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BY mS EXCELLENCY SIR EDMUND WALKER HEAD, Bart. GOVBESOB GENERAL OF BEITISU NOBXH AMEBICA, ETC., EIC. EIC.,. THE SECOND PRIZE. • . ^16.' BY ALEXANDER MORRIS, A. M. BAEEI3tEE-AX-I.AW. SECOND EDITION. ••VI./I'UTK ET tABOIlE, "DUM SITUO, Sl'EBO," MONTREAL: B. DAWSON, No. 33 GREAT ST. JAMES STREET ; LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, SON & Co., 47 LUDGATE HILL, 1855. /' ,^- '. . ,,V«^f»! »J : CS'JOTHECA jflontnal : TBIXTED BY JOUX LOViaL, ST. XICHOLAS SIKEET. - ; ' ;;',j:J c^. f / F -^ bo \h PREFACE. The writer, in submitting this Essay to the atten- tJon of his readers, disclaims all pretension to originality. His labour has been the plodding one of a compiler, and thus he has availed him- self liberally of the resources within his reach. Keeping in view the desiderata of "practical utility and comprehensiveness, combined with conciseness," his sole object has been to produce a Treatise characterised by these features, and thereby to contribute his mite to the advance- ment of his native country. He therefore dedi- cates this Essay to The People of Canada, in the hope that the ensuing pages may be found to contain reliable information with regard to the resources and present position of the Pro- vince, and prove of permanent utility « for pur- poses of reference." Montreal, May, 1855. " It is scarcely possible that an Englishman of sensibility and imagiuation should look without pleasure aiid national prido on the vigorous and splendid youth of " (a colony which is destined yet to be) " a great people, whoso veins are filled with our blood, whose minds are nourished with our literature, and on whom is entailed the rich inheritance of our civilization, our freedom, and our glory." — Macau hit/. i m h n irt. INDEX. PACK. IfJTROBtTCTiov. — Plan of this Trcatiso, 7 Geoiooical Structure — Chapter I, 8 I'roliininary Oiitlino, »...., K Western Geoloijical Division of Canada, ;» EaKtt'in do. do. do ] 9 Northern do. do. do 20 GEOfiBAPnicAL Featuiies — Chapter 11 2'i Boundarieg of wholo Province, 'J'i The Mngdalon Islands — Anticosti, 23 Natural Divisions of Lower Canada — the Ottawa Country — the Eastern Townships, «i;c., &c., 23 Natural Divisions of Upper Canada 34 River St. Lawrence, :;8 The Lakoa 3S Naturai, raoDUOTs— Chapter III 40 The Forest 40 Mines and Minerals 42 Tlio Fi>lierie8,.. 4ft A^^'ricnltural Produco, 47 (irowth of Flax and Jiomp, 4;^ MANCFAnuREs— Chapter IV, 49 Commerce — Chapter V, 5] (rcnoral Coiiimerco, 52 Trade with ITnitcd States — its progress 55 Tlie Ilociprocity Treaty, and its fi aturoB 55 Intci-coloiiial Tradii — its position— suggestions as to ita extension,. . . 57 llie Canadian Passenger Route 53 Ocean Steamers, qo Canals of Canada g| 1'lie Hallway System, (53 llio Grand Trunk Hallway P4 Ilie Great AVosteru Railway qq Other Railways, f,8 i IKSXX. Social iNSTirrrioNs — Chapter VI, 76 The Municipal System 71 The Municipal Loan Fund, 78 General Legislation, 74 The Postal System 75 TJie Legal and Judicial Systems, 76 TJie Banking System, 78 The Press SI Educationai, IxsTrrcTioNs — Chnptcr VII 83 University and Colleges of Upper Canada, 83 The Normal Schools do do S4 The Grammar Schools do do 85 Tlie Common Schools do do 8(5 Other Colleges do do '.il The School Sy^^tem of Lower Canada, '.*2 Political Lnstitutions — Chapter VIII, m Statistics, illustrative of the progress and position of Canada — Chapter IX, ;iS Population — its increase, VS Emigration, ICH) Rise of ToAvns, 101 Population by origin 102 Religious Census— number of Clmrches, 103 Area of Canada, 103 Agricultural Produce, and contrast therein between Canada and Oliiu, 101 Revenue and Expenditure, 1 1 'il Public Securities 1( (7 Public Debt of the Province, 108 Tnn Climati; of Canapa — Chapter X loy Climate of Canada AVest 1 1 '• Lower Canada 112 Prevailing Winds, 113 Longevity in Canada Ill Concluding IIemauks, 114 ArPE-NDIX , 116 /l^« CANADA AND HEE EESOUECES. " Canada, the brightest jewel of the British Crown." V ti \ The Province of Canada is attracting increased and deservedly merited attention. Iler resources have of late years been rapidly developing, and tho growth of her population is steadily and annually augmenting. A bright future is opening out to her, and her progress, agricultural, commercial and industrial, cannot fail to be nuuli accelerated, so soon as tho people of Great Britain and of Europe come to bo aware of the many advantages which are held out to intending emigrants by this important dependency of the Dritish Crown. No country in tho world, — we boldly aver it, — oftere a more desirablo residence than Canada, fur her attractions consist not only in every material comfort, but also in the gift of political lil)orty and educational advantages to all her inhabitants; and these attrariions are held out, not merely to that class of emigrants who have some small moans, or to that other class who are jwssessed of comparatively greater means, but to whom increasing families and tlio k(.'en competition of the old world make a changt^ to tho new desirable, but also to the industrious mechanic, to the hiu'dy agriculturist, and, in fact, to all clasNos of settlers. That such is undoul>tedly the case, the following rapid review of her jtonition and rt^sources, however necessarily iuiperfect, will abntiilaiitly demonstrate. in endeavoring, tliereforo, to treat the subject in a systematic and concise manner, and yet to present s(»mo adeipiate iilea of tho Trovinco of Canada and her resources, 1 now proeeeil preliminarily to describe the geological structure of tho rrovince, — a subject 8 CANADA. wliich, however interesting to tlie scientific inquirer, will not pro- bably attract the attention of the general reader. I will then trace in as brief a manner as is consistent with the magnitude of the subjoct, the geographical outline of the country, exhibiting also its various natural divisions; after which the reader will bo directed in successive chapters to a consideration of the natural productions, the manufactures, the commerce, and the social, educational and ])olitical institutions of the Province. A chapter will then be dovoted to presenting such statistical information as may not have been necessarily interspersed throughout other portions of the work, and a closing chapter will be devoted to the removing of certain prejudices which exist with regard to the climate of Canada. CKArTER I.* GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. To obtain a correct view of the Geological features of the Pro- vince of Canada it must bo regarded as connected with the physical structure of the bordering States of the American Union on the one hand, and with that of the sister British North American Colonies on the other hand. It will, therefore, be convenient to divide the subject in the fii"st place into two great sections, and drawing a line in continuation of the Hudson River and Lake Champlain Valleys to the vicinity of Quebec, to consider f lie area to tlio west of it separately from that on the south of (ho St. Lawrence to the east, in consequence of important ditferences in their Geological conditions, each area belonging to a great triangle of Ibssiliferous strata, resting on supposed primary rocks, and con- taining coal measures in the centre ; but in neither case is it believed that these measures, at least as regards the prnlitaMe portion of them, come Avitliin the I'rovince. The conditions iu which these two great areas dill'er are the general quiescence and conformable scijuenco of the formations of the western division, and the violent conditions and unconformable relations prevailing among those of the eastern. To obtain, however, a conqtleto and exhaustive view of the subject, a third great section must l»e included, comprehending what may bo termed Northern Canada. * Thin clmptcr is cliit-fly coiuIonseJ nnil conipileil from tlio very valuable Uoporta of llio rroviucial Uoologist, W. E. Lujjan, Ebij., ¥. IL IS. 'A \ M- \ CANADA. y THE "WESTERN DIVISION. Tn illustrating tlio general relations of tlie rock formations of the rrovince, the great ai'ea in which the western division is in- c;ludefl,as connected Avith the Geology of Canada, may be described a-s a gigantic trough of fossiliferous strata, conformable from the Mimmit of the coal to the bottom of the very lowest forniations, -sXintaining organic remains, with a transverse axis reaching from the Wisconsin Iviver and (Ireen Bay, in Lake Michigan, to the neiffhbourhoed of Washinirton, a distance of nearlv 700 miles, an J a longiturlinal one extending from Quebec in a south-westerly direction to some point beyond the Tenessee River in Alabama. ("oTitained within this vast trough, and resulting from gentle undulations in the strata, there are three important subordinate basins, the centre of each of which sproads out in a gigantic coal field. One of those extends in length from the County of Logan, 'in the southern borders of Kentucky, iu a north-westerly direction to the liock River iu Illinois, where it falls into the Mississippi, a distance of 3 GO miles, and in breailth from the mouth of the Mis- souri to the County of Tippecanoe, on the Wabash in ludiana, 300 miles. Presenting an oval form, this coal field covers 55,000 square miles. The second occupies the heart of the Slate of Michigan, and reaching 100 miles iu an east and west direction, from within ]3 leagues of the lake of that name, to Saginaw Bay iu Lake Huron, and 150 miles in a north and eouth line from the n<^igh- bourhood of the liivei's Maiustee and Ausable, it exhiliits an "rregiilar ])ontagonal shai>o, and corapiises a superficies of I'i.OOt square miles. T!ic (bird carboniferous area strctcln;s lougitudin nl!y about 000 miles in a iiorlli-eastorly course, from the State of Tennessee to the north-eastern corner of IVnnsylvania, whore many outlying patehes b-long to it, and 170 miles transversely from th«» north branch of t!ie I'otomac in Maryland, to the south-eastern eonu>r of Summit County iu Ohio, 12 leagues south of Cleve- land on Lake Erie. It <:omprise3 (.:(),000 s([uare miles, and pos- ftossos a sinuous sidirhomboidal form. The main trunk of the < Miio serpentines through the upper portion of this region for about 400 niiles of the upper part of its course. The Su9([uelianna and •ts tributaries intersect the north-eastern extren)ily of the deposit, and the valleys of demidation in which tlieso waters flow, assisting the ell'ect of u series of nearly equidistant undulations in the strata. a 10 CANADA. , there break its continuity into the outliers alluded to, whicli gener- ally rest on mountain tops in the interrupted prolongation of a number of narrow subsidiary troughs, resulting from the undula> tions in question, and giving an irregular deeply indented contour ,to the outcrop of the main body of the coal. The chief part of the >. travcrsmg Mar land, i CANADA. XI \ passes through Pennsylvania, by Harrisburg on the Susquehanna, and Belvidere on the Delaware, accompanied up to this point by the underlying sandstone. Diminished in its thickness it thenft* crosses New Jersey, and reaching Poughkeepsie it passes up the valley of the Hudson and Champlain, keeping to the east by the river and the lake, and attains the neighbourhood of Missisquoi Bay. Entering Canada it proceeds towards Quebec, and reachea the vicinity of that fortress; and a stratified limestone answering Its condition is quarried and burned in the Seigniory of St. Hyaciiithe. As Quebec itself does not stand upon the formation, it probably crosses the St. Lawrence higher up the stream ; but it may be seen in the quarries of Beauport, and further down the river, and its limit in that direction is to be found near Cape Tourment, where tlie underlying primary rocks come to the water's edge. Turning at this point, and following the northern outcrop of the deposit up the valley of the St. Lawrence, it is found . to run along the foot of a range of syenitio hills of a gneissotd oi'der, which preserve a very even and direct south-westerly course, , wid down the flank of which the various tributaries of the great river are successively precipitated in rapids and cascades. On tUo Maskinongc the syenitio range iS about twelve miles in' a direct line from the St. Lawrence, on the Achigan about twenty, and it strikes the Kivit^re du Nord about half a mile south of the Village of St. Jerome. Following this stream, the prininry rocks, which are close upon its northern bank, gradually assume a course with less of southing in it, until they roach Lachute Mills, where their direction becomes nearly due east. Along this lino, from Capo Tourment, the basset edge of the limestone does not in all cases come quite up to the primary rock. There is, occasionally a space left between the two for the sandstone beneath, and on the Riviere du Nord tlie calciferous part of this rock, eappod by the limestone, is seen in several places in a well d( fined esearpment about half a mile from the syenitio range, dipjiing suutliward at ^ an angle of six degrees, which is probably one or two more than the average inclination along the strike of the northern outcrop tlius far traced. Leaving the llivicro du Nord at Lachute Mills the olge of the r>ssiliforous strata, still well definci by the rise of the primary rocks from below them, crosses the Township of Chatham, pursu- iiig a direct course to Gronvillo on the Ottawa, where tliecalca- 12 CANADA. reous deposit is scon at tho upper end of the canal. A little above the village the primary range comes upon the river, vrhich may correctly be considered the general division between the two, until we attain the Township of Hull. A bond in the Ottawa there, cutting deep into the limestone, leaves four or five miles breadth of it on its left bank, and the formation displayed m lofty preci- pices in the neighbourhood of Bytown affords the magnificent scenery of the Chaudiere Falls. It reaches, it is understood, the Island of Allumettes, and Ihenco, turning soutlnvard, runs through the Townships of Pakenham, Ivamsay and Drummoud, crosses the Rideau Canal and Kideau Lake in Eimsley, wheio, with the subjacent sandstone, it is seen in section at tho Upper Narrows, resting on the primaiy rocks, and dipping to the north of east at nn angle of four degrees ; and sweeping roimd the adjoining corner .>f Bastard and Yongo it traverses Elizabothtown, and reaches the St. Lawrence in the neighbourhood of Brockville. The limestone deposit, following the St. Lawrence down to St. Regis, has a wide spread of the sandstone coming from beneath on the United States side of the river, the lower edge of which passes by Canton, ITojv kins and Malone, to Chateauguay, in a line north of east. Hero it makes a sudden turn to the south-east, and tho limestone, sweeping round at its proportionate distance, comes upon the western shore of Lake Champlain, at the mouth of the Chateau- guay River, about five miles up which its ba«e is seen. Running along the shore of tho lake it reaches Peru, where the basset edges of both sedimentary doposits come close together. Fallowing up the lake thov attain Whitehall. They then bend round to the val- ley of tlift Mohaw];, ascending which they arrive in the ni-ighbour- hood of Trenton, where a grand display of the limestone in the falls .)f that name gives origin to tho New York designation <^if the upper part of the deposit. From this tho limestone gniji^ the IMack River, and follows down the whole of its course to L;il<( Ontario, of which it forms the coast, from F.llisburgh to a point below Cape St. Vincent. Again entering Canada, it composes Wolfo Ishuid, and the upper part of Howe Island, and it is seen resting on the primary rocks in Cedar Island, without the intcr.-)osition of the sandstone. Kingston stands upon the formation, aufi the base of it, cropping out several miles to tho north of the town, strikes away to tlic Townships of Madoc and Marmora, in each of which the; primary rocks are seen giving it support near their respective iron works. f* I i CANADA. 13 it> I* i». Tiion it runs to llama ou Luke Simcoe, and sinks under the waters of Lake Huron in Georgian Bay. IJetween Kingston and Lako Huron llio general dip of the furnialion is so small tliat it is next to inipraoticable to measure it. Tlie breadth of tlie band it \ (sents is consequently considerable, thirty-hvo miles being the measure from tlui base at ^iarmora to its summit at Newcastle on Lake Ontario. Tlio north-eastern and northern shores of Lako Huron are desciibcd by Dr. ]>igsby as presenting a primary country, and they may be taken as tlie boundary of the sedimentary deposit wo are following, from the point where it is lost beneath tho waters of Georgian Bay, until it re-appears at St. Mary's Falls, at the exit of I^ake Superior, where tlie Michigan geologists des- cribe a limestone apparently answering its conditions. Thence it reaches Greeu Bay on Liike Michigan, and proceeds to the Wis- consin iiiver, following it down to its junction with the Mi^^sissippi. SERIES OF FOSSIUFEROrS DKrOSITS. ILaving tlius traced, as far as neccssarv, tlie conlour of thf lowest deposits of the fosdiliferous area under description, and having given the position and siii>erficies of tlie coal-lields which spread out at tho summit of the series, it will be understood that tho whole of tho space between the perimeter of tho latter and., tho boundary of the former is occu[»ied by the various belts or zones resulting from tho outcrojis cf the successive formations. The lowest of these fossil iferous deposits i-j the sandstone already mentioned. It assumes various lithologleal appearances. At its base it is sometimes a quartz rock, hard and vitrious, and it frequently prescnis tlie appearance of a conglomerate, as at Ganano(pie. It is often an even-bedded, even-grained sandstone, yellowish brown and compact, or white and friable. But the typical (juality of the whole mass, as seen at T'otsdam in New York, wliei-e it is extensively quarried, is a yellowish brown sand- stone. It is said to contain few fossils. The total thickness of the formation is .300 feet. This silicious deposit passes into a sandstone of caleiferous (piality, whi.di the geologists of Pennsyl- vanla class with the fi)rmer, but those of New York con>ider a distinct furn)ation. It is in general a line-grained arenaceous limestone, with some beds of a [>ure calcareous (pudily. Its thick DOSS is iiliout JoO leet. To this succeeds the iiiq'oyt:Mit calcareous Joposit of wliiel) the course )i;is boon so e.'.tensively tniced. Tho 14 CANADA. lower of this formation consists < dark irregular limestone. It has a thickness of ] .10 feet, and upon it rests a dark blueish compact hard limestone, occasionally yielding marble. It hat •ome drab colored beds, giving water lime. The thickness of this deposit may be about 140 feet. As well as the previous part, it is considered to possess peculiar fossils, and with it constitutes the New York inferior limestone formation. The superior formation u based in some parts upon a valuable ten feet bed of black marble, extensively worked on Lake Ghamplain, above which occur variou* •trata of black limestone, alterhating more or less with black bitu- ' mioous shale, and dissociated in some places with one or two impor- ' taut bands of a grey colour, and of a more crystalline texture. Tbi* grey stone is extensively quarried at Montreal. At the top of th« gen«ral deposit, which in New York is known as the Trenton limestone, the bituminous shale predominates over the limestone, tad affords a passage to tlie succeeding formation. The next deposit in the order of superposition is the black bi''it«- iflittouB shftle, differing very littlefrom the argillaceous partof tbi« ' previous formation. In Upper Canada it may be peen at Whitby,, whence it has a run to Nottawasaga Bay, and in Lower Canada bo the Montreal side of the St. Lawrence. It has distinctive ' fossite. It does not exceed 100 feet in thickneiB. Upon the preceding lies a deposit of thin grey sandstone strata alternating with fine easily disintegrating argillaceous shale bed* of a greenish color. Occasionally there are vari; ibns in its litbo- logical character, there being sometimes a bana of red argi)l»- oeous and purple argillaceous shale, and above it a set of argiU Iftceous strata, com^Msed of flattened laminated pieces, with a glossy black exterior. Its thickness may be estimated at 1400 The next superimposed deposit is a grey even-bedded sand- stone, of a rather fine-grained durable quality, used for building purposes. It has few fossils, and its thickness is about 100 feeU The total thickness of the rocks enumerated does not reach 2500 feet The summit of the formation last mentioned, after running up the south side of the Mohawk valley, gains the State of New York at Oswego. Thence, in a course parallel to the outcrops of the for- mations above it, it reaches Oakville near the head of Lake Ontario, from which point it bends round to CoUingwood, on Nottawasaga Bay in Lake Uuron. If a line, therefore, be drawn betwecQ m I CANADA. ^S lihese two points, on the two lakes, it is probable, taking into ei^ wderation the extremely moderate dip and undisturbed condi. < n of the strata, that no deposit higher in the series than the grey -sandstone will be found in any part of Canada between that line and Quebec. There are still to be interposed between the grey *andstone and the true coal measures a mass of strata equal at ihe lowest computation to between 4000 and 5000 feet, an4 we are therefore not warranted reasonably to anticipate the ooonr- 4ence of any part oif the true ooal measure in thei^istiaeltjn question, — a conclusion which every d*y'B experienoe is jufttifj^i^. Continuing an enumeration of tho formations in an aacendimg «rder of superposition, the next in succession totthe grey sandstcwe k a variegated red and green, marly and -shaly saodstone, ofa orumbly nature, with which are sssodated some bands of qqart30|pe Iprey sandstone. Brine springs issue from this formation, one ^f Which exists at St. Catherines in Upper Canadai, a.nd i» usedfor medicinal pur|)08e8, an Artesian well having been sunk into it.; T^ thickness of this deposit is estimated at about 000 Jeet> ! Upon the preceding reste a set of strata i eonsisting (^ bHgtit green shales, assoQiated with « partial bed of oolitic fossiUferou* Virion ore, of which the greatest observed thickness ip any plaioei^s ^ two feet, and interstratified with twa bands of more or Jess jijipjire limestone, containing stratified organic remains.. .Th0 thickufw bf the deposit may be estimated at 80 feet. v ;<;■: '" I'he next formation consists of calcareo-argillaceous shale of« a ttlueish color, abundantly fbsbiliferous^ on which a few bedsof 8)li- i^o-argiil»ceou6 limestone constitute a passage into a strong cal- ^ careous rock above. The lower part of this eoneists of a>c6nient6d 'mass of broken enorinital colunins, often beautifully -variegated • ^th red, to which succeeds a thiok-bedded grey limestone, followed *by one of a darker color, upon which rests a brownish biturainomi lititiestone, sparry below, and marked by the presence of sulphurets s eipice which presents the whole thickness of this limestone that the rapids and cataract of Niagara fall. It is said to be in th« north-western development of the limestone of this Niagara group ihat the great lead mines of Wisconsin exist We now come to a deposit of valuable economic character : in 16 CANADA. the lower part it consists of variegated green-spotted red shulos rmountv -coloui'( laty limestone strata, alternating with red shales, which are followed by brownish calca- reous and argillaceous sliales, enclosing white and dark-coloured masses of gypsum, of which there apj)ear to be two ranges capable of being profitably workcil, separated from one another by a band of porous limestone. Cavities of great magnitude exist in the gypsiferous part of the deposit, and the whole is capped by calca- reous strata, tit for hydraulic cement. This formation is the seat of a number of valuable brine springs. The fossils of the forma- tion are not numerous, and its thickness is about 700 feet. This deposit, so valuable for its gypsum, salt and hydraulic lime, occupies a belt of country on the south side of Lake Ontario, iind, passing into Canada across the Niagara River, occupies nearly all the neck of land separating Lake Ontario from Lake Erie. This whole assemblage of deposits skirts the shore of tlu) fonner lake through Niagara County, and, attaining the extremity of it, the strike turns northward towards Cabot's iload on Lake Huron. On the east side of it is the red and green sandstone, and to the west will bo the gypsiferous rocks, some of which sire already worked for their plaster, on the Grand River, near the Town of Paris, U. C. In the general classitication of the New- York system of formations these rocks are followed by live succes- sive deposits of limestone, which thin out before reaching Canada, their thickness being 200 feet. To these calcareous I'ocks succeed three deposits of a silicious diaracter, of an average thickness in New York of 100 feet, which also thin out before reaching Canada. Resting on the sandstone in the eastern pail of New York, and ou the hydraulic limestone of the west, the next deposit in asoend- inrr order is calcareous. It consists of beds of limestone of a light irrev color. It vields a handsome variegated marble. The thick- ness is about 70 feet. These united bands of limestone strike into Canada on the Niagara River, whence they run westward along tho shore of Lake Erie for some distance. They are recognized again in Ohio and Michigan at the head of the lake, and they form a belt across the extremity of the southern peninsula of Michigan. In Canaihn patches of the immediately succeeding uro arenaceous limestones and conglomerates. The general ,:olour of the doj)o.sit is I'cd. In the eastern part of New York, among the Catskill Mountains, the thickness of the formation is aaid to bt' little under L'aOU feet, but it thins down to the west- ward, and on the south side of Lake Erie it dies away altogether. Such is the general character of the various deposits which fill up tlie great trough under consideration, within which the west- ern secLiou uf Canada, as above delineated, is included. INDEHIOR UOCKS. The general figure of the non-fossilit'orous rocks upon which tlio organic series rests may be inferred fmni the fuhsiliferous contour already described. In so far as Canada is concerned they consti- tute the whole of the northern parts of the Province, stretching 18 CANADA. from OTie extremity to the other. They compose the north shorw of the St. L.awrence and Ottawa, with the exception of the narroir «tJ^p of fosfiiliferous deposits between Capo Tourraent and (Jren- yille. They form the northern and eastern shores of Lake Supe- rior, and the northern coast of Lake Huron, and from between Maleliftdash Bay in the hitter and Alluraettes Island in the Ottawa thayrwh into a south-eastern epur, which terminates in a huge mountainous peninsular naasB lying between Lake Champlain and Lake" Ontario, and joined to the primary, body .by tlw narrow Inthinus of the Thousand islands. i Thiese rocks consist of talcose and other slates, quartz rock, gneiss, linrfAtotiQ^ serpentine, granite, syenite, and their subordinate maMfes. • The limestones and serpentines yield marbles of varioui beautiful descriptions. The feldepathic rooks, in their decomposir tion^ nfford good porcelain clays. Copper ores are found in several loiUiKties, veins of lead appear, phimbago is abundantly developed, chtdtaiate of iron is known to exist, and the wliole system appears to 4)8' associated witii lai^ and valuable supplies of the maguetk and' lipecular oxides of iron. 31k0 extraordinary abundance iti which those two 'attcr ores am, fouwd tender them very valuable in an -ecooomio point of view. > At the summit of the roc/ks under description in the peninsula Jying between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan an important collection of copper veins has been discovered. TERTIAUlf AND ALLcVlAL bKi»6sVTR. Over tnany parts of the great area wiiich has been described, whether primary or transitive, there is sprisad a more receiit sedi- mentary deposit, still in a soft condition, and consisting of varioos beds of clay, sand and gravel. These beds Are characterised, up to lieights of 500 feet above the level of the ocean, by tlie freqnent presence of marine shells of the same species a.s now inhabit llif Gulf of the St. Lawrence, and northern seas. Fifteen species hav« been found at I'ort Neuf at the height of 800 feet, and five of tht 'same species on the Montreal Mountain, at about 400 foet abow* salt wafer level, wliile in various parts of the St. Lawrence and ^amplain valiies such remains are found at more moderate eleva- tions. Still more recent than the tertiary deposits is the alluvial drifl «rith which are associated boulders of igneous and other roolw < 1 r 1 ■X t s c 1 t. s n (] 1 I CAKADA. 