy near 
 the shore. He was unable to ;^<'t as far in liie liay as lie wislied, ;uid anciiored in 
 thiileeii I'alhonis. Tlie heail of tlie hay is slieltered from all wimls. witli a depth 
 of water from seven to (iiree fatlioms over a muddy bottom. The hind near tiie, 
 shore is hnv, part clear and part wooch'il. Thi' tdear ;;ronnd was covered (^Liy 
 10 1778) with two or three feet thick of .snow, but very litth' hiy in tlie wood. 
 The very summits of the neif;hborinj^ liills were covered witii wood. Imt those 
 further inliuul seemed to be iialced'rocks lionnd in snow. The west point of Sniii; 
 Corner I>ay is ]»laced in latitude (!(P t."»V and !on.nitn<le IKP .").")'. 
 
 He ^ives a \ iew of Snii^' (corner Com-, a maj;nilieeiit scene of desolate ^r;Mid- 
 enr risin;;' ])recipitoi;sly from tlii' ina);^iii of low x''""'"!- N'aiieonver sa\s tliat 
 Sniiji' Corner Lay and (lie ]iassaj;(' thereto from the ocean seem to i>e less liable to 
 daii<i'ers from shoals and rocks than all tiie places of shelter the sound alfords. 
 There were no natives in the bay. 
 
 It would serve no piod itiirjiose to describi' the nnmeidiis ports, peninsulas, 
 islands, and chaiiiicls of Prince William Sound, they are only described in j;-eneral 
 terms by Vancouver from boat ex[ieditioiis undertaken in bad weather. The atlas 
 of Tebeukolfjiives all the particulars that can be ;;lcaned froiii the j;eiieralitie.'-. of 
 
 old naviyator.s. 
 
 ZAIKOl-l'' IIAV. 
 
 TcbenkolT has twolar;;'e indentations in the north cud .if Moiilafiiic Island; 
 the western one is (!videiitl,\ unexplored, and the eastern one, with rocks and an 
 islet on its east shore, lies abreast and west of the entrance to Port I'itches. It 
 lies broad open to north; no soniidin;is are laid down. Its eastern point has iiccu 
 named I'oit Zaikotf by the Coast Survey, and lies west-northwest, six miles from 
 the south jioint of the entranci' to Port lOtches. 
 
 MONTAGUE ISLAND. 
 
 This hxv'^v and liifih island ina\ be said to lie broad in I he enliani'e to Priiici- 
 William Sound, with passa^^es thereto at the northeast and southwest extreiiiiiies 
 of the islanil. It is tbrty-livc miles lon^, with an averajic widihol seven miles, 
 and lies northeast by north and southwest by south, its southern point, (Jape, 
 ("leare, stretchinj;- well out into the (iiilf of Alaska, and siiii:iled in latitude ."»!to 
 40', loii;iitnde 1 18'3 01'. The northeastern point lies abreast of the «'iitiaiice to 
 I'ort JCtehes, about six miles distant, forming' the west ])oiiit of the principal 
 entrance to the sound, and throujih which the currents rush very stron^l.N. liic 
 currents tliroiij;h the entrance west of tlies>utliern extremity of the islniid are 
 re[)resetited as niiinin;;' IIiiih' and four knots pi r hour, and ipiilc ii reuularly. 
 
 The immediate shores of the island are well wiioded, and much lower on the 
 northwestern side than on the eastern. Tlie island is ri-picsented as lii;th, and 
 Vaiicouver, when at anchor uiidur the western shore aboni twenty two miles lioiii 
 
KJO 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Cape Clcarc, wiis olVt'i'tiiiilly scrccni'fl fi'<im a vory liciivy };ale Ity tlio "lofty moun- 
 tains that coiniiosc tlir islancL" 
 
 On tin' noilliwcst sliorcs aro two or tlircc ojuqi aiicliorage^, protected from tbo 
 lu'avy sonllifasi winds l>y Ihr lii^ii lands to tlic eastward. 
 
 Oil' a low itrojccliir;^- jioint, covered with wood, on tlie sontlie.'ist f'aee of tlio 
 islainl, liftecn miles from CajM' Cleare, lies a yrouj) of six small roeky islets, knoflii 
 as the "NVoodfd islands on tlie Coast Sur\-ey eliart, and as the Little Islands on 
 I'l'licnkolV. They are composed of steep elilfs, nearly le\el on tln-ir toi)s, and amy 
 ser\-e as a <;iiide in thick or jiloomy weather. Tliey an- tolerably well wooded, and 
 thereby not lialih' to he mistaken lor the Chiswells, which ar(! entirely barren. 
 This is Tebcnkoll's ojjinion, bnt the Chiswells lie nearly sixty miles to the west- 
 sonthwest. In his nni]», Portloek jdaces a line of rocks and soundin-is in fonr to 
 ei^ht fathoms one mile olV Cape ("leare, desig'natinj;' tln'm as "coial I'oeks.*' 
 DiNon f;ives a view of IMontajine Island. Cook nanu'd this island in 177S. The 
 Indian name is Tsnkli, by which it is known on the Ilnssian charts. Cook passed 
 onl thi'on^h the channel on its west side, and remaiked that in this channel are 
 several islands. Those that lie in the entrance, next tli(^ o]icn sea, are hij^li and 
 rocky. Unt those within are low ones; and bein;^- entirely free from snow, are 
 coscred with wood and verdnre, and on this acconnt were called (!reen Islands. 
 They lu' three miles Avest of the northern pait of the island. 
 
 CArE CLKAIJK. 
 
 This is 'he sonthern head of Montajine fsland, bnt no descri|)tion of it appears 
 in any of th > old na\ij;ators. It is situated in latitude .'i!>^ Ui' aecordinj; to Port- 
 huk ami \'ancouver, lou};itude 1 IS^ 01' aceordiiiR' to Tebenkoirs chart ; and 
 ruitlock lays down "corn! rocks" one mile otf its exti'omity with .soundinjjs in 
 four to eiyiit fathoms. From tin. point Cape I'uy'et lies north ."iSo west, distant 
 eij;hteen mih's, white between them lie two larye islands, with passajjes upiui 
 »'ither side of them into Prince William Souml. <^e of tliese is described under 
 the headiuji' of Khlikathlik or liatouehe Islan.' : the i)eculiarities of the otheis 
 art^ unknown exeei)t from the {;'i'i"'i'id desciriuptions of Vancouver. Twenty-eif;ht 
 miles south of Cape Cleare I'oitlock fouiiii seventy-six fathoms over nuiddy bot 
 torn. The water otV the coral rocks appears to be of yood depth; Portloek 
 found foriythice fathoms over a bottom of yravel, snndl stoiu's, and shells, when 
 the cape bore east 'ly north halfnoith six miles, and deeper water towards mid- 
 jtassa^e ov<'r a bottom of lund. ;See remaiks on the entrances to Prince ^^■illia^l 
 Sonml.) 
 
 Xanconxcr anchored umlei the ^ontafrne sboie in t\\cnty-one fathoms, about 
 live miles inside the si.iiiliern \ isihle pait of the islaiid. At this anciiorayc lu' 
 says the vessel was oin' mile lr,tm the nearest shore, which bore south .""^P east, 
 (comiiass,! whih' lUc sontlieiiiniost point bort; south .U)^ east about three miles. 
 Here a vcr\ heav\ swell rolled into tlH> channel round the south point of 
 Monta;;ne Island. lie says thai between this anchorage and Point IJasil no 
 
ALASKA COAHT PILOT. 
 
 i»;i 
 
 botfom could bo found witli sixty to oif,'lit.v iatlioms jf line williin a inilc ol" 
 Moiitii;:iie. 
 
 Six or sov<'n miles iiisido of ('jii)O Clean', the Kiissiaii tharts liavc a imy two 
 miles ill exteiil. oi)eii to the west, but no sonn(lin;;s are indicated ; N'aneouNcr lias 
 the same indentation, and the Unssians appear to have bodily taken his survey 
 of this sound as the basis of their ehai'ts. 
 
 J'ifiy-tbur miles south 27° east from Oai)o Cleare, Portloek has a souiidiiif;- in 
 ninety-live fathoms ov<'r muddy bottom ; and south 25° west from this eaite he 
 gives one hundred and ten fathoms over muddy bottom. 
 
 From the eai)(> the eastern of the Harren Islands' in the entrance, to Cook's 
 Inlet, is distant one hundred and tweiity-se\en miles soutli <>7° west. 
 
 •maci.kod iiAunnn, 
 
 This bay is situated on the nMilliMcst shore of ^Nlontayfue Island, about ten or 
 twelve miles within tlu^ southwest jioiiit of the island, and nearly abreast of the 
 island Latouche, that forms the west .side of the channel. I'ortlock says that 
 after a boat examination lie hauled in for it, and aiielnu'ed in twent.s I'allioiiis, 
 over a muddy bottom. In runninji' into the bay, Just olV the •.south jioiiit, the 
 soundin}is were seven and ei;;(it faihoms. ov«'r a bottom of blacdc mud and sand. 
 This liank ai)i)eared nearly across the mouth of the bay, and, after passin^r it 
 the water deepened to twenty-one fathoms; and with this depth the south point 
 of the entrance bore soutiiwest by south about one and a half mile; the north 
 l>oint bore northwest by west half west about ojie mile; and the distance frnm 
 t'.ic nearest nortiiern .shore was about a mile. 
 
 His rough sket(!h of this bay shows that it lies about northeast by east for 
 three ami a half miles, with irrcfjular soundings from the seven-fathom bar across 
 the entrance to twenty-two fathoms in spots, and carrying ten fathoms to the iiead. 
 In the extreme northeast part is a small indentation, half a mile in extent, with 
 four and a half to six fatiioms water, and a stream tlows into the eastern part of 
 this cove. Tiie whole east head of tlu; harbor is an extensive Hat. A vessel can 
 lie in the cove in four and a half ;■> live fathonj.s, about a cable's length from 
 shore, with the south jioint of the Imilior Just, shut in by the jioiiit forming the 
 cove. This point may be taken close aboard, as the water is (piite bold. 
 
 I'ortlock .says that all vessels coming into this harbor IVom the south ward ought 
 to keep the shore of Montague Island as close aboard as possible, tor if tliey get 
 otV into the channel and over toward the western slnu'e they will bring sixty, 
 seventy, and eighty fathoms of water, !ind that depth too <;lose, inshore for 
 anchi>ring. 
 
 The south point of the entrance was named by i'orllcick, roiiil r.r\anl ; the 
 northern, Point Woodcock; their di.stance ai)art about two miles, bearing noilli- 
 east by north and .southwest by stuith. 
 
 * Nuliird iit'lir I'ortlcuk's lirst iiiiitf. 
 
 >A 
 
K'.L' 
 
 ALASKA COAST IMI.OT. 
 
 Tlio only wind to wliicli tliis liny in cxiuiscd is from tlif soutliiS'PRt, nnd tlnn 
 !i vessel niiiy rnii up into ; In- conc and imicIh)!' in fonr and a half fatlionis. 
 
 'I'lic sontli point of tic liaiUor is plac('d in latitude ~)'.)'^ ."iS', lon^itmle I 17^ ."»!', 
 liy 'I'elienKotf. N'aneouvcr placed tlie north point, whieli he named Point Itasil, in 
 latitude •"i."^^ 01', l(ut he does not appear to have had any olisei'vations, as tho 
 weather was very had. (See remarks under llenniu'^' l!ay.) 
 
 l''idm Maeleod Haihoi-, in sounding' iieross the channid towards I.atouelio 
 Island, titty and sixty fatlionis an' found over a muddy hotfom soon after (indliufj; 
 the haihor; no Itottom in mid <'haiinel with seventy I'athonis. Close to the sluuo 
 of Latonehe Island, within a ealde's len;;tli, the souiulini;s are from forty to lifty 
 fathoms, and these are carried to the exlieme north of the island. 
 
 N'ain'oux'er says lu' tbund tolerably };dod soundin^^s on the .'\Ionla;;iM' side of 
 the channel n<H t iiw ard of I'oiid lia/.il or \\'oodcock, and in a \iolent s(piall an- 
 chored in lifteen falhinns aliout sescn miles northwest of timt point and a ndle 
 fiom shoi'c, accord in;; to his chart. In tiiat situation lie lays down a rock two 
 niiles to tlie VM'stnorth west ward, and about six miles east by north half north from 
 I'oinl (iraee, the northern extremity of liatouche Island. 
 
 I'orlloek examined the western shore of Montaigne northward I'rom ^lacleod 
 harbor, and says he ibuiid a bold shores with ancliora;;e in thirty fathoms over a. 
 muddy bottom about a mile from land. 
 
 lii'tweeii I'oiut IJasil and the southern part of .^^onta.^■lle, Vancouver says no 
 souii(liii;;s were had w ith sixty and eij;hty fathoms of line a mile from shore. 
 
 lIANMMi 1!AV. 
 
 Northeastward from .\raeleod harbor the shores of >rontasue Island are bold, 
 with soundings of thirty liilhonis over a muddy bottom, about a mile from land. 
 About ti\(' leaj^nes tVom Macleod I larlxtr, I'ortloek says he came to a deep wiih^ 
 bay. where vessels may safely ride at anchor in from twenty to ten fathoms, muddy 
 bottom. With ten fathoms the ancliora.ue is near the bottom of the bay, and 
 about half a mile from shore, but the best auchora.u'e seems to be nearest tins 
 siMith side, and no nearer the shore than in from leu to twelve fathoms water. A 
 fresh-water stream enters into the sontii jiai! of the bay, where INutlock drew his 
 seines, and in one title eau^iiit a quant ily of salmon siitlicient to load two boats. 
 
 In the above position this bay has no existenei' in Vancouver or Tebenkotf 
 eliarts; and in I'ortloek there is only a broad indentation of the shore. 15ut in 
 jiis i^'eneial chart INutiock places llanninn' I>ay live miles northeastward of 
 ]\IaeIeod Harbor and about liltceii from Cape Cleare. \'anconver says that 
 ■Whidbcv visited llanninu I'.ay and Alacleod Harbor, and '■ represented them as 
 \ery inucli exposed; constilutiii.u'. in fact, nothin.u' more than slopping' places in 
 navi^iatinu this channel. The points of both oii^ht not to be approachod too near, 
 as liirkiiii;' rocks are situated at some distance frfun them."' 
 
 This bay was nanied 
 Sound Company. 
 
 I'ortloek alter one of 
 
 the. 
 
 illiceis of the Ixiu^i' (icor^o's 
 
AF-ASKA COAST VllAYV. 
 
 103 
 
 ClUKKX ISLKS. 
 
 Tlii'v lie four miles wcstwiiid ol' tlii' iimtlioni i);irl nf Muiitii.i;iH' In1:ui(I, jiid 
 tlio soundings in tlic cli.-iiiiifi to tlir sou ml \ ;ii\ IVoni lliiit.v-li\<' lo twenty fiitliiuus, 
 until nciiiin;;' the ( liccn Isles, Nvhcn tlu' wuter sliouls. iind t'i('<|U('ntl.\ sexcn uml 
 t'iiilit were found liv i'oitlock, with rock,\ iMul slnll hotloni. Patches ol' kelp were 
 iiiiiuerous near the shoal s(Miiidin;;s. 
 
 A line of rocks <'.\teiids from the norlh jioiiit of thedicen Isles to a small 
 ishiml aliout six miles norlli of it ; luil it is not known wlielhei' it is a continuous 
 reef, alt hon^li I'ortloek's liack would indicate a passaj^e thiou^h it. Another lini^ 
 ami ail islet extends five miles south of the southern extremity of the islaml; 
 while a patch, with one aliovc; water, is laid down two miles southwest from tho 
 southern part of the(!reen Isles, 
 
 The indications of rocks aliout the (li'con Isles are so nunu-rous, from the 
 short ex])erience of Coolc, I'ortloek, Dixon, X'ancctuN er, and others, that it is 
 advisalile to W(uk on the .Montague side of the channel, within a dislaiu'c of lliiec 
 or four miles from the shore south of I'ort Chalmers. 
 
 Vancouver lays ilown the Cireen Isles as one; I'ortloek makes three, ly in;,' 
 parallel with the west coast of .Monta.i^iie Island. 
 
 ('UAl:mhi;s u.vv. 
 
 On the northwest shore of IVronta.nue Island, eiiilit miles from the mufh point. 
 I<,"tweeu three and four miles southeast of the e;isternmosl point of the (Ircen 
 Isles, ami the same distance east of the '' l(u;;';:;('(l Itock," lyin;;' in the passaf;(i 
 lU'ar the shores of the (Ireeii Isles, lies this port, broad open to the northwest. 
 TIk' shore of Mimtaji'ue Island is here broken liyse\i'rai points and marked iiy 
 islets ami rocks. I'ortloek applied the nanu' Clialmers llarlKU- to a rcsiiicicd 
 part of this broken shore, and Vaiu'ouver to the same part, with the addition of 
 another bay to the southwest, ajiplied the term I'oit Chahuers. The proper 
 desi;;nation should ho Chalmers liay, and this would lie east of the northeast and 
 southwest ]ioints. which are laid down ti\e miles north l.'S'' east and south L'S^ 
 west of each other. The northeast iioint, named Stocl^dale roini by the (Oast 
 Survey, woidd lie, accordin.u' to A'ancouver's skel<'h, three ami a half miles noitli 
 TS"^ east from the easlernmost jioint of the (Ireen Isles: and the southwest point 
 
 I'oni- miles south 1(1° east from the same, l-'roni the line JoiniiiL; the mull st and 
 
 southwest iioints of th.e bay, the Chalmers Harbor of I'ortloek lies two ami a half 
 miles to the eastward, and nearly midway between tin in. The apjuoaehes to this 
 harbor are marke<I by numerous (laii;j;'ers and it is ad\ isable to apiu'oach it at low- 
 tide if praetu'able. Three (piaiters of a mile west-southwest iVom the math point 
 lies the North I'assa;;(' Koek of \'aneon\er, coxcied at hii;li watei'. with tivo t'o leu 
 fathoms dose to it on the north. « est, ami south sides, but a \fi'\' one ipiartei' of a 
 mile east of it close to the point, between it and the aboNC lock, Xaneouvej- ;:i'i<'S 
 four to ten fatliouis. Fioni Xorlh l'assa;;i' IJoek the muth jioint of Chalmers liar- 
 
1(54 
 
 ALASKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 lini l>c;iis HKiitli 20'^ Piist. two !iii(l a liiilf miles (li.stiiiit, with a broad slioal ott' tlio 
 piiiiit lur 11 (inaitcr of ii mile. I'lic hot (lircctioiis (o rciicli tin- liarltor IVoiii llio 
 iioi'tli would he to niii from tin; oiitsidf of tiif Noitli i'assa;,'!' Uork to i'oiiif 
 
 (ill If, till- iiorlli point of tilt', liarbor, pass tlic point altovc a tliiiil of a mile west 
 
 of it, anil wlifii its soutli tan^'cnt iicars cast inn tor it, carrvin;;- ten futUoms close 
 
 to it. 
 
 If eoiniii;? from tlie sontliwanl, run np nnder tlie Montafrne shore until the 
 Konth jioiiit of (ireeii Isles Iicars south of west, then keep towards the western 
 shore, lint on the east side of '• Unji^'ed Kock," l.viii;,' aliont three miles southwest 
 by soiilli three ipiarters south from the eastciniiiost jioint of (!reen Isles. .Mid- 
 passaj;!' lietween this *' Iiiik;;('(I Rock" and the east shore lie two dan;;('idus .sunken 
 rocks. Vancouver beat northward between these rocks luid •' Itii^jf^ed Koelc" 
 with twenty fathoms, and Whidliy beat between them and Moiitaj^ue Island witli 
 ei^ht to til'teeu fathoms. These rocks lie aliont northeast half north and south- 
 west half south three (piarters of a mih> from each other; the southern bcariiif^ 
 Boiitli (iS^ east, one-half mile from " I{u;.;Hi('d Uock ;" thi' northern one east, one 
 and three-ipiarters miles from " Uuj;;;('d itock." Vancouver says: '< We smhleidy 
 caiue, upon the .soiitheriinu)st of tlieso rocks in a depth of nineteen to .si.v fathoms, 
 without any ke1[i or otlu-r indications of shoal water; on the northern one, whicdi 
 shoah'd eipially quit'k, there was a small patch of kelp t^rowiiiy in throe fathom.s, 
 w itli live to seven fathoms clo.so around. Each of the.se appeared to occupy no 
 greater exteut than the sliiii's leuyth in any direction." 
 
 The south point of Ohalmers Hay bears west by south tlireequartors .south 
 nearly three miles from " Hujjfi'ed lioek," lint Vancouver lays slaial Ki'ound half a 
 mile otV the point to the northwest, although tin; .soundiiijis a mile .south westward 
 of it are thirteen one-third of a mile oft" shore. ]S'<i soundinjj;s are laid down 
 for any other approach than by the uorth pas.sage, althoagh the indications look 
 favorable. Two lar^e islets lie nortlu>ast of the south luiint, stretchinj;" towards a 
 "woody islet" from which the kication of the other dangers may be determined in 
 ap[iroachiug the harbor. This " WaotJy Islel" lies three miles south of the North 
 I'assage Kock, and three-quarters of a mile from the eastern .shore, with flfteeii 
 fatlnims water between it and the southern and eastern shore. A "detached 
 rock" lit.'s a ((uarter of a mile southeast of Woody Islet. A. patch of rocks lies 
 between this detacshed rock and I'oint (lilmour, about one-third of a mile from 
 the rock; a .second patch lies half a mile northeast by north from Woody Islet ; 
 a third patch half a mile uorth of Woody Islet. A depth of six or .seven fathoms 
 lies between these iiat<dies and the islet, with four fathoms clo.se to the latter. 
 If the jiassiige is clear to the west of Woody Islel, then a vessel may enter 
 
 1. 
 
 nniuu^' <losc alon;^- the north side o 
 
 \\: 
 
 (Iv Islet l<iwards I'oint (iiliiiour 
 
 on a northea.st by ea.st cour.se; this will carry her midway between the first and 
 secoml piilches of rocks, and when half-w.iy lietwciMi the isl(>t and ]iiiint, run east 
 under the south side of the point, 'i'hreeipiarlers of a mile north I.-p west from 
 Woody Islel is the /S'u«//t i'«»««//(' AVA' of Vancouver ; it covers at high water, and 
 
ALASKA COAST riLOT. 
 
 1G5 
 
 i 
 
 liiiH tlii'cc fiitlioins closo to if. Il lies ii litllt- over mic mile west o!' I'oiiil (liliiioiir; 
 if il is visiltic, inn for I'niiil (iiiiiiniir in i'i;;lil nml ten I'liilinins, IcMviii;.' ijiis rork 
 nut ii\('iii (inaitcr (il'ii iiiilf sonlli ol' lliccdiiisf, iind llins iiMijdin;;' IHxrin-itii li'mh, 
 on Mliicli N'iincoiivcr'.s vrssrl <;n>iinil(Ml. 'I'liis mrk lirs norlli (P t'list, <tiic iiiil(> 
 tViini W'uddv Islet, 1111(1 niiitli Tl"^ west, one iiiilc tVoin I'oinl (iiliimnr. Il lias tni 
 ratliitins cldsc ai'diinil it, anil was not iiiarUcd li\ kelp; it lias less than Iwti 
 tatlidiiis iipdii it: at low \val<T tiit; xi-sscl liad two t'allidiiis at Imt hows, liv(t 
 latlKMiis at liiT main cliains, and seven latlidins astern. .\ rdiiilli I'dei. was dis- 
 eovered lialf a mile iiditliward ol' the latter, with seveiiti'eii t'athdiiis between 
 them; it lies on*' mile iidrlli IVdiii Woody Islet, diie and a liall' niil(< iiditli ■'id'-' 
 Mcst from Point (iiliiidiir. and diie and a lialf mile SdMlii iVdiii the North I'assa;;*; 
 lioek oil' south point of Stoekdale Ihiy. II ha.s sexi-n fathoms close to it. ami 
 seventeen fathoms between it and Xoith I'assa^re Uoek. It ha.s four fathoms upon 
 it at two-thirds Hood tide, with seven fathdins eidse td it. 
 
 It will be .'■eeii fidiii the fdre.i,n)in^ descriptidii that four rocks lie nearly in 
 line iiditliward of Woody Islet and towards North l'assa;;(' Itoek ; to the westward 
 of this line the cnnents tliron;ih the passa;,'e run three miles per hour, and in 
 about mid-passaj^e X'aiicdiucr fdiiml eighteen fathdins. 
 
 The. aiieliorafio of Chalmer's Jlarbor may be described as follows, following 
 Yaneoiiver's sketch insteatl of I'ditlock's: It lies between Point (iiliiidiiioii the 
 iiditli, and Wilby Island (iiie mile to the south of it, with twenty oiie falhoms 
 mnddy but tdiii between them. The fdiiiier lies a little over a mile iiditheast by 
 east from AVoody Islet; the latter one mile east by south from Wodd.N' Islet. 
 I'rom this entrance the bay stretches one and a half mile east northeast, diminish- 
 inj;' K'rii"li'ii",v i" breadth, and liaxiii;;' rocks and a broad stri)) of shoal water on 
 tlu^ south. About half a mile eastward of Point Gilmonr a narrow low point 
 makes southward a (|naiter of a mile from the sonlh shore and I'drins a "land- 
 locked cove" to the eastwai'd of it half a mile .s<iuare in extent, "with capital 
 aiicliora.ifc in seven fathoms over muddy bottom." Vancouver anchored about a 
 (piaiter of a mile east of this small low point, upon which he made his oliserva- 
 tions. I''dr future referem e. and to mark a peculiar fcatiirc <'diiiiec|ed with this 
 point, it has been named by the Coast Survey "Siiikin;n' Point." 
 
 Vancouver says of this inner anchorage, that it can "only be considered a 
 small cove in a riij;';ued^ rocky coast, very dilliciilt of ac<'css or e^ri'ss." Puitlock 
 removed the stones from the beach, then beached and (leaned both his ships, lie, 
 
 says that it Wdiild not be iniideiit for any xcssel to run in iiurlli i)\' W Is Islet in 
 
 thick weather, but when the weather is clear il is tolerably safe, witli a ;.;d(Hl look 
 out, the lead $'.'oin^', ami keeping' nearly in midchannel. 
 
 (Jiie mile smithwest (ptarter south from Woody Islet lies Ihe iMiitiieiiimost 
 of two lar^'c islets, riinnin;;' northeast from tiie south point of the bay, and Ihe 
 space between them and the east<'rn shore, three (piaiters of a mile <li>lant, 
 ap|(ears a better teiiiporaiy aneJidiaL;!' than ('haliiieis Harbor. 'I'lie ><)niidiii;:s 
 ajipear unifdrm at tllteeii fatlidins, ;;radually decrcasin^t one third of a mile li'diii 
 
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 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 tlio sontlioast slioro, to wliicli tliico fatlioins ciiii be (lanicd Avithin a, quartor of a, 
 iiiilc. Soiitlnvanl aii:l westward of tlie soutlicin island a ilecp co .c tMitcrs, witli 
 slioal water; Itut a vessel may lie in eiylit fatliom.s elose under tlie eastern shore 
 with tiu^ south island bearinjj; northwest by west, and Woody Island a litthi west 
 of north; this South Core would then be open to the n(»rthwest, but no soundiuys 
 are fjiven westward or norlhwestward of tlu! south island. 
 
 TIu^ f^eoKrajthieal i)osition of "Sinkin;;' Point" where it Joins the main shore 
 was deti'rinineil by A''anei)uver, latitiule (!()^ Hi', longitude from Tebenkotrs ehart 
 117° -M'. In June, 17!»t, Vancouver found tiie nian'iietie- variation I'S'^ .'io' ciist. 
 From his sketcii IViint (lllmour is in latitude (i(P Hi'; Torllock plaeed it in C.' 17'; 
 the north point of the bay is ii; latitude (i(P ISA'; the south point (ilP Ui'. 
 While anehtucd there, from May iMi to .Juno 10, he (tbserved a considerable 
 dilferenee between the ni<,'ht and day tides; the former, duriuH; the springs, rose 
 thirteen feet foin- iiu-hes; whereas the latter did not rise nune than twelve feet 
 one iiu'h ; and it was high water about an hour after the nu)on had passed the 
 meridian. 
 
 After Van(!ouver got his ship off Discovery Hock lie anchored half a mile 
 west-north west from it in twenty-one fathoms over mmldy bottom, with Woody 
 Islet i)eariug south by east one and three-fourths of a mile, I'oint (iilmonr south 
 .'•1° east one ami Ihrce-fouths of a mile, and the north point of tiie bay iLortheast 
 three-(piarters nortli one and tliree-fourlhs of a mile. In this jtosition a "few 
 cod ami halibut were take i ibiring the night." Vancouver has a sketch of this 
 harbor; I'ortlock has an inferior oiu'. 
 
 Vancouvei' says that about ('liabnei's T>ay the country, as high up the si<les 
 of the mountain as vegetation extends, was in most places free from snow before 
 .Iun(> HI. l''rom its diveisity in surface, and spaces clear of trees, it jiresenled a 
 very pleasing verdant ai)pearance, but these clear jdaces were a iierfect sphaguous 
 nn)iass, frecpiently composing the sides of hills. The trees weic not large. "The 
 shores are in general low, and the s(m appears to be making rapid encroaclnnents 
 ui»on them. Many tices had been cut down siiu'O these regiims had been visited 
 by Europeans; this was evident by the \ Islhle cIVects ol the axe and saw, which 
 we concluded had been produced whilst I'cntlock and Dixon were here seven 
 years before,* as the stumps of the tret's are still remaining on thi' earth where 
 they had originally grown, but were iu)w many fct below high-wat«'r mark, even 
 of neap tides. The narrow, low, projecting point (named Siidiing I'oint) had not 
 long since alVorded support to some of the largest i)im' trees in the neighborhood, 
 but it was now overtlowed b\ every tide; and excepting two <if the trees, which 
 still put forth a few leaves, the whole were reduced to naked, dead, white stumi)s, 
 by the encroaclnnent ol' the sea water to their roots; iind some stum])s of trees, 
 with their roots still fast in the grouml, were also found In no very advanced state 
 ofdecax m-arly as low down as the low water of spring lides.'' 
 
 N.il iiii|irc)liiili|,\ llwWdiU 111 (lir i;iis.si;oi>, \\ liii iMiill .s|ij|i« in ( ■|iil;;iii'li Siiiiiicl liiiij; lirlcm! 
 
 ■i 
 
ALASKA COA.ST PILOT. 
 
 1(57 
 
 Stochhdc JfitrJmr, of rortlock, lies imiiuMli;it«'l.v iiordi of Clialiiicrs ISitv ; 
 Vaiiconvor says it is "only a bay lull ol" rocks, and not woitliy of any particular 
 examination." . 
 
 Vancouver says tliat ofl" tlu^ northwest i)()int of Alontn^'ie Island a Icd^'e of 
 rocks extends half a mile; but at half a leaj^ne from the jioinf he found sixty live 
 fathoms over muddy bottom; in his chart lie phices (ifty-seven fathoms two miles 
 west of that point. 
 
 LATOUOIIE OU FOOT ISLAND. 
 
 On tlie west side of I^IontajLtue Island, abreast of Port Macleod, lies tlu» island 
 Kldikakhlik,* or Latouche, of wjiicli the southernmost point, or rallu-r the islauti 
 off it, bears northwest three-<piarters north ten or twelve miles from (Jape Clcare. 
 The channel on tlie west side of this islan'l was partially examined by .Sar,\ tdief 
 in IT'.IO. Oil' the sonthern extremily of the island lies a motlciatcly hi;;h islet 
 about a mile Ion;;' northnortheasf and sonth-soutliwest, with a mile-wide pasHa}j;(» 
 between it and the south i)oint of tiie island, but obstriu'ted by a shoal in ihv. 
 jniddle. About tiiree niiles south by east i'rom this small island Portlock had 
 sonn<linj;s in sixty-'hree fatlioms over a muddy bottom. Itetwecu tiiis small 
 island ami the shores of the island to the westward the entrance is four miles 
 wide, but an unobstructed channel with twenty live fathoms tlepth lies under the 
 western shore. From the soutii end of the small island there lies a shoal at half 
 a mile M-est, then a hitjh s(tlitary rock at one mile west ; and, linally, a shoal 
 stretching; its western pi>int to a distance t»f two miles west I'rom the southern 
 point of the island. 
 
 The jfcneral direction of the i)assatfe west of the Kldikakhlik Island is north- 
 east by nortii for ten or twelve miles, dccreasln^i' from four to two miles in width ; 
 a few soundinys indicatinji a general mid passay,(' (h'ptli of thirty-live and forty 
 fathoms. At five and seven miles from the southern enfiance arc two small 
 islands (m tlu' <>astcrn side of nud-pi>ssa;;e. .Vnchora}?e is laid down at the south 
 entrance of this passa;;!' in lifteeu fathoms under the western shore when the 
 north end ol the small island iiears east soutJU'ast ; also under the eastern shore, 
 close to the soiilliwest poiid, of Kldikakhlik Island, whicli bears south fii»m the 
 anchoras')' ; no depth is noted. The latitude of tiiis ixiini was determined by 
 Harytchef as 5!P .")(»', and Tcitenkolf f^ives the lon;;itude IIS^ 1 P. Two or three 
 coves are noted on the easlci'ii side of the jjassa^jc, and anchoi'aye learkctl in 
 the cove cast of the second islet inside in the passa;j;e; no soundings are noted. 
 A sm: M stream empties into the eastern part of the cove. On the western slnne 
 of the ]>assajj;e, abreast this cove, is the entrance to a lai]ne bay oi- |iassa;;c, with 
 numerous islands therein. The ]iassa;4'e t(» the north of them has lil'Icen to 
 twenty fatlioms; and the lirst cov. to tht> northeastward, al)oiit a mile inside, has 
 ten and six fatli iins laid down. 
 
 Aloii;; the northwestern side of Kldikakhlik IslamI, and either tlirou;;li its 
 
 "Xlllllcll I'lKil 1m1:iiiiI liV I'cililriiU: l.;ll(illrllr ll\ VullliillMr. 
 
108 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 western i>as.snf,'c or HiioukIi the second one west, II lyward (of I'ortloek's ves- 
 sel) inale his i)assages from Port I-ltches to Cook's Inlet, and named it I'lince of 
 AVales I'assaf^e. 
 
 The north point of Khlikakhlik Island was named Point Grace by Van- 
 couver. 
 
 rOIXT KLUrNGTON.* 
 
 This is the sonthern extremity of the middle of the three islands lying 
 between Cape Cleare and Ca|)e Pu;>et ; from the former it is laid down northwest 
 three-(|narters west fourteen or fifteen miles, and from the latter, east about four 
 miles. It also forms th(> eastern jtoint of the entrance to Port Uainbridge,* 
 from which two i)assages lead into Prince William Sound. Vancouver describes 
 it IS a hinh, steep, barren promontory, of small extent, connected to the south 
 end of the island by a narrow isthmus, and formin;;' the " southwesterumost part 
 of the hijrh, rnHf>ed cluster of islands lyiny live miles cast of it." This cluster is 
 Latonehe Islaiul. 
 
 POINT PYKE.* 
 
 North of Point T'jlrington about live or six miles is the south point of an 
 unnamed island. It is bold and rocky, with a number of islets lying oil" it, and 
 was nanu'd by Vancouver, who statcis that it is remarkable for its sugar-loaf form. 
 To the north of Point Pyke is a "tolerably well sheltered bay, surrounded on all 
 sides by lofty, abrupt, snowy mountains." To the north of this there is a second 
 bay, and als(» a murow opening ten miles long to the northeast, leading to Prince 
 "William Sound. , 
 
 rOIJT I5AIX1JKIDGE.* , 
 
 This arm of the sea has its southern opening, three miles wide, between 
 Point Klrington <in the east and Cape Puget on the west, aiul stretches in ii 
 directly north course tor eighteen or nineteen miles, with an average width of 
 two miles. Iimiiediately inside the enti.ince on the eastern side, three miles 
 north of Point Klrington, is Prince of Wales Passage, leading northeast to the 
 north point of Liitouclie Island ; about the southeast entrance to this passage are 
 "many rocks about the shores just above Avater," and several islets laid down in 
 mid-i>assage, but the western shore i'. compact, altlDugh inchMitcd by coves. 
 Point I'yke has been described. Ten i lies north of I'oint EIringtoii, on the east- 
 ern side of the i>ort, is the nariow ojjejiing of a passage; leading eleven miles 
 north ."iOO east into Prince William Sound. This passage is sonu'thing less than 
 a mile wide; tlier(> are several snnk(Mi rocks in it, and the shori's are eomi)osed of 
 stc(>p, rocky mountiiiiis. The noithwesi jxiint of the north entrance of this pas- 
 sage was named I'oint Countess by Vancouver, and jtlaced in hititude (UP l.'V. 
 TebenkotV jilaccs the longitude in HS^ IL". Pive niilf>s northwest of Point Coun- 
 
 ' Nioiu'd by Vsoifouvor, 1701. 
 
ALASKA 'JOAST PILOT. 
 
 IGO 
 
 tess lies the mo ath of Icy Bay, to btOierciiftor referred to. The north jwiiit of 
 tlie south entrance to thi:< passage was natned Point Waters by Vancouver, and 
 marked by "some rocks and breakers before it." Ten mih's nortii 15° west 
 from Point Waters lies the head of tlie port, " with a small tract of lowland, ott" 
 wliicli, as well as off its western i.hore, lie sonu* rocks and rocky islets, upon 
 which, althoufjh cightiHMi miles from the entrance, the sea broke with such vio 
 lence as rendered hiudinjj: daufjerous." The latitude of the head of this port is 
 pla<!ed by Vancouver in (i()o 13^'. 
 
 About two miles ncntheast from the head of Port I5ainbrid}ie Vancouver 
 places the head of Icy Bay, which lies about titur and oiuvhalf miles east and 
 west, with a width of two miles. This bay " terminate.^ in a compact body of ice 
 that descends from hiffh, perpendicular cliffs to the water side, ami surrounded 
 by a country composed of stupendous lofty mountains covered with snow," (June.) 
 
 CAPE VUGET.* 
 
 This cape, forming the Avestern point of the entrance to Port Baiubridge, and 
 the extreme southwestern point of Prince William Sound, is laid down by Vancou- 
 ver north 03° west, nineteen miles from (Jape Cleare; and by Tebenkoff north (JlP 
 west, nineteen miles. Vancouver pliwied it in oiP 5iV, jvnd Tebenkoff gives the 
 longitude 148° 3.'i'. No description of this cai)e api)eai',s among the old naviga- 
 tors, but Tebenkoflf's map represents it as a bold, hig'i rocky head, with a face 
 1.W0 miles long to the southeast, having a line of rocks in front, with an islet off" 
 the northeastern termination. 
 
 There is a glacier at the head of the bay just west; and in the second bay, 
 seven miles westward, a large gla(;ier conies down into the ocean, and is reiire- 
 sented by the Russian navigators as a very beautiful and grand object, when seen 
 in a clear day. 
 
 From Cape Puget the general trend of the coast forming the southeast shore 
 of the Kenai Peninsula is south 02° west for one hundred and ten miles to the 
 Tschugatz Island, forming Cape Elizabeth, ut the entrauje to Cook's Inlet. 
 
 KENAI PENINSULA. 
 
 The eastern shores of Prince William Sound form the northeast pait of the 
 peninsula of Kenai, and its outer or Alaska gulf sho"e commences with Cajm 
 Pnget and terminates at Cape Elizabetii. The western shore of the peninsula is 
 formed by Cook's Inlet. 
 
 From Cape Puget to Cajie Elizabeth the shores are said by Tebenkoff to have 
 been very well explored by the liussian navigators, s(!arching for good harhors 
 and shelter for the Russian whalers. Tlu'ir reports show that the line of coast is 
 broken by bays and coves, but none (dlcring good anchorage, there iieiitg very 
 close ti> the shores not less than thirty to fifty fathoms of wati'r. Tlie coast is 
 
 22 
 
 ■ Named liy Vancouver, 17i)4. 
 
170 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 very rocky, and stco]) anil niountainnns, yet covcnil with wood, wliiU> tlic ravinos 
 and f,'(»r^('s l><'tw<'«ii the nionntains contain in many i)laccs ^^lacicrs wliicli stretch 
 l»a( k from tlie hcad.s of the bays cvi-n to tho ;,'orgcs descending towards ('ook's 
 Inh-t. 
 
 From the isthnnis lictwccn Passage ChaniH'l in the northwcsf ])art of Prlnco 
 AViliiani Sonnd and Tiirnagain Arm in the northeast i)art of (look's Ldct, tho 
 ]tcninsnhi is one hundred and thirty mih'S h)ng to Cape Elizabeth. Tlie eastern 
 part is traversed by a range of high, snow-clad mountains whose general direction 
 is sontiiwest by west and nortlicast by east, and which seems to Ix^ prolonged l)y 
 the Uarrcn Islands an?I the Kadiak (iroup. On tlie western flaidv of this range 
 are great lakes fed by the waters of melting glaciers, and sui»i)]ying streams 
 emptying into Cook's Inlet. Across this range the Indians sonu'times make win- 
 ter Journeys between Cook's Inlet and Kesurrection 15ay. • 
 
 day's iiakuok. 
 
 Tliis liarbvir is laid down on TebenkoH' about fifteen miles west from Cai)0 
 Puget. Tiie bay opens <lireetly to tlu! soiitli, and iidand northward five miles, 
 with a short arm to the northeast. Tlu' eastern jioint is bold and rocky, and tho 
 south and western jtoint is the extremity of tiu' peninsula forming the western 
 shores of this bay and the eastern shores of Itesurrcction Kay. It was mimed by 
 Portlock in 17.S(i, and lln' eastern point called Point Ilarman. Prom Point IJesur- 
 rection tlie east jioint of the entrance of Day's Harbor lies northnortheast for 
 Sloven or eight miles. Point K'l siirrection is laid down in latitude 0!)° 51'..">, longi- 
 tude 1 1'.io \',VA, ae<'oiding to ArchimandritotV. 
 
 It is not described by Portlock, but was doubtless visited by his longboat oil 
 her trading trips from Prince AVilliani Hound to Cook's Inlet. 
 
 . KKSI'UUKCTION BAY. 
 
 The southeast ]>oint of this extensive arm of the sea, from tilteen to twenty 
 miles long and six to three miles witle, lies twenty miles west by south of Capo 
 Puget, thirty-seven miles west three (piarters north from Cai>e Cleare, and nine- 
 teen miles northeast by mnth half nmth from the Seal Pocks otf the (Jhiswell 
 Islands. It was well known in the last century and selected as the future ship- 
 yard of tlie lliissian-Aniericau Company; but it does not present the proper 
 facilities, on aceouut of the great deiitli of water, the severity of the climate, and 
 tlie wild nature of the coast. In Vancouver's time fiuir English shipwrights were 
 coiulucting llu' shipbuilding of the <dmpany at this place. 
 
 I ly frequent exphu-ationa of the company otlicers the position of this bay is 
 said to be well known, but no detailed descrii»tion of it has been published. Teb- 
 eiikolV represents the western sliore as low, the head as shallow, with a glacier at 
 th(! northeast jtarl; the eastern sliore as liold ami rocky, and Cajie Kesurrectiim, 
 the «'astern point of entrance, as a long, moderately low, narrow point, but rocky 
 
 *>Sco reuiui'kH on tliu Kndiiik gt'nup 118 11 pruIougatiDU oi IIiih pvuiumilii. 
 
 a 
 
ALA8KA COAST PILOT. 
 
 jnid abrupt. ArcIiiinaiKlritoil' (k'termiued tlie lutitiulc of Capo JJosiirrection 50° 
 51'.j, lonf,'itiule 140° i;{'.4. 
 
 In the southcastcni part of the. \mr.\i\ I'litniiuu^ to this bay Ti'lMMikotV hiys 
 down three inodcratcly larjio hut h)\v islands; the lirst tliree niih's sontliwcst by 
 west from Cape Kesurreetion; tiie second two niiU's west liy nortli IVoni the cape, 
 and the tliird abont lialC a mile from tlic west Hide of the eape and two miien 
 nortli-northwest from its extremity. iMile-wi<U' i)assa;;es are ffi\ en between the 
 ishinds. The Ciiiswells lit; about lifte<'n mih's to tlie soutliwest l)y south, wifli llie 
 very irrejj;nlar i)eninsnhi of Ayalilv and some isi(!t8 bt-tween tlu^ Ciiiswells and the 
 
 KesuiTcetion Bay was nam(>d Port Andrew by Portloek, and doubtless, 
 visited by his lonyboat on her tradinjj expedition from I'rince William !S(tund to 
 Cook's Inlet. 
 
 CinSWELL ISLANDS. 
 
 ^orty seven miles south 7.P west from Ca\w Clearo, Tebenkoflf hieates the 
 Real Ivoeks, (iv(; miles outside of the Chiswell Islands. Thirteen miles south of 
 Seal Roc'ks Vuneouver obtained soundiiij;s in seveiity-tive tathoms, ami I'ortlock 
 gives eifjhty fathoms over a nnuldy bottom about twenty-two miles south i>y west 
 from them; and eighty-three fathoms over muddy bottom, seven miles east from 
 them. 
 
 Of the Chiswell Islainls Vancouver says: "We passed them and found the 
 centre of the stmthernmost group, tiie Seal Ifock.s, in latitude .V.P ;il'; fntm these 
 the easternmost, which is a single detached rock, lies north .")(o cjist about a 
 league distant, and the northernmost, which the hazy weather permitted our see- 
 ing, having several less islets and I'ocks about it, lit's ucu'th l.'i^' t-ast live miles 
 distant. These were all we saw of the Chiswell Islands, which a:.' a group of 
 naked, rugged nx-ks, seemingly destitute of soil and every kind of vegetation. 
 The southern group is named the Seal llocks by Tebenkolf, and the nii<ldl»^ and 
 principal one of the five is placed in latitu<U' .V.io ;! I', longitude 11!)° .'!.'{, but he 
 does not ]»lace any detached rock a league to the nortiieast of them. What Van- 
 couver called the Chiswells proi)er is in reality a groui» of islets and the broken 
 and numerous jioints of two long, low, wooded promontories, stretching soiith- 
 Avard and forming Aya!;k Bay, otV which lie the Chiswell Islands, north by west; 
 five miles from the Seal Kocks. On the Kussian charts the Chiswells are named 
 the Ayalik Islands. 
 
 The large indentation of the coast forming the approaches to Kesurreetion 
 Bay was named Dlying's Sound by Cook. 
 
 AYALIK BAY 
 
 lies north and south with the opening gr.a (led by the Ayalik or Chiswell Isles, 
 Its whole length from the Ciiiswells is about sixteen miles, reaching latitude .">,S0 
 r»7', with an average width «»f twit or three miles, is nearly straight, but both shores 
 
 i 
 
172 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 are mnarkahly iiidcntod witli iiuiiu'rous covos and bays, in which no soiindinf^H are 
 {{ivcii. Tiu' oiMMiinfj to tliis hay is hiid (htwn to tho eastward hetweon tlie Chis- 
 wclls on the south and the ])i)iiit three niih-s to tlio northeast, in hititiidc '>[)° Jl', 
 about Ibitylbur uiih's west oiu'-lialf soutli from Caiie (Meare. There is an islet 
 hiid down in the nortliern part of the hay, tiiirteen miles from the entrance, and 
 one mih' south of the bend to th(^ westward. About midway ahmg the west siioro 
 an ann ent<^rs to the northwest with a jfhujier at the head; asmaUer fjlaeier is hiid 
 down on tho west shore between this bay and the liead. At tlu^ lu'ad of the open 
 bay, between the Cliiswelis ami the bold rocky pr>int six miles to the west of 
 them, a fjlacier comes down to the oi-ean. 
 
 Hojithwestward of the Cliiswelis the coast im'sents a broken appearance, and 
 is indented by several unnanu'd bays with {glaciers at their heads. 
 
 PYE ISLANDS.* 
 
 Seventy-six miles soutli 72° west from ('ape Cleare lie the Pye Islands, 
 forming part of the eastern shore of the deep bay of Nuka. 
 
 lliere are tlireo large islands in the group, and they lie nearly north-north- 
 east and south-sciuthwest of each other. The southern two are one or two miles 
 in extent; the northern is six miles by three, antl nearly divided in two. IJetween 
 the islands, and between the northern one an.i the main passages nearly a mile 
 wide, and lying east ami west, ])assages are laid down by Tt'benkoti", but uo soniui- 
 ings are given, nor atiy remarks of their availability in his notes. 
 
