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J'lihliskt/i a/Ymi/na ti>.4ct of Vttrliamftit no'^ O,! ijfy.hy ^ 
 
na tifJct of VdHiam^nt soi^ Ot! ijfyh 4Uar4mJ47' fKt/nytrffr / -, 
 
 *"-' ."itn*^ *>.«^ 
 
i 
 
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 I 
 
 1. 
 
 ■ i 
 
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 ■'■■ \ 
 
 A N 
 
 HISTORICAL COLLECTION 
 
 OF THE SEVERAL 
 
 i 
 
 
 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 Being chiefly a Literal Translation from the Spanish Writers. 
 
 By ALEXANDER DALRYMPLE, Es(^ 
 
 i 
 
 .1 V 
 
 LONDON, 
 Printed for the A U T H b R j 
 
 And Sold by J. Nou rse, Bookfeller in Ordinary to His Majesty" j 
 T.Pavne, at the Mews-gate j and P. Elmsley, oppofiie Southampton- ftreet, Strand. 
 
 IklDCCLXX. 
 
 
 1 -V-»i, 
 
 
 
w 
 
 ,, '* 
 
 ..f 
 
w 
 
 :! 
 
 ic 
 
 Not— to Him— who 
 
 Difcovcred fcarcely any thing 
 
 But 
 
 PATAGONIANS. 
 
 Not — to Him— who 
 From 20° South Latitude, 
 Thinking it impojfible to go 
 On DISCOVERY, 
 Into 30° South. 
 Determined to come— HOME— round the Worldi 
 Into 50"— North. 
 Nor— to Him — who 
 Infatuated with Female Blandifhments, 
 Forgot for what he went abroad 
 And 
 Haften'd back to amufe 
 The European World 
 With ftories of Enchantments 
 In the 
 N E W-C Y T H E R E A;. 
 
 But 
 
 To— The Man— who 
 
 Emuhm of MAGALHANES,. 
 
 And 
 
 The Heroes of former Times, 
 
 TJndeterrdhy Difficulties, 
 
 And 
 
 Vnfeducd byPLEASURE, 
 
 Shall perjiji through ewry Obilacle,. 
 
 And 
 
 Not by Chance, 
 
 But 
 
 By Virtue and Good-Conduct 
 
 ^uc- 
 
 
 ) — 
 
 / 
 
iiiiLWcJ in cJlabUjl.ing an Intercourfe ivlth 
 
 A 
 
 S () U T II E R N CONTINENT, 
 
 THIS HISTORICAL COLLECTION 
 
 or FORMER DISCOVERIES 
 
 IN 
 
 THE SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 IS PRESENTED 
 
 ALEXANDER DALRYMPLE. 
 
 k' 
 
 Jan. I, 1770- 
 
 *.>■ 
 
 
 II 
 
 ».*'+,,-, 
 
 ■ ♦ 
 
f 
 
 If \ *'"* 
 
 ^■.. 
 
 5f ' 
 
 *.- 
 
 i, 
 
 0^ 
 
 . ' 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 /; ^/tA^//^^Y^'^" ;^^V^^^ ' 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ABOVE two years ago I printed a few copies of a 
 tra^l on The Dijlovcries made in the S(^uth Facifc Ocean ; 
 which, however, I did not piibiyij till lately, when it was 
 reported rhat the French had difcovcred the cmiinnit. 
 
 My plan originally was to publifli tlic work in two 
 parts : 
 
 Tart I. An Hiftorical Colle(5lion of the fcveral Voyages to 
 the South Pacific Ocean, in a chronological Icries. 
 
 Part II. SecT:. i . Geographical Defer ipt ion of the places 
 hitherto difcovcred between America and Papua, on the 
 foinh of the equator, comprehending, 
 
 1. Defcription of the country and anchorage. 
 
 2. Complexion, drefs, and manners of the Indians. 
 Signs of friendlhip amongft them. 
 Habitations. 
 Embarkations. 
 
 6. Arms. 
 
 7. Manufadures, arts, and commerce. 
 
 8. Provifions and refrefhments. 
 
 Se(5l. 2. Examination into the conducH: of the difcovercrs 
 in the trails they purfued. 
 
 And having thus recapitulated every thing that had 
 been done — 
 
 Sci5l. 3. Inveftigation of what may be iTixihQv expected in 
 this quarter from the analogy of nature, as well as from the 
 dedndiion of paji difavcries. 
 
 • SciH:. 4. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 S 
 
 « 
 
 C^ 
 
vm 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 SccT:. 4. To point out the mod eligible mcafurcs for fiic^ 
 ccc<ling on Aicli an uudcriaking, as well in the dilcovery, 
 as intcrcouric ; at the fame lime examining the condud: 
 of pad diftovcrcro to the natives, at the fevcral places they 
 vifiied. 
 
 Scift. i*, and /j/?/y, It was propofed to examine into tlue 
 equipment proper for this fervicc, and into the condutT: 
 adapted to the nature of difcovery voyages. 
 
 Motives, which it is unneccflary to lay before thepub- 
 lic, induced me to print the tra*5l ii\jovc mentioned, in a 
 very impel feet ftatc; it is not only deficient in the arrange- 
 ment, but as every thing not immediately relative to a 
 Southern Continent was omitted, nothing is inferted 
 to the weflward of the interfet^ion of Schouten's track 
 by that of Tasman. The firll fedion, therefore, was 
 very much curtailed ; and as I found the opinions of other 
 men very diflcr^nt from mine, on the two laft heads, I 
 thought it would have too much appearance of prefump- 
 tion to lay down rules for any condu(51: but my own. 
 
 I intended that this colletflion fliould contain the fol- 
 lowing plates : 
 
 J. Map of the World, on a new projedlion j thei 
 fcale 20*^ to an inch. ' (about) J 
 
 2. Chart of the South Pacific Ocean. 
 
 3. Chart of New-Zeland, the Iflands of 7 
 
 Amsterdam, G?r. from Valentyn,! 
 
 4. Views of New-Zeland, Ditto. 
 
 5. Murderer's bay, Tasman's road, and ? 
 
 inhabitants of New-Zealnd, - Ditto, j 
 
 /. s. d. 
 2 12 6 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 
 .8 
 
 '730 
 6. View 
 
 A 
 
R 
 
 E. 
 
 I 
 
 Brought over — — 
 
 6. View of Three Kings ifland, from Valentyn. 
 
 7. Views of Pylstaart, Miooleburc, 1 
 
 and Amsterdam iflands Ditto. 1 
 
 Amsterdam, and natives, Ditto. 
 
 Rotterdam, and natives. Ditto. 
 