19 •I with frequent extensive deposits of peat and fresh water shell marl, while bog iron ore is often met with in tracts sufliciently large and rich to give profitable employment to capital. Two of these be'*',iM • Thi$ division includes all that part of tho Province which ]i«9 to the OHstvynrd of tho already assumed divisional line, and to th^ ■oiith of the 8t. Lawrence, including, however, tho Island of Anti* oo«ti, and covering a space of 40,000 square miles. Although the labours of Dr. Gosnor in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have done nmch to bring before tho world some <»f th#,p)aiu loaturcs of the geology of the Lower Proviuees, there i« •tiU inucli wanting to enable such inferences to bo drawn as would m;^riully assist tho investigation of Eastern Canada. Tho State of Vermont has also not yot been examined, and tho State of Maine only partially. la very genoral terms, therefore, the area to which Eastert Canada apperlains may be df-scribcd as a soditnciitary trough, resting u|H)n primary rocks, with a transverse axis reaching from liabriulor in a south-east direction to the Atlantic Coast of Nova 20 CANADA. Scotia, and a loiigitudiiial one cxtondincr probalily from tlio centra of XcwtVnuhll.Tiid to s<>me uncertain point in tiio New England •States of the Anicvican Union. T!io centre of it is occupied by ii ijroat coal field coveriiuT nearly the wholes of Now I'.runswick and 3 considei'ublo part of Nova Scotia, Cape Hroton T>laiid and the south-westorn corner of Newfoundland, wliilo tliere is a b-um- portion of it lost beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It would be premature to assert or deny that rocks of more recent secundary ag'c rest ujion this, but the lower jiart of it ajipears to hold impor- tant deposits or' tjypsuni. The carboniferous rocks are atlectcd by disturbances on the south side of the trou^-h in Nova Scotia, jpviiig oni:^in to undulalions which are suboi'dinale to its longi- tudinal axis, while they appear to have suffered les:< from such disturbances, oitb.or on the centre or on the nortli, where the coal measure^, from Shediac to ^fiscou, have verv moderate angles of inclination. l>oth on the south and on the norlh tlh' coal for- mation seems to rest unconformably on the rocks below, and in these the flexures produced prior to the dcjtosit of that formation are so violent that in many places the stiata come against its base nearly at right atigies : from which it results that the cual meas- ures rest Sometimes upon the basset edges of the liigbcsl subjacent sedimentary depo.>lls, and sometimes upon the granit'", ihe carbo- nifeious p^jrinieter being no guide whatever to the gcograjdiical range of anything coming from beneath. The boundaiv d' these lower formations in Canada is the north bank of the St. I.awi'cnce from Labrador to Cape Touriucnt near Ciucbec ; but what tluir succession may bo, and how tar they agree in fossil, liihological or economical resnlis, can only be determineil after careful exami- nation. This <'xamination is being steadily proceeded willi, and surveys have b<'en made of several sections of the cast* in division, but lus yet a connected view of the entire area cannot be iireseiiled. ttl 2I 1. NOinilF.lJX DIVISION. There still remains what may bo termed Northern Canada, oxfonding from the I'.rilish limit on Lake Superior t<> Lalirador, «nd Iviiig bi'twcen the northern boundary of the eantern ami western division'^, and the height of land separating the ILidson Bny wafers from those of the St. Lawrence. Thi-i porf which are now worked, and one of these, the ISruce Mines, on an extensive scale. This shore j>resen(s an undulating country rising into hills whi''h sometimes attain the height of 400 and 700 feet above tlie lake. These occasionally exhibit rugged escarpments, and naked rocky surfaces, but in general their summits are rounded, and their Hanks with the valleys well clothed with trees, often of huge gi'owth, and of such species as are vahiablu in commerce, and in many pla( es giving promise of a giKul arable soil. JU'CIll arb'»- licai hcse rctu'i' heir •al or :auii- aiid -mil, ilud. iida, id(ir, and Ison arly \ The Geological survey of the Province is proceeding carefully nnd steadily, and its results will bo very advantageous to the Pro- vince, and benelieial to general science. At (Ik* (>re.'it Industrial Exhibition in I^ondon in 1851, a geologie:d map of th(> g(!ological formations of Canada, so far as known, was c\hil>ited, nT\d a collec- tion of minerals and geological specimens exhibited, of soe-'imjilete ;ind comprehensive a character as to eli>'it the en-^uing high testi- mony of approval fn>m the jury of the, class comprehending min- eral ]>ro(hle(s. " Of !ill the niifish Colonies, Canada is that who«(^ exhibition ift die mo. t interesting and complete, and one nniy even say that it is even suj'crior so tar as (ho mineral kijigdom is concerned to nil eouiifries that have forwarded their prudints to the Exiiihition. This .arises from the fact that the eolleetion has been nnide in a systemalie nuinner, and it results that tin study of it furnishes the means of appreciating at onco the geological structure nnd mineral ro^ouroes of (yjiniida." Similarjudieious efl'orts have been made for the representation of Canadian geology anil mineralogy, ami Canadian interests gen- erally, at the I'aris Kxposition, which no e convenient to notice separately the several trarts of country embraced iji the two Provinces, as elsewhere in this treatise refer- ttnces will be made toured the waters of the mighty river of that name, is formed between the western part of Newfoundland, the vaslem shores of Ijabrador, the eastern <;xtremity of the Province of New HrunHwick, part of the Province of Nova Scotia, and the Island of ( 'ape Breton. It coffliDunieates with the Atlantic Ouoau by three ditlorent pawn- CAiNADA'. 2S i^afl, viz : on the north by the straits of Belle Isle, between Labra- dor and the Island of Newfoundland, on the south-east by the pa.'isage between Cape Ray, the south-west extremity of the latter wi and and the north of Cape Breton Island, and lastly by tlie narrow channel named the Gut of Canso, which divides Cap© Hreton from Nova Scotia. On its south side is the island of St. John, more commonly called Priaco Edward's Island, a British iVovince under a Governor and Legislature of its own. To the northward of Prince Eklward's I'^land are the Magdalen Islands, which comprise an aggregate area of 78^000 acres. They are aeveu in number, wcupied as fishing stations, and are included In the Government of Canada, being for the purpose of representation comprehended in the County of Gaspe. The population of thtese islands at the period of the last Census was 2500. Ochres of various colours, and gypsum, or phtster of Paris, are abundant, and compose several miles of the seaward cliffs. ' • Within the Gulf of the St. Lawrentie also, ami at the vetj threshold of this great Province, lies the large Island of Antieo»9tL it is situated between the 49th and 50th parallels of north latitude, •nd the 61st and 65th degrees of west longitude, 420 miles l)elow Quel)ec. It has never been surveyed, but is deserving of attention, jw iU position admirably adaj)t« it for becoming an entrepot for f.arrying on the trade between Canada and Europe. It compriBos nearly two millions of acres. It is well woodetl, and mwch of the laud is believed to be arable. There are excellent liarl>our8 0ili it» coasts, and its sea and river fisheries are exceedingly valuable. . I . liOWEU CANADA. To present, however, a «listinct Geograpliical view of the Pro- vince of Lower Cannda, it may be well to notice it in sections, as indicated by its natural divisions, adopting those dviliiiod by another writ->r. It. Montgomery Martin. I therefore view firstly thecouD- iry on the north side of the St. Lawroiwo, and then that on tha ■i^juthsido. ' ' • • •'in '1 NOUTII 8IDK OF THE ST. I.AWnKKCK. I:*t. The most northerly and easterly section of the Province of Canada, extending from Uie Labrador Coast to the Saguenay Hivor, latitude 48" 5', longitude 69" 3V', occupies a front of ttfiO niiltt». A bold mountainous country charactorisos the coast lio'j, 24 CANADA. Ill 111 but of tlio intenor little is known. The country between tliosr •wo points is well watered bv numerous rivers. !2ud. The second georrraphioal divis^ion of the Province north of tlio St. Lawrence is that comprised between the mouths of the Saguenay and St. Maurice Rivers. The distance between tbese rivers is about 200 miitfs, the City of Quebec being midway between them. Fi'om Quebec dowuwards to the Sagncnay, the northori' ^hore of the St. Lawrence presents a cojitinuous nioun- iaiu range, but beyond this the interior of the country is in some •■ilaees Ihit, ia otiiers undulating, with chains of hilh of moderate iieight, and is well watered by numerous lakes and rivers. It is represented as being susceptible of cultivation, and an agricultural 'ietllemont of French Canadians is being formed on a considerable scale, with good prospects of success. Thei'c are several other 'ojalities in which good settlements already exist. On the River Saguenay itself, (which is a magnificent stream of great depth, the scenery of its shores being very grand, the rocks towering up in some places, .as at Cape Eternity, to the height of 3000 feet.) large operations in the manufacture of deals have been for many years carried on, and several ships have been there annually laden for I'iritain. The climate in this region of country is not more severe than at Quebec. The country is well wooded, and a company has been incorpoi'ated to construct a tram-way from the City of Quebec, ■,n the first instance, to the Lake of St. John, a large lake in the interior, and eventually to the Snijuenay; the intend'^d object being to furnish the citizens with supplies of fuel, and abo to open up the country for eettlemcnt. The ("ity of (Juebee oulains a population of 50,000. Tt is romantically situativl, ar.! tli- view from the Citadel and the Upper Town is graiul and e\te?i-ive. [* is the great shipping depot of the (Vmada lumber tra'le, ar.d h;i« also a large tra.le in ship building, wliiK. for foiir years ]> ist it lia« been the seat of the Provincial (rovernment. The country north-west of (iuebee, betw^'cn that city and tho St. Maurice, is not so bold as it is to the north-east, tmvards th*» SagiKinay. It is undulating, and along the St. Lawr-'Ucc is thickly settled. Tho Jvivers Jaccjues C;irtier, Port Xeuf, St. Atines, and Uiitiscan, water it. On the Port .Neuf tiiereis a large pai>er null, and otlier manufactories. Srd. The third territorial section nortli of the St. Lawrence einbracoR the country lying between the St. Maurice River and CANADA. 25 roeu tbesr nee north ths of the reen these f iviidw.iv 10 nay, the >ns moun- is in some nio(h'rat'' (•vs. It IP :^nou1tural nsiderablc or:il other tlic River dopth, the rinir "p i" feet.) hirge lany years ,' laden for ore sovero i.'iny hiiH CO in the d olijoitt o to opcT) )ut, 'nns a til'" viow ■ivc. I! ar.d h^^ M. it haf. a'ld iIk'. thickly n>'l , ,.||ll At the head of the lake the Blanclie River falls in, coming about ninety miles from the north. Thirty-four miles farther down tlic lake it receives the Montreal River, coming 120 miles from the north-west: the latter is the canoe route from the Ottawa to Hudson's Bay. Six miles lower, on the east side, it receives the Keepawa, a river of great size, passing through an unknown country, and coming from a lake said to be fifty miles long. Tlie Keepawa exceeds in volume the largest rivers in Great Britain, and in its descent to Lake Temiscaniing presents a magnificent cascade 120 feet in height. Though the middle course of this river is unknown, its commencement, if such it can bo called, has been surveyed, and it is extraordinary in its nature. Ninety miles above its mouth it was found fiowing slowly but veiy deep, and nearly throe hundred feet wide, and issuing from the west side of Lake Keopawa. Out of the southern extremity of that large lake, the River Dumoine, which enters the Ottawa a hnndred miles below the Keepawa, was also found llowing swiftly and very deep, and 150 foot in width, thus presenting a |vlienomenon similar to the connection of the Rio No^iTo and the Orinoco. From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaniing, 233 miles above Bytown, and 300 miles from the mouth of the Ottawa, down to Jeux Joachim Rapids, at the head of Deep River, that is for eighty-nine miles, the Ottawa with the exception of seventeen miles bolow the LongSanlt, and some other intervals, is rapid, and is not navigable except for canoes, liesides other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Bytown, it receives on the west side the Mattawa, which is the highway for canoes going to Lake Huron, by Lake Nipissing. From the Mattawa the Ottawa Hows east-bv-south to the head of Deep River roach, nine iiiiios above where it rocoives the River Dumoine from the north. From the head of L)oep River, as this part of tlio Ottawa is called, to the foot of Ui)per Allumettes Lake, two miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted reach of navigable water, forty-throe miles iu length. The general direction of the river in this part is south-east. The mountains along the nortii side of Deep River are upwards of a thousand feet in height, and the many wooded islands of Allumettes Lake render the scenery of this part of the Ottawa magnificent and exceedingly i)icturesqno — far sur))assing the celebrated Lake of the Thousand Islands on the St. Lawrence. 4a % CANADA. 27 ^a Passing tlio short rapid of AUumettes, and turning nortliward, round tlio lowov end of Allumuttos Island, wliich is fourteen miles long, and eiglit at its greatest widtli, and turning down soutli-east through Coulonge Lake, and passing behind the neai'ly similar Islands of Calumet, to the head of the Calumet Falls, the Ottawa presents, with the exception of one slight rapid, a reach of fifty miles of navigable water. The mountains on the north side of Coulonge Lake, whieh rise apparently to the height of 1500 feet, add a degree of grandeur to the scenery, which is in other respects beautiful and varied. In the Ujiper Alluraettes Lake, 115 miles fron\ IJytown, the Ottawa receives from the west the Petewawa, one of its largest tiibutaries. This river is 140 miles in length, and drains an area of 2200 square miles. At Pembroke, nine miles lower down, on the same side, an inferior stream, the Indian River, also empties itself into the Ottawa. At the head of Lake Coulogne, seventy-nine miles from Bytown, it receives from the north the Black lliver, 130 miles in length, draining an area of 1120 square miles; and nine miles lower, on the same t-ide, the River Coulonge, which is probably IGO miles in length, with a valley of 1800 square miles. From the head of the Calumet Falls to Portage du Fort, the liead of the steamboat navigation, a distance of eight miles, there are impassable rapids. Filly miles above Bytown the Ottawa receives on the west tho Bonne(,'here, 110 miles in length, draining :\n area of 980 miles. Eleven miles lower, it receives the Mada- waska, one of its greatest feeders, a river 210 miles in length, and draining 4100 square miles. Thirty-seven miles above l\vtown there is an interruption in the navigation, caused by three miles of rapids and falls, to pass which a railroad has been made. At the foot of the rapids the Ottawa divides amo-.g islands into numerous channels, presenting a most imposing array of separate falls Six miles above l^ytown begin tho rapids terminating in the Chandiere Falls, which, though inferior in impressive grandeur to the Falls of Niagara, are perhaps more permanently interesting, as presenting greater variety. The greatest height of the Chandiere Falls is about furty feet. Arrayed in every imaginable variety of form, in vast dark masses, in graceful cascades or in tumbling spray, they have been well described as a hundred rivers struggling for a passage. Not tho 28 CANADA. ■IIUIIM '< loiist interesting feature wliich tliey pref=eiit is tlic Lost Cliaudiero, ■where a body of water greater in vulunio than the '^I'hanies at Loudon is qnit'tly sucked down, and disappears under ground. At r>ytown the Otta^va receives the Kideau from the west, •run- ning a course of IIG miles, and draining an aroa of 1350 square miles. A mile lower it receives from the norlh its greatest tribu- tary, the dafineau, which, with a couvso probalily of 420 miles? drains an area of 12.000 square miles. For about 200 miles the upper comse of the river is in the unlcnown northern country. At the farthest point surveyed, 21 "7 miles from its mouth, the Gatiueau is still a noble stream, a thousand feet wide, diminished in depth but not in width. Eighteen miles lower down, the Kiviere du Lievre enters from the north, after running a course of 260 miles in length, and drain- ing an area of 4100 square miles. Fiftc^en miles below it the Ottawa receives the North and South Nation Rivers on either side, the former 95 and the latter 100 miles in length. Twenty- two miles further, the Hiver Rouge. 90 miles long, enters from the north. Twenty-one miles lower, the Riviere du Nord, 100 miles in length, comes in on the same side, and bistly just above its month it receives the River Assumption, which has a course of I;!!) miles. Fjom 15ytown the river is navigable to Oienville, a distance of fifty-eight miles, wdiere the rajiids that occur for tw<'lve miles arc avoided by a succession of canals. Twenty-three miles lower, at one of the mouths of the Ottawa, a single lo(;l<, to avoid a slight rajiid, gives a passage into Lake St. Louis, an expansion of the St. Lawrence above Montreal. The remaininfj half of the Ottawa's waters find their war to the St. Lawrence by passing in two channels behind the Islatid of Montreal and the Isle Jesus, in a course of thirty-one miles. They are interrupted with rapids, still it is by one of them that all the Ottawa lumber passes to market. At Hout de Tlsle, therefore, the Ottawa is finally merged in the St. Lawrence, 130 miles below By town. The most prominent characteristic of the Ottawa is its great volume. Even above Bytown, where it has to receive tributaries (^qual to the Uudson, the Shannon, the Thames, the Tweed, the Spey and the Clyde, it disjilays, when uncoufined, a width of half a mile of strong boiling rapid, and when at the highest, while the north waters are passing, the volume, by calculated approximation, f: r Dil CANADA. 29 ■'T is fully equal to that passing Niagara, that is double tlio common volume of the Ganges. Taking a birdseye view of the valley of the Ottawa, we see spread out before us a country equal to eight times the State of Vermont, or ten times that of Massachusetts, with its great artery the Ottawa curving through it, resembling the Rhine in length of course, and the Danube in magnitude. This immense region overlies a vai'iety of geological formations, and presents all their characteristic features, from the level uniform surface of the silurian system, which prevails along a great extent of the Ottawa, to the rugged and romantic ridges in the metamor- phic and primitive formations which stretch far away to the north and north-west. As far as our knowledge of the country extends, we find the greater part of it covered with a luxuriant growth of red and white pine timber, making the most valuable forests in the world, abundantly intersected with large rivers, fitted to convey the timber to market, when manufactured. The remaining j)ortion of it, if not so valuably wooded, presents a very extensive and advantageous field for settlement. Apart from the numeraus townships already surveyed and partly settled, and the lar.'e tracts of good land interspersed throughout the timber country, the great region on the upper course of the western tributaries of the Ottawa, behind the red i)ino country, exceeds tlio Stale of New Hampshire in extent, with an equal climate and sujH'rior soil. It is gonerally a beautiful undulating country, wooded with a ricli growth of maple, beech, birch, elm, Ac, and watered with lakes aud streams aflbrding numerous mill-sites, and nbounditig in fish. Flanking on the one side the lumbering country, which presents an exct'llent market for produce, and adjoining Lake Huron on tlie other, the sittiation, though comparatively iiilanroach- iuf the Cliaudiero River tliev diverge southwanllv. The frontier is thickly populated, the soutiiern baidc of tiio river from Quebec to Trois Pistoles, a distance of about 100 miles, inclusively of the frontage of the fertile Island of Orleans, ])resenting the appearenco of one continuous village of neat wliito farm-hous'^s. This results from the dwellings being all erected on the fronts of the farms. Riviere du Loup and Kakouua in the summer season 4. J CANADA. 31 ,v Bnins- s of 4Y0 i3' west awrence, li by the west by tin north ling 350 ay. The skirting distance ; between intersect- \tereil by )iinclantly of Cape i-equently rises into Pseutly, rand and lavcnture, ;olves into 3 Riviere, jawrencc ; es fall into boundary out along ,'s, and is 10 British ! sixty-two a])]iroach- 10 frontier 111 C^uebec inclusively snting the i'ni-lious'?s. i fronts of iier s^iA^'on have become of late years places of considerable resort as watering places. The Provincial Government have lately constructed several large wharves at various points along the St. Lawrence below Quebec, for the accouunodation of the inhabitants, and for the use of vessels. The physical aspect of this territory, embracing about 19,000 square miles, may be characterised as a hilly region abound- ing in extensive valleys. The immediate border of the St. Lawrence is tlat, soon, however, rising into irregular ridges, and attaining an elevated and extensive tableau. At the distance "-f fifteen to twenty miles from the shores of the St. Lawrence the tableau gently des- cends towards the liiver St. John, beyond which it again re-ascends, acquiring a greater degree of altitude towards the sources of the Allegash, finally merging in the Connecticut range of mountains. Gth. The last section of Lower Gauadji, south of the St. Law- rence, is that highly valuable tract west of the River Chaudiere, fronting the St. Lawrence, and having in the rear the high lands of Connecticut, and the parallel of the 45° of north latitude, which constitutes the south and south-east boundary of Lower Canada, where the latter is divided from the American States of New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. The superficial extent of this tract is 18,804 miles. The physical aspect varies through- out this extensive section : at the mouth of the Chaudioro the banks of the St. Lawrence exhibit the boldness for which they are remarkable at Quebec and Point Levi, but proceeding westward thoy gradually subside to a moderate elevation, till they sink into the tlats of Daio du Fobvre and the marshy shores of Lake St. I'oter, where the country becomes a richly luxuriant plain. Proceeding from Lake St. i'oter towards Montreal the boldness and grandeur of the country about Quebec may bo contrasted with the picturesque cluuiipaigne beauties of the Richelieu, Vor- cheres, Chambly, and Laprairio districts. Li the former ospoeially the .;yo of the spectator is delighted with a succession of rich and fruitful fields, luxuriant meadows, fiourishing srittlo'iieuts, neat homesteads, and rising villages, adorning the banks of the Riche- lieu, the Yamuska, and the St. Lawrence, whilst in the distance are seen tlie towering mountains of Rouville and Chambly, Rougemoiit, Mount Johnson, and Boucherville, rising majestically above the common level. As the country recedes from the St. Lawrence banks, to the east and S(.)uth-east, it gradually swells into ridges, becomes progressively more hilly, and finally assumes 3", 32 CANADA. '!