 Vanc<mver says: "The southenunost part of the Pye Islands, in several ])oints 
 of view, forms a very conspicuous i)eak, and although not remarkable for its great 
 lu'ight, yet from its singular a])]>earance is not easily to be mistaken in the neigh- 
 borhood, as it descends with great regularity from its siunniit to the water's edge. 
 Its southern extremity, by tmr oV)servations, is situated in latitude .'iiP li>'. He 
 says that a group of rocks lying soutli 7.1° west, nearly four miles distant from 
 the southernmost of the Pye Islamls, must be very dangerous in thick weather, 
 especially as at high water, during the spring tides, it is probably overrtowed." 
 TebenkofV says the rocks lie south 00° west, six miles distant froni the southern- 
 most part of the Pyo IJocks, and two and a half miles broad otf the large rocky 
 island forming the western side of the entrance to Xuka Bay. The approximate 
 geographical position of the southern point of the Pye Islands, according to 
 Archimandritofl", is latitude fiO" '20' A, longitude 150° 29' A. About nine miles east- 
 northeast from the southernmost of these islands, and five miles otl" the coast to 
 the northwest, Vancouver found bottom in seventy-three fathoms. About twenty- 
 eight miles to the east he found seventy-flve fathoms, and Portlock obtained 
 eighty fathoms over muddy bottom about twenty-rtve miles east southeast from 
 them. 
 
 * Naiui'tl r.ve's InIuikI by Tortlock in 17?^. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 17;; 
 
 ^' KA BAY. 
 
 Acconliiiff to Tcboiikofrj* climt tliis cxtonsivc bay is about twenty iiiilos loiifj 
 and from six to two iniit's wide. Tlu' l'y»> Islands I'onn tlii' eastern siile of its 
 entranee, and a lar^'e unnamed island, ei;;lit miles Ion;; north-northeast and south- 
 southwest, with rocky, blutV shores, I'orms the western side of the entranee, whi«'h 
 is six miles across and broad oiien to the south. The bay has a ;,M'neral din-e- 
 ti<ui north, but has several jtassa^es leading from it, and several lai'p-r arms. 
 Tiie passages among the I'yv Islands have been reterred to. On the western side 
 a wide passage leads westward around the Jiorth end of a large ishuu'. On tin* 
 eastern shore a large arm opens at the Avest oi»ening of the north piissage through 
 the Pyo Islands, and eleven miles from the southernnntst of the group. It 
 extends about seven miles north-northeast, is two miles wide, and has a great 
 glacier at its head coming <V ectly into the water. The main bay extends nortli- 
 northwest from the point dividing it from the eastern arm, and has several large 
 bays on either side. The directi<ui of the bay for the last five miles is nearly 
 northeast. The shores o*' the bay and arms art; marked wooded by Tebenkotf, 
 from whose general rennuKs of this and IN'surrection Hay it is inferred thai n(»t 
 less than thirty to lifty fathoms are found throughout thorn. Vancouver says the 
 coast to the southwostward is in most places very mountainous and descends 
 rather quickly into the ocean, except in those places where it is broken into 
 valleys, some of which are extensive and gradually incline to the water side. 
 These, in sonu; instances, in the middle of May were buried in ice, and some 
 within a few yards of the wash of the sea, whilst here and there sonu' of the 
 loftiest pine (spruce) trees showed their heads through this frigid surface. The 
 Avhole of this exterior coast wore a nM>re wintry aspect than the shores of Cook's 
 Inlet in min!h higher latitudes. These observations of Vancouver aie fully cor 
 roborated by the experience of the Russian oHicirs in this vicinity. 
 
 rouT incK. 
 
 Ilalf-way from the Pye Islands to Cape Elizabeth the outer cape is called 
 Point Gore, in latitude .5'.*° 1-", longitude L'iOo .").S'; and the two-ndle wide entrance 
 to the west of it is the opening to Port Dick, which runs northward ten miles, 
 with a broad arm ten miles long jjenctrating to tin; west. The immediate shores 
 of this bay are low and wooded with streams coming into the head of each arm, 
 and no glacier laid down on Tcbenkott". No soundings an^ given in his notes. 
 The west shore of the entrance is bold and rocky, with a reef and islets stretching 
 halfway (six miles) towards the eastern of the (Jhugach Islands. 
 
 "Tht^ land forming its eastern ])oint, which is a jirojccting i)romoiit()ry, 
 appears at a distan(!e like an island, when about half a league distant and bearing 
 from north 42° west to mtrth '2P east. Towards the sea it terminates in .-in ainiipt 
 clilV nnnlerately elevated, and is connected to the nniinland by a low peninsula 
 covered with trees. Tlie northwest side i>re8ented every ajipearanee of affording 
 
174 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 sli('lt«'ii'«l imcliora;:*', iind tct tliiit jmrt of tlio buy most of IIm' llrct, two liiiixhi'il 
 hIuii i-iiiMM's anil tlicir loiir liiiiulrt'd Imliaiis that had iiii>t in the t'lir traih'. now 
 icpaiit'd." (VaiKioiivcr.) 
 
 He ;;iv«'s a spiiilcd view of this ch'vatt'd rape and the wcciuMy l»»'.voiid. In 
 I7S(( I'oitlticlv named this Dick's Ilarhor and tlie east eape I'oint (lore, alter two 
 ol'tlie otlieers of the Kin;; (leor^e's Sound Company. His h»n;;hoat douiitless vis- 
 ited it in lier trading' trii»s between I'rineti William Sound and Cook's Inlet, but 
 h«' does not tleseiiin^ it. Vancouver placed it in latitude olP 1 1', Ionj;itude ITdP 
 11'. Tebenivoir jdaees it in latitudes "j'J^ 12', longitude l.KP r»,S'. From Point 
 tiore, the southernmost (»f the I'ye Islands bears north 02° east eighteen miles, 
 anil the south point of the easternmost of tho Chugach Islands south 07° west 
 lifteeu miles. 
 
 cnuoAcn islands. 
 
 Three hirije islands, from two to three miles otftho sontbern extremity of tho 
 Koiuii r»Miinsula, are disposed in a curve around it. The eastern and western are 
 hu j;;e, three or four miles extent, and lie twelve miles apart. The middle one is 
 smaller, and lies half-way between them and a litlhi to the southward. Three 
 islets are laiil down one mile off the western side of the eastern islantl; roeks 
 above and below water one and a half miles ofl" the west side of the middle cue, 
 and rocks one mile off the southeast liu.-e of the western one. 
 
 When Vaneouver was about live lea^'ues east-northeast from the eastern 
 island, he says that a low, tiat point lU'ojected towards the maiidand. TebenkotV 
 does not so lay it down, but places some rocks a mile north of the island towards ii 
 very open, rocky bay lyinjjf thiee miles from the island. When Vaneouver was 
 live or six miles soulh 0^ east (comi)ass) from the eastern Chufjach, he obtained 
 soundinj,'s in seventy fathoms with sandy bottom, in this position the IJarreu 
 Islands bore from south .").j° west to south .'11° west, distant thirteen miles. His 
 bearinjjs jdace him in latitude .'Jflo OU', lonptude I'lio ;{()'. No detailed descrip- 
 ti(»n of these islands nor their elevation is jjiven in the old navij^ators or explorers, 
 but Tebenkotf represents them on his chart as hifjh and bold. They form the 
 northeast shore to the entrance of Cook's Inlet, with Point Banks of the Kadiak 
 {jroup for the southeastern shore of the entrance, and the Barren Islands between 
 them. 
 
 Tebenkotf jdaccs the southern point of the oast Chujiaeh Island in latitude 
 5!>° 0', lonjiitude 151° '2')', From it the eastern of the Barren Islands lies scmth 
 04° west, distant sevcnteeu miles, and the middle Chugach west by south, distant 
 five miles. 
 
 CAPE KLIZADETH.* 
 
 The termination of the Kenai Peninsula is ''comi)osod of high land," visible 
 over seventy miles; directly otf it lie the three islands named the Chugach. The 
 
 "NiUDcU liv (.'oiik ill IT/f* al'ti-r thr I'liiircss Kli/.iilx'tli. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 1 
 
 <.) 
 
 wosti'iu iM)iiit of tlie western ('liii<,'aeli is iianieil Caito Klizaltetli, wliirh CdoU 
 iU'He"ilH'.s as a "lofty iMoiiiontory" situated in filP !(►'. I'lij^et saw it fmiii a <iis- 
 tanee of sixty-tlin'e miles, when lie was ten miles northwest of St. Au^jnsline 
 Lsland. From the eenter of the island the easternmost of the Itarren Islands lies 
 Hontli 17° west, distant ten «)i' eleven miles, with stronjr ennents and a deep elian- 
 iiel between them; neaily in mill-channel TebeiikolV ;;i\es ninety live fathoms over 
 Hand and pebitles. He plaees Cape Kli/.aheth in latitnde ;V.P (»!»', lonj^itiide I5P 
 Til', in the strait between the western ChiiKaeh Islands and the main or Keiiai 
 I'eninsnla there is a fjood anchorage and shelter, aeeordiny: to I'ortloek, whose 
 boats traversed all these waters; but Vancouver doubts the existence of a chan- 
 nel to the southward and eastward tlirouf^h those narrow straits, as he discovered 
 Rome low, lurking rocks, which had the appfaianco of being connected with a 
 i'luster of rocks above the sui'face of the sea, lying from the cape south 50^ east, 
 at the distance of three or four miles. 
 
 It is important this locality should b(^ examiuod, on account of the jiossiblu 
 development of coal in this vicinity aiul the extraordinary niunbers of w hales vis- 
 iting this neighborhood. (See rennirks upon the tisheries on another page.) 
 I'ortloek says the whales on the coast are close in shore and in vast numbers. 
 Moreover, thes(^ narrow straits may be available for tlui i)assage oi' small vessels 
 and steamers when the tide rips are dangerous in the main straits. From Cape 
 I'llizabeth Point I5anks bears .south -'0^ west thirty-one miles, and Cape Dougla.s 
 HontU 71° west forty-seven miles. 
 
 cook's inlet. 
 
 This great arm of the sea lies in the extreme northwest i)art of the Gulf of 
 Alaska. Its general direction is north-northeast, and its length one hundi'ed and 
 sixty miles. The entrance lies between Cape Elizabeth on the east and Cape 
 Douglas on the west; the latter south 71° west forty-seven miles from the former. 
 IJroad olf the entrance lies the northern part of the Kadiak gronj) an<l the ISarren 
 Islands. IJetween the fornu'r and Alaska Peninsula lies the Petries or ShelikotV 
 Strait, almost in the t'orm of a prolongation of the inlet; between the northern 
 extremity of the Kadiak group and Cajie lOlizabeth is the iMitrance to the inlet, 
 from the east. In the miihlle of this eastern entriince lies the P.arrcn Island 
 grinip, with a broad, deep passage on either side. From Ci\\w Edgecumbe to tll(^ 
 Darren Islands the distaiu'c is the hundred and forty miles, and the course west 
 12° north. I-'rom the Farallon of San Francisco 15ay tin; distance i:~ one thousand 
 six hundred and seventy miles, and course north 1'!° west. On neither course is 
 any danger known to exist. 
 
 Tiie entrance between Cajie Elizabeth and the Barren Islands is ten iind ii 
 half miles wide, and named the Eastern Passage. The.entrance between the IJar- 
 ren Islands and Poiid IJanks to the south is thirteen miles wide, and was used by 
 the old navigators as oucasion suited. There appears no notices of strong tide 
 in it. 
 
m 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Tlio oastc 111 imsHiip' lias hold sImiich and a d«'])tli of niiiofy-fivt' fatlioiiiH over 
 ooarsc Hand in iiiitl (liaiiiu'I. V'aiictMivor t'oiiiid scvtMity tatlioiiis over Handy bot- 
 tom, about Hvc or HJx mill's south (!° cast lioin the oustcni Clmtjach Island, and 
 north .'t!(° cast from flu* southern tangent of the llarn-n Islands. The currents rush 
 tlirou;rh with ;,n('at velocity, and lor an hour, at <'crtaiii chaii^tcs in the tides, occii- 
 Hion great rips, which Tebeiikotl' inabilities into Homethiiig very alarming;; but 
 evideiiccH of their exceedingly daiifjienms <'harat'ter aie, not found elsewlu're. 
 INntlock says that in i)assiiij,' from the Marren Islaiuls for (Jape Hede (northeast of 
 Cajie Klizabcth) he passed several stroiifj rippliiif,'s of a tide current. Tebenkotf 
 Hays: "Tlu! tide rijjs, however danj,'eidus, do not extend across the whole 
 entrance, but are experienced, for about an hour, in the ndddle. The w.a Hud- 
 denly rises and boils with a tremendous noise, and fi rms hi>jh, short, and irregu- 
 lar waves, which toiijde with all t.' 'ir volume over the vessel that happens to be 
 aiiioiig them; even during a strorg, fair v.ind the lower sails flap against the 
 mast, wliii<' the iipjier ones are i»erfectly tilled; the vessel refuses to obey the 
 helm, and tlu^ hatches must be onttened down." 
 
 AVithin ('ajies Douglas and Elizabeth the inlet expands to sixty-five miles in 
 width; in fifty-live miles from the entrance it ccmtraets sucUlenly to twenty-tive 
 miles at Anchor i'oint, whence it gradually diminishes to twelve or tifteen, with 
 the eliannel contracted by several extensive flats oil" the rivers emptying into it at 
 its head. Its extreme northern point is in latitude 01° !(»', at the mouth of the 
 Suchitiia I'ivcr, coining from the north and "abounding in slate." 
 
 ("ook's Inlet is the great boast of the liiissian navigators and authorities as 
 the lu'St part of Alaska, and has been favorably noticed by nearly all tlu! old dis- 
 coverers. The well-known existence of coal upon its .shores and in its bays may 
 make it a very valuable acquisition to the PaciUc coast. The eastern shores are 
 broken by several small bays and harbors near the extremity of the peninsula, 
 and by the large arm penetrating the peninsula, and known as the Teliugatcliik 
 (Jiilf. Hut two large islands lie in the inlet — Augustin, west-northwest from Cape 
 Elizabeth, and Kalgin, east of lledoubt Mountain. The tanteru shore, after i)a8S- 
 ing Tchugatchik Hay, is undulating, and this characteristic extends tifteen miles 
 inland to the base of the mountains. It has a pleasant, green api)carance in sum- 
 mer, covered with herbage and dotted with patches and clum]>s of timber. Hut 
 the character of the soil is marshy. The same sphagnous morass covers it that 
 we found throughout the Alexander Archipelago, Kadiak and TJnalaska. Kast- 
 ward of this comparatively low gi'ound rises the mountain range that extends 
 through the length of the Kenai reninsula toward its eastern shores aud filled 
 Avith glaciers on both flanks. 
 
 The western shores have a narrow border of low wooded land at the foot of 
 the Alaskan mountains.* Westward of Augustiu Island the shores appear the 
 margin of "an extensive low country lying before the base of these rugged mount- 
 
 * This rnii);p was dt>Mcril>i'<l aud nninuil iu tlio Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. History, November 4, 1868, for 
 the flint time as a u-ltolt, by W. H. Dall. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 177 
 
 niriN." (Vaiicouvor.) Noitliwiml of this iHlttiul tlio Hlion'.s art> '>iiii|<>n(c<l aiitl 
 broken into covch and Hnuill ha.VH that a])|H>ar «'ai>iil>t*^ of afl'ordin^ anrhorajro." 
 "TIk) points (»f the ei trance to tlii-HO bays aro in }(on»>ral stwp and riM-ky, iM'liind 
 wliicli risos a compact nionntainous country to a considerable liei},dit, clad in per- 
 petual snow. A narrow tliif inari;in alon;,' th«^ shor«> is tolerably well wooded." 
 Twenty nules northwest by west from the northeast point of Anjjrnstiu is a small 
 bay opeiuuK to thu southeast, with a siuall islet on the south sid < of the mouth. 
 At the head of this bay is a factory of the Uussiau-Ameii,,i ' Company, from 
 which a trail leiuls alxmt seven miles throu(;h a jrap in the iuouii< tins, to a series 
 of mountain lakes dischar^'inj; within a distance of tlfteen iiihs into tiie ^reat 
 lake of lliamua, which empties through tlie Kai<'hak river i.to Uri. .ol Ihiy, on the 
 northwest side of the p(*ninsula of Alaska. 
 
 TheRn.li '. oIcaui(! peaks of lliamua and Itedoubt, risiiiff to *'velve thousand 
 RU'I Hixty-six and eh-vcu tiutusand two hundred and seventy icet » h-vatiou, rcspei't- 
 ively, (see views in Tebeukotr (^liart,) lie in the rau^'c t»f compa(^t, c«mnected, and 
 very high mountains binding the western shores of the inlet, but throughout 
 these waters the shores an*, well wooded, and north of the liedoubt the mount aiuH 
 retreat well to the northwest. 
 
 Twenty-eight miles northwest of Cape Douglas is tho eastern point of the high 
 islaml of Aiigustin, about eight miles in diameter and nearly round. Jh'twt'cn it 
 and the shores to the south-southwest, sixteen miles distant, li«'s the bay of Ivam- 
 is(;hak, with soundings from seven to thirteen fathoms on a line directly across it 
 from north and south, and passing tangent to the west side of the island. 
 
 BAUUEN ISLANDS. 
 
 Nearly mid-way between Cape Elizabeth on the northeast and Point Banks 
 on the southwest lie the Barren Lslands in two principal groups, the extremes east- 
 ern ami western points of both being thirteen miles a|)art, in a geiu'ral «'ast l)y 
 north and west by south direction, and bounded by latitudes 58° 5;}' and .Wo fiO', 
 and h)Ugitmle 151° 5:V and 152° !!»', with a chaniu'l three miles wide? between the 
 groui)S, and supposed by Portlock to have great dei>th of water. This channel 
 lies north and south, and Cook when approaching them from the south\,ard 
 intended to pass through this channel, but meeting a strong ebb current went to 
 the eastward of them, and found eleven, twenty-four, and thirty-six fathoms lumr 
 them. 
 
 TebenkofT says "the eastern group has three islands a.vl the western four, all 
 of them rather elevated, steep, rocky, and i)erfectly baiTcn." 
 
 The largest of them is Usclmgat* Island, situated in the west group. It is 
 six miles in length aiul lies southwest by west and northeast by east, with an aver- 
 age width of one and a half mile; the scmthwest point is situated in latitude oH^ 
 40', longitude l.Wo li)'.7, according to Henze:nan. Two small islands lie half u 
 
 •Tlie Kufsiau charts differ much about the spelling of these luUiau naiuue. 
 2.3 
 
178 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 mile to the westward of the west j)o:iit; tliey are not hiul down on Tebeiikofll''8 
 chart, but a i),vraniid roek is laid down Houtli ot the west point. 
 
 A hirge island lies half a niilo north of the northeast end of the island, and 
 another lies three miles southwest from the southeast end of the island. Alonj^ 
 the northwest shores of lJs(liu<,'at a penirisnla makes out, connected by a narrow 
 neck with the main shore. 
 
 The larfjest island of the eastern gronp is Amatuli, (^[atuli on one chart,) one 
 and a half mile in length, with its east i)oint in latitude 58° 57'.C, and 151° 53' 
 l()ngitu«le, a<'cor(ling to IJenzeman. Two other smaller islands are situated one to 
 the noilhwest and the other to the southwest and very near each other. One mile 
 south fiom Amatuli Lslantl is a high ]»yra"uidal roek. Ou the «'ast side of these 
 islands the uniform depth of bottom is forty, fifty and sixty I'atlnmis, lino sand and 
 gravel. 
 
 Kruzenstorn considered tliis group of islands as the northern part of the 
 Kadiak Archipelago. 
 
 The islands are very high and totally barren. Cook, who gave their latitude 
 very closely, applied the name to them from their appearance. Dixon speaks of 
 one of them as the "Sugarloaf" Lsland. Xo navijjator ascribes any height to 
 them, but Vancouver saw them from latitude 58° 10', longitude 151° L'8', a dis- 
 tance ol lifty-two miles. They doubtless rise two thousand feet above the sea. 
 Portlock reported the vicinity full of whales in vast nund)ers. 
 
 From th(^ cast point of Amatuli Island Cape Cleare bears north G7° east, one 
 hundred and twenty-seven miles; Cape Elizabeth north half east, twelve miles; 
 ]*:)int JJanks scnilh .500 west, twenty-two miles; Cape Hermogenes south 4° east, 
 forty-four miles. The eastern part of the great Portlock Bank, whero we found 
 eighty fathoms, lies south 70° east, one hundred and six miles from Ann li. 
 
 TebeidvoiT and other Eussian authorities call these islands the Bezplodni or 
 Peregrebni, (I'addle-over.) 
 
 POINT BANKS. 
 
 This is the northernmost point of the Kadiak Group, forming the eastern 
 shores of i'etries or Shelikof Strait, and the southwestern point of the eastern 
 passage to Cook's Inlet. 
 
 It lies 8j)uth Coo east, thirty-two miles from Cape Douglas; south 29° west, 
 tl'Tty-one miles from Cai)e Elizabeth; twenty-two miles south .3(io west from the 
 eastern i)oint of the Barren Islands, and north :y,i° west, thirty miles from Cape 
 Hermogenes. 
 
 The point is in reality formed by the small island Perevaleuoi or Passage 
 Island, but the ])assage between it and the Tschuyak Island to the south is very 
 luirrow and cannot be made out at a distance. 
 
 Cook was about fourteen miles east half north from it when he says, "the land 
 extends from south half west to nearly west, and in the latter direction it ended in 
 a low point which was named Point Banks." No other navigator has descriOed it. 
 
ALASICA COAST PILOT. 
 
 171) 
 
 Cook placed it on liis iiiai» in hititiuUi 58° 4-", loiifjitiulti ir»2o 4.S'. lU'iizoiiiiiii 
 l>la(M'.s tlu> iiortli «'iul of tlu- island in .".So ;«(' and l."tl3o lit'. About latitude ">So ;;((', 
 lou<;itud»' l.TP .'{.V, r<utloek jjot souudinss in l~t fatlioms; this is twoiityfivt' miles 
 south (»S^ east from I'oint J$aidvs; iu latitude ')fi° '!-V, lon<j:itude I.">io 22', he yot 
 fo'ty fathoms over (gravel and dark sand, thirty-two miles south (11° east from 
 Point nanks,aiul the sanu' dei>th extended thirteen miles further to tlie southeast- 
 ward. Iu 58° 20', lolf* 57', Cook got souiulings in forty fathoms over a l)(»tt<»m of 
 sand and shells, seventeen nnles south 41° east from I'oint Biinks, ami cauf,dit 
 halibut while his vessel was becalmed. 
 
 CAPE DOUGLAS, 
 
 The formation of this cape is saiul and rock, and is a low sandy i)oint strefeli- 
 •ing westward five miles into the sea from the base t)f very lofty nuuintains 
 wrapped in snow, which, as late as May, covers the surface of the low maiyin of 
 shore to the water's edjie. (Vancouver.) Tebenkoff jjives a view of tiie caj)e, 
 ■wherein it appears moderately low and rocky, and without wood, but no signs of 
 its being saiuly. 
 
 No elevation is given by any of the old imvigatois, only the Russians, but 
 Vancouver incidentally mentions that from the soutlu^rn extremity of Kalgin 
 Island, in latitude GtP 2;5J', he observed the bearing of the mountains seen over 
 Cape Douglas, distant thirty-five leagues. If this was the '''Fourpeaked Mcmntain'' 
 fourteen miles southwest, from Cape Douglas aiul siHen miles inside the nearest 
 shore, the distance at Avhich it was visible was one hundred and ten miles, ('ook 
 saw this mountain eighty miles distant, from latitude 58° 10', longitude ir)lo 28', 
 over the northern part of the Kadiak grouj). He says. "We got sight of a very 
 lofty promontory whose elevated summit, fonning two exceedingly high mountains, 
 was seen above the cloiuls. This lU'onuHitcny I nanuHl Cape Douglas; it is situ- 
 ated in latitude '>ii° .j(J', ten leagues wost of the Barren Islands." 
 
 This mountain, immediately behiiul Cai)e Douglas, must be over eight thou- 
 sand feet above the sea, from the foregoing facts. 
 
 The south side of Cape Douglas has soundings laid down in six, eiglit, nine, 
 and eleven fat! loms, with two reefs of rocks, respectively lying seven ami eleven 
 miles to the south and the south-southwest, with passages between Uieni and the 
 shore, off which they lie about three and one miles, resi)ectively. On the north 
 shore, three miles frm the point of the cape, is Dry Bay, an indentation with a 
 broad shoal just inside its heads, which are one mile apart. tSeven or eight miles 
 north :Vd^ west from the cape lies a very h)w, flat island, four or five miles long, 
 in a north and south direction, and about a mile wide; off its north eiul Tebetdcotf 
 hiys lown sunken rocks for a mile and called it Kamishak. Vancouver nanwd it 
 Shaw's Island. The geographical positicm of Cape Douglas is latitude .W .").!', and 
 longitude 15;P l(i'; V'ancouver iilaced it iu latitude o'.P .">2' ; from it Cape JCIi/a- 
 beth btnirs north 71° east, distant forty-seven miles ; the western point of the Bar- 
 ren Islands, east thirty miles; and l*oint Banks south 0.5'^ east, thiny-two miles j 
 
 
180 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 and the eastern side of the Ishiud of Augustiu north 9° west, distant twenty-eight 
 niik'H. 
 
 The (h'tnilcd description of Cook's Inlet will be made of the eastern shore first, 
 Ix'ginning at the southward. 
 
 POUT CHATHAai. 
 
 This is the first h.arbor inside Cook's Inlet on the western shores of the Eenai 
 IVninsuIa, and the southern point of its approaches may be said to be formed by 
 Cape Elizabeth ; it opens to the southwest. Vancouver gives a plan of it a hick 
 has been copied by Tebeukott". 
 
 From that cape, nuvrked by a small islet oflf it, the southwest point of the inner 
 entrance to the harbor bears north 45° east, distant five and a half miles, and a 
 half mile before reaching that point there is a rocky t;atch marked by an islet. 
 Inside the entrance the harbor extends about three miles east, and has an average 
 Avidth of one mile. The passage into it, after leaving Cape Elizabeth, is free from 
 all obstructions but such as are sufficiently conspicuous or easily avoided. These 
 c(»nsist ])riiu'ii)ally of shoals that extend a little distance from each point of the 
 harbor. Even between the islet and rocky patch southwest from the south poinf 
 of the entrance a passage exists that h..j from seven to twelve fathoms oi water. 
 
 The soundings in general in I'ort Chatham are tolerably regular from five to 
 twenty five fathoms; the bottom a stift'clay. The shores are in most places a low 
 border, very well wooded with spruce and some shrubs. This border forms a nar- 
 row margin between the shore and the foot of the moiuitain, up which to a certain 
 height trees and plants grow ; but the tops of the mountains are covered with snow. 
 (May 1794.) The anchorage on the south shore is one and a half mile inside the 
 point in latitude 59° li', longitude 151° 42'.* The rise and fall of the tides near 
 tlu^ changes of the moon is fourteen feet, and neaps about eleven feet, but they are 
 greatly influenced by the force and direction of the winds. 
 
 Vancouver considers this harbor, with reference to its proximity to the ocean, 
 ease of access, egress, and convenient communication with the shores, superior to 
 any in these regi'.ns. But he never examined Tchugatchik liay, where the cur- 
 rents are not so uncertain and variable, where the bay is four or five miles wide, 
 and especially where bright clear weather exists while the whole of the Cape Eliz- 
 abeth region is in fog a'ld drizzle, llussian and American captains give the pref- 
 eren(!e to the northern bays. 
 
 Three miles northeast by north from Cape Elizabeth, under the north point of 
 the approaches to Port Chatham, is a snudl indentation of the low shore in the 
 eastern i»art of the point, open to the southeast, and three and a half miles north- 
 east by north from Vi\\m Elizabeth. Tlu^ entrance is narrow, and two rocky shoals 
 extend a «iuarter of a mile oH" each point towards the southeas*. The cove itself 
 is about a mile deep, and Tebenkort" i)laces soundings of five and six fathoms at the 
 
 * Anliiinaiiilritott' n'l'ics Tort Clmthum in liititudo 69° lU'.r., loiigitlido 151" 4!i'.G, but (Iimw 
 liol HiHfiiy tin; liK'iility. 
 
 • "^^iii 
 
ALASICA COAST PILOT. 
 
 181 
 
 cntnince. Portlock's longboat anchored hero in 1780, an«l notes live, four and 
 seven fathoms of water over a muddy bottom. The extreme western part of tho 
 cove is a Hat, and a small stream enters tlie northern part. It is named Uefnge 
 Cove. Tuget anchored hero in the Chatham, when searching for a harbor, in thick 
 fog with strong westerly winds. lie says that when at tJie entrance " they felt tho 
 influence of a very strong flood tide from the eastward, through the channel be- 
 tween the Chugach Islands and tho peninsula, and the conflict of currents there- 
 from appeared like breakers, extending nearly half-way across tlio entrance into 
 the cove; and although tho depth was not less than fourteen fathoms, yet so vio- 
 lent was tho agitaticm that the cabin windows were obliged to be secured by tho 
 dead-lights. The appearance of the cove was favorable, and the vessel worke<l in 
 and anchored in tive fathoms, sandy bottom. Tho southwest point of the cove, in 
 a line with Cape Elizabeth, bore south 5° west by compass; the passage between 
 the Chugach and the peninsula south 48° east; the bottom of the cove north 07° 
 west, and the nearest shore south 57° west, a quarter of a mile distant." The cur- 
 rent rips did not continue, for although tho weather grew worse, a boat was able 
 to go out and searcli for a better location. 
 
 Portlock notices a cove tliree miles northward of the north point of the ap- 
 proaches to Tort Chatham, and Tebenkott" represents it a mile iu extent, ojjcn to 
 tho southwest. Portlock's boat anchored in the southern part of it in two fathoms, 
 muddy bottom. 
 
 POINT IJEDE. 
 
 Eleven miles north 27° west from Cape Elizabeth is the long roiuuliug " lofty 
 promontory, named Cape Bedo" by Cook. Tebenkofl" on the chart represents tlu>- 
 inunediato point as low and wooded, with the mountains rising high about three 
 miles to the eastward. No elevation is given of the heigiit of the mountains in 
 this vicinity, but Puget made bearings upon it at a distance of sixty-three miles. 
 Along the imuunliate shore of the point are laid down a few rocks. Thirty fath- 
 oms are given tour miles west of the point. Archinuindritotl' i)lai'es i'oint IJede 
 in latitude 51)° lii'.n, longitude l')l° .W.tJ. Olf this point the ebb current sets 
 from the north, by compass, at the rate of two knots per hour; the flood sets from 
 the south, and runs nearly at tho same rate ; the rise and fall of the tide is re- 
 ported at fourteen feet. 
 
 For live miles beyond Point Bede the shore runs about northeast by east to 
 tho south point of the Clraham Ilarbor of Portlock, (the English harbor of the 
 
 llussians.) 
 
 *■ ' .'■*',•' 
 aitAlIAM OH ENOLISH IIARUOU.* 
 
 Five miles northeast bj- east from Point Bede lies tiie southwest ])oint of tlie 
 entrance to this harbor, wliich opens to tho westward. Tiie foUowing desciiption 
 is drawn up from a manuscript sketch of the harbor by otticers of tho Itussiun* 
 
 ^NiiiiK'd (ii'iili: ilmbor liy I'urthK'k in 17H(i; kiinwii liy tlic UiimiaiiN uh KiikIIhIi lliii'lior. 
 
182 
 
 ALASICA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Anu'ricaii Coinpiiny. In it are laid down rocks that have been recently discov- 
 ered. 
 
 Tlie entrance to the liarbor is formed by Dangerous Cajie (Cape Opasiioi) on 
 the north, and Hnssian Point on th(( sonth, tlie former lying north 18° east, two 
 and a (luaitcr miles from the Alexander trading post on the latter. A rocky reef 
 extends one mile northwest from Dangerous Caite, and detached rocks with inter- 
 Aening deep passages stretch ont three-qnarters of a mile soutiiwest from the 
 same cajjc. Tebenkoll has a detached rock higli above water, just west of the 
 rocky ;eef ott' Dangercms Cape. 
 
 From linssian Point an extensive shoal makes broad off the shores of the 
 above beach for one mile, with part of it, jnst nnder the point, bare at half tide. 
 
 Tlie general direction of the bay is south 62° east for four and a half mile" ; 
 then south-southeast for two miles, eiuling, however, in very extensive miul Hats, 
 receiving several small streams, which Portlock entered with his boat at high 
 water. 
 
 One nule within the entrance, and nearly in the middle of the bay, lies Pas- 
 sage Island, about half a mile long in the direction of the bay, and a quarter of a 
 mile broad. Abreast of the inner part of this island the harbor contracts to one 
 mile in width, maintaining that width for the luixt three miles. 
 
 From the southwestern point of Passage Island a long reef extends over a 
 mile west-southwest, nearly across the south channel to Kussian Point, oft" which a 
 very narrow passage exists, which Portlock says he exami ed and found plenty of 
 water. 
 
 The passage on the north side of the island is the better one, with rocks off 
 each point for a i!ouple of hundred yards, but leaving a cnannel of live hundred 
 yards wide, with seventeen fathoms of water over a nuuldy bottom. 
 
 Portlock examined the south passage and found plenty of water, but it is 
 much narrower than the northern one. The Eussian chart places it only two 
 cable's length north of Ilussiau Poijit, and only one cable wide at the narrowest 
 p(»int. 
 
 In entering this bay by the north channel Portlock says he found a "strong 
 outset current, although the tide was Hood," and upon leaving it " with the flood 
 tide was carried out very rapidly by currents to the northward past Dangerous 
 Cape." He says the best time for entering this harbor is near low water, as the 
 rocks then show themselves, or the kelp discloses their position. 
 
 Three-<iuarters of a mile inside the point northeast of tin* east end of Passage 
 Island a lunnbor of sunken rocks stretch southwest about half-way across the 
 liarbo". The Kussian sketch exhibits one rock in this ledge above water, ana 
 three and five fathoms over the rest. It will be well to pass a quarter of a mile 
 east of Passage Island to clear a sand tongue making out from it, and then haul 
 southward for the southern shore towards a house on the bea<'h. 
 
 Hate anchorage nuiy be had anywhere in the harbor, and towards the head 
 in ten fatiioms water, where the bottom is muddy. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 WS^ 
 
 Close under Danpcrona Cape is Coal Bay, a small aiichorafje of less tliav lialf 
 a mile in extent, with soiinclin};;s from twelve to live tatlioms ov'T tine black sand. 
 To enter this cove and clear tlio reef oflt' the cape, run for Passage Island until the 
 cape bears north by east half east about one mile distant, and steer north 'M° 
 east towanls the middle of the cove. It will not be safe to bring the cape any- 
 thing to the north of the first course, as a rock with one and a half fathoms at low 
 water lies north 50>3 west one mile from the north point of Passage Island. A vil- 
 lage is located on the small stream in the southeast part of the cove. This harbor 
 is the one where coal was first discovered on this coast by Porthn-k, and the anchor- 
 age close under the north point was named Coal Bay by him. lie gives a sket(;h of 
 the harbor and a view exhibiting the h)cality of the coal seams. 
 
 A second cove, twice as large as Coal Bay, lies one mile south-southeast from 
 the latter, with good anchorages in ten to fifteen fathoms of water. The; northern 
 shores of this cove, whicili is about three-quarters of a mile wide, are bold and 
 rocky, and guarded by rocks, but at the liead of it there is a fine smooth beach, 
 near which is a run of good water. Another opening, close under the point at the 
 south, is the entrance to a salt-water lagoou or lake, called Selenic Lake. Hero 
 Porthxik reports wood of dilierent kinds in gieat abnndaiuie, such as pine, 
 (spruce,) black birch, witch hazel, and poplar. Many of the pines are largo 
 enough for lower masts of vessels of four huiulred tons, and in every jtlace were 
 l»lants and shrubs of uniny varieties growing with great strength and vigor. 
 
 The latitude of the village in Cove Bay is given by Archimandritotl'as o!P 'iP, 
 and the longitude 15^ 40' 18", the latter depending ni)on the Cnitcd States Coast 
 Survey determination of Sitka. At the Alexander trading post the latitude is r»!P 
 L'l' 50", longitude 151° 52'. The variation of the compass is stated to have been 
 aOO east in 1848. 
 
 No data are given for the time of high water and the rise and fall of tides, 
 which may be a sumed to bo nearly those of Port Chalmers. 
 
 xiiere is a Itussian station and an Aleutian village on Russian Point, ami a 
 " pleasant piece of land about two hundred yards wide stretduis southward and 
 westward of this point for one mile, bordered by a good sandy beach on one sichf, 
 and on the inside by a small lake of fresh water, which empties itself into the 
 sea" threc-nuarters of a mile from the station. This lake or lagoDU is one of a 
 chain of lakes reaching well inland. This "beach terminates at each Ciul in higii 
 points of land, which form a snug bay where small craft might lie with safety." 
 
 Portlock says he " found Chatham Harbor a most excellent one iinU'cd, with 
 great ph'iity of wood everywhere and several fine runs of water. The eastern side 
 afftn-ds gi-eat abundance of juue, black birch, witch imzel, and poplar, which grow 
 close to the beach ; plants and shrubs of various sorts were growing with great 
 strength and vigor, (.lime 21 17M(i.) 
 
 "The harbor terminates in a fresh-water river that blanches out in several 
 directions; they were filled with salmon, which the bears came ih>wn to feed upon. 
 Bears were plenty; he raw over twenty in an houi-. 
 
184 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT, 
 
 "Tlicre are scvoral projecting points on each side of the harbor that form 
 very snug and good bays, witli excellent beaches, whore a ship may be laid on 
 with the K«f i>te«t safety ; the depth of water close to the beach being seven and 
 eight fathoms." 
 
 From the entrance to Graham Ilarbor the direction to Anchor Point is north, 
 and the distance twenty-seven miles, forming the broad gnlf to the month of 
 Clmgachik Bay. Tlie general direction of the coast line from Graham Harbor to 
 the head of this bay is north 50° east, and distance thirty-nine miles, this course 
 being very nearly that of the south shore of the gulf and bay. 
 
 Six and a half miles northeast by east of Dangerous Cape is the opening to 
 the north of a small bay with shallow water, but anchorage is had close under the 
 western pcsint in four or five fathoms. According to Tebenkoff's chnrt, there is 
 six fathoms in the entrance of the bay, which is about three miles long, north and 
 south, and two-thirds of a mile wide. Rocks are laid down on the manuscriiit 
 chart close to each point, which are represented as bold and rocky. On Tebenkoflf 
 the points lie east ami west of each other, but on the manuscript chart they lie 
 i»)rtheast and southwest of each other. It is the Selidevoi of the llussiau 
 charts. 
 
 Three miles east-northeast of the eastern point of the latter bay is a bold, 
 rocky point, forming the southwestern point of the entrance to a broad bay full of 
 islaiuls, with a long arm penetrating some miles to the southeast, but unexplored. 
 Twenty-live ftithoms are noted in the entrance, and anchorages designated close 
 under the western point. It is named Tutke Bay by Tebeukoff. 
 
 OHUGACniK BAY.* 
 
 Twenty-eight miles north 43° east from Point Bede, twenty-two miles north 
 4r>o east Irom Dangeroiis Cape,t and twenty miles south .503 east from Anchor 
 Point,t lies the north point of the entrance to the inner Chugachik Bay. 
 
 The north point of the entrance to the bay, named Coal Point, is low, three 
 miles long, and over half a mile wide, stre*^ching from the north shore half-way 
 across the entrance in a southeast half east direction. In approaching this point 
 the niainiserii)t chart locates two sunken rocks that are almost in the mitldle of the 
 approaches to the bay. The lirst one bears south 60° west, five and a half miles 
 from the extremity of Coal Point, and the second south 59^ west, distant two and 
 three-quarter miles from the same. Tebeukoff does not give them on his chart. 
 Close off the point ten and Hfteen fathoms are given, and twentj'-seven in the 
 middle of the entrance. 
 
 *On Nome Riissiiin I'liarts Kotthckiimk IJay; in Teb('iikott''s niiiTiitivc Cliu^iicliik, or Kiitchet- 
 niiik Hay. 
 
 tTlirso arc llio distances and positions by TclienkolV; but a niannscriiit chart of the Rnssian- 
 Amorican l'(iini)any makes tlie distance and direction from Danfjcroiis nineteen and a balf miles 
 nortli 54^ cast ; ami from Anclior Point t wenty-ono miles south 5(1"' east. There wouhl appear to 
 l)e au error of meridian line. On the manuscript chart the bearings between Kussinn and Anchor 
 I'oiuts are the same, l)ut fho distances, thirty miles ou Tcbenkotf, and twenty-seven in mauuscript; 
 the (letuils look more natural in the manuscript, and will he followed in the ilcscription. 
 
ALASICA COAST PILOT. 
 
 IKT 
 
 From this point the bay has a jjpneral direction north 47° oast for nin<'toou 
 miles to the head, but the last four miles are oeeupied by a broad tlat, with an 
 islet in it, althoufjh Tebenkotf gives four fathoms around this islet, with two pina- 
 clo roeks on its northern side. This tlat carries a broad margin along the whole 
 northwestern sliore, even to Coal I'oint. (Ugolinoi.) 
 
 Along the inside of this tongue or point the bea«'h or Hat extends lu-arly half- 
 way to the extremity, contracting the bight where good anchorage is had in seven 
 fathoms, mud, one mile inside the point, where it bears south, one mile distant, and 
 nearly the same distance from the bea«;h, but still leaving it about one and three- 
 quarters of a mile in extent, with seven fathoms of water. TTi)on this tongue, 
 abreast of the broad boach or tlat, is a long, narrow lagoon. Outside of the point, 
 to the northward, is a broiid beach for some miles to the northwest. Inside this 
 tongue of land, and abreast the anchorage, there is Ibund an extensive coal seam, 
 seven feet thick, and not worked by the Itussian-American Comi)any, because it 
 opens upon the beach at low tide, and will require outlay of capital to develop 
 and work it. This, or similar seams, crops out on the shore between the bay and 
 Anchor I'oint in two places for an extent of several miles; and again northward 
 of Anchor Point. 
 
 From Coal Point three miles south 75° east there is an islet joined to the 
 southern shore by a low sand tongue; this decreases the actual width of the 
 entrance of the bay. East of that islet are two or three coves, but no sountlings 
 are given for them, except at the entrance of the second, where twenty-seven fath- 
 oms is laid down in the approaches. 
 
 Tiie geographical position of the extremity of Coal Point is latitude .W 37' 
 10", and longitude 151° '22! 10", according to a recent Ilussian manuscript chart. 
 Tebenkoff states the position to have been determined by Archimandritort", who 
 found the latitude oOo jjo/.o^ longitude 1.51° 1>(»'.;{. 
 
 From Cofil Point the coast runs nearly straight for twenty-one miles n(Hth .'ioo 
 west to Anchor Point, in latitude 5!)° ol', longitude 151° 53'. 
 
 The climate of this bay is much preferable to that at Grahain harbor. Russian 
 and American navigators report that they have anchored here and had ch-ar, l)eau- 
 tiful weather, while they could see the thick, heavy niasses of fog and rain <louds 
 along the month of the inlet in the vicinity of Cape Elizabeth. In winter it is, 
 however, very cold, and in excessively cold winters the whole inlet freezes nearly or 
 quite as far south as Anchor I'oint. 
 
 ANCHOR roiNT. 
 
 The position of Anchor Point was determined by Chernotf and others in lati- 
 tude 59° 5()'.9, longitude 151° o2'.8, and is so usetl by Tebeukotf. Cook pliwed it 
 in 50° 51'. 
 
 It lies north 5° east, thirty-two miles from Point Hede, in the general direction 
 of the east shore of Cook's Inlet to the East Foreland. Between it and Point liedo 
 L'l 
 
180 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 lios tlio ChnKachik Gulf, Htretcliinp forty niiloa to the northeast. The country 
 Itcliind it is h>w and undnhiting and covered with wood for twenty wiles, to the 
 foot of the mountains, fonniuf^ the ba<'khone of the Kenai PeninsHhi. 
 
 Tiie shore, towards Coal Point, of Chugachik Pay stretches south 50° east for 
 twenty-two miles, and towards the head of the inlet it runs north 21° east forty-six 
 miles to the mouth of the Kaknu. Five miles towards Coal I'oint Tebenkoff lays 
 down the (Mitranee of a small stream. From the point the cone of the active vol- 
 cano Iliamna lies north 72'^ west, forty miles distant, and volcano Redoubt north 31o 
 west, forty-five miles. 
 
 The iidet at this point is twenty-five miles across, with a stronjj current on the 
 ebb and fiood; Cook says he found three or four knots an honr, on ebb, setting 
 southward. ITe was then at anchor off the point in twenty-one fathoms, Imving 
 let ft" iiii anchor to save the vessel from drifting out. Tebenkotf gives twenty-two 
 fathoms, sandy bottom, fou'' or five miles to the westward, and eight or nine miles 
 south 70° west from the i)oint are iiTcgnlar soundings from thirteen to twenty 
 fathoms. 
 
 I'ortlock says : Anchor Point, bearing north 33° east five miles, had twenty 
 fathoms nx'ky bottom; In^ anchored in mid-channel with Anchor Point bearing 
 south 3()o east, and had thirty fathoms, with a current running four knots per hour, 
 ebb setting from north by east and tlood from south by west, and at half tide it 
 ran nearly five knots an hour. Cook named the point from the circumstance of 
 losing an anchor in twenty-one fathoms, mud, nine miles west of it. 
 
 On the coast eight miles northward of Anchor Point, in latitude 59° 58', Teben- 
 kotf has a stream called the River Staritchkoff. Grewingk places this nnder a cape 
 called Staritchkoff, with a hill nnirking its i»osition. The stream runs northward 
 for three or four miles close to and parallel to the shore and opening out under 
 this cape. (Jrewingk calls the stream Stak-Tali-Chin and the cap(i Stak-Tali-Chak.* 
 
 Thence the shore is a little higher for ten miles to Cape Xinilochik or Sanif 
 (Grewingk) with a stream emptying just north of it. Tebenkoff has two streams 
 and two mouths. Grewingk says two streams emptying by one mouth; the south- 
 ern one the Chaik Chak, the nort'«ern one with a village on the Mnnima. 
 
 Twenty-eight miles from Anchor Point, in latitude 00° IC, a shoal makes out 
 from the coast line about two miles, it is Ninilochik Shoal and is the southern part 
 of the great shoal lying north of the Kaknu River, according to Tebenkoff. Over 
 this shoal, in latitude 00° 2-1', empties the river Kasilof on the north side of a cape 
 of the same name. This- river is continued but a short distance inland by Teben- 
 koff, but (irewingk gives its course a little south of east to the lake at the base of 
 the Kemii I^lountains. This body of water is cpiite large and is called the Tustu- 
 mena Lake. Upon it open from the eastward two large glaciers, and the overlook- 
 ing mountains are covered with perpetual snow. The natives are said to use the 
 
 •Grt'wiiiRk cannot hp rolicd upon; his information woo from Bccond and third liaudH in uU 
 fiws. — Dam.. 
 
AliASKuV COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 187 
 
 stroain to reach the head of Itesuirectioii Hay, on the euwteru shores of the Keiiai 
 Peuiiitsuhu 
 
 The cape on the south side of this stream is Kasilof. Abreast of this slioal 
 lies the island and shoal of Kalfjin, only nine miles west, witii a ehannel l)et\V(M'n 
 the shore and the island, having from six to lltteeu fathoms and lying nearly north 
 and south. 
 
 KAKNU UIVEU. ' " ' 
 
 On the east shore of Cook's Inlet the month of the Kaknn ojjens in latitmio 
 00° '32'.'2, longitude 151° 19'.;J; the entrance is about one-<iuarter of a mile wide, 
 and the depth of water inside ten and twelve feet, Ott' shore the river iMissea 
 through an immense flat with a channel having but live feet of water at low tides, 
 llange nnirks are established on the north side of the river, east of the Kedoubt, 
 but it will not be safe to use them, as no later published directions than those 
 of Tebenkott" in 1847 are found. The south side or left bank (»f the river has low 
 shores, but the shore to the north is a bluft" that extends into the ri\ cr. 
 Anchorage is had abreast of the beacons oft" the first break in the )lulf, in tea 
 feet of water, mud bottom. The '' usual rise and fall of the tide is twenty feet." 
 The magnetic variation was -"Jo east at the lledoubt in 1848. 
 
 This stream runs a little north of east, ami heads in the Skillokh Lake, so far 
 unexjilored. 
 
 There is a native village on the north side or right bank of the stream, and a 
 trading post of the llussiau-Auu'rican Company, called the Redoubt Nicolas. Wo 
 know nothing of the population of the place. In winter natives are said to cross 
 the Keiiai Peni'isula from this post. 
 
 The geographical position was determined by Holt. 
 
 ST. CHEYS0ST05I UAUnOR. 
 