 Cocos, and Traitor's iflands, from Schouten. 
 
 1 1. Bark of the Indians, LeMaire, and Ditto, (eftimated) 
 
 12. HouNE iHand, - - Ditto. 
 
 13. Inhabitants of Horne illand, - Ditto. 
 
 14. Onthono Java, from Valentyn. 
 I have added a copy of Dampier's chart of New- 
 
 GUINE 
 
 it to ex 
 
 /. X. 
 
 »7 3 
 3 3 
 
 ^ 8. 
 V 9. 
 
 MO. 
 
 Ided a copy of Dampier's chart of New--j 
 !A, and New-Britain, and my alterations of [ 
 cplain the EiTay on the SALdMON iflands. J 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 I 16 
 
 55 H 
 
 Of thefe plates, all but the 1 2 th are already engraved. 
 
 The map of the world is on a new projedlion. The ob- 
 jefts of general maps are " to defcribe the feveral countries 
 «• of the world, in their true Jituations^ comparative magnitude, 
 ** und natural figure'* The impoflibility of dcfcribing the 
 furface of ^fpbere on a plain, has induced the ingenious to 
 many proje(5tions of the fphere in piano, fcientifically, 
 though not apparently true : approximations to truth have 
 been devifed, which defcribe fmall portions of the fur- 
 face of the fphere, very accurately on a plane, but every 
 attempt hitherto to defcribe the whole ghbe has greatly failed 
 in one or more of the objeds eflentially requiiitc in geo- 
 graphy. 
 
 Speculative geography requires alfo a comparative view 
 of the land in the north SLndfouih hemifphcres. 
 
 In the inveftigation of the relative quantity of land and 
 water on the furface of the globe in different latitudes, it 
 
 was 
 
 *,v 
 
P E E F A C E. 
 
 was found tlic quantity of land within fhe tropics in north 
 and foutb latitude was nearly equal ; hence it occurred to 
 me, that not only the geographical, but even the pbi/ofo- 
 phlcal defcription might be had nearly true, by a new pro- 
 jection of the globe, in which at once the comparative 
 quantity of land in the two hemifpheres fliould appear ; 
 at the fame time that all the known countries fliould 
 maintain their reciprocal fltuations, iize, and figure. 
 
 This was by defcribing the globe in three parts inftead 
 of two, as had been hitherto attempted. As the polar pro- 
 je(5lipn is for all geographical purpofes fufficiently true, 
 from the pole to 30 deg. of latitude, two circles contain, 
 on a polar projeftion, the parts of the north and fouth he- 
 mifpheres from the poles to 30 deg. And as the plain chart 
 is alfo near enough the truth from the equator to 30 deg. 
 the tropical regions extending from the equinodlial to 
 30 deg. on each fide of the line, are defcribed on a flip, 
 the length whereof is equal to the circumference of the 
 polar part. 
 
 The Hiftorical Colle<?lion is almoft entirely a literal tranf- 
 lation, which was preferred to a more poliflied fl:ile, left 
 any deviation from the expreflion of the original fliould 
 introduce ambiguity, or render the authenticity fufpedled. 
 Where the meaning appeared doubtful, or not emphati- 
 cally exprefled, the original paflage is generally inferted at 
 the bottom of the page. 
 
 This plan of giving a literal tranflation, was, at kaji, 
 as difagreeable to me in writing, as it will be to the reader 
 in his perufal : I am not infenfible that the undrefs and 
 uncouth found of a literal tranflation is enough to frighten 
 all readers except the very few who take up a book merely 
 for information i but it was to thefe /(?w I have devoted my 
 
 labours -, 
 
 « 
 
 \ 
 
I 
 
 R 
 
 E. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 labours: to have made a hijlory of the Southern Difco' 
 veriest would not have been fufficient j at the fame time 
 the narratives are not circumftantial enough for a work 
 of compofition j perhaps, indeed no fingle voyage can 
 give authentic memorials for fuch a work, without fill- 
 ing up by a web of conjeiSture what is wanting in the 
 original. 
 
 By a free translation opinions and dedudions might • 
 have been formed without foundation in the original. 
 There is no room for a reproach of failure in not effeBing what 
 is not attempted. This is not meant as a -work of elocu- 
 tion, or literary compofition, but a colle(5lion of inftruft- 
 ing fa(5ls : although I am convinced an endeavour to have 
 modelled this work as much as was confident with the 
 view of preferving the expreffion of the original, would 
 have failed in fatisfying the reader of nice ears : the at- 
 tempt muft have employed much more time than I can be- 
 flow on a fubjedt in which I cannot be perfonally engaged, 
 as I was not bred up in the royal navy j and if I ever am a 
 competitor for literary fame, I fhall take up the pen on a 
 topic more generally engaging: though in fuch an age as 
 this, there cannot fail of being fomef to whom informa- 
 tion, in any drefSf will be acceptable. I am not an author 
 by profejiojif and neither write for my daily bread, nor from 
 lucrative views, but from the defire, which every man ought 
 to feel, of being ufeful to fociety, and to let the public 
 Ihare in his labours and refearches. 
 
 I have been induced to publifh the Spanifli voyages be- 
 fore the voyages made by the Dutch, although thefe 
 voyages are ready for the prefs ; becaufc I fliall be glad 
 to obtain fome further elucidation on this interelling fub- 
 
 a 2 jed i 
 

 ,!i PREFACE. 
 
 jeA J and I thought no viray fo well adapted to cffeft this 
 purpofe, as publilhing the Spanifli voyages, and a lift of 
 the writers in different languages, whom I have not been 
 able to procure. 
 
 At the fame time to publifli the Spanifli voyages as a 
 firft part, would be attended with this very great incon^ 
 venience, that if any perfons who purchafe the /ir/?, do 
 not take thtfecondt the broken copies of the fecond part 
 would be ufelefs ; I have, therefore, thought it reafon- 
 able to require, that ihofe perfons who purchafe this pub- 
 lication fliall fubfcrtbe for the whole. But this makes it ne- 
 ceffary for the public to know what more they are to ex- 
 ped: for their money : I mean, therefore, only to print the 
 voyages of Sghouten and Le Maire, of Tasman and 
 of RoGGEWEiN. The relation of Tasman's voyage in 
 Valentyn is much more circumftantial than any other I 
 have feen ; I cannot find it has ever been tranflated from 
 the Dutch, either into French or Englifli ; it is neceflary 
 to mention that I do not underftand Dutch, but the tranf- 
 lation was examined by a gentleman who was fo obliging 
 to tranflate the Dutch relation of Roggewein's voyage, 
 every word of which I was afterwards at the trouble to 
 examine by the Diftionai^ . And the tranflation of Tas- 
 man's voyage was afterwards examined by a gentleman* 
 who is complete mafter of the Dutch language. 
 