■> : „ :(l I a mountainous character towai Jd J :;Ves ^femphreraagog and St. Franci?, beyond which it continues to preserve more or 'ess bold- ness of aspect to the borders of the Chaudiere, and the height of land at the Connecticut sources. * This last is the section of country known by the name of the Eastern Townships, and which properly so called are that great extent of habitable and fertile country contained between the Chambly atul Chaudiero Rivers in one direction, and between the frontier lines of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire, and the Seigniories of the Districts of Montreal, Saint Francis, Three Rivers, and part of Quebec, in the other. This vast territory j)ro- mises to become at no distant period the richest, the most popu- lous and the most flourishing part of Lower Canada, not only on account of its climate, milder than that of the shores of the St. Lawrence, of the immense extent of excellent and fertile soil which it incbides, and of its abundant streams of water, but also because, ■while boideriiigon the territory of the United States, it is traversed by the main lines of communication between the two ci>untries, namely, the railroad from Montreal to liichmond, and from Rich- mond to r«Mtland on the Atlantic, and by that from Richmond to Quebec, forming part of the (>rand Trunk line. The six great counties which the Eastern Townships comprise, Sherbroohe, Stanstead, Shctlord, Missis^uoi, Druminond, and Me- gantic, contain, accordingtoMr. IJouchetle's compilation, 4,88(5,400 acres of laud, and their ]H)pulation did not, according to the approxiniati' returns of the popiilaiion of Lower Canada of 1848, exceed (39,108 souls. In order to arrive at an approximate cMi- mate of the numbers whieb the Kastern Townships luiidil, contain, we will suppose that twothirds only of the superlirial aeres, that is 3, "257,000 acres, are occupied, omitting the other third as worth- less and unjirodiietive ; and allow one hiindred acres (o every .settler, the result will be n'J,">70 landed j)roprielois. We may therefore eoiichkle, willi<>ut fear of being charged wilii exaggera- tou, tliat the population of the l-lnsteru 'i'ownships nmy soon reach the number of 24!],0'_'7 souls, that is to say, a lunnber eipial to half th(! entire population of Lower Canada in 18.'$!. Wo wo\dd have (he reader to observe that the computation of 1,0'2«,800 •For tlu! oliief portieii of tlii^ slu'loli of (lie tev\nsliips tlie mitlior i? indcldi'd to the Itcport of the Coiiiniittco on tlic scttleniciit of tli'.so to^a sliipc, inibli-'lie'l by (ho llouso of As.»i'tiibly. 4 f CANADA. 33 I 1 f acres as unproductive is far beyond the mark, inasmuch as the Eastern Townships contain tra(!ts of land considered to be unpro- ductive, but yet very fit in fact for cultivation, and needing nothing to render them valuable but the application of a good system of drainage. The features of the country which we are describing are in general varied and exceedingly interesting. There are a considerable number of villages in tlie inhabited parts of the townships, and each distinguished by its particular kind of beauty. In one, the surronndinij landscape charms the eye. in another the buildings are constructed in a varieil and caprieious style, while of a tliird the most striking feature is its situation at the foot of a mountain or the border of a lake. Every township in any degree settled has its village; some possess two. In the Township of Ascot are Shcrbrooke and Lennoxville ; in Shipton, Kicliniond and Danville; in Grantham, Drummondville ? with many others Bcattered throughout the various townships. The Town of Sherbrooke is a village more considerable than the rt'st, and yielding in beaoty to none. The nearer we approach the frontier the greater the appearance of prosperity, and there the earliest settlements were maile. This extensive tcnilory is abundantly watered by the St. Francis, which has two main springs, namely, I,ak<* St. Francis, situated between the Counties of Mcgantic and Sherbrooke, and Lake Mt-Miphremaocg, ujion the frontier of ^'e|■mont, by the Kivers Xicolot, Hcc'iiicotir, (.'haiidiere, and by othew less considerable. Tlie Kivcr Mngog, passing through the Town of Shcrbrooke, fur- ni>lies water power to several colt<>n, wool, iron, paper, and pail faeiories. 'I'll," water power of the Magog, wliieh is considerable, wi!l evenlii.illy seld greatly to the importance of the Town of Sherl.roi'lvc. The Kiver Kecancour might be easily made naviga- ble by means of a cheap canal from the falls in luverness to I'.lack Lake, ;i distance of ouW lil'ty-one miles. From tliis point the St. rnuieis. watering the Townships of Wee.lon, i)iids\vcll, Wcstbury, and Ascot, atl'or.ls a cheap and easy means of eomimiiiicatioii, which passes through a tract of country a hundred and one miles in h'ngih, It opens out to the labors of tic agriculturalist, and the enterprise (,f the merchant, the beaiitil'id valley watered by the lU'can.'our ;Mid the St. I'rancis, dcstin(>d to beeonje, one idorablo extejit by Diitcli and their descendants. Tho Counties of Liseds and (irenville, containing on the liiver St. Lawrence the towns <>f I'rescolt and Brockville, and many \illages, front uu iho St. M CANADA. 35 ng we find wer which outlay of i'leo from ilingly tiiul ly. Thoy •tares, and of wealth. liccd : the iiniiortant ilijiortiiig a Townshiiis ary line of s of Upper into throe kM'tl. Tlio , Lawriiuci! uaro furni, i|iis.sin^" on tawa, caHt- M-niiiHula, Iiiron, and • fullowing , J'lVSi'Otl, V. llio old r.'W I if six l)siial>ruolc, ri'ihc ; Mild \\ iiiehcster y is sollk'd i>n* of IajcmIs iIk- towns on liio iSt. Lawrence, and run back. The Counties of Prescott and Russell lie between the Ottawa River and the Eastern District. "Within these counties are very valuable mineral springs, known as the Caledo- nia Springs. In the Townsliip of Plantagent also there is a valuable nieilicinal spring, the waters of which are largely used, being ex]K)sed for sale in the chief cities of the Province. The County of Carlton abuts the County of Russell, and following the irregular wanderings of the Ottawa, contains five townships on the river, and five in the rear. The Rideau Canal lias much bene- fitted the lower front townships. This canal is an Imperial work of considerable extent, which makes the Rideau River and Lake navigable, and conne(;ts the Ottawa at Rytown with the St. Law- rence at Kingston, a distance of 142 miles. There are 47 locks. It was built for military purposes chiefly. The principal town in this section of country is Rytown, now elevated to the position of a city, known as the City of Ottawa, and containing over 10,000 inhabitants. The farm on which it stands was soil 25 rears airo for .£80, and is now computed to be worth over £50,000. Above Byio n, at the Chats Rapids, a canal is being constructed by the Gt. ' i t. i t on the north or Lower Canadian side of the river. The es of Lanark and Renfrew, of which the principal town is Perth, containing 2.")00 inhabitants, embrace 27 townships, extending from the ( bounty of Leeds to the 0;tawa Uiver, and having a range of townships on this river, lieyond the uj'per portion of Keiifrew is a large tract of unsurveyed land,ineludeil in the general desc ription of the Ottawa country, and extending t«» Lake Huron, A railway is in progress, traversing the Couiitv of Leeds fVoiii tile St, I.awiviiceal Ihoekville, and extending- throii'di Lanark and Kenfrew to the Ottawa at iVmbroke, opening up a fine euiiiitry already containing a large population. The front townships of the Counties of (Jlengary, Storniont, Dumlas, Creiiville, and Leeds, are also traversed by the draiid Trunk Railway, The eastern division of the I'roviiice contains much excellent land ;ind a li.-irdy enterprising people, jind is destinod to ntl'ord support toa much larger population, as it embraces valuable niiiu'fal resources, !uid there are largo tracts uf land available for settli'inent. 2nd. The central section of Canada West comprises the Coun- ties of l''ronfena<', Lennox. Addington, Hastings, I Mince Kdward. Korlhuml.yriaiid, J.turliaiii, iVlerborough, the four Ridings of S6 CANADA. ^li '.^. ■III ' 1" York and Simcoe Counties. This central division comprises a very important section of Canada, and includes a large extent of territory. It is watered by several rivers, such as the Moira, Otonabee, and Trent. The two last are connected with a series of nearly a dozen lakes, commencing with llico Lake, and end- ing with the large Lake of Simcoe. The central division is bordered by Lake Ontario, and runs back to the unsurveyed country. The Counties of Frontenac, Lcninox and Addington, the most easterly of the three, adjoin the County of Leeds. Tho City of Kingston is here most advantageously situated at the outlet of Lake (Ontario into the St. Lawrence. The largo County of Hastings is washed in front by the 15ay of Quinto, which is connected with Lake Ontario. The iron works of Marmora, and Belleville, a very rising town, are situated within Hastings. Tho County of Prince Edward is a largo peninsula, separated on the one side from the Counties of IListings and Lennox by the windings of the Bay of Quinto, and washed on tiic other by Lake Ontario, The Counties of Norlhumberhmd and Durham^ conimencing at the western extremity of tho Bay of Quinto, and washed in tho front by Lake Ontario, extend about sixty miles westward along Lake Ontario to tho County of York, and are backed by tho County of retcrburough. Cobourg is the iiriucipal town. Port Hope is also a rising place. The County of Peterborough is bounded to the scuith-west by Durham, and separated by llico Lake an«'orlhumberland and l>urham way on Lake Huron, terntinating at ('ollingwood Harbour, where a town has spnnig up with surprising rapitlity. In n-ar of tlu! Hidings of York lies thenrlington Hay, whidi forms the west- ern extremity of Lake Ontario. Hamilton is a city of importance, being the second in Upper Canada, and advancing very rapidly. Lying chieily e;i>itward from these are Lincoln, Welland and TLiIdimand, forming a peninsula enclosed on the north by Lake Erie. The Welland Canal is a most important wm'k, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario. This work is the mo>( remunerative of the great system of (Canadian canals. Tlu; County of Norfolk lies westward from Haldimand. The extensive County of Mid- ' dlescx skirts a large bend of Lake Erie, and recedes northwards to the County of TLiron. Tt is watered by the impoi'taiit River Thames, on which is situate i the rising town of Lou. Ion, now a city. The Counties of Kent, Lambton, and Essex, are the most south-westerly in the J'rovince. They possess much tine land and a temperate climate. The County of Huron lies lietween the County t)f Middlesex and Lake Huron. The Canada Company is a very large proj.rietor in this county. Settlements are evtending very rapidly to this section of country, a new on- having been recently formed at the Saiigeen, a tract recently a.apiired by the I'rovincial (iovernmi'ut by treaty from tlui Indians, and which is represented as possessing many advantages. Tho County of Waterloo extends north-oastwardly from tiie eastern extremity of tli(^ Comity of Huron to Owen Sound on the (leorgian Pay of Lake Huron. Tiio County of Oxford is entirely inland, being enclosed by the counties above lastly namod. 38 CANADA. I.IM'I II .•I III I It, Having thus presented an outline of tlie geographical character of the Upper I'rovince, for our limits will not permit of greater details, we shall now notice the great River St. Lawrence, and the great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Superior and Huron, which in fact ought rather to be characterized as inland seas than as lakes. THE ST. LAWRKNCE. This noble river is the i>ride of the Canadian people, and the highway down Avhich are poured to the ocean their surplus pro- ducts. Emerging frciiu Lake Ontario at Kingston, it pursues its course, ■widening occa^-ionally into expanses of lakes, till it expends its waters, previously swollen near Montreal by the River Ottawa, in the groat Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Its extreme course from Lake Ontario is over GOO miles, and its width varies from three- quarters of a mile to twenty-five miles. Its stream between this lake and Muntreal is occasionall}- interrupteil by rapids, some of which are too impetuous to admit of vessels aseending them, though they may and do freely descend them. This diiliculty has been overcome by the mai^uificcnt chain of the St. Lawrencat lakes intimately connecteun(l in a s CoUogo, f the lakes iv^;ioiis in moai'is of view^oil in ninication •lit of the >f Britaiji, ')('si> jxrcat it Diitain. 'ove \(i it ;-tsof the H'l'ies, are ^' pace in s of the 111 in 'lie uo which tei.l wliite II, hut of il liiinbor ■A Staffs. riii'J,' that .' amount |f)ii. 'I'hc lite pine haustiblo )tn knots, isels, and he shape iv timber, valuable in an economic point of view, may be mentioned red pine, Avhich is largely exported to l^)ritain, and is chiefly obtained from the Ottawa country. Large quantities of "black spruce" are shipjied from Quebec, principally for the Trisli market. From the balsam, a species of spruce, a valuable gum is obtainei], known as " the Canadian balsam," used for medieinal purpdses and also a.s an ingreilicnt in the preparation of several kinds of varnish. Hemlock, one of the spruce tribe, is a very common tree, attaining a larirc size. Its bark is used as a substitute for oak bark for tanning, and planks made from it are coming into extensive tisa for pliuik roads, owing to their being more permanent than pine. The red cedar, for which the Bermudas were long celebrated, is coumion. The white cedar is also plentiful, and is much used for tlie construction of fences. Larch of excellent quality is abundant also, and is invaluable for railway ties, Szc. Of the hard woods, considerable quantities of elm are exported. The ash is a com- mon tree, and one variety, the black ash, is used for railway pur- poses, and possesses, I am informed, the uncommon quality of such l)eculiar fitness for the purpose? of the tin-ner that pillars may bo turned from the solid wood, which will neither split nor warp. Maple is a very valuable tree. Its wood is a favorite artielo of fuel, and from its sap, in early spring, large quantities of excellent sugar are made, so that a " sugar Lnish" is regarded as a useful appeiklagt' to a farm. Vavieties uf the maple, curled and bird-eye, make beautiful furniture. Ileech auil birch are also plentiful : the wood of the latter tree is well adapted to the piujMvses of the cabinet maker. That also of the butternut tre." makes very cxeollont furnituiv, v-semblingsoniewhat that mivh, fioMi i'k^ bhir-k walnut tree. This last tree is abundant in the western portion of Canada West, and afl'ords inconteslably the most valuable material for the making of cabinet wares of any of the woods of Canada. The wood is beautifully veined, of a rich dark brown colour, and is quite equal to mahogany. It has only to bo inti'oduced into use in Britain, to be valued there, and no doubt will be in le, and are ivince has, I Geologist a stat^" of voy of the wise, nianj no known, L an extent it hevon.d V dth. In u md specify :>n ores are ron ore of ent.-igo, is >i'a, South i.-.vo been 1 posiiid'.i, rking' the and they uii-way to Aini.'iican ansj '>rt to un Lake I'hi, where nnnihor of dly, Marsh, At tho St. uceesst'ully ilarly excel- ironr i\m lity a new Titaniferous ore is found in abundance in the Eastern Town- ships of Lower Canada, and in other localities. Suli-huret of zinc has been found on Lake Superior, and sulphurot of load in Fitz- roy, I'icdCord, and Bastard, and also in the County of Gaspc. Copper. — Sulphurots of copper of various characters, and native copper, (in small quantities,) are found in al;)nndance on Lakes Superior and Huron. Ou Lake Huron the Montreal Alining Company have been engaged for some years in carrying on mining operations at tho Bruce Mines, and have ex])ortcd considerable quantities of crushed ore of good quality. Owing to the great distance, and the cost of conveyance, their success has been varied and uncertain, though they are possessed of a valuable mine. Sulphurot of copper has also boon met with in the Eastern Town- ships of Lower Canada, at Ujiton, Acton, and Inverness. tSilccr. — Native silver has been met with at Piinco's Location, Lake Superior, and elsewhere in that region, which, hu.TOver, has not yet received that full exjiloration Avhich it merits. Gold. — There is a large auriferous tract of country in Canada, though, in the opinion of the Provincial Geologist, it will not be found in sullicicnt quantities to repay aiiy but skilled laborers. In the valley uf the Chaudioro there are many indications of the existence of gold, and in fact, in the opinion of ]Mr. Logan, the gold region covers a tract of 3000 miles, embrac- ing the nujuntain ranges which are but a continuation of tho liooky Mountains. To a couutry |)ossesseil of so many natural advantages, and so many elements of material i)rosperitv as Canada, it is not, in the opinion of judicious men, desirable that gold should be found in such <[uantities as to create a rush to the diggings, and thus to interfere with the pursuits of loiiiliniate industry, and the developinout of the less attractive b;it perhaps more pormauently enduring sources of wealth. I now notice, adopting a classiiication which \sas carefully framed under scientific auspices, for the purposes of tho Canadian eifort at representation in the Great l-lxhibition, the chemical materials, being such as require p'ecuUar cheiaicul trcalmenf to Jit them for ««■; and without specifying localities, mention, as haviufv been alreaily discovered in Canada : uranium, for the purposes of glass staining and porcelain painting, ite. ; chromium and cohult, nso'l for the same purposes ; mcuKjanesc hoij, for bleachino- and decolorizing ; iron pyrites, for manufacture of copperas and suh-hur ; 44 CANADA. !|M - I, ,..„il " '.I dolomite, contiimh^ 45 per cent, of carbonate of mnf^ncsln.for the m.inufacture of opsom salts and tlie niac;nc'sia of conniu'p'v ; and mar/iifsifc, contaiiiiii!;? 83 per cent, of cavbonale of ina^'ncsia. Passing on to stone p'diits asa o'oncral hoad. T noticrailor'ite, snnstonc, /I'/dcinths, amethi/sts, oriental r/ihies, rlhboned chert (for cameos,) and jet. Materials {or f/Iass-makinr/ are to bo obtained, viz : white quartz sandstone, for ordinary purposes ; and pitchstone, basalt, and allied rocks, for black p:la^s. Among rrfrartin;/ materials have been discovered soapstonc, ashi'stus, sofuhtone and ^)/«/«/"'^7". In the list of vinmires are included 2'l>-0S2>hate of lime, fiijpst'.in, and shell marl. Next, among r/?7Hc//)?_7 and jwlishinf/ rnrtteriah aro found granitic and svenitic boulders, derived from the granitic or gneissoid rocks, and adapted for millstones, and silicious conglomerate, granular and corneous fpiartz rock, granite and pseudo-granite, Sandstones suitable for grindstones, though not of the very best ijiLilify, are also found among the Potsdam sandstone, and also in some por- tions of the (iaspc sandstone beds. Materials a])]ilieable for the making of whetstones anrl hones are freely found. Canadian tripoli, a silicious infusorial dojiosit, is found, used for polisliing. Mdterials for paving and iilinf; are abundant. Quarries of roofing alatcs have been opened and manufactured at Kingsey and Shipton, and have been found in Halifax and Franii)ton. The slate from the Kingsey works is likely to come into extensive use, they being, as are also the Shipton works, easy of access to the City of Montreal by railway. Flag stones are found in very great numbers. There is no lack of materials suitable for lidlding purposes, and in great variety, viz : granite of superior (iU'''^^t)'j % CANADA. 45 icsin.for Ihe iiuT'o ; and \\td!<>i!jiha(€ 1 ;>lso in the itlt's. L-on tiiMi I'l'own, ,• oclivo find nth. Ochre lorican tinn, Township of amont.'il pnv- y, /n/<(ciiiths, ms,) and jet. white (jnavtz alt, and allied Is have boon r/n. Til the iqisi',!>, and )niid ^raiiitic oid rock?, ;itf. g-iannlar PamUtonOH quality, arc II jionie por- •iihk' t'.n" the Canadian polishini;. Quarries of tlviiitj^^oy and lip! on. The ctensive use, Iccess to the In very great )r hiiUdlng I'ior ii'.iality, -tf: i'J white and durable pseudo granite, sandstone, yellowish white calcareous sandstone and limestone. Tlie latter material is that generally in use in the City of Montreal, and being a compact dark stone, imparls a peculiarly substantial appearance to the buildings and the whole city. Common lime is largely found, and material applicable to the making of hydraulic lime is also to be obtained. Clay, for the manufacture of red bricks, white bricks, tiles, and common pottery, is abundant. Owing to the want of stone at accessible distances, the buildings in the City of Toronto are chiefly constructed of white bricks, of superior excclleuce, made from the blue clay found in the vicinity. The bricks are compact and substantial, while the whiteness of the material gives an air of graceful elegance to the structures for which th'jy arc used. Marble of various qualities is found in many localities, and of varied character, viz : white, black, brown, grey, and mottled, variegated white, green, and verd antique. Serpentine, in many parts, suitable for ornamental purposes, is found in a range of 135 miles, running through the Eastern Townsliips, and in another range of 10 miles running through Leeds. Combustible materials. As coal has not yet been discovered in Canada, and as from it s geological fonnation it is unlikely to comprehend within its limits any portion of the coal measures, though in the neighbouring I'rovince ■ if Nova Scotia it is found fortunately in immense lields, il is of consequence that peat is very abundant and may prove to some extent a jjrofitable article of cimsumption for fuel, it is now being manufactured in one locality in llie vicinity of Montreal, and is ulfered tbr sale in that city. Pctroleam, uapldlui and aspliuU are al.so found. In closing this enumeration of the economic minerals and deposits of Canada, it may be remarked that even froi"'. tlr ■ nnrtial summary il is a})parent that when the population uf iIk • itry becomes more dense, and when increased attention is paid to the development of the mineral wealth of the province, and its prac- tical a],»[)lication, Canada will be found producing iargoly, and uifording occupation, and the sources of respect, .b'e livelihood, to a large population engaged in the working of the mines and miuerals which are so abundantly plao' 1 by th.' hands of Provi- dence within its limits. 46 CANADA. ■Ml . 1, " '■ 'll .Ml ■: I We next, ia the order wo liave definoJ, treat of THE FISHERIES. Till."' proiluce of tlio fi-iliorios is annually incroasino-. From the Gulf of St. Lawrence arc obtained herrings of exci-llcnt qnalit}', r.nil in large qnantitios. S;ilmon are also eauglit, and large quanti- ties are cured. Codfish and niackarel are also pi'epared lor market. Tlie trade in these Irnding articles might be ind(»finit('l_v increased, but is already rapidly advancing. The value of these products expf)rted from the guW and the lakes was in 1850 only i';)fl,r)21 , but it amounted in 1S.!)2 to £74,402. This is in aildition to and exclusively of the home consumption. These fisheries are carried on in Gaspc, on the north side of the Bay of Chaleurs, and on tho coast of Lalirador and the Afagdalen Islands. The export from these latter islands, consisting exclusively of codtisli, herrings and niackarel, was in 1852 £11,090. In addition to the regular fisheries above mentioned, along both shores of the 8t. Lawrcnco below Quebec, salmon ancl herring fisheries are carried on by tho resident ]>roj>rietors in a ])rimitive manner, by htng walls of wicker- work terminating in a circle, into wlueh, as the tiiles recedes, the fish are carried and detained. In this way the cctfrh is often very large, and the herrings thus caught are fully equal to tlie celebrated Loch Fine. Iti addition to the-^e fish, at certain season- iinniensc quantities of a delicate fish, jiopularly known as sardines, are taken iu tho weirs. TIk' writer has known as many as 5t barrels taken in a Weir in a single rafrli^ and is firmly pcrsua^led the trade in those might bo made a protltablo one. The llsluries of tlu' (iidf of St. Lawrence are thus spoken of in a I'aper prepared by Mr. liouchette, and publish..] bv the Ilotisc of Asseud'ly in 1852: " IJu-^hing periodically, in certain -easons, from the Allanfie, whether by the ])assagc of Canso or by the entrance of the gulf, between Cape l{ay .nnd C;qM> Lawrence, the coil, herring, had- dock, mackarcl, an.I the various gregnrioiis fiiuiy tribes, in im- mense shoals, spread along the vast extent of coast that is presented by the gulf shores of Cape I'retnu, Nova Scolia, \ew-l>run>\vick, Gaspe, the north coast of the St. Lawrcnco, and Labrador, to the Straits of I'.ell.' I-le, tlen alou'^' the we>*tern coast of N.^wCnnnd- lan.l. {n Cape b'ay, pr.v iiling iqiwards of 2000 miles nf in-shoro lishories, bnt quality, vo'G (|\nnti- ior market. V iiu'roasc!.!, so proilucts ly £;3fl,r>21, ition to and 1 are carrieJ , aiul on tlio export tVoin lorrings and tlio roiTular it. I.aAvronro >(1 on by tlio Is of wickor- iveoilos, the 18 often very 10 cclcliratcd )ii~ iininonsc ('■;. aiv taken lavr.'Is taken li.( trailo in IS R|i(ikell (T •li.d j.y the [he Atlanlie, of the .,nilf, ■nincT, liail- |-il.i'^. in im- is pivM'ntcd r.nin the If NcwrMiiiid- <>{' ill-shun; wliicli tiro riscendod for miles by salmon, as well as a quantity of frosli water fish, which form a very productive branch of the lisliories of these Provinces." In addition to the deep sea fisheries should be montioueil iho se.al fisliery, which is prosecuted with corisidcrablo success by tad ■iihabitants of the Ma^•dalens, and has been found, from the value of the skin and oil, to supply a very productive staple article of export. Another branch of the fisheries is that of tlie v.-hite porpoise fishery. These tisli are pursued for the sake of tlui oil they all'on], an.l of late years it has been discovered that their skins are ca])able of liein<^ manufactured into very valuable leather. ]>iit in the lisheries of the great fr» sh wat,er lakes, Canala is posses>ed of no inconsiderable resource. The trade is compara- tively a new one. White fish, lake trout, and sturgeon, of great size, abound in Lake Superior and lliirou. White fish are also caught in large quantities in Lakes Erie and Ontario. The export from Lake I'Jrie alone in 1851 was 3590 barrels, of the value of twenty- five shillings each. The lisheries are carried on chielly on the south-wost of Prince Edward County, on Lake Ontario, and on Lake Huron, and in 18,")'_' pro hue.l 1 1,884 barrels, principally of white fish an>[' the ^t. Lawrence at JiiiUDUski and :it Kaciiima in summer. Ill winter it comes ui) thestixam jus hiirli as the St. MaiiricA", Three llivers, aii'l is there caught through hole.