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7
LIST OF RECORDED
EARTHQUAKES
In New Brunswick.
COMPILED FROM PUBLISHED WORKS AND
FROM PRIVATE INFORMATION.
BY SAMUEL W. KAIN.
Reprinted from Bulletin XVI of the Natural History Society of
New Brunswick.
ST. JOHN, N. B. :
Bahnhs ife Co., Printers, 84 Princk VVm. Street,
1898.
•
16
BULLETIN OF THE XATUUAL IIISTORV SOCIETY.
ARTICLE II.
LIST OF BECORDED EARTHQUAKES IN NEW
BRUNSWICK.
Compiled fkom Piiblishei) Works and from Privatk Information.
By Samitel W. Kain.
Read March 1st, 1S98.
In recent times much attention has been given to the study of
earthquakes. In the historic period a number of shocks have been
felt in this Province. Information in regard to them, however, is
scattered and not easily accessible, ^ome of the shocks have been
noted only in the newspapers, and a few of the more recent, in Grand
Manan, have been drawn to my attention by one of our corresponding
members resident there.
The following list has been compiled for the convenience of students,
both in New Brunswick and abroad, and will be found complete for all
shocks recorded. The time given (unless otherwise stated) is local
time. To reduce St. John local time to 75th meridian time, deduct
35 mins. 44 sec.
1G68. February 5; 5. SO p. lu., 8 p. ni.
This earthquake was of considerable violence, and was felt throughout the
St. Lawrence Valley, Acadia and New England. {Can. Naf., Oct., 1860).
1755. November.
Three or four shocks are recorded as having been felt in New England and
Nova Scotia (then including New Brunswick). Sir William Dawson states
{Can. Nat., October, 1860) that two of these shocks were violent.
1764. September 30 ; about noon.
In the Halifax Gazette (Nova Scotia), December 13, 1764, occurs the following
news it«m: "We hear from St. John's, in this Province, that on the 30th
of September last, about 12 o'clock at noon, that a very severe shock of an
eartluiuake was felt there."
1817. May 22 ; 8.31 a. m.
Felt in all imrts of New Brunswick. The following account is from the
CQurier; "A heavy shock of earthf|uake was felt in St. John on the 32nd,
LIST OF UKCOUDEI) KAHTJU/UAKKS IN NKW BKUNSWIOK.
17
31 minutes past three o'clock, a. m. It was prenerled by a noise as if a
giilo of wind s|»riin{j up, after which the earth began to shako violently,
lumbling as if heavy carriages were passing. The trembling continued 15
seconds. Tiie air was clear, with not a breath of wind. A minute after
the shock moanings were heard from the southward. The earthquake was
felt at Fredericton, fully as violent as at this place. At St. Andrews the
shock was severely felt ; the alarm was so great as to occasion the soldiers
to leave their barracks. The shock at Fredericton occurred at 3.25 n. m.;
tremulous motion lasted 'Jo seconds; jjrofound calm ; atmosphere heavy."
The .same journal has also an account of the shock as felt at (Irand Manan,
which is of interest: "The eartlKjuake of 22nd May was felt at Grand
Manan ; occurred just before daybreak, commcnciiig with a loud sound, at
the same time a violent shaking of houses. Tlie shaking did not continue,
but the sound lasted from 30 to 45 seconds. All agree in describing the
motion as violent ai.d the soun't very loud. Weather fine and serene;
light wind from northward; previous day uncommonly hot."
Peter Fisher, in his Ilidory of New Kriimmck (1825), refers to this shock in
the following paragraph : " New Brunswick appears to be but little liable
to the great convulsions of nature, such as eartiaiuakes, hurricanes, torna-
does, etc. There has been but one shock of an etirth(iuake experienced by
the present inhabitants since they settled in this country {i. e., 1783-
1825). This shock hap])encd on the 22nd May, 1817, at 25 minutes past
3 o'clock in the morning. Tlic duration of the shock was alwut 45 seconds.
It was attended with the usual rum])l}ng noise, without thtmder, the
weather being sei-ene and pleasant. The appearances, however, usually
indicating eartlujuakes, such as fiery meteors, the uncommon brilliancy of
the aurora borealis, etc., had been frequent the winter preceding."
In the journal* of Azor Hoyt, 1813-1855 (of Lower Norton, Kings Co., N. B.),
the following entry occurs : " May 22iid (1817) a shock of an earthquake."
This shock was felt all through the Maritime Provinces.
1S24. July ».
Severe shock felt all over the Province. -(Caw. Nat., October, 1860).
1865. February 8 ; 6.80 a. in.
Felt all over the Province ; also in Nova Scotia and in parts of the State of
Maine. Mcxlerate.