 I QxiW not at prefcnt publifli \\\q fecond part, containing 
 the Geographical Defcription, ^c. This muft be much 
 enlarged, when the voyages lately made by the Englifli 
 and French are communicated to, the world; I fhall wait 
 till then before I go any farther than the Hiflorical Colleclior, 
 So that tlic purchafers of this tract are to exped only the 
 I voyages 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 -~J:^~:^ 
 
 1 :k, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 voyages of Schouten and Le Maire, of Tasman and 
 of RoGGEWEiN.— Thefe voyages will, I conjeiflure, be at 
 Icaft as much as what is now publiihed. 
 
 I have prefixed to this Hiftorical CollecSlion fome papers, 
 which appeared to me not foreign to the fubjed j and fome 
 of them indeed abfolutely requifite to make the work in- 
 telligible. 
 
 Thefe papers are, 
 
 1. Data, on which the chart of the South Pacific 
 Ocean was conftru<5ted. 
 
 The Jituations are fuch, as, from a full difcufllon of all 
 circumftances mentioned in the original relations, ap- 
 pear to be the moft probable ; but no agronomical obferva- 
 tions of longitude having hitherto been made, to determine 
 the pofition of any of ihefe places, or even to regulate 
 the wejiem limit, it is far from being imagined that their 
 fituations attain a minute precifion : I thought it more eli- 
 gible that the reafons for the determination of fituations 
 fliould be given apart, than to interrupt the thread of nar- 
 ration by a difcullion of this kind. They who are felicitous 
 to enter into a critical examination of the chart muft, 
 therefore, recur to this paper. One error it is necefTary 
 for me to point out : iince the chart was engraved, I find 
 FiGUEROA» (Vide p. 76 and 87) fays the bay of Gratiosa, 
 on the ifland of Sta Cruz, was at the wejiern part of that 
 illand, which I had fuppofed was near the eajierut as they 
 were failing from the eaji to the ar/?, when they difcovered 
 the ifland. This is indeed a matter of no confequence, for 
 the chart is not meant to reprefent the particular forms, 
 but only the general Jituation of the lands therein con- 
 tained. 
 
 2. An 
 
 xui 
 
XIV 
 
 R 
 
 E. 
 
 2. An Eflay on the Salomon iflands j this is a very dry 
 difquifuion, which, perhaps, few men will have patience 
 to confider with the attention neceflary to make it intelli- 
 gible ; however, future difcoveries may Ihew, that New- 
 Britain is not one, but many iflands; and then every 
 body will fee, that the old maps, which fo defcribed them, 
 were not merely conje*5tural. -, 
 
 3. A lift of authors confulted in this work, as well as 
 of feme whofc publications or relations I have not been 
 able to obtain. 
 
 The public have lately been prefented with a work pro- 
 feffedly on this fubjedl : The Hift. des Navigations aux I'erres 
 Jujirahs. This work muft ever be held in great efteem, 
 by men folicitous after real knowledge, as there is no 
 where to be found fo curious an aifemblage of inftruifling 
 materials on this important fubjed, and very few works 
 of any kind, where there is fo exadl an arrangement of 
 matter : having faid thus much, I muft, at the fame time, 
 be allowed to explain myfelf, that my opinion differs, in 
 many points, from the ingenious author of that work. 
 
 Men who never go beyond the furface of opinions, and 
 who by the acquifition of knowledge have no other point in 
 view, than for (bmething to parade upon, may fay, what 
 occafion is there for any thing more on this fubjeft, as 
 there is already a tranflation of the Hiji. des Navigations aux 
 Term Aujirales, under the title of Terra Aujlraiis Cognita ? 
 
 As my motives for publilhing this Work, are merely to 
 perform what I think is due to fociety, I Ihould deem it 
 indifpenfible in me not to intrude on the publick a Work 
 which appeared ufelefs j but as the ingenious author of 
 the Hifl. des Navigations aux Terres AuJiraUs has ftrongly en- 
 couraged 
 
R E 
 
 E. 
 
 XV 
 
 couraged me to publifli this CoUedlion, by declaring his 
 opinion, that it will be very lifeful j I (hall not be deterred 
 from the undertaking by the fentiments of men, who, 
 from want of requifite knowledge, are incapable of judg- 
 ing. M. DE Brosses profejjedly gives only an abridgment 
 of the feveral voyages, whereas mine is a full tranflation ; 
 and, therefore, the two Works are entirely diftiniJt in their 
 nature. I confine myfelf to the difcoveries made between 
 South America and Papua : his plan comprehends all the 
 countries little frequented in the fouthern hemifphere. 
 
 M. DE Brosses has, in his table of -voyagest made a very 
 judicious arrangement under the three heads of Magel- 
 LANiCA, Austral-Asia, and Polynesia j by this means 
 we fee at once the fituation, as well as time of the feveral 
 difcoveries : his tranilator has only given, in his table of con- 
 tentSj a general lift of the voyages, without diftinguifhing 
 into what quarter they were made j although the diffe- 
 rent heads have often no affinity. 
 
 As M. DE Brosses' table is a very valuable compendium 
 of chronological difcoveries to the fouth, I have taken the 
 liberty to infert it, with the authors he refers to j I have 
 added fuch voyages as he has omitted, and the authorities 
 which have efcaped his refearch : diftinguifhing them by 
 an afterifli *. I have inferted another head of partition, 
 Australia, comprehending the difcoveries at a diftance 
 from America to the eaftward. 
 
 I have added two papers of my own } one of them has 
 been already publifhed in the Philofophical Tranfa(Stions ; 
 and from thence in fome of the periodical collecflions ; 
 but as it will explain the nature of many iflands mention- 
 ed in this Colle<n:ion, I thought it was not improper to 
 infert it here. 
 
ivi 
 
 R 
 
 E. 
 
 The other is an account of the pearl fifhery, and fomc 
 natural curiofities at Sooloo; ^hat is faid of the pearl- 
 fifliery may be of ufe in explaining part of Quiros's Me- 
 morial ; but my chief motive for printing thefe remarks 
 was, that they might be preferved-, the lail paper did not 
 appear to me fufficiently correA for the Philofophical 
 Tranfadtions, at the fame time, if it was to be printed, I 
 did not chufe to let it be altered to other mens ideas or 
 opinions : errors may lead to trutb, but when all mens wo- 
 iions are ground in one mill, they ferve no purpofe of inveili- 
 gation or difcovery. 
 
