IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ilM 
 
 IM 
 
 1^ 
 
 M 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 — li 
 
 
 M 
 
 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 7] 
 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photograpiiic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STHBT 
 WIBSTIR.N.Y. M5S0 
 
 (71*) t/i^soa 
 
 ^ 
 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a AtA poseible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mithode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquis ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 □ Covers damaged/ 
 C( 
 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul6e 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes giographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 ReliA avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge int^rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas M film^es. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires; 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommag6es 
 
 n Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul^es 
 
 r T/I*ages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 I vf Pages d^colordes, tachet^es ou piqudes 
 
 □Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtachies 
 
 ~~K Showthrough/ 
 I Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 Quality inigale de {'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplimentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Mition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont AtA film^es A nouveau de fa9on d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
I 
 
 itails 
 i du 
 odifier 
 ' une 
 mage 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quaslty 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grdce d la 
 g6n6rosit6 de: 
 
 Bibliothdque nationale du Canada 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire fijmd, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover Wiien appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les axemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprim6e sont film6s en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas; le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre 
 film6s A des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 A partir 
 de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 irrata 
 to 
 
 pelure, 
 n A 
 
 D 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
8R«ili"fi3ccj 
 
 **1»li iikQI 
 
 NAIIONAL LIBRARY 
 C A Di-A-^-TC' 
 BlBLIOTUi^QUli: /n ATIONALE 
 
 H 
 
 ,/' 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 Read before the February meeting of 
 the York * Pioneer and His- 
 torical vSociety 
 
 BV THK 
 
 REV. HENRY 5CADDINQ, D. D. 
 
 TOKONTt) : 
 
 The Kntbxing Teleoram. 
 
 1K85. 
 
 / 
 
1>C ri^^ 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 c ? 
 
 L 
 
 TWO NAPOLEONIC RELICS. 
 
 We must all of us have remarked that 
 in the dates which we have been famil- 
 iarly using for several years past are 
 the exact counterparts, if ye substitute 
 eight for seven, of dates with which we 
 are very familiar as having Jbeen those 
 of events of a striking character, oc- 
 curring just at the close of the last 
 century. It seems a very little while 
 ago since we were using the dates 1889- 
 92-94, and we could not help being re 
 minded thereby of sipiilar dates, 1789, 
 storming of the Bastile, 1793-94, the 
 Reign of Terror, and other dates mark- 
 ing dreadful events in the drama not yet 
 entirely played out, known as the French 
 Revolution. 
 
 We also here in Western Canada have 
 bad several centennial celebrations late- 
 ly, that of the organization of the Pro- 
 vince of Upper Canada, for example, and 
 hoUMng of its first Parliament in 1792, 
 the laying out of York, i.e., Toronto> in 
 1798, and so forth, and in this year, 
 1895, we recall the close of the ever- 
 memorable administration of Governor 
 Simcoe in 1795. 
 
 How unaware were our forefathers of 
 the startling events which were occur- 
 ring in Europe at the very moment when 
 they were acting and moving and mak- 
 ing their mp.rk on the soil of Canada 
 here ; and it is often well for us for our 
 comfort and peace of mind, that we are 
 not made acquainted with things that 
 are happening at particular inom,enti< 
 jiuit out^ldle our own sphere. 
 
 V I / 
 
■• 
 
 'i' 
 
 3' 
 
 By a curious ougraving which I hap- 
 pen to possess, I am reminded that about 
 this time 100 years ago Napoleon Bona- 
 parte was begiuuiug to be the terror of 
 Western Europe. 
 
 In three-years' time from 1795 he was 
 seriously threatening England with in- 
 vasion at the head of an overwhelming 
 force. It was simply at the moment, 
 perhaps, only a pretence Just to spread 
 alarm and to cover ulterior designs. He 
 collected at St. Malo. on the coast of 
 Brittany, in France, an immense force, 
 naval and military, ostensibly tor 
 the invasion of England ; but in reality 
 it was probably from the very outset 
 intended simply to mask the attack 
 upon Egypt, which he suddenly made in 
 the year 1798, and which was so gal- 
 lantly checkmated by Nelson at the Bat- 
 tle of the Nile. 
 
