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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. % \ * * 1,; ; : 1 H Con D( The «v< Nc As fia And THE o /■■ — i* [Price, as. 4d.3 ••«**«• X^ t^ 1 mT X C) T c! i /•* -« .« r 1 «^ -« \ ■» f t*"tt'\ ^ <• / ►•**.* •*'' * *r U;;?U.l .r^r *JH. 't. ?f. ,.>•.-- • .. i:i - 5 ^' - -■■ v^yir >• *.:. ft ■«1 %.; ■ ^ ^ ,^- •■•Vp» -4/' 1 <^/ *;^v .t-j. ^M^var-/^' ?^ #v .9»3 ■*■■ ^ -• •> ^ ^a; / 9 /' y* ^ SMh^i ■0'tt, Jk/jk , .iii ic p l i " ^-^ ^• •k ' m^ ; t H^^, s-t 1 5- < f m^ i I * If'' 4'. I ■ *« * I 1 > THE HISTORY •r • ■'( ;/ < • or THE LATE / f w A R- /■ >^<>c><><><^c<>oc=o<> mcr I I ^Y^'-.'l-!^.':'"]^.'^?/'. ^^^ j^-'^Wfl '■■(hattf>'\i62 , . a \.' l-'p-" r. H /:t n n, ,, .'L>yv/H'1/';^v^ j,^^ ■rl lai 11 f. u IS n JoraittfiJu J no ^l\o, . L A K R >: K H. I Efiii-' f -At J , •> , Jamw' ^^'•ft^^'tl^Tr;::::*; CHrnry \ [CtimtUckhl'l imar'f Jitnu ' Ca p _Uji H^^j; J » ^^1 . ( iTsOVS BAY t\ 1t> 'hrmll" M^V' h. "W L4,J«i.^''*<[V''''* Cc\fltr CjUmtlteH ^''■h,:-th\ A K V. 'fiixtn}^'- "■ " V' A/ 'iVlo'l*"' C Jbnn. 'I ► oi " .J.O ( .t|i. li'i';iin *■ ; , Bjhu*'*' FilhinV itfuftf'n lot rrnl r© A T G 75 __.. ^v^V"'' A isr ^ K ^ BcrmuJas ^/^e British r/nt/ FRENCH orthAmeric, i - year by vontiguous tO , we may well account --.ii ueiigns upon tnat colony. The French being pofTefs'tl of the mouth of the Mi/Tiffippi, they bad always free acccfs to XouilUna; but as this could be of no avail with rerpe of their own ac- cordt repaired to New York and Albany to trade with the Engliih, and to renew their former alliance. This begat a defir'e of reviving Spotfwood'i fcheme, and in 1730 endeavours were ufed to obtain a grant from the crown of the lands on the Ohio, and propofals were made to tranfport large numbers oi Palatines to fettle them. But this attampt was again frudrated, and the projedl lay negledted till 1749, when it was too late to put it in execution, as the event hath difcovered. *•* It is indeed hard to determine whether the origin of the late war ought to be attributed to the difputes con- cerning the boundaries of Nova Scotia, or to the old deftgn which the French had of uniting Canada with Louifianay in order to extirpate the Britifh entire!/ out of North America. Immediately after the peace of Ai.K Ja Chapelle> they began to fend troops, arms, (lores^ provifions, &c. to Canada ; but wheilier they intended ^rft to feize Nova Scotia, or the lands on the Ohio at the back of Virginia, is hard to fay. Upon the niceil examination of circumClances, it would appear that No- va Scotia was the original caufe of difagreement ; for till the French were fruftrated in their attempts there, they did not begin to hem in the Britifli fettlements, and cut off (heir communication with the Indians. Britain had an undoubted ri^ht to Nova Scotia by the I2th article of the treaty of Utrecht, in whieh the French king ceded it to the crown of Great Britain at»//.^ Ms ancient boundaries. But as the difpute went upon \'aih§t nnere its ancient boundaries^ it was committed at the peace of Aix la Chapelle in 174S, to the difoulTion of commifTaries. No fooner was that peace concluded, than M. dc la GalifTonniere governor of Canada feat* number of French Canadians to fettle at the mouth of St. John's river in Nova Scotia, where they erected two forts, land b^an to feize feveral parts of the cduatry which [were in difj^ute. They Itkewife employed eminarict to ^ Itampet with the Indians of Nova Scotia, and to excite [them to harrafs our colonies tn that provilicc, that fo A 2 they * It p ■ 6 HISTORY ofthe WAR. ' <{ 1748 they might bring them to the Dcceflity of abandoning the fettlement. Thefe perfidious praAices were not on- ly countenanced^ but warmly encouraged by the French cout t, who intended as foon as poilible to i'ejie Nova Scotia entirely. ■^i,^iyi-x which putes with the count dela Galiffonniere governor ofCa- nada (who was called home for that purpofe) and M. de Silhouette, commifTaries on the part of France. On the nomination of thefe commilTaries, the two courts agreed exprefly to this Itipulation ** That no for- *' tification, new fettlement, or innovation, (hould be " attempted on thofe countries, the fate of which was " to be finally determin'd by their fentence." Not- withftanding this mutual (lipulation, the French fent quite different inflrudlions to their governors in Ame- rica; for M. de la Jonquiere, who Succeeded Galiffon- niere in the government of Canada, immediately upon his arrival in America, erected a fort called Beaufejour or fair refidence, at the head of the bay of Fundy, and another at bay Vcrte, or green bay ; by which the Bri- tifh were confined like prifoneis, within the peninfula, and the French had it in their power to carry their arms which way they pleated. This was not only a breach of the flipubtion but juft before agreed to, but even of the peace concluded at Aix la Chapelle; fince it could be deemed nothing lefs than an adt of hoflility, bein^ on a country, to which they themfelves acknowlegcd their right difputable. Thus it is every way evident, that the French were refolved to wreft Nova Scotia out of our hands ; not to obferve any treaties, or articles of agreement, but to divert the attention of our minillry, ix'ith treating and deferring, tUl the whole country was fUrallowed up in encroachments. The earl of Albemarle, the Britifh mi nider at Pai;is« ,c. W '' If. ^ HISTORY c//^^ WAR. ^ 1750 in a letter 10 the marquis de Puyfieulx, the French nii- niftcr, dated the a^th of March, i75o, written by order of the duke of Bedford, rcmonilrated againii: the a<^s of Jonquiere as holHle, and tending towards a breach of the peace, but juik concluded. Puyfieulx afFured the Britifh miniller in his anfw.er, that orders had been (cnt to Jonquiere to dedii from all kinds of hoiUlity : but this was falff ; for a few months afterwards there came an account from yXmerica of further depredations com* mitted by the French. Jonquiere had appointed the chevalier de la Come and father Loutre, governors of the new forts on the peninfula of Nova Scotia. Thefe commanders fallied out, and ravaged all the adjacent country Governor Cornwallis acquainted Jonquiere of thi? proceedings and threatened to repel force by ' force. The Frenchman replied, that he aded in con- fequence of his laft inftruftions from Paris? whereby he was diretEled not to fuffer any EngliOi fettlement in that country, but by force of arms compel thofe inhabitants to retire. This letter,, is dated Quebec^ April 1750, from which place thefe forts werefupplied with provi- iion, warlike ftorcs, &c. One of the French King's veiTels, carrying thirty foldiers, with arms and ammu* nition for thrice that number, and prefents for the Indi- ansi who bad revolted from the Britifh government, was taken off Cape Sable, by captain Rous, in the floop Albany; it appeared that (he was bound to the fort at bay Verte, which commanded almoft the whole gulph of St. Lawrence; and that (he had a fchooner under her convoy, laden in the fame manner ; but (he, during the fight, which lafted about two hours, got away. Ano- ther vcITcl carrying warlike (lores was taken by the Trial floop, and the(e, with two others, were condemned at Halifax. M. de Herb?rs, governor of Loui(bourg, in order to retaliate upon the tnftli(h, feized and con- demned four Briti(h trading veitels which were in that harbour. The chevalier dc la Corne and father Loutre continu- ing to make faUies, and fend out detachments to fcour t{ic country of all the liritidi inhabitants! governor Corn- wallis fent Major Lawrence with a party of regulars to drive ths French otif the ground. When he arrived pretty near 17J0 !► HISTORY o^f^ WAR. "^ p near Chigncdlo, a fmall place belonging to the Britifti, not fir from Bcaufejour, he faw the French fet fire to the few houfes there* and could diftinguifli French co- lours pknted on fome fences, behind v/hlch there were troops of that nation^ and feveral tribes of rebel Indi- ttnty Vfhoni the French commanders had brought over from the Britlfh to their alliance. M^jor Lawrence continued to advance^ and being come pretty near the fence, defired to fpcak with the chevalier de la Gorne, and weht tingly half way to meet him ; the chevalier appearing/ the Engl ifh officer demanded to know the reafon of his being there ; t6 which he anfwered, that by the orders of xM. de la jonquiere, governor of Cana- da, he was directed not to fuffer any Britifh fettlements in that country; upon which Mr. Lawrence, not hav- ing any orders, returned without committing any hofti- lities. In a fhorttime after, the rebel Indians returned and rebuilt their houfes, and being inftru^ed by the French, began to intrench themfelves ; upon which Ma- jor Lawrence Was again detached with looo men, to drive them out of the country, if they Would not fubmit to the Britifh government: which lad they lefudng to do, he forced their intrcnchments, and obliged them to fly. The French troops, who were poftcd at a fmall diftanceon the oppofite fide of the river, took them im- mediately under their prote^^ion. Mr. Lawrence was retrained by his orders from attacking the French, therefore he defifted from farther hoitilities. Governor Cornwallis, feeing matters likely to come to a rupture, tranfmitted^n account of thefe tranfadions to the duke of Bedfordi His graci; or Acadia^ according to its acient boundaries, as ceded to Great Britain by the 12th article of the treaty of U- trecht ; but a difpute arifing about what were its ancient boundaries, the Britifh commifTaries in their conltrudlion of this treaty conformed themfelves to the rule laid down by the treaty itfelf, and affigned thofe as the ancient li- mits of this country which have ever palled as fuch from the very earlieft times of any certainty down to the trea- ty of Utrecht; thofe which the two crowns have fre- quently declared to be fuch, which the crown of France has frequently received as fuch, and which the prelimi- nary proceedings of the treaty of Utrecht prove to have been confidered as fuch by the two crowns at that very time. Thefe limits are the fouthern bank of the river St. Lawrence to the north, and Pentagoet to the w^iL If therefore the crown of France, had been willing to decide what are the ancient limits of Acadia by her o^ declarations, fo frequently made in like difcuftions upJii the fame point, by her pofTcnion of this country for al- mofta century, and by her defcription of Acadia during the negotiaition of that very treaty upon which this doubt is raifed, fhe could not but admit the claim of Great Britain to be conformable to the treaty of Utrecht, and defcriptive of the country transferred to Great iiri- tain by the 12th article of that treaty. - Ts'otwithftanding the French endeavoured to invali- date thejuflice of their claims, by producing faifemaps, in which the rivers and boundaries were mifplaced ; by mifreprefenting treaties which were exprefled with the vtmoJl preciGoii, an4;l^fily, by ib perplexing the confe- rences with petty differences and matter foreign to the fubjc^> and by ^ctled delays and artful cVjcdions, raif- ed i75o> HISTORY ^/i^tf WAR. ir ed from (hadows> in order to fpin out the negotiation^ and give them time to fortify the places in queiUon, and make new acqulfitions, that at length their inficcerity became fo confpicuous, that the Britifli commilTaries re- tired from Paris the beginning of the year 1759, ^^^ Mr. Shirley returned to his government ijn ^ew £n- ' gland. The infatiable ambition of the French for an exten- (ive plantation trade, made them keep fight of every means vrhereby it might be obtained. No fooner was ' the peace of Aix la Ghapelle concluded^ than they form- ed a deiign of feizing the iflands of St. Lucia, St. Vin- centi Dominico and Tobago in the We(t Indies, com- monly called the neutral iflands. Hence aroi'e another ' difpute concerning the right to thefe iflands. By the ^ treaty of Utrecht, it was agreed, that they fhould remain unfettled and unfortified, till the right of foVereignty was determined: However the marquis de Cayhis, go- vernor of Martinico, on the 26th ot November, 1748, publifhed a proclamation, alferting the fovereignty of the King of France, to the neutral iflands, and declaring he would prote utterly denying their bavins any know)ege§ of the proceedings of the governor of Martinico, with aOu- rancfs, that they had difpatched orders to him, todefid from fuch proceedings; which the duke of Bedford, by letter^ made known to a numerous body of merchants in London, who met to confider of proper and effe^ual Application to recover the neutral iflandsi who on the receipt of this letter ftopt their proceedings. However, she French nuniftry dill referved a kind of claim to the neutral iflands, and particularly to St. Lucia, which is the principal of them; and when the commifTtries met At Paris, to fettle the limits of Nova Scotia, it was agreed they (hould likewife decide the right to thefe iflandi, «nd particularly to St. Lucia. The proofs produced by two Britifh commiflarles, in iOppofition to what the French pretended of primit hi froperty^ were tinanfwerable, notwithftanding every French art of chicanery and procraftinatlon, aiid are at cmce perfpicuous and convincing* They went through the hiftory of his maje(ly*s an- cient, uniform, and clear right, to theiOand of St. Lucia; they (hewed that this right began,and was eftablifhed, by a dificovery and fettlements made many years before the French, upon the teftimony of their own writers, had any knowlege of the Caribbee iflands. That this right has been uninterruptediy continued and kept up by all proper and fufficicnt ads of government. They were § Tills was utterly fal(c, for the marquis dc Caylus afterward* J«- ctared, in his dj'ing momcnrs, that he had pofitive mted&ms fn>m^ yrench riuuiK ry coii(crniog his ceoduft at Tobago. ^ i careful, 1750^ ' HISTORY of the WAR. 13 cdrefuly at th« fame time, to make it appear, that the coromifTaries of France had nothing to oppofe to this rjght> but pretences of early difcovery and po(re(Iion> which their own hidorians overturn. Or a temporary fettlement^ gained by an ufurpation* which the law of nations will not juilify, or a remote cooftruc- tion of treaties, inconfillent with both the letter, inten* tion, and fpirit of them. And therefore thooght them* felves warranted to conclude, with a renewal of that af- fertion they began with, that the right to the iOand of St. Lucia, is not in the crown of ii^raoce, but in the crown of Great- Britain. / This point concerning St. Lucia, however, was neeventf toieize thofe illands and hold them in pofTeflion, well knowing the great value of them. And at this time a third difpote was arrived at fuch % height, and become foextremly critical , that the conferen* ces about the neutral iilandsceafed, when the attention of both courts became entirely warped another way. This is the difpute concerning the lands on the Ohio. When the Freneh began to fee that their defigns upon Novs Scotia would for the pre fen t be fruftrated, they renew- ed without lofs of time their old and extenfive projeft of uniting Canada to Louifiana. To execute this pro* jedt, they feized on the whole territory which lay be* tween their two colonies, and began to ereA forts to fecure their illegal capture. Thefc forts were fo fitua* ted as to hem in all the Britifli fettlements by being on their backs, and thereby excluding them from all com- munication with the Indians: and here lay the founda- tion of that more latent aim, which was nothing lefs than hoping one day to extripate the Britifli entirely from the whole continent of North America, Tho* thi-s proje^ had been near a cetitury in agitation, yet it never alarmed the Britilh till this period; when the French had drawn over to their intereft the Iroquois^ and advanced over the Apalachean mountains, and ptt^ tended a right to the weftern conines of Pennfylvania i^nd Yirgina. - ^ ■ ' ""-^ : , It 14 HISTORY ^ f)5tf WAR. ^ 1751 It has been already noticed, that the lands on the Ohio might hate been long ago fettled by the BritiHi, which if it had, tliefe encroachments would have been efTedtual- Yy prevented. But no ftep of this nature was taken till 1749, when a grant of 6oo,oco acres in this country being made out to Mr Hanbury, and certain other mer- chants, and others of Virginia and London, who af- ibciated under the title of the Ohio company. Ihe governor of Canada, alarmed at a (lep that would for ever have deprived his nation of the advantages ariiing from the trade with the Twightwees, and by which the communication fo beneficial to the colonies of Louiliana and Canada, would have been cut off, in 1 750 wrote to the governors of New York and Penniylvania, acquaint"^ ing them, that our Indian traders had incroachcd on their territories, by trading with their Indians, and that if they did not de(i(t he (hould be obliged to feize them wherever they were found. This mefTage, however peremptoty, did not divert the Ohio company from cauf- ing a furvey to be made of the country as far as the falls of that river. But while Mr. Glfl, employed for that f urpofey v/as in his progrefs in the fpring 175 1, fome French parties with their Indians feized four Engliih traders and carried them to a fort which they were building on one of the branches of lake Erie. The Britifh, who were fcattered about the country, alarm- ed at the capture of their brethren retired to the Indian towns for Aielter; and the Twightwees refien ting the violence done to their allies, adembled to the number of 5 or 600, and fcoured the woods till they found three French traders, whom they fent to Pennfylvania. ' That party of French which feized the four £nglifli traders, was commanded by the fieur de Celeron, and confided of feveral hundreds of armed Canadians and Indians, fent by the marquis de le Jonquicre, then Go- vernor of Canada. No adt of hollility on the part of the Britifti fucceeding the capture of thefe traders, the French proceeded to Teize the whole country at the back of the Britifli provinces. They immediatelv fent feveral detachments of troops, who poded themfelves at dif- ferent places ; and particularly one larger body than the reflf, commanded by the fieur de St. Pierre, who en- :«. camped i^i'^' 'iWiri^Mi'tih iTiMTrif 1752> HISTORY 0/ the WAR; ij camped on the fouth fide of lake Erie. In March, 1753, M. de la Jonquiere died, by which the defigns of the French, f(>i this year, were in a great meafure fruftrat- ed ; but he was fucceeded by the marquis du Quefne, an enterprizig genius, who arrived in May. The troops of Canada were loon afterwards put in motion, the forts which bordered on the Britiflt Settlements, and o- thers which were in them, were fupplied with all forts of .ammunition and itores and an additional number of men. The detachments which Jonquierehad fent out were reinforced, and particularly under fieurde St. Pierre> who was ordered to maintain his pod and take up his winter quarters where he was encamped. He built a fort there, and took every precaution in his power. He eredled another fort, to which he afterwards removed* on a navigable river, called Beef river, oneof the branches of the Ohio, about 1 5 miles from that on lake Erie, by which two forts, and the fort at Niagara, which had been greatly improved, together with another new fort created at the conflux of the rivers Ohio and Wabaih, the French completed their defign of opening and fecur- inga communication between Louifiana and Canada ; for they might now travel, and tranfport goods, by water from Quebec to New-Orleans and back again, without any land carriagc> except about 10 or 1$ miles at Nia- gara, in order to avoid the great cataraA in that river, and I jf miles from their fort upon the fouth fide of the lake Erie, to their fort upon Beef river, and two or three portages of a few yards only, in order to avoid the falls or ripling dreams, in the two great rivers St. Lawrence and Ohio« There now remained but to extripate the Britilh totally out of the country. ^ When Mr, Hamilton, Governor of Pennfytvaina, was informed of thefe proceedings> he laid before the af- fembly a fcheme (in order to fecure the lands on the Ohio) for ereding truck-houfes, which were to ferve in a double capacity, both as fhops and forts, for the fe« curity and conveniency of the Britifli traders. The propofi^l was approved of, and money granted for that purpofe;butasthe means propofed for railing them were not complied with, nothing was done, and the French continued to ftrengthenthcmfelves without interruption. I n it « 4€ it tt ii ii ti l6 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ 175^ Mr; Dinwiddic, governor of Virginia, ne^t took the alarm. He, on the lad day of Odlober, t753» wrote to the Gear de Pierre, complaining of fundry Ute hoftiiities, and detiring to know by what authority an armed force had m^irched from Canada and invaded a territory in^ dubitably the right of the king of Britain. Major Wafh- ington was the bearer of this letter. He returned with anfwer from the fieur de St. Pierre, dated at the fort on Beef river, \^ December I75^> which is as follows: '^ As I have the honour to command here in chief, Mr. Waihington delivered me the letter, which you directed to the commandant of the French troops I Aiould have been pleafed if you had given him orders, or if he himfelf had been difpofcd, to viQt Canada and our general ; to whom, rather than to me, it pro^ perly appertains to demondrate the reality of the King ray mailer's rights to lands (ituated along the Ohio, and to difpute the pretentions of the King of Great <* Britain in that refpedl. '' I (hail immediately forward your letter to Moi^f, \t <' marquis du Quefne. His anfwer will be a law to me: ^' and if he dire^s me to communicate it to you, I af- fure you, Sir, I (hall negleA nothing that may be ne^ ceflTary to convey it to you with expedition. <* As to the requilition you make (that I retire with the troops under my command) I cannot believe my? fclf under any obligation to fubmit to it. 1 am here^ in virtue of my general's orders ; and tbeg, $ir, you would not doubt a moment of my fixed refolution to ^< conform to them, with alt the exaAitade and fleadinefs « that might be expefted from a better officer, • s ^' I do not know that, in the courfe of this campaign, any thing has pafTed then he ptoceeded to the river Monangahela, where he diflodged ««pt. Trent, wh© had only 33 men ; arid a little farther* he fouiid the conftrvdlioa and traces of the fort, which . ■ ^ ' had m I \ « I J 1 'l j^ T 1 i t ■ , 1 ( 1 i \ i8 HISTORY ///5r WAR. ^175^ had been abandoned by the workmen on his approach. Here he encamped, and finding the lltuation lo advan- tageous for commanding all the country on the Oh;o, he finifhed the fort, and gave it the name oi fort du Quefne^ in honour of the governor of Canada. Meanwhile orders came from England to the gover- nors of the Britifh fettlemcnts in America, to form a kind of political confederacy, to which every province was to contribute a quota ; and the governor of New York was directed to hold an interview with the chiefs of the Six nations, and to endeavour to bring them off from the Frenc'.i intered, his majefty having ordered a con(iderable fum of money to be laid out in prefents for that purpofe. This political union had not the efTed that was expe^ed from it. The congrefs between the governor of New York and the Indian chiefs of the Six nations, held at Albany, was but thin of Indians; and tho* all the Britifh fettlements had commiflioners there, yet the meeting made but little impreflion on the fava- ges ; the force of prefents perfnaded them to renew their treaties with the Britifh; but the remembrance of thefe promifes was Toon effaced by the arts of French miflion- aries : however the Virginians refolved to exert them- fclves in procuring the means of defence. They raifed 300 men, and gave the command of them to col. Wafh- ington, who» in the month of May, began his march for the great meadows on the Ohio. On his march he was attacked by a French detachment commanded by M. de Jumonville, whom he totally defeated ; foon after, he was joined by capt. Trent. When he came to the ereac meadows he began to eredt a fort which he called/or/ Necejfity^ with a propriety adapted as well to its fitua* tion, as the great need there was of it in the prefent cir* cumftances ; but before it was finifhed, Gontracoeur h.i* vjng received many reinforcements, detached M. de Villiers, brother to Jumonville who was flain, with| 900 regulars and 200 Indians to diflodge col. Wafhing*^ ton before he fhould be joined with the forces from New York* for which he was then waiting, and which ought to have been with him when he began his march. De Villiers attacked fort Neceffity on the 3d day of July> and after a fmart fire; which laded three hours; he^ by his 1754 J^ HISTOkY /M^ WAR. 19 his great fupcriority* obliged col. Wafhington to fur- render ', but the colonel obtained honourable conditions for himfelf and the troops. The Britilh \oik about 40 men ; the lofs of the French was never known. It was obfei ved that they were aflilled by a conliderable num- ber of Indians, who had long been in the Briti.h alli- ance. This adion had a very bad efFc^ upon the Bri- tifli interelt in America. Tho' the French commander had engaged by the capitulation to do all he could to prevent the Britiih from being infulted by the favages, yet the latter plundered the baggage and attacked the Britifh in their retreat, killing fome and fcalping others. Thus the French remained vidtors ; the Indians were I confirmed in their defecftiony and the frontiers expofed thro' the ill-timed parfimony of the provinces. The enemy on the other hand> wifely improved the prefent advantage, and eredled forts to fecure to themfelves the muiet pofFeniou of that fertile country. Thus the no- bleft opportunity was lod of keeping our Indians fleady^ land for building a fort at a fmall expence, in a pafs fo jcommodioufly (ituated between the mountains, that it [would have effedlually covered and defended two of our frontier counties, from the inroads of the French and their Indians. When the true flate of the affair came to be known at London, his majefty inftrudted the earl >f Albemarle to reprefent it at the court of France as a formal breach of the peace; but no fatisfa<5tory anfwer ^as obtained. The £nglifh miniftry however were a- rerfeto war; and notwithftanding the French cncroach- lents and hoftiiities, they hoped to fettle all difputes )y negotiation ; yet the people faw, from the nature of the French encroachments and hbftilities in America^ that war was unavoidable. While the con^refs, formerly mentioned^ was held at Llbany, governor Shirley proceeded with 1000 men to theealtern parts of the province, and with the confent )f the Indians, built fort Weftern and fort Halifax u- )on the river Kenebeck, the former about 37 miles • [rom the mouth of it, and the other about ^4. Thefe rere credted toftop the progrefs of the French on that [uarter, which was in great danger from thofe at Que- Jc and Crown Point; and tc eflPeiSt a folid friendfhip B with ao HISTORY ///5^ WAR. rerentations to the niiniftry, of the dangerous (ituation of the Briti(h| provinces ; with the abfoliite necelTity of a powerful af« iiftance from Britain to baMe the defigns of the Fronch.l CHAP. II. Nax^al trunf anions. Defeat of general BraddGcky nsim other American affairs 4 Tranjafihns in EuropeMll th\ year 1756. JfN the beginning of the 1755 \iO\h nations were vi- [ goroufly employed in naval preparations. And in* eed the BritiOi were more forward by fea than by land, I that being their natural element ; and, if that nation | t^ould more confine its military views by land, and ex- tend them more by fea, they would foon convince their Neighbours how impolitic it would be to break with I t1iem~. The French laid a general embargo on alt the ports of France> to man with the utmoft expedition, a ftrong fquadrony and a number oftranfports to carry troops to America ; this they did; as well to fuppoct the encroachments they had made, as to make larger and more conliderable ones. Notwithftanding thefe prepa- rations were adually making, and the fequai dlfcovered that this was the view; yet did the French mini(lry) with the mod unparalleled effrontery, at this time pofi- tively aflert, that no preparations were making, and that no hoftility was intended by them againfl Great Britain or her dependencies. Th^ preparations, how- ever, became fo notorious, that they could be no longer concealed : Mirepoix, the French ambalTador, was upbraided at St. James's with being infincere, and the proofs of his court's double dealing was laid before him. He appeared to be flruck with them, and Complained bitterly of his being impofed upon ; he went in perfon over to France, and reproached the miniftry for having made him their tool. They referred him to their king, . 'who ordered him to return to England with frefh afl'ur- ancet of friondihip ; but he had fcarcely deliveredi them, when ij^^)^ HISTORY ^ the WAK. ii [when iindb'dbted intelligence cttne, that a French fleet from Breft and Rochefort was ready to Tail, with a great [number of land forces on board . By this time a very hot prefs was begun on the river, land in all the out-ports of England, and continued both for lea-men and land-men, till, befides the ordinary cruizers and guardftiips for the defence of the Britifh coai^, eleven (hips of the line, and one frigate, with about 6000 men on board, were fitted out under ad- miral Bofcawen, and failed on the 23d of April for North America, It wai?'by this time known, that the French fleet, which confifled of twenty-five (hips •of the line, befides frigates and tranfports, with a I va(l number of warlike (lores, and between three and fourthoufand land forces under baron Dielkau, w^re I ready to fail from Breft under admiral M acnamara, U- >on thi^ intelligence, admiral Holbourn was ordered to lireirtforce Bofeawen with fix (hips of the line, and one [frigate, and a great number of capital (hips were put in- Ito commiflion. It was the 6th of May before Macna- jjnara failed ; but he foon returned with 9 of his capital Whips, and fufFercd the reft to proceed under the com- jmand of M. Blois d^ la Mothe. ^** When the news of fo ftrong a fquadron failing from iBreft was coiifirm«d> the people of England grew ck^^ trememely uneafy for the fate of the fquadrons under [Bofeawen ttnil 'Holboume ; and it was undoubtedly ow- ing to the unaccountable bad management of the French, that one ^M" both of thefe fqnadrons were not deft royed.l While all Eorope was in fufpence about the fate of the Briti(h and French fquadrons, the preparations for a vigorous fea war \vere going forward in Britain with great fpirit and fuccefs. Ndtwithftanding this, the French court ftill flattered itfelf, that Great Britain, out of tendernefs for his majefty** German dominions, would defitt from hoftilities. Mirepoix <:ontinued to aft with great fin-cerity, and had frequent conferences with the Britifh minlftry, who made no fecret that theii: admirals, Bofeawen in particular, had orders to fall n- pon the I'rench fhips wherever they tould meet with them. Upon this Mirepoix made a formal declaration, in the name of his maft^r, that the firft gun that was • B 2 ^ fired ■>*■ v' > aa <^ HISTORY of the WAR. -< 17551 fired in hoflility (hould kindle all Europe into a war. This evidently (hews the defigns of the French; how early and how deeply they were laid. Yet however tender the affairs of Germany might be to his majefty, ,, he oil this occaiion gave a noble proof that they were but fecondary objedls in his confideration ; for now that the interefts of England and Hanover were to be fepa- rated ; when a war that was in a great meafure abfolute- ly besun, in which Hanover had nothing to do> yet muft lufFer much, witholit any hope of advantage.; he did not even hefitate a mon^t in expofing his German ' dominions, rather than make the fmallefl abatement from the immenfity of the Englifli rights in America. Admiral Bofcawen was ordered to commit hoftilities. The encroachments of the French had rendered reprifals * both juft and neccflary. His majefty having formed a defign of vifiting his ^ German dominions this year, fet out accordingly from ' St. James*s on the 2Sth of April ; he embarked at Har- wich, and landed fafe at Helvoetfluys in his way to Ha- ' nover. Before his majefty departed, he appointed al regency, who were as follows ; his royal highnefs the ' duke of Cumberland ; Thomas lord archbifhop.of Can- terbury ; Philip earl Hardwicke, lord chancellor ; John earl of Granville, preiident of the council; Charles duke of Marlborough, lord privy feal ; Tohii duke of Rut- land, (leward of the houfliold ; Charles duke of Grafton J lord chamberlain ; Archibald duke of Argyle ; duke of IJewcaftle, firft commiflioner of the treafury ; duke of Dorfet, mafter of the horfe ; earl of Holdernefle, one of the fecretaries af ftate ; earl of Rochfort, groom of the' ftole; marqis of Hartington, lord lieutenant of Ireland;! lord Anfon, firft commiffioner of the admiralty ; fir Tho-! mas Robinfon, fecretary of ftate; Henry Fox, efq; fe-j cretary of war. The only a which had been feparated from the others by the fogs, fell in with the Englifh fleet on the loth of June off cape Race. They were the Alcide of 64 guns, commanded by M. dc Hoc- quart, and the Lys bored for 64, but mounting only 22^ and a third, which efcaped. Capt. Howe, now lord Howe, in the Dunkirk, and capt. Andrews in the De- fiance, happened tp^e their antagonifts. The Alcide hailed the Dunkirk with What is the name of the admiral? Admiral Bofcanxjeriy replies the Englifhman. Says Hoc- I quart, I know him weli, he is a friend of mine. Upon which lord Howe called, Youy firy what is your name ? iHocquart, anfwered the Frenchman. Without further ceremony the engagement inllantly began ; the Dunkirk [firft fired ; and after a fmart adtion> yard arm and yard arm, both the French fhips were taken, with eight com- panies of land forces on board, and about 8000 1. for the Ipayment of the troops. r. At the beginning of the year general Braddock was |fcnt to America, with fome troops> under convoy of commodore Keppel, and appointed commander in chief of all the land forces in America. He had orders to at- Itack fort du Quefne, and drive the French from the lands on the Ohio, For this purpofe he aflTembled at fort 'Cumberland about 2200 men. From fort Cumberland to fort du Quefne, the diftance is not lefs than 130 miles. Mr. Braddock began his march from the former on the loth of June leaving the garrifon under the command jof colonel Innes. Innumerable were the dilllculties he -1 •i ■ - !• 1^ H !k i ! ((, H 'n 24 HISTORY /i/^* WAR. 1755 had to furmounty in a country mugged, pathlefs^ and un< known, acrofs the Allegheny mountains^ through unfre- quented woods and dangerous defiles. From the li..Ie meadows the army proceeded in two diviiions. At the liead 6f the fiifl, confilling of 1400 men, was the general himfelfy with the greateft part of the ammunition and artillery. The fecond> with the provilions, (lores^ and heavy baggage, was led by colonel Dunbar, Never was man more confident of fuccefs than this unfortunate of- ficer. Being advifed at the great meadows, that the e-* nemy expe HISTORY (f the WAR. 25 them all the artillery) provifion8»aniinunUion> baggage, [military cheft, together with ihe general's cabinet, con- taining hisinibudionsand other papers of confequence.' So great was the conilernation of the Ibldiers, that rt was iinpoflkble to iiop their career, ftying wUh the ut- moR precipitation three miles from Vhe ^Id of adion ; where only cxne hundred began to make a mere orderly retreat. W bat was the ftrength of the enemy was never certainly learned, According 10 Indian acootints, they exceeded n<^t 400, chiefly Indians ; and whether any were flain is doubted> for few were feen by otrr men, being covered by (lumps and fallen trees. Great indeed was ti;>e deflrudtion on our fide. Numbers of of{icer8 facrificed their lives through lingular bravery. Extreme- ly unfortunate was the whole IbfF. The general, after having five horfes ftiot under him, recerved a wound in his lungs through his right arm, of which he died in four days. His fecretary, eldeft Ton of major general Shirley, a gentleman of great accompUfhmcnt$>by a fhot through the head, was killed on the fpot. Sir Peter Halket, colonel of the 44th regiment, was flain, and fe- veral other gallant ofRcers peri(hed in the field. Our whole lofs was about 700 killed and wounded. Col. Dunbar, commanded the rear party, feveral miles (hort of the place of adlion, and when the routed troops join- ed his men, the terror diffufed itlclf thro* the whole ar- my. In this icenc of dreadful confufion, neither the commander nor any of his ofBcers ivere liftonM to nor regarded ; the men, fearful of an unpurfuing enemy, had wadtd all their ammunition^ and fo much of their pro** vifion, for accelerating their flight, that Mr. Dunbar was obliged to fend for 30 horfe loads of the latter before he reached fort Cumberland, where he arrived in a few days with th;^ fhatter'd remaiivs of the army. Befidcfe the expedition of general Braddock to fort du Qnefne, there were three other principal objefts of the American campaign, all concerted by general i>)iirley, on whom the command of the troopc had devolved by rl^e death of general, Braddock. Thefirft was under the diredtion of himfelf, and was nothing lefs than the re- duiTtton of fort NiagarSy which commands the great country of the Six nations; but he met with fo many B 4 difhcujties f.( 26 HISTORY / /y^^ WAR- ^| 1755 difficulties and unfeen obfl ructions, and the feafon was I advanced fo far when he. arrived at Ofwego, in his way to Niagara, that it was judged impofllble to be able to do anything; therefore he turned back again. The fecond was the driving the French from their il. legal fettlements in Nova Scotia, which was happily ac- complifhed. The aiTembly of MaiTachufets Bay in New England, who were never remifs in their duty> raifed early in the fpring a body of troops, which was tranf- ported to Nova Scotiai to afliil lieutenant governor L«awrence. Accordingly y towards the end of May, the governor fent a large detachment of troops, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Monckton, upon this fervice ; and fome frigates were difpatched up the bay of Fundy, under the command of capt. Rousy to give their afliftance by fea. The troops, upon their advan- cing to the river MafTaguafli, found their pafTage ilopt by a large number of regular troops, French rebels, and Indians, 450 of whom were polled in a block houfe with cannon mounted on their fide of that rivery and the relt were polled in a ftrong breaft-work of timber, by way of outwork to the block- houfe. But our troops attack- ed the bread- work with fuch fpirit, that in ^ honr*s time the enemy were obliged to fly, and leave them in pofTef- fion of the break-work ; whereupon the garrifon in the block-houfe deferted it, and left the paiTage of the river free. From hence our little army marched and attacked the French fort, called Beaufejour> on the 12th of June; which they bombarded with fuch fury and efFeft, that the garrifon thought fit to capitulate on the T6th ; they had 26 pieces of cannon mounted, and plenty of ammuni- tion in the fort. The terms they obtained were, for the regulars to be carried to Loui(bourg, but not to bear arms in America for Ox months, and the French inha- bitants CO be pardoned, as they had been forced into the Service, To this fort colonel Monckton gave the name of Cumberland; and next day he aUacked and reduced the other French fort upon the river Gafpetan, which runs into bay Verte, where he likewife found a iurge quantity of provifions and (lores of all kinds, being tiie chief magazine for fupplying the Indians and rebel French inhabitants with arms, ammunition; and every thing 1755^ HISTORY o^/i&^ WAR. 27 thing they had occafion for. The colonel intended next to have gone to reduce the French fort at the mouth of the river St. John ; but the French faved him the trou- )le; by abandoning the place, after demoIi(hing, as far IS they had time, all the works they had raifed there, [n this whole expedition we had but about ao men killed ind as many wounded. Thus was a folid tranquility riven to Nova Scotia ; the difpute concerning which lad been one of the firft points of difference; and was the country where holiilities had been firft committed. The third objedl was an expedition to Crown Point, intrufted to the care of general Johnfon, now Sir Willi- im Johnfon. A conliderable body of troops were raif- ;d by the nothern provinces, and with themhe fet out )n his enterprize. About the latter end of Auguil he irrived at the fouth end of the lake George. He had no- fooner pitched his camp here, than fome of his Indians^ /ho had been fent out as Icouts? brought him the follow- ing advices : that they had dilcovered a party of French ^ ind Indians at Ticonderoga, iituate on the ifthn^ns be- tween the north end of Lake George and the fouthern >art of Lake Champlain, 15 miles on this fide of Crown *oint ; but that no works were thrown up. To have fecured this pafs, which commanded the route to Crown *oint through the lake, had been a meafure extremely idvifeable. Mr* Johnfon, informed of its importance, >n the I ft of September wrote to general Shirley, that he 'as impatient to get up his battoes ; propofing then to >roceed with part of the troops, and feize upon that >afs. The French, however, took advantage of the de- lay, and cut out work enough for him at his own camp. [Of the troops which failed from Breft in the fpring, a- pounttng to about good, eight companies were taken >n board the Alcide and Lys; one thoufand were land- |ed at Louisbourgh ; and the reliduc arrived at Quebec, 'ith Monf. de Vandreuil. governor-general of Canada, land baron Diefkau, commander of the forces. The IFrench court, well apprifcd of the (ingnlar confequence [of Ofwego, had determined to reduce it. Such being tlie baron*s inftrudions, he immediately proceeded to IMcntreal; from whence he detached 700 of his troops [tip the river; intending hiinfclf fpcedily to join them , . with i 28 HISTORY of the WARJ ^ 1755 ivith the remainder. Juft before he had made the ne ceHary preparation, Montreal was alarmed with the ncwij of our forming a nuraerous army near Lake George, forj the reduction of Grown Point ; whereupon the baron was ordered to proceed through Lake Champlain> for the defence of that fortrefs. Dieikau having in viU waited tlie coming up of our army, at length refolved himfelf to advance towards them; and ifhe proved vic< torious, to defolate onr nothern fettlementi, lay the towns of Albany and Schenedady in aflies, and cut oif all communication with Ofwego. For the execution of this deflgn, he embarked at Crown Point, with 2000 men in battoes, and landed at the South Bay, about 16 miles from the Britifh camp. By a Britifli prifoner the bat ron was told, that general Johnfon's camp, near fort Edward, at the Lake, when he left it a few days before^! was without iii:es, and deftitute of cannon. Having ip proached within two miles of fort Edward, he openedl his defign to his troops, confiding of 600 militia, as mi? ny Indians, and 200 regulars. To animate his irregu- lars, who feemed difindin'd to the attack propofed, he •ffurcd them, that inevitable muft be their fuccefs — " that! ^^ on reducing this fort^ the BritiHi camp muft necofla ** rily be abandoned, and their army difperfe in greatj <^ diforder- -that this would enable them to Aibdue Alba *' ny ; and by (larvlng the garrifon of Ofwego, fupcrad{l| *' to their conqueft the abfolute dominion of Ontario." With whatever intrepidity this harangue lofpired his European troops, the Cantdians and favages, fearful of| our cannon, were utterly averfe to die fcheme, but dc» clarcd their willingnefs to furprize our camp, where they cxpedled nothing beyond mufquetry. Thus difappoint- cd in his principal deiign, he changed his route, and be- gan to move ag^ind the main body at the Lake. Ge- neral Johnfon, on the information of his fcouts, had difpatched feparatc mcflengers to fort Edward, with ad vice of the enemy's approach towards that garrifon ; of| which one was unfortunately intercepted ; the reft who got back reported, that they had defer icd the enemy a* Dout four miles to the northward of the fort. Next morning it was refolved to detach 1000 men, with fome Indians> 10 fall upon the enemy in their retreat. On ■^ . ^>- ^ thisl |755 K HISTORY of th WAR. 29 lis fervice commanded colonel Williams, a brave offi- \cr, who met the baroa within four miles of our camp. Lbout an hour after colonel Williams's departure, ahear }y fire was heard; which evidently approaching^ gene* lai Jobnfou judged rightly, that our detachment was re- jreating : for the French were fuperior in number, a« lounting to about 1800. Upon this he fent out a rein* )rcement to fupport them ; which was very judicioufly [ondui^ed, on the death of «olonel Williams, by lieute^ lant colonel Whiting, a Conne^icut officer. General [ohnfon informs the governors of the provinces, ''that about half an hour after eleven the enemy appeared in ' h fight, and marched along the road in very regular or* Y dcr, diredlly upon our center: that they made a fmali Y hah, about 150 yards from the breail-work, when the Y regular troops made the grand and center attack j |< while the Canadians and Indians fquatted and dlfperf- |< ed on our flanks." This halt was the baron's capital \ ^rror: for, amidlt the conftemation at the camp, had he ^lofeiy followed up the detachment, he had eaiily forced [heir lines, and gained a complete vidbory. But by continuing for fome time a platoon fire, with little exe- cution at that dilUnce, our men recovered tbeir fpirits* isfoon as the artillery began to play, Dielkau and his reglars found themfelves totally deferted by the militia md favages, who all fkulkcd into the iwamps, took to trees, and maintained a fcattered fire upon our flanks, jForfome time, with variable and intermitting briiknefs; laving now no command of any part of his army, eacr ^ ccpt his handful of regulars, the baroo thought proper "*v to retire; which he did in very great diforder, A party from the camp followed him, fell upon his rear,difperred the remaining foldiers about him, and being himftlf - /ounded in the leg, was found refting on a (lump, ut* terly abandoned and delliiute of fucconr. Feeling for [lis watch, to furrende- it, one of our men, fufpcdling him , m fearch of a pillol, poured a charge thro' his hips* ^pon his retreat, the militia and Indians retired in fmall )arties : and as the Biitirti neglecfted to continue the >ur(uit, they halted about four miles from the camp. It the very place where the engagement happened in the »orning. Opening tiicir. packs for refrelhnient, they here ' « JL ■ >. 30 s KTlSTORYV^*^ WAR. '-^175 her^ Entered into confultation, refpedling a fecond at tack. Why the enemy was not purAied, when theii retreat became general, no tolerable reafon has fver y been afligned ; and Mr. Johnfony in his letter^ feemst evade it. Nothing however could be more fortunati |han the gallant behaviour of a party confi/ling of aboni 200 led by captain M'Ginnes, who had been detachei from fort Edward, to the affiflance of the main body, They fell upon the French in the evening, put ah en to their confultations, and gave them a total overthro M'Ginnes died of the wounds he received in this ren counter, having fignalized himfelf by a fpirit and con du6t that would have done honour to a more ex peri cnced officer. The Indians, during the whole of tin engagement, forae of the Mohawks only excepted retired from the camp, waiting the event of the conflifi| at a convenient diftance. Nor indeed was their afEd ance expe^ed, by thofe who knew that they had declaredl before their march, they intended not to engage, but to| be witnefTet of the gallantry of our troops. And Diefkau won the day, equally ready had they heen,to| fcalp their brethren the Britifh, as they afterwards ap< peared to cxercife their brutal dexterity on the French. As to the numbers^ the Britifh were at lead double thel number of the French under baron Diefkau, for he de- dared that he had that morning but 200 grenadiers, 800 Canadians, and 700 Indians of difF(irent nations under his command from whente we are apt to thinks thatifl colonel Williams, with the detachment under his com rnand, in the morning, had brilkly attacked the enemy, inftead of flying from them, and had taken care to make liis attack when they were in fome fpot where they could not outflank or furround him, he might have obtained 1 "vidlory ; but his detachment was prefently ainiod quite furrounded, being attacked both in front and upon both flanks, and being thus overpowered by numbers, they were obliged to retreat in great diforder, or rather to fly towards the camp, with great iofs; and their lofs would have been much greater, had not a detachment of 300 men been fent out from the camp, under lieutenant-colo- nel. Gole, who not only put a ftop to the enemy's purfuit, but covered the retreat of his friends, Neverthelefs, ' • .. tiieir s\ 755}^ HlSrOKY (fiiH! WAR., 31 leir loft was very confiderable ; for colonel Williams, lajor Afhley, fix captains, feveral lubaltcrns, and a [reat many private men, were killed ; and the Indians fckoned that they loft near 40 men> befides the brave ^id Hendrick, the Mohawk lachem> or chief captain, 'his was alnioft the only lofs our people that day fuf- lined, for in the attack upon their camp, they had few kther killed or wounded, and not any of diftindlion, lut colonel Titcomb, killed, and the general himfelf and lajor Nichols wounded. On the other hand, the ene- my's lofs mud have been very confiderable, as they ob- linately continued their attack upon the camp : baron >ie(kau reckoned it at 1000 men, but our men could lot reckon by the dead bodies they found above 5 of ^00 killed, and about 30 made prifoners. Although the enemy had been thus rrpulfed and de- jatcd in their defigns, yet it was judged too late in the [ear to attack Crown Point, as in that cafe it would have feen neceffary to build a ftrong fort, at the place where le camp then was, in order to fecure their communica- |ion with Albany, which was the only place from whence ily could expcd any reinforcement, or any frefh fupply |f ammunition or prOvifions; therefore, foon after this [agagment) the army fet out upon, its return, having Irft eredted a little ftockaded iort, at the end of Lake George, in which they left a fmall garrifon, as a future [rey for the enemy, which might eafily have been fore- men, as this whole army, being country militia, was to (ifperfe and return to their refpedtive homes, which lyaftualy did, prefently after their return to Albany, 'hus ended this expedition, which tho' very honour- |ble for Mr. Johnfon and the provincial troops under lis command; yet as it was late in the feafon, the~ vie- lory had no confequences except reviving the fpirits of [he people, who had begun to defpair on Braddock's de- jat. ' ■ ^ ■'%?->' - - ■ '^^'j'-v; ■*■■- Upon the whole the operations in the field afforded ^ut a melancholy profpe^. Mr. Johnfon indeed gained viftory over the enemy, which had very good confe- lucnces; but as to Gen. Braddock*$ and Mr. Shirley's Ixpedtations, they cinnot be refieded upon without /c-, tret. Such weak efforts made by the Britifh nation to recover ■\ • \ 32 HISTORY /ft5r WAR. <^ 171 recover its juft rights, which were fo fcandaloofly tramp led upon by the French, will be a UiHng difgrace to ti politics of a people who make To coniiderabie a figure ii £urope and who were fo able to protect their fellow ful jedtsin America. Hereby our enemies gathered mnchrpirij and alacrity; the Indians were encouraged in their dej fedtion ; thofe of themdill in our intereft, defpifed us^i not able even to proteA ourfelves, and mnch lefs theml tho* we were more numerous than our enemies in thofi parts. All the Britifh could boaft of baring done, t( the fouth of Nova Scotia, was the building two pahr« forts at Ofwego, and thofe not UnKhed. So that thj f rench had dill the advantage, and the frontiers of all the Britifh provinces lay expofed to their incorlions. We will now turn to the affairs of Europe, when the BritiQi minidry iHTued orders to feize all the FrencI , ftiips, whether outward or homeward bound ; and fofuc cefsful were the Briti(h cruizers> that before the end the year about goo French merchantmen and Sooo their failors /ere brought into Britifh ports. In the mean time the French refolved 'Qpon drawing! the Britilh into Germany, hoping thereby to divert theitl attention from America* They fecared fome of t}it| princes of the empire in their intered, particularly thee Icdlor of Cologne, who confented to their eredling mi gazines in his country. From this dep king Geor indantly perceived that the French intended to attai rianovcr ; upon which he began to provide for the fc«| curity of that eledorate. I.i June he entered into 1 fubfidiary treaty with the landgrave of Hei& Caifel whereby that Prince engaged to furnifh 12000 men fotj four years, which were to be employed in cafe Ht nover or Britain (hould be attacked ; but the defence ol the former was more immediately its object. He df( required from the court of Vienna the auxiliaries fti pulated to him by treaty ; but they were refnfed npon| the pretence that the difpute between Britain France concerned America only, and therefore it wi not a cafe of the alliance. Before his Majefty left Germany he laid the foundati on of a fubfidiary treaty with Ruflia^batit wa« not figne ■■\ . J , , • till 55^ HISTORY 6/ /A^ WAR. 33 In the lad day of September^ at Kenfington. The RufTi- princefs agreed tofurnifh 5(yOOonien«andforty or fif- gallies, in eafe* at the fifty article faid, his Britannic lajeily's dominions in Germany, (houid be attacked on tcount of the difputes concerning his kingdoms, in con- ]«ration of his paying her 500,000!. per annum for four Jars. The feventh article contained thefe remarkable [ords, which were direflly levelled as a menace againd the ing of PrulTia, and added a confiderable quantity of fuel the flame already begun tobe kindled up in theempire; ConHdering the proximity of thecountries, wherein the diverfion in queltion will probably be made, and the fa- cility her troops will probably have of fubfifting imme- diately in an enemy's country. She takes uponherfelfa- lone, during fuch a diverfion, the fubfiflance aod treat* ment of the faid troops by fea and land.'*And by the e- ^venth article it was (lipulated, the Ruflian troops (hould ive all the plunder they took from the enemy. The king Pruflla, by fomemeans> in a (hort time procured a co- ofthis treaty^ and in a moment guefTingat the motives fhich fet it dH loot, he folemnly and boldly declared, he )uld oppolb With his utmofl force the march of all fo- ^ign troops itito the empire. France, who was at this . le preparing to invade the electorate of Hanover, heard lis declaration with aftonilhment. She fent to Berlin fe duke de Nivernois, to perfuade the kiflg of Pruflia retraA from his declaration: the manner in which lis ambaflador was received at Berlin, feemed to dc- )te an inttAtidts In the king to agree to his propofals; body knew whether the French and Pruflians were It forming a delign to enter Hanover together ; Bri- ^in now refdlved to defend it. She was roufed with doufy at the king of Pruflia's conduct ; efpecially as this time (he did not ftattd on very good terms with |m; (hewai ndW convinced that the Ruffians, who were 'march through Poland, and p %le a diverfion in order • find empolyment fot the kmi; of Pruflla at home, [ould be idcffeftiial; foir the French and PrufTian armies, rth of which were ready, might over-iun the eledlor- ie before the Ruffians could come to its relief. Thus [e only refource which Great-Britain had to defend faaovcr, fnilil; ind eoufirmeil all Europe in the opinion that 34 HISTORY of the WAR. ' ^ lyj that Britain is not able to defend that didant countr w She had now nothing to do but renounce her trea with Rudia, and buy off an evil which (he could Aotti ^pel. This produced the treaty with Pruflia. When the treaties which had been concluded mi Ruflia and HeiferCaiTel were made public in BritaiJ they were received in a very difagreeable manner. Th] new continental fyltcm was inveighed againft the people^ and ilrong opposition was preparing to made to it in parliatnent; even fome of the miniltr|l who were at the head of the finances, refufed to anfwa the firf^ draught for moneys which came over from M iia> till the treaty had been approved by parlic.meni, bej caufe it could not be called value recived, che Ruilia troops having not yet done any fort of fervice; neithei did they apprehend it was confident with the a^ offetj tlement. ^ ^ .^^;-'rwf ^j. . * The parliament met in November, when it appeare that there were a flrange jumble of parties in boti faoufeSy as well as in the miniflry. The king ordere the two late treaties to be laid before them ; Mr. PittI and his adherents^ declared againft the continental fyj ftcm ; Mr. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer, declare! upon the fame caufe, and was therefore fucceeded in hij employments by Sir George Littleton. The honourablJ Charles Townfhend, and many others of fuperior rank] appeared on the fame fide of the queflion ; Sir Thoraa Robifon, who had been fecretary of fiate fome time^ w*ll meaning man, and a particular favourite with t^ king; was oppofed by the whole weight and intcrefl o| Mr. Pitt, pay mailer-general, and Mr. Fox, lecretar at war. It was generally believed that the public bulij nefs could not go on, if another fecretary was not ap] pointed; becaufe Mr. Pitt, and Mr. Fox, tho* thcjf agreed in nothing elfe, they united in oppofing hij| meafures ; their abilities, tho' of oppofite kinds, wereuni-l verfally acknowledged to be great, and by their being fuperior influence in the houfeot commons^ they had fej veral times oppofed Sir Thomas with fuccefs, Itisathinj extremely uncommon in Britain, efpecially in thefc mo-l dern days, to fee two gentlemen, who hold confiderablfi places under the government; oppofing upon every ocj ij^6 y HISTORY/ /^^W A R. 35 [alion, a fecretary of ftate, who was fiippofed to know |nd fpeak the fentiments of his mafter. Sir Thomas, (eing fenfible of their lupeiior in tereftin parliament, rudently refigned oa the loth of November, and the ling afterwards gave the feals of his office to Mr. Fox> [nd lord Barrington fucceedcd Mr. Fox as fecretery at ^ar. The popular party, which we call the oppofition leing thus excluded, it laid the foundation of that con- ifion which marked the following year. Tho' thefe [iterations were made, yet the treaties were very far rom meeting with the unanimous approbation of both [oufesj tho' at length they were approved by the ma- )rity. The houfe next provided for the fervice of icenfuing year; they voted ioo,oool. as a fubfidy to le emprefs of KulTia; 54,1401. to the landgrave of lefTe; and io,oooL to the ele(5lor of Bavaria? after jveral (harp debates. As ihe miniftry were afraid of a fiiit from the French, the army was augmented with ;n new regiments of foot, and eleven troops of light |ragoons; 50,000 Teamen, including 9000 mariaes> ^ere voted, befides 34,000 foldiers, which, with other [xpences and deficlences the lad year, fweiled the fup* 'JiAV*W »«y 4.AAW M\*MAM vf» / ,«Ay7 * * /* • 1 CHAP. III. ^reparations at Toulon to reduce Minorca. Noife of in- vading Britairiy with its effn^is. Admiral Byin^'s expedition* Declaration of war. Seige of Fort St. Philip's. Meffrs. Foivke's and Byings trials. King of Prufia takes the field. Battle of Lowofchutz, Sec. Afairs in AJiayfrom 17,49 ^^ ^^^ ^^^ of iTs6. H E French were at this time very bufy in equip- ping a Urge fleet at Toulon, for the conqueft of [inprca. This is an illandin the Mediterranean, about 100 miles fouth of Spain, and is 30 miles long, and 12 >road. It is valuable for its harbour of Mahon, where the irgeft fleets may ride fecure from tempslts or enemies, Ihe entrance being defended with platforms of guns, md forts Ilrongiy fortified. It formerly belonged to fpiin, but the Englifh made a conqued of it in 1708 ; •li .^i .. ., M » J '- ^ ' t \v \M '\ .1 3vai| raifed to divert the attention of our miniflry from theirl defigns on Minorca, it had its cWc& ; for hereby theyl were obliged to keep a fquadron of men of war in tbq Downs ; commodore Keppel was difpatch'd on the 71 of April to cruize of Cherbpurg with 5 fhips, to bun the fiat-bottomM boats; others of our fleets were (laj tioned off the French Ports to keep their fbips in harj b«Hr ; and both our fea and land forces were augment edl •■f ■ ,756 V Itl STORY (fihc WAR. ■ 37 led to put the kingdom in a pofture of defence. They [likewife ordered col. York^ the Britiih refident at the Hague, tb demand of the Dutch the 6000 men as ilipu- latcd by treaty, which they were to furnifh when Bri- tain niail be threatned with an inraflon : the Dutch were Iperplexed by this demand ; they forefaw that^ if they Complied, it would involve them in the war, and ex- }ofc them to a land attack from France, which they jreaded ; they therefore contrived feveral delays, be- fore they could give an anfwer to the Britifh memorial, vhich king George at !a(t perceiving, ordered the refi- lent to acquaint the princefs regent his daughter^ that ie would not inOil on his demand. Upon which the [>utch came to a refolution to adhere to a neutrality. 5y this we may perceive how thefe phlegmatic friends bod affe^ed to us, and what noble allies they are in [irae of need. The king likewife acquainted the parlia- lent about the latter end of March, that he had required body of HefFian troops, purfuant to the late treaty, /ho were to be forthwith brought over for the defence kf thefe kingdoms. To this meflkge the parliament re* jurnld their thanks in a warm addrefs This unanimi- ly encouraged Mr. Fox, the new minifter, to move for In addrefi, befecching the king that he would order 12 lattalions of his elecftoral troops, for a more efFedlual jcfence of this idind. The addrefs being voted and [refented, the king told them he would comply with Vir requeft ; and before the end of the following lonth, the Hellians and Hanoverians were a^flually en^ imped in England. It is difficult to fay, what could poffcfs the nation [ith fuch an univerfal dread of an invafion as ran thro' 11 ranks of people at this time. Every lover of his Suntry will look back upon it with deteftation. Will not be recorded to the dilhonour of the Britifli nati- n, that fhe was forced to aik the affiftance of Hanovcf id Holland to defend herfelf againll an imaginary dan- 5r; efpecially when we confider, that at this time very [w BritiOi troops were abfent, either in the Ea(i or Vcft Indies, or the American colonies ! Would it not ivebccn more honourable to have raifed an army of [t natives to defend their own country, than to call in . C a the I If'.- \ 38 HISTORY /ffc WAR. -^1756 ^he afTidance of foreigners; and after all the noife and buUle that was made in trumpeting out the danger the nation was in, when it was pretended that a concatina* .tion of events foretold this danger^ that it (hould turn out a mere ftratagem of the French coprt^ to deceive the Jiritifli miniftry. " All perfon« Qljudgment (fays an " intelligent correfpondent with totd Holdernefs's of< ** fice, dated Jan. 21, i7S6) agreed, that it was attended *' with infuperable difficulties, and was only intended <' to alarm and diilrefs us." At this time there vta neither the power nor the means> nor indeed the ap> pearance of an embarkation fufficient to alarm England] with an invafion. Another letter in lord Holdernefs office, dated Dec. 10, i755> fays, " that France ha >' no other view in all this than to gain time ; thai <^ there were no difpolitions on the coaft of the Britif <* channel for an embarkation." After reading a number of letters ail concurring in thi fame advices, it will puzzle the cleared head to hnd an foundation for the mini(terial panic, which put the na- jtion into fuch confuGon and expence, and was fo fub iervient to the deligns of the French upon Minorca. ^ At length when the deftination of the enemy's arms ment was univerfally known, they feemed to roufe froi their bed of lethargy ; yet even then^ inftead of fend ing a fquadron fuperior to that of the enemy, under thi direction of an officer of approved condu6l and couragi together with a proper reinforcemeut for gen. Blakeney they fent on the 7th day of April ten (hips of the linej without either hofpital or fire-fhip, in very indiffereoi order, but poorly manned, and commanded by admin Byng, an officer who had never been diftinguifhed f( his courage, nor was he at all popular in the navy, har . ing on board, as part of his complement, a regiment . foidiers, to be landed at Gibraltar; and between fori and fifty officers, and near one hundred recruits? as reinforcement f*r general Blakeney. The inftru^liooi which admirtil Byng received were really amating ; was, when he arrived at Gibraltai', to enquire whethi any French fquadron had palled the freights, and tbey bad> and as it was probable they would be gone America, he was to detach rear admiral Weft; thefc ■/ 1 y ;._„.. .• con |i75(S> HISTORY of the WAR. 39 :ond in command, after them. Now the reader will loubtlefs wonder, that fuppofmg Mr. Byng (hould be loinld at Gibraltar by the two or three (hips in the Me- literranean, which was but a mere chance, what force xould he detach after the enemy's fleet, which, accord- ing to the bed information, conOfled of at lead twelve ""iips of the line, and have left for the fer vice of the lediterranean ? Admiral Byng reached Gibraltar on ^he 2d of May, where he was joined by captain Edge- cumbe with one fliip and a floop, who informed him, that the French troops had actually made a defcent on the ifland of Minorca ; that there was a French fi^uadron )f thirteen (hips of the line, commanded by M. de la jalifKonniere, cruifing off the ifland; and that he had 3een obliged to retire on their approach. The admiral, Agreeable to his indrudtions, demanded of lieutenant general Fowke, the lieutenant governor of Gibraltar, a ietachment from his garrifon, equal to a battalion ; u- aon which the governor called a council of war to de- liberate on two fucceffive orders, which he had received from lord Harrington, the fecretary at war, which ap- ')eared to him inconfident and equivocal ; the majority vere of opinion^ that no troops ought to be put on )oard the fleet, iexcept a detachment to fupply the de- icFcncy in' the little fquadron of captain Kdgecumbe, nho had left a number of his men with captain Scroope ro affid in the defence of fort St. Philip. Mr. Byng finding that watering and cleaning here would be at- tended with delay and difficulty, refolved in the mean fime to communicate all thefe pieces of intelligence to the lords of the admiralty, which accordingly he did In the following letter ; but, unfortunately for him, it noved his ruin. SIR, Ramillies, in Gibraltar-Bay, May 4, 1756. This comes to you by exprefs from hence by the way of Madrid^ recoimnended to Sir Betijatnin Keene^ his majejlfs linijler at that place^ to be forwarded with the utmoji expe- iition, I arrived here with the fquadron under my command, the hd iiijlant in the afternoon ^ dfter a tedious pajfog^ oftwen- > ' K C 3 , I ' tyfeven 14 i *1 ■it I 40 niST ORY if the WAR. 1 1756 tyfevi% daySy occafioned by contrary luinds and calms ^ and ivMs extremely concerned to hear from capt, Edgcumhe (who 1 found here ivith the Princefs Louifa and Fortune jMp) that he *was obliged t9 retire from Minor ca^ the Freneh hav- ing landed oh that if and by ail accounts, from thirteen to ff teen thoufand men, . *. . . They failed from Toulon the loth of lajl month y with j- Bout one hundred and Jtxtyy or two hundred fail of tranfporti^ efcorted by thirteen fail of men of war ; how many of tk line 1 have not been able to learn with any certainty. If I had been Jo happy to have arrived at Mahon^ before the French had landed, I fatter myfelfy I fhould have been able to have prevented their getting a footing on thatiflond; hut as it hus fo unfortunately turned out y I am firmly of of i' Ttionyfrom the great force they have landed^ and the qHan* tity qjf provijionsj fores and ammur.itiony of all kinds thtj\ brought with them, that the throwing men into the taJiUy will only enable it to holdout a little longer ^ and add to tht numbers that mufl fall into the enemies hands ; for the gar- rifn in time nuill be obliged to fur render y unlefs afufficient number of men could be landed to diflodge the French y or raife theftege : however, I am determined to fail up tt Minorca ivith thefquadron, where Ifhall be a better judgt\ rf the Jituation of affairs there^ and will give general] Blakeney all the affljlance he Jhall require ; though I an afraid all communication will be cut off between usy as h the opinion of the chief engineers ofthisgarrifon (who havt\ ferved in the ijland) and that of the other officers of the ar- tillery y who are acquainted luith the Jituation ofthehar-\ hour ; for if the enemy have erected batteries on the twil fhores near the entrance of the harbour (an advantagt | Jearce to be fuppofed they have neglected) it nuill render it \ tmpoffihle for our boats to have a paffage to the Salle port of\ the garrsfen, ^ Jf I jhouldfail in the relief of Portmahony I jhall hk npon thefecurity of Gibraltar as my next obje^y andjha\\\ repair down hsre nuith thefquadron. The Chefierfietdy Portland and Dolphin are on their paf f age from Mahonfor this place* The Phoenix is gone /»j Leghorn by order of capt, Edgcumbe for letters and intelli- gence ; and the Experiment is cruijtng off Cape Pallcsy | tiikpm I expeCt in every hour. 1 <-' . " - ■■-" , . J\'t\ i756> HISTORY //)^tf WAIL 41 We are employed in taking in Wine aud compleating our \water, with the utmoft difpatch^ and /hall let no opportunity flip of/at ling from hence, Berenvith I fend you inclofed a copy offuch papers as have \htfen delivered me, which J thought necejfary for their lord^ yips infpe^ion, I am S I a, ' ■• , , Tour moft humble Servant, \Hon, J n C — ^ Efq; . . ' ^ : • . '.^^ ^' . This letter was carefully fuppreffed, it being not con- Ivenient that the people (hould know that he already (found his arrival too late and his force too weaky that his, (hips 'werefoul^ox his fl ores Jhort y or ihz works d?/*Gibraltar hegledied and ruinous Mo^tvtrhcvf^% punifhed forthis|un- [certain intelligence by an oraculous anticipation ofcowar- iice^and a report diligently fpread that ^(fwi^f/Ziw^/^^A/. On the 8th of May admiral Byng left Gibraltar; ofF [ajorca he was joined by captain Hervy. On the 19th le arrived within fight of Mahon, and feeing Britifli :olours ftill flying on St. Philip's caftle, and feveral )omb batteries playing upon it from different quarters 'here the French banners were difplayed, he detached :apt, Hervey to the harbour's mouth to land a letter for jencral Blakeney, mforming him that the fleet was come to his afliftance : but before this attempt could be made the French fleet appeared to the fouth eaft, upon which le recalled captain Hervey, and fome frigates which jad been fent out to reconnoitre, and formed the line )f battle. About fix o'clock in the evening the enemy, to the number of feventeen (hips, thirteen of which ap- )eared to be ver/ large, advanced in order; but about [even tacked, with a view to gain the weather-gage, Ur. By«g, in order to prefervc that advantage, as well IS to make fure of the land-wind in the morning, fol- lowed their example, being then about five leagues from ppe Mola. At day-light, (Miy 20) the enemy could not be de- fcried ; hut two tartanes appearing clofe to the rear of he Briti(h fquadron, they were immediately chaced W fignal. Oneefcaped: and the other being taken, vas found to have on board two French captains, two C 4 lieutenants, A :t* 42 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ ^ 17 J lieutenants, and about one hundred private foldiersl part of fix hundred who had been fent out in tartaneil the preceding day, to reinforce the enemy s-fquadron.| This foon re-appearing, the line of battle was fornicdl on each fide ; and about two o'clock admiral BynJ threw out a lignal to bear away two points from thel wind and engage. At this time his diilance from thq €nemy was fo great, that rear-admiral Weft, perceivingl it impoflible to comply with both orders, bore awajl with his divifion feven points from the wind, and, clof-l ing down upon the enemy, attacked them with fuch m[ petubfity, that the (hips which oppofed him were in'jil little time driven out of the line. Had he bee; proper.! ly fudained by the van, in all probability i.. Britiflil fleet would have obtained a complete vi^ory: out ihel other divifion did not bear down^ and the enemy'il centre keeping their ftation, rear-admiral Weft couldl not purfue his advantage without running the rifqueol feeing his communication with the reft of the line en| tirely cut off. In the beginning of the ad^ion the In| trepid, in Mr. Byng*s divifion, was fo difabled in liefl rigging, that fhe could not be managed, and drove onl the fliip that was next in pofition : a circumftancel which obliged feveral others to throw all a-back, in oh dcr to avoid confufion, and for fome time retarded the| adion. Certain it is, that Mr. Byng, though accommo- Jated with a noble fliip of ninety guns, made little otl no ufe of his artillery ; but kept aloof, either from anl oveiftrained obfervance of difeipline, or timidity.l When his captain exhorted him to bear down upon tbfl enemy, he very cooly replied, that he would avoid thel , error of admiral Matthews, whoj in his cngagementl with the French and Spanifh fquadrons off Toulon, during the preceding war, had broke the line by his owdI precipitation, and expofed himfelffingly to a fire thtti he conld not fuftain. Mr. Byng, on the contrary, m'«| tietermincd againft ading, except with the line intire;! and, on pretence of reftifying the diforder which hadl linj-ipencd among fome of the fliips, hefitated fo longj and kept at fuch a wary diftance, that he was never pro-| pcrly engaged, though he received fome few fhots in hul hull. Mr. de la Galiflbniere feemed equally averfctol |i756 1> HISTORY rfthe WAR. 43 . the continuance of the battle : part of his fqiiadron Ihad been fairly obliged to quit the line; and tho* he was rather fuperior to the Britilh in number of men and weight of metal, he did not chufe to abide the con- fequence of a ciofer light with an enemy fo expert in na- val operations : he therefore took advantage of Mr. Byng's hefitation, and edged away with an eafy fail to join bis van, which had been difcomfited. The Britilh admiral gave chace ; but, the French (hips be- ing clean, he could not come up and clofe them again,' fo they retired at their leifure. Then he put his iqua dron on the other tack, in order to keep the wind of the enemy ; and next morning they were altogether out ot fight. While, with the reft of his fleet, he lay to, at the diftance of ten leagues from Mahon, he detached cruifers to look for fome mifling (hips, which joined ;bim accordingly, and made an inquiry into the conditi- on of the fquadron. The number of killed amounted to forty-two, including captainAndrews of the Defiance, and about one hundred and fixty-eight were wound- ed. Three of the capital (hips were fo much damaged in their mafts, that they could not keep the fea, with ar ny regard to their fafety : a great number of the feamen were ill, and there was no velTel which could be con^ verted into an hofpital for the (ick and wounded. In this fituation Mr. Byng called a council of war, at which he permitted the land-officers to be prefent. fie repre- fented to thcm> that he was much interior to the enemy in weight of metal and numbers of men ; that they had the advantage of fending their wounded to Minorca, from whence at the fame time they were refrefhed and reinforced occafionally ; that, in his opinion, it was im- pradticable to relieve St. Philip's fort, and therefore they ought to make the befl of their way back to Gibral- tar, which might require immediate protedlion. The council concurring in thefe fentiments, he direded his courfe accordingly. Had he been defeated, this mea- fure would certainly have been a prudent one; but, as the engagement was little more than a fort of a (kirmifh, he ought to have fought the enemy's fleet a fccond time, and regulated his condudl on the ifTue of that event. His returning to Gibraltar can be no way juflified; for ] - _ .. . V , , _ , ._ though »1 ■» ! 