 About two or three miles north of the mouth of the Kaknu is the southwest 
 point of a bay open to the westward, that extends a mile ami a half deep to the 
 eastward. It has no soundings laid down in it, and is called Zlatousta Harbor, in 
 Kussian. It is protected from all winds excejjt from northwest to southwest, and 
 it might be a safe resort when a vessel met with the driving ice of the ebb current. 
 It was formerly the usual winter anchorage of the Russian vessels. On Tebenkotf 
 the southwest point of the harbor is in 00° M', longitude 151° 22'. We can tind 
 no sketch of it. 
 
 EAST FOUEI.AND. 
 
 Eleven miles north of the Kaknu the inlet contracts to a width of nine miles 
 between the East ami West Forelands, which lie almost exactly east and west of 
 each other; soundings of twelve fathoms are laid down within a couple of miles 
 of either shore, but none in mid-channel. Portlock says that crossing the inlet 
 from the anchorage in Trailing Day, north of the West Foreland, he found no 
 
188 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 bottom ill iiiid-clmiinol at sixty fathoiiiH. Vancouver saya the Hhoren of tlio inlet 
 are coniitarativcly low, or only niodciatcly elevated, and jtittinjj out int<< three 
 remarkable Nteej) »'lifly jtointH, which he named East, West, and North Foreland. 
 (Hr the north face of tlie eastern Tebenkort" lays down some rocks. From the 
 soiitliwest]>onit of St. Chrysostom Hay, the East Foreland bears north 17° west, 
 ten miles, and the north end of Kal>;in Island south H7° west sixteen or seventeen 
 miles. Vancouver jjives the latitude 00° 43', longitude l.ioo 41'. Malakoif, about 
 JS.'M, observed the latitude 00° 43', and longitude 151° li7'.3, and this is used by 
 TebenkolV. 
 
 The country behind the East Forelaiul is represented as low for twelve or 
 fifteen miles to the foot of the numntains. (Jrewingk calls this Cai»e Mikischkin, 
 or Tueaii Tan ; Portlo«'k calls it the South Foreland. From this cape the general 
 direction of the shore, as well as the iidet, is north "mO east for thirty-six miles to 
 Point Possession, but nearly the whole of this shore is bounded by an immense 
 rocky shoal. 
 
 Three miles east northeast from the extremity of the F^ast Foreland is the 
 southwest Doint of a broad, shallow bay, ojteninK towards the southeast, and 
 bounded ( ii the northeast by the s<mthwestern end «.. the shoal stretching hence 
 to I'oint Possession. "It has soundings of seven and eight fathoms within a 
 convenient distance from the shore, sheltered from the northeast and southwest 
 winds, and not much exposed to those which blow from opjwsite (piarters." Into 
 this shallow bay Grewingk has a small stream running from Lake Sahunantova or 
 the Kutsch-tazik-Mitscha*. Tlie southwest point of the shoal lies northeast seven 
 miles from the East Foreland. The shoal coast hence to Point Possession is thus 
 des<'ribed by Vancouver: "The whole space was incumb«'red by an immense 
 nundi(>r of conical rocks, detached from each other, in a bank of sand and snuiU 
 stones, that extended a league and upwards from shore. These rocks arc of 
 ditlerent elevations, and as few of them are of sufficient height to appear above 
 the surface at high water, the navigating of this shore, with such rapid tides, 
 re(piires to be undertaken with the greatest caution. 
 
 "The utmost circumspection was required to conduct the boats clear of the 
 dangerous |>yramiilal rocks, rising peri)endicularly from a base at a depth of four 
 to nine fathoms, and perfectly steep on every side within the distance of a boat's 
 length." 
 
 The western part of this shoal is supposed to extend northwest about six or 
 eight miles to the middle of the channel to the north shore; although it is 
 probable that a channel exists through the sho.al, none has been traced out. 
 
 POINT POSSESSION. 
 
 This is a low point, well Avooded, near the head of the inlet, where it termi- 
 nates in two branches. There is dee)) water close to the point. Turnagain Arm, 
 or lliver, stretches nearly east-southeast for thirty-six miles, of which distance 
 
 * iSee \>revio«H note on (irt'wingk. — Daij,. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 IHi) 
 
 the furtlior lialf Ih oociipiod by ll.its, bare at low wattT, but baviiif; from four to 
 five fatlioins at hiyh water. Two niiles iiortbcaHt of tliu point is the soiilliwest 
 oxtieinity of a threat shoal eoiniiifj from Cape Canipbell, lyint; seven and a half 
 miles north 77° west from the |M>int, and forminf,' the northwest iniint of the en- 
 tranee to Tiirmipiin Arm, and the southeast extremity of the point of entrance to 
 the Uiver Knilve. 
 
 The mouths of the Sut(!hitii.a Rivor Ho about fourteen miles to the north- 
 northwest, while the North Foreland is twenty miles due west. 
 
 TIDES OFF POINT POSSKSSION. 
 
 Tebenkofl' Rives twenty-seven feet rise and fall of tide; the eurrents run four 
 to five knots, and in spring, when the ice breaks away, it is dangerous navigation 
 for any vessel. 
 
 Cook took " possession " of the country at this point, and heneegave it the 
 name; he deposited a bottle, &c., which Vancouver seanthed for in vain. 
 
 Cook's map places the point in latitude 01° 05'; it is in 01° 03', (longitude 
 149° 12',) HC(!ording to Vancouver. 
 
 Malakotf gives it 01° (Ki'.'>, longitude I.">0o '2't'.'t, which is the position on 
 Tebenkort', who calls it Cape Naselenia, (settlement.) 
 
 TURNAGAi:^ ARM. 
 
 This is the Tumagain River of Cook, and stretches from Point Possession 
 thirty-six miles east-southeast; at high water it has a width of eight to ten miles 
 for about eighteen miles to a sudden contra<;tion of two or three n* width, 
 thence it has an average width of four miles, but is bare at low water. The main 
 channel runs in nearly a straight line from Point Possession to the southern point 
 at the throat of the arm, with an average depth of six or seven fathoms. 
 
 The shores of this wide i)art of Turnagain Arm form a biiy on each side at 
 high water, but they could not be approached on account of the. shallow Hat that 
 extends from the land on the northern side for three to five miles, and on the 
 southern side about half that distance; between whi<;h is a <rliainiel about four or 
 five miles wide, which is, however, contracted and obstructed by a shoal that is in 
 nuiny places dry, and situated about eight miles east-southeast from Point Posses- 
 sion. It lies lengthwise across the channel northeast and southwest for four or 
 five miles, an<l one or two wide, leaving a <'haiuiel between its south jxiint and the 
 fiat off the south shore of about one and a half mile. In this i)art of Turnagain 
 Arm close under the soutli shore, thirteen miles east-southeast from Point I'osses- 
 sion, is a small inlet where Vancouver rested to o1)tain its position, latitude 00° 
 57', longitude 149° 17', Tebenkoff gives the longituile 15(|o 02'. 
 
 From Point I'ossession eastward to the throat the "country bordering upon 
 the bays is low, well wooih'd, and rises with a gradual ascent uiifil at the inni-r 
 point (throat) where th«' shores suddenly rise to lolty eminences in nearly jH-rpen- 
 dicular clitt's, and compose stupendous mountains, that are broken into chasms 
 
190 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 niid deep gullies. Down these rushed iiiinieiisc torrents of wiiter, rend«>i-in;; th« 
 nuked sides of these inecipices awfully fjrand ; on their tops yrew a few stunti'd 
 jtine trees, but they weri' nearly «U'stitutc of every other veyetaltle ]iroduetion. 
 Tiu^ tide at this situation rose thirty feet perpendicularly, so that at low water tho 
 arm must be dry or nearly so." (V'ancMtuver May 17!(4.) 
 
 At the throat or inner points Vancouver says the northeast point lies north 
 4U° east, three and three-<puirters miles from the southwest point. 
 
 The arm seems finally to terminate in latitude 0(P 54', htujjitude 148° ,'$0', in 
 a circular nnuiner, surrouiulcd by hif?h, steep, barren mountains (iovered with per- 
 jKitual snow. Tcbeukolf gives the termination in latitude G0° 53', longitude 141)° 
 13'. 
 
 Tlirongh this arm Vancouver understood tho natives made their winter con- 
 nection with Trince William Sound, passing over a hill or mountain for ten or 
 eleven miles, when they desceiuled into an arm of Prince William Sound. Teben- 
 kotf says they now make it from the Kaknu. 
 
 •knik niVEn, or fiue uivku. 
 
 This river was entered by Cook and Vancouver. The former examined il to 
 latitiule 01^ 30', and the latter to latitude 01° L"J'. It is not navigable more than 
 tw»(lve miles from its mouth, when it expands to a width of six miles. I'oint Wor- 
 onzo, (so iianu'd by Vancouver, ^lay 17!>4,) forming the southwest point of the river, 
 is in latitude fiio oh', longitude 14!»o 24' by Vancouver, 150° 07' of Tebenkotf. 
 
 Point Mackenzie is the northeast point, so called by Vancouver, and bears 
 about uiMtheast from Woronzo, distant two miles, with twenty to thirty-three fath- 
 oms of water between them. Thence the general direction of the river to its con- 
 traction is northeast to latitude (M° 28', longitude 14{)o 32'. His position was in 
 latitude 01° 17', longitude 14!P 5.S', (Tebenkoff;) rise and fall of spring tides about 
 twenty-soveu feet, and high water O/i. after moon liad passed the meridian. Tho 
 magnetic variation was 20° 30' in Jlay 1794. The river has a general direction to 
 the northward, and Tebenkott" says the traders, following the Kaik, reach Lake 
 Plavejno, (latit)ule 02° 10', longitude 14!)°,) and thence, ascending the Tlischy- 
 tue River, arrive at Copper River. Grewingk has a post, NUchta, at the contrac- 
 tion of the Knik, to where Vancouver exi)lored. Vancouver anchored in the lower 
 part of the river, where he got seven fathoms, and was in great danger from driv- 
 ing ice. From Point Woronzo the shore to Point Campbell (named by Vajicou- 
 ver) runs south 19° west for four miles. Cook says nuich low, flat land borders 
 the inlet from the east point of the river to the northwest, and that a great cpiau- 
 tity of fresh water flowed into the inlet. He gives the rise and fall of the tide 
 twenty feet. 
 
 Vancouver says of the country bordering the river to the limit of his explora- 
 tion : " The shores we passed were «'ompact. Two or three small streams of iresh 
 water flowed into the branch l)etween low, steep banks; above these the surface 
 
 • I'roiiouuced kni'cjk, from tUi' EHijuimuux imiiio for lire. 
 
AI-ASKA COAST IMUiT. 
 
 191 
 
 was nearly Hat, niid fouiitl ii sort of plain on which there was no snow , anil hut 
 very tew trees. Tills plain stretclied to tlu> loot of a eonnected Ixxly of nionntains, 
 whicli, exeeptinfi hetween tlie west and nort Invest, wen« not v«>ry remote; and oven 
 in that <inarter the country nii^jrlit l»e considered as niodcriitcly elevated, Itoundcd 
 hy distant stni)endous mountains covered witli siu)w, and ap|tarcnfly dctaclicd 
 from each other." (May 171(4.) 
 
 XrnN AGAIN ISLAND. 
 
 Six miles oft' the month of the Knilt River lies the east end of this island, 
 directly in the channel: its southern shore on the ed^je of the Hat stretchin;^ from 
 Point Caniphell, and its northern ed;je within a mile or two of the southern edjfo 
 of the Hat from the northern shore of the inlet. The (channel has very variahlo 
 hottoni, from three to twelve fathoms. The island is three antl u laif miles loiifj 
 in an east-northeast and west-southwest direction, and ah, i' one and a half niilu 
 broad. Near its western point a shoal stretches abont hall a lea^ne in a north- 
 west dimtion from the western jtoint of the island, where the latitude was ob- 
 served I .» Vancouver as 01° OH'. In consciiuence of this sjiit and *lie shoals which 
 ])roJect five miles from the north shore lowards the island the navi;;alile chaniu'l is 
 reduced to scarcely a mile in v.idth. The deejtest water, which does not <'xceed 
 six to seven fathoms at half tide, is nearest the northern side. From this shoal 
 toward the southwest the depth soon increases to twelve fathoms. 
 
 KlVliU SUTSCUITNA. 
 
 The several mouths of this river open npon the northernmost shores of Cook's 
 Inlet, in latitude 61° IC, and between lonj;itndes ir>0° 30' and 1 noo 3!)', according 
 to Malakott'. It has a shoal broad oft' "ts mouth, and no navi},'able channel is laid 
 down throufih this shoal, although it is doubtless accessible at hijjh water, and 
 probably at low tides. The eastern point lies north by west twelve miles from 
 Point Possession, and northeast l»y east twenty -one miles from the North Fore- 
 land. On either side the country is low and Hat, and covered with wood. Be- 
 tween it and the Knik there is a raufje of hijih mountains, and at the west- 
 ern side a hijfh mountain, seen by Van<!ouver from his anchorage west of the south 
 end of Kalgin Island at a distance of seventy miles.' This would make them 
 over 3,200 feet elevation. Tebenkoff" says this river was explored in 18;{4 by Mate 
 Malakoff. North of G2° Grewii' xk makes it run to the northeast through a s»'ries 
 of lakes, ending in latitude 04°, nd H'P longitude. This would bring it within 
 one hundred miles of the Kwich. .ik, near Fort Y«mkon. 
 
 Vancouver supposed from the appearance of the land that an opening, which 
 might prove extensive, existed a few leagues to the northeast of the North Fort;- 
 laud. This indicates that the break of the shore-line by the dittercut mouths has 
 marked characteristics. 
 
 I 
 
192 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 KAMISCnAK BAY. 
 
 IJct'iriiiiig: now to tlie south part of Cook's Inlet, the western shore is described 
 in detail. Kiuniseliak is the name given by the Russians to the water bounded by 
 Ca]H! Douglas, Kamischak, or Shaw's Island, u' tlu? southward; Augustin Island 
 on the north. From the north <'!;d of Kamischak Island to the soutli end of Augus- 
 tin Island the distance is fourteen miles, and the bearings magnetic north. West 
 of this line tlie bay retreats twenty-one miles to the west. Two openings exist on 
 the shores of the bay ; the first, a broad, shallow bay eight miles west of Kami- 
 schak island, with wooded, low ground at the head, and receiving the stream called 
 Tsehuiow. Kocky islets are laid down on the east and west sides of this bay. 
 Seventeen miles west by north from the island is au nnexi)lored opening, with bluff 
 point on the east side and low ground on the west. The west side of the baj- is 
 indented by siiiall coves and bays, and receives several streams. 
 
 The points of these bays are in general steep and rocky, behind which rise a 
 compact and mountainous country to a considerable height, being a continuation 
 of the range extending from Cape Douglas, clad in snow (April 1704,) and seem- 
 ingly destitute of any vegetable productions, except a narrow, flat ' largin, com- 
 mencing at the foot of those mountains and forming the sea shore, which was 
 tolerably well wooded. ' 
 
 Between the western side of Augustin Island and the northern part of the bay 
 there is a channel live miles wide, through which soundings may be had in live 
 fatlioms close to the island, and deeper water — ten fathoms — is indicated near mid- 
 chann;!l. From the northern end of Kamisdiak Islanl to the islet off Tschuiou 
 Bay the soundings are twenty, thirteen, and ten fathoms; thence to the western 
 side of Augustin Island they decrease gradually to tive fathoms. 
 
 
APPENDIX No. 1. 
 OBSERVATIONS ox THE GiiOLOGY OF ALASKA. 
 
 The coast of iioitliwost Amorica, from the Straits of Fuca to the Arctic 
 Ocean, presents contrasts, in its geological as well as its hydrographical aspects, 
 •which are probably, in the same extent of territory, elsewhere, uneciiialletl in tho 
 world. The researches of the hydrographer and the geologist develop a not(!- 
 worthy i)arallelism between tlio character of the various formations and the gen- 
 eral l'.ydrograi)hic characteristics of the coast. 
 
 The mariner, however unobservant, while threading his way through the won- 
 derful labyrinth of channels, inlets, straits, bays, and harbors wliich characterize 
 the archipelago Alexander, cau hardly fail to note their counterparts in tho deep 
 gorges, precipitous clitfs, and lofty mountains whic lie on either side of him, duo 
 to the forces of upheaval, volcanic action, or glacial erosion. It would be (!(iually 
 ditticult to overlook the immense alluvial deposits in the valley of the Lower 
 Youkon and its delta, while plying the lead on the shallows northeast of Cajto 
 Komanzoff, or in Norton Sound: while the miniature icebergs of Icy Bay and 
 Strait, often so covered with earth and stones as to simulate rocks or shoals, bring 
 tho operations of the forces of the glacial ijeriod with ecpial distinctness before 
 his eyes. 
 
 The forces now most evidently at work in the Territory of Alaska are those 
 of upheaval, or gradual elevation; pliitonic, or volcanic action; and erosion, with 
 subs'Ocpxent transpintation and deposition of the eroded material. 
 
 ELEVATION. 
 
 There c;ui be but little doubt that the whole of the i)eninsular portion of Alas- 
 ka, west of the 150th degree of longitiule, is undergoing gradual ele\ ation. Tliis 
 is accelerated occusionally by volcanic aiition in localitii's of limited extent. A 
 single instance is known in Chabners Bay, Prince William Sound, of subsidence 
 of a low point* formerly covered with trees, whose stumps are now far below tho 
 lowest tide level. But this, in the absence of further information, must be 
 regarded as a merely local phenouu'non. 
 
 The facts in sui)port of the above hypothesis arc many. On the neck of land 
 between Norton Bay and Kotzebue Sound the sliores are strewn witli drift wood 
 piled in Avinrows by the fall storms, and derived originally from the sjiring 
 fresiiets of the Youkon aiul the Kusko((uiui. Far above the level which tlui inost 
 severe storms and highest tides now attain lie regular rows of wood, nneh 
 
 25 
 
 " See ilescriptiou of Shikiiij? Poiiit, Cliuliiiers lliiy. 
 
194 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 (If'Ciiyod but still pvosorviiig its shape, ami evidently brought there by the waves. 
 This may also be noted on the southeast end of St. ]\Iichael's Island, Norton 
 Sonnd. In the mouth of the "canal" or passage between St. Michael's and the 
 mainland, not far from the fort of the trading company, lie a cluster of basaltic 
 rocks, full of aniygdaloldal cavities. The upper portion of these rocks is at least 
 lifteen feet above the level of high water, and a little grass grows there, bnt in 
 the cavities can still be found, in nilu, portions of the shelly covering of a species 
 of barnacle, (balanm,) which must have lived there Avhen it Avas daily covered by 
 the title. The flanks of the Aleutian Islands in many localities bear nearly hori- 
 zontal tertiary strata, which contain fossil shells, undoubtedly identical as to 
 species, with living forms now abundant in the Avaters Avliich surround them, 
 shoAving that they have been elevated Avithiu a comparatively short (geological) 
 time.* 
 
 The lagoon of Isanotsky, long marked from French surA'eys in the last cen- 
 tury as a na /igable passage, though dangerous, is now an im))assable cul <le sac. 
 This, howev(>r, may be duo to imperfections in the original survey, and not to 
 subsequent elevation. 
 
 Captain Riedell, of the bark Constantine, states that in t^" inner portion of 
 the south harbor of Ounga Isiand, one of the Shumagins, Avhe, ^ he had previously 
 obtained four fathoms, muddy bottom, after the slight earthquake shock of May, 
 1808, he sounded, obtaining only four feet in the same i)lace. The lower jiortion of 
 the harbor retained, howcA'cr, abundance of Avater. Careful and oxacit charts of 
 given localities are needed to determine with acciu'acy the rate of the gradual 
 elevation. 
 
 VOLCANIC ACTION. 
 
 The A'iolence of the A'oleanic forces in Alaska is undoubtedly diminishing, 
 Avhile occasional shocks of earthquake are felt, and active volcaiuK's exist in the 
 Aleutian chain of islands. IMany formerly actiAC have become quiet or "extinct," 
 the shocks are less A'iolent and less frequent than formerly, and no ernjjtion has 
 taken ])lace i'or many years. Grewingk enumerates some fifty volcanic ])eaks, 
 most of which have been active since the Ilussian oc(Jupaiion, or bear the evident 
 traces of recent activity. Of these at present eleven only are known to be active 
 by emitting flame or smoke. 
 
 Kartlupiakc shocks are light, but not uncommon, particularly among the 
 Aleutian Islands. Sluxiks are said to be more common in the month of October 
 than at otiu'r times. In the Kavi-iak Peninsula, north of Norton Sound, terra- 
 neous disturbances iire rare. The natives reported such in 1S.")4 and 1802, In 
 August 1807, a perceptible shock was felt at the Ilussian ]\Iis;<ioii, on the lower 
 Youkon, about one hundred and fifty miles from the sea. Tiie islands of St, 
 Jlichacl and Stuart, on Norton Sound, are said by native tradition to have origi- 
 nally risen from th> sea, and subsecpienfly to have been thrice submerged. 
 
 Vide (Jrcwiiigk, p. 277 el xeq., nuU riutos IV and V. . 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 l'J5 
 
 OLAClAi ACTION. 
 
 For o]>i)ortiniities of stiulying the ijlionoiiiona of fjlaciation, Ainoriciui stu- 
 dents need no lonj;er turn to the Alps. From Unto Inh't ti> Ouniiuak Puss, 
 almost every deep ^jorfje of considerable size between tin' lii),di mountains, for 
 M'hich this coast is so remarkable, has at its head a gl 'cier, or the remains of one. 
 Some of these Khicier?, are of extraordiiuiry size and fjrandeur. Tiie ice, broken 
 from their overhanjj;ing terminations, has jjfiven rise to such nani(\s as ley Strait 
 and Icy Day; and smaller frafjrnuMds, concealed by the adherent mud and stones, 
 Lave in several instances been taken for i)erinanent rocks by the earlier luu f^at- 
 ors. The (niestion naturab/ arises, to what extent have the {flaidcrs aided in i>ro- 
 diiciny the extraordinary system of fiords which characterizes this coast? Or is 
 that sy.stem due to other causes, and are the fflaciers merely incidental ? 
 
 If the excavation of these innumerable channels and inlets is due to f,dacial 
 action, we shall luiturally look for unmistakable evidences of the fact in the 
 grinding and polishing of the harder rocks which remain; the denudation in great 
 part of the softer and more friable ones; the transimrtation of large (pnintities of 
 material, and its deposition olf the present coast line, in submarine moraines of 
 •which the .soundings .should give evidence. The ice power which woidd excavate 
 a channel llfty fathoms deep would leave no uiutertaiii or dubious evidences 
 behind it. 
 
 If, on the other hand, we do not look to glacial action for a solution of the 
 problem, we may suggest the hypothesis, that the sanw^ power which riiised the 
 Coast ranges to their stupendous height; which lifted uj) the peaks of Crillon, 
 Fairweather, and St. Elias; at the same time upheaved the strata on either si<le of 
 the main line of elevation, and nearly parallel with it, thus producing deep 
 inci.sed valleys and precipitous mountains, gorges, and ravines, of which the sub- 
 marine portion, by its jjosition, became an archipelago, while that above the sea, 
 of a similar character, in a latitude and under climatic iuHuences which i»roduced 
 a greiiter deposition (in th<^ form of snow) than evaporation, became, through its 
 lihysical conformation, the nurse of glaciers. 
 
 The weight of available evidence does not seem to support the first view of the 
 case. The lower summits of gneiss, granite, and doloiite, which must h-.wv lieen 
 covered in i)ast time with the superincumbent ice sheet, if it existed, and to wliich 
 one would look for such evidences as polishing, striavion, and grimling down, oiler 
 none .such. Their outline, and the nx-ks of which tliey arc compose.i, are sharp, 
 and exhibit no evidences of abrasion or erosion. 
 
 The absence of terraces, of any extent, has been noticed by Professor Blake, 
 in his account of the glaciers of the Stikine IJiver. Wassnessensky <leseribes 
 none, nor does \Vhymi)er, in his descrii)tioii of the inunense gliieiers o*' Ibile Inlet. 
 X(n' in my own observations in the vicinity of Sitka, and the peninsida of Aliaska, 
 have 1 met with any cases of this most characteristic phenomenon of general 
 glacial action. If the glacier Held once extended over the entire coast, previous 
 
 T-i 
 
lOG 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 to the fonniition of tlio aicliijM'lafjo, wc may concliule that the more northern por- 
 tions of tlie Territory, north of the Ahiskan M«»>uitains, woiihl not have been 
 exempt from ghicial action. Tlireo years' exploration, with a stronj,' disposition to 
 (h'Veh)p the facts of tiie ease, faih'il to obtain on the shores of Norton Sonntl, or 
 ill Uw vaUey of the Yonkon, any evidence whatever of sneh action. Once only 
 wer(! polished rocks i^iet with, and they proved on examination to be " slickeii- 
 sides;" while no instances of transi)orted materials, scratches, bonlders or 
 moraines, were anywliere met with. The rolling and moderately elevated char- 
 acter of the (!onntry does not favor the development of local glaciers, such as now 
 exist on the more southern coasts of Alaska. 
 
 The soft tertiary strata everywhere, though broken, contorted and aoitietimes 
 metamorphosed, ar'3 not denuded, except from the evident local action of local gla- 
 ciers. 
 
 But little has been learned so fiir in regard to the rate of motion, and other 
 circumstances connected with the magnificent glacier system of the coast ranges 
 of British Columbia and Alaska. A road, built across one of the glaciers of Bute 
 Iidet by Mr. Waddington, of Victoria, was noticed to have moved some ten feet 
 out of line during the Avliiter season, when the road builders returned in the 
 spring. No regular observations have been made, however. 
 
 That the majority of the glaciers are decreasing in size, and hence that the 
 climate is becoming dryer or warmer, is evident. The glaciers of Bute Inlet and 
 the Stikine have notably receded, leaving their tracks unmistakably evident. The 
 erosive iu;tion of the glaciers is comparatively small; from some of them issue 
 streams of Wiiler nearly pure* and they do not give rise to any v«!ry extensive 
 shoals off the coast. Quite different is the case with the rivers. The Stikine, the 
 Copi)er, tlui Suschitno, all bring down quantities of detritus, aJinually altering, to 
 solium extent, the coast line in the immediate viianity of their embouchments. 
 
 North of the jM-uinsula of Aliaska this river action is going on in a far 
 grander manner. The Nushergak, Kuskocpiim, and Yonkon Kivers annually dis- 
 charge froiu their mouths immense quantities of earthy matter, Avhich is deposited 
 ill the Hue mud which replaces in Behring Sea the black volcanic sand which 
 comes up on the lead, south of tlu» islands. This mud has formed the largest sub- 
 marine plati'au with so slight a depth of water in the world, covering two-thirds 
 of Behring Sea, and even extending for an indefinite distaTice through and beyond 
 Behring Strait. A deep sea vallej' exists, however, on the west side of Tk'iiring 
 Sea, between the Alaska plateau and the shoals of Anadyr Gulf, culiiiinatiiig in 
 the 11' )uth of Plover r>ay, Eastern Siberia.t 
 
 When the spring freshets of the Youkon come down, the water is laden with 
 blocks of ice, each of which transports its share of jiebbles, earth, and sand ; the 
 current, twelve to twenty fafhoms deep, in places, tears away with resistless vio- 
 
 ' Si'd Wliymiicf, 1). '27. 
 
 t ('a])t:iiii KInIi, 4)f the Avhaliii^ brig ViitDliii, vi'imitH lii'ii' jUi in the mimth ol' tli« I'li.v ; iiiiil 
 j" 'irthfv up, Iiy W. U. T. Exii. 
 
ALASIfA COAST TILOT. 
 
 197 
 
 lonoe alluvial banks I'orined years before and eanies them alonfj, dejiositinfj tlieni 
 little by little, tiiiia eliaiifjinfj annually its dninnel and depth of water, enttinj^ 
 away islands and forming new cues, and lessening slowly, but surely, the depth of 
 water in IJehring Sea. I have notieed, ou exposed banks, one hundred and thirty 
 annual layers of earth and vegetable matter, in a depth of alluvium of only 
 six feet. 
 
 Should the elevation of the laud and the annual dei)osition of earthy nmterial 
 continue, geologically the time is not far distant when a great part of liehring 
 Sea may become dry land, and Asia be joined imto America. 
 
 AGE OF TUE FORMATIONS. 
 
 In the absence of any information to the contrary, what little we possess 
 being favorable, wo may assume provisionally the hyi)othesis that the northern 
 extensions of the coast and Rocky Mountain rang(> in Alaska were elevated at the 
 same geological period as their more southern portions, probably near the end of 
 the triassic period.* At only one point in the territory have older rocks been 
 definitely identified, viz: at Cape Lisburiu', on the Arctic coast, where IJeeehey 
 obtained fossils from carboniferous linu'stone.t At the bay <»f Katmai, ])eninsnla 
 of Aliaska, Wassuessensky obtained Jurassic fossils, which arc described and 
 figured by Grewingk.| 
 
 The cretaceous strata which abound in California and on Vancouver Island 
 have not as yet been definitely traced into Alaska. It is (piite possible that some 
 of tlie numerous coal beds of the archi])elago may pntve to be of tlii.-i age. 
 
 The most characteristic fossiliferous strata of Alaska are those of tertiary 
 age, some of which have been decided to be miocene. Tiiese beds, oft^^n brokcMi, 
 contorted, or metamorphic, are found ou the flanks of the (roast mountains, and 
 have been identified from various points in tlie Alexander Archipelago, ("ape 
 S|)encer, Prince William Stnnd, Cook's Inlet, and along the peninsula of Aliaska, 
 and most of the Fox Islands, and even on St. Paul of the Pribylotf group. North 
 of this, the first authentic locality is on Norton Sound, wheie we find the tertiary 
 (miocene) strata coming to the st^a, between the amygchiioid basaltic, kva of St. 
 Mirhael'sand tlu' a<ljacent maiidand, and themetamorpiiic slates and sandstones «)f 
 theShaktolik Hills. 
 
 Here they are blue sandstones, containing vegetable remains, leaves of the 
 sycamore, {Platanm,) &c. Further inland, on the Voukon, it is surmounted for 
 some forty miles by brown sandstones, containing nniriue siiells, in poor conduion. 
 All the fossiliferous rocks which I obtaiiu'd on the Youkon, in Alaska, api>eared to 
 bo nnocene,§ but the basalt and lava which extend from the Youkon, at the Itus- 
 sian Mission, to the sea m'nv St. Jlichacl's may be, and probably arc, more rc<'cnf. 
 
 llemains of pliocene animals, such as the fossil elephant, (i(7(;/j/(«« j}rimitifiiiu)i,)\\ 
 
 * I'idf Whitiu-y, (tcoliiny <>f t'lilii. 
 
 tOri'whi^k, |>|>. HS iiiiil 'i'i. \. n. 'I'lii' <'iiiil iit Cape Ifi'init'nit iiia.v 1m' ol'ciiilionilriims n^c. 
 
 t (iicwiu^k, II. "JTl, |il. IV. 
 
 vS I''.iTim('onHl.v ic|H(rt('(l ciirltniiit'croiiN. i'loc. Calii. Aiml. Sri., |H(>»J, |i. :t4. 
 
 ||S('i' OKUMiliifty oCtllH vojagi' nl'tlir Ifciald, I'lolcMwir I). I"iirlir». 
 
198 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 the bi.son, {B. prhcmf and B. ernttsieornin), the musk-ox, (orihos moschaius,) and the 
 Ib.s.sil hoi'sc, (J-J. J'oKsilis,) are t'oiiiid over the whole Youkou valley, but jiaitieularly 
 labuiulaiit iu Escholtz 15ay on tlie luglulalik, and ou the Kotlo river. Beds of 
 marl, composed of fresh-water shells siniilur to those living iu adjacent lakes, are 
 found near I-'ort Youkon. 
 
 Th(^ most important of these formations to the navigator (u- manufacturer is 
 the tertiary. In it arc found those coal veins of which more detailed mention is 
 made in previous parts of this volume. Tlu^se deposits arc widely distributed, coal 
 having' been reported from many localities since the acipiisitiou of the Territory. 
 Tlie coal is tertiary, (some of it possibly cretaiicous), and, like most tertiary coals, 
 is infeiior to the carboniferous coals both in (pndity and thickness of seams. The 
 annexed table will show at a glance the comparative value and coinpositiou 
 of the coals of the dirt'erent formations on the west coast of America and the best 
 carboniferous coals of renn.sylvauia and England. 
 
 Anah/scsofcoal. . 
 
 Locality (»f the coal. 
 
 I'iltHburK, I'l'iiiiBylvaiiiii 
 
 Ornmliy, IViiiiHylvania 
 
 KrnllK'ky 
 
 Tj«'lii;;li, ecnnMylvaiiia 
 
 Xl'Wi'UHllt', Kii;;;lail(l 
 
 Xanaiino, Vanrmivcv'H iHlaiitl 
 
 Jtrlliti;;tiani Hay 
 
 Mount Diablo, Califoruia, UoHt blai'k ilijimoiid. 
 
 (%>o«(' Hay, Oi'i';i»n 
 
 Carlinii Stutioii. J ,, . , ., , 
 
 > Pacilu^ railiciad 
 
 A\ rbci- liivi'V, J 
 
 Cook's luli't, Alaaka 
 
 MoiBturc. 
 
 rixoil 
 carbou. 
 
 s 
 i 1 s 
 
 AhIi. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 9.;« 
 
 4. (HI 
 3.0(1 
 9. M 
 0. !I0 
 
 66., "Hi 
 ,10. 01 
 W. (I,-) 
 61. -0 
 
 34. 31 
 26. «3 
 ,17. en 
 2.04 
 33.. 15 
 
 7.10 
 9, .11) 
 4.10 
 0. (ifl 
 3.7.1 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 0.2.-1 
 
 Cbiuactcr. 
 
 Hitiiniinous. 
 llttiiiaiiKiuH, 
 Caiini'l. 
 A ithi'a. \io. 
 BiliiitiiiiDiia. 
 
 2.fl8 
 a 3ft 
 14.69 
 
 46. 31 
 4.V (I!) 
 46. N 
 
 21). 00 
 11.00 
 0.43 
 1.25 
 
 41. OH 
 .11.(17 
 26. 91 
 40. 80 
 
 32. l(i 
 
 18. .15 
 
 ? 
 
 33. 90 
 
 12. (il! 
 
 » 
 
 33.89 
 
 4.58 
 
 i 
 
 ,39. 50 
 
 ,1. 34 
 
 1 
 
 27. 68 
 
 6.17 
 
 2.00 
 
 ,18. 32 
 
 3.04 
 
 9.40 
 
 39.87 
 
 7.88 
 
 1.90 
 
 l.ij:uitic. 
 Li;:iiitir. 
 Ligiiitic. 
 
 Lit'iiilir. 
 I.ik'iiilic. 
 I.ijiii'lii'. 
 Lipiitio. 
 
 The above table shows at a glance, better than any di'scription could do, the 
 .superior ipiality of the Cook's Inlet coal, not only over all ilie mioceue coals, but 
 also over all the cretaceous coals of the Pacific slope.* 
 
 Anthracitt' has b(>en several times reported from vi>rious parts of Alaska. It is 
 probable that the specimens collected may owe their quality to local metanio. 
 pliism of the rocks by heat rather than to the general character of any large de- 
 posit. The Cook's Inlet coal, it will be noted, contains only t)..'57 per cent, less 
 
 * Till' iiMiily.scs 111" the Al;isk;i coiil nit- due to I'lot'r.ssiir .1. S, Xiixvln'iiy of tlic ."^t'liool of Mini's, 
 Coliiiiildii (.'nlli'jji', New Yolk, iiiid Sditc (;('oloj;ist of Oliio. ]'nifi«sor NcwlH'iiy is i'Xci'HimI liy iioiii) 
 ill liis kiio\vl('il;{H of tlic tertiary coiil-lii'iiriiifj lU'iiositM of tlii^ I'liitcd .Stiitcs, iiiiil suy.s: "Tliis cdiil 
 iN fully I'lpial to any foiird on tln> west coiist, iiol cxci'iitiiin tlio.sr of Viiiicoiivcr iNliind and IK'lliiiK 
 ham Hay." For the utio of tliu an«ly»f» I iiiii iiidi'hti'dto ilic .Siiiithsoiiiaii bmtitiition. 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 11)9 
 
 eombnstiblo inattor, and only 0.00 per cent, more asli than pood rittshiirjif bitu- 
 minous coal, \vhi<"li ditlVuMicoi is fully niad»' up by the 1.00 per cent, more wattr 
 which exists in the latter. The amount of sulpinu' is less than in eitlier of the two 
 best tertiary coals on the line of the Pacific; railroad, and the amount of moisture 
 is less than in any other American coal tabulated. 
 
 The discoverers of these outcrops of coal nuist recollect, however, that the 
 viilue of coal is not due to its (juality alone. Connnerciaily speaking, a vein of 
 coal less than three feet thick (of clear coal) is of very little value, excei)t for local 
 use. The dip of the strata, its faults or foldiufjs, the solid or (iinnblin;;; character 
 of the superincumbent strata, the distance from a market, and f facilities for 
 mining, shippiuf?, and transportation; all these an^ as important in determining 
 the value of a de])osit as the character of the coal itself. 
 
 Among the other mineral products of Alaska of this age is i)etroleum. This is 
 found floating on the surface of a lake near tht; bay of Katmai, Aliaska Peninsula. 
 It is of the specific gravity of l.'.j'^, (Deaunu',)* (piitc odorless, and, in its crude state, 
 an excellent lubricator for machinery of any kind. 
 
 Talcose and chloritic slate with veins of (puirtz abomid in the island of Kadiak. 
 An analysis of specimens of these rocks by Dr. Newberry shows only about H 
 per ton, in gold and silver. He says in regard to them, however: "These speci- 
 mens come from a system which at other points is i>rol>abIy much richer. The 
 mineralogical diameter of the specimens is precisely that of the most [noductivo 
 gold-bearing veins known, although silver will not be found in quantity in such an 
 association of minerals." It is not imi)ossible that the gold-iieariug alluvium of 
 Cook's Inlet, first examined by Do-'osehin, was derived, originally, from similar 
 rocks, especially as the island of Kadiak is apparently a prolongation of the penin- 
 sida of Kenai, on which the gold-bearing alluvial was found. 
 
 The other minerals of which we have information, and which are liki'Iy to 
 prove of value, may be briefly alluded to. 
 
 Copper, in worn pagments, has long been received from the vicinity of Atna, 
 or Copper Kiver. Nothing is known of the original locality, but the fragments 
 appear, from their condition, to be derived from the refuse of glaciers, or from the 
 beds of streams. The mineral is pure, and sometimes associated, as in Lake Supe- 
 rior, with native silver. 
 
 Carbonate of copper has been received from the Kuskoipiim liiver and the 
 viciuitj^ of Cape Koinanzoff. 
 
 Amber is common in the lignite deimsits on the i)enin- ila of Aliaska, ((Ire- 
 wingk,) and I have obtained it from the alluvium in the delta of the Youkou. It is 
 also found in the vicinity of most of the t4'rtiary coal deposits on the Fox Islands, 
 and is an article of ornament with the natives who carve it into rude beads. Sul- 
 phur exists near many of the volcanic c-ones of Aliaska. Localities on Ouiiimak, 
 Kadiak and Uindaska islands, besich^ others, are mentioned by (Irewingk. It 
 has long been in use, as a means of striking fire, among the natives. 
 
 " Nowberrj7 B<<j>ort of tho SmitUHouiiin luHtitutiuu ou Aliwliu miuuruU. 
 
200 
 
 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 flraphito is reported from Kadiiik; but speiiiinens of a mineral, mneh in uso 
 by the Inilians, as paint, liavinf; all the appearance of Kiaphite, proved on exami- 
 nation to be micaceous black oxide of iron. This was *rom the intericu- of the You- 
 kou valley. 
 
 Iron is distiibuted over the whole Territory, but none has been observed in 
 quantities worth the trouble of workinjf. Ma},'netie oxide is not uncoiiimon. 
 
 (ialeua la reported in minute quantities from Whale liay, about twenty miles 
 south of Sitka,* and near St. Paul Harbor, Kadiak. 
 
 Spinel exists in some (juantities on St. (;eor},'e's Island, in a decomposed bed 
 of voU^anic rock, of a whitish color. The crystals are large, but dark and full of 
 imperfections. 
 
 (larnets are reported froni several localitios, particularly near Foit Simpson. 
 
 I am inclined to thiidc that the magnificent beds of white marble reported by 
 the ollicers of the Coast Survey, from near Sitka, will ultinuitely prove of great 
 c«)mnu'rcial value, if the qimlity is uniformly as good as tlu- specimens obtained. 
 
 Our knowledge of the geology, minerals and rocks of Alaska is extrenu'ly 
 meager. It is to be hoped that our eiu'rgetic traders and trappers will enalde ns 
 to increase it by collecting and transmitting specimens from clearly identilied 
 localities. In this way onr stock of intbrmation may be ra[)idly enlarged, and the 
 growth and prosperity of the new Territory promoted. 
 
 WM. n. DALL, 
 Geologist of ilie late Russian and American 
 
 ( Western Union) Tele(jrai)h JJ^^icdition. 
 
 Note. — Any points bearing on the glacier question being of interest, as tend- 
 ing di'rtiiitely to settle that much-vexed problem, the following points are uoted as 
 worthy of careful examination by all navigators who may be desirous of adding 
 sonu'thing to the common stock of knowledge. 
 
 AVe nuiy assume that, first, the general course of a continental or continuous 
 coast-glacier will be parallel with the general slope of the coast, irrespective of 
 local toitography to any material extent. Second, that as the excavations, rock, 
 scratches, transportation of material, and so on, of course, Avill trend in the same 
 line, consequently the terminal and other moraines, if any exist, will be found to 
 cross the liue of general movement at right angles. Third, it has also been 
 noticed that the snuiller hills, or mountains, which lay ..i the path of the New Eng- 
 land glacier sheet, according to Yose and other geologists,! always have the side 
 of the longest slope facing the direction from which the ice sheet came. 
 
 Cilaneing on the chart at the Alexander Archipelago, let us examine this 
 assemblage of islands, iidets, and canals, which iuv«riably, by superficial observers, 
 Las been referred to the action of ice. 
 
 We find the first assumption directly contradicted. The line of "excavation," 
 
 *. T. A. lUalii". Ri'port on Goolojjy of Alaska to the United Stutcs Coast Survey, 
 t Memoii'8 Uoston Society of Natural History. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 201 
 
 if we still feel disposed to nso tliat term, is at ri^lit angles to the wator-slied to tlie 
 general slope of the coast mouiitivius, and to tUu coiu'su uf iiiaiiy uf the existing 
 local {^Irteiers. 
 
 Assiiiniiijj against reason, for the sake of arpfument, that this was the lino of 
 movement of the glacier she»'t, (as it ninst hav«' been, if any existed,) we should, 
 under the second assumption, look to find across the canals, at intervals, or at least 
 in 86litary instances, bars or subnmrine moraines, composed of the detritus from 
 the glacial sheet, at a time when the rate of melting was equal to its rate of 
 progress, the termination, and point where the detritus was deposited, conse- 
 quently remaining nearly stationary. If any nu('1i exist, which under the cir- 
 cumstances we may reasonably doubt, the soundings woidd give une(piivocal 
 evidences of it. It is perhaps needless to say that as yet we have no such inlbiina- 
 tion. In regard to the third point, Mr. Davidson mentions in tlvs volume the 
 fact that the abrupt side of the mountains is almost invariably the cast or north 
 east side, which excludes the idea of a glacit'r sheet from any direction, t'xcept 
 from the sea, but agrees well with the hypothesis of an upheaval coeval and par- 
 allel with that of the coast ranges. 
 
 It is therefore considered unnecessary to pursue the subject of a general 
 glacier sheet any further, and it only remains to dis(!uss the indications by which 
 we may determine the former extent and amount of iuHuence of the local ghu-iers. 
 
 It h.as already been mentioned that the deposition of detritus, in the form of 
 shoals, otf the largest known glaciers of this coast, is very small, especially when 
 contrasted with that deposited by even the smaller rivers. The excavation of 
 such immense inlets and channels by ice action would necessarily Ibrm large 
 quantities of eroded material, which must, by its specific giiivity, have been 
 deposited somewhere near the coast. 
 
 Leaving the Alexander Archipelago for the head of the Gulf of Alaska, at 
 Chugach (or Prince William) Sound and Cook's Inlet, the conformation of the bays 
 and coast is such as to give an air of more probability to the theory of excavation 
 by ice than that received from the asjjcct of the more southern coast. 
 
 It is in this vicinity that any observations Avould be of tlie greatest interest as 
 tending to (inally settle the question of how much, if any, of the peculiar indenta- 
 tion of the coast is duo to the action of local glaciers. We should look for such 
 indications as these. 
 
 First. Kvident lines of erosion, grinding, and scratching, probably of greatest 
 strength in a parallel direction with the general course of the iidet or sound. 
 These might also be crossed by another series, denoting the actiim of sonu^ limited 
 portion of the glacier, controlled by local topograjdiy, in another direction. These 
 marks should be carefully distinguished from such as might have resulted from 
 the act ion of bay ice in winter, carried about by the tide and wind. Such evi- 
 dences are clearer and more satisfactory, when obtained at some distance abo\e 
 high-water mark. 
 
 Second. Deposition of material in fragments of greater or smaller size, foreign 
 26 
 
202 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 to tlio locality where it may be foiuul, and Ireqiiently indicating the action of ice, 
 by the polisliiiitj or Ncnitcliiiig of one or more of the sides of any particular fraj^- 
 nient, and especially by boulders whose rounded form is so familiar In the fiehls 
 and stone fences of New Enf;land. Here also care should be taken not to con- 
 founil stones rounded or smoothed by the action of water alone, with those 
 i'ashioned in the grasp of an irresistil)le moving ice-sheet. 
 
 Third. A peculiar dome-like api)earance is to bo noticed in low hills or moun- 
 tains, over Avhich a glacier has passed, with the longer slope facing the side from 
 M liich the ice is sui>posed to have moved. It is on the brow and sides of such hills, 
 when tiie rock is su(li(;iently hard, that the most evident traces of polishing and 
 Herat cliing may be hmnd. 
 
 Fourth, The rocks and islets in the bays or inlets snpi)osed to have been 
 fornu'd by glacial action would naturally be rounded or polished on their upper 
 surfaces in a manner hardly to be mistaken for the result of sea ice moved by 
 ^vind and tide. 
 
 Finally, at or near the mouth of such openings we might reasonably expect 
 to find water comparatively shallow, from the deposition of tine material, the 
 result of denudation, or bars composed of the larger fragments dropped by the 
 ice sheet, in the form of moraines, or at least in the shape of large accumulations 
 of scattered boulders, gravel, and stones, as in the loens of the Mississippi Valley. 
 If, on the other hand, none of these conditions prevail, and none of these proofs of 
 glacial action be obtained, after careful search, then we may Justly reject the 
 glacial theory, in its application to the coast of Alaska, and seek another expla- 
 nation of the remarkable conformation of the coast line which we meet with there. 
 
 It is to bo hoped that our explorers and navigators will not neglect any 
 oi>portunity of sounding, or nudiing personal examination of the rocks, that, by 
 their rej)orf s and the information they can so readily convey, we may more rapidly 
 arrive id some satisfactory conclusion. 
 
AITENDIX No. 2. 
 
 IVUll 
 
 Tlic followiiiR list of the jjcofjiaitliical i»o.sitioi)s of plncos, imnoipnlly upon fho 
 coast of Alaska, has Ikhmi coiiipilt'd cliicll.v from Kiissian autlioiitifs. In its ])r»'i)a- 
 ration the intention was to introduce all «li't<aininations of position that appoaird 
 to have been made by aetual observation, even when the localities are quite eloso. 
 In the arehipelaKo Alexander most of Vancouver's latituiles have been inlro- 
 duced, althouKh in such waters they are not of fjreat itrnetical value. 
 
 It is believed the latitudes are (jfenerally within two miles of the actual posi- 
 tion, and in many cases where several observers had determined them independ- 
 ently, the errors may bo less than a mile. The longitudes of harbors refridarly 
 visited by vessels of the K\issian-Auicrican Company appear to be fairly deter- 
 mined, except toward the western termination of the Aleutian chain, where larf^e 
 discrei)ancies, reaching .30' of arc, are exhibited by tho comi)arison of n^sults 
 between Russian authorities and the United States cxphninK expedition to the 
 North Pacific in 1855. Positions by ditferent authorities are given in some 
 instances to show these discrepancies. The comparison of latitudes and longi- 
 tudes at Victoria, Fort Simpson, Sitka, Chilkaht, Kadiak, and Unalaska, between 
 English and Jlussian and the United States Coast Survey determinations, exhibit 
 larger errors than might have been expected. 
 