 July I, 1769, 
 
 ALEXANDER DALRYMPLE. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 WHOEVER confiders the progrefs of fcience and of 
 commerce, within a few centuries, muft confefs 
 that mankind are much indebted to ihofe heroes who went 
 in queft of New Lands. By an intercourfe with diftant coun- 
 tries, and the view of man under all the variety of circum- 
 ilance and climate, if the intellectual endowments of the 
 human fpecies have not been extended, their common rights, 
 at leaft, have been almoft every where promoted, and efla- 
 liihed in fome countries, in which, before this acra, the 
 people were mere flaves to an ignorant race of nobles. 
 
 It cannot indeed be fuppofed the firft adventurers had 
 thefe objedls in 'view, but, ftimulated by a fpirit of enter- 
 prize, they became, in the hand of Providence, the inftru- 
 mcnts for efFedting purpofes fo defirable. The charaders, 
 however, of thefe men are not meant here to be depreci- 
 ated. They muft ever remain in the Jirfi rank of heroes. 
 
 True heroifm is not the mere contempt of life, or plea- 
 fure; there is required to conftitute this chara<5ler, a/»M- 
 mity of conception^ fupporied by dauntkfs and perfeverant refo- 
 lution ; whence the foul, pofTefled with the poj/ibility of 
 efFedling, what it alone had energy to conceive, difregards the 
 obftacles which little minds would think inJurmoiuitaL'e, and, 
 though not infenfible to difficulties and dangers, acquires a 
 confidence fuperior to them. 
 
 This queftion will determine the relative dignity of any 
 charaifter, *' What has he done which no one clfe ever did 
 
 h " before 
 
XV 111 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 *' before, or can Ja after him?" In this view nothing can 
 equal the atchievements of Columbus and Magalhanes! 
 Tlie one, full of the fublimc idea of circumnavigating the 
 globe, made the attempt, but was flopped — by a New World'. 
 The other, catching the infpiration, eflfe(5led it ! 
 
 Although that Genoese who, in the fervice of 
 Spain, attempted, and that Portuguese who, in the fame 
 fervice, eifedted, the circumnavigation of the globe, have pre- 
 cluded all competition of honour in the line of Geographical 
 Difcovery ; much is //// within the power of men, wha 
 may be rather emulous of the glorious fpirit of that age, than 
 devoted to the mercenary, or indolent difpofition of tbeprefenti 
 and who may be folicitous to commemorate their names to 
 poflerity, amongft thc/<?w whom hiftory fhaU preferve from 
 the general mafs of oblivious infignificancy. 
 
 However, even in that age of enterprize, the proffers of 
 Columbus and Magalhanes were undervalued at home; 
 and, although they were heard with more attention abroad, 
 perhaps America would have remained Hill undifcovered, 
 had not Queen Isabella, with unequalled public virtue, pledged 
 her own jewels to equip Columbus. 
 
 In the dedication of a book, containing the Hiftory of 
 the Conqueft of Mexico, tranflated by Thomas Nichols, in 
 1578, from the Spanifti, the tranllator mentions to that 
 great ftatefman, and patron of difcovery. Sir Francis 
 Walsingham, a very curious anecdote, which happened 
 to him not long before; this llory conveys foftriking an ex- 
 ample of the heroic difpofition which gave fuccefs to the 
 Spanifh nation in their Indian atchievements, that it cannot 
 fail of being acceptable to the public. 
 
 «* Not 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XIX 
 
 
 " Not long fince I happened to travel from the famous 
 
 " city of Toledo in Spain, toward high Castile, and by 
 
 «< fortune overtook an ancient gentleman, worfhipfuUy ac- 
 
 *« companied, unto whom I was fo bold as to approach, be- 
 
 « feeching his worlhip to advertifc me of his journey : who 
 
 " (after he had beheld my white head and beardj anfwered 
 
 «* full gently, that his intent was to travel unto the King of 
 
 •* Spain's court, and welcomed me into his company. In 
 
 " fhort fpace that we had journeyed together, and cdm- 
 
 " muned of each other his country, it pleafed him to fay as 
 
 " foUoweth : My good friend, if you knew my fute unto 
 
 «* the King's Majefty, you would judge that I were a mad- 
 
 «* man, and, therefore, to (horten our way, I will declare 
 
 «« my attempted fute unto you. You fliall underftand, that 
 
 «< I am a gentleman of feventy years of age, and fometimes 
 
 «* I ferved in the civil wars of Peru, where I was wounded 
 
 « in divers parts of my body, and am now thereby lame in 
 
 « one of my legs and fhoulder. I have neither wife nor 
 
 '( child, and at this prefent, (God be praifed) I have in 
 
 « the Contratation-Houfe, in the city of Seville, in gold 
 << and plate, the fum of 30,000 ducats : and I have alfo in 
 
 " Peru, in good lands and pofleflions, the yearly rent of 
 
 «* 12,000 ducats, which rents, and ready money is fuffici- 
 
 « ent to maintain a poor gentleman. But all this notwith- 
 
 " (landing, I do now fue unto the King's Majefty, to have 
 
 " a licence and authority to difcover and conquer a certain 
 
 « part of India, which adjoineth with Brazil, and is part 
 
 " of the empire of Peru. I pray you now declare what you 
 
 «« think of my fute. By my troth, Sir, (quoth I) I truft 
 
 '* your worfliip will pardon a rafh and fudden judgment, 
 
 " which you now demand at my hand : yea truly (quoth he) 
 
 b 2 " fay 
 
xs 
 
 it 
 
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 (( 
 
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 (( 
 
 l( 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
 11 
 
 It 
 
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 11 
 
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 it 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fay what you lift. Then (quoth I) my opinion is, that 
 you arc not well in your wit, for what would you havel 
 will not reafon fuflice you ? or clfe would you now, in 
 your old days, be an emperor, confidering that your fe- 
 pulchrc attendeih for you. Now truly I thank you 
 (quoth he) for of your judgment are mod men; but I fay 
 unto you, confidering that all fleffi muft finifli, I feek for no 
 quiet reft in this tranfitory life: yea the wife and chriflian 
 dodlors do teach and admonifli, that every true chriftian 
 is born, not for his own private wealth and pleafure, but 
 rather to help and fuccour others his poor bretren. Like- 
 wife do I confider the great number of gentlemen younger 
 brethren, and other valiant perfons, who, through want 
 of living, do fall into many diforders. Wherefore, to 
 accomplilh my duty toward God and my Prince, and to 
 relieve fuch poor gentlemen, do I now attempt this 
 journey, with the adventure of my body and goods, and 
 for that purpofe I have in readinefs four tall Ihips, well 
 furniflied, in the port of St. Lucar de Barrameda, 
 hoping afluredly, that before the life depart out of my 
 body, to hear thefe valiant young gentlemen (whom now 
 I mean to have in my company) fay. Oh happy day, 
 when old Zarate ,for fo is my name) brought us from 
 penury, yea, and from a number of perils that we were 
 like to fall into. I hope alfo, that the royal eftatc of my 
 Prince fliall be by my pains and poor fervice enlarged : 
 believe you me, this is the only fumptuous tomb that I pre- 
 tend to build for my poor carcafe. But yet I know there 
 are feme, unto whom I may compare the boar that lieth 
 wallowing in the ftie, who will not let to fay, what need 
 we any other world, honour, or kingdoms ? let us be 
 
 " contented 
 
INTROT^UCTION. 
 