5 I I » -yi r ■ i ill if 44 - H^Sf ORY of the WAR. '^ 175J \ though it ts true that fortref" was extremely weak, yJ it cannot be fuppofed that GalifTonniere would delenl W$ ftation oflfMinorca, covering the fiege of Mahon, to aA on the oflrendve againft Gibraltar whilft there wa$ a Britifh fquadron in the Mediterranean : and though we may very well affirm Mr. Byng had not fufficiem force for the relief of MinolVra, yet it is certain he might haTC landed what little force he had ; and he ought to have fought the French fleet with refolution and cou- rage. Candour and impartiality will allow, that hit conduct, during the engagement, was fcandalous, and his retreat to Gibraltar had all the appearance of cow •rdice. When advice was brought to England of thtf French army being landed on Minorca, it was refolved to de*| clare war^ which was accordingly done as follows. Bis Majeflys Declaration of War againfl the French Kin^, GEORGE REX, <> ' ^' •' The unwarrantable proceedings of the French in the I Weft Indies and North America, (ince the conclulion of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle> and the ufurpations and encroachments made by them upon our territories, and the fettlements of our fubje<^s in thofe parts, parti- cularly in our province of Nova Scotia, have beenfo no- torious and frequent) that they cannot but be looked u- pon as afufiicient evidence of a formed dcfign and refolu- tion in that court to purfue invariably fuch meafures as fhoufd mod effcdlually promote their ambitious views, without any regard to the mod folemn treaties and cngagrmcnts. We have not .been wanting on our part to make> from time to time, the moft ferious re- prefentations to the French king upon thefe repeated adts of violence, and to endeavour to obtain redrefs and fatisfadliorf for the injuries done to our fubjecfls, and to prevent the like caufes of complaint for the fu- ture ; but tho* frrquent aH'uranccs have been givcD, that every thing (houldbefettled agreeably to the treaties fubfifting between the two crowns, and particularly that the evacuation of the four neutral iflands in the Weft Indies fhould be effe<5led, (which was exprefly promif- ed to our ambafTadoi" at France) the execution of thefe, V aflurances :^6y HISTORY of tki WAR. 45 furances, aHcl of the treaties on which they were Unded, has been evaded under the moft frivolous prc- [nces: and the unjuUifiable praiftices of the French )vernor8, and of the officers ading under their au- lority, ^vere dill carried on, tilt, at lengths in the ^onth of April 1754, ^^^Y broke out into open ad^s hollility, when in time of profound peace, without ly declaration of war, and without any previous nO'* |ce given, or application made, a body of French )rces, under the command of an ofBcer bearing the [rench king's commifTion, attacked in a hoflile manner, id pofTelTed themfelves of the Britilh fort on the Ohio North America. Hut notwithflanding this aA of hoflility, which could iot but be looked upon as a commencement of war; |et, Irom our carnell defirc of peace, and in hopes lat the court of France would difavow this violence id injuftice, we contented ourfelves with fending fiich force to America) as was indifpenfably ncc^ffary for ic immediate defence and protection of ou fubjedls ;ain(l freih attacks and infults. In the mean time great naval armaments were pre- [aring in the ports of France, and a confiderable body )f French troops embarked for North America ; ana )o' the French ambaffador was fent back to Britain 'ith ipecious profeflions of a defire to accommodate icfe differences^ yctit appeared, that the!r real de- [gn was only to gain time for the paflage of thofe roops to America, which they hof ed would fccure the iperiority of the French forces in thofe parts, and en- |b!e them to carry their ambitious and opprcflive pron ?6t^ into execution. In thefe circumllances we could not but think it in- [umbent upon us to endeavour to prevent the fuccefs ►f fo dangerous a defign, and to oppofe the landing of Ihe French troops in America ; and in confeqence of |he jull and nece/Tary meafures we had taken for that Jurpofe, the French ambafliidor was immediately recal- ;d from our court ; the fortifications at Dunkirk^ which lad been repairing for fome time, were enlarged ; great ^odics of troops marched down to the coaft, and our ^^gdoms were tbrcntened \i'ith an invafron. •>* " ' ' r 1^ il 'm 11 i ' u m 46 H I S T O R Y 0/ //^^ WAR.' ^ 175^ In order to prevent the execution of thefe deGgni and to provide for the fccurity of our kingdoms, whicU vfere thus thrcatencdi we could no longer forbear givi ingiorders for the i'eizing at (ea the (hips of the Frencll kingy aivi his fubjedts : notwithltanding which, as were (till unwilling to give up all hopes that an accoJ modation might be effe^ed, we have contented our] felves hitherto with detaining the faid (hips, and prelem ing them, and (as far as poinblc) their cargoes entire! without proceeding to the confifcation of them : butij being now evident, by the ho(Hle invadon adtuallJ made by the French king of our ifland of MinorcJ that it is the determined refolution of that court tol hearken to no terms of peace, but to carry on the waJ which has begun on their part, with the utmod vioJ lence, we can no longer remain, condftently with whail we owe to our own honour, and to the welfare of outl fubjecits, within thofe bounds, which, from a defire off peace, we had hitherto obferved. , .■/}?'■:: 0. We have therefore thought proper to declare war, anj| we do hereby declare war, againft the French kin^ who hath fo unju(Uy begun it, relying on the help o(| almighty God in our juit undertaking, and being aiTurJ ed of the hearty concurrence and a(n(lance of our fubj jeAs in fupport of fo good a caufe; hereby willing and| requiring our captain- general of our forces, our coiO' midloners for executing the ofHce of our high admiralj of Great Britain, our lieutenants of our feveral coun^ tiesy governors of our forts and garrifons>and all otherl o(Ecers and foldiers under them, by fea and land> to dol and execute all a<5ts of hoftility, in the profecution ofl this war, againd the French king, his valTals, aDd| fubje^Sy and to oppofe i^heir attempts; willing and re- quiring all our rubje(51s to take notice of ihc fame,. whom wc henceforth ftri and prO' claimed at Paris the lOth, ^ By the KING, " All Europe knows, that the king England was, in [754, the aggreiTor againft the pofTelTions of the king \n North America; and that in the month of June, |a(l year, the £ngli(h navy* in contempt of the law of lationS) and the faith of treaties, began to exercife the loft violent hoftilities againft his majefty's (hips, and ^gainrt the navigation and commerce of his fubjefts, ^ he king, juftly offended with this treachery, and the fnfult offered to his flag, fufpended, during eight lonths, the effe(5ls of his reientmcnt, and what he ow- id to the dignity of his crown, only through the fear >f expofing Europe to the calamities of a new war, •T was with this falutary view that France at fird only )ppo(ed the injurious proceedings of England by the noft moderate behaviour. At the time that the En- jli(h navy was taking, by the means of the moft o4i- [ous violences, and fometimes by rhe bafefl artifices, the ''^ench (hips that failed with confidence under the pro- te^flion of the public faith, bis majefty fent back to [England a frigate which had been taken by the French |navy, and the Engllfh (hips continued their trade un- i^ioleft^d ', ■ ■' 4» UtStORY of t/je war! ^175, niolefted in the ports of France. At the time that f'rench foldiers and Tailors were treated with the great] e(l feverity in the Britifh idands, and that the behaviour] with refpeA to them, was carried beyond the bound] prefcribed by the law of nature and humanity, to th mod rigorous rights of war> the EngliHi travellsd anii| inhabited freely in France, under the' protection of that regard which civilized people reciprocally owetJ each other. At the time that the Engliih minilres, uoJ der the appearance of good faith, impofed upon thel king's ambafTador by falfe protedations, at that ver time they were putting in execution, in all parts oh North America^ orders that were contrary to thedej ceitful aiTurances that they gave o^ an approaching ao commodation. At the time that the court of London was draining the arts of intrigue, and the fublidiesol England, in order to ftir up other powers againft the] court of France, the king did not even acquire of theni thofe fuccour which, by guaranties and defeniive treatiesj he was authorifed to demand ; and only advifed them to fuch meafures as were neceflary for their own peace] and fecurity. Such has been the conduA of the two nations. Th« flriking contraft of their proceedings ought to con- vince all Europe of the views of jealoufy, ambition, and avarice, which incite the one> and of the principles o({ honour, judice^ and moderation , upon which the o* ther behaves. The king was in hopes that the king of England, purely from a confideration of the rules of equity and his own honour, would have difavow- ed the fcandalous excelTes which his Tea officers con< tinually committed. His majefly had even furnifhed him of an opportunity offo doing, in a juft and becom- ing manner, by demanding the fpeedy and intire redi- tution of the French (hips taken by the Englifh navy; and had offered him, upon that preliminary condition, to enter into a negotiation with regard to the other fatisfa^ions which he had a right to expedt, and to lif- ten to an amic?.ble reconciliation of the differences con- cerning America. The king of England having reje^ed tois propofiti- on^ the king could not but look upon his refufal as the mod ■.■'^, ,^6\' HISTORY (9/ //^^ WAR. 49 )(l authentic declaration of war, as his majefty had blared he (hould do in his requidtion. [The Britifti court might therefore have difpenfcd Ith a formality which was become unnecertary 5 a more pential motive (hould have engaged it not to fubmit the judgment of Europe the pretended grievances lich the king of England alledged againft France, in [e declaration of war which he cauied to be publi(hed [London. .vi.-*n > The vague imputations contained in that work, have I reality no foundation, and the manner in which they |e fet forth would be fufficient to prove their weak- tkf if (heir faliity had not already been (trongly de- onilrated in the memorial which the king caufed to be [livered at all courts, containing the fubftance cf the p$ with the proofs thereof, as far as relates to the [efent war, and the negotiations which preceded it. There is neverthelefs one important fsk&^ which is mentioned in that memorial, becaufe it was impof* ^le to forefee that England would carry, as far as (hs IS done, her want of delicacy in finding out ways limpofe upon the public. The affair in queftion is |e works ere and what he owes to m '»{ ^■1 I 1^ 11 I ii i 1 '•»!• 50 HISTORY //>&^ WAR. ^ lyj^ to his fubjeds, has at length obliged him to repel forci by force; but being faithfully attached to his naturij fentiments of jufliceand moderation> his majedy h% only directed his military operations again ft the kia| of England, his aggrelTor; and all his political negol tiations have been carried on with no other view bj to jullify the confidence which the other nations Europe place in his friendfhip^ and in the uprightncfj of his intentions. It would be needlefs to enter into a more ample djj tail of the motives which forced the king to fendi body of his troops into the ifland of Minorca, an| which at prefent oblige his majefly to declare waral gainft the king of Britain; as he does hereby declare it] both by fea and land. By a^ing upon principles fo worthy of determinifl|| his refolutions, he is fecure of finding, from the juftio of his caufe, the valour of his troops, and the love i his fubjeds, thofe refources which he has always expd rienced on their part ; and he relies principally upo^ the protection of the God of armies. * His majefty orders and enjoins all his fubjedls, valhlij and fervants, to fall upon the fubjeds ofthekingi Britain, and exprefly prohibits all communication commerce, and intelligence with them^ upon pain death : in confequencc of which his majefly revokes 1 permiflions, pafTports, fafe-condudts) &c. contrary 1 thefe prefents, whether granted by his majefty, or of his officers, further commanding the admirals an mardials of France, and all fea and land officers, to fej that the contents of this declaration be duely execut within their feveral jurifdidtions, for fuch is his majel] ty's will, as it is, that thefe prefents be publiihed, an 6xed up, in all the towns ajid fea-ports of this kingdon that none may plead ignorance thereof. Done at Vet| failles the 9th of June, 1756. 4^ ■ m r »^ I «' SignM .. V And underneath; i ., ^OUli Rouill , » ( , -St, ■«, » ■ * »;', But to r )f April, ^onfifting ites, com ^out 11,00 |he duke d ilieudadell: [hey appeal Irefs in the letter to feafons for /as come t Ihe lofTes v iftained in Ihe f2ih of ]r(l the dul failed cape lo do any e Ire of the I Man ofatti )wn ; her< iceffant fi ]uadron a iarrifoH) tl lany of tl |f the flori |ars to gol Ses withof large of Iras got ii be at a [effels purl Vn to th[ iived thel ites Mr. [pen a c< le Frent louth of I nrits ol >rmed b;i |ad been >nfirnic( / / [,756 1^ HISTORY of the WAR. ji But to return to the (lege of Minorca. On the i2cu fif Aprih the French fquadron failed from Toulon, fonfiiting of thirteen (hips of the line, and feven fri- rates, commanded by M. de la GaliHonniere^ with a- 3out 1 1, coo men on board tranfpLorts, commanded by [he duke de Richlieu. On the i8th, they landed at Cieudadella, on the ifland of Minorca, and on the 25th piey appeared before thecaftle of St. Philip, the chief for- jrefs in the ifland : upon which governor Blakeney fent [letter to the French general, defiring to know his [cafons for coming there ; the anfwer implied, that he ps come to reduce the ifland by way of retaliation for [he lofles which the French king and his fubjedts had tftained in the taking of their fliips by the Britifli. On [he I2ih of May the operations of the fiege began; at irft the duke de Richlieu eredted his batteries on a point [ailed cape Mola, where he was at too threat a diflance [0 do any execution, and he was lo expofed to the fcvere Ire of the garrifon, that he thought proper to alter his [lan of attack, by advancing on the fide of St. Philip's )wn ; here he opened feveral batteries which kept an iceflant fire on the caftle. On the 1 7th the Britifli luadron appeared^ which fo elevated the fpirits of the larrifon, that, by their redoubled efforts, they defl:royeel pany of the enemy's works. Mr. Boyd, commiflary If the florcs, ventured to embark in a little boat of fix bars to go to the admiral ; he pafled the enemy's batte- les without harm, notwithflanding they made a dif- Ibarge of mufquetry and cannon at him ; but when he bs got into th^ open fea, he perceived the fquadron p be at a great diftance, and two of the enemy's light [elFels purfuing him ; whereupon he determined tore- urn to the caftle, and was landed without having re- :ived the leafl damage. This tranfadlion entirely con- ites Mr. Byng's notion, that it was impracticable to [pen a communication with the garrifon. Next day le French fquadron returned to their flation at the louth of the harbour, which threw a damp on the i)irits of the befieged. In the evening they were in- brmed by a French deferter, that the Britifh fquadron lad been defeated in an engagement, and this was foon infirmcd by 9 feu dc joye in the French camp. The D ; brave !^l! I 5a HISTORY o/f^^ WAR, ^ 17J brave f^arrifon, notwithftanding this mortification, re- fblved to acquit ihemfelves with honour and intrepidity, hoping that the Britifh fquadron would be reinforced, and return to their relief. Thejr remounted cannon, the carriages of which had been diiabled : they removed them occalionally to places from whence it was judgedl they could do the greateft execution : they repairejl breaches, refrored merlons, and laboured with furprifinj alacrity, even when they were furrounded by the numer- ous batteries of the foe ; when their embrafuresy andl even the parapets, were demolifhed, and they flood ex- pofed not only to the cannon and mortars? but alfo tol the mufquetry, which fired upon them^ without ccafl ing, from the windows of the houfes in the towno(| St. Philip. By this time they were invefted with atl army of twenty thoufand men, and plyed incelTantlyl frcm fixty-two battering cannon, twenty one mortarsJ and four howitzers, befides the (mall arms : neverthe-f lefs, the lofs of men within the fortrefs was very incoo-L fiderable, the garrifon being moftly fecured in the fub-l terranean works, which were impenetrable to fliell( or (hot. By the twenty-feventh day of June the enH my had made a practicable breach in one. of the rave lins, and damaged the other outworks to fuch a degrees that they determined this night to give a general afTaultl ^Accordingly? between the hours of ten and eleven they advanced to the attack from all quarters on tli land fide. At the fame time a ftrong detachment, armed boats, attempted to force the harbour, and per trate into the creek, called St. Stephen's cove? to ttor fort Charles, and fecond the attack upon fort Marll rough on the farther fide of the creek? the moft detachj cdof all the outworks. The enemy advanced witlil great intrepidity, and their commander, the duke it Richlieu, is faid to have led them up to the works ' perfon. Such an affault could not but be attended with gre (laughter : they were mowed down, as they approache with grape (hot and mufquetry ; and feveral mines wcf fprung with great eflfedl, fo that the glacis was alraot covered with the dying and the dead. Nevcrthclefjj they perfevercd with uncommon refolution; and, tho repulfd „y56 }► HISTORY of the WAR. y§ repaired on every other fide, at length made a lodg- nent in the Queen's redoubt, which had been greatly lamaged by their cannon. Whether their fuccefs in this quarter was owing to the weaknefs of the place, pr to the timidity of the defenders, certain it is, the e- lemy were in pofleffion before it was known to the of- icers of the garrifon: for lieutenant colpnel Jeffries, [he fecond in command, who had acquitted himfelf ince the beginning of the fiege with equal courage, J;itl, and activity, in his vifitation of this poll, was fuddenly furrounded and taken by a file of French gre« ladiers, at a time when he never dreamed they had made I lodgment. Major Cunningham, who accompanied iim, met with a feverer fate, though he efcaped capti- vity: he was run through the right arm witii a bayo- let, and the piece being difcharged at the fame time, lattered the bones of his hand in fuch a manner> that ^e was maimed for life. In this (hocking condition he [etired behind a traverfe, and was carried home to his Wrters. Thus the governor was deprived of his ^0 principal alHflants^ one being taken, and the other lilablcd. .> ; ;^ The enemy having made themfelves maders of An- lruthcr*s and the Queen's redoubts, the duke de Rich- feu ordered a parley to be beat, in order to obtain per- liflion to bury the dead, and remove the wounded. *his requeft was granted with more humanity thaa lifcretion, inafmuch as the enemy took this opportu- lity to throw a reinforcement of men privately into the llaces where the lodgments had been raade> and thefe [enetrated into the gallery of the mines, which com* lunicated with all the other outworks. During this fhort ceiFation, general Blakeney fum- loned a council of war, to deliberate upon the (late |f the fort and garrifon; when the majority declared, )r a capitulation. The works were in many places lined; the body of the caftle was fhattered; many |tfns were difmounted, the embrafures and parapets lolifhed, the palifadoes^ broke in pieces ; the garri- in exhaulied with hard duty and inceflknt watching, id the enemy in poflefllon of the fubterranean com- Junications, Bdides, the governor bad received in- D 2 " formation m r ' ' y fi.1* ^ 4 M 54 HISTORY o//>^^ WAR. ^ lyj^l formation from prlfonersy that the duke de RichlieJ Avas alarmed by a report that the marftial duke de BdJ Jeifle would be fent to fuperfcde him in the command I and for that rcafon would hazard another defperate afJ fault, which it was the opinion of the majority thegarJ rifon could not fuf^ain. Thefe conGderations, added! to the defpair of being relieved, induced him to demandl a capitulation. But this meafure was not taken witj the unanimous confent of the council. Some officerjl obferved, that the garrifon was very little diminifliedJ ^nd dill in good fpirits : that no breach was made ioi the body of the caftle, nor a (ingle cannon ereiledtol batter in breach : that the lofs of an outwork was neverl deemed a fufiicient reafon for furrendering fuch a fori trefs: that the counterfcarp was not yet taken, norl on account of the rocky foil could be taken^ excepil by aflault, which would coft the enemy a greater nuJ ber than they had loft in th6ir late attempt •. that thejl could not attack the ditch ^ or batter in breach, beforel the counterfcarp fhould be taken, and even then the muft have recourfe to galleries before they could palj the foffe, which was furnifhed with mines and couoj termincs : finally, they fuggefted that in all probabilit] the Britifh fquadron would be reinforced* and failbao to their relief; or if it fhould not return, it wastb duty of the governor to defend the place to the laft a\ tremity, without having any regard to the confequencef Thefe remarks being over-ruled, the chamade was bei a conference enfued, and very honourable condition were granted to the garrifon, in confideration of tb gallant defence they had made. The (iege was vigorj ous while it lafted : the French are faid tohavelof five thoufand men ; but the lofs of the garrifon, whio at firft fell Hiort of three thoufand men, did not exceo onehundred. The capitulation imported that thega rifon (hould march out with all the honours of war, be conveyed by fea to Gibralter. That mifconduft which fent out admiral Byngto late, difpatchcd admiral Kawke to take the commanj of the fleet, and relieve Mahon. Had this admiral be -fent at firft, the ifland had doubtlefs been prefcrvedj but the fending him now, when the fleet could be longeil "75^ y longer o( lan idle < ippeafe t )erceive I iHawke u Igoat; am Iwas ordei jhis govet IHawke ai Itaken ; h< Ipored to \ iFrench flc When a lunder a fti /as confii iMedi terra (court mar |don, he m )y the ki [Party lifte [ration, an 'he fam< land coDte few who tcours. The [of the Iconduft (rafter, guifhed accufed at war. ;. -i. ,756 J^ HISTORY //^^ WAR.- ' SS onger of any fcrvjce to Minorca^ was looked upon as Ian idle errand; however, this meafure was taken to ppeafc the difcontents of the people> who began to erceive the negligence of thofe at the helm. Admiral JHawke was ordered to fend home the devoted fcape- igoat; and lord Tyrawley, who went with the admiral, |was ordered to iuperfede lieutenant-general Fowke in his government of Gibralter. When Sir Edward JHawke arrived off Minorca, he found the ifland was aken ; however, he cruized about for fome time, ex- pofed to violent tempefts and other hardfliips, while the French fleet lay fafe in the harbour of Toulon. When admiral Byng arrived in England> he was fent under a ftrong guard to Greenwich hofpitaU where he as confined a clofe prifoner, till the officers from the Mediterranean could be fpared to attend his tiial by a court martial. When general Blakeney arrived in Lon- 'on, he met with a gracious reception at court, and was y the king promoted to the rank of an Irilh baron. Party lifted him up as an objedt worthy of public vene- ration, and the people idolized him in his infirmities, he fame party trampled upon Byng with abhorrence and contempt. Such were prejudice and paflion. The ew who were of a medium cafi> faw that thefe officers were viewed at the different ends of a falfe perfpedlive. At this time addre^es were brought from all parts of this kingdom to the throne, lamenting the late mifcar- riages, praying, that the authors of them might be brought to jufiice, and hinting at the mifcondiiit of the miniftry, in not fending timely and effeftual fuc- cours. The firft viftim offered to quiet the difcontents of the people was lieutenant general Fowke, whofe condu(Et and integrity^ as well as his amiable private cha- rafter, had always, till this unfortunate period, diftin- guifhedhimfelfas a man of worth and honour. He was accufed of having difobeyed the orders of the fecretary [at war, contained in the following letters : \ \ f I ' »3 ..v.V^' .„ To (■ •\ . I ••. S6 Itf! HISTORY (fthe WAR; | t7s6 to lictit, gen, F ke, or, in his abfenccj to the command der in chief in his piajefly^s garrifon at Gibraltar. War'Officcy March 71, 1756J SIR, I am commanded to acquaint you, that it is his ma- jelly's pleafure that you receive into your garrifon lord Robert Bertie's regiment, to do duty there; and in cafe yo}i^2\\ apprfhend, that the French intend to make any sittempt upon his majefty's ifland of Minorca, it is hij 1 majelly's pleafure, that you make a detachment out of the troops in your garrifon equal to a battalion, to be' commanded by a lieutenant colonel and major, to be the eldell in your garrifon, and to be put on board the fleet for the relief of Minorca, as the admiral (hall think convenient, \vho is to carry them to the faid ifland. I am. Your humble fcrvant. ■i4- Tt lieut,gen, F ke, or, in his abfencei to the comfnatf der in chief in his majejlfs garrifon in Gibraltar. SIR, War-Office, April I, 1756. It is his majefty's pleafure, that you receive into your garrifon the women and chil4r)en belonging to lord Robert Bet tie's regiment. ^ To iieut. gen, F ke, or the commander in chief nt >- V ^ T V Gibraltar. e \^ V • * . War-Office, May 12, 175^. SIR, I wrote to you by general Stewart, //"that order Is mt complied with, then you are now to. make a detach- ment of 700 men out of your own regiment and Guifes; and alfo another detachment out of Pulteney's and Panmures regiments, and fend them on board the fleet for the relief of Mahon. But if that order has been complied with, then you are to make only one detach- tnent of 700 men, to be commanded by another lieu- terant" [1756 J^ HISTORY 0/ the WAR. 57 jenant-colonel and raajory and to fend it to Mahon ; land you are alfo to detain all fucb empty vefTels as (hall come, into your harbour^ and keep them in rcadinefs Jbr any farther tranfportation of troops, 1 have alfo [his royal highnefs the duke of Cumberland's commands to defire that you ivill keep your garrifon as alert as Doffible, during this critical timcy and give I'uch other af Ijijlance as may be in your power for the relief of Minor- tea ; taking care, however, not to fatigue ov endanger lyourown gatrifbn. , Thefe letters Mr. Fowke received at one time from the fame hand. The third letter not mentioned that it fupercedcd the fir(t left it in full force. The word k/*at the beginning of this laft letter, and other parts of It, feemed to imply that the other order was difcretio- lary. Upon the whole* Mr. Fowke thought they were )Oth together unintelligible^ and he called a council of /ar at Gibraltar, not to deliberate whether he jhould '>hey them, but how he (hould underfland them. By the Irft letter lord Robert Bertie's regiment, commonly :alled the fuziliers, was ordered into garrifon ; by the fecond he was ordered to receive the wives and chil- ireu; who mud have difembarked with the regiment [this letter was meant, that the governor (hould con- :lude from it the regiment was to be fent to Minorca, md it was to prevent any ufelefs mouths going thither; )ut is not this drawing concluGons without premifes ? )r is it cr.ftomary in military orders, which cannot be too clearly exprefled ?] and by the third, the regiment ras fuppofed to be on board. Now does, it appear, that Mr. Fowke was to fend a detachment, together jivith thefuziliers to Minorca ? or that he was to fend detachment from the garrifon, detaining the fuziliers It Gibraltar? After 275 men had been fpared to captain idgecumbe, the whole garrifon was but 2531, and the ordinary duty required 839, therefore there was not e- lough for three reliefs . and this too, at a time when the place was fuppofed to be in danger, nay, when the government themiclves thought fo, as is evident from the conclufion of the laft letter. This determined the council of war not to fend any troop* to .Minorca D 4 But . ./ 58 HISTORY e/'//^^ WAR. 175 But fuppodng the orders had been pofitive, and he h obeyed them, as they ought to have arrived, viz. feni 700 men according to the fird letter, and 700 men ac] cording to the thiid, would he have had enough left foi the derencc and prefervation of the fortrefs ? And i crown the whole, what could be the meaning of th order to detain all empty velfels for tt farther tranipot tation of tr^opsy — was he to embark the whole garri fon and abandon the place ? Mr. Fowkc alleged th to appeal the fury of the people. The unfortunate admiral prepared himfelf for dead with reOgnation atid tranquillity. He maintained iurpriiing chearfulnefs to the lad; nor did hey froi his condemnation to his execution, exhibit the leal fign of Impatience or apprehenfion. During that in terval he ha4 remained on board of tbe Monarque, thii \ A ^6^' HISTORY of the WAR. * '^ Z ird rate (hip of war, anchored in the harbour of Portf- outh, under a (Iroag guard, in cuftody of the marftial ^ the admiralty. On the fourteehth of March, the day cd for his execution, the boats belonging to the fqua- on at Spithead being manned and armed, containing eir captains and officers, with a detachment of ma- tnes, attended this folemnity in the harbour, which ras alfo crouded vtith an infinite number of other boats id vefTeii filled with (pedtators. About noon, the dtniral having taken leave of a clergy-man and two riends, who accompanied him, walked out of the great ibin to the quarter-deck, where two files of marines ' itrt ready to execute the fentence. He advanced with firm, deliberate flep, a compofed and refolute coun- ;nance, and refblved to lufTer with his face uncovered, intil his friends reprefenting that his looks would poffi- lly intimidate the foldiers, and prevent their takiag iim properly he f'ubmitted to their requeft, threw hii ut on the deck, kneeled on a culhion, tied one white pndkerchief over his eyes, and dropped the other is a fignal for his executioners, who fired a volley fo lecifive that five balls paiTed through his bodyy and he Iropped down dead in an inflant. The time in which [his tragedy was a^ed, from his walking out of the ca- )in to his being depofited in the coiHn, did not exceed ihree minutes. The fentiments of his fate he avowed on the verge of Eternity, when there was no longer any caufeofdiffi- iulation> in the following declaration, which, imme- lUtely before his deaths he delivered to the marfhal of Ihe admiralty. ■ - r' ' ■- ' i- ' ' ' \ " A few moments will now deliver me from the /irulent perfecution, and frui'lratc the further malice )f my enemies. Nor need 1 envy them a life fub- \c&. to the fenfations my injuries, and the injuftice lone me, muft create; perfuaded I am that juftice will )e done to my reputation hereafter : the manner and Icaufe of raifing and keeping up the popular clamour and [prejudice againd me, will be feen through. I fhall be Iconfidered (as I now perceive myfelf) a vidtim deftined to divert the indignation and refentment of an injured land deluded people from the proper obje and the charge of difaffedtion. My heart acquitti me of thefe crimes: but who can be prefumptuoufly furel of his own judgment ? If my crime is an error of jiKlg* ment, or differing in opinion from my judges, and ifl yet the error in judgment (hould be on their (ide, Godl forgive them, as I do ; and may the diftrefs of their minds, and uneaGnefs of their confciencei, which is judice to me they have reprefented, be relieved and fub* iide as my refentmcnt has done. The fupreme Judge! fees all hearts r.nd motives^ and to tiim 1 mud fubiiiit| the judice of my caufc." - ' . "....-, ••/ -^ . -. ^, . 1. BYNG.I .^ ft' y- * -.y s. "We (hall now leave the gloomy affairs of Britain for] a while, and turn our eyes on thofe of a more refplen- dent eclat. As the courts of Berlin and Vienna werej the principals in this fa -lous conted, it will be necelfii' ry (for the information of the reader) to look backaj far as the war that preceded the peace of Drefden.] The fond hopes that the two courts of Audria and Sax- ony had conceived, upon the fuccefs of the campaign,! in 1 744> gave occafion to a treaty of eventual partition,! %vhich they concluded the 18th of May, 1745, agreeably to which, the court of Vienna was to have the duchTl of Silefia, and the county of Glatz ; and the king off Poland, elector of Saxony, the duchies of Magdebura asiii 56^ HISTORY o/f^^ WAR. 6i id Croflen, the circles of Zullicliow, and Sch\¥ibuf> Igethcr with the Pruflian part of Lulaiia; or only irt of thofc provinces, in proportion to their con- lells. By the peace of Drefden, which was figned tl)c 25th December, I745> Silcfia was again folemnly yielded his Pruffian majelly : Saxony gave him one millioa crov;ns for the expence of the war ; his majefty av- lowleged the emperor, guarartied the dominions of [e empref&-queen, and included his ally, the eledor llatine, in the fame treaty^ which was negotiated un- [r the mediation of his Britannic majcfly, This peace ft no further room for a treaty of fo extraordinary a Iture, as that of an eventual partition, with regard to power, with whom the two contra«Sling parties lived pea^e ; but yn the court of Vienna made no fcruplc propofe to the court of S»ixony, a new treaty of alii- [ce, i;i which they (hould likewife renew the treaty of [entual partition, of the i8th of May, 1745. [The court of Saxony thought it neceffary, in the firft ice, to give a greater confiftency to their plan, by Dunciing it upon an alliance between the courts o( ifHa and Vienna. Thefe two powers did in fadt con- ide a defenfive alliance at Peterfburg, the 22d of ly, 1746. But it is eafy to perceive, that the body oftenlible part of this treaty was drawn up merely Ith a view, to conceal the (ix fecret articles from the lowlege of the public; the fourth of which is levelled |gly againft Pruflia, according to the counterpart o£ found by his Pruffian majefty among the other ftate )ers, in the cabinet at Drefden. Iln this article, the emprefs queen of Hungary and >h«mia, fets out with a proteftation? that (he will re- lioufly obferve the treaty of Drefden ; but fbe fays a lie lower, "If the king of Pruflia fliould be the firft to depart from this peace, by attacking either her majefty, the emprefs queen of Hungary and [Bohemia, or her majefty the emprefs pf Rulfia, or e« (ven the republic of Poland, in all which cafes, the. Jrights of hex majefty, the emprefs queen to Silefia, [and the county of GlawZ, would again take place, and Irccover their full effcifl: the two contradinij parties ' . -V (hall i ! 1 {^Jl '^ii lill n| 11 62 HISTORY ///^^ WAR. ^ i^^\ ** fliall mutually aflift each other with a body of 6o,c ** men, to reconquer Sileiia, &c." The reader will at once perceive the unjuft tendenc of this article ; and thefe were the titles, by which th court of Vienna propofed to avail itfelf of, for tb recovery of Silefia. Every war that could arife tween the king of PrufHa and Ruflia, or the republic 1 Poland, is to be looked upon as a manifeft infradlioni the peace of Drefden, and a revival of the rights of th houfe of Auftria to Silefia; though neither RulflianQ the republic of Poland were at all concerned in tb treaty of Drefden ; and though the latter, with whid PrufCa otherwife lived in the mod intimate friend(lii| was not then even in alliance with the court of Vienni, From this it feems very manifed, that the 4th iecr article of the treaty of Petersburg, is fo far from beiDj a defenfive alliance, that it contains a plan of an ofl fenfive alliance^ tending towreft Sileiiafrom the king 1 Pruflia. From this article it feems obvious, that the courtc Vienna had prepared three pretences for the recovei] of Silefia; and by comparing it with her conduct froa from that time, it is very vifible that fhe thought to at] tain her end, either by provoking the king ofPrufF to commence a war againfl her, or by kindling on between his majefly and RufTia or Poland, by her fecr intrigues or machinations; conGdering which, it isnd a matter of any wonder, that this treaty of Petersbui] fliould have been the hinge upon which all the Auitm politics have turned, from the peace of Drefden to tbij time; and that the negotiations of the court of Vieni have been principally directed to (Irengthen thisalliana^ by the acceiTion of other powers. The court of Saxony was the iirft that was invited i this acceflion, in the beginning of the year, i74<^. Tliff eagerly accepted the invitation, as foon as made ; fQij niihed their minifters at Petersburgh, count dc Vied dom, and the fieur Pezold, with the necefTary full po«j ers for that purpofe ; and ordered them to declare, th their court was not only ready to accede to the trcatj itfelf; but alfo to the fecret article againd Piuflia: an alfo, that if; upon any frcfli attack from the king PriiW U^6Y HISTORY (f the YIAK. 63 [ruflia, the cmprefs queen fhould, by their affiflance, ippen not only to reconquer SileGa^ and the county ■ Glatz, but alfo to reduce him within narrower mnds ; the king of Poland, as eleflor of Saxony, would land to the partition (lipulated between his Polifh ma- •fty and the emprcfs queen, by the convention (igned Leiplick, the i8th of May, 1745, Count Lofs, the ixon minliler at Vienna, was charged, at the fame |me, to open a private negotiation, for fettling an c- mtual partition of the conquefU, which Hiould be lade on Pruflia, by laying down, as the balis of it, lie partition treaty of Leiplick^ of the i8th of May^ (745. '> ■ , ' ' ' '\,'^ ■'''■ Throughout thi^ negotiation, it was fuppofed, that le king of Prufsia would be the aggrcflbr againft the )urt of Vienna. But what right could the king of Po- ind draw from thence, to make cr«nquefts upon the ling of PrufTia ? Or, if his Polifh majefty, in the quality If an auxiliary, would alfo become a belligerent party ; \ could not be taken amifs> that his Pruflian majefty lould treat him accordingly, and regulate his conduA |y that of the court of Saxony. This is a truth that ^as acknowleged> even by the king of Poland's own jrivy council ; for being confulted upon their mailer's Icceflion to the treaty of Pcterfburg, they were of opi- nion, that the 4th fecret article went beyond common lies; and that his Prufllan majedy might look upon le acceflion to it as a violation of the peace of Dref- len. ' Count Bruhl, prime minider to the king of Poland^ ^eing, without doubt, thoroughly convinced himfelf of lis truth, did all in his power to conceal the exigence ^f the fecret articles of the treaty of Petersburg, For, it the tin'.e that he was eagerly negotiating in RuHia, mon his court's acceHion to it, and to its fecret arti- (les, he caufed a folemn declaration to be made at Paris, That the treaty of Peterfturg, to which his PoU(h raajefty had been invito 1 to accede, did not contain my thing more than what was in the German copy," 1$ appears from tht count de Brul J's letter to Count ^ofs of the 18th of June, 1747 J ^"^^ ^Y ^ memorial, ^hich count Lofs delivered in confequence of it. It 64 HISTORY o//J^^ WAR. ^ i)^| It is true, that the court of Saxony did yet defer, froj one time to another, their acceding in form to the treJ fy of Peterfburg ; but they did not fail to let their all lies know, again, and again, that ihey were ready J accede to it, without reftridion, as foon as it could 1 done without too evident rifk, and their fhare of tb advantages to be gained (hould be fecured to then This principal is clearly exprelTcd, in the inlkrudtionil given the i9th of February, 1750, to general d*Arnini] when he was going to Petersburg, as minifter fron Saxony. This court being invited afrcfh, in the yeaj 17*51, to accede to the treaty of Petersburg, declare its readinefs to do it, in a memorial delivered to thJ Rnflian minifter at Drelden, and even fent full powerj and other necefTary papers for that purpofe, to the ficDil Fonck, their minifter at Petersburg; but required al| the fame time, that the king of Britain, as eledton Hmovcr, (hould previoufly accede to the fecret articlJ of the treaty of Petersburg ;—* And as his Britannic! majefty would never be concerned in this myftery iniquity, count Bruhi fonnd himfelf obliged to m the ifTue of the projeft, which had been formed, ti)| make another alliance, of fo innocent a nature as to I producible ; the courts of Vienna and Saxony thougli(| it neceflary to put on thefe outward appearances of nioj deration, that they might not wound the delicacy fuch of their allies, as were ftaggered at the fecret vic^ of the alliance of Petersburgh ; but for their part, tbe|l never loft fight of their darling plan, to divide the fpoila of the kingof Prudia beforehand, in keeping conftantlj| to the fourth article of that treaty as their bafis. The reader will cU^arly perceive, from all the prooli that have now been produced, that the court of Saxonyj without having acceded to the treaty of Petersburg, ill form, was not Icfs an accomplice in the dangerous de-f ficns, which the court of Vienna had grounded upoil this treaty; and that, having been difpenced withhfl their allies, from a formal concurrence, they had onljl waited for the moment when they might, without rnDj ning too great a ri(k> concur in cffc^, and fhare m fpoils of their neighbour. ^- , , in cxpc»51citioa of tliis period, tha Auftrian and Saxoul . ' • miniftcnl '' -v. j^6Y niSTORY of the WAVi. ,6$ Iniders laboared in concert, and underhand, with the )re ardour to prepare the means of bringing the cafe the fecret alliance of Petersburg to exift. In this »ty it was laid down as a principle, that any, war latever between the king of Prudia and RufTia^ would [thorife the emprefs queen to retake Silefia. There IS nothing more, tjpen, to be done^ but to raife fuch a ir. In ^der to bring this about, no means were found ^re proper, than to embroil the king of Prudia irre- M|cileably with her maje(ly> the emprefs of RufHa^ ito provoke that p^rincefs, by all forts of falfe infinu- |onS) impodures, and the mod atrocious calumnies, laying to the king of Pruflia's charge, all forts of de- ins agaiod Ruflia, and even the emprefs's own perfon; [d then upon Poland with regard to Sweden. The in(lru(5lions which the court of Saxony gave in 150, to general d*Arnim, when he was gmng to Peters- |rg, as their miniHer plenipotentiary, >ntains one Iprefs article, by which he is charged to keep up dex- roufly the dillruft and jealoufy of Ruflia with regard Prullia, and to applaud every arrangement that might taken againft the latter. But no body executed ife orders better than the Geur de Funck> the Saxon linifler at Petersburg} who was the life and foul of ic whole party. This minifter never let an opportu- |ty efcape him, of infinuating) that the king of Prudia IS forming defigns upon Conrland, Polidi Prudia, id the city of Dantzick ; that the courts of France, [ufsia, and Sweden, were hatching vaft projeflsj in cafe a vacancy of the throne of Poland ; and numberlefs "ler falfities of the fame kind ; which his Prufsian ma- ty has fufficiently contradii5led by his fubfequent [ndudl, which he has followed to the republic of Po- id, and by the caution he has ufed never to intrude iCclf into the domeftic a(?'airs of Poland and Cour- )d, notwithftanding the example other powers had him. . . [By the concurrence of fo many calumnies and impof- res, they at length fiicceedt d, in cnfnaring the cm* ;fs of Rufsia's good faith and equity, and in prejudi* )g her againd the king of Prufsia, to fiich a degree, u by tlie refult of the adeniblies of the (rnate of Ruf- fian I' 66 HISTORY of M^ WAR. ^ lyj fifty held on the 14th and i (th of May, 1 7^3) it was h down for a fundamental maxim of the empire, to oppoj every further aggrandifemcnt of that monarchy andi crafh him by a fuperior force as foon as a favourable oa portunity fliould occur, of reducing the houfe of Brao| denburg to its primitive ftate of mediocrity This foiution was renewed in a great council, held in tlv month of 0«5lober, 1755? and was extended fo far, th it was refolved , *< Without any farther difcufsiori^wli ** ther that prince fhould happen to attack any of tin *' allies of the court of Rufsia, or one of the allien ** that court fhould begin with him." In order to form an idea of the joy, which com Bruhl conceived upon this refolution of the courti Rufsia> and how well he was difpofed to bring his o« to concur to it ; I (hall produce the following paiTagg In the difpatch of the i ith of November, 1755. anfwers the (ieur Funck; that, <' The deliberations! ^' the grand council are fo much the more gloiiousi Rufsia, in that there can be nothing more beneficii| to the common caufe, than previoufly to fettle efFedual means of deftroying the overgrown powij of Prufsia, and the unbounded ambition of tb " court. it >rd€r to juftify his conduft; but of this let the rea- i judge as he thinks proper. )n January 16th 1756, a convention of neutrality ^een the kings of Britain and Prulfia was concluded^ porting, <' That being app'rehenfive the differen- les lately broke out in America may extend to £u- [ope, they, for the defence of their common country, rermany, and in order to preferve its peace iviA ranquillity, have concluded this convention of nfa- rality, whereby they reciprocally bind themfelvei lot to fufFer any foreign troops to enter the empire, luring the troublts already mentioned, but to oppofife E *' with i fl f i ■ 'A \ 1 J- .)• I* 'I 68 HISTORY o/Mtf WAR. ^m ** with their utmoft force, the march of all fuch trooi '^ that Germany may not feci the calamities of war, i *^ its fundamental laws become injured/* Anditi likew'fe ftipdated, that Great Britain (hould pay 30,4 jis an indemmiication for taking fome Prufsian veL during the late war, in return for which the Prufsj monarch promifed to pay the Sileila loan, which he I ftopt on that acccount. The fountain from whj this treaty flowed, was the care which the Britifli jiarch had at heart for the fafety of his German domij ons; and the jealoufy and averfion which the kingl Pruffia had conceived to the court pf Petersburg.* former from his fear of the French, who he fore would attack Hanover; and the latter, who hadfor a defign of ftriking fome bold ftroke, from a fear ofi| ftridlion and controulment, by the near fituation of I Rusfians. Their views and interefts thus chimingi gether, produced the above treaty ; and king Qm had the further fatisfadlion of removing bis fufpidg of this troublefome and warlike prince, who hov on the (kirts of his ele(ftorate, at the head of 150^ men, that could in a week over- run it; whom he reafon to dread, and whofe conduA was but at beft] carious. The king of Prufsia had an offer of thei ance of France, but he exchanged his connexions that power for one with Great-Britain, which heko would be of more advantage to his de(ign€. Wheni convention with Prufsia was laid before the parliar they granted the king 20,oool. to make good his eng^ ments, and a million to be employed as exigena fhould require. The houfe of Audria was always fufpicious of! condud, for during the preceding war he had gw diftinguilhed proofs of his inconftancy; he had an and penetrating genius, pofFeffcd great martia) abiliuj with an unbounded ambition, and had always all number of troops ready for a^ion, which he hz& 1| !y augmented beyond the proportion of his revcni As foon as the emprefs- queen heard ofihis allia fhc immediately threw herfelf into the arms of Fr «nd now fhe obtained the friendfhip of that power,j the expence of the barrier againd it in the Netberh .6Y HISTORY-^//^^ WAR. 69 alio concluded a treaty of alliance with the court ^crfailles on the ift of May, and the emprefs of Ruf- m invited to accede to this treaty, which (he after- mrdsdid. . - >,^| , ^. ^ -j,, foon as the treaty of alliance between the courts 'ienna, Verfailles and Petersburg was concluded, foliicited the concurrence ofthofe of Madrid and fin; but thcfe wifely refolved to adhere to a ncutra- As to the conduft of the king of Poland, eledlor Jaxony, we ftand too near the time to be a pro- judge of it. When the treaty of Petersburg was Ic, it is certain the emprefs-queen endeavoured )raw him into the confederacy, and it is not to be* )ted, but that he was willing to contribute his towards humbling a >r;rre, who had, during the I war, entered his dominions, took pofTeflion of j capital, routed his troops, and obliged him to a million of crowns to indemnify him for the ex- ec of this expedition. Whatever anfwcr the king 'oland gave to the emprefs-qucen we do not pre- I to know: it is true, he did not fign the treaty,, laps b^caufe he was fityiated in the very jaws of the ly, apd confcious, that the firft pact of the ftprni fall upon himfclf. The remembrance of part mif- mes made him cautious how he entered into new fures, and yet (he con(idercd him as having acceded le treaty^ for when the king of Prullia afterwards anded of her the caufe in making warlike prcpara- 1$, (he anfwered, they were for the defence of herfelf allies] this latter expre(rion could mean no body (but the eledor of Saxony, as her other allies were. at too confiderable a didance to be attacked by the of Prnfsia, She even apprehended that he perfe(fr-' jrced with the fentiments of ihe two empreflls, bnt idvocatesfay this belief was falfely grounded ; they (he midookthe fentiments of count Bruhl, his mi-* [r and favourite, for thofe of the eledtor himfelf. certain this minidcr did all in his power, by the fcandalous and artful intrigues, to make an open :h between the king of PrufTia and the emprefs of |a: but whether the king of Poland countenanced proceedings, or whether the cmprcfs-quecn tod; K 2 • * his „ HISTORY off** WAR. ^1 7^ . L u:- oiafter's. the world IS ]1 1-, .ord as »^«Sg: Pr irrJo" ^^^^^ in the dark. The King ",',,,. -nmes of which he foi^ We handle of B'^' * ^"Tngeniou,, and perhapst, atDrefden, »°^. ,7^™*"^ he^ made the world bdj erroneous conftruSionJ, "«= ., • the confeden the king of P^lfrtrrf caSy ^^ ^^«^^^^''^, agamll him: «^'* •?" ° gweden was brought into of fervice .n B/'^iuewe of the treaty of aU«n« confederacy, in confequence ^^ p^^„^, j tween the etnP«"-1"''° ! "et-nce of being guaw fte entered Germ-y upon Pret^n«^^.^^^. 6 ^^ of the treaty of W'^P^f ^; fe„«or$ of Swedea,! began to tamper a"'°"8 '"^^ «hen they were infoj were no way averfe to the war , ^ ^^ Zo( the ftate of f^ ';°"„f ^^ confide«ble , they entertained "??*', 1 recovery of thtirL ?anVv «';.i''/4'rSni'^rance d\d not ftil cient P«>ff«f»"'"';L„. but a tranfaflion h.f pen.n flatter their «"']"''°^ '.Xck to thi. intrigue, tta Sweden, proved f"'^ * j„riog the remainder of thing f»"*'",.S.£ofthe Victor fenate of S«d vear. The difpofit>°" oi . he „„ las oppofite to hat of the ^ g^ ^^^H^^ ^^ ^^ ^ lied by i«^"*CaU beheld this contrary op.mo. Prufsia. Tbe fe"**? /^"moft jealoufy ; they n.w their majeft.es ^«^ '^•'."^d uVe. in the cpur e oj v,atchcd their .condufl , an j^ ^ pjot for i ftria obfervation, ***f!^f government, by aogm«l ing the prefent fo'"* f^^'g^o e^l perfon. o r«>k] the power of the cro ./n. ° , ; ,hi» confpiracy t^ ng ^conviaed ot h«.ng a han^ « ,^ j^ ^^ „oti beheaded a. principals J »P°" ;; j -,„ ,his affair, 4 pear, that .lie king v"*; """/^^j hy the diet, M V"^'^';'tfrelitSy.Uy, and «"'«'» '•"1 -E;VTf"pr^SXU perfea W .„Tomlc:l^StnUept his^^^^^^^^^^^ on a moment's """^ j^"'',;" V.th a detefta.ion/J - oftheproteftantsofallEuropew .^^„ .,,.1J 1^6 J' HISTORY e^M^ WAR. 71 lles^ tiic contrafting powers viz. France, Aultria, and ffsia, had bound themfelvcs to deftroy the proteitant [igion, and overturn the freedom of the empire, by a [cedeledion of the king of the Romans. The cry of [igion ferved as a handle for both fides. The partizans ^hehoufe of Auftria declared, that the principal ob- i of the treaty of alliance between the kings of Great Itain and Prufsia, was the ruin of the catholic faith [Germany. During this war on paper> which found way into the diet of the empire^ and into the mo I pedlable courts in Europe, the grand operation was [paring on a more folid and durable foundation : two ifiderable armies, with feveral large magazines, were ambling in Bohemia and Moravia. The king o( afsia, alarmed at thefe preparations, ordered his mi- ler at Vienna to demand categorically, wherher thofe |parations for war were not deHgned againft him, or tat were the intentions of the Imperial court f but h": jeivedonly an equivocal an fwer, That the emprefs- (en, in the prefent fituation of affairs, found it ne- Fary to make thofe preparations for the defence of Ht\{ and allies ; and afterwards (he declared. That >re preparations were not refolved on till after the Ig oF Prufsia had been fome time employed in making laments. Thus it is evident^ that each Gde had re- |ved on making war from motives purely its own. le king of Prufsia was ready> and had been long wait- for an opportunity to ilrike fome coup d*eclat ; his irafter and conduct verify this afTertion. The em- ^fs-queen, even during the lafl war, determined on re- iing Silefia the firfl favourable moment. Her allian- v/cre made with this view, and her preparations for were to give fpirit to her negociations. This Iter circumftance obliged the king of Prufsia to re- ive not to fufpend his operations any longer. He lermined to enter Bohemia, in order to deYlroy the jftrian armies and magazines in that kingdom; but i ftorm fitft fell upon Saxony, which he refolved to Jp pollcfsiljn of as a frontier, becaufe he had reafon [believe the eleftor was m fome meafure conncdfed ih the two eniprefl'es. The^king of Poland, who had taded this vifitation, Had drawn the troops of his e- £ 3 ledtoratc 72 HISTORY of t/je WAR. ^ i^j ledtorate together at Pima, to the number of 30/ rtieh, where they encamped, furfoundcd by cntrend nients, and a numerous artillery. His Pruflian majefty ordered M. dc Malzahn, hisi niUer at the court of Drefden, to demand a pafTagettiij Saxony, who accordingly on the 29th of Auguft, tained a private audience of the king of Poland, made the ihe following verbal declaration to his majei on the pan of the king his mailer: *' His majefly the king of Prufsia finds himfelf oblij ed, by the behaviour of the emprefs-queen, to att her, and to march thro* the territories of Saxony in Bohemia : he accordingly demands a paifage thro' elcfloral dominions ofhis Poliih majeliy, declaringi he will caufe his troops to obferve the ftridteft dirdj line, and take all the care of the country that the cumdances will permit. His Polifti majefly and hisro al family, may at the fame time depend upon beingi perffcft fafety, and of having the greateft refpeA ps them, on the part'of his Prufsian maiedy. As tod rell, after reflefting upon the events of the year 17^ there is no reafon to be furprifed, that the king ofPr fia (hould take fuch meafures, as may prevent a retnil of what then happened^ Moreover, he delires nothii fo much as a fpeedy re*e(labli(hment of peace, in ordj to give him the happy opportunity, of rcftoring thckir of Poland to the quiet poiTcfsion of his dominions,! gaind which he has not, in other refpe lard tiieir propofals> and told them, '< That he him- If wiibed for nothing more than to find the king of gland's fentiments acqutefce with his declarations: It the neutrality which his polifh majefty fecmed de- )us to obferve, was exadlly what he required of him ; [tthat in order to render this neutrality more fecure, Icfs liable to variation, it would be proper for hrs [lifli majedy to feparate his army ; and fend the troops had aflembled at Pima back into their quarters ; that leprof this nature would be a full proof of a neutrality ^t to be doubted of; and that after this he Hiould :ake pleafure, in (hewing by an equal condeCcenfio' , his rpoiition to give real marks of his friendfhip for his |H(h majcftyi and concert with him what meafures Ight be proper to be taken, according to the iituation affairs." [But tho* his Polfifh roajefty agreed to give the Pruflian ly a paffage thro' his ele^oral dominions, ^ t would no means condefcend to difperfe his camp at Pirna. ?on which his Prolan niajefty refolved to commence lilities by attacking Saxony, having Mi conferred chief command in Prufliaon marfhal Lehwald, an o(- :rof the greateft courage and abilities; and chat in lelia, on marfhal Schwerin, a foldier grown old in the [uflian fervice, and a particular favourite of the king's, )o taught his majeily the firit rudiments of the art of ir ; relerving to himfelf that of the principal army, tended to.adl in Saxony and Bohemia. [The king of Pniflla, entering Saxony on the 29th Auguft, and marched with his troops, divi,i 56 V HISTORY /fi^^ WAR. i 75 [binet contained no fuch papers. But the pruflian of- ^er infilted upon having it opened, and finding that )e molt peremptory demands would not be complied jith) by her polifh majeity, he broke it open hirafelf her prefence, and took out the very caiket he had emandedy and which contained all the original con- ations, and letters which pafTed between the courts Saxony, Vienna, and Petersburg. Hi« Prufsian majedy finding himfelf poflefTed of fo ivaluable a treafure, inftantly pablifhed them^ that all lurope might be convinced of the necefTity there was V his beginning hodilities in his own defence. As foon as the king of Pruffia entered Saxony^ pro« (fs was commenced againd him in the emperor's aulic )uncil, and in the diet of the empire, where he was mdemned for contumacy; and the fifcal acquainted \m that he was put under the ban of the empire, and Ijudged fallen ftom the dignities and polfeffions which held under it : at the fame time the circles of the em- ^re were ordered to furnifli their contingents in men id money to put this fentence in execution. Two Audrian armies were at this time forming in >hemia under M. Brown and M- Picolomini, one of [hich he judged would fpeedily march to the relief of le Saxons ; therefore to keep them in awe, he ordered Schwerin to enter Bohemia from the county of llatz, and M. Keith to penetrate into it on the fide of lifnia; but apprehending that they were not fufficienty not entirely confiding in iheir difpofitions, he com- mitted the blockade of Pima to an officer of inferior >te, and entered Bohemia himfelf with the main body his army: he joined his troops under M. Keith, and Ivanced to attack the Aullrians at Lowofchutz. ' ' Early in the morning, on the firft day of October, le Prufsian cavalry advanced to attack the enemy, who [ere covered by a nu«!ierous artillery ; the good direc- >ii of their fire obliged them to recoil and retreat with >nfiderable lofs ; however, they returned to the charge^ id made an impreffion on the Auflrian cavalry, as jell as drove away fome irregulars, who had galled ]em in flank ; ftill they fuifcred greatly, infomuch that |e king thought proper to order them to retreat to the flMu I ^•;^ iii * "t 76 HISTORY ^ /y&tf WAR. ^ i^jj rear of the army^ from which they never afterwards 1. vanced. The cannon, during this time^ maintainedi prodigious fire, and did great execution. M. Keith aj tacked the village ofLowofchutz at the head of tin infantry. After their powder and fliot were expended,! the enemy were forced out of it by the foldicrs bayoj netsy and the Prudians afterwards fet its fuburbs oil £re. However, the Aaftrian army was not broke, dq did it c^uit the field of battle : the Pruflians advance not an inch further than Lowofchutz, where the kio fixed his head quarters. The firing ceafed on bo iides> without any apparent caufe, as one had not gaiil ed fo great an advantage, nor the other fuffered fo mi| terial alofsas to flagnate the action, Atprefent thebatti had all the appearances of being a drawn one, withoJ being likely to produce any benefit to cither, yet botk| armies fung Te Deum,^ both generals claimed the vido ry, and the gazettes of Vienna and Berlin teemed witk| falfhoods on this occafion. The only way to reconcik them, is to acknowlege, which was really the fa^, tl both made a few prifoners, took a few cannon, and, I their trophies, gained a few colours. ' As to the lofsi that of thePruffians doubtlefs amounted to 2500 niei(| though they never owned it ; but that of the Audriao is generally believed to be more, and yet not mucitj Both armies encamped on the field, and remained the during the following night: next day the Au[lrians(ic| campedy crofiTed the Egra in the face of their enemy y as retired to Budin for want of water. The Pruflians rf turned to Saxony, and joined the troops, who had b«i left to blockade Pima. Thus, if the king of Prufsi; when he entered Bohemia, intended to have winterel in that kingdom, he loft the battle; but if his plan ti this year's operations extended no further than torej duce the Saxons, he certainly gained it. M. Brow( made divers motions to relieve the Saxons, who weii now reduced to great hardfliips by famine, but he fouD it impofsible, the Prufsians, had taken pofrefsion ( all the defiles, avenues, mountains, &c. for a confidenj ble diftance round about Pima. The king of PolanijJ while the king of Prufsia was in Bohemia, quitted German dominions ; and now he lent a letter to coiii| Rutowili' & 56}^ HISTORY ///;^ WAR. 77 [utowi(ki^ who commanded at Pirna, veding that oifi" ;r with full power to furrender, or to take fuch mea- ires, as he thought moft conducive to the prefcrva- Ion of the troops. The Saxons were fpent with ing^r, and greatly fatigued by throwing bridges icr the £lbe^ and making feveral motions in or- it to efpcft their own delivery; their horfes were fo |eak) as not to be abid to draw their artillery, and ir pod as difficult to leave as it was to force ; ie-cfotc they refolved to furrender themfelves to the ng of Prufsia, He compelled many of them to enter |to his fervicc, but the officers were permitted on their ^role to go to their places of refidencc; he obliged the edlomtc of Saxony to furnifh him with a great number recruits ; he levied the mod exorbitant contributi* IS, in cafe of non-payment of which, he threatened [in to the inhabitants by military execution, and he |ok up his v.mter quarters amongd them. Thus Were poor Saxons obliged to bear the burthen of a war |aind themfelves, and to have for their enemy the m who took upon himfelf the title of defender of pro- tantifm, tho' this country is the date to which that ligion owes its edabliftiment andprefervation. |l (hall conclude with fome account of field marfhal :ith, fo often mentioned. This great man was born Scotland, in 1696; and is defcended from one of its )(l ancient and noble families. He was drawn into rebellion againd his majedy king George the Id, in ]j5; and behaved with great refolution and bravery, (the battle of Sheriffmuir. At the fupprefsion of the >ellion, he went into France, where he dudicd ma- fmatics under the celebrated M. de Maupcrtius ; he [0 made himfelf perfe(Jt mader of the military part of )metry. From Paris he fet out on his travels into [ly, Spain, Portugal, and Switferland. On his return that city, the Czar ofMiifcovy, who was then at fis, invited him to enter into bis fervice, which Mr. fith then refufed. He was a volunteer in the French ly at the dorming the harbour of Vigo> in the year 19, when he received a dangerous wound. From ris he went to the court of Madrid, where, by the in- :dofthe duke of Liria, he obtained a copimifsion "''."■""' in f > •■•>' H 7» HIST DRY of the -W AH. ^ i^jj in the Irifh brigade^ then commanded by the duke Ormondy He accompanied the dike of Liria, inli| embaliy from the court of Spain, to Mufcovy, whid introduced him into the fervice of the Czarina, wii gave him a commifsion of brigadier-general^ and fon after^ that of lieutenant-general, and was inveiled mi the order of the black eagle. In this quality he fervd under count Munich againft the Turks, commandinjj body of 8000 men> at :hc liege of Oczakow, with gra reputation, and receiving a wound in the thigh, forti cure of which he made a journey from Petersburg 1 Paris ; as foon as he recovered he came over to Lo^ don, and was very well received by his Britannic jetty. On his return into Rufsia, peace reigned ftj Ibme time through that empire ; but a war breakiii out between the Rufsians and Swedes, they came toth battle of Wilmanftrand, wherein the former got vi^ory? owing to the good condudl of marfhal Lacy ail general Keith. He afterwards commanded an armyt 30,000 men near Petersburg, when the amazing revoj futici in the Rufsian empire was brought about, \vhid placed the emprefs Elizabeth, daughteV of Peter Great, on the throne of Rufsia. He alfo command an army againft the Swedes, in the war which to place foon after the revolution. On the conclufion( the peace with Sweden, the emprefs fent him ambaf dor to Stockholm; and foon after created hjm U tnarfhal in the Ru(^ian armies. But taking fomedifgd to the Rufsian fervice, he entered into the fervicc( his prufsian majefty, who received him in the doI gracious manner, made him governor of Berlin, as a field marfhal in the prufsian armies. Thefirftocc fion for a difplay of his abilities, in the fervice of lii| new mailer, was the invafion of Saxony by that narch : of which we have been treating. His genij in the art of war, will appear more fully in the fub' qucnt tranfadlions. We will now turn to Mie war in Afia, and take ai irofpeft of the tianfadtions there> from 1749 to end of » 7$^K Hoftilitics were firll committed on ihc coafl of romandfl ^6y HISTORY of the WAR. 7^ ^mandel ; an.extenfive territory, Ctuated between the 10 U 14 deg. of north lat. bounded on the north^ by the [ngdom of Golconda ; on the ea(l> by the bay of Bengal ; J the principalities Marawiaand Madura, on the fouth; 1(1 by tlie kingdom of Bifnagar Proper, on the wed. was formerly fubjed to the Great Mogul, and ilill roperiy belongs to him; but he was fo weakened during |s wars with the famous KouU Khan, that he has not )t been able to affert hi 3 Ibvereignty over this coun- |y. The European nations that trade to India have Stained his confent to make fettlements on this part his dominions, as well as on the coaft of Malabar, id on the banks 6f the Ganges. Becaufe of the great dif- [nee thefe countries are from his capital, he appointed iceroys, or a5 they are called in the eaft, nabobs, to go- cm the feveral parts of this extenfive and remote ter « tory, which they hold under vafl'alage, paying tribute, id doing homage, for the fame; but now they have mod fliook off that yoke of dependency, and fre- lently make war againft one another^ without confult** ig the Mogul about the matter. It is to a difpute of this fort that the prefent war in )at quarter in which the Britifh were concerned; owes b rife; for the nabobs, whenever they go to war |ith each other, lequeft theafTidanceof fuch Europeans are fettled neareft their dominion. ^ . . In the year 17491 animoHty and jealoufy began to ^pear among them. The nabob of Arcot had been l^ifed tr that dignity by the peculiar direction of the [ogul, who depofed Sundah Saheb, the former nabob; ut this man in revenge formed a confpiration with ^me of his allies to cut off the new nabob of Arcor, idtheyhadrecourfe to MonfieurDuplierux,the French )vernor of Pondichcrry, to afliit them in this enter- rize; who, on their making cefTion of the town of felur, with its dependencies, conlifting of forty-five illages, fituated near Pondicheiry, granted their re- left; and Anawcdi Khan^ nabob of Arcot, was de* [ated and flain in the month of July, in the plains of IS capital ; and Sundah Saheb was reindated in the gor rrnment of Arcot. After the battle, Mahommcd Ali Khan;, fon of the late U f n m # So HISTORY o///;^ WAR. ^ ly^j late niaboby lied to Tiruchinapalli, a place of gre^ Hrength, to the fftuthward, where he fupplicated theafJ Mance of the Briiifh ; who, in commiferation ofhii| diltrefs, and partly in return for the affeftion his fathji had (hewn them, lent him a reinforcement of men,aiii.| mnnitiony and money, under the dire^ion of majol Lawrenee> an officer of known experience and valour,! In confequence of this fupply, fome advantages weJ gained over the v-nemy: they were forced to retreatj but nothing of importance was done. Spon afteJ Mahommed Ali Khan went in perfon to Fort 3t. Dm vid, to folicit more powerful fuccours: he alledgeil that his intereft and that of the Britifh were the famJ infomuch, that if the enemies were fuffered to proccfdl in their conqueds, they Hiould be obliged to quit m whole coaft. By this reprefentation the feeds of jeaJ loufy were fown among the Britifh who looked upoal the French as meditating a plan to extirpate themj Therefore they fent a ftrong reinforcement, under th command of captain Cope. Nothing material^ howJ ever, was attempted, and the Britiih thought propcrJ recal their auxiliaries; which was no fooner madtl known to the French, than they, in conjunAion wiM Sundah Saheb, determined to attack Anawerdi KhaDstl the head of his (lender force. On the 6th day of April! 1750, they obtained a complete viftory over him, d| once more obliged him to quit his dotninions. Finding himielf unable to withftand the fprce of French and their allies, he again retired to Tiruchinap^-I Ji> and folicited, in the moil preding terms, the ailifil tance of the Britifh, ceding to them fome commercii|| points which. had been long in difpute; they, in return! entered into a treaty of alliance with him, promifinJ to aflilt him to the utmoft of their power; whcreupoD,! captain Cingcn, a brave Swifs gentleman, in the fcfj vice of the company, was detached on the 5th day o| April 1751, with four hundred Europeans and a lard train of artillery, to watch the motions of the enemy;] nt the fame time captain Cope was fent to put TirDj chinapalli in a pofture of defence. At Volconda, about feventy miles weft from Forfj St. David; the two armies came in light of each otherj !nt, under m r; whcreupoD, ^56J» HISTORY / /y^^ WAR. Si \d contjnacd in that fituation for the fpace of three }eks ; during which time Gingen did all in his power bring the enemy to a general engagement, but he ind it impo(fible ; however, frequent ikirmifhes hap- led) which commonly ended to the advantage of Britifh and their ally. At length the Indian govcr- |i of Volconda declaring for the French, the Britifh )ke up their camp, and marched to Tiruchinapalli, encamped under the walls of that place. The e- ly followed as fad as poflible, and immediately laid re to that capital; but either their force was infuffi- int, or they wanted fpirit to profccute their ope- fions with vigour. . • -- ,. { . f ..* [t was at this time that colonel Clive entered upon ftage, and began to turn the fortune of war; he formerly laid atide the fword and accepted the of- of purveyor to the army, but hearing, at St. Da- i's, that it was rcfolved to make a diverliou in the )vince of Arcok, by fending a frefh detachment, in ier to divide the enemies forces, he offered his fer- |e as a volunteer* without pay, to command the fops deftined for this expedition. Accordingly, on twenty-fecond day of Augud 1751, he embarked th one hundred and thirty Europeans on board the iger, an eaft-India fhip, for Madrafs, where he was Ined by eighty more. With this flender force he be- his march acrofs the country for the city ofAr- ; which on his arrival he took pofTeflTion of, with- oppoHtion : the principal inhabitants, expecting )c plundered, offered him a large fum to fpar: dheir r, but he generoufly rcfufed their ranfom ; and fafe- [flowed from his benevolence and amity; at the le time he caufed a proclamation to be made, im- fting, that fuch as were willing to ftay fhould re- ft no injury, and the refl have leave to depart with Kr cffefls of all kinds, excepting provifions, for Ich he promifcd they fhould be paid the full value, this prudent behaviour, h/ entirely gained their af- [ions, and in return, they afterwards contributed not Ittle to his fafety. |uch was the fecrccy and difpatch with which thi-? trprizc was executed, that the firft information the • '^. .' ^. ^' enemy '-* 11 111 1 , 1 H 1 1 I In 1 ■ ■ , 1 \ ■ ij^ It 'V HISTORY cfthd WAR. -{ lyj enemv received^ was Mr. Clive's having taken poilei] on of Arcot. Sundah Saheb immediately detached fon with a conGderabie force from his army, at this tig beletjguering Tiruchinapalii, to lay (iegc to Arcot. Tb peo^&» who had left that city, hearing of his raotioi immediately returned^andgave Mr. Clivethe mod cm intelligence of the enemy *s defiens ; fo that he had tio to put himfelf in a pofture of defence, and prepare fg] a vigorous reHUance. About the middle of Septemti 175 1, the enemy appeared, and by the 24th, the toi was completely inveded andbelieged; the operatio were under the dire^ions of European engineers; hoi ever, they expended a fortnight before they could 1 feft a breach. At length, by the thirtieth day of 0(| tober they had made two, which were deemed prad cable; but fuch was the indolence of the enemy, tli before they were prepared to Uorm the breaches, 3{ Clive, with his ufual alacrity, had them filled and paired fo weli> that they were as flrong as any parti the walls. •. About three o'clock next morning, the befiegersi foivcd to attack both breaches, and one of the gati which they attempted to force open with elephiDQ But Mr. Clive have received intelligence of the when the adault was to be given, had fo well prepi for it with mafked batteries, that he repulfed the iiegers in every quarter with great (laughter, efpeciil ]y at the breache8> from which fcarce twenty mem turned alive: upon which Mr. Clive made a well co certed and fuccefsful fally, which did the enemy fiderable mifchicf. Next day captain Kirkpatridi riveJ to his relief, with a party of Europeans, andti thoufand Moharattas. On the firll moment of his 1 pearance> the enemy began to raife the fiege, and tired with the greated precipitation, leaving bebil all their cannon, and tlie bell part of their baggagdj Captain Kirkpstritk, with his Europeans, wcrel in garrifon at Tiruchinapalli, while Mr. Clive, rfl forced by the Moharattas, marched in purfuit of 1 enemy, who had taken their rout northward, and when he ovfitook them, reached the plains of ani, diltant at leaft one hundred and fifty miles fn ^ ^ Tiruchinapif j^6^ HISTORY eT^^^ WAR. ' 83 Iruchinapalla. It was on the third day of December Iri, about nooiiy when both armies prepared to en- Ige ; Mr Clive^ at the head of his Britifh attacked Ith fuch impetuolity, that Sundah Saheb's troops were {t able to withlUnd the (hock; however, by the ad- itage of their fuperiority in numbers, the difpute itinued with great obftinacy for the fpace of five |urs; at the end of which time victory declared for Clive, and the nabob was totally defeated. The tors obtained this advantage at a very fmali expence, their whole Jofs, in Europeans, did not confift of !nty men ; and as for the reft, they are feldom tak- any notice of. Next day the city of Arani fur- idered, and a few days following, that of Kajevaran. :h were the effefts of a battle> which ftruck fuch a [for into the enemy, that the country furrendered icr to the conqueror's name than to the forc6 of his IS. The enemy being now, to allappearance,dll'per- Mr. Clive returned in triumph to Fort St. David. luthereGded not there above two months; for the e- ly^asfoonasthey heard he was retired) afTembled what [ces they were able, and advanced to a place called Mount) about nine miles from t1ie town of Ma- ifs, where the gentlemen of that town have their mtry feats, which they had begun to plunder, when received intelligence of Mr. Clivc's approach. k very name of this young hero was fuflicicnt to aftop to their depredations. They made a preci- ite retreat towards Arcot, which Monfieur Dn- jux had informed them, was only garrifoned with inty men and a ferjeant, therefore they defigncd to fefs themfelves of it; but Mr. Clive, who was rein- Iced with one hundred and fixty men from Bengal, |etrated into the fcheme, and followed fo clofe a*: |ir heels, that they were fain to abandon their de- and encamp in the moft advantageous manner at ^erypauk; when, hearing that M. Dupliepx*? ac- Int of the ftrcngth of Arcot was falfe, they refolv- ^ogive Mr. Clive battle. AfTembling their force, y found it amounted to almoft three thoufand four 'dred men, with eight pieces of cannon : whereas Clivc's forces did not reach one third of that num- h iiMi' m P F ber. / S4 HISTORY e//y^ WAR. ^^ ,^| ber. With this view they qaitted their intrei inents on the fir (I day of March, 1752^ and adva in order of battle, taking poffelTion of a riling gro, on the right, on which they placed fifty Europe the front conliiled of fifteen hundred Sipoys, and hundred and twenty or thirty French; while the was compofed of feventeen hundred horfe. Such the numbers and (ituation of the enemy, whom Clive advanced to attack, till he came within bayonet, ordering his men to referve their fire till time; when the work was fo extremely hot^thitthe nemy, in a (hort time, were obliged to retire to their trenchments; which Mr. Clive attacked with the g eil; intrepidity, but without fuccefs. At length, wi it was almoil dark, and vidory (Hll remaining d ful> his troops being raw and undifciplinedy and not cuflomed to attackingentrenchments, he happily thoi of a (lep which anfwcred his expectation^ and gavei| the vi<5lury. He fent a detachment round, to fall 00 rear of the enemy *s battery; the defign happily fuccei Jt as was executed with courage, and planned with dence. The BritiHi entered with their bayonets li and firing a platoon, fodifconcerted the enemy> that right wing, to a man> threw down their arms^ and rendered prifoners of war; while the left wing their cfcape under cover of the i>ight. The battery had been defended by forty eight Ei peans, fourteen Topaffes or Pottuguefe of the coupi and a body of natives.; all of whom were made prii crs; a greater number was killed. The vigors eight pieces of cannon, nine tumbrels of powder, hundred and eighty Hands of nrms> with the lofs of twenty-fcven men killed and wounded. The vifli would have been more brilliant, had it not been for intervention of the night; however, it proved fudl fevere blow to the enemy, that inthe province of Ai they were not able to make head again. The brave and fortunate captain Clive, having filled his orders, now prepared to return to fort St. vid, whither he arrived on the nth day of March he found major Lawrence, juft arrived from Eng re7.dy to take upon him the command of the force! k' UdJ^ HISTORY of the WAR. 85 jperior officer. On the 17th of the fame months ley fet out at the head of 400 Europeans and 1000 Si- bysy well provided with provifion of all kinds, forth^ [lief oi capt. Gingen, who had been fince lalt year jcked up in'Tiruchinapalla, by a lirong party of Sun- ih Saheb's forces. They proceeded without molefta- m till the 23d; when coming near Koyl addi (or )d-addi) they found an intrenchment thrown up by trong detachment of Frencb> with a view to intercept *m in their march. The two parties cannonaded each lery but without doing any confiderable execution; major, however, continued his march, and the e- Imy made fome attempts to attack him in ambufcade; It his vigilance rendered them abortive. At length he rived before Tiruchinapalla, which the enemy had a- idoned on receiving intelligence of his approach; having heard they were retreating to Pondicherry th all polTible difpatch, he detached captain Clive, th four hundred £uropeans, a party of Maharatta rfe, and Sipoys, to cut off their retreat. Clive di(- Iged a ftrong body of the nabob's troops, who had [en pod at Sameavarem, a fort and temple fituated the river Kalderon, upon which Sundah Saheb threw ifelfintotheidandof Syrinhamwith an army of thirty ^ufand men, formed by another part of the river Ideron. The French at Pondicherry were no foos- icquainted with thefe tranfadtions, than they fent int D*Anteuil, with a (Irong detachment, to the ji(^ mce, of the nabob. He had by this time advaifccd far as Utatur, about twenty miles north fromlSyrnlr . Before Mr. Clive inveiled the cccleGaftical ftwt*' of Sundah Saheb, he went to Utatur to give the ich battle, whofe officer, on his approach, thought to retire; upon which the EngliAi gentlman return- and though much fatigued, immediately inveiled of the temples into which the nabob had thrown of his forces. The commanding officer and feve- >thers, attempting to force their way out at a gate^^ killed, and the reft furrendered, to the amount of •fix Europeans, and a great number of Sipoys. m he proceeded to another temple^ much ftronger thcfirft. ,__ , F 2 Agaiflft ^ ^1 i #6 "HISTORY /f;^ WAR. ^ i^j Againft this he was obliged to carry on bis openti ons by regular approaches, which foon reduced thei nemy to hang out a white flag of capitulation, j^ when Mr. Clive was beginning to advance in ori to Ilorm the breach he had made. The Sipoys, norant of the meaning of the flag, and mounting breach, pufhed on the attack, which fo terrified garrifbn, that twenty-four French threw themfdv into the river* and all periihed there but four; an cident which Mr* Clive would have prevented, hadi bern able. The remainder, in all feventy-two, andtlifl officers, were made priibners. Thefc officers ioud comphintf. that no regard had been fhewn totb flag of capitulation, yet, certain it is, that the mency of Mr. Clive alone faved them fi-om beingil cut to pieces, during the heat of aAion. To this putation monficur Duplieux added another, of thci tempt with which xMr. Clive had treated the Frei in general; this maybe very juftly attributed to effe^s of mortified ambition, fince it was difprovedl the very priibners themfelves. After the reduction of this place, Mr. Clive bej his march for Golconda, whither he was told D'i teuil had retreated. He arrived there about noon, the thirty-firfl day of May, 1752, after amarchi day and a half. D'Antcuil, with gre«' precaution, chofen an advantageous (ituation^ and intrencheJhi^ felf for the greater fecarity. Some Maharatta ha imtuiately attacked the town of Golconda, and dr the French out in confufion^ obliging them to abani there cannon: Mr. Clive, in the mean time attad the rntrenchments, and made a terrible flaughter; being unwilling to deftroy them all, fent a flag of tn out, on which a capitulation was agreed upon,i D*Anteuil, with three other officers, were made pnfij crs, on parole, for one year; the troops alfo made prifoners till exchanged* and the money j ftorcs were delivered to the nabob, whom the m fupported. ** -^ During thefe tranfa^^ions, major Lawrence iii« cd at the head of the forces at Tiruchiijapalla, S by i good body of men from the nabob «f Tanjo I756 }► HISTORY 0/-/^^ WAR. i!