 The uncertainties that exist in the geographical position of many islands, 
 lieadlands, straits, and reefs, the great dissimilarity of outline and extent of recent 
 examinations of some of tho ^yestern Aleutians, the Avant of reliable data cou- 
 cerning the tides, currents, and winds, the almost total want of detailed descrip- 
 tions of headlands, reefs, bays, straits, &c., and the circumstantial testimony of 
 the Aleutian fishermen concerning islands visited by them and not laid down ui)on 
 the charts, point to the great necessity for an exhaustive geographical reconnois- 
 sance of the coast, as was done for the coast of the United States between Mexico 
 aud British Columbia. 
 
204 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Lint of the geographical pogitionn. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Smi Krani'ip»r«i. CiilifHritia 
 
 Vh'toi'ia, ViinciMivt'i' InIuiiiI 
 
 iliIjIiiIIii, rii/hiii!iiSuniiit, a c. 
 
 I'*ni't Sirii|mon, l>txi>it Siiiuiil, H C. 
 
 iCiiHi' I'diiit, Mtxoii Siiunil, It. C 
 
 Kui'tliwcHt I'uint, Laznrn Inland . ■ 
 
 AI.AHKA, .lI.KXANHlill AllCIIirEI.AnO. 
 
 Kntrmin' to INirtlnnil Caiml 
 
 Ili'uil III' I'lirllanil Canal 
 
 Villai;i* ill 'rrhi'MiiiiHity IfarlMtr... 
 
 Drvil'M Dniik, K.VKrtiil Strait 
 
 (;a|i(> elm™ . Kyuitiii HI rail 
 
 Piiliit Niiiii'i, KyRitnl Stnilt 
 
 (*n)M« KyKiliii or Mit/iMi 
 
 Aiicliiirnn" In mldillo ono of llip Kyiiiinl liatlioin. . 
 
 (I.AIIKME SOI'XI) AND ITS AHMS. 
 
 (JanlniT Tlnrlmr 
 
 Tcliilirhaiiiitf Hay 
 
 Aiirli'iiHm' Taiii^aH Harbor 
 
 Ka/ani Hay 
 
 Niirth f'lilranro to Tam)j;a« Xarrows 
 
 ('a|H> CuanialKi 
 
 I'lirl Strwarl. Hontli I'oiut 
 
 Kntranci' to UrtI Hay 
 
 ICtiiliii ITarlior, \Vran;;olt Tulanil 
 
 StikiiH' Ivivor, sonllit'aHl pniii, of ontraDCo 
 
 INirt l'rot(*ctliiii, rtoiithwoHt point 
 
 CHATHAM 8TI1AIT, FnF.nEIIICK SOmro, ICY BTBAIT, 
 AM) TIIEIK AIIM8. 
 
 Capo Tlcoinlon. Kim T»laH(l 
 
 Ciipr Onmiancy, HaranoH' iMlanil 
 
 Port Malni(>slmry, iiortli point, (Point iTarrla, Koii 
 
 tHlanil) 
 
 Port ('(iniluKion.mnitlioastimint HaranofT lalanil . . 
 Point ICIlm, Kou iHlanil 
 
 Point Sullivan, Kon tslaml. 
 
 Point Oarilnpr, aonlh onil of Admiralty Island. . 
 
 Rkalitrli I'liint, Hiuilliinst point of entrancfl to 
 
 Pi'vil Strait, llarunofT Inland 
 
 Point Parkor. Admiralty Island 
 
 Point .Vupnsta. soiitheaat point of entrance to 
 
 Icy Strait, Tchltiliaaoff 
 
 Point t'onvrrdcn, northeast }Mtlnt of entranco to 
 
 Ii'V Strait 
 
 Point lii'troat. northwest point Barlowo Cove, 
 
 Admiralty Island W 34 
 
 Point \Vhitl)y .W 35 
 
 toiut St. Mary, north point of Beruer Bay .W 4;i. 5 
 
 'Latitude from Admiralty Chart Ko. 3426. 
 
 LatltndK, 
 
 37 47 
 
 4M Si 
 
 !>'i in 
 r>t ■». V 
 
 .■54 l-J, 
 
 :>i -M. 
 
 93.8 
 30.11 
 
 .'hI 43.0 
 
 im 3.-> 
 
 .'m 4.-) 
 
 imi (w 
 
 .M 4(1 
 
 l:io M 
 
 .■54 :i!i. 
 
 i:il HI 
 
 .'.4 4iO 
 
 l:(l .''>:i.o 
 
 .•H 4'J. 
 
 t:i'j i»i. 
 
 .'>; 43.0 
 
 i:i3 4:1. 8 
 
 5( 43.0 
 
 1:13 :i!). 
 
 M 40 
 
 133 4.1.5 
 
 59 02 
 .% 10. .I 
 
 M 17. 5 
 
 r<e, iii.o 
 
 ."ifi 31.0 
 liO 38 
 57 01 
 57 B4 
 
 57 37 
 
 58 03.5 
 58 12 
 
 Lim^itndo. 
 
 .■■14 4!) 
 
 131 45 
 
 5.-> 01 
 
 131 45 
 
 S."! 03 
 
 131 35 
 
 .V> 34 
 
 133 00 
 
 X) 'JO 
 
 1.13 43 
 
 55 3« 
 
 131 :d 
 
 :,-> 3H. 3 
 
 131 45 
 
 5(i m 
 
 1X1 07 
 
 50 31.5 
 
 13J JO 
 
 '<l> 10 
 
 V -il. 
 
 .^O 1».3 
 
 13;. -M 
 
 133 33 1» 
 
 133 30 05 
 I3H 07 M 
 
 130 3:1 40 
 
 131 3:1.0 
 133 00. 
 
 134 58 
 
 134 38. 5 
 
 134 07 
 
 134 27 
 
 134 14.7 
 
 134 10.5 
 
 134 27 
 
 134 47 
 
 134 40 
 
 135 00 
 
 135 03 
 
 134 ,'i!> 
 
 135 13 
 
 135 02 
 
 Authority. 
 
 Tnlted Slates Cooat Survey, 
 rnllcil Slat4's Coast Survey. 
 Ciiltfd Stales Coast Survey. 
 Kniti'd Slates Coast Survey, 
 ChroulHi'hotr. 
 CMiruutsehoir. 
 
 Vanrouver, TelienkolTs .\tla«. 
 
 Vnneoiiver, Teln'okolTs .\tlaa. 
 
 Vaiuonver, TehenkolTs .\tla». 
 
 Chrontsrholf. 
 
 Chrouliiclioir. 
 
 Admiralty Chart No. 2431. 
 
 Ignited Stall's Coast Hur^'ey, 
 
 Chroiitschoff. 
 
 Ktolin. 
 
 Tebenkors Atlas. 
 
 Ti'lM'nkolfs Atlas. 
 
 Klolln. 
 
 Ktolin. 
 
 TelienkolTs Atlas. 
 
 Vaneonver, Tebeiikoira .Vtlas. 
 
 Vaneoiiver, Telienkoirs .Vtlas. 
 
 Ailiiiiralty Chart No. 3431. 
 
 Zarellio. 
 
 Ailniirulty Chart Ko. 2431. 
 
 Vancouver, Xvbeukotl's Atlas. 
 
 Vancouver, TehenkotTs Alloa. 
 Vancouver, Tehenkoirs Alios. 
 
 Vaneonver, TebenkolTs Atlaa. 
 Vancouver. Telienkoff s Atlas. 
 Vancouver, Admiralty Chart No. 
 
 2431. 
 Vancouver, Admiralty Chart No. 
 
 2431. 
 Vancouver, TebenkolTs Atlas, 
 
 Mannscript Itnsslan Map, Teben- 
 kolTs -Vtlas. 
 Vancouver, TebcnkofTg Atlaa. 
 
 Vaneonver, Tebenkoff's Atlas. 
 
 Vancouver, Tebenkoff's Atlaa. 
 
 Vancouver, Tebenkoff's Atlaa. 
 Vancouver, Tebenkoff's Atlas. 
 Vancouver, Tebenkoff's Atlaa. 
 
ALiVSKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 Lint of the geographical iwnitionn — Contiimo»L 
 
 203 
 
 Loi'iiUtv- 
 
 Hmiill laUnd 
 
 Unitctl Stali'H (!imrit Hiirvi^y AMtroiKiiiiirnl Hliiduii 
 4111 Saiiily Irtland, iiinuth tif rhilkiilit Uivi'r 
 
 Point Macnrlni-y, KuiirlaiiotV Ulaiiil 
 
 Biirut I'nint, wi'Kt aiili^ (il'iiiitraiui' to INirviumtiaya 
 Hay. Kii|irl»iiritr Inlaixl 
 
 Faint Na|N'aii, Ailniiralty iHland 
 
 Cap« Fauxlin w 
 
 lalot off Point Pybua, Ailuilrnlty '..•ianil. 
 
 Point Windham 
 
 Point Styli'Mian. nortli point of Port SiiPttinhniu. . 
 Point Sttliwbiuy, w«»t hMc of I'ntranco to Tukcin 
 
 ann 
 
 Mouth of Takoii lliviT 
 
 Eaut iMilut Spanliii Ilarlior, Icy Strait 
 
 AnchorftK" l*"'* Kii'dcrlck, Icy Strait . 
 
 Point Adoiplmn, Ii.y Strait 
 
 AuchuraKK Port Althorji, Icy Strait... 
 
 TACIFlr COAST— ALEXANDER ARCIIU'ELAnO. 
 
 CniM' KycAiii. or Mnion 
 
 Port Zardho. M^nitli cap»i 
 
 I'orrcater iHland, suntli puiut. 
 
 Wolf Rook 
 
 (Ui]w St. lliirtoloniu 
 
 Went Point, Dolores Bay, Iliicarolli Sound 
 
 Caiw Addinitton, or AdaiuHon 
 
 Coiountion Inlanil, wc»t point 
 
 Hazy Inlanda 
 
 CajH-* Dcciaion 
 
 CaiH5 Oninianoy 
 
 Hcd Cape 
 
 Point Lander, sontk point of Port Banks, or 
 Whale Bay 
 
 Point AVoo<lhou9e. north point of Biorka Island, 
 Sitka Sound 
 
 Cape Edgccunibc, Sitka Sound 
 
 Mount Edgccunilw, 8,833 feet higli, extinct vol- 
 cano, Sitka Sound 
 
 United States Coast Survey astronomical sta- 
 tion, Sitka* 
 
 Cross on Greek Church, Sitka 
 
 Cupola of governor's house and llRlit. Sitka 
 
 Hnnnt Voatovia, east-northeast of Sitka, 3,216 
 feet high, l)y mercurial liarometer, 1S63, August. 
 
 Lineidn Harbor, Noquasbinski Hay 
 
 Cape (leorpiana, south point of Salinhnry Sound. . 
 
 Cape Edward 
 
 Portlock Harbor, (approximately) 
 
 South Point i>f Ilh'ria Bay 
 
 Point Bingham, south isiint of Icy Strait, or CriHW 
 Sound 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 M M 
 
 .W II 
 
 45 
 
 17 01.5 
 
 
 r.7 03. 3 
 
 
 .'i7 10 
 
 
 .-.7 II 
 
 
 57 IS 
 
 57 31 
 
 57 .13 
 
 M II 
 
 .W 37 
 
 5H 0« 
 
 5« 10 
 
 !M \H 
 
 58 l-iO 
 
 54 42. 
 
 54 4H 
 SI 4tJ 
 
 ,13 01. 
 
 55 12 
 55 18 
 55 27 
 .15 .15 
 ,15 .15 
 5« 02 
 .16 10. 5 
 50 20 
 
 56 .M. 
 .17 OO. 4 
 
 57 02.8 
 
 57 02 52 
 57 02 52 
 57 02 47 
 
 57 03 23 
 
 57 17. 5 
 57 39. 
 37 45 
 
 I.iingitiide, 
 
 Authority. 
 
 135 22.5 
 
 13,1 
 
 21 
 
 133 M 
 
 yxt 
 
 10 
 
 134 
 
 112 
 
 IXI 2.1 
 
 l:i:i 
 
 29 
 
 |:M 
 
 42 
 
 134 
 
 .15 
 
 133 
 
 .14 
 
 i:i5 
 
 08 
 
 13.1 
 
 28 
 
 I.'I5 41 
 
 I3U 
 
 12.0 
 
 132 43. 8 
 
 132 
 
 .14. 
 
 133 
 
 2!) 
 
 l.Tl 
 
 24 
 
 13:( 
 
 33 
 
 133 24 
 
 IXI 45 
 
 134 
 
 10 
 
 134 
 
 M 
 
 134 
 
 .18 
 
 134 28. 5 
 
 134 
 
 4!l 
 
 134 58 
 
 135 2!). 2 
 135 40.0 
 
 l.ll 17 05 
 135 10 53 
 135 17 08 
 
 135 12 .17 
 135 25 50 
 135 4.1.0 
 i:i<> 1.1.0 
 l:t6 12 
 
 i:mi 10 
 
 I 5803.5 l:t6 27 
 
 ■* Magnetic dccUuation observed August 7, 18«7 = 28<' 
 
 Vanconver, TelH'iikoir's .\tlas. 
 
 rniird Stales Coast Survey. 
 Vancouver, Adiiiiraity Chart No. 
 
 2431. 
 MjiuuMM-lpt lluH.tlan ('l)art. 
 Vani'ouver, 'rfl»cuko(l"M .\tlfts. 
 Vancouver, Admiralty ('hart No. 
 
 2131. 
 Vancouver, Ailmlrally Chart No, 
 
 2131. 
 Vancouver, TcbcnkolT's Atlas. 
 \'ancouver, 'rebcnkolf's Atlas. 
 
 Vancouver, Tehetikotr's Atlas, 
 Vancouver. 'I'l-lM'nkotf's .Vtlas. 
 Manuncript Cljurt, Telwukoll"* 
 
 Atlas. 
 Teiicnkoir's Atlas. 
 Vanconver, 'rdM'nkotf's .\tlas. 
 Vancouver, 'l'cl)enkoH"s Atlas. 
 
 I'nited States Coast Survey. 
 
 Meares, Zareilsi. 
 
 .McarcH, Vanrouvci-, 'rehciikoira 
 
 Alias. 
 Vanc()uver. TclM-nkcdrs Atlas. 
 La I'l'i-ituMC, 'rciienkoirs Atlas. 
 La I'l rouse, Telienkotrs Atlas. 
 Meares, Telienkoirs Atlas. 
 'J'el)eiikotrs .\llas. 
 Bixon, Tebenknirs Atlas. 
 Vanconver, 'I'eiienkotrs Atlas. 
 VaiHMiuver, 'rcbi-'ukotrs Atlas. 
 Tebei)kofl"s .Vtlas. 
 
 Dixrni, Bcnzenia.i. 
 
 Vasilii'tr. 
 Vasilieffi 
 
 Vasllleir. 
 
 rinlted States Coaat Survey. 
 United States (;oast Srirvey. 
 United States Coast Survi'y. 
 
 United States Coast Survey. 
 
 United States Coast Survi-y. 
 
 1 tlock, 'I'ebi'nkotrs Atlas. 
 
 Vnsilietr. 
 
 I'ortliH'k, TebenkofTs Atlas. 
 
 Illiria. 
 
 Vanoinvcr, TebenkolTB Atlaa. 
 
 50". 8 east 
 
20G 
 
 ALASIC^V COAST PILOT. 
 
 Lht of the geographical posiiiom — Coiitiuiietl. 
 
 Li)rnHtv. 
 
 1*1)1-1 Altlini-]) anclioracc, f'roKM Soiiiiil 
 
 ('iipr S|n'ii('i'r, iinrti> iiiiitit ol' ley Strait 
 
 I.tiiya liny, iir Krciuli I'lirt, wmlli iiiiiiit 
 
 litiiya Mciiiiit, or Mutiiit Oillou 
 
 Caiic Kitirwi'atlMT 
 
 Slimnt I'lihMiatlii^l-, l:t.wi4. i;i,!t4li, 1 1.VOl* IVct 
 
 CaiH; riiippH, Ktinlli pniiit nl' Vakutat ur Buliriii^'H 
 
 Bay 
 
 Cape Timior, Kliaiitaak lalaiiil, Bcliring'H Bay... 
 
 Eh'iHira Haibc:, ]l4'liriii;^'H Bay 
 
 r>iiiit Latiiiii'lii', I'litraiieu to DiHenchaiitmout 
 
 Bay, Ileliriii^'rt Bay 
 
 Pdint Manby, wcHtcrii point of BehHug's Bay 
 
 Cajio llioii. rant point of icy Bay 
 
 Mount St.Klias, '4,!nO, l(i,ii;W, Vl,%:iA foot 
 
 Baniplona Kot-l" 
 
 Capr laktagu 
 
 I.ai.ia Iti.'f 
 
 Capo Hn(-klin;x, caHtcrn part 
 
 Capo llaniininKl, or St. Eliiui, Boutli i>ucl Knynk 
 
 Inlanil 
 
 North Point, Wlnglinni iHlaml . 
 
 Soa-ott*'r IiankN 
 
 Nortli I'oint, Otrlick, or MiJrllcton Irfand 
 
 Kiislorn niontli of Coppor or Atnu Uivcr 
 
 AIa;:anlk Villa^ro, Copper Ui .or 
 
 WoMti'in niontli of Copiicr Kivt r 
 
 Capo Himiiiiibrook 
 
 Kort ( onHlantino, rurl V.W )0« 
 
 Capo Clcaro, xoiitli jioint of .Mcnitagiio Inland 
 
 Jill In llarlior. Monta^ui' l.-.lali(l 
 
 Norlli point of ClialniirH Harbor, Monlagno Isl'd. 
 
 < 'apo Hf»nrrt'ct ion 
 
 Sial lioikR, Month of Cldswrll Inlands 
 
 Byo iHlandn. Hontbornluost 
 
 T('linf:at('li or Chn^aih iHlainln, sontli point of 
 
 Ihi' oantorn oiio 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 roOKH INt.ET. 
 
 Capo ElUabolli 
 
 Aiichorai;!' ia Port Cliatlmm 
 
 Point Ilodi' 
 
 Villajjo in Coal Bay, fJralmm Harlwr 
 
 Coal I'oint. Tchngatcldk Bay 
 
 Anchor roint 
 
 Foi I SI. NIt'hnlan, Kakiiti lUvnr 
 
 KaKl Fonland 
 
 IViiril I'owHCHHion 
 
 Ik!i'( noar TurnaLniin Ann 
 
 I'oint Varon/.off, ciitraiiru to Knock (I. o. flri>) 
 
 Uivcr 
 
 Tnrnayain Inland, wont pitlnt 
 
 ■\VrRl ]Hiint Stirliitna Uivcr 
 
 N< . ill Korcland 
 
 Wont 1 'oroland 
 
 Nottliwont point Kalf'bin l.sland 
 
 Itcdoiilit Volcano, ll.jlli icct, Isuow -covered) ... 
 
 .■■irt 12. 
 X 1-J. .I 
 .W .14. 5 
 
 :« 4s. 5 
 
 ,58 50. a 
 
 58 57. 
 
 .TO ai. 
 
 .59 X\. 
 
 59 ti. 
 
 59 51 
 ,59 43 
 ,59 5.1 
 
 60 2-J. C 
 ,59 n:.' 
 .59 Sft 
 
 .••' :^ 
 
 .59 j9 
 
 ,59 49 
 liO 05. 5 
 .59 44 
 
 ,59 :io 
 
 (iO r 
 (W 41.3 
 
 m a./ 
 
 6U IG 
 
 fiO 20 
 
 .59 J" 
 
 ,59 ..S 
 
 r>0 113 
 
 .59 51.5 
 
 ,59 34 
 
 59 20 
 
 .59 Of. 
 
 59 09 
 
 59 13.5 
 5!) 19.5 
 .59 24. 
 ,59 37. 2 
 ,59 ,50. 9 
 m 32. 2 
 flO 43. 
 61 03. 5 
 
 60 57. 7 
 
 18 
 
 61 OfJ. 
 
 fil 08.(1 
 
 61 16.5 
 
 CI 04.0 
 
 t'lO 44. 
 
 Oil :t:i. 
 
 60 a?. 
 
 Longitude, 
 
 136 
 
 12 
 
 13(i 
 
 34 
 
 137 
 
 16 
 
 137 
 
 11.5 
 
 137 48.0 
 
 137 
 
 27.0 
 
 139 42.0 
 
 139 35. 
 
 139 21. 
 
 Authority. 
 
 139 25. 5 
 
 140 06. 
 
 141 14 
 140 ,54. 
 
 142 39 
 
 142 12 
 
 143 43 
 
 144 11 
 
 144 
 141 
 145 
 146 
 145 
 145 
 145 
 146 
 14li 
 1(8 
 147 
 147 
 119 
 149 
 1.50 
 
 .53 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 47 
 
 52 , 
 
 01 
 
 54 
 
 22 
 
 13.4 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 151 25 
 
 Vanrouvor, Teliriikoirs Atlas. 
 Vancouver, Tclienkoirs Atlan. 
 La I'eronne, Lipinnki. 
 La I'eronne, Lipinnki. 
 Vancimver, Lipinnki. 
 Vanciniver, Lipinnki. 
 
 Vanconver, Lipinnki. 
 Vancouver, Lipinnki. 
 Malespiua, Xobenkoirn Atlas. 
 
 Vniicoiiver, TebcnkofTs Atlas. 
 TebeiikolTs Atlas. 
 Vanconver, Tebenko>*"8 Atlf.8. 
 Vancouver, Tcbcnkoir» Atlas. 
 I'onitiou very uncertain. 
 Tebenkoirn .Vllan. 
 Ti'licnkotrs Atlas. 
 Vancouver, Tebeiikoirs Atlaa. 
 
 Vancouver, TcbenkolTn Allan. 
 
 Vancouver, Tebeukofl'n Atlan, 
 
 Lindcnbcr^. 
 
 Tretzeroir. 
 
 Ti'bciikotrs Atlan. 
 
 S<'rebrnnikolf. 
 
 Screbranikon'. 
 
 Vancouver, TcbenkotTn Atlan. 
 
 ChernotT, lielcher. 
 
 Vancouver, TelxMikofTs Atlas. 
 
 A'anconver, Teln'nkoirn Atlas. 
 
 Vani'onver, '15 lienkofl's Atlas. 
 
 .Vrcbinniinlritott'. 
 
 TebcnkoiV'n .Mian. 
 
 TelK'nkotf'n Atlan. 
 
 Vancdnver, TebenkolT'n Atlan. 
 
 151 51 
 
 Vancouver, TcbenkotTn Atlas 
 
 15142 
 
 Vancouver, Tcdicnkolf's Atlas 
 
 151 .58.6 
 
 ArcbiinandritotV. 
 
 151 49.5 
 
 ArcbiTuandritoir. 
 
 151 21!. 
 
 Arcliiuuindrilotf'n MS. chart. 
 
 151 .52.8 
 
 Chernotf and others. 
 
 151 19.3 
 
 Iteldl. 
 
 151 27.3 
 
 Vamouvcr, Malakoff. 
 
 l.'K) 25. 5 
 
 Vancouver, Malakoft'. 
 
 1.50 01.6 
 
 Vancouver,''t'ebenkt>n"n Atlan 
 
 150 07.5 
 
 Vancouver, Telxmkoff's M'..\it 
 
 1.50 15 
 
 Viincouver. Tebenkoir's Atlan 
 
 1.50 39 
 
 Tebenkolfn Atbia 
 
 151 07.5 
 
 Vanc(Hiver, TelH-nkoff 's A,Jlas 
 
 151 4.5.9 
 
 Tebciikcitr. 
 
 151 .57.0 
 
 Teb.TikolV. 
 
 15a 38. 
 
 Tebciikoll. ' 
 
ALASICiV COAST PILOT. 
 
 List of ihe geograplikal positions — Continued. 
 
 207 
 
 Locality. 
 
 nininim Volcano, 12,066 feet, (»row-coverod) 
 
 Iliaiiiiia Village, portiigo to lUamna Luke, ami 
 
 Bristo! Itay 
 
 Mount San Aiigustiu, on Blaekbrown Island 
 
 Cii\w Douglas 
 
 roitloek Ilniik, Pn fathoms, 120 miles north 73'' 
 
 east from St. I'aul 
 
 KAIIIAK AUCHU'ELAGO, AND rETIUBS OB BIIEUKOFF 
 BTRAIT. 
 
 Barren Islanilfl, east point of Amatuli Island 
 
 Southwest iKviut of rgutihlu Island 
 
 I'oiut Hanks, north end of Portage Island 
 
 Sea-otter Island 
 
 Korth jioint of Afoguak Island 
 
 A fognak lloeks 
 
 .South I'uiiit St. Ilennogenea Island 
 
 Pillar Point 
 
 CniM' IJoot, (Peuteeost) 
 
 Euhel?. Village, Marni.it Hay 
 
 Kortheast jioint Keto;- Island, Northern Strait .. 
 Chiniak Point Keif we it e:.tranee Narrow Strail- 
 
 Sonllieast point Spruce Ishiiut 
 
 Vasilielf or W'Uiauis Bank 
 
 Spnice Point 
 
 United Stuti'8 Coast Survey observatory, south 
 point Cliagavka Cove, St. I'a\il Harbor 
 
 riagstatf. Si. I'aiil Village 
 
 Pillar (Ui .Mount SI. I'aul, (l.Ofll feet high) 
 
 Korth peak of Dovils ilountuins. 2J milet north- 
 west of St. Paul. 2,057 fe.'l higil 
 
 leo depot on AVoody In^md 
 
 Stui i.Mi near north end Woody Island 
 
 Cape (jrovillet 
 
 Tolstoi or Broad Capcl. 
 
 Low Cape 
 
 Koisy Capo 
 
 TJgak Islaiul. southeast p' lut 
 
 Southwest cape of KiiioudaBay 
 
 ('ape Barnabas 
 
 llarlpor of Three Saints 
 
 Misofski Cape 
 
 Doulili' Headed Point, Nazlkak Island 
 
 Chachkak Village 
 
 East point of (ieese Islands 
 
 Cape 'rlnlty, east point of Trinity Islaiuls 
 
 South Cape of Trinity I.ilauds 
 
 North Point of t'kauiok lu- Clilrlkolf Islands 
 
 Cape Tolsl<il, south point of Ckrinuik Island 
 
 Village in southwest cove of Ckauiok Island 
 
 Kaigtti' Kwk I 
 
 " Maguetie declination 
 I From Coast Survey 1"' 
 
 Latitmle. 
 
 o / 
 
 60 05. C 
 
 .■iO tJ. 
 W 22. 
 58 52. 5 
 
 5S ,57. 
 58 54. 
 
 .58 ;w. 5 
 
 ,58 ;t2. 
 58 211.5 
 .58 21. 6 
 58 09. 5 
 iW 08. fl 
 58 06.3 
 58 01.3 
 57 50. 5 
 57 .55. 8 
 .57 .5:1. 
 57 50. 2 
 
 .57 49. B 
 
 57 48 00 
 57 47 45 
 .57 47 38 
 
 .57 49 ;iO 
 
 .57 40 57 
 
 ,57 42 36 
 
 57 :io 47 
 
 .57 34. 
 
 .57 25. 7 
 .57 2:1. 5 
 57 2? a 
 .57 14.3 
 .57 10.0 
 ,57 IHi. 8 
 57 WI.O 
 .50 .5;l. « 
 50 50. 7 
 56 45. 8 
 56 3.5. 3 
 .56 24. 
 ,53 54. 9 
 55 4.5. 6 
 55 4f,. 
 .55 ,50. 
 
 liaerved) : 
 Brings and 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 153 07. 5 
 
 1.54 11.0 
 1.53 30 
 153 16 
 
 148 44 
 
 151 5:t. 
 
 1.52 19. 7 
 
 ir.2 19. 5 
 
 lr.2 13,5 
 
 1.52 31.5 
 
 151 49.9 
 
 151 52 
 
 152 01. 8 
 1.52 17.0 
 152 41.) 
 152 39. 1 
 152 31.0 
 1.52 -JO. 
 1.52 C. 
 
 1.52 1«. 1 
 
 1.52 18 56 
 1.52 20 .57 
 152 21 59 
 
 1.-2 
 152 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 
 1.52 05. 
 
 1.52 
 1.52 
 1,52 
 1,52 
 1,52 
 1.5:1 
 1.5;t 
 1.5:t 
 1.53 
 1.5:1 
 1.5:1 
 151 
 I.Vi 
 1,55 
 l.\5 
 1.55 
 
 IPIIl'.l, 
 .nctlon 
 
 14.0 
 
 :ifl.0 
 1:1.0 
 
 .5(1. 6 
 48.0 
 2.5. 5 
 ■ 4.0 
 34. 2 
 48.0 
 48.0 
 
 5:1. 
 
 12 
 24. (I 
 28.0 
 •>4.0 
 
 :i«.n 
 
 Auth,)rilies. 
 
 Teljenkotf. 
 
 rstingotf. 
 
 Vancouver, Tcbeukoff's Atlas. 
 
 Vani'ouver, Vasilietf. 
 
 United Stat«8 Coaat Survey. 
 
 Bcnzenian and others. 
 
 llcn/.cniun i.Md ollicrs. 
 
 Ben/enian ami others. 
 
 Vasilietf. 
 
 Vasilietf. 
 
 llen/.euiau. 
 
 Viiiic luver, Ben7,eniai«. 
 
 Benzeniiin. 
 
 Miirashat. 
 
 Arehlnuimlrltolf. 
 
 Beiueinan. 
 
 Archiuiandritfiff. 
 
 Archiuuindrilotf, 
 
 United States C, (t ise.i-ey, (ap- 
 
 pr(»xiinale) 
 United Slates Coast Survey. 
 
 United Statei Coast SiirN'oy.* 
 United Stalls Coast Survey. 
 United Slates Coast Sur'ey. 
 
 United Slates Coast Sur.' y. 
 United Slates (loast Survey. 
 United Slates Coast Survey. 
 United Slates Coast Si;-vey, (ap- 
 
 proxinuite.) 
 United Stales Coast Suriey, (ap- 
 
 proxilnat.'.) 
 ,\rchiniiindritoif. 
 ArcbiniaurlritotV. 
 Archiuiauiliiliiir. 
 .Vrchinuindritotf. 
 A'ancouver. Arcbiinandritoiy. 
 I.isianskI, Arcliiiiiandrilort'. 
 Atcltiuiandrilolf. 
 Vari(!ouver, .\rchlmandritoll'. 
 Arci'iuiauilrilotV. 
 Arcbiinanitritotr 
 VaiKiouvcr, .\rehinuindiilip(f. 
 Ari'lihnandrilofl'. 
 Kashevariiir anil I.iudeulierg. 
 Kaslievaroir and l.iudeulii rg. 
 ICaslievarotr and Liiideiibevg 
 Kuklicvaroir and Liudeiiherg. 
 
 August 98, 1867. 
 of Arrhlmandiiliilf 
 
208 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 List of the geographical positions— Continneii, 
 
 Luculity. 
 
 Sontli iBlnmliif Uiiiiilrn Rmup , 
 
 Atl'iyiik Inliiiiil, mirtliii'ii of Liuiidun group 
 
 South jiiiliil Kiiiliak IhIiiiiiI 
 
 Ctiiio ^Mituk, west point of Alitak iJ«y 
 
 Low Cupi.', Alitak Bay 
 
 Cajn* Icolik 
 
 Karlook Village, inoiitli of Karlook Kiver 
 
 C'upi' I'yak, uoutbwvat iMjiut of Uyak Bay 
 
 Cniif Tlxat 
 
 Capt' U;:a'.iik, Koilln»ru Strait 
 
 Itanplii'ii'y l.'api", Noiilifiii Strait 
 
 Sti'(^|> < 'ujir, Afo.^iiak Ixlaml 
 
 Capi' ruraiuaiiof, Afogimk Ihlauil 
 
 Black Cape, Afoguak lulauil 
 
 boutiikast suoueh ok ai-ahka i'ex1n;(ula, and 
 mlvnuh off it. 
 
 SoiitboaHt point Aau):lij)aiilik Island 
 
 Villaui' north HiiU- Kukak Bay 
 
 CaiM' Atiit('ha;;l)ik 
 
 Kutniiiy V'illagi', on Katniay Itivor and Bay 
 
 CajH- KulMi;;akrtiU 
 
 Mount liolHcharolf 
 
 Oiay I'lak 
 
 Txhuiih iunayak IVak 
 
 A U(f Milk Ilock 
 
 Ciipr Iviiuiliut 
 
 Sutkhuiu VilhiKo, KidiuHk iiay 
 
 EiiM point Aiuknlik iHland 
 
 Tulion'oiiint I'oint 
 
 Itklil i-'i\ir, iNiBt Hidoof Kuioukta Bay 
 
 Aiu-liorauo Kuprianoil' 
 
 (-'alio Ivauotf 
 
 AVi'Bt point of Korovimakl lalaud 
 
 TTn^a, Xart ti Harbor, hoiiao ou weat aboru of bay, 
 
 I'nj;a Inland 
 
 ViUaKo in Di'larotf Bay, HoiithcaHt iHilnt of TTuga 
 
 Inlund 
 
 Js'urth point Tia^khinak Inland 
 
 Kouth itoint of Nuniiik iNlaiid 
 
 Khiunaciu Dank, 40 fathoum, rural and aand, 35 
 
 niib'H rant of xouth point of Xuuiak Inland 
 
 Soutli |ioint of llird Inland 
 
 Mountain Capo, nontb ond of Najiay Inland 
 
 Si'ai I'oint 
 
 Village Tavloir, hi PavlofT Bay 
 
 Villi ano TavhitV, wont niilo of I'aohifl' Bay 
 
 ■> illimc lUlkollnki, (Siiuirrcl,) wiutli of Jloiiridui- 
 
 kotr Hay 
 
 Annif^itt Inland 
 
 (.'a\M> I'l-tor, wont onil Ijaninikh Inland and Harbor 
 
 Catio I'ankotf, nonlli point of rkalok Inhiinl 
 
 Capi' Khal)utt-h, rant )Hiint of nonttt ontranre to 
 
 IiHiuot:ikl Strait or False Pa»B 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 55 21 
 
 53 10. 8 
 
 54 55. 
 
 54 au.o 
 
 54 38 
 
 .M 40, 5 
 
 r.4 51. 
 
 53 ao.o 
 
 53 SO. 1 
 
 55a«.0 
 
 .53 0.5. 
 
 .54 5'J.4 
 
 54 IW 
 
 ,54 38.5 
 
 Longitude, 
 
 56 U4.3 
 
 LW 31, 5 
 
 SO 15.0 
 
 150 20.0 
 
 50 45. 
 
 154 09. 
 
 50 52. a 
 
 1.54 17.6 
 
 rm 5!i.o 
 
 1.54 28.0 
 
 r,i 17.0 
 
 154 42. 3 
 
 57 34. 
 
 154 24. 5 
 
 57 .50. 
 
 153 51. 1 
 
 57 53.8 
 
 153 38. 7 
 
 57 .58. 
 
 153 12.0 
 
 58 oa.3 
 
 IM 20. 
 
 .58 lilO 
 
 15:104.0 
 
 58 17.0 
 
 1.52 .57. 3 
 
 58 85. 
 
 152 4.5. 
 
 58 30 
 
 13,1 3.3 
 
 58 21 
 
 134 05 
 
 58 04. 7 
 
 154 19.7 
 
 58 02. 
 
 154 52. 8 
 
 57 .52.0 
 
 153 00.0 
 
 57 30. 
 
 135 55,0 
 
 57 20. 
 
 150 10.0 
 
 ,57 05. 
 
 156 35. 
 
 50 ,54 
 
 1.56 21 
 
 50 33.2 
 
 157 26, 
 
 50 31. 9 
 
 1.57 28, 
 
 50 18.0 
 
 157 24 
 
 r>0 1,5.0 
 
 157 40.0 
 
 55 58.0 
 
 158 27.0 
 
 55 4.5. 8 
 
 1.59 15 
 
 .55 3:1, 
 
 159 ;)0 
 
 53 2,5.2 
 
 100 23,3 
 
 lliO 49 
 
 100 27 
 1,59 13 
 159 :!l 
 
 *158 30 
 159 40 
 
 100 00 
 
 101 09 
 161 31.3 
 161 49,0 
 
 161 .54.0 
 
 162 .V). 
 162 .52 
 
 102 ,58. 
 
 54 48.5 163 12.0 
 
 - Approxloate. 
 
 Authorities. 
 
 Tobeiikoff '8 Atlas. 
 
 Kashi'voroll' and LiudoubrrK. 
 
 Arebiinand;'itott'. 
 
 Anhiuiandritoff. 
 
 Ari'himandritotr. 
 
 Archinnindritotr. 
 
 Archiinaudritotr. 
 
 Arcldinandritotf. 
 
 Anbii.iandritiitr. 
 
 Arcbiniaudritotl'. 
 
 Bcnzonniu. 
 
 Vaailietr. 
 
 Vasilieff. 
 
 Vasilliff, 
 
 Tebcnkotfs Atlaa. 
 Tob<'nkotl''n Atlas. 
 Vaniliflf and otluTS. 
 Vanilictf and others. 
 Vaniliflf and otIuTa 
 Vanilit'if and others. 
 Vasilii'lf and otlo'rs. 
 Vaniliotf and others. 
 Tebenkuirn .Vtlas. 
 Vanilielf and othurs. 
 Voronkotfnki 
 Tel(enkoll"n Atlas. 
 Kurit7.in and otlo'rs. 
 Kiirit/in and others. 
 Voronkiill'ski. 
 Viinilietf and otbi>rH. 
 Kushevorolfnki ami oth*4'H. 
 
 Teboukoirn Atlas. 
 
 Kanbevorolt'nki and others. 
 Kanhevorotlnki and others. 
 Kashevuroll'ski and others. 
 
 fnitf ' States Coast .Survey 
 Kanlievorollnki and others. 
 Kashevorotlnki and 'ithers. 
 Kwit/.iii and liardner. 
 Kwit/,in and (titrdner. 
 Kwitziu and (iiirduur. 
 
 Kwitcin and Ganlner. 
 KashevoruStiki :ind ol'.iei'O. 
 Vaololi. 
 Tebenkotra A las. 
 
 Voronkoflski. 
 
 .^<ilM 
 
AL^VSKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 list of the geogra}>hical positiotw — Coutiimed. 
 
 209 
 
 Locality. 
 
 ALELTIAN I9LAMIS. 
 
 TTniiiiak I«lriiiil, (Japn laaiiotxki, 8onlliwi'»t point 
 
 of oiitriiiit'n to Isauotuki Strait or Falsi' I'aits ■ . . 
 
 Chim^ Lazari'l', Hoiitlieatit iMiiiit of islaiul 
 
 Capo Kiti'himk, oouth point 
 
 KliitkhukCai ■. Uiiimak Strait 
 
 ■\Vr8torn Head, ,,niniak Strait 
 
 Capo Mordvinotr 
 
 Ki'd t'ri'fk Point, nortliwpst point of outrancn to 
 
 Iminotski .Strait or V'nUf I'aHS 
 
 Clmnofl' Strait, l«nnot»ki SI rait 
 
 Volcano SlwHlialdin, s,'."'! ft . (, (snow-covcrcd) 
 
 I»nuot«ki or Volcano Devastation, 3,533 feet, 
 
 (snow-covered) 
 
 Cod Hank olf Krinitiiin iHlandn, south '.\j° east 
 
 from I'l'ak of Ukauiok Islands, .W fathoms 
 
 ^avel and sand 
 
 t Kemarkahle jieak near northeast point of Uka- 
 
 mok Islaml, Strait of Unimak 
 
 tKast point of TJkamok, soutli side Strait of 
 
 tTnimak 
 
 North Cape of Akau Island, southwest point of 
 
 TTnlnnik Slr.iit 
 
 SimtheasI Cape of TiRalila Island 
 
 Sijiauh (jajie, north end of Akutun Island 
 
 M)iitii Cape Akutnn Inland, north side Akntai. 
 
 «!!«!< 
 
 Hia'V Cape Unalga Islai d, south s'''.e ^'-uiun 
 
 ?, ;n;t 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 5^1 47. 4 
 54 a.'). 5 
 54 20 
 .54 SI. ! 
 
 54 :io. 
 
 M 47. 
 
 .M 115. 9 
 
 !i3 oa. 
 
 54 48. 
 
 54 3P.0 
 
 53 38 
 
 54 10. 9 
 
 54 12.0 
 
 54 in. 5 
 54 03. 5 
 54 12.2 
 
 .54 01.5 
 
 .53 !>8. 8 
 
 UXALASKA miOlf. 
 
 ■' :\\;:an Island, south' ni-i point 'leaver Bay 
 
 \': n 1 of Cdan !kli SI ail, to Beavei Hay ... 
 - tl.ern extremity of icef olf Cape Kiiugitnk.. . 
 
 1 itranee to lliluluk Bay 
 
 Southwest point of I'nala.ska 
 
 Korlh Cape Chi'rnoll«k i Bay 
 
 Crown Cr* I'Tth point of Crown Bay 
 
 I^wf Ca. 
 
 Cascade on do Cape Cheerl'ul 
 
 IJ(.'hthonse aw. on ncnth head of -Vmaknak Island 
 United Stilt (,'oaat Survi >• astronomical station, 
 
 ITlachta 'larhor, I'nalaska Bay 
 
 Oreek Church, lUoolwik villau'c, Fimlask!" Bay. . 
 "ap" K.dekhta, ^.lOO feet hinh, east point of Cna- 
 
 lasV.' Bay 
 
 Volcano Makiishin, 5.691 foot 
 
 • Volcano Islam' itogosloff or Providence, about 
 
 1 ,OUU feet high 
 
 L'MNAK ISI.AXII. 
 
 .53 .52. 3 
 K\ 42. 5 
 .53 10 
 53 93.5 
 .53 18.7 
 .Vl 2(i. 
 5;l 4.5 
 53 ,50. 
 ,5:1 58 58 
 .■n 55 38 
 
 >1 53 58 
 .53 52 39 
 
 .54 00. a 
 ,V! 52. 5 
 
 53 52.0 
 
 LonRitude. 
 
 Authorities. 
 
 1«3 M.O 
 
 VoronkotVski. 
 
 
 ...., .JO J 
 
 VoronkotVski. 
 
 
 164 33 
 
 Voronkoll'ski, 
 
 Tehenkotra Atlas 
 
 11)4 47.0 
 
 Voronkollski. 
 
 
 111.-. 01. 5 
 
 VoronkotVski. 
 
 • 
 
 IIM 3f. 7 
 
 ICuritzin. 
 
 
 16.1 :«. 
 
 Kiiritzin. 
 
 
 16:1 24. 5 
 
 VoninkolVski. 
 
 
 IIRI .59. 5 
 
 Kiiritzln. 
 
 
 164 32.0 Kurit7,in. 
 
 104 12 * Fnited States Coast Survey. 
 
 104 47. ! Becchey. 
 
 164 4,5.0 Kuritzin. 
 
 165 34.0 Kuritzin. 
 
 164 57 TelMukotra Atlas. 
 
 165 54.0 Knrit/.in. 
 
 165 59.2 Kurilzin, TehenkofT:; Atlas. 
 
 166 03.0 Kurilzin. 
 
 166 00. U Knril/.in. 
 
 100 07.5 Til)enkotl-s Atlas. 
 
 166 42 Kuril/in. 
 
 166 49 Sarllchcir. 
 IG7 3.1.0 Kurilzin. 
 
 167 17.5 Sarililutr. 
 
 166 49. 5 'rclienkotra .\tlas. 
 
 ion '-..I Kurilzin. 
 
 lliO 32 47 ' Ciiiled Slates Coast Survey. 
 
 160 27 44 rnitcii States Coast Survey. 
 
 16(1 27 .52 nulled Slates Const Sllivey. 
 
 1C6 29 06 Cniled Stales Coast Survey. 
 
 154 18.7 rniled Slates Coast Survey. 
 
 ICK 43 Tclienkotrs .Mlas. 
 
 161 39.0 Ivuritzin. 
 
 167 .^5. 
 107 46. 
 
 Kurilzin. 
 Kuritzin. 
 
 Capo 'I'anuakli. norlii point of tlie island .53 31.0 
 
 Tulikskaya Peak, near I lie nortli end of Island.. ,53 2;i.O 
 
 * .\piiroxiinate. 
 
 t 'I'lic'^i' posit ouB cannot he reconciled ; the peak ..nould be ahout a . 'lie south of the cape. 
 
 ; .loiiiina Bonoslovu (SI. .lohu, the tlieohmian.' 
 
 iil 
 
210 
 
 ALASKA COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 Lint of the geographical positions — CoiitimuHl. 
 
 I,OCnlltj-. 
 
 VmTiildfr Ti'iik 
 
 Vmiiiliitl' Isliinil. I'aNtiTii pfilnt 
 
 Ciipi' SafTJikli, MdUthwt'Mt point of II. 
 Siiuth |M)iiit nf Saiiial^ii iHlaiid 
 
 Latitnde. 
 
 ISLANDS OP TIIK HOIIl V01.CAN0KS 
 
 Pi'nk on Kairatnii iHlainl 
 
 I*cuk on Clni^iiiatlak iMlanil 
 
 Hoiith point (.'Imi^inadak iNlaiu) 
 
 NoiilicaMt peak Vunaska Inlanil 
 
 RontliwcMt poak, Volcano, VtinaHka Inland . 
 
 ('lia^ncl I.slanil, iniitiUc of pt-ak 
 
 SIlil<l':' of Anmclita iHland 
 
 Ai'inrlita Strait 
 
 Hit^nani Inland, iioitliraHt point 
 
 Hi^'nam ImIuioI. HonlliwiHt point A nnnlita Strait.. 
 Kaxt point fit' Ann-lla iMland. a liitrli vot-k of! it . . . 
 HontliwoKt jHiint .Svctf'ImikotF Itti.v, Hontli Mido of 
 
 Ann-lia Inland 
 
 AVi-nt point of Ann-liu iHlaml, Amelia Strait 
 
 Idalnk Toint, middle of nortli nidt* of Aniolia 
 
 Inland 
 
 ATKIIA ini.Axi). 
 
 CnpK Ftalod, nontlnant pi>inl of Atklia Inland, 
 A India Strait 
 
 AnrhoraKO in Xa/.arn Bay, naHt fiidn of Atklia 
 Inhunl 
 
 Cajir 'I'adlnkh, notitli Hide of inland 
 
 f'apt' Ki;^nn, wont point of inland 
 
 Uroiid ('apt', north niilf of inlantl . 
 
 Sail Inland 
 
 Kiiii Toint, noutli point of Koroveimki Bay 
 
 l*i-irHt'n lionnc, Ni(Milnki viUajfc, KornvcnHki Ba.v. 
 
 Capo Koiovonnki 
 
 Koroveimki IVak,extinet voliiano 4,853 foot high. 
 
 Kortli ('apt.' 
 
 Kant Capo 
 
 Kunionjfi Inlatnl, middle 
 
 Swallow Inland, niidille 
 
 ()}^inodakli Inland. Atkha .it rait 
 
 Sitkliin Peak, Sitkliin Inland, rxtinet volrano 
 .^(lUI feet iMcIl 
 
 AllAKIl ISLAMI. 
 
 Capo Ada^dakli, north point of inland 
 
 Ca)H> KatzlKlkhakh. nonlh point of inlanil . 
 Capu Vakhakh, nonthwent point of inland. 
 
 KAX.VdA IHI.AN'll. 
 
 Northwest CaiM', Kanaini Inlanil 
 
 Kanaifa Peak, near ?sorthwent Cape 
 
 Cape Clinn, nontli |>oint of Kanaka Inland 
 
 Peak of .S*'a.otter Inland, extinrt r<dritno vlth 
 marked tirraien 
 
 r<\ H.O 
 
 a 00. ;i 
 
 .12 4."«. 5 
 
 .V2 41.0 
 
 52 57. 
 
 ra 4.5. 
 
 .52 40. 9 
 .52 40. ,5 
 .52 38. 
 
 52 an. 
 
 .52 3.5. 5 
 ,52 2.5. 
 ,52 IH.0 
 .52 Wi. 2 
 
 .52 02. 3 
 :>2 06. 5 
 
 ,52 08. 7 
 
 .53 10. .5 
 
 51 .58.0 
 .■>2 00. 
 .52 Ofl. 5 
 .52 10.0 
 .52 11.0 
 .52 17.3 
 .52 IH. ,5 
 .52 23. S 
 .52 2,5. 3 
 
 52 le. 
 .52 13. n 
 ,52 12.0 
 51 58.0 
 
 .5-J 03. 5 
 
 .'.2 01.0 
 51 31. 5 
 51 32.3 
 
 51 .57.0 
 .51 54.5 
 51 38.0 
 
 51 5.5.3 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 AnthoritieH. 
 
 ' " 
 
 1(18 0!t. 
 
 K iritzin. 
 
 
 168 00 
 
 Knritzin. 
 