 XXI 
 
 i( 
 
 (( 
 
 « 
 
 <( 
 
 " contented with that we have : who may cafily be an- 
 fwered, Sir Glutton, your paunch is full, and httle 
 care you for the glory of God, honour of your prince, 
 neither the need and neceflity of your poor neighbours. 
 With this conclufion the Gentleman ended his (ale." 
 The ignorant and the fluggilh are little different in any 
 age i it has been alledged as an objedtion to New Dlfcoveries 
 that /j&/i kingdom has already t-.o much : perhaps the in- 
 duUrious manufacturer may not agree to this alTertion, but 
 think, with good reafon, that there can be no obje(5l more 
 interefting to a maritime and commercial ftate, than difco- 
 very of New Lands^ to invigorate the hand of induftry by 
 opening new vents for manufaftures, and by a New Trade 
 to encreafe the a(5live wealth and naval power of he 
 country. 
 
 By a good helmfman the Royal Geogrb is as eafily 
 guided as a cock-boat ; but an infufficient perfon will 
 afcribe to the magnitude of the Ihip, that difficulty of fleer- 
 ing which arifes from his own incapacity. The cffi^-e of mi- 
 nifter conveys power and dignity^ but it does not beftow 
 public virtue and abilities j the man endowed with tbefe may be 
 wanting in the etiquette of a palace, and it is very rare that 
 a prince, whom fate has not thrown perfonally into the 
 fcene of active life, acquires one of thofe phoenomena in 
 courts, who by ftudy and obfervation are enabled to dired: 
 the great machine, to the contentment of the people, the 
 dignity of the crown, and the glory of the flate. 
 
 The fame motive which carried Columbus and Magal- 
 HANKS into foreign countries, in fome meafure, induces the 
 Author of the following flieets to publifli them to the world. 
 
 General 
 
xxu 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 General geography and difcoverics have almoft from in- 
 fancy been the fond objedt of his attention. And ahhough 
 lie went to the East Indies in the fervice of the Company, 
 at an early age, neither the circumllances of life in which 
 lie was placed, the difpofition of his companions, nor the 
 want of books, could over-rule the natural propenfity of his 
 mind. 
 
 Every young man enters life with a paflion to emulate 
 thofe characters which have gained his admiration. In moH 
 men the rubs of life foon blunt this paflion -, in fomc it 
 prevails over all difficulties. 
 
 The Author looking up to Columbus, to Magalhanes, 
 and ihofc immortal heroes who have difplayed new worlds 
 to our view, and extended the European name and influence 
 amongfl diflant nations, was inflamed with the ambition to 
 do fometbing to promote the general benefit of mankind, at 
 the fame time that it fliould conduce to the glory and inte- 
 reft of his country. 
 
 The firft and moil ftriking objedl of refearch was, The 
 difcovery of a SOUTHERN CONTINENT. But, from want of 
 lights to follow, though the defire was early fixed in his 
 bread, other objefts intervened, and many years paflfed with- 
 out any determined purfuit towards that quarter. 
 
 The defire of information having led him to examine the 
 old records at Madrafs, he foon found from them, that 
 the Company, in ancient times, placed a great value on the 
 commerce to the Eaflern Iflands, and were very folicitous to 
 regain a portion of it, after they were deprived thereof by 
 the intrigues of the Dutch, and the pufilanimity of our own 
 court. From an examination of the Company's records, 
 and from the printed accounts of our early voyages, he was 
 
 2 Jed 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 led to the perruafion^ that this valuable branch of commerce 
 might not only be regained, but extended much beyond what 
 it ever was. Fully convinced of the great importance of this 
 obje(ft, the Author, in the beginning of 1759, declined a 
 dillinguiflied employment at Fort St. George (that of Se- 
 cretary), and had the direction of a fmall veflel of the Com- 
 pany's, intended for the fervice he had propofed. From that 
 time, till the end of 1 7 ^4. he made feveral voyages in diffe- 
 rent veflels to the Eaftern parts, through feaa unknown, 
 and amongd people with whom we had before no inter- 
 courfe. 
 
 However warmly this obje<St may have been purfued, the 
 Author never loft fight of the great paflion of his life. Above 
 eight years ago he made a collecflion of the voyages into the 
 South-Sea, of which he could find any intimation in theEnglifli 
 books to be met with in India. This colle(5tion was indeed 
 imperfect ; but an active mind, long employed on any fub- 
 jedt, will acquire ideas from very faint lines. His peregri- 
 nations were of ufe to him even in this purfuit ; for his at- 
 tention being awake, in the refearch fo natural to that curi- 
 ofity, he acquired, amongft the Spaniards, fome very valu- 
 able papers, and intimations from Spanifli writers, many of 
 whofe works he alfo procured. 
 
 On the Author's return to Europe, he was induced to 
 forego every wifli towards objeAs, perhaps, more lucrative, 
 though lefs magnanimous, and was folicitous to be engaged 
 on difcovery in the SouthSea. For which kind of under- 
 taking he prefumed to think himfelf, in fome meafure, 
 qualified from five years experience in fuch like voyages, 
 and from long attention to the fubje(5t. 
 
 t • t 
 
 xxni 
 
 However- 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 However, to recommend himfelf to this employment, fo 
 much wiftied for, and confcious, previous to any new undertakings 
 how neceflary it was to know what had been done in former 
 times, left on the return from a tedious and expenfive voyage, 
 he fliould betray his own ignorance, by havingow/y trodden in the 
 fteps of fome difioverer ; he determined to make an hiftorical 
 colledion of all the difcoveries in the South-Sea ; as well from 
 the circumftances he could find in old printed books, as from 
 thofe to be met with only in the Spanilh papers he had ac- 
 quired. Very fortunately, after his return to England, he 
 obtained a curious colledion of Spanifh memorials : thefe 
 greatly elucidate the printed relations, which, without this 
 aillflance, muft have remained unintelligible. Having 
 tranilated the feveral relations he could procure, and reduced 
 them to a chronological order, the Author, from thefe ma- 
 terials, drew up a fummary defcription of the places hitherto 
 difcovered in the South-Sea. 
 