 It is iu connection with the gathering 
 of an armament for the alleged invasion 
 of England that the old engraving in 
 my possession has an interest. I have 
 accordingly determined to exhibit it to 
 you. It was found among the papers of 
 my father, who, I know, set a particu- 
 lar value upon it as having been secured 
 by him at the time of the great alarm 
 felt in England at the prospect of an in- 
 vasion by Napoleon Bonaparte. More- 
 over, it may not be inappropriate to 
 do so in that the name and fame of 
 Napoleon are at the present time under- 
 going a revival in consequence of the 
 simultaneous publication of illustrated 
 memoirs of Napoleon in several popular 
 pei'iodicals. 
 
 The print to which I refer professeii 
 to give a view of a huge raft as seen 
 
afloat at St. Malo in February, 1798, 
 and was " published February 13, 1798, 
 by John Fairburn, No. 146 Minories, 
 London.*' This engraving represents the 
 apparatus for conveying the expedition 
 to the shores of England, consisting of 
 a kind of gigantic ferry raft, bearing in 
 the midst apparently a bomb-proof, 
 metal-sheathed citadel and surraouuted 
 by a tall mast, bearing a flag some- 
 what resembling the tri-color of later 
 years. 
 
 The whole raft in Hup posed to be pro- 
 pelled forward by means of four engines 
 contained in the same number of low 
 toweris, situated two at each end : each 
 ••iigiuf turiiis a oh ddJe- wheel of large 
 diameter, set in motion by a con- 
 trivance of six horizontal sweeps placed 
 
 the towers, so as to be 
 the wind after th? man- 
 sweeps of a windmill, 
 vertically, but as we 
 
 on the top of 
 acted upon by 
 uer of the great 
 only moving not 
 
 have said horizontally. 
 
 We have here paddle-wheel propulsion 
 of very large vessels, anticipated with 
 wind instead of steam as the moving 
 agent. 
 
 On the flat floor of the raft are seen 
 squadrons of cavalry proceeding at full 
 gallop, in perfect order, however, pass- 
 ing across the surface, having entered 
 the great floating affair by a set of 
 draw-bridges at one end, which can evi- 
 dently be lifted up when the process of 
 embarkation is completed, whilst a cor- 
 responding set of drawbridges to be used 
 for debarkation are seen at the other 
 end already hauled up. 
 
 They are deploying round and passing 
 into an arched entrance to quarters pro- 
 
 I 
 
IT 
 
 f 
 
 5 
 
 vided for them in the basement of the 
 central fortress or citadel. 
 
 The eugrayiug before us informs us 
 that this extraordinary structure was 
 600 feet long by 300 broad, mounts 500 
 pieces of cannon, 36 and 4:8-pounders, 
 and is to convey 15,000 troops, etc., for 
 the invasion of England. 
 
 In the background is seen the Town 
 of St. Malo, partially lining the shore, 
 with adjoining heights, each crowned 
 with a signal tower and flagstaff. Park- 
 man, in his *' Pioneers of France in the 
 New World," page 181, thus describen 
 the town of St. Malo :— 
 
 " The ancient town of St. Malo, thrust 
 out like a buttress into the sea, strange 
 and grim of aspect, breathing war from 
 its wally and battlements of rugged stone 
 —a stronghold of privateers, the home 
 of a race whose intractable and defiant 
 independence neither time nor change 
 has subdued— has been for centuries a 
 nursery for hardy mariners." 
 
 Parkman then refers to Jacques Car- 
 tier, in whom Canadians are so much 
 interested, inasmuch as it was from this 
 port that he sailed on his famous voy- 
 age of discovery in the New World, 
 April 20, 1534. 
 
 Parkman describes the portrait of 
 Jacques Cartier preserved at St. Malo, 
 now become familiar to all Canadians 
 from Hamel's copy thereof. 
 
 Parkman informs us that it shows him 
 as a man of bold, keen features, bespeak- 
 ing a spirit not apt to quail before the 
 wrath of man or of the elements. 
 
 In the account appended to the engrav- 
 ing of the St. Malo raft, it should be 
 subjoined, we are told, that a bomb- 
 
proof arraugemeut was made for the 
 working of the paddle-wheels by horse- 
 power, whenever the wind apparatus 
 Bhould be unavailable. 
 