 
 168 40. 
 
 Kiiritzin. 
 
 
 168 57. 
 
 Knritzin. 
 
 
 IGO i!5. 
 
 Knritzin. 
 
 
 169 21.0 
 
 Knritzin. 
 
 
 1G» 44. 
 
 Knritzin. 
 
 
 no 12.0 
 
 Gnvrilotr. 
 
 
 170 21.5 
 
 On\Tilotr. 
 
 
 170 47.0 
 
 (Javriloir. 
 
 
 170 .52. 
 
 fiaviiloff. 
 
 
 179 09. 
 
 Incentrem and otliei-n. 
 
 
 172 2.5.0 
 
 Iii^entrein and othern. 
 
 
 172 40.7 
 
 Salamatotf and uthern. 
 
 
 173 10.5 
 173 51.3 
 
 Salamatolf and nthern. 
 
 
 173 19. 
 
 
 
 173 54. 7 
 
 SaUmatoff and nthern. 
 
 
 174 00. 5 
 
 Salamatotf and others. 
 
 
 IV4 42.0 
 
 In^entrein and othern. 
 
 
 173 40. 
 
 Inp'ntrein and nthern. 
 
 
 174 4.5. 1 
 
 IiiKintreni and othern. 
 
 
 174 31.5 
 
 Inf£eHtrem and others. 
 
 
 174 22. 5 
 
 Vasilietr. 
 
 
 174 17 
 
 Ktolin. (Jilison. 
 
 
 174 21.7 
 
 favloir. 
 
 
 174 112.0 
 
 I'avlotr. 
 
 
 173 .58. 7 
 
 I'avlolV. 
 
 
 173 48.5 
 
 I'avloir. 
 
 
 175 00. 8 
 
 Injientreni n!id others. 
 
 
 175 a«. 5 
 
 In^entreni and othern. 
 
 
 175 21. S 
 
 Tebenkoli's Allan. 
 
 
 176 06. 4 
 
 IncoBtrem and others. 
 
 
 176 36.3 
 
 SalamntofT and tithera. 
 
 
 176 46. 7 
 
 Salamatotf and others. 
 
 
 177 Ofl.0 
 
 Salamatulf and othi'i's. 
 
 
 177 19 
 
 Salamatotf and others. 
 
 
 177 16 
 
 Sahimatoll' and others. 
 
 
 177 36. 5 
 
 Salamatotf and others. 
 
 
 177 30.5 
 
 Salaniatoff and othera. 
 
 
 ' 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 Lint of the (fcographical pmUiom — Continui'd. 
 
 211 
 
 Localily. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 TANAfi.V ISl.AXr). 
 
 Ciipn Surtakli, iiiHtlic list iioiiit of idlatid 
 
 Pniiit Saxlikh, sniitli iidiiit of isluiiil 
 
 jVii<-liiirn«e in Prido of KuHHia Bay, west giilo of 
 
 iHlaiid 
 
 Noitli ("np<) of Gorolol (Burnt) Mond, volcano, 
 
 very hijih 
 
 S...itli CiiiH! of Gorolol (Burnt) Island, volcano, 
 
 very liiKli 
 
 Illakli Inland, Tauaga Strait 
 
 Amatignakli laland, higlicst part 
 
 North point of Remisopokli, or tlie Seven Peaked 
 Mountain. Active volcano on tliia Inland 
 
 ■West Cape of SemUopokli Islaud, 1,411 feet liigli. 
 
 Sugarloaf Peak, soutb point of r(,..i-' • 700 feet 
 liigh 
 
 .■ii sao 
 
 ,11 34.0 
 
 51 17.0 
 
 51 M.O 
 
 51 4^.5 
 
 51 2B. « 
 
 5 51 19.0 
 
 > 51 la. 
 
 53 03.0 
 
 ( 51 57. 5 
 
 last Cape of Amitkliltka Island. 
 
 Capo Ptikhi, west point of Aniitkliitka Island, 
 1,008 feet high 
 
 Anchorage in Kiriloff Boy, north side of Amit- 
 khitka Island 
 
 South Point, Constantine Bay, northeast part of 
 Aniitkliitka 
 
 Sonth Point, Little SitkUin Island. . 
 Peak on Little Sitkhin Island 
 
 51 54. 
 
 East point of R<it Island. 
 
 Peak of Dn-idoff Isl md 
 
 Peak of Khoostoff Island, 1,873 feet high. 
 
 Southwest Peak of Chugul Islaud. 
 
 Middle of Tanadok Island. 
 
 Northeast Capo of Cin-at Kysa Island, 1,987 feet 
 high 
 
 Kysa Bay, mouth of stream east side of Island. . . 
 Southwest Cape of Kysa Island 
 
 East Capo Buldlr Island, ?')i feet high. 
 
 J 51 94.2 
 i 51 30. 
 
 ^51 38.0 
 ( 51 37. 
 
 , 51 25. 5 
 i 51 30. 
 
 r 51 S4. 
 I 51 34. 
 
 J 51 54. 5 
 J 51 55. 5 
 
 51 58.0 
 
 J. 51 40.0 
 J 51 37 
 
 51 .W. 6 
 
 53 08 
 
 r 54 07 
 i 51 58. 
 
 J 51 5(1.5 
 I Si 00. 
 
 J 59 11.0 
 ( 53 10. 
 
 , 51 1)9. 1 
 i 53 03. 
 
 J 61 53 
 I 53 01. 
 
 /53 34 
 
 i .53 94 
 
 West point Alaid Island, of the Slmltkhl group, 
 818 feet high 
 
 Northeast Cape Agattu Island. 
 
 ,53 45. 4 
 4 
 
 J ,53 45. 
 I 53 45, 
 
 53 97. 
 
 L4Migitude. 
 
 177 38.0 
 
 177 50.0 
 
 178 03. 
 178 48.0 
 
 178 44.0 
 
 178 99.5 
 
 179 08. ."■• 
 
 179 05. 
 
 180 39 
 180 30.5 
 180 94 
 
 180 91.5 
 180 10.0 
 
 IH) 99. 5 
 
 180 97. 
 
 181 )ii. 
 181 08.0 
 
 180 45.0 
 180 41 
 
 180 38.0 
 
 180 37. 
 
 181 31.5 
 181 14.8 
 
 181 98.0 
 
 181 43.0 
 181 93 
 
 181 49.9 
 181 41 
 
 181 ,57 
 
 181 37.0 
 
 183 09.5 
 
 188 09. 
 
 189 99. 4 
 
 183 10.0 
 
 182 34. 
 
 183 19.5 
 
 189 51 
 189 94. 
 
 184 11 
 
 184 10.4 
 
 180 09. 5 
 
 185 37.0 
 
 186 94 
 
 Authoritii'H. 
 
 Siilaiiiuli>n' and others. 
 8»l;iniul(iir anil ollieis. 
 
 Salamatoli and others. 
 
 Salainatofl' and ol tiers. 
 
 Halaniatnir and others. 
 Salainatoff, Gibson. 
 (t:'„o,ii. 
 Saluinatotr. 
 
 Zari'nibo, Gibson. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Klinkofstroni. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Klinkofstroni. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Klinkorstrom. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Klinkol'strom. 
 
 Gibson. 
 iTitstroiiium. 
 
 Gitison. 
 Kliiikol'slrom. 
 
 Gilmoii. 
 Tebeiikotrs Atlas. 
 
 Giiisoii. 
 
 Gibson. 
 TebunkolTs Atlas. 
 
 Gibs<in. 
 
 Gibson. 
 
 (iibson. 
 Klinkofstrom. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Klinkofstrom. 
 
 Gibson. 
 (Micniol". 
 
 GiliHon. 
 
 liigcstreni ami others. 
 
 Giiison. 
 
 Ingcsireto and olliers. 
 
 Gitison. 
 
 Ingestreiii ami utiiers. 
 
 Gitison. 
 Etoliu. 
 
 Ucnzemuu and uthera. 
 
212 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 Lixt of the geoffrapMcal positions — Continued. 
 
 Liicalitv. 
 
 Cnpo Snlmkt), HnutliciiHt itnint uf A^iittii Inland. . 
 AV't'Hl r'ajH' iii" Ajiuttii 
 
 ATTU ISLAND. 
 
 £n8t t'aiw. 
 
 Tc'liltelingoff Harbor, flagstnf. . 
 
 CH|m CnmM, iiDrtliwfHt part of island, 3,2^11 ft'ct 
 I'iKl' 
 
 * Caiw Wrangcll, west iHiluf of tlip ixlaiid. . . 
 MusHAcro Toint, wrst itide of iuossncro Itey. 
 
 NOIITII COAST (IF AI.AHKA rPIMNHLI.A AXI> WKHl 
 HIIOIIKH OF AMBKICA TO TlIK AIICITC OCEAN. 
 
 Point Kmittzin, iiortlicaMt jtoint of tlio ontraiu'c 
 
 to iHanotHki Strait, or I'alHo I'usH 
 
 Hontli point of .Viiiult. iHiand 
 
 ('aju' (ilaKt'Ootr 
 
 KaHt I'oiiit of Wolf Inland, Miillvr Bay 
 
 C'a|M' S4>niavin 
 
 Ulaik IVak 
 
 CiiiM* .Strogoinifl' 
 
 IIRIKTOI. HAY. 
 
 Vn}w MtMisoliikofl* 
 
 ilout li of Sulinia Ui viT 
 
 Mouth of r^atdiak 
 
 Villa);(> Pon^oik, numtliof Xakurk River 
 
 llonlli of Ivvitobak Kiver 
 
 t'aiM' ICtidiii 
 
 Kort Ali'xandi'r, on Xutcliagak River 
 
 t'.iiM) Consttintine 
 
 Kayatcliok Inland, niiddlo 
 
 C'aint Capo, sontlioaHt point llagcnmoister iHl'd. 
 Caiw Newculiuiu , 
 
 Kortliwest point of Ooo<lncw« Bay 
 
 Village Cliinyagniiout, Knskoquinu River. 
 Capo Koninnzofl 
 
 NOIITON BOl'XP. 
 
 ■\VinI point Stnnrt Island 
 
 South p«unt Stuart iMland 
 
 lliKlii'xl point of .'<lnarl Island. 
 
 Fort St. Mii'luK'l 
 
 Factory at the mouth of L'naluklit River. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 M iil.O 
 
 t .I!! .11. 6 
 \ M M. fi 
 
 I .IS .Vi. 7 
 ( ,'i:i ,'.6. 1 
 
 5 .la 09. 4 
 \ M (W. .■> 
 
 • .12 ."iC. 
 
 i .VJ .17. 
 
 c .ia 40. ( 
 
 ( .ia 4f. t 
 
 .M 04. i 
 
 fi5 1J,1. 
 
 ,1.1 14. H 
 
 .w m>. 7 
 
 .Ki ai. 7 
 
 M ;i.i. a 
 
 .10 48 
 
 .17 30. 4 
 
 .17 M 
 
 .in PA 7 
 
 .1H 4'i 8 
 
 oil DO. 
 
 ,1t< >. 
 
 :>x .17. 1 
 
 5S -U. 8 
 
 58 3ro 
 
 .18 ;i.v 
 
 5« 4'AO 
 
 .10 03. a 
 
 ^ .10 54 
 
 I 60 OH 
 
 (ii sao 
 
 SI ,^1. 5 
 c:( :i(). 
 ttl xi. 
 
 J KI vc. 
 
 ((KI 38 
 
 ; (13 53. 6 
 
 i 63 5:1 33 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 180 31 
 18ti 54 
 
 ISfl 3(1.7 
 IWi 1.1.0 
 
 188 47. 3 
 I8(i 311. 5 
 
 187 94. 
 18li 53. 
 
 187 .34. 
 187 08.0 
 
 18f. .1.1. 
 180 35.0 
 
 1.17 .18. 5 
 
 1.17 48 
 
 1.17 30.0 
 
 1.17 01.4 
 
 l.Vi .18. 
 
 158 Oti, 
 
 1.V 18.4 
 
 158 44. 
 
 150 44. 
 
 :.iO 48.0 
 
 103 0.1. 
 
 Uil 47.0 
 
 161 43 
 
 I«( 17 
 
 AuthnritioH. 
 
 llkl 1.1.0 
 
 Stnninkoviti'Ii. 
 
 163 01.5 
 
 Slaniiikovili'h. 
 
 163 .'lO. 7 
 
 Staniiikovittii. 
 
 16U 41.0 
 
 Stanlnkovilih. 
 
 1(K) 113. 7 
 
 Staniukovit'h, Botscharoff. 
 
 1.18 16. 6 
 
 IliitM'harotr. 
 
 1.18 46 
 
 Khoiuh>hiuo. 
 
 Bi>n?.c>nian and others. 
 B<-nzen)au aiul others. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Ktoliu. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Etolin. 
 
 Giiison. 
 
 Bouieinan and others. 
 
 Gibson. 
 Ikuizeuian. 
 
 (til»son. 
 
 ik'uzenuin an<l others. 
 
 .Staniukovitrh. 
 Klioudohine. 
 Stauiiikoviti'h. 
 .Staninkoviteh, Khoudobiiie. 
 Wraiigel, rstiogotf, ami otiu'rs. 
 Wrnncii, fstiogoll', and others. 
 Wrangel, t'Htiogoll', and others. 
 Wrangel, I'stlogotf, and utiiers. 
 Vasilietf and others. 
 VaHJlieff, ('(M»k, and others. 
 Vasiliefl', CcM)k, and others. 
 
 Khramtchpiiko. 
 
 Russian Admiralty Chart No. 6. 
 
 Russian MS. Chart. 
 
 Ktoliu. 
 
 169 33. 
 
 
 Telieukoir. 
 
 163 l:l II 
 
 
 K.'ll.tt. 
 
 163 31. .1 
 
 
 I'l'l koti: 
 
 161 .M.O 
 
 
 Kill.tl. 
 
 Uil 44 
 
 
 /agoskiii. 
 
 160 40. 
 
 
 Ka.*4hi'vai'oll 
 
 16(1 :io 
 
 16 
 
 iCagoskin. 
 
 * The westernmost land of the tTnited Stntos. 
 
ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 Lint of the geographical poHitions — Coiitimunl. 
 
 213 
 
 Localit)-. 
 
 BcHborongh Ixlancl, miilille... 
 
 C'n|ii' IK'uMkIi 
 
 CiiIH" Darliy 
 
 KiHk.v Caiii', Giiluvniii Bay . . 
 Caiw Nome 
 
 UBIIUIKO BTHAIT. 
 
 Azgiak, or Sleilgo Island, ml cliUo 
 
 Capo Emlncy 
 
 Capo Spfiiccr, Kavilak Day, Port C'laroncn 
 
 Cnpc' Niklitu, or I>iliiii) of WaloH, wc«tprii piilnt 
 of tlm maiiilaiicl of llie rnitcil States anil of 
 Noitli AiiK'iioa 
 
 AltCTlC OCEAN, KOTZEIUE S01'X1>. 
 
 Cape SpanberR 
 
 Pi'ak of Cliainlsso Islnnil, 231 fpi't 
 
 Cape llIoMHom 
 
 Cape Knizcustoni 
 
 Point llopo 
 
 Capi' Mslinrno, h I!) feot 
 
 Capi' llcimfort, (vein of loal) 
 
 Icy C'api' 
 
 Point Itelihcr 
 
 Point Harrow, highi'stlntitmloofthcrnitid States 
 
 Tangi'nt Point, last capo of Di'aflu Inlet 
 
 Capo llalki't 
 
 Mannini! Point 
 
 Demarcation Point, eastern point of the United 
 St«tC8 on the Arctic Oeean 
 
 Ittandt qf the Behring Sea. 
 
 ST. OEOllfJE ISLANTJ. 
 
 ■Waterfall Cape, or southeast point of the island . 
 
 East CajK" 
 
 ■West Capo 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 : 04 89. 
 
 64 ;«) 
 Ci 1«.7 
 
 ST. I'Afl. AXD ADJACENT I8I.E8. 
 
 Beaver Isle 
 
 WalniB Isle 
 
 Anchor Cape, south point of St. Paul Island . 
 
 til) 43 
 GO a.-i 
 m 49 
 
 (17 (W 
 
 m til. 5 
 m m 
 m i:i 
 
 70 20 
 
 70 43 
 
 71 27 
 71 10 
 70 49 
 70 07. 5 
 
 09 40 
 
 34.3 
 37 1 
 3S.3 
 
 • 57 03. 
 
 North cape of St. Paul. 
 West cape of St. Paul 
 
 Ilitlhest point of St. Paul . 
 
 |rr.7 
 
 I I ,'i7 
 
 ,57 
 
 I \ 57 
 
 ll.S 
 
 09.9 
 OH. 
 (Hi. 2 
 10.4 
 11.2 
 10.2 
 11.4 
 
 09 n 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 I'i4 Oli. fl 
 
 nil 07.0 
 
 04 22. 
 
 Kit 24.0 
 
 04 17.6 
 
 1112 .KG 
 
 «4 21. 
 
 lli2 .Vi. 
 
 G4 23.0 
 
 1G5 J. 
 
 IWi 
 
 or. 
 
 5 
 
 KM! m 
 
 
 Ifili 
 
 18 
 
 
 lUO 47. 8 
 
 1(17 
 
 •li). 
 
 2 
 
 lfi3 
 
 34 
 
 IGl 
 
 :o.o 
 
 1112 24 
 
 1U4 
 
 37 
 
 IGG 40 
 
 ion 08 
 
 iu:i 
 
 34 
 
 lUl 
 
 40 
 
 150 3« 
 
 150 
 
 15 
 
 154 
 
 50 
 
 1.52 
 
 IG 
 
 143 42 
 
 141 
 
 07. 5 
 
 109 31. 5 
 1(19 27 
 1(19 44 
 
 170 19 
 170 00 
 169 49. 5 
 
 169 34. 
 
 170 12 
 101) 54. 6 
 170 00. 3 
 i;u 19.3 
 170 01. I 
 170 00. 4 
 109 49 n 
 
 Autlioiities. 
 
 Khramtchenko, 
 
 Kliranitchenko. 
 Kliriiiiitcheiiko. 
 'I'llielikotV iliiil others. 
 Xi iKukotr unci others. 
 
 Peecltey's Chart. 
 Ik'eeliey's t'lutrt. 
 IJeeeliey's Cliart. 
 ISeediey's Chart. 
 
 Ileecbi y's Chart. 
 
 Ilccdiey and others. 
 
 Hi liey. 
 
 IJei'chey and otliers. 
 Ileechey antl otliers. 
 Ueecliey and others. 
 Ueediey lUld otliers. 
 BiM'cliey and otliers. 
 Beechey and others. 
 Beechcy and others. 
 Beediey and others. 
 Beediey and others. 
 Adniifalty Chart No. 
 Admiralty Cliart No. 
 
 2435. 
 2435. 
 
 Admiralty Chart No. 2435. 
 
 ArdilniiindrltofT's MS. Chart. 
 ArchiiiiaiMlritiill'M .MS. Ciuirl. 
 Aicliiniiindiiloir's .M.S. Cliart. 
 
 I 
 
 Ardiinmndiiloffs MS. Chart. 
 
 Ti'lH'iikolT. 
 
 Archimandritofl's MS. Chart. 
 
 Teiniikotr. 
 
 Archimaiidriloir s MS. Cliuit. 
 
 Teheiikotr. 
 
 Ardiiiiiiiiiiliitiiirs IIS. Cliiiit. 
 
 Ardiiinaiidiiloll'x MS. cliiul. 
 
 Tdiiiikiill. 
 
 ArdMiiiandiiloir'H MS, Chart. 
 
 Tduiikntr. 
 
214 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 Lint of the geographical po8 a iom — Continued. 
 
 Loonlily. 
 
 Lnlltudc. 
 
 Longitnile. 
 
 Authoritir-n, 
 
 BT. MATHKW AND AlUACKST \ii\.VJi. 
 Piimiiflo iHli* 'XV) feet 
 
 ' /' 
 
 60 13.0 
 60 18.0 
 60 19.3 
 00 .38.0 
 60 44.0 
 
 .TO 48. 
 50 57.7 
 60 11.5 
 60 31 
 
 64 58.5 
 
 82 57.0 
 63 17.0 
 6:1 51.3 
 63 20. 4 
 
 63 00. 4 
 
 63 05. 
 
 65 38. 7 
 
 65 40. 3 
 
 J 65 .,8. 6 
 I 65 47. 8 
 
 6.5 51.2 
 
 64 33 
 
 64 23 30 
 64 26 09 
 
 66 03. 1 
 
 / // 
 172 .34.5 
 172 04. 
 172 29.0 
 172 40. 
 
 172 52. 
 
 106 13.0 
 103 24 
 167 07. 6 
 105 30 
 
 167 58. 
 
 109 24. 5 
 
 168 35. 
 171 iit. 
 171 33.0 
 
 169 19.5 
 l(i8 43. 8 
 
 168 43. 7 
 168 35. 2 
 
 168 56.5 
 
 168 58.0 
 
 109 03. 7 
 173 18 30 
 
 173 96 
 173 90 
 
 169 43. 8 
 
 Lutkc 1 ' 
 
 CaiH I'piiuht, MnntlifftHt iH»iiit of St. Muthew.... 
 Biiunrlnat' Trak, I :j,">() ft'vt 
 
 I.utko. 
 Liitko 
 
 Capo (ilury ui KnHHiii, north point of St. Matbcw. 
 
 Liitkc. 
 
 I'livllltf 
 
 NUNIOOK ISLAM). 
 
 Capo iKiifttif'fl', flouth point of iHland 
 
 TaHilirfl; 
 Ti'bi>iikott 'ti Atliu 
 
 CajM' llo.vlr, wctit point of Nuni)M>k iHlaml 
 
 Capo Ktolin, north point of Nnniook iHland 
 
 Peak of Ukivok (or King) Island, 586, 750, foet. . . 
 
 8T. IJlWllENCB ISLAND. 
 
 ViiMilicff. 
 
 Ti>beuki>fl"8 Atlag. 
 Khranitcbunko luid oihera. 
 
 Pavloff. 
 
 
 Plivldff. 
 
 
 
 
 Tt'lK*nk«ff. 
 
 Anchorago off Kiallagak village, near Southoast 
 
 Plivldff. 
 
 
 Pavloff. 
 
 II]O.MEI>K IML.\M).S, nKlIUlNG BTIIAIT. 
 
 ilopchpy. 
 Bccchcy. 
 
 Ailmiralty Chart No. 9435. 
 
 
 MiiliUo of channel bctwocn thr Woini'tU' Islamls, 
 bring tho hnnudary li"o between KnHHia and 
 
 nueeiA, diomeue islands. 
 
 Tebcnkoff'B Atlaa. 
 Bpecilioy. 
 
 Mount Kinnicott. 2,:WJ feet. IMover liay, East 
 
 
 rovcuufi fton'ico, AuguHt, 1863, 
 AVvhtirin Unlou TflfgraiiUiu Kx- 
 peditfon. 
 
 Lower anchorairo of same 
 
 icviTiiic Horviic, AiigtiHt, 1805, 
 AVcHti'iii Union Tclt'grapliic Ex- 
 pedition. 
 Lionti'nant llaviH, on United Statca 
 
 
 rcvcnnp mTvirr, Angimt, 1865, 
 AVi'Hteru Union T«Iegi-uphic Ex- 
 pedition. 
 Beechi'y. 
 
 
APPENDIX NO. 3. 
 
 [From LisiaiiBky'B Voyngo Roniul the World in 1803, 1H04, 1S05, niul 1800.] 
 Vocabulary of the lunguagcH of the naticcH of Kadial; Unalanla, Kenai, and Sltla. 
 
 NoTK. — III the vocabulary of I'lialaHka tlio IrtttTH nh, jtriiitftl in itali<-H, aint k anil n, wlii'ii dual It-ltiTH. NliiaiM 1h) 
 half mmnil only. Tin* inhabitnntHof tliiH fount ry have thiH Hhi^titurity that llicy pronoiini-c tin' tli with tin- Hain<> f'arllity 
 ami pri'ciM'ly likn thn EukHhIi. Tbu Sitkaiis ulmpr^'c three toncn iu every wonl nf letiKth, of wliieli the inid(ll)> one ia 
 the lowent. The lanKuaK*' "' I^enal Ih very ilifUciilt to ho ex|ireiiHeil ; 1, with an aHterUk |>reeeiliii); it, Ima u Holt of 
 thinhli' nniiiul, not unlike the ehickiuK of a hen. 
 
 £ii|;lliih. 
 
 ITiialaaka. 
 
 Kailiak. 
 
 Kenal. 
 
 .Sitka. 
 
 A. 
 
 
 
 
 Knntat. 
 
 
 Aliatlmk 
 
 llok 
 
 
 
 
 SakoiKUi: kiii/mm 
 
 Machliirdnlckan 
 
 
 Kukl6 
 
 
 liail 
 
 A Hi^oliink 
 
 THooheeltB 
 
 SliakoimhkA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 llakki 
 
 
 jtaHiii 
 
 Kulukak 
 
 Aliulak 
 
 
 Taeek. 
 
 Jlalli 
 
 
 
 Nallee. 
 
 
 
 Ki'ochofhpt'da 
 
 Odilok 
 
 Hoh6 
 
 
 IJiiv tho 
 
 Kanliiak 
 
 
 Key. 
 
 Ik'iir 
 
 
 
 llank'tii 
 
 H<M>ta, 
 
 
 
 
 Neelehali 
 
 Chok. 
 
 llrUrvp 
 
 
 
 
 Kleliakek avnheeti. 
 
 ItcHv 
 
 
 Akt-<-hka 
 
 SehhcKit 
 
 Kayu. 
 
 Kiialagcit. 
 
 Altacne. 
 
 Jlfiry 
 
 
 Kakkil 
 
 Ufrch tri'i' 
 
 
 
 
 THli(Mi*kia 
 
 IHiuk 
 
 Kali('h**lizffk 
 
 TonnluHilialt'o 
 
 TallaKht 
 
 
 Kalli'tlil. 
 
 lilnihliT 
 
 
 Kt'(')iuak 
 
 •Kl.lH 
 
 KryheytKitkh 
 
 KiHitaalthiu. 
 
 Opit^aaie 
 
 Sintlia 
 
 AthiHiktee. 
 
 llltH'k (if w<hh1 
 
 
 KnWiak 
 
 
 Bl(M«l 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alfiok 
 
 AUku 
 
 Ta. 
 
 
 Ulrtlii'tk 
 
 I'eeiiatU't'k 
 
 
 
 .SnkH. 
 
 JU>\ 
 
 AiU'ktok 
 
 Tanoliak 
 
 TH'kanikna 
 
 Hattnkoo. 
 
 
 Tanii'ck 
 
 Talik valibat 
 
 Chientooh. 
 
 
 
 SnIikvat)M)leo 
 
 Chak Huk 
 
 HtahontctnaHh 
 
 HatektH.'uUeo. 
 
 
 Eliatoolcckan 
 
 llikaaktL 
 
 Itnithor 
 
 
 Kallii 
 
 Ahhoiiuh. 
 
 llrotlior, I'ltlpHt 
 
 Liitlian 
 
 AiifzaltA. 
 OniH^a. 
 
 Teenhkliit* 
 
 
 llrothcr, youngoBt 
 
 KepnAcen 
 
 
 
 
 Iliahcimt 
 
 Kaiikya. 
 
 
 Uuy 
 
 
 
 Uauaaliahoon. 
 
 C. 
 
 Ek-yak 
 
 
 
 Vakoo. 
 
 
 ClialuMMlak 
 
 Shaliohnok 
 
 SteheekeetaA 
 
 Iiilhkit 
 
 Siuihvu. 
 
 (!iUch 
 
 SiKMla 
 
 Alnhit. 
 
 Choal 
 
 
 
 
 KiHilttHH'hihcnciika. 
 
 Chi'ck 
 
 OoUoohak 
 
 Tftholdkok 
 
 Shiukoosha 
 
 Kavronh. 
 
 *x 
 
 '■nl 
 
216 
 
 Kn^liHli. 
 
 ClilM 
 
 Chill 
 
 Coini' luTf 
 
 <:"IM"'' 
 
 ('(tiifih 
 
 (.'(iwiiril 
 
 Cry 
 
 Cmii 
 
 Cut, II 
 
 Cut tldwji 
 
 D. 
 
 ])nnrn 
 
 Dlll'klK'HH 
 
 IJiiy 
 
 Diiy, to 
 
 Devil 
 
 Din 
 
 I>iK 
 
 1)i<lt 
 
 Diior 
 
 Down, lay it .. 
 
 Drink 
 
 Driiwu 
 
 Dry 
 
 DiukH 
 
 Enttle 
 
 Knr 
 
 Eiirriii,^!! . 
 
 EiirH 
 
 Kurtli 
 
 Kilt 
 
 Kill! 
 
 K«)IH 
 
 Kniiiiio ... 
 Kvi'iiiiiK . . 
 
 Kyo 
 
 KyeimtwH. 
 KyiliilH... 
 Kvt'H 
 
 F. 
 
 Fall, let 
 
 Fiin'woll 
 
 FatliiT 
 
 Fiitlii-r, a ffriitid. 
 FiitliiTin-law... 
 
 Fi'athiT 
 
 Fiv.T 
 
 Fiiiil 
 
 FiiiC'rH 
 
 Fiiitfor, foil' 
 
 FiiiKPr, iiiidillc . . 
 Fiii);er ibinl 
 
 ALASKA COAHT iMLOT. 
 
 Vovahnlary of langdiujeH^ dr. — Continued. 
 
 VnulAMka. 
 
 InlakiH*!! 
 
 Atlicnic-t'iialikmlu. 
 KuiiiiiH)yiik 
 
 ElmtooIIk 
 
 Kithada 
 
 (>(.tiai«U 
 
 T(M'ii(HiiihaH('et«'6.. 
 Tuohmta 
 
 Aiiilmliailn 
 
 KaliiliakaiuU'i'k. 
 
 Aniictiak 
 
 VaiuuM'ni'Iiiik ... 
 Ahlikuy 
 
 AN/iociheda 
 
 Aykok 
 
 AhiM-ln'k 
 
 I;i/iaiHMm aliiula.. 
 IiUioutHiil 
 
 Kcoi'lihecdft. 
 Saktutdak . . . 
 
 Tolilok 
 
 TontooMJlk 
 
 Ncrtokilk 
 
 TlHlt<HIHilk(>«'ll 
 
 Chtkcko 
 
 Kada 
 
 AyiMtk 
 
 Sainlitkainimhcdik . 
 
 AunoUak KinAan 
 
 Thak 
 
 KamtrrnchiiAiit 
 Thankah-ftcnce. 
 
 n , 
 
 It-hefda . 
 An«.aii .. 
 Athak ... 
 Lat<dK-u . 
 
 Saniakii 
 
 Illiada 
 
 At ln»<)lUH'U ... 
 
 Chm)hvahuzik. 
 Tt'eklok 
 
 Kndiiik. 
 
 OiMlzvcflhak 
 
 Tiimi>Iiik 
 
 Tykt'4'na iniMMit . 
 
 KaiKKiya 
 
 KtMM'k 
 
 MaiiiiKi kcf'liiok. 
 Kiya 
 
 Kilt-btok... 
 Chii^^idzii . 
 
 SnHjja 
 
 TaiiiU'^k — 
 
 Ahanok 
 
 At;niiu1ivilk . 
 Ya4k 
 
 llahoo 
 
 Piulita 
 
 OiiiiiH't'k 
 
 L*\v hiio 
 
 Tanhii 
 
 KiM»tcn 
 
 K<'on)it8ialifl . 
 SalioUieot 
 
 Kooniahpak 
 
 (.'hiimo 
 
 Akhlectot 
 
 Chiiidok 
 
 NmmA 
 
 Pt'odidio 
 
 Ki't'iidok 
 
 Manneot 
 
 AiiMM'taduuk 
 
 Akfitak 
 
 Inhalak 
 
 Kabluto 
 
 K<K>nioo^af>nga . . . 
 Inhaliok 
 
 Ihtfthu 
 
 Hvy-ey 
 
 Adoga 
 
 Almpa 
 
 ('hapKi«ft 
 
 Clmoliikt' 
 
 Oknrhvalitok . 
 
 IpHdim) 
 
 SvaAn;;n 
 
 TcekhA 
 
 A};uolpaga — 
 Ahanov^aha . . 
 
 Kt'imi. 
 
 SliiirfM'likaliait 
 
 ShIotiiiL'i* 
 
 OontHa 
 
 (MitKurhiHina 
 
 KliaH 
 
 ChaitHk 
 
 Nrhah 
 
 SlitatiKHdiuli .. 
 IIiMitiiaanU .o. 
 KitHalK 
 
 H<'rlliakl6 . . 
 Cliaan. 
 
 riiaaii 
 
 THkaiiuaHh. 
 (.'i:t>i-iiiiah . . 
 Koukfclia. . 
 
 TiM»ka*k.... 
 NiU'neeHnlU. 
 
 *K*'('t-lHK> ... 
 
 TKataa'iiHii . 
 
 NlMdt'tHM)ll.. 
 
 Tiiiaiiltga... 
 
 Tonkh 
 
 StHt*('l-m) 
 
 StrtakiM'la 
 
 XtH)lt*H'liaHtm't'l-<>o. 
 
 AlHlumn 
 
 *KtreoolU 
 
 Kahul^cna . 
 
 IlaaltH 
 
 8hnaHh-a. 
 ShtMnt(K)k .. 
 Snoutootna.. 
 iShnaHltaika . 
 
 Jfootthilnceh.. 
 Xo<ttht^e tonsil . 
 
 T«mkta 
 
 riiata 
 
 ShpatHMU 
 
 Xodinllii'osb . 
 Slutrtka 
 
 Sitka. 
 
 T(Miknnrtli('0, 
 KakutatHahl. 
 Atkuoii kcht'knot, 
 
 KMk. 
 
 Ixkoliok. 
 Kootlialtitchan. 
 Kaati. 
 OittMiliaiiaku t. 
 
 Athoot. 
 
 Atleh. 
 Kaitochcekcet 
 
 Ktat. 
 
 Ti*tTkiekaoa 
 Ki'iit'iia. 
 Kkalu-k. 
 
 Voldt-haak. 
 
 i'bavvt'ke. 
 
 Itaiiiiit. 
 
 (kitaliiH>. 
 
 Kahtmk. 
 
 Kauoliuu, 
 
 Cliynk. 
 
 KakiKik, 
 
 AbkuoktMitlcc. 
 
 Slcciikt'otaant'o. 
 
 Hlia. 
 
 lliiuialdi-no. 
 
 Kvut4». 
 
 Taa. 
 
 Ilaiina. 
 
 KaatftA. 
 
 Kaokabeklion. 
 
 Kavviik. 
 
 Nnkpok. 
 
 T('k(H)Mhkeo. 
 
 Kycsli. 
 
 Ahlcolhkoo. 
 
 Ahgtw. 
 
 Taoo. 
 
 K(HitHiti-iet. 
 
 Aknkooshee. 
 
 Katlfk. 
 
 Katli'honpo. 
 
 Katlt'litloii. 
 
 Katlaekakoo. 
 
 MMMMMiili^B 
 
 I 
 

 ALASKA COAST IMLOT. 
 Vocubulaijf of hnujiuujea, ttc. — CoiitiiiiiL'd. 
 
 217 
 
 Kitglirth. 
 
 FtiiiriT, littlA. 
 Fire 
 
 FIihmI 
 
 FlnWlT 
 
 FiHiI, U 
 
 FtMlt 
 
 FlMltHtCp 
 
 Fnrrlicutt 
 
 Fox 
 
 Front 
 
 G. 
 
 CiatlHT 
 
 (tet up 
 
 (lirl, It yoiiii}; 
 
 r.ivo 
 
 Give nil' to(\i-uik . 
 
 Civi! mo to eat 
 
 (;» 
 
 G» uway 
 
 0«, k't 
 
 Gm! 
 
 Goml 
 
 Gown or Parkn 
 
 Gown moilu of iiit«s- 
 
 tilU'H. 
 GfttHH 
 
 Om-n 
 
 Gull, a sea 
 
 GutH 
 
 II. 
 
 Uail 
 
 Hair 
 
 liaml 
 
 Hi-a.l 
 
 Ili-altliy 
 
 Urari 
 
 lie Of she 
 
 Ili«li 
 
 }Iill, a Hinull 
 
 IIuM your tongno. 
 
 Jlook, II lUh 
 
 IlnUHc, a 
 
 How much 
 
 I. 
 
 Iron 
 
 Just 
 
 K. 
 
 Kiit'o 
 
 Knnt (tf a trfe 
 
 Know, till yuu not, me . 
 
 UnalaMka. 
 
 Tcl)i*r1okai-I)ci-drtn 
 Kryliiiak 
 
 CllllllluotlMlI.ek... 
 
 ('lii')io^niar 
 
 Dalikalii-hiiliikH . . 
 Kti'tok 
 
 (.'Ilfrmrk 
 
 Taiinyak 
 
 Oikt-lifi'n 
 
 Koycliok 
 
 TaliHt'ila . 
 Ankiitla . . 
 A«liaank. 
 
 TitMi tjutuak 4-lihtila. 
 
 Tcf'ii achlKHiila 
 
 Iclia 
 
 Inahaui'litHHla 
 
 Ilint'cda 
 
 Ahi.b 
 
 Murlilii'crtclcck 
 
 SakiM'ii 
 
 Chcehduu 
 
 Kc.yhiik .. 
 C'tiidliuiolr. 
 Sloiika .. . 
 Anlu-k ... 
 
 Talicncm daliski'ettHi 
 
 Imlr.i. 
 
 Chla/j/i 
 
 Kauilit-k 
 
 AnhaliamtolH'luk 
 
 Kaiinuheen 
 
 IkoDU 
 
 Kaclik 
 
 T<H)ii()ok Talhaila . 
 
 Imliazcrn 
 
 Oollnn 
 
 Kauuabon ■ 
 
 Komlyahuok ... 
 Adalouhooluko . 
 
 Cbcfdltit'dak 
 
 YalihiMimtalrc 
 
 Tffii Ahkntahkidi- 
 toon-ee. 
 
 Kadiak. 
 
 T^;:t*Ii'k()gii.. 
 
 Kni>k 
 
 TiMincclitok . 
 ratt'ilinrt. 
 Oimvilnok. . . 
 
 lo-o^a 
 
 T<MMnt'i»t — 
 
 Tatka 
 
 Kalili^k 
 
 Ntinhla 
 
 AcdiKi'O 
 
 Nanliithtoou 
 
 A^^raliak 
 
 Taho 
 
 Tanhainodk chfc^- 
 
 p'l-dna. 
 Niikiiiffk clitM-i^^idiia 
 
 Ki-aila 
 
 Aoulm 
 
 iV.dzu 
 
 Aliynii 
 
 AziKl.f 
 
 Alk.M.k 
 
 Kanahliik 
 
 Ilooit 
 
 Clioonhnhleo . 
 
 Kadaiat 
 
 Jviliit 
 
 Konlidat 
 
 NciM't 
 
 Tal.-ha 
 
 Na.sknk 
 
 CljiicluM'dok 
 
 Oon^ooata^ii 
 
 Ooiiii 
 
 KaiiiilitiMplt'c 
 
 I'oonlink niihlcnnk . 
 
 Ntilnn-i'hi 
 
 Sii^oliak 
 
 Naa or clu'khliok . . 
 Koii!i(:hrt>n 
 
 Cliyavik . 
 
 Kkliuiolniik . 
 
 (.'liiskiK>hka 
 
 Avyak 
 
 Nitltivalipooii liaka . 
 
 Ki*nai. 
 
 Tau/,-1'0 . 
 
 Slii'iiit )io<diiN)not> . 
 ^Kaiiotdslia 
 
 Iiilititl 
 
 lltani'tlrlict't 
 
 'KciHth konyil , 
 
 Slda'kaiilim.t 
 
 )laHhiitMmlu-ct-yn .. . 
 
 JfaHhotdhinda . 
 lItNaiin]t4H>h . 
 THauL'fUoimU.. 
 
 Na*kt<dtaan6 . 
 
 I'ldmll.ii 
 
 Shlak-a 
 
 KryHtaha 
 
 *KatHhan — 
 MvtiTlt-hwu . 
 
 llaa.U 
 
 .Sliintnika 
 
 Cliooclioon kalt'ka. . . 
 
 SI»*i'alnM> 
 
 Sla-niina 
 
 SlianKK-o 
 
 PolialUn 
 
 Sit-klfo 
 
 Hhonu 
 
 Tri-fUino/, 
 
 KiiniialthiHlii 
 
 *Ktout<'rIrlio('t. 
 
 Kknliak 
 
 Yniiiali 
 
 T<Hinaalt-lii'i 
 
 Tay*'('» . 
 
 Sclit'Otdi 
 
 K/4'rkiia. 
 
 ilcft a Bhilncrtoo . 
 
 SItkii. 
 
 KaviHinkai-lick. 
 
 IIiuui. 
 
 TakciiiaUii. 
 
 KhlrakmwlikA. 
 
 KaliiHWM. 
 
 Kali(NiHit'l^>. 
 
 Kakah. 
 
 NakatfM''. 
 
 KmwHiiat. 
 
 Kontipt. 
 KiM-taii. 
 Sliaurt. 
 
 AlHlii'i'tr. 
 Alvvallatn. 
 
 A!uli;)tnrt6. 
 
 KnoHliti-. 
 
 AhkiiidHtMdiiHK 
 
 rhiM'umih. 
 
 Klrt. 
 
 Tooaki''. 
 
 KlHltotHt. 
 
 Atlmiditt'c. 
 
 riKMikviin. 
 
 Ni-f)itTiitiM-alit'ntA 
 
 KckliatfC. 
 
 KaiiaHrti. 
 
 KatctHl. 
 
 KoHlial'.it'O. 
 
 Kai'.'. 
 
 AkIu.^ ; -'. 
 
 Kli'kalilmicokoo. 
 
 Katidi. 
 
 Voiifa. 
 
 K)>alii<- kiMilicki'i. 
 
 Komlia. 
 
 ShalhiHitoL 
 Hrat. 
 
 KlKMIHfl. 
 
 Kaycz. 
 
 Klrkniiyitack. 
 
 Kak.ch. 
 IIaI<.'im'ko4»({g6. 
 
 m 
 
218 
 
 11^ 
 
 EukHhIi. 
 
 I.nkii 
 
 Liiif 
 
 I.il', to 
 
 Mlil.t 
 
 I.liin, II Ht'u 
 
 L\\m 
 
 Llv.T 
 
 J^lvo, whiTu «lt) you . . 
 
 liiHtmi 
 
 LoUHU 
 
 Low 
 
 I.lltl^IH 
 
 M. 
 
 Man 
 
 Mat 
 
 M<Hm 
 
 Mnntin^ 
 
 MlitT(!W, ti> 
 
 MiiHH 
 
 Mothir 
 
 McilliiM-, xruiiil . 
 
 MntlltT-ili-law.. 
 
 ^Inuiitaiit 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Murtinvr ...... 
 
 MuHck'H 
 
 N. 
 
 Nail« 
 
 Ni<k 
 
 Nl'tMllo 
 
 Iv't'plu'w 
 
 Kit, II Hull 
 
 Nlliht 
 
 Noflo 
 
 NoHc, rinjiH for tho . 
 NoHtrilH 
 
 a 
 
 Our 
 
 Olil , 
 
 Oltir.niivi'i 
 OttiT, a ma 
 
 r. 
 
 J'aliu of tho haud . 
 rav.to 
 
 rcopio 
 
 I'illow 
 
 I'iiii' tir 
 
 I'laut.to 
 
 ria.v.to 
 
 I'nor 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 Yocahulary of Innf/uageii, die. — Continued. 
 
 VnuluHka. 
 
 Kinivak 
 
 Yalmiiiolf<i. 
 
 AnAalynk 
 
 Kiivooak 
 
 Atliik 
 
 Aliliik 
 
 Kaiiaiihoon akiMithin 
 
 Iliki'i'clia 
 
 Kictok 
 
 KiiMliiki'ii 
 
 Iloonii>li<-k 
 
 Tayaho 
 
 Sootok 
 
 Toolii'i-dak. 
 Kfi-lyam ... 
 Ki'lliolifU . . 
 
 Annak 
 
 KookiwiA 
 
 Sati-iuli(*(>n ... 
 
 KlHltlllHik 
 
 Alirrl'ok 
 
 Alri't-liooKok. 
 Vylmk 
 
 KaHhihi'U 
 
 Oimk 
 
 Iniikak 
 
 Oniniu 
 
 Koo/inabt-k 
 
 Aiaak 
 
 Anhoziu 
 
 SukliHik 
 
 Anlioziu llookik. 
 
 Alikadvmizi'i'k . 
 
 Ollik 
 
 AakiKiya 
 
 Chceuatok 
 
 Chaiikala . 
 
 Tayalioaimmholcph . 
 KaiiAi-etak 
 
 It.heoila ... 
 MiH'likada . 
 Itouaaak . ■ . 
 
 Kailink. 
 
 XiiiiiHiak 
 
 I'llu 
 
 i;klu 
 
 Auci.'k 
 
 Ailahluk 
 
 niulikil 
 
 .\«'t-M^a 
 
 Niiuoc-chect ... 
 
 TlllMllllO 
 
 \aaetu 
 
 Arhallkrcliiok . 
 Kauiaptnok — 
 
 Shook.... 
 I'l'hat . . . 
 Yaal(K;k . 
 Oonoak .. 
 Oonoa^o . 
 
 ().<it 
 
 Analia ... 
 Muga 
 
 I'oonhok nnhlod. 
 
 Kauok 
 
 To!io(I(iiHiuioU'6 . 
 Kubi'i'liut 
 
 Stooupa — 
 Ooynkopa .. 
 Ahli'cnhon ... 
 OotMMi^a.. . 
 
 Ajialoo 
 
 Ooituko 
 
 Ki'i'iii.jja . . . 
 
 Ki-nal. 
 
 Ban 
 
 Mvat-ooit 
 
 JIl'I'lltHt'Ot 
 
 Krrt.sool 
 
 Aliilihhit 
 
 Kzuk 
 
 Siv.rcit 
 
 Nihih loki'i'.iM'tgan. 
 
 Ki'i'lhihtiKiuiih 
 
 You 
 
 Tzoi'lhkntH. 
 Stmil'tHku 
 
 Tociiiiil . 
 
 No -6 . 
 
 NiH'lkooiidii . 
 
 Naan 
 
 A iiiiA 
 
 <,''..oota 
 
 Sh-o 
 
 T(.hcyl6 
 
 Shuaan 
 
 Chi'i'kllhuhM . 
 
 Skaniia . 
 
 *Klean*khccn . 
 
 Shooju 
 
 Tahvci'lh. 
 
 *Kaa*k 
 
 THaimlU'L'tga .. 
 
 Mydak Suii'lin. 
 
 PadzU'uhka Shneuk 
 
 Chahpoyonii . 
 Kaut'ohhik ... 
 
 AakiMiya 
 
 Ahull 
 
 Tooinitga 
 
 Xal.syaho 
 
 Shoot 
 
 April! 
 
 Ankui.!">Ut'l.... 
 
 J.HiHdahkof 
 
 Vooauico 
 
 Nakhee nah'Iee. 
 
 Khauoi>t.st6 . 
 Keyrheo — 
 Tact-liim ... 
 To*k.i'8 
 
 Slya'ka 
 
 KiuHhilhiiah . 
 
 Koht-aua 
 
 Tst't-aazilt'eu. 
 TapaaUa 
 
 Cheenleool . 
 Pa'khool... 
 
 Sitka. 
 
 Anki). 
 
 Kiihauoo, 
 
 Tlataakci-hoon. 
 
 OotiM'kaan. 
 
 Taau. 
 
 Kaliakii. 
 
 Kakrykoo. 
 
 KiMikHC'lihrtA. 
 
 Kotmivci'b. 
 
 Ik^tnt. 
 
 Kakaliak(H), 
 
 CliakU'yh. 
 
 TootH. 
 TCCHH. 
 
 KcKkhO. 
 
 Sokauution. 
 
 Txikahii. 
 
 Aklco. 
 
 AhlilhkiM). 
 
 Ahrhaan. 
 
 Shahata. 
 
 Kak.i>. 
 
 C'liakooto. 
 
 Uaak. 
 
 Kahakoo. 
 Kasiitii. 
 Taakatol.; 
 Ahkeulk. 
 
 Taat. 
 Kadu. 
 
 Kaslutoo. 
 
 Ahhii. 
 Ootpcsheu. 
 Koo8lita. 
 Touhih. 
 
 KachfUtak. 
 
 Af;akiMie8ueo. 
 
 llslei'ukeet. 
 
 Slifhot. 
 
 Arh(: 
 
 Taukiinakoo. 
 
 Ai'hkoolhiat. 
 
 glHhaan. 
 
KiikUhIi. 
 