-, cut in the iec, with nets, in large c|uaiitilies. During tlio present, winter it is statetj by a local paper tliat iiil,UOO busluils have been 111 th> M oUll( al market alone, realizing the sum ui' .l'J50() as til'' proiliii'c of the Three Rivera fishery alone, exclusive of local consumption. AowicnrrRAi, riJontTE. l>y far the greiil.T ovtmi ..f the (^anailas is nilmirably adapted for agricultiiial pursuit^. a>< tl \[>oi't of jigrieultural pro.liufN f,ir '.bo years ItfjJ and I8v")3 am)>ly juoves, the export q'l the former 48 CANADA. year being £1,214,214 3s. lOd., and of the latter £1,095,094 15s-. 9J. ; while the total growth of wheat iii 1851, in all Canada, is calculated by tlio r)oard of Registration and Statistics as having been 15,102,002 bushels. Of this quantity, 4,270,871 buslicls were exported in that year as wheat and flour. The home con- sumption is nearly 5^ bushels per individual. In the United States, during the last ten years, the growth of wheat has increased 48 per cent., while during the same period in all Canada it has increased upwards of 400 per cent. The average produce of wheat per aero in Upper Canada is 10^^ per acre, and in Lower Canada 7jffj. In the latter Province, during the last ten years, the growth of fall wheat has been either wholly abandoned or is only sown inter- mitungly, owing to the ravages of the fly, but it is believed its general eultivation may be eventually resumed. IMack sea wheat is the variety now chiefly planted in Lower Canada, and is sown in the spring. Canada exports largo quantities of butter of good quality. The amount of butter produced in the Upper Provinces has in three years increased 372 per cent., and that of cheese 2.13 per cent.: but the returns are defleient as to Lower Canada. Tho soil of Canada is adapted and the climate favcn-able to tlie growlii of whi.'at, peas, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, hay, hemp, and flax grass seel, Indian eorii, and potatoes; and of all these largo ijuan- tities arc raised. Upper Catiada is best adapted for wheat, and produces il must largely, but Lower Canada gnivvs no inconsider- able quaniity, and jauduees also large quantities of peas, oats, and the coarser grains generally. Its soil is also well adajil'-d for tho grow th of root crops, which should be more extensively grown, in view ol' the importance of foilder, which is rend< red more valuable in conseqiiciico of the leii'j,(li of the winter. Klav and hemp might also Lie grown with great a Ivantage to the rountry. Jiower Caiiaila is especially suited for their growth, and these arliele.s might pro\e a great souree of industrial wealth, and give employ- lucnt to a ihril'ty population, lliiiip and flax grow with tho greatest lu >uriaiiee. "The libro of I'ana'liau tla\ has been ascer- tained to b- of tho Itest desLription,aiid the Society for the luicour- ageuii'iit of .\rts years ago ilelerniined, by actual expcrimeni, that Canadian hemp is ec^nal to that from the ISaltie." In view of tho former large export of tla\ to Ih'itain from liiissia, atnl il^ present intorriiptiuii, it is most important that it-« growth shouM be eiK'oiir aged in Catiada, as the deujand in Kiigland is greater tha!i tho CANADA. 49 005,094 153. ill Canada, is ios as having ,871 bushels homo con- Jnitod States, :cascJ 48 per lias increased leat per aero ada Vjflj. la growth of fall I' sown inter- believed its ■ck sea wheat and is sown utter of good )er Provinces .fchcL-se 2.13 'anar whi'at, and 10 incoiisidor- oas, oats, and lai.t-d f'W of the lid 'n^ pre>eMl lid 111' eiicdiir filer thai', th'j supply. In 1851 the import into Britain, of flax and hemp, amounted to 2,495 -" f* cwt. Ireland produces a considerable quantity, but 100,000 tons more fibre are consumed in Britain than is produced there, and this quantity Piussia and Northern Europe has supi)lied to Britain at a cost of $50,000,000 or £12,500,000. This, then, is a favorable juncture for Canada to enter upon a new and profitable branch of industry. In the Chapter on Statistics fuller details will bo found as to the agri- cultural products of Canada, and a contrast will there be instituted between the productiveness of the Province and that of some of the adjoining States of the American Union. From the great diversity of climate, the goodness of the soil, and its adaptation to the growth of the cereals, Canada cannot fail to continue to be, as it already is, a largo exporter of wheat and other grains, and take high rank as an agricultural country. CHAPTER IV. MANUFACTURES. The manufactures of the Province are vet in their infancy, but ar<' annually increasing in variety and extent, and rising in iinpor- tanoe. J.owor Caiiaila especially is admirably adapted fir the ext(!ii^ioii vf maiiiil'iK'tures. The li»ng wiiitfr, in wliirli conipara- ;ivel\ ti.'W (jt' ilie de'[iurtinents of out-door agricultural lalmiir can bo Liiuagfd ill. and the piiciiliaily appropriate charartcr of tho iiidusi lions French Canadians of the interior, aiLiptiiig them for such occiipati.Mis, render it very desirable that the facilitirs Htlorded by the abundant water powers, and comparative clieai-,- ness and pk'iitifiiliu'ss of labour, capable of bconiiiig skilled, should to a larg' ext^'iit be taUni advantage of. We shall then sec from one of its fertile valleys to another a chain of tlirono-ino' f;io- tories .■xtcikkd ; and tho dang of (ho heavy hammer, and tho jar of the iiia.^hinery, and tlio busy hum (.f iiiiiuaii industry will mh.^le with and bo heard high ahovo the rapid splash andecho- ing fall of the many streams which, now lavish of power, invito the la'-oiir „[' (ho ardsaii. Tho clog of the Seignorial Tenure ia Lower t.'aiiada has to .sonm extent iinpede.l (he proofless nf (hi* branch of industry, but as it may be now r.garded among (ho things that were, 1 venture to predict that the day is not far dis- i f 50 CANADA. ■ 0'>|l 1III < ' I . -.1 !"., . I : 1 tant when Canada — h'M'ies, shingle factories, slate works, ochre works, soap and candle works, starch factorie^>, distilleries, cooperages, brick yards, rope, walks, thrashing mill fact<^ries, nail factoi'ies, ehalr factories, breweries, ship yards, barley mills, paper mills, saleratus works, match and rake Victories. Ship-building is a very important trade in and about the City of (Quebec, and gives employment to a very large muaber of hands ; while tlie colonial built vessels, for build and stre!iij;-(h, liave acquired a high rejuitation. Tn the year 181:1 there were built at Quebec 48 vessels, tonnage l.'],78.j, while in 1 S.'i;! there were TO vessels, tonnage 51, 0;!7, showing a large and decided increast>. The average annual value of vessels built at (Quebec has been estimated at £51)0,000. Latterly an enterprising slilp-biiil Icr has built several shi])s on Lake Ontario, and cauj-iiig ihciii to des- cend the St. Lawrence, freighted theiu tVoui Quebec f )r Livi'r[u")ul, and sold them there to advantage. Another very large 1 ran<'h of Lower Canadian manufactures is that of deals, iVoni the north shore of the Ottawa bi'twcen Montreal and I's town, und tVoiii ilio valley of the St. Maurice, and the Sa^'iienav coimtrv. A i;ew branch of the tind»er trade has been established during the pres- ent year, in the transport, from the lino of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, of shooks or boxes for sugar, for exportation to Cuba, one enterprising llrni alone shipping to the value of i'25,0UU currency. CANADA. 51 Passing on, with this brief and imperfect sketch, wo find that tlio two great leading niannfactures are those of timber, square and sawed, and of ilour, these forming the great staples. As has been elsewliei'c stated, the manuiacturo of the bog-iron ore of Canada has been cairied on proiitably and successfully at Throe Rivers for 100 years, and it is truste.l that, before long, the vast mineral wealth which is contained in the immense deposits of magnetic and other iron ores of Canada will be turned to account. In addition to the manufactories mentioned as in operation m Lower Canada may be named, a? bt;ing in existence in Upper Canada, besides those enumerated above, also scythe and rake factories, large and extensive woollen cloth and blanket works, intone ware factories, mustard mills, plaster mills, sash factories, spado and shovol works, whip, broom, and cigar, and vinegar factories. Among the minor maniifictiu'es perhaps the taimerics may be mentioned as the uk >st important and extensive : none of these have, however, yet attained to the position and extent of similar w<>vks in older countries, and some of them aru humble enough in their cha- racter ; still the day of small things is not to bo des[iised, and in these indications of industrial energy and activity can be foreseen those vast future workshops for winch Canada may be the site, when its pnpidation shall Iiave iucreasiMl to but a tithe of the numbers, whicli it can sustain without overcrowdinsi". ClLUTHli V. CU.MMlCJlCi;. The foiiinirri'e uf Canada is bring extenilod and drvolopod with giant stri I.'<. It has passed the jteriod of iiil'iiii'V. and nttaiui'(l a magnitude whidi nnxy perhaps at lirst view seem dis- pi'ii] irtioned to the yontli of the eountrv ; for it is ti Ik* borne in mi. id, that in 17s_', what now constitutes the fertile, wealtliy and iiopulous Western Canada, with a population of over a million, was a wilderness. The merchants of Canada are energetic and ente'vprisijig. Tho Legislature of the Province is patriotic and attentive to the com- inerrial aiivl iii.lu>trial interests, and (he magnitit'eiit channels of inland communiealioii whieh Providence has bestowed upon tlu) country, are taken ad\ anlagy of to tliu fullest extent, and assisted 52 CANADA. by art. wliere naturo lias interposed obstructions. In the course of this cliaptcr it is dcsij^ned to refer to the imports and exports of the Province, indicating the various sources and branches of the trade of Canada, and exphaining the advantages which the Cana- dian route to the great West of Nortli America, holds out to the emigrant in proforencc to other routes, by means of its river, canal, and lake navigation, and the great system of railways now in pi'ogross. The total value of the imports into Canada in the year 1853 was £7,91)5,350 Is. Id. Of this amount, £4,022,280 3s. lud. was imported from Britain, £158,164 19s. Id. from the IJritish North American Colonies, and £2,945,550 17s. Od. from the United States, the residue from other sources. For the same year the ex- ports of the Province were £5,950,325 15s. 4d. currency, of which £2,860,351 19s. 4d. were exported to Great Britain, £2,081,303 15s. 8d. to the United States, £345,110 7s. lid. to the other North American Colonies, and £5,045 10s. lid. to the British West Indies. Of the imports the total amount of goods paying duty was £7,551.381 3s. Od., of which £4,556,383 15s. 8d. wore from Britain, and £2,064,145 lis. 5d. from the United States. Ill 1852 the exports were £3,826,901 15s. 5d., and the imports £5,07l,023 3s. lid., showing an iinmeusc advance in tho connnorce of 1353 over tlie ]irc\ious year, ainouiitiiig, taking both import>; niid exports together, to 57 percent. In 18 10 the noti re .Mine iVoia Customs Duties was £112,737 3s. 9.1.; in 1852 it was £7(15,022 19s. 9d., but in 1853 it was £980,597 16-. lOd. currency. 'I'he toll,, wing slatemonts will show tli(> nature, variety and ex- tent I'f the exports (if the Province of Cana !a, and will ati'ord si,m(i adcipiate ei incept ion of its jiusition as a ci>luny, and of its great r.wourees, while they may give some indication of the fiture of the country. The total value of ilio exported produce of tin' mines nf Canada was. in 1853, C27.3:i9, of which coppiM' ore furni-hed £23,020. Till' total e\piirl cif tlie proilnco of the iislierics was Cs5,0()0 13s, 8J. The proihice of the forest, which was exported in 1853, is large, there having lieen exports fi'oni that source to the value of £2,355.255 2s. 2d., of which £1,082,125 12s. Id. found their way to r.ii'ain, and £052,534 5s. 41. to the United States. Of ani- mals and their produce the export was £342,031 7s. Od. Vogo- ! course of jxports of los of the the Cana- out to the f its river, ways now year 1853 !. lOd. was tish North lie United uar the ex- j, of which :2,G81,3C3 the other :he British lids paying 3 15s. 8d. the United 1., iiiid the uiec ill the n-, taking I 1^10 the ; in TS5'2 10-. lOd. ■ty and ox- itlord si>me if lis ^Tcat ! t'uture of (.t'(';)n:ida :.,oo() i;]s. II lSj;j, is ii> value of (heir way Ot" aiii- ).l. Vogo- CANADA. 53 table food constituted the second leading export, viz: £1,905,004 15s. 9d., of which £1,210,801 Ms. Gd. was exp;port of manu- factures was £;3r),10G O.s. Od., to which is to be addud, for ships built at Quebec during the year, say £020,137 10s. Od. cuirency ; the total value of exports from sea ports being £3,200, TIG '2s. 11(1, and from inland ports, £2,230,341 7s. 0-1. From the sea- ward ports there were exported from Qiiobcc £l,\A%Ao1 19 ilontival 74i'.,o5a 8 G^^^^C'. Z-1,M1 19 11 NowCinlisle '2',V,>12 14 Amhorst 11,507 1 ."> Further, in the year 1853, there arrived at the Fort of Quebec 1351 vessels, with a toiniage of 570,738. Of this number 1222 were British. 51 United States, 87 were Norwegian, 27 I'rusMaa, and the residue from other foreiirn countries, ineludiny,- 5 iVcui Spain. In the same year 140G vessels departed iVom this port, — the dillerence between arrivals and departures being due ehit-tly to newly built vessels, and io ves .'Is iVom Muuln.'al, cleaivd from Quebec, but not reporti.'d inwards. In the same year 243 vessels arrived at the inland port of Montreal, at the f )ot of the canal navigation. The moveiiU'iit of ship['ing on tlie inland waters, including coasting and the intercourse l»y these waters with the United States, was [H'oportionably great, and a[ipears greater bv contract. In tlie year 1817 the two first Cana lian steamers on Lak.' Oiitaib' were built. In lyl8, I learn, ih.re was only (.n.e st(>amer on l.ake Frie, and firly sailing vessels above Niagarji Falls. Nuw there are liiindreds. The inward tonnage of lake and liver steamers in 1853 was 2.175,241 British and 1,102,230 American, in all 8,277,480. In the same venr the tonnage inwards of sailing vessels was 544,500, the outwanl tonnage of steamers was 3,070,500. Of these 2,070,117 were British and 1,000,302 American, and of sailing vessels 571,814. The total inward and outward tonnage being '7,4'70,312. There were built within the Province, in 1853, 130 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 57,722. The following tables, taken from the Provincift! returns for 1853, are interesting, as giving a view of the leading articles of con- I "m 54 CANADA. ! HI lit I, ill! "») lii.:u;i L'."i;.;i>i» i:.i'.i,7;;ii yo,iL'-. rp^,s-j."i ■ll,:)(!i! nii;,i;.")t lli,7.V.i 1 1 ,-'10 17-,7ii.'i ii,(ii,-. 4,lii7 4Ni,iir,i) s. (-1 1 (1 17 14 il 17 It! 11 '} Hi i 5S 1-J U 1.5 ij 111 14 l'.» 7 17 !i 17 Hi 5 7 Cor. hue ; lisll a Tniits i l,iilii(ir.s i 9 T*la;iii!ai.turL's-< 'lit Ions (! i'lU'S 1 li ]iircli IJellls ]-:iiii l.alli Oak i'laiik nnd Hoarils AMiitc I'ino Kfd J'iiio Spars, Masts and Jlandspiki (Slavis ... Wheat « I'ras . Olluriirtieles Total Ilxiiovts liy sea viti St. Lnwroncp. JE 1 SI .."fit il7.i'l .S.I -JO CI. Us Dii.i.:io'< ai.ir.t ;i,:ill r.,i.->L' 4i'.i,L'iis 11,. 'Wit 7."., I'.is ;t.."i'i'.i 0-i7,.-.7:i is.',. 11,5 :!1,I17 l;j:!,7.57 l;l^,^sll ;i7,'J7 1 (1711,014 .t,'t,:;r„>i,!ii;(t 111 i> II Is r, 15 11 10 11! 17 n i.i 11 3 (> 19 14 1!» I?. w II 1 (t ',i 5 .1 5 H 11 .{ 1 It 7 '^'i '^*m; tlic direct a. via tlio St- .'(1 duriii'! tbe lUE. s. 17 li 1 ](i "J 11 Hi 2 •1 7 s 4 V2 « •> 10 1 1.-5 1 ii 2 lit 3 U 10 lit (i 7 7 17 U 1 3 1 1 17 i) I 1.! y 1 ^ 9 1 " t t .S 1 Hiitod fiom .IK, ,v. ,?. 10 1) ^ II 1^ 1 :, 15 11 11 11 :< 111 n 111 >f T) 17 H II U 11 l.-i )1 ;i ;{ (> 1 i;; (1 i:- 11 i".i 7 •2 CANADA. RecajHtulation. 55 Total Imiiorts GoDil- in tiansita for United States.. ExiX'rt> Valuo ol'sliiii.s built at Quulioc k 4,55 1,07 1 2i)l,'.iin 3,'Jtls,'.HiO ti:;ii,is7 2 (I lit 1(1 Tiitn! vnliii' of Tiiipovts anil Kxpnvts >'/i7 St. T.nwiTiipf C-i.7i"',-l:''. VI THADE WITH THE VXITEU STATE.S. The trade between tlie Canadas and tltc adjoining United States is very largo, and will be iraniensely stimuhited by tlie Reciprocity Tn-aly, ari'anged and concluded at "\\'ashiiigton in July, 1854, after long and protracted negotiations, conducted by Mr. Cramp- ton, the Britif;^ 111 IS 19 the Exports to the United States were 81.1^1,082 ■vi " Imports from " " " 4,2i:>,7'Jl Exports to tlio " " " 4,'2S5,4T0 Imports from " " " 5,i»l3,S2I Export:, to the " « " -l.'JoG.ni Inijimls from " " " 7 ',)'29 110 Exports to the " " " ■l,5S;i,i'i5'.J " Imitorts from « " « O.tn.'Jf.O wliile ill l, |l», •' 1 United i^tatop, Lut to give oiToct to wliich tlio united action of the Log'islaturos of I'nitain, Can;id:i, Xova Si-otia, Xew Biunswick, and of I'rincc Edward's Inland, and of the Congress of the I Jiited States of America, were necessary, the parent Goviinment tlien fur the first time recognizing the Colonies as ciilitlcu to participate in the giving efl'ect to a Treaty in wliicli tlieir interests were aliected. There remains now hut the action of fliv' Britisli Legislature, to give elfect to this measure, conceived in a large and liherai spirit, and calculated to produce very great results in its operations, on the commercial relations of the countries interested.* The Treaty, then, firstly opens up to the Americans the rigid to use the sea fisheries in the I'ritish waters, the salmon and river fisheries being excluded from its operation. Secondly, it provides that tlie following articles, the growth and produce of the British Colonies, or of the United Slates, shall be admitted into each country //vr ofdiidj : Schedule. Grain, ilour, hrcaclstufTs of all kinds. Auiiiuils ol nil kin,!-. rri^^li, snii'ki-vl anil malted meats. Cuttiiii, wodI, «eC"l-. and vegetal ilos. TTndii"'il and dried finits. Fisli, products of tish, and ef all other crcaturos liyin;^ in ihe water. Fuultry, ogge. Hides, furs, skins, or tails, undressed. Stone or marble iu its crude statu. Slate. IlnUer, eluoi-e, tallnw, lard, lioin", inannrc, ovos r,f mrfal destined to become a large and exlensive one. Xova Scotia espcciallv is so well situated f)r commanding the trade of the West Indies that the trade between Canada and Halifax, owing to the peculiar \ geographical position of that port, cannot fail to be much devel- oped within a short period. The breadstufts and timber of Canada will there find a market for home consumption, and for export ; to (he West Indies. The schooners and other craft •■•f 'Uir lakes, instead of lying idle during a long winter, and thus locking up a j large capital, may yet, descending the ^t. Lawrence in the autumn, laden with breadstufts, find a market for their cargoes in Cuba I'ormuda and Jamaica, and ply during the winter months between the Lower Provinces and the West Indian Islands, and finally 58 CANADA. .1:1 u, 11 I rotui'u Avitli ir j.i 1 ■' 'i'' fh* CamuliiUi lakes. It is true lliat the necessity of being- oa, ./ on the lake< in sprintj may interfere perhaps to ])revent all our craft from eno-aa-ing in this enterprise : Imt the ov/nT?r of several vessels woukl tind th:.' tlitcntion of a portion of his llei't f-r :i month in early ■iprinu', while the nMnaiiider of it was actively enii;a^ed in the lake trade, amply compensated by the steady lucrative employment dnrir^;^ the long winter of tho.-e vessehi which had ciigau'ed in the intercolonial trade. If such a trade can be created, rendering productive during the whole year the largo amount of ca]iital en- gaged in the lake trau.-^it trade, it cannot but prove benclicial to the country, and that .apart from the many other incidental ad- vantages which will arise from it. Thit whether this be found praetieable or not, undoubtedlj a large trade will be carried on during the smnn^er months between Canada and the several lower ports, in breailstui'i's and timber on the cue hand, and in sugar, molasses, eoai and fi>h on the other, ff pi'oper mea^-u^cs are adopt'.d to free tliis trade from restrictions, and give it unfettered scope, a goodly lleet of provincial vessels will be found during sum- mer plying between Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, and in \\ inter between Ilalitax and the West Indian Islands. If such measures be adopted as 1 have already hinted at, — if the co.nl and tish uf Nova Scotia and the productions of the West Indian Colonies be admitted free of duty, they recij)rueating by the free admission of uur ilour, wheat an.l timber, — all tlie Colonies would benefit ; a great trade would spring up, the St. Lawrence would assume its legitimate importance iu relation to the supjily through Canada of the Great West, and the Colonies would be drawn more closely together, and rendered mutually helpful of each other. It will be for the Canadian people thercfoi'e to consider whether dieir trade with the West Indian Colonies and the Lower I'rovinces cannot be put on a more favorable footing, and one reciprocally benelicial. A species of Zolverein n\ight thus be created, contri- buting' materially to the strengthening of the various llritish depen- dencies, and conducing to the evtension of the iniercolynial trade. l'A.SSKXGKK Kofrrs. Having thus exhibited the results of the commerce of Canada, it will be interesting to notice brietly the advant;igea of the route through the Canavlian waters and territory to tlu Western vStates, # M A s.- I '"^n. ;.c^'it;il 011- jiic'licial tu dental ail- ', be Ibiind curried on , ■" vc'cal lowov 1 ill .'iugar, ■''7l azures are iinfetterLvl V uriiiii; sum- d in \N inter '■' ■> li measures ^;' i - iiud libh of '",-•■ Juloiiics be '^t hnisdioii of buiiefit ; a. , . 1 ^ assume its 4I1 Canada -I urc closely ,':"/ ler wlietliei r I'lovinccs eciprocally 1 tid, coiitri- M ti>hdepen- ■ .'-■' juial trade. if Canada. the route orn States, CANADA. 59 Di lute yrars. in addition to the immi^ifrati'Mi designed for actual st.:ttk'ment, laro-(' bodies of Irish, \or\vegiaii, German, and other contiiienhd immigrants, have betn pursuing their journey to Iowa, \\'isr(,ii>"ii, and other Western Stales of the American fiiion, throiigli tlie Canadas, — a braiicli of trade which is likely to increase to a very gi'eat extent. Tiie densely peopled countries of Ji^urope renuive to be relieved of their surjiliis pojiulation, and as the pressure fmm ovorcrcnvding becomes nion.' smcie, the State finds the ivlicf it in'cds, in the sending forth of swarms of tlie i)eople to froek a honii) and a livelihood in America, tlu-re to become ultimately fused in the mass of the Aineiicaii people. This 'ixodus, stimulated from time to time by accidental causes, and again depressed, has been proceeding for years; but whether it tie in larger or lesser volume, tlie stream rolls on, and il becomes important (0 the emigrant that the best route should he selected, and its merits widely proelaiineil. This, it is believed and conti- dont'.y asserted, (he Canadian passenger route can be shown to be. It is not sullielently known that tiie sailing distance between C^ieboc and Li\er[)oi)I is, — if the straits of IJelle Isle be taken, •assenger vessel, and the lines ol' Canadian steamers, this piejudice is lieing dispelled, and justly so. As another advantage of the Cana- dian route it is imjiovtant to consiiler that a ihinl of the distance 1,0 Quebec is within the Gulf an.l River St. Lawrence, where a steamer will sail faster, being less impeded there than l>y the lieavy :swells of the Atlantic. Farther, on arri\ing at Quebee (ho emi- grant is enabled to embark wi(h his t'amily ;ind e';]'ee(s on board a steamer, and with a transfer at Montreal and, in stune instances though not neeessarily, at Kingston, pursue his way to Hamilton, where he may take the Great ^\'estern liailway to Detroit. 60 CANADA. In** 31 It While less pulijoct to imposition, tlie facilitios by tlio Cana'la I'outc, for transit, are greater. Transport is speodi«'r. anil the cost is loss than via the States route. Emigrants to tJio Western States, proceeding; via New York, have to make three tranship- nioiits If bv the Erie Canal tliev take about 18 davs to reach Detroit, whereas, by coming' to Quebec, they have but one tran- shipment, and are taken up in steamers in six days, ;i( much less expense, the passa<;'e across the Atlantic being also chtviper. (Is the tn rt of IK d oth J\Pi re2;ar(l.■^ inu nan^u^ 'n.' y.n m^uu, ci iJie "West to the sea-board, it seems evident that thoSt. I.awrenctt eanal and lake I'.avigation alVurds such facilities as th" Krio Canal tiannot successfully compete with, niore e barrels only. and the transit throu^•ll this canal very tedious. OCF.AN STE.VMF.IW. An interesting feature in the trade of Canada is tlie,.riti>h Company which has now the Mail contract, and has been runnini:' vessels for a year past. The soeond Company, the " .M(Mitri'al Oc^'an Steam- ship Company," is a Canadian C"mpany, its (diicf promoters being the Me^^srs. Ivlnii'iistoiie. Allan it^ Company, \\lio aii' abeadv pos- sessed of a gooilly lino of sailing traders. It isprobai'le that these two companies n>ay nmalgamafe. The third is the " Canaila Oc(>an Steamship Compatiy,'" it-» ['rineipal plact* of business being in Montreal, biit a large portion of its stock being held in I'pper Canada, lieyond do\ibt these lines, evincing much enterprise, will contribute very umterially to the development of the trade of tho I'rovince. CANADA. 61 iikI to .■my THK CANALS OF CANADA. The Wollaiul Cnniil, by wliicl) tlio Falls of Nia^-ara are avokloJ. was coininc'ucod in an early period of the hisiory of Upper Caiiatla. find iiincd upon the attcniiun of the inililif, chieily hy the energy and iHT'eNeraiiee of the Honorable \V. H. Merritt. ll. is a very important \v..rk. Its huhs are luU feet in lenolh of chamber, by a width ol '2ij\ feet, its dimensions beinii' well suited for the cluss of vessels Ix-st adapted fo the western lakes, and of whieh larg'e numbers )'ass through it, as well of Canadian as American crafts. This (lanal is L'8 miles in length, having about 80 cut-stone locks. ll surmounts an elevation between Lakes Ontario and Erie of 330 feet, wdiile the elevation from tide-water to Lake Ontario, being over '200 f.