 It may be added, too, that another 
 great raft, the exact counterpart of the 
 one described, is seen in the distance, 
 putting out to sea, whilst a 
 
 fleet lies in readiness in the 
 
 harbor under the heights close by. 
 Whether these formidable appliances for 
 the invasion of England were ever con- 
 structed in all their completeness or not 
 may be a question, but it is not im- 
 probable that we have in these pictures 
 of them reproductions of adumbrasions 
 made in outline by the hand of the clever 
 Engineer Napoleon himself. 
 
 After the abortive preparations of 1798 
 Napoleon still did not relinquish the de- 
 signs which he had formed for the in- 
 vasion of England. In the year 1804 
 he assembled an armament with the 
 same object in view on a vast scale, but 
 on this occasion not at St, Malo, but 
 at tiie port of Boulogne, nineteen miles 
 south-west of Calais. 
 
 In the meantime he had caused himself 
 to be elected Emperor of the French. 
 
 His armj'^, which was styled the Army 
 of England, now consisted, it is said, 
 of 180,000 men, and a flotilla of 2,400 
 transports. Napoleon, fully confidnit of 
 the success of this renewed attempt on 
 England, had the die of a medal pre- 
 Ijared, which was to be struck on his 
 taking possession of London. The en- 
 graver was Jeuifroy, the designer was 
 l)enon» the device on the reverse was 
 Hercules holding an amphibious monster 
 in the air, half man and half sea-serpent, 
 
 
 t 
 

 t 
 
 \ 
 
 cruHhing it to death. The monster, of 
 course, represented England, and Her- 
 cules was France. 
 
 In the mind of Napoleon and his artists 
 the wish was doubtless father to the 
 thought, but, as we know, it was not 
 destined to be fulfilled. 
 
 The allusion in the device is to the 
 mythological story of the destruction of 
 Antaeus by Hercule^. Antaeus, as the 
 story goes, was the son of Neptune and 
 Terra, and was powerless so long as he 
 was kept from contact with Mother 
 E£i.rth, a contact he was ever desirous 
 of repeating. 
 
 I exhibit the engraving of the medal 
 thus described, which appears in Plate 
 v., contained in Edward Edwards' Napo- 
 leon Medals, published iu Loudon by Paul 
 and Dominic Coluaghi iu 1837. At page 
 15 of that work we are informed that 
 ** the dies of this medal were engraved 
 in Paris, at the epoch when the expe- 
 dition against England was preparing, 
 and were intended to hp.vc bcoii employed 
 in Lo>.don afte- the taking of that 
 city." 
 
 As the expedition did not take place, 
 the medal was never struck. Some im- 
 pvessions, however, in soft metal and 
 fine plaster of Paris were made, and 
 from them at a later period fac similes 
 were derived, copies of which are occa- 
 sionally found in the cabinets of the 
 curious. 
 
 The medal bears the inscrip^on in 
 French, " Deseente en Augleterre," i.e.. 
 *' Attack on England," and below 
 are the words " Frappee a Londres, 
 1804," i.e., " Struck at London in the 
 year 1804." But London was not captur- 
 
8 
 
 ed. The trained bands oK Loudon stood in 
 the way, and more formidable still were 
 the people of the three Kingdoms, linked 
 together as one united phalanx for de- 
 fence. 
 
 It is somewhat singular that a lofty 
 and conspicuous column 164 feet in 
 height should be seen to this day on the 
 heights abovt' Boulogne, recalling the 
 memory of Napoleon's quixotic ideas in 
 regard to the aune^itiou of England to 
 the Empire of France. 
 
 How noble is the future which offers 
 itself to the Britisli Empire throughout 
 the globe, could its sons everywhere be 
 induced to dwell together in unity, and 
 on every critical occasion to p^rit like 
 their forefathers whon a tyranx sought 
 to lay a yoke upon thei> aecks. In this 
 way, what Shakespeare said of the lim- 
 ited England of his time will be ful- 
 filled in the case of the greater Eng- 
 land of to-day, and still more in the 
 case of the vaster and more compact 
 British Empire of the following ages. 
 
 I close with a portion of his words 
 to be found at the end of the famous 
 tragedy of *' King John," making there- 
 in the verbal change of *' the Empire " 
 for England : 
 
 " This Empire never did, nor never shall, 
 Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror. 
 
 Come the three corners bf the world in 
 
 arms, 
 And we shall shock them. Nought shall 
 
 Hiake us rue, 
 Let but the Empire to itself rest true."