 Fii)iliir tn>u . 
 
 Q- 
 
 Qiiii'k 
 
 (jllill, kiMlll. 
 
 H. 
 
 Rain 
 
 KanploTry . 
 Ravoii ...,. 
 
 R.m1 
 
 RehKlppr.., 
 
 Kpjdlco 
 
 Rich 
 
 River 
 
 Rw of QhIi. 
 
 RlK)f 
 
 R<K>t 
 
 Ropi' 
 
 Rude 
 
 S. 
 
 Sark, a. 
 
 8aml 
 
 s™ .... 
 Seiii, 11 . 
 Sell.... 
 Send.... 
 Shoot . . 
 Siek . . . 
 
 SiiiR 
 
 Si»lcr 
 
 Sit (Inwn... 
 
 Sky 
 
 Sleep 
 
 Slow 
 
 Slumber . . . 
 
 Snow 
 
 Snuir 
 
 Soft 
 
 Son.lu-Iaw . 
 Spork 
 
 Spoon 
 
 Spring . . . 
 
 Stnrfl 
 
 Steal 
 
 •tt'P 
 
 Stick . . . . 
 Stone... 
 Striiinht . 
 Stronji... 
 Sunnuer . 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 YocuhuUiry of Utngtmgcx^ dr,— Coutinuwl. 
 
 219 
 
 rnitliiNkii. 
 
 AlIiKlnk 
 
 Iitiiiulicli'ck. 
 
 AviiliohndtHilt't'k . 
 KulI<Hihi-t'li 
 
 v'ln'lit(ik 
 
 Iliilnliimk 
 
 Kiilkuhyitii 
 
 Dnllndiitk 
 
 It liiiyiik* 
 
 Kiiait<Hi<l» 
 
 T«M)hkiM)li'i*k 
 
 Clii'liaiink 
 
 Kiinilii'CHtM) 
 
 OilaiikaiiHumAtMoii. 
 
 Oomnak 
 
 Koc)tkH>ttM)lci>k 
 
 C'b(K»hok 
 
 AllufKik 
 
 I«ok 
 
 Xoitiihixia. . . 
 AlikaiK'ciUi . 
 T<H))nlit'ilu . . 
 Tak('»-Iiz«M'k. 
 Oniiuluula.. . 
 Oo«/ieou 
 
 Iniiyak 
 
 Saliada 
 
 AiahuUlokan. 
 
 KaiiiK'i'li 
 
 IlllUtolCf'Il 
 
 Kan/aa Hfyddldkni. . 
 
 Naaliottii 
 
 Koyhuak KaliutM'h- 
 zcok. 
 
 Tabozck 
 
 Kuneekt'fH/ia». 
 
 Stall 
 
 aihada 
 
 Ki'cUiu KryilhnoinTii 
 
 AyaiMik 
 
 KiMivvaiiak 
 
 At hiiih'tlialnk 
 
 KayniittKili'ck 
 
 SaakiHHtak 
 
 Katllak. 
 
 Clll't'lKMI - 
 
 Maiiliak . 
 
 AkHaUikt- 
 
 <"lH"i|;al('r. 
 Oolik. 
 
 Krdnk 
 
 Ala^nak 
 
 Kaliihak 
 
 Kavct '^'Ice 
 
 T(K*tltUMI 
 
 XiHtimiHM-hmilm 
 
 Kankok 
 
 K.H.yk 
 
 (.'h^jiKit or n)imi\j(»c)t . 
 
 PadtHi 
 
 Xon^^ililiikr 
 
 CavulitHfc 
 
 Katiiunahlco 
 
 nn^'Rt'k 
 
 Kalira 
 
 EcmAk 
 
 Izuik 
 
 Ajini'rrhakue. 
 
 Tynkiie 
 
 IVrdiM'druo ... 
 
 Kiiallut 
 
 AtlXivA 
 
 AgOIIlL'C 
 
 Kcliok 
 
 Kahvi^ 
 
 f litM>kalnnk. 
 Kavabaiift*.. 
 
 Aiimn'' 
 
 I'rimlikn 
 
 (>(>ii('liiok ... 
 XiM'n|riing:i .. 
 KaUki 
 
 Alujionn — 
 Oobiictlikak 
 
 Auckr 
 
 'I'c('j;li'iha . . 
 T<H>in)M'iiliH . 
 Vikhndilk... 
 Yariiak . . ... 
 NuI<'k('<'j;If(i 
 'l'(M)kiii'('l('" . 
 Kk'k 
 
 Ki'Mh). 
 
 Rhiici^ 
 
 KimmihIic^* . 
 Malkli I 
 
 Nalii-vlliknit. 
 
 KiMillikiilia 
 
 ('In't'ii' ^^ 
 
 Talliill. ley 
 
 I'alriiih 
 
 NlH>klHHTttllll<lllh . 
 
 KaHltkanlaa 
 
 'KaliiiHi 
 
 Kin 
 
 Kanaka 
 
 Chan 
 
 •KtMlh 
 
 T^p'cknanh. 
 
 Odlks 
 
 ShiIioo 
 
 NiNtt-liC' 
 
 K(M)tMalii'yln-6. 
 
 TtM'hkal ... 
 C'hri'unnh.. 
 KatalyaHli , 
 Ontalla... 
 
 NfCtHKOt . . 
 
 Y(Miyftn — 
 
 TMmtniilipylkci't . 
 
 NlM-ltHl'I'lh 
 
 Aiiah 
 
 KttM>na. 
 
 Cbntalalii . 
 
 Sjiata 
 
 Kk'k 
 
 Scfcn 
 
 ^"Knazzoon . . . 
 
 Tt'at8 
 
 Kab'cknrckrr. 
 THi'»ialkbi^ ... 
 
 Tall bey 
 
 Shiuui 
 
 Sitkii, 
 
 TMknn. 
 
 n:i'i..iMb. 
 
 llt'trhahtHi, 
 
 CbayonkiH), 
 
 ScovvH. 
 
 Kh'akiH). 
 
 KIh. 
 
 Ilaniabt'tt*. 
 
 Tavvi''. 
 
 Na.Mb«Mik. 
 
 Antllnkinti'o. 
 
 llatri'M. 
 
 Kitak<M>. 
 
 llanatant'-. 
 
 AbbaJtIre. 
 
 Tikb. 
 
 Kbu'. 
 
 T.yk^-. 
 
 'I'Ma. 
 
 IbiM>n. 
 
 KiHinakA. 
 
 Atitont. 
 
 Ilant't'kiK), 
 
 AtkaHbtc. 
 
 A''klyak. 
 
 KauufHi. 
 
 IIlU-ltH. 
 
 Xallii. 
 Takcynab, 
 Alii'kbo. 
 Kbyl. 
 
 Katlyabtti», 
 
 Abi-rbnb. 
 
 H.-iktlya. 
 
 Sb.lb. 
 
 Tak<Miit<'. 
 
 K(H>taba.iabit. 
 
 Ataoo. 
 
 KakiMt.'tlak. 
 
 KaatH. 
 
 KlyakavooHtnk. 
 
 Hb-)tH('»*n. 
 
 Knntaan. 
 
 
 Tbcro liave ncvfT bfcn rcindoci- np<in Unabinka, but tbcy ptircliasc tlio HkinH ami siiicwM frnm the AUuwkaus.— Dai.L. 
 
 !■»■«. 
 
220 
 
 ALASXA COAST riL(JT. 
 
 Vocalxihiry of htn'ju.i{/en, dc. — "Coiitiimt'd. 
 
 Kn^linli. 
 
 X'lialaMka. 
 
 Kaittak. 
 
 K.'iial. 
 
 Sitka. 
 
 
 Ahhapak 
 
 Mailzak 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xiha 
 
 
 T. 
 Tail 
 
 SanHlii'hchiliPtccn- 
 Sii.ln . 
 
 
 I'kn 
 
 
 Tak« 
 
 Ti'limt 
 
 llhki'ot 
 
 Shro. 
 
 Takii iiwii.v l)j fii.cc 
 
 
 \lc)«)il/]nt 
 
 Kt.poshcil t 
 
 
 
 
 
 IVcth 
 
 KcahoifZt'cn 
 
 
 ShiL'f'k-ha 
 
 
 That 
 
 OiHiii 
 
 IIvv piftA 
 
 Kta. 
 
 
 Vayamyiiuji/i 
 
 IniH'-; -TiiaynuHft 
 
 O.luulu'.Tk 
 
 Viiiiatnnlnukan 
 
 Ihaili.ilisyiik 
 
 ShiHli.ili. 
 Xmiiti. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thief 
 
 Tno^luna piUo 
 
 
 Thill 
 
 Tnltict 
 
 KattHah 
 
 Yatstcclluli. 
 Shikis . 
 
 
 Tlirt-aii II v.\h' of tin- in- 
 liHliiii'Kcif ihi'wiiak'. 
 
 Kt'cpak 
 
 T^']IkataHM^^ 
 
 Tlmiiili 
 
 iloulak 
 
 Kaiuliipi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amlila;,^anau 
 
 Trt-ii nnuhtaluuiok. .. 
 
 
 Tkiui. 
 
 
 
 Clialiiii niliiba 
 
 Koboliak trtlialakua . . 
 
 Oi)tui>t 
 
 
 
 
 Sliaak. 
 
 U. 
 
 Alhtkunk . .,. 
 
 
 NcM'ts. 
 
 V. 
 
 Valli>v 
 
 
 ^fmik 
 
 
 
 Vein 
 
 
 No')^rak 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Katlukp. 
 
 
 Kichoziiu KcogUillu'e. 
 
 
 T<»kni;<?-!inoohulh>y. 
 
 'KaiHhIlltuOHll 
 
 
 M'illk 
 
 
 
 WaHh 
 
 
 
 
 ■\Vutor .. 
 
 Taiiiik 
 
 Tniiak 
 
 V('i-Iliu('6 
 
 
 AVrak 
 
 KfUiliali'i'kru 
 
 (•li;ititak..halik 
 
 Allok 
 
 ^Ktaklionlccn 
 
 
 AVot 
 
 
 Ootcckck 
 
 ^V1ii«' 
 
 Aj;v(ik 
 
 
 Yaajja. 
 
 AVhat 
 
 
 
 
 What ai*« ym afraitl of. 
 
 Alknk Kliagt.-Iect- 
 
 iJI.r.y «U'('k»iU 
 
 'rMat!4;ioe!itMk. 
 
 (^iKiM!sa(JK<^. 
 Koot«'K<-)M-i'iiakni)h. 
 
 AVhi'ir iiro yiui ^^oing . . 
 
 AVlu'if^ woro you 
 
 ■\Vhitc 
 
 Kannnoimu'ftu 
 
 Kaiialink 'IVIct'tlioen 
 
 Nrttmi'ii ayouit 
 
 ^•^ah tiMMUie 
 
 Kilnh tiMizitoo 
 
 Tulka^ .... 
 
 
 Ivlflyiilh't6. 
 
 AVhv 
 
 
 
 
 AVMo 
 
 Wiml 
 
 SlukMt'tk 
 
 AyaiiHlilu(»k'i'» 
 
 Kvact'k 
 
 Tn'Itlian 
 
 Klyakic kifohiK), 
 
 Wiiitir 
 
 
 (»iikHfr(ik 
 
 •ilici' 
 
 Kniii''knHli. 
 
 fU't'tauce/.zaii 
 
 <'haaiirli(M> 
 
 Mokolaii 
 
 
 AVi|n, 
 
 Klill ta 
 
 
 
 Wirt*' 
 
 Akiinikalick 
 
 KlHtlltlk 
 
 Aiiliaheiiak 
 
 (»(MlzvtMlmik*i' 
 
 
 WiiUitl 
 
 Kht. 
 
 AVoiimii 
 
 Atftuuilt 
 
 Sbiivvot. 
 
ALASKA COAST riIA)T. 
 
 Vocabulary of huigiiagvH, d'c— Contiimoil. 
 
 Kiiglian. 
 
 Work... 
 Wound . 
 
 t'liiiliiskft. 
 
 Avvndft. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tpiir 
 
 Ti'Uow 
 
 Youug 
 
 yunurali. 
 
 I) 
 
 7 
 
 rt 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Klok 
 
 Miidcloliniik 
 giHilioimziik ■ 
 
 Atnkcn . 
 Arli>k... 
 Kanki'o . 
 
 Kiidiiik. 
 
 (.'liiiiA . 
 Kecyo . 
 
 Cliccoolok SImiit to. 
 
 Konai. 
 
 Hr»>t!HH) . . 
 Skoo'kha . 
 
 ChfMinlialiliM) 
 
 ^uoiiha!: 
 
 Cliaaii 
 
 Ato<m 
 
 OoUonn 
 
 Kaiiclioon . 
 
 Si'"i'lii'i'ii 
 
 Alt'k 
 
 AtfMMii ntoken sooh- 
 
 iiohta. 
 Atfor.i arlok Rcoli- 
 I iiDta. 
 
 Ij ! Att't'iu kanknn Hcch- 
 
 nota. 
 
 H A teem Bci'hiM'U socli- 
 
 iiohtii. 
 
 13 
 
 15- . 
 Iii.. 
 
 n. 
 
 IS. 
 
 111. 
 
 '2(1... 
 
 no... 
 
 50. 
 
 Ataoodzok 
 
 A/lha 
 
 IVrncaKvak 
 
 Stanicck 
 
 Tii'"iMiic>i'k 
 
 ^Viim-iu:')' 
 
 ^Ialt>1ioii1 ocii 
 
 Tn^liiliin 
 
 Knoliib.topii 
 
 Koiilfii 
 
 Alliililok 
 
 (iO. 
 70. 
 
 itO. 
 
 Iflll. 
 
 Ati'i'in I'hitau socli. 
 
 Ilnllta. 
 
 Alci'iit nUnni Hrcli- 
 
 niita. 
 Att'cni (M'lloon Hi'ch- 
 
 ii(i})ta. 
 Atci'in kaiic'liciMi 
 
 Hi'i'lin<»lila. 
 Atoi'in Hcihi'i-n Hcoh- 
 
 iiohta. 
 
 Alliatiah 
 
 Kanki»inl<'in alt'k . . . 
 
 Sfccjiri'di'in atck 
 
 Chauuboetlot'iu »Wk 
 
 Atooiilildliii atpk .. .. 
 Oiilliniiihccdi'i'Ui ntok 
 
 lCniU'!iiH'nh"'c<U'*'ii 
 
 atck. 
 Si'i'i li<)i>nlieedc'i!ni 
 
 nti'k. 
 
 Si'CHak 
 
 AUiliii scwHuk 
 
 ili .Ihiigiiook 
 
 IMiiga-yoii-iuMdc — 
 
 Slamannnk 
 
 Talt'c tnaiKtok 
 
 Aliii5i'liin(;);t'iionk. 
 !MalH-lion!ipo»iK)k . 
 
 KurIu liignook 
 
 Kuidii hooyaiiook . 
 
 Talt.iaW- 
 
 Koott'ohazalhecit . 
 
 Tsoplgtan 
 
 Ndiitiia 
 
 T(K.*k-p 
 
 Taii*k-o 
 
 T.skwlno 
 
 ■♦KlHlltnlK'O 
 
 Kaiit.i-i'dii* 
 
 I,tak(i<)l <> 
 
 Lki'i-tmct-lKio 
 
 *KliOi)"ii ■•■ 
 
 K'H'liiodk of Hviiirtk . . 
 Sv<'i'iiuk kciidiMiiik 
 
 a/.liikf>. 
 
 Si'i'diilk inaMiik 
 
 Svwiutk ii.iiiliik kiiol. 
 
 intrtk piii liti yon- 
 
 l(nik. 
 
 i<v(M'i]( t iiiiiliaicm — 
 Svcciirl pialialim 
 
 kiioliifMik. 
 Hvprnct ritaiuan. 
 
 Svccni't HiaiTinii 
 
 kooliHiok. 
 Svwml laliCiiialont 
 Sveouet ktM>lt>iii. 
 
 T»' ' una 
 
 •1. ; Ulii.i""ti. 
 
 Tail!;!' klii.icioii. 
 'I'skil (111 klujiiiui. 
 
 KnojiH klnjonii. 
 Kalikriliili kliuu""' 
 
 THUiitliin. 
 
 001 
 
 *^ M« X 
 
 Kihi'iion*. 
 ICtiyi'tt*. 
 
 Kaiid^ii'luM'tiyalii'lit*'! 
 
 iHtUl. 
 
 Klok. 
 
 Tidl. 
 
 Kdl.^k. 
 
 TaikiKiii. 
 
 Ki'iilii'i'ii. 
 
 Kitiiiwliiiii. 
 
 'rahatmiKhon. 
 
 .\lM'tsUallHlHlllM>. 
 
 Kinmliak. 
 L'hcniUaat. 
 Chii'iikaat avaiiliak 
 
 kfk. 
 t'lici'iikaat avaidiak 
 
 till. 
 Clii'i'likaat av iiiliak 
 
 Il(it»k. 
 CliiMiikaat a\aaliak 
 
 tatrkiHiii. 
 Chci'iikaat a\aiiluik 
 
 ki-i'i'lii-iM). 
 Chi'i'itkaat avaiiliak 
 
 kftiKmliiHi. 
 Clii'iMikaal avanhak 
 
 taliatiMiHliii'i. 
 i'liiTiikaat avalihak 
 
 iifctHt- atooshiHi. 
 flici'iikaat .ivaiiliak 
 
 kiMmltak. 
 Kli'k kn. 
 
222 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 JII:TK()I{0I.0(!ICAL AUSTRACT for SITKA, FRO^[ 
 Jioin and melted unow/aU at ^itJia, in invites, with the number of. 
 
 Tear. 
 
 r Hain . 
 If 17* -J Snow 
 
 lg-18* ; SiKiw 
 
 ( Hiiiiiy ilaVH 
 
 fltain 
 
 [ Kaiiiy days . 
 
 riiain 
 
 Ili4!lt Sn.nv 
 
 i Jtaiiiy (lays. 
 
 f"'"" 
 
 IRW Snow 
 
 t Kainy dayrt 
 
 [ Rain 
 
 IK'ilt^ SiKiw. 
 (l 
 
 Kaiiiy (lays . 
 
 llJiiiii 
 
 lesat Show 
 
 I Kaiiiy dayn . 
 
 I ii.iiiiy ilayH . 
 
 I8.'>4t 
 
 ^ Kaiiiy liayM . 
 
 rltaiii. 
 
 fid 
 
 IffiOt } Snow 
 
 I Kaiiiy <l«y» ■ 
 
 r Kaiii . 
 
 18.')?* •; Sliinv 
 
 [ Uailiy (layH 
 
 ( Kaiii ami hihiw . 
 ( Kaiiiy ilayH 
 
 Itt!)- 
 
 Kaiii . 
 Snow . 
 
 I Uiiiny (lays . 
 
 fUalii 
 
 ■ t Siinw 
 
 ( Kaiiiy (lavH . 
 
 lem- 
 
 [ Kaill 
 
 Snow 
 
 ( Kainv (lay« - 
 
 fKain 
 
 1«H* j Siinw 
 
 ' I Kaiiu' ilavH . 
 
 Tntals 
 
 Montlily iiit'iui raiiitall . 
 M(<iiii I'liiny (lii.\ H 
 
 No I'd 
 Xo if( 
 No rci 
 
 7.73 
 
 1.00 
 
 18 
 
 0.50 
 
 0. !).■> 
 
 (W 5 
 
 0. 101 
 
 ;). 4-jii 
 
 18 
 
 fi. am 
 1. 85a 
 
 20 
 
 11. an 
 
 0. H.-i 
 87 
 
 IS. OSS 
 -.10 
 
 •i. rm 
 
 \T, 
 
 ■1. i:i8 
 u 
 
 34 
 
 0. n.')s 
 
 •i. 4 Ml 
 
 l(i 
 
 8.807 
 <J4 
 
 13. ST.-i 
 
 0. Iill3 
 
 23 
 
 11.883 
 
 1.083 
 
 24 
 
 7. 1211 
 
 1. 2.MI 
 
 Hi 
 
 0.800 
 
 1.7IW 
 
 13 
 
 .043 
 90 
 
 1. 30 
 
 4.30 
 
 19 
 
 4. 15 
 3.80 
 (b) 
 
 T. 7:12 
 
 a ,107 
 
 24 
 
 4. 0411 
 2. 5.3,1 
 
 ai 
 
 ,5. 108 
 
 a. OKI 
 
 21 
 
 4, 0,33 
 15 
 
 0. 280 
 
 22 
 
 12. ,3(18 
 
 0. fl,-|(i 
 21 
 
 0.000 
 
 2. o;i5 
 
 12 
 
 4, 22,1 
 17 
 
 4. 400 
 
 11 
 
 II. 1:10 
 
 2. 070 
 
 22 
 
 ,S. 4,Vi 
 
 0. 273 
 
 21 
 
 4. 820 
 
 0. 008 
 
 10 
 
 7,079 
 18 
 
 1. GO 
 
 2, 05 
 20 
 
 0. 05 
 
 4, 83 
 
 (W !« 
 
 0, (i,32 
 
 1, 4,35 
 
 Hi 
 
 4, 48(i 
 
 1. 185 
 
 19 
 
 a 420 
 1, 120 
 
 i;i 
 
 a 010 
 21 
 
 10.091 
 
 2:1 
 
 e. 017 
 
 0, .351 
 2,1 
 
 i.02n 
 
 1.048 
 
 14 
 
 8. 704 
 25 
 
 a ri5 
 
 0. (!:io 
 
 10 
 
 2, 920 
 
 1,,3.«0 
 
 21 
 
 1. 2.10 
 Olif. mo. 
 
 Hi 
 
 0. 780 
 
 1.483 
 
 19 
 
 4, Klli 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 Xo vccoril. 
 
 No ii'conl 
 
 (MXiiiTc'nl 
 
 ;i, 028 
 
 a OH! 
 
 19 
 
 4, 042 
 
 0. 201 
 
 14 
 
 2, 244 
 
 0,020 
 
 18 
 
 a 100 
 
 a 393 
 
 27 
 
 ,3. 431 
 
 1, 2,30 
 
 ;io 
 
 6. .302 
 
 
 
 2:1 
 
 4. 403 
 
 21 
 
 fi. 140 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 5. 095 
 0, 500 
 
 21 
 
 3, 395 
 
 Clear, 
 
 17 
 
 2,044 
 
 1.(1.38 
 20 
 
 2, 20 
 
 
 
 (n) 1:1 
 
 8. 4u 
 
 
 
 (b) 12 
 
 Xo record, 
 
 Xo riM'oiil, 
 
 (())Xolci''lcl 
 
 a 713 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 1,,377 
 
 14 
 
 4,719 
 
 
 
 ■20 
 
 .3, 079 
 19 
 
 7.812 
 27 
 
 a. 7o;i 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 2, WW 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1, 300 
 15 
 
 .3, 793 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 2,220 
 (<■) 
 12 
 
 1, ,3,30 
 
 12 
 
 4. 920 
 
 0, (i22 
 
 2, ,30 
 
 19 
 
 2, 15 
 
 
 
 (W 13 
 
 2,09 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 0, 798 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 5, 330 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 ((0 2, (i30 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 (i. Hi4 
 20 
 
 4,478 
 82 
 
 5,080 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 ,3, 705 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 a 781 
 21 
 
 2, ,325 
 
 l(i 
 
 Xo it'i'oril. 
 No record, 
 17 
 
 0, IX)1 
 
 
 8 
 
 2, 492 
 
 13 
 
 02 200 
 
 5, 010 
 18 
 
 .35, 312 
 
 4,142 
 
 18 
 
 5,3, 780 
 
 4, 038 
 32 
 
 If 
 
 d, 
 
 (a) A clear iiioiilli, ((,) No ivcord ol' tlie Iioiim ii]ioii w''l(h rain nr miow fell, (r) Only twciit.v 
 
 (/) Fiiv Hoveii luiil one third inoiitlis, (,/) For eljflit moiitli.><. • olwervatloim every liiiiir. 
 
 mi 
 
 , 
 
Ttp 
 
 ALASKA COAST Pll.cyr. 
 
 223 
 
 1847 TO 1*2, LATITUDE 57" 02'S,, LONGITUDE IX,^ lr<'.->. 
 
 days iq)on which rain, snoii; or luiil fell, or when thick fog prevailed. 
 
 a. 8(1 
 
 
 
 . 0. !10 
 
 
 (b) ^ 
 
 4. k; 
 
 () 
 
 24 
 
 3. m:i 
 
 (I 
 i:i 
 
 4. (i7:i 
 
 
 2(1 
 
 1. ffll 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 4. 124 
 
 4. Mr. 
 
 22 
 
 8.114 
 
 
 
 211 
 
 10. 8W1 
 
 (I 
 
 2!l 
 
 fi. nm 
 
 18 
 
 2. Illf) 
 
 (I 
 21 
 
 No rcconl. 
 
 No rt'cuiil. 
 
 !l 
 
 2.71.-. 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 1.504 
 
 
 5;. ;i4(i 
 4. ton 
 
 81 
 
 3. 2.'i 
 
 17 
 
 8.03 
 
 
 
 (W 17 
 
 9. S08 
 
 (I 
 
 27 
 
 10. 310 
 ' 
 
 2. (irj 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 8. 543 
 U 
 
 2:t 
 
 7. 181 
 
 20 
 
 3. 9(i9 
 
 22 
 
 3.071 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 C. 441 
 
 (I 
 20 
 
 5. 790 
 
 l.'l. iK. 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 ll.ti(i3 
 
 25 
 
 6. 3.V) 
 
 
 15 
 
 8. 144 
 
 
 23 
 
 100. i.59 
 
 7. 277 
 2:1 
 
 10. 00 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 12. 50 
 
 
 (b) 23 
 
 14.327 
 
 20 
 
 2. 
 
 434 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 (il5 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 735 
 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 417 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 727 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 8. 070 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 7. 801 
 21 
 
 9. 145 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 14.515 
 
 18 
 
 (1.110 
 
 21 
 
 15. 924 
 
 
 \X. 051 
 
 10. 4(il 
 93 
 
 e.(i5 
 
 
 23 
 
 12. .55 
 
 
 
 (M 24 
 
 11.110 
 
 0. 288 
 
 25 
 
 It. 007 
 
 13. 778 
 
 21 
 
 12. :m 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 19. 527 
 
 20 
 
 11.5.50 
 23 
 
 11.140 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 9. 8,58 
 
 24 
 
 0.180 
 
 28 
 
 B. 830 
 
 0. 135 
 
 J I 
 
 il. 7.VI 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 13. 073 
 
 
 24 
 
 14. 021 
 
 
 20 
 
 178.025 
 
 11.808 
 
 20 
 
 5. 4., 
 
 1.41 
 
 '\5 
 
 11.70 
 
 
 
 (i.) 22 
 
 4. 057 
 
 0. 07(i 
 
 19 
 
 9. 330 
 
 0. 745 
 
 24 
 
 8. 090 
 0. 294 
 
 27 
 
 .5. 119 
 
 0. 49a 
 
 21 
 
 0.451 
 (Tr. nut. (i 
 
 14. 71J 
 
 30 
 
 7. 378 
 
 0. 3!l!l 
 
 23 
 
 12. 090 
 
 21 
 
 14. 215 
 20 
 
 2. 825 
 
 0. 11(1 
 
 10 
 
 No rct'ord. 
 
 JJo record. 
 
 18 
 
 4. 005 
 
 0. 090 
 
 17 
 
 12.039 
 
 24 
 
 118. 78H 
 
 8. 485 
 23 
 
 4.95 
 
 3.20 
 
 20 
 
 1.95 
 
 4. 45 
 
 ((') 15 
 
 2. 409 
 1.115 
 
 18 
 
 5. .593 
 
 0. 294 
 
 2(1 
 
 8. 059 
 0.314 
 
 13 
 
 0. .537 
 1.177 
 
 1.5. 883 
 28 
 
 9. 0,59 
 
 21 
 
 5. 079 
 
 1. 432 
 
 10 
 
 14.815 
 
 2. 403 
 
 2U 
 
 8.120 
 17 
 
 8. 800 
 
 0. 045 
 
 24 
 
 X« rocvird. 
 
 "No rconrd. 
 
 ('I'r. ino. 7 
 
 AH Miiow. 
 
 2. ,572 
 
 10 
 
 10.9'.i7 
 1.522 
 
 28 
 
 114. ori 
 K.200 
 
 19 
 
 
 39. 80 
 4.61 
 
 7(i. 80 
 14.45 
 
 .53. 3.32 
 11.979 
 
 Kt. 301 
 12. 407 
 
 fifi. 0.50 
 
 70. 02:t 
 
 B. .540 
 
 90. KM 
 
 ■g ff 
 
 (;;) 44.41 
 
 91.25 
 
 0.5. 31 1 
 
 72. 4.55 
 
 87.171 
 
 ((/) 77. I(>3 
 90. 034 
 --7. 171 
 
 8,3. 820 
 3. ms 
 
 79. 393 
 >,. I«0 
 
 80. 758 
 1. 015 
 
 09. 2*18 
 .5. 835 
 
 5.5. .572 
 ,5. (W« 
 
 W. 474 
 7. 475 
 
 87.514 
 
 (/)7.5.043 
 
 Avcrii;ii' fur jl4. 09 .v"'«r». 
 8:1.33 ;ilichi'H. 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 to) i(i3 
 
 ((<) 233 
 2:17 
 447 
 
 21H 
 
 .\\criiK('. 
 
 245 
 
 lour liny »"li«-iviiliiiiii<. (•/) Klcvfu kihI loiirlHllw ininitli». 
 
 f ObservHtioDB from 4 li. to SO h. 
 
 (r) No ri'iord iitlcr llii- loili. 
 
224 
 
 ALASKA ("OAST PILOT. 
 
 
 -1' 
 
 c 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 MjK 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 A'.ipj((OJUhH.U,J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •111 (i 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 (a 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ptni !s "Hi ■« 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c. 
 
 
 '•wioiijn tni.iiv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ?i 
 
 fi 
 
 
 Mltl A'.ip 
 
 ? S 2 
 
 li S LI 
 
 TO 
 
 % 
 
 § 
 
 % %. 
 
 
 .§ 
 
 i § 
 
 \ i 
 
 d[(( JUt>JllbH.IJ(£ 
 
 ri ?l li 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ?; fi 
 
 
 fi 
 
 fi f 
 
 i fi 
 
 
 3 s s 
 
 ? 
 
 H 
 
 
 ? S 
 
 CA 
 
 g 
 
 "° s 
 
 
 •ii».»m Aiiuo^ 
 
 
 t* 
 
 1- 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 oy 
 
 3! 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 3^ S 
 
 fi 
 
 ri 
 
 fi 
 
 S fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi f 
 
 i fi 
 
 1 
 
 i 3 S 
 
 f^ 
 
 s 
 
 ■* 
 
 ■r 
 
 1 1 
 
 T* 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 1 1 
 
 : i 
 
 
 fi S f! 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 ?f 
 
 fi 
 
 fi f 
 
 . fi 
 
 M-Kim.»AO\^ 
 
 ?t -f Tl 
 
 S 
 
 g 
 
 1- 
 
 1 
 
 ■ % 
 
 
 (' 
 
 \z 5 
 
 § 
 
 
 fi fi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 fl 
 
 fi 
 
 fi f 
 
 i fi 
 
 
 % n f, 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 9 
 
 s 
 
 ? 
 
 f 
 
 1 (7 
 
 • ? 
 
 •i.)q(.».i(> 
 
 
 
 
 '3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 TL 
 
 
 
 
 
 'o 
 
 H S fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi f 
 
 fi 
 
 1 ' 
 
 2 S S2 
 
 « 
 
 !S 
 
 R 
 
 S !? 
 
 ?^ 
 
 TJ 
 
 p; != 
 
 s 
 
 MJt[(ll<H«t<t^ 
 
 
 oS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i s ?. 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 S f 
 
 fi 
 
 •imianv ' 
 
 ■5 S oi 
 
 O 
 
 1' 
 
 
 i 
 
 ; i 
 
 a; 
 
 i 
 
 % I 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 1 fi fi 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 8 f 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 i i 
 
 ? s 1 
 
 „ 
 
 5f 
 
 s 
 
 n s 
 
 ^ 
 
 Tl 
 
 (O g 
 
 i 
 
 •Xmi- ' 
 
 
 JD 
 
 
 C-. 
 
 Cl •- 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 !i ^ fi 
 
 a 
 
 f! 
 
 fi 
 
 fi s 
 
 S 
 
 fi 
 
 s ? 
 
 ?i 
 
 •91I11X' 
 
 1 ? i 
 
 1! 
 
 J- 
 
 CI 
 
 GU 1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 fi s 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ^ fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ? 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 CI 
 
 1- 
 
 OD 
 
 ,, 
 
 ij 
 
 , 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^» 
 
 ■A'ltJ^ 1 ^ 
 
 ^ V 2 
 
 s 
 
 
 t 
 
 OS 
 
 S 
 
 jr: 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 
 "i S 
 
 ^ 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 f! 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ? 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 t 
 
 ?! 
 
 I. 
 
 •pjilv ' 
 
 ? i t? 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 IT 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 J 
 
 'i ? 
 
 ti 
 
 Zi 
 
 S 
 
 § 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 J5' 
 
 s 
 
 ?i 
 
 •n.t.miv "^ 
 
 s ^ 
 
 TO 
 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■( ? 
 
 Si 
 
 ?( 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 f( 
 
 fi 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ■.fauiun.ri ^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 § 
 
 I'i 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 i f 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 s 
 
 f( 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 f( 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 ■A'auiuin;' = 
 
 ! i 
 
 r^' 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 T 
 
 ?: 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 ID 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 % 
 
 \ % 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 f 
 
 s 
 
 5i 
 
 Tear. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 \ 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 u; 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 i •! 
 
 •Ili 
 
 C " 5 
 
 £ 5 •is 
 
 S * 
 
 R Z 
 
 •I 's ~ 
 
 6 S a u 
 
 •£ >_ -^ 3 
 
 e i 
 
 O <i "^ H 
 « .*- 4 » tot 
 
 m 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 225 
 
 g 
 
 6} 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 CI 
 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 fi 
 
 I- 
 
 --. 
 
 •BiioiiiiAJ.iBqn 
 
 
 
 t; 
 
 
 w 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
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220 
 
 ALASKxV COAST I'lLOT. 
 
 
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 « — •.• 
 
ALAS1<^\. COAST IMLOT. 
 "Daily meteorological record at Sitha, Alaska, from May 1 to i^eptembcr 2!>, ISO?, 
 
 227 
 
 , «-< 
 
 
 
 
 'riiiTimiiiiotir, Fill 
 
 reiilielt. 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 Willll. 
 
 
 niito. 
 
 U.y. 
 
 Wet. 
 
 i 
 t 
 1 
 
 f. 
 
 1 
 
 lb 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 := a 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
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 Hi 
 
 iefi7. 
 
 Miiy I 
 3 
 
 9!). WO 
 
 ail. 7{ia 
 ail. iiaii 
 ail. ."ill 
 ail. .ii? 
 ail. 717 
 ail. ino 
 M. l:l.-i 
 :iii. aas 
 ;iii. a."i5 
 :i(i. a:i!i 
 
 ail. !I!I7 
 
 a;i. !»:i(i 
 ail. s'l'O 
 :i(i. (Ill 1 
 :iii. o.":) 
 ail. ntci 
 
 ail. 943 
 
 ail. 8H,-. 
 ail. mil 
 ail. -iM 
 ail. 7ii!i 
 ail. IKK) 
 ay. 7IW 
 ail. 788 
 ail. 77-> 
 ail. iiio 
 an. iW8 
 a-i.iii.'i 
 at). f.-'O 
 ai). !)ai 
 
 o 
 
 4ii. m 
 
 43. 4.-) 
 43. 13 
 4.">. 80 
 4a. 3.-1 
 43. .-.8 
 40.71 
 
 40. 40 
 43. at) 
 43. no 
 
 41. 73 
 
 4'i.oa 
 :,\.:n 
 
 M. DO 
 50. -M 
 411. 44 
 .M.41 
 
 riK 77 
 r.o. :.!) 
 
 M. DO 
 •i4. 14 
 
 na. 81 
 rp.'i. !Mi 
 411. x^ 
 
 41). M 
 4:). 85 
 40. 44 
 
 48. aa 
 
 40. Ill 
 40. 10 
 
 41). !•:> 
 
 
 
 43. 11 
 41.71 
 4.1. 7.-I 
 41.43 
 40. 33 
 4a. 81) 
 43. 3,-> 
 41.71 
 40, 77 
 
 4a. o."> 
 4a. 04 
 4ii. 4a 
 
 47. 00 
 47. t)0 
 4U. i)8 
 40. a3 
 
 50. 35 
 
 51. Vi 
 51.03 
 47.18 
 W. 08 
 4i). 70 
 50. 09 
 4.->. 83 
 40. 1)4 
 
 43. 88 
 
 44. 15 
 4.'). 80 
 
 40. ai 
 43. ao 
 
 43. 93 
 
 O 
 
 Ml. 
 40. « 
 411.4 
 47.3 
 4.-1. i) 
 .'lO. 3 
 .53. 4 
 
 .5a. a 
 
 47. .5 
 47.7 
 .'ill. 
 51. 5 
 5>. 1 
 00. 1 
 55. 
 53. 
 OU. 3 
 08. 9 
 01.8 
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 5'.. 8 
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 48. 9 
 
 o 
 
 41. D 
 38.7 
 33. 8 
 43.0 
 40. 1 
 
 37. 4 
 33. 8 
 
 38. 5 
 38.7 
 38. 7 
 38.7 
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 4a.8 
 
 4a. 8 
 
 4a. 1 
 
 4U. 1 
 40. 
 40. I 
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 41.0 
 47.7 
 4... 5 
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 43.7 
 44. 
 40.8 
 4a. 8 
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 40. 4 
 43. a 
 41.0 
 
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 59. 7 
 
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 «\V.. NK., K 
 
 K., NK. SK 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
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 Si;., m:., \,\' 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 71.5 
 07.5 
 «7. 5 
 
 S\V.. N\V., XK 
 
 AV., N\V 
 
 9 
 5 
 
 B 
 
 10 
 
 .aio 
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 .040 
 
 SW., N\V'., NE 
 
 S\\'., .\'E 
 
 S\V., SE., NE 
 
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 S\V., NE 
 
 SW 
 
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 1 
 
 11 
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 .511. 1) 
 74.7 
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 88.0 
 7.3. 
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 101.3 
 101.7 
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 87 
 
 7.5. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
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 18 
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 . 005 
 . 100 
 
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 . .590 
 . 390 
 
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 7 
 
 81 
 
 
 
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 21 
 
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 3 
 
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 •\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
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 ail. 888 
 
 an. !i88 
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 ail. !i 17 
 
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 110. !.-in 
 :io. iHi7 
 an. !hw 
 
 48. :,9 
 
 4.-I. 50 
 
 44.41 
 4.-I. 03 
 41^ Oil 
 43. 311 
 45. 118 
 45. lit) 
 45. il5 
 40. 71 
 4li. 87 
 40. 98 
 40. a 1 
 
 50. la 
 
 4il.81 
 50. Iltl 
 51.48 
 
 
 1 
 
 3. 445 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 June 1 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 47.03 
 41). 1)8 
 411. Oli 
 47. M 
 47. 39 
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 ri0.41 
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 r.i. M 
 
 .'>l.33 
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 54.81 
 
 5a. 9 
 
 51.1) 
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 5a. 7 
 
 53. 
 
 5a. 5 
 
 54. 11 
 
 .55. 4 
 
 0.1. 8 
 
 .511. a 
 
 30. 5 
 
 4a 8 
 
 41.0 
 
 4a. 3 
 
 44. 4 
 44. 
 47.3 
 
 40. a 
 
 43. 9 
 40. 3 
 40. 
 4.-1. 5 
 41.7 
 15. 5 
 43. 5 
 
 83.7 
 70.0 
 
 SO. 3 
 
 . 095 
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 . 175 
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 5 
 
 SW., W., N\V 
 
 SSW., \V„ N\V 
 
 SW.. N.,.\E 
 
 NW., N.. XE., E 
 
 Calm, NE., E 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 oa. li 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
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 . 91)0 
 
 .990 
 
 illu 
 
 E.,S 
 
 E.,S 
 
 n 
 
 
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 1) 
 
 
 
 ,SW., K., NW 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 N W., W 
 
 1) 
 
 la 
 
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 i;a. 1 
 
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 SW , S. Hilrii 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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 S., W. SW 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 ij 
 
 M., W.,iulm 
 
 10 
 
 ' (Mi.>4<')'vali>)iiH iiiiult' for Mi\t<'i'ii Ihmuh tliiiU . 
 
228 ALASKA COAST TILOT. 
 
 Daily meteorological record at Sitla, Alaska — Contimiod. 
 
 
 t i 
 
 If 
 ■a 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 Thi'vniMmctcr, Fa 
 
 ircnlii'it. 
 
 
 r. 
 1 
 
 .010 
 ,015 
 
 . 005 
 .015 
 . 005 
 . 0.55 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Di.v. 
 
 Wit. 
 
 t 
 j 
 
 t 
 
 j 
 
 5 
 
 X 
 
 ' X 
 
 •^ -5 
 j; « 
 
 s 
 
 .9 
 
 1 
 
 ici;7. 
 
 JllIlK Hi 
 
 17 
 
 aO. 8.'-i7 
 
 ai.Hiii 
 
 2!l. 772 
 2!l. Mm 
 2!l. t'lill 
 2!l. 9!P0 
 
 ;io. fl.-i:i 
 
 2!l. 870 
 
 2!». p;i;t 
 
 so. (B'.l 
 29. UM 
 2!l. H(iO 
 2(1. OIK) 
 110. 0110 
 20. 801 
 
 o 
 
 50. (11 
 
 51. 14 
 54. 90 
 51.. 57 
 .-lO. 22 
 50. 41) 
 
 52. 08 
 (in. 14 
 ,50. 79 
 
 ni.iio 
 
 511. 44 
 .55. 94 
 58.84 
 57.91 
 
 ,58. 23 
 
 
 
 .52. 90 
 ,50. 45 
 ,52. (i3 
 ,5(1. 79 
 49. 01 
 47.01 
 59. 19 
 .54. 00 
 Xl 98 
 ,50. 95 
 51.93 
 52. 2!) 
 54. 03 
 54. 39 
 .54. 01 
 
 o 
 
 04.0 
 55. 2 
 58. 
 58. 3 
 ,52. 5 
 ,52. 7 
 (Kl. 
 04. 6 
 01 7 
 0.-). 
 5.-.. 9 
 02. 1 
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 (il.2 
 02.8 
 
 o 
 
 47.7 
 40. 
 47.7 
 47.3 
 49. 
 40. 
 43. 9 
 .54. 5 
 54. 
 .50. 7 
 59.7 
 .50. .-. j 
 ,52. 2 
 51.8 
 .511. 9 
 
 O 
 
 90.0 
 
 81.9 
 82.4 
 
 S\V.,S 
 
 S\V., calm 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 SW., W 
 
 l( 
 
 111 
 20 
 
 W.,S 
 
 SW 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 S\V., \Y., NW 
 
 
 
 sa 
 
 60. 2 
 
 08.7 
 
 8;t.7 
 
 08.0 
 
 SW., calm, N\V 
 
 5 
 
 ai 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 H\V'„ laliii, XE 
 
 S\V., calin, W 
 
 SK., E., XE 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2B 
 
 >'\V.,M'., ,S 
 
 \V., .'fE. NE . 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 A 
 
 28 
 
 99.9 
 
 8;t.7 
 
 80.4 
 
 M'., calm, H\V 
 
 1 
 
 2il 
 
 
 sw., \v., yw 
 
 7 
 
 :io 
 
 
 SW.,calm 
 
 (t 
 
 
 SW., calm 
 
 
 Mi'nn» . . . 
 
 29.915 
 
 52. 82 
 
 49. 83 
 
 
 
 
 1. 740 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 1 
 
 29.777 
 29. 89li 
 29. 979 
 ;tO. 047 
 •to. 07:l 
 ,■10. o;i7 
 
 29. tCtO 
 29. fi73 
 29. 810 
 2!l. 093 
 29. 7;t5 
 29. 827 
 29. 827 
 29. (Kl 
 29. 805 
 2!P. 845 
 29. 570 
 2!>. liHl 
 29. 1)92 
 29. :ril 
 29. 075 
 29. 9211 
 29. 982 
 2!>. 909 
 
 29. xn 
 
 29. 920 
 29. 890 
 29. 805 
 2!l. 818 
 2!>. 8T0 
 29. .-108 
 
 ,5.8. 75 
 .50. 54 
 i)4. 81 
 .53. 80 
 52. 51 
 54. 7fi 
 57.08 
 ,50. 20 
 .53. 71 
 .53. 89 
 iVl. 31 
 .53. 48 
 
 54. 25 
 .515. 17 
 .57. 13 
 .55. 44 
 51. 70 
 !)4. 40 
 .55. 78 
 ,58. 45 
 .54. 42 
 .5:1. 44 
 
 .50. on 
 
 .50. 20 
 .55. 89 
 
 55. 04 
 .54. 30 
 .55. 02 
 M. 99 
 54. 70 
 .52. (Kl 
 
 54. 95 
 .53. 37 
 .52. 30 
 30. 92 
 ,50. 18 
 51.04 
 .52. 77 
 
 52. 75 
 
 50. 31 
 51.78 
 51.04 
 
 51. 51 
 .51. 08 
 51. 37 
 .52. 32 
 51. 10 
 49.87 
 51. 30 
 51. 10 
 
 53. 89 
 
 53. 22 
 51. 73 
 53.71 
 
 54. 07 
 ,53. 09 
 ,53. 48 
 ,52. 83 
 .55. M 
 ,54. 34 
 .53. 80 
 51.35 
 
 02. 8 
 59. 9 
 
 58. 5 
 .57. 4 
 ,50. 3 
 ,59. 
 01.7 
 00. 3 
 .58. 5 
 57.0 
 .55. 8 
 57.2 
 58.5 
 
 59. 2 
 
 m. 4 
 
 (Kl. t 
 54. 
 58.3 
 03.9 
 04.8 
 (Kl. 8 
 ,50. 3 
 59.0 
 00.8 
 .59. 
 57. 
 .5.-. 3 
 .58. 5 
 00. 8 
 .50. 3 
 51. 5 
 
 53. 4 
 .5(1. 5 
 .-K). 4 
 ,50. 
 49. 9 
 49. 4 
 47.7 
 51. 8 
 ,50. 5 
 51.8 
 ,50. 1 
 ,50. 
 40. 4 
 .'Jl. 
 47.7 
 M. 
 ,-KI. 3 
 ,50. 3 
 4,-1. 5 
 40. (i 
 riO. 4 
 M. 9 
 .52. 5 
 .50. 5 
 51.8 
 51.0 
 51.8 
 ,50. 7 
 .53. 8 
 :a 4 
 48. (i5 
 
 88.7 
 77.0 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 S\V., varialili- 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 . 040 
 .010 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 W.,S\V 
 
 
 
 :> 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 08.4 
 72. 5 
 09.1 
 
 .010 
 
 . 415 
 . 175 
 .070 
 
 .195 
 
 . 240 
 . 005 
 
 S\V., W,, calm 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 SW., calm 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 K., NE.. w'lriulilc 
 
 X\V., S\V,, calm 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 S\V. calm 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 00. 8 
 
 .59. 
 05. 7 
 
 87.8 
 
 S\V., W., calm 
 
 
 
 
 ,S\V'., XE 
 
 X'E 
 
 2 
 
 
 l.T 
 
 
 5 
 
 Hi 
 IT 
 
 SW.,XW.,E 
 
 SE.,E., XE 
 
 XE., calm, NW 
 
 5 
 
 u 
 
 le 
 
 09. 8 
 88.4 
 79.0 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 E. caliu 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 .010 
 
 SW'., variable 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 S\V., S., SE 
 
 S., SW., calm 
 
 1 
 
 
 2;i 
 
 S., XW 
 
 (I 
 
 21 
 
 77.0 
 
 .005 
 
 S\V., W 
 
 
 2,-| 
 
 SW., S., XW 
 
 3 
 
 2ll 
 
 
 u 
 
 27 
 
 03. 9 
 71. 1 
 
 ..10O 
 . 580 
 . 105 
 1..570 
 . 335 
 
 SW., calm 
 
 
 
 «H 
 
 
 (1 
 
 2it 
 
 E.. XW 
 
 
 
 :io 
 
 
 (1 
 
 :it 
 
 
 SE. toNW 
 
 
 
 
 
 MciniH , , . 
 
 «». 815 
 
 55.02 
 
 52.72 
 
 
 
 4.125 
 
 
 lm 
 
Date. 
 
 1B67. 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 G 
 7 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 It 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 at 
 
 2-2 
 K) 
 S4 
 25 
 2« 
 27 
 28 
 2<J 
 30 
 31 
 
 Means . . 
 