 The Southern Continent having been feen on the Weft-fide, by 
 Tasman, in 1642, and on the eaft by Juan Fernandes 
 above half a century before, and by others after him, in 
 diiFerent latitudes from 64 deg. to 40 deg. S. it is im- 
 poffible for any one at this time to difcover it. But the coun- 
 tries intermediate, eqiuil in extent to all the civilifed part 0/ AsfA, 
 from Turkey to China inchtjive, ftill remain unexplored. 
 And although the land has been feen, and once vifited, 
 yet to open an intercourfe with its inhabitants, is a tafk ftill 
 to be performed. 
 
 Intrepidity, joined to every naval accomplifliment, is not 
 adequate to this uik. To execute it effedlually, not only a 
 knowledge of what has been done, and a retrofped to what 
 ever is worthy imitation, or blameable in paft difcovercrs, 
 
 ^ are 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are requifite ; but alfo a philofophic idea of winds and fea- 
 fons ; a freedom from prejudice; attention to the temper and 
 difpofition of men in their uncuhivated (late ; fome know- 
 ledge in the manner of treating with them, which experience 
 only can beflow ; and, perhaps, not lefs than all, a conli- 
 deration of the rights and value of man's life, to fecure a 
 patient abftinence from the ufe of fire-arms againft the na- 
 tive Indians, who muft be ignorant of the intentions and 
 language of the ftrangers, and therefore at firft fubje(5t to 
 apprehenfion, and often to doubts. 
 
 Where fo much is required, it may, perhaps, be im- 
 poilible to find the fit leader ; but in fuch circumflances, 
 the idea oifinefs arifes from comparifon. 
 
 The AUthor is under the necellity to forego all thoughts 
 of being employed in the manner he wiflied, either in the 
 fervice of the government, or in that of the Eaft-India Com- 
 pany i the former, becaufe he was not bred up in the Royal 
 Navy, and for this reafon only: but, at the fame time, 
 the leaft he could do, in juflice to the public and to him- 
 felf, was to communicate to the world what lights he had 
 acquired, and what dedudions he had formed, on a fub- 
 jed fo important -, and he fliall be happy if his labours may 
 hereafter conduce, in the fmallefl degree, to the general ad- 
 vantage of mankind, and to his country in particular : in- 
 deed, he fliall think his pains amply rewarded, if thcfe 
 fheets are inftrumental in faving the life of one Indian from 
 the deftrudion occafioned by impatience. 
 
 It appears from the following fheets, that not only many 
 large iflands, and fmall ones without number, fwarming 
 with people, are fcattered over the South Pacific Ocean, 
 but that ii is more than probable another Continent will be 
 there found, eiitcwding from 30 deg. S. towards the Pole. 
 
 c There 
 
 XXV 
 
I 
 
 r, I 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 XXV i 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 very beneficial ^mlL^t^^^^^^ " 
 
 a barrier to ftcure the rr.nJ f i! t """ '''""^^' <"• « 
 
 nation of .he coumri t ";'=.^"^-''''"^3. the exami- 
 
 li^ft-lndia Companv^,h ',/''" "'"'■'''"^"« '"'"e 
 charter thefe cXLTe "a „ /' r '^ °' "''°^^ -^'"«^e 
 reforted to by any X fub efl t'f • 7""°' "'''^f°^^ ^e 
 «n infringement of°ha chrni'^l°^ 'I"' ^''"S<iom, without 
 are too much engaged in ,?';"!, "' Eaft-India Comp,„y 
 merce and difcovfr^ '*"" '° """'' "^ 'o'^- 
 
 to the colonies , whereby , he fo™! '^' mother-country 
 latter, by an idea of their ownenTV '"'^"'"^- =•"« 'he 
 toftrugglc for independenrCC:"^ ''°"'='' *"'°""S^d 
 cuffion of thefe points ILv ^"'^""ginto the dif- 
 
 tions have ., groUX • ,~'t"oV°" '" '"^ ='"^^- 
 doubt, it „>„ft b, obvious, .hati? '1^ ^ "^-'^ "^ "-uch 
 independence, and endeavonr „ ^. "'" ^"'^ ^'^ing at 
 with the mother-countr^on, "^ ""^ "" ^"""^-^^on 
 there intentions, and of fL 1 °hi' "'"" °' P^'^^^'-S 
 themother-country, muft beby et enl" "' P™*""^"^ 
 d'ftant nations who can have L cl ^ "' '°'"»"« 'o 
 contented colonies. No armJ .„ '^T '°" ""^ '^ofe dif- 
 pay. unlefs when they hou2",f "'^"•'^'' =■" '""-fe i 
 wanted , and no colony wonM I ^''' i^di/penfably 
 
 "ty of the mother-coumrrunieT- 'f "'^ *^ "ue' au.ho-' 
 ~y ingteat .eafure intdtn'.CS;;^^ -- 
 
 The 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXV 11 
 
 The American colonies know the trade from Britain 
 thither is fo great a proportion of the commerce of this king- 
 dom, that a ftagnation in the trade to America would re- 
 duce thoufands to a clamorous indigence, wnich neither 
 humanity nor authority can wiihftand. But fuppofmg for 
 a moment, that halt' of America, with its inhabitants, could 
 be tranfported to Africa, by which all tyes of intereft and 
 connexion would be broke, will any one fay, " that either 
 « i&^y would fet the mother-country at defiance?" 
 
 Difcovery of new lands is exa(5tly fimilar, when new mar- 
 kets can be found to take off our manufa(5tures ; the 
 American colonies lofmg their decifive importance, would be 
 unable to compel this country to a precipitate conceflion : 
 and on the other hand the mother-country being lefs de- 
 pendent would be lefs jealous. 
 
 What is here faid, muft not be mifconftrued to a general 
 condemnation of the conduct of the American colo- 
 nies ; it refers only to the mode adopted of entering into 
 compa<5ts not to ufe the manufactures of England, 
 that by thediftrefs of the induftrious manufa(5turer the le- 
 giflature of this kingdom may be compelled to repeal thofe 
 a6ts of parliament which the Americans think grievous. 
 The common rights of humanity entitle them to reprefent 
 their grievances, and whatever is thought unjuft is a grievance; 
 thefrfl ftep of tyranny is to Jhut the ear againft complaints: 
 the laji to Jhut the mouth oi the complainant. 
 