Dr. P. R. Inches has [>laced in my hands the following note made by him at
the time :
"Saint John, February 8th, 1855.
This morning at half past six o'clock several shocks of an eartlujuake were
felt here. I was lying in bed at the time, not cpiite awake, when I was
startled by hearing a roaring and rumbling noise as of a chimney on fire,
but much louder, followed by a violent shaking of the iiouse 'ind bed. I
at once started out of bed to . oe what was the matter, but could find no
cause for the noise. I could not imagine what was causing it unless it was
an earth(juake. I got into bed and shortly after, I think in about five or
♦ Manuscript: in possession of Rev. W. O. Raymond, St. John,
1«
bULLKTlN OK I'llK NATURAL HISTOUY H0(;1KTV.
six minutes, felt another shock, hut so very slif^ht as to lie just {leroeptihle
and no more. A{^ain ii few seconds aftei- this second shock I thought I felt
another, hut I was not positive. The first shock lasted forty or fifty
seconds, the second about tlit; syme time. It has, I l)elieve, been felt at
Cliatham, P'l'cdericton, Dorchester, and in the State of Maine. It appears
to have been felt at Dordiester more than anywhere else. Some windows
in the house of the Hon. E. B. (Jhandler of that j>lace were broken."
Speaking of this shock in ArwUnii (It'oloijij, pp. 39 40, Sir Wm. Daw.son
.sjiys : " Its point of greatest intensity apfiears to have been at the bend of
the Petitcodiac (Moncton). At this place there were several shocks, one
of them sufficiently severe to damage a brick building."
In the Journal of Azor Hoyt, the following entry occurs: " February 8th,
(1855). Three shocks of an earthquake — felt all through the Province."
This is the last entry in the Journal.
1860. October 17; «.25 a. iii.
Felt over a large area of Eastern Canada and the New England States.
Also felt in tliis Province. Moderate in New Brunswick, but severe in
Quebec and Ontario.
The Motimuj Neirs of October l!Mh, lS()i>, says: " A vibration of the earth
from twenty to tliirty sc^conds in (hu'ation occurred about twenty-five
minutes past six o'clock on Wednesday morning along the western side of
the harbour, causing the houses to shake (piite perceptibly, and in several
cases awakening people fi'om their sluinl)ers. We do not know what
distance it extended or whether it was perceived in St. John or not ; but
parties residing in the vicinity of Negrotown Point felt it very distinctly,
as did persons living ncai' the Asylum."
18(>i). October 22; r»,48 a, iii.
This earthcjuake was of considerable violence, antl was felt all througli the
Maritime ProviiK;t3s, St. f.awrcnce Valley and the New England States.
The reports publislicd in our city [)ai)crs descii])e it a.* tiie most violent
shock ever felt here. It was preceded by a lumbling rushing noise like
the noi.se of distant thunder, and then came the vil)rations, or series of them,
which seemed to pass away in the distance as though a wave like motion
had been imparted to the crust of the earth. These vibrations appeared
to be travelling nearly east and west. Houses were shaken, dishes rattled,
. and bells rang, and in some cases tlower pots, etc., where lolled over.
The shock lasted about fifteen seconds. The papers of that date (October
25th, 18(59) state that the waters of lakes and streams were discoloured by
the shock, and it is noticed in particular that the water of the stream at
' Penobst|uiR, whicjh supplied the paper mill at that place, turned chalky
and had not regained its clearness on the following day. It is worthy of
refilark tiiat at Frederictoji, in Mr. Babbit's .■^hop, the clocks facing north-
west were stopped, while those at light angles to that diiection were not
affected.
W. Watson Allen has given me the following note about this shock: "At
Derby (Miramichi), at the Mill Pond, known as Wilson's Mills, u spring on
List ok kI-u^ordicd kaUthquakks in new buunswick.
Id
the west bank of the pond, before the eurthiiHuke, boiled out of the ground,
riMinfj to ii height of about a foot. After tlie earthcjuake, the fountain
|>ait of tlie .spiinir (li.sappeiied, althouj^h the sprin<r itself is still there, but
(liniinish(;(l. Mr. William Wilson, who iiad lived tiieie many years, always
claimed that the pond had increased in volume of water tc a large extent.
" At the forks (the (ionlhuince of Cain's Rivor and S. W. Miramichi), Mr.
Jacob Layton, who iiad resided tiiere continuously for a number of years,
states that in the bed of the main Miramichi River, near the shore where
the water was (juito shallow, and on a sjiot of ground that ho knew very
well, after the cartlupiak(i there ai)|)e)ned a spring of boiling water,
sutficient to make a commotion upon the surface. There never had been
any indications of it before the eartluiuake."