^^ fho had efpoufed the canfe of Mahommed All Khan, Syrinhiim. 1 he place was fo eftedtually blockad- I, mat in a very (hort time Sundah Saheb's provilions ^ere exhauiled, and his troops reduced to the lait extre* lity for a fupply . In this emergency, he found mean s corrupt Mona Ji, general of the Tanjourines, to mnive at his efcapej however^ he was no fooner in iona Ji's power than that officer fccured him; on [hich the* nabob of Tanjour ordered his head to be rucit off, and expofcd in the camp. This happened the fame day that Mr. Clive took Golconda. On le third day o( June moniieur Law, who command - the forces in Syrinham, furrendered himfelf, his ^oops, and allies, prifoners of war. In the place were mnd forty pieces oi battering cannon, ten mortars> id other warlike (lores. •'« buck a chain of fuccefles edabiiflied Mahommed Alt [han in his government of Arcot, and obliged mon- :ur Duplieux to recal his regulars from the Indian rmy, and (land upon the defenlive. Since his pro- ^dts had all been baffled, he refolved to fue for peace, which the nabob of Arcot (hewed himfelf inclinable, rovided it was to the fatisfadlion of the Briti(h, his llies Peace^ however, did not take place^ but a ccf- Ition of arms enfued. When advice of all thefe tranf- Hons had been remitted to France, the company in ^at kingdom were fo difcouraged by fo many diCailer?, iat, in 1753, they fent monfieur Duvelar as their jmmiflTary to the Eaft Indies, to reftore peace. The ritifh and French concluded a convention, whereby was ftipulated, that the two companies fliould re- [procjlly reftore the territories taken by their troops 1001748; except certain didridts, which the Briti(h [tained for the conveniency of their traffic; that the ibobs advanced by the influence of either, fliould be ^knowleged by both ; and that for the future neither )uld interfere in any difputes which might arife a- )ng the princes of the country. Major Lawrence having the fole comrnand of the 'Ops, Mr. Clive was at liberty to return to Eng- [n(1, for which he made preparations. The natives tlie country could fcarce endure the thoughts of F 3 his >\ ■ I >i ii!l IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Li 12^ 12.5 ^ U£ 12.0 12.2 u 1.25 III 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" » P^ vl /: '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^*<^% A^^ : <.w i z K" <> •^' ■^ M m ;i m t! PI I* 1 H.J #.' 18 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ 1756 his parting from them. They confidered themfelvesai indebted to him for the prefervation of their territories and efteiJts. They looked upon him as a father, while his heroic adlions, flail, and modedy incited them to almoft deify him. The great Mogui folicited him to enter into his fervice, who would have granted him any thing to comply with his requeft. Not all their intreaties could make him facrlHce the love he bore to his country, for which he fet fail in a very fliort time, and arrived on the loth day of November, 1753, at Plymouth. Thence he proceeded to London, and having waited on the dire(^ors of the Ead-India com- pany, with an account of his tranfadlions, was pre* fenied, by the gentleman in the chair^ with a very rich fword fet with diamonds ; for which he politely return- ed his thanks, and affured the company of his future fervice whenever they required it. Six months after the departureof Mr. Clive, hoftilities were recommenced on the coad of Coromandel, between the BritiOi and French ; who from auxiliaries, fcem now to have be- come principals. Major Lawrence, tho* far from be- ing popular in that country, b caufe of his pride and aufterity, was an officer of experience, refolution, and conduit. He gained feveral advantages over the e* nemy, particularly one in September, 1753, near Ti«; ruchinapalla, where he was encamped when the cnemjfi: offered him battle, he accepted, and gave them a total defeat in a (hort time, with very little lofs on his own fide; while that of the enemy amounted to at lead fix hundred men, killed,wounded, and prifoners; together with ten pieces of cannon, which fell into his hands. Soon alter this another fl^irnrfh happened, which did not end to the advantage of the major. When the news of thefc tranfadlions reached Britain, the Ealt India company thought proper to requcft Mr. Clive's fervice in that di(hnt country ; for which, in 1754) he fet fail, in quality of governor of Fort St. David. Major Lawrence, however, repaired the little damagi lie had fuffcred, and proceeded to adl with the utmoft vigour, obtaining divers advantages over the enemy? which, In all probability, would have terminated the was ^u-^ 1756 }» HISTORY of t/;e WAR. ^^ 89 [war according to his own wifh ; for a negociation was on the carpet, when it was interrupted by the Hart- lino up of a new enemy to the Britifh. This was the nabob of Bengal, or more properly Ifpeaking, the fuba of the three provinces of Bengal, Bahir^and Orixa; he had but lately afpired to this dig- nity^ which he obtained by a fortunate audacity ; he was of a fickle and inconftant difpoGtion, both in the meafures of his government, and with his favourites; deltitute of principle, void of fentiment, either of the part or the future-, fplenetic without a caufe, and cruel in his hatred; but his prevailing paflions were avarice, land the love of riches. He was flattered by fome of his courtiers? who were cither afraid of him, or folici- tous of being in his favour, that the Briti{h> fettled I in his dominions, were immenfely rich, that he might under colour of granting them favour and protection, extort large fums from them, and that in cafe of re- fufal, his torcewas fufiicient to cruHi them. Arjmat- ed by this advice, he determined to attack the Britilh, in order to fhew them his power, tho* at this time they had not given him the lead affront, nor manifcfted the leaft diflike to his perfon or government. His averfion to them proceeded from his information that they were rich. On the 4th of June, he feiz- ed the little town of CalTimbuzar, ntuated on the Ganges, at a fmall didance from Muxadavad his capital. Here he openly declared that his defign was to deprive the Britifh of all their fetilements ; and with thi- view he began his march fouthwards along the banks of the river to Calcutta, which is the principal Britifh fettlement there. He pretend- ed to have a caufe for marching againft Calcutta, which was, that Mr. Drake, the j>overnor, had granted pro- tection to one of his fubjedts, whom he had outlawed forconfpiring againfl him. We fhall not enquire into the merits of this pretence; it is certain that he apt peared before Fort William at Calcutta, with an army of 70,000 men in the month of June. The governor, terrified by the numbers of the enemy, or, as being one of the people called Quakers, could not from mo- .. F 4 . tives (•. y 'if ■ U^' m m m m ''' I'i • ■i y. 90 HISTORY of the WAR^ H i75<5 lives of confcience tcilil an attack, immf!cliately aban^ doned the fort, with many of the principal perfons in the fettlement, who faved themfelves with their moft valuable effcds on board the (liips. Ts'otwithftanding this defertion, Mr. Hoi well, the iccond In command, afliited by a few gallant friends, and the remains of a feeble garrifon, bravely held out the fort to the hit extremity ; but a noble defence could not keep an un* tenable place, or affeil an ungenerous enemy. On the 20th oi June the fort was taken, and the garrKbn, confiding of one hundred and forty-fix perfons being made prifoneTs, were for that night, in this fultry cli- mate, crammed into a dungeon, called the Black-hole pri* Ion. Mr, Hoi well, with a few other?, came out alive, to paint a fcene of the moll cruel diftrefs which per- haps human nature ever fuflfeVed. His very afre(f}ing letter, containing a minute detail of this (hocking bar* . barity, which cannot fail drawing tears from the eyes, and pity from the heart, of the moft obdurate and fa- vage bread, we (hall prefent to the reader. ^ letter fro f/t J, Z. Holwell) Efq; to William Davis, Efi{i Dear Sir, .^x( *i i -i v> «v *' The confulion which ^the late capture oftheFaft- India company's fettlements in Bengal, muft necelTari- ly excite in the city of London, will, 1 fear, be not a little heightened by the miferable deaths of the great- eft part of thofe gentlemen, who were reduced to the fad neceffity of furrendering themfelves prifoners at difcretion in Fort William (the Britifti fort at Cal- cutta.) ** By narratives made public, you will only know, that of one hundred and forty-lix prifoners, one hun- dreciahd twenty-three were fmothered in the Black-hole prifon, -in the night of the twentieth of June, I756« Few I'urvivcd, capable of giving any detail of the man- ner in which it happened; and of thefc, I believe none have attempted it: for rny own part, I have often fat down with this refolution, and as often rclinqui(hed the melancholy tafl<, not only from the difturbance and afEid^icn it raifed ufrefii in my remembrance, but from .^^6^ niSTOKY cf the WAR. 91 from the confideration of the iropoHibirity of finding language capable of railing adequate ideas of the hor- >ors ot the fcene I eflay to draw. But as I believe the Innais of the world cannot produce an incident like It, in any degree or proportion, to all the difmal circum- lances attending it, and as my own health of body ind peace of mind are once again, in a great meafure, [ecovered from the injuries they fufFered from that fa- tal night, I cannot allow it to be buried in oblivion ; [bough ilill confcious, that however high the colour- ing my retentive memory may fupply, it will fall in- Snitely (hort of the horrors accompanying this fcene. hefe defeats muft, and I doubt not, will be aflifted by ^our own humane and benevolent imagination ; in Hie exercife of which, 1 never knew you deficient^ /here unmerited dedrefs was the objedt. "Thefeaair has already had that falutary efFe<^ on ly conilitution i expected ; and my mind enjoys a palm it has been many months a ftranger to, ftrengthen- ^d by a clear chearful fky and atmofphere, joined to m unufual pleafant gale> with which we are pafling [be equino6tional. I can now, therefore, look back nth lefs agitation on the dreadful night I am going |o defcribe, and with a greatful heart fincerely acknow- Icge, and deeply revere that Providence, which alone could have preferved m when he repeated his affuranccs 10 me, on [he word of a foldier, that no harm fhould come to us; ind indeed I believe his orders were only general, that I'efhould for that night be fecured; and that what Followed, was the refult of revenge and ref^ntment,^ In the breafb of the lower Jemmautdaars, fan officer pf the rank of ferjeanr] to whofe cullody we were de- livered, for the number of their order killed during le fiege. Be this as it may^ as foon us it was dark, ' 1 i " y If '• '■ ■ l.f*., . 1:; lAlU il»¥P If 1 li B| ill r f Kil 92 HISTORY //^ WAR. ' ^ fji^ wc were all, without diftinflion, diredted by the gaurd over us, to colledl ourfelves into one body, and fa down quietly under the arched veranda or piazzaJ to the weft of the Black-Hole prifon, and the barrackj] to the left of the court of guard; and juil over a- gaiud the windows of the governor's ealierly apart* ments. Sefides the guard over us> another was placed at the foot of the (lairs to the fouth end of this ve< randa, leading up to the fouth-eaft baftion, to prevent any of us efcaping that way. On the parade (where you will remember the two twenty-four pounders ftood) v/cre alo drawn up about four or five hundred gun< men with lighted matches. . • . .-.r^..^.. ** At this time the fa^ory w^s in flames to the right and left of us ; to the right the armory and laboratory; to the left the carpenters yard: tho' at this time we ima- gined it was the cotta warehoufes [the company's cloth warehoufes] . Various were our conjectures on this ap« pearaiice ; the fire advanced with rapidity on both fides; and it was the prevailing opinion, that they intended fufFocating us between the two fires : and this notion was confirmed by the appearance, about half an hour paft feven, of fome officers and people with lighted torches in their hands, who went into all the apartments under the eafterly curtain to the ri^t of us, to* which ■we apprehended they were fetting fire, to expedite their fclieme of burning us. On this- we prefently came to a refolution of ruihing on the guard* feifing their fcymr* tars, and attacking the troops upon the parade, rather than be thus tamely roaded to death. But to be fatis* fied of their intentions, 1 advanced, at the requeft of MelTrs. Baillie, Jenks, and Rcvcly, to fee if they were really fetting fire to the appartments and found the contrary; for m fadt> as it appeared afterwards^ they were only fearching for a place to confine us in ; thelaft they examined being the barracks of the court of guard behind us. " Her<» I m' ft detain you a little, to do honour to the memory of a man^ to whom I had in many inftances been a friend ; and who, on this occalion, demonftrat cd his fenfibility of it in a degree worthy of a much high er ranjt. His name was Leech, the company's finite [756 }► HISTORY cfth WAR. 93 well as clerk of the pariHi : this man had made his e- ^apewhen the Moors entered the fort, and returned [a as it was dark> to tell me he had provided a boat^ id would inlbremy efcape, if I would follow him thro' IpaiTagefew were acquainted with, and by which he lien entered. (This might eafily have been accomplifh- ]) as the guard put over us took but very flight notice If as.) I thanked him in the bed; terms I was able; |ut told him it was a ilep I could not prevail on myfelf take, as I (hould thereby very ill repay the attach- ;nt the gentlemen and the garrKbn had (hewn to me ; id that I was refolved to fhare their fate, be it what would ; but prefFed him to fecure his own efcape jfithout lofs of time: to which he gallantly replied* ^at then he was refolved to fliare mine, and would not fcave me. " To myfelf and the world I fliould furely have flood (Gufed in embracing the overture abovementioned, )uJd I have conceived what immediately followed ; for Ihad fcarce time to make him an anfwer, before we ob- ped part of the guard drawn up on the parade advance US) with the officers who had been viewing the rooms. fjicy ordered us all to rife, and go into the barracks to Deleft of the court of guard. The barracks, you may ^member, have^ a large wooden platform for the foldi- I's to fleep on, and are open to the welt by arches and. jfniall parapet wall, correfponding to the arches of the feranda without. In we went mofl readily, and were leafing ourfelves with the profpe^t of pafling a comfort- )le night on the platform, little dreaming of the infer- |al apartment in referve for us. For we were no foon- all within the barracks, than the guard advanced to ^e inner arches and parapet wall ; and, with their muf- Ets prefentcd, ordered us to go into tlie room at the )uthermoft end of the barracks, commonly called the [lack Hole prifon ; whilft others from the court of ^ard, with clubs and drawn fcymitars, preflcd upon lofeofus next to them. This flroke was fo fadden, "nexpedted, and the throng and preflure fo great U' >n Hs next the door of the Black Hole prifon, there fas ho refifting it ; but, like one agitated wave Impel- JDg another, we were obliged to give way and enter ; -¥-•• ■■■ ■ ■ the w r.ii ., U:i M \ M 94 HISTORY o/M^ WAR. ^ lyjj the refl followed like a torrent, few amongft us, excep ting ihe foidiersy having the lead idea of the dimenfioDJ or nature of a place we had never feen : for if we had] we ihould at all events have rufhed upon the guard, an been, as the leflTer evil, by our own choice cut to piecei.1 " Amongil the firll that entered, were myfejf, mellrJ Baillic, Jenks, Cooke, T, Coles, enfign Scot, RevelyJ Law, Buchanan, &c. I got poflelTion of the window neared the door, and took meifrs. Coles and Scot m the window with me, they being both wounded (the fir I l?elieve mortally). The reft of the abovementione gentlemen were clofe round about me. It was nowi<| bout eight o'clock. ** Figure to you rfelf, my friend, ifpoffihle, thelitnJ ationof 146 wretches, exhaufted by continual fatigue] and action, thus crammed together in a cube of aboD 18 feet in a clofe fultry night, in Bengal, Ihut up to tb(| eaftward and fouthward (the only quarters from whenc air could reach us) by dead walls> and by a wall anill door to the north, open only to the weftward by mi >vlndow8, ftrongly barred with iron, from which vfj could receive fcarce any the Jeaft circulation of freOi airif *^ What muft cnfue, appeared to me in lively ad] dreadful colours, the inftant I caft my eyes round anif faw the iize and fituation of the room. Many unfuc'j cefsful attempts were made to force the door; Tor hav*! ing nothing but our hands to work with, and the doorj opening inward, all endeavours were in vain and fruit- Icfs. Obfcrving every one giving way to the vio!encf| of paffions, which I forefaw muft be fatal to them ; I re* qvefted filence might be preferved, whilft I fpoke ta] them, and in the moft pathetic and moving termsj which] occurred, I begged and intreated, that as they had paidl a ready obedience to me in the day, they would novj for their own fakes, and the fakes of thofe, who wertl dear to them, and were interefted in the prcfervation ofl their lives, regard the advice I had to give them. laf*" fured them the return of day would give us air andii* bcrty, urged to them, that the only chance we had Icftl for luftaining this misfortune, and furviving the nighM was the preferving a calm mind and quiet re(ignationta| our fate; intreating them to curb, as much as pofTibieH • - -• ... everrf UjdJ^ HISTORY //&f WAR. 9^ Ivery agitation of mind and bodyy as raving and giving loofe to ttieir paffions could anfwer no purpole, but lat of haftening their deftrudlion. v.: I<< Ttiis remonlirance produced a (hort interval of peace, Ind gave me a few minutes for reflexion : tho- even [hli pauie was not a little difturbed by the cries and [roans of the many wounded, and more particularly of ny two companions in the window. Death, attended mh the mod cruel train of circumftances, I plainly per- ceived muft prove our inevitable deftiny: I had fecn, lis common migration in too many fliapes, and accuf- fomed myfelf to think on the fubje^t with too much pro* priety to be alarmed at the profpedl, and indeed felt luch more for my wretched companions than myfelf. ** Amongft the guards po(ted at the windows^ I ob- terved an old Jemmautdaar near me^ who feemed to car- ry fome commpaflion for us in his countenance ; and indeed he was the only one of the many in his itation, /ho difcovered the leaf!: trace of humanity. I called ^Im to me, and in the mod perfuafive terms I was capa- \)kj urged him to commiferate the fufferings he was a /itnefs to, and prefTed him to endeavour to get us fepa* rated, half in one place, and half in the other ; and that be(hould in the morning receive 1000 rupees for this }6t of tendernefs. He promifed he wogld attempt it» md withdrew ; but in a few minutes returned, and. told le it was impolTible. I then thought I had been defici- ent in my offer, and promifed him aooo: he withdrew fecond time, but returned foon, and (with I J:lieve luch real pity and concern) told me it was not pra6ti^ kable; that it could not be done but by the Suba's or- |der, and that no one dared awake him. " During this interval, tho* their paflions were left Iviolent, their uneaiinefs increafed. We had been but few minutes confined before every one fell into a perfpi^^ ration fo profufe^ you can form no idea of it. Thiaj: confequently brought on a raging third, which dill in- creafed in proportion as the body was drained of it Ittaifture.; ...is d:siiJ*.ka'j:^^tM v^^^ '- ; , ^ ' " " Various expedients were thought of to give mor% Ifoom and air. To obtain the former, it was moved t4 (at of their clothes: this was approved^ as a happ^ f '>4 motion^ ^irw nrTT* P lit c^6 HISTORY ^/^^ WAR. <{ i-i motion, and in a few minutes I believe every man wn ftr.pped (myl'elf, (Mr. Court, and the two wounda young gcntlem n by me, excepted) for a little timethcj flattered themlelves with having gained a mighty advin age : every hat was put in motion to produce a cirj cu^ation of air, an J Mr. Baillie propofed that every (hould (it down on his hams: as they were truly intli fituation of drowning wretches, no wonder they caugh at every thing that bore a Hattering appearance of fa?j ing them. This expedient was feveral times put ii[ practice, and at each time many of the poor creaturej| whofe ftrength was lefs than others, or had been nion exhauftcd, and could not immediately recover thtiil legs, as others did when the word was given toriitJ fell, to rife no morel for they were indantly trod td death> or fufFocatcd. When the whole body fatdownj they were To clofely wedged together, that they wen obliged to ufe many efforts, before they could puttheoi<| felves in motion to get up again. " Before nine o'clock every man's thirft grew intol lerable, and refpiration difficult. Our lituation wail much more wretched than that of fo many miferableaj nimals in an exhaufted receiver ; no circulation of fredi air, fufficient to continue life, nor yet enoughl diveded of its vivifying particles to put a ipeedy perK od to it. ,:..■ ..4. :-.p" :.: ■■: *' Efforts were again made to force the door, butiol vain. Many infults were ufed to the guard to provokej them to fire in upon us (which as I learned after* wards, were carried to much greater lengths, whenll was no more fenfible of what was tranfadted.) For my own f^art I hitherto felt little pain or uneafinefs, but! what refulted from my anxiety for the fufferings ofl thole within. By keeping my face between two ofthe bars, I obtained air enough to give my lungs eafy plajfJ though my perfpiration was exceffive, and thirft com* menclng. At this period, fo (frong a urinous volatile effluvia came from the prifon, that I was not able to turn my head that way, for more than a few fecondsit a time. '■ V'.*ii?%ri,-«-«:;-»:^ft • * »| " Now every body, excepting thofe fituated in aB(l| n^ar the windows; began to grow outrageousi ^^^ )■'< ,^^6Y HISTORY o//^ WAR. 97 lany dilirious : " Wateo Watcr»" became the gene- Icry. And theold Jemmautdaary before-mentioued, king pity on us^ ordered the people to bring fbme ins of water, little dreaming, I beiievey of its fatal fctfls. This was what I dreaded. I forefaw it would rove the ruin of the fmall chance left us, and elfdy- d many times to fpeak to him privately to forbid its ing brought ; but the clamour was fo loud, it be- ame impolfible. The water appeared. Words can- .ot paint to you the univerfal agitation and raving ihe ught of it threw us into. I had flattered myfelf lat fomc, by preferving an equal temper of mind, ight outlive the night ; but now the reflection, which ive me the greatelk pain, was, that I faw no pofEbi- ty of one elcaping to tell the difmal tale. " Until the water came, I had myfelf not fuffered luch from thirft, which inftantly grew exceflive. We ladno means of conveying it into the prifon, but by ats forced through the bars; and thus myfelf and elTrs. Coales and Scot (notwithdanding the pains cy fuffered from their wounds) fupplied them as fafl spofsible. But thofey who have experienced intenfe irft, or are acquainted with the caufe and nature of lis appetite, will be fufficicntly fenfible it could re- ive no more than a momentary alleviation; the aufe dill fubfided. Though we brought full hats ithin the bars, there enfued fuch violent druggies, nd frequent contefts to get at it^ that before it reach- the lips of any one, there would be fcarcely a final! •cup full left in them. Thefe fupplies, like fprink- ng water on the fire, only feryed to feed and raife le flame. " Oh! my dear Sir, how fhall I give you a concep- on of what I felt at the cries and ravings of thofc in le remoter parts of the prifon, who could not enter- in a probable hope of obtaining a drop, yet could t divefi themfelves of expedlation, however anavail- ig! And others calling on me by the tender confider- ns of friendfhip and affe^ion, and who knew they ere really dear to me. Think, ifpofsible, what my jrt muft have fuffered at feeing and hearing their "wft, without having it in my power to relieve them; ■ for •> P» HISTORY of the WAJK. ^ i^^^ for the confufion now became general and horrid, veral quitted the other window (the only chance ihe had for IJfe) to force their way to the water, nnd tli throng and prcfs upon the window was beyond bear] ing; many forcing their pafTage from the further pm of the room, prclFeddown tholie in their way who hi lefs (Irength, and trampled them to death. " Can it gain belief, that ihisfcene of mifery proved entertainment to the brutal wretches without ? But fj it was ; and they took care to keep us fupplied wit] water, that they might have the faiisfadion of feeinJ us fioht for it, as they phrafed it, and held up lighti to the bars, that they might lofe no part of the inhii man diverfion. . .. - «* From about nine to near eleven> I fuftained thijl cruel fcene and painful iituation> Rill fupplying the with water, though my legs were almoR: broke with weight againft them. By this time I myfelf was vei| near prefTed to death, and my two companions, witi Mr. William Parker (who had forced himfelf into tb window) were really fo. ** For a great while they preferved a refpeil andrei ^ard to me, more than Indeed I could well expedl, on circumdances conGdered: but now all diflindtion loft. My friend Baillie, MelTrs. Jenke, Revely, Lai Buchanan, Simfon, and feveral others^ for whom Ih« a real efteem and afFc<^ion, had for fome time been de at my feet; and were now trampled upon by every co poral or common foldier, who, by the help of morei buft conftitutions, had forced iheir way to the windoi and held faft by the bars over me, till at laft I becaii fo prelTed and wedged up, that I was deprived of ^ T!^\ ■i^'iit'* motion. ,. , . . " Determined now to give every thing up, I called! them, and begged, as the laft inftance of their regarij they would remove the prefTure upon me, and pern' me to retire out of the window, to die quiet. Tk gave way ; and with much difficulty I forced a pal into the center of the prifon, where the throng was by the many dead (then I believe amounting to ol third), and the numbers who flocked ta the vii doi 1 1iilB 1 - - ■■ -r- ■«-••'■.-. '-v* 1 ilHHI ■\ -■ ■ .-.•.>#»-. miBni V '■ t ' ' '\ . - ^ 'IK- ■ ■■ • -iS'T 1*=?:,;, »f-'' > :,;•, 't |iy^6| HISTORY of the WAR. 99 lows; for by this time they had water alfo at the other window. << In the black hole there is a platform [this platform mraifcd between three and four feet from the floor, )pen underneath ; it extended the whole length of the tail (ide of the prifon, and was above fix feet wide] [orrefponding with that in the barracks; I travelled Jver the dead, and repaired to the further end of it, fuft oppofite the other window, and feated myfelf on Ihe platform between Mr. Dumbleton and captain Ste- lenfon; the former juft then expiring. I was ftill lappy in the fame calmnefs of mind I had preferved the yholetime; death I expelled as unavoidable^ and on- lamented its flow approach, though the moment I [uitted the window my breathing grew fliort and pain* *' Here my poor friend Mr. Edward Eyre came flag- Icfing over the dead to me, and with his ufual coolnefs jnd good-nature alked me how I did \ but fell and ex- fired before I had time to make him a reply. I laid jyfelf down on fome of the dead behind me, on the [latform, and recommending myfelf to heaven, had V comfort of thinking my fuflerings could have no )ng duration.. ^ v ' ' • • • " ^' My third grew now infupportable, and difficulty |f breathing much increafed; and had not remained iii lis (ituation, I believe, tert minutes, when I was ^ized with a pain in my bread, and palpitation of the eart, to the raoft exquifite degree. Thefe roufed and [bilged me to get up again ; but ftill the pain, palpita- )n, third, and difficulty of breathing increafed. X ^tained my fenfes notwithdanding, and had the grief fee death not fo near me as I hoped, but'could no bger bear the pains I fuffered, without attempting a [lief, which I knew frefli air would and could only |ve me. I indantly determined to pufh for the win- )w oppofite to me ; and by an effort of double the rength I ever before pofTeffed* gained the third rank tit, with one hand feized a bar, and by that means jiined the fecohd» though I think there were at lead fi>: fevcn ranks between me and the window. I" In a few moments my pain, palpitation, and difh- . - . . G , cnftv I ti i I « fl 11 jHK lEv 1 "' m % ,^ loo HIS T O R Y ^/ f^^ W A R. ^ 175^1 culty of breathing ceafed; but my third continued in.] tolerable. I called aloud for " water for God'J sake;" had been concluded dead; but as foon astheyl heard me amongd them, they had (Ull the refpe^t anil tendernefs for me to cry out, "Give him WiVTER,! Give hi;v! water!" nor would one of them at thtl window attempt to touch it until I had drank. Botl from the water I found no relief; my third was rathet| increafed by it ; fo I determined to drink no more,1 patiently wait the event, and keep my mouth moilil from time to time, by fucking the perfpiration out my (hirt fleeves, and catching the drops as they feliJ like heavy rain from my head and face: you can hardJ ly imagine how unhappy I was if any of them efcapedmyj mouth. " I came into the prifon without coat or waiftcoatjl the feafon was too hot to bear the fprmer, and the iat<[ ter tempted the avarice of one of the guards, who roH bed roe of it when we were under the veranda. WhiF I was at this fecond window, I was obferved by onei my miferable companions on the right of me, in theex< pedient of allaying my thirit by fucking my (hirt fleevej He took the hint, and robbed me from time to time a confiderabie part of my (lore ; though after I detede him, I had ever the addrefs to begin on that (leeve firll when I thought my refervoirs were fufficiently rep^l nifhed, and our mouths and noles often met in the coa{ ted This plunderer I found afterwards was a wor*iif young gentleman in the fervice, Mr. Lu(hington, one ofthefewwho cfcaped from death, and (ince pal* the compliment of alfuring me, he believed he owed life to the many comfortable draughts he had from nf fleeves. I mention this incident, as I think nothio can give you a more lively idea of the melancholy (la and diftrefs we were reduced to. Before I hit upoa this happy expedient, I had, in an ungovernable fitc thirft, attempted drinking my urine ; but it was fo is tenfely bitter there was no enduring a fecond tat v^hereas no Bridol water could be more foft or pU than what arofe from perfpiration. By half an hour after cleveq the much greater norab «f thofe living were in an outragious deUrium, and tk i^tey HISTORY of the WAR. loi rthcrs quite ungovernable, few retaining any calm- iefs,but the ranks next the windows. By what I had felt myfelf, I was fully fenfibJe what thofe within fuf- Fercd; but had only pity to beftow upon them, not then [hinking how foon I ihouid myfelf become a greater jbjeftofit. They all found now that water, inftead of relieving ithcr heightened their uneafinefTes ; and ^'Atr, Air,** m the cencral cry. Every infult that could be devif- td againft the guard, all the approbrious names and a- We that the Suba, Monickchund, 8fc, [Rajah Mo- lidchund, appointed by the Suba governor of Calcut- i] could be loaded wifh, were repeated to provoke the juard to firfr upon us, every man that could, rufhing fumultuoufly towards the windows, with eager hopes )f meeting the firft (hot : then a gentle prayer to hea- ifcn, to haften the approach of the flames to the right |ifld left of us, and put a period to our mifery. But lefc failing? they whofe ftrength and fpirits were quite kxhaufted, laid themfelves down nnd expired quietly ppon' their fellows; others, who had yet fome ftrength Ind vigor left, made a laft effort for the windows « ind fcveral fucceeded, by leaping and fcrambling over [he backs and heads of thofe in the firft ranks; and got wW of the bars, from > which there was no removing them. Many to the right and left funk with the vio- lent preffure, and were foon fuffccated ; for i^ow a fteani iror?frora the living^and the dead* which affedled us in f\[ its circumftances, as if we were forcibly held with )ar heads over a bowl full cf ftrong volatile fpirit of lartfhorn, until fuffocated ; nor could the effluvia of [he one be diftinguifhed from the other, and frequently, >hen I was forced by the load upon my head and (houl- Jers to hold my face down, I was obliged^ near as I 'a$ to the window, itlftantly to raifc it again to efcape ruffocaiion. I need not> my dear friend, aflt your commiferation, 'hen I tell you, that in this plight, from half an hour part eleven, till near two in the morning, I fuftained Tie weight of a heavy man, with his knees in my back, id the prelFure of his whole body on my head. A >utch ferjeant, who had taken his feti on my left (hou'- G 2 dcr; 102 HISTORY //^^ WAR. ^1756 dery and a Topaz [a black chriftian foldier^ ufuJty termed fubje^s of Portugal] bearing on my right ; ai| \vhich nothing could have enabled me long toTupport, but the props and preiTure equally fuftaining me all a. round The two latter I frequently diflodged, by M\» ing my hold on the bars, and driving my knuckles in* to their ribs; but my friend above ituck UA, and/ as he held by two bars, was immoveable. *^ When I had bore this confli^ above an hour, with a train of wretched refledlionsji and feeing ilko glimpfe of hope> on which to found a profped of relief, my fpirits, refolution, and every fentiment of religion give way, I found I was unable much longer to fupporttbii trial, and could not bear the dreadful thoughts of retir< ing into the inner part of the prifon, where I had before fu^ered fo much. Some infernal fpirit taking the ad* vantage of this period, brought to my remembrance my having a fmall clafp penknife in my pockety with wiiicb I determined inlliantly to open my arteries, and finiihi fyftem no longer to be borne. I had got it out, when heaven interpofed, and reftored me to frefh fpirits and refolution, with an abhorrence of the adt of cowardice I was jull going to commit ; I exerted anew my (trength and fortitude ; but the repeated trials and efforts I tmt to diflodge the infufferable incumberaiices upon meat lafl quite exhaulied me^ and towards two o'clock, find* ing I mud quit the window, or fink where I was, I re* folved on the former, having bore, truly for the fake of others, infinitely more for life than the belt of it is worth. ' *< In the rank clofe behind me was an officer of one of the fhipS) whofe name was Carey and who had be* haved with much bravery during the fiege, (hii wife> a fine woman, though country-born, would not quit him, but accompanied him into the prifon, and was one who furvlvcd.) This poor wretch had been loni raving for water and air ; I told him I was determineo to give up life, and recommending his gaining my At* tion. On my quitting, he made a fruidefs attempt to get my place ; but the Dutch ferjeanti who fat on isy fl)oulder, fupplanted him. Toot Carey exprefTed his thankful aefs, and fald be wouli ,75(5> HISTORY rf the WAR. 103 wouJd give up Jife too ; but it was with the utmofl labour ' we forced our way from the window (feveral in the in- ner ranks appearing to me dead (landing, unable to fall by the throng and equal prefTure round.; He laid him- iieif down to die, and his death, I believe, was very fudden ; for he was a (hort, full, fanguine man ; his itrength was great, and I imagine, had he not retired with me, I fhould never have been able to have forced . my way. '^ I was at this time lenfible of no pain and little u- neafinefs; I can give you no better idea of my iituation than by repeating my fimile of the bowl of fpirit of hartlhorn. I found a ftupor coming on apacei and laid myfelf down by that gallant old man, the reverend Mr. Jarvis Bellamy, who lay dead with his fbn the lieute- nanty hand in hand, near the fouthermod wall of the " When I had lain there fome little time, I ftill I had refledtion enough to fuflfer fome uneaOnefs in the thought, that I fhould be trampled upon when dead, as il myfelf had done to others. With fome difficulty I Iraifed myfelf, and gained the platform a fecond time, where I prefently lo(t all fenfation ; the lalfc trace of fenfibility that I have been able to recoiled); after my laying down, was my fafh being uneafy about my wai(l, {which I untied, and threw from me; *< Of what paifed in this interval, to the time of my , I refurredlion from this hole of horrors, I can give you no account; and indeed the particulars mentioned by fome of the gentlemen who furvived (folely by the number of thofe dead, by which they gained a freer ac- ceffion of air, and approach to the windows) were fo kxceffively abfurd and contradidlory. as to convince me very few of them retained their fenfes ; or at lealt loft them foon after they came into the open air, by the fo- |verthey carried out with them. *' In my own efcape from abfolute death> the hand of heaven was manifeftly exerted : the manner take as follows. When the day broke, and the gentlemen found that no intreaties could prevail to get the door opened, it occurred to one of them (I think to Mr. fe- |creury Cooke) to make a fearch for me, in hopes t G 3 might ^t 5 ^ Un 104 HISTORY of the Wx^R. ^1756! might have influence enough to gain a releafe from this fcene ofmifery. Accordingly meflis. Lufhington and Waicot undertook the fearch, and by my (hirt difcover* ed me under the dead under the platform. They took me from thence, and imaginhio I had fome figns of life, brought me towards the window I had drft poiTenionof. But as life was dear to every man (and the itench arifing from the dead bodies w^s grown intolerable) no, one would give up his {lation in or near the windoW| f b they were obliged to carry me back again : but foon after captain Mills (now captain of company's yatch) who was in pofTeflion of a (eat in the window, had the humanit,y4o offer to refign it. I was again brought by the fame gentleman, and placed in the window. At this junAure the Suba, who had received anac' count of the havoc death had made amongeit us, fent one of his Jemmautdaars to enquire if the chief fur* vived. They ftiewed me to him; told him I had the appearance of life remaining, and believed I might re* cover if the door was opened very foon. This anfwer being returned to the Suba, an order came immediate* ]y for our releafe^ it being then near Hx in the morn* *^ The frefli air at the window foon brought me to life ; and a few minutes after the depatture of the Jemmautdaar, I was reftored to my fight and fenfes. But oh ! Sir, what words fliall T adopt to tell you the whole that my foul fufFered at reviewing the dreadful dcftru(5tion round me? I will not atempt it; and in- deed, tears a tribute I believe I fliall ever pay to the remembrance of this fcene, and to the memory of thofc brave and valuable men) (lop my men. ^*,The little ftrength remaining amongit the moft robuft who furvived, made it a difficult tafk to remove the dead piled up againfl the door ; fo that I believe it wa^ more than twenty minutes before we obtained a pa If age out for one at a time. I had foon reafon to be convinced the particular en* quiry made after me did not refult from any didatcof favour, humanity, or contrition; when I came out, 1 found myfclf in a high putrid fever, and not being able to (l^nd> threw myulf on llic wet grafs without the 1756 }► HISTORY of the WAR. 105 veranda, wheh a mefTage was brought me fignifying I muft immediately attend the Suba. Not being capable of walking, they were obliged to fupport me under each arm, and on the way one of the Jemmautdaars told me, as a friend, to make a full confeflion where the treafure was buried ih|t!te fort, or that in half an hour! (hoiild be (hot off from the mouth of a cannon [a fentence of death common inlndodan]. The intimation gavemenomanner of con- cern, for at that juncture 1 (hould have e(teemed death the grcateft favour the tyrant could have beftowed upon me. Being brought into his prefence, he foon obferved the wretched plight I was in, and ordered a large folio volume, which lay on a heap of plunder, to be brought forme to fit on. I endeavoured two or three' times tofpeak, but my tongue was dry and withoat motion. He ordered me water. As foon as I got fpeech, I begun to recount the difnial catadrophe of ray miferable companions ; but he ftopt me fliort, with telling me he was well informed of great treafure being buried,or fecreted, in thefort,and that I was privy to it ; and if I expedled favour, muft difcover it. I urged every thing I could to convince him there was no truth. in the information, or that if any fuch thing had been done, it was without my knowlege. I re- minded him of his repeated affurance to me the day before; but he refumed the fubjedl of the treafure, and all I could fay feemed to gain no credit with him. I ^s ordered prifoner under Mhir Muddon, general of the houfhold troops.V " ' : 7 ^ Amongft the guard which carried me from the Suba, one bore a large Moratter battle-ax, which gave rife I imagine to Mr. fecretary Cooke's belief and report to the the fleet, that he faw me carried out, with the edge of the ax towards me, to have my head ftruck off. This I believe is the only account you will have of me, until I bring you a better myfelf. But to re- fume, my fubjedl : I was ordered to the camp to Mhir Muddon*s quarters, within the outward ditch, fomc- thing fhort of Cmychund's garden (which you know is above three miles from the fort) and with me Mcf- fieurs Court, Walcot, and Bordet. The reft who fur- vived the fatal night gained their liberty, exccpif IVIr^. Carey, who was too young and handfome. The dead G4 bodies ./ % . io6 HJ STORY of the WAR. j 1756 bodies were promifcuoufly thrown into the ditch of our I uniinifhed ravelin, and covered with the earth. <* My beingtreated with this feverity, I have fufHcient leafon to affirm, proceeded from the following caufes;! the Suba's refentment for my defending the fort after the governor, &c. had abandoned it; his prepolTer* lion towards the treafure ; and thirdly^ the iniligations of Omychund [a great Gentoo merchant of Calcutta! in refentment for my not releafing him out of prifon, as foon as I had the command of the fort: a circum* itance, which in the heat and hurry of adlion^ neVer once occurred to me, or I had certainly done it ; be* caufe I thought his imprifonmentunjuft. But that the hard treatment 1 met with may truly be attributed in a great meafure to his fuggeftions and tnfinuations, I am well affuredy from the whole of his fubfequent condud; and this further confirmed to me in the three gentle* men feledled to be my companions, again fl each of whom he had conceived particular refentment j and you know Omychund can never forgive. " We were conveyed in a Hackery [a coach drawn by oxen] to the camp the twenty-firft of June in the morning) and foon loaded with fetters, and flowed all four in a feapoy*s tent, about four feet long, three wide, and about three high, fo that we were half in, half out: all night it rained feverelyj Difmal as this was, it appeared a paradife compared with our lodging the preceding night. Here I became covered from head to foot with large painful boils, the firft fymptomof n»y recovery ; for until thefe appeared, my fever did not leave me. ■-■,>i*A^.:-....,>^^^ii-i.'^„,,.-;t-'.>..^-'.. " On the morning of the twenty-fecond, they march- ed us to town in our fetters, under the fcorching beams of an intenfe hot fun, and lodged us at the dock-head, in the open fmall veranda, fronting the river, where we had a (Itong guard over us, commanded by Bundo Sing Hazary, an officer under Mhir Muddon. Here the other gentlemen broke out likewife in boils; all over their bodies; a happy circumftance, which as I alterwards learned* attended every one who came out ct the black hole.'* J. Z. HOL WELL. In |,y56 y H 1 ST O R Y ^ //^^ W A R. 107 In this hold 123 perfons were rufFocated. Th^ [tit (twenty three) came out alive, and were conducted [0 Maxadabad the capital of Bengal^ where they under- ifent another feries of miferies : At length the Nabob }f Bengal being convinced that there adualiy was no ^reafurc at Calcutta, and his grand -mother interpoiing In their behalf, he granted them their liberty. This lofs was feverely felt by the £a(t-Indian company, as \t was the principal fettlement which they had in Ben- gal, and the fort the only fecurity which they bad to fhis valuable part of their trade. To retrieve thefe ifFairs admiral Watfon and colonel Clive were called iwith their forces from the coaft of Coromandel, which they happily effedted in the coarfe of the following ^ear. We will now turn to the Britifh affair in America, irhcre they wore as bad a complexion this year as h(kf partly owing to the mifchiefs and broils at home^ and partly to the different opinions which influenced the jfTemblics of the feveral provinces ; each was for at- tading the enemy on his own frontiers, but not will- ing to aflilt his neighbour. The conduA of general Shirley had in England been declared dilatory, and confidered as unfatisfaiftory; therefore it was determi--, led to fuperfede him, with another officer, and order Ihitn home; but even thefe orders were not dated iii' iOndon till the laff day of march, and then the com- Imander was but juft appointed. Colonel Webb carried Ithefe difpatches to America, and he was followed by; jgeneral Abercrombie, who arrived at New- York on thoki both of June, with fome troops ; but the earl of Lou-v* jdon, the commander in chief, did not arrive there be- Ifore the 23d of July. Whether thefe delays muft be jimputed to a (late of anarchy at home, we know not; [but it is certain they ruined the plan of operations, Iwhich were this year concerted for attacking fort jNiagara, lltuatcd between the lakes Ontario and Erie, |in order to cut off^ the communication between Canada land Louidana. The marquis de Vandrueil, governor lof Canada, being informed of this fcheme, was de- Itermined to fruftrate it. He got exn^t intelligence of [theftate and condition of fort Ofwego, which was fi- ^ - tuated A : ^l 6 108 HISTORY //;5^ WAR. ^ lyj^ tuated on the lake Ontario, and the nvmber of veireltl on the lake ; this fort had been built by Mr. ShirlfyJ in order to open and fecure a paflage to go and atuckl the French forts Niagara and Frontenac, and fonKi veffels which were built on the lake, were defjgned ttl tranipott the troops into the enemies territories; it| was aifo defigned for covering the Iroquois, and fecorJ ing the Indian trade, though in fad they were fo com rupted by the French y that there was no longer aoyl dependance on them. Vandrueil difpatched the mar<| quis de Montcalm> a cruel wretch, who delighted it| the molt horrid butcheries, and every ad of wantoB barbarity^ with about 3000 men^ to reduce this fort. As foon as he arrived on the banks of the lake, be| received intimation that the Britifh were fending a coO' iiderable quantity of (lores and proviOons to thefort,. and he Tent off a detachment of Indians to attack the convoy, which was commanded by captain BradftreetJ but that officer received them fo well as to render their efforts inefFeduai, with lofs: from fome prifonersJ which he made on this occafion> he learned the deGgHt of the enemy, their numbers andpofition; an account { of which he difpatched to general Abercrombie at Al- bany, and this officer ordered colonel Webb to hold I himfelf in readinefs to march to the relief of Ofwego. No{ other information arrived at Albany concerning Ofwe* go till it was taken; Bradftreet having fent the iloreil and provifions into the fort, proceeded to Schenectady. I Montcalm embatked his troops and cannon in boats, and I crolTed over the lake, and on the nth of Auguft he{ appeared before Ofwego; the garrifon of which con* iilled of 1600 men, commanded by colonel Mercer, an j officer of approved braVery, and provided with od«I hundred pieces of cannon; but the fortifications of the place were not fit to refift regular approaches, the materials being principally of tinrber, the defences bad- ' )y contrived, and even unfinifhed. Montcalm attacked it with thirty-two pieces of cannon, and fome mortars; but on the 13th colonel Mercer being killed, the g^ri* fon fell into confufion, the officers were divided in their opinions what to do, and on the 14th having con* fidered that the place was untenable; they demanded a capitulation,. (756^ HISTORY of the WAR. 109 ipituUtion, and furrendered on condition of being rcated with humanity^ and fent prifoners to Montreal. > lov/ever? Montcalm did not obferve this; he permit- ed his Indians to maifacre the defencelefs foldiers; as ley Itood on the parude; to aflaflinate lieutenant de ^ Court, though under the protedlion of a French of- ^\ leer; to barbaroufly fcalp all the lick in the holpital ; [ndfinallyy in diredt violation of the articles, he de- livered up twenty of the gori ifon to the Indians, in lieu )f that number they had Toil during the fiege, that they light be tortured to death, according to the cruel cn{- [oin of the country. The vcfTcIs on the lake fellin- the hands of the enemy ; who, immediately after the irrender of the fort, demoiiihed ity and embarked ifith their prifoners and cannon for fort Frontenac. It ^as been mentioned that capt. Braddreet fent inielli- KDce to general Abercrombie of the enemy's dedgns p Ofwego, and that Mr. Webb was ordered to hold limfeif in readinefs to march; this information arrived jit Albany on the 12th of July; but general Webb did pot leave that place, in order to proceed to Ofwego, lillthe 9th of Auguft: on the 17th he received advice [hat the fort was taken, upon which he returned to Albany. The delay of this march was principally ow- fig to the American governors : before general Webb could be provided with neceffaries, lord Loudon arriv- al Albany, which was on the 29th of July, and the relief of Ofwego was the firft objeA of his attention; Jut he was ftrenuoufly oppofcd by the province of New- Tork and others, who urged the taking of Crown Point. lot fo much for the fecurity of their own frontiers> as Mivert him from relieving Ofv/ego, which they hoped 'ould fall, that they might have fome appearance of reafon for blaming general Shirley, who had always the fecurity of it much at heart, though he religned his command on the 25th of June. 1 hey at length ac- huiefced in fending general Webb, when it was too jlatt. Nothing further was done : the troops wintered [at Albany. -^li' .We will now turn to our domeilic afTairs, where no- hning but anarchy and confulion appeared in the mini- pry. The defeat of Brfiddock, thc'rednaion ofOf^e- v, r>. «. no HISTORY e^/^ WAR. <{ ly^ go and the other forts in America, the delay of armt mcnts, the negle^ of opportunities, ineffe^ual cruifei abliird difpofitions of fleets and fquadron:), the dilgra in the Mediterranean, and the lofs of Minorca were nua bered among the misfortunes that flowed from the crud deflgns of a weak dilpirited m y, and the profpe of their aquiefcing in a continental war, brought theg dill further into contempt and deteftation with the dy of the people. However, as they were ftrong at botJ torn, they might have maintained their poits> had thej| agreed among themfelves. hut now ieveral alteration took place in the adminidration^ The Duke of DevonJ (hire prelided at the board of treafury, in lieu of the dukcl of Ncwcaltle. Mr. Legg was made chancellor of the ex*| chequer, in the room of Mr Littleton made a peer ; the carl Temple, brother in-law to Mr Pitt, prefided atd new board of Admiralty . And now the fears of the people] about a French invadon having fublided, the Hanove* rians, who were under their nofes, were loaded with al conhderable fliare of this popular indignation ; but it being thought neceflary for the defence of their owa country to fend them back> it was accordingly done; | part of the kingdom rejoiced at this meafure, while a» flother languiihed at the folly which brought them. On thei'econd of December the parliament met> whenl the clamour againft the miniftry was as great within doors as it was without Mr. F thought he bore too great a (hare of the public odium, and therefore | refigned his pod of fecretary of date, but not without hopes of refuming it with augmented power, for which he apprehended the embarrallment of parties would af- ford him an opportunity. As he was a principal prop of theminidry, his removal occafioned the whole ftrucv ture to fall to pieces. On the 4th of December iMr. Pitt was appointed fecretary of date, and many other confonanc promotions were made. This minifter, from very laudible motives, attempted to give a turn to the affairs of his country, and ihofc who had rtffigned did not make much oppodtion in parliament ; he> by a fpirit peculiar to himfelf, began to prepare for attacking France heartily by fea: he aimed at the empire of the fea^ and France was not ready for fuch an enemy, h^^* ins J III ,^6y HISTORY (ftbe WAR. ^ ibad all along to deal with mintders of inferior abi- ues. He declared pofitively againft all foreign fubii- es, and aiTerted, that not even half a man ihould be t to Germany ; he was unanimouflv applauded, and degrees in the kingdom gave themfelves up to hope, .cept a few, being the old jnnto. They repre- [ntedhim and his adherents, as imperious, obftinate, id ignorant, and even went fo far as to quedion their jyahy. ** The militia bill was introduced into the houfe of smmons, by the honourable Mr. George Townfhend, • id by the honourable Mr. Charles Townfhcnd, brothers. The minds of the people were prepared for this laud- . ble and necefTary a^ by fome pamphlets written by lerfons of diftindion, (hewing the benefit and pro- priety of a national militia> in a time of war. How- 7er) there were many individuals in power, who cretly difliked it; and many who acouiefced in it, are lid to have not been hearty in its favour, but none>^ liofe to avow their difapprobationy it being too po- liar an object. After divers amendments* the bill tfed both houfes, and received the royal afTent. To lis fucceeded a meiTage from the kingy acquainting be houfe, that the French were preparing to enter Ger*- Dany, and invade his eledloral dominions, and thofe of his ally the king of Prufllia ; and that he required |fuch aflidance as would enable him to form an army of )bfervation, for the defence of thofe territories, and ilfo for fulfilling his engagements with the king of / ?ru(fia. This medage was complied with, and about ^he fame time the parliament addrefTed the king, for »11 the papers, letters, inftru5tf WAR. ^ ^ 1757] • Before we finifh the tranfa^ions of this year, cannot forbear taking notice of the fate of the bm^ captain Death, who commanded ah Englifh privateetl called the Terrible. On the a 3d day of DeccmberJ he took a large French (hip from Domingo after at| ohftinate battle^ in which he loil his own brother an 16 feamen; then he fecured with 40 men his prij containing a valuable cargo : on his way to England he fell in with the Vengeance privateer of St. MaloJ carrying 36 large cannon, and 360 men. They firiil letook the prize, and then the two (hips bore downl upon the Terrible, whofe main mad was (hot awaybjf| the firft broadfide. Notwithftanding the Terrible man* tained fuch a furious engagement againil both as can* not be paralleled in the annals of Britain. The Frenchl commander and his fecond were killed with two thirdrl of his company. But capt. Death with the greater] part of his of!icers> and almod his whole crew, hav- jng met with the fame fate, his (hip was boarded bfl the enemy, who found none but a few perfons alivej grievoufly mutilated and wounded, the (hip itfelf was] fo (battered that it could fcarce be kept above waterJ and the whole exhibited a fcene of blood, horror, aiM^I defolation. The victor itfelf lay like a wreck- on tb«| furface, fo that it was with great difficulty they coold low the Terrible into St. Malo, where (he w?c beheld] with adonifhmcnt and horror. When this was kuowni in England a liberal fubfcription was raifed for the| fopport of Capt. Death*$ widow and part of the fur- viving crew. CHAP. IV, 2V.>- Changes in tiff Britiflj mlnijiry. Battle of Richenheri, : Battle of Prague* Prague bejieged. Battle of Colin, Battle of Hajienheck. Convention of Clojler Sevtn,[ {Battle of Rosbach. Battle of Lent hen, Jffairs i*\ America, Expedition to Rochfort, • THE (irft obje>•*■ I \ ii6 HUTaRY of the WAl. i^ iyjj Tfirtijc of their ^^mipiftr^tiqi^ N© bp^y ftfic^i^dfiitl 3VIr. ]?Ut*spiicp. On th^ (f^^ of ^prJi 1qf4i M.«Pifi«ij| \v^s apjpointjc^ ci^ancejlpir p? >H? e^^ijequpr, ai^4awi |)oar(lof a4nMMUy W4f ?pppi^tf4 wUb ih^ «ajrlpf^i«{ chelfca af iu l^ the caballing feemed to ceafe* / id a reconciliation among the parties began to be ef*- lidedy j^erhaps the old jifnto^ who had incurred the enfure of the people, were afraid to pu(h matters to extremity : they now faw the cfFefts of popularity rhich they once defpifed. and that the people were lot to be led by the noit implicitly into every mea« ire as they had apprehended; addrefles made their ^ay to the throne, pray ing> that the difmiffed miniilers light be reftored, for upon them depended the fecuri- and honour of the nation, and the fuccefs of the ir, which had hitherto teemed with difgrace and mif« )rtuncj thefe were terrible blows to the old junto** )wer, and there was no concealing them. On the ;thof June the king reftored Mr. Pitt to his office, id three days after Mr. Lcgge was appointed chancel- )r of the exchequer ; the duke of Newcaftle was placed It the head of a new board of treafury, lord Anfon Jrft lord of the admiralty, and Mr. Fox paymafter of lie forces. This arrangement was productive of the Hoft happy confequences, and whoever advifed it wa« friend to Great Britain. It was impoflible to exclude from the adminiftration the late miniftry ; their infltt- }ce in council and parliament was fo great, that they 3old thwart every meafore in which they were not imcdiately concerned or confulred ; therefore thi« iras the bttt ftep that could he taken, becaufe it Was an pealing onei and while it fatisfied the heads of the par* ies themfelves, it could not fail of being agreeable to lieir numerous fHends ; and it had one advat^tage a- »ove all thefe, which was, that it entirely quelled th^ [pirit of faction, no one party being able on its (ingle attorn to da any thing ; and this coalition, fo necef- [jty in a governmetjt like ours, gave univerfal faiisfac- ion to all ranks of people. It is not ptoper to trace wt the means through which it was effedcd ; the tdcrmuft be content with our obferving, that after |lie patties had abated fomeih in g in their hard and ri- )roQs terms, by which all things had been pulhed to extreme, they confented to a kind of a capitulati- ij and the court and the people were reconciled t# [ts terms. Tl>ere could be no fear of negleft where ^ II 2 t.H5 Ii8 HISTORY tifthe WAR. ^ 17 J the vigilance and capacity of Mr. Pitt were to be exertJ cd. . The beginning of this year was marked by an eventl t;hat furpriCed all Europe ^ an attempt was made toalFaf.] finate the French king, while he was ftepping into hji coach at Verfailles, by one Damien, an obfcure fanatic, who> mingling among the king's attendants, (bbbed him on the right fide between the fourth and fifth ril with a knife, which taking an oblique diredion railTed the vital parts. He was fecured, and the mofl cxcruci' siting torments Were applied, in order to extort from him a confeflion of reafons that induced him to com' mit thi^ horrid attempt ; but all that could be donedif* covered nothing, and he died a remarkable inflanceofin< fanity. This year was likewife diflinguifhed in France by a change in the miniftrir, by which the duke k Belleifle was appointed fecretary at war. In the mean time the operations in Germany oq the fide of the king of Pruflia were begun with great eclat. He defied the ban,, and tho' he knew the ftate of the confederacy againfl him, he refolved to forcehis way into Bohemia, and attack its capital on a fudden. The Auflrians arc faid to have had 100,000 men, com* manded by prince Charles of LorTain and count Brown, ready to oppofe his pafTage. The king divided his army into three bodies, and then began his marQh. One of thefe divifions, commanded by the prince of Bevern> defeated a large corps of the enemy at Rich* enberg. The whole army entered Bohemia without any further oppofition, and with furprifing rapidity pufhed forward to Prague. At a fmall diflance from that city Jay the Auflrian army, mofl advantageouiljf pofled ; their cdmp was fortified by art and nature in fuch a manner, that any common general would hare deemed it impregnable; but the Pruffiansv. who were wedded to dangers and difEculties, thought of nothing but vi(5loy. On the» bth of May they pafTed the morafTes; which lay between them and the enemy climbed fevcral precipices, and faced the Auflrian batteries with a refolution that is hardly credible; the a(5lion was general, clofe and obflinate, but the eiTorts of the Fruflians pi'oved at length fuperior; . V ., the' ,yj7 ^ HISTORY of the WAR. 119 fhc numbers of the (lain on both fides was very great; ^he ^''iftors loft the brave marftial Schwerin, at the Bgc of eighty-two, while he was at the head of a re- giment holding a colonel's ftandard in his hand ; and )n the fide of the vahquiflied marflial 6rov/n was lortally wounded, which threw the Auftrian army Intofuch irreparable confufion, that they precipitate- ly quitted the field, and left their whole camp to the '(ufOans. About 4o>ooo of the fugitives'^ V/ith \\\t generals, took refuge in Prague, and the reft fled towards loravia. The king of Pruffia Joft np time in injn*e^ tely invefting the city, and cutting off all fuccours. [any people thought an attack on this place unad- nfcable, confidering the great number of the garri- ton, and from the fame caufe apprehended its reduc- lion by famine the more certain. T,he monarch, how- fvcr, is faid to have been deaf to reafon ; he prepar- ed to bombard the town, and on the 29th of May at lidnight, upon the fignal of a rocket^ four batteries we opened, which difcharged every twenty-four hours 288 bombs, befides a vaft multitude of red-hot balls. )ne would think that the vengeance of man was ftriv- JDg to be more dreadful than the greateft terrors of lature; for juft before thefe malicious engines began jo pour deftrudlion on the unfortunate city, there were jeltand heard one of the moft terrible ftormsof rainand [hunder, which had ever been known in the memory )f the oldeft man there. The town was foon in flames [nev^y part. The clergy, magiftrates and burghers [ceing the city on the point of being reduced to a leapof rubbifii, (upplicat^d the commander in the moft fathetic language to liften to terms with the eneniiy : prince Charles, the commander, was deaf to their terms. • Brown at this time was dead ; the chagrin he fuffer- is faid to have proved mortal> and not the wound he [eceived in the battle. Twelve thoufand ufelefs mouths we driven out of Prague, and by the Prulfians forced Mck again. Here we will leave this cruel fcene, and prn to the 0, her affairs which were tranfa^ing in the nterim. I In the north all things feemed to bear hard upon the PS of PrulFxa. * The emprcfs of Rudia, true to her H 3 engagements, .'I' Itl .•* I 120 HISTORY o//*rf WAR. ^ i^^j engagetnentSy fent 60^000 meni commaDded by M, Apr^xin, who invaded Ducal Pruflia^ and took tbi towns of Memel and PilLau; (he alfo equipped a fleet in the Baltic, deilined to co-operate with the army. The king of Sweden^ though allied by blood and in. clinailon to the king of PrufHa, could not rule tht fenate> who were jealous of his fentiments, and flatter* ed by the intrigues and fubfidies of France, wbid) cemented all their old attachment to her; and the duki of Mecklenburg agreed to join the Swedifli army witji 6000 rn,en> when itfhould be aflembled. The Freacji army upon the Lower Rhine^ conGfting of So^ooomen, commanded by M, d'Gtrees> an officer of great a ties, fei^ed Cleves> Meurs> and Gueldres, while a de. tac^nicnt feized Embdcn, and whatever elfe belonged to the king of Pruffia in Eaft Fricfland. The coiuitt* gents of the empire were affembled to execute the ban) iind the command of thefe troops was given to th< prince of Saxe-Hilbourghaufen. The unwillingnefi ■with which this army afted, is not altogether unaccaun* table ; many of them feared the houfp of Auftria, and they accuftoaied to this feqr, by the tyrannous inflwenq ef that family, which bad been in a manner hereditaij in the empire.* then would they heartily fupporta power they dreaded, and almoft di&iked I probably tbeji would have remained in a (late ofinadtivity, or hftvedtil fcrted to the king of Pruffia, had not the French h\ greed to fend 25,000 men, under the command of thd prince de Soubize, to their afsiftancc : the French troow iverc obliged to be polled between their regiments, in fuch a manner, as might prevent def(?rtion, revolt, m all other attempts to difobey the orders of the coiii'| mander in chief, orherwife this army would hav dwindled away to nothing, W'hil^?*ihe fiege of Prague was carrying on vitW the utmofl: fury, count Daun undertook to turn thd fortune of war, in favour of the houfe of Auftria Ihh general, tutored by long experience, under tm hed officers of Europe, and the particular favouriwj of the great Keven Hullcr, was now, for the firft tir raifcd to aft in chief, at the head of an army on wbi depended the h;Q pf Auftria and the empire. Bo 91 I^j))^ rilStORY 5^/fe WAR. 121 \bh ndWifaniily, he i^elfCd fcllcfy li^oii liU owii merit ; withdut folkitiiig coitrt favours, he aQfirCd after the kigflc^ (ireferin^nty anld fucceedc^d by mere dint of Fiii^ftriar w6rth; His pto'jfefs from the nation of a IfubifhtJi'li \(ris flow itid fiTent. CatJtitftfjT, ileady, pe- neMin^y ^lid f^^tiotis, he was oppdfed di Another Ifiitnditoth^mdderh Hihtiibal, to check the firt ktid vigour of thart thondtdi> by flow prudence andphlegr jjjit^c tircomfp^Aibn . He coUeded th* fugitives of th^ iMiUh ^tmJ6 o'flScer in the Ptiiffiin fcVvice, advifcd his ttafter to' reduce Pra'gd^ before he gave Battle to count Dauff, Or elfe to raift ihe iicge' entirdy, and give hiri^ battfe with his whbfc ittiiy ; h\it the kiiig of Pruflia had formed his pl^an, iiid ht would riot alter it ; he refolved td do a great deaf 6f WoVk in a little time ; to divide hi^s fbr/ies, incf to bi^at cdiin^ D'aun, arid take Praigue stt tl^e fa?rte time'; tlicfefofe, he drew 52,006 men from* b^fote Pi*4glie, though there was an army in it to befiege, aVid marched witli them to Colin, Where he found cbunt Daun with upwards of 60,000 racit, in dvcry part intrenched tip to his teeth, and jiough to force them, and he faw with pleafure thofe men iacriHced in thoufands, who had llruck terror to the gates of Vienna, becaufe the king of Pruflia, by fuch a lofs of his^ troops, would be lefs formidable dur- ing the remainder of the campaign. The king made feven furious, but inefTedtual attacks, upon the enemy'} intrenchments; he himfelf, at the head of his cavalry, inade a mod vigorous and intrepid charge ; but that, like the reft, pruving infuccelsful, he determined to draw off, and called aloud to the prince of Bevern: * Nous ferrous mieux un autrefois.' Theyeftededa tolerable retreat to Prague, as Daun did not venture to purfue them. The king joined his troops under gene- . ral Keith, whom he had left before the city, and pre- pared to raife the liege dire«aly ; he had induftrioufly i:oncealed his lofs in the battle ; but this meafure fuf- liciently proves it muft have been very great, befidej the numerous ill confequences of a defeat, fuch as ^vounding the fpirit of the troops, defertions, &c. He raifed the fiege of Prague that night, and began his march for Saxony with the u who commanded the Pruflian troops in this country, was di- redled by the king to give the battle to the enemy ; who )vereno fooner advifed of this intention> than they be- gan to intrench themfelves with the utmod (Irength and alTiduity ; the Pruflians, who did not exceed 309boo men, found them at a place called Norkitten, and ear- ly in the morning, on the 30th of Augud, they attacked thele defences with their ufual vigour ; the king of Sweden's brother at the head of the Prullian dragoons, found means to attack (he Ruffian cavalry, and he al- olt routed them ; marfhal Lehwald, after a confidera- blelofs, forced the enemy from the firft intrenchmeat ; but finding there was a fecond, defended by at leail two hundred pieces of cannon, he thought it would be im- prudent to attempt that with fuch a handful of men, and therefore determined to draw off, for which the king of Pruffia never forgave him ; he retreated to his former camp at Vehlau, without fuffering the leafl mo- lelUtion ; the Ruflians remained in theirs at Norkitten, and next day there was little or no marks of a battle having been fought there, except a few of the flain v/hich were unburied. The armies continued in this ftate of adtivity till the 13th of September, when the Ruffians finding it impofTible, by reafon of their own ravages, to fubliff in the country any longer, began a fud- den aud fpeedy retreat out of the PrufTian territories, to the great furprize, of not only the Pruffians, but of every court in Europe; even that of Peterfburg difavowed any knowlege of this unexpeifted motion : but in order to urgb ; but to the great dlfappointniciit o( thofe who expe^ed thit his trial would nnTeil ihji siyfterious affair, he was taken ill at Narva, and there died of an apoplexy* The rapidity .with which the Ror* iians marched, hindered marfhal Lehwald from haraflin^ their retreat ; therefore he turned his arms againft th( Swedes, who were augmented to ^t^^ooo men, under the command of general Hamilt^, and had tikenfeve* ral towns in the hither Pomerania. They retire^ on his approach, and he feized all the places which tb(^ bad conquered, and at length drove them to ^tralfdod) which fo leflened tlidr numbers by fatigue, hunger aN dcfertiony that when they arrived thither, at the coii' cluHon of the campaign, their army did not amount to half its original number. The Prnfli arts being i^owin poifedion of all Pomerania, the dutchy df Meckb- burgh, which was the ally of Sweden, of courfe becamt expofed to their fury ; the moil fevere exa^ions mH made, and the moll Wanton barbarities committed y \U Pruflians, by their behaviour to the poor Mecklenburg. ers, fecmed to revenge th(} cruelties of th« Rufnarrs. Lehwald would have prevented thefe miferies, had fit not perceived tlie difpleafuie of hi$ marfter> which oc« cafioned him to beg Itfave to refign^ and hts nq\td being granted, he quitted the fervice with (ildnt indigt nation. -^ *• , ■►' ■ " :■•• '_:'^';.r-:y''^(y "' Tlic unwieldy French army> incumbered witfe a vd quantity of baggage and ufelefs mouths, as Ftfricl armies always are, made for feme time but a flow pro* ^refs ; it is true, tliey found many difficulties in march- ing over the rough, difmaland barren defaris, which lie between the Rhirke and the Wefer, but at length tbcy approached this latter rivtr, having obliged the duke of Cumberland to retreat as they advanced. His royal highnefs pafTed th^ river, and entered Hanover, which it was apprehended he could now defend, as the French army could not pafs the Wefer, which defends Hano- ver from thei^ foreign attacks, wiiliont mani^feftly f^' pofing thcmfelves to his mercy ; but from? fomeHflac* countable fatality, the French pafTed fhe Wtffer, ift^« j)i^ht between the tenth and eleventh of July, without the lafs of a iinglc man. The duke of Cumberland r** ■% |iy57V HISTORY c//i&^ WAR. iif kircd to the village of Haftenbeck, a few miles from Hamelcn, to which place the marflial d'Etrccs followed him. His royal highnefs thought he had chofen fo ex- cellent a fijtuation; that the French general could not a5l againfl him with his whole force ; but he was de- Iceived: M. d'Etrees had fuperior abilities ; be can- Inonadcd the allies all day on the 25th> and threatened to attack their right, left and center at the fame time. On the 26th at day-light, the engagement began, which was maintained on the fide of the allies with great bra- [very for feveral hours; but the French general, with fuperior numbers and (kill, obliged them to abandon the field with the lofs of about 1500 men. His own jirray fufFered nearly the fame, but he foon made them ample amends by taking the town of Ilamelen, where he found a great number of brafs cannon and niortars> and avail deal of equipage belonging to the allied army. At this time, the French nation laboured under the fame difadvantage which has often huppened in Eng- land ; the fervants of the crown were, in general* fuch a were obnoxious to the people ; and if an honeflE man happened to he employed by this mercenaries, and did not turn villain as well as they, he was fure not to continue long in employ. How far this was d'Etrees cafe we do not pretend to afiirm ; it is certain, that be- fore he fought the battle of Haftenbeck, the marchionefs de Pompadour, who entirely influenced the Fiencli councils, got him recalled; and the dvihe de Richlieu, who bad been the principal inftVumentof her ekvation, and perhaps excelled all the world in the mean and vickcd arts of a profefTed courtier, to fucceeded him. Accordingly M. d'Etrees quitted the army when he was on the point of finifhing his conquefls, and marfhal Richiieu took the command. The duke of Cumber- hnd, inftead of retreating diredlly to Magdebourg, where he might either have been joined or have been of rood feafonable afTilbnce to the king of Prusfia, retired to Stade, whereby the beginning of September, he was fo cooped up with water on his flanks and rear, and the French in bis front, that he was unable by his%5t«ation to retire, or hy his flrength to advance; therefore he was reduced to the n«efljty of figning a convcniiai% With II 126 HISTORY o///5^ WAR. ^175^ with the French general, framed under the mediation I of the king of Denmark; whereby his whole army, condding of 38,00 men, were obliged to lay down their { arms and difperfe themfelves. Soon after which his royal highnefs returned to London, where finding his conduct had not given fatisfa^ion, he threw up all the places he held under the cown« and retired to Wind- for. In the mean time the French traverfed the electo- rate of Hanover, and exadted the mod rigorous con- tributions in every part; they plundered the royal palaces, and committed many barbarities. The army of the empire had, by this time, advanced into Saxony, and fummoned the city of Leipiic. The King of PruAia, who had feveral times offered battle to the grand Auflrian army, which was more than double his number, but could never bring them to an a(^ion, now refolved to attack this army ; and after making feveral feint motions, he, notwithdanding their endea- vours to avoid him, brought his army oppofite to them on the 4th of Nov. near the village of Rofbach, on the wefi fide of the Sala, and about ten miles fouth from Halle in Uppci^ Saxony, and there was a cannonade all day. The Pruffians were not in the whole 25,000 jneuy and greatly fatigued by a confiderable number of forced marches. The French troops, under the com- mand of the pritice de Soubife, are faid to exceed 34,000, and the imperaJids, under the prince of Saxe- Hilbourhaufen 20,000, all in health and vigour, except among the latter there were blended fome recruits? who were raw and undifciplined, and others not well affec- ted to the fervice. During the night' the French and imperial generals took a refblution to give battle to the Puffian monarch; and on the 5th at nine in the morn- injj, they began to .make the neceflary preparations, The king, who perceived their intentions, made ready to give them a proper reception ; he likewife harangued his foldiers by way of infpiring them with emulation» and promifed them that their pay fhould be double from that time till they went into winter quarters. The French horfe came on with great fpirit, and for a little while fought bravely, but they could not withdand the PrufFians; who aflcd with amazing ardor; they fevere- s^'' H757}' Ul ST OKY of the WAR. 127 ]y r^pulfed, and afterwards totally routed this body of cavolrv; the reft of the enemy's combatants fhared the Ifame fate; the impetuolitv of the PrulTians was like a torrent that overwhelmed them with deftruAion ; the limperial infantry made but a fmall tefiftance, the whole larmy was fcized with a panic when they perceived thfi phrenzy of the Pruffians, and precipitately quitted the Ifield of battle; they left behind them about 3000 men pain and 6000 prifonersy 63 pieces of cannon and fome Icoiours; thelofs of the FruHians was not 500 men; Ithe fugitives were purfued until dark night, which a- |lone prelisrved them from entire ruin. The vidtory iras fb complete tnat it hardly wanted to be improved / |th« condition of the enemy was fuch that they were to- Itally incapable of adion. This victory was of the ut- linoJl confequence to the king of PrufTia ; for a little be- |fore he fought it, the whole (late of his affairs feemed mgmg to utter ruiny and afterwards they began to put Ion a different face, and to emerge to better fortune, ow- ling entirely to the importance of this vidlory; he had Ibeen invefted on the north by Swedes and Rudians, on Ithc ead and part of the fouth by the Au(lrians> and on Ithe weft and fouth by the French and the army of the Icmpire; and fuch was the vicinity of thofe powerful larmies, which did not in the whole amount to lefs than h6o,ooo men, that they were all of them at one time Ihovering on the fkirts of his dominions, and fome of Ithem had actually penetrated fo far, that their detatched parties laid his capital undec contributions. In this liituation, hemmed in on every iide by the moft formi- Idable league the world had ever feen, fome might have jthought it prudent if he had offered to fubmit; but will bofterity think his numerous enemies deferve any ho- Inour if they had compelled him to it? Surrounded as Ihe was, and obliged to make head againfl them all, it is Inot to be wondred at, that when he v/'%: through Leip- Ific to fight the army of the empire, ht vvas, by coniinu- jal fatigue, worn away to a (l^eleton: he could bring no [Other army to an a<5lion, and confidering the inferiority [of his numbers and the unwillingnefs of the imperial- lifts, there were none he was more likely to defeat. By this battle be got rid of the armv of the empire on one *^l i 12S " H I S T O R Y *//*(? W A R. f i^^ ! Sde^ and checked the progrefs of the marflial Richlien Grn the other, who was advancing from Hanover to- wards Magdeburgh; the Ruffians had retired before, anj the Swedes were at this time befieged in Stralfund) id] that of his enemies who appeared fo formidable InAu* guft, there were only Aulhians left. The king of Pruffia began to turn his arms and march! diredly to Silefia, where the fituation of his affair* I demanded his prefence with the utmoft haftc ; he had left Silefia, defended by the prince of Bcvern with onljf 26,000 men, who intrenched himfelf under the^vallij of Breflau with the greatell ilrength, forming what if called an impregnable camp, in which^ by ihfs kingV orders, he was to wait the idue of events. The An (Wans, as foon as they heard he was gone in queft of the army of the empire, refolved to wreff Sileiia out of his hands by fome bold ftroke, which t\itf apprehended his abfence would afford them opportum« ty to purfuc without interuplion. Accordihgly on \k a7ih, general Nadafti, a brave, vigilant, and indefati* gable officer, bid (lege to Schweidnilz> and he carried on the operation with fuch fpirit and intrepidity, that tho' the garrifon confided of 4000 men, he forced them! by his repeated attacks to furrender prifoners of war off xhe nth of November; he undertook this enterprize witl^ principally Bavarian iroops, and he was no way fparing of their lives. It was juft after this conqueft that the Aiiftrians were informed of the king of Pruffia'j fuccefs at Rofbach, upon which they apprehended he wcHjld be with them as foon as pofEble, therefore they found it neceffary to make ufe of the interim to thebeft advantage whatever itcofl: the prefent exigencies r?