 The opinion that colonies are deftrudlive of population can 
 be no objedlion to difcoveries ; but the very pofition adds 
 weight to them: colonies, whether to difpoffefs the native 
 inhabitants, or to people defart wilds and woods, are as 
 different from difcoveries as day from night, Difcoveries in 
 
 c 2 the 
 
IXVlll 
 
 :Q: 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the South Sea have in view the refearch of extenfive and po- 
 pulous countries, which have, at prefeni, no communi- 
 cation with Europeans. 
 
 Whoever looks back to the difcovery of America, and 
 confiders what an acceffion of wealth and power would have 
 accrued to the Spanifh monarchy from an amicable inter- 
 courfe with the potent and populous empires of Mexico and 
 Pi:ru, will be able to form fome idea both of the confequence 
 and probability of what is expected in the South Sea : and 
 whoever is converfant in the hiftory of the Spanifli difco- 
 veries muft be convinced, that amity and the ftrid:eft alliance 
 would have been eafier attained, and would have afforded to 
 Spain much greater advantages of every kiijd, than has been 
 reaped from their conquefts. 
 
 Upon fuch grounds there can be no obje«5b more impor- 
 tant than difcoveries in the South Sea; difcovcries, not 
 merely of ih^ figure of the lands', not with a view of colo- 
 nizing ; not with the view of conquefl ; but of an amicable 
 intercourfc for mutual benefit. 
 
 The American colonies are generally fuppofed to contain 
 two millions of people, whofe commerce with Britain is 
 thought to give them an over- ruling influence. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants in the Southern Continent is probably 
 more than 50 millions, confidering the extent, from the 
 eaftern part difcovered by Juan Fernandez, to the weftern 
 coaft feen by Tasman, is about 100 deg. of longitude, which 
 in the latitude of 40 deg. amounts to 45 96 geographic, or 
 5323 ftaiute miles. This is a greater extent than the whole 
 civilized part of Asia, from Turkey to the eaftern extremity 
 oi China. There is at prefent no trade from Europe thither, 
 though the fcraps from this table would be fufFicient to 
 
 maintain 
 
 : 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXIZ 
 
 maintain the power, dominion, and fovereignty of Britain, 
 by employing all its manufacturers and fliips. 
 
 Whoever conliders the Peruvian empire, where arts and 
 induftry flouriflied under one of the wifcft fyftems of govern- 
 ment, which was founded by ^firanger^ muft have very fan- 
 guine expe(5tations of the Southern Continent, from whence it 
 is more than probable Mango Capac, \htfrji Inca, was de- 
 rived, and muft be convinced that the country, from whence 
 Mango Capac introduced the comforts of civilized life, can- 
 not fail of amply rewarding the fortunate people who fhall 
 beftow letters in^ead of qitippos^ and iron in place of more 
 awkward fubftiiutes. 
 
 It is alledged the inhabitants of the iflands lately difco- 
 vered, do not bear any fimilitude to the civilized race of the 
 Incas. In reply it may be urged, that many of the inhabi- 
 tants, in parts of America adjoining to Peru, were much 
 lefs polilhed than the natives of the iflands here referred to. 
 This is granted. But it is faid, " the Spaniards immediately 
 »* had reports of Peru.** I have not heard that the natives 
 of the iflands lately difcovered, were ajked after other coun- 
 tries. But admitting that they are ignorant of any fiich 
 country, the fame kind of argument might be brought to 
 prove, that there is no fuch empire as China, for the na- 
 tives of the Bashee iflands, which lye between Formosa and 
 the Philipinas, know nothing of it. Whoever confiders at- 
 tentively RoGGEWEiN'sdefcription of Easter Ifland, muft fee 
 the affinity to the Peruvian manners and religion : and when 
 this is compared with Juan Fernandez' report of the conti- 
 nent he dilcovercd, inhubii'd by civilized people, there will 
 be little room left to doubr, that there is much to reward the 
 difcoverer, who ftiaii aad perfeverence to difcietion. 
 
 2 The 
 
'« ' 
 
 XXX 
 
 -♦ 
 
 I 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The fubjecH: of difcoveries feems to be now reviving; as a 
 member of fociety, therefore, it deferves an accurate difcuffionj 
 but it demands immediate attention from every Englifhman, 
 for itmay be very juftly faid, the /r/w^ of the Britifti empire 
 refts on our infular fituation, and powerful navy. Were any 
 of our competitors to gain the fuperiority at fca, the advan- 
 tages of the frji would be loft. Our navy, undoubtedly, is 
 fuperior to all others at prefent, becaufe our colonies are fo. 
 But if other nations are negligently permitted to extend their 
 navigation to remote parts, and to gain fuch an acceflionof 
 commerce and power as the difcovery of a New World would 
 afford to a liberal unbigotted people, the fabulous flory of 
 Friar Bacon may be applied to this Wall of Brafs ; and we 
 may then indeed cry, " Time was — but time is paft," and 
 in vain lament the ignorance, or worthlefFnefs of minifters 
 who were wanting in purfuing the true interefts of their 
 country. 
 
 1* 
 
 OSlober 7, 
 
 1769. 
 
MONTHLY REVIEW for M A V, 1769. 
 
 
 THE Monthly Reviewers, In the Account of the Tra£t I piib- 
 liihed on tlie Southern Diicoverics, lay, 
 
 *' The public has lately been gratified with a new edition of old voy- 
 ages, relating to Southern Difcoveries, in 3 vols. 8vo. under the title of 
 Terra Aiijlralis Cognita ; wherein the arguments in favour of profccuting 
 difcoveries in the fcuth parts of the Pacific Ocean, were revived, 
 from the coliedlijn of voyages by Harkisj who, with his late editor, 
 are very full upon that fubjedl." Then conclude, *' The voyages pro- 
 mifed in a future publication, feem to be unnecelTliry, as having already 
 appeared in various forms, and particularly in the before-mentioned 
 collection, exprefly on the lame plan." 
 
 I am neither fo humble to fubm t implicitly to the opinion, nor fo 
 felf-fulhcient entirely to defpife the fentiments of theMonthly Re- 
 gifters, the profelled purpofe of which is, to make a candid report of 
 the books offered to the attention of the public. 
 
 As I have not acquiefced to the opinion of the Monthly Reviewers, 
 ** that any future publication was unneceffary," I will give my reafons 
 for not paying any deference to their fentiments on this head. 
 