1870. Marcli 17 ; <i to 8 a. m.
Felt at St. Jolm and Fredericton. Light. It was at tiiis time tliat a land-
slide occurred Mt Sand I'oint, carrying tiie end of the Point out into the
deeper water of tlic harbour. Sand Point is a gravel deposit formed by
the meeting of the harl)oni- tifles and the river, and is underlaid by clay.
This clay had probably been eroded by the action of water, and a heavy
storm the day lii-fore had hastened a tiondition of instability which, even
without a sli^'iit earth movement, would .soon have caused the landslide.
1870. October 20; 11.40 a. in.
Felt all over tlic Piovince. In tl\e lower part of the St. Lawrence Valley it
was much moic vioKiut than in New Biunswick.
Dr. Jack, of tlic Piti\ineial University, at Fredericton, in a despatch to the
St. .lohn DnJIji '/'«/, 7/7(/)/( (October 21st, l.S7<0' thus describes it: " It was
at seventecM niinntcs l)ef()rc noon that the first shock was felt here. This
ia.sted j)erhaps two seconds, and was shortly followed by another of about
tlie same severity, which may have been the return stroke, as the interval
between was not over half a minute. The motion was vibratorj^ and
seemed to be from south to north. It was not as strong as the eai'thcpiake
of last year. There was violent wind all of Tuesday afternoon and night,
and this afteinoon we have a heavy rain and lowering darkness." The
time at St. John was accurately noted to be 11.40; at Fredericton it was
WAX
1882. December ,31; ».56 p. in.
St. John, Rothesay, Su.ssex and Fredericton. Light. Two shocks felt.
The following is from the St. John Ddili/ Sun (January 'ind, 18H3): "At
four miinites to 10 on Sinidaj* night a slight shock of earthcpiake was felt.
In one residence on Charlotte street a vase was thrown from its stand to
the floor and broken ; in another house, in an o[)posite part of the city, all
the ornaments on a Christmas tree were set swinging vigorously. The
shock was also distinctlj felt in Indiantown and on the other side of the
harbour. It was also felt at Sussex, Fredericton, and very markedly at
Rothesav."
I
20
liULLIiTIN OK THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
1884. January 20.
At Rothesay. Tlireo 1it?ht sliocks.
^9th.
Reported in Dally 7'e/e<jraj)h of January
1885. June; lO a. ni.
Rotheaay, Seal Cove and Southern Head, Grand Manan. Lij^ht at Rothesay,
but severe at Southern Hea(J, where several tons of rock fell from the cliffs
near the lighthouse.
1890. March 32; 7.5« p. lu.
Thi.s sliock was felt in Charlotte and Yoi'k Counties, New Brunswick, and in
Washington County, Maine. The area distiu'bed has a diameter of about
lOU miles, and lies adjacent to the shores of the Bay of Fundy and the
Oulf of Maine.
By correspondence with observer.-* at different j)oints, I liave been able to
secure .some notes on this disturbance.
Easti'ort, Maine. —The shock took place here March 22nd, at 7.o6 (75th
meridian time), and lasted four or five seconds. This office is located in
tlie new governjnent liuilding, built of granite, and on a .solid ledge. Still
the tremor was distinctly felt throughout the building, and more so by
those living in wooden houses, The shock had no perceptible effect on our
barograph. It had been rising steadily since noon, and I failed to see
the least deviation in ihe trace. D. C. Murphy,
U. S. Meteorolo(jical Observer.
Beaver Hauror, N. B. — Shock slightly felt here on 22nd March at 8.45 p. m.
Jar enough in some buildings to make glass rattle,
Fr.ACKj's Cove, (Jrand .Manan, N. B. — A slight eartlujuake shock was felt
here on Sunday, Marcli 22nd. The noise was very distinct, but oidy lasted
a few moments. It was felt all over the island at the same time as at
this station. Cr,AHA C. Seely,
Dominion Metcoroloyiral Oh.server.
St. Andrews, N. B. — The shock was markedly felt at St. Andrews. A well
known gentleman resident there wrote me as follows : " The noise at first
was very sharp and was succeeded by a gradually lessening sound, and
was all over in three seconds. It occui'red at 8.45 p. m."
In addition to the above places the shock was felt in all the West Isles,
on the maiidand northward to McAdam, some distance along the line
between McAdam and Woodstock, and at St. Stephen and Penntield.
The shock was not felt at St. John, Fredericton, or Yarmoutii, N. S.
18»6. May I5th; ll.OO p. m.
A light shock was felt on this date at Fredericton, along the Nashwaak
Valley, at Andover, and uj) the Tobicpie Valley as far as Three Brooks.
A gentleman at Fredericton, in a letter to me, described it as "one momen-
tary concussion." Dr. Welling, writing from Andover, says: "Two
LIST OF RFX'OKDKI) KAKTHQUAKES IN NKW HHUNSWirK.