 Sept. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 fi 
 7 
 8 
 It 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 Ifi 
 
 ALASIC^i COAST PILOT. 
 
 Daily meteorological record at ISitka, Alasl-a — (ydiitimiod. 
 
 229 
 
 I-- 
 
 90.900 
 •-'9. 7J2 
 29. 7;il 
 29. 752 
 '29. 775 
 2<). 1-98 
 2!l. 9(15 
 29. H27 
 29. 8;)« 
 89. ('48 
 29.9-27 
 29.922 
 29. 7(i8 
 2i). 733 
 29. 732 
 29. 7IW 
 29. .'iti7 
 99. fiWi 
 29. 847 
 2!l. 743 
 29. .557 
 29. 732 
 29. 040 
 2!l. 594 
 2!l. 704 
 29. 898 
 311. 007 
 
 29. 944 
 2!). 93b 
 
 30. (Hi4 
 ;». 25:1 
 
 30. 212 
 30. IIU 
 :». 077 
 29. 822 
 
 29. 954 
 
 30. 034 
 30. 0,57 
 31). Ot-O 
 30. 047 
 29. 'X 
 99. 497 
 29. 53fi 
 29, 034 
 29.712 
 29. 918 
 89.880 
 
 I'licrinnini'tcr, Fiiliroiilii'lt. 
 
 Diy. 
 
 52. 95 
 ,52. 92 
 51. 80 
 51. 12 
 51.80 
 .52. 47 
 
 51. 57 
 
 52. 47 
 5;t. 60 
 5;t.82 
 .53. 82 
 ,53. 00 
 51. ;« 
 Thi. 15 
 
 50. 40 
 49.77 
 ,50. 07 
 51., 57 
 
 51. 12 
 51. 57 
 51. 12 
 49. 10 
 49. 77 
 4(i. 85 
 49. 77 
 
 51. .57 
 ,5;i. 15 
 5,5. 40 
 54. 95 
 r>3. fiO 
 
 52. 02 
 
 Wot. 
 
 51.88 
 
 .52. 92 
 .50. 00 
 48.87 
 40. 85 
 52. 92 
 ,52. 25 
 54. 27 
 ,52. 25 
 .52. 25 
 ,50. 90 
 51. 12 
 47. 75 
 47. 97 
 17. 3(1 
 49. 77 
 51. 12 
 
 .50. (K) 
 49. 77 
 49. 10 
 49. .55 
 49. 32 
 .50.00 
 .50. 45 
 51. 57 
 51. .57 
 .52. 99 
 ,5.3. 150 
 .52. 25 
 50.87 
 52.25 
 49. 32 
 
 47. 75 
 48. 90 
 .50.07 
 49. .55 
 ,59. 00 
 48.87 
 4(1. 42 
 47.30 
 4,5. 95 
 
 48. 05 
 ,50. 90 
 ,52. 95 
 54. 95 
 54. 50 
 5:i. 15 
 .50. IM) 
 
 50. 33 
 
 .59. 02 
 4.5. ,50 
 40.85 
 44.00 
 40.17 
 48.87 
 52.47 
 51. 35 
 51.12 
 49. ,55 
 49. 10 
 40. 17 
 45. 72 
 45. 95 
 40. H5 
 49. .55 
 
 w 
 
 .54. 05 
 5,5. 17 
 ,55. 02 
 
 54. .50 
 57. (15 
 
 55. 02 
 ,59. 70 
 55.83 
 57. 90 
 ,5.-.. 40 
 ,55. (19 
 ,5(1. .59 
 54. 1(5 
 54. 95 
 54. !(5 
 .53. 15 
 .5:1. :I7 
 
 .5:1.(111 
 
 ,5.1. 15 
 ,52. 9:t 
 
 54. ,50 
 51.31 
 ,5:), (10 
 47. 75 
 51. 80 
 .54. 05 
 ,5,5. 40 
 
 55. 85 
 
 57. 20 
 
 58. .55 
 .50. 07 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 
 ,5.5. 40 
 .53. 15 
 .5,5. ()2 
 ,54. .50 
 ,59. 45 
 57. 87 
 ,55. 85 
 55. 83 
 .59. (15 
 .5:1. 15 
 ,59. 70 
 51. 19 
 51. H) 
 .53. 15 
 .5:1. (id 
 .53. (10 
 
 49. 10 
 ,50. 00 
 47. 97 
 4(1. (19 
 49. 80 
 49. 32 
 ,50. 01) 
 51. 35 
 49. 77 
 51.80 
 ,52. 99 
 ,50. 90 
 4.5. .50 
 .50, 40 
 47. 75 
 47.07 
 47. 75 
 48.87 
 4H. 42 
 .50. 29 
 47. 75 
 45. 95 
 47. :«) 
 4.5. 95 
 4(1. (19 
 4!l. 10 
 ,50. 90 
 51. rO 
 .52. 70 
 ,50. 22 
 4,5 95 
 
 ,50. 45 
 49. 10 
 49. .57 
 40. 55 
 40. 55 
 04. 15 
 52. 92 
 .50. 45 
 
 47. (17 
 49. 10 
 4(1. H5 
 4(1. 05 
 4:t. -Si 
 
 ;i7. f5 
 
 4.5. .50 
 47. 75 
 
 71.7 
 
 .9,15 
 . i:i5 
 
 . 1.55 
 . :125 
 .010 
 . 345 
 
 . :t:i5 
 
 . 7l^5 
 
 . (too 
 
 . 885 
 
 I. o:io 
 
 . 785 
 . 7.5.5 
 1. 190 
 l.:i95 
 .310 
 . 1.55 
 . 7.'i() 
 
 . :i;i5 
 
 . OM 
 .7."iO 
 . 970 
 1.3:15 
 1.740 
 . (105 
 l.fld 
 . 370 
 . (idO 
 .040 
 .820 
 
 79. 95 
 9:1. 05 
 0:1. ,50 
 
 09. 30 
 
 . 945 
 . 005 
 
 . 405 
 
 .215 
 1.040 
 . 4.VI 
 
 1.090 
 
 Wind. 
 
 SW.,\K.. K 
 
 K., .SIC, variablit 
 
 ■S, Xi:.. K 
 
 SW., ME., viiridlilo.... 
 
 Viicliililo 
 
 SW., vniialilo 
 
 si:.. K., NK., vnridlili). 
 
 .S.. ,SK., SW 
 
 SW., (iilm, NW 
 
 Vaiiidil,', NW..SW... 
 S., SW., XK,, calm.... 
 
 ('iil(n, SW., K., S 
 
 S., I'lilni, H., X., W.... 
 
 Vniliilili. 
 
 SW..(aI(.;. NIC 
 
 S., SE., E., XE 
 
 E.,calm, N 
 
 W., ,S., cjiliii, E., SK... 
 E., SE., NE., ciihn .... 
 S., XE.. ciihii, E., SE.. 
 
 E.. SW., SE.. E 
 
 E., viii-iiililc 
 
 E., SE., NE 
 
 E., SE., NE 
 
 S.. SW.. SE 
 
 i:.,SE., NE. 
 
 E., SW., S., I'alm 
 
 SW., ialn(, NW 
 
 W., caldi 
 
 SW.,raIm, W 
 
 AV., calm 
 
 W.,ralin, XV;„ XW. 
 
 Variable 
 
 W., NW., calm, NE. 
 
 E., NW., NE 
 
 XW., N., calm 
 
 Varijtble 
 
 SW., calm, SE 
 
 E., SW 
 
 VariaW(, W 
 
 SW.. calm, varialili). 
 
 E.. NW 
 
 E.. NE., SE 
 
 \'ai'ialilr 
 
 SW.. XE.. NW 
 
 SW., NW., W 
 
 E.,SW 
 
 1 
 
230 ALASKA COAST r I LOT, 
 
 Daily mcteoroloyical record at ^itka, Ahmka — CouUimod. 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Tlii'nDiiiiictci-. I'iiliri'nliiil. 
 
 
 1 
 .s 
 .g 
 & 
 
 Wiud. 
 
 i 
 
 Date. 
 
 Diy. 
 
 Wet. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 i5 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 J3 i, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1H07. 
 
 8f|.l. 17 
 
 18 
 
 an, 042 
 aip. mi 
 
 so. TXi 
 
 fio.iiia 
 
 so, .w,^ 
 
 20. (i70 
 SO. 4S0 
 
 30. tiO I 
 SO. Will 
 SO. »,-i-j 
 SO. 07-2 
 
 SO. 4;-' 
 
 B0,f4l 
 
 o 
 .VI, 45 
 f.S. 47 
 fil. 12 
 5S. S.') 
 fiS. 70 
 40. 77 
 51.12 
 .ll.:)! 
 40. 10 
 40. .Vi 
 47. 07 
 4H. 311 
 47.07 
 
 o 
 40. 10 
 
 5(1. no 
 
 50. 33 
 50. 92 
 Dl.CT 
 4a «5 
 
 5a 87 
 5(1. 43 
 
 4^^. 30 
 4H.87 
 47.57 
 
 40. m 
 
 4.'i. 05 
 
 o 
 5S. (iO 
 57. 75 
 50.00 
 51. M 
 54.50 
 51, 57 
 54. 05 
 
 50. (10 
 
 51. HO 
 53. S5 
 SO. !K( 
 50. 00 
 53. 70 
 
 
 
 47. :ui 
 4H. 20 
 4(1. 17 
 
 o 
 
 . 215 
 3.115 
 .700 
 1.040 
 .410 
 . 5.')i) 
 .470 
 . 745 
 3. .'►15 
 
 . ao.-i 
 
 . S(i.-| 
 1.0S5 
 
 Vurialilo 
 
 
 
 
 K., Si;., XE. .. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ai 
 
 3S 
 
 50. 4.-) 
 4(1. 40 
 40. 115 
 4(1. 17 
 4(1. 17 
 4(1. 17 
 4(i. 27 
 4fi. H.-. 
 Ofi. 05 
 
 
 S.,SU 
 
 SW., S., K 
 
 K., NK., SK 
 
 K., N\V., lalra 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sli 
 
 
 SW.. 10. ciiliu 
 
 27 
 
 
 i;.. SK 
 
 K„ X\V 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 n 
 
 3fl 
 
 N\V. calm SW 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 . OM 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Mcnns of 
 30 diiv8. 
 
 20. 703 
 
 no. 40 
 
 4a 57 
 
 
 
 
 i(i. a.v) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 For tho ftrHt r-i^htccn diivH or Ortolur lln- jntimint <tf rain was 7. 4'i iuohoH ; obsiTviiij; tlu-u lUscoiitimii-d ; heavy 
 voathtT lifter tliiit dato to ttui cud of tlio iiionlh; hurrii;jun.' on the *jaih. 
 
ALASKA (;()AST PILOT. 
 
 2:u 
 
 e 
 
 s 
 
 »— t 
 
 H 
 
 f^ 
 
 .*^ 
 
 
 HJ 
 
 1--5 
 
 
 O 
 
 f^ 
 
 S 
 >. 
 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 S: 
 
 q 
 
 « 
 
 I-] 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 ti^ 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 1 
 
 S5 ■»- 
 
 
 t. « 
 
 -3 
 
 o 
 
 
 •f< 
 
 i 1 
 
 ?i si 
 
 
 Cl It y 
 
 ? 3 S 3 i 
 fi fi fi ?i ?i 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S 3 
 
 S S « 2 SJ t- 
 ?i si ?i «i ?i fi 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 ?i ?i 
 
 K ? S 2 SJ S 
 ^ fi fi a fi fi 
 
 c 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ?i ?i 
 
 S 5 ^ § 1 ^ B 
 fi fi fi fi fi fi fi 
 
 1 
 fi 
 
 
 
 a 2 
 
 s ? s 8 3 ;; 5 
 
 ?i h i> ?i fi fi Si 
 
 fi 
 
 8 
 ?i 
 
 ;3 
 
 fi ?i 
 
 © ^ O S '»3 S 8 
 
 S S ?l ^ fi fi S 
 
 IS 
 
 si 
 
 d 
 
 '? 
 
 ^ 
 
 5i 
 
 'i % 
 ii ri 
 
 = ;? ;s i S g ?? 1 
 fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 .2 
 
 M 
 
 gi a 
 
 ?i gi as ?! ?i s s i'i 
 
 i3 
 ?i 
 
 38 S 
 
 ?i ^ 
 
 j^fifiaasisfi 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 ^ si 
 
 Q O ft X' 
 
 i 9 g 3 ?s i-. 
 
 a fi fi fi fi fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 ^ fi 
 
 f 
 
 fi 
 
 i; 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 2 S 
 gi li 
 
 
 S S g 12 S 
 gi ^ ^ gi fi 
 
 fi 
 
 >4 
 
 S ?i 
 
 2 g ::; a - » 8 
 S "li s s s s g 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 1 S 
 
 ?i si 
 
 fi 
 
 O 
 I* 
 
 ■TJ 
 
 r*I ' - I- -i ffl 
 
 U ?i fe 2 3 ?t 3 
 fi fi si fi fi fi fi 
 
 ■rf « a « S !i ? 
 
 S S ?S '?"■ S ?i ?i 
 
 7 S S 3 1:1 S g 
 ?i » 8 jS S ?i S 
 
 ft 
 
 •3 
 i, 
 
 s 
 
 8- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 S 
 fi 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 S i 
 
 fi fi 
 
 2 „ -, 13 u ■; S p 
 Ti '-; f. •* 3 r: = !.-> 
 
 fi fi fi fi fi Si fi si 
 
 s 
 si 
 
 1 
 
 V5 S 
 
 S !: S S S 3 ? 
 ?i Ji ?i ?( 5 ^ ?i 
 
 s 
 
 ?i 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 S S 
 S fi 
 
 3 S r3 S 2 ?! s 
 S fi fi S S S fi 
 
 fi 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 I- 
 
 i i i i 1 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 11 i 
 
 " 1 ; 
 
 •a i 1 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
2'"> 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 0- 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 '5 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 li s i 
 
 fi ?i ?i 
 
 5 % 
 
 Si ?i 
 
 ? § 5 i S 
 
 ?i si fi fi Si 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 •2 % 
 
 Si Si 
 
 Si Si Si Si : 
 
 13 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 : ?t 'J 
 : = f, 
 
 
 S = 3 S : 
 ii ^ h it \ 
 
 s 
 si 
 
 if 
 
 si 
 
 
 %\ ■?. V, ?I : 
 
 fi fi ?s ?i : 
 
 
 9i 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 '1 S ? 
 gi 7i Si 
 
 fi i 
 
 Si si 
 
 « 71 t* Tp • 
 
 t; S s S : 
 Si Si Si Si i 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 s s s 
 s ?i * 
 
 si «» 
 
 s ?. * a : 
 ^ ,•; ?f « i 
 
 si 
 
 Si 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 ■i? f5 $ 
 ?i ?i 8 
 
 fi s 
 
 S! S S! 3 : 
 Si fi Si ^ ; 
 
 fi 
 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 § § r. 
 si S) li 
 
 2 % 
 
 si s 
 
 s ^ § s i 
 
 si si si si ; 
 
 
 
 
 ;i3 
 
 r- rt »- 
 
 i ?i i 
 
 !3 E 
 ^ St 
 
 s s » s i 
 t •& t ^ \ 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 E i5 ffl 
 
 ?i fi fi 
 
 
 S S S i3 : 
 S' ^ !^ ^ i 
 
 fi 
 
 s 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 1 1 
 
 fi ?i 
 
 ? 2 
 
 fi ri 
 
 1 g § § i 
 si fi fi Si : 
 
 8 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 SS ?i 
 
 
 O Cl S -** '• 
 
 S S S S 1 
 
 3 
 Si 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 
 »4 
 
 fi fi 
 
 fi fi 
 
 2 g 5 a ; 
 S S fi fi i 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 fi fi 
 
 ;■;« = = ; 
 
 «s" -r lo ta . 
 
 fi fi fi si ': 
 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 ; 
 
 d 
 
 s 
 
 t2 ?. 
 
 s § 
 fi s 
 
 !S g g = : 
 li fi fi fi : 
 
 s 
 i 
 
 ^3 
 
 >4 
 
 S ffi 
 ^ fi 
 
 8 8 
 
 £ S S S : 
 fi Si fi ?^ ; 
 
 fi 
 
 8 
 
 1-3 
 
 
 s 'i 
 
 fi fi 
 
 rt -H o c» • 
 
 d t-. <s P : 
 fi fi Si fi I 
 
 1 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 § 8 
 
 CD C. 
 
 ti fi 
 
 3 3 8 2: 
 
 fi fi fi fi i 
 
 s 
 si 
 
 
 
 fi fi 
 
 a ft 
 fi fi 
 
 S 3 S S 
 S 8 s^ S : 
 
 s 
 fi 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 g 1 i 
 
 ! g 1 
 
 1 1 1 i i 
 
 i 
 
 c ^ 
 
 Bi- 
 ns ' 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 'I 
 
 ■=.3 
 II 
 
 
 *6 
 
 '*" "z ^ 95 
 i 2 3 -S ij 
 
 illif 
 
 5 = 5; S I 
 
 I f -^ I -3 
 
 r^ -■ fc b b 
 H 3 <•' £ .3 
 
 i f § i i 
 i- - j: ja 
 

 s? 
 
 'S. 
 
 ALASKA I'OAHT PILOT. 
 
 233 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 ffl 
 
 tT <* 
 
 ^^ 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 »i 
 
 M 
 
 91 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 d t^ 21 ?; ji 
 
 1l 
 8 
 
 
 IS ?J«!sJ 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 tn W 1^ « <f* 
 
 1- 91 a A 
 
 
 
 4-4tilii 
 
 3 
 
 
 9is;!i!< 
 
 •vf 
 
 1 
 
 <v ni T. ^ '2 % i^ 
 
 s 
 
 CD 'X 'X & W 91 
 
 Tl 
 
 
 s ?i ss s s ?l s 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 !| ^ i Ij !i 5i 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 ai o n 9» "f 
 
 * 
 
 ►^ 
 
 
 
 n e V «> 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 £: ^ ;ii ^ 2i 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 «|3J'4SJ 
 
 5i 
 
 
 d • 
 
 
 (Xi CT TO ff> -f 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 n ^ f SI 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;j S K S ii? 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ii s? i 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 00 01 04 r* 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 r« o 94 r* 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 a s« ?S s' ?i 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 !4tj i;tj 
 
 sS 
 
 
 
 ' n 
 
 
 
 tc ?» Ti rt r- 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 r- rt h- rt PI 
 
 "»■ 
 
 
 "r 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 =f 2 ^i S 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 ?l S ?! S^ s 
 
 ?! 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 ;s w « 11 n 
 
 R 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 5 Sj 3S 5i SS 
 
 !j 
 
 
 
 
 'A^jsiiyi 
 
 a 
 
 
 s 
 
 — 1- r> « 
 
 S 
 
 T* CI © a ^ © O 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 
 71 
 
 ?j ^ ^ !:i ^ M H 
 
 M 
 
 
 ? 5 * s; 5! ^ 3 
 
 •r 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 r-* r^ fit et Oi 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 n ts ts (o o 
 
 ?1 
 
 
 
 P4 
 
 
 
 f^n n^ 
 
 ?! 
 
 
 
 
 i; i^; ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ?-• 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 o ■* a x o 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 -» © O CI M 
 
 
 
 >', 
 
 
 
 s ?i s '4 s 
 
 7i 
 
 
 
 
 5! 5 tS !j S 
 
 i 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 .H TC O « OtJ 
 
 
 
 
 rt e» m CI to 
 
 ^ R !j ^ ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1^ rt ti in 51 
 
 
 
 
 t* 91 © rt 'J' 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ci ai 1* TT) td 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 gi ;^ *9i S 5*i 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 OS o o « ■v 
 
 !^ ^ ;: ^ ^ 
 
 ?! 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 r- 91 h- I* t- 
 
 si !| !; i; 3 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 „ ,= S S 3 « S 
 
 t- Tti »0 ?l S ^ S 
 
 >) 
 
 
 1 
 
 ? S 5! r?i S S 8 
 
 ?( 
 
 =5 
 
 ^^as^-d's 
 
 s' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ->1 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 h 
 
 
 
 . TO ^ n W W 
 
 . s ?i ;5 ?i s 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 CD CD f ■^ i/^ 
 
 , S ?i S 3 ?S 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ; re rt « 5» rt 
 
 
 
 . <T^ 91 rt M M 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 izi 
 
 
 
 : ss s s a ?= 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 : ^ S a ?i S 
 
 ?i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■d 
 
 
 
 I « CI 9» « « 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 ; 0» h- M OD 9 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 
 ; s ^ a fi s 
 
 S5 
 
 
 
 
 : Ki s ^ :4 ;« 
 
 '3 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 s 
 
 3 S 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 ■< t- 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 i! 
 
 1 
 pi 
 
 30 
 
234 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 .H 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 re 
 
 I- 
 
 •J. 
 
 53" 
 
 JK 
 
 .2 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 « 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 ? S 5 K 13 
 ?^^ S S S s 
 
 
 ,1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Ci tc CI c 
 
 S ?i g 1:1 gj 
 
 rti 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 ■ c tr. C-. « 
 T* 1- T* TTj 1.-; 
 
 H 
 
 ft c» w 
 
 35 5^ 51 g? i!^ 
 
 
 
 « - n «-. 1- 
 
 ^ ^ .S5 '4 S 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 r. r- « 2. s •;; 
 
 ^- ^li -r. a ■^ 'V 
 "»■ -w ■* n- ■*• -v 
 
 s 
 
 ^ = S S 3 S S 
 
 ^ Si fi a s s? s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ X rt c; ^ -j« 
 
 1 5 S! !4 ^ 3" 
 
 
 
 
 Ci r* n 1-t «ri 
 
 si Si ?i S s 
 
 i 
 
 . -4 »H W C- 
 I ^ ^ t^ iH H 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 *0 r- XI « 
 
 s r; ?-! s fi 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■ « i.'S CI -< M 
 
 ; s *' g ? ■:; 
 
 3! 
 '4 
 
 
 
 Orj <fr rO (^ 
 
 fi ;^ ?i ^ s 
 
 
 d 
 
 '■ n a ti r^ - 
 : S 5 S 3,' S 
 
 S 
 * 
 
 1 i 
 ' 1 
 
 
 
 rt I* <c ■v .- 
 
 oj 2 2 ^ ,d 
 
 
 ■ «5 -H 'Xi 
 
 ; 3 i; 3 {: B 
 
 3 
 S 
 
 
 
 ifi ov ST. r- c» 
 
 i 4 ^ '4 'A 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 • rt .- S S 35 
 5 * 3 !; .-? S 
 
 OS 
 
 ^ 
 
 I =D ^1 1- !€ 2 g 
 
 § s s a ?•: s K 
 
 
 ■»• ?^ -»• L-S 
 
 2* <i "^ *?* ^- 
 •1' »5 ^ irt V 
 
 4l 
 
 
 ■' TO ti Ti i- — 
 
 ; ?l i( s !t s 
 
 3 
 
 !« 
 
 1' Cl -i T« T) 
 
 S 3( S S Si 
 
 
 
 i L-S Cl 10 « -V 
 
 : S S S ■?' S 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 '■s a ro tfi OD 
 
 i; S s .^ § 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^ Ct 1^ L- !- 
 
 : ?? ?i fe' S S 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 1' 
 
 .2 
 
 SI -< -r « TO 
 
 d 5! ?i ^ qi 
 
 
 1 
 i" 
 
 
 • 03 X =3 ^ 00 
 
 : ^ ?; ^ ?;■ s 
 
 a 
 
 'XJ ^ tt) SI M 
 
 s ri s s s 
 
 ■6 
 
 
 ■' n <£> iTi cft a 
 
 ; S i^ !3 3i JS! 
 
 K 
 ^ 
 
 Tt 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■^ ^ S « K 
 
 S t7? n- irt «? 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 a) tl rt c- c S ^. 
 S{ S ^ S S S c* 
 
 a 
 
 C TJ c •-< 
 !-• t- r; tK ♦-; 
 •* ■* « ir 
 
 5' 
 
 
 ■ r> I*" -H (« 
 
 ; S i^ 55 ^ 3 
 
 Si? 
 3 
 
 TO 
 
 ?5 ; 
 
 TO M >?» 1!^ 
 
 ■4 
 
 — •:- 
 
 ~1" 
 
 «1 M (- W iTI 
 
 ^ s 1 s- g 
 
 a i 
 
 rt •»• (C -f -J 
 
 - ^ S' K 
 
 a 
 
 ffl tt -. -. 1- 
 
 s; s^ rf s ;^ 
 
 
 ii 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j: 
 0*i 
 
 t 
 
 iii 
 
 § 
 
 ? 
 
 i^uH^ 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 2',\i> 
 
 Obnerratwns of the weather at llioHlioul; Unalanka, for mm years, 1825, 182(5, 
 1829,* 18»t, 18.'U, 18;$2, 183;J, 18,34,* old style. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mouths. 
 
 "a 
 
 c 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 J. 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 3"; 
 
 111 
 
 55 
 
 Sg 
 
 118 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 
 n 
 
 :« 
 
 W 
 
 09 
 
 .11 
 
 94 
 
 an 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 March 
 
 3 
 
 SK 
 
 iia 
 
 7« 
 
 M 
 
 134 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 April 
 
 4 
 
 art 
 
 104 
 
 76 
 
 01 
 
 9t> 
 
 i(i 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 May 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 n 
 
 99 
 24 
 
 aa 
 
 an 
 
 105 
 
 r> 
 118 
 
 KIC 
 
 Ml 
 
 es 
 
 7T 
 77 
 
 lOfl 
 83 
 75 
 
 113 
 
 31 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 7« 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 « 
 1 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 July 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 w 
 
 lor 
 
 73 
 
 143 
 
 39 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Octobor 
 
 2 
 
 a I 
 
 113 
 
 :tl 
 
 113 
 
 M! 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 (i 
 
 ao 
 
 13 
 
 8H 
 IKi 
 
 no 
 8a 
 
 84 
 47 
 
 lafl 
 
 133 
 
 9 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (J 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 M 
 
 3ia 
 
 1, S03 
 
 933 
 
 1,015 
 
 8m 
 
 398 
 
 17 
 
 3a 
 
 Tart of oiirli of thcfld yeiirs. Thrtc^ i)l)«('rvntionH om'h diii'. 
 
 TImuder-.storms and tiaillKiuakps noted in the above i)eriod ii:-< follows: 
 
236 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Ohscrmiom for (lii-ecfinn of wiml at lUoulionk, I'nala^lo. for 1825, 1S2G, 1827,* 
 1828, 182!),t 18;5(!, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, old xfyle. 
 
 MuiltllH, 
 
 JaiiMjiry . . 
 Fehruttry. 
 Hnrili — 
 
 April 
 
 Way 
 
 Juiir 
 
 July 
 
 j\U)Jll.'<t 
 
 S<'itt<'iiiln'r 
 
 Octohrr 
 
 NttvciulM^r 
 
 Pi'i'CMnbcr 
 
 SuiHiiiitiMiliHcrvutiousiii 1837, ISaS, anil 18'i!l. 
 
 Tiiliil 
 
 38 
 >il 
 Xi 
 
 to 
 
 .14 
 21 
 
 :n 
 
 1)7 
 
 5a 
 
 Ii8 
 
 i:t9 
 
 1116 
 
 i 
 
 so 
 
 10 
 43 
 
 ;i>i 
 
 •i3 
 
 10 I 
 
 >'> I 
 i:t 
 
 18 
 311 
 
 li:i 
 
 401 
 
 52 
 HI 
 48 
 03 
 78 
 W) 
 17 
 15 
 25 
 a!) 
 :i7 
 47 
 319 
 
 707 
 
 Direction. 
 
 74 
 00 
 8;i 
 81 
 7fl 
 84 
 72 
 74 
 ,58 
 54 
 .37 
 39 
 242 
 
 s 
 
 88 
 74 
 84 
 81 
 68 
 89 
 94 
 76 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 2.56 
 
 I, 060 
 
 1, 127 
 
 29 
 45 
 66 
 87 
 63 
 77 
 
 130 
 85 
 82 
 94 
 69 
 .32 
 
 143 
 
 ,089 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 
 83 
 
 79 I 
 
 87 
 
 41 
 
 73 
 101 
 114 
 
 93 
 122 
 
 o 
 
 'A 
 
 00 
 
 62 
 
 98 
 
 67 
 
 81 
 
 47 
 
 23 
 
 .54 
 
 03 
 
 107 
 
 73 
 
 114 
 
 154 
 
 1, (K)2 
 
 i^ 
 
 138 
 148 
 81 
 90 
 113 
 130 
 141 
 170 
 149 
 1.56 
 
 i:« 
 
 134 
 042 
 
 2, 3:tl 
 
 * Jaiiunry, Fcbniiiry, .Marili, A|nil, Ocliilii-r. >'(ivoiii1iit, IlcccinlaT. 
 t First Hix uioutlii.. In Hum limu alxint 160 observations lost. 
 
 Olmrmtiom for the force of trUul at IlionUoul; Unalaska, for seven years between 
 
 1825 anrZ 1834, oW «/(//«. 
 
 
 Force. 
 
 Konths. 
 
 .A 
 tt 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .a 
 
 s 
 £ 
 
 7. 
 
 ti, 
 
 = 
 
 s 
 
 tfamiarv 
 
 236 
 837 
 S55 
 830 
 373 
 
 3;« 
 
 279 
 
 aos 
 
 206 
 309 
 
 a;i4 
 
 317 
 
 v.n 
 
 114 
 167 
 167 
 187 
 113 
 104 
 143 
 131 
 139 
 115 
 110 
 
 50 
 
 6;t 
 
 80 
 95 
 60 
 43 
 53 
 48 
 85 
 79 
 77 
 83 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 46 
 ,'13 
 31 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 9 
 I'i 
 46 
 .54 
 73 
 
 
 February 
 
 
 Mnrcb 
 
 
 A|iril 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 »Tnin» 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 Antiust 
 
 
 ,Sei)t*'inber 
 
 * 
 
 October 
 
 
 Xoveniber 
 
 4 
 
 Deernittel- 
 
 
 
 Totiil 
 
 a, 980 
 
 1,6;)4 
 
 830 
 
 437 
 
 
 
 
 Tliiii' (ilij-nviiti'iuM cHcli (liiy. 
 
 NoTK.— i)n thr 17th ..t Mirvi, (,d,i jj!>th of OvtvUr. \^-X\. the win.) wn« cxtiuonliiiurilv .^li-on- 
 
ALASIGl COAST TILOT. 
 
 2:]7 
 
 Jonriinl of meteorological ohserratioiis at the rilhuje of Tlioulioxk, ishnid of I'lm- 
 la>tka, from October l.SIJf} to April 18U7 by the liev. Innocent Shui/emiiko^', priest 
 of the Unalaska distriet. 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 p 
 
 .a 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 1 
 
 Direction ami toire of 
 tlu^ wiiul. 
 
 AVcuthor. 
 
 
 IHtili. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 'JfJ 
 
 H 11. I,: . . 
 N(Hin . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'iO 
 
 
 \V. N^\^, nitHlorutc 
 
 Sky iJilfriliuii^'in^ tlir \\\\\\\v iltiy. 
 
 
 
 i< !•. Ill . . 
 
 •13 
 
 44. 
 
 tlo. 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 H a. m . . 
 NiHni . . 
 
 H p. 111.. 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 46 
 
 
 S. S\V. li(slit 
 
 
 
 
 
 Skv iutiT ■Iiaii;:iii;i. 
 
 
 
 44.7 
 
 S. S\V.. nioili'ia'i- 
 
 OvciraHt nr jrlonniy. 
 
 
 31 
 
 8 a. m . . 
 
 40 
 
 
 do 
 
 CU-ur. 
 
 
 
 Nnou . . 
 
 43 
 
 
 \V. S\V., moiliTiito 
 
 Siinsliint', 
 
 
 
 H p. Ill . . 
 
 41 
 
 41. :t 
 
 ilo 
 
 (.'Iriir mid ;it tiiin's tain. 
 
 
 Nw. 1 
 
 H 11. Ill . . 
 
 N<MHi . . 
 
 f 11. Ill . . 
 
 40 
 4-2 
 
 3'.) 
 
 
 W.S\V., lush 
 
 .lo. 
 
 SuiiNhiiii' kihI rlt-ar all day, but in tli<> 
 
 'venindrain. 
 
 
 40. 11 
 
 do. - 
 
 
 2 
 
 fn. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 
 38 
 40 
 
 
 W., modorato 
 
 do. 
 
 HmiHluui) and clfiir, Imt at timcH a wrt 
 
 nnow falling. 
 
 
 8 p. in . . 
 
 30 
 
 38.0 
 
 do. 
 
 
 fmln. 
 
 
 fa. in.. 
 Noou .. 
 
 30 
 38 
 
 
 
 Ovcix-ast )!• ylooniy, and iniuli wet Hnow and Mtmnif 
 
 
 
 K. SIC, viTy 8tr"!!R. 
 
 
 
 
 8 p. in.. 
 
 40 
 
 38.0 
 
 K SW., moderate 
 
 Char and at timcM rain. 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 a SK., fi' Bh 
 
 Clear and siinnliinr, H!H)Wt'rH. 
 
 
 
 XlKUl . . 
 
 44 
 
 
 S. SK., niodcintc 
 
 rirarand .sunnliinc. 
 
 
 
 8 p. m.. 
 
 41 
 
 41.7 
 
 do 
 
 Clear i.nd minrthint', with Hhowei-H. 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 AV. NW., fresh 
 
 OvereaHt. wet nniiw. 
 
 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 38 
 
 
 NAV., very strong 
 
 OvercaHt. liail. 
 
 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 3;) 
 
 30. 7 
 
 do 
 
 Ho. 
 
 
 6 
 
 8ii. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 
 39 
 
 
 AV., ni(«liTnto 
 
 SW., mndi'i-atc. 
 
 Hunnliine iind at tinicH Iiail, fh .11 , and 
 
 elundiMr 
 
 
 8 p. ni . . 
 H u. m . . 
 
 36 
 30 
 
 3(1.0 
 
 S SK li);ht 
 
 OvereaHt an<l liiie (^now. 
 
 
 7 
 
 NAV., iiiodcrate 
 
 Snntihhie, at linie>4 snow. 
 
 
 
 Nmm .. 
 8 p. ni . . 
 
 38 
 30 
 
 
 ...do 
 
 Clear and MnnHblne. 
 Overcast, at tinnw snow. 
 
 
 
 32.7 
 
 do 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 Clear and MunNliine, wiihnnt eloudH. 
 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 41 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 
 8 p. m.. 
 8 n. m . . 
 
 NfMlIl . - 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 E. SK., fii'sh 
 
 OvciTaHt and wet Hnow, 
 
 
 !l 
 
 30 
 44 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 Ovi-reast and dark. 
 
 
 
 \V. S\V., licht 
 
 
 
 
 40. 3 
 
 S. S\V., linlit. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon . . 
 8 p. m . . 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 44 
 
 39 
 
 
 N. NK., lijjht 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 3.-1.3 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 11 
 
 8 a. ni . . 
 Noon . . 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 35 
 41 
 39 
 
 
 do 
 
 Cloudy and at tinie« Hnow. 
 Clear atiil sunshine. 
 Clear and witlmut rlnudH. 
 
 
 
 
 . do 
 
 
 
 35.0 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 3« 
 .13 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 NiMin . . 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear, HunHliine, anrl without elitiulM. 
 
 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 2(i 
 
 28. 3 
 
 do 
 
 Clear and withfiiit elimilH. 
 
 
 13 
 
 8 a. m . . 
 
 26 
 37 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 !).>. 
 
 
 
 8 1). m.. 
 
 :ifl 
 
 ;ifl.3 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 14 
 
 Ha. m-. 
 
 34 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 NiMHl . . 
 
 8 p. m . . 
 
 32 
 
 
 iitt - - 
 
 Clear. Monnhine. rhanU, 
 Clear and xaiiahle. 
 
 
 
 33.7 
 
 N N\V fn-sh . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
I 
 
 238 ALASKA COAST TTLOT. 
 
 Journal of meteorological ohgerrations, &c. — Coiitiimed. 
 
 a 
 
 IBIUi. 
 
 
 Ji'ov. ITt 
 
 8 11. Ill . . 
 
 
 NlHIII .. 
 
 
 (^ p. HI . . 
 
 l(i 
 
 H a. III.. 
 
 
 NoiHi . . 
 
 
 f*. ]>. m.. 
 
 n 
 
 f 11. 111.. 
 
 
 Nonll .. 
 
 
 H p. 111.. 
 
 IH 
 
 I> 11. 111.. 
 
 
 >"ll(lll .. 
 
 
 H p. Ill . . 
 
 19 
 
 H 11. 111.. 
 
 
 Nonll . . 
 
 
 K p. 111.. 
 
 ao 
 
 H 11. III.. 
 
 
 Kitnli . . 
 
 
 f Jt. 111.. 
 
 SI 
 
 H 11. Ill . . 
 
 
 XcMin . . 
 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 22 
 
 8 11. Ill . . 
 
 
 NlMlII . . 
 
 
 f p. Ill . . 
 
 3:1 
 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 
 
 No<m .. 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 94 
 
 8a. 111.. 
 
 
 NlKIII .. 
 
 
 8 ]l. 111.. 
 
 95 
 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 
 
 Xniill . . 
 
 
 8 p. 111. . 
 
 afi 
 
 H a. III.. 
 
 
 Xdiiii .. 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 97 
 
 8 II. Ill . . 
 
 
 Niinn . . 
 
 
 8 l>. III.. 
 
 3f: 
 
 8 ri 111 . . 
 
 
 NlMlll . 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 29 
 
 8 a. 111.. 
 
 
 Noun . 
 
 
 8 p. Ill . 
 
 30 
 
 8 a. Ill . 
 
 
 Noon . 
 
 
 H p. 111. 
 
 UfC. 1 
 
 8 a. III. 
 
 
 NiMlll 
 
 
 8 p, in 
 
 
 29 
 
 :io 
 ;t:i 
 
 27 
 41 
 32 
 39 
 39 
 32 
 38 
 40 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 38 
 40 
 41 
 38 
 39 
 42 
 39 
 32 
 42 
 41 
 37 
 42 
 41 
 39 
 40 
 3.) 
 3.-1 
 42 
 3.-) 
 
 ;io 
 34 
 
 30 
 29 
 40 
 34 
 34 
 
 :w 
 
 3fi 
 2tl 
 
 3r> 
 
 34 
 31 
 31 
 29 
 
 :t2. 7 
 
 3:1.3 
 
 34.3 
 
 39. 7 
 
 40.0 
 
 38.3 
 
 40. U 
 
 38.0 
 
 31.7 
 
 Dirt'rtion and forrc of 
 tlio wiiiil. 
 
 yW., nioilcrjite 
 
 W. N\V., iii(Kliiat«. 
 
 W., iiKMlcrato 
 
 N.NE., lijiht 
 
 do 
 
 N.NW., fir«li 
 
 N. N IC, inoilorato . . 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 SE., viTj-frfBh 
 
 E. SE., iry ficnli . 
 
 do 
 
 K., very freHli 
 
 do 
 
 K. XE., vi'iy fit'sli . 
 
 E., IVi'Hh 
 
 K. XE., fivsli 
 
 X. Xi:., vtiy ficidi 
 
 NE., tiioiliTiiti* . . .. 
 
 E. NIC, iiiodrrato . 
 do 
 
 N. XE., iiimlt'rato . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 NE., miKl(»rat« . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N.NE.,lit'lil 
 
 do 
 
 N. XE.. modornto ... 
 
 \V., nioiU'vato 
 
 do 
 
 W. N\V., v.'iy IVcHh. 
 
 NW., I'li'sli 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 \V. X\V., niodoratc. 
 
 N.NE., Unlit 
 
 E. NE., fii'idi 
 
 XE., fii'nh 
 
 NE., iiKMliTnto 
 
 N. XK., frenh 
 
 Culm 
 
 do 
 
 N.NE., fii'Hli 
 
 Wiatlicr. 
 
 CU'ar and occasional snow, 
 
 l>o. 
 
 Mo. 
 Clear and without cloiidH. 
 
 Do. 
 Clc)»: and ocniHioiiul hhow. 
 (^'Ifiir illiit witliiiut cloudH. 
 Clear. HiiiiHliiiir, clmid.s. 
 
 Do. 
 Gloomy and at tinicH hiiow. 
 OviTcjiMt and wet niiow. 
 Ovci-caHl and i-aiu. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Uo. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy and a( times i-aiii, 
 OvereaMt and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 <']i>ar and at tiiiieH rain. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 Do. 
 OvcrcftHt and rain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Ovornist and wot »iiow. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear anil clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 Overcast, wet snow. 
 Clear aiitt at timcH snow, 
 (.'tear and uunsliiiic. 
 Clear and at tInieH snow. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and without clouds. 
 Overciist, snow. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do, 
 Clear and at times hnilini;. 
 Clear and sunshine. 
 Ove.cast, snow. 
 Clear and at times snow. 
 
 Do. 
 (.'Ic'iir, elonds. 
 
 Do, 
 <'lear and at times siinw. 
 
 lilnnloy and tlliek snow. 
 
 titiHiim anil at times snow. 
 
 j 
 
 A 
 
 :i ; 
 
 Minn Iiiii|Mnitinf tnr NoMtnlHr. :Hi. 1 dtiirci-s. Whi'I. N. XK. Kiiin ; miiow. 
 
 
ALASKA COAST riLOT. 
 Journal of meteorological observations, cfo. — Contiuued. 
 
 239 
 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 "a 
 
 a 
 £ 
 
 1 
 
 Direction and force of 
 tiio wind. 
 
 ■Weather. 
 
 I) 
 
 1800. 
 I'l', 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 IH 
 
 19 
 
 * 
 
 H a. in.. 
 Nmin . . 
 8 ]). ni . . 
 8 a. ni.. 
 N(K)n . . 
 H !». 111.. 
 H a. in . 
 Nonii . . 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 8a. in.. 
 Xoon .. 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 8 a. in . . 
 
 N'HHl . . 
 
 8 p. in.. 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 Noon . . 
 8p. m.. 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon . . 
 8 p. in.. 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon . . 
 8 p. ni . . 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon . . 
 8 p. ni . . 
 8 a. in . . 
 
 NlMHl . . 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 8 a. m . . 
 Xoon . . 
 8 p. in . . 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 8p.m.. 
 8 a. m . . 
 Noon . . 
 8p in.. 
 8 a. m . . 
 Noon . . 
 8 p. m.. 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 Nwni . . 
 8 p. m 
 8 a. in.. 
 No^in . . 
 8 p. m . . 
 8b. Itt.. 
 NiHUi . . 
 8 p. m.. 
 
 
 
 •u 
 
 24 
 
 a.-> 
 
 20 
 34 
 2.5 
 21 
 
 :io 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 28 
 28 
 32 
 
 ;!9 
 :t» 
 
 40 
 
 ;i8 
 
 40 
 
 :w 
 
 33 
 33 
 30 
 38 
 42 
 40 
 30 
 40 
 38 
 30 
 44 
 33 
 37 
 41 
 38 
 3.i 
 39 
 35 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 43 
 41 
 30 
 IW 
 30 
 30 
 39 
 3.5 
 3."> 
 39 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 Clear and at times .snow. 
 
 1)0. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and suiisliine. 
 t'loudy and lliiek snow. 
 Clear and at times snow. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy ami at limes snow. 
 Clear innl variulite. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy iind jinurin^ rains. 
 
 Do. 
 C!loudy, rain, and snow. 
 Clundy mid rain. 
 Ovei-east, rain, ami snow. 
 Clear and at limes rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and variable. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear, smisliiiio. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and elondy. 
 Overcast and mueli rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Clondy and tine rain. 
 Cloudy and at times rain. 
 Cloudy and heavy rain. 
 Clear and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy anil at times rain. 
 Clear and at times rain, 
 ('loudy and at limes ruin. 
 Clear and at limes rain. 
 Clear and elimdy. 
 Clear, sunshine, and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Dari' and tine rain. 
 Cloudy and wet snow. 
 Clear and at liini"< rain. 
 Cloudy tiiiil heavy vain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy and tliiek snow, 
 (.'leiir iind sunshine. 
 C/lear and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do, 
 Clondy and heavy snow. 
 Eny and line snow. 
 Clear and eloudy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30. 
 39.0 
 
 
 
 
 E.,flT«ll 
 
 N NE liL'lit 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 S. SE., modfiato 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 39.3 
 
 S W. iniMiorato 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 34. « 
 
 SE., fi-rali 
 
 E. NE., very frcsli 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 40.0 
 39.0 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 .S. SW., very fresli 
 
 S\V., very fioHli 
 
 S. SE., moderate 
 
 . . . do 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 37.0 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 38.0 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 S. S\V., nioilerato 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 37. 
 
 
 
 
 E. X E., very strong 
 
 E. !Sl!,., very fre»li 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 41.0 
 31.0 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 NE lijilit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. SE., niodirati! 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 30.0 
 
 i|o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 37.0 
 
 E. NE., moderate 
 
 
240 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Journal of meteoroUnjiml observatiom, tCc. — CoJitiiuie(L 
 
 s 
 
 I)i-f. -JO 
 
 St 
 
 3S 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 29 
 
 IPtiT. 
 .)itn. 1 
 
 H a. Ill 
 
 N(H>M . 
 H p. Ill . 
 8 n. Ill . 
 Ni«)ii . 
 8 ]). in . 
 8 a. Ill . 
 NiMin . 
 8 II. ra. 
 8 a, in . 
 
 NlMlll , 
 
 H p. III. 
 8 a. ni . 
 
 NlKtll . 
 8 p. Ml. 
 8 n, in . 
 Noon . 
 8 p.m. 
 8 a. 111. 
 NiMm . 
 8 p. in . 
 H a. Ill ■ 
 Nunn . 
 8 p. 111. 
 8 n. m. 
 NiKin . 
 8 p. Ill . 
 8 a. in. 
 NtMin . 
 H p. in. 
 8 n. in . 
 Nihui . 
 8 p. 111. 
 8 a. Ill . 
 Noon . 
 8 p. ni. 
 
 8 a. m. 
 Nmm . 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. in . 
 Xooii . 
 8 p. m 
 8 a. III. 
 Ximhi . 
 8 p. in . . 
 8 a. m. 
 NiHin . 
 H ji. m., 
 8 a. m 
 Noon . 
 8 p. Ill . , 
 
 3!) 
 
 aii 
 :ii 
 
 .10 
 
 a« 
 at 
 
 114 
 ■M 
 
 :n 
 
 M 
 
 :m 
 :t.-i 
 
 2() 
 
 .■17 
 4J 
 
 :n 
 :i4 
 ;)() 
 
 :ii 
 
 III! 
 
 :ii 
 :i(i 
 a:t 
 111 
 111) 
 nil 
 
 119 
 III! 
 
 35 
 
 III) 
 it(i 
 
 III! 
 
 Ill) 
 iiii 
 
 III! 
 117 
 
 iir> 
 
 113 
 119 
 
 ll,'l 
 ll.'l 
 
 H.-i 
 30 
 
 •-'!). 
 
 99.0 
 
 110. II 
 
 Direction anil force of 
 tliu wind. 
 
 SW., niotU'Vato 
 
 S. SU'., iiiiMli'i-atu 
 
 .•<. .S\V., fiv«li 
 
 X., fi'f.sli 
 
 N. , very frewli 
 
 <lo 
 
 riiiiii 
 
 NE., fri..sli 
 
 E. XK., very fri-.sh 
 
 X'. XE., iiuMleratc 
 
 X, XE., liiilit 
 
 E. XE., fivsli 
 
 N.XE.,fio»li 
 
 ilo 
 
 X.XE., lislit 
 
 ilo 
 
 ilo 
 
 X. XE.. freah 
 
 XE., moderatp 
 
 iln 
 
 X. XK., very fresh 
 
 ilo 
 
 X. X' W., very Htrong 
 
 X* \V., very stronj; 
 
 W. X\V., fiesh 
 
 ilo 
 
 W., fri'Nli 
 
 \V. X\V'., fresh 
 
 ilo 
 
 do 
 
 X.XE., lljiht 
 
 Ciilin 
 
 E. XE., moderate 
 
 E. SI*^, mnilerate 
 
 E. SE.. fresh 
 
 E.XE.. fresh 
 
 E., moderate 
 
 E. SE., moderate 
 
 E., nioderiite 
 
 S.SE..li(;ht 
 
 S. SW.. moderate 
 
 E. SE.. very fresh 
 
 S., fresh 
 
 do 
 
 S. S\V., moderate 
 
 do 
 
 S., moderato 
 
 X. XE.. very fresh 
 
 X. XE.,li(rht 
 
 do j Clear nml HuiiMliinM. 
 