 It muft beconfeffed, that it feems a little too precipitate for a critic 
 to judge, that a publication is unneceffary^ when it impoffible to know 
 what that publication will contain. Indeed I had, in the preface to 
 the tradt which the Monthly Reviewers give their judgment upon, 
 mentioned that I was in poffeffion of fome Spaniih papers, without 
 which Torquemada's relation of Qui ros's voyage, in 1606, was un- 
 intelligible; fo that there was at leaft: an alTertion of mine, which 
 could not be contradidled, that fome elucidation was to be expedted 
 from memorials which had never been publi(hed. 
 
 The 3 vols, the Monthly Reviewers refer to, are, fo far as relates to 
 the fouthern difcoveries, a tranflation of the HijL des Navigat, aux 
 Terres Aujlraks^ except that the important voyage of Men dan a, in 
 1595, is omitted. 
 
 M. DES Brosses, the ingenious author of the 7a)/!?. des Navig.it. aux 
 Tcrres Au/irales, profefledly gives an abridgment of the Spanilli voyages ; 
 my plan was to uive a full tranflation. Some of them never appeared in 
 Englifli, but in the tranflation of M. des Brosses' abridgment. The 
 tranflator had no recourfe to the original Spanifli authorities ; and 
 M. DES Bi'.ossES undcrdanding "very little Spanijb, it is not wonderful 
 many errors have crept into his abridgment, which it was impofiible 
 for the tranflator tocorred:. 
 
 And having mentioned M. degBrosses, I cannot avoid contrafling his 
 fentiments to the Monthly Reviewers, of the trad already publiflied. 
 
 Dijoux 
 
't'Tr 
 
 Ml 
 
 tt 
 
 nous avons 
 
 Dijon, SJtine, 1769. 
 « ye lai lu deux'foix avec beaucoup d'mprcffemeut et^ de plater. 11 ejl 
 rmpli d'injlruami d'exMude, & d'ohjervattons qui mntrent combien 
 vousf^avezjoindre les rejiexions a Icxpencnce. 
 
 In a letter, dated i)/>7, iS Feb. 1767, he fays : 
 ye fuis charm,! d'apprendre que vous travailkz a rajembkr tous ce que 
 Lns de connoifances geographtqucs, hijloriques, et natureUesJurle mer 
 du fud et la partie du globe que dans mon ouvrage j at appelle Folynejie ij at 
 beaucoup demPrefJement devoir votre ouvrage avjjt-tot que vous le Jerez 
 paroitre et de vous procurer, autant qu'il me /era pojible, les chojes qutpour- 
 
 ront vous etre utiles." c c \ v. 
 
 Thefe are the fentiments of a man fohcitous to promote ufeful know- 
 ledge, above all the little narrow ideas of the hackney trumpeter of a 
 
 bookfeller. , ^ . 1 1. u • r .• 
 
 I will refer it even to the Monthly Reviewers, whether their lenti- 
 ments, ** that there is no occafion for any future publication," or 
 the opinion of M. des Brosses *' that there is," deferve moft to be 
 
 regarded. 
 
 I confefs the approbation of a man of l^liers, who has made the 
 fubjedhis particular ftudy, weighs much more with me than the fenti- 
 ments of men who were ignorant of what they prefumed to decide upon. 
 
 That they never examined Harris, nor his modern editor, muft, 
 I think, be obvious to every one, as neither of thefe colledions contain 
 the Spanidi voyages in this quarter. The modern editor, indeed, has 
 abftraded fome part of QuiRos's memorials, and has inferted many 
 pertinent arguments in favour of profecuting thefe difcoveries. But 
 the Monthly Reviewers cannot mean thefe arguments only, for the 
 old edition of Harris has no arguments on the fubjed. 
 
 I queftion if the Monthly Reviewers ever read the trad: they criti- 
 cife, for Juan Fernandez' difcovery of the continent was never be- 
 fore publiflied ; and as they muft have read at Icaft the table of con- 
 tents of the terra Aujlralis Cognita, this circumftance not mentioned 
 in that work could fcarcely have pafTed unobfervcd. 
 
 The Work which I propofed to publifli, and of which this volume 
 contains a part, is totally different from the plan of former colle<ftions, 
 notwithftanding the exprefs declaration of the Monthly Reviewers 
 that it is on the fame. I confine myfelf entirely to the difcoveries 
 made between South-Amekica and PapuA, and give a literal tranfla- 
 tion of the original writers. The plan of the Htji. des Navig. aux Terres 
 Aujlrales comprehends all the countries httle frequented in the fbuthern 
 hemifphere j but, inftead of a full tranflation, it is declared to be an 
 abridgment. The tranflator in Terra AiiJiraUs Cognita has only added 
 a few papers, fome of them foreign to the fubjed, as relative to the 
 northern hemifphere. 
 
 !f§3 
 
=ad£- 
 
Ktut J.i>ftf>tkd* ^tn Zt'tUfi 
 
 i 
 » 
 
 « 
 V 
 
 
 t?w 
 
 
 1 " ^U' 
 
 lAo 
 
 1 V'' 
 
 V2"^. 
 
 
 
 ■Ujnt 
 
 ■'^ 
 
 (itetpi^ ,Xk« 
 
 nj^ 
 
 '*•- 
 
 "^--^.f 
 
 
 yHW' JI/tLl.^A'J}> 
 
 ^fVMMtf^V ' ■ 
 
 •A I 
 
 3o 
 
 A 
 
 
 or 
 
 "^ 
 
 fmff. 
 
 
 
 
 ^/-i;^ r" 
 
 /• 
 
 y J<tittnuuf -A 
 
 v-^ 
 
 >A<.- 
 
 
 ^.•. <^. 
 
 Aumum/f 
 
 
 <fli^^. 
 
 <''• 
 
 '/^^i 
 
 
 (I , .'i^ttria 
 
 
 ♦fcf ' £aJ*;fn,i 
 
 
 
 SZIAT^IjAWB 
 
 
 ^''«/t. /)„^ ^^^, 
 
 C H ^ M. T 
 ^ret/ioud to '^64. 
 
 UP 
 
 ifio 
 
 JJO 
 
 rft.. 
 
<i'My tpae<e()^^,-/M,m^ Oa-'i 
 
v- 
 
 i'i 
 
 hemi 
 
 northern hemilphere. 
 
D 
 
 ON WHICH THE 
 
 CHART OF THE SOUTH SEA 
 
 WAS 
 
 FORMED. 
 
 I 
 
 T is pretended to delineate particularly the difcoveries made 
 only in the voyages of 
 
 AlvaroMendana DE Neyra, in 
 
 Pedro Fernandes de Quiros, and! 
 Louis Vaez de Torres, J 
 
 