-ct, is overcome by the St. Lawrence Canals, seven in number, of \;irlous h'ligths, from 12 miles to one mile, (but in the aggregate fe;injer iVoiu tlui head of Lake < Mijaii^^ to ^b)Mti'eal I- Is hoiir^. Tht' rates of tVeight rang.' IV.iui T^d.. the lowest, to 1-. I'.d. per barrel of IImii', iiirludiiig tolls. The nilin:^' freight on t.tilway iron from Mouiri'al to Cleveland last year was l2s. t.id. per gro.-s ton, and f'.r the reluin cargo of Hour ;)0 cents per barrel, tolls included. 'i'lie great chain o|' canals is proposed to he ciiin]'lele 1 by the constrnetiou of a ship canal, the Champlain Canal, fi the St. Lawrence to I,ake Ch.amplain, so as (o enable the propi^llers of Cliieago [<> reach Ihirlington and Whiteh.tll. The navigation of the rpper (Htawa i- also desigue.l to be im['roved by ean;ds, luit the works have only just comiucuced, u canal being in progic.s8ul the Chats* «s iiicv this Kxnuy wiia wiillt'ii, muk-Ii inti'it'st hiichi'tiiuwiikciuil tdwurdu the Nuhjtil of tlid iiiipnivoiiuiil ui tht; Uttuwa. 'Ilie cduiiit! (.iiiiiil I J ;il)'i)nl nu yiitUl {«v tlio j)rudui.t.- cf tli' yr* "t Wcjit ,..(' di,; "Jai yu j",il h 62 CANADA. The Pii'Ioau Ciinal has been noticetl elsowliere. The totrd uiovc- meiit of fii'in-ht throii^'h tlie Wt'llaml Canal in 18,"):! was 005,0 J fi tons, exL'lu.N'ivo of the tonnan'O of tlie vessels anil [Kasscnixers ; and the tolls weie £05,0;H i5s. Td. (h\ the St. I.awrciHo (,'anals the nioveiiicnt in the same year was .001,001 tons (with the same exelusion.) and the tolls £"_>2,l(t8 7s. Od. Tn the ycir 1853 tlieiv passed lliiun^ii llm Wcllnnd Canal "JT-t-'i I'ritish sailini;' vessels and 917 steaincrs, ;iiid li7u.") l-'(in'i>;ii (Aiiuiicari) sailing;- vi'ssrls an^l 349 .steamers, Throniih (lui St. Lawrence C'.iuals iIhtc |iasst'd in the sanii; veav 5-157 British sailing vessels and '_'17;3 steamers. nnd 124 foreiiiii sailing' ve.sels and 51 sl.an\ers. The Intal nnm- herof ves.-e!,sot all idasr-es ]ias>inM' throniih all the eanai- nf Canada ill that \eai' was 20,400 with a t.(>nna!j;e of 'J,l.')S.t"."> I t.uis. 'iht gross r<'cei[ii of tolls from the canals wa- in lyl7, U.io, |.:i \\;<. M,, and the i:ett reeeiiits >f41,l;J2 5s. Id., while in Jb."i.'j tln'V were l'y5,Sl-l 5s. 2d. and .t;7'.J,l9t 14s. 7d. i\nd, to s|.eeiiy in.'rejiai- tieularly, the ij;ross revenue from the eaiial tolls, from e;u h of thv» ettnaU, in Iboil, was as follows : Wollaiid Caniil £(;r>,o:u ,") 7 St. La wivm.'C C'atiaU li 1 ,0U I ,'i ] CiiaiiiMy Ciuuil 'J.lJtl '.1 10 BuiTniLTti'ii Hiiy I'aiKil O.i'.J.'i M '.> SI. Anu-; L.icl; oil tlie Oitiiwii '.O't ."■ f> .£••7.707 'J '■• Less toll>» rol'iuilel passing c.uuls l.S'.cj 17 7 .C'.t.-.,si| 6 '.' On the whoh% ii may s:0"ly ho .a^s.-rted that no eoimlry in the world is possessed of iiior.' imporlant and e.\(ensive canal-, or a inoro nia'.rnilicen! system of inland na\ illation liiaii i- ( 'anada Th<^ canaK nf Canada now iilford a lar^-e rcveniio. ;nid a'ctmrnu- date a laiu'o trado, hnt they iiro yet destined to he the ne'dia of ted Kliite-- liii- lii'cn warmiy (akrii ii|), nnd tj|i rival iin'iit-i u( n TMiit.' ^f will einphvy, when tliat trade, as it mils! cv^'iitnally d.(,, sh'dl so<'k i-r-- tiatural outlet tlu'ough the waters and \ alley <4 the St. Lawr.-iu-*. I now pri.(;o(.'d to ti' -iff of thoso "»dier moans of comnuiniration .^hicli, in M coiiutry likti Canada, aro peculiarly important' ! mean itn HATLWAV .SYSTKM, As \\\^ na\igatl( n oi' ihe St. Lawrence is ice-loel..n, tlie means of speedy coimr.nnication wilh the sea- hoard and witli the various parts of t'lf interior is csp", ially hnporlant, and this ho(»n the great chitin <.f railways now in pro- gress is designed to allord. In Cariada, thus far, there are thi'i^ uTeat linfs. suu^'ested hy and aeconimodated to strongly maikel ii;iini;d ilivisions <>f the country, to whieh th(> others wiil jirove tril>utrtries or feeders. It is here worthy of remaik that tlie ('anadian J.egislature eviiK'<>s a feeling dee.idedly adverse to the eneourai!,'! ivieiit eif e(iinp(,'liii:^ lines, ■jnder a eonvietion that in a new and comparatively sparsely set- tled coinitry like Canada eumputitiou between railways euiuiot but be injurious. T!u lirst ol'tliese great lines is the tirand Trunk Railway, vvliich ■;l is propo-ed to run through Canada from east to west, span- ning the St. Lawrence at .Montreal by the gigantic Victoria Uridge, (low in course of coii(.:,t ruction. The sfcniid is the <'reat W C-ten; line, traverfiiiif' ov- • lie. ntost fertile se(fi(,iisof Canada, ami now iu si.ady opera. i"! nn.l thowing large and increasing returns of trallic. The ildrd is th.' Ottawa Valley line, compo-ied ■ • v.a.'ioiw links, and designed to cstend, in the meauliine, t'rom th. K.''.\.y ..I' Moii- ireal to rentbroke, and event unlly to liake lluroi. a>.M .i.i Saun Sie. Marie. The distance tVoui Mont''e;d to the t.c'Vgian I'oiy, being by the <>itawa about too miles against lOdO !y tic St. Lawrence. With rtferenec to this line it may be rot";oked thai ib is possible that the linn- may come when this, llie jno^t favorable voute, will be adopted for the construction of a railway iVom th" Atlantic to the I'aeitic. The imjiortance of such a litus, as a mean; \«f shortening' tho trovol to Cliinu and tin' Y.'\<\ Indies, and •l^ eon hi m 64 CANADA. In** ..I triluitii!^' lo llio devolopinont of tlio resources of an immeni^e country, is very great, and cannot be over-estimated. TJIE CHAM) T!!( N!< liAII.AVAV. The Grand Trunk Railway i;* to some extent a Provinciat enterprit^e, the rrovince o' Canada liavinu,' a lar<;i' nionied interv'St in it, and lieini:^ repie.-rontcil at its board o? ninnau'tMiient bv l>iroctors n;;niod by llic (M:)verninent. From wliat lias bi-eu etated il w'.ll be .-eoi. that it is a viiy iniporl'int woili. tiaver>ing as it docs the fioniier of Canada, anil eMiMidinji; tVoni Quebec to AW'stern Caiunla, wiih a branch to tlie Atlantic port of Portland in Maine. The Grand Trunk llailway will over- come for Canada the disadvantau'cs of the closiin;- of navigation by^vintrr; while iVom it^ pcLuliar position it will lie tapped at convenient intt.r\als b\ lateral branch.-;, dtv. hijiing the interior, and all'oriling to the Jnain line niUcli tralllc. It is a large and compri'hen.-ive S(dicni<', oiic in kc-ping wilh the futuri- of this great, country. A useful and interesting feature iii its jilan is the span- ning the St. Lawrence at ^^ontreal by wliat will be the world- famed in in tubular Xivimia liridge, eclipsing by ils gig;intio dimensions ihe celebrated Menai liridge. This bridge is intended t«' be coiistrncted on tweuty-four jiiers, with spans i'uv navigation, e\elusi\e of the two abutments, whence the tubes are to spring, on either si less (Inin two luiirlish miles. Tiie elcar distance helwieii the under •'iirfaco of the centre tulie ami the avcr.age summer le\el of the river is U^ '>e •»<,) feet, and the height will diminish towartis either side with a q-ntdo ill the rate of one in 1,'iO, or J -10 foct to the mile. This fxigantic structun> is in progress, and when in successfid operation will prove n world's wondt-r. Il will add aimtlier tv> the exisliiii; snurc«'s of attrnetion which now everv summer dra\r f Lroiigh the Canadian inland wa.ters iminen: « throngs of Americuu. ^ CANADA. 6 iy {r.aellers, many of whom return yc:ir afior year with uiillngging iiitero.^t, to make the tour from the cclcbratod ]''alls of Niagara, :v'i(x-;s tiie hikes, ami 'w I'rnnswiik. At Montreal it connects by oxisting lilies v.ilh liostou and New Yi>rk ;is wi-11 as ,\ith Porlland. Pas>iiig (in aliuig the fruntitT, and leeciviiig many feoilers hereafter 1o be notii vd, it riaehes Toronto, ;iud tlieiice Iraversis llie heart of the riili we^irrn set tion of Wtvilcrn or I ppo' Canada, aiid must inevii.ably .(iiriiiiand a very large t'aHie. Af its tiiiiiii.iis .at Port Siirnia it will d boueh osi ].;\Ui' IFurou at a Moint r.i.isf fav »rably .sitnaied lor ;!.. navigation exl'udiiig through Lakes ![nroii and Michig.'in. At Port Sarnia the American road^ in ci.ure of con- Htruclion will place it in cnimection with Yowa, .Miim-'ia and the "gnat ^^'est," as it is termed, of t!ie Ame'I an I'luon. The ii'iigdi of the Crand Trunk Railway at present in operation is aOL' Ujiles. It cniisists of •_>!)'-' mil.'s from I'orllaiid, via l.'ich- tiiond, to Montreal, atid loi) from the Ilichmond .luiictiou lo I'.j-nt Levi, oppo^iite (Quebec The liichmoMd Station cinnot fail vrc long ti' lii'coine an iniportant )>!ace Ibr (he intenhaic^v of iiaflic j)tt.ssonger as well ns freight. The cniractors arc under engage meat, to !mve in opcv.itioii a totul of '20o udlo- iu ISD.'', «'.> tliivt cix m CANADA. .mil llie year closes, the Grand Trunk Railway will probably consist oi 387 miles of mad in operation. The author yalhers the ensuing information from tlie recent Annual Ifeport of the Directors of the (i-rand Trunk Company, rrith rc!j;artl to this important Provincial work. The (^utliec and liichraoiid section is in good running order, the distance between Quebec ai'd Montreal, 108 milis, having been accomplished in 5.^ hours, '('he scition fVoui ^Montreal to Brockvillc i< in a very advanced ,^tate, and is expected to be ojieti for trallic in November. 185o. The middle section, tVom Brockville to IJelleviile, 95 miles, is in active progress. Tlio remaining 11:? miles, westward to Toronto, have not hitherto been procee milis, are gcuei'ally forward. Vivturhi llr'idijf. — T!ie works upon this iT>i]iorlant structure arc 'or the prisent proceeded with, only lo a limited extent, c>wing to • ill! position uf the miaiey marl the City of ilan.ihon, unu thence'io Nia'iii'a Kalis, wher' 't ootinects, he u gi^janti.' railway suspension bridge thrown aero - the Niagara liivi'r abnut two miles below \\w falls, with the sy«tem of railways in ihe State of New York, which rui\ from Lake Ontario towavils tlie " tidu water" of the Hudson lliver. The (Jreat Weitern is in activw rij^ifalion. and is carrying v»'ry large nuujbers of passeiiirors", anu I I I >^ CANADA. G7 mucli way nticl tlirougli frciglit. It passes cliicHy nii'oui;'1i a f( rfilo. populous mill wcultliy couutiy, aud cannot fail toard of Diro'itors, dated -'3 1st Aiigu-5I I.I.. llll Jan. :'.!, is;.5 lit! 7 -.7 Julv J)l. 1 S55 I 'JH'VM', J ;.!. Xo. I Am't. .■)',i,',iii'j (Wi.'.C.'S TInou-h Xo I Am't. 5\7'JI 7"i,b")'< l*. W • • • • • I f.oenl I'I'hrou-h' Total Am't. I Amt. I Am't. lit, 74 5 :m.:io(i ■n ',is7 :j,ti7i al.llU 17,c:;i; 5l.;;:;2 :!('), :;n5 7S.'.>92 tkt profipccts of tritflR" for tlie future are v ly eiieonraging, the present Wft'kly rc.'ei| I ; avera(.'iiit; an inere;\t'»- r( upwards of f jooii over (lio-o of fhe <'f nvfricifi weekly re('( ipls for tL<' ImU'-year emliiig ; 1st July, lb55, liRvi> ittuoiaited to jJU&SO, uud for tiitL-ni Compuny, oalK'J tlie '■• llninilloii aiul Toronto IJailway," forty iiiilos in Icniitli, will be oponc-d oarly next yoar. At Toronto it will connect with tin; (iranil Trunk lino by a shition coiunion to both, as well ar^ to tlio " Ontaiio, Siiiu'oo and Ihiroii Jiailway." i'his important line runs for the tiist liftv miles due north from Toronto to bake Simooe, skirting for a few miles the southern shon; of the lake, and '•Georgian Day"' (the eastern extremity of Lake Huron,) to < 'ollingwdod Harbour, the di>tauce of whieli from Toroiitn is niuety- riix miles. Sixty-four mlhs of this railway have bi:en opened siiico the early part of 1^S.■);], and the ^^hole ninety->-ix miles aro now t'omp'oted. This line has already atVordcd an outlet for a laigo trade, Uctraring o\ir steps to the east, we now speak of those Hues, in addition to the < Mitaiio, Simeon ainl Huron Kail- ways, wliiih run north and south, ai:d whieh may he considered as feeders to the great arterial railway system that runs I'rom east to Avest throughout nearly the entire cxti-ut of the Proviii(;e, Xearo^t t'> Montreal, aiitl having its terminus in that eily, is the Montr.-al and l-ytown Railway. ISytown, ni'W the Gily of < Uiawa, i-^ the Cajiita! of the <.)tta\va tiM'ritury, through whieh the river of the same name tlows, having in its liasin 80,00u scpiaie miles of forest land. iVi>ni which, a-< already fully stated, the chief markets of Europe ;ire sujiplied with the iiucst timber in the world. The ti>tal length of this liuo will be I'jn niiles, of which thirteen mih'S in the cen; re ai'e in operation, vi/, : betwi'cn ("ariil.)n and (irenvllle, an important section, there Iving there an iateiTuptioa otherwise than by canal of the navigation of the <)ttawa. Thl> line is the first link of thi < >ttawa line, and at Uytown it will connect with tiie line of the llytown and I'einhroke Railway, whii h is to run l'r)!n liytowu to Arnprior. a di>tanec of some tlurlv-live miles, tiit'ough the V'oun':y of Carhtou, a wealthy anil po[iul.ius couutv. Thi- liut' will command a large way trallic in supplies fur the hind>er trade fr-'in Rytown, and a! o an extensive p.'is>euger trade, ihc' nnmi-er of people employed in the Imnber trade constantly a.^.:euding and descending from and to IJytown being very great. Arnprior '\^ situated at the niriuit!vn! and the oct'.in, — while, wlicu extended from Pembniki'. adistanii'C of one hnndri'd and eighty miles, to Lake Huron, — as at no distani date i( will tunioiihtedly be, — it must prove one of the great chan- nels of commmiicalion to Minnesota and (lie great A\'esi. ;md from thenco downwai'ds to the Atlantic, by the St. Lawrence in summer, and in winter via t'ae Victoria l>ridge to Portlaiid. At about '2.J miles west of Montreal the < Jraiid Trunk Railway crosses tlie Ottawa bv a bridtre which is undoubtedlv the secon.l work in importance in the entire length of that railway. Prescolt, whicl' will l.iC 112 miles west of Montreal by railway distani'C, receives the "V.ytowu and Prescott Railway."' It i> oO miles ill length, and its course is due north and sonlli. It i? opened throughout its entire extent for trafllc. The gauge of the rallwa.v ditfers from that of all the other rsilwav;; of Cannbi, v.ilh the exception of tho Montreal and Lachinc Railway, which is but miles K)ng. The Provincial gauge is 5 iVi-! G iiicln?. whereas the P>ytowu and Prescott is only 4 feet 8,1 iiicho<. This rail- way connects with the railways leading to P)oston, and the mean? of capitalists of tlial city have been largely invested in it, At Prock- ville, 13 miles west of Prescott, the Urockvillo and < >ttawa Rail- way, already ni'iitioued, falls inti> ihe (irand I'nmk Hailwav. The Vicxt tributai'y of the (o'.'ind Trunk Railway is at Cobourg, a very llourishing town on Lake Onturio, exactly duo north of l.'oehester. The spirit ;md energy of Cobourg, in building, with fnnds raised it may be said t'xclusively in the town, (tho [lopulatlon of wdiich is about ")()0t),) a railw;i\' (*f -JS miles in length, deserves c.ery com- mend;ilion. The Cobourg and I'eterborough Railwav (for so it is called) is already receiving an amount of (ralllc wlii 'h its pro- moters could hardly have anticipjited, and will be the means of dovo1oi»ing the town and district with rapidit}'. Seven miles to tho west is Port Hope, another very llourishing town ou th.e banks of Lake (")iitaiao, and the rival of Cobourg in cntoriirise and industry. Ft is about to bo connected with the " back country " by tho " I'ort IJopo and Lindsay Railway," the length of whidi is 'Mi miles. Tho works are in progress, but no immediate time is named for its opening. I 70 CANADA. Isf* oKi # PrnccodiuL;' west, coinini,' to Toronto, tlio laiijGst city in (Tppor i.'auauii, and dcjitiiu'd to bo one (■? the groat ('('iitvcs of (rado, \vc iiave tlic *• < hitai'iti. Siincoo and ITuroii liidlway,'' already dos- ciibt-d, w!iil(> tlh' most wostorly line in Canada oix'u ti«r trafHc, Laving' a in'illi and Miutli dlicction, is a railway built by Aincricun inlUieni'v', and pavtl}' by Aniorican cajiital, tlioug'U cliictly liy local tund>, tliv " lUiil'alo, l>rantford and G-Hloiich Kailway," -wliieli '•onnocts I'lUiKal^' and the Stato of Now \(nk with l.alcc Huron at 'iodt-vii'li, by u liiiv of 100 miles in Icniilli, and wlii.li saves, a"^ compared villi ib.^ wat^r riaite by Lake Mric and tlic liivx-rs l>t'- U'oit and "-■'. ( 'iM!', fully 100 ndles. It also, by its conncftiuii with the Great \\\-tern Kailway at Paris, ]»bu'.os TiuHalo within ei-jfht lionrs of D'r! •it, wliiih is loss than half the time it reipiires to !:;o itctween i!h.--o two cities on T.akc Krie. At Stralf ird, 1)0 miles wost of Ti'iMiilii, ihis raihvay or(.>sscs llu; (iiand Trunk line, and .at this [Kiiiii it will divide the traftlc llowitip; iVoni J.ake-i Huron and Suj.fil''!'. by -'iidinLr that intended for the I'liiti'il States to Dull'alu. and that for Canada and l\>rtlaiid over the (-rand Trunk Railwav. lliubty niilos of this important line, from opposite Buf- falo to Pari-, aie in "j„.r;uion. By the elose of the year 1850, (as an authority, to wliich the writer a kn^wb du'is his indebtotlness for mueh of ihe ioregoing ijiformatiiii;. as.-unn'^,) Canaila may fairly ealeidato on having about 20I.IO inil'.'S of fully eipiijipi'd railway, wbidi will eost her about L' I >'s. 000,000 storling. li', proiiling by Ibilish expe- iienoi', ra--h roi'Iertidxings bo avoided, aU'l the rMnstruelion of coinpetiuL;' lines bo h'udcrod and avoided, the e\ten~ion of the railway sy.-i'ai will doubtless prove advantageous to ihe country at laru'e, bv dewloiMtej; its resources auvl aeeoniuK-'dalinii: and sliniuhitiiig i:s iinlu^try. . >■ CIIAPTElt VI. TIIK SOL'IAL LVSTITUTION.S OF CAXADA. These Avill be vii'weil und<'r the following goJiera! heads, viz : — ■ 1st, Mnnieipal Institutions; 2nd, The Municipal I/kiu l'\ind, created for tix; pur^xiso of aiding, by (•ovenmienlal control and support, nndertakings which though to some extent sustained by private emoiprise may yet be regardyd as for the general iiu- caj:ada. 71 pfovomorit of tiie country; Ord, The fiicilitios affonled by i.hc Lenisl.'ituri! tor working out certain Social InstiUitiuns, such as Mochiuiicn' Institutes and Library AHsocialion'*, and of oru-anising vJouijianic's for tlio engajiomont in niannfacturv's, and the con- striictiun uf roads and liavbours, ^c; 4tli, Tiie I'oM.il System; jth, TIk' Li'o'al and Judicial System; 0th, Tlia l^ankinc;' System of Canada ; And, histly, the Press also may be vitnvfd ivs a ;^'reat .Social Ih^timtion, widely i.er\adin£f all classes uii society, and ■rf.xercising a weighty inlluence over the mind of Caua.la. I. TIIK MINK IPAL SVSTKM. Tlio municipal system of I'ppcr Canada is coinpri.luiK^ivo and efKcient. Il is ad.'iptol, in a very hi^li deg'ree, lo.l! • inlsof the country, is -Amught uut Mitli lidclity, and is ]ini' 'i.u,'hly ser- viceable, I'V tca''hing' the peojjlc the habit of sclf-i:">vi inncnt, and 1>V famili.ii i/injv them with the rnuliiiO of bu^inc:— , locali/.ina; the system of legislation, and training up everywliere men for the various p' yitiotis, in private and public life, to which industry •energy and ability may elevate them. A sduicwhat similar sys- U'V.\ prevails in Lower Canada, but as a Hill is nuw before Par- lianii'nt, sn]'pnrled by the Ivvccutive, to a?>imi!a;e ibe features i>f ill'' Lower Canadian system to those of Ujiper Canada, it will be nnnecessaiy here to dwell upon it. The L'ii[i"r C'anadian iv-tem IS a comprehensive one, having been ;idapted and impro\ei uoin *!mo to liii.c, ;'s circumstances sng'j;'ested nece--sarv c!!an:.res. ' )riginall\-, it embraced only the then ilistiicis whiih w"v .^ov- erned locally by I >i>trict Councils. 'J'ested by ;ie!u:i! evperirnce. the system met approval, and the present system v :'.'■. ;nl:'.\!i:e(j^l and gives general satislliction. Each county or union of counties (countiis, wiak in ponuhi- tion being clustered togrther, till they gain strenn-|li. ;ii|,! a,.;, then sepiiiatid into di-stinct di\isii.ns.) is p.resided ovei' bv a i -I unity Cuuiicil. A county is compos.', .or**,^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^128 |2.5 ■^ Uii |2.2 2.0 lU 140 I i^ IIIJ^ IIIU4 < 6" - » »^ ^ '? Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTH.N.V. MSM (7H)I79-4S03 Vl^ V i\ 5^' 72 CANADA. h Siolders is a corporate bofly electing a Reovc ; when possessed of 500 froehoklers it has a right to name a Deputy lioevc, who, '.vith its Rco,\o, or Municipal Hoad, is entitled to a seat in the County Council. The elections are held annually, lilach Town- ship Council lias power to erect a Town Hall ; to purchase the necessary property for Common Schools, and to provide for their ostablishnicnt and support ; to establish pounds ; to aj^point foncd viewers, overseers of hio-hvays ; to construct drains, water courses, and, under certain restrictions, highways; to regulate inns; to grant permission to companies to proceed with roads, and to take stock in them ; to enforce the performance of statute labour; to borrow monies for township purposes, to raise by way of tax the monies re. [Uirod for such purposes ; with other powers define, to erect Court Houses, Gaols, Houses of Correction, Houses of Industry, and other buildings; to purchase necessary property for (Irammar School purposes, to make sueh provisimi in their aid a>* thcydeetn necessary ; to proviilo permanently for the suj)port of such pupils in attendance at the University as may compete from the Gratn mar Schools for exhibitions therein ; to settle the remuneration of all county officers; to regulate ferries; to construct and repair roads, lying within two <)r more townshijis ; to regulate driving over bridges ; to grant monies by loan or of her\\ ise in aid nf eounty works ; to take stock in Road Companit.'s ; to raise money by tax for county Works, itc, &c. The Council have power to st^t apart into police villages sueh hamlets as are not in popidation sufficient to become incorporated villages; and sueh villages are governed by a Hoard of Police. Villages having a population of over 1000 become, on compliance with certain formalities, incorj>orateil villages, having a (Council of five to regulate their internal matters, road«, streets, harbours markets, j>revention of fires, &>\ CANADA. 73 So soon as a village attains, by the Census, a population of 3000 inhabitants, it may be erected into a town, governed as to local matters by a Mayor and Town Council, and, as well as the incorporated villages, represented in the County Council by the Reeve and Deputy Reeve. On a town attaining a population of over 10,000 inhabitants it may be erected into a city, having a county, as it were, within itself, and being governeil by a Mayor, A'derrnen and Council, in local matters. Tlie head of each Corporation is, ex officio, a Justice of the Peace. Collectors are appointed by the counties, and assessors rolls are kept. Auditors of accounts are also appointed. The By-laws of such Councils are subject to revision by the Court of Queen's Bench. On review of this brief summary it is evident that this great system is a most advantageous and useful one, and while its beneficial efi'ects are already felt, it cannot fail to conduce materially to developing the energies of the peopl(?, fostering self- reliance, creating a respect for the general Govornmont, and pro- moling the improvement of the country. As connected immediately with this, may be mentioned II. THE MUNICIPAL LOAN FUND. Constituted under Acts of the Provincial Legislature, this important fund is under the raaniigemont of the Executive Oov- orniiient,*and is designed to aid in the construction of railwa3's, public roads, and gas and water works. The amount of the fund is limited to £3,000,000 in all, — one-half for each section of the Province. When it is decided by a Municipality to aid such a work by taking stock or lending money on luortgago to the Company, a By-hiw must be ftitroduced into and passed by the Council uf the Municipality therefor, which is then submitted to a direct vote of the frc( boMers. If the vote bo in the affirma- tive iho Couucil ratify it, and if the Executive Government of the Province sanction it, on its being submitted to them, the By-law becomes operative and valid, no antecedent formalities being ques- tionable ; and Debentures are then issued for the Municipality, payable by the Province of Canada out of the Municipal Loan Fund. This fund is managed by the lieceiver General ; and the Munici- palities re bound to pay to the Receiver General, and provide 74 CANADA. h by assessment on all the rateable property within their bonndsv 6 per cent, interest, and 2 per cent, per annum to be applied towards a sinking fund, designed to extinguish, at the expiration of the term of the Debentures, the municipal debt. Protected by so many safeguards, the fund is based on a sound principle, protecting the interests of the bond-holders, and aiding legitimate undertakings, with the sanction and control of the Provincial Executive. Iir. THE rRACTICAL LEGISLATION OF CANADA. As a whole the Legislation of Canada is believed to be of a very comprohensive, practical character, and well fitted to aid in developing to the fullest extent the resources of this growing coun- try. Acts of the Legislature permit the incorporation of comi)anie& for the formation and construction of highways, plank and gravel roads, harbours, bridges, piers and wharves, slides and dams, by any number of persons not less than five, on subscribing for such an amount of stock in such companies as may bo i)rescribed. Freeholders, on opposing the construction of a road, may have the question referred to the decision of the Municipal Council. These Acts are beneficial in their operation, and the inhabitants of Upper Canada are freely taking advantage of them, and opening up communications in all directions. The numl)er of plank and macadamized roads thus constructed is now very large. Acts of the Legislature also authorize the formation of compa- nies for mining, manufacturing and mechanical purposes, defining and restricting their rights, limiting under certain provisions the liability of stockholders, and attbrding protection to the public. A very useful measure is the Act which authorizes the formation of partner(*hipB, with limited liability, composed of general and sj)e- cial partners, the one contributing money and services, and risking all their substance, the other risking only a lixod sum, and pre- cluded from active part in the concern, or ostensible connection with it. Tills Act aftbrds due facilities for tlni legitimate extt'U- sioa of business, and tlie safe employment of capital, while it efii- oieutly protects the public by its carefully digested provisions. In a similar manner, Mochanicjs' Institutes and Library Associa- tions can bo formed into quasi-corporations, and most of theni are encouraged by the grant of £60 per annum each from tho public exchequer. Tho formation of Town and To^^nship Libraries, to which tho public may have access, ia also provided i*jt. CANADA. 