* quired vigorous meafures. In this opinion they united their force and advanced to the intrenchmcnts of the prince of Bcvern, where they overlooked the danger, by exaggerating the importance in forcing them; they did not trouble their heads about the number of cannon which on every fide defended his tnaccefllble camp; they confidered that by forcing him they fhould gft KreOau, the capital of Silefiai but did not reflect on the number of men it would coft, and of courfe weaken their llrcngih fb neccflary to keep Silefia, On thc22{ et jj7> HISTORY %f the WAR. la^ f Kovember they advanced up to the intrenchmentSi id about rtoon made two vlojent and unfuccefsfiil af- ults; but the thifd, more intrepid than the former, reed the PrufTians from the exterior lines, who there- on retreated to others which they had made interior. he Auftrlans perceiving this, and confidering the pro- gality of their (laughter, all at once ceafed the at- ek: during this fufpenfion, the Pruffians were lei zed' iih a chimera, apprehending their dernier intrench- ents would be forced in the night, and therefore while e Auftrian troops ftood infatuated with furprize at avingj as they thought, their work to do over again , ihePruiTians made ufe of that opportunity to abandon clrintrenchments, and retreat over the Oder, except few that threw themfelves into Breflau. The Auftrian ;enj!rals knew nothing of this fudden motion, and ere aftonifhed when they found this llrong hold eva- uated. It is generally imagined the prince of Bevern a3 a(hamed of having adled iti.this injudicious man- i€r, and was afraid to fee the king of Prulfia, more fpeciaiiy as his majelly had fent him orders not to quit he lines on any account, for that he would certainly e with him by December; and therefore in the morn- g of the 24th, he went to reconnoitre the enemy with- ut tkort, attended only by a groom, and was taken rifpner by a party of the enemy's Croats, This cir- umftance was condrued into a premeditated defign, eoaufe it cannot be fuppofed that a man of his rank, prince, a commander in chief, fhould undertake the angerous taflc of reconnoitring attended by only one ^an, and that but a groom, luppofing he had judged t neceflary to fee things with his own eyes. The lofs flhe Auftrians in thiu affair was not lafs than the a- ount of the whole PrulTian force; but that of the l^raflians, as they were never put into confufion, did Bot CKcecd aSco men. The Auftrians acknowlej»ed phat fuch another dear bought vidory would dcflroy l^kir whole army. On the 25th they fummoncd 0rc- ^au, and the garrifon furrendered on condition of not Serving againft the Auftrians or their allies for two years. The king, as foon as he heard of thefe difafl- rs, r^louWed bis efforts ©f fpc?4 towards Slie(;a .• h* : I i I^Bq< Hr HI ■ Iffii %1 hI MBjI SBm ffi 1 wM 130 HISTORY ©/ f^^ WAR. ^ 17^7 reached Parchwitz, near Breflau, on the 2d of DeceJ ber, and joined his troops, lately commanded by tj prince of Bevern. The Auftrians, who occupied tht Itrong camp of the Pruflians, left it as foon as they hearil the king was advancing to give them battle, which they refolved to a;ccept, and therefore began their march toi meet him; but they halted at the village ofLeutheJ near LiiTa, and though they did not intrench themfclveJ they felled great quantities of wood, and I'catterej them in their front, in order to make it impoflible for| the Pruflians to adl with regularity. On the 5th ol December the king of Pruflia came up to their camp, which was defended by a numerous artillery placed 01 fcveral very advantageous eminences. He attacked the enemy's advanced corps, which confifted of Saxonj, and cut them to pieces? alfo another corps who intend* cd to take him in flank. The armies now came in fight of each other, and an obftinate and bloody confliA be* gan; the PruflTian artillery made terrible havock;it happened to be placed in fuch a iituation as to take the enemy in flank, and it cut them down in ranks: the king's infantry behaved with the utmoft intrepidiif, and his cavalry with the mod aftonifhing fury. The Auftrians made a brave refiftance, but they were oblig- ed to give way; yet for fome time they difputed the ground inch by inch ; at length, finding they could not withftand the impetuofity of the Pruflians, they fell In- to confuflony and fled from the Held in all the agoniesof inadnefs and defpair ; the oincers ran one way, and the private men another ; the commanders never thought of rallying the troops, but of faving themfelves. The king purfued them to LilFa; 6000 Auftrians wereflain> 15000 made prifoners, and 200 pieces of cannon were taken. Before the battle, the Auftrian army is faidta have exceeded 70,000 men, but that of the Prufsiansdid not amount to 40,000 men, who were greatly fatigued by a forced march of 200 miles. Notwithftanding the rigour of the feafon was fet in, the king of Pruffiain* vefted Breflau, though defended by a garrifcn of 13,000 men, and compelled it to furrender by the 29th of De- cember: the garrifon were made prifoners of war. The king having reconquered all Silclia; except Schweidnitz? lie )wn was a |i757f^ HISTORY ^/^ WAR. 131 ie penetrated before the end of the year into the Au- Itrian diviiion^ and reduced feveral towns there, which [0 augmented the number of his prifoners, that before Jcw-year*s-day they by far exceeded the number of his /hole army. The king of Prufsia's vidory at Rosbach not only jrcvented the French from purfuing their deiign of en- (ering Magdebourg, but alfo revived the fpirits of the lanoverians and Hefsians, and encouraged them to re- ime their arms. Rich]ieu> the French general, had lehaved in the mod cruel and infamous manner in ma- ly places: where it was impoffible to raife the contri- fations demanded, the foldiers were allowed to plunder, rith their ufual methods of barbarity, and attempts lad been to take away the arms from the Hanoverian Ind Hefsian troops. Thefe open violations of the lonvention unbound the hands of their enemies, and Is foon as the king of Prufsia had gained the battle of llosbachj it was refolved to re-affemble the allied army; (ndthe king of Prufsia for this purpofe furnifhed a gene- d, which was prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, brother the duke of Brunfwick, and an officer in his own my. The firft operation which they undertook was liercdudion of the town and cadle of Harbourg ; the bwn was eadly mailerfd, but the cadlc maintained a [igorous fiege ; at length it furrendered. The Britifh affairs in America this year ftill teemed Hth misfortunes and difgrace, not a little owing to our te political divifions, undeadinefs and languor ; the Jttack on Grown Point, which had been the principal , Ibjeft in the beginning, was now laid afide ; the French [ere entire maflers of all the lakes, and had nothing prevent their collecting the Indians together againfu ' ! our fears did more in thebehalf of the French, than Ijc French could have done for themfelves : we aban- Ned the Iroquois, who were once our allies, and [ight have been preferved, and the whole country to fc enemy ,- and thus without one native in our alli- ^ce, our whole frontiers were expofed to their incur- ^ns. Inllead of attacking Grown Point, it was judg* of more confcquence to go agtinft Louisbourgh. I Accordingly :i: ■' tU: m t.\': 13Z HISTORY of thg WAR. ^17 Accordingly^ a plan was drawn up, but it was fuppofedti have been communicated to the enemy as foon &s it wi liniflied. The importance of the place was fufficicni to ilimulate the French minidry to provide immediaicl for its fecurity ; accordingly M. de Beaufremont from Breii on the 30th of January with a fquadron nine fhipsy having on board a body of troops ; but the harbour of Louisbourg could not be free of the io by the time he might be there, he was directed to llei for the Weft-Indies, and reinforce their garrifons ii that quarter, which he did, and arrived at Louisbout^ on the 5th of June, from whence he fent a reinforct ment of men and arms to Monfieur de Montcalm, wl commanded the French troops in Canada. About beginning of April M. du Rivell failed from Toul with five (hips, having alfo on board a number troops, warlike (lores and proviQons : he flipt througl the gut of Gibraltar after a fmall encounter with admi ral Saunders, and arrived at Louisbourgh on the 4th ol June. On the 3d of May M. du Bois de la Mothe, with fourteen fhips, having likewife on boardanumbi of troops and prefents for the Indians, failed froi Bred, and arrived at Louisbourgh on the 29th of June, Such was the vigilance and prudence of the French; while, on the other hand, the BritiHi under admii Hoiburn did not fail from Cork till the 8th of May, noi arrive at Halifax, the appointed place of rendezvous, till the month of July. In the mean time Lord Loudon drew the troops froi the northern frontier of the BritiHi fettlements adjoio ing to Canada, and he continued to call the trooj from the other parts, till he had collected a body 6000 men, and with thefe he embaiked at NewYorl for Halifax. It is well worth obferving, that be fd fail on the 19th of June, convoyed only by three fri| gates, and arrived at Halifax on the 29thy during %vhich time the French fleets were entire mafl;ers of feas in North America, and therefore there v/as the nil molt hazard of him, and all the troops being made pn foners by them, as admiral Holbourn did not arrive til fome time after lord Loudon hsid fortu^ateiy landed al Halifax. On the 9th of July admiral Hoiburn arrive vita \^^jy HISTORY of tkf War. 133 mh the troops from Cork; when a junftion of the [orces was made> it was found they amounted to 1 2^000 liFeftive men; and the fleet confided of 15 fail of the line, and 18 frigates, &c. with 179 tranfports, making 18,000 tons Britifli (liips, and 15,616 North American; [00 pieces ofbrafs cannon, in 10 large fhips, horfes, leers, &c. in four others, and fevcral more loaded mh fafcines, gabions, &c. Tlie army confifled of 15 tegiments, 500 men of the train, 500 rangers, and 100 Carpenters? making in all 1 1, poo effedive land forces. Phe firft thing which the commander did, was to dif- patcii feme veflels for intelligence of the enemy's fitua- tion and (Irength. And in (he mean time, the troops irere exercifed in attacking a (ham fort, acccording ko the rules of war, lord Loudon very rightly judg- ing, that this was a proper employment for them till he failed. When the veflels returned, they brought advice ofa [fleet's being arrived at Louisbourgh ; smd, on the 4th |of Auguft, a French prize was brought into Halifax, by whofe papers it appeared, that there were then in Ithe harbour, 17 fail of the line, 12 frigates, 4000 regu« lars, befides 3000 belonging to the garrifon. This new9 immediately fufpended the preparations which had been made to embark. Councils of war were held one after another. The refult of the whole was that as the place ms fo well reinforced, the French fleet fuperior to ours, and the feafon fo far advanced, it was mofl: prudent to defer the enterprize til) a more favourable opportunity. I do not fee any great reafon to find fault with this I determination, confidering the circumflances above- I mentioned, although it was much found fault with in I England. Lord Loudon returned to New York, and the admiral fetfail for Louisbourgh, in hopes to bring the French fleet to a battle; but with what reafon, he Jhould fuppofe, that they would hazard one, I know not, as their only bufliefs was to proteift the town. The Britifli fquadron flayed off the harbour, till the 25th of September, when they were fliattered in a molt ter- rible ftorm, in. which one of our fliips was loft, eleven in a miferable condition, after being purfued feven miles by the enemy's favages. General Webb, with near 4000 men, was an indifferent fpe^ator of the operations of the fiege ; — perhaps he thought his numbers not fufficient to hazard a battle with Montcalm, nor to relieve the place. Thus ended the third campaign in America, where with a vafl increafe of forces, a clear fupcriority over th9 enemy, an army of 20,000 reguUr troops, a great . " number |,7^7J. HISTORY e/"/^^ WAR. 13^ joinber of provincial forces, and a prodigious naval pow- fr, we abandoned our allies, expofed our people, fufFered hem to be cruelly maflkcred in light of our troops, re- linquiibed a large and valuable traft of country, to the lafting reproach and difgrace of the Britifli name. j In the month of 0<^ober admiral Coates, \yho had |)een fent with a fquadron to Jamaica in flebrqary^ de- ached captain Foreft, with three fhips, to cruize off :ipe Francois, in order to intercept the Frencl;i trade bound for Europe. At this time there lay in the har- lour four French (hips of the line> and three frigates, (he commander of whom, in order to drive the Britifli bips of that ftation, ftrengthened his crews and quar- tn with an additional number of failors and foldiers, id put to Tea. When captain Foreft defcried the e- kemy, he called his two captains on board him, and aid, * Gentlemen, you know your own ftrength, and fee that of the enemy: (hall we give them battle?* 'hey anfwered in the affirmative. * Then, faid he, fight them we will; there is no time to be loft; re- turn to your (hip?, and get them ready for engag- ing.' The Britiih bore down upon the enemy with |ncommon fpirit, and began the a^ion, which raged pth the utmoft fury above two hours and a half, all the [hilein fight of the Cape; when the French finding^ pcmfelves greatly damaged, and notwithftanding their lailfuperiority, unable to take any of the Britifli fliips* an away, and fought their prefervation in the harbour, faptain Foreft returned to Jamaica to refit his fliips. In Afia the Britifli arms were triumphant ; hut this b(t be entirely attributed to the vigilance, prudence Ind courage of fome good officers, who were at top pat a diftance to receive orders from thofe unfteady Vn, who ftill prcferved great influence, and formed [refolute c — s. The company's difputes with the na- pof Bengal, the rife of which we have alreajjy ex- pined, were terminated to their great advantage by Vmiral Watfon and colonel Clive. After they had Nuced the fort of Busbudgia, they proceeded to Hugh- [y> up the Ganges, and reduced that alfo, bccaufe the ibobiefufcd to come to terms; which they offered to I 3 him if. HI 136 HISTORY 0/ the WAR. ^17 him in the mo(l polite and civil manner at the tlofe the latt year ; but yet he was too haughty to think treating, and yet he was afraid of the Biitifh powi To conceal his terror he made a motion with hisai towards Calcutta^ upon which colonel Glive determini to give him battlb in hh camp, and on the 5thofFi bruary he forced the nabob from all his pods, thoiij defended by between 40 and 50,000 mien. This rii feconded by a letter from admiral Watfon, intimatii that this was afpecimen only of what the Britiihari when provoked, could perform^ perfectly anfwercd intention of bringing about a pacification, for'ifoi days a treaty of peace was figned, by which t' -iti Bail-India company wer6 elUbli(hed in all their fok privileges^ an immunity for all taxes w^s granted) and reftitution promifed for all that the trade had fuffcredii the taking of Calcutta. As this treaty was in a tnanoi extorted froih him, he never intended to fulfil the com tions ; moreover, his principal counfellors. were in interell of the French, who were continually gratifj ing them with prefents, hoping by that means toci barrafs the Britifli. The day after this treaty was figi ed, admiral VVatfon and colonel Clive received advii that war had been declared in Europe between the Bi ti(h and French : this of courfe opened anew fcene, aoi thefe brave officers, who had the honour and interelt their country at heart, immediately refolved on attai ing the French fort of Chandenagore, fituated higher di the river than Calcutta. On the 24lh of March, afii a iiege of four days, this place was ieduct;d> though th flrongeft and principal fettlement the French iiadii Bengal; 183 pieces of cannon were found in it, am 500 Europeans and 700 Blacks were made prifoneri There being no longer any thing to apprehend froj the French power in this part, it fell under coniiderati on how they fliould aft with regard to the nabob; wh had from time to time, upon frivolous pretences, detei red to execute tlie articles of the treaty; hewasevti day more inconftant and infolent. Some time wast kfn up in thofe deliberations ; they were afraid lopi' cipitate war with him, left it fliould be fatal in itsco: fequenccs; and yet his conduft juftified fuch a (tc B „757^ HISTORY y-M^ WAR. 137 Jatin the midft of thefe perplexities, a ray of hope un- [xpeftedly appeared. The feverity and fickle difpofiri- )nofthe nabob fpread a terror among thofe about him; [hey did not think themfelves fafe in the power of fuch man, and they began to think of depriving him of his power becaufe he abufed it. Among thefe was one of tmt interelt and authority, named Laitty ; he put himfelfat the head of this confpiracy, and communicat- ed their defigns to the Britifh ; but Meer Jaffier Aly ]awn, ^ general of the nabob's armyy joining the num- ber, it was thought proper t6 conclude a treaty with jhefe confpirators, upon the bafis of the former with the Dabob, before the Britifh took the field for their aflift* anceand defence, and in their own j unification ; for ^he Briti/h, by thefe confpirators, had certain know- be, that the nabob fhortly intended to attack them. ' In this treaty, nothing was omitted that might put the company's affairs for the future upon a firm and flable Edabliihment; and it was alfo agreed that Meer Jaffier Ifhould be appointed nal>«^b. Every thing being now [ready, colonel Glive begun his march to Plaifiey on the JGanges, and took pod on a very advantageous ground* lOn the 22d of June, the nabob s army approached and have him battle wt;h near 40,000 men and 40 pieces of Icannon ; but half of the troops, who were under the command of Jaffier Aly Cawn and other confpirators, were inaftive. The nabob knew not how to inveft co- lonel Clive's intrenchments ; and the colonel, taking the advantage of his ignorance, totally defeated him with very little lofs among his own troops. Mter JaiHer now declared himfelf, and congratulated Mr. IClive on his vidlory. The nabob fled to Muxadavad, Ihis capital, with a few of his attendants who continued faithful. Meer Jaffier entered the city while it was in iConfternation, by the advice of Mr. Clive, and was by tliis gallant officer placed in the ancient feat of the na- bobs, where he received the homage of all ranks of peo- P'f. The depofed nabob wandered about an unfortu- nate fugivtive, purfued by hia enemies, in the utmoft diftrefs, with hardly cloaths to his back, and till worn put with hunger and fatigue; he at length took refuge h in the houfc of a man; whofe ears he had caufed to be , V ■ . I 4 ' - cut I - ' ; J 138 UlSrOKY of the WAR. ^ i^jjl cut off in one of the tranfports of his paflion; thit perfon delivered him up to hi« purfuersy and Jaffier Aly Cawn's Ton ordered him to be put to death. In about thirteen days this great revolution was acconJ plifhed, with a fmall force and very little lofs, and the India company gained fuch a number of valuable advan- tages, as exceeded the expedlation of the mod fanguinei wifh. '^iJu ■ \: •!'.. Although Mr. Pitt, on his coming into the adni. ]ii(lration> did not acquiefce in the German war, p he refolved on an expedition to the coaft of France, that (hould at once ferve both Germany and Britain, The fcheme of a littoral war, againft France was un- doubtedly a good one, according to the prefent fyllein of affairs. France had embarked in the quarrels of the empire, and was marching great armies to increafe thofe difhirbances; an attempt therefore to annoy her coaft, and deftroy her maritime (lores, would ferve Britain, by annihilating her^rival (Irength, and ferve Germany, by obliging her t^ keep her troops at home for the defence of her maritime places. Some few, who were againft this kind of war, urged it was cow- ardly, weak, and immethodical ; but they were foon over ruled by others, who alTerted, that it was no matter which way the enemy was annoyed, provided (he was but fenfibly hurt. A large fleet was therefore equipped, the command of which was given to ad- miral Hawke, who was affiflcd by the admirals Knowjes and Broderick. A body of troops, cqnlifting of 9000 men, were put on board, commanded in chief by Sir John Mordaunt, alTifted by the generals Con- vray and Cornwallis. The deftination was kept j profound fecret; and whiift it exerclfed the penetra- tion of all the politicians in JEurope, it filled France with the molt ferious alarms. I'he defign was to make a diverlionr ill favour of the duke of Cumberland, by drawing a part Of the French army from Wedphulia and Hanover, to the defence of their own coaft. After much time fpent in making preparations, and feveral blundering delays, the fleet failed on the eighth of Sep- umbcT; the day on which the convention of Clofter* i * ■' levea t • |i757}' HISTORY o/f^^ WAR. 139 Seven was fig ned. On the 2ifl the fleet appeared be* fore Rociifort, and it wzs now known that they intend- ledto attack it; but as the officers had laid down no Ipian to be followed in this enterprize, fome time was Itakcn up in debating and framing one. A concur- [rence of evils fruftrated this expedition *. it will be ' Ihard to determine, whether they were purpofely fram- ' led or accidentally fell out. The French nation is faid Ito have been alarmed by the troops lying on the lUe lof Wight fome time before they failed, and by very Igood intelligence from Britain. Two days after the Iflect made the enemy's land, the Viper (loop was Idifpatched from Britain, with the following letter from Mr. Secretary Pitt to Sir Edward Hawke, and to Sir John Mordaunt, dated Whitehall, September 15, 1757, ^"^ received by them on board the Ramilies |onthe22d day of September. ' ' •• ' v^' , t < Sir, ' His majefty, by his fecret inftru6lions, dated the * 5ih day of Auguft laft, having directed the return * of the fleet under your command, together with the * land forces on board,' " fo as to be in England at, *' or about, as near as may be, the end of September, " unlefs the circumflances of the (hips and forces (hall " neceffarily require their return fooner;" * I am ' now to (ignify to you the king's pleafure, that you ' do not confider the abovementioned time, limited for * your return, as intended in any manner to efFedt, or * interfere with, the full exertion of the firft and prin- * cipal obje(5l of the expedition; namely,' " Attempt- *' ing, as far as (hall be found practicable, a defcent on " the French coaft, at or near Rochefort, in order to " attack if practicable, and, by a vigorous impreffion, "force that place, and to burn and deftroy, to the ** utmoft of your power, all (hipping, docks, maga- ** zines, and arfenals, that (hall be found there, and " exert fuch other efforts, as (hall be judged moft " proper for annoying the enemy." And with re- * gard to any other particular attempt, which, agree-, * ably to your orders, you (hall have commencedii' * and in the execution whereof you fliall be actually * engaged, t 140 HISTORY //)^tf WAR. ^ ,7^^ * engaged, it is alfo his niajefty's pleafurc that you I * do not defift from, or breakup the fame, merely and ' folely on account of the time, limited for your re* * turn, by the inilru^tions abovementioned ; but that ' notwithilanding the fame, you do continue, with * the fleet, during fuch a further number of days « ^ may afford a competent timc> for the completion of ' any operation under the above circumdances; after * which you are to take care to return, with the fleet ^ under your command, and the forces on board, in ^ the manner directed by your former inlirudions. .,'■ ^ * I am, &c. , . . ,'] . ' „ : ; ;. ^ - - . ^ w. pitt/ It has been (hrewdly fufpedled, that this floop^ or the Harwich man of war, which failed at the fame time from Plymouth on the fame dellination> carried other difpatches of a more fecret nature, and faid to be utterly unknown to the minifter. On the 2;d of September it was refoived to fecurc the little ifland of Aix, fituated in the mouth of the river Gharante, which runs up to Rochefort, as it was apprehended the French on this ifland might maice Tome obdrudion to the landing of the troops; accord- ingly captain, now commodore, How, in the Magna* nime, almofl inflantly reduced it, with the lofs only of | two failors. At the time this little conqueft was made, it was expeSed the troops were to be immediately landed; but on the 25th the military officers refoived in a council of wary that an attempt upon Rochefort was neither advKe* able nor pra<^icable. On the 8th of Odober, after having mod efFedlually alarmed the French coaft, it wasrefolved to land at the mouth of the river Gharante, and at twelve o'clock at night the troops were put into the boats, where they remained four hours on a boifterous fea, and then were ordered back again ; upon which admirable Broderick acquainted Sir Edward Hawkcj * That having prepared all the boats with proper of- * ficers to land the troops, he was now to acquaint * him, that the Generals were come to a refolution not * to land to-night, but wait to day-light, when they * can have a full view of the ground whereon they < are '\ ore, and faid L^^^l HISTORY o//^ with the addition of Sir Edward Hawke, he was adJ judged not guilty. However, the public difcontcnt did not feem in the lead appeafed. There feemed to be a fufpicion, that the real caufes of the failure >vere| to be attributed fome where elfe. Altho' the detign of this expedition was fruftrated, yet the European powers interefted in the fea, pene- trated into the fpirit of the new minifter, and began in> (Untly to change their former opinion of the Britidi counfels. They faw with furprize a man placed at the head of, and giving directions to, a warlike people; a man who admitted no other rule for his operations a* gainfl the enemy than conveniency ; they were alarmed at his refolution and new fyilem ; and though he had failed in his firft attempt? they faw plainly he was not difcouraged by.it. Sweden and Denmark concluded a treaty, purporting the defence of their commerce in the Baltic ; and they fent their united fquadrons to cruize in that fea, fearing he fhould fend a fieet into the north. The Dutch propofed to augment their (hips from the fame fear; and the Italian (latesy in conjunction with the king of Naples, took every precaution that was in their power for the fecurity of their ports. Spain and Portugal trufted their fecurity to their important com- mercial connexions with Great Britain. France was not prepared for fuch an enemy, who braving every method, and adopting new fchemesj prepared to attack her defperately. At home he was unanimoufly applaud- ed,- and having rouzed the fpirit of the nation from that (tupid lethargy in which he found it, was deserv- edly and highly e{leemed by all ranks of people ; and, for the firft time, popularity and the adminiftraiion were feen united : a meafure which is fo elFential in a country like Britain, that a mifiifler, unlefs he has the power and confidence to gain it, can never adt with the llrength of the whole nation, nor invigorate a true (pirit Ids orate a true 757^ HISTORY //^^ WAR. 143. fpirit into the people^ who abhorring or not chufing to :onfide in him> his adminiftration will be found to be me continued fcene of difgrace abroad> and didradtion It home. This year the Briti(h privateers greatly annoyed jC French commerce; befides. which the lords of the imiralty publiflied a lid of above 30 (hips of war and rivatf ers, taken from the enemy in the ("pace of four icnthsy by the Britifh floops and men of war ; excla- ve of the Duke de Aquitaine Indiaman, taken by the !3g]e and Med way ; the Pondicherry Indiaman, valued It i6o,oco pounds> taken by the Dover man of war; ind about 6 privateers brought into port by the diligent ind brave capt. Lockhart^ for which he was honoured ith a variety of prefents of plate by feveral corporati- is, in teftimony of their efteem and regard. This in of fuccefs was not, however, without (bme retribu- on on the fide of the enemy, who, out of twenty-one lips homeward bound from Carolina, made prize of lineteen ; whence the merchants fufFered confiderable amage, and a vaft deal of valuable commodities, efpe- ially Indigo^ was loft to this nation . On the firft of December the parliament met> which IS opened by his majcfty's fpeech from the thron?; hich was partly calculated to prepare the nation> for leexpence of maintaining a new war on the continent, erein his majedy graciouHy declared his determined folution, to apply his utmoft efforts, for the fecurity if his kingdoms : — to recover and proted the rights if his crown and fubjefts in America: — to encourage Ind adhere to his allies, for the prefervation of the Pro- iftant religion, § and the liberties of Europe; and in , , • I ► . this § This pretext of the Proteftant religion was worn (b thread bare j>« among the fenfible part of mankind, it coulJ no longer be uftd jithout incurring contempt aad ridicule. In order to pcrftiade roan- |nd that the Proteflant religion was in danger, it would have been Tcceflary to ipecify the dedgns that were formed againll itv as well as Pe nature of the conspiracy, and to defccnd to particubrs, properly litnenticatcd. In that cafe the grcdteft part of Europe would have* "en juftiy alarmed. The Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Hungarians, and wr Proteftant ftatcs of the ernpirc could never be (uppofrd to cotcr .11 If IfWi I 144 HISTORY of the W A R. ^ 175J this caufe he earneftly follicitcd their hearty concur- rence, and vigorous afTiftance. — He particularly recomJ mended to them, that his good brother and ally the king of PruiTia might be fupported in fuch a manner, aj his magnanimity and adtive zeal for the common caufe deferved. — To the commons he exprefTed his concern! that the former fupplies they had granted, did not pro- duce all the good ef!'e6ts they had reafon to exped; but he had fo great a reliance on their wifdom as nottoj doubt of their perfeverance.-^He only defired fuch fup- plies as (hould be neceflary for the public fervice, anil told them they might depend upon it that the belt moft faithful oeconomy fhould beufed. The parliament voted 60,000 feamen and 54)OOo| foldiers. The fupplies amounted to 10,486,4571. Not- withftanding the grcatnefs of this fum (of whid| 1,86 1,8971. was paid to our German allies) there ap- peared, what had not been feen for marjy years, a per-i fecfl unanimity throughout the whole houfe, which gave| infinite pleafure to every individual without doors, infilled a pleafing hope and profpeiSt of the affairs of the nation being likely to go on well, when the great vfcn unanimous to humble the enemy: indeed the true cafej was the old minifters were reconciled to the new ones;! at lead both parties came to a kind of capitulation, anil while they were unanimous in counfel, it was not very! probable that their adherents fhould differ in pailia-T ment. Added to all this, the king became better recon- ciled to Mr. Pitt becaufe they per feful. .^ . ■ - -" iheu any 1^58 J^ HISTORY c/^^^ WAR. 145 Lhem alfo : but the difficulty was in the means to exert [his padion, or rather to give it its full force with the Irength of the whole nation ; each were wedded to op- [lofite principles : his majefty was for a continental war, )n account of his native and electoral dominions; Mr. Pitt was for a naval war, as the only method of ruin- ing the French trade, and aggrandizing this nation, ind fecuring its dependencies. It would be neither prudent nor eafy to carry this nice point any further ; [he reader*s penetration will enable him to conceive vhat elfe is not proper to explain. We will only add^ [hat no favour was ufsd by one, nor any low cunning \]' the other ; both were delirous of acquitting them- felvcs with noble adtions^ and laudable arguments were Bade ufe of; they were equally above bafenefs, and e- jually deiirous of reducing the enemy. Mr. Pitt n^ei- ^hcr wanted nor fought clofet favour, in order to under- line his fellow fervants ; and his majefty equally deteft- W being led by the nofe : he was a warrior himfelf, and fbodof refolution and fpirit ; he had been bred to the imp and to real budnefs. Hence arofe that noble in- Icpcndency of fpirit, which crulhes the very embrio's of htrigue, and all the little arts of narrow minds : hence ^twas, that after the minidry were fettled, the nation- li bulinefs w«'nt on with fuccefs, and without interrup- tion : on bubbling tales of courtiers, no fpies in the e- icray's pay, could either divert Mr. Pitt, or impede the }perations of the war. n CHAP. V. ^Expedition to the coaji of Africa, Affairs tn Afia, Affairs in America, Naval tranf anions. Expedition? to the coafl of France. Battles of Crevelt^ S anger fhaufen^ Meer, Llanwerhagen, Zorndgrff and Hohkirchen. WE now come to the moft glorious a:ra in the Brl- ti(h hiftory; an aera that is refplendent with linimortal vidtories; proclaiming to the latcft period of |ti]nethe glory and valour of Britain in fubduing her proud If'* M nil H mm n I'U''' 1 ^ In Ir 1 ' '1 pf (, ( i P"! 8 ' m ' 't ' ; ' i Wd D i i K fl 'ij^ 1 w M'M n 1 I ■ I H : |i I If ', 146 H I S T O R Y 0/ the WAR. \ j^j proud and implacable enemy. In the month of Marcl a fmall armament was fent under the command of com, modore Marfh, and a detachment of marines, com manded by major Mafon, to attack the French fetticj ments at Senegal. The proje(fl had been originally con ceived by one Mr. Gumming, a fenfible quaker, wht had been a fadtor on the coad of Africa, by whicli| he had contraded an acquaintance with the Moorilli king of that part of South Barbary, called by uJ the gum coail, or the fandy defart of Zara, who be-| ing well difnofed towards the Britifh^ and bearing an utter enmity to the French, declared he (hould never be eafy, till they were entirely driven from the river of Senegal : and he told Mr. Gumming, thit if the king of Britain would fend a force fufficient, and defeat the French, he would grant an cxclulive trade 10 his fubjedls. At the fame time he favoured Mr. Gumming with an exclufive trade> by a charter written in the Arabic language. Mr. Gumming, during hii (lay in Africa> made the moll minute enquiry concwn* ing the llrength and fituation of the French. Athij return to England he communicated his intelligence to the board of trade, and with it a plan for attacking the French fettlements on the coaft of Africa. The mini- dry adopted the fcheme; and Mr. Gumming, being the framer of it, was appointed principal director of the ex- pedition, and failed with it, charged with a letter of credence to the Moorifli king. The fleet arrived on the coail of Africa in April; and^ notwithflanding the c'j* ftrudlion of a very dangerous bar at the mouth of the river Senegal, the marines were landed (May i) on the bank of the river. Upon which the French governor of fort Louis furrendered dire(ftly ; and next day the corporation and burghers of the town of Senegal ful)* mitted, and fwore allegiance to the king of Britain. This was the firft fuccefsful expedition which the Bri- tifh minlftry had equipped during the war, and failed not to be greatly inftrumental in diflipating thofe fears and defpondencies, which Mr. Pitt found to brood over ihe land when he came into the adminiftration. The conqiieft of Senegal added to tjie commercial intcrells of 1,758 j. HISTORY of the WAR. 147 of Britain, and poured frcfli wealth into the hands of her Itraders : the commodities imported from this fettlement ire that valuable article gum fenega, hides, bees wax, lelephants teeth, cotton, gold dult, negro Haves, of- Itrich feathers, ambergris, indigo and civet. Hitherto Iwe had been obliged to buy our gum (enega of the )utch, who purchafed it of the French, and then fet ^hat price they pleafed on it for us. After the fur- Irender of Senegal, the fleet vifited the ifland of Goree, mother French fettlement on the coaft of Africa; but found it too ftrong i» be artempted by ^'.icir imali force. The miniftry finding the Juccels or ihe firft tnterprizc, difpatched commodore Keppel with a fmall fquadron, and fome land forces commanded by colonel ^orge, to attack the ifland of Goree. The com- pjcdore arrived before it on the 29th of December, ind having ranged his fleet oppoHte the forts, began I furious cannonade, which in a little time drove the jarrifon from their quarters, and necefRtated th'» go- nernor to furrender at difcretion. A ^ ur.ron Icin^ put into the fort, and that at Senegal being reinfor- ced, the commodore returned to England; where like- nfe had arrived admiral Olborn from the Mediter- Mnean. . When >fr. Pitt firft came into the adminiftration, bedifpatched commodore Steevens, with a fquadron and fome troops, to reinforce his nrajefty's fleet in the M-Indies, which might adl there with powers of dif- cretion, while his attention was employed on other ibjeAs nearer home. Admiral Watfon and colonel -live having gained many advantages over the enemy, jt was not only Mf. Pitt's immediate aim to purfue fhofe advantages, while the heat and tbirft of conqueft prevailed ; but like^ife to prevent the French deriving »ny material fervices in any part of India from a fleet, I'jilch they had at the fame time fent, commanded by d*Ache, and 8000 troops, which were put on ^oard, and commanded by general Lally. Commodore Steevens joined admiral Pococke, who had fucceeded [0 the chief comipand on the death of admiral Watfon. d'Achc arrived at Pondicherrv, where p/neral Lally I il !-► 148 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ 17-5 with the troops were landed. The fcene of adtio was now to begin. M.- Lally had boaited before left Europe, that he would drive the Britifli totall ofF the coall of Coromandel. He was warm anil fool-hardy ; and full of the idea (which he had fuf« fered to get the afcendancy of his tumultuous imagt' nation) when he took the field, he vaunted of t great adls he would perform, and the cruelties he n folved to inflift on the Britifli ; but like a true barbari an whofe paflion exceeds his reafon, or one bereft ol prudence, he precipitately entered the campaign befori be had provided the means of fupport for his army, which had been confiderably augmented by feven reinforcements. He marched diredlly againlt fortSt.| David, while the French fleet failed away to covci the liege., Admiral Pococke having intelligence thefe proceedings, failed likewife to fort St. Davii and engaged the French fleet, which being fuperii in number, and three of the Britifli captains behav ing in a cowardly manner, he gained no material vantage, though he continued the fight with gteai inequality till night, when the two fleets feparated the French returned to pondicherry, and the Britif to Madrafs; both to repair their damages. Bothfqui drons having quitted their ilation off fort St, David JLally puflied the iiege of that place with vigour which being in want of water and ammunition) lai jor Polier, who cammanded the troops, furrenderc in twelve days (June 2> 1758), The conqueror ble up the fortifications, and reduced the place to a he of rubbifli; and befides plundering the inhabitanti as well of .fort St. David as of all the villas roun about, he wantonly fet fire to their habitations, am endeavoured to deftroy the face of the whole coun try. But the ill ftar of France, which in no place ii well on their affairs, began now to influence thei here. Lally found, that by making a defart of thi country he was unable to fubflU his army; and^ti his misfortune, the finances of France were lb extrem ly low, by the large fubfidles which the Frenci were obliged to pay leveral of the European powerJi to form and prcfervc the continental fyllcm of Eurf "f^is^f: #•* as ,J758J^ HISTORY of t^e WAR. 14^ igjinft Pruffia and Hanover, that their niiniftry could hot afford to fend him any money; fo that now he could neither buy nor plunder. In this dilemma he tcfolvcd to extort a confiderable fura from the king bfTanjore, a prince of the country; but that chief fcfufing to comply with his requeft, he in a rage larched his army, and laid liege to his capitaL The d)l and courage of fome Britifh engineers bravely defended the place; in a Ihort time Lally's ammuniti- Ml began to run low, and his proviHons were entire- ly exhauded. The people of the country, who hatl kither heard of, or fuffered by his cruelties, cutoff ail |be fupplies to his army in return for his barbarities, ^hicb reduced him almofi: to a ftate of famine. At fDgth, unable to Itay any longer, he, tortured with jill the pangs of chagrin and dif^ppointment, raifed ihe fiege with the utmoft precipitation? and left his fannon behind. He returned to Pondicherry, in the neighbourhood of which the troops were lefrefiied. in the month of Odlobcr he marched into Arcoi, pd began to make preparations for the fiege of Ma- Irafs. Lally's army at this time was fo numerous, liat the Britifh forces on the coafl of Coromandel fere infufficient to oppofe him in the field. Soon kfterthe furrender of fort St. David, admiral Pococki* [gain failed in queft of the French fleer, whom he Jirad off Pondicherry; but they no fooner faw him, |han they put to fea in the utmoft hafle ; he then gave pace, and on the third day came up with them; but lie French would not ftand a fair engagement ; they nade a fort of running fight in an irregular line till night, when, under favour of the darknefs, they e- fcaped back to Pondicherry. However, they were fo luch damaged by this engagement, that after a fhort by there, d*Ache was obliged to fail to theifland of 5ourbon to refit, leaving the fovereignty of the Indi- iti feas to admiral Pococke and commodore Steevcns, vhofe fleet was much inferior to his in number of Wps, men, and weight of metal. When Lally form- W his folution of laying fiege to Madrafs, he fent orders to Golconda for M. de BuITey and M. Mer- lin to join him with part of their forces, and leave K 2 i^ie — *i' - ill ' ' 15© HISTORY e/M^ WAR, ^ i^^j the command of the remainder at Maflulipatum to the marquis de Gonilant. Soon after M. de BnlTey wu departed, the country powers refolved to throw off the French yoke, and entered one of the towns which the Frertch pofTelTedy and tore down the colours; upon which Conflans refolved to check their info* Jence, and marched his forces againft them. In thii dijlrefs the chief applied to colonel Clive at Calcum for a(Ij(Unce ; who . after deliberating on the nature and confequence of the enterprize, detached colonel! Forde with a body of Europeans. This officer attack<^ cd M. de Conflans in the month of December, avl gained a complete vldlory over him. MafFulipatum M in confequence ; thus the Britifh gained poflefHon of{ an extenuve fea coaft, and other conliderable advio* tages, befides being paid for their afliftance; and like* wife concluded a treaty with another chiefs in which it was enacted that the French (hould be totally »• tirpated the country. As the primary objedl of the war was America^ Britain loft no time in exerting her vigilance, anil making early preparations for ene^^ually crufhinglbel enemy's power in that part of the world. At this timel the German affairs, though they tenderly touched thel king's hearty were not arofe tofuch importance, as t»l engrofs any thin^ more than a fmall part of the atteo- tion of the miniftry: they were not yet brovght to confider them as of the higbefl cdiifeaueDce; they were flill for reducing the c;nemy's fettiemenul abroad, and particularly in America, and afliilinn Germany only by annoying the coafl of France.! The firit objefl that they aimed at was Louifbourg,a| place of the utmoft importance to the French, anil when taken, would be a great flep towards annibilat*] ing their poyer in North America. For this parpofc,] they began at the beginning of the year to equip t lifge fleet. All the necefTary perparatious were tindj executed and care was taken to pitch upon tbefittcfl officers to do Britifh bufinefs; they employed mttl capable of ferving their country; men of courage, ajj*! lity and merit. Accordingly admiral Bofcawen^ tm\ ,758^ HISTORY //;5r WAR. 15, fleet of men of war, and a confiderable number of od forces > fet fail from England on the tpth of Fe- Ibraary. Thii was tirocing things in a proper manner; the enemy had yet no force in America equal to what Itdmirai Bofcawen carried) .nor any commander of e- qual capacity and reputation. However, as foon as they were acquainted with that brave officer's defti- nation, ^ty equipped two ieets at different ports for the relief of Louifbourg : one at Toulon, the com* Wander of which was M. de la Clue; but our miniftry had prepared every thing in order to fruftrate the(e defigns; a BritiOi fleet, under the dire^ion of admi- ral Ofborn, was Rationed at the Streights of Gibral- tar. The French court equipped a fecond fquadron at Toulon, to (Irengthen dela Clue, and enable him to force his way through the Streights ; the command of thii fquadron was given to M. du Quefne. De la Glue had failed before the other was reaSy, and was block- ed up by admiral Ofborn in the Spanifh port of Car- thagena. Du Quefne came to relieve him, and fell in with the Britifti fleet. The Monmouth of 64 guns, captain Gardener, engaged the Foudroyant of 80 guns, commanded by du Quefne in perfon, for a confider- able time, and it is thought would alone have taken her, notwithftanding the fuperiority of the enemv*s force; but two other firitifh fhips coming up, du Quelne Itrack to the Monmouth, the captain of whom was Itiiled, but the fhip was bravely fought by the firft lieutenant Mr. Carkett. The Orphee, another of the enemy's fhips, was likewife taken ; and the third, called the Oriflanime, was drove afhore on the coa(t of Spain. The only remaining vefTel of this fquadron was a frigate, namr^' the Pleiade, which being an ex- cellent failer, efcaped back to Toulon, and carried the tidings of this difafler. Thus was this fcheme of relieving Louifbourg fruflrated; for M. dela Clue, not being able to force his pafTtge through the Streights, murned to Toulon, where his fhips were laid up. The other fleet, defigned to fuccour North America, was equipped at Kochfort; it conlifled of fix fhips of war, t'vo frigates, and forty tranfports, having on board three thoufind troops; but Sir Edward Hawke was K a ' fent fi' IS* HISTORY o//^^ WAR. ^ i^jjl km in April with a fleet to prevent their (ailing, As foon as the enemy faw him approach, theyran| their (hips a(horey and threw their guns, (lores, la ing, and even ballafl over board, in order to Hghteal them and run them further out of his reach. Thn the de(ign and the equipment were totaUy defeated; and it has been faid,, that the gnns, (lores, and lad' i.ng» were entirely loft. A number of fmall craft vfcre employed to drag the (hips through the mud, by which they were prefcrved ; but they did not attempt to venture out to Tea again. In the mean time admiral Bpfcawen,^ arrived in America, where the plans of three different operations were to be executed for the fpeedy reduction of the enemy. The earl of Loudon liaving returned to £ngLand> the chief command de* volved on jnajor general Abercrombie, who afterwards purfucd, or nearly purfued^ his lprd(hip's plans. The fird, and kdeed principal plan of the operations^ was an expedition againd Louifbourg; the fleet under the j direAion of admiral Bofcawen, who was arrived atl Halifax^ together with the troops, in number aboot ,19,000, commanded by major general Amherft, af* fi(icd by brigadier general Wolfe. On the 28th of | May this armament departed from Halilax, and on the 2d of June the fleet appeared off Louifbourg; but fuch a prodigious furf fwelled all alpng the fliore) that they were fix days o(F the coaft before a landing was found pra(flicable. The governor of Louifbourg i« the interim exerted all his fldll to prevent their land- ing; he eftabli(hed a chain of pofts that extended t,wo leagues and a half along the moft acceflible partJ of the beach, and he threw up intrenchtnents ande* reeled batteries: the harbour was defended by five ihips of the line and five frigates^ three of which he ordered to be funk at the mouth, to prevent theBritilH fleet- getting in.: but all thefe precautions and endea- vours were not fufficient to check the ardour and rev fclution of the Briti(h officers, who, as foon as the furf was Tome what abatedvlod not a moment's time in landing. Brigadier general Wolfe, to his immortal honour, with an intrepidity unparalleled, gained this material point, in, fpite of the enemy's utmort efforts. ' ' ^ The jj^sy HISTORY o/t^vr AR. 1^3 The reft of the troops followed him. The enemy fled, and the town of Louifbourg was invefled. . But the jiege could not be profecuted with fafety until the ene- my's (hips in the harbour were taken, as they could bring their guns to bear upon the BritiOi camp : there- fore general Wolfe immediately fecured a place called the Light-houfe Battery, and another more' material^ called the liland Battery ; when by the bombs one of the enemy's great (hips was fet on fire, which commu- nicated to two others, and all three were con fumed. Only two now remained, which the admlroi undertook tofecure, in order to gain poiTeflion of the harbour ; he manned the boats of the fquadron* and in. two divi- lions, under the command of two young captains La- ibrey and Balfour, he fent them into the harbour in a dark night. Thefe gallant heroes boarded the enemy's Ihips fword in hand> and one, being a-ground, they fet heron fire, and towed the other o^t in triumph. The governor of the town having now no refource, nor the Britifh any impediment to hinder their operations, he next day, July 26> furrendered the whole idand of Cape Breton. The garrifon were made prifoners, amounting in the whole, including fuch of the inhabitants as bore armSjthe irregulars, feamen, &c. to 5637. It is well wor- thy obfervation in this place, that now we behold the retl number of that /orw/Vtf^/tf garrifon, which the year before, when other commanders were on that flation, it was nut deemed prudent to attack. When thisvcon- it was demondrated, that it would put tbeBriiijh in fole poflcflion of the filhery orNortb-Ame- K 4 rica, 1 ^HlfM if mi '1 i Hi iHi i i:,. U 15.; HISTOi^Y 6/fA^ WAR.' ^ 173, ric«» w'lich wo'il^ annually return to Grrnt-. ritain iwu uiilliuns licilm^ tor the maimiacturcs yearly flap. |>ed to the pUntationt ; employ many thoufsnd iamilies ihai were oiher vift uiiferviceable to ihe public, in. creafe the ihipping and mariners^ and greatly extend na* vigation. The other plant of operation in Americi wer?: hri* gadier-general Forbes was to go with about 800O men to attack fort Du Quefne near the Ohio, and feize the lands which tl»e French ha«l ufurpcd : and f cncral -^bei. crombic, the commander in chief, with about 16,000 men, was to reduce Crown Point, in order to open a road to the frontiers of Canada. The latter ofthefe plans did not fucceed. The vanguard of the army, in its rout to Ticonderoga, a place which the general intended firft to reduce before he attempted Crown Point, fell in with a party of the enemy's Indians, upon which a (kirmifh of bufh -fighting enfued, in which the gallant and admired lord Howe was (lain. Notwith* Handing this little difader the army marched up to Ti* conderoga (July 9) before which they found the enemy had felled a great number of trees, and placed other things to prevent the Britifh troops approaching in re* gular order ; the enemy had likewife thrown up in* trenchments, and raifed a breall* work eight feet high: however, the troops advanced in the bed manner poili* ble, and with an undaunted refolution mounted the works fword in hand, unfupported by their artillery (which was not brought up) or any thing that could give them the lead hopes of fuccefs, except what they could derive by their own perfonal prowefs. In this naked manner they for four hours maintained a molt bloody and unequal confll^. The enemy's (ire uas terrible, as it was both from mufquetry and cannon, and difcharged in fuch vollies, the weipht of which it was impoflible to fuftain. The enemy being fccurely covered by their works, which bad been vainly attempt* cd to be ftormed, and there being no profpeft of any thing but an incrcafe of daughter, the general ordered the troop? to be drawn off, and to retreat, after the lofs of about aooo men j which was accordingly done without any mol^dation from the enemy. More fortu- nate, ,1758 i^ HISTORY of the WAR. '^ 15J. my howevfcr, was an entcrprizf, which genera] Aber- ;fombie detached lieutenant-colonel Bradllreet to un- dertake. Thisofficer, with 3000 men was ordered tO' ittack Fort Fronteniac, lituated on the river Sr. Law* tncc, \vhich> when he approached, furrendered at dif- Icretion (Aug. 27) notwithllanding there were in it 60 Ipieces of cannon and 16 mortars: he likewife took all the enemies armed vefleis on Lake Ontario. Brigadier Forbes in the mean time marched towards Fort Du (^uefne; but when his van-guard> under the command of major Grant, who defigned to take the place by far- prize, had approached within a few miles of the fort^ he was furrounded by a greatly fuperior part of the enc- lay's troops and Indians ; on which an obflinate and cruel engagement began, which the Britifli with their pfual courage maintained near three hours, when being almoit all cut to pieces^ and major Grant, with 19 o- ther ofhcers, and a number of troops, made prifoner% they retreated and joined the main army. Notwith- Handing the lofs of this (kirmifh, brigadier Forbes ad- vanced ; but the enemy refledling that their works could not withftand regular approaches, prudently a* Ibandoned the fort in time> and retired to their fettle- mcnts on the Miflinippi. Next day (Nov. asth) the Kritifh troop$> without oppoiitipn, took pofTeflion of the fort ; the contention for which, with the lands con- tiguous to it, had kindled up the flames of war. The troops and officers emulated by their fuccefs, and glo- rying in the miniOer who diredttfd their operations in ^0 wife and effe^ual a manner, inftantly changed the name of the fort, and, with a p opriety and compliment which need not be pointed out, gave it the name of Pittsburg. The admirals Bofcawen and Hardy, hav- ing left a confiderable fleet at Halifax, returned with 4 fliipsof the line to Engand,as did aifogen. Abercrombie, who was f'ucceedcd in his command by gen. Amherit.* At the beginning of the year it is faid there were fome divided opinions, concerning how the theatre of the war (hould be made: fome pcrfons, whofe well* "ifianing may not be difputed, but whofe wcakncfs and pliancy were always for clomping the i: tcrcft of Great- . ^ : r^ Britain 156 H I ST OH Y of the WA R; ' \ 1758 Brttaitiy with mcafures of an^xtraneous and incumber* I ing naturCy were for bending thexlignity and importance of the national atfairt to the ferviHty of being fecondary concerns to thofe of Germany ; they were for embark- ing our whole land force to the aflKtance of prince:! Ferdinand, to enable him to keep the French on their] own frontiers, which thefe mo/? A^^aotf/ politician! j . faid would bring matters to a fpeedy decilion. The real I friends of Britain, who were enjoined in the guidance! of bufinefs of this high import^ and had hot Jately come I into power, urged as the primary objeA. the deftrudtionj pf the French marine; the (baking their internal feco- rity by expeditions to their coafts; not upon any ac> count ¥((!aken our efforts ijn America, which however would be, in cafe we did embark our force for Germa* ny : they faid an army of 50,000 foreigners,^ maintain- ed at our expence was certainly enough in Germany to keep theFrencb at bay; for they looked upon conti* nental operations in only a fecondary light, and the fending our tt^ops thither as fquandering away our men as well as money; whereas> were they employed in conttnualiy alarming the enemy's cdaft^ it would employ and harrafs the French troops at home. The popularity of thefe latter, brought their opinions to prevail. Two fquadrons were fitted out by the latter end of May, which filled the French coaft with terror; the greater was commanded by lord Anfon, deftined to wateh the enemies ports, and to prevent their (hips from incommoding the landing of the troops \ the lelTer was commanded by commodore Howe^ with whom em- barked the duke of Marlborough, with 13,000 men and a train of artillery ; this force the commodore fafely landed on the 5th of June in Gancalle bay, near St. Malo ; the town being found too (Irong to attempt* they fet fire to an hundred fail of (hipping in a bafon, mhderthe cannon of the caftle> without its ever offering to fire a gun at them ; they likewife burned feveral ina* I gazines of naval (lores, and did other cpnfiderable da-' mages to the enemy : having nothing further to do, they reimbarkcd without moledation, and reconnoitred the coaft towards the town of Gherbourg ; but their provi- (ions being (hqrt, and the foldiers (ickly, by being: fo long ^7j8> HISTORY oftheWI^^^ 157 Jong cooped up. in the tran^orb, they returned to Stj elen's oi;i the cfitb. Though this expedition was foc^ ^flfulj did great damage ^o the entroy^ and proved that be was vulnerable upon his own coah, yet did the Id leven continue to haggle for an acquiefcence to tbdrown projedts, and attempt to modify their cono jlrodion on fomeihing that was C'erman ; perhaps liiey were importuned by our German friends^ lod their fotlicitations proceeded Jn confe^uence, as well as their uneafineTs and diilikei of meafures that were ceodttdled on a fingle princii^le; Thefe new men iit ^tt found there was no other way to preferve har* nony, but capitulate with their opponents ; therefor^ Itbey confented to the fending the duke of Marlborough with a body of Britifli troops to Germany, l^his thef Ifnewwas inervating our power at home; aiid^ ifthe expeditions to France fliould be continued, which> oofidering the texpence of firft equipping the fquadrons oaid much better be done than let the fhips lie idley they could anfwer no end, but expofing us to the laugh- ter of our enemies^ by being, with a handful of men, only enabled to make little defulfory efforts, end im- nediatcly obliged to embark^ perhaps, with ditHcuhy and hazard; all which> in the end, proved to be the cafe, and. yet, by being rircumflanced amidit eitibarrafT* inentS) they could not present the evils. In tbe^fecond expedition to thecoafl; of France the command of the land forces, not amounting to 6000 men, was giving^ to general Bligh ; his royal highnefs prince £dward, now duke of Yorky entered as a volunteer with com- modore Howe: On the 6th of Augud they were landed near Cherbourg^ where they deftroyed the mole, pier, bafon, fluices, floodgates^ and many other excellent works for making a complete, convenient, and (Irong harbour, begun, but not yet finifhed, at a prodigious expetxce to the French king : they horned fomc velTels which they found in the harbour, and took hollages fertile payment of contributions which they levied ; and put on board the (hips twenty pieces of brafs qan-. non and two mortars, which they found in the place. This ordnance was brought to England, and* for a while, lay in Hyde-Fark for public view, and were af- terwards 1 1 ' ,58 HISTOJlY^ f/5^ WAR. ^iffl terwflxds carried in childifh «nd Ttdiciilpus triumph , the Tower. M^ny people conOdered tht» parade, ij calculated to, keep the people in good htmibur toibp port the charges of the war ; and it mnft be owned ^c fights forcibly ftrike ordiniry minds; but is it qq (Irange to fee men of fenfe intoxicate themCelves in thiil lowy illiberal manner, and fall pafEvely down iato tb] tumultuous torrent of the ignorant, incoiifiderate) ni contemptuous rabble, and mingle in perfon tnd opiniJ oa wHh tbefcum of human nature, that are a difgrace to our. country ^ On the i6th the troops were reeni'l barked, perhaps with a defign of vtiitihg fome othe part of the enemy's coatt, but the fleet was driveu to the coail of England, where it remained only two daysj without landing the troops, and thtn retorned to th« coaft of Ftance: A (econd time the troops werelande near St. Malo ; it is aftonifhing to think what the gc neral could mean by this difembarkation, (ince tbednke of Marlboroiigh with a faperior force had done all tt poflible could be done in this neiKhbonrhood— exceptl he meant to take the town ; but finding he could notj be imprudently marched into the country, while the fleet, for the better convenicncy of receiving the troops,! moved into the bay of St. Cas, or St. Cafl. However] upon having certain intelligence brought film, that th*| duke d'Aiguillon, with a fuperior k>rce, was in full] inarch againft him, he refolved to return to the fliips}! yet from fome unaccountable fatality, though the troopsJ were not far from the fliore, a great deal of time wasi unneceflarily and prodigally thrown away in performin^| this retreat. Moft people apprehends that, with pru* deuce, the troops might have been re-embarked qd* molefted; as it was^ the enemy, though at a macbl greater diftance, gained the beach as foon as the Britifh: It is true, the major-part of our troops were putonj boaid the tranfports before the enemy ventured to ip* pear ; but the rear-£uard, compofed of grenadiers, an^l the firfl regiment of guards, amounting in the whole to about 1500 men, under the command of m:)jor generfti pury, for Btigh was gone on board the fleets wereitl this iiwt on the beach. Dury following the diAatet ofl rage and defpair, permitted the enemy without hindrsdct to ^yjg^ KISTOKY of thWAK. i^^ iiflemblein great n ambers in hit front; and^ wliea jt was dotkt, he attacked them ; his ciForts were fe- oadedby the frigates and bomb-ketches, ranged a|ong Jtt ihore ; the troops fought in a moft courageous man* Mf and their bravery was worthy of a better fortune; pas little time their ammunition was exp)rnded> and tj of courfe gave way before fuperior numbers ; the ..€fDy at firft gave no quarter, but the (hips ceaGng to Ire, clemency was (hewn, and part of our troops fur- Irendered a: difcretion ; the reft jumped into the fea Itod were drowned, among whom was Dury himfelf. kooc few were carried to the (hips in boats; but a hnuch greater number might have been faved, had the li^lors emptied their boats into the firft (hip fhey came hof and returned dire^y to the beach for the reft/ but liiftead of that they infamoufly preferved a punAilio, in irrylng the troops to the particular trinfport they "le out of, without confidering the dif nee of the lation. The llee*« returned home, and went to iFrtnce no more. Eiigh fuffered greatly in his reputa* Ition; and, as fome think> undefervedly. The people [of Britain were difpirited by this affair, and tho(e of France elated ; both, by far more than they ought ta kive been^ confidering it was a tranfadioa of but little ooncnt. ' * Notwithftanding the blood(hed and ravages which I kid fignalized the former carogaign, the incredible ex- I pence of mony, the fcardty of forage and provifion, the di(lre(res of Saxony in particular, and the calamities of war which defolatedthe greateft part oftheeropire> oopropofition of peace was hinted by either of the par- ties concerned : Jarring interefts were harmonized, in« veferate jealoofies a(rwaged, and even incon(iftencies reconciled, in conne^ing the confederacy againft the/ iturgof Pru(Ga; and on the other hand thek^^^of G'^'-'-W^ BUjdLijeemed determined to fupport to the ulmoft of his power this monarch. Yet the members of the grand confederacy were equated by very different motives, wHch, in the feouel, operated for the prefervation of kitPruflian maje(ty, by preventing the full execution 9t tbtlf united ilrength. The cmprcrfs queen, whofe primary »l i6d HISTORY ?f/^^ WAR: ^17. primary aim was the etrieving ofSilefia, was fo f, captivated by perfonal hatred and revenge againft thel king of Pnaffia, that to gratify this, fhe facrificed the interefts of her family, as well as the repofeof theemw pirc, by admitting tije natural enemies of her honfe into the Auftrian Netherlands, and inviting them to invade the dominions of her co-eftates. France, true to her old political maxims, wiflied to fee the houfeofl >\uftria weakened by the divifions in the empiie, whicR ftie induftrioufly fomented ; for this reafon it could not be her intereil to effed the r^iin of'the houfe of Bran- deAhourgh.; and therefore (he no doubt fet bounds to the profecution of her fchemes in favour of the court of Vienna; but her defigns againft Hanover, amounted to abfolute conqueft. In purfuance of 'thefe, (he lent an army of 120,000 men acrofs the Rhine in(ieadof 24,000 which (he engaged to furnifh by the original treaty with the emprefs-queen. The firft operations of the allies, cbmmanded by prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, was their advancing in the month of January into the country of Bremen; where, in a very (hort time, they diflodged the enemy out of all the towns there. The duke de Richlieu, find- ir:2 he could not ftop their progrefs, was ftimulated to commit the molt unparalleled a&s of wanton and un- provoked barbarity ; among thefe, was the burniig the orphan houfe at Zell, while the people were in k and other deeds of rapine and oppre(Tion: the Frerch miniftry were di(ratis(ied with his condudt, and there- fore recalled him, and gave the command of the army to the count de Clermont: this was the third command' er which the French army had in one year; a circura* ftance which fufficiently evince the unfteadinefc of their councils. Clermont found the troops in a mod mifer- able condition; the winter excurlions, want of ne- cefTaries, hard, duty, fevere weather and diftempers, had reduced them to a wretched remnant ; they aban- doned the cities of Hanover and Zell and retired 10= wards Hamclen : the town of Hoya upon the Wefcr was taken by furprife by the hereditary prince of Brun* fwick, who had voluntarily entered into the army, in which he frequently (ignalized hirafclf; but thij vas his :ar; a circuni" 1758}^ HISTORY ef the WAR. i6t his firlt exploit. After the taking of Hoya, Clermont retreated to the Rhine, and having pafled that river, he Intrenched his army until he (hould receive reinforce- nents from France, The' town of £mbdcn, belonging the king of Pruffia, fituated on the river Ems, next Ithe Tea, of which the French had been in poireflion libme time, was now taken by a ^ritilh fquadron, com- nanded by comodore Holmes; the French garrifoa evacuating the place ; it was afterwards a port to land the Britifli troops at, who were from time to time fent to teinforce the allies, and perhaps it was taken with that Iview. Prince Ferdinand followed the count de Cler- Qontto the Rhine; and having pafTed that river, he bok his meafures fo well, that he found means to attack the enemy's left wing at Crcvelt on the 33d of June, which he routed and difperfed after fnort difpute, in which the French loft, ux liiain and prifoncrs> between 4 and 5000 men. Iciermont having collected the fugitives, retired and jtook refuge under the cannon of Cologne; where Ihe was a tame fpe^ator of the redudion of DuHTeldorp fey the allies. However, the conquerors derived on Ikind of advantage form their vi^ftory: it feemed to Ihave been only fought for the fake of difplaying the igeniusof the general. The French army, being on their lown frontiers, were foon reinforced ; and another larmy was alTembled on the other fide of the Rhine, [under the command of the prince de Soubife. Mea- jfurcs were than taken in Britain for reinforcing the [allied army, and a corps under the duke of Marl- borough was landed at Embden for that purpofe. At this'time the count de Clermont refigncd his com- mand, which was conferred on M. Contades, who threatened to attack prince Ferdninand in his turn; but the prince refolved to lie quiet, until he fliould be joined by the Britifh troops: he flattered himfelf, that the Helfian troops, commanded by the prince of Ifcnbourg, would prevent Soubife from entering HelTc, until he received the reinforcement, when he purpof- ed to transfer the feat of war into the enemy's country ; [but the duke de Broglio, who was detached by the prince dc Soubife, attacked and defeated the prin# of itV. 162 HISTORY cf the WAR. ^17 of Ifenbou^g on the 23d of July at SangerHiauie and thereby not only opened a palTage for the fren troops into WcHphaiia, but (ike wife give them poi feflion of the Wefer ; advantages which more th counterballanced thofe which prince Frediniind h gained by the action at Crevelt : this prince now bt gan to think of repa(Gng the Rhine in order toeif( his jundlion- with the duke of Marlborough, which had rearon to apprehend the prince of Soubife woul endeavour to prevent. M. de Chevert, an ableFrcncI general, had pafTed the Rhine with 12,000 men, i order to beficge Dufl'eldorp ; but finding that imprac ticable by the late heavy rains, he refoivcd to didodgi baron ImhofF,an Hanoverian oliicer, who was polled wid 3000 men at Meer, to cover the bridge over the Rhim at Rees, to fecure a confiderable magazine there, am prefcrve the communication between prince Ferdina and the duke of Marlborough: Chevert*s defign to fieze the magazine, burn the bridge, and cut off thi BritKh troops, and with this view he attacked Im on the 9th of Augu(l v but this ofBcer having notio of his intentions^ had taken his meafures fo well, th in half an hour Jie repulfed the French officer m Jofs, and obliged him to retire under the cannon Wefel. This little vidlory was produflive of grc; advantages to the allies: ImhofF quitted his poll atl Afeer, and marched to meet the duke of Marlborough){ with whom he happily effedcd a judlion, which hitherto been attended with many difficulties. Frinci Ferdinand without any difficulty repafTed the RiiineJ and drew near to the prince cf Ifenbourg ; and that' prince colle^ed all his fugitives, and began to reco- ver from his diforder; but Gottingen was, in the mean time, reduced by the prince de Soubife, who perceiving the Heflians realTembling, (hewed a(!efign of attacking them again ; upon which prince Feral* tiand detached general Oberg, with 1:^,000 men, to reinforce them and take the command of the whok*; however, they were ftill greatly inferior to Soubife'* army, which unexpectedly attacked them on the lad day of December^ at Llanwerhagen in HefTe, and defeated %m with the lofs of J 503 men: as they cfFcftcd are- ' • treat jy^g J. HISTORY ///^^ WAR. i6t treat in tolerable order, their defeat was not total; nor could Soubife reap any advantage from the vldory, as the feafon was too far advanced. Prince Ferdinand bad by this time retired into Wcllphalia, into which country Contades followed him, and both armies took up their winter-quarters in it. The fatigues of the cam.- paign occafioned a fever to rage among the allied troops, which carried off great numbers ; of the Britifli in par- ticular, becaufe they were not accuftomed to the climate and diet ; nor indeed enjoyed any benefits which their German friends could deprive them of, though they were come to lay down their lives in their defence. This fatality cut off the duke of iMarlborough at Munfter; the numbers of private nen, which were carried off by the fame caufe, were perhaps concealed for reafons of Hate; becaufe in a government like ours, where things depend fo much on popularity, any intelligence, which tends to render odious a favourite caufe, are for the mod part induftrioufly hid ; yet the death of a great ban, when he amounts to a commander in chief, [cannot be concealed. The command devolved upon jlord George Sackville. It having been found impoflible to feparate Britain Ifrom the continent, the engagements entered into by Ithe former adminiflration were now cemented in a ftill lllronger manner. The confederacy againft Pruffia being Itoo powerful for him, he in all probability, if not fup- Iported by England^ would be crufhed ; and if he fell, iHanover would inftantly fall likewife. The latter was Ithe tender point, and at a peace it muft be regained, even lifitihould be fet at the high price of all the Britifl) con- mdh. According to this fyftem, it was the intereffc of Britain to fupport the cxiftence of the king of PrufHa. [The people were unanimous in their defires of doing it : [theeclatof hisarmshad gained theirlefleem. It was at the time when this vein was fwelled with the warmed blood, that the treaty with Pruffia was made. A tranflation of I which, for the reader's fatisfadtion, we fhall here infeit. * Whereas a treaty between their Britannic and Pruf- r fian majefties was concluded and figned on the i6th r day of January 1756, the ftipulations whereof tended to the prcfervation of the general peace of Europe, ;l ii i 62 HISTORY //Atf WAR. ^1755 and of Germany in particular : and whereas fince thail period France has not only invaded the empire with! numerous armies, and attacked their aforefaid majeftic and their allies, but has alio excited other powers t aft in like manner : and whereas it is To notorious; that the extraordinary efforts made by his Pruflianma jelly to defend himfelf againfl the number of enemieS] who have attacked him on fo many (ides at once, have oc cafioned a very great and burthenfome expence; on the other hand, his revenues has been greatly dimi niflied In thofe parts of his dominions which have beei the feat of war ; and their majefties having mutuall' determined to continue their efforts for their recipra cal defence and fecurity, for the recovery of their pofj feffions, for the protection of their allies, and the pre fervdtion of the liberties of the Germanic body; hii Britannic majelly has refolved, in confequence ol thefeconfiderations, to give an immediate fuccourn money, to his Pruffian majefty, as the fpeedieft, am 'moft effential ; and their aforefaid majedies havi thought proper, that a convention (hould be madi thereupon, in order to declare and afcertain their n ciprocal intentions in this refpeft ; for which purpol they have appointed and authorized their refpeftiveml nifters> viz. In the name and on the part of his Britaa nic majefty> his privy counfellors, Sir Robert Henlyj knight, lord keeper of the great feal of Great Britain! John earl of Granville, president of his council ; Th mas Holies duke of Newcaftle, firft lord commiflioncr his treafury ; Robert earl of Holderneffe, one of his prinj cipal fecretaries offtate; Philip earl of Hardwicke ; am William Pitt, Efquire, another of his principal feed taries offtate : and in the name and on the part of hi' Pruffian majefty, the Sieurs Dodo Henry baron Knyphaufen, his privy counfellor of embaffy and mi nifter plenipotentiary at the court of his Britannii majefty, and Lewis Michell, his charge d'affaires atthi faid court; who, after having communicated to cad other their refpedlive full powers, have agreed upoi the following articles. X* His majefty the king of Great Britain engages t f caufe to be paid, in the city of London, to the pefibi whilM' part, ic i6s ,1758 J^ lUSTORY o/tJ!,e WAR. < orperfons who fliall be authorized for that purpofe by < hismajeUy the king of PruIIia, the fum of four miJIi- < ons of German crowns, amounting to fix hundred and < feventy thoufand pounds IterJing ; which entire fum < (hall be paid at once, immediateiy after the exchange < of the ratifications, upon the requifuion of his Pruffian | truce, or I' neutrality, or any other convention or agreement what- * focver, with the powers who have taken part in the l^prefent war, but in concert, and by. mutual confent> I* andexprefly comprehending each other therein. < IV. This contention fhall be ratified; and the rati- ' fication thereof (hall be exchanged on both fides, with- |M*n the term of fix weeks, to be reckoned from the date of the figning this convention, or fooner, if poffiblc. * In witnefs whereof, we the underwritten miniflers of * his majefty the king of great Britain, and of his majc- ' fty the king of Great Britain, and of his majclly the * king of Pruffia, by virtue of our full powers, have fign- ^ ed this prefent convention, and have fet the feals of ^ our arms thereto.