21
of January
Rothesay,
m the cliffs
ick, and in
3r of about
ly and the
en able vo
7.56 (75th
located in
Ige. Still,
lore so by
feet on our
led to see
hserrer.
8.45 p. m.
I was felt
nly lasted
me as at
shocks from an earth<iuake were felt here on the night of 15th of May
about 11 o'clock. I was in bed at the time and felt the bed shake and
tremble. One gentleman was about retii'ing wlieu he. heard what he
thought were horses ruiuuug around the iiouso, but wiiun lie reached the
door the noise was repeated and he saw at once that it was the shock of au
eartlujuake. It was heard at Three Brooks on the Tobi<|ue River some
twenty miles distant about the same houi."
1897. January 26'; in the morning.
Felt at Campobello and Deer Island. Light.
1897. January 28; 9 p. m.
A sharp shock felt at Southern Head, (Jrand Manan. Duration about two
seconds. Mr. W. B. McLaughlan, the light-keeper, in writing, says :
"It shook us up so violently that it .set my dogs barking and tiie hor.se
and cattle in the stable tried to break loose. I made a record of it in my
journal."
1897. February 14; 9 p. ni.
Mr. McLaughlan goes on to say : "On the evening of the I4th inst., about
the same hour, we felt another sharp shock, but not so violent as that of
January 28th.
" I am of the opinion that these shocks are of fre(iuent occurrence in the Bay
of Fundy, and arc generally thought to be the reports of cannon. I
recollect that about twelve years ago the midflle of next June, at 10 o'clock
a. m., we felt a violent shock at this station and at Seal Cove, but the only
place on the mainland that I noticed it re{)orted was at Rothesay, Kings
Co. That shock was so violent that several tons of rock fell from the cliS
near the lighthouse."
A well
*e at first
)und, and
est Isles,
the line
lield.
1897. September 25 ; 1.30 p. m.
Parts of Charlotte and York counties in this Province, and in some parts of
Easteru Maine. Light. Felt distinctly at Canterbury, McAdam and
St. Stephen. At St. Stephen it rattled dishes, etc. , and at McAdam the
earth trembled as from the passing of a heavy railway ttain. It lasted
fifteen seconds.
Not felt at St. Andrews, Eastport, or Woodstock.
ashwaak
Brooks,
momen-
"Two
1897. October 12 ; 10.35 p. ni.
South West Head, Grand Manan. Light. "Duration about five seconds.
Wind due south, strong gale and hazy weather, about two hours to high
tide. Shock from southeast with a roar like a waggon over a frozen road.
It shook the buildings sufficiently to alarm my watch dog."' (Letter
from W. B, McLaughlan),
nULLKTIN OF THR NATUHAK IIISTOUY SOflKTY.
1808. January 11 ; 2 a. m.
At South Wost Head, (iiaiul Manila.
"We felt a Hhurp shock of (!aith(|iiako ut this phico on Tiiewhiy, tlie 11th
inst. , at 2 a. ni. It souiuh'il Ukt! a heavy explosion, Wind noi'lhcaHt,
light, hit,di water, clear cold weatluM." (Letter from W. H. McLaiigldan).
The greater frefjuency <»f eartluiuakes at (xriTKl Marian than at any
other phice in the Province; is worthy of note, and it is possihle tliat
further observations may show some connection between the so-called
"gun reports" (see Bulletin XIV, pp. 10-44, IS!))),) and these light
earth movements.
In the discussion which followed, i)i'. (leo. F. Matthew said: "'riiis
part of the Hay of Fundy it remarkable for its great deptli and pre-
cipitous shoies. Off Brier Island the bottom descends to a depth of
100 fathoms iti a distance of three miles from the outermost ledge ; it
is almost ecjually abi'upt on the Granfl Manan slope ; the trough
between is deeper than th(( bottom of the (tulf of iMain<; outside ad-
joining. This is the only pait of the Bay of Fundy wlieie there have
been heavy outflows of trap of Tiiassic age on Imfh sides of the bay,
and the abyss between may be comphjuiPiitary to these ejections of
lava. The weakness of the earth's crust here in Triassic times, as
shown by the volcanic eruptions of that age, may not even yet be
altogether removed ; but the greater tendency to eaith(|uake move-
ments in this district may be the dying throes of the old Triassic
disturbances."
I'V.
lOMilay, the 1 1th
\'iii(l iiorthciiHt,
>. Mc'LlUlirhlllll).
in than at any
possible tliat
1 the so-called
ul these light
w said: "This
leptli and pre-
to a depth of
iiost ledge ; it
; the trough
e outside ad-
re there have
e.s of the hay,
J ejections of
ssic times, as
even yet he
Kpiake move-
old Triassic