75 The security of titles is provided for in both Upper and Lower Canada, by carefully framed systems of registration, enforced by privileges accorded in certain cases to priority of registration. The public security is provided for by police regulations, by the maintenance of Gaols and of the Provincial Penitentiarj', the latter being a large and commodious structure, in which the convicts are kept at hard labour, at various trades, which they there may acquire. CHARITABLE AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS. Amongst Institutions having in view the amelioration of the social condition of the peojile, in various phases, may be men- tioned (he Toronto General Hospital, the Montreal General Hos- pital, the Kingston General Hospital, the Hotel-Dieu Hospital at Montreal, tlio Marino Hospital at Quebec, for the reception of sailors and immigrants, the Hotel-Dieu of Quebec, the Provincial Lunatic Asylum at Toronto, of which the building is designed to accommodate 250 patients, and the Beauport Lunatic Asylum near Quebec. For both Upper and Lower Canada General Agricultural Associations are established, and hold annual Agri- cultui'al and Industrial Fairs or Exhibitions. In the counties also local societies are established, and the Bureati of Agriculture, a department of Government, is the head of the whole system. Observatories are maintained at Toronto for the purpose of mak- ing and clirojiicling meteorological, observations, and at Quebec for marine purposes. IV. THE POSTAL SYSTEM. The posffil system is in ctFective operation, and the number of Post * 'iHces .and the extent of Mail service has been largely extended since the department was transferred to the sole control of the Province, in 1851, Previous to that time, varying and arbitrary rates of postage were in fon-e, but after its transference a uniform rate of 3d. per ounce was introduced with excellent effect, the previous average rate having been Od. per ounce. Yot with this great reduction, such was (ho expansion of business, and the ex- tension fif correspondence, that there was but a detiapers. In the previous year, in a similar week, the num- bers were, letters 41,000, papers 90,000. * During the first year of provincial control, 243 new Post Offices were opened and 443,360 miles of mail transportation added. Py arrangement with the United States, letters go from Canada to any part of the Union, and vice versa, for 6d. currency, except to California and Oregon, when the rate, the distance being over 3000 miles, is 9d. currency. Each country retains the postage it collocts. A Canadian Mail for transport by the lino of Canadian Ocean Steamers has been organized, the postal rate being 6d. sterling. The rate per the Cunard Steamers is lOd. currency. Postage stamps are issued of various denominations. A letter registration system has long been in operation, and it is still maintained and extended, but to it has been added the money order system, found so effective in Britain. The total expenditure of the depart- ment in 1852 for mail service was £41,315 14s. 8d. currency. The last two years have witnessed a continuous extension of tho postal system, the correspondence steadily ini'roasing ; but the ycjvr 1852 has in the forogoing remarks been selected for tho purpose of exhibiting the immediate and spontaneous effects of cheap pos- tage, upon its introduction, under the auspices of the first Canadian Postmaster Geneneral, the Hon. James Morris. V. TUE LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SVSTEM. ITPi'ER CANADA. The legal and judicial systems of the two Canadas are dissimi- lar. In Upper Canada tho Court of lowest jurisdiction is the Division Court, iiaving jurisdiction to £25, and presided over by the • Since this E!C being under the same restriction as the other augmentations* of capital. 80 CANADA. 'V ' , All the foregoing Banks issue Bank notes of denominations varying from 5s. to £25. 8th. Bank of British North America. The head office of this Bank is in London, England. It carries on its operations in Canada and the other British North American Colonies. Its capital is £1,000,000 sterling. It divides 6 per cent, per annum. This Bank was restricted to the issue of £l notes, but in 1850 the chartered Banks were authorized to deposit Provincial secu- rities with the Receiver General, and obtain registered notes from the Inspector General, to the amount so deposited; and of this authorization the British Bank availed itself, and has issued such notes of smaller denominations. Its Stock is held chiefly in England. BANKS UNDER THE FREEDOM OP THE BANKING ACT. This Act, passed in 1850, was designed to provide a uniform sys- tem in the incorporation and government of future Banks, and the regulation of Banking, but has not been generally taken advan- tage of. Banks may be formed by any individual or co-partnership on entering into an agreement for that purpose, and registering the same, whereupon the parties thereto become a body corporate. The shareliolilers are liable in double the amount of their shares. No individual or Banking Association can issue Bank notes until the sum of £25,000 currency be deposited with the Receiver General in Provincial or Loan Fund securities. On such deposit the Inspector General is authorised to cause notes to be struck to a like amount, to be issued by the Bank, and countersigned by him. The public are carefully protected, and the whole management and conduct of these Banks are regulated by the Act. If a note bo not paid, the Inspector General has power to close the Bank, and cause a Receiver to be appointed. General statements of the operations of such banks are requir- ed to be submitted to the Executive and Legislature. Three Banks have been already organised under this system, namely : the Molson's Bank at Montreal, and the Niagara District Bank at St. Catherines, and the Zimmerman Bank, which have been for nearly two years carrying on the business of Banking. As already stated, thj Lsg-islature, while avoiding interference with chartered rights, has yet, in granting to the privately chartered CANADA. 81 Banks increased privileges, to a certain extent brought them under the operation of the general system. As a whole, the Banks of Canada have been judiciously managed : the stocks yield high average returns, and afford a most safe and favorable investment to the capitalist. Lastly I notice •■ ■ •!■. 1 .. . • i . . ^" ' "" THE PRESS OF CANADA, ' ' Which, in efficiency, general information, and character, is quite equal and in fiict in many cases superior to the Provincial press of Britain, wliile its benefits are much more generally diffused. The wide ramifications of the press, and the extensive circulation of news by the medium of the newspaper, conduce materially to the spread of general information. In every ordinarily sized town of Upper Canada, and in all the cities of Lower Canada, the press is represented and is liberally sustained. Tlie city sheets especially contain a largo amount of reading and editorial matter, reports of debates in Parliament, commercial and general information, and are conducted with ability and energy, exercising an important in- fluence, and making their weight, as the " Fourth Estate,"" felt by the community. The growth of the press has been steady and rapid. The fol- lowing history of the early struggles of the Canadian press is interesting. It is extracted from a lecture delivered at Quebec in 1844, by the late Hon. A. W. Cochran : '' The first newspaper established in Canada was the Quebec Gazette, still existing. Tlie founder of it, Mr. Brown, brought his press from Philadelphia in 1703. By his heirs it was sold to Mr. S. NeiUon, who loft the establishment, by his will, tohisbrothcr, the late Hon. John Xeilson, long the experienced and able editor of the paper. There were in 1VC3 not more than twenty newspapers published in the breadth and length of the then American Colonies, and the Quebec Gazette is the oldest in the British North American Provinces. For nearly thirty years it remained without a com- petitor, but about 1788 it was followed by a rival, the Quebec Gazette, printed by one Stretchly, and subsequently by the Quebec Herald : both of these papers had but a brief existence. About 1778 the old Montreal Gazette was established by one Mesplet, and was published in French ; but being soon discontinued, was assumed about 179-4 by Louis Roy, from the Quebec GazettQ CANADA. office, and after his death two newspapers under that name were published at the same time by one Edwards and by a Mr. Brown, who came also from the Quebec office; and the paper conducted by him being transferred to others, still sub- sists under the same title. About 1794 a newspaper was pub- lished at Quebec in French and English, under the title of the Times or Le Temps, but enjoyed only a limited circulation and short existence ; and probably no numbers of it are now extant, except a few in the library of the Literary and Historical Society. The Quebec Mercury commenced its career in 1804, and the Canadien followed it in 1806, but was stopped by the seizure of the press by Government in 1810. Thirty years ago the only newspapers in the two Canadas were the Quebec Gazette and Mercury, the Montreal Gazette and Herald, the Canadian Cou- rant at Montreal (established about 1808,) and the Upper Canada Gazette, commenced at York about 1800. At the present moment (1844) four English and five French newspapers (some of the latter of recent origin and small circulation) are published and chiefly supported in Quebec. In Montreal there are five English and three French newspapers, and one English at Sher- brooke, while in Upper Canada, Toronto sends forth seven, King- ston five, and upwards of thirty others are published in dift'orent thriving towns and settlements, from Cornwall on the St. Lawrence and Bytown on the Ottawa to Sandwich. Of these, j»I1 are in the English language, excepting one in Ga3lic and one in German. Nor are these papers in either Province confined to political topics : most of them contain useful selections and general infor- mation in various branches of literature and science ; and it is pleasing to observe that as far as is known all of them sustain a tone favorable to public morality." From another source I learn that the newspapers published in Lower Canada in the year 1830 were nir. jtcen. "Of these, five were French and fourteen English. The population of Lower Canada was then 5'71,930, being 30,000 inhabitants to one newspaper. The papers published in Upper Canada in 1836 were thirty-one. The population of Upper Canada at that time was 336,469, or one newspaper for ever 10,000 inhabitants. The number of French and English papers published in Canada East in 1854 was forty-three. Population of Canada East in 1851 was 890,261, being one paper to 20,000. CANADA. 83 ^ The papers published in Canada West in 1854 were 114, and the popuhition of Canada West in 1851 was 942,004, being one paper to 8000 inhabitants. The French papers published in Canada East in 1854 were eleven. French population of Canada East in 1851 was 669,522, being one newspaper to 60,000. Population of Canada East, other than French Canadians, in 1851, was 220,740. English newspapers in 1854, thirty-two, being one newspaper for nearly 7000 inhabitants. The total of papers published in both sections of the Province in 1854 was 157. Population of both sections in 1851 was 1,842,205, being one newspaper to 11,099 inhabitants. In 1836 the proportion in Canada East, that the newspapers bore to the inhabitants, was one to 30,000 ; now it is one to 20,000. In 1836 the proportion in Canada West, that the newspapers bore to the population, was one to 10,000 : in 1854 it is one to to 8351. In 1836 the proportion of the French papers in Canada East to the French population was one to 86,000 : in 1854 it is as one to 60,000. In 1830 the proportion of English papers to the English popu- lation was one to 10,213 : in 1854 it is as one to 7000." This disparity between the two Provinces is gradually diminish- ing, and it is hoped will soon altogether pass away, as the result of the general ditfusion of education throughout the Lower Pro- vince. I CHAPTER VII. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The public Educational Institutions of Canada West afford to the Canadian community every facility for acquiring the benefit of a sound ordinary education, or of a more enlarged classical and scientific training. There are, firstly, THE UNIVERSITY OP TORONTO, Formerly King's College, maintained and supported by a reve- nue derived from a large public grant of lauds, originally 223,538 84 CANADA. »« *) acres, and possessing handsome grounds, an appropriate building, and 4 full staff of Professors, some of them of eminence. To this is atlil lilted the Upper Canada College, a feeder to the University, but which is more properly an Academy. Those In- stitutions afford tlie opportunity of obtaining a liberal education to the youth of Western Canada, who are desirous of entering the learned professions. The University comprises Faculties of Arts, Medicine and Law. There are sev'eral Colleges supported by private resources, of which we will treat elsewhere. There are, secondly, THE NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS. The Provincial Normal and Model Schools wore originated with the view of elevating the whole system of public instruction, by creating facilities for teaching the art of instruction as an art, and exhibiting the system in actual and efficient operation. From tlio dispersion of qualified and trained teachers tliroughout the country great good will tlow. The buildings of the Normal School are an ornament to the City of Toronto, where they are situated. The grounds comprise seven and a-lialf acres. Tlie cost of the land and buildings was £25,000. Of the grounds two jxcrcs are devoted to a botanical garden, throe to agricultural experiments, and the remainder to the builduiL';*, and a gymnasium, it being the design that the lec- tures on vegvtaltle physiology and agricultural chemistry may be practically illustriited. Seuii-atumal sessions of the Normal School are hold, commenc- ing on the fiftoonth day of May and November in each year, and lusting five montlis. Male students are reipiirod to bo eigliteen years of age, and females sixteen. They are reciuirod to produce certifioat<'H of good moral character, and to sign a declaration of the ititontion to devote themselves to the jirofossion of school teaching. Caudi'lates are admitted free of tuition ohargi's. The course of iiistriu^tion extends over two sessions, and leacheis in traininar dnrin" that sossion, and those who obtain a first class certificate receive fivo shillings weekly. Thoy are required to attend once a week religious insfnicfion, coinmnnicatcMl by clorgyiucii f»f the religions persuasions to which tlu-y respectively belong. The nu'iibor in attendance is 120. The Modol Schools are male and fouiale. The admission fee to them is very low. CANADA. 85 ite building, eeder to the These la- il education entering the ties of Arts, ipported by ginated with itruction, by 3 an art, and . From tlio i the country mont to the ids compriae lildings was a botanical inaindtir to tliat tho leo- try may be , ooinnitnc- li yoar, and >o c'i;4litocn to ]>rodu('0 .•l.u'Mtion of n of school urges. Tho lo;i(;liur8 in !i first class r»'i|uirod to inicalcd by r('«i|i('{'tivi'ly lUd Schools very low. Tho number of pupils is 400. The reciprocal benefits these kin- dred institutions confer on each other are very groat, and they are fitting .ippondages of the grand system of public instruction now being so faithfully established and worked out in Canada West. Certificates of (jualifio.ition of three grades arc awarded by the Chief Superintendent to teachers who have emanated from Normal Schools, and their value is well attested by the preference evinced for the holders of first cl.'iss certificates, by the Trustees of school sections. There are, thirdh', THE GRAMMAU SCHOOLS. The Grammar Schools — sixty-four in number— were formerly called the District Schools, and wore established some twenty years ago by the then Legislature of Upper Canada, with a prudent fore- thought and an anxious desire to erect in every district or aggrega- tion of counties an institution in which the higher branches of education should be brought home to tho doors of all. "Each Grammar School is intended to fulfil the double oftice of a hiffh English school and an elementary, classical and niaihematical school, — a school into which pupils will bo admitted from the higher classes of the common schools, and receive such an education as will fit them for mercantile ami manufacturing pursuits and the higher employments of mechanical and agricultural industry, as well as make them intelligent and useful citizens ; — a school also forminnr a connecting link between the common school and University Collcije, in which youth luaybetliorouufhly trained iut'ie elcment.'iry classics, matlieiii.'iticsand physical sciences, for admission to the University, and entrance upon professional studios." In addition to foes tho teachers receive an annual grant of £100 each. They are now required to bo graduates of some Uiu- versity. Authority has been latterly given for the am;ilLrMmation of the Grammar Schools and Common Schools into oiu? .\cademv, and in a few of tho towns tho fusion has taken place, and liand- Bomo structures have been erected for tho ncconnnodation of the pupils, and staff of tcacluirs. The free school system is an iim, dividing lit for one Tho affairs , who hold iially by the ustcos have ample powers. They determine, says the Superintendent of Education, in the following view of the system, extracted from the Official Report for the year 1853, "whatever sum or sums are necessary for the furnishing, &c., of their scliool, and the salaries of the teachers, but account for its expenditure annually to their constituents, and report fully to the local Superintendent, by filling up blank forms of Annual Reports, which are furnished to them by the Chief Superintendent of Schools from year to year. The Township Council imposes assessments for the erection of school houses, or for any other school puri)oses, desired by the in- habitants of school sections through thoir Trustees. The inhabi- tants of each school section decide as to the manner in which they will support their school, according to the estimates and en- gagomentos made by the Trustees, whether by voluntary subscrip- tion, or by a monthly rate bill of not more than one shilling and three pence per child on parents sending to the schools, or by rates on the property of all according to its assessed value, and opening the school to the children of all without exception. The latter mode is likely to supersede both the others, but its existence and operation in conectiou with each school depend upon the annual decision of the iidiabitants of each school section, at a public meeting called for that purpose. The tluties of teachers are proscribed by law, and their rights are efVoctually }>rotected. No teacher is entitled to any part of the school fund, who does not conduct his school according to law, and who has not a legal certificate of qualification from a coiuily board of public instruction, nor is any school section en- titled to receive any aid from the school fund, in which a school is not kcjit open six months during each year, by a teacher thus recognized as to both moral character and attaiiunents. The law also reijuiies a public (piartorly examination to ho held in each scliodl. Tiio inspection of the school is made by local Su|»erintendcnt9, who are appointed by tlie County Councils, and who may bo ap- jtoinled for each county, or one for one or more townships, nt the pleasure of each County Council. EjicIi local Superintendent is entitled to at least one pound (I'our dollars) per annum for each school under his charge. lie is reipiired to visit each school, at lojist twice a year, and to deliver a public loctnre on education in euuh schuul Muliou onco a year, besides apportioning the suhool Itii 88 CANADA. moueys to the several school sections within his jurisdiction, giving cheques on. the order of Trustees to qualified teachers, upon the county treasurer or sub-treasurer, aiding in the examina- tion of teachers, deciding various questions of dispute and reference, corresponding on school matters, and reporting annually to the Chief Superintendent according to the forms prepared and furnished by him. Besides the local Superintendents, all Clergymen recognized by law Judges, Members of the Legislature, Magistrates, Members of County Councils, and Aldermen, are school visitors, to visit all the schools as far as practicable, within their respective charges. Their visits are voluntary ; they are desired " especially to attend the quarterly examination of schools, and at the time of such visits to examine the progress of the pupils, and the date and manaiicment of the schools, and give such advice to teachers and pupils, and any others present, as they may think advisable in accordance with the regulations and instructions wliich shall be provided in regard to school visitors according to law." The law also authorizes the holding of general meetings of school visitors, in any numicipality, on the appointment of any two visitors " to devise such means as thoy may deem expedient for tbeetiicient visitation of the schools, and to promote the establish- ment of libraries, and the ditfusion of useful knowledge." There is a Board of rublio Instruction in each county, consist- ing of local Superintendents, and the Trustees of the Grammar Schools in such county. These County lioards consist largely of the clcrcy of ditlerL-nt religious persuasions, associated with some of the nn>st intelligent laymen in each county, so that the coun- try has the best guarantee that its circumstances will admit for the moral character and intellectual qualifications of teachers. The teachers are examined and arranged in three classes, ac- cording t«. a ].rogranuue of examination prepared and prescribed by tho^Council of Public Instruction for Upper Canada. The Municipal Council of each county is responsible for raising at least an ecpial sum for salaries of teachers in the several town- ships within its jurisdiction, with that which is annually appor- tioned to them out of the rarlianicntary appropriation, by the Chief Superintendent of Schools. The County Councils also appoint the local Treasurers of the school fund, and the local SuperiutcndentH of schools, and provide for their salaries. Special I CANADA. 89 urisdiction, i teacliers, le examina- d reference, ally to the jpared and coofnizcd by Members of visit all the ve charges. ly to attend me of such le date and eachers and \dvisable in ch shall be law." The s of school af any two spedient for io cstablish- e." nty, consist- Grammar ondent of jiublic aid are deserving of notice : The oldest of these is TFIIi UXIVKHSITV OF QUEEX's COLLEGE, SITUATED AT KINUSTOK. This institution, holding a Koyid Charter, was originated by members of the Church of Scotland, and endowed by private liberality. Tt comprises Faculties of Arts and ^ledicine, and a Divinity Hall, and also a school. It has a stafl" of four Professors. Recently, a purchase has been made of a large and commodious building for its accommodation. It is calculated from its situation to be of much benefit to Central Canada. Though under the management of a Board of Trustees named by the Scottish Church in Canada, there are no tests, and it is conducted on a liberal basis, aftording a sound substantial education. TUINITV COLLEOE Is conducted at Toronto, under the auspices of the Episcopal Church, and also holch a Iloyal Charter. It was established when University College became a public institution. Handsome build- ings have been erected, and a large sum raised for its endowment, ft embraces Faculties of Arts, Medicine, Law and Divinity, and is conducted with nuich vigour. VirTOia\ COT.LEOE Is an institution of the Wesleyaii Metho.list denomination, estab- lished at Cobourg on Lake Ontario. Large and commodious l)uildings have been elected, and it has been for some years in elective operation. With it has lately been afliliatod the Toronto School of Medicine. THE COM-EOK OF UKOIOI'OMS h situated at Kingston, and is maintained and carried on under tlio superintendence of the lloman Ciitholic Dishop of that city. MlCUICAl. INSTITUTIONS. A Medical 13oard for Canada West is organized by Act of Par- liament, and meets quarterly in Toronto for the cxaiulnatiou of eiMididates. i H* 92 CANADA. Tlie Toronto College of ^ledicine, already mentioned, holds a session of six iiiontlis annually. The course embraces the various branches of medical education. Schools of medicine in connec- tion Avith the University of Toronto and with Trinity College, Toronto, and Queen's College, Kingston, are in operation, alford- ing opportunity for obtaining a S(.)und medical education. Ou the whole, Canada has every reason to be proud of her Educational Institutions, and their bearing on her future is very important, inasmuch as, no doubt, they must tend to her ailvance- ment and progress in general enlightenment. Her system is a noble one, inferior to none pursued in older countries ; it is superior to that of many. LOWER CANADIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. Rea'ardiniT the Lower Canadian svslcm as beinu; in a transition state, I notice it briefly. It is not yet, from a variety of causes so far, as eflicient as the Upper Canadian, but to which it may be advantageously assimilated. Teachers are licensed by Boards of Trustees, Protestant and Catholic. The great majority of tho people in the rural jiarislies, with tho exception of the Eastern Townships, are attached to the Catholic faith, hence separate schools are erected by the I'rotestants wherever their numbers enable them to sujiport them. ' A Superintendent of Education is in charge of the whole system, aided by School Inspectors having certain districts under their chari>-e, and reporting as to their elliciency to the Supeiiiitendent. Teachers are licensed to teach by l>oard of Examiners, respectively Protes-tant and Catholic. Such teachers, according to their ([Uali- fications, arc authorised to teach Common or Model Schools. The state of education in Lower Canada is n(jt so encouraging as in Upper Canada, but still progress is being n\ade, and the two svstoms might be profitably assimilated. Opportunity of obtain- inf the higher branches of education is amply jirovidcd, but a class of schools of higher standard than the prinuiry schools, and intermediate between them and tho Colleges, is a desideratum. Academies are, however, begiiming to spring up in various parts of the coantry, and a few years will doubtless witness a rapid advance in the difl'usion of sound education throughout the masses of the people. To this end, tho extension to Lower Canada of the CANADA. 