* Signed at London, April i i, 1758. This convention was renewed annually much in the fame tenor of expreffion, and exactly with refped to the terms. The parliament approved of this convention Vfhen it was laid before them, and on the 20th of April^ granted the money. In efFed, this treaty was nothing but a renewal of the fubfidy from year to year, becaufe it was not thought fit to ftipulate in the firfl fublldiary convention, an annual fupply of fuch importance un- til the war fhould be terminated, left the people of En- gland fhould be alarmed at the profped of fuch fuccel- five burdens. . - ' L 2 During m thin i64 HISTORY o//;^^ WAR. ^ 1758 During the winter, the king of Priiflia levied in Sax. ony the nioH; heavy contributions; the unfortunate city of Leiplic, was punifhed with military execuri-f on. Mecklenburgh was plundered, and its duke o.l bilged to fly to Lubeck. As foon as the feafoal would permit, he undertook the fiege of Schweidnitz, and on the i6th o( April obliged it to furrender. He was now once more in pofTeflion of all Silelia. His next confideration was to a had ju(l time enough to throwl himfelf into the town. However, the king of Prudia laid (lege to it on the Seyth of May> and the trenches were opened before count Daun heard, that the king of Pruflia had given him the flip. When he received thc| intelligence, he inftantly broke up his camp, and ha(- tened to the relief of the city. He began to impede I the Pruflian operations by attacking every night their pods, and harrafling them with continual alarms. | The king offered him battale; but Daun knew bet- ter how to improve his advantages than hazard them I all at once. At this time a large convoy was coming from Silefia to the king's camp, which Daun having intelligence of, detached a condderable body of troops' to take it, and the king of Pruflia detached another | body to praferve it. The Anftrians fell in with the 1 convoy, and a bloody conflift enfued : the PrufTians being greatly infcrigr, were defeated; the center and put U'j^^y ' HISTORY of the WAR. 165 part of the van were taken, and the rear pufhed back to Silefia, while only the other part of the van efcap- ed to the king's camp. This was a mortifying check to the king of PrufTia's refolution and fpirit;he faw hirafelf by this unlucky event deprived of the very means of fubfiftence, and confequently obliged to rc- linquifli his project, at the very time when the town hvas expedled every day to furrender. However he preferved a good appearance; and on the la(t day of June, which was the laft day of the fiege, the firing continued as briJlc as ever; but at night he fuddenly abandoned the place, and gained a march of th« y>u(lrians before they were apprized of his retreat. He took the route of Bohemia, and arrived with all his bagage, artillery, iick and wounded, at Koningfgratz. This was one of the moft furprifing retreats, which had been accotnptilhed (ince the days ofXenophon. It was per- formed in the face of a great army? in high fpirits, and conduced by a very able general, who could not impede the march of the retreating army, though he attempted to hover on its wings. It is hard to fay, whether M . Daun (hewed more fliill in obliging the king of Pruffia to raife the liege without giving him battle; or the king of Praflia in railing the fiege, and effedling his furpri/ing retreat without lofs. The af- fairs of his Pruflian majelty were every day becoming more critical: theinvafion of his dominions by the Ruf- fians, under the generals Fermor and Brown, would have obliged him to quit Moravia, if count Daun had not; for at this time they had entered the new Marche of Brandenberg, where they daily committed the moft |liorrid ravages and barbarities, and had laid liege to Cuftrin; his prefence in that country became abfolute- !'y neceflary ; accordingly he profecuted his march with the outmoft diligence, and arrived in the neighbour- hood of Cuftrin on the 20th of Auguft, after a march jpf Si days from the niidft of Moravia. Notwithftand- Jng the great fatigue and hard (hips which his army »uft have fuffcred, he refblved immediately on giving theRuflians battle; and his troops> animated with re- jvengeon viewing the difmal fpedtacle which the coun- ^fyali around prefeai ted, ardently wifhed for an cn- L. 3 gn^cment ■1 m 1 IP I I il : 1 :l! i66 HISTORY ///;^ WAR. " ^ i^^al . gagcment with fuch ciucl enemies. The king joined! his troops unJer count Dolina, and on the 25th of -Augult ^nve battle to the RufTians near the village of Zorntlorff. Tlie Pri'fTians were now, in the ftriftcft fcnic, fighting for their country, which was ready to fall under one of the feverell Icourges with which pro- vidence ever chaflifed a nation. The exiilence of the Prullian crown depended on the fortune of the 6iy\\ the defolation of the country, and the villages on| fire ail round, were fuch marks of the enemy's cruel- ty, as exafperated the PrufTians to a pitch of enthufufin,! In this rage they began one of the molk bloody con- fli which afforded the king of Pruffia an opportunity to form thelefs; wing, before it (hould be difordered by any fudden efforts of the enemy. Keith maintained a bloody and defperate con* iWa three hours amidll all the horrors of darknefs^ confufion^ carnage and defpair, againft fuperior nurn* bers, who were continually fupported by frefh troops: three times was the village loll and won : he rallied the broken regiments, and every time charged with the utmolt ardour; but all that he could do could rot prevent a defeat. About nine o'clock he was fhot thro«:;gh the heart; he inftantly fell on the field, and his body was lefc to the Auftrian irregulars, who ftrip- ped it. At the beginning of the adlion a cannon ball took off the head of prince Francis of Brunfwickjas he was mounting his horfe. Thus fell two gallant and diftinguifhed officers. Prince Maurice of Anhalt was wounded and taken prifoner. When Keith was llain, the right wing was foon defeated. Tlie king then gave up all hopes of recovering the ground. He ordered a retreat, which he affeded in tolerable or- der, by the good countenance of his cavalry and the heavy fire of his artillery. He loft at leaft 7000 men,' with all his tents, great part of his baggage, and fonie cannon ; but the death of marfhal Keith was his great- eft misfortune; the reft he could repair. Thelofsof the Auftrians, according to their own account, a- mounted to 5000 men. Marfhal Duun, however, did npi derive the advantages from this flratagem which he expected. It is true he foiled the king of Pruflia, and that monarch fuffered in his reputation by it; but iliis added nothing to the caufe. He hoped to have been thle to take fome towns in Silefia; and with this view he previoufly fent detachments into that country) oijc of whidi had laid lie^c to Neifs, and another form- ed a blockade round CofTel. His aim now was to co- ver thofe attempts. The king foon recovered of his t^i (after, and drew reinforcements from his brother in t^axcny. I'^ by fcveral maftcrly myvcmcnts and ra- pid ,758 }► HISTORY c//^^ WAR. 169 pid marches opened his pafTage into Silefia, and thus cruHied in a moment all Daun's boaded advantages of the battle of Hohkirchen. General Laudon was de- tached after him; but the king continued his march: he relieved Neifs and Coffcl. When Daun found he could not hinder the king from entering Silefia^ he bent his thoughts towards Saxony : he refolved to take Drefden, and approached the fuburbs with an army of 60,000 men. The garrifon, commanded by count Schmettau, amounted to about 12,000. The city be- ing but poorly fortified, and the governor, who was determined to hold the place to the laft extremi- ty, confidering that if the enemy gained pofTeflion of the fuburbs, they might eafily command the city, re- folved to fet fire to them ; which was dope in the morn- ing of the loth of November, and about 250 houfes v. ;. \ ■En !ii ■H ■ ' 1 1 T'' 1 '' ! Kfllr) 170 HISTORY ///^^ WAR. ^ ly.^ ruccefsful, but afterwards they were obliged to abandon all and retire. Not the leafl (park now appeared of that iviilitaiy genius, ^or which the Swedes have been for- merly renowned. Thus did the king of Pruflia, by his conlummate ikill and vigilance, baffle all the efForis of | liis numerous enemies, fix fieges were raifed almoft at tiie lame period, namely thofe of Colberg, Neifs, Cofei, Torgau, Lcipfic, and Drefden ; and he obliged them to lit down at the end of the campaign with the lolsof many thoufand men, and without having gained one inch of ground. It will amaze pofterity when they read, that this prince, with only the afliftance ofafub- fidy which he drew from England, fo bravely withftood io many armies, and frullrated the defigns of fucha powerful confederacy. The Dutch having for fome time carried on an illicit trade for the French, under colour of their own neutra- lity, feveral of their fliips were this year taken by the Britiflu cruizers and privateers ; upon which they had recoiirfe to falfe bills of lading, and other arts, to pre- vent further difco' eries; but their fliips were ftill taken, and, after proper examination, condemned in great numbers in both America and Europe The Dutch, thus, in a great meafure, deprived of the advantages they hoped to derive from this fly and illegal method of carrying on the French trade, raifed loud clamours all over Holland againft the rigour of the Britifli miniftry, who warmly expoftukted with the Dutch deputies on the fubjed. The Hollanders finding that the court of Great-Britain was not to be intimidated; that no re- mondranccs could regain their contraband commodi- tie? ; that there was a fpirit in the miniftry which they perceived would be dangerous to provoke too far ; md tliat the power of Great-Britain, under their direction, wns become fo refpedable, they could have no hopes to cope with it ; at I'^ngth gave up the point, and iet down with their lolfcs, and though they afterwards continued to carry for the French, yet they did it but fiMtingly. On the 2;d of November tlie Britifli parliament met. As no change of meafurcs feemcd likely to happen, the fate of the campaign not having difpofed any of the belligerants hy59!^ HISTORY ^//^^ WAR. , lyt beiligerants to pacific fentimcnts, it was apparent, that the only way to procure a lading peace was to continue the war with the Tame vigour ; upon which the com- mons, with the greatefl: chearfulnefs and unanimity, voted the fupplies, which amounted to i2>749,86ol. of which 2,768,178 went to our German allies, this fum, exceeded any that had ever been granted in that houie. , ., - .. CHAP. VI. \Ainerican affairs ^ viz. The taking of ^feheCf Croiufi' Pointy T'lconderogay Ni agar ay Guadaloupe and Mari* galante, . in i ^1 if EI «Ki||aM bb^ jjJI^lP^ H|j H 1 fM Hi I 172 HISTORY 0//^^ WAR. 1 17.9 1 third body of troops^ commanded by the generals Prj. deaux and Johnfon, fliould advance by Niagara to Montreal) the fecond principal place in Canada* Such was the plan for reducing that great province. The! armament dedined for this fervice rendezvoufed at Loui{bourg. The fleet confided of 3i fail of the line betides frigates, tranfports, &c. The land forces a* mounted to 7000 regulars and provincials^ commanded by major general Wolfe; brigadiers general Monckton and Townfhend were fecond in command. The whole failed from Louisbourg the 5th of June ; and anchored at ifle Bie 70 leagues up the river, the 19th, where the fleet was divided into three divifions^ in order to make the i>afrage the eaGer. The 27th the fleet anchored be- tween the ifland of Orleans, and the fouth fhore; on which the army landed that evening. As this ifland extends quite up to the harbour of Quebec, it was no- celTary to poffefs it before any operations could be be- gun againfl the town ; for the moft wellerly point of it f which is not above four miles from Quebec) advances , towards another high point of land on the continent, called point Levi. It was abfolutely necefTary to pof- fefs thefe two points, and fortify them ; becaufe from either the one or the other, the enemy might make it impoffible for any fhip to lie in the bafon of Quebec. Quebec lies in lat. 40. 32. long. 60. 40. at 120 leagues diflance from the fe?i, and is the only frcfli water harbour in the world, which is fo fpacious as to contain an hun- dred fail of men of war of the line ; and at fuch a great diftance from the fea. From the mouth of the river St. Lawrence to the ifle of Orleans is 112 leagues, and is no where lefs thai^from four to five leagues broad; but above that ifland it narrows, fo that at Quebec, it is not above a mile broad. This city, which was founded in 1608, confifts of an upper and lower town ; the latter is built at the foot of a high rock, on the top of which the upper town lijnds. li is the feat of the governor general, intend- ant, and the fupreme tribunals of juflice for all Canada. Many of its buildings, both public and private are ele- gant and grand. The whole city is built with Hone; the mcfchantjj i^encrally live in the luv;er town for the convenience )ec, it was nc- |J759 j. HISTORY of the WAR. 173 Iconfenience of their trade ; which, before the war, was Iconfiderable. It contains about 7000 fouls. The for- Itilications were not regular ; but they had been long at Iworkto render it capable of a (lege : the town, as it lis, is naturally (Irong, the port was flanked with two jbaltions, which at high tides were almoft even with the water. A little above the badion to the right, is a halfbadion, cut out of the rock ; a little higher was a large battery, and higher dill is a fquare fort,, called the citadel, which was the mod regular of all the forti- fications ; and in which the governor refided. The ways which communicate between thefe works are ex- tremely rugged. The rock which feparates the upper from the lower town extends itfelf, and continues with a bold and deep front, wedward along the river St. Lawrence, for a confiderable way. Another river from the north -wed, called St, Charles, falls here into the former, wafting the foot of the rock on which Quebec (lands ; the point on which the town dands thus be- comes a fort of peninfula, by the junction of thefe ri- vers; fo that, to attack the city, it is necefTary to make the approaches above the town? and overcome the pre- cipice already nrentioned, or crofs the river St. Charle<^, and attempt it upjn that fide. Both of thefe methods I vould be extremely difficulty ; as in the former the pre- cipice would be in his way defended by all the enemy's I force J and in the latter, the country from the river St. Charles to the northward for fnore than five miles is extremely rough, broken and difficult, full of rivulets, Hlies, and ravines, and continues fo, to the river Montmorenci, which flows by the foot of a deep and woody hill. On this fide the river St. Lawrence is a bank of fa nd of great extent, which prevents any con- fiderable vefTel from approaching the fhore. It was in this advantageous fituation that the French army commanded by M. de Montcalm, who had been fo often fuccefsful againft the i>ritilh i.i north America, was pofted, extending along from the river St. Charles *o that of Montmorenci, intrenched at every acceflible fpot, with the river and fand bank above-mentioned in th«ir front : and thick impenetrable woods upon their retvi '. ir| f II 1 V,'^" ' * .: r il ...,n.. - -. .k!^4 :' m \ !*; m' if ' r im' " i 11' iHiiii u ^l t74 HISTORY o//y^^ WAR. ^ i^^^ rear : there never was a llronger pod ; it was impoffiblc to attack them in it; and wUilft they remained iheie it was in their power to throw fuccours into Quebec every day. The marquis dc Montcalm very wiidy reiblved to continue in this port, altho' his force a- mounted to near 12,000 men, belides Indians. When general Wolfe learned that fuccours of all kinds had been thrown into Quebec ; and perceived the itrength of thti French army, and its advantageous (itu- ation ; he delpaired of being able to reduce the place, But he fought however an occalion to attack their army, knowing well, that with his troops he was able to fight, and hoping that a victory might difperfe them. On the 28th at midnight, the garrifon fent down from Quebec feven lirefhips ; and though the Britift (hips and tranfports were fo numerous, and neceiTarilj covered fo great a part of the channel, yet they were all towed clear aground without fuffering the leall da- mage. Admiral Saunders was ftationed below in the north channel of the ifle of Orleans, oppofite to Mont* morenci; admiral Holmes was (lationed above the town, at once to diftradt the enemy's attention, and to prevent any attempts from them againll the batteiiej that played upon the town. It was noticed before, that as foon as the general landed on the ifle of Orleans, he perceived the abfolute neceflity of polfeiring himfelf of the two points Levi, and Orleans; foon after his landing, he received ad- vice from the admiral, that there was rcafon to think the enemy had 'artillery and a force on the former of thefe points ; wherefore, he detached brigadier Monck* ton with four battalions, to drive them from thence. The brigadier palled the river the 29th at nit^lit, and marched the next day to the point; he obliged the enemy's irregulars to retire, and poffeflbd himfelf of that pod. The general alfo det;iched colonel Cirleion to point Orleans, from whence his operations were likely to begin. Batteries of cannon and mortars were crctfted with great difparch, on point Levi,' to bom- bard the town and magazines, and to injure the works and batteries^ the French perceiving thefc works ia ionic I ^m,-'-'*. ,1759^ HIStORY fl///vWAR. 175 fomc forwardnefsr pafTed the river with 1600 men to lattack and dedroy them. Unluckily they fell into Iconfullon, fired upon one another, and went back lagain, by which the Britifli loll an opportunity of defeating this large detachment. The effed of the [batteries on Levi point was very great, although they Ifired acrofs the river, the upper town was ibon conli- Ideiably damaged, and the lower town entirely deftroy- led. The beginning of July, general Wolfe fent a flag |of truce to the commandant, publifhing his defign of lattacking the town, on the part of his Britannic ma- Ijelty; at the fame time lignifying that it was his ma- fjefty's exprefs command, to have the war conducted [without praftifing the inhuman method of fcalping, and [that it was expeftcd the French troops under his com- Imand would copy the example, as they Ihould anfwer [the contrary. The marquis de Vaudreuil returned a [very polite anfwer; intimating his furprife, that with [fofcw forces, he (hould attempt the conqueft of fo ex- [tenfiveand populous a. country as Canada. The works for the fecurity of the hofpitals and [ftores upon the ifland of Orleans being finiflied, on the 9th of July at night, general Wolfe caufcd the troops to be tranfported over the north channel of the river St. Lawrence, to the north- ecifl of the river Montmorenci, with a view of pafling that river, and forcing the enemy to an engagement. The ground on his lide the river was higher than ihat on the ene- my's lide, and commanded it m fuch a m.ii\iicr, that the general was of opinion it might be made uieilil to hlra. There is befides, a ford below the falls in the river Montmorenci, which may be pulled for fomc hours in the latter part of the ebb, and beginning oi' the flood tide; Wolfe had hopes that po^hbie r.i.-ans wight be found of puffing the river above, fo ns to jfight the marquis de Montcalm npoa terms of Ici'i tlifadvantage, tlian diiedlly attacking h.3 iiitrench- incnls. In reconnoiicring the river Montmorenci, he found it fordable at a place three miles up; but the oppolite bank was intrenchi'dp and i'o deep aiKl wootiv, •I t>*B H 178 HISTORY //^^ WAR. ^ 1 J vroodyy that it was to no purpofe to attempt a paJlaJ there. ' The latter end of the month, the marquis de Mom calm fent down the river above an hundred fire fbges] but the admiral having advice thereof fome hours bcl fore, the whole fleet was prepared for the alarri Nothing could be more dreadful than thefe machines] each was about 18 feet fquare, compofed of rafts timber to a confiderable height, filled with the niol combudible materials, and armed with drags and gia{ plings, to lay hold of hawfers and cables; each fJ parately reprefenting a lofty pillar of folid' fire, anl numbers of them uniting, would frequently form rank of fire a quarter of a mile long. Even thcfe dij the Britilh fleet no harm, being dragged alhore bythl boats. I The general found that no a/TauIts on the citj would prove of any fervice, whiKl the fleet could onlj batter the lower town, and mufl: fuffcr greatly by tl cannon and bombs of the upper ; for after the redu(3i| on of the lower town, the paflages to the upper wer fo extremely fteep, and moreover fo well intrenched that this advantage would prove little towards thl conqueft of the city. The only point left therefor( was, by every means to entice or force the enemy tj an engagement. Nothing was ever finer contrivetf than the manceuvrcs which general Wolfe made tobrinj that defign to bear. But M. de Montcalm, in chu( ing his poft was well apprifed of its importance, kept himfelf clofe in it, difpofing his parlies of fivagei| in which he was very ftrong, in fuch a manner made any attempt upon him by furprife abfoluteij impofilble. Ncverthelcfs, in fpite of every diiliciilt]! the general refolved to take the firfi" opportunity whic| prefented itfelf, of attacking the enemy ; thou^rh poU ed to fuch great advantage, and every where preparej to receive him. As the men of war conlJ not (for want of fufficiff depth of water) come near cnoup,h the enemy's trcnchmcnts, to annoy them in the lead, the admir^ prepared two tranfports (drawing but little water which upon occalion, could be run aground; to favoi 1,759 J^ HISTORY //^^ WAR. 179 ladefcent. With the help of thefe veflTels, which the feneral underitood would be carried clofe in (hore ; he propofed to make himfelf maflcr of a detached redoubt sear the water's edge, and whofe iituation appeared be oat of muiket (hot of the intrenchment upon be hill : If Montcalm fupported this detached piece> it would necelTarily bring on an engagements what ttbe general mod wiihed for; andy if not^ he would kave it in his power to examine the enemy's (ituation, Jfoas to be able to determine where he could be(^ attack Itbem. Preparatiojis were accordingly made for an engage- nent. The 21ft of July in the forenoon, the boats pfthe fleet were filled with grenadiers, and a part of figadier Monckton's brigade from point Levi : the m brigades, under brigadiers Tovvnfhend and Mur- by, were ordered to be in readinefs to pafs the ford, vhcn it fhould be thought necelTary. To facilitate lie pafTage of this corps, the admiral had placed the Centurion in the channel^ fo that (he might check be fire of the lower battery, which commanded the lord: this (hip was of great ufe, as her fire was very ludicioully dire<^ed. A great quantity of artillery was peed upon the eminence, fo as to batter and enfilade he left of their intrenchmcnts. From the vefTel which run aground neareft in, general Volfe obferved, that the redoubt was too much com- Handed to be kept without very great lo'fs; and the noreas the two armed (hips could not be brought near nough to cover both with their artillery and muflce- *y, which at firft he conceived they might. But as Rhe enemy feemcd in fome confuhon, and his troops pere prepared for an adion> he thought it a proper Nc to make an attempt upon their intrenchment*:. L)rders were fent to the brigadiers general to be rea- ^h with the corps under their command ; brigadier Monckton to land, and the brigadiers Townfhcnd and mrny to pafs the ford. At a proper time of the tide pefignal was made ; but in rowing towards the fhore» Tianyof the boats grounded upon a ledge, that runs off ^' a conlldcrable diflance. This accident put them in- come difbrder; loft a rreat deal of tinie% and oblip.cd ' M ^ *Mr. ■" I;, f i8o HISTORY o/M^ WAR. ^ ly^J •Mr. Wolfe to fend an officer to Hop brigadier general Towndiend's march, whom he then obferved to be i motion. While the feamen were getting the boaul off, the enemy fired a number of (hot and fiiells ; bui, did no confiderable damage. As foon as this diforde could be fet i little to rights^ and the boats ranged ini a proper manner, fome of th6 officers of the navy wen in with the general to find a better place to land] They took one flat bottomed boat with them to maki the experiment; and, as foon as they had found a li part of the (hore, the troops were ordered to difem bark, as it was though not yet too late to make the at tempt. Thirteen companies of grenadiers, and 200 of thi fccond royal American battalion got firft on fhore. Th grenadiers were ordered to form themfelves into fou di(tin<5t bodies, and to begin the attack, fupported b brigadier Monckton's corps, as foon as the troops h pafTed the ford, and were at hand to affift. But whe-l ther from the nolfe and hurry at landing, or from fomi other caufe, the grenadiers, in (lead of forming tliem felves, as they were diredled, nn on impetuoufly to wards the enemy's intrenchments in the utmoftdifor der and confufion, without waiting for the corps which] was to fuflain them, and join in the attack. Brigadier] Monckton was not landed, and brigadier Townihcndj was ftill at a confiderable diilance, though upon hi march to join them in very great order. The grena jdiers were checked by the enemy's firlt fire, and bliged to Ihelter themfelves in or about the redoubt,] which the French abandoned upon their approach. In] this fituation they continued for fome time, unable to] form under fo hot a fire ; and having many gallant oi cers wounded, who (carelefs of their perfons) had been folely intent upon their duty. The general fawthe| neceffity of calling them off, that they might form be hind brigadier Monckton's corps, which was then ianded, and ^rawn up on the beach in exceeding goodi order. By this new accident and this fecond delay, it was near night, a fudden Itorm came on, and the tide] began to make, fo that general Wolfe very wifcijf thought it not advifeable to pcrfevcre in fo difficult an attack; 11-59 }► HISTORY ^/^/? WAR. i8i attack, led, in cafe of a repulfe, the retreat ofbri(»a- dicr Townlhend's corps might be hazardous and un- derlain. The lofs fudained in this check was pretty confider- Ible ; and the bad fuccefs difcouraged the general from naking any farther attempts upon that fide. But im- ncdiately after it, he fent brigadier Murray above the lown with i20omeny dire Informed him of the fuccefs of Sir William Johnfon Main(t Niagara; they learned likewife, that the French ^id abandoned Crown Foint and Trconderoga. But (lis intelligence, otherwife fo pleafing, brought them poproCpeft of the approach of any afsiftance frojn that floarter. The leafon wafted a-pace; and what was e- Nly of badconfeqnence, the general fell violently ill l^fafever, confumcil by care» watching, and fatigue, loo great to be fupported by fo delicate a body, which "as fo unequal to the greatnefs of the foul which it bdged. It was death to him to think of returning pome, without being viftorious ; and although he pew every thing was executed to enfure fuccefs, which Tisenterp riling genius coirld fuggeft ; yet he alfo knew ''ttharataer of the Englifli people, rafli, impatient, and 'Pficious ; elevated to exultation by the leaft gleam of -^^ M 2 V I'ucccfs, flS> ^.^c3^ %^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O I.I M 12.5 ti° m^ I us ^ 12.2 M 1.8 ■ 4.0 1-25 1 1.4 III 1.6 « 6" ► V] 7^ V '>' 7: 7 /A Photographic Sdmces Corporation m^^'^ d \ >V \\ ^3 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 o^ o "'^ k i I ^ ^\ O^ ' IK IP 1 1 l! 1 * 1 1 imM ynlUi si ^1 i i t t:i:. ift2 HISTORY o//i^^ WAR. ^,755 fuccefs, dcjedled even to difpondency by the mod ki inconfiderable misfortune; ianguine even to cbiidit hyperbole* in applauding thofe who have profpered id their undertakings; clamorous^ to a degree of per fecution, againit thofe who have mifcarried in thei^ endeavours ; without any invelligation of merit ; with] out any confideration of circumftance. In (hort, thi fear ot not being fuccefsful, the hopes of his country] and great fuccefs of other generals turned inward upod him, and converted difappointment into difeajfe. M fook^ as he was a little recovered, he difpatched an ex] prefs, with an account of his proceedings, to £ng| land. ' ^ '■■'-' -'' ' *■*■ f^" "■"■''<' ::-'[-' - '-- ^ r It was determined in a confultation which he heli with his general officers^ a little before he fent awaybij difpatchesy that, (as more (hips and proviilons wen then got above the town) they (hould try, by convey] ing up a corps of 4 or 5000 men (which was nearli the whole (Irength of the army,* after the points of Lev and Orleans were left in a proper ftate of defence) t^ draw the enemy from tVv ir advantageous fituation, an bring them to an a^ion. This determination was accordingly put in exrcn tion. General Wolfe drew off all his artillery, ilore b^ggag^y &c« from his camp at Montmorenci, whiclj was broke up, and the troops,' 6cc. conveyed to th fouth-eaft of the river, and encamped at point Levi! The fquadron under admiral Holmes^ made movemeDtj up the river> for fcveral days fnccefsively, in orde to draw the enemy*s attention as far from the towii as pofsible. But nothing could induce M. de Munti calm to quit his pod; mdeed thefe feints fucceedediq fome meafure, as it induced him to detach M. ' Bougainville with 1 500 men to watch their motiont and to proceed along the weftern (hore of the river] while the Britiih army diredled its march the fame mj on the eaftern bank. ,j^ ^ r 1 On the 5 th and 6th of September, the general marchj ed from point Levi, and embarked the forces in tranfports, which had pafTed the town for that pnrj pofe. And as foon as he faw that matters were ri; fora^ion, he ordered the Ihips under ndnMral SaunH «t4-'v I t-ft' ,759]^ HISTORY o/*/^^ WAR. . 183 Hers to make a feint, as if they propofed to attack ic French in their intrenchments, on the Beauport ,jore below the town> and by their motions to give [his feint all the appearance of a reality which it lofsibly could have. This difpofition being made be- low the town, general Wolfe ordered the light in- jury, commanded by colonel Howe, the regiments if Bragg, Kennedy, Lafcelles, and Anftruther, with a letachment of Highlanders, and the Ameritan grena- iers, the whole under the command of brigadier jonckton and Murray, to be put into the flat bot- tomed boats, about one in the morning of the 13th. amufe the enemy, and conceal his real deOgn, they lent with admiral Holmes's divifion three leagues fur- ler up the river than the intended place of his land- ig ; then the boats fell down filently with the tide, iQobferved by the French centincls polled along the hore. The rapidity of the current carried them a ^ttle below the intended place of attack ; the fliips illowed, and by the greated good management in the Mf arrived juft at the time which had been con- ;ertcd to cover their landing. Never was moment nore critical; never any conduct mote admirable^ loth on the part of the land and fea fervice, than what ras difplayed on this c xaiion, amidft the continual langer of lofing the communication in a dark night, id on fuch a rapid current. The troops not being able to land at the place pro- fed , they were put on (hore at another fpot ; where, foon as they had landed, an hill appeared before heni) extremely high and (teep in its afcent ; a little ith winded up this afcent, fo narrow, that two men mid not go a-brea(l. Even this path was intrench- > and a captain's guard defended it. Such great lifficalties did not abate the hopes of the general, or 'e ardor of the troops. The brave Highlanders, and 'Olonel Howe's light infantry fcrambled up this path, 'ylaying hold of boughs and (lumps of trees, and, after little firing, diflodged the guard, and cleared the '»th for the reft of the forces; by which means, with very little lofs from a fe\y Canadians and Indians the wood^ they got up, and were immediately M 3 formed. i o. n I Vi 184 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ 175J forniid. The boats, as they emptied, were immcd ately fcnt back for the fecond embarkation, which brj gadier Townfliend made. Brigadier Murray, who lij been detnched> with Anftruthe?''s battalion to attad a four gun battery upon the left, was recalled bytli general, who formed his little army in order of battli liaving his right covered by the Louifbourg grenJ diers; on the right of thefe were Otway*s; to tj left of the grenadiers were Bragg's, Kennedy*s, Laj celle's, Highlanders, and Anftruther's; the right this body was commanded by brigadier Monckton, an the left by brigadier Murray^ his rear and left weJ protected by colonel Howe's light infantry. Thl 'whole army was in order of battle at break of day. Th^. marquis de Montcalm, when he heard th^ the BritiHi had afcended the hill, and were forniel on the high groiind at the back of the town, fcarcelj credited the intelligence, and ftill believed it to bel feint, to induce him to abandon that ftrong pod \vhic| had been the objed of all the real attempts that b been made iince the beginning of the campaied ^But he was foon fatally undeceived. He clearly faj that the BritiHi fleet and army were iji fuch an advai( tageous (ituation, that the upper and lower towl i jnigbt be attacked in concert, and that nothing ba 'a battle could polTibly fave it. He accordingly d^ termined to fight, and quitting his camp, crofted tli river St. Charles, and formed his troops oppofitc t| the Britifh army. His center was a column, anj formed by the battalions of Bearne and Guiehne| his right was compofcd of half of the troops of tli coiony, the battalions of la Saure, Languedoc, ani the remainder of the Canadians and Indians; his lej confided of the remainder of the troops of the coIo ny, and the battalion of royal Roufillon. Gener^ Wolfe perceiving that Montcalm defigned to m _^his left, ordered brigadier general Townfbend, wit] ' Amherrf's battalion, and two battalions of the roy^ Ameiicans, to protect it : and alfo drew Webb's ij? as his corps de r^fervc, in eight fub-divitions, witl large intervals. The French lined the buflies in the! fronts with 1500 Indians and Can Jians; where the! |jy59i^ HISTORY g^//5^ WAR. ig^ Mo placed their bed markfmen, who kept up a very Mling, though irregular fire upon the whoJe Britifh Ijinc, who bore it with the greateft patience and good lorder referving their fire for the main body of the [FrcncL, now advancing. This fire of the enemy was however checked, by the pofts in Mr. Wolfe's front. iThe French brought up two pieces of cannon ; the iBritifli were able to get up but one gun, which be- ling admirably well ferved, galled their column ex- leeediiigly. The general exhorted his troops to re- Iferve their fire ; and at forty yards diilance they gave lit, which took place in its full extent, and made [terrible havock among the French ; it was fupported y Iwith as much vivacity as it was begun, and the enemy levery where yielded to it; but juft in the moment, ' [when the fortune of the field began to declare itfelf, gtncral Wolfe fell ; general Monckton, the next to jbim in command, fell immediately after, and both [were conveyed out of the field ; the command now devolved on general Townfliend, at a very critical [time ; for, although the enemy began to fall back, and [were much broken, the lofs of the two generals was li very difcouraging circumftance to the men whofe Ifpirits are generally damped at the lofs of their com- manders; but this was not the cafe here. Part of the enemy foon after made a fecond faint attack. Part took to fome thick coppice wood, and feemed , to make a fUnd. It was at this moment that each corps feemed in a manner to exert itfelf, with a view No its own peculiar charadter. The grenadiers, Bragg's and Lafcclle*s preflTed on with their bayonet's. [Brigadier Murray advancing with the troops under Niis command, foon broke the center of the ene- my, and the Highlanders, drawing their broad fwords, fell in among them with irrefiilclble impctuofity, and Nrove part of the enemy with great (laughter into [the town, and part to their works at the bridge, on the river St. Charles. The aftion on the Iclt and fear of the Britifh was not fo fevcre. The houfts into which the light infantry were thrown, were well defended, being fupported by colonel Howe, who, talcing |Dofl with two companies behind a fmall cop- M 4 pice, .^f (■ '• ■»», ..-»« / i86 " hTsTORY ^/^^ WAR. ^1759 pice, arid frequently Tallying upon the flanks of th« enemy, during their attack, drove them often into iieaps; again(t the front of this body of the enemy general I'ownfhend advanced, platoons of Amherft's regiment, which totally "prevented their right win? from executing their firft intention. M. Townfliend was no fooner told that «he commanded, than he im- mediately repaired to the center of the army, and finding the purfuit had put part of the troops in disorder, he formed them as foon as poflible. Scarce was this efFcded, when M. Bougainville, with his corps, which had retired to cape Rouge, of 2000 men, ap- peared in his rear. The general advanced two pieces of artillery, and two battalions towards him ; upon which he retired. But he could not be purfued, as his corps occupied ground which was almoft impene- trable, by the woods and fwamps. A great number of French officers were taken on the field of battle; and one piece of cannon; 1500 of their men fell; xnoii of them regulars. The Jofs of the Britifh did not exceed 500 but in the d ath of their command- er they fisdained an irreparable lols. ^:^^j i;».^,^^ ^ ' The circumftances attending the death of this hero are too afFefting to be pafTed over. He firft received a wound in the wrift; but that he might not difcourage his troops, he wrapped it up in his handkerchief, and encouraged his men to advance : foon after he received another ball in his belly; this alfo he difTembled, and exerted himfdf as before; till he received a third in his breafl, under which he at latt funk — Crowried with con- tjueft, he fmiled in death. — His principle care was, thathci ihould not be feen to fall, * fupport me,* faid he to fuch as were near him ; * let not my brave foldiersfee me drop:- * thedayisours : — oh! keepit.' He was immediately car- riedbehind the ranks. As he lay ftruggling with theanguilh and weaknei's of three grievous woundsj he was only foil- citous about the certainty of the viftory. He beggedone who attended him to fupport him to view the field; but as he found that the approach of death had dim- med and confuied his light, he defired an ofEcerwho was by him to give him an account of what he faw. The officer atifwercd, that the enemy were broken: he! /- .f^'-x^-- .,759 }' ' HISTORY e/*/^^ WAR. 1J7 be repeated his queftion a few minutes after with much anxiety, when he was told, that the enemy was total- ly routed, and that they fled in all parts. ^ Then hamfatisfied/ faid he, and immediately expired. His jdeath was univerfally lamented by his country. General Townfliend employed himfelf after the ladion in ftrengthening his. camp beyond infult; ia making a road up the precipice for his cannon; in getting up the artillery, preparing the batteries ; and cutting off the enemy's communication with the country. The 17th at noon, before he had any bat- tery erected, or could have any for two or three days, [a flag of truce came out of the town, with propof- als of capitulation, which the general fent back iagain, allowing the governor four hours to capitulate, or no further treaty. The admiral had at this time brought op his large (hips, as intending to attack the town; but the French officer returned at night, with terms of capitulation, which the admiral and general con- iidered, agreed to, and iigned at eight in the morning of the i8th. The terms were more advantageous than would have been granted, had not feveral circum- [iiances concurred to induce the admiral and general to confent to them. The enemy were aflembling in the rear of the Britifh army, and, what was more for- midable, the very wet and cold feafon, which threat- ened the troops with (icknefs, and the fleet with ac- cidents ; it had made the road fobad that general Town- (hend could not get a gun up for fome time; add to tiiis, the advantage of entering the town, with the I Vails in a defenfible (late, and the being able to put a garriion in it flrong enough to prevent all furprife. Thefe were fufficient coniiderations for granting the governor the terms that were agreed to. A garrifon of 5060 men was left in the city under brigadier ge- neral Murray, with plenty of provifions and ammuni- tion for the winter. The fleet failed to England foon after, fearing leaft the fetting in of the frofts (hould lock them up in the river St. Lawrence. After Quebec furrendered, the French army under M. de Levy retired to Montreal and Trois Riverc?, the only places of any confequence they had left in Ca- nada; .• H\ 1 if 188 I HISTORY of the WAR. ^ ly^pl nada; and in order to deprive them of fubHIlance iu any attempt they might be induced to make towards the recovery of Qoebec in the winter, that country along the river was laid wafte for a confiderable extent.' A meafure which would not have been executed; had it not been found nccefTary. ;<^? . nv/V^ li :*: » But to return to the fecond part of the plan, \;^hicb| was executed by gen, AmherA. His army amoun- ted to \2,ooQ men, regulars and provincials. So ear- 1 ly as the firft of May> many of his troops were in| motion, and he arrived himfelf at Albany the 13th; he fet out from fort Edward the gd of June, having I poded all the regular regiments on the road thither, to afsift in bringing up the provifions in the battoes. General Gage was left at Albany to bring up the rear. They arrived at (be fort the 12th. The greateft care was taken by the general in his march through the woods to prevent a furprife; confiderable parties were continually difpatched every way to fcour the country, and innre the provincials and new raifed troops to marching, and the other part5 of the iervice. It was with great difficulty that the battoes^ and other boats, in which the' army was to crofs the lake, were brought up. On the 2 id, general Amherft, with brigadier gen. Gage, and a large part of the army left fort Edward; it was the end of the month before they reached lake George, on which, by degrees, the battoes and other veffels were embarked. This lake, which the French call lake Sacrament^ is a water near 40 miles long) but narrow in proportion; enclofed on every iide withmarfhy grounds, it communicates with lake Cham- plain, by another long and very narrow ftreightj and this iireight is defended on each fide by a fort, that towards lake George is called Ticonderoga, that next lake Champlain is called by the French fort Frederick, and by us Crown Point, both of them being extreme- ly ftrong by their fttuation, and having many con- liderahie works built about them. It took general AmheiH a confiderable time to get up his artillery, arniiumition, ftores, and provifions, and to embark thcni on the lake; however, in fpite of a thoufand di/Tictrlrics, the whole army embarked the aiftof Ju'y» .... . . and i^^9 j. ; H I S T O R Y /M^ W A R. 189 and arrived before Ticonderpga; at firft the French jnade foine appearance, as if they meant to defend the pUcc. But having little hopes of rcfifting the Britifli army long, they abandoned their lines at Ti- conderoga the 23d of July ; general Amherft marched into them with his grenadiers with bayonets fixed. This drew the fire of the fort on them, with cannon and mortars, but they did no execution. Having fucceeded thiis far, the general let about fortifying it, as its fituation rendered it a pod of infinite confe- qutnce, or for covering a retreat, in cafe bad fuc^ ccfs made one neceflkry. The only lofs we fuftain- edin this acquifition was that of colonel TownQiend, a young officer of great hopes, who was killed by a cannon ball. General Aroherft waited a few days, before he atack- ed Crown Point* for his artillery ; but his troops in the mean time were thoroughly employed, in carrying on the approaches necefTary, and msking ready the batteries to receive their guns: although he had great reafon to believe, that the French would abandon this fort, as they had done the other; yet he refolved to trull nothing to fortune, but take his meafures exadlly tlw lame, as if he was fure to meet with a defperate defence. His artillery came «p by decrees, and when he was jult on the point of attacking the fort, the French general, M. Bourlemaque abandoned it, retiring with about 3500 men and 100 cannon to the bottom of lake Ghamplain; and pofted himfelf at the ifland called, Ifle dw Noix, Before he evacuated the fortrefs, he charged all the mortars, guns, mnflcets, &c. up to the very muzzels, with powder and fhot, fixing port- fufees to their vents, and then fetting fire to the buildings of the fort, left it; which made it impoffible to approach it, without great danger; but a ferjeant of regulars defired the general's permidion to cut down the colours, which were then flying amongfl the flame*?, and being permitted,* he brought them off fafe, for which he was rewarded with ten guineas. Mr. Amheril marched into the fort, the 4th of Auguft ; and dired- lyfet about repairing it, as he had done at Ticonderoga, where col. Montrelbr was left to finifli the fort, and . , . . , ■ cojrjTiand I n i 1 1, 1 |hI 1 ■I^^SfH ^H yni ; 190 HISTORY / fi^^ WAR. ^ ijJ command all the troops pofted from thence to Albany. The artillery, &c. taken at thele two fortrelTes was very conliderable, together with a large quantity of am* I munition of all forts. The importance of this conquefl, was, till lately, very little known. It refults entirely from its fituatj. on ; (landing at the head of lake Champlain> by which there is a navigation to it from all parts of Canada. A fmall point of land, furrounded by this lake on every fide, fecured by a moat towards the land, with the for- tifications raifed there by the French, is what was cal- led by us Crown point. It lies mid- way, between Al- bany and Montreal, the two chief places on our fron- tiers, and thofe of the French. While it was in their poifeflion, it efFedlually covered Canada, by blockading up our pafTage in that country: while it led the French directly into New England, and New York, as was feverely found by thofe colonies, in the beginning of this war, when the French let loofe their Indians from it, to fcour, plunder, and burn the- Britifh frontiers, Without this pod, the Freach would not have begun the war in America, they faw its importance fo clearly, that they immediately fet about ftrengthening it, and colleding a great force about it : but its moll material flrength coniifted in the difficulty of getting at it. After this general Amherft prepared to crofs the lake Cham- plain, and diflodge a numerous body of French troops, v^hich lay intrenched at the bottom of the lake in or- der to open the communication with gen. Wolfe; but by the timt he had made his preparations, the (Icrmy feafon was fet in ; and when he embarked> hoping to cffedl his defigns, the weather was fo cold and tempef- tuons, that he was obliged to turn back, and poftpone the remainder of his operations till next campaign^ During thefe operations of the commander in chief, the third part of the general plan, under general Pri- deaux, was no lefs advantageous, which was to attack the fort at Niagara ; the provincials and Indians un- der him were commanded by Sir wtlliam Johnfon. The fiege was but juft formed, when b/igadier general Prideaux was killed by the burfting of a cohorn^ which happened the 20th of July. On his death, the com- mand ly^p^ HISTORY o//^^ WAR. 191 mand of the army devolved on general Johnfon, who continued to purfue the deceafed general's vigorous meafures, with the greateft alacrity; he was enabled to do this, in a country where t.-e provincials and In- dians are of I'uch great fervice, not only by his own abilities, but by the great intereft he has amongfl: them. He pufhed the iiege with fo much ardor, that in a few days he had erected his third battery within an hundred yards of the flag baftion. The French alarmed at thefe vigorous operations, began to be in pain for the place; they therefore colleded all their re- gular troops and provincials, which they had about the lakes, amounting to near 3000 men, and joining ta tiiefe a large body of Indians, they advanced to give thcBritifli battle, v !,»?^ > , v \ u r General Johnfon having intelligence from his Indians of their approach, made a difpofition to prevent their throwing fuccours into the fort. The 2^d in the e- vening, he ordered the light infantry, and piquets of the line, to lie near the road on his left, leading li:oni the country where the French army was afTem- bled to the fort. Thefe he reinforced the next morning, with the granadiers, and part of the 46th regiment, • all under the command of li]j|^tenant colonel MafTey. Lieutenant colonel Farquhafy with the 44th battalion, was ordered to the t^il of the trenches, to fupport the {uard commanded by major Beckwith, in cafe the gar- rifon fhould make a fally. The adtion foon after be- gan, with that horrid fcream of the Indians, which bad before been one of the principal caufes of gene- ral Braddock*s defeat, by ftriking a terror into thofe; troops, who were vnaccuftomed to this kind of fight- ing; but now the Britifh army was fo well difpofed to receive them in front, and their Indians on the flank, that, in lefs than an hour's time, the whole French army was ruined. The number of ihe flain was not afcertained, as the purfuit was continued for five miles. Seventeen officers were made prifoners, among whom were M. d'Aubry, chief and M. de Lig- Qcry, fecond in command. After this defeat, which was in fight of the garrifon, Sir William fent major Harvey into the fort, with a lift of the officers takert,^ ^ ^ J . "^ ' recommending I i! i; ^ .'K jgz HISTORY //^ WAR. ^17.^ recommending it to the governor to furrender, bcfow more blood was (hed. and while he had it in bis powe] to retrain the Indiahs. The governor, .0 be certain of fuch a deteaty fent an officer of his to fee the prifom ers; they were (hewn to him; which had fuchanefj feft, that he capitulated that very night. The garrifon] confiding of about 600 men, i'ui rendered prifoners ol .' war, and were condudled to New York. The for) and the (lores, which were coniiderable^ was givei ; up to the Briti(h troops. .s>.p(f %» -• The conqueft of this fort was of infinite confcquence ^, to the (ecurity of the Britifli coionies^ it is without '. exception the mo(t important pafs in America; and by its (ituation, fecures a greater number of commuol- cations, through a more extenfive country, than per< haps any other pafs in the world. It is in the middlel of the country of the (ix nations, between their chiefl fettlemcnts and their many dependants and confederates^ and in a manner entirely commands them ail; having on one lide the mountains, which abound in game;| and on tlie other, the great lakes, and being furround- eA every way> by one or the others with the wholel continent open to it on the weft, and our colonies on the eaft; fo that none can pafs that way, or have anyj accefs to the interior parts of North America, with- out eroding endlefs mountains on one band, or broad feas on the other, but by the narrow pafs of Niagara, I and an unfrequented path at the heads of the Ohio^ which lead up that river The only communication between Canada and Louifiana, and the country on the banks of the Ohio is by Niagara ; all the other encroch- ments, except Crovrn Point, quite to tlie mouth of the MiilifTippi are fupplted from Canada^and confequently by this pafs. By the advantage of its fituation, it alCo gives its poiTeirors the benefit of the fur trade, with a multitude of Indian nation s> fpread far and near o¥er the whole continent of North America; and alfo the navigation of all the great Teas of frefb water, called the five lakes of Canada, to the extent of t^oo miles. In fhort, it prevents or fecures the jundlion of the two French colonies in Canada and Louifiana; hid our colonies open to the incuriioas both of the French ' ' -^i- ' and j^jf^^ HISTORY //^tf WAR. 193 nd their Indians, whilft it was ih their hands ; and cures them from both, when in our polTeffion. The plans for reducing ihc French in America were lot confined to the continent only: the Iflands were bbjcfts aftually worthy of attention. About the lat- [er end of Odtober 1758, commodore Hughes, with a loaadron of ei^ht (hips of the line, a frigate, and four jmbsj with hxty tranfports, fet fail from Spithead^ ring on board the following regiments, the old Buffs, jurour's, Elliot's, Barrington's, Watfon's, and Armi- r'8,with a detachment from the artillery at Woolwich; 00 marines were alfo diftributed on board the men of fjr. The gen. officers employed were, major general iopfon, commander in chief; major general Barring- on; colonels Armiger, and Haldane; and lieutenant olonels Trapaud and Clavering, brigadiers. The jd January, 1759, they came to an anchor in Carlifle \ ay, in the ifland of Barbadoes. Commodore Moore, Irho was lying in that bay, with another fmall fquadron, jkupon himfelf the command of the united fleet in ^onfequence of his majefty's inrtruftions. Having wait- Iten days for the necefTaries of the army, and the ar- liival of an hofpital (hip, they fet fail from thence Jan- !:ary 13th, their armament not exceeding 5824 men oinplcte between 4 and 500 of which were Highlanders. The grand objedt of this expedition was the ifland of (artinico, the nrft of the French fugar iflands, the at of the government, and the center of all the trade jhich France carries on with the Weft-Indies : it is Ifcry ftrong both by nature and art. The (hore on e- ^ery lide indented with very deep bays ; the many fands' Bund the ifland which are to be feen only at low water, cnder an approach very dangerous without good pilots. [tis very fruitful, well cultivated, and watered, a- - ounding with plantations and villages along the fe;t Icoaft. Fort Royal is the principal place in the ifland, nhich is confiderablc for its (ize, trade, and ftrength. ft. Pierre is the fecond town which is of near as much bnfequence as Fort Royal. The French had at this W a good number of regular forces here; befides a wmerous and well armed militia, and not contcmp- \ ^Ic for tl^eir difcipline. ' ^' 1*1 r '»? ;■ ■ ■■ ;i ll^ 194 HISTORY cfthe WAR/ \ ,7^ i The 15th of January, the troops were landed wi:h btit oppoHtion, on the wed tide of Fort Royal har hour, after the men of war had driven the Frencl from their batteiies and intrenchments ; they had fre qucnt fkirmiHies with the enemy, but thefe did noi prove fo great an obdrudlion to the fuccefs of thi troops^ as the nature of the country. A multitude o{ deep dreams of water, inclofed by deep and aimed per pendicular precipices, proved agreatobdacleto themarcl of the troops ; the roads broken up, and they had five milei to march before they could get to Fort Royal. Gene ral Hopfon, finding thefe difficulties unfurmountablej fent on board the Cambridge, to aquaintthecommodorei that he found it impoflible to maintain his ground, un kfs the fquadron could give him aflidance, by landin fome heavy cannon, &c. at the favanna, near the towi of Fort Royal, or that the commodore would attad the citadel in the bay, at the fame time that he did \ on the (hore. A council of war judged this to be imprac ticable; but the commodore, offered to land the can non on the other fide of Point Negro, at aplac equally near the road from the Britifh army, to Fori Royal; notwithdanding, the general gave orders fo the troops to retire, and they were re-embarked 0: the 17th. One cannot help obferving in the accoun of this tranfadtion, which was extraded chiefly froi the commodore's letters, that there did not feem t be fo perf'eft a harmony between the general and thi commodore as is alway.s neceffary in fuch expedition! as thefe, and on which their fuccefs entirely depends The next day the general acquainted the com modorc, that the council of war was of opinion, i would be mod for his majedy's fervice to go^^a for St. Pierre with the troops, in order to make Si at tack upon that place, and that no time fhould belod It was hoped that more might be done there ; and ac cordingly the fleet came in fight of that town th 19th ; forty aierchantmen were then lying in thi bay, and the commodore ordered two bombs to fai in near enough to do the proper execution; he fen a man of war in to found, and ordered the Rippo" to filence a battery, about a mile and a half nocth thel ,7^p}. HISTORY c//Af WAR. 195 the town; and threw ouc a (ilgnal for the tranfports to come under his (lern. All thefe difpofitions Teemed as if the attack wa3 refolved on j and in h&y the commodore had alRrfed the general^ that he could de- ilroy the town oP St* Pierre, and put the troops in poilelTion of it; but as the fquadron oiight be conddera- ily damaged in the att^cic, and the whole armament un- able after it to proceed on any other material fervice» iiereprefented to the general, that it would be better to proceed to the town of fiaffe Terre, in the Ifland of Guadaloupe. The general concurring in this opi- lion, the bombs were forbid to play, the founding recalled ; and 'to the aftonilhment of every body, the merchantmen were left without any attack being {nade on them; as it was the opinion of fevcral ofH- rS) that they niight have been, at lead deflroyed without damaging the (hips, fo much as to difenable them from proceeding on their fervice. Purfuant to** the refolution agreed on at the council if war, to attack Guadaloupe, the fquadron fet fail, {and arrived ofFthe town of Baffe Terre, the 23d of anuary; they found the place very formidably forti- ied towards the fea, as the enemy had raifed feveral latteries at all the convenient places along the (hore; id the citadel, was thought by colonel Cunningham^ t chief engineer, on account of its great height to impregnable to the (hips, but in this opinion hs Toved miftaken. The fame day the commodore or- red the attack to be made in the following difpc- ition: the St. George, Norfolk, and Caoibridge to lay along fide tbe citadel, mounting 47 guns; the yon, a battery qf nine guns; the Panther and Bur- rd, a battery of 12 guns; the Berwick, a battery of ^tven guns; and the Rippon another of 6 guns. He rdered them to filence> if poffible, their refpedlive atteries, and to ly by them till further orders; hav- ng(hifte ■•% 1^ KISTORY o/|*r W AR. ^ 175 the (hQreraMM>rck blazei Qut in onegeneraay interrupted by broken rocks ; m the ground i^iterfe^ed by 9 variety of gullies, ver^ di^cuit to pafs; all which rendered an attack on li 7ery hazardous. While the govevnor remained ii this (ituation^ general Hopl9n and commodore Moor fent him an oner of terms; hnt be returned them very gallant anfwer,, which would have done hi! honour, bad it fucceeded as gallant behaviour. The latter end of the month was employed in fcour ing the country ; and as the enemy In fmail parti were continually laying ambufcades among the fug canes ; orders were given to fet^ them on hre, wbic was very foqn executed. And commodore Mooj: coniidered, that the eaQern pai;t of the Uland, callei Craud Terre, which is the molt fertile of the whole might be attacked with advantage, if the fort Loai was taken; reCblved to. detach fome men of m from the fquadron for that pnrpofe ; accordingly th Berwick, wjth ^ree frigates,,, three tenders,, andtw bombs, failed the ^th of Febxuafy, ^d the 13th at tacked the fort and tbp battefies ixear It ; when, aftc a fcvere cannonade, whi^h lafted fix hours, a lafg detachment Qf t)ie higl^landerst^ apd marines; landed •vm- j"s^' vh( -r ^: K ij^g^y H I S T R y / /& W A R. i^j who drove the enemy from their intrenchmentSi and hoifted die Etitifii colours at the fort. General H^pfon died at the camp near BafTe Terre (he 37tby and the command of the army then devdfved m major general B&rrington who on the ift of March) brought off' all the troops, re-imbarking them on board the tranlports by the break of day, Jeaving cobnel Dc&rifay in the citadal, with Wat- Ws regiment, and a detachment from the artillery. It was the general's icheroe to make the attack on the fide of Grande Terre; aocofdingly the commodore vith the fleet failed. It was the 1 1 th before the fleet came to an anchor oifF (on Louis. It was here that Mr. Moore received intelligence, that Monf. Bom- part, with a fquadron of eight fail of the line, and tliree frigates, with « reinforcement of troops, was irrived at Fort Royal in Martinico. The commodore iiifedtly perceived, that the French fquadron might lie able to throw in fuccoure into Grand Terre, if lie attempted it, without his being able to prevent it, as the fquadron then lay ; he took a refoiution to lail immediately to prince Rupert's bay, in Domini- ca, as he ftiould there haw it more in his power to prote^ Gttftda/loupe and hold commnnication with the M forces, as well as tlie Leeward Iflands, The privateers of the French took advantage of this move- ment; and abo^re eleven weoks, while the two fqua- 4roas weire watching one fii>otlTer in the two bays; tliey failed out, and took ahov^e 90 fail of Brttifli Bcrchantmen, and carried them into Martinico. Thcfe captiwes occaiioncd heavy complaints from the Bri- or of retiringb hind the citadei into the carenage to avoid it. General Barrington took all the precaution in hii power to ftrengthen the fort at St. Louis; and, fin ing that the war in the Ifland, was not to be profe cutcd with the troops in a body; he detached colon Crump, with 600 men, in fome of the tranfports, ti endeavour to land between the towns of St. Ann and St. Francois ; colonel Crump executed this SvitI the greateft bravery, deltroying the batteries of can non which the enemy bad raifed there. And as tl general expeded, that the enemy would weaken Srong pod they had at GoHery to reinforce St. Anne'l and St. Francois^ he went with another detachmeni and made himfeJf mafter of it. In the mean time^ colonel Deibrifay, who was le governor of the citadel of Baffe Terre, loft his li by an iinfortunate accident. A cannon being fire too near a powder magazine, the return of the wad ding blew it up, and with it the governor, majoi Trollop, a lieutenant, and feveral men. Major Mel vil was apointed by the general to fucceed him in thi government of the citadel. The moft coniiderable force the enemy had, wa colteded on the mountain called Dos d'Afne. It is pott of great ftrength and importance, as it form the only communication there is between the town ol BafTe Terre and the capes Terre, the pleafanteft an mod fruitful part of the Ifland. It was not judgi pra^icable to break into it this way ; and all the rel of the BafTe Terre part of the Idand was in the ene mies poHeilion. The general therefore formed plan to furprife the towns of Petit Bourge, St. Ma ry*s, and Guogave; but the fuccefs of this proje^i though well concerted, was, through the darki^fs the night, the rougbnefs of the weather, and the ig norance and fear of the negroes, who, were guides entirely fruftrated. This obliged general »Barringto! to attempt that by force, which could not be efFeAei upon a fafer plan; but as he was then laid up with ftvere fit of the gout, he fent brigadier Clavcrin iUid Crump to reconnoitre the coa.ft near Arnoville an i ^^^^y m^TOKY of the VfAR. 199 lid upon their rfport, fent them with 1400 men to M there, which they effeftcd the 12th of April. rhc enemy made no oppofition to Mr. Clavering's lodingy but as his troops advanced^ rcstired to very irong intrenchments behind the river le Corne. This (oil was to them of the utmoil importance^ as itco- tred the whole country to the bay Mabaut^ where keir proviHons and fupplies of all forts were landed iomSt. Eurtatia, and therefore they had very early ^ken pofFeAion of it, and had fpared no pains to . rmgthen it, though the (ituation was fuch, as re- ttired very little alfiftance from art. The river was bnly accemble at two harrow pafTes, on account cfa norafs; and thofe places they had occupied with a re- doubt, and well paliifadoed intrenchments, defended rith cannon, and all the militia of that part of the oQDtry. The Britifh could only approach them in a try narrow contra^ed front^ no wider than the roads hrough which they marched ; and thefe were defended lith deep and broad ditches. The artillery, confift- ingof (ix pieces of cannon, kept a condant fire on their fiitrcnchments to cover the attack made by Duroure** tgiment^ and the Highlanders, who behaved with the reateft coolnefs and refolution, ke^^ping up as th into the re- loubt. The French ftill kept their ground, in their Dtrcnchments on the right, but on being attacked they «d) but 70 of them being made prifoners. _^As foon as the ditches were filled up for the paflTage the artillery, Mr. Clavering marched towards Petit Nrg; in his way, he was to crofs the river Lizard; ^ind which, at the only ford, the enemy had thrown very (Irong intrenchments, prote(5led by four pieces cannon, on a hill behind them. The brigadier Mving reconnoitred the river, found it would coft him pry dear to force a paflTage at the ford. He therefore ifptup the attention of the enemy by firing all night their lineS;. during which time, he got a couple of N 3 canoes »!» w;;; V,. 200 H I S T O R Y c/ /i^^ W AH. ^. 175 canoes conveyed about a mile und half down, the river where, being launched, a fufficient number of men wei? lenied over, to attack them in Hank, while the remain*! der did the fame in front ; but the enemy foon per- ccived their danger, and left the intrenchments with the greateft precipitation. When the brigadier arrived at Petit Bourg, he foundl it fortified with lines, apd a redoubt fi Ilea with can* non ; but the enemy abandoned it and the port to tbel conquerors. On the i^tb, brigadier Crump was de-j tached with 700 men to the bay Mahaut, he found th batteries and the town abandoned. Thefe he burnt with an immenfe quantity of provifions that had bee; landed there by the Dutch, and reduced the whole cpun-l try as far as Petit Bourg. The fame day, Mr. Cla vering detached capt. Steel with 100 men to Guogave. to defiroy a battery there : the panic of the enemy wa${ fuch, that they only difcharged their cannon at him and deferted a poll that might have been maintained! agaand an army. He nailed up feven pieces of cannon and returned the fame evening. ,,. ;,i In the mean time, the French were drawing alitbeirj force to St Mary*s> to oppofe the Britifh, and hai thrown up intrenchments to ftrengthen the poft. Thd brigadier immediately formed a defign to get into tbeli rear^ by roads which the enemy thought impradica bic ; but they, perceiving his defign, made a movemeii to oppofe him, which made him refolve without further! delay, to attack them diredlty in front ; and it was ac cordingly executed with the greateft vivacity, notwith ilanding the conftant firing, both of their cannon and mufketry. They abandoned all their artillery, and| fled in fuch confufion, that they never afterwards ap- peared before the brigadier. He took up his quarters| at St. Mary's, and the next day entered Capes T€rrej| which is the richeft and moft beautiful part of this or any ifland in the Wed-lndies. No lefs than 87 negroes, belonging to one man only, furrendered thai day. The governor of the ifland,'finding himfelf fo veryj clofe prcired on all fides, fent a flag of truce to gencr' Harrington, to demand a ceifation of arms, and to kno ■svhatj ,759 f' HISTORY /f^^ WAR. aoi > what terms lie would grant. On the fird of May the capitulation was figned ; their poiTcflions^ and their civil and religious liberties were granted them. The capitulation was hardly ligned^ when the French fquadron, under monf. Bompart appeat«d before the i- jiand, and landed at St. Anne's* in the Grande Terre; the general of the Frcnth carribbes, with a reinforce- ment from Martinko t)f 600 voluntiers and private people; and 2000 (land of fpare arms for the inhabitamt^ with artillery and mortars. As foon as lie heard that the capitulation was itgned, he re -embafked again. On the (igning of the articles of capitulation, the in« habitants quitted the Dos d'Afne, and returned to their plantations and hDufe» ; thry b;^an alfq to repair tl«e ruins of Bafle Terre ; where? foon after (hops were o- pened, and the produce of the country fold as ufual, unmolefted by the troops in camp or on gartifon, gene* ral Barrington caufing'the (Iri^cd difcipUne to be ob- fcrved. rli-it!': The conqueft of the fmall idand of Marigalante, 6ii the 36th, and thofe of Defeada, Santo?i and P^titz- Terre, completed the budnds of the expedition ; they furrendered on the ra;me terms as Guadeloupe. So that now the French have no footing on the leeward iflands. Thus was this valuable i(land reduced un- der fobjed^ion to the Brittfli crown, by the bravery of the land forces employed In the expcdftion. It was very odd to find how feverely our Weft-India trade fuf- fered from the privateers of the e»en»y, while commo- dore Moore lay with a fuperior fquadron iii thofe feas. Monf. Bombarr was generally yrry near the Britifh fquadron, and cflPeaiually protefted the French trade. Guadaloupe lies inlat. 1606. long. 6a 00. and is a- Ijout 90 leagues in comp»fs; dividtsd into two parts by a channel, no where above 300 feet over 5 the one cal- led Grande Terre, and the other BalTe Terre. Its chief produce is fugar, cotton, inci^go, coffee, gibger^ tobac- co, caflia, bananas, pine appk», rice, maize, mandioca and potatoes. The air is very clear and wholefome, and not fo hot as in Mattinico. Grande Terre is defti- tute of water, and not thoroughly cultivated ; but the wfe is the very rcverfe in BafTc Terre, the water being N 4 »« .^: II* 202 HISTORY o//;5r^ WAR. ^ i^^^. ai good there, as the foil is rich ; it i»very near as po. pulous as Martinico. In fliart, there is nothing in thiil ifland wantingt for the convenience and delight of life, in an air more temperate and falubrious than is common- 1 ly breathed between the tropics.^"^*f ,' As to the importance of this acqnintion> I need only I (late a few particulars before the reader, and every in- telligent perfon mirft allow it ^a be infinite. Goada* loupe maSes annually 40,000 hogfheads of fagar, which is a larger quantity than any of our fugar iHands pro- duce, except Jamaica. Befides this, the articles of cot- ton> indigo, coffee, and ginger, are very confidcrable ; it alfo carries on a trade with th which b a trade wholly in the manu^idlures of Europe, and the returns for which are| made almoft entirely in ready money. Without inti- mating the land, the houfes, the works, and the goods in the ifland, the flaves, at the loweft ettimation^ are worth upwards of 1,250,000 1. fterling. The fingle branch of | their trade, the fugars> befides the employment of fo much fliipping, and fo many feamen> will produce clear 300,000 1. per annum to the merchants of that nation "who pofiefles it. CofTee, a very incoofiderable objedl in the Britifii colonies, is here a very great one. They I raife alfo great quantities of indigo and cotton, which fupply materials for the bed and mod valuable manufac- tures. Another article, which makes the pofTcflion ofl this ifland fo very dcfirable, is the convenifncy of| its fituatioh, if in thehcinds of the French, for being a harbour for their privateers, in this part of the world. As it is in the v^iry middle of the Englifli Leeward iflands ; which make it the Dunkirk of the Weft-Indie?. Tliefe points confidered, every one muft allow, that the conquefl: of Guadaloupe was of infinite importance to this nation. In Afia the Britifii were as * fuccefsful as the warmeft friends could wifii. Confidering the enemy's fuperi- ority, itwas impoffible to preventli ally's laying liege to Madrafs : for which we left htm laft year making pre- parations. The French army advanced to the place, but one of their regiments was roughly handled by ca- lonel Draper, wbo fallied out of the town to impde their 203 ,jj9 J^ HISTORY of the W^^R. their approach : he fought bravely, but the enemy's frefli reinforcements at length obliged him to retire, the garrifon of Madraf s was at this time commanded by colonel Lawrence, and the town by governor Pig- got, who both provided every thing in their fjowcr to defend the place to the laft extremity. On the fixth of January 1759, ^^^^ opened the trenches againft it. He nantained a heavy fire for fome time, and advanced ve- ry near the glacis ; he.poured his bombs into the town in order to fct fire to the houfes, and intimidate the in- habitants, but the vigilance and bravery of the Britifh oiiicers difappointed his expectations ; and the fire of the garrifon was lb warm as to oblige him to abandon fome of his batteries. In the mean time major Cailiaud> with a few Europeans and a body of the country forces, hovered on the fl no fooner beat off from one part than they came to another, that he refoJved to fend out fuch a large force as would crufh them effei^u- ally: but he was difapointed, for the Britifli made fb brave a Hand, that his troops gained no material advan- tage. Chagrined by this event; by the obflinate defence and the fuperior fire of the garrifon, which obliged him gradually to decreafe his own ; by the villainous arts of the commifTaries and contractors, who had engaged to fupply his army ; he, in the wild tranfports of rage and defpair, refolved to raife the fiege and refign his com- mand of the army. This was on the 1 4th of February ; when he wrote a letter to M. de Leyrit, governor of Pondicherry, containing his refolutions : but his mef- fenger who was carrying it fell into the hands of ma- jor Caillaud, who fen t it into Madrafs, and thereupon tame nearer in order to harrafs the enemy. Lally had not time to burn the Black Town, as he intended, for a man of war and a company's (hip arriving in the road on the i6th with fuc^cours, he precipitately retreat- ed in the utmod hafte and left his artillery behind "him. Thus was Madrafs favcd after a fiege of nine weeks. A part 104 HISTORY c//^ WAR. -{ 175J part of the garrifon, commanded by the major BrereJ ton; failed out after hiro> but were for fome time too weak to undertake any thing of importance* At lengthJ in the month of September, they reiblved to attack him in his (Irong camp at Wanderwafh^ but they met with a fevere repulfe, and were obliged to retire in confuli. on. Captain Maitlandy who commanded an expeditiJ on to Bombay, had better fuccefs. He difperMl the French troops , took the town of Surat by| afTault, and obliged the caftle to furrender. In tl mean time admiral Pocock and M. d*Ache difputedj the faperiority of the fea. On the loth of Septen* ber they came to an engagement off Pondicherry, whichl raged with great fury for thefpace of two hours; wl)cn| d'Acbe finding himfelf unable to fuftain Pocock's heavy! and dcdrudtive fire, fled in the bed manner he could.l The British fleet however were too much damaged to purfuc; but foon after being refittedi they went againl in qued of the French, who defcrying their approachl : off Pondicherry (lipped out to Tea, and avoided anotiierl engagement. Mr. Pitt, apprehenfive that the enemy'tj additional force in the £afl Indies migbt feizefomeof the BritiHi fettlements, difpatched a Eeet from EuropeJ as foon as he heard of Lally's deiigni to attack MadrafsJ ^ under the command of commodore Cornifh, who abont| this time joined admiral Pocock, and gav* fuch a fuperi* ority to the Britifli power in the eatt, as in a little timej after totally deflroyed the Frenck force on the coaftof Coromandel. Commodore Cornifh brought with him al reinforcement of troops, commanded by colonel Coote,| who took the command of the whole army^ and prepay ed to make head againCl general Lally. He reduced! Wandewafiij and fan>c other places of lefs importance,] before the end of the year. ^;:.5 The great extenlion of the Britifti trade in this quaH . ter of the globe, excited the jealoufy and, envy ot" m Dutch, who fecretly formei^^va fcherae for extlrpatiagl tlie Englifli out of Bengal ; Aey tampered with the Na- bob Jaffier Ali-Cawn> and ^he jfuonntved at their intcnti'l ons. Their firft aim was I'o engrofs the whole falt-petre trade; a part of which they enjoyed by th«ir faftofyat Chinfurra, where they had a Urong fort on the river ? . \ Bengal, 1,759^' HISTORY of the WAR. 205 BflRgaly higher up thtn Callcntta. The governor of Ba- \m^ having charged himfelf with the execution of this Iroguifh aAi»>n, chofe the opi>oriunity while the Briiifh |r()uidron were abfent ; and having cqiiipped feven ihips, and put ai» board tliem 12,000 troops, on pre- tence of reinforcing the Dutc)!i garrifons at Ben- gal, tbey tailed for the river of Bcn^, and in October tbree of them arrived there. Coh Clive, who refilled lat Cakalta^ having notice of their dedgn, fent word to Ithe Dutch commodore^ that be coald not allow them to mnd their forces and march to Cbtnfnrra; but no foon- er were the raft of the troops arrived, than the troops were landed^ and began their march for Chinfurra. The Dutch commodore, by way of retaliating the aftront he pretended to have received, in being denied a pafl'age to Chinfurra, took feveral Britifh veffels on the river ; aadanc of theindiamen coming down at that time, he toU the captain, that if he prefumed to pafs he would fmk him ; upon which the veiTeii returned to Calcutta, where colonel Clive ordered three Indiamen that were there to go down and fight the Dutch ; and they obey- ed with U> much vivacity and courage, that they com- pelled three of the Dutch ftiips with the commodore to farrender ^ two ran away, and they drove the lail athore In the mean time the Dutch troops were not more for- tunate than their Hiips : colonel Clive detached colonel Forde, with 500 men, to oppofe their progrefs ; on the 3{th of November he met with tliem and gave them bat- tle with great refolution ; in a fhort time tbey gave way, aiidwere totally defeated : daring this adlion the nabob kith a confiderable army looking on, obfcrved a fufpici- ous neutrality, and in all probability would have declar- ed for the Ehitch, had they proved vidorious ; but no fooner had the Englifh gained the victory, than he offered them his fervice. The Dutch finding their whole fchcme defeated, began to think of accommodating I matters; a treaty was concluded, by which the :%8 were reftored ; and the prifoners were relfafcd as foon as the Dutch fad:ory at Chinfurra lud given fecurity to indemnify theEhglirti for the damage they |l»d fuftained.