 X'.XE., fresh I Clear and elomly, 
 
 'Menu tomperatnre for Deeenilicr. 113.87 dPKrees. 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Clear and at timc.'t rain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 (Menr and elondy. 
 Cloudy and at tiiiie.^ snow. 
 Clear and elomly. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark, poiirinf; rains. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and no elonds. 
 Clear and siinshino. 
 Clear and ehuidy. 
 Clear and witliont eloiuls. 
 Clear and at times snow. 
 Clear and without eloiuts. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear, snnsliiiie, clouds. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 Dark, rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark and wet snow. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark and at times snow. 
 Dark and snow. 
 Dark and at times snow. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and without clouds. 
 (.*lcar and sniiHliiiie. 
 Clear and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark and wet snow. 
 
 Dark and hea\-y rain. 
 Clear and at times rain. 
 Dark and heavy rain. 
 Clear and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark and flue snow. 
 CUMir and at times snow. 
 
 1)0. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Dark and wet snow. 
 Do. 
 
E 
 
 18C7. 
 Jiui. C 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 le 
 
 so 
 
 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Journal of meieoroloykal obscrmtionn, itc. — Continued. 
 
 241 
 
 8 a. m.. 
 Moon . . 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. in . . 
 8 a. ni.. 
 Noon .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. lu.. 
 Noon ., 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 n. m . 
 Koon . 
 8 p. ni . 
 8 a. ni . 
 Noon . 
 8 p. ni . 
 8 a. ni . 
 Noon . 
 8 p. ni . 
 8 n. m. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. ni. 
 
 8 n. ni. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p.m. 
 
 8 a. ni. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. ni . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8p, m. 
 
 8n. ni. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. ni . 
 
 8 a. ni . 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. ni . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 ]). ni . 
 
 8 a. ni. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. m . 
 
 8n. m. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. ni . 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 N(H)n . 
 
 H p. m. 
 
 8 a. m, 
 
 NiMin , 
 
 8 p. ni . 
 
 31 
 
 M 
 3.) 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 34 
 33 
 3S 
 33 
 33 
 37 
 38 
 S7 
 38 
 3.") 
 Xt 
 30 
 37 
 31 
 41 
 43 
 30 
 3-3 
 39 
 20 
 37 
 
 a« 
 
 3.") 
 34 
 34 
 30 
 31 
 38 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 3ri 
 39 
 30 
 39 
 3.') 
 36 
 19 
 33 
 38 
 30 
 3r^ 
 39 
 31 
 37 
 3!l 
 
 31 
 M 
 
 33.3 
 
 33.0 
 
 33.3 
 
 33. G 
 
 33.3 
 
 30.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 30.3 
 
 30. 3 
 
 39.6 
 
 39. 
 
 30.6 
 
 30.0 
 
 30.3 
 
 33. 3 
 
 Direction ami force of 
 the wiucl. 
 
 N.NK.,fr(>»li 
 
 ilo 
 
 N. N\V., moderate . . . 
 
 N., very Ire.Hli 
 
 ilo 
 
 N. NK., voiy strong. . 
 
 W., very IVe«h 
 
 ■\V.SW.,fn»h 
 
 S. S\V., I'reHh 
 
 S. .SW., moderates 
 
 do 
 
 S.SW., light 
 
 do 
 
 S.SK.,li);ht 
 
 E.SK.,Iis;lil 
 
 E. NIC, moderate 
 NK., niotlerate . . . 
 N. NK., nioderatt^ 
 di) 
 
 do.... 
 
 N., fresh. 
 do.. . 
 
 do 
 
 N., very fresh 
 
 N. N\V., very fresh. 
 do 
 
 N., very fresh 
 
 N. NW., very fresh. 
 do 
 
 N., very fresh 
 
 N.NK.. IVe.'ih 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. NW., very fresli. 
 
 N., fresh 
 
 do 
 
 N. N\V.,nv.sh 
 
 N. N\\'., moderate 
 
 N., modtTste 
 
 do 
 
 N. NE.,li(?ht. 
 do 
 
 Calm 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 di> 
 
 E. NK., mtiderate. 
 
 Calm 
 
 X. N'E.. ntoderate. 
 do 
 
 E. NE., niodi-rate . 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Dark ami fine snow. 
 Clear and tine snow. 
 Clear and without elonds. 
 Clear and iloudy. 
 Dark and Ihn^ snow. 
 Dark ami heavy. 
 Dark and line snow 
 Dark and snow at limes. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and snow at times. 
 Clear and sunshine. 
 Clear ami witliont <'Iouds. 
 Clear and elomls. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Dark and snow. 
 Dark and tiio' ruin. 
 
 Do. 
 J*ark and rain. 
 Dark and snow. 
 
 Do. 
 ('lenrand without >:lui.d^. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear and at times clouds. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear and at tinies snow. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 (^lear and snii^hine. 
 Clear ami ehmds. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear ami at times snow. 
 Clear and at times clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear andelcnnly. 
 ('tear and at times snow. 
 (*lear and sunshine. 
 (Mear and without clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and sunshine, 
 ('lear and at tinn's clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 
 C^ear and snnshiue. 
 
 (.-leaf and without clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 
 D... 
 
 Do. 
 
 Clear and al limes clouds. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 I 
 
242 ALAHKA (JOAST PILOT. 
 
 Journal of meteorological obHcrmtions, d-c. — Coiitiimoil. 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Direction and foico of 
 tliu wiuil. 
 
 Weather. 
 
 IhBV. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Jan. 'M 
 
 8 a. m. 
 
 ;m 
 
 
 j NK., fiTsli 
 
 Overca«t or dark and tine Hnow. 
 
 
 N(Hin . 
 
 35 
 
 
 ilo 
 
 Overeawt and lieavy Hiiow. 
 
 
 8 p. m . 
 
 3.3 
 
 34.0 
 
 ilo 
 
 OvereaNt and ill linieHHuow. 
 
 SI5 
 
 « n. m. 
 
 34 
 
 
 N. NE., nioileiato 
 
 Clear ami elondy. 
 
 
 Noon . 
 8 Jl. Ill . 
 
 34 
 
 30.3 
 
 N.,fn'8li 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and Hitlimit eloiids. 
 
 
 do 
 
 36 
 
 8n. 111. 
 
 a? 
 
 
 ' N W., iiiodcrato 
 
 Clear and eIoud.y. 
 Clear and Hiinidiiiie. 
 
 
 NlMlll . 
 
 ;i;t 
 
 
 I W. N\V., niodciatc 
 
 
 H 11.111. 
 
 s» 
 
 28.3 
 
 N. N W., modeiatu 
 
 Clear and witlioiit CIondH. 
 
 87 
 
 8 11. 111.. 
 
 85 
 
 
 Calm 
 
 Clear and at tiiniH elondH. 
 Clear and at timcH «now. 
 Clear and at limes eloiiilM. 
 
 
 Nuon .. 
 
 38 
 
 
 ■\V., modenitc 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 80 
 
 30.6 
 
 do 
 
 S8 
 
 8«. 111.. 
 
 35 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear and witliout elinida. 
 
 
 Nuou .. 
 
 30 
 
 
 SW., niodi'iate 
 
 Clear and at tinie.s miow. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and witliout eliinds. 
 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 8n. 111.. 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 35.3 
 
 Calm 
 
 B9 
 
 E., flCHll 
 
 
 NlMlIl .. 
 
 :i8 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear ami elondy. 
 Do 
 
 
 8 p. m . . 
 
 35 
 
 30.3 
 
 NE., vory .■(troiiK 
 
 90 
 
 8 n. 111.. 
 
 36 
 
 
 E. NE., vi'iy strong 
 
 Dark and wet miiow. 
 
 
 NiMin .. 
 
 38 
 
 
 NE.,fic»li 
 
 Jlark and One snow. 
 
 Dark and at times ralu. ' 
 
 
 8 p. HI.. 
 
 ;i5 
 
 30.3 
 
 do 
 
 »t 
 
 8 n. Ill . . 
 
 29 
 
 
 K., pale 
 
 Dark and line .snow. :■ .. 
 Clear anil cloudv. 
 
 - 
 
 XlMIU .. 
 
 87 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 31 
 
 25.0 
 
 do 
 
 C'loiidy and snow. 
 
 l-cb. 1 
 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 
 21) 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear and at t lines snow. 
 
 
 Komi . . 
 
 28 
 
 
 N. NW., lri.Hli 
 
 Cloudy anil at times snow. 
 
 
 8 11.111.. 
 
 8 11. 111.. 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 20.7 
 
 N\V., I'leNli 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear and at times auow. 
 Do. 
 
 a 
 
 do 
 
 
 Xunli . . 
 
 10 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 8 p. III.. 
 
 13 
 
 14.7 
 
 do 
 
 :) 
 
 8 (I. Ill . . 
 Noon . . 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 N. N\V., fii'sh 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 lit 
 
 10.7 
 
 N., very frisli 
 
 Do. 
 
 4 
 
 8 a. in.. 
 
 10 
 
 
 N. N\V., fnali 
 
 Clear anil eloudv. ' 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear and at times snow. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 17 
 
 17.7 ' 
 
 W. N\V., inndi'rato 
 
 D 
 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 
 27 
 
 i 
 
 E. NE., very i'lesll 
 
 Dark and snow. 
 
 
 Noou . . 
 8 p. III.. 
 
 31 
 34 
 
 
 do 
 
 Dark. 
 
 Dark and snow. , 
 
 
 1 
 
 30.7 1 
 
 NE., moderate 
 
 6 
 
 8 a. 111.. 
 
 30 
 
 
 Calm 
 
 Clear and without clouds. 
 
 Clear, suiisliine, and elonds. " - 
 
 
 JsOdU . . 
 
 44 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 33 
 
 33.7 
 
 do 
 
 Cloudy and at times snow. 
 
 7 
 
 8a.m.. 
 Noon .. 
 8p.m.. 
 
 33 
 4!) 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 Do 
 Clear and at limes clouds. 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 38.3 1 
 
 S. SK., moderate 
 
 8 
 
 8 a. III.. 
 
 30 
 
 ! 
 
 S. S\V., moderiite. 
 
 
 I 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 44 
 
 
 >S\V., moderate. 
 
 
 
 8 p. ni . . 
 
 33 
 
 3r>. « ; 
 
 E. .SE., very fresli. 
 
 '--- : "■ "-i--*--:.., •■■.■":■ :■ 
 
 D 
 
 8 a. in . . 
 
 3il 
 
 
 S., fre.sli. 
 
 ..-..,.. . - . - - ... .,:.... ,- ., ■.,,- 
 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 42 
 
 
 Sn-.. tle.sli. 
 
 
 
 8p, m.. 
 
 33 
 
 38. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 'Mean Icinpiialiiri Im .lanu.iiv, 31.00 dinices. 
 
ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Journal of meh»'oh>gical obserrationK, dr. — Continued. 
 
 243 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 Direction and forco of 
 
 tlic Wlllll. 
 
 AVeallier. 
 
 1667. 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 Fob. 10 
 
 8 n. Ill . . 
 Noon .. 
 
 32 
 30 
 
 
 S. SW., fresh. 
 S\V., fiesli. 
 
 
 
 
 Sp.m.. 
 
 3S 
 
 33.3 
 
 E. SK.,fri>Bli. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 H n. m.. 
 Noon .. 
 8 ]). m . . 
 
 30 
 45 
 
 
 S. SE., moiU'rato. 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 38.6 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 a. ni . . 
 Noou .. 
 
 87 
 28 
 
 
 ■\V. NW., vary atronfc. 
 N\V., fresh. 
 
 
 
 
 8 p. ni . . 
 
 20 
 
 27.0 
 
 N. NW., fresh. 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 8 n. ni.. 
 
 29 
 34 
 
 
 Calm. 
 do. 
 
 
 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 30 
 
 33.0 
 
 SW., moderate. 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 Ch^nr and elmidy. 
 
 
 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 4.5. fi 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 15 
 
 8 n. m . . 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. m.. 
 
 40 
 
 
 ...(1(1 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 52 
 42 
 
 
 do 
 
 Cle.ir and without elouds. 
 Clear and at tiioes rain. 
 
 
 
 41.0 
 
 do 
 
 
 Ifi 
 
 Pn. ni.. 
 Noon .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 H 11. in . . 
 N<»n .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 tt. m.. 
 
 37 
 37 
 34 
 
 30.0 
 
 S. SW.,fiean 
 
 Clear and at times liail. 
 Dark and at limes snow. 
 Clear and without elouds. 
 
 
 SW., fresh 
 
 
 
 S. SW., frusli 
 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 
 Cafni 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 42 
 34 
 
 
 do 
 
 Clear, sunshine, and clouds. 
 Clear and eloudy. 
 
 
 
 34.0 
 
 E.NE., fresh 
 
 
 IS 
 
 34 
 
 
 E. NE., very fresh 
 
 Dark and wet suow. 
 
 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 30 
 
 
 SW., very fresh 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 H p. ni . . 
 
 35 
 
 35.0 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 ■W.NW., fresh 
 
 Clear and at limes cloudy. 
 
 
 
 Noon .. 
 
 33 
 
 
 W. NW., moderate 
 
 Clear and without elouds. 
 
 
 
 Sp.m.. 
 
 29 
 
 33.3 
 
 N. NE., moderate 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 SO 
 
 8 n. ni . . 
 
 39 
 
 
 S., fresh 
 
 Clear and eloudy. 
 
 
 
 Noon .. 
 8p. m.. 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 
 . ..do 
 
 Dark and due suow. 
 Clear a. id eloudy. 
 
 
 
 41. C 
 
 do 
 
 
 21 
 
 8 ft. in. . 
 
 44 
 
 
 S., fresh 
 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 
 
 Noou .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. in . . 
 
 48 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 43.3 
 
 S., moderate 
 
 Clear and dark weather. 
 
 
 S2 
 
 37 
 
 
 SW., fresh 
 
 Clear and without cluuds. 
 
 
 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. m.. 
 
 
 
 W. SW., fresh 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 3ti.3 
 
 do 
 
 Clear and eloudy. 
 
 
 aj 
 
 8 n. in . . 
 
 35 
 
 
 W. SW., moderate 
 
 Clear and without elouds. 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 "W., moderate 
 
 Clear and at limes suow. 
 
 
 
 8 p. m . . 
 8 11. in . . 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 
 SW., fresh 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 AV. NAV., very fresh 
 
 Clear and eloudy. 
 
 
 
 Noon ,. 
 
 25 
 
 
 N. N W., very fresli 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 8 p. ni . . 
 8 a. ra . . 
 Noon .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 
 24.0 
 
 N. fresh 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 85 
 
 26 
 29 
 
 
 Clear and without clouds. 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 84.0 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 SO 
 
 8 a. ni.. 
 Noou .. 
 8 p.m.. 
 8 a. m . . 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. ill . 
 
 ;i2 
 
 
 do 
 
 Cle.ar, sunshine, without clouds 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 39 
 41 
 
 35 
 
 
 SK. fresh 
 
 Clear and cloudy, 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 S SE. frcsli 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 .do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 38.3 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
244 ALASKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Jourmil of mcteoi-olotjival ohHerrafinnH, dr. — f'oiitimiod. 
 
 1807. 
 Feb. 88 
 
 iliir. 
 
 ; 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 IS 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 H a. m. 
 
 ;iii 
 
 Ndiiii . 
 
 40 
 
 « 11. m . 
 
 :il 
 
 H n. Ill . 
 
 :i', 
 
 ^oini . 
 
 ■M 
 
 8 p. 111. 
 
 ;« 
 
 8 H. Ill . 
 
 It) 
 
 XlMIIl . 
 
 4.1 
 
 H p. Ill . 
 
 'JH 
 
 H a. III. 
 
 ;ij 
 
 NlKHl . 
 
 •i."i 
 
 8 p. III. 
 
 ;« 
 
 H a. ni.. 
 
 :w 
 
 Nuoii .. 
 
 3t> 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 33 
 
 8 a. HI., 
 
 :),"> 
 
 l\'ooii .. 
 
 4:t 
 
 8 p. 111.. 
 
 3(i 
 
 8 a. m . . 
 
 37 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 3!) 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 35 
 
 8». m.. 
 
 3!) 
 
 Noou .. 
 
 41 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 ao 
 
 8 a. m.. 
 
 ,')5 
 
 Noon .. 
 
 37 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 35 
 
 8ii. 111.. 
 
 38 
 
 No<in .. 
 
 40 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 3li 
 
 8a.m.. 
 
 3li 
 
 NtHIII .. 
 
 4-) 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 34 
 
 8 a. Ill . . 
 
 3-2 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 43 
 
 8 p. III.. 
 
 34 
 
 8 a. ni . . 
 
 31 
 
 Noon .. 
 
 43 
 
 8 p. Ill . . 
 
 ■J9 
 
 8 n. lu . . 
 
 37 
 
 Noon .. 
 
 43 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 33 
 
 8 a. m.. 
 
 34 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 39 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 37 
 
 8 a. in.. 
 
 35 
 
 Noon . . 
 
 47 
 
 8 p. m.. 
 
 35 
 
 8 a. m.. 
 
 Xi 
 
 Noon .. 
 
 48 
 
 8 p.m.. 
 
 35 
 
 ■3 
 
 3(1. 3 
 
 33.3 
 
 .35.6 
 
 38.0 
 
 30. 
 
 Hiieftliin and forii of 
 tlu! wind. 
 
 S. SK.,fiP»li. 
 
 do 
 
 SK., fiiHli..., 
 S. SK.,llBlit. 
 <JiiIiii 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do , 
 
 do 
 
 N. NK., motlcratn . 
 do 
 
 N. NK., fiv»h 
 
 NE., luodcratfl 
 
 do 
 
 E. NE., moderate . 
 do 
 
 E., iiiodcrato 
 
 E. NE., lifTht 
 
 HW., fiOBh 
 
 do 
 
 Calm 
 
 E. NE., fresli 
 
 E.| very fresh 
 
 do 
 
 E. SE., very fro-ili. 
 do 
 
 E., very fionh . 
 
 SE.,lreHli 
 
 S. SE., frcHli .. 
 do 
 
 E. NE., fiTsli 
 
 S. .SE., I'losli 
 
 .S. SE., moderate . . . . 
 
 Calm 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 S.SE.,fte8li 
 
 do 
 
 NE., fresh 
 
 N.NE., fresh 
 
 N. NW.. moderate . 
 
 W. NW., light 
 
 Calm 
 
 do 
 
 38.0 E.NE., ftwh 
 
 A\'t;atlier. 
 
 Ck'iir, siiiishiiie, and at times cloiuls. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and without oIoiiiIh. 
 Clear, siiiiHliiue, witliuiit eluuds. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear iind eloudy, 
 t;iear mid willniiit clouds. 
 Clear and cloiidy. 
 Clear and witlioiif rliiudn. 
 (.'le.ir, Hun.sliine, witlioul eiouds. 
 Clear and iit times eluiuls. 
 I>iirk 1111(1 line .snow. 
 Daik and wit snow. 
 Darlt unci ruin. 
 Dai k and wet enow. 
 Dark and heavy rain. 
 Dark ,iiid line snow. 
 Clear and cloudy, 
 (,'lear and siiiisliiiie, no clouds. 
 Clear and without eloiids. 
 Dark and line siio»r. 
 Dark and line rain. 
 Dark and lu'avy rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and at times rain, 
 (ilooniy ,'ind heavy rain. 
 Cloudy and at times rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and at times ruin. 
 Dark and thick snow. 
 (,'lcar and at times snow. 
 (;loudyandat times snow. 
 Clear, sunshine, without clouds. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Dark and thick snow. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Clear, sunshine, and cloudy. 
 Dark and wet snow. 
 
 •ileau temperature for February, 3:1.3a deprces. 
 
ie67. 
 
 Uar. n 
 
 le 
 
 ID 
 
 SI 
 
 32 
 
 S» 
 
 84 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 ALAHKA COAST PILOT. 
 
 Journnl of meteorological ohmrmtionif, ctr.— Coiitimieil. 
 
 u:> 
 
 
 8 1. Ill . . 
 Noon .. 
 8 p. III.. 
 H a. 111.. 
 Noon . , 
 t* !>. III.. 
 B 11. Ill . . 
 Noon ., 
 ^ p. in . 
 H a. lu.. 
 Noon . 
 H p. Ill . 
 8 n. Ill . 
 Noon . 
 8 p. III. 
 8 a. III. 
 Noon . 
 8 p.m. 
 8 a. in . 
 Noon . 
 
 8 p. 111. 
 
 8 11. in . 
 Noon . 
 8 p. ni . 
 8 a. III. 
 Noon . 
 8 p. III. 
 8 a. m. 
 
 NiMllI . 
 
 8 p. m . 
 8 a. ni . 
 Noon . 
 8 \). in. 
 8 a. in . 
 Noon . 
 8 p.m. 
 8 a. m. 
 Noon . 
 8p.m. 
 8 a. ni . 
 Noon . 
 8 p.m. 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 3« 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 31 
 
 3S 
 
 44 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 37 
 
 41! 
 
 43 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 3fi 
 
 24 
 
 40.3 
 
 30.3 
 
 39.0 
 
 44.3 
 
 43.0 
 
 40.6 
 
 40.3 
 
 31.3 
 
 23.0 
 
 Ulii'i'tlon mill I'orii' 
 tUo wliul, 
 
 or 
 
 .S. SK., niodcrato 
 
 S. SK., liKlit 
 
 do 
 
 .....do 
 
 do 
 
 Calm 
 
 do 
 
 S.SK.,ll)jlit 
 
 K.. irt'illl 
 
 S., i'ltwU 
 
 do 
 
 K.SK,, firnh 
 
 S. SK., fii'Hli 
 
 do 
 
 K.SK., fiTsh 
 
 S. SE., ficBh 
 
 do 
 
 S.S\V'., ficsU 
 
 a SE., IVoHli 
 
 do 
 
 E. SE., I'lTsli 
 
 SE., I'losb 
 
 do 
 
 S. S\V., moiU'iato . . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 AV., iiiodi.'iatc 
 
 do 
 
 W., S\V., modirate . 
 
 NW., fici,li 
 
 N., Kiilo 
 
 N., vt'ry Htroiij? 
 
 N\V., fiTsli 
 
 SE., fivah 
 
 S\V., fiinh 
 
 do 
 
 W., viiy fieali . 
 
 N., fiesli 
 
 do 
 
 SE., niodcrato.. 
 
 AVcttllicr. 
 
 Char and iloiiily. 
 
 Do. 
 Cloudy and at tiiiicH rain. 
 
 I'o. 
 Cli'ur iiiid at tiiiirH rain. 
 Clrar and w itliont iloiidii. 
 Cli'iir and <'loiul>-. 
 
 n<. 
 
 (ilnnniy and lit-avy rain. 
 
 (Ml ar, Kiiiinliini', at tinica cloiidH. 
 
 1)0. 
 
 Dark and rain. 
 
 C'K'ur and at llniiH inin. 
 
 Cli'ar, Hiintihiiio, at tiniert cloniU. 
 
 (ilooiiiy and lit-avy rain. 
 
 Clear and at tiiiioH vain. 
 
 Cloar and clondy. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Clonr, Hniislilni', witliout ilondn. 
 Dark anil rain. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark ami Hue miow. 
 Clear and clondy. 
 
 Do. 
 Dark ami hiiow. 
 
 Do. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 Do. 
 Clinidy and et times mow. 
 Dark and at tiiiicB (mow. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 Do. 
 Daik and hiiow. 
 Clear and at times hiiow. 
 Cle.ir, Biinnliiiii', witliont clondM. 
 Dark and hiiow. 
 Clear and cloudy. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 ' Mean temperature for Ibiity days in March, 36. 81 de({ree». 
 
240 
 
 ALAHKA COAST PILOT. 
 nummary. 
 
 Month. 
 
 NovcihImt IffiO 
 
 Jaiiuiiry iaU7 . . 
 Febniiiry 18(17 . 
 Mnrelil8fi7 .... 
 
 Mean 
 tomiiuratiiri'. 
 
 Daily 
 nmxiiniiiii. 
 
 Daily 
 iiilnijiiilni. 
 
 Xii. rloiidlou 
 (laVH, 
 
 
 
 3fl. 1 
 
 o 
 41.7 
 
 o 
 30.3 
 
 a 
 
 33.9 
 
 41.0 
 
 S4. 3 
 
 
 
 31.7 
 
 37.0 
 
 at. 3 
 
 
 
 33.3 
 
 45.0 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 
 3G. 8 
 
 44.3 
 
 !£l. 
 
 4 
 
lldloM 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Vagp. 
 
 Ailinlrnlty !»liin(l loa 
 
 AlaMkii, };i-iH'i-al ii})|K-ariuice uf coast &d 
 
 AlftHkii, ^('iK-nil ilrs('i-l|ition of cooHt 50 
 
 AliiHkii, couHt (-liiiiatcof 19 
 
 Alciiliaii iMhititlH, t'litiiato of 27 
 
 Alcxiinilcr Aii'hi|ii'Iii),'o, ditailiil ilescilpliim of 
 
 t'H|«-!*, liiiyH, liarboi-H, icjlaiiiU, &c fiD 
 
 AlHikh Uivii- IXi 
 
 AiiuTican Hay tH 
 
 Aiiclior I'oiiit 185 
 
 A|i|ii'nclix No. I, Obat'iTiitiouii on tho geology of 
 
 A laskii 193 
 
 Apjii iiilix No. 2, List of the (•"Ogi'npliical iiosllioiiii. 203 
 ApiM-ndix No. :), Voraiinlal'y of tlio lali^;ua^i'H of 
 
 IhtuialivfMnf Kndiak.L'Uala.'ika, Ki'iiaiantl .Sitka 215 
 
 Atiia or Copix'!' Kivcr 119 
 
 Ayulik l!ay 171 
 
 B. 
 
 iiaiikn: 
 
 Uevil's 76, 90 
 
 8»aOtt<>r 117 
 
 Williams 117 
 
 Harlow <'c)v»' 10.") 
 
 liaiTcii iHlniiilH 177 
 
 liai icii Itock 7B 
 
 Jlayn: 
 
 Anici'icau 91 
 
 Ayalik 171 
 
 Ha7.aii 91 
 
 lUlirlii); or Takutat 1:17 
 
 Uei'iicr's 100 
 
 Carter 14 
 
 ChaliiierH 103 
 
 ChlcliaKoir 78 
 
 Chiigaibik 184 
 
 Coal 183 
 
 Controller's 140 
 
 Cordova 90 
 
 Ilry 135 
 
 Fish 124 
 
 rri(?ato 10 
 
 llanniiij; 102 
 
 Holkliivm 112 
 
 llood'8 103 
 
 Home Ki 
 
 liy 141 
 
 Iphicoiiia 95 
 
 Kuliiiina 124 
 
 KanitMcliak 192 
 
 Kazarii 79 
 
 Kliaz I2."i 
 
 Kwitk.shiia 10 
 
 Lindi'iiln'r); 125 
 
 Litrtya 131 
 
 Lower Kontswxv 103 
 
 Mary 123 
 
 & 
 
 Itoys ! Taun. 
 
 .Mct.miKliliii II 
 
 1! lid I iKl 
 
 Niika 173 
 
 Niitchc'k I.'>5 
 
 Qiili't CI 
 
 Kat8tcli HI 
 
 lU'd ^'J 
 
 Hi'Hurreetion 110 
 
 Saj^inaw 109 
 
 S^'yiiiour 112 
 
 Smijx ('orner I.^H 
 
 Wpaxka Kli) 
 
 Steamer el 
 
 St. Johu'ii 122 
 
 ToiigaH 7ri 
 
 THehirikotr 100 
 
 Zaikoir 159 
 
 J!u7.aii liay 91 
 
 Uelim Canal MO 
 
 lielirinH Hay or Takutat 137 
 
 lierner's Itay UW 
 
 liiorka IxlaJiil 1 Hi 
 
 Itird or l'orpi)i|U> Koeks l.V! 
 
 Hrooks llarlior l.-i7 
 
 litu-art'lli Sound 94 
 
 c. 
 
 Capes : 
 
 Adammiii 05 
 
 Addin^toli 95 
 
 Harnett HID 
 
 Jiartolomo 94 
 
 Hazan 99 
 
 Cnamano 80 
 
 Chacon H!l 
 
 Clearo ICO 
 
 CroH8 128 
 
 Decision 97 
 
 I)ou);laH 179' 
 
 Ed^eenmho 1 Ifl 
 
 Kdward 125 
 
 Klizahelh 174 
 
 Fairweatlier 123.134 
 
 Fairwe-ather to Capo Phi])pH 135 
 
 FauHliaw Ill 
 
 Fox 74 
 
 (leoraiann 123 
 
 ITanmnd Ill 
 
 ilineltenlirook 155 
 
 laktaj! 142 
 
 loy 
 
 Kyi;!tiio i(0 
 
 .Manliy 137 
 
 Muorey 75 
 
 North IIU 
 
 Northumberlund 75 
 
 Muuez 90 
 
ran 
 
 248 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 c. 
 
 Capon ; r«Rc. 
 
 f)iimiiiiify 100 
 
 Uiih an.}' toCniKjEdRociimbu 114 
 
 I'liipiw 137 
 
 )'lii|.|.H l<i Ciiiu) SllckliuK 140 
 
 i'li^il 16S1 
 
 if'il IH 
 
 Itiiiu 141 
 
 Silkiij;! 141 
 
 S|«'i r ISO 
 
 SI. Kilix 04 
 
 Sncliliii!,' 14.1 
 
 Tr!m.seii« 711 
 
 TiiiiK r 139 
 
 nul. !• liav II 
 
 CrlKttupll IrtlilUfl 13:1 
 
 Ch- IS lla.v lo:l 
 
 ( iialrii.lfi llarlKir- liiTi 
 
 Clialliaiu Somut n 
 
 (.'liatliam Slrait, wi'a it« in)H>t ami iiitirnccting 
 
 KdniU 100 
 
 fMiicliat'iiir lla.v Tg 
 
 Chilkalit I'.iviT )U7 
 
 r:iij»ill Nlaiids 171 
 
 i'lailinnndi'Ify Soiuul 7!) 
 
 (']il(;^arh InlailtU 1Y4 
 
 f ;!iiij;acliik Hay iMl 
 
 <'la:"}iri' .Siiund 77 
 
 Can lie,' Sminil, iiortliwi-sl cnlniiiri' 96 
 
 Cliiiialc 1)1' lln' Al.uUali I.^lalliU tt7 
 
 ' liiiiiih' "I' Kailial , SB 
 
 riiiiiat^Mil' Sitka 21 
 
 • ''imatc III' Stikiiio Uivcr ^0 
 
 (.'oal Ila> lg.1 
 
 *..'<nil uttucs, Xamiiiiio, (ijott) (i 
 
 Coal J'diiit l(j;i 
 
 (-'iia.-'l iif Alanka, s'^iiciiil iU>»orii>tf(m 50 
 
 Coayt <:!ima(o ol .llaaka # 19 
 
 CiiaHl of llir ocean Dorlhward of Cajvj Hihucit i;ii 
 
 ''onlnpllci'.s liav mo 
 
 ('vinkV liilot 175 
 
 (.'■ipiicr or .Vtiia lilvor 149 
 
 t'oi ilovii Ila y 91) 
 
 Coniioranl Itiiek i;t2 
 
 Coroitatiitii iHlaiitl 97 
 
 (JroHK .Soiinil or J'.\v SIrnit ""1, '29 
 
 CiUTOiiIti ol tbii Xoitli I'acilic (H 
 
 D, 
 
 I>aviilH(UiGl»'"ior 100 
 
 Da.v'x I.'rulMir 17(1 
 
 Uetaili (1 lUsiihitioii of oajiCH, buys, harbors, iNlniiils, 
 
 ScV;. of .*.'.txaiKbT .Arvl.ipflaiio 69 
 
 D(!vi!'» llaiik 70 no 
 
 Discovciy PasaaKP )i 
 
 llistaiu'o of Sitka ri-oia San Friim-woo, tlip dinct 
 
 iimisr iiiioparoil witli iiitiiior iiavigalion r>.fi 
 
 Dison Souiiil 71 
 
 Disoii Simtid. draits, IiayH, and yapo.^ on 74 
 
 ,! Mubl fill rmV , a ! 14,-, 
 
 Dry Day am' .VInukli liivur i;|-, 
 
 S. 
 
 ICii.dirii lioik j3._) 
 
 Kiisl Koiilaiid 1^7 
 
 Klfanorl 'ovo itrt 
 
 Miilraiiio. to I'limi' .Viriiaiii Sound ... i.-,i 
 
 Kti.llii Ilmhoi- ^1 
 
 i:i.i|iii I,.l,tii.-.« _ e[ 
 
 V. 
 
 Pu(j.>. 
 
 Fiiibiyson Chnnnpl ].; 
 
 Finb lUiy i«j4 
 
 Fort Coimt.iiitim) i,-,7 
 
 l-'islicripft 40 
 
 Fit Inl/^li Sound 10 
 
 l-'oiTcsIt r SHlaiid ((.J 
 
 I'orl Siiii|i.sim 1^ 
 
 Fnibriek Strait, its bnys, horhors, nnd iiiteraeotiiig 
 
 ('"""^'K'-" 108 
 
 Frifiato liay 10 
 
 Fui-btjurinj; animnlH , 3a 
 
 O. 
 
 Oarrtpn Oovo j.-jd 
 
 (ioni'ial apiioaranro <if tin- ciiast of Alaska tot 
 
 (lonoral ili .srription;^; 
 
 Coast of .Vl;t.>^ka 50 
 
 ilarbors tliroufjb tlio luehipelrtKOH 8-19 
 
 St i kino lidvt'v foj 
 
 Olaiior .\rni. Taku Klvir 11:1 
 
 ( Jl.iiifr Davidson uk! 
 
 (iold.Htri-aiu Harbor lo 
 
 (iouldiii^ llailior |ij7 
 
 Graham 01 Knubsh Harbor lel 
 
 Oriiviua iHlandn 73 
 
 iJn■R^ Archiiiidaso Qt) 
 
 (iroal Ciirli' ruiito from San Franoisco to .Tapan. . . 07 
 
 <TriJtMl IslfH Jg;| 
 
 Groi-nvillc Channtl m 
 
 dry's Inht j.r, 
 
 Griiidall Lslaiid 711 
 
 Gimbout raMngo j.j 
 
 Ilakai (haiimd jj 
 
 IJaniiltcui Harbor joj, 
 
 Ilanniiij; r«iy jj^ 
 
 Hazy Ij-lands ni^ 
 
 Uowitt Itock j3 |i 
 
 Hill Island ...[......." 107 
 
 li/ncliiulu-ook Island 153 
 
 ITo.TMii Island j,j,j 
 
 Hoi, ham iJa.v jjo 
 
 Hnoi, s liay jQj. 
 
 Jlorno Hay ,„ 
 
 I. 
 
 J'> ""^- 141 
 
 I''} I'lPO ];)! 
 
 Icy Strait i>r Cross Sound io,| j 39 
 
 Iiy Strait, I.slands i,i y.^ 
 
 Iliiia Harbor ],« 
 
 I|)higcnia !Viy [ pj 
 
 Islands; 
 
 Admiralty ](,., 
 
 .\Ii'xuiid('r, Arcbipflago of the 70 
 
 Barren j.- 
 
 lilorkii ,j|| 
 
 Cai>e or St. I.azara ^^ 
 
 Cenotaph j.^j 
 
 Chiswell ,-, 
 
 <.'IinKa<li ■ ■ ■ J. , 
 
 Conmalion ,,- 
 
 Etidiii ^^ 
 
 Forristcr ,^^ 
 
 Gravina .y.. 
 
 *"•"■'■" ..'. 10-1 
 
INDEX. 
 
 245 > 
 
 . 157 
 40 
 10 
 !« 
 16 
 
 108 
 10 
 38 
 
 
 UrliidiiU . 
 
 Hnzy 
 
 Hill 
 
 Page. 
 
 79 
 
 90 
 
 197 
 
 llincliiulii'iHik l''>3 
 
 I1hl;iii •'■« 
 
 III lev .Slniil 130 
 
 K:iM' »r Kiiyiik •■*■• 
 
 Kiiijjlilx 139 
 
 I.iit'iiii'hu or KiHit !"7 
 
 .Miirluiuli 119 
 
 .M..iiliiciii' l-'il' 
 
 Oti Ink nr Miililli'ton H* 
 
 I'l .•stihalii m- Fiiliw ell 107, lOH 
 
 I'MViiiolm ((I'Tiu-iiabmil HI 
 
 JV ' iw 
 
 SinllBli I'-M 
 
 79 
 
 Ull 
 
 97 
 
 79 
 
 Skill 
 
 'i'iinijij;aiu 
 
 Wiiiii-ii 
 
 ■«•(..!({,. 
 
 Wiiiji'Mlu KS 
 
 VubIui 103 
 
 J. 
 
 jMiniial 111' iiu'toorologioal oliHiTvaliciiia at llicni- 
 Uimk, UiiuluKka 
 
 Ka<]iak, rliiiuitc uf 
 
 Kiiiliii K.iik 
 
 K.ikr Strait 
 
 Kakiiii UiviT 
 
 Kaliiiiiia liay 
 
 KiiiiiiNrliak Hay 
 
 Kau' nr Kayak iMlaml 
 
 Kazi'.rii ilay 
 
 K'tnai I'liiiiisulu 
 
 Klia/. Hay 
 
 Kliikiitcliif or SiiliMbiiiy SIihU 
 
 Kiiiclil'* Islaml 
 
 Kiiii-k itr r'iri- Kivrr 
 
 KuliflHirt' Uo<-k 
 
 Ivvialisliiia Ikiy 
 
 Ky^aiii' Iliirliiir 
 
 K> iiiiiiipt Ilai Ijor 
 
 IM'U Itiif 
 
 Luiiia l'itw.'ii(io 
 
 I.atoiiclii' or FcKit lalaiiil . 
 
 I.iKlil at Sitka 
 
 LiiiiU'iiliiry Ikiy 
 
 i>ion'« Ili-aft 
 
 Litlli' {'r»«8 Strait 
 
 Ijtiija May 
 
 I.dW Iiilit 
 
 Liiwtr Kiiiitstiow Bay ... 
 
 H. 
 
 Mac'local IlnrlKir 
 
 Maiy Hay 
 
 SI.I,au«iil in Riy 
 
 Mfl<'"riil.i(;i<al almtrait for Sitka from INT tii IHIVJ. 
 Mctiiii"lii;riral nlLTWaliunnat Ilimiliiaik. I'lialaska 
 
 Midillilon nr (Mrlli'k l»lallit 
 
 MiliMiiik .S<iiiini 
 
 MiiH'ialM 
 
 Mm'linali Soiiiiil 
 
 ■,V2 
 
 237 
 
 ati 
 llx 
 
 109 
 
 187 
 
 in 
 
 I9ii 
 144 
 79 
 109 
 
 va 
 
 121 
 
 i:i9 
 
 190 
 
 118 
 
 lU 
 
 91 
 
 14 
 
 143 
 11 
 
 11)7 
 130 i 
 
 1(18 
 
 la) 
 
 10 
 103 
 
 101 
 
 l£l 
 
 II 
 
 '-•23 
 
 am 
 n; 
 I'j 
 
 34 
 
 119 
 
 M. 
 
 P»in'. 
 
 Moira SiiiiihI 78 
 
 MoiitaM-iir I>4lau<l l-V-t 
 
 M.uinl Caiilir 98 
 
 Mo.iiil Crillim 134 
 
 Miiiiiil !<'air«ialbi'r IXi 
 
 Moiiir. :•:. EliuH 14'J 
 
 Mount tVriuiKvU l-"*! 
 
 MutUtoy 103 
 
 N. 
 
 Xaiiiii HarlMir I ' 
 
 Ni'va 1* isnatif I'' 
 
 .Viiiiln. liiik SliiMil I8« 
 
 N, mil Cap.' Wl 
 
 Xnrtli PartHairo Um'k 103 
 
 Xiika nay 1"3 
 
 O. 
 
 OlisorvatiiiiiH for (llmlloii of wind at llioiilloiik, 
 
 riiaia»ka 'J^Ui 
 
 (kiaii 1 iiant iiiirtliwaril of CajM' SpomtT 131 
 
 Odil.'a ( lialllli-1 Ki 
 
 (Jtilukor .Middletoii Inliinil 1 17 
 
 Otiiiiloi or Slioal'il I'llillt 14'^ 
 
 litter .■iouiul 90 
 
 P. 
 
 Paiiiploim IfoekH 148 
 
 I'a vloir Harlwr 104 
 
 I'erilSliait I'J4 
 
 renliluiiii or Farewell lalnnil 1"", 108 
 
 i'oilllH: 
 
 .\ iiclior 1 W 
 
 .Vlmier 114 
 
 Anlell 113 
 
 .\il);ll.ila 104 
 
 ilaker 99 
 
 llaiikK 1"« 
 
 Ba«II 104 
 
 Ik'ile 1"! 
 
 lienlini'k l''3 
 
 Hiiialiam 148 
 
 Ilol'laMe ■ 98 
 
 lJliil|.'.t l'"! 
 
 Coal 1* 
 
 ConiwalUa li'9 
 
 t'ouilteHH 108 
 
 ( 'oiiverdeu 104 
 
 DaviilHon '"' 
 
 Day 12 
 
 Kllxii 101 
 
 j,;|lit, 104 
 
 Klrilltttoll lO** 
 
 C.ardiiiT l""' 
 
 (iiliiioiir 100 
 
 (;ole 1 "3 
 
 Grn-.' 10'' 
 
 llarrii. ■O''' 
 
 llictjio" "'^ 
 
 Ili^'liMild *" 
 
 IMiart IIJ 
 
 lluuli "■- 
 
 KihuHiiiill ■"■■' 
 
 I.auilcT 11'' 
 
 Marartnev "« 
 
 Ma.ke.ule li"' 
 
 .MalMd.li '0'' 
 
 ilaHkelylie •• ^ 
 
 .Ml siiriir * 
 
2r)() 
 
 JNDKX. 
 
 p. 
 
 I'i>illtH: I'll;.'! 
 
 Nl'IM'Ull II 
 
 (dUil I*! 
 
 ( Umildl iir Sluwls 188 
 
 I'aikii 104 
 
 IVrcy 18 
 
 I'oHHl-HHilin 188 
 
 Pykc 168 
 
 HcHimi'i'tioii 170 
 
 Hi'licnt ' 105 
 
 Kiwi 7a 
 
 Sali»tiury HI* 
 
 Siiinnil 10;t 
 
 SiliUiiliakli lOa 
 
 Siiliuliiin 10« 
 
 Siiikllijj 100 
 
 S(anl»>iM- el 
 
 SI. Miiry HI6 
 
 Styliliiilll 113 
 
 Siilli villi 102 
 
 Tlakiiiikul 10:i 
 
 Tiiiiki>i 81 
 
 Valli'inar 73 
 
 VuiHii'init no 
 
 Walpi.li' lia 
 
 Wiiiilliaiii lis 
 
 Wliiilliiy 106 
 
 Wi.ionwi I!H) 
 
 l*n)inla(i<iit null ^I'lioral charactf 1*181108 of tlio iiihub- 
 
 ilaiilM M 
 
 I'nr]iuiHi- III- Itiril Riirkrt l.Vi 
 
 I'lirl All liiirp l* 
 
 I'lii-I Ai'iiiHtniii;; 101 
 
 I'nii l\iiiii\iriil)5i' 168 
 
 I'.ai ItalikB 114 
 
 I'm I Iliailili'lr 07 
 
 I'm I ( aniili'li 110 
 
 I'm I rliiillK.M IH) 
 
 I'm I < i.ii' liiHiuli 101 
 
 Poll Dii li 17.1 
 
 Purl r.lrlii'Miir N'liti'lit'k May 155 
 
 Purl ( inlilni'f 77 
 
 Iiirl Ilii.iKiilMii lia 
 
 I'oil Kn«liiv l!S 
 
 I'liii Maliiisluiiy 101 
 
 Pmi M.aii'H 77, 93 
 
 PnrI MiilKlilvi' l;W 
 
 Pint Priili'i'lidii Ill- 
 
 Purl Simp.HMii 17 
 
 Poll Siii'llishaiii Hi 
 
 Poll Sirwail 80 
 
 Porlaci' llailiiir ; 110 
 
 Poll '.anil rauul 7'i 
 
 Poiilaiiil ilurliiir 120 
 
 INivoiotiH'V i-r 'riiriialiont iHltinil Ill 
 
 Prini'i' William .'^n^l^ll or <'hiij;arli liiilf 151 
 
 PriiH-o William Soiinil. nitiancc to I.'i4 
 
 I'yt' IhIuihU iTi 
 
 <J. 
 
 Qiiii't Itay 81 
 
 K. 
 
 Kari' Partsajio 9 
 
 Ualxl. li Hay 81 
 
 Hi'il llay 89 
 
 K.'ilCaii.' 114 
 
 Ki'i'f I.iiiila 143 
 
 lli'i'f. Till' PoiuliiM 18 
 
 Pap'. 
 
 l;« 'igcCori' Ifl 
 
 ICi-.i. rei-tiiai Hay 170 
 
 AlHikli 135 
 
 Atiia 111" CojijiiT 149 
 
 (-•liUknlit 107 
 
 Kaknii 187 
 
 Kiiik iir Fiin 190 
 
 Slikiiii, t'l'iicral ili'Hi'iiiiliou (jU 
 
 SlikiiK'. ciiri'i'iit aiitt iiavigatinu 64 
 
 Sulwliitiia 191 
 
 I{o8i- Piiiiit 72 
 
 KiigKfd Kuck 164 
 
 8. 
 
 Safety Cove 10 
 
 Saginaw Bay 109 
 
 SaliHlmiy nr Klokatiluf Strait 133 
 
 Siliiiiiini- lii't nat 10 
 
 Scaforl li ( liuniii'l 18 
 
 Snillllcr Hank 147 
 
 Seal liocks 155 
 
 Seymour Hay 113 
 
 Seymour XairoWH 9 
 
 Sliip PaHsafii' 14 
 
 Shimi, Niniioiliik 180 
 
 Shoals or Otmeloi Point 128 
 
 SiililNiii Ulaliil 134 
 
 Silikini; I'oinI 160 
 
 Sitka. I'liinale of ai 
 
 Sitka llarlior . 119 
 
 Sitka, litlil at 180 
 
 Sitka Somnl Ufl 
 
 Skill Inlanil 79 
 
 SniicCoinir Hay 158 
 
 South PawMnge Itm^k 164 
 
 Simnka Hay 130 
 
 St. l^a/ara or Tupn 1 mIqihI 117 
 
 St. John'H Kay . . lag 
 
 St. CliryHONtoni Harbor 187 
 
 Steamer Hay 81 
 
 SleplHiiN Siiait Ill 
 
 Slewarl llarlior 16 
 
 Stikine Uiver, general ileHi'riptiou 83 
 
 Stikiue liiver, elimale 80 
 
 Stikine liiver. enrrent and navigation 84 
 
 Stikine liiver. Ilah auil gumo M 
 
 Stikine .'vhuhI Ht* 
 
 StiH-kilale Harbor 167 
 
 Strailn intirseitingCliatliam Strait 108 
 
 Stripeil Mountain la 
 
 SntHrliitiia Uiver 191 
 
 T. 
 
 Takntat or Beliring Hay 137 
 
 Tayakliiinxiii llarlior 73 
 
 " 'i'he Trap ■ 7 
 
 Tilled al : 
 
 I 'ape Turner 139 
 
 i(otil.'4|reain Harlior n 
 
 K_\-gaTie ilarlior 91 
 
 Kyniimpt llarlior ij 
 
 1 ililva liay 133 
 
 Port Klelie« or Nuteliiik Bay 157 
 
 Point po»!*eMMiiin 189 
 
 Port Sini|Moii ig 
 
 iSltka (go 
 
 TongH!i Hay 78 
 
 
IXDKX. 
 
 251 
 
 t. 
 
 'l'i)ii;;ils Illy T8 
 
 Tdiiliiii I'liiiit «l 
 
 'rniifTiKs N'aiTows aiitl the itraviim TftlnufiH 75 
 
 •I'srliii ikdIV lliv 100 
 
 Tiiniapiiu Arm 180 
 
 Tiirnayain Inland 191 
 
 W, 
 
 WalniHiviii-y '80 
 
 WaiTi-n iHlaliil 97 
 
 VVidixi" ImIuikI 79 
 
 vVilliiiinH Hank U7 
 
 Winjiliani Island 145 
 
 Wolf I{(K-k« n:t 
 
 W. 
 
 I'aK"'. 
 
 Wiaiitjcll PannaRO Ill 
 
 Wianp;; Strait H8 
 
 V. 
 
 ' ■Vi'irctablf Pioiliii'tlima iiU 
 
 VitsUiiri Kipi'k IIM 
 
 y. 
 
 Va«lia Islaiiil 10:1 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaikiiir Hay IW) 
 
 ZpiKibia Uiiik 118