93 I efficient municipal system of Upper Canada will materially con- tribute, as the one institutiim re-acts upon and is mutually helpful of the other. The character and features of the education commu- nicated varies with the character of the school, whether French or English. In some portions of the country the schools arc exclu- sively English, ()r nearly so, as in the Eastern Townships; but the groat majority of the schools are French in Lower Canada. Where the English families have settled in the midst of a French popula- tion, a dissentient English school is generally opened. In 1852 there were in Lower Canada, according to the official Report of the Superintendent of Education, 2277 schools in actual operation, of which 2006 were Elementary Schools, Ys Model Schools, and 71 schools of a superior class for girls. There were 138 Indejiendent Schools. There were in all 30 Collegiate and Academical Institu- tions, and 30 schools attached to convents. TJio total number of pupils in attendance on all these schools was, in 1852, 97,582. Lower Canada as well as Upper Canada receives from the Legisla- ture its share of the animal appropriation for school purposes of £50,000. The educational system of Lower Canada, suffering hitherto from many disadvantages and difricullics, referable to the mixed origin of the po})uhition, and other causes, still riMpiiros a large measure of improvement, and no doubt the serious attention of the Legislature, alive to the best interests of the country, will be given to the subject, and an improved system adoptoil, which may, it is hoped, place the benefits of a sound education within the reach of all. OOI.LEGIATK INSTITUTIONS. There are many of those in Lower Canada, all, with the excep- tion of M('(fill and Leimoxville Colleges, connected with the Roman Catholic Church. McCill (.!)ollego was founded by a late merchant of Montreal, the Hon. Mr. McGill, who endowed it witli considerable landed property. It went into operation in 1842. It is constituted umler a Ifoyal Charter, and managed by governors. There are in connection with it Faculties of Arts, Law and Medicine. The school of medicine, commenced previously to 1842, has long main- tained a very high reputation for the thoroughness of the educa- tion comnuinicated. In 1852 there Avero sixty-foiu" medical etudeuts iu attendance on the le(;tiu'es. 94 CANADA. The nigh School of Montreal has been connected with this institution : it is conducted on the plan of the Edinbuigh High Scliool. At Quebec there is also a Iligh School of a similar nature. At Lennoxville there is the Lennoxville Collcffc, in connection with the Episcopal Church, where there are Faculties of Arts and Divinity. Besides these, which are connected with the Trotcstant commu- nity, there are twelve Collogos, situated in various parts of Lower Canada, in connection with the l^oman Catholic Church, and in Avhich a classical education is atlbrded, and is freely taken advan- tage of by those who design entering the learned professions. CHAPTER VIII. r "('>■' POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. To obtain a correct view of the position of some of these it will be necessary to bear in mind that Canada was originally a colony of France. In Upper Canada the Common Law of Eng- land, and Statutory Law also, as enacted until the constitution of the Local Legislature, prevails ; but the Statutory Law has from time to time modified the existing laws, as circumstances demanded. In Lower Canada, on the contrary, a ditlV-rent system prevails. The law of France, as it was in force at the conquest, including tlie Custom of Paris and the Edicts of the French Kings, Avhich were enregistered in the Conseil Supcrieur of Quebec;, and those of the Intendants, &c., continue to have in civil matters the force and elTect of law, except in so far as they have been or may bo modified by the Statutes of Lower Canada and of Unitcl Canada, and that the English Criminrd Law prevails in criminal matters. In 1791 the Act commonly called "The Constitu- tional Act," was passed, providing, amongst other important enactments, that lands might be granted in free and common soccage. and providing generally for the government of the Province of Quebec, as Canada was then called. l>y this tenure the lands in th(i Eastern Townships are held. It resulted from the retention of the French Law in the then Province of Quebec, that as an incident of it the feudel system of Fiefs and Seigniories was retained and is still in force, though on the evo of 1^ CANADA. 95 I! . abolition. This feiulal system, it may be remarked, is identical in many respects with that which once prevailed in England, and the traces of which are yet to be found in some of the almost absolete tenures of Britain. The coimtry was divided into Seigniories, and granted on cer- tain conditions to Seiirniors. The Seiirniors were entitled to receive in virtue of their concessions, by law, certain dues from the censi- iaircs, the most onerous being the lods et vento and, though to a limited extent, the cens et rentes. They were entitled to other rights incident to the feudal tenure, one of the most lucrative being the droit de hanalM, which compelled thQCcmitorica to bring their grain to his banal mill. The lods et ventes also were found, as the resources of the country increased, to retard it simprove- ment, the Seigniors being entitled to a twelfth of the purchase money on every mutation of property by way of sale. The rentes were not so heaAy a burden, but for some years a grow- ing disposition has been evinced to alter the features of the tenure, or to abolish it entirely, and the result has been, in the present Session of the Parliament, the adoption (after long and protracted debates, and continued efforts at remodeling the measure,) of an Act which will terminate the system, extinguishing the tenure and at the same time compensating the Soigniors for their lucrative rights, on an estimation to be .made of them by Commissioners to be ap[»oiiited by Government. The Province itself assumes the payuioiit of a certain jjortion of the indemnity. It is matter of rejoicing that a measure so generally equitable in its provisions should have been adopted, and a change of tenure brought about without violent expropriation and infringmont of the rights of individuals, as in less peaceful revolutions often happens. Beyond doubt the change of tenure will benefit Lower Canad;i, and induce the current of emigration to set more fieelv into it than it has hitherto done. By the 3 1st George III., chapter 31, the Constitutional Act was amended in certain very important respects, nnd the Province of Quebec was divided into two separate Provinces, called Upper and Lower Cauaila. The Act constituted in each Province a Legislative Council and Assembly, having power to make laws for the peace, welfare and good government thereof, not repug- nant to the Act. The Lo^rislativc Council iu each l*rovliico was to conBist of not fewer than fifteen Councillors for Lower Canada 96 CANADA. /'h ■'.i ' 5- :-V and seven for Upper Canada, summoned b^^ a Patent under the Great Seal of the Province, and holding- oflice for the term of life. In order to constitute the AssemLlies, the Governors or Lieutenant Governors were authorized to divide each Province into counties, districts or circles, and towns, and townships. The Lower Canada Assembly was to consist of not loss than fifty membcra and the Upper Canada of not less than fifteen. The freehold ia the counties was constituted at forty shillings per annum, and after constant changes and modifications is still retained. The Councils and Assemblies were designed to meet once in each year, and the duration of each Assembly was four years. Under this Act, the Legislatures of the Province remained while sepai-ate, save that in Lower Canada the constitution was tempo- rarily suspended, and a Special Council exercised the Legislative power. In 1840, however, the Provinces were re-united, and constituted into the Province of Canada, with one Legislature, composed, as before, of a Legislative Council nominated by the Crown, and an Assembly of eighty-four members elected by the people, forty-two from each Province. Under this Act the Government of tho country has been conducted ; but the House of Assembly has been latterly increased to one hundred and thirty members, sixty-fivo from each Province, returned by counties, cities and towns. The Legislative Council is appointed by tho Crown. Before a statute becomes law, the assent of the two Legislative bodies and of the Crown is necessary. !Money Bills originate in the People's Uouse. The power of the Legislature is almost unchecked, regulating taxes, customs, private rights, and the general government of tho Province by its Acts, the Queen rarely withholding, as she has power to do, her assent from a measure. Sessions are required to be held annually, and tho duration of the Parliament is four years, though it may be previously dissolved by tho Governor General. Tho Government of the Province is conducted by a Governor General appointed by the Crown, who presides at the delibera- tions of an Executive Council nominated by the Crown, but who must, according to the theory of Kesponsible Government, in prac- tical force in Canada, possess the confidence of the people, as evinced by a majority of the House of Assembly *, and who, con- sequently, may lose their places on a vote of want of confidence* Tho Executive Council is composed of the following officials, vizi I CANADA. 97 a President of the Committees of the Council (who is also Chair- man of the rmroau of Agriculture, and of the Board of Regis- tration and Statistics ;) a Provincial Secretary, an Inspector Gen- eral, a Coniniissioner of Crown Lands, a Receiver General, one Attorney and one Solicitor General, one of each for eadi section of the Province ; a Commissioner of the 1 >oard of Public Works, and a I'ostmaster General. Tliesc incumbents preside over tho public iKpartments indicated by their titles, in addition to exer- (iisiiig the functions of Executive Councillors. On the acceptance of office, the incumbent elect, unices a Legislative Councillor, must present himself to the people for re-election. The Solicitora General are not necessarily Members of the Cabinet. Such is the system of governing by Legislative majorities and responsibility to the electors, which is in force in Canada. Prac- tically tho Government of the Province is self-government, tho 4 British Government rarely inter]X)sing the weight of its authority, y but, on the contrary, distinctly emmciating its desire to allow tho Province tho widest latitude in self-government, compatible with the Colonial njlation. Li fact, tho Canadas enjoy the largest measure of political liberty possessed by any country or people. Tho jaiblic ofliees, and the seats in the Legislature, are practically open to all. Tiie peojile, by their representatives in Parliament, regulate all matters of Provincial interest, and by their municipal system they ri'gulate their munieipal matters, ^vhile they possess and exercise the power of rejecting at the polls those who havo forfeited their contidence. The inhabitants of Canada are bound to iJritain by the ties of common interest, common origin, and filial attachment. Owing a grateful allegiance to their Sovereign, they are proud to share the heritage of Britain's ancestral glories, while they are not slow in evincing their sympathy with her strug- gles, as the munifieent grant of £20,000 sterling, gracefully ap- propriated by tho Legislature to tho Patriotic Fund, and to tho widows and orphans of the soldiers of her ally, France, proudly shews. The policy of Britain is a wise one. S)ie is building up on the broad foundations of sound political liberty, freedom of thouglit and conscience, a colony which will one day, (thougli tho connection will never be rudely severed.) attain the position of a nation, and peopled by inhabitants knit to Britain by the strongest ties of blood, and identity of feeling, will strengthen her liands and support lier position by tho reflex influence of sound, national and constitutional sentiment. ■", I t ■' I 98 CANADA. The future of Canada is a brilliant one : a groat problem is being wrought out in her history; and, on review of her immense resources, and on a glanee at her hardy, self-reliant i)opuhition, the mind is irresistably uro-ed to the conclusion that her destinv is a grand one, and that, on this American continent, plie may yet be destined to play no insignificant part among the rolo of pe(){)lef~. h CHAPTER IX. GENERAL STATISTICS. In this chapter it is designed to throw together sucli facts and ■figures, illustrative of the progress of Canada, as have not neces- sarily been interspersed through other portions of this Es-;ay, in treating of the various subjects it embraces. The result of tliis compendium will, no doubt, be the dispelling of an error whidi is thus alluded to, in the words of a ]u'[)urt of the Board of Regis- tration and Statistics of the rrovinco of Canada: "It is believed that a very general feeling prevails, not only in the mother coun- try, but even iu Canada, that iicr growth and ])rosperity arc not commensurate with that of the United States; and, without any inclination to conceal or deny the rapiil progress of our neigh- bours, it may bo well, by a few facts conipilcd from statistical returns, to prove how cironeous such an impies-*ion is, the i>'rowtli of Upper Canada, taking it from the year 1800, having been nearly •niiiicii that of the United States^ rorrLVTiox. The total population of Canada, according to the Census of 1 6u 1, was 1,842,'J05. "According to tlie '"World's Progress,' a work published in New York in 1S.")1," says the Report before quote 1, "tho' free population of Ihe United Stati's wai, in ISOO, 5,;ii)r),l)J") ; in iSflO it was 20,'j:.t),()(ii»; (in IHIO it was '7,'j;)!>,Sl I :) thus in :>i) years its increase was not (piite 100 per cent., whil:;l)led in twenty-four years. And the increase in the IJJ years between 1831 and 1844 was 13'04 per cent. Airain, lalcc a comparison bclwcen Canada W«'st. or Upper Canad;!, and tliroo Stjitcs of the American Union, Ohio, Michiulati()n, the statistics of emigration to the I'rovince lor some years back. EMIGUATIOX. Tlure arrival at Quebec the following number of emigrants in the years specified, viz : Xativi In 's (jf ICiiifliiiid aiul NValiMt liclimil llu yiiirs istr. isiK. isw. ls.-.n.'lH.-,i. iin:iv !".w(i ',kh7 !tr,77 lit.-ii!::-.';il'Jii 17'.'7iiJ'-':m aiisd .i!iv» :.'s7',i 711 IJ SV'J lii^i 7iil lliii) U'.ci ■m; KV.t ,s7(i •i7i»;!it;$su)i :i'.'2!»'j ni7r, 1 1K.VJ, 1>'J7< I.V.I-: .•.V77 IIM :HI07i IS.-);l. ttr.s:. IHI7 171.-. r.ii- 71.M. iiiiim 1854. IH175 (1 l(U75 If 1!. \. A. ("iilouii's H'i N 'I'lii; L'uutimul. ' 7W7 1101, ^ll 1 15.'J7 hllSiJ It will be noticecl that the emigration attaiiu'd its maximum in 1847, the period nf the Irish I'xndus, and during tlii> ]k\>{ year it ngain rcailiecl its highest point .sinrc the year IS 17. 'J'liis is owing in part to accidunt.il causes, a large inllux of llnglisli nnJ Bcot(!h cnii'^'iants being doubtles-i attributable to the importation of skilli'il workmen for the great systiMu of railways in progress, while tlie large arrival of eontineuf.al emigrants is owing to a pre- forenco for the Canadian route as tlu! safest, chea|>c^t an 1 best route to the Western States. This emigration will no doubt CANADA. 101 per cent., years tho us of the no-. The 'ration, in 13,835, c in sovon or oO per increased ol' Drum- le County Company m 13,485 nada will 'tor tlioso 10 rise in an appro- 1 increase oviuce lor i^Taiits in IS.-);!, i.s,-;!. ".risrHiHiTri I hi: 1(1175 174.-, r,nrt I lili:| S73 7i.-.t.'n.w7 xiiuuin ni st vi'ar it . 'J'liis is i.iflisli and ipoi'lalioii I proifrc-^s, J to a pro- 11 111 1 iie.^t no doubt increase, and wliilo some settle in the Connty of Waterloo and elsewhere in Western Canada, where German colonics are planted, the majority will wond their way thronr>;h the Canadian waters to Iowa and the Western States. The management of this trade is of no slight importance to Canada, as in 1851 upwards of 300,000 emio-rants arrived in New Yoik, and the current of this emirrra- tion tends westward, the avenues open to it being either the Erie Canal with its tedious lockages, or the American railway chain with its many bivaks and transfers, or on the other hand, and immeasurably superior, the noble navigatitm of the St, Lawrence, and the short Canadian (Jroat Western Railway across tin; western peninsula of Canada, Of tho emigration of the past year to Canada, 1T8G sleorage and 429 cabin passengers arrived by the Canadian lino of steamers, — the commencement of a greattrade. It is believeil that the tliiec Canadian lines of steamers will divert to the shorter and more expeditious Canadian route a large i>or(ioii <>f tho emigration to America. Of the continental emigrants 11,000 were natives of Germany, 5811 Norwegians, 910 Swedes, and 231 natives of Holland, Tlie exct^lleiicy of tho routes as regards salii- hrity is demonstrated by the fact that though cholera was ]trevalent during the summer season of 1851, the deaths on the pa^sa'i'o of the total emigration to Canada was but 0,02 per cent, lu liimiautiiu' 0,08 do And tlie totid mi eniigrnnti^ I'lnbuikod.. l.oo d(i The n;ivigatiuiidas ill six years iiicit'ased from IVOO to 3517, r.raiitford, during the year 1S50-1S51, rose from 3200 to I00(>, or 25 per cent. r>elle\ille, ill the s.ime period, increased from .•i5ni) to toU!) ; and London from 51 2 t to T035, while it lias n.iw .■Ut;iiiied a popula- tion of 10,000, and been cstablidied as a city, Cah increased in five year>* from 12 to 11,685. Toronto in " " " " 11,211) to 30,776, 102 CANADA. This latter city, in ITOS, was, it is stated, occupied bj'^ a singlo wigwam, and in 1797 contained only 12 families. In 1794 the site was selected for a town. Ill 1801 the population of the city was 336 .>^ " 1830 " " " " 2,860 " 1845 ' " 19,706 " 1851 " " " " 30,775 and is now much greater. The assessed value of the rateable property in Toronto was, in 1851, £3,110,400. Hamilton was laid out in 1813: It coutaincd in 1836 Diily 2,816 inhabitant!*. '• 1846 " 0,832 " " 1851 14,112 " Ail the foregoing towns are in Western Canada. Montreal, in Lower Canada, contained, in 1810, 10,000 inhab- itants; in 1851, 57,715, and it is believed now to contain 70,000 inhabitants. It is rising steadily and surely, as the following state- ments, compiled from the Annual Reports of the City Treasurer, shew: — In 1851 the market revenue was £0704 12s. 3d.; the iluty on business for 1850, was £5849 4s. Od. ; the assessment and personal taxes for the fiscal year ending on the 31st .January, 1851, wore £14,417 19s. Id. For the year 185 t, the following is the statement of the same features, exhildting a sti'.i ly advance ; duty on business, £9311 10s. Gd. ; marktt revenue, £8137 Os. 7d. ; assessment and pt-rsonal taxes, .£J0,232 10s. od., the rate of assessment li''iiiLr Is. Od. in the pound on the rental. Queltec, in 1810, according to Talbot, contained 14,880 inhab- itants ; in 1851 it contained 42,052. Bytown, in Upper Canada, in 1830 containcil 150 hnuses; it is now IIk' C'lty of Ottawa, with 10,000 inhaliitanls. Nor arc those isolated instances : Talis, Woodstock, (jlalt, Cuelpli, Cobourg, Poterboro', Stratfonl, Port Hope, 8t. Catherines, iVrtli, Iboekville, aro among the many ri>ing towns which are rapidly augmenting their population in Wi'stern Canada; while in Lower Caiuida, Sherbrooke, Si. Ilyacinihe, and Tliree liivers, may bo mentioned as rising in importaiu'c, bcides many minor villag(!s. roi'rr.vTioy «v wkhtkiin canapa iiif oiiKiiif. ('am(ilnn"«,nnt nf I'vi'iicli oriKin,,.. ri2il,,417 I i CANADA. 103 BELIOIOUS CENSUS. Chm-ch of Enpkncl, 22;i,190 ]iaptists 43,35;j Uonio 107,09.") jAitherans, ]2,()S» Motliodists, ;!(>7,(po(> Otlior t'rcuds, Ul,87!i J'Tt'sbyteriaiis, 201,148 | cnuKcnES. ConprcKiitionalist 84 liiiptist, 11(> i!il)l(^ (liiristian, 4(i Other i)laccs of worsliii), 185 aiOi) (."liiirchofKtipIaml 220 Uouii', l.'ii"' I'rcshvtrnau, '■i'l'i Mi'tliodisk, 471 (Juakt'V 18 Ijutlu'mn ii- as per Census Ueport of 1851, being one ])lace of worship for every C12 inlwilitauts, iiltbrdiiiii' jUHomiiioilation for 470,000 jiersoiis, and at an average cost of £W0 eadi, amounting to £-107,100, incUnling only tliose in the Census lloport, vliidi is poshibly incomplete. It is bdii'ved that tlic Census of religious beliefs tlirouii'liout the Province is not to be depended on as correct, !)ut may jirove an approximation. rorXI.ATION OF LOWEn canapa dy ohigin. Caimilians of Fmitli origin, (!fii»,.V2S ' Uiiilcd Stales 12,482 not of " ni.'i.riMi Otlicr count rJL's, 6,;i77 Kimlaiid and Wales ll.L'.'iU Ireland Ol.lDl) Scolliuid, ll,5U5 bU(),2Ul ISELIOIors CREEDS. I'liiMTll of U Otii'r ereeds, 3s,783 CltlllCHES. 1 llonian rathnlic !VH> I Methodist < hun II of luii-'laud Ill ] CoiitiiTniitionidist I'rertl)>teriaii, 07 I .l8:{, and U[tper Canada 1 11,000, "an e\iiiit .■iboiit ^i\ limes, (as I'rotessor liillie, in his valuable lec- tures oil Canada, of the careful statistics in wliicli the writer has mailefree use, justly remarks,) ihatol'lCnglaiid aiiil Wali-s," — surely aiii]>le room and verge enough for e\[inii>ion, iiiul lor the accom- modation of the redundant popidation of Europe. Compared with the United States, the area bears to the area of that country the proi»ortioii of one-sixth. In j)oi)ulation it ismoro than one-thirteenth ; in occupied acres, one-seventeeiilh ; in growth of wheat, very nearly one-sixth of the whole L'niou. 104 CANADA. •H t •!i -^ AGRICULTUHAL rUODrCE. A comparison botwoon the produce of ( •aiiada aiid tlio United States is oxceediiinjly iiiti.'iostiiiiif, and the fuIlowiiiLi; lias bci'Vi pre- pared from the Keportof the ]>oard of Jlcgistration and SLiti&tics : I Populatio...! Total Acres. 0<'""pi'"l Acres culti- Canada l,84J,-i(i5 IHo.l^s.l'JS Ohio ' l,«.si».427' JS'ot j,'ivin. U. Stato# and Tomtorios. . ! 23,l>6;J,-18^1 17.'.»:;'.i,7. of ncro!- No. of hiwlu'ls No. of bu.-liel'l Asscu-od vabie j of wheat, i of wlioat. | per acre. |of octiip'd lamls. Upper Canada.. Lower Canaila.. All Canada.. .. Oliit. 7so,r;s5 1-2 (M.'j.cor, ioji^ 1.13(i,oll 1 (■..■! 5.5 VM (3 14,)(i l.'J31,i:)7 ] 1-), 187,3.')! 12 United States.. .' Not given. Iuu,5ii8,8'.l',t Xot given. £:!i;,()7n,S'.iO 0."i,S7l>,r),5l S'.>.(iM).tilil 817,083,273 Uppor Canada.. . Lower Canada.. . All Canada Oliio United States. . . \'alne of oceupiedTotal value of wlicat at 4s. por busliel. lam! por acre, j £3 M 7 3 VI (1 3 13 5 4 I'.t H 2 14 II i-'-J,." 3.5,121 l)>,U\.(i(V,) 3,231,1:10 2,S'.)7,-I70 20,10(1,7 so Total value of live stock. £(',13 ",3.-) I 4.SM.1S3 lo.',i47,.'-37 1J,7'.»3,.5S7 111,223,120 In Oliio the cities iiuil towns arc includi'd, in Canada tln'V are cxcUulod. lindie^. The total export of wlient, in 1851, from Canada, was.. !i:::;,7"i(l " of Hour, (;f,S,()23 1.arrels, or 3,313,175 Total lionio ooti-^nniption. 5 bii-lii'l-i for each individird of I'opulatioii of 1.842,2155 ',», 21 1,325 Total Bccd at 1 J bushels ])cr acre l,c.74,|i;(i Tot il nunilur of liii-hcls of wheat as jior c:dculati(MH, . I.'j,li).',0u2 And per Census returns, Upper Province, 12,802,272 Lower Province, 3,loo,ii(io ic,,202,272 111 the Tnited State* tbo jrrowtli of wlnMt lias iucreascij abnut 48 per cent, in tlie la-t ton j'cars, wliilc in Uppor Canada it in- cro.'ised 400 per cent. TIio increase of the growth of Indian corn in tlio United States, for tlio ten years between lH4n and IS.'iO, was 50 [ler cent., whilst in Canada in Iho last nine years tbo in* si^ CANADA. 105 tlic United iH b('i'\i pre- I Sl-atistics : iIApios culti- uiuuiUivatoil. :.',i:;',i,7iU) f,',t'.»'.i.l'.»3 >,()7y,'J70 spcsscd value ;)Ci.up'd lauds. £:;(;,()7n,8'.i0 ori,87<.>,r)f)l S'.'.OMKlWU 817,0^1 ;v-"3 \)tal value of live stiicTf. £isi:?'.:{5l .t.SM.lS3 l(i,>,t47,.'.;57 I2,7'.»:!,r)87 M1,'J2;).1-J0 arc oxcUulud. 13u-iliol». !):;;!.7".fl 8,;Uo,I75 0,Gll,n25 l,'M4,ir,C) ir,,'J(i2,272 •vascil iiliouf. ('.•iniulii it iu- )l' Iii(li;iu rorn 10 (iiiil 1^50, voiirs the in* f I I crease has been 1G3 per cent. The increase in the growth of oats in tlie United States in the same period was lY per cent., while in Upper Canada it was i;3.3 per cent., and in Lower Canada 41 per cent, or, in hotli togetlier, 70 per cent. In peas the increase in Upper Canada, in nine years, has heen 140 per cent. Contracting Canada with Ohio, which presents in every respect the most iavorable comparison, the result is gratitying. Tlie occu- pied hinds uncultivated are ton and adialf millions of acres, to eight millions in Ohio. The unoccupied lands in Canada are 13*7 millions of acres, in (>\no seven and admlf millions. The ratio of the increase in population of Ohio in the last ten years was 33,J, in U!>iior Caiyida it was 104.\. The numher of cultivated acres in Ohio is une-fourth greater pijr inhabitant than those of Canada, yet the bushels of wlicat are one-twelfth less than in Canada. Canada possessed, in 1851, 40,939 more milch cows than Ohio. Ohio exceeds the average of the whole United States in the amount of butttT ])or cow by 27 per cent., and Upper Canada exceeds that average by 9 per cent. Tiie number of sheep in Canada is 1,000,000 Horses 385,801 Young cattle 435,305 An increase in nine years of 48 per cent. Canada contrasted with the State of New York : In 1810 New York contained. . 959,040 inhabitants. " 1840 " " .. 2,428,921 " " 1850 « " .. 3,200,000 " Jn iNTiO its population Avns three and one-third times more than it was 1 years before, while Upper Canada in the same year was ten times greater in population than it was iu 1811. Taliiug Ohio, Michigan and Illinois together; In 183Utliey contained in all 1,120,851 inhabitants. • lnls:,U " " 3,50.3,000, or 3 j times that of 1S30. Canada West contained : In 1H30 210,437 inhabitants. In 1S50 791,000, over 3;! tinu2 Ij 4 A g'lanrc at the coneral balance ;dioot of the Province, as extracted iVoui the public accounts fur 1Sj3, will furilicr prove satisfactory, , UU-VEKAI. K1:VI:ME and KXI'ENDITIKE. lici'iKue. On tlicSlst .Tiiiuiury, 'N'l. tlicbalamr !it tlioiTcdit of ,C s. ti. ; llic Cousoliaiitcd ImiucI \i;is R^3.