-r-How firoiliar is this to the afTair of Am- ^na ? how timid were we to let it pafs unrevenged ? , ,• ' K^-^ ^ The I* I ■I i. 206 HISTORY of the WAR. I17.J The inclinations of the powers at war were not the lea(t altered at tiie beginning of this year from what they were at the clofe of the laft ; however, the plan of ope- rations in Germany was fomething different ; laft year] the king of Pruflia aiid prince Ferdinand adted indepen- dently | this year they refolved to ad in concert: it] was deiigned to Hid deftroy the Ruffian magazines in Po-{ landy while prince Ferdinand fhould drive the French towards the Rhiuc> and getting them between them and the army of the empire, cut off their communication;! prince Henry was to rufh out of Saxony, and cut cfFJ the communication between the Imperialifls and Auftri- ans ; and count Daun and the king of PrufHa were left finely to oppofe each other. The firlt of this pla\i was executed with fuccef's : fo early as the month of February the Pruflian general Woberfnow, deflroyed as many m:}g3zines in Poland, as would have fubfifled 50,000 1 men for three months. In the month of April, prince Henry executed his part with equal celerity and good fortune; the king of PrulHa making a motion, which drew the Auflrians towards Silefia, the prince entered Bohemia> and turned the army of the empire into Voigtland, where he fkirmifhed with them to advantage, and raifed contributions in the country ; he even dil'abled Franconia from giving them any affiftance • but as he found prince Ferdinand had not fucceeded, and the Fi^ench army could fuccour them, he returned to his old fituation in Saxony. Prince Ferdinand purpofing to drive the French troops from Francfort, which they had illegally feized, and from which they derived no fmall advantage ; as it fecured to them the courfe of the rivers Maefe and Rhine, by which they could receive fupplies and refrefhments, he, in the month of March, put him* fcif at the head of a corps of the allies, and advanced to execute-this deftgn ; but the duke de Broglio, with a confiderabledetachment of the French troops, polled him- felf in a very flrong and judicious manner at Bergen, be- tween Francfort and Hanau ; which poft, prince Ferdi* nand found it necefTary to force, before he could pene- trate to francfort. Lord George Sackvillf , who com- manded the Britifli forces, protefted againfl fuch an attack as raih and imprudent: however^ prince Ferdinand or- ^ dered I ' ,759 }► HISTORYo/Z^^WAR. 207 Idered the prince of Ifenbourg, to attack the enemy's in- trenchmentSy which he did with great intrepidity, and ' was repulfed; twice more he returned to the charge^ jnd in the latter fell with near 2000 of his countrymen, Frioce ferdinand, finding it impoiTible to force this poii, withdrew, while the French with a prodigious fupeno- rity obliged him to retreat, and a^t on thedcfenlive un« til the month of Auguit ; when having followed him to the town of Mindenon the Wcler, M. Coniades, who was Hill the French commander, refolved to give him battle ; the vicinity of the two armiesy for ieveral days, bad made prince Ferdinand apprehenlive of fuch a itep ; but he did not expe<^t it on the day it happened: he was confcious, that they intended to deprive him of the courieoftheWefer; and that was one of the principal ad« - vantages they expe^ed to derive from an adion : there* fore general Wangenheim, with a conftderablc corps, was entrenched at Podenhaufen, on the banks of the Wefer, while the rcfi of the army was encamped at a fmall dillance near the village of Hille. On the laft day of Juiy,Cbntades gave his orders for fighting ; he diredted the duke de Broglio to march in the dead of the follow- ing night, and eaily in the morning to force Wangen- ; beim» who it was apprehended was not ftrong, and/ place himfelf between the allied army and the Wefer, while Cpntades (hould, on afudden, furprize the prince infront. Broglio to his great aflonifhment, found Wan« genheim's troops drawn up in excellent ordcr> entrench- N and defended by a numerous artillery ; this diico- Iwryput a ftop to his operations. About the fame time IContades fired upon Hille, which alarmed the allies, [who forthwith put themfelves in order, expe<5Hng [the French were come to give them battle ; but finding lilicmnot fo near as they had apprehended, they advanced Itothe plain of Mindet), and there faw the enemy. Bro- Mo attacked Wangenheim with great vivacity; but the lartillery was fo admirably ferved againll him, that his Itroops recoiled, iand he found it necelTary to retire Con- ' Nesdire«Jled his cavalry to charge the allied infantry, Khom he perceived to be advancinj;: here the brunt |of the aif^ioB fell : fix regiments cF nritifh, infantry and fwo battalions of Han oveii. in j^uards r^Ihined the efforts ^ ' ' K--' ' -. ' '--'^ of Hi 1 i^nN H 1 1 ifpWA 11 1 . '. llnwSIHIi - , MIiHbm? i It wm .1 , J , 2ds ; i nisr CRY <)fth WAR. -^ij^^ of the whole French centre, coniifting of horfe^ thi .ifloiver of their cavalry and the (trength of their army] with a refolation and expertneis in the man^svre, as per! Jiaps never was eqaalled. Daring this conflidt, order] were fent to the Britiifa and Hanoverian horfe on tb] right, copvmanded by lord Georg<: Sackville, divide! from the infantry by a wood, to come up and r«(iai|j the infantry; but the commander apprehending thefeorl dcrs to he not fufficiently explicit and eonfifbent, he'befil tated in the execution, by which it is believed by fomej that the precious moment was lofl ; the Britiih infantrl having defeated the French cavalry, and there wai no horfe at hand to efi^ftoally finish the work, o] thers fay, that had the(e orders been immediately a| beyed, his lordHiip could not come up time cnom to have had any (have in the a<^on§« There wai § Wt (hail not pretend ttf'givejacir own d^MpiMrs in this mce pun but only (hew ia what ligh| (bmc ptj^:e it. It is fuppoledi that Lo G S had, earl^ in tbe ca^npaign, (hewn a diflikei prince Ferdinand's plan of operations,^ and from hence arofe a difli rencc bttweet: them ; the £^^!(b officer wds (aid to be haughty in hi behaviour, an<^l always carried htinfelf whh that fiarit of ind^^Rdei that (corns to pay iervile court to fcireignhirelings|%as extenfive undei (landing, penctratmg eye, and in^ui(itive ({>int, could neither be di ceived, dazzled^ or foothci into tame acqiie(cence : this was diametr cally oppolite to what the German general would have been g ' have found ; the (^portunities which he had of makiag a fortune woui not have been apjfafedf had the commander of the pay-all been i cile pliant tod, xi^iom he mi^t make to believe whatever be fM and mould into all hit views. By exhibiting many marks of a {nyii difpofition, L— G — at length bcfcame (b difagreeable to the co mander in chief, that nothing (cemed to be Co eagerly de/ired as opportunity fcr removing him : hence It has been (uppofed, that tl German general determined in the firft battle to (b n^anage in fencii bis orders to him, as toipuzzle him in tl>e execution of his duty. F< which end it was affirmed, that during this afUon two expreiTcs we (ent to the Britiih oiKcer, aUnod at the (ame indint, the on: for hi to march with the cavalry under his command, which was begun to obeyed ; when a fecond c>:prers came [the intended puzzler] direflii him to bring the Britifli cavalry only. As this ftcp would break tl fin?, which lord George could not think the prince intended, he wei ...I .... . . ...... the whole ; but tf- wci*c therefore d(i to the commander, who ordered him to bring up tl it was prctcudeJ rlicy were too late for ^rvl^«, and gth of their armJ € mimcm, as per] his confli6t> orderj erian horfe on tbJ Sackvilk, dividej me up and foltaiii rehending thck orj tonfiiVetit, he beg] I believed by fofflc) the Britiih infaniH y, and there wa] iih the work. o| en tinmediately ol le up time aiougij B§» There wai ftrang^ ipitmi M this nice pun tisfuppoiecii tbatLo >aign, (hewn a diflike i ram hence arofe a M bdd to be haughty in at &irit of inK!:rpenden ngs^s exteafive undei ' could neither be ^ ence : this was diametr rould have been glad making a fortune wouj ' the pay-all been i f^ eve whatever be plea! laray marks of a prin ifagrecable to the co fo eattcrjy defired as jcen uippofcd, that to Co njanage in feiicin cutionofhisduty. W Vion two cxprefleswcj nftant, the on-, fiw hi^ which was begun to I jiided puzzler] direaii is ftcp would break IB ■luce intrndcd, hcwej ip the whole ; but ti and were therefore [j7j9| HISTORY/zAfWAR.:! ■ 209 bnge confufion this day ; the artillery had no orders 5ll very late, and the engineers were galloping about : r . . •: ^'- the ' todifmount, becauie they flwuld not purfiie. That this was a . ic to iperplcx lord G — ha^ been gathered from an account of the !!c publiflicd at the Hague, by the authority of P — F — himfelf, herein it is exprefly declared, that the cavalry on the right was not dc- ined to fuftain the infantry, and that if it had really been defigned for ^00, it would have been pofted iii another place. It was aficrted by i due de fieUeifle, that the evening before the action there was laid 00 Ferdinand's taUe the order ot the battle, precipitately drawn up M. Contades him(clf ; by which prince Ferdinaud perceived that 1 French marlhal was (b impatient to give battle, that he had not ta- tn care to ftcurc the pafles in cafe of a retreat. Without doubt Coa- s's impatience was the rock on which he (J>lit ; but with rc2a*d to ;order of battle, it is rather to be doubted than affirmed ; for the cir- qftanccs of the aOton clearly fhew, that the whole army of the allies, cpt the corp* of Wangenheim, were furprized, and therefore prince Uand, had no fuch previous information. After the battle prince pdinand paid iome compliments to ieveral officers for their gallunt haviour; butalthou^ the Britifh had the greateft fhare in obtaining sviAory, yet he calt a cloud over their triumph in fbme expreiHouF^ It conveyed a feverc reBe^tion on lord G — ; he in his letter of thanks foired with dn empbafis, that his orders for the future ffiould be punc- Uy obeyed : he exprcflcd his concern, that the marquis of Granby I not the commsmd of the Britiih cavalry ; and oblerved, that if ^bad been (b, the action would have been more compleatJ The ob- : infinoation concerning the difbbedience of orders, and the invidl- (compliment to a (iibordinate officer, were flrong, and as ibme think . iliciotts reflections on the condudt of lord G-— S — , bedauie they i^^ etained qochbg pofitive, *7hich a brave and honed man, unconiciois iefigo, would not have been afraid to allert. As (bon as thcle dark Icenlbrious imflications were publiQied in the London Gazette, the. t)plc were in an inQant alarmd, they grew outragiousin their indigo, uionagainft lord G' — ; he was branded by the rafh multitude as a litor and a coward: the German war being popiiiar, the notlpv- gdone any thing in Germany, was wor/e than nfg\e£Wng the real iional good in Americn. As (bon as that extraordinary letter o|f wks was given out Iced G — S — rcligncd his conimai>d aud re-T ^fned to London, juft when the flame was at its utmod height, and^ inea every mouth was opened with execrations againft hiii) ; here he Jrfthc mortiJication to hear the name of the German geuerul extolled ji(mt the whole kingdom in raptures of exaggerarbn ; and as a of royal approbation, to hear of his being inverted with the or- |kr of the garter, and prclcnted with xo,oooi. while his own was men- Wwith the molt virulent abufe, and himlcU' difhurt^d from every pWment he held under the govein'ncnt, A-ftcr bfirtg accitjainteil - , . V. , - ., - ... Willi sV, ■^. 210 HISTORY //)&^ WAR. ^ ^ i^J the field in queft of orders, when aid du camps ougli to have fpared them the neceffity of quitting their Ita, on? •• at length, lord George Sackville dire<5led tiiemtl proceed to the front: where they were of the utmoi iervice towards obtaining the vi the duke de Brlflac wal i^ariquin^d by the hereditary prince in the neighbourl hood of Greveldt, fo that the palTage of the mounl tains was rendered impradticable. Colonel Freytaj at the head of the light troops took all the equipage marfha! de Gontades, the prince of Gonde,and thedukl de BrilTac, with part of their military cheft and chanj eery, containing very important papers. Prince Ferdinand placed a garrifon in Minden,an^ marched to Horvorden ; and the hereditary princ paflcd the Wefer in purfuit of the enemy, who retreatcj to Gaffel, and from thencj as far as GielTen; but werl continually haraflTed by that enterprifing prince, whd loft no opportunity of annoying their army, took tM greateft part of their baggage, and compelled them t^ abandon every place they polTefTed in Weftphalia. TM number of his prifoners amounted to 15,000 men| witlj the PartiailarJ of his Imputed guilt, he (blUcited, and at kn|tl obtained a trial, by a court martial, to whom it appeared, the ordcrf of prince Ferdinand had not been obeyed; thcrerore he wasadjudf ed unfit for future fervice, and the king ordered the fentenccto bcrca^ at ihe head of all his troops, and ftruck bim off the lift of privy coun (tllors. , ♦i« emy, who retreatc| GieflTen; but wcrj riling prince, whd [f,759> HISTORY of the WA^- 211 befidfs the garrifon at CafTel who furrendered at dif- icretion. He likewife furprifed a whole battalion, and Liefeated a confiderable detachment under the command ofM. d*Armentiei*es. In the mean time, the allied jsrmy advanced in regular marches ; and prince Ferdi- Inana having taken pofTeflion of CafTel, detached general jlmhofF, with a body of troops, to reduce the city of Munfter* This city being an objedl of importance, was difputed with great obftinacy. Armentieres re- ceived reinforcements, and the body commanded by jlmhofrwas obliged at this time to retire. Prince Ferdinand having pofTefTed himfclf of the town land caftle of Marpourg, proceeded with the army to Neidar- Weimar, and there encamped; while Contades femained at GeiflTen. The two armies laying encamped in the neighbourhood of each other, nothing pafTed but Ikirmifhes among the light troops. In the beginning of November the marfhal duke de Broglio fucceeded [Contades and d'Etrees in the command of the Freach. The hereditary prince of Brunfwick refolved to beat lop the quarters of the duke of Wirtemburg at Fulda, [and having reconnoitred the avenues in perfon, he for- open the gates, whild the enemy retreated to the hther fide of the town, where four battalions of them Ivere defeated and taken ; meantime Wirtemburg him- Ifclf, with the reft of his forces, filed off on the other llldeof the Fulda. Two pieces of cannon, two pair of [colours, and all their baggage, fell into the hands of [the vidlors ; the hereditary prince advanced as far as |Rupertenrade> a place iituated on the right flank of the French army. The duke de Broglio eftablifhed his Ifcead-quarters at Freidberg, and the allied army took [ip their head quarters at Marpourg. The enemy had IWthis time retrieved their fuperiority, in confeqiience [of the hereditary prince's being detached with 15,000 «ento join the king of Pruflia at Freyberg in Saxony. [Thus by the vidlory at Minden, the dominions of [Hanover and Brunfwick were preferved, and the ene- Y^ obliged to evacuate great part of Weftphalia. Notwithftanding- the deftrudion of the Ruffian ma- H'zines, early in the year, that power nevcriheiers ' % 2i2 HISTORY i/#j^ WAR. 4^17591 puts its army in motion about the fame time as uruaiJ and thefe troops, numbered at 70,000 men, command''i| by count SoltikoiF, profccuted their march to Sile/ia, Count bohnd, who commajided the Pruflian army iuj thofeparts; Hnding them too numerous for himtoatj tack with any profpe(Sl of fuccefs, contented himfelf with watching their motions and harralTing their march:! though this conduiJt was extremely prudent and jdtifi.l able, yet the king of Prudia, Hred with his ufual preciJ pitation and impatiencc^difapproved of it; upon whichl count Dohna reiigned, and general Wedel was ordered! to take ^he command of the army, and at all events tol fight the Rudians. Accordingly on the 23d of July he with go,coo men attacked their advantageous poit atl ZuHichau, near CrofTen ; and after maintaining the con-| f)i(5t with great refolution, though under many diilicul* ties, for leveral hours, he retired with the lofs of atl leail 8000 men ; in confequence of which, the Ruiriantl gained poflcfllon of CrofTen and Francfbrt upon the Oder.} The king of Pruflia, exafperated by this defeat, rcfolv- «d to give them battle himfelf^ and immediately fepa- rated from his army a coniiderable corps, with which] he began his march to join the troops of Wedel, leav- ing prince Henry with the remainder to obferve countl Daun; but this able general knowing the king of Prur<[ JGa's dedgn^ detached a body of ia,ooo horfe under general Lauden to the ailiilance of the Ruffians, and bj extreme good fortune this junAion was effected : how* ever, the king of Pruflia having afTombled an army of 50,000 men, determined to give them battle: and ac- cordingly, on the i2th of Augufl early in the morn- ing, he found the enemy in an entrenched camp atl Cunnerfdorff, defended by an incfedible number of cannon ; he attacked the left wing with great braveryJ and after a bloody difpute of fix hours, he maflered defile and feveral redoubts, took a great number of can- non, and obliged the enemy to begin to retreat. At this junAure he difpatched a billet to his queen,cQUch-| ed in the following terms, " Madam, we have beat the *•' Ruftians from their entrenchments : in two hours *< expeft to hear of a glorious vi^ory." But he was deceived ; the Ruffians were not yet defeated : t^^T retired Ii^jpj. HISTORY ef/^^ WAR. ^13 retired to a place called the Jews Burying Ground ; 2Q eminence^ and the moii: advantageous poft, which in thefe circumftances they could have chofen : howe- ver, he refolved to drive them ftill further, though this enterprize was of a mod difficult nature; his generals perceiving this rafhnefs, unanimoufly reprefented to him) the imprudence of attempting to ptifh the advan- tages tliey had gained any further; the eneniy> faid thcyj were ftill numerous, had a vaft artillery, the poft which they occupied was of great ftrength, his troops M been engaged a long time in the fevereft aiftion they ever knew, and one of the hotteft days they ever felt, kere too much fatigued for fuch a new affault, that night even ftagger frefli troops ; they urged that the ad- vantage which he had gained, would be as decifive in its confequences as that at ZorndorfF; that the enemy would foon be obliged to retire into Poland, and he [would be at liberty to aft in other quarters where his Iprefence was more neceffary. All thefe excellent ar- Uments weighed as nothing, he obftinately adhered to Ibis fool-hardy refolution. Thus rejeding every thing Ithat wag prudent, and aftuated by frenzy, he began a liew attack which was beyond his ftrength. Now put-* Itiiig all to the hazard, his fainting army with fome lit- Itle remains of unexhaufled ardor, fought againft the knemy's impregnable ^fituation. Thefe feeble battalions IlieiTig uncovered wrth cannon, becaufe they could bring liione up, and the enemy having recovered from their Iconfternation, were repulfed with great flaughter, yet liiii did the king ofPruflia, with a mad and inhuman Iperfeverance, order them to return to the charge ; when king routed with great flaughtcf, hs in a wild ungo- »ernable paflion of defpair and revenge, put the affair' [to the cavalry, notwithftanding the horfes as well as riders had been previoufly fpent ,- they made feveral jjnfuccefsful efforts, and being entirely broke, the Au- m-,cavairy which had hitherto been inactive, fell a- Ittongft t' Tttf threw them into urter confufion and com- iPbted their deftruftion ; the remains of the army, ^)kh but lately had been viftorious, were now feized "ith a panic, and di(perfed in the bcft manner they were ''^; withoHt any thoughts of prefcrving their baggaf»e, O 2 cannon. '.- \ 214 HISTORY 0//^/ war: -{ 1759I cannon, or one (ingle utenfil ; life alone was the pre* yailing conHderation^ and night preferved them from total ruin. The king had two I^orfes killed under himJ ^nd fevcral balls went through his cloaths. There was fcarce a general^ or even an inferior oificel: in his army that was not either killed or wounded. His lofswasl greater in this a^ion than in any he had ever ieen be-l fore; at lead 19,000 of his troops were flain, a great! number w,ere made prifoners^ all bis baggage, canJ non, and every thing he brought into the neld) fellf into the hapds of his enemy. When he abandoned this horrible fcene, he difpatched another billet to the queen, thus exprefTed, ^' Remove from Berlin with the '* royal family. Let the archieves be carried to PotfJ ^* dam. The town may make conditions with theei " nemy." It is not difBcult to conceive the tefroJ and confudon this intimation produced at Berlin, in the midft of their rejoicings occafioned by the firfl: tneiTeni ger. The iofs of the conquerors amounted to about J 1 or 12,000 men. Next day the king ofPrufliarej treated over the Oder, and begun to collect his fogii tives ; in a little time he recovered from his diforder] without any obflruAion from the enemy, and drewi frelh train of artillery out of the (tores at Berlin. H^ faw with joy and aflonifhment the enemy's forbearancd to improve their viAory ; they, inftead of overwhelm] ing him with ruin, or advancing towards his capitalj contented themfelves with joining count Daun in Lufati/ and holding confultations with that general; in whicH it is more than probable the Auftrians were not willing the Ruflians fhould take poflefHon of Brandenburghl therefore his fafety flowed from this jealoufy or difapj pointment* In the mean time the army of the Etppirj had penetrated into Saxony, and reduced the towns oj Hall, Leipfic, Torgau and Drefden. The king oj Pruflia apprehending the Ruflians had a defign on Greaj Glogau, took pod in fuch a manner as to cover tha town ; while count Daun fufpedling that prince H^ of PruHia intended to retake Drefien, made a forced nj^rch in order to fave that capital. The Auftrianj and Ruffians being thus feparated, and the latter baf in their fcheme on Great Glogau, and beginning tj - ;. . V : thin A'tt: ^1' 1759 lone was the pre* iferved them from s killed under himJ ioaths. There was officet* in his armjf ded. His lofswas E had ever ieen be-l were flain, a greatl his baggage, canj into the field) felt 'hen he abandoned nother billet to the rom Berlin with the be carried to Potf-j ditions with theei conceive the terror zed at Berlin, in the by the firft melTenj amounted toabouti king of Pruffia re] to collect his fngiJ from his dirorderj enemy, and drew ores at Berlin. H^ enemy's forbearanc :ead of overwhelm] owards his capital unt Daun in Lufatii general ; in whiclj ns were not willini of Brandenburghj sjealoufy ordifapl army of the Empirj duced the towns oj n. The king oj d a defign on Grea er as to cover tha that prince Heiai en> made a forcej al. The Auftrian nd the latter bafflej and beginning t thi.D 1759 }► HISTORY //y5^ WAR. 215 think of retiring) the king of Pruflia formed a plan for cuttine off count Daun's retreat into Bohemia : he de- tached general Finck with 20>ooo men to take pofTeflion of the defiles of Maxen behind the Auftrians ; which Uas nofoonerdone, than Daun reconnoitred hisiituati- on, and refolved to attack him ; for this purpofe he firll: fecretly furrounded the Pruflians, and. on the 24th of November Finck perceived the enemy's approach on every fide. In this emergency he began to think of foiling their attempt in fome part, fo as to obtain a re- treat ; for a whole day he made the moit intrepid efforts todifengage himfelf, but it was impodible, the enemy's pumbers had fecu red every avenue. Next morning he fawthe enemy on every (ide prefenting a wall of bayo* [nets, through which it was madnefs to think of pene- trating, confidering his great lofs on the preceding day; therefore he furrendered with the whole army prifoners of war. This was a terrible blow to the PrufHan power inthis prefent critical flate; yet while the king of Pruf- fia was daggering under it, he felt another : a body of bis troops^ poiled on the Elbe oppofite to Meiflen, was on the 4th of December attacked by the Auftrians, and between 3 and 4000 of them were killed and made pri- foners. It was while the king of Pruffia was fuffering inder thefe misfortunes^ that he received a fupply from [prince Ferdinand, who detached the Hereditary Prince to bis affiftance, the king hoping by this means to gain fome advantage over M. Daun ; but this general aiding Ivith fo much caution^ that he finding it impoffible, the [Hereditary Prince returned to the allies, who by this Itime had recommenced the fiege of Munfler> and redu- H it. After thefe tranfadtions ail the armies went [iflto winter quarters. - / "■" - - The Britifh naval tranfa and though he received fome dM mage from two forts which he attempted to deftroy, yei it ihcwed the fpirit and bravery of a Britifh admiralj Having retired to Gibraltar to refit, M . de la Clue, who commanded the French fquadion in Toulon, feized thej opportunity of failing, hoping he fhould pafs th Streigbts mouth unobferved, and then proceed to joi the grand fleet at Bre{l> which the French had equippei ^ v/ith a view of invading England ; but the vigilant Bof cawen had (lationed cruizers at feveral places to kec; a good look-out, and give him timely notice of de I Clue's approach. Accordingly on the 17th of Auguil £gnal was made of the enemy's being on the Barbar fhore; upon which the Britifli fquadron failed in que pf them> and fell in with feven fhips off Cape Lagos the reft having feparated in the night. Bofcawen ru - along fide the French admiral, and began a furious en gagement; but being neceflitated to change his iiag his antagonifl in the interim efcaped to the Portugucfd (liore : however two fliips, one of 64, and the othe of 74 guns, were taken, who had alfo run to the coad another was bulged and burned, and de la Clue havin quitted his fliip, (he was taken by the vi«5lors, wh finding it impoffible to get her off, deftroyed her. Thi In fome meafure violated the neutrality of Portugal but that power was in no condition to refent. The French fpent this fummer in meditating and pre r paring an invafion of the Britifli dominions : all theii ports on the ocean were full of men of war and tran' ports, and flat -bottomed boats. They talked of a tri ' pie embarkation, one from Dunkirk againft Scotland] under the direftion of M, Thurot, a bold adventurerj who, from a captain of a privateer, in which he ha< greatly annoyed the Britiflr trade^ became a comniodon in the king's fervice. The fecond from Havre de Graci againd England, which being the ftiorteft voyage? ya to be attempted by flat-bottomed boats. The thiri" fuppofed to be again fl Ireland, was to be made fro Vannes, where the troops lay encamped under thecoi mandofthe duke d'Aiguillon, and were to be (?bndu ed by the Breft fquadron, commanded by M. Cdnfim Had this defign b^en fuch as it was rcprcfented; antl bai thel AR, ^1759 e received fome daj pted to dedroy, yet f a Britilh admiral.l M. de la Clue, who! Toulon, feized the| e (hould pafs the en proceed to joii rench had equipped ut the vigilant Bof<| eral places to keep ely notice of de \ii the 17th of Augu(| ing on the Barbarj dron failed in quel ►s off Cape LagosJ >ht. Bofcawen rur began a furious enj change his iiagJ J to the Portiiguefj 64, and the othe Ifo ran to the coali 1 de la Clue havin ' the vi«5tors, wh jftroyed her. Thi •ality of Portugal to refent. neditating and pre miinions: all theii of war and tran ley talked of a tri k againft Scotland; a bold adventurer] •, in which he ha icame a comniodon om.HavredeGraci lorteft voyage> wa boats. The third| i to be made fro ped under the co vcre to be ^ndu 'd by M. C6nflan prefented; and bai thej ,7J9^ HISTORY //^ WAR. 217 they put it into execution, there is no doubt but it would have caufed great confufion. But the excellent mea* fares taken by the Britifh government, fruftrated the projefts of the enemy whatever they were. Thurot was blocked up in Dunkirk by a fquadron commanded by commodore Boys. The brave and vigilant admiral ' Hawke, with a large fleet, confined Conflans in Brefl ; he likewife kept a watch upon the defign at Vannes. idmiral Rodney was difpatched from England^ with a proper fquadron to bombard Havre de Grace, and de- llroy the preparations there, which fervice he performed with tolerable fuccefs. Howeyer, they continued their preparations with great celerity, and they feemed re- lolved at all events to hazard the tranfportation of a body of troops from Vannes. Even when winter ap- proached, the fame refolntion was purfued^ perhaps from an expectation that the tempeftuous weather would compc! the Britifh navy to take refuge in their own har- bours, and their fleets might then come out unoppofed. This hope was not difappointed : Sir Edward Hawke was by a violent ftorm obliged to quit his flation off Breft, and to come with his whole fleet to Torbay. The enemy availed themfelves of his abfence> and on the 14th of November put to fea. The whole Britifh nation was alarmed; but not confufed. And now the event of the whole war was to be put to the ifTue, for on the good or ill fuccefs of this flroke every thing de- pended. Admiral Hawke lofl not a moment's time ; he put to fea on the fame day that Conflat)s did, and judging that the rendezvous of the enemy's flee^ would be at Quiberon, he directed his courfe for that bay : after beating againfl an high wind fome time, he at length fa-v the defired objedt in his reach, but his fitu- ation was extremely dangerous ; the rocks, fands, and ftoals, round about w^re innumerable; the Britifh pilots knew nothing of the place, the wind blew a vio- lent (lorm, and the waves ran mountains high. Some commanders would have been intimidated in thefe cir- fumftances, but Hawke confidered the public fafety, and \fas animated. He ordered his nearefl fhips to the enemy to engage, which they did with great Jntrcpidity. Coiifiaiu a(*led with ridiculous irrefolution | he at firrt n ' 04 had- 2i8 HISTORY ///;MVAR. ^175^ had two choices) cither to fly, or liand and fight; tor a while he followed the latter, but when it was too latej he purfued the former. Hawke, who Wijs in the Royal George, ordered the fire of that great (hip to be rcferved for the French admiral, and direded his captain to car-^ ry her along fide him ; but a French (hip of feventy guris generoufly put herfelf between them : here Hawkc was obliged to beftow his fire, and at one broad fide lie | iunk her to the bottom, with every foul on board: another French (hip (hared the fame fate, and a third liruck. The enemy's fleet fled on all iides, and night faveJ them from utter dedrudion. However, two of | the Britifli (hips, in the eagernefs of purfuit, ran upon I a fand, and were lolt. Seven of the French (hips threw over their guns, and efcaped up the river Villaine, and as many more put to fea. The night that fucceeded this adtion was perhaps the mod. terrible that can be conceived; the wind blew a violent (torm all night long, it was a pitchy darknefs, and a dangerous cca(^ furrounded them. A continual firing of diftrefs guns was heard, but nobody knew whether they came from friend or enemy: the badnefs of the coad and tl^e dark- nefs of the night made the Hearers equally unwilling and unable to feek to give any aflidance. In' the morning they perceived the French admiral had run alhore^ as well as another (hip ; the fird the enemy fet on fire, and the other was burned by the victors. Thus the^ long threatened invafion, which was to repair the i-'rcnch lolTcs in every part of the world, was defeated, and a finifhing blow,, for this reign, given to the naval power of France ; for during it they never undertook any thing of confcquence. The fquadron of M. de Thurof ior a little while had better fortune. He efcap- ed out of Dunkirk, and proceeded northward. Com* niodore Boys, who had blocked him up in Dunkirk, purfued him as far as Scotland; but to no purpofe; he took refuge in Bergen, in Norway. Thefe repeated difafters to the French fleet, their iof* fcs in all parts of the world, ihe dedrudion of their trade, and the vail fums which they had fent out of the kingdom in lubfidies to their allies, had fo impovcrifhed ilie nation, that they could fcarcely maintain their ar- 1,759^^ HISTORY //&? WAR. 219 py any loiiger in Germany. The battle of Miiiden> which proved fo fatal to their deiigns, having deftroyed all their hopes for that campaign^ their court found it . abfolutely neceflary io recruit, clothe, und pay their ['troops ; articles as dilRcult to be effected, as the ne- celHty was urgent ; but by contracting the plan of their > operations, they refoived to make every eflPort in their power, to render marfhai Broglio's army as formidable aspoflible. But fuch being the exhauited ftate of that , . kingdom, it Was found impoffible to raife fuch great ' fums as was neceflary, by regular means only ; recourfe therefore was had to the moit fatal and extraordinary ones. On this occadont they did not fcruple to break in upon the public faith, and to find fupplies for one . year, in an expedient that (Iruck at the fources of all ftfture credit. The miniftry flopped payment upon pub- lic bills and funds. But even this refource, was infuf- ficient ; the king threw hi? own plate into the public (lock as an example, and a requed that others fliould contribute in the fame manner from their private for- tune, to tlie neceflities of (late. Many of the nobility, gentry, churches and convents adually carried their plate to the mint ; but flill it was very far from being univerfal : there was a general reluftance to forward this method offupply, and to truft the public with fo I confiderable a part of iheir fubdance, at the inftant when they faw it fo notorioufly bre^ its faith in other particulars. Thefe miferable refources> however, ena- bled the miniftry ftill to continue the war in Germany ; and to refufe the offers of peace which the kings of Great Britain and ^rufTia made them at the end of the year ; for as they did not expedt, from their fituation very advantageous or honourable terms, they refoived ftill to hold opt, and determined to hazard the laft ex- tremities, hoping fomething favourable from the for- tune of their allies, fince their own had deferred them. This was the reafon of their delaying (in conjundion with the two empreffes) to anfwer the declaration of duke Lewis of Brunfwick, near four months; had they been inclined to peace, they might very eafily have found means to do it, in much lefs time; but as they could not, with a good grace rqcifl thofe overture^, they If 220 HISTORY of the VI AK. ' ^ i-jta] they had reconrfe to delays. The formal invitationl which they require, fhould be made to the kings ofl Poland, and Sweden^ plainly evinces this ; for had a| congrefs been appointed, there is no doubt, but thofe two princes, efpecially the former, would gladly have fent plenipotentiaries to it, where their pretentions might have been fsirly difculTed ; but by this affe^ed delay > thiee or four months muft be loft ; and if thofe difficulties had been removed, pretences would not have been wanting to put it o^for ibme months more. It plainly appeared, that as the affairs of France were in fuch a bad fituation, that court was refolved to try the event of another campaign, hoping to be able to get poiFefsion of flanover, and thereby conclude a peace on mote advantageous terms than (he could at that time | cxpeA. The Britifli parliament met in the month of Novem-I ber, and having fixed the number of failors to be rm- ployed in the enfuing year at 73,000, and that of the I foldiers at 57^000 ; they granted for the maintenance of thefe forces, and other ufes, the funi of fifteen mil- lions, five hundred three thoufand, five hundred &nd{ fixty three pounds. At this parliament the convention with Frufsia was likewife renewed. ,-(..<« ."•:i CHAP. VII. ■W4«,V I '« A A'fT J§ffairs in Germany. Tranfaiiions in AJia, Affa'tn in j4m erica y viz. ^tebec re-bejieged; the ftege raifed-, Montreal reducedy nvith the *whole of Canada, J\^val\ tranfadions in the IVeJi' Indies, Thurot^s defcent md] defeat. The death of King George Ih His choradtr, George II L fueceeds on the throne, DURING the winter the kings of Great Britain and Prufsia made offers towards a general pacifica^ lion; but they had no effe I opened the campaign with the liege of Glatz ; but find- ing his operations, expofed to much annoyatice from 33,000 PrufsianSy who were at Landfliut, under the command of general Fouquet^he laifed tiie fiege, and at- tacked the Prufsians on the 23d of June in their en- trenchments. yXfter a very warm difpnte of five hours» io which both fides loft a great number of men, he at length forced them, and, except about 40C0 of the prullians who efcaped, the vanquifhed, together with their commander, were all made priioners. The con- oueror then reduced Glatz. He next marched to Bre* flau, the fiegeof which he undertook ; but prince Henry of Prufna advancing to its relief, obliged him to relin- <}ui(h his defigns. The king of Frulfiay who was all this while in Saxony watching count Daun, finding that the enemy's great pu(h was in Silefia, and that the Ruflianf were advancing to join Laudohn, in order to reduce it, quitted Saxony, and marched for that duchy himielf. Daun was no fooner informed of this move- ment, than he followed him with fuch expedition, that in a (hort time he gained two days march on him. The Mng perceiving his defign fruflrated, fuddenly returned into Saxony, and immediately laid (icge to Drefden. Daun finding himfelf duped by this ilratagem, returned likewife, and obliged the king of Pruflia to raife ihc (lege. The affairs of Silefia now becoming critical, the Ruffians being on the point of joining Laudohn^ the king refolved to march into that duchy at all events. Daun again followed him; but the king gained poIFenion of a (Irong camp at Leignitz, which prevented the ene- my gaining any material advantage over him at that in* ftani. However, be had not remained long there, be- fore he found himfelf in danprt of being furrounded, and confequently expofed to ^furprize: but he drew his enemies into the fnare. It was concerted to furprize his camp, in like manner as had been done at Hohkir- chen. He was aware of it, and therefore fecretly quit- ted his camp ; and when general Laudohn advanced to the attack> he fell upon him une^pe»51edly at three of the clock in the morning, and, after a co;ifli<5t of three hours, totally defeated him with the lolsof 8000 men ■i ^ ii22 HISTORY £/*/^ WAR. ^1760 men. The fchemc being thus fruftrated, Daun turned his attention another way : he inarched to Sehweidnitz, and laid fiege to that place. The king followed him, a^d obliged him to raife the (lege. In the mean time the RuiBans, who could not, on account of Laudohn's defeat, effc& their jiinAion with the Auflrians in Silefia, entered Brandenburgh^ and penetrated even to Berlin, wliere they levied heavy contributions^ and committed the itipft cruel and horrid ravages. Notwithftanding his Prudian majelty had gained a great vi^loty^ he \vas dill encompafled by his numerous adverfaries ; the army of the empire was in pofleffion of Saxony ; the Ruffians Vcre on one fide of him, and count Daun on another. He knew not which way to turn, till at lengih hearing that the Ruffians were in poflciTion of Berlin, he indant* ly marched to its ailiibnce. But the RulTians retired on his approach, and marched into Silefia, where they for fome time threatened to lay liege to Breflau ; but at length they retired to their own country, after having unfuccefsfally attempted the reduction of Colberg. Count Daun had followed the king of Pruflia out of Silefia. The king having reinforced his army with the troops which had defended Saxony and Brandenburgh, began to meditate fome important blow. Daun was at this time encamped near Torgau. The king refolved to put the event of the campaign to the hazard. He attacked Daun on the 3d of November, and after four vigorous afTauItSy forced his camp, and obliged his troops to retreat in utter confuiion. The PrulTians loft about 3000 men, and the Aufttians above twice that number. This defeat obliged count Daun to call ge- neral Laudohn oot of Silefia, as he (lood in need of reinforcement to prevent being drove into Bohemia. Silefia thus reverted into the hands of the Pruifians. Both armies then took up their winter-quarters in Sax- ony, and matters were thus put nearly on the fame footing as at the opening of the campaign. The noble itrugglcs made by the king of Prufljd had foiled all the attempts of his adverfaries. The Fre»^r.b grand army was this year commanded by the duke de Broglio, who as was laid had fucceeded on the difgrace of M. de Contadcs. Beiides this army • L .K '-• . .V , .-. the \ r |i76o> HISTORY of the WAR. > • 22j the French aflembled another of 3o/)0o men, the com- jnand of which was given to the count de St. Germain. Broglio intending to penetrate through HclTe into Ha- nover, made fome motions as if he would join St. Germain for that purpofe: upon which prince Ferdi- naud refolved to prevent the juudion, and ordered the Hereditary Prince, with the advanced guard of the army, to attack the enemy, which he did at Corbach, and met with a feverc repulfe ; however lie foon after retrieved his reputation, by attacking a party of the e- neniy at ExdorfF, which had advanced on the left of the allies; Elliot*^ Englifh light horfe bravely diftin- guilhcd themfelves in this encounter. This corps of the enemy were routed ; bnt Broglio did not feeni to mind thefe adtions^ he effected his junction with St. Ger- nuin. However that officer conceived a difgufl to him, and reHgned his command, which was given to the che- valier de Muy. Broglio directed him to cut of the com- munication of the allies with Weftphalia, while he en-^ tered Hefle. De Muy took his poll near Warburg, where prince Ferdinand attacked him both in flank and rear, and obliged him to fly in the utmoll precipitation, with the lofs of 1500 men and fome cannon. The marquis of Granby>^who had fucceeded to the command of the Britifli troops on the refignation of lord George Sackviile, greatly diftinguiftied hirafclf in this attack. While prince Ferdinand's attention was employed here, the duke de Broglio, without any difficulty, entered Hefle and took Caflel. To make amends for this, the Hereditary Prince undertook an expedition to the Low- er Rhine, where he fcoured the country, and took Cleves: he next invellcd Wefel, and would have taken the place had not his operations been retarded by hea- vy rains. When Broglio heard of this adventure, he detached M. de Caftries with a large body of troops to drive the Hereditary Prince out of the country. Thefe officers came to an aftion near Campen, when the French, by the advantage of the ground and fuperiority in numbers, defeated the allies, who lod 1600 men, chiefly Britifh, among whom was lord Downe.' The Hereditary Prince then repafled the Rh-ne, and joined the grand army; foon after which both armlc* went into ^^^B I MM llHff: tll^^H ill^ftfi i i I; 224 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ 17601 into winter-quarters. All the advantage which thej French could be faid to have gained by their two armiesl ihf$campaign> was only the poireflion of Heffe. In the Eaft-Indies, general Lally finding the tide ofl war turning fait again (I him^ alTembied all the French! troops at A root, about the latter end of 1759, and re- folved to retake Wandewalh, as it was a place of thel utmoft confeqaence to both the French and Britifh. Colonel Goote, determined to preferve it, began a for. ced march for its defence. The liege, however, was] formed, smd a breach made, before colonel Coote ap^ proached. On the 2 itt of January, 17^0, the Britilhl forces arrived within a fraall diftance of the French, and' it was rcfoJved to give them battle inftantly. The ar- mies drew up, and the firing began about one o'clock.! In lefs than an hour the left wing of the French army| was totally routed by the bravery of major Brereton; Hpon which their right wing precipitately quitted thej field, abandoning their camp, in which was found 22 1 pieces of cannon, to the vi(3ors. The French loft in this adion upwards of 800 men. Among the prifoners was brigadier-general RuCey, who had but lately come from the kingdom of Bengal to reinforce Lally's army. The vanquiHied fled firft to Chittiput, and having col- lected their fugitives, retreated in the bell manner they were able to Pondicherry. In a few days colonel Coote laid liege to Chittiput, and obliged the garrifon to fur- render prifoners of war. Major Monfon was detached to reduce Timmery, which he efFe<5ted, and obliged the garrifon to furrender prifoners. In the mean time co- iotitl Coote marched to Arcot, which place he befieged, and by the loth of February compelled to furrender at difcretion. Tfaefe CgnalfuccefTes reduced the French to fo low an ebb, that the chief inhabitants of their fettlements and their military officers were on the verge of defpalr. Nothing could be a greater proof of their diftrefs than their circulation of paper- money to their dependents and commercial friends, until it was refufed: and in liU agonies of extremity the inhabitants of their few re- niaining fettlements were at ditt'erent times Qbliged to deliver ^^' i 1760J intage which thJ y their two armie!! lofHeffc. inding the tide of) led all the French! of 1759, and re- «ra8 a place of the] such and British J /e it, began a for. ge, however, was] [X)lonel Coote ap. 17^0, the Britiihl )f the Ffench>and iltanfly. The ar- ibout one o'clock. ' the French army | F major Brereton; itately quitted the ich was found 22 he French loft in long the prifoners id but lately came >rc€ Lally's army, and having coN he(t manner they ys colonel Coote 2 garrifon to fur- 'on was detached and obliged the le mean time co- place he befieged, i to furrenderat ' rench to fo low their fettlements verge of defpair. leir diftrefs than their dependents ifed: and in like lof their few re- |time? obliged to deliver l76o> HISTORY /fA^ WAR. 225 Lliver in their plate, even to their fwords and fhoe- Lckles, that they might be coined into rupees, in or- Wto maintain the troops, who were grown intolerabl/ lutinous. When colonel Coote had finiflicd the conqueftof Ar- )t, he was ordered to go to Bengal, where troubles ifcre fuppofed to be again breaking out. Ja%r Aly Cawn was far from enjoying the cfteem of the natives ; U being confcious of this defedty he kept a numerous Uy about his perfouy which ilill made him more dif* rreeable; anxl as the natives of this country are ex- tremely jealous of each others, proceedings, befides here were (till a great number of adherents to the late alajud Dowla. The Britilh indeed had not looked |ipon him in th« fame favourable light fince the aiFaic 'the Dutch as before ; they had found he was prying ^od deceitful. When colonel Coote began his march or Bengal, he left the diredion of affairs on the coalt |)f Corbmandel to major Monfon. This officer took. forts of Allumparvey, Permacoil, &c. Afterwards laid iiege to Karical> while rear-admiral Carnidi |ilocked it u^ by fea. This forlrefs, which is ninety liies fouth from Pondicherry, was at this time the tnly fettlement which the French had on the coafl: of romandcl except Pondicherry, and on that account was of tlie next importance. The fquadron bom- arded it furioufly, while naajor Monfon, hnding it a bular fortification (built upon the plan of LiHe in tianders) attacked it vigorouily, and iu a (hort time ^bliged the garrifon to furrender themfelves prifoners :war. - - . '- " ■ .• ' ■•:-■!; .■:.:?':->• The French admiral M. d*Ache, who had fariled to llhciflands of Mauritius not only to repair the damages ne had received from admiral Pococke in the engage- [ments laft year) but alfo to take in Ihip-flores and other ecelTaries, reiigned his command to Count d'Klbin-i land returned to Europe. His fucccfror, iuftead of go- jingnear the coaft of Coromandel, fet Giil with part of W fquadron to the iflaiul of Sumatra, in order to de- Jftroy the Britifli fettlements upon it, and he w.is io luc- Iccfsful in this enterprizcj that he rivajrcd, pliuiJerovU linddeftroyed ^almoCl the whoh coz[\> -vith very littit? oppoiitJon A 'I 1 ^ m fWK/B^Km ^ 'M [mBB ■ mU BhU' ^H m W!9 3126 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ i^^ oppoGtion. The little garrifons of the forts Bendei Ahaffiy Mafcata^ Nattal and Tappanopoly were ml prifoners : at the laft mentioned place he met with for refinance, and two or three fmali vefTels were taken ur der thefe forts. Count d'Eitain^ proceeded next to fo] Marlborough^ three miles ealt from Bencoolen. Ui fortunately, a little before he approached, the Denha) Indiaman had arrived there. Governor Carter perfuad ed Captain Tryon to ftay before the place, as the eni my were every day expeded, and his force would greaj ly add to the fhength, and he hoped, the fafety of tli fort. On the 2d of April, 1760, Count d^Eihin wit two fliips appeared before the fort, and as one them, full of men, bore down upon the Denham, yras judged proper to fet her immediately on fire, t| prevent her falling into the hands of the enemy ; whic was accordingly done, and the crew had jud time enougl to cfcape ; they were kindly received into the for( where, with this addition^ the number of Europear did not exceed 300 men. On the 3d the enemy can to an anchor as near as podible to the fortificatior and as they at Hrd appeared under Britilh colours^ the] continted them flying till four o'clock in the afcernooi when they begun to cannonade the fort for about twj hours? and then ceafed. The fire was returned^ bu not to do them any damage, as governor Carter hal only eight guns which could reach them. In the nighl the fort was abandoned, and next morning the enemj landed without oppofition. Had they been attackel during their landing, or in their boats, before thel gained the fliore, there is the greateft probability to be lieve they would have been defeated ; but the garrifoil had fled into the country, and devoted themfelves uj to defpair; mean while the enemy took pofrefllon fort Marlborough and the town of Bencoolen, On thj Good-Friday the fugitives furrendered to the enemyj in order to avoid being cut to pie<:es by the nativesj which they had reafon to expeiS if they continued in thai defencelefs condition. The French commander proj mifed that their efFe^ HISTORY ff the WAR. 227 came thither in rags^ to plunder and ranfack all the [boafes, and put on the cloaths of the inhabitants^ as [veil as ^o ileal and put on board the fhips all the move- [ablccffefts they could find. In June they were fent away to Bauvia^ and from thence to Bengal ; but be- Ifore they arrived at this latter place many died of the pux; occadoned by the bad food which they had from lihc French% -r^^^' ''■■''"?*♦>>* m'' ■ .«.*? - '.f '><.'• ^,\^i- «>i.'.A' Immediately after the furrender of Karical, major iMonfon began his march for Pondicherry, and came with - [in fight of this dernier refource of the French about the beginning of September. As PondicheVry was fortified bya boundary or chain of redoubts and intrenchmentsy [it was determined to attack thefe firft, that a regular liege might be carried on agalnft the town itfelf. At daybreak on the loth the major, with a party of High- landers, landed from the Sandwich Indiaman, and a iparty of Draper's and Goote's regiment attacked the |ortof Aracupongy about (even miles from Pondicher- : it was almolt inaccelTibley being defended by a thick wod lined with cannon and a large battery. The High- inders attacked the enemy in the wood Iword in hand, lid drove them out; the others refer ved their fire till bey came within fight of the French, when giving them ifulidifcharge, they fled precipitately. The Highlan- [derscat through a hedge, and rufhing upon the enemy's cannon, feized them immediately; but unfortunately Dajor Monfon, who had put himfelf at the head of this |little corps, in order to give greater fpirit to the adion, weived a cannon-fhoc in his thigh> which broke it. jThe enemy perceiving the Britifh in pofleffion of their mon abandoned the fort and fled to Pondicherry. Of he 22 pieces which were taken, 16 or 17 were loaded boft to the mouths with fquare bars of iron, at pftfix inehes long, and lefl^er pieces of jagged iron, fcc. Major Monfon's misfortune prevented this advan- pge being made the beft ufe of at prefent ; but colonel ICoote was no fooner informed of this difafter, than he [prepared to aflume the command, and immediately with the fleet^ formed the blocl adc by fea. Thus was Pondicherry (hut up on every fide, fo xhi it could not receive reinforcements or fnpplies from ai parte Though no operations of a fiege were yet carrie on> nor the town in the lead prefled from any quarte yet a great number of deferters came from it, principa ly owing to the general difiike, and even hatred, whi( was fhewn to Monfieur Lally, the governor. He hi /hot one of his officers, and hanged two other}, fc{ murmuring at his proceedings, which occafioned t) number of deferters to encreafe confiderabiy. It cat not be doubted that Lally was an excellent foldier, pol fefTed great martial abilities, v/ith an enlivening wij and a large fund of good fenfe; but all thefe qualrtie were obfcured in a favage ferocity of temper, in whic his milded cruelties feemed like the tranfports of rage] pride was in him, perhaps, carried to the highefl pitc it ever was in any man : he defpifed every perfon ths was below the character or dignity of a general, ai his contempt of mankind brought the contempt and At tedation of mankind on himfeif; yet with all this haugl tinefs of fpirit, he was a bead in his perfon, and m frequently known to wear the fame diirt^ dockings anj dippers for weeks together. ^ ♦*/ ^rrn^^'. ^^h^^ As the monlbon feafon was every day expected to fd in, colonel Coote thought it mod prudent not toopec any trenches againd the town, till the teropefluous ani rainy weather was over, but only to continue a flri^ blockade, which he was fenfiblemud m lime reduce the< nemy to great hardfhips by the want of prbvifions. Ther being foine fliips in the harboar, which had got in at thj beginning of the year, admiral Stevena judged it necefl fary to cut them out, to prevent their efcaping to thj ,y6o> ' HISTORY xfthe WAR. aap jaadsi and returning to the garrifon with fupplies# liiich it was expe^d.they wouldi as they were prepar* pgto fail. Accordingly on the 6th of October in the jvening the boats were manned and armed, and at two /clock next morning they rowed into the harbour, and ^Wked under the walls of the town the Balcine, a French frigate, and the Hermoine, an Indiaman, with ch incommon fpirtt and alacrity, that notwlthftand- Bg the enemy's crews made a vigorous oppofition, and ■- here was a warm fire of both cannon and mufquetry ^am the town, they cut their cables^ and carried them ff to the fquadron. . . ■.> u I v^* ^ j ^u; i . - ■. <- * t ,■> ■'? hi. ^li^ b^* ,\ n^ -.^f^*- The feafon now beginning to grow precarious, th« dnirals Stevens and Corni(h prepared to leave the tali of Coromandel during the monfoons, and retire v the Dutch ifltad of Ceylon, where they could rqfit iquadron,.aiid ftielter it from the ftorms which were xdted to come on. Agreeable to this refoiution they fctfail on the ^^d, and committed the blockade of Pon- ||icfaerry by fea to captain Haidaine, with five (hips of ke line. By this time the garrifon and inhabitants be- to be in great difirefs for provifions. Laily found ieiQS to convey an account of his fituation and mife- rs to the commander of the French fleet ; upon which ren of the fiiips failed away for the Cape of Good }pey and arrived there in December, in order to take eight months prcwifion for 16,000 men ; but as they [lid not depart again tilL January, it was impofTible they '}uld arrive at Pa&dicherry time enough to give the rrifon any rdlef. As to the operations of the fiege^ the beft and indeed |i^ only authentic account which has yet been received, p contained in colonel Coote's letter to the fecrctary of liate, which is as follows : * On the 9th of November, fays the colonel, I order- 'td a ricochet' battery for four pieces of cannon to be ■crefted to the northward, at about 1400 yards from the 'town, more with a deiign to harrafs the enemy, than ^any damage we could. think of doing to the works at fo ^ireat a diftance. On the loth we began to land onr 'ftoccs, and to prepare every thing for the carrying on 'theliege with vigour. The rains being over by the P 2 26th 230 . HISTORY o/f^tf WAR. ^ i^^ ' 6thy I imagined the diftrefles of the enemy migiit ' much augmented, and gairifon duty rendered very f] * tiguingy if lome batteries were erected on diiferei] ' quarters of the town : I therefore gave direftionsi ^ the engineers to pitch on proper places, at fuch dil * tances and in fuch dtuations, that the (hot from the] ' might enfilade the works of the garrifon, and oil ^ men and guns not to be expo fed to any certain M 'of the enemy. Accordingly the following batterij * were traced out, one (called the Prince of Wales' * for four gunsy near the beach on the north fide, ^ enfilade the great (Ireet, which runs north and fou^ ^ through the White town : one for four guns had tv ^ mortars, to the north- weft quarter. * looo yard ' diftance, to enfilade the north face of a tv^rge countf] * guard, before the north- weft baftion, called the dull ' of Cumberland's: a third, called Prince Edwardj '^ for two. guns, to the fouthward> at 1200 yards di| * tance, to enfilade the ftreets from foutb to north, * as to crofs the fire from the northern battery: and! * fourth to the fouth-weft, called Prince William's, fi| * two guns and one mortar» at 11 00 yards diftancey * order to deftroy the guns in St. Thomas's redout * and to ruin the vefTels and boats near it. On t| ' 8th at midnight they were all opened together, ai * continued firing till day-light. On the 9th the ener ' kept up a warm fire on our batteries, without doii ^ much damage to them. On the 25th admiral Stj < vens, with four (hips of the line arrived off PoncT ^ cherry, having parted company with admiral Cornij * and his divifion the i6th inftant in hard weathc * On the 29th a battery, called the Hanover, was be ; * for ten guns and three mortars, to the northward, '4^0 yards diftance from the town, againft the nort ^ weft counterguard and curtain. * On the ift of January, 1761, we had a very violej ' ftorm of wind, and rain; it began at eight o'clockf ' the evening, and lafted till between three and four tl * next morning. I gave directions for the repairi/ * our batteries, which the ftorm had almoft ruined, ai{ * the putting every thing into the beft order our pr ' fent iituation would admit. 1,^60 }» HISTORY //^tf WAR. 231 < On the 4th wc had again the agreeable fight of ad- |< miral Stevens. On the 5 th 1 attacked a po(t of very great confequence to the enemy, in v^hich were four V twenty-eight pounders, called St» Thomas's redoubt, hand carried it without any lofs. At day-light on the ]< 6ih) 300 of the enemy's grenadiers retook it, owing to iMhe officer commanding the redoubt not being able to I'keep his fipoys together. This day admiral Cornifh < arrived; and as moft of the Hiips which had been Nifabied were now refitted> the blockade of Pondi- < cherry was as compleat as ever. On the 12th, the Y Hanover battery being repaired, kept up a very briJk y fi-e, and greatly damaged the counter-gtiard and ba- rftion, and made a breach in the curtain. On the I' 13th, in the evenings I ordered a working party of noo Europeans and 400 Lafcars, with the pioneers ['company, under the command of a major, to the I* northward, where the engineers had traced out a bat- I* tery for eleven guns and three mortars. At eight f o'clock they began a trench for introducing gabions I' of four feet high, which were to form the interior 'facing of the battery. At the fame time a parallel I* was begun, 90 yards in the rear, of 250 yards long> I'andan approach of 400 yards in length. Notwith^ I' (landing the moon flione very bright, and the battery' ['within 500 yards of the walls, every thing wen|;-dn ['without the lead didurbance from the enemy. By I' morning fix embrazures were in a condition to re- I'ceive guns, and the reft far advanced. This was ■'called the Royal Battery. On the 14th the Hanover battery kept *ip a conftant fire the whole day> which [' entirely ruined the weft face and flank of the north- ■■weft baftion. On the 15th the Royal battery was opened, which by eight o'clock in the morning filen- ced the fire of the enemy, and gave us an opportunity of beginning a trench to contain our Royal mortars fand three guns, for the more fpeedy demolition of "the demi-baftion and ravelin of Madrafs-gate. This f evening colonel Durre, of the royal artillery, the Echief of the Jefuits, and two. civilians, were fent out by M. Lally, with propofals for the delivering up th^ garrifon. On the i6th, at eight o'clock in the morn- P 3 ing, «■> -32 HISTORY o/f)^^ WAR. ^17601 ' ningy the grenadiers of my regiroent took pofreflioni * of the Villenour gate, and ini the evening thofe oJ * Draper's of the citadel. The commiiTaries were im^l ' mediately ordered to take an account of all theinili< ' tdry (lores found in the place.' To this detail of the fiege we mud add one of anothei circumftance which belongs to it> but is of a different complexion. The admiral, animated with zeal for the fervice they were on, renewed the blockade o| Fondicherry before the teropelluous weather was over they knew fome of the enemy's (hips had been fent tc the Cape of Good Hope to take in provifions for the garrifon, and that they were fliortly expected on the coaft of Goromandel, and were therefore refolvcd tc have a fufficient force to prevent any fuccours bcini thrown into the town. Unfortunately on the firft ol| January, about ten o'olock at nighty fuch a violent ftorm came ons that admiral Stevens foon found i^ would be impoHibly to weather it out } therefore he ordered the (hips to cut their cables and put to fea ; but t-lie wind (Iiifting a few minutes after^ drove the Aque-j tain and Sunderland, two. 60 gun Oil ps, on the coallj where they foundered, and their whole crews? excepj II men> perifhed : the Newcaftle of 50 guns> the Q^ueem borough of 209 and the Prote tr?? ^^ { t i , ' No fooner was general Murray fettled in this govern* meat) than he began repairing the ruins of the city ; he |< built eight redoubts of wood out of the city, made foot banks along the ramparts, opened embralFures, placed his cannon, blocked up all the avenues of the fuburbs with a ftockade, carried eleven months provifions into the highed part of the city, and formed a magazine of 400 fafcines. As foon as thefe and many^other labours^ were in feme forwardnefs) the general fent out two de- tachments> to take podeihon of St Foix and Lorette, two pods of great importance, as they fecured eleven parilhes in the neighbourhood of the city, which great- ly contributed to furniQi them with frefli provifions dur- ing the winter ; and alfo with wood, an article much wanted by the garrifon. During three whole months in the winter, they were employed in dragging wood into the city. This condant labour greatly diminilhed them, fo that before the end of April, 1000 men were dead, and above 2000 of what remained, were totally unfit for any fervice. In the mean time the French general, the chevalier [ de Lewis, foon got intelligence of the low date of the garrifon, and rek)lved to attempt carrying the city in the depth of winter. In purfuance of this fcheme, he Jnade all the nccelTary preparations : dedgning to make the •V. 5^36 HISTORY of tbuWAR.^ ^1760 the attempt in February .• but the fuccefs of the gar- rifon in (bme (kirmifheSf which happened on feveraJoc- cafionsy obliged M. de Lewis to alter his plan, and not to think of au^king the city till the Ipriug was mcrel advanced. As general Murray found that Quebec could be look-l ed upon in no other light than that of a ftrong canton- menty and that any works he Hiould add to it would be in that ftyle, his plan of defence was, to take the earlieit opportunity of intrenching himfelf on the heights of I Abrahaip, which entirely commanded the ramparts of| the place, at the diftance of 800 yards, and might have been defended by his numbers, againd a large army. But de Lewis did not give the general time to take the advantage of this fituation. In the middle of April, the general attempted to execute the projected lines, but found i t im practicable, as the earth was (till covered with fnow in many places^ and everywhere impregnably bound up by frofl:. rt'- Murray was informed in the night of the 26th, tliat the enemy had landed at Point au Tremble 10,000 men, and 500 Barbarians ; their fcheme was* to cut off thc\ pofts of the garrifon ; but the general by a judicious march, prevented them from executing It ; and fcveral reafons concurred, to induce him to give them battle: he conlidered that his little army was in the habit of beating the enemy, and had a very fine train of artille- ry; that (hutting himfelf up withip the wallsy was put- ting all upon the fingle chance of holding out for a conOderable time a wretched fortificaiion ; a chance which an a^ion in the field could hardly alter, at tiie fame time that it gave an additional one, perhaps a bet- ter. If the event was not profperous, he determined to hold out to the laft extremity ; and then to retreat to the ifle of Orleans, with what was left of the garrifon, to wait for reinforcements. In confe(]|uence of this refolution, the general march- ed opt the 28|h, with all the force he could mufter, which did not exceed 3000 men ; forming tliem on the heights of Abraham, inorder of battle; and obfcrving that the French army was upon the march in one column, as far as he could fee , he thought tlils the lucky moment ; and Ly6o^ HISTORY o//^^ WAR. 237 jud moved with the urmoft order to attack them before they had formed. He fooD bejit them from the heights they had pofTefled, though they were weli difputed. Ma* jor Dalling> who commanded a corps of light infantry, having forced the enemies grenadiers from a houfe an4 windmill, in attempting to regain the flank of the Briti(h army, was charged, thrown intodifordery retired to the rear* *nd from the number of officers killed and woun- ded, could never again be brought up during the aftion. Otway's regiment was ordered to advance immediately^ and fuftain the right wing, which the enemy in vain Lade two attempts to penetrate. While this pailcd I there the left was not idle ; they had difpofTeircd the e» nemy of two redoubts, and fullained with unparalleled (rmnefs, the bold united efforts of the enemies regulars, Indians and Canadians, till at lad, fairly fought down, and reduced to a handful, they were'obliged to vreld to fu- perior numbers. This diforder was foon communicated tothe right; but the whole retired infucha way, that the enemy did not venture upon a brifk purfuit. Mod of the cannon was. left, as the roughnefs of the ground, and the wreaths of fnow, made it imjpoflible to bring them off; but what could not be brought off, were naif* td np. The killed and wounded amounted to one third of thofe in the field ; in which the brave Highlanders bore the greateft proportion, on account of that firm- nefs and intrepidity with which they fuftaincc! an une- qual fonflift. That of the French, by their own con- felfion, exceeded 2J00 men, which may be readily con- ceived, as the acJlion lafted an hour and three quarters. On the mght of the 28th, the French opened the trenches before the town : fome frigates which they were in pofTeffion of, anchored below their camp ; for feveral days they were bufy in landing their cannon, mortars, and other ammunition ; they worked incel- fantly at perfe four petards, a large i quantity of fcaling ladder*^, and intrenching tools beyond number. Spies and deferters reported, that they wanted provifions and ammunition cxccflively, and that the greateft part of their Canadians had deferted them. General Murray, at the head of five re- giments, and the grenadiers and light infantry, puHi- ed out in purfuit of them ; but they had crofTed the river Caprouge before they could get up with them ; and retired to a place called Jaques Cartier, not having a- bove 5000 men remaining. In this fuccefsful manner was the fiege of this famous city raifed, by the conduft of the brave governor, with his intrepid garrifon, and the adiftance of fo inconfiderable a naval force. Ail the officers and men diftinguiflied themfelves remarka- bly ; there never heing, perhaps, a more fatiguing winter to any troops and fucceeding fuch a laborious campaign. Tho* the Biitifli arms were particularly vidlorious in North / xierica ; yet ftill the French were not en- tirely conquered. Montreal, Trois Rivieres, and fe- veral other fortrefles remained yet in the hands of the V- Ai j^Co Y HISTORY of tie W A R. 239 the enemy; but general Amherft, his majedy's com^ mandcr in chief in that country, had made the ne* ceiiary preparations in the winter, and fpring of the year, for opening the. campaign with vigor. His excellency repaired to Ofwego the 9th of July; which place was the rendezvous of his army, as the plan of their operations was to fall dewn the river St. Lawrence, and attack Montreal. It was the be- ginning of Auguft before all the troops were arrived, but on the lOth, all the army embarked; the rear and the provincials were under the command of bri- gadier eeneral Gage. About 60 miles from lake On- tario, down the the river St. Lawrence^ is fitnated the Ifle Royale, whereon was built a Clrong fort: it was necefTary to be malter of this Ifland, before the troops could proceed on their voyage; accordingly general Amherft attacked the fortrefs in a refolute manner, with his veffels, and batteries on (hore, fo that he got pofleflion of it by capitulation, the 2 jd of Auguil, two^lays after the firll firing of his batteries. At this place Mr. Amherft waited no longer than was neceflary to repair the fort; on the 31ft he pro- ceeded on his voyage ; the difficulty of the naviga- tion occaiioned his loflng, on the 4th of September^ 29 batteaus of men, and 17 of artillery and ilores, beiides 17 whale boats, and one row galley (laved, 84 men by this unhappy accident were loil. The army landed on the Ifland of Montreal in good order the 6th, and without oppolition ; and the next day, ge- neral Murray arrived with part of the garrifon of Quebec, and a naval force under captain Deane ; and with luch extraordinary forefight and judgment had general Amherft planned this expedition, that colo- nel Haviland, who commanded a third corps (that was in pofTeflion of the Ifle Aux Moix, in lake Cham- plain,) reached Montreal the next day. Hiflory can hardly produce a more (Iriking inflance of excellent miliary condudt in three feparate expeditions againd one place, by different routs, without any communica- tion with each other, and through fuch a dangerous and difficult country, meeting alniofl at the fame ^me at the deflined rendezvous. . V, V - , . Beforfl i ■- I I ) '> 240 HISTORY ^/^^ WAR. ' ^ ly^o >' Before general Amherft could raifealingle battery, the mtrquis de Vaudr^uil offered to ca|>itnhte ; and accordingly^ oa the loth, the articles of capitula. tion, not only for Montreal, but the whole pro- vince of Canada, were drawn up and figned : that j iniinenfe country was i'urrendered to tire king of Gr^at Britain, and the British troops took immediate poflef J fion of all the forcreil'es in it, the French garrifons ofl which, were bound, not to fcrve during the remain- [ der of the war; the .civil and rdigious rights of the| inhabitants were guarantied to them. TJbe 30th ar- ticle of the capitulation contains perhaps the moll) iffifolent demand, ever made on fuch an occafion; " U by treaty of peace Canada fbould remain in] ** the power of his Briianic majefty, his moll Gliri- *' ftian majefty ihall continue to name the biihopl *' of the colony, who ihall always be of the Roman *' communion, and under whofe authority the peo-] ** pie (hall exercife the Roman religion." This im- pudent demand was refufed by Mr. Amherll: widi the| indignation it defcrved. ,uiu/^^iu% .tx: : In this glorious and decifive mminer was the cam-] jraign in North America concluded ; tliat country in which the enemy had been fo extremely formidable in the beginning of the war, as to baffle all the attempts uf a nation fo much fuperior in that part of the] world, was now completely conquered. The unpa- Tallerd fuccefs, whlcli had here fo conftantly attended] the Britifh arms, during the two hft campaigns, ea- tlreiy wiped out tlie memory of thofe repeated de- feats, and diferaces that we lufFered in the beginningl of the conteft. Nor could the confeq.uences of ourl vidlortes be fo great and advantageous in any othef[ part of the globe as this. Infinite were the inconve- niencies which our colonies fnftained from this coun- try's being in the hands of the French ; but by iw] conqueft they were fecnred ; and the BritiHi domini- on and trade extended over one of the mod exten* five, and perhaps the fined countries in theuniverfe.l In the Wed -Indies commodore Holmes, who was dationed there, detached capt. Norbury, of the Hamp- fliire, of so guns; the Boreas, capt. UveJalc; of 28;| andl 1760 J^ HISTORY ©/f^^ WAR, 241 gfld the Lively^ capt. Maitland, of 20^ to intercept a fleet and convoy bound from Hifpaniola to Old France. On the i8th of Oftober the Boreas fell in vith the French commodore of 32 guns, and> after an engagement of three hours, obliged him to ftrike. The Lively attacked the Valeur, another French fri- gate of 20 guns, and, after an engagement of an hour tMd a half, obliged her to flrike. In the mean time the Hampshire engaged the Fleur de Lis and Prince Edward, of 32 guns each> and run them a(hore near Fort au Prince, where they were entirely deftroyed. There was another (hip in company, which being a very fwift failer, efcaped. They were all laden with indigo and fugar. The fquadron Rationed in the Lee- vard Iflands, commanded by Sir James Douglas> were no iefs diflinguilhed by their bravery. The Hiips Temple and GrifHn being on a joint cruize, filenced the batteries defending one of the harbours in the Jiland of Granada, and took out four privateers. They next entered another harbour, and took out three moreihips. In their return to Antigua they fell in vith 13 (hips bound to Martinico, all which they took. The other (hips of the fquadron in cruizing round Guadaloupe took nine French privateers. Thus did tfaeBritifh commerce in the Weit Indies flourifh un» der the protection of the commodores Holmes and Douglas. ,i ^^>v . . - ' # In Europe, the £eet ftationed on the coafl of Prance blocked up all the French ports, and thereby put an tooft entire ftop to their commerce. Some of oar s took the little iHand of Dumet, which proved of con(iderable fervice to the fleet, by furnishing a foiciency of water which had hitherto been fent by tranfports from Britain at a great expence to the na« ,tion. We left M. de Thurot laft year at Bergen, where lie remained on account of the boiderous we^ther^ till January 1760 when he fet fail in great want of ^rovifion, for the coaft of Scotland. On the 17th of ''ebruary he appeared off the llland of IlU, in Ar- lelhire. In the evening they (hewed Britirti colours, ^M induced two gcnllemen to go onboard, whom . ■ - .-. ■ thev n -fsi' -JkV N 242 HISTORY tf//^^ WAR. ^175^ they detained. Soon after^ fome of their boats dqi off for the' ftiore. In their way they boarded twc fmall floops, lying at anchor in a fmall bay of the ifland, which they plundered but when the commodo« heard of it> he paid the owners the full value, t ^^ cre>«8 of the boats next landed on the ifland) anc while Thurot remained on it, he behaved in even rcfpeft more like a friend than an enemy. He payee for every thing he took, even beyond their value he allowed thirty (hillings for every cow, half acrowil for every goofe, one (hilling for ahen> and in propor] tion for Hour, and other things. He kept the be( difcipiine, and prevented pillaging as much as pof fible. He enquired very anxioufly concerning th^ fate of Confians's deet, and was much furprifed tc hear, that that admiral had fuffered himlelf to b^ beat without (Iriking a blow. As Thurot's fleet con] fided only of four fmall (hips, the largelfc of which] did not mount above 50 guns, it was not in hi{ power to make any attempt of confequence in Scot] land. On the 2i(l> he appeared with only three fliips ol the Ifle of Mp.yoe, (landing in (hore for the bay o| Garrickfergus, in Ireland. M that time the fmall num{ ber of trops belonging to the garrifon, were at exerj cife about half a mile on the road to Belfad ; and aj bout eleven o*clock the guard was turned offt tc relieve that on the French prifoners in the caftlc; the red of the men remaining in the field of exerj cife^ The commanding officer no fooner receivei^ advice of three (hips being feen fo near the coafl^ anc of their having detained fome fifliing boats, than he fent immediate orders to the ca(Ue, for both guard^ to continue under arms, and double the centries 0^ ver the French prifoners that were confined there] A lieutenant with a reconnoitring party took poft or a rifing ground, to difcover whether the fliips werri French ; he foon perceived eight boats landing armj ed men ,- and that they drew out in detachments and rook poll on all the dykes> hedges, aud rifing grounds^ from whence they could have the moft extenfive views; having ordered his corps to rcfid them as long ^\ thcj ..» .■ ^ U50 Y H I S T O R. Y / //;^ W A R. 243 Ithey were able, in cafe they were attacked, he haft- |(oed to lieutenant colonel Jennings, the command- oificer, to acquaint him with what he had dif- tcovered* The lieutenant colonel was with his troops the parade of Carrickfergufe, who immediately or- Idered detachments to the gates of the town, and Itook every precaution in his power to prevent the e- \my ^rom making themfelvefs matters of it 5 order - r the French prifoners to be removed with all fpeed llo'Belfaft. :•* ^:ihr^^:*'i^'> • = ' :'<>?''■ "::• :X^nJ'(i^ .a*';"*' ^ By this time, the French, to the number of about liooo men, were in full march for the town, they ^ attempted to enter the gates, but were repulfed; and ligain made two different attacks, with the like ill [fnccefs, being kept back as long as the troops of the jarrifon had ammunition. Lieutenant colonel Jen- [sings then ordered his men into the cafUe ; and ^he French immediately appeared in the market place ; ihere they might have been attacked with great advan* Itage; had it not been for the molt fcandalous want of am- jaianition. The French finding the fire of the gar- ^fon fo weak, attacked the gates of the cafHe fword hand, which from the battering of the fliot on Dth fides, were knocked open, and the enemy march- in; but lieutenant colonel Jennings^ with fome peers, and about 50 men repulfed them, and the |iiien from a half moon near the gates, after their am- nanition was gone, threw (lones and bricks. Had his attack of the enemy been fupported with the leaft degree of courage, they mud certainly have fuccecd- «il in it ; but they retired back under cover, leaving lie gates open, and the garrifon drawn up in their Ifront. Jennings would have (allied, had they had am- nunition ; but without it the enterprifc was too dan- gerous. And as the breach in the caflle wall could not be defended, as it was 50 feet long, it was agreed to bt a parley ; and accordingly lieutenant colonel Jen- Ngs^ marched out with the honours of war, agree* Pg that an equal number of French priConers fliouUl fe fent to France in lieu of the garrifon. By an ar- ^'cl« of the capitulation, the mayor and corporation lere to furnifh the French with provificns ; bin they m ■a I*. ' M 244 \^ HISTORY of the WAR. ^ l^^ not executing that article to the French general's 1, tisfa^ioHy the town was plundered. On the 2 J they fent a flag of truce to Belfail, and made a demai of feveral articles of proviiions, and other necei faries to be delivered that day, promiling to pay fJ them; and threatening, in c^fe of refufal> to but Carrickfergus, and afterwards to coilie up and buii Belfad alio. With which demands, the inhabitan thought it bed to comply. The French loft about d men in their attack on Cartickfergus ; and having ca] j'lcd the mayor and fome of the principal inhabitan] aboard their fliips, as a fecurity for having the Frend ' prifoners fent to France, they re-embarked their troop] and fet fail the 26th. In the mean time, this handful of French troop] inconfiderable as they were, alarmed the whole kina dom of Ireland, and all the weftern coaft of Britair The rich towns of Liverpool and Whitehaven, wer In fear for their (hips and eflfedls; twelve hundre, men of the neigbouring militia marched to Liverpool as foon as it was known that Thurot was landed il Ireland. There were at that time 200 fail of (hips ij the harbour of Whitehaven, and nothing to defer them; the neighbouring gentlemen, to proted tt town and country, raifed and armed 600 men. Shi[ were difpatched from feveral ports in queft of t\ French commodore; and the duke of Bedford, lor lieutenant of Ireland, iflued the necelTary orders fa the fprces in the northern part of that kingdoi to march towards Carrickfergus ; and difpatched i exprefs to Kinfale, to inform capt. Elliot, who cor manded three men of war there, that M. Thurot ws upon the coaft. - Elliot dircdlly fet fail from Kinfale, with the Mok of 32 guns, and the Pallas and Brilliant of q6 gunj each ; he made the entrance of Carrickfergus bay tir 26th ; but could not get in, the wind being contra ry, and very bad weather. The 28tb, at four iij tl morning, he got light of them, and gave chace. / bout nine he got up aiong-lide the French commodor off^he Ifle of Man, and in a few minutes after thj aiflioli became general, and lafted abont an hour andr jj^do}^ HlSTORYo/M^WAR. ^ 245 Llf, when they all thtee ftruck their colours ; although IThurotwas killed by a cannon ball, yet his fhip the iBclIeifle wa* fought fo bravely, that it was feared (he Ivould fink before (he could be got into port; (he Inounted 44 guns, and carried 549 men, including jiroops; the la Blonde carried 32 guns and 400 men; lind the Terpfichore of 26 guns and 300 men. The IBritilh officers and failors,aswellasthofe of the French, ibaght very bravely. The lofs of the conquerors was trifling, that of the French amounted to about 300 Inen I;illed and wounded. Thurot was one of the Ibraveft men that had appeared in France fince the be- ginning of the war; he was remarkable for his mild lad generous treatment of the prifoners he took while Icommander cf the Belliflfc privateer. In Britain great part of the fummer was ifmployed lin miking pteparatioils for a grand expedition. A uotiiiderable fleet was equipped, and a body of land ftrces was afftimbled to be put on board ^ but all this ferved no other purpofe than amudng the attention of llhe people; for unfortunately when this great nrmsi- Incnt, which had coft near half a million in preparati* tiflS) was jcitt ready to fail, his majefty Gebrge II. died, [iipon which the whole defign was laid afidc. ^^ ' ^ His raajefty expired on the 25th of 0 after a rign of 34 years. This e- vent happened between the hours of feven and eight in the morning at Kenrmgton. He had rofe at his ufu^ time without any apparent figns of indifpofii^tT. " H6 cslledhis pa^fe, drank his chpcokte> and enqoired a- [boDt the wind, as if anxions for the arrival of the mails, Vfiiich hid then been detained in Holland a confider- kble time. He opened bis window, and feeing it a line day, faid he woiifd' walk in the gardens. This paffed while the t>age attended him at breakfaft; but on bving the room he heard a deep (igh, immediately followed by a noife like the falling of a billet of woqd from the fire, and returning haftily> found the king propped down from his feat, as if attempting to ring^ the bell, who faid faintly, * Call Amelia/ and then hxpired. He was inllantly raifed and laid upon the |Hj the princefs was called, who was told he wars 0^2 dead VA >K a46 HISTORY ///^tf WAR. ^1.76, dead upon her entering the room; but being a liti deaf) and her fpirlts hurried by the alarm, (he did n underlland what was iaid, and ran up to the bedfulL and looping tenderly over her father, as thinking In might fpeak to her in a low voice, (he then firft dilci vered he was dead : this (hock fo fudden, To unexpe ted, and fo violent^ threw her into an agony. Hi niaje(ty in the fall received a fmall hurt on his tempi and his phyiicians and furgeons being fent for, cami infUntly to his afnitoince, but without effeifl. An a tempt was made to bleed him^ but the ifTues of lii ■were dried up. . / ? , : .^**..i^:r! V The caufe of a ttionarch's death is always enquirei into with fuch minutenefs, that it may be thought ne{ cefFary to give the following account of what appear ed to the ferjeant furgeons on opening the body. opening the belly they found all the parts in a natun and healthy (late, except that on the furface of thi kidney there were fome watry bladders, which, the faid, could not have been at this time of any materi al confequence. On opening the bread they obfervei the pericardium, or bag, which contains the heart, ex traordinarily diftended, which was owing 'to a large el fufion of blood that had been difcharged therein, fro! a rupture in the fubftance of the right ventricle of thi .heart. The quantity of the blood in the pericardia was at lead a pint, the mod part of which was (Irong ^y coagulated. The rupture of the ventricle, and thi conTei^lint effufion of olood in the pericardium, certainly the^nimediate caufe of his fudden death The brain, Inngs, and M the other parts, were in perfeft date. This cafe is faid by the faculty to be the mod extraordinary kind, becaufe he was of a heahh conditution, unaccudomed to excefs, and far advan ced beyond that period of life, when the blood migh be fuppofed todow with a dangerous impetuolity. We will now proceed to his character. King George was in his perfon well fhaped and c reft, but he was rather below the middle Hze. Hii complexion was fair* his nofe high, and his eyes large His mein wasroajcftic: and he wore age fo extreme! well, that time fat on his countenance with a grace , -s.', • ' ■ ' pcrhap; 1760 Y H I S T R Y ^ M^ W A R. 247 perhaps not a little owing to his regular way of living^ which was temperate and extremely methodical. In his temper he was fometimes fudden and violent ; how- ever he was merciful> and, on numberlefs occaHons^ humane; he was cenfured as ^iarfimonious, and this ceniurc was not wholly without foundation. In the charafter of a foldier he appears with great luftre,- he loTcd war, (ludied it as a rcience> correfponded on the fubjccft with the bell officers in Germany, and, above til, was perfonally brave. To fay he was perfedtly acquainted with our conftitution^ would> in tba opinion I of fome men, be paying him as difputable a compli- ment, as to fay he perfecftly knew our language. How- ever it mod be acknowleged, he was a thorough (latef- man with regard to the affairs of Germany. It is true, bis government feldom deviated from the eftabliHied forms of law; yet it was diftinguifhed by a dole atten- tion to the interefts of Germany, his mind being marked by a ftrong affection for that country, and his reign was not lefs remarkable for German wars; in all which Great Britain was conftantly plunged, either to trim the balanceof power, or enter into trammels for the defence of \\k protectant religion. He lived to fee the fpirit of party fxtinguiflied, though it was not until the clofe 6f his reign ; to enjoy the comfortable fatisfa<5tion of having his family firmly and immoveably feated on the throne, ho experience the fuilell meafure of his peoples afFedi- wn,and to fee the intrepidity of his arms and the power lof i)is kingdoms raifed to a higher pitch of fuccefs ind glory, than it was once thought they could po0ibly |»rrive at; when all thefe were accomplifhed, it was kiscarneft defire to fee an end of the war, his difpofi- hion being naturally pacific. He was an enemy to no pligion; he did not molelt the free and full exercife of fbe powers of the human mind : among the many [fefts which divide and compofe the people of Great IBritain, this mildnefs and general toleration will en- Wear a refpeft to his mertiory, which the followers of W opinions will not ceafe to pay: they will likewife pipeft him becaufe be reigned fo long, and they will »ot forget that during his government they enjoyed »oy internal bleffings, and if we except one momen- 0,3 tary »-.s J48 HISTORY of the WAR. ' ^ 1760 tury dorm of war (the rebellion in 174$) an uninter- rupted fcrics of tranquility. He was fucceeded by his grandfon George III. whoj began his reign in the 23d year of his age. No prince hud ever afcencled the throne of Britain under happier! aufpices, from the univetfal confentand approbation ofl the people, than thofe which attended the elevation of his prefent majefly; yet no Britifh prince was ever lefs known to thofe he fhould one day govern: fequef* tered from all fhare in the nieafures of government, he lived i^n retirement, furroundcd by a few friends and dependants, to whom the virtues of his difpoiion Mvere known. But when he emerged from obfcurity, andaJ fumed the reins of government, then his talents (honc| forth, and he appeared p?rfe^ already in the art of reigning. When the people were made acquainted! with the virtues of his heart, his extenlivc underftand«l ing, his mildn«?l3> affability, fympathy, generofity and! love to his native country; when they learn'd thathisl mind had been carefully cultivated with fcience,and| his knowlegc enlarged, they difcovered all the tran* fports of the mod loyal affection, having found theirl iitmod Nyidies more than realized. Addredcs) ccucbedl in the warmed profefllons of love and attachment, flowed in from every part of the kingdom ; all tbel bodies politic and incorporate, feemed to vie witli each other in exprefTions of love and affedtion tc their new fovereign, who received them with fudi marks of regard^ as could not be birt extremely pleal- ing to a people remarkable for fenfibility and fentimentj Such accomplidiments in their fovereign could not but attract their veneration to all thofe who had fo diligently and fuccefsfully laboured in his improv- nient. Their applaufe was in a fpecial manner due to the ability, alliduity, and unremitted attention 0^ John earl of Butf, a nobleman of unftiaken probity | / feverely jud in all his tranfadlions ; learned, cam ' liberal, and courteous; a zealous patriot; a noble and ' amiable pattern as well of domedic as of public virtueJ :' This noble perfon may be faid to have cultivated ^ his fovereign from the ciadle, carefully forming hi^ y young mind to virtue, and doting it with ideas and fen- ; " . ^ - - timent3 ,761 Y HISTORY of the WAR. 249 timents fuitable to his birth and «cpe(^ation. He was theconftant companion of his folitude, honoured with bis friendfliipy his bofom counfellor^ on whofe fidelity and judgment he confidently repofed. TheCe things conlidcredy it is no wonder though the earl of Bute was invefled with a fhare of the adminiftration when his matter afcended the throne> accordingly he was en- roiled a member of the privy council. He fucceded theearl of HoldernefTe as fecretary of flate for the north- ern department, and was fuppol'ed to (land with Mr. Pitt as joint pilot at the helm of adminiflration. ^ On the 1 8th of November the parliament met, and voted for the fupplies of the year 1761 the fum of 19,616,1191. 193. 9d. flerling. There was raifed in the courfe of feven fcffions the enormous fum of feventy-eight millons twenty thoufand fix hundred and feventy four pounds five pence one farthing. A fum yhich no man, who knows the value of money, can reflet upon without equal aflonifhment and concern. If he looks back fifty years ago, when Britilh wars were carried on with equal vigor upon the fame footing, and when half the potentates of Europe received fabfidies from Great Britain, whilft her fupplies did not amount to one third of the above> how fhall he account for the vail difproportion without defraying m his own mind from the integrity, wifdom, or oecono- my of the ad- n:be this as it will, it demonflrates the mod unlimited confidence of a loyal people, flufhed with fuccefs, and fanguinein their expectations. CHAP. vni. Afairs in Germany^ viz* Colherg taken by the Rujjians. Schnjjeidnitz taken ky furprize, Confpiracy again]} the king of Pruffta\ life di [covered. Motions oj the allied army. Battle of FelUnghaufen. Conquefl of Bellei/Je^ and naval tranfaiiions. Negotiation for peace. Re' ftgnation of Mr, Pitt ; and a rupture m^ith Spain* H E PrulTians and Auftrians were for fome time in a flate of total ina^ivity. The king com- 0^4 manded T sM} 250 HISTORY ^/Zi^ WAR. ^1761 manded In Silelia in oppofition to baron Laudohn, and i his brother prince Henry in Saxony in oppofition toi count Daun. For feveral months thefe four armies continued in their camps all adling upon the defenfive. In the me^n time a large body of Ruflians invefted Colberg. They had feveral times attempted to talic this place in former campaigns ; but now they refolute- ly begun the liege, being determined to take it at all event^. It was a place to them of the utmoit impor- tance; for, being a fea-port, they could by means of it tranfport provifions from Ruflia to either their army in Brandenburg or Pomcrania; for want of which con- vcniency their troops, at the end of every campaign, had been obliged to retreat into their own country. The Ruffian fleet blocked it up byfea; but they were foon after difperfcd by a ftorm ; while their troops, commanded by general Roman zofF, canonaded it by land ; but the Ruffians being unaccuftomed to fieges, were from the beginning of Auguft to the middle of December before they made any imprelfion on the place. At length, in fpite of the rigour of the feafon, which they feemed to fet at defiance, they maitered a fmall fort, which commanded the harbour ; upon which colonel Haden^ the governor, finding the garrifon would be in danger of perifhing by famine, furrendered on the 17th of December. During the languid and floven- ]y operations of this tedious fi^ge, the grand Ruflian army, commanded by general Butterlin, entered Silc- fla and cannonaded Breflau ; but on the approach ofa body of Pruflians they abandoned that work, and join- ed the Aullrians. The affairs of the king of Pruflia ieemed now dcfperatc. The junction of two fuch powerful armies feemed to threaten his certain deftruc- tion. However he was not abandoned by his (trata- gems and courage. He fecretly detached a body of troops into Poland, where they burned three of the Ruffian magazines; upon which Butterlin feparated from the Auflrians, and marched to the prote(^ion of the reft. To make amends for this manoevre, baron Laudohn formed a project for taking Schweidnitz by furprizc. He picked out a number of his befl men, and Qn the fiird of Odlober, at three in the morning, in, entered Silc- i^6i\^ m STORY of the U^AR. 251 during a thick fog, he ordered them to advance to the place, where, without oppoCtion, they fixed their fcahng ladders, and had begun to mount before they were perceived by the garrifbn. The Auftrians refo- lately entered the towii, and; being well fupfiorted^ attacked the Prufliaiis with fuccefs on all iides, and at day-break obliged general Zaftrow, the governor, with his whole garrifon^ to furrender prifoners of war. The!)* lofs in this affair was only about 600 men. Thus did the Auftrians, to the fuprize of the whole world, become fuddenly mafters of a very llrong and important fortrefs, defended by a garrifon of 3000 men, in which they found u vait magazine of meal and a numerous train of artillery. Although in the public accounts this is called a furprize; :;et private ones, which are often more true, aflfert it was taken by trea- chery, and there is reafon to believe it. This affair obliged the king of Prudia to change his pofition. He drew nearer to Breflau, and there put his 'troops into winter-quarters. While he was here, the court of Vi- enna fet on foot a confpiracy againd his life. They • engaged one baron de Warkotch> a man of fortune in Silefia, and one Schnedt, a pried, to execute their fcheme; which was> ' to feize the king when he fhould ' come forth unattended, and convey him to the Auilri- ^ an camp.' The difcovery wasmade by one of the baron's fervants, who was carrying a letter to Schmedt, and fufpeding the contents, carried it to the king ; up- on ^vhich the baron was feized ; but he afterwards found means to efcape through a window : Schmedt alfo fbund means to fly. Count Daun attempted nothing of con- " fcquence during the whole campaign : in November he put his troops into winter-quarters in the neigbour- hood of Drefden. Prince Henry by his well regula- ted motions and watchful eye made head againfl count , Daun, the army of the empire, and the Swedes, and ^ kept them all at bay. ' , «' ^ v The allies opened the campaign in February. The Hereditary Prince took Fritzlar, and prince Ferdinand pulhed forward in a rapid manner to retake CafTel be- fore the French army Ihould be reinforced; but he found it inipo/fiblc. The garrifbn was numerous, and *^* held 2S2 HISTORY sT^^^ WAR. {1761 held out vigoroufly. The French army, commanded b" the duke de Broglio, approached; upon which he was I obliged 10 raife the fiege and retire. A fecond French army was aOembled on the Lower Rhine under the prince de Soubize. Detachments of the allies fioripme time harrafled both thefe armies^ and did them confiderable damage; upon which their commanders joined theiri armiesy and refolved to give battle to prince FerdiDand. Accordingly early in the morning on the 16th of July^ while he was encamped at Hoenhover, they attaci^ed his camp; bt>t he having information of their deGgii/i gave them fo warm a reception in all their attemps ta force his poft, as at length obliged them to retire with thejofs of 4000 men ; the allies lo(t &bout 1200 men. This battle, which the French diftingiih by the name of Fellinghaufen, feparated their two armies. It was a misfortune to the French, that their generds could never agree. There was a pique between Soubize and Sroglio at the time of this a^ion, in which each wi(h- ed to fee his coadjutor facrificed : had this not been the cafe, the vidlory would not have been io eafily ob- tained; for after the battle prince Ferdinand was not able to look 6roglio*s great army alone in the face. »Tha* general, by dint of his prodigious f»pcriority, and being Simulated to retrieve his late difgrace, tooic (bme places, penetrated into Hanover, and gained fe- veral little advantages; blit prince Ferdinand by a forced march approached CaiFel, which obliged Broglio to draw off and protejit that pfece. However the French general laid the whole country under contri» bution. The Hereditary Prince, in order to make re- prifals, fcoured the country of HefTe, by which he rendered it drfHcult for the French army to fubfift. At the fame time Broglio fent a detachment to feize the city of WoUcnbutilc, which was ayithouis any farther operations. _-^:. 1* t . Part of the fquadron, which had laft year been e* quipped for the intended expedition, were employed in cruizing on the coaft of France, and afterwards were part of another fleet equipped for a fecond ex- pedition. The obje«5t. of its deilination was kept 9. ' profound fecret; however the event at lad difcovered that it was intended to reduce the ifle of Belleifle on the coaft of France. The troops amounting to ten battalions, commanded by general Hodgfon, were put on board tranfports ; and the fleet, coniifting of ten Ihips of the line, belides fr:;?ates, &c. commanded by commodore Keppel, failed liOm Portfmouth on the 39th of March, and on the feventh of April came to an anchor in the great road of Belleifle, where a dif- pofition was made for landing the forces. The com- manders having agreed that the defcent fl>ould be made on the fandy l^acb^near the point of Lomaria, towards the fouth-eafl: end of the ifland, a feint was made to attack the citadel of Palais, while two large fliips con- voyed the troops to the landing-place, and filenced a battery which the enemy had there ereded. This fcr- vice being performed, the flat-bottomed boats advan- ced to the fliore, and about two hundred and flxty landed, under the command of major Purcel and cap- tain Ofl^orne; but the enemy, who had intreuched themfelves on the heights, appeared fuddenly above them, ^nd poured in fuch a fevere fire, as threw them into confufion, and intimidated the reft of the troops from landing. Captain OflDorne, at the head of fixty gre- nadiers, advanced with great intrepidity fo near as to exchange feveral thrufts with the French cflicer, until having received three ftiots in the body, he fell dead on the fpot. Major Purcel fhared the fame fate, which was extended to feveral other oflicers. In a word, this handful of men being overpowered with tuuubcr?, 254 HISTORY i/fy^^ WAR. ^ ijcl numbers, were totally routed, and either killed oj taken prifqners ; fo that this attempt was attendeJ with the lofs of near five hundred men, including tw^ fea-officers, and about fifty marines belonging to th« (hips that endeavoured to cover the landing. This difl couraging check was fucceeded by tempeftuous weathcrj which damaged fome of the tranfports. When the wind abated? the Prince of Orange fliip of war failed round the ilkndvin order to furvey the coaft, and dif-l cover, if poffible, fome other place for difembarkation ;l but the whole feemed to be fecured by rocks and bat.| terie i in fuch a manner, as precluded all accefs. ' Notwithltanding this unfavourable profpe^, another! fchcme was laid? and the execution of it crowned with fuccefs. On the 22d day of the month in the morning, the troops were difpofcd in the flat-bottomed boats, and rowed to different parts of the ifland, as if they intend- ed to land in different places: thus the attention of the enemy was diflra^ed in fuch a manner? that they knew -not where to expeft the defcent, and were obliged to divide their forces at random. Mean while brigadier Lambert pitched upon the rocky point of Lomaria? where captain Paterfon, at the head of Beauclerk*s gre- nadierf and captain Murray, with a detachment of ma- rines, climbed the precipice with adonifliing intrepidi- ty, and iuflained the fire of a ftrong body of the enemy, until they were fupported by the ref^ of the British troops, who now landed in great numb ^rs. Then the French abandoned their batteries, and letirsd with pre- cipitation: but this advantage was not gained without bloodfhed. About forty men were killed, and a confide- rable number wounded, including colonel Mackenzie and captaiu Murray of the marines, who feemed to vie with the marching regiments in valour and aftivity, and captain Paterfon of Beauclerk's grenadiers* who loft his arm in the difpute. Monfieur de St. Croix per- ceiving that all the Britifli troops were difembarked, to the number of eight thoufand men, recalled all his detachments to Palais, and prepared for a vigorous de- fence, his forces, now joined by the militia of the ifland, amounting to four thoufand men fit for fcrvice. On the 23d of Aprils the Britidi troops were form- ed ,y6i }► HISTORY o/^y&tf WAR.. 255 ed into columns, and began their march towards the capital o! the ifland. Next day general Hodgfon or- dered a detachment of light hQrfe to taice poft at Sau- zon; and on the 25th a corps of infantry took pof- feiTion of a village called Bordilla, where they began torhrow up an intrenchment; but they were diflodged by a party of the enemy's grenadiers: the whole army, however, intrenched itfelf in the neighbourhood. The artillery, and implements of fiege for breaking ground, being ftill on board the fleet, and the tempeftuous weather rendering it impracticable to fend them afhore, the French governor feized this opportunity for erec- ting fix redoubts to defend the avenues of Palais ; and thefe were fini(hed with admirable (kill and aiEtivity, before general Hodgfon had it in I is power to com- mence his operations. All that he could do, in the mean time, was to publifh a manifelto, adreifed to the inhabitants, declaring, that if they would put them- felves under the proteftion of the Britifh govenment, they fhould be indulged with the free exercife of their religion, and retain all the rights and privileges which they had ever enjoyed. This adurance produced a coniiderable efFe^ among the natives, a good number of whom immediately clofed with the propofal. The next (lep the general took was to fummon the French commandant, who remained encamped under the walls of the citadel, and declared that he would defend the place to the lad extremity; and indeed it mud be own- ed) for the honour of this gentleman > that, in the courfe of the liege, he performed every thing that could be expe^ed from a gallant officer, confummate in the art. of war. About the latter end of April, fome mortars being brought up, began to play upon the town, within the walls of which the enemy now retired: and at this junfture Sir William Peere Wil- liams, a captain in Burgoyne*s light horfe, was (hot by a French centincl, in reconnoitring their iituati- on. He was a gallant young gentleman, of a good family and great hopes* confequently his fate was uni- verfally regretted. The befiegers broke ground on the 2d of May; but next night the ircnchcu were atrgckcd by the enemy . wiih -' ^\i. 2^6 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ ly^^, vfith fach vigour, that the piquets on the left were thrown into confufionu Major-general Crawford, who| commanded in the trenches, rallied the troops, and en- deavoured to animate them by his own example ; bfltl on this occafion they did not a^ with their ufual rpirit.I fome hundreds were killed, and the major-general with his two aids-du-camps fell into the hands of the| enemy, who retreated without having made any attempt upon the right, where the piquets uood ready to givel them a warm reception. The damage they had done was next day repaired : a redoubt was begun near the right of their worlds ; and from this period the opera- tions of the fiege were profecuted with unremitting vi- gour notwithltanding a fevere fire maintained without interruption, and a fucceflion of well-concerted fallies^ which were not executed without a confiderable effufion of blood* >. ^ -•-:.;.» i^■; vr'.,-f'i-; ^The engineers giving it as their opinion that the! works could not be properly advanced, until the French redoubts (hould be taken, the general made the difpod* tion for the attack^ which began on the 13th at da break. A terrible fire from four pieces of cannon, aud above thirty cohorns, were poured into the redoubt | on the right of the enemy's flank : then a detachment of marines, fuftained by part of Loudohn's regiment* advanced to the parapet, drove the French from the works, and, after a very obflinate difpute with their bayonets fixed> took poiTeflion of the place. All the other five were reduced, one after another, by the fame detachments, reinforced by Colvirs regiment, under the command of colonel Teefdale and major Nelbit; and a confiderable ilaughter was made bf the enemy, - who retired into the citadel with fomd precipitation. Such was the ardour of the afTailants, that they entered the ftreets of Palais pell-mell with the fugitives,' made a good number of prifoners, and look pofTeflion of the town, in which they found the French hofpital, and and fome British prifoners, who had been taken in dif- ferent failles. The Britifh being now maders of the whole ifland, except the citadel of Palais, bent all their endeavours to the reduftion of this fortrefs^ which was very ftron/j both r\ 1^61 J^ HISTORY (fthe WAR. : 257 both by art and lituation, and defended with nncom- pon courage and perfeverance on the fide of the be- iieged. Parallels Were finifhedy barricadoes made, and batteries conftrudled ; and an incelTant fiie from mortars and artillery was mutually maintained, by night and by 5ay, from the 13th of May to the 25th, when that of the enemy began to abate. In the courfe of fuch def- perate fervice a great many men muft have been killed, and many died of diftemper. The ifland was in iifelf fo barren, and Monf. de St. Croix had taken fuch ef- f^ual precautions to remove it; produce, that the Britifti army had neither frefti provifion nor rcfrefh- mcnts, except what was brought by fea from England. From thence, indeed, they were tolerably well fupplied with live cattle : they were alfo reinforced by one regi- giment from Portfmouth, and another from the ifland ofjerfey. By the end of May a breach was made in the citadel ; and notwithftanding the indefatigable in- Mry of the garrifon and the governor -in repairing the damage, the nre of the beliegers increafed to fuch a de- free, that great part of their defences were ruined^ and the breach prafticable by the 7th of June, when Monf. k St. Croix, being apprehenfive of a general adault, demanded a capitulation. He obtained the moft ho- nourable conditions, in confideration of his noble de- fence; but the vif^ors lofl; near 2000 men. The Britifh cruizers were extremely fnccefsful. I'li January the Richmond frigate of 32 guns fell in, with the Fclicrte, a French frigate of the fame force off the coaft of Holland, and began a warm engagement near Gravefande, about eight miles from the Hague, to which place the prince of Orange, the Britifh and French ambaiTadors, and a great multrrirde of people, repair- ed to fee the fight. In about two hours both (liips rait afhore ; neverthelefs the adion was, maintained, until the French fled from their Quarters, and abandoned their (hip, which was deilroyed, after having loft her captain and about 100 men. The Richmond foon floated without any damage ; (he had only three men liilled and thirteen wounded. "^ ' Captain Hood, of the Minerva frigate, cruizing in the channel, met with the Warwick, a Britifh man o{ war. ■ll ' H ^ 1 i< ■ : 1 - ' i Jllnl s ' -. I I i , 258 HISTORY g/'M^ WAR. ^1^5, war* taken by the French in the Wcfl-Indies, and aftej an engagement of an hour obliged her to flrike. The Minerva Joft her maih by the board, and had 14 men killed and 35 wounded. The lofs on board the prize was the fame. Soon after a French fiigate, called the Entrepenant, of 26 guns, but pierced for 44, was ta- ken off the Land's End by the Vengeance frigate, ir April the Gomete and Pheafant, two French frigates were taken ofFUfliant. In the Mediterranean, where admiral Saunders commanded, the Oriflamme, a FrenclJ (hip of 40 guns and 370 men, was taken by the Ifisl lieutenant Cunningham^ after a running engagement ofl four hours and a half. The Ifis had only four men kil.| led and nine wounded : captain Wheeler who com. manded her, was killed in the beginning of the adlion.l The lofs of the Oriflamme in killed and wounded was! between 40 and 50 men. About two months after a*| nother exploit was performed by a detachment from thel fame fquadron. Captain Proby, in the Thunderer,! together with the Modeile, Thetis and Favorite floopj being ordered to cruize upon the coalt of Spain, withl a view to intercept the BoufTon and Achilles, two! French men of war, which lay in Cadiz : they at lengthl venture^ to come forth, and were defcried by the Bri- tifli cruizers on the i6th of July. About midnight the Thunderer came up with the Achilles, which (Iruck after a warm engagement of half an hour ; yet in this ihort a<5tion capt. Proby had 40 men killed and near 100 wounded. About feven in the morning the Thetis engaged the BoufTon, and the fire was maintained on both (ides with great vivacity for half an hour, when the Modefte ranging up and firing a few guns, the French captain l^bmitted. The Thetis and ModcIle| fuffered greatly in their rigging and crews. , On the loth of Auguft, the Bellona, of 74 guns, cap- tain Faulkencr? and the Brilliant of 36, captain Logic,] coming from Lifbon, fell in off Vigo with tiie Coura- ^cux, a French man of war of 74 guns, and two frigatesi of ^2 p.uns each. The Bellona attacked the Courageux, and after an engagement of three quarters of anhour>j obliged her to (Irike., She had 240 'men and lool wounded. The Brilliant engaged the frigates j but| ' ' foon ,761 Y HISTORY o/the WAR. 259 foon after the Couragcux was taken, they bore away* The Bellona had only fix men killed and 28 wounded. the Brilliant had five killed and 16 wounded. In the Well-Indies, commodore Holmes, in the Hampihire, in company with the Centaur, attacked the St. Anne, a new French (hip of war, pierced for 64 guns, but on account of her being heavily laden with coffee, indigo and fugar, had only 40 mounted, and took her after a trifling refiflance. In the month of June the iflana of Dominique, one ofthe'neutral iflands in the Weft-Indies, was attacked and reduced by a fmall body of troops, under the com- mand of lord Rollo, who were conveyed thither from Guadaloupe by Sir James Douglas. They drove the French from four intrenchments, one above another, on the face of a fleep rock, and made all the French troops, with M. de Longrie^ their commander> prifon* ers of war, ," ^ ■ -'''/' - ,-■ > --v. ' ' ': . ' ■■'■ \ .\ I The very great fuccefs of the Britifh arms having re- duced France to the loweft (late of adverfity^ (he fet Ion foot a negotiation for peace: fhe began by refufing the payment of her fubfidies to her needy allies, particular- . iy to Sweden, to whom it was told that the exhaufled I condition of France, which could be no longer concealed> made her unable to adhere to the letter of her engage- ments, and that therefore fhe defired peace in earnefl. The courts of Vienna and Peterfburg then agreed with France to offer propofals to renew the fhort negotiation ; for peace, which had abruptly broke off lafl year. Un- der the mediation of Spain, tkey delivered their memo- rials in London on the lafl day of march. Their pro- ' pofals being accepted both by England and Pruflia, a ' congrefs was appointed to be held at Augfbourg. But tliedifputes between England and France being of a dif- ferent nature to thofe ampng the German powers, it was agreed that they fliould be previoufly fettled by a fepa- rate negotiation. Accordingly miniflers were fcnt from ^ eachkingdom. Mr. Stanley went to France, and Mr. BufTey came to England. But France did not truft to this negotiation : flie was fenlible fhe mufl facrificc a I great deal ; therefore flie looked out for another re- - R ^ fburcf, a6o niSTOKY of thcVr AR. \{ lyfic] fource, and (lie found one in Spain, with whom (he tampered on the great power of the Hritifh in America I urging thdt the SpaniHi colonies would lie at the mercyl of the Britifh, if th< French power in America (houldl be wholly annihilated. Charles of Spain* naturally iiJ clined to peace, and to the enjoyment of the vaft trca- fures he was every day amafTing by his iate fucceHion tol the crown of Spain ; but fearing the truth of what France iniinuated, he with great reludtancc and fecrecyj entered into a treaty with France, which was figneul at Paris on the 25th of Auguft ; purporting, that whoJ ever (hould declare war dgaind one, did at that inJ Aant become an enemy to the other : and they bound| themfelves by mutual oath to aflift each other in all wars ofTendve and defeniive ; they guarantied eachi others dominions ; and their natural born fubjedls arc to enjoy all rights, privileges and immunities, &c. ir both kingdoms ; and their ambafTadors at all foreigr. courts are to live in perfeft amity and afFociation, This is what is called the family €ompaCt, It was con- cluded in fo fecret a manner, that not above one or t^ perfons, except the iigners, had for fome time am knowlege of it. The Britifh minifier (hewed more ai in difcovering, than he did fegacity in preventing this treaty, by which France was fare of being fupplicd wiiJ money, the only ingredient (he wanted for makinj, war, her country being full of nien, aJid the feafons thai year remarkably fruitful. A fmall (hare of piiancyJ however, on the part of the Britifh minittcr would haw prevented his Catholic majefty, from complying witir a meafure to which he was fo averfe as that of enterini into the war. But from what appeared to the public] no (lep was taken to make him eafy, or to remove hii apprehenfions. On the contrary, after Mr. Pitt had 1 moral certainty of the family cOmpaA being concIadedJ tho' not publifhed, he pufhed for an immediate war witir Spain, without further ceremony, and for interceptinf their treafure on the return of their (hips to Europe. In the mean time Mr. Pitt feemed to comply foj opening the negotiations with France, which at fit promifed fair; but minifterial craft on the one ham. and minifterial haughtinefs on the other biased thettii ^ \ . " . ■ . - . ^ ^ - BiiW ,761 Y HISTORY Gff^e WAR. 261 BufTy thought it fufficient if he plied the the Britifh ninidet* with the common places of compliments and footliing expreflions. The genius of the other difdain- (d thofe mechanical arts ; which the court of Verfailles^ and ibme perhaps at that of St. Jameses, thought to be IcITentials. Bulty, from the manner and anfwers of Mr. Pitt, might have forefeen this ; but as his capacity I reached no farther than fopms^ and the fervile obfervan- c(8 of infirudtions, he was puzzled^ and never was there more weaknefs difcovered than at this negotiation on the part of France. It is certain that the French, mm the commencement of the negotiation > treated under the wings of Spain, who always wants to make a apital figure, tho' at the expence of evtery principle «f policy, decency, and indeed common fenfe, hereby Mr. Bulfy was obliged (for in charity we mull think Ihiin fo) to prefcnt tc the Briiifh miniuer^ what he cal- a private memorial, intimating that his Catholic laajedy would be invited to accede to the guaranty of the treaty, and that his concerns likewife (hould be in- Iduded in this negotiation. Thofe were comprized Bader three beads.* Firft, fatisfa^tion for Spanifh c^p- linres made by the Britilh flag, for which there was little |«r no colour of complaint : Secondly, the claim of the [Spaniards to fi(h upon the banks of Newfoundland, [And Thirdly, the demolition of the Britifh fettlements fortifications that had been eredted on the bay of IIHonduras, upon Spaniiii territory. This memorial t\\e. |tmi(h minifter treated with indignation and contempt ; \k reje^ed with difdain the ofFers of negotiating through an enemy humbled and almod at his feet, the ditputes of his nation, with a power adtually at *^ friendftiip with us." And he returned this memorial iswholly inadmiflfable, declaring that any further men* tion oi it would be looked upon as an affront to the [trown, and incompatiible with the (incerity of the ne- )tiation. At the fame time, he difpatched amcfTen- gerto lord Briftol the Britiih miniiier at Madrid^ to re- Ijwnftrate with energy and firmnefs, the uncxempled fKgularity of that court. Yet the court of Verfailles irefully avoided breaking off the conferences. They ^vcti ^ndefceaded to make an apology for having pro- R 2 pofed h^ If I I * I 262 UlSrOKY^ the WAR. ^ jy^J pofed the difcuflion of the points in difpute with Spain | the count de Fucntes, who refided as ambad'ador fron Spain at the court of London, delivered to Mr. Pitt] by order of his mafter, fuch an explanation of that mej morial, as fecmed well adapted to remove any unfavourj able impredion that might have been produced : an/ M. de Buify received private indrudlions to relax ii feveral articles. But Mr. Pitt had received fuch an io| curable fufpicion of the defigns of France and Spalnl that it was impoiTible to bring things to an happy iiTuej The fpirit with which Mr. Pitt aSed was now knowi to the public, and fo much applauded, that he was thej become more popular than ever. Backed by his bro ther-in-law, he renewed his efforts for a war will Spain. His majelty dil'covered a vifible backwardneii to the proportion, as did alfo the other miniders. Tbj wifer and more fedate part of the latter, were fecretlj refolved upon peace, and to take out of Mr. Pitt's banc a negotiation, which it was plain, he never intende fhould be fuccefsfnl, for he was even heard to complaij of his being forced into the few preliminary conceflioi he had already made to France. But at this time tli 3iegotiation took a new turn ; France refufed to abai don her allies in Germany, and infilled upon the reftil tution of the captures made at Tea before the declaratio( of war. The Britifli miniftry were highly fenfible, tha her obftinacy was in a great meafure owing to the ei couragement (he had received from Spain, and refoivc to break off the negotiation, as they could find no otbe means of taking it out of Mr. Pitt*s hands. Mr. Stanell was recalled from Paris, and Mr. Buffy returned thithef But IViW Mr. Pitt kept in his hands the diredion of tli war, and now matters came to a crifis. He continue to urge the neceflity of an immediate declaration of wi againfl Spain. He was fully convinced they refolvcj to affifl France, and he refolved to prevent it ; not the cautious and tardy fleps of an ambaffador; but ahe appearance of our commander in chief at the bea of a great fquadron on the coafl of Spain, categories demanding the fullefl fecurity and fatisfaAion of friend fhip and neutrality ; and if this was refufed^ inflantj declaring inveterate enmity; and; being armed witbtl] m 1761 }» HISTORY (fthe WAR. 263 lorce of the nation, begin to deftroy; and flrike terror into the bowels of Spain ; adding, that this was the time for humbling the whole houfe of Bourbon ; that if this opportunity was let flip, it might never be reco- The other members confidered this propofal as a delicate (lep, not to be hazarded in the prefent con- jjundlure. The Spanifli king's partiality in favour of / france was at beit but doubtful , and the contents of the late treaty betwixt them altogether unknown. If one (late has caufe of complaint or fufpicion againft another, the law of nations and of reafon requires that recourle (hould fir(t be had to expoflulation and de- mands of fatisfa^tion ; when thefe prove inefre<5lual, then, and noi till then, may the power aggrieved com- • Uence hoflilities. If this order be violated, and every power be at liberty to interpret its pretended grievances into aggreHion, and retaliate by immediate ads ofhof- tiiity, without remondrance or denunciation, then hbere can be no faith in the law of nations, no fecurity tor commerce and no diflindlion between the juflifiable loperations of war^ and the mod arbitary adts of piracy aod nfurpation. Thus trade and navigation will be difcouraged* the interefls of humanity decline, and man- kind relapfe into the mod felfiOi barbarity. Befldes, Itbough Britain has nothing to fear from a war with ■Spain begun under proper aufpices, and maintained on |Briti(h principles; yet conlidering the ability of Spain Itoprotraft the war in Germany (where alone we can llie match*d); our embarraflment in continental con- iBedtions, which devours fuch enormous quantities of iBritilh blood and treafpre; and our prefent exhaufted |iituation, groaning under a debt of 130,000,000!. it was Ithought more prudent to avoid, with all the caution [liiat is confident with the dignity of the nation^ a rup- pre with Spain at fuch a juncture. Thefe probably were fome of the reafons which indu- ed all the other members of the privy-council to diifent ^otn the opinion of the fecretary of ftate ; tho* dill Ijcy agreed with him in adting with firmnefs and fpirit, ' Spain, after proper reprefentations being made, Wdperfifl in joining France. , - \ iS 264 HISTORY 0//^^ WAR. <^ 1761 Mr. Pitt then declared, that 'if he could not prevail! < ill this inftance, he was refolved that this was the lalt * ticie he (hould fit in that council ; that as he was call * led into the niiniftry by the people, he confidered hini»| * felf as accountable 10 them for his conduft, and hc| * would no longer remain in a fituation which mad( ' him rcfponfible for meafures, he was no longer allow^ * ed to guide.' This Ipeech was refented by the olher counfellorsj and by none more than the earl of Granville, prcliden? of the council, who had always been noted when oat of, as well as when in power, for the vigour of his mea^ fures; and the words of his anfwer are faid to hav« been as follow ; " 1 find the gentleman is determined *^ to leave us» nor can I fay 1 am forry for it, fmce he would otherwife have compelled us to leave him, but if he refolved to alTume the right of advitinghi^ majefty, and diredling the operations of the war, tc what purpofe are we called to this council ? whenh^ talks of being refponfible to the people, he talks thi languige of the houfe of commons, and, forgets thai '< at this board he is only rcfponlible to his majedyj *^ However, tho' he may poffibly have convinced himi ** felf of his infallibility, ftill it remains that we (houW '< be equally convinced, before we can rein our under! '^ Handings to his diredion, or join with him in thj '< mcaiures he propofes." This fpeech^ from the acj quiedence and approbation it met with from all the ref of the council^ was confidered as their fenfe, and theil opinion was honoured with the countenance of tbj j^reatefl charafler in the nation, who declared, thathaj his council been a9 unanimous in following^ as the were in reje(5ling, hit minifter*s fcntiments, he woul| have found himfelf under great difficulties. Soon aft« Mr. Pitt and his brorher-in-law refignaJ their placc^ and next day his majelly, in conHderation of his grca lervices, fettled upon him a pcnhon of 3000I. a yea for three lives ; and the title of an KngliHi barony wa confer! ed upon his lady and her ilRic. This event divided the nation into violent fa^iottj The friendiand admirers of Mr. Pitt exclaimed bitte Jy againll all thofc who did not acquicfcc in his mi R- i 1761 could not prevail t this was the hit hat as he was cal- he confidered hiniJ condua, and hc| ition which made IS no longer allow* other counfellors, ranville, prcfidem n noted when oui vigour of his mea^ • are faid to hav( eman is detcrniinec •ry for it, lince he us to leave him. ght of advifing h\\ ons of the vvar,tc council ? when h( people, he talks thi s, and, forgets thai [ible to his majedjrl ive convinced himf ains that we (houl^ an rein our under! in with him in thj peech> horn theacj rith from all the ref eir fenfe^ and theil lountenance of thj 3 declared^ that haj following^ as the ntimentSi he wouij cultics. Soon afu iigned their place^ eration of his grn >n of 3000I. a yea Knglifli barony wJ c. to violent fn/fliotti tt exclaimed bittei ^uiefcc in his md ,761 ^ HISTORY of the WAR. 26s furfs, branding them with the moft bitter inveiflives ; they enumerated the fuccefTes of the Eritilh arms undef bis admini^ration and attributed them folely to the wifdom of his plans and the vigour of his counfels ; they fet forth the advantages of attacking Spain without further formality ,and exprefl their apprehenfions,that as Mr. Pitt now no longer animated the machine of govern- mnt, its councils would degenerate into timidity, and the adminiltration revert into the old channel, leading rodifHdence, difgrace^ and diiiradion. Another party were no lefs violent in their invedtives againll the late m -r. They taxed him with inconftancy, want of principle, and the moft turbulent ambition. — That he had nofooner forced himfelfinto the adminiftration by dint of popularity, than he forfook thofe very princi- ples by which his popularity was acquired. — That he had drawn the nation into vaft debts by his continental meafures. — That he had left the conqueft of Louidana, in order to profecute the war in Weftphalia; an aim equally fpurious and deftrudive to the intere(UofGreat< Britain. — That perceiving the nation began to open their eyes to the abfurdity and ruinous confequences of fuch connexions, and the critical fituation of our German allies, he began to think of a pretext for quit- ting the reins he could no longer manage with reputa- tion.— That for this purpofe he propofed a Spanilli war, which could not fail to dazzle the eyes of a people already intoxicated with conqueft, and divert their attention from the true caufe of his reGgnation. It is evident that both thefe parties were adluated by fpleen 2nd inveter^ite malice Mr. Pitt himfelf feemed to think, that not only his duty dilated, but his per- fcnal fafety required the ftep he had taken, and jufti- Tied himfelf in a letter to a certain individual in Lon- don, who, in his anfwer, declared his own and fellow- citizen's fatisfaXion with his condudl. When the king and qu«en repaired to the city to dine with the lord mayor at Guildhall, Mr. Pitt ming- led with the procefEon, and was faluted in the ftrects with fuch peals of acclamations, as feemed to derogate from the refpeiJl due to their moft amiable Sovereign; fo wild and frantic was their condu^, that ihey endea- K 4 voured H i66 HISTORY of the WAR, ' <{ 1761 vourcd to unyoke his horfes, and draw the chariot of their beloved minifter by force of arm ; nor did the fcurril herd of low plebians refrain from exclamations of difgud againft an unblemlftied nobleman^ fuppofed to enjoy a diftinguiflied fhare of his fovereign's confi- dence and efteem. The moderate part of the nation beheld thefe incidents with concern. They could not conceive how Mr. Pitt was influenced by fears for his pcrfonal fafety to refign. They knew he might have differed in one particular from the council without quitting his feat, or running any rifque of being called to account for meafures adopted in oppofition to his opinion. They thought the abrupt manner in which he refign*d, not only deprived his country ofhisfer- vice and influence when mofl needed but favoured of difguft and refentment, implyed a difapprobation of of the k — g's meafures, aded as a ferment upon the ill humour of the people, and could not fail to clog the wheels of government, retard the public fervice, and perhaps alienate the affections of the fubjefts. They •were of opinion that his accepting of a penfion did not , correfpond with the delicacy of his character, who had been fo often extolled as a difinterelted patriot. They ■were forry that by his alfifting at the proceflion to Guildhall, a handle was given to his enemies to chirge him with having gone thither on purpofe to eclipfe and brow-beat his f n, to whole generolity he had been fo much obliged ; to follicit popularity, and ex- hibit himfclf as an idol of the mob, and receive the public incenfe of their praife. The earl of Egremont was appointed fecretary of (late in the room of Mr. Pitt, and the new miniftry gave out, that they were refolved to proceed with as much, if not greater lirinnefs, both with refpeft to France and Spain, than Mr. Pitt had done. It foon appeared ihat the latter had lent very proper inllrudions to the carl of nrillol, his i..aiefWs ambaifador at the Spanilh court, niul that his lord/hip had executed them with great abilities and puncluality. He gdiwc Mr, Wall, the Spanilh miniller, to underftand, that th Britirti court entirely rejedled the claim of the Spaniards upon part ci tjtic IScwfoundland fifhcry. That the Spanifli i^6i^ HISTORY /f)^^ WAR. 267 Spaniih captures complained of, muft be adjudged by the courts of admiralty and appeal in England; and that the right of cutting logwood in the bay of Hon- duras never would be given up on the part of Great- Britain. Wall difclaimed all intention in the court of Madrid to offend that of London by the memorial prcfented by BufTy; but intimated that the engage- ments entered into by Hoth courts, and the advantages offered by France to Spain, had cemented their interells. Herefufed explicitely to give up any of the claims of Spain, but iniinuated, that in the main point of difpute, viz. ibe logwood trade, England might be gratified, provided the honour of his Catholic majelty was con- fiilted by a demolition of the fettlements, which the Bri- ii(h had forcibly made in that bay. The new Briti/h ininiftry gave fome ear to his anfwers. But the inte- reftsot the French court, aflifted by a general opinion that Great Britain was unable longer to carry on the war, prevail'd. In the mean time the war in Germany tool; an unfavourable turn for England ; the Spaniih flota arrived fafe in their ports; his Catholic roa- jefty highly refented the indignant manner^ in which (be offer of his mediation had been treated by the late Britifli minifter ; and then the connexions between France and Spain were openly avowed. The earl of Briftors inftru(5tions from the new Hritifh minidry, were to demand an explanation of the fecret treaty, which had been lately ratified between France and Spain ; and to declare, that a refufal would be ccnfidered as a decla- ation of war. The Spanifh court who had already taken all their meafures in concert with France, replied, That fuch a ftep could only be fuggefled by the fpirit of haughtinefs and difcord, which reigned in the Britifh government ; that it was in that very moment the war was declared, and the earl might retire when and how lie pleafed. Accordingly the earl was recalled ; and the count de Fuentes, the Spanifli amballuidor at Lon- don, prepared to fet out for Spain ; but tir(l he> on the 2Jth of December, delivered a paper to lord Fgremont, m which the anfwer of the Spanifh coutt was repeated* 8nd the conduCl of Mr. Pitt fo indcceniJy arraigned, , that II 268 HIST OKY of the MVAR. ^ ij^ that many people termed it, tSe Spanijh monarch's deck- ration ofnuar again]} the per/on oftVilliam Pitt, CHAP. IX. \-j fincc our accef«| lion to the throne> has been^ if pofliblei ;o put anl end to the calamities of war, and to fettle thel public tranquility upon a folid and lading foundation.] To prevent thefe calamities from being extended llilll farther, and bccaufe the moll perfeA harmony betweenj Great Britain and Spain is, at all times, the mutual in' terefl of both nations, it has been our earned delire to maintain the (Iridted amity with the king of Spain, and] to accommodate the difputes between us and thatcrowr in the moll amicable manner. Thi.^ objcdl we have (tea- dlly purfped, notwithftanding the many partialities fhewr by the Spaniards to our enemies the French, during the] courie of the prefent war, inconfiftent with their neu- trality; and mod eirential proofs have been given of the friendfhip and regard of ihe court of Great-Britaif for the king of Spaiu and his family. After a conduftl ? the king ofSpainA ,762 J^ HISTORY cff/>^ W/R. 269 fofriendly> and fo full of good faith, on oar part, it was^a matter of great ftiprize to us, to find a memorirj delivered on the 23d day of July lait> by Monlieur Buf- fy, minilter plenipotentiary of France, to one of our principal fecretaries of itate, exprefly relating 10 the difputes between us* artd the crown of - Spain; and declaring, that if thofe objevas (hould bring on a war, the French king would be obliged to take part therein* Our furprize was encrcafed, when, af- terwards, this unprecedented and ofFenfive Hep, made by a power in open war with us^ was avowed by the Spanifh miniiler to our ambafTador at Madrid, to have beea taken with the full approbation and confent of the king of Spain. ' \ But as this avowal accompanied with the mod becom- ing apologies on the part of the king of Spain, and with alTurances, that fuch memorial never would have been delivered, if itliad been forefeen that we (hould haveloak- . edupon it in an ofTenOve light; and'that th€ king of Spain was at liberty, and ready, to adjuft all his differences with Great-Britain^ without the intervention or know- lege of France: and foon alter we bad the fatisfa an afTurance that there were none incompatible with the friendfhip fubfifling between us and the crownl of Spain. Our concern and afloniHiment was great,! when we learned, that, fo far from giving fatisfadtionl upon fo reafonable an application, the Spanifh mini-| (ler had declined anfwering* with reafonings and in(inu< ations of a very hodile tendency; and as, at the fame I time we had intelligence^ that great armaments were making in Spain, by fea and land, we thought it abfo-l Juiely neceffary to try, once more, if a rupture could be avoided : we therefore diredled our ambaifador to aik in a (irm, but friendly manner^ whether the court of{ ^Madrid intended to join the French, our enemies, to adt hodilely againfl Great Britain, or to depart from its neutrality : and, if he found the Spanish minifler avoid- ed to give a clear anfwer, to iniinuate, in the mod de- cent manner, that the refufing or avoiding to anfwer a quedion fo reafonable, could only arife from the king of Spain's having already engaged, or refolved to talie part againfl us, and muft be looked upon as an avowal of fuch hoflile intention, and equivalent to a declarati- on of war, and that he had orders immediately to leave the court of Madrid. The peremptory refufal by the court of Spain to give the leaffc fatisfadlion, with regard to any ofthofe reafonible demands on our part, and the folemn decla- ration at the fame time made by the Spanifli minifter, that they confidered the war as then actually declared, prove to a demonftration, that their refolution to aft ofFenfively was fo abfoluteiy and irrevocably taken, that it could not be any longer diifembled or denied. The king of Spain, therefore, having been induced? without any provocation on onr parr, tu conllder the war as al- ready commenced againlt us, which has in effedt heeii declared ar Madrid, we trult, that by the blefTing of AT- mighty God on the jullice of our caufc; and by theaf- -fiftance ..'■VI ,7621^ HISTORY /f^^ WAR. 271 liftance of our loving fubjedts, we (hall be able to defeat the ambitious deHgnSy which have formed this union be- tween the two branches of the houfe of Bourbon; have oow begun a new war ; and portend the mod dange- rous confequence to all Europe. Therefore we have thought ht to declare, and do hereby declare war againlt the faid king of Spain : and we will, in purfuance of fuch declaration, vigoroufly profecute the faid war, wherein the honour of our crown; the welfare of our fubjedts, and the profperity of this nation, which we are determined at all times with our utmo(t power to preferve and fupport, arc fo greatly concerned. And we do hereby will and require our generals and commanders of our forces, our commiflioners for exe- cuting the office of our high admiral of Great-Britain, onr lieutenants of our feveral counties, governors of our forts and garrifons, and all other officers and foldi- ers under .them> by Tea and land* to do and execute all aAs of hof^ility^ in the profecution of this war, againd the faid king of Spain, his vafTals and fubjedts, and to oppofe their attempt's ; willing and requiring all our fqbjeds to take notice of the fame ; whom we hence- forth ftriftly forbid to hold any correfpondence and communication ^yith the faid king of Spain and his fub- jefts : and we do hereby command our own fubjefts, and advertife all other perfons, of what nation fo ever, not to tranfport or carry any foldiers, arms, powder, ammunition, or other contraband goods> to any of the territories, lands, plantations, or countries of the faid king of Spain, the fame being taken, (hall be con- demned as good and lawful priiSe. And whereas there may be remaining in our kingdoms divers of the fubjcdls of the king of Spain, we do hereby declare our royal intention to be, That all the Spanifh fubjear, who (hall demean themfelves dutifully towards us, (hall be fafe in their perfons and efTcdls. Given at our court at St. James's, the fecond day of January, 1762, in the fecond year of our reign. . GOt) fave the King. . , Though his Catholic majefty had commenced hoftili- lies, by the detention of the Britifh Hrips is his ports ; vet ^. n^^' n^^^^^^BlM Rt ■nuHW MM: Wti^mfw m'l ^Hi 'iBaHii [^HH^nn In wt ',^^^^^^^1 1^ in 0.J2 Hl&TOKY of tJ^ WAR. ^ iy6: yet he fufpended a fdrm^l declaration of war till that! ceremony had been folemnly performed at London J "waiting for that event, which was the efFeft of his owiil hodile proceedings, to form a plaufiblc reafon for hisi taking up arms againd Britain. T/fc King of Spain's declarai/onofnvar, which was publM ed at Madrid on the 1 ^th of January, , ,. ^ , The King. Although I have already taken for a declaration of I war by England against Spain, the inconfiderable ftep ofl lord Briftol>the Britannic king*s ambaflador at my court, when he demanded of Don Richard Wall, my minifter of ftate, what engagements I had contraded with France! making this the condition of his demand, or rather ad« ding this threat, Thai W. he did not receive a catego- rical anfwer, he would leave my court, and take the denial for an aggrefTion : and though, before this pro- vocation was received, my patience was tired out with fuf^ering and beholding, on many occaHons, that the Britifti government minded no other law, but the ag- grandifement of their nation by land, and an univer- fal defpotifm by fea : 1 was neverthelefs defirous to fee whether this menace would be carried into execu- tion ; or whether the court of Britain, fenfible of the incfficacy of fuch method towards my dignity and that of my crown, would not employ others that ihould be more fuitable to me, and make me overlook all thofe jnfults. But the haughtinefs of the Britifh was fo far from containing itfelf within juft bounds, that I have ju(l learned that on the 2d inftant a refolution was tak- en by the Britannic king in council, to declare war ogninft Spain. Thus feeing myfelf under the hard ne- cclfity of following this example, which I would never have given, bccaufe it is fo horrible and fo contrary to humanity, I have ordered by a decree of the 15th in- fant, that war fhould be immediately declared, on my part, ngilnlt the king of Britain, his kingdoms, elhtes, and fubjcds ; aiVd that in confequence thereof> proper oru:T and may be in fadt, abfolute and effec- tive, and (lamp a vicious quality and prohibition of jaie on the aforefaid effedls* produdions, fifheries, cod^ merchandize, and manufactures of the dominions of Britain : and no vcfTel whatfoverj with the abovemen- tioned effeAs on board, may be admitted in my harbours^ and that they may not be permitted to be brought in by land| being illicit and prohibited in my kingdoms, though they may have been brought or depofited in buildings, baggage, ware-houfes, (hops, or houfes of merchants or other private perfons, my fubjei^s or vaflals, orfubjefts or vaflals of provinces and dates with whom I am in peace or alliance^ or have a free trade, whom, nevcrthelcfs, I intend not to hurt, or to infringe the peace, the liberty, and the privilege which they enjoy, by treaty, of carrying on a legal trade in my kingdoms with their (hips, and the proper and pe- culiar produAions of their lands, provinces, and con- quefts, or the produce of their manufaftories. I alio command that all merchants, who (hall have in their poffelfion any cod, or other fifh or produce of the dominions of Britain, (hall in the fpace of fifteen dayi from the date of this declaration, ccclare the fame, and deliver an account thereof, either at my court, or eirewhere> to the officers who fliall be appointed by the marquis de Squilace, fuperintendant-gcneral of my revenues, that the whole may be fortlicoming ; and 'iwcw «f the faideffe(it$ ©f which a lift (liall not be To deliver- ed 274 HISTORY of the WAR. ^ i^A €d in the fpace of fifteen days, (hall be immediatell confiCcated ; two months, and no more being alloweJi for the confumption of thofe which (hall be declaredi after which time the merchants fliall be obliged ti carry the faid efFcfts to the cuftom-houfes, and, wherd there is no cuftom-howfes, to the houfes that fcrve in] ftead thereof, that they may be publickly fold by ^ officer or officers nominated for that end> or, if non^ (hould be appointed, by the judges* who Ihail givj the produce of the file to the proprietors ; but nonj of the faid merchandizes, prohibited in the mannej jull dcfcribed, fhall return to their warehoufcs o] fhops. I have given a feparate commiflion, with all th« Jieceflary powers, to the marquis de Squilace, fupcr^ intendant-gencral of my revenues, that in that quaiitj he may fee that this prohibited trade be not fufFeredJ and that lie may immediately ifTue fuch orders and inftruc-^ tions as he (hall think nccejfary for this important end; taking congizance, in the firft inftance, in perfon,and his fub-deiegatesjof the difputes which fliall arife on occaii- on of this contraband, with an appeal to the council of fi- nances in the hall of juftice ; except however what relates to contraband military flores, arms, and other efFeftsbe- longing to war, particularized in treaties of peace, the cognizance of difputes on thefc artcles belonging tol the council of war and the military tribunals. I And I command that all that is above be obferved,! executed, and accomplifhed, under the heavy penaltiesl contained in the laws, pragmatiques, and royal cedules,] iffued on like occafions in time pall, which are to ex- tend to all my fubjeds, and the inhabitants of my| kingdoms and eftates, without any exception, and not- withftandlng any privileges; my will being, that thisl declaration of war (hall come as foon as poflible to the knowlege of my fubje«?ts, as well that they may guard their perfons and elFei^ls from the infults of the Britifli, as that they may labour to moled them by na- val armaments, and other methods authorized by thcj law of arms. Given at Ewen-Retiro, Jan. i6, 1761. » t ^ 5. I THE KI NG. t'i.. HU KING. ,762 }► HISTORY ^ /^ WAR. ayj After ally if we attentively confiJer thefe mutual .e- darations of war> it would appear tha they both fc'eni intent upon fuppreding tne rc^i caue, and are at alofs to find plaulible pretences for proceeding to fuch ex- tremities. The real motive which induced Bri jin to hazard a rupture, was a full perfuadon of Spjin's par- tiality to francey and of her intention to allilt the lat- ter with treafure in the profecution of her hoitiJities againft Britain ; for as to the family Qotnpail between the two branches of the houfe Bourbon, it was no more that what any two nations have a right to con- trail, without giving jult caufc of offence to any- neighbouring nation. The king of "^pain had no fooner declared war a- gainft Great- Britain, than he refolved to invade Por- tugal; for to the crown of that kingdom he laid claim. Perceiving in the king ot Portugal fome parti- alities for the Britifh, he, in conjunction with the French) required by feveril me*:iorials, that the kin^ of Portugal join in the confederacy againii Britain, and and that Spaniih tr ops be admitted into the principal towns and ports of Portugal. The Portuguefe mo- narch repeatedly defired to continue in his neutrality; but they at Ia(l told him, < That without furthrr repre- feotationS) or his confent> the Spanifh troops, already on the frontiers, would enter Portugal* to fecure the ports of that kingdom from being at the difpofal of the enemy; fo that his moft faithful majelly might chufe whether to receive them as friends, or oppofe them as enemies.* "Vv ,'. To this his moft Faithful m^jefty made a very firm and fpirited reply, wherein he finally declared, * that it would affeft him lefs (though reduced to the lafl ex- tremity, of which the fupreme Judge is the fole ar- biter) to let the laft tile of his palace fall, and to fee his faithful fubjefts fpill the laft drop of their blood, than to facrifice, together w:th the honour of his crown, all that Portugal holds molt dear, and to fub- niii by fuch extraordinary means, to become an un- heard-of example to all pacific powers, who will no longer be able to enjoy the benefit of neuiraliry, v/hcnever a war fliall be kindled between two powers ij ♦ Nvitli IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 z f/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^|2£ |2.5 Ui bi ^ lis illlio U i 1.6 V] vl ^'^J>/ <$» 'I^.V >> >:> V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145B0 (716) 872-4503 J r/. :\ \ \:^^ Cs ">% and that were concerned in the independency of Portugal; Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and the town of Ham- burg were all concerned in this ; but it does not appear that a demand was made upon any but the two firil. The Dutch ferved Portugal as they had formerly done Britain > by refuting the inccoiirs, and Britain alone had to maintain the independency of Portugal againil Spain, for which fhe accordingly made preparations. The Spaniards thinking to avail themfelves of the defencelef^ (late pf Portugal, and that their force, if { properly exerted, before the arrival of foreign aux- iliaries, might bring the Portuguefe miniftry to their termsy ?;atered the kingdom of Portngal without further ceremony by the way of Braganza, on the 30th of April> and over-ran that province. This roufed the Portuguefe goverRroent, and in fome manner the ancient refcntment of the people. The king of Portugal immediately declared war a- gainil the invaders. Decree, or declaration of nvar, ijiiei by order of his . •,**»?. Portuguefe majtfty -agoinfl Spain, , '. "Whereas the ambadador of CalHiCy don Jofcph Ter- rero> in conjunAion with don Jacob O'Dunne, mi- niftcr plenipotentiary of France, by their rcprefen- tations, and the anfwers I have given thet'eto, it ap- pears that one of the projects agreed on between the a- forefaid powers in the family-compad was, to difpofeof thefe kingdoms as if they were their own^ to invade them to occupy them, and ufurp them, under the incompatible pretext of afliftlng me againft c»nemics, which thw fuppofed for fuch, that never exifted; and whereas dif- ferent general officers of his catholic raaj eft y havefnc- cefTivdy 1762 > HISTORY of tie vr An. 277 cclfivdy fince the 30th of April laft, fpread various papers through my dominions, prefcribing laws and iandjons to my fubjedts, invading at the fame time my provinces with an army divided into various bodies, attacking my fortified places^ and perpetrating all the aforefaicT hoftilities> under pretence of direding them to the advantage and glory of my crown, and of my fubjedts, and in fuch light even the catholic king him- felf has reprefented the cafe to me ; and whereas, not- withdanding all thefe contradictory and unheard-of motives, an ofFendve war has been made againd me, jcontrary to truth and juftice, by the aforefaid two monarch8> through mutual confent: I have ordered it to be made knowifi to all my fubjedls, that they hold tali difturbers or violators of the independent fove- jeignily of my crown, and all invaders of my king^ ilotn> as public aggreflbrs and declared enemies; that irom henceforward, in natural defence, and uecefTary lYetortion, they be treated as aggrefTors and declared enemies- in all and every fenfe; and that to opprefs them I in their perfons and eiF^s, all military perfons and others, authoriied by me, made ufe of the mod exe* hcutive meahs which in thefe cafes are fupported by all mm ; and that in like manner* all faid military and every oiber perfon or perfons, of whatever rank., quality or condition they be » quit all communication and correfpondence wuh the faid enemies, under the penalties decreed againCl rebels and traitors. I like- Uife order* that all the fubjeCU of France and Spain, Uatrelide in this city» or in the kingdoms of Por- hugal and Algarva, retire within the precife term of 15 days, to reckon from the day of the publication of Ithis decree, otherwise they (hall be treated as enemies, and their cffe&s confifcated ; and that in all the wet as well as dry ports of thii kingdom, all cQmmcrce and commus^ication ceafe with the aforefaid monarchies of fmnce and Spain, and all fruits, manufa^ures, or |goo4s of any kind, of ^tbe produce of the f^id monar- jchies, bcdeemed contraband, and the entry, fale and «fe of them be prahibited. Ordered >that this decree ie affixed and tranfmitted to every county, that it l^ay oomc to the knowlegc of all tiiy fubjcv^s. I havr . :/. S 2 given ^ ■■»'-> .••* 27^ niSTORY of the WAR. ^ i^(^. given orders to the intendant general of the police] to grant palTports to all the atorcUid, who have en- tered thele kingdoms, bona fide , on their buiinefs, that they be permitted to retire unmoleded. . ^vi Palace of Nolfa Senhor^ da Adjuda, i8th of MayJ 1762. With the rubrick of his roajelliy. .. : ^,. ' Publilhed 23d May, 1762. ' ;,'.;}. - Antonio Luiz De Cordes, Before this it had been refolved in Britain to fuccour the king of Portugal J therefore a number of troops were em^ barked as loon as pofTible; and as there was no general] cither Britifti or Portuguele, that was fuppoled u poffefs luch military talents, a« could entitle him tc the invediture of the chief , command, that high rant ■was conferred on the count La Lippe Buckebourgj an officer in the allied army, and reckoned amof iltillful engineer. On the other hand, the French afJ fewbled i2,ocomen for the affiftance of Spain. Buf they never entered the field time enough for aftion The Spanifh army confining of 56 battalions and 4j fquadrons, under the command of the marquis d< Saria, made themfelvefs malters of Miranda*, BraganzaJ Torre di Moncorvo, and Chaves, without much loi or oppofition. They demol.iftied the fortifications o| the two former cities, and left a (Irong garrifon ir the latter. They divided their forces, which were ii the province of Tros»os-Montes> into three parts | the principal body was encamped near Miranda: th^ fecond, confiding of 5000 men> at Torre di Moncorj vo : the third of the fame number at Chaves. Anothel body of 8coo men entered the Portuguefe frontiej near Almeyda, This corp'i fufFered by defertion, ani its detached parties were often repulfed by the inilitiij of the country. The fummer months in that warn climate being unfavourable to military expeditions the Spaniards could do little more than chaftife th| peafants of the country, whofe natural averfion overj came the oath of obedience wl icb tljey had takcnj and who did every thing ^n their power tocutofFthf convoys of provilions dcfigned for their camp. ' Thcf peafants, and the Portuguefe companies called auT^ilij De Cordes. 1162 Y UlSTOKY of the WAR. 279 laries, however were eafily defeated and difperfed. I Hitherto thefe invaders pretended that they were I come vi'ith weapons of defence, to proteA Portugal from the oppreffions of the Britilh. But on the 15th of I lone the king of Spain declared war in form againlt Portugal. ^:,;•. V'^'- 'f-'^?-'' ■•'^/y^-.^- '■ ' (vl- > c,t Tk king of Spain's declaration of iwar a^ainji Pof Neither my reprefentations, founded in juftice and Qtility, nor the fraternal perfuafives with which I ac- companied them, have been able to alter the king of Portugal's blind afFedion for the Britifh. His mini- llers, engaged by long habit, continue obfHnate in their partiality, to the great prejudice of his fubjedts; and I have met with nothing but refufals, and been infulted by his injurious preference of the friendfhip ot Britain to that of Spain and France. I have even received a perfonal affront by the arrefting of my am- balTador, don Jofeph Torrero at Eflremos, who was detained there in violation of his charader, after he had been fuffered to depart from Lifbon, and had ar- rived on the frontier, in virtue of paffports from that court ; but notwithflanding fuch infults were power- ful motives for me to keep no longer any meafures with the king of Portugal, neverthclefs adhering to my firft refolution of not making an offenlive war a- gainft the Portuguefc, unlefs forced to it, I deferred giving orders to my general to treat them with the ri- gours of v/ar; but having read the edidl of the king of Portugal of the 18th of lart month; in which, mifre- , prefenting the upright intentions of' the mod chriflian king and myfelf, he imputes to us a pre-concerted defign of invading his dominions; and orders all his vaflals to treat us as enemies, and to break off all cor- refpondence with us both by fea and land ; and for- bids the ufc of all produ . j . . .. v-^- As by the family compaft no one could be the e- ncmy of either France or Spain, without being an enemy to both, France, agreeable to this engagement, Jikewife declared war againit Portugal, on the 20th of June. At laft the Spaniards formed the fiege of Almeyda, A frontier town in the province of Tras-os-Montes. On the 25th of Auguft this fortrefs was furrendered, after a (lege of only nine days, and before a prafti- cable breach had been made, by the governor Alex- who had been commander of the Britifh troops, refigned,upon a difference between him and the court of Lifbon, and was fucceeded by lord Loudon. On the other hand, the Spanifh general^ the marquis de Sarriay folicited and obtained his difmiflion, and the count d*Aranda was appointed general in his room. On the 28th of September the Pottueuefe a- bandoned Gelorico: the Spaniards afterwards took pofTefTion of Penamacor> Salvaterra, and Segura. In the fecond ofthefe places was a ganifon of 400, which capitulated on condition of not ferying for fix months. Early in Odtober the Spaniards made themfelves maf- ters of the defile of St. Simon, and of Vilk Velha, a Moorifh cadle near the Tagus. The latter was fupported for fome titne by general Burgpyne acrofs the river. A few days after colonel Lee, with 400 men, chiefly Britifh, attacked the Spanifh encampment near Villa Velha, burnt fome magazines, fpiked up fix pieces of cannon, brought off 60 mules, a few pri- foners, and a quantity of valuable baggage. The heavy rains falling at this time prevented the opera- tions being carried on, and by the time the feafon was advanced for renewing the work, the preliminaries of peacp were figned, which put an end to the war; but it is believed the Spaniards would never have made much progrefs in Portugal; for they were in great S4 want Si,: ■•n-\- »x :S82 HISTORY oftk WAR. ^ ly^ji want of provisions and forage, and being in a moiin-| tainous part of the country, could get none from Spain: belides thefe difadvantagcs, they were expof- ed to the vigilant and vigorous attack- of the tiritifh troops, under the diredion of an ofDcer of experi. «nce and abilties. . ' r' '.