(■',ln!|-ti 41 CiisUmis ;i,02'.i,7''L'.' I 27,iiioirr n d. T( Tiix on H;ink I'n't'iiliilinn itcVCUUi' fv-'VA I'lllilil' uni'ks,,, J'iiii's and I'm r''i'air( s CiLsUal Urvcnni- Law-fi'c Fund i:."..ii,vinii 4 ! I2:!.ini2: il! 7 j I i.n:,") ir.' s ii I l.",,(iiir. i:> t I 4,i(iii n II I t.".'in.(;.-<,> ' Total curr. ncy I K7iil,:;:.i) 3 (it ]!vl):!lanr('li!'ni!^!d dnwii ' KMfy\9. iV ^^ l-J.fpciidllurc. •AUt .Tanuai-y, 1^51. Inl'Vi'st on iiiiljlU; dcVit Cn il ' iOM-i'iamin Adniii list rat ion olMii>tii'o I'rovinfial rinitintiai',v ]j('(ii>laluri' ]';dnf:itic,.i AL'iirnllui'c Jlohlii.aU aridCharitic:* l'rovin(/iaUiiol„Kii-'alSurvi.y :\lililia laulit Houses Enii^i'atiipu I'i'llsiollS jndian Ainiuitiiii ^^^^^'V(m<^Z^^^^Z■■■■'■■'■■■■^^^ 73.(11111, .Miscrllan^'nus ;... Exl»'n^s''■' "t'coll'cUuli, including l;2('.,13S ,s. lor i-rp.an's; to iiidilic \vorl 3ii.lii:il7 s'.>,i;u \-: 7,'iii|) (ij : (it;.'i"7 (' ' lii!,:(3,-i 1;^' 2 I i;!,*n !.■■• I ' i;7,;i(i;i i^ 3 l.iMib.Ki ,! 2,(K1 !(-; 2 i 17.;i77 I-.' II ,s.,d. 11,(113 (1 7.7.V,, (I I ,'j>,ll.")l (I, I) ■ 1:r.,0i'.H'>l « '' 8f,0,S71,l2i S To baliinco at credit of llioConNolidntcd l'(uid S31,Ht;S|l(v 6} ' l,7(U,3n(ii r' U 1 oiiongi Litios, ha?' ;ato : lU'i' provo "i'in.f;.-',! « ',) 7(1 1, :'.•() ;!' (hj , <1. wo.sn.i:;! s >t;]i,nt;si(>' B} rnuntii 3 U CANADA. 107 It will be noticed that £7-5,000 was, during the year, paid into the Sinking- Fund, a fund ])rovidontly constituted for defraying the public debt, as it may mature, the fund bi'ing invesied in liritish securities. The sum so previously invested in rediucd ]>er cent, annuities was £4.j4,-l.')-i sterling. During the fiscal year,"£'220,095 of sterling 5 per cent., and £2Gt,5'73 12s. Od. of G per cent, deben- tures were redeemed by tlie Province. Tlll^. SECURITIES OF CAIS'ADA. As Canada is now occupying a more prominent ]>oviti()n than she has done hithert'>, and will gradually assume a yvt more im- portant phu'c in the estimation of the people of Britain, as Iier capa- bilities become more wi>lely appreciated, and Iht n'SDureos more fully developed, reliable information with regard to tin- nature and cliara(;ter of the various securities of the Province, which are from time to time otYered for sale, will prove useful. Tiicre are then, first, the debentures of the Province, jiayable out of its revenue-, and to secure the extinetlon ui' which, a sinking fund has been providently create 1. As (o the char- acter and stabilit}' of these securities there can be no i|U('stion. Representing debts incurred chiefly for provincial impro\cmeuts, and issued by a country p(.>ssessed of so many element .u" m.-iterial prosperity as Canada, and i>ne increasing so steadily in iiyiilation, there can be no roa'^onalih' risk of their being duly priMidcl ibr, and hence Canada si\- i)er cents are eagerly souglit for as ]icimanent inve-;tmcnls, and cominan 1 a higli jnvmium. Canada iive per cents are also is-ued, but of course are not so readilv >;d.'ab!e as those first n;ime 1, but yet are a d«'.>iral)h' investment in a cmintrv Vthere th ■ average value of money rules so low as ;:■ Miiuiiu. 2nU, MlNlCri'AI, LOAN FIND UONDS. Issued by the I'rovinceof t.'anada, in Upper and Lowej' (,'ana la, respectively. These also present a satisfactory ^eii;i;v. 'J"he chai'actcr of these bonds ist'ully described elsewhere under the title ''Municiual Loan Fund." It may be added tliat these stM'urities recei\e additional value, from the fact that the limit a^•^igned to tiie issue lias been already reatdied. .'l;!n. Mrxicii'Ai. nniuisri iins ok i'itku caxada. These debenfuresai'e i-ewhere fully explained. The deben- tures of the Canadian citii's, I'oii^ie-^ and townships, are issued under I 108 CANADA. ^f' the restriction of salutary safeguards. The various muuicipalitiea have power under the restrictions and upon the secuiity mentioned in the acts creating them, to borrow nroney for the execution of city, county or townsliip works within their jurisdictions. They may take stock in road companies or in railways, subject to simi- lar provisions and restrictions. For tlie lirpiidation of .such liabil- ities, they are authorized to issue debentures. The creation of sucli- d«.'l>t must be sanctioned by a by-law, which must fix the date, at whioli the same shall mature, and that within twenty years. A spe- "•inl rate per annum nuist also be imposed upon all tho rateable pro- perty within the jurisdiction, such as shall be sufficient to defray the debt and interest within twenty years. The rauiiicipality cannot discontinue such rate, until the dt'bt and interest are discharged. It is fiutlier expressly enacted, that until such debt is wholly paid, the by-law is in force, and any by-law ropoaling it is absolutely null and void. The municipality is bniiud to report to the Exec- utive Government of the Province annually the state of its debt. ^ihouM the municipality neglect to provide for the debt or interest, the payment can be enforced, and on a writ of execution Ix'ing addressed to the Shcritl', he has power to exaniine "the adjusted and settled assessment rolls" of such munici[):d corporation, and to strike a rate upon the saine, for the cullection of which hy is author- ised to issue a precept to the collector to levy and enforce the same, "^ucli then is the mode in which those securiti(;s arc issued and the way in which their liling the direct debt, the collateral debt, and debts, as the Municipal Loan Fund, to which the Province is only by implication responsible, as being jtayable out of a Special Fund, is esliniat(;d, by a Committee of the House of Assembly, at £9,GoO,5UO 9s. 5d., the total interest on wliicli is £544,103 4s. 4d. per annum. And tliis indebtedness, it is to be borne in mind, is chielly incurred for public improvements and works of general utility, contributing directly to the advancement of the Province, and the increase of its proiluctive cai)abilities. The sanction of the Legislature is required to r.ny expenditure of the public monies. M| i V (lIAPTEPv X. CLIMATE. This Treatise would be incomplete witliout some reference to this important topic, with regard to which there is much miscon- ception. In the words of a writer on the subject : " Xotwitl island- ing the enjoyment of a soil eminently fertile, and of a climate distinguisluMl by remarkable salubrity, notwithstanding a decided superiority for agricultural purposes over the State of Xew York, the northern part of Ohio aiid Tllinois, the States of Michigan, Iowa, AVisconsia, the " far West," and the whole of New England ; in a word, over the wheat-growing States generally, yet the im- pression undoubtedly prevails among multitudes, who are desirous of emigrating from (rrciat Britain and Ireland, that the climate of "Western Canada is distinguit■•' ■ I, ■ i H 2nd. In adaptation to the growth of certain cereals and forage crops. 3rd. In the uniformity of tlie distribution of grain over the agri- cultural months. 4tli. In the humidity of the atmosphere, which although con- .siderably less than that of a truly maritime climate, is greater than that of localities situated at a distance from the lakes. olh. Til comparative immunity from spiring frosts and summer droughts. 0th. In a very favorable distribution of clear and cloudy days, for the purposes of agriculture, and in the distribution of rain over many days. 'Tth. In its salubrity. The points in ■which the climate of AYcstcrn Canada differs l'a\'orably fiom tliat of Great Uritain aiiil Ireland arc : 1. In its liigh summer mean of temperature. '2. In its comparative dryness. .3. In tlie serenity of the sky. Vet in spite of those advantages, impressions to the contrary have U-en but too ju'cvalcnt, and confounding I'asterii with Western Canada, (the climate of the I'ormer being, though very sahibrioiis, much nil lie severe,) all Canada is often represented as a Siberia, and that ti>o a representation of a country whose ]»roduction of wheat is annually increasing at the average rate of two millions of Iiu^Iicis. Subji lined, is a table of the moan maxinunn an^' 71' FoImMiVv 24 14 40 HS 4 37 50 72 March.. ". .".0 8:5 5;> ?1 7 GO 45 9'2 April 42 17 . 71 44 17 !)() 511 18 Miiy 51 84 70 7ii 2H K2 47 04- June CI 42 7<5 44 35 72 40 72 July (>« 54 88 11 44 05 41 Or. Au^'ust 65 7« 83 '.tS 45 02 38 95 tfeincmbor 57 11 80 I'J 32 07 48 12 Octobur 44 SiO Cli 10 22 17 44 ;jU Novcmbrr 3*5 57 67 03 13 33 43 f,() Dccombor 27 18 45 25 3 52 46 2t Auauul mean 41"^ 3'j'. ; '■ ( ^., ( 1 and forao-e n' tlio acfi'i- lousjli con- is greater ikes, id summer oudy days, )f rain over ad a difters ntrary liavo ill Western salulirioiis, 1 a Siheria, oduction of ivo inillloiis II iniiuuunu : months of )bsei'vat(>ry, both inclii- IJnnpp. 4;»-' 71' 50 72 45 9i oi; IS ■17 01. 40 72 •1 1 ()(> 48 12 44 ;;u 4;i fio 46 2t CANADA. Ill From these tiL,'ures wo glean, says Mr. lliiide, the followini^ facts : 1st. The hottest month in tlie year is July, the cohlest Febru- ary. 2:iih Th.'ve are four mouths iu the ye ir duriiii^ which the average ti'inporature is h}ss than the freex-ing pi>iut i>f water. Tlieso months are, Jauuar)% February, March ami December. These (,'onstitute the winter mouths. 3rd. There arc three mouths, April, October and November, • luring which, the temperaliiro is above tlie freezing point of water and below th". niiviu temperature of the year. 4th. Th'-re are live months in the year, during which the mean temperature i-; above tlus annual mean. These are May, June July, August and September. The:.e mr,utlis, with October, con- stitute the agricultural or growing months of Western Canada. M1!-DN';:SS OF TlIK CLIMATE OK ■(UR CAXADIAN* ri:NIXSrLA. The folh»wiug table, shewing the ditference between the mean • ummcr and i.icau Vi'inter temperatures of various localities, is worthy of attention, as illustrating the mildness of the cliuuite of Western Canaihi, when compared witli the excessive climates of liic Western States: Difference hchrccn (lie summer and iiintcr means of temperature. Liititiiilo. 43" 30' Toronto SO" OO' 41 CO Museiiti lie, Iowa, 43 00 41 -Jsi J'\)rt Armstrong, llliuois, 49 U5 4;i 03 I'oi-t Crawford, Wifciinshi 5') 89 41 45 Council Bhiti's, ilissouri, 51 8t 44 oo Fort 8ru41iug, Miuiu'sota 50 GO A) CON'TUASTKl) Wiril UUEAT nUITAlX. In nearly cvoiy part of j-^ngland an 1 Ireland, the mean annual temperature varies from two to live dcgives /i/./hcr than at Toronto^ The moan summer temperature is four or iive degrees lower than at the last mentioned [ilace. llenco Indian corn will rarely ripen, or nuilons, Mpni-'hes, or pumpkins grow to any size in the open air in the i'.ritisli Isles, though these vegetables attain remarkable dimensions in Western Canada. Teaches, plums, and grapes also ripen freely in the open air, and the lirst mentioneil fiaiit, in 'lie Niagara 1 >istrict, are grown in orchards. The mean summer tem- perature of 57" 2' appears to be the minimum re([uisite for the cultivation of wheat. TJie mean summer temperature at Toronto Vvi 112 CANADA. is 04° 51', ajid if the luoan of the whole Province were taken, it would probably be fuiiiul to be GO". The luoau inaxiimim sum- mer temperature at Toronto is 85" 20'. Table of the mean summer temperature at various localities in Europe compared with Toronto : Don;rct' valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, than south of iIk; 44th ]»arallel. Still, the climate of Lower Canada is euiiiientlv sahihrions, anil the thermometer is hut a very imperfect guidi* to the einpiirer ac- customed to its ranges in the damp, humid atmospln'reofsca-houml countries. Tiie atmosphere in winter is dry, clear and hraeinir. and consei|Uently consumption is less prevalent than in ihilain or even the United Stales. The depth of snuw is usually from ei;;hteen inches to two foet, and its coming is looked for with eager- ness, supplying as it does to tlie wayfarer and the agiicultmist a natural railroad, which in n new country, where roads ;irc at liist imperfectly constructed, is of great hendit. Snow usually disap- pears linally in Lower Canada about the middle of April, and :l CANADA. 113 appears about the bogimiing of December. In Western Canada, north of the 4-ltli parallel of latitiule, snow usually disappears three weeks sooner than in Lower Canada, while south of tliat parallel there is rarely sulheient snow to permit of over two of three days sleighing in winter. As the great lumber region lies north of the parallel, the snow is of great serviee in enabling llie trees after being felled to bo drawn out to the streams down whieh they are in spring to be tloated. The snow also acts use- fully on the soil, being a natural fertiliser, and iR-noe Lower Can- ada, while before the visit of the Hessian lly scourge, now dis- appearing, it produced wheat largely, is especially adapted to the growth of root crops. The heat of the climate has also been much exaggerated. 1 here give, for the various months, the monthly means of tempera- turo at Montreal and Greenwich : .'\I•<', .'JS per- sons ; between MO and 10(t years, 41 7 ; between SO and !)0, 3030; between YO and 80, 11,084 ; between 00 and 70, 2t-.0i)5. In T'ppi'r Canada, in the same year, (here were, over 1<>0 years of ag-e, 20 jiersons; between 70 and SO, 7150; between OO and 70, 'JO, -JOG ; so that iho balance is in I'avor of the l^ower Province as rcijards the lon^•evily of its inhabitants, and is doubtl^^s to be referred to the n'reater comparative dryness of the atnu>s|>1iero. In ]jinver Caii.ida, it may be turther stated, that melons ripen freely in th«- o|i.'ii .-ui'; plnmsand pears o-row abr.ndantlv, and ap[ilo3 attain a ]ii' •iiIIm' d.-jTc,' of ex'-ellenrc, Ih.e ajiyie-, of the T-i!and of ^^.>ntreal lieinj; e-iieeially famed, reaehes an i ^'lapes a!:-erted that vdiile tlie rpivinco presents n-rent diversities of (di- maie. yet tlio :;vneral character of its climati is su'di as to eon- • luce b'.ith to the maintenance ol'tlii- phy-Icd heahh of the inhabi- tants of the Trovinee, and a!-o to the j-romolion t)f the growth of ihe coreal aai oth«M' natural products of tin; fertile sod of Canada. I And now, in < or.clnsion, the writer, oti re\iewinLi' the motives whi'di hav,' aaim ate I him in this elfort, and on looking' back to tlio lioui- durin:.;- wliieh, in the intervals of reh- isc tVom his ordinary en, lie has prepareil the statemiMils of thl< Ire i(i-e, is persuaded that he cannot better take leave of his rea lers than by as^nriuLi; th idimate, its Hoil. its yreat resources," and 1 aild, in itspolidcal liberty, its cilu- «;alioii:d advanlaijes mihI reli;^ions privile'j;e<, nnd in (he yai'atness of (lia( future (o wiii'h this nublo Trovincc it surely and steadily ri^inu-. I . Tlio wiiiil till more sel- iiC'evity. Tn agv, 38 per- 1.1 no, 3030; DO"). >r 100 years 11 00 aii.l To, ri'<>\iiico as btl'/ss to be iiis]i]i('ro. iicloiis ri]"ion .', aiiil aj>}ilo3 !i'^ Maii.l of 's ;\] ripen ay ho safely sities of ('li- 1 a< to con- 'tlie inlialii- !•' n'ntwtli i-f I "f Caiiu>la. I lie motives liaek (o tlio lis oi'iliiiarv Treiti--e, is ers than by ^''liiiH' pa'4-CR tcly jiellll.ll Janalian t,o 10 fi)l!o\viii'jj 'Te alroa'ly livi'iiial aiiln.'cl by the House of Ai^s^einbly. 1S54. ROUTES, DLSTAXCES, AND RATES OF PASSAGE. Fuo.M Qriata' to MeNruKAL. — 130 miles hy steamers, every ilay, at five o'clock; through iu 11 hour-t. Steoraarc. Cabin. Bvtho Rovnl Mail rackets Ss. Sti;. ;!s. 'inil Ibail :ii:!> .i ^ ,^ .' l;\.i;,l. " IVls. " l±'. I'ul. " D.'lllilluln'.l ;il7 > l!::::Z; :r::::::::::.T^\ •• k.. •< ::o...m. - '.w.. - .ixoa. - Ilaiiiilli.il Hit) ., .. c'1, l),.u-'.ii :m " -Ju. " .'ills. 111. " n.'s. Mt (•hiea«-o.:: ;; >n " r.-'s. •• .HKi,,1. " H's. " .>ii) Fas-eiv/ers by lliis lin,. tiaiiship at Khii^ston to the L.ihe Steamers, Jind .it 'I'oroiilo t(ir I'.uli.ilo. Daily by the Amerieaii Line Steamer, at 1 oVlmk .\. M. I'loni Mniitival to— DJHlniirrs. Deekl'ari'. i'aliiii Faro. Oirdoiisburtt l.'ls .Mil'S. iN. SU. 7*. lid. I'v. lls.Siir. l7s.i;d.Cy rii)!.' Vlni'i'iit lim " ">s. •' ins. iid. '" I'lis. " L'.".s.iid. " Sarl.1 Is ll.'irhoiir '.M-J " Vis. " l.-.s. iid. " liis. " ;;ik. iid. " (Kw -n 'js,; " lis. " i7s.i;l. " I'l'-. " a'.'s,i;d. " I.rv,isl„n .|:i,.> ^"'- -"•"''• tu^. •' 4:;s. i!d. " Duli'do 1117 " :Jiis. " '-•>. imI. " ass, " 17^. iid, n.'V.lnnd mil •' 2I1.S. " ;fX iM. " Kniiduskv 7'Jt " Uss. " ;i.-.s. ii.l. •' Tnlrdnmid Ml.liroo.. 1I7'> " '>H. " !l,-.s. (1.1. " Pii-wiii:rri'< by this lino trau*hlp at 0;,'(lenibiir^' to the Luke Stoamors for Ottwei^o mill Lewisloii. The Piissougern fop both liiuM embark at tho Ouniil llashi, Jhuilreal. Stecrago I'usxngo from titubec to Hamilton "•'<•*. Od. " •• " « llulliilo "{<*. tttt 116 ArPENDIX. FuoM Hamilton to the Wkstern Statks, hy the Great ■Wi:;'>Ti:n?; Raii.- EOAD. — Tin: NEW SHOUT Roirrr; to the West. — Trails loave IlamiUon daily for Detroit, contiLCliu^f at that City witli tl;0 Miclii^'au Central Railroatl for Chicago. DistniuTs. To TlutKln.'! (! .MiKs. I'lambovo' !• " Taris 20 " ■\Voi)ilstin'k IS " IiiK'M'sol .1.7 " ].oii(lrin 7il " Kt'kf'iril '.Hi " Chatham no " M'iiuisor > Del roil, Micliitraaj In! I'tni'-'Tfint Tniin. First Class Train. Os. till. Sta-. (Is. 7 ill <> Is. Oil. Stk'. Is. lid. ('> 2s. 0(1. " 2s. (Id. " .^s.8d. " •Is.nd. " :5s. 0(1. " Jis.lid. " .',s.-Od. " (is. Jill. " lis. 11(1. " •is. I'd." 7s. Od. '• ss. i.t.1. •' -is. {1(1. '• (is. oil. " !N. Od. " i:is. :iil. " (Is, 0(1. " 7s. (ill. " 1 Is. ad. '• 37s. od. ■' 7s. 0(1. " Ss. !ld. " it K .« t( 8s. Od. " IDs. Od. " 20s. Od. " 2.-.S. Od. " Ifis. 0(1. " 20s. Od. " tts. Od. " 55s. Od. " Cliicagu, lllinuis l(l.j " Steamers leave Chieaio dail.v for Mihvaukie and nil oth(T I'lirts on Lake Miehipiii. KaiiL'rauts, on arriviiiu- at (.'liieafro, if llr(Jeeedill^' further, will, on npiilii'ation to. Mr. II. J. Spaldiuif, AKeut of tiu^ Mieliiu'au Ceiitnl llailroad Cuniiiauy, nxrive eorrcct mlvice aiul dlivetioi; as tiinaite. l*€i.ss('nu:(rs for llic « I'stcrii parts of the United States of Xew York, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, and Indiana, iniust take the rniite vift ISiilTalo. Ottawa Rivi.ii and IIidkau Canal. — Froin Montioal to Rytown ami plnees on the Uideaii Caiuil, l>y .steam every evening, by IMiertsou, Jones A- Co.'s Line. From Montreal to (^arillon . " (iri>ii\illi « M M M M N II l.'Oriirnal, Hyluwi: Ki'iiiiilvilli", ^7=157" Mi'rri(k\ illc, cl75 Smith's trills 1 :_100 OliviT's l-'crry, • aUni Distanei^s. Dirk I'asscnirrrs. .'il. .Miles. 2s. ,st^. 2s. (id, I 'v. (ifi " lis. " as, ;>d. " 7:i " ■•is. " :is. od. " 121) " 4». " ris, od. " IstlllllUS, .liiiics" Kulls,. Kingston 921(1 •522(1 2 •-'.■)'*, lis. 7s. lid. " ras-sentrers procei'dinir to I'lrth, Lanark, or any of the adjoining settlements should land at Oliver's Tcrrv, 7 miles from I'erlh. » nOUTE TO THE E.^STERN I'AllTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Emi'."'. '■- jirooeeiliuf^to any of the fiillipwiiiij .States of the, Atnerieaii Union. viz: — Maine, N'ew llainp-hire, Massaeinisetts, Coimoetieut, \'oniKiiit, Now York niid I'eiiiHylvania, — Jly the Chainplaiti and St. Lnwrenco llailroad Company. — .Mr. W. A. Merry, Secy.; O.licc opposite tlie Steamboat Laiuliiiif, Monlroiil. I'lnitrivint Train. Front .Montreal to linrliiiu'ton , s«. od. Stu, los. od. Cv, Uhilihall 12s. Oil. " l,-,s. Oil. •• " " Trnv iss. (Id. " 22s. Cd. " " " Niw York,. 10s. lid. " 2.is. !iil. " •• " Huston. 2iis. od. " ;12V (id. " Trains of the aliovi' ('iimpaiiy ji'iivi' ^lontreid daily. From 'roroniu, Slrinmrs leave daily Cor I'ort Credit, I,') niile>(; Oiikville, 2"> miles , VelliiiKloii S(|nnre, ;t7 miles; Hamilton, Vtmiles; alNolVa't I'allionsieontheentranee of lite Wellaiid Canal, Niagara, i STATES. ioiin ITiiion. ;, Vermont, t. I^iiwrenco )l>()sili' the lit Trniii. I OS. 0(1. V\. I:,s. Oil. ••' •JL's. (1(1. " its. ml. " ;v.N- «(l. " 111', i."i inilcB', lluM.'iitraucc 1)>1. Vi'iit, cnllliii.' APPENDIX. 117 TO NEW BRUNSWICK. Die best and most expeditious route is by the St. LaT^rence and Atlantic Railroad, from Montreal to Portland — thence by Steamer, which leaves for St. John's, N. J$., every .Alonduy and Wednesday evening at 8 o'eloek. From Qiu'Ik'o to Montreal, liv SIcaiiicr !!s. St;,'. ,3s. !)(!. Cy, Jlotilical to I'orllaiid, liy l^iilroait, '2!s. " lios. Oil. •' rorllaml to St. John's, by SLcamor, l(i,s. " :ios. (Id. " *5s. " Das l)d. " i'rright Steamers leave lloiitroal daily for Kingston, Toronto and Hamilton. I'ussau'i' to ICin^rston, : 4s. i^t'j;, 5s. C.v. Toronto and I Inniilton Ss. " lOs. " riii'DiiL'liout tlipsi- p-isMit'i's, Children uniUir 12 yo.ars of ago arc charijiMl lialf-price, and tliiwf iiiiilrr .'! years are free. I'liNM.'iiireis by Steamers I'l'om (Quebec to iramilton— T.uirifniro free; if by R.ailroad, Kmi lbs. is allowed to eaeli |)assenp>r; all over tliat quantity will be cliarwd. Tliii (Jnld Sovcreiitii is at present worth its. id. Cy.; the lOnglish 8hillin,x, Is, 3d.; 'kiid the Kiiiilish CroHii-piecp, (Is. Id. Tlirouf^h-tickets ran be obtained on application to this olUce. A, C. BUCIIAXAK Kmigralion Pepartraent, C'luef Agent. Qiieliee, Aninisl, 1S."|., ' I..VSSI!I(AT1()N Ol' AllNKRAl. Stl!STA.\( i:s SIIXT FROM CA\\I)A TO TIIK I'AUIS EXIlllilTIOX, IX Till'; OllDIMl IN WlllCU TliEV ARE E.MI'LOYIOI) IN TIIK AIU'.S. 1, Mctdh and tluir orin. Miij-iieiic Iron, from jrarniora, Madoc, Sherbrooko, Crosby, Lull, Leeils and Portaiso (111 l''iirt. Specular Iron, froin ^IcNab. M'alUieo and Lake Xipissine. Jiii'_- jiiiii. n-iiiii llontrbiMi, \iinilriiiil, Nicolas, Machichc, I'ouito du Lac, St. I'ierre, Cap (le la .Madeleine ami Saint \alier, Tilainrermis linn, tVcmi Sntlmiaiid Iti-onie. llnieiiite, rioiu liny Si. i'aiil and Saint Urbain. Iilenili', IVnm Lake Siipi linr. < faleiia, from bake (Snpeiiur, (iaspe, Ilamsay and I.ansdownc. Copp. rOre, IVnm Laki' Sninrior, l.ako lluruti and Inverness. Native C'liiiin-, ||-,,i,i |,ii.l\e Superior. AniM- \iv,'-iiitirei'oii> and Artrenlirerons I'yrites, frnin the I'asterii Towiislii|is, .Nickel, iV.iiii |.;ili, s Mill Siipei'inr alii Paillebont, Silver, .Native, I'lom l.iiKe Niiiprrior. (Mild. Naliu', inuii Kivi.re ibi l.oiip, I'ief St. Charles, Aitberl de I'Kle, ICtehcmin, l;i\i r ( lianiliiic, Uiur I'aiiiine, and oilier nciKilbuurini; places, riatiinim, I'roia I'ii f S|. r|i;ii'|e>, Iride^niiii.', i, im I'iei' ,si. timrles, AiirileiMiH l'.\ rites. IVnm |,a II, aiiec. .\ii.vntii'ei'iins I'yritiH, rrom l.a liraiieo, \i>-i:ils Pnaiisto!i(> (('ouii>^''l talc.) from n'jllou aud I'ottoa. Alicii, IViiiii (irciu i'.li'. 1Mio:iIiml;'(i, t'"!im (Irnivill" ami Iiiirvr>;.s. AMiitc Saiii!-!ii;!''. fVoui S;. Alnuric,'. Asbi'stu.s, I'n.iu Dalliousir au.l Kiiinuurai-ka. 7. Mi iHval Manures. rhosphnt'-' of lanir-. from Tcrlli. ',M', t'ni'.u l.any.i'ii and ('li:".idii !■ . Luuc'Moni', fri'-m "darumra, .\li..\ali, ThcClriis, (.ilouci'stcr, rdoutrcal, I'ackciilianianit t'aiuluiauii!.'-!. Tra|), (rtim St. Uorlis. ilar'.ih', iMim Oxiui.l, Lal;i' nro;iiptoii, PudswvU, Pr.h^t Aniijind, Saint Lin, "MrXuli and rackciilia-ii. ITyih'aidir l.hnr^tiii;i', fnun Thfirnld, (iiiobcc, UiiciJa, Xcpca:; and Ih-ant ford, liuilding; Bricks, t'nim divrrs ijlaccs. 111. Combittilible Ma/crials, I'cat, from T.oii'-'iicni) and Sliclllohl. Asplialt, from LiiniskilliMi. 11. .Ui.-i-' roini timv cANAiiiAX colli:; 'TKXn lou TliL I'AKLS i;\lll!;iTl()N. I. 'f i^iii I'.i.iiUii: \Vliite-«ood, so called in this couutiy. (Lirlodoiidrou tiiiipilcra. Jjiiin.) :;. Tilinvne, IJass-wood. (Tilia Americiina. Liinic'c.) ;i. Aii'iiJrill'iceir, Sumac, (Uluis typliiiia, Liunie.) ;. .Irrrili'tfP, SiiL'.'-r M'lple. (Acer sMccliaiinuui, Liiiiii;c,) Itock Mapli', " " Ouiied .\iapie, " " Hu'ils-iAc .\la|^l<>, " " Kofi .Mill lie. (All r da-ycirpnin. Klirhnrt.) r>. Aii>:i!i'li!ack \sli. ( I'vaviiiiis SaiuliMeirnlia. I.anilicrt.) l;oel< Ash. ( !'ivi\iiius I'iiIk s.'i'iis. WniliT.) lUiiiAsh. (I''ra\!iius Jui/laiidilo'.ia. j,;niiliert.) '.•. Lniirdrcre, Sassafras. (SasyaffasOirieinale. A'mi Kseulieck.) ill. riiiufne. ■\Vliile i!liii. ( i Inins Ainerleaiia. l.iini.) l!rd er Sliiipi'iy idi.i. (r!i:ii!s l'ul\a. Mieliaux.) Kiiek i;iui. iL imii.N Uueiiiiu.sa, 'I'liciiias.) Cray l.'liu. ( " " ) 11. Jii'jlt'mlaccce. liiittennit. (.TiKxlaiis Cinirea, laiui.) .1>1mcI< Waliiiu. ^.lu.;!^•|s Niu-ra. Lina.) Soli \Valiiui. Shrll |!;.r'i Ili.'Vnrv, (Carya Allia. Xiidal.) Siuciolii iiavlv Jlii-iMirv. ( " Toi-iiieiiinxn. Xiittal.) V!i;iiiil. ( " (dai.ia 'fnniiv.) I'ltleriiiil. ( " Ainara. ,Nut(al.) VX. Ciitiiii:/, ,.,.,(•.. 'VVliitedids. iQiKivns Aiiia. lane.) Swamp Wliite Oak. ( " licil.ir. W illd.) l:''il<'-di. ( '• liiiiira. I.iini.) •ii^'eknak. ( " Ni-ra. Liiui.) Ciii'siiiit. (I'astai'ea Vrsca, T.ian.) AVIii--, ' iliTcli. I jauiis I'l'miiiiura. Ailnii.i ]!liii' lirivh, Kiire-Iiriui. H 'ar|(iiius Aiiirricana. ^lidiauv.) hull Wdud. ^(l^tl■,\a \ iiL-iiiiea. V.'dld.l 1.'.. Ill I I'.h'rctc. I'ap.a-iir Caniie Hiicli. ( !!etnla Papyra<'ea. Aitoii.) VelldU- liireli. ( " Iv.xn Isa. Aitmi.) Clierry tlireii. ( " l.ciila. I. inn,) Jilaek liir.'li. ( " Ni-r;,. I,,,,,,,) Alder. {, \!iiiw Inearna, WilM.) 1 I. S :''{'llCClC, lilaek Willirv. (Sad.v Xiirra. .Mar.di ill.) Aspen I'l.pl.n-. U'cpnliiM 'riennilnides. ;3Iii'Iiaiis.') Lai'lii'-lnoiliril \-aii'n. ( " ( ;ra;id;driu;ita. ,\lie'i:.iiv.) I!alm <>f (Jil.'.'d. ( " Ita'sainir.aa. I.iiin.) Cottoii-WDiid, Xi'cklaee I'epiar, (I'upulns .Miiiiiiii'..>ra. Aituii.l )'. I'liliililiini-riC, JliittiinweMi!, Ainri'iraii ^yeaiuure. i I'laiitauus Oecidcutalis, Linn,) 111. ('<'h[i'< I'i'a; I'it.'li I'ini'. (I'lin;.! llivida. .Miliar.) lied I'iiii', I ' Ui ^liio>a. Ailmi.) '\i'lii)\v I'iiii'. ( '■ .^lilis. .)|irhae,\.) A\'liite er Weyiiioulll I'iile, U'ilMl'* StrdMls. I.iiiii.) Ilalsani I'ir. (Aliis l;a!s:iiiira. .Marsliall.i lieinlni'k Siii'ui'i'. ( " Canad.'iisis. Mieliimx.J W liite Spniee. ( " Alba. Alirliaii\.) llkiek Sprnei', _{ " Nutrii. I'eirel.) Aiiii'rii'au l.areli, 'I'aniarnek. ( l.arix AiiU'rieana. JlicUiulx.) AMiile Cedir. ( i'liii.Mi < Ircid^'iilalis. I, Inn.) llciH'edi.r, Sa\ ill, (.liiiiiperus \jr.:iiiiana. Ijiiiii.) Tlie.se wnnds an- foiiiid in aliundiinee iiuill our forests, wilii \ery f.«' e\.'cp|i,i|ii, ■ tliey lire, Willi I'l'sp. !•( Ill I lie soil prnpia' to each, suliieet to tlie sniiie eniiiliiiniis as fu' oilier eiuinlrirs, I'lm nnly iiaiiark of a veia ral niiniri' wliieli u,' laay iinv nuil^r is, llial the faaillii •! of /■''/'■""/'"■it and cuii-Ufi lU .<■ are iinr,' partieiil.irl.\- t'l.' pro- (lilee of till' ui'sterii sn'tio,! of Ibe I'ro.iiee, while llie- ■ ef the <:oil'j\i\a- ami «t'UV(tt« are uiore piirlieidarly that of the eiwleni Heetion, ., ' 1 » '«. ■m I • '+ ! Hi. iflontrcal : •RIMED BV JOHN LOVKLL Af HIS STEAM-PRINTlNG E-SIABLISHMKNT, ST. NICUOL43 STUEET. isr.r.. * I nLISHMKNT,