[ / ' * Soon after the rcdu(5lion of Belleifle, an expedition was fct on foot for the reduftlon of Martinico The preparations were greatly interrupted by the Bfgoci- ation for peace between M. Buffy and the minifiry. As that negociation proved fruitlefs, the expedition, which had been begun by Mr. Pitt and intended againfl Martinico, was revived by thofe who fuc- ceeded upon his refignation,, with only this differ- ence, the appointment of another naval commander. In the month of O^cber, I76£, admiral Rodney fail- cd from Britain with a fquadron of (hips, having un- der convoy a number of tranfports. He touched at Belleifle, from which he took four battalions, and then proceeded to Barbadoes, where he was joined by a body of troops from North America, under the di- redlion of general Monckton, who now took the com- mand of the troops, amounting in the whole to i8 bat- talions. On the 5th of January, 1762, the fleet, which had been joined by the fliips on thi^ flation, and was Jiow 18 of the line, befides frigates, &c. fet fail with the troops from Barbadoes; and on the 8th the tranf- ports with the troops on board anchored in St. Anne's Ijay, in the caft:ern part of Martinico. In tht courfe of this fervice, the Kaifonable man of war was, by the ignorance of the pilots, run upon a reef of rocks, from whence flie could not bedifengaged> though the jnen were faved, together with her ftores and artillery. The general, however, judging this an improper place for a difembarkation, two brigades, commanded by the brigadiers Havilafid and Grant, were detached under convoy to the bay of Petite- A nfc> where a battery W'as cannonaded and taken by the feamen and marines. Thefe brigades were fopn followed by the whole army, and the reft of the fquadron; and other batteries be- ing filen-ced, general Moncktc!) and the forces landed ..T , .- ; ' without ,762}^ HISTORY o/M^ WAR. 283 without further oppofition on the i6th, in the neigh* bourhood of the Cas des Navires. The bigadiers Ua- viland and Grant had made a defcent in the other place, and marched to the ground oppofite to Pigeon lilund, which commands the harbour of Fort Royal; but the roads being found impafFable for artillery, Mr Monck- ton altered his firft dehgn. The two brigades, how- ever, with the light infantry under lieutenant coh^ncl Scot, whJle they remained on (hore, were attacked in the night by a body of granadiers, freebooters, negroes, and muljttoes, who had been fent over from Fort Royal; but they met with fuch a warm reception as compelled them to retreat w ith precipitation, after hav- ing luftained fbme lols. -> J"*^^ - . < '- -^ ' ; The troops being landed at Cas des Navires, and reinforced with two battalions of marines, which wete fpared from the fquadron, the general refolved to be- iicge the town of Fort Royal ; but, in order to make his approaches, he found it neceffary to attack the heights of Gamier and Tortuefon, which the enemy- had fortified, and feemed refolved to defend to the laifc extremity. The Britifh commander having ere<5ted a battery to favour the pafTage of a ravine which fepa* rated him from thofe heights, made a diipofition for the attack, which was put in execution on the 24th day of January. In the dawn of the morning, bri- gadier Grant, at the head of the grenadiers, fupported , by lord Rol1o*s brigade, attacked ti^e advanced pods of the enemy, under a briflc fire of the batteries ; while brigadier Rufane with his brigade, reinforced by the marines, marched up on the right to attack the re- doubts that were raifed along the fhore; and the light infantry under colonel Scot, fupported by the brigade of Waifh, advanced on the left of a plantati- on, in order, if pofriblje,,to turn the enemy. They fuc- ceeded in their attempt, while the genadiers were en- gaged in driving the Krench from one poft to another ; and this morion contributed in a great meafure to the fuccefs of the day. By nine in the morning they were in poflTeffion ot the Morne Tortuefon, and all there- doubts and batteries with which it was fortified. The enemy retired in ciiifufion to the town of Fort Royal, ani " ■ i i I 284 HISTORY /M that they paded the ravine! with the fugitives, feized their batteries, and took pof-l fefTion.of the ground, being fupported by the br]gade| of Waifh and the grenadiers under Grant, who march- ed up to their afliftance when the attack began. Majorl Leland, with his light infantry, finding uo refinance on the left, advanced to the redoubt which w^s aban- doned; and the brigadiers Walfh, Grant, and Haviland, moved np in order to fupport him ;v.fo that by nine at night the Britilh troops were in ]:oirefrjon of this very ftrong poit, that commanded the citadel, agaiuft which iheir own artillery was turned in the morning. Thel French regular troops had fled into the town, and the militia difperfed in the country. The gpvcrnor of the] \ X V - . citadel heiY HIStORY //Atf WAR. 285 jittdel perceiving the Britifh einployed in erecting bat- ries on the diii'erent heights by which he was com* landed^ ordered the chamade to be beat, and i'urren- red the place by capitulation. On the 4th of Febru- ry the gate 01 the citadel was delivered up to the Bri- and next morning the garriCon, to the number eight hundred^ marched out with the honours of war. jlnmediately after the redudtion of Fort Royal, deputa- jtions were lent from different quarters Of the ifland, de- jiring a capitulation : but the governor-general, Mr. it la Touche, retired with his forces to St. Pierre. |fhich he propofed to defend with uncommon vigour, )n the 7th, Pidgeon i(bnd> which was ilrongly fortifi- ^d; and counted one of the be(i defences of the har* houTf fur rendered at the fird fummons, and obtained a Icapitulation iimiliar to that of the citadel. It was a- kreed that the troops of the French ihould be tranfport- led to Rochfort in France ; that the militia fhould lay liiown their arms, and remain prifoners of war until the fate of the iiland (hould be determined. Thefe lig- Inal fncceifes were obtained at the fmall expence of about llbur hundred men, including a few officers, killed and wounded in the different attacks ;' bat the lofs of th« e- nemy was much more coniiderable. The moi\ remark- able circumftance of this enterprize was the furprifing poldncfs and alacrity of the feanien* who, by force of Urm, drew a number of heavy mortars and (h'ps can- non up rhe deeped mountains to a coniiderable didance from the fea, and acrofs the enemy's line of £re> to 'which they expofed themfelves with amazing indiffe- Ifence, Fourteen French privateers were found in the harbour of Fort Royal ; and a much greater number I from other ports in the ifland, were delivered up to ad- miral Rodney, in confequence of the capitulation with Ithe inhabitants, who, in all other refpeds, were very favourably treated. Jud when general Monckton was ready to embark lor the redu°'d .^'^^Xh the old (treigh.s of Ba- theHavannah, P»ff'\'''L°f"Cv and the 5th of June, hama, between the »7 b of J^^V » ,^„ded, without On the 7th of June the troops ^.^^^^ oppoGtion, between two forf. on ^^^^ ^^ ^^ "Sd CoKimar, about f^ «> '"j^" ,^, Dragon ttlenced Havannah. Captam Herv'y ^n ^^ ^^^^ ,, CoKimar caftle, and «abkd tn > ^^^^^ „„j ,„. ver unmolefted. "" l^%nd difpcrfed *e Span, h te- lonel Carleton, repulfed and d'lP ^.^„ '^ p,n,c. of giments of Edinburgh Jp"S°°",' ether with a body Irenadiers, and many °f «'^;h;^\mouoting .0 «ear If militia on horfebacl;, the vn ^ ^.^.^^ ^,^„„a 6000 men. advantageouOy polled ' P ^^ on^nama- t^,v,een the Britift ""l/^^^f c^o'"' ("^ ''f ""'^^ coa. On the nth the foi't »' j^^j,, ,fter hav.ng fide) was "handoned by he P .^ j,^,^^, ,„d been bnttcred by the Belleiu*"* ^y^^^,.\ iSB HISTORY (ftkc WAR. <{ lyJ cclonel Garleton attacked a redoubt up6n the Cavannosl (an hill above Moro caille) which he carried with Httlel reliftance and lofs : a poft was e(labli(hed here under the name of the Spanish Redoubt. By the i2th the Spaniards had funk three fhips of the line in the en* trance of the harbour's mouth, by which it was effedl-l ually blocked up and fecured. Qn. the 15th a detach* men t of 1200 men under colonel Howe, and 800 ma- rines uiider the majors Campbel and Collins, were landed and encamped at Chorera, about fevea miles to the weftward of the Havannahy where they engaged the attention of the enemy and proved of conGderabie fervice. After the previous and neceffary preparation) were compleated, which employed the time of the army from the f2thof June to the ift of July, the artillery began to play upon Moro caftle. The enemy landed on the 29th of June two detachments from the Havana nah of 500 men each, coqiifting of grenadiers and chofbn troops, together with armed negroes and mu- lattoes, to interrupt the beliegers in their operations. One of thefe detachments marched upon the right un- der the Moro ; the other upon the left near the iimc- kilo, where the beliegers had raifed one or two batte- ries to remove the (hipping to a greater diftance, which had annoyed them conliderably : the piquets and ad- vanced polls repulfed thefe detachments, wounded ma- ny, and killed or took prilbners 200 men, with the lofs only of 10 men killed and wounded on their iide. On the firft of July the Cambridge of 80 gun$> Dragon of 74, and Marlborough of 66^ all under the command of captain Hervey, attacked the north-eaft part of Moro callle for the ipace of near fix hours, when they were called off. The two former ihips received great damage from the-height of the fort, whilft the fort itfelf fuffered very lirtte from their fire. This attack divided the at» tention of the garrifon, and enabled the ^rmy to obtain a fuperiority of guns on the land fide. Captain Goollry of the Cambridge was killed in the beginmng of the engagement, and his place was fupplicd by captain Lindfay of the Trent, who acquitted himfelf with ho- nour during the remainder of the aflion. The condu(ft of captain Campbel of the Stirling Gaftle was ecu Cured ■ ■^..■,*- ■ * y »■ .-.'* ''v^.' - -. % . -'■ ■ . '^ . If t. with the lofs ,762> EIST ORY Of tk(/ WAR. ^89 by captain Hervey, and ordered tQ be examined into by a court martial : 42 Teamen were killed and 140 wounded in this defperate fervice. Captain Mackenzie of the Defiance brought the Vengenza frigate of 26 guns, and the Marte of 18, out of the harbour of Port Mariel, after fome firing. All but 20 men had left them. The harbour of Port Mariel is about feven leagues to the leeward ofCho- rera^ and was afterwards taken pofTeflion of by Sir George Pococke as a place of fecurity for the fhip- ping againft the dangers of the feafon, whicbwas at that time advanced. A ichooner loaded with cof}ee> and bound from Hifpaniola to New Orleans, fell into the hands of the cruizers belonging to the fleet. On the 2d of July the grand bittery caught fire, and the labour of 5 or 600 men for feventeen days was deftroy- ed. Had not this accident intervened, the cafllt would probably have been reduced on a fhort time. On the nth the merlons of the grand battery again caught fire, and the whole was irreparably confumed. Amidfi thefe difficulties, and the uninterrupted communication which the caftle maintaitied with the town of the Havannah and the fhips, together with the nature of the foil which was all rodkyy and the confeqttent necefHty of carrying on all the approaches above ground, the ii^e proved a work of time. From the 17th to the 22d the befiegers proceeded againfl the Moro by Tap and mines. About four in the morning of the 2 2d, fifteen bundled men made a fully from the Havannah, divided into three parties ; two of thcfe parties were repulfed and driven back into the town ; the third retreated without ven- turing upon an engagement. Lieutenant-colonel Stuart of the 90th regiment, at the head of 30 men only, fudained the attack of one of thefe parties for an hour, when he was fupported by about 100 fappers and the third battalion of Royal Americans. The lofs of the Spaniards was computed at near 400 men in killed, drowned and taken : that of the BritiAi troops amount- ed to about 50 killed and wounded ; brigadier Carleton was among the latter. On the 26th a two decked SpaiiiHi merchant fhip was funk by an howitzer ; and on the 28th a large merchant flilp was dcftraycd by lightning in the haihaiiT. f • tv.'. 290 HISTORY ^/)&^ WAR. ^ ly^] harbour. The works were continued from the 23d tc the 30th, and the ufual advances were made, (tep bt (tep ; and on the 30th two miMes were fprung ; one iii the counterfcarp, the other in the right baltion ; thl latter had the moll conGderabie effeA, and made a pracl ticable breach. Orders were immediately given for th| aflTauIt. Twenty-two officers, 1 5 ferjeants, and 28( rank and file, commanded by the gallant lieutenant] colonel Stuart of the 90th regiment, together witl 150 Tappers und r a captain's command; all fuftainej by 17 officers, 14 ferjeants, and 150 rank and file] making in the whole 499 men ; mounted with th{ greatelt refolution, formed expeditioufly on the top 0) the breach, drove the enemy from every part of tW ramparts, and planted his majefly's (tandard upon tU baflion. Thus fell Moro cadle after a fiege of 29 daysJ Of the Spaniards, don Louis de Velaf'co, captain oi the Reyna) colonel and commander in chief of the caltlej was mortally wounded in defending the colours fword in hand ; a brave officer, defervedly regretted both bj friends and enemies ; the marquis Gonzales, captaii df the Aquilon, coloqel and fecond in command in the caftle, was killed ; their lofs in the afTault amounted tc 94^ killed or drowned, 37 wounded, and 326 made prifoners ; in all 706. The lofs of the Britifh troops was trifling, confiding in 14 killed and 28 woiinded.l On the loth of Auguflin the motning, the batteriesl being prepared to play from the Cavannos on the ea(t| fide, and ground being ready to be opened on the weit fide, lord Albemarle Tummoned the governor of thel Havannah to capitulate, who returned a civil but refo*! luteanfwer ; the next day, the artillery men and failorsl filenced, in about fix hours, all the guns in the Puntal Fort and the north baftion of the town. The governor bung out a white flag and beat a parley. The capitu-J lation was figned on the 13th, by which the town of Havannah with all its dependencies furrendered to hisl majeQy's arms ; a/l fhips in the harbour, all monev and effedls nuhatever belonging to the king of Spain ; all the artillery, arms, ammunition, and naval (lores without referve, and all the Catholic king's flavesJ were to b<; delivered up to Sir George Pococke and lord Albemarle; #f •/>. 1^62 Y HlSTORY^f />5^ Wi^R. 291 Albemarle ; the regular troops, failors, and marines, all making part of the garrifon, were 10 be tranfported to the neareft port of Old Spain at the expence of his Britannic majefty, and the militia were to deliver up their arms to the commifTary appointed to receive them. The Tigre, Reyna, Soverano, Infante, and Aquilon, of 70 guns, the America, Conqueftado, San Genaro and Santo Antonio, of 60 guns, fell into the hands of the conquerors ; the Neptuno of 70, the Afia of 64, and the Europa of 6o> were funk in the entrance of the harbour/ there were two more (hips of war on the flocks^ and fe- vcral merchant fliips. The regulars who capitulated were compofed ofthefecond regimentof Spain, the fecond re- giment of Arragon, the Havannah regiment, artillery companies,Edinburgh and Havannah dragoons, amount- ing t0 936,exclulive of the prifoners onboard the men of \var and the fick and wounded on (hore. In the courfe of the fiege, the lofs of the Britifli troops coniifted of il officers, 15 ferjeants, 4 drummers, and 260 rank and file killed ; 19 officers, 49 ferjeants, 6 drummeirs, and 576 rank and file wounded*; 39 officers, 14 ferjeants, II drummers, and 632 rank and file dead of difeafes and the climate ; and one ferjeant, 4 drummers, with 125 rank and file miffing ; 4 officers, i drummer, and 51 rank and file died of their wounds. The whole a- mounted to 1822. The officers of note were, the lieu- tenant-colonels Thomas, Gordon, and Leith ; the nia- jors M'Neil, Mirrie, and Ferron ; the captains Suttie^ Tyrwhitt, - Schaak, McDonald, Menzies, Grofton, Windus, and Gorehiam, ^r4s : < Ipdeed, ] * i'ay.^ h^3t it U do^Qg ln]uliice to both, to mention the^i i * as ^WP cori^; A^ce each ^ai Qn4^,vou|red| wjth themo^ < C9nfl;a^t anc) cheaif(HUm(4^tion, to reader it but one; ' uniting in the farae princlj^les of honour and glory * for their kiiiig and cAuntry.'a fervice.' 'this capture! of 12 great JfhipiS of tlp^e line (incioding the three >vhich were funk) beQdes two men of war on the ftockS| thr^^ frigates, and an armed ^loreChip, was a, more fevere blow to Spain than that which (he felt from Britain in 1718, when Sir George By^g and capt. Walton took or burnt o^ cape PafTaro and on the coafl of Sicily, onp (hip of 74 guns, one of 70, four of 6q» two of 54, om of 44, three of 49, ^ne of 3^6, oi^e of 30, and oA^ofj 34 ; in all 1 5 : and if the Stuatipn of the Havannab, and thetreafure found in it are coafi4cred, perl^apt ittnai bf fafely a^rraed, that the Spaniards have not fu£ejrtq fuch a fentible and humlliaung lofs fince the defeat 4| their celebrated armada. The narrow pafs between thq town and caftle having been clofely iVatched, a let^i^ was intercepted from the governor of the former to thf governor of the latter, deiiring him to maintain himfelfj jn thcpofreflion of the caftle^ an4 expreiling hisQ.\j^i^ inability to make any defence. After the callle was gallantly taken by aJlault, lo^d Albemarle acquainte4 the governor of the town, that had ^eea well informed of the weak (late of the place, and that it would favs much blood (hed to furrender ; this was refufed. Lor^j Albemarle afterwards fent his own letter to him, which Immediately brought on the gei^eral capitulation. On the 4th of February the AAeon,i one of admiral Rodney's fquadron, fell in with off Tobago, and tool^ a large Spanifh flor^Hiip, of 8,op tuns bi;irtheii^ laden with cannon, powder, fmall arms, and ordnan/ce ftoresi for la Guayra. On the nth of the fame month th^ Boutin, a French Eaft i;ndiamani. coming from Mauri- tius, was taken by the Blonde ipan of war: (he was. la- den with coffee and peppei;, wl^ic|i fold for 2^,000 1. On the 13th of March, a Spanifh £i;lgale of 2,6 guns and 300 men, called la Yen tura^ felliQwIUif oiFcappTib^ ,_..,. . . , . ' ■ . *^ rone ■«' !■' * , 1762 K HISTORY c//Af WAR. ^93 lonCf the Fowcy man of war of 34 guns and only 134 nen. She was coming from the Havannah^ and had km paying the Spanifh troops at Porto Rico and St. Domiago* The engagement having con tinned an hour inda half^ both (hips iheered off to repair their dama* {68, which being done they began again ; but it now (eing darkf they only exchanged a few broadlides. At Jay Tight in the morning the Fowey bore down on the $f»Diatfd> and engaged her with more fury than before. Be diipute was long tmd well maintained : at lengtii^ It half f aft eight, the enemy firuck. She was reduced 19 almoft a wrecks and the Fowey was no iels damaged^ iftr wheft the Vcnlura (iruck, neither (hip had a boat ikt could fwtm, Of tackles left to hoid: one out with. liAlfa ihipi made the bcil of their way to Jamaica. The (saniards. io(l between 40 and 50 men, and the Briti(h tWnfc 2o>« On the jd of A^pril the Hu(rar attacked^ in Tiberone bay in the Weft-Indies, four Aiips of force ; •ne of 16 guns was burnt ; another of 14 was funk ; ind the thitd of id and' the fourth of 12^, laden with lottt^id indigo, were cut out and carried to Jamaica. U this enterprizQ the Hu^r had only one man killed m t2 wounded, On the 3 ill of May the A^ive fri* [fate, qapt. Sawyer, and the Favourite Boop, capt. Ppw- iiel, took o(F cape St. Vincent, and carried into Gi- l^raker, the Hermione, a Spanifh regifter (hip of ad |«BS, bound from Lima to Cadiz. She had on board |l,6oo,ooo hard dollars, together with a cargo of an immenfe valne. On the aoth of June the firiiiiant pri- Vftteer, captain Criehton, with the York privateer liod (loop of BrHllo], filenccd a fort of 1 2 guns upon {npe Finifl!erre, landed and ftruck the Spanilh CQ- ursaad hoifted Britifhonet; funk two veHela in the |brbour, and brought away four others laden with nne. In Autumn a confiderable fleet was equipp^» |d failed to the coaffc of 3pain, under the command of lirftl Hawke, as was fuppofed, to intercept fome rich^pani^fli (hips ; but in a (hort time the fteet was rcr tailed, which dii not fail to furprize the nation. ,^^^._ The (irft event, which this year didinguifhed the affairs if Germany, was the death of Elizabeth emprefs of T 2 RufTia, t- i: 294" . HISTORYV^ WAR. V ^ 176J Kudra, which happened on the sth of January, in the 52d year. of her age^ and the 22d of her reiffn. She was] Succeeded by Peter JII. her nephew and duke of Hoi- flein. Her death delivered the king of Pruflia from al formidable and determined enemy ; as her fuccefTor a- dopted not only a different^ but an oppoiite fyftem. Soon after his acceflion he agreed to a mutual exchange ofprKoners without ran fom, and to a general fufpen-l iionof arms; he offered to facriEce his own conquefls to Ihe re-e(Ubli(bment of peace, and invited all his ai-l lies to follow his example. By the accounts which! were publifhed of his early proceedings, he feemed atl leaft, to attend to the domellic happinefs of his fub-f jedts; for he conferred upon his nobility the famein-J dependance which that order enjoys in the other mo-| narchies of Europe ? and he lo>yered the heavy duties] upon fait in favour of the commonality. Thus grati- fying both the greated and meaneft of h>s people, he| appeared to thole at a diftance to be ftrengthning him* felf in the hearts of the Ruffians, and to be ambitious of a popularity equal to that which had been bellowed upon any of his predecefTors. This was only the judg- ment of perfons at a diftance; thofe who were nearer the fcene were hardly able to perceive any thing but blind precipitation in affairsiof moment, blended with zeal for trifles. The diverfified errors of his govern- ment made it believed, that he was meditating the de- iign of fetting alide the great duke Paul, in favour of the depofed prince Ivan. A defign of fuch a nature mud have arifen either from extreme madnefs, or fror fome family fufpicion, which it would not become me tc infinuate. He had hardly made peace with Prufi^a, hcj fore he threatened Denmark with a war^ on account of his pretenGons to part of the dutchy of Holflein-Schlef] wick in Germany. He drove every thing before hir with an extravagant and thoughtlefs rapidity. Inftead o| courtinig the affedions of his guards, who had made and unmade the mbnarchs of RufTia; fome of thefe he flighted, ally perhaps, he affronted, by taking a ridiculou^ pleafure in the uniform of his Piuffian regiment, and bj placing an idle confidence in his Holftein troops. Hd was obligated to communicate with the Greok churcKf ^- ■-...,..,.■. -■, yrtj ,762 > HISTORY o/^^^ WAR. 295 yet he infulted the rites of it, and diftinguifhed the fafl: days by a large piece of beef. He bad not the virtues of the private man to compenfate for the defers of the prince. His propenfity to the northern vice of intem- perance in drinking betrayed him into a difcovery of his ill-concerted meafures ; whilft an open difregard of the emprefs his confort confirmed her apprehenfions of danger, and taught her to confult her own fecurity* A confpiracy was formed, and he was depofcd by the intrigues of his confort, who fucceeded to the throne. Among the confpirators were, the emprefs, and the velt marftial Rofamowflty hotman of the GolFacks, whom the emperor had a little time before declared colonel of one of the regiments of foot guards. The emprefs; in her famous manifefto publiftied after her hufband's death, brought a variety of accufations agaiivft- liliii'^ ihe charged him with ingratitude to the emprefs Eliza- ,beth his aunt ; with incapacity ; an abufe of power ; a contempt of religion and law ; a fcheme to remove the gtand duke from the fucceflion ; to fettle it in fa- vour of a fttanger ; and even to put herfelf to death. Thus we have feen a fovereign prince of Holftein, great nephew of Charles the twelfth, grandfon of Peter the fir(t, and heir of thofe rival monarchs, onceelodled fuc- cefTor to the crown of Sweden, actually afcending the throne of Rudia, hurled down, after alhortreign of fix months, from all his ^eatnefs, by the intrig'ues of a woman and the refentments of a landing force, fup*- ported by the concurrertce of an offended nation ; leav- ing an important lelTon to princes^ of the inftability of human grandeur, and of the certain danger of an efta- bliflied miiitary power under a weak and capricious gO'- vernment. This very unhappy monarch died within eight days after his depofiiion. The fufpi-cion of the world, warranted byhidorical examples, has concluded that his death was violent : indeed it has been report- ed, that whilft he-was great duke, a minifter of ftate de- clared in words to this effedt, ^ Tbat nothing could 'cure him but a black dofe/ Notwithftanding this revolution, the interefts of the king^of Pruflia were not injured. The emprefs adhered 40 the engagements of her late hu(band, and peculiarly T 3 , exerted J ' ! "296 niSrORY tffhWAK. ^tj6t exerted herfelf in bringtng about a peace iti Germany. The Swedes followed the example of the R'afians* they made a peace with the king of Pruflia' in May, by M'hich both parties fat down juS as they begui?. The court of Britain who had hitherto been hampered be- tween its own interefts, and the ties of honour due to the diftreft lituation of his PrufTtan majefty, feeing with |)leafure, that he was eafed of the weight, which ever fince the commencement of the war had turned the fcale againfl him, began now feriouHy to think of withdraw- ing the fubfidy. There was the greater reafon for this, as we were now in faft entering upon two frefli wars againft Spain ; one by fea and another by land. The Pruflian minilters, both in Germany and England^ «iade a migbty noife when they heard their roafter's fub* ^dy "w;!' no longer to be paid ; but as neither «hey nor their mafteYliad a Ibadow of complaint of failure ia en- gagements by the Britifh miniftry, the affair^ as we fay^ went off) yet the friends of the late f ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ y, in En- gland, (we fhall not fay from what motive) ti)ftdeahan« die of this for afperfing the condujft of the new mini- Ary, and that in direct oppoGtion to tbat fyilem by "which their f — -t obtained his infiuence and populari^ ty, and to the prejudice of that v/ao he was fo intent upon at his r^fignation.. The Pruflian monarch having now only the Auilrians and the army of the empire to cope with, the emprefs- qu(^en could not hope for much from a continuance of the war ; yet her pride 'would not fuiFer her to conde* fcend to offer terms of peace ;' therefore her armies as ufual took the field. Count Daun put himfelf a^t the head of the Audrian army in Silcfia, where he was op- pofcd by the king of Pruflia. Piincc Henry of Pruifia commanded in Saxony > where he had to deal with the army of the empire, reinforced by a conliderable body of the Auftrians. This army was repulfed at the open- ing of the campaign by the prince's well-limed manoe- vres, and compelled to abandon their pofts, and fly in- to Franconia and Bohemia. The king of Pruflia, hav- ing no enemy to didradl his attention but count Daun, eaflly laid fiege to Schweidnitz; the trenches againft which were opened on the 8th of Auguft. The day af- ter ill Gennany. ^hc R'iifians; *' in May, by |bcgu«. The hampered be- fonour due to r, feeing with |t, which ever rncd the fcale of withdraw* tafon for this, 'two frefli wars •yland. The and England^ 'ir mafler *6 fub* [either «he7 nor f faiiiiFe in en> ■fir, as we fay, y, in En- e) niade a han* the new mini- that fyftcm by e and populari^ was fo intent y the Aiiflriant , the emprefs* continuance of her to conde* : her armies as himfelf at the rre he was op- jnry of Pruffia d«al with the liiderable body :d at the open- l-timed manoe- ts, and fly in- r PrufTia, hav- t count Daun, ■nches againd The day af- ter 176a Y HISTORY of the WAR. 297 ter the garrifon made a def^erate Tally ; but were after a fmaTt adion with the PrufHans, obliged to retire without being able to damage any of the befiegers ^otksv After this nine battteries were ere^ed within 300 paces of the interior fortification of the town, which played night and day with great fury. Count Daun finding he could not jprevent the kihg of Pruflia's laying (iege to $chweidnitz> detached general Laudohti with a liarge corps to attack the prince of Bevern> who Uy encampied with a body of Priinians at Riechenbach. The Auftrians were greatly luperior in number ; but the ^rufllans making a moft vigorous iUnd, gave the king of Pt'iifHa, who was informed of the action at its begin* ning, time to come to their aflidance, which he did with a ftrong body of cj^valry^ dragoons and hufTars^' and failihg ftirioufly dn the Audrians in flanky totally rout- ed them with great lofSy and made 15O0 pHfonehi. Afte^ this defeat cOunt Daun took no meafu)-es for tH^ relief of Schweidnitz ; and the governor of that fortrefi hearing of the unfortunate event, deOred tO capitulate; but the king of PrufTia refufed to accei)t of iny cdrtdi'i* ens, after feme Ikirmiflies, to abandon feveral of the |>ofts he held there: upon which the king of Pruffia, on the furrender of T 4 Schweidnitz, 7. 298 f HISTORY 5^/^^ WAR. ^1762 SchweidnitZy left his army in Silefia to the.commandof the prince of Bevern, and putting himfelf at the head of a large detachment, marched inliantly ro the afliiUnce of his brother. But prince Henry before his arrival changed the fcene; for on the 29th of October he vigo^ rouily attacked the enemies near Frey berg, and, after an engagement of feverai hours, notwithllanding his inferior force> gained a complete vi(5lory over them, by which the town of Freyberg fell into his hands, together with 5000 prifoners and 30 pieces of can- non. The generals Stolberg and Haddick, who commanded the Imperial and Auftrian armies, imputed their defeat to the treachery of one of their generals, named Brunian, who, they faid, gave the PruiTians in- telligence of whatever pafTcd in their military councils, ^s foon as the king of Prudia entered Saxony^ he de- tached a large body of troops into Bohemia> where they exaded very heavy contributions, deftroyed feverai inagazines, and fpread an alarm throughout the whole kingdom. His PrufTian majelly then artfully propofed to the court of Vienna, a fufpenfion of arms for the winter between their refpedtive armies in Saxony and SileHa. The court of Vienna agreed to it> perhaps not a little owing to the irruption he made into Bohemia. Accordingly the Audrian and Imperial troops retired into their winter^quarters : but no fooner had they done fo, than a body of Prudians under general Kleift march- ed into Franconia, where they raifed heavy contributi- ons and numbers of recruits ; in which they had a great advantage of the Audrians, for the latter could pretend to nothing but according to law ; whereas the former being in fome degree declared rebels by the empire, hereunder no obligation to obferve its laws. In the mean time the Imperial and Aullrian generals could nei- ther aflemble their troops, nor march to protedl the em- pire, until they got frefti orders from Vienna, another ad- vantage, that has often, beep of great fervice to the king of Pru{na> . and was upon this occafion the caufe of his troops havii>g an 'opportunity to fpread themfelves, >vithont oppolition, over almoll the- whole circle of Franc .••^' '*• >- i :.?-?.. 'i j That as all his ma(ler*s declarations to the dates of the empire had produced no efre<^, he was now r^folved to employ more effedlual means to make then recal their troops from the Auflrian army; and was ac- cordingly marching three different corps into the em- pire; one of which had already entered Franconia, the fecond was taking the route of Swabia, and the third would pafs tlirough Bavaria ; and that they would every where conduct themfelves according to the ex- igencies of war. Upon this fome of the dates of the empire fecretly folicited a neutrality, which the king of Prudla indant- ly granted. Then the red defired to purchafe their lecurity upon the fame terms, which were granted likewife ; and their troops were diredtly ordered t9 retire to their refpe(5live countries in order to be dif- banded ; numbers of which afterwards entered into the fcrvice of the Pruflians. Thus was the emprefs queen, by a well -conducted dratagem, deprived of the only aflidance from which die had reafon to expeft fidelity. At. this indant the court of London and Petersburg redoubled their efforts towards effeAing a reconciliation between her and the king of Prudia. The unhopeful profpefl .which the face of her affairs prefented, induced her haughty and dubborn (pirit to accept of the mediation. Conferences were accor- dingly opened at Hubertd)urg; but her minider made kis demands ija fuch an imperious tone, that bad he not 306 HISTORY ^/Af WAR. ^1761 not been foftened by the indefatigable exertion of Britifli and Ruffians influencfy the negociation would liave tbmptly broke off. However, the province of Silcfia, which was the great objeA of the war, is to remain with the king of Pruflia as well as the county of Glatz, both of which are extremely fertile, rich, and yield large revenues. In lieu of which the eni- prefs queen obtains fome incondderable places, which are annexed in (ituation to fome of her dominions in the Netherlands. To this peace the court of Dref- den acceded, in order to obtain fome trifling indem** nificat on lor Saxony. The French opened the campaign againft the alliei in the month of March. About 4000 of their gar- rifon at Gottingen marched out of that place, and on the 9th of March attacked fome of the allied poRt with tolerable fuccefs, obliging the occupiers to retire with precipitation. Soon after a (kirmifli happened between a detachment of the allies and this of the gar- rifon, in which the latter were worded* and from that time did not prefume to Air out of their walls. In the month of April the Hereditary prince of Brunf- wick was detached from the allies to lay liege to tht (Irong caftle of Arenfberg, which was of great fcrvice to the French, as by it they preferved a communicati- on between their army on the Rhihe and their gar<* rifons at CaQTel and Gottingen. Oil the 18th the prince opened his batteries againft it^ and next day he compelled the garrifon, confiding of 240 men, to furrender prifoners of war. Thefe operations {Simulated tin French court to attempt fomething of confequence : accordingly their grand army, which was this year under the command of the n^^rfhals d'Etrees and Soubi^e, was afl'embled in the month of June, and it was defigned to attack prince Ferdinand the firft opportunity. But the fnare, which they wcrtf preparing for him, they fell into themfelves ; for on the 24th of June he found means to furprize and de- feat them in their camp at Graibenflein. General Luckner attacked the marquis de Caflries in their rear, who was poded at Carifdorf to cover the right wing of the French 5 at the fame time general Sporckeii charged 1762 > mSTOKY of theWAR. 3«| •btrgcd him in fiank, and obliged him to retire with tmftll lofs ; and the two Hanoverian generals con* tin«ed their march, in order to take the camp at Graib^nftein both in flank and rear; lord Granby with the relerve cro(red the Dymel at Warburg, and pof- fefled himfelf of an eminence oppoHte to Furdenwald, an commanded by the generals Zaftrow and Gilien? defeated part of the right wing of the French army, intrenched at Luttenberg under count de Luface. The allies marched through the Fulda up to their wafttfa, clambered up a mountain, took- four redoubts, and drove the enemy from thofe intrenchments. A regiment of Saxon horfe was totally deftrdyed, and 1 100 men were made prifoners, and 13 pieces of can* non were taken ; but this gallant a^ion produced no confequences, for both armies continued in their re- fpedlive (ituations. However, by thefe exploits it is certain the French were reduced to the utmoft diftrefs; for an army, which had been formed early in the year in Flanders, under the prince of Conde, was nowo- bliged to march to their afliftance; but before they received this reinforcement, they abandoned Gotten- gen, after deftroying the forificaticns, and colleAed themfelves within a fmall fpace round Gaffel. While the prince of Gonde was on his march, in order to join the marOial^ d'Etrees and Soubize, he was on the 30th of Auguft attacked by the hereditary prince near Friedberg. At firft the French were driven from the fteep mountain of Johonnes-bcrg into the plain below by the vigorous charge of the allies; but the grand army of France under the marflials d'Etrees and Soubize having fent them aconfiderable reinforce- ment, the attack was renewed with vivacity and fuc- cefs. The allies, repulfed in their turn, were obliged to repafs the Wetter. The hereditary prince was wounded in the hip, whilft he was endeavouring to rally his difotdered troops. Prince Ferdinand, better informed of the fituation of the French army than the hereditary prince, marched with a confiderable part of his forces, and cahie in time to prevent the ene- my from pulhing their advantage. Colonel Clinron was wounded; yet he continued with the gallant liercditary 1762 J» HISTORY 6f the WAK. ' 3o3t hereditary prince two hours afterwards ; and did not difcover his misfortune^ till the prince defired him CO carry an account of the battle to prince Ferdi- nand, which obliged him to acknowlege that he was rendered incapable of executing his commands. The lofs of the enemy, according to their own eftimate, did not exceed 500 men in killed and wounded; whilfl they calculated that of the allies at about 6co killed and 1500 prifoners. A letter from prince Ferdinand's head-quarters confefTed only the lofs of 139$ men, to- gether with ten pieces of cannon. The French, ac- cudomed to defeat, demonflrated their fenfe of this vi^ory by public rejoicings. The prince of Conde afterwards effedted his jundtion with the French ar- my, which now began to aft on the ofFenfive. On the 20th of September they made themfelves maflers of the redoubt and milU on the left bank of the river Ohm, at the foot of the mountain of Amoene- burg. Next day they refolved to attack the cadle of Amoeneburg, which was garrifoned by a battalion of the Britifh legion, and a detachment of 200 men from the referve of the allied army. For this purpofe, un- der favour of a thick fog, they opened a trench, and eftabliflied their batteries againft it. The {lone bridge over the Ohm at the Brucker-Muhl, was guarded by 200 men of Hardenberg's regiment, the greateft part of which were polled in afmall work on the right of the bridge. The enemy were alfo in pofTeffioii of a little work beyond the bridge. About thefe two pods there commenced a warm and bloody adlibn on the twenty-firft, which continued from fix in the morning till dark night. A fire of cannon and fmall^ arms was kept up for fourteen hours on both fides with the utmod feverity and the mofl determined re- folution. There was no attempt on either part to paCs the bridge. Frefti troops were reciprocally fent to fupport the pofts which each maintained on the oppo- fite banks of the river, as faft as the feveral reliefs had expended their amunition. The mill occupied by the enemy afforded rathier more fhelter to them, than the redoubt to the allies. Hiflory hardly furnifhcs an in- llance of fuch an obitinate difpute. The execution of wi i near 504 H19T0KY of thi WAR. {1^6% near 50 pkces of cannon was confined to the f^ace of near 400 paces. The fire of the artUlery and muix{iietfy was not mtevmitted one fingle moment. On the part of the aliies, 17 complete battalions were OBiployedy at difl^rent times, chiefly under the com- mand of the marqDis of Oranby and general Zaftrow. The total lois of the allies amounted to near 800 aien. The French acknowleged the lofs of 300 killed :ind near 800 wounded^ Next day the caftle of A« moenebnrg furrendered^ and the garrifon were made ^^rlfoners of war, to the nnmber of ekven officers wl SS3 private men, i...^r-f;^' <«. , ';:;^-...»..^s ,.^^i/::, Notwithftanding th^s bloody encounter, prince Fer- dinand determined 10 clofe the campaign with fome advantage of importance; and with this view, he, with the main body of his army> kept the French on the alarm, while he detached prince Frederick of Brunf- wick to lay (lege to CaiTel. This was the only place 9f real importance which the French held ; therefore if that coald be retaken from them, they had fearce one (ingle advantage to boa(l of fince their armies en- tered Germany in 1756. The (iege commenced on the 1 6th of October, and was carried on with great ilacriiy. The garrifon ieveral times fallied oat> but without being a^ble to interrupt the approaches. The fiege and blockade were fo cofe, that it was impoflible tio get any thing into the town ; where provifions be- ing fearce, the garrifon in a (hort time was reduced to great cxtremites. In the mean iintt prince Ferdinand qovered the operations in fo effedual a manner, that the Ftench did not attempt to relieve the place At length pn the firft of November the garrifon furrendcred, be- ing reduced to theutmoft diftrefs by the want of provi* fions. As a negociation for peace was at this lime known to be far advanced, the garri(bn were not made pri Toners, but condu(5led to the French army* This was the bd military exploit in Germany on the part of the French and allies, and with it was concluded a longr bloody, and deflrudllve war. This negociation for peace had been fome time fet on fOct« It was in the month of September, that the kings of Great-Britain and France agreed tv fend mi- alders ne time fee 1763 J» HISTORY ^/iB« WAR. 305 Qtfters plenipotentiary to tlieir refpeAive courts, in or- der to treat on this matter. On tlie 5th of Septembec the duke of Bedford fet out from England for Paris, tnd on the loth the duke de Niyernois arrived in Loa« don. Spain and Portugal acceded to the negociation, ind Fountainbleaa was honoured with being the great icene of politics. On the 3d of November the preli-' minary articles were (igned, and as foon as poflible were ratified by the refpe^ive fovereigns : and on the loth of February^ 1763, the definitive treaty was figned. ' ■'>•:■-,'■/■' C H A P. X. fi^^ DifiNiTivE Treatv of Friend/hip and Peace be* tween his Britannic Majefty^ the moji Cbriftian King^ ' gnd the King of Spain, excluded at Paris, the lOth 3^ rf February y 1763. To *nibicb the King ^Portu^ gi\ acceded on the fame Day, „ h 4he N^m^ of^e Moft Holy and undivided Trinity y F^^ thesfy SoHy and H^ly Ghofi, So be it* BE it knawa to all thofe to whom it fliall^ or may, i^ miy manner beiong. ir U hat ptleafed the moib High to dlfuCe the fpirit of u- ttion and concord among the Princes, wbofe divifion* dftd fpi!ead troubles in the four parts, of the world, 9Qd to Infpire them, with the inclination to caule tho comforts o( peace to fucceed to the misfortunes of ^ ton^ and bloody war, which, having arifen. betweei^ England and France, during the reign of the rood fc- (cne and moft potent Prince, George the (econd, by the gracfl of God^ King of Great Britain, of glorious memo- ify, continued under the reign of the moft fcrene an4 SioA potent Prince, Georg« the third, his fuccefforj and in its progrefs, communicated itfelf to Spain ancl Portugal: confequently, the moft ferrene and moft latent Prince, Georg« the third, by the grace o^ God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. Duk« of Brunfwick and Lunenburghj Areh-Treafurcr, and J^lcAor, of the Holy Roman Empire; the moft fc-. rene and moft? potent Prince, Lewis lh» fifteenth, by the grace of Ood, molt Chriftina king ; and the moft fcrene I- ;,. t > -\J, \''k \ •',, V 3o6 HI STORY of the VI kK.' ' \ 1763 lerene and molt potent prince^ Charles the third> by I the grace of God, King of Spain and of the Indies^ after! having laid the foundations e^ peace in the preliminaries I figned at Fountainbleau the third of November laft ; and the mod ferene and mod potent prince, Don Jofeph the I firft, by the grace of God, King of Portugal, and of the Algarvesy after having acceded thereto> determined to compleat without delay, this great and important work. For this purpofe the high contradling parties have named and appointed their refpcftive ambafTadors extraordi- nary> and minifters plenipotentiary, viz, his Sacred Majefty, the king of Great Britain, the moft illuftrious and molt excellent Lord, John> Duke and Earl of Bed- ford, Marquis ef Tavellock, &c. his minifter of ftate, Lieutenant general of his armies, Keeper of his privy feal. Knight of the moft noble order of the garter, and his ambaiTador extraordinary and minifter pleni- potentiary to his moft Chriftian majefty : his facred majefty the moft illuftrious and moft excellent Lord, Caftfar Gabriel de Cho^ifeul, Duk« of Praflin, peer of France, Knight of his orders. Lieutenant general of his armies, and of the province of Britanny, Council- lor in all his councils, and minifter and Secretary of ftate, and of his commands and finances ; his facred Majefty the Catholic King, the moft illuftrious and moll; excellent Lord, Don Jerome Grimaidi, Marquis de GrimaIJi, Knight of the moft Chriftian King's orders, gentleman of his Catholic majefty's bed chamber in em- ployment, and his embalTador extraordinary to his mo't Chridian Majefty; his facred majefty the moft Faithful King, the moft illuftrious and moft excellent Lord, Martin de Mello and Caftro, Knight profefted of the order of Chrift, of his moft Faithful Majcfty's council, and his embaflador and minifter plenipotentiary to his moft Chriftian Majefty, Who, after having duly communicated to each other their lull powers, in good form, have agreed upon the articles, the tenor of which is as follows ; Art. L There (hall be a Chriftian, univerfal, and perpetual peace, as well by fea as land, and a fincere and conftant friendfliip (hall be. re-eftabrr(hed between their Britannic, Moft Chriftian, Catholic, and Moft Faithful Majefties, and between their heirf and faccef- '■ - ^ (brs es ; his facred ,763 Y HISTORY of the WAR. 307 fors, kingdoms^ dominions, provinces, countries, fub- je(fls, and vaflals, of what quality or condition foevcr they be> without exception of places, or of perfons : fo that the high contracting parties Ihali give the great- eik attention to maintain between themfelves and their faid dominions and fubje^s, this reciprocal friendihip and correfpondence, without permitting, on either fide> any kind of hodilities, by fea or by land, to be com- initted, from henctforth, for any caufe, or , under any pretence whatfoever, and every thing fhall be carefully avoided, which might, hereafter, prejudice the unioa happily re-eftablifhed, applying themfelves, on thecon* trary, on every occafion, to procure for each other whatever may contribute in their mutual glory, inte- reib, and advantages, without giving any aflittance or prote(5lion, dire^ly or indire^ly, to thofe who would caufe any prejudice to either of the high contradting parties ; there {hall be a general oblivion of every thing that may have been done or committed before or lincc the commencement of the war, which is juft ended, v II. The treaties of Wertphalia 1648 j thofe of Ma- drid between the crown of Great Britain and Spain of 1667, and 1670; the treaties of peace of Nimignea of 1678 and (679 ; of Rifwyck of 1697 ; thofe of peace and of commerce of Utrecht of 1713 5 that of Badea of 17 14 ; the treaty of the triple alliance of the Hague of 1717 ; that of the quadruple alliance of London of 1718 ; the treaty of peace of Vienna of 1738; the defi- nitive treaty of Aix la Chappelle of 1748 ; and that of Madrid between the crowns of Great Britain and Spain^ of 1750 ; as well as the treaties between the crowns of Spain and Portugal, of the 13th of February 166S; of the 6th of Feb. 1715; and of the 12th of Feb. 176U and that of the 1 1 h ot April 17 1 3, between Fr. and Port, with the guaranties of Gr. Br. fcrve as a bails and foundation to the peace> and to the prefent treaty ; and for this purpofey they are all renewed and confirmed in the beflform, as well as all the treaties in general> which fub- liided between the high contra^ing parties before the kar, as if they were inferted here word for word, fo that they are to be exadtly obferved, fur the future, in tHeir whole tenor, and religioufly executed on all fides, in all their points which ihall not be derogated from U the i I S c .1 ','^ ^ A ./• jot .HlSTORt £/*f^ WAlt. itjC^ the prefent tteaty, Motwhhftaftding all that may have b^dn ftjpula'tcsd to the contrary by any of the high con. trft^itvg paftiiK^; fl^d all the faid parties declare, that they ^itl not fuller atiy privilege, favour or iddiilgence, fo iubfift^ contrary to the treaties above conhrmed, ex- empt \»hat (hall have been ligreed and ftipulated by the prcfent treaty. ' III. All the prifotiers made, on all fides, as well by Iftnd as by fea, and the homages carried awftv, or given ' during the wary and to this day, (hall be reltored with- out ranlom, fix weeks at lateft, td be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the prefent treaty, each croWn refpedlively paying the advances, which (hall have been made for the fubfiflencc and maintenance of their prifonerSy by the Sovereign of the country Where they (hall have been detained, ac- cording to the attefled receipts and eftimates» and offer authentic vouchers, which (hall be furnifhed on otic fide and the other ; and f^curities (hall b^ reciprocally given for the payineht of the debts which the prifoti'* ers (hail have contracted in the eonntries where they have been detained until their entire liberty. And au the (hips of Wdr and merchant Vdfels which (hall have been talteh fince the expi^ "^ile reftored honafide^ >vith all their crews and cargoes : aind the execution of this arttcit (hilil be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. • \, i IV. His mbft Chriftian miijefty f ettouhcrs aff preten- fiOns which he his heretofolrie fotroed, or might form, to NoVa Scotia, or Acadia> in all its parts, and guaran- tied the whole of it, wifh all its dependeticies, to the King of Great Britain : Moreover, his ^oft Chridian Maje(fy cedes and guaranties to his faid Britannic ma- je(ly> in full right, Canada, with all its depehdenciesy a^ Svell a^ the ifiand of Cape Breton, and kll the other iflands and coafts in t! c ;>tilph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general every thing that depends ott the faid coantries, lands, ifiands, and coaRs, With the hst" reignty, property, poirefliony an6 all rights acquired by treaty ofx^thcrwife; which the mofl Chriftian King, ana •♦* /•*.>. 1763 ^ HISTORY //& war; 309 afnd the crown of France, have had, till now, over the faid countries, iflands, lands, places, coafts, and theh- inhabitants, fo that the mod Chriftian King cedes and makes over the whole to the faid King, and to the crown of Great Britain^ and that in the mod ample manner and form, without redridtion, and without any liberty to depart from the faid ceflTion and guaranty, under any pretence, or to didurb Great Britain in the pofTefTions above-mentioned. His Britannic majefty, on his lide, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will conie^ quently, give the mod efFedtual orders, that his new Koman Catholic fubjedts may profefs the worlhip of their Religion, according to the rites of the Romifh church> as for as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britan- nic Majedy further agrees that the French inhabitants, or others who had been fubjedls of the mod Chridian King in Canada, may retire with all fafety and freedom, wherever they fhall think proper, and may fell their edates, provided it be to the fubjee confines between the dominions of his Britannic maje(ly» and thofe of his moit Chriflian ma- jefty, in that part of the world, fhall be fixed irrevoca- bly by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mif- jiffippi, from its fourcc to the river Iberville, and from ihence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lake Maurcpas and Pontchartrain, to the fca ; and for this purpofe, the mofl Chriflian king cedes, in full right, and guaranties to his Britannic majedy, the^ river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he pofTefTes, or ought to pofTefs, on the left fide the ri- ver Miffiffippi, except the town of the New Orleans, and the ifiand in which it is fituated which fhall remain to France; provided that the river MiffifTippi fhall be equally free, as well to the fubje<^s of Great Britain, as to thofe of France, in its whole breadth and lenoth, from its fource to the fea, and exptcfly that part which is between the faid ifiand of New Orleans, and the right bank of that river, as well as the pafTage both in and V'Utof Its mouth. It is further ftipniatcd, that t»^e vef- i^'ls belonging to the fubjefts oF either nation, fliall not be flopped; vHitcd or Iu5)je6^cd to the payment of nny (iuy olid and dura- 1763}^ HISTORY o/-fi^^ WAR. 311 duty whatfoever. The llipulations, inferted in the 4(h article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada, (hall slU fo take place, with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article. VJII. 1 he king of Great Britain (halireftoreto France the illands of Guadalonpe, of Marie-Galante, of De(i- rade, of iMartinicOy and ofiielJeiflc; and the fortrefl'e* of thefe idands Hiall be reftored In the fame condition ihey were in» when they were conquered by the Britid* arms; provided that his Britannic m.ijefty's fubje^Sls, nvho fhall have fettled in the faid iilands, or thoLe whv fliall have any commercial affairs to fettle there, or in the other places reftored to France by the prefent trea- ty, Ihall have liberty to fell their lands and their c- ibtes, to fettle their aMrs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effefls^ as well as their perfons; on board velTels, which they fliall he permitted to fend to the faid ifl.andSy and other places redored as above, and ^ which (hall ferve for this ufe only, wi-thout being re- trained on account of their religion, or under any o-. ther pretence whatfoever, except thaiof dehts or of cri- minal profccutions"; and for this purpofe, th« term of eight'Ccn months is allowed to his Britannic majelly'a •fubjefts, to be computed from the dUy of the exchange of ?.he ratifications of tie prefent treaty; hut, as the liberty, granted to his Britannic raajefty's fubjedts, to bring away the'r perfons and their eff'eds, in ve(!els of their nation, may be liable to ahufe?, if precautions were not taken to prevent them; itli^asheen exprefly aj>reed between his Britannic maje(ly and his moil ChriClian majcfty, that the number of Engli(h veflels* which fhall have leave to go to the idands and placets reftored to France, (hall be limited, as well as the num* ber of tons of each one; that they Ihall go in ballaft ; ihall fet fail at a fixed time; and mall make one voyage only, all theeffedls, belonging to theEnglifli, being to be embarked at the fame time. It has been further a- greed, that his mod: Ghriftian majefly (hall caufe the ne- ce(rary pa(rports to be given to the faid veflels ; that for the greater fecurity, it (hall be allowed to place two French clerks or guards, in each of the faid veflels, VJjich (hall be vifitcd in the landing places and ports of • •' ' ^ U 5 the P 312 HISTORY ^/)&^ WAR. /< 1763 the faid iflands, and places rcftored to France, and that the merchandife, which fhall be found thetein (hall be confifcatcd. IX. The mod Chrillian King cedes and guaranties to his Britannic Majefly^ in full right, the iflands of Grenada, and of the Granadines, with the fame (lipula,- tions in favour of the inhabitants of this colony, in- Terted in the IVth article for thofc of Canada; and the partition of the iilands, called Neutral, is agreed and fixed, fo that thofe of St, Vincent, Dominica^ and Tobngo, fhall remain in full right to Great Britain, and tliat of St. Lucia (hall be delivered to France, to enjoy the fame likewife in full right; and the high contrafling parties guaranty the partition fo ftipulated. X. His Britannic nxajefty fliall rettore to France the 'Ifland of Goree in the condition it was in when conquered: And his moft Chriltian majefty cedes, in full right, and guaranties to the King of Great Briain the river Senegal, with the forts and fadlories of St^ JLewis, Podor, and Gakm ; and with all the rights and dependencies of the fr/id river Senegal. • XI. In the Ea(l-Indies Great Britain fliall reftor^ to France, in the condition they are now in, the different fa^ories, which that crown poffeded as well on the coaft of Coromandel, and Orixa, as on that of Malabar, as i^lfo in Bengal, at the beginning of the year 1749. And his moft Chriftian Majefty renoun- ces all pretcnfion to the acquifitions which he had made on the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, (ince the faid beginning of the year 1749. His mo(l Chriftian Ma; jefty (hall reftore? on his fide, all that he may have conquered from Great Britain, in the Eaft Indies, dur^ ing the prefent war; and will exprefly caufe Nattal «nd Tapanoully> in the Ifland of Sumatra, to be re- ilored; he engages farther, not to eredt fortifications, or to keep troops in any part of the dom'inions of the Subah of Bengal. And in order to prefer ve future peace on the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, the Englifii and French fliall acknowlege Mahomet Ally Khan foj^ the lawful Nabob of the Carnatick, and Salabat Jing for lawful Subah of the Decan ; and both parts (hall renounce ail demands and pretenfions of fatisfa(5tion» vitU 1763}^ HISTORY ^//^^ WARi 313 with which they img^^ charge each other, or their In- Jign Allies, for the depredation s, or pillage, cqrjfim'ttm tedy pi> the one fide, or on the other, daring the war. XII. The Ifland of Minorca (hall be redor^d to his Britannia Maje(ty,as weU as Fort St. Philip, in the fan^e condition tl)«y were in, whein conquered by the arms of the rno(l Chridian King; an4 >vith the artillery vvhich was there, when the faid Ifland and the faid fort were taken. XII r. The town and Fori of Dunkirk (hall be put into the ftate fixed by the laft treaty of Aix la Chaplle, «nd by former treaties. The Cunette fh^l be deftroy- ed icimediately after the exchange of the ratificatipns of the prefent treaty, as well as the forts and batteries tWhich defend the entrance on the iide of the lea ', and proviGon fhall be made, atihe fame time, for theijvhole- ibmenefs of the air, and for the health of the inhabitants* iby foQie other means to the fat.sfadion of the King of XJreat Britain. rj b: ^ XIV. France ihaU reilore a)l tlie countries belonging to the Electorate of Hanover, to the Landigrav^ of H^H'e, to the duke of Bruafwick, and to the Count of La ,Lippe Buckebourgh, which are, or ihall be occupied by his mod Chridian Majedy's arras: The fortrefes lof thefe different cou^ti'ies diall be redored in the fame condition they w«re in, when conquered by the French arms: And the pieces of artillery, which fhall hiv.e been carried elfewhere, ^all be replaced by tlie fkm,e number, of the fame bore, weight, and metal* XV. In cafe the dipuUtions, contained in the XIHtK article of the preliminaries, (hould not l>e compleated at 4he time of the fignature of the prefent treaty, ;is well with regard to the evacuations to be mf de by the armies of France of the fortreiTes of Gleves, Wezcly G uelders, ^nd of all the countries belonging to the King of PrufTia, ^s with regard to the evacuations to be iMde by the Britifh and French armies of the countries which they pccupy in Wedphalia, lower Saxony, on thelower Rhine, the upper Rhine^ a^d in all the Empire, and to the re- treat of the troops in-tp the dominions of their refpec- tiwe fovereigns; their Britannic, and mod Chridian JMajedics prpmifc to proceed, hnifficfe, with all the dif- , U 4 patch 314 HISTORY //iJtf WAR. ^j 176 ' fpatch the cafe will permit of, to the faid evacuations, the entire completion whereof they ilipulate before the fifteenth of March next, or fooner if it can be clone ; and their Britannic and mo(t Chriiiian Majellies further engage, and promife to each other, not to furnifh any fuccoursy of any kind, to their refpe^ive allies^ \rho Ihall continue engaged in the war in Germany. XVI. The deciiion of the prizes made^ in the timi* ef peace, by the fubj efts of Great 43riialn, on the Spa- niards, (hall be referred to the courts of juftice of the admiralty of Great Britain, conformably to the rules edablifhed among all nations, fo that the validity of the faid prizes, between the BritiOiand Sj>anifli nations, fhall be decided and judged, according to the law of nttionSy and according to the treaties, in the courts of juftice of the nation, who fhall have made the capture. XVII. His Britannic Maje/ly fhall caufe to be demo- liflied all the fortifications which his fubjefts ihall have erefted in the bay of Honduras, and other places of the territory of Spain ih that part of the world, four months after the ratification of the prefent treaty : And his Catholic Majefly fhall not permit His Britannic Majefly*s fubjefts, or their workmen, to be didurbed, or molefled, under any pretence whatfoever, in the faid places, in their occupation of cutting, loading, and carrying away logwood. And for this purpoie, they may build without hindrance, and occupy without in- terruption, the houfes'and magazines which are ncccf- fary for them, for their families, and for their effefts: And his Catholic Majcfty afTures to them, by this article, the full enjoyment of thofe advantages, and powers on the Spanifh coafls and territories, as above (lipulated, immediately after the ratifications of the prefent treaty. XVIII. His Catholic Majefty defifts, as well for ' himfelf, as for his fuccefTors, from *11 pretenh'ons which he may have formed, in favour of the Gujpuf- • coans, and other his fubjedts, to the right of fiihing in the neighbourhood of the liland of Newfoundland. XIX. The king of Great Britain fhall reftore to ' Spain all tbt territory which he has conquered in the ifiand of Cuba, with the fortrsfs of the Havanna; and -■ . ; *- this l^6^\^ liisrORY of thVfAK. 315 this fortrefs, as wcH as all the other fortrefles of the faid iflandy (hall be reilored in the fame condition they wer« in when conquered by his Britannic MajcUy't arms ; provided, that his Britannic M3Je(ly*s fubje^s, who (hall have fettled in the laid idanJ, redored to Spain by the prcfent treaty^ or thoCe who (hall have any commercial affairs, to fettle there, fhall have liber- ty to fell their lands, and their cdates, to fettle their affairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effects, as well as their pcrfons, on board veffels whicii they fhall be permitted to fend to the faid ifland re- (lored as above, and which fliall ferve for that ufe only, without being retrained on account of their religion, or under any other pretence whatfoever, except that of debts, or of criminal profecution : and for this pnrpofe, the term of eighteen months is al- lowed to his Britannic Majcfty's fubjcfts, to be com- puted from the day of the exchange of the ratificati- ons of the prefent treaty: but as the liberty, granted to his Britannic Majefly's fubjedls, to bring away their perfons, and their effeds, in veffels of their nation^ may be liable to abufes if precautions were not takea to prevent them; it has been exprefsly agreed, betweeti his Britannic Majefty and Catholic Majefly, that the number of En^lifh veffels, which fhall have leave to go to the faid ifland rcftored to Spain, fhall be limi- ted, as well as the number of tons of each one; that they fhall go in ballafl, fhall fet fail at a fixed time; and fhall make one voyage only: all the effedls be- longing to the Englifh being to be embarked at the fame time : it has been further agreed, that his Ca- tholic majefty fhall caufe the neccffary pafTports to be given to the faid veffels ; that, .'or the greater fecnrity, it fhall be allowed to place two Spanifh clerk;, or guards, in each of the faid veffels, which (hall be vifited in the landing-placeSjj and ports of the faid ifland reftorcd to Spain, and thai the merchandize, which fhall be found therein, fhall be confifcated. XX. In confequence of the rcft^itution ftipulated in the preceding article, his Catholic majefty cedes and guaranties, in fell right, to his Britannic majefty, Horida, with fort St. Auguilin, in theRayofPen- facola, 316 HISTORY //^^ WAR. ^1173 facoUi as well as all that Spain polTefTps on the con- tinent of North America, to the call, or to the fouth cad of the river MiflKTippi. And, in general, every thing th^t depends on the faid countries and lands, vihh the fovereignty, property, pofTeflion, and all rights, acquired by treaties or otherwise, which the Catholic King, and the crown of Spain, have bad, till now, over the faid countries, lands, places, and other inhabitants; io that the Catholic King cedes and makes over the */hole to the faid King, and to the crown of Great Britain, and that in the mofjt •mple manner and form. His Britannic n^ajeliy a- grees on his fide, to grant to the inhabitants of the countries, above ceded, the liberty of the Catholic religion : he will confequently give the mod exprefs, and the mod etfedual orders, that his new Roman Catholic fubjedls may profefs the worfliip of their re- ligion, according to the rites of the Romifh church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit : his Bri^ tannic majefty further agrees, that the Spani(h inhabi- tants, or others who had been fubjeds of tlie Catholic King in the faid counties, may retire, with all fafety and freedom, wherever they think proper; and may fell their eftates, provided it be to his Britannia ma- jetty's fubjefts, and bring away their efTc^ls, as well ais their pcrfons, without being rellrained in their cmigra* tions, under any pretence whatfover, except that of (lebts, or of criminal profecutions : the term, limited for this etpigration, being fixed 10 the fpace of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the prefent treaty. It is more- over flipulated, that his Catholic majedy fhall have power to caiife all the effedls, that may belong to him, to be brought away^ whether it be artillery^ or other things. '■ ■ ■ ^^^ '"."; ;;,- . ,.-- - ^-.'- „ '. ■ *-'. XXI. The French and Spanifh troops fhall evacuate ^11 the territories) lands, towns, places, and caflles, of Wis faithful majefly, in Europe, without, any refervc, which (hall have been conquered, by the armies of France and Spain, and fhall reflore them in the fame condition they were in when conquered, with the fame ar^illery, ammunition^ which were found there.* and • with i763> HISTORY^/z^^WAR. ■ .; 317 with regard to the Portugucfe colonies in America, Africa, or in the Eaft Indies, if any change (hall have happened there, all things (hall be reftorcd on tl>c fame footing they were in, and conformably to the pre- ceding treaties, which fubfifted between the courts qf * France, Spain, and Portugal, before iheprefent war. y XXII. All the papers, letters, documents, and ar- chieves, which were found in the countries, territories, towns, and places, that are reUorcd, and thofe belong- ing to the countries ceded, (hall be, refpedively and , bona ^ds^ delivered, or furnilhed at the fame time, if poffible, that po(re(rion is taken, or, at lateft, four months after the exchange of the ratifications ofthp prefent treaty, in whatever places the faid papers or documents may be found. XXIII. All the countries and territories, which may have been conquered, in whatfoevcr part of the world, by the arms of their Britannic and moll faithful majef- ties, as well as by thofe of their molt Chriftian and Ca- tholic majefties, which are not included in the prefent treaty, either under the title of cefTions, or under the title of rcltitutions, (hall be reltored without diiEcuIty, >f^ and without requiring any compenfation. . , '^ XXIV. As it is ncce(rary to adlgn a fixed cpocha for the rcftitutions, and the evacuations, to be made by each of the high contrading parties ; it is agreed, that the Briti(h and French troops (hall compleat, before the 15th of March next, all that (hall remain to be execut- ed of the Xllth and Xlllth articles of the preliminaries figned the 3d day of November laft, with regard to the evacuation to be made in tiie empire, oi' elfcwhere. The ifland of Belleifle (hall be evacuated fix weeks after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner if it can he done. Guadaloupc, Defirade, Marie- Galante, Martinico, and St. Lucia, three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treat)'-, or fooner if it can be done. Great Britain fliall like- wife, at the end of three montlis after the exchange of the ratifications of the prelent treaty, or fooner if it can be done, enter into ri^ or fooner if it can be done: and ac- cording to the conditions of the Vlth article, France fhall likewife enter into poflefTion of the iflandsofSt. Peter, and of Miquelon, at the end of three months af- ter the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent trea- ty. The faiflories in the Eaft Indies (hall be reftored fix months after thr exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner if it can be done. The for- trefs of the Havannah, with alJ that has been conquer- ed in the ifland of Cuba, (hall be reftored three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner, if it can be done ; and, at the fame time, Great Britain fhall enter into poflbfTjon of the country ceded by Spain, according to the XXth article. All the places and countries of his moft Faithful maje{|y, in Europe, fhall be reftored immediately after the ex- change of the ratifications of the prefc^it treaty; and the Portuguefe colonies, which may have been conquer- ed, ftiail be reftored in the fpace of three months in the Weft Indies, and of fix months in the Eaft Indies^ after the exchsinge of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner if it can be done. All the forireifes, the re- (liturion whereof is ftipulated above, (hall be reftored "with the artillery and ammunition, which were found there at the time of the conqueft. In confequencc whereof, the nece(rary orders ftiall be fent by each of the high contra(fting parties, with reciprocal pa(rports for the ftiips that fhall carry them, immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty. XXV. His Britannic majcfty, a*- ,ie6lor of Brunfvvick Lunenbourg, as well for himftif, as for his heirs and fucceftors, and all the dominions and poftefTions of his faid majefty in Germany, are included and guarantied by the present treaty of peace. .XXVI. Their Sacred Britannic, moft Chriftian, Ca- tholic, and moft Faithful Majc ves, promife to obferve, fincrrely, and bona fide, all the articles contained and fettled iu the prefent treaty; and they will not fui^er the 1763 K HISTORY 6/ /J^^ WAR. 31^ the fame to be infringed, diredly or indirediy, by their refpcin any manner, by any of the contracting powers, and that they fliall conform themfelves, for the future to what has been obferved, and ought to be obfcrvcd, with re- gard to, and on the part of, powers \vI)o are u("cd, and have a right, to give and to receive copies of like trea- ties in another language than French ; the prefent trea- ty having ftill the fame force And effcit, as if the afore- linid cuflom liad been therein observed. III. Though ■\ . ,! 4 ■^ n j! .n ^»ti.' 1 J 320 It IS T OR Y of the W A R. \ 1763 III, Though the king of Portugal has not ligned the p(rcfent definitive treaty, their Britannic, moft Ghriltian, atwl Catholic majeUies, acknowlcge, neverihelefs, that his moft Faithful majefty is formally included therein as a contracting party : and as if he had exprefly figned the faid, treaty : con fequently, their Britannic, moft Chriftian, and Catholic majefties, refpedlively and con- jointly, promife to his moft Faithful majefty, in the moft cxprefs and moft binding manner, the execution of all and every the claufes contained in the faid treaty, on his a£l of acceflion. »^ ' The prefent fcparate articles (hall have the fame force as if they were inferted in the treaty. In witnefs whereof, we the under-written ambifla- dors extraordinary, and minifters plenipotentiary of their Britannic, moft Chriftian^ and Catholic majefties, have (jgned the prefent feparate articles, and have cauf- cd the feal of our arms to be put thereto. , , Done at Paris the loth of February, 1763. *: '', (L.S.) BEDFORD, C. P. S. (L. S.) CHOISEUL, Due DE Prasljn. ^ (L. S.) ElMarq. DE GRIMALDI. • ' \ Such is a fair ftate of concedions, furrenders and ad- vantages, between Great Britain, France and Spain. The fortunate events of the war in our favour have turned upon the French the deftrudion they had medi- tated againft us. They themfelves are now difpoffelTed of almoft all they had in North America, fo efFeCtually, that, in all human probability, we can never have a competitor in thofc parts of the world, either in power or commerce. * : ' r.* . In the Eaft Indies, the Britifti arms have been beyond ,^H procedent fuccefsful, and that too at a time when our common enemy, fluftied with recent fucceftes, wai in hopes of engrofling,upon our ruin, the trade of Afia to himfclf. But now, there, as well as in North Ame- rica ourinterefl is fo durably eftabliftied, and the power of France fo etfecftually reduced, that wc have nothing to fear but from the Dutch, as the natives, in all like- lihood, will never break with the Britifli, whom they hive ieen perform Tuch amazing prodigies of valour. Thd ■i-r-yy- the fame force es« in all like- l>63 Y HISTORY fihe WAR. 321 The init>ortant conqaelts of Guftdaloupe^ MarHnicO and the Havanna, have Indeed been returned by th6 Definitive treaty; but the lofs of them were orinfi* tiitely more prejudiice to the eneiny> than their poffclXioa could have been of fervice to us. * '^^ We have alfo agreed to permit the French to fi(h on the banks of Newfoundland, in the gulph St. Lawrence^ and on the coalU of the idand of Cape Breton, and given them the ifland of St. Pierre and Miquclon, for that j|^urpofe> with leave to keep (lores, and to ctire and dry their fiih in Newfoundland. This is by far the nirorft part of the treaty ; for belides that Great Britain, byengrbdiog the whole ofthe fiihery, might have em* ployed all her poor Tailors who are now in diHrefs^ it ivould hare brought large fums^ into the nation, and, tirhat is of (IHl gteater confequence, her navy woold have been fo itrengthened, and that of France fo impair- ed, by tliis means> that in all probability, no war would have eniued for a century, and our minrftry and people, with common prudence, might have difcharged the IVhole of the national debt, enormous as it is. — Beiides the conqueftsmadeby Great Britain, daring the coarfe of the war, the French marine was almoft annihihted, and that of Spain fo damaged, as not to be repaired for fome years ; fo that this feemed to be the time for Great Britain to fettle a peace to her own fatisfaftion. ^ The war in Germany* in its own nature was but a fecondary condderation to Great Britain ,- bin the en- gagements we had ci^tercd into thercs, rendered it in h€t a primary one. To diflTolve thofe engagements, with- out hurting the honour of the nation, or endanger- ing the balance of power on the continent of Europe, was the great objeft that, foon after the acceflion of his prefent majefty, employed the attention of his miniflers. They fuccceded in their intention beyond the expecta- tion of the public. They more than fulfilled their ac- tual ei^gagements with his Prullian majefty ; and, after the defe<5tion of the Ruflians from the caufe of Auftria, they took off the French from being his enemies. The fenlible and immediate effeft of this was, that the prin- ces oi the empire, who think they have no fecurity againU the power of Awflria^ but the treaty of WelK phalia i 322 HISTORY eZ-Zy^^ WAR. .^1763 pbaliay of yvhich the French are guaranties, openly em- braced a neutrality^ and fecretly refblved to oblige the queen of Hungary to Jay down her arnir*^ and thereby to give fomc refpite to the exhaulled, and defolated country of Germany. Thus his PruHian majefty, by bis own magnanimity^ and the wife conduA of Great Britain, in obliging the French to abandon the Ger- man war> gained all he had fought for. The cobrt of Vienna, finding itfclf unfupportedy agreed to a peace, which might have been made in the beginnins of the war, and which would have faved the lives of above, a million of brave men. Kor was this the only good effedt of their condndl, for her imperial majefty begins now to be fendble of the felfi(h views with which France joined her, and fees how dangerous fuch an un- natural conjun^ion may prove to the peace and inde- pendency of the Germanic body. Spain is indeed, upon the whole, a fufxerer : but fhe has great reafon to rejoice at her moft fortunate ef- cape from the perils of her indifcretion : and (he only pays> as French allies always do, fome of the penalties of their wickednefs, from the folly of fuch au atta^h- meat. ■i-i ^.r-\ .•^,•^"'*„> ?''y FINIS, •i . ■ -A *;.-.. v.r' ■■■■_ ■ /«. ■'•• '111. ' ^ S"*?/ ■i'^r i, openly cm- to oblige the u and thereby [and defolated majefty, by \du6t of Great |don the Ger- The cotirt of :d to a peace, ^inning of the Ives of above, [the only good lajefty begins Is with uhich |us fuch an un- ice and inde- ffercr : but (he fortunate ef- : and (he only f the penalties bch an attach- -I ■' •^s^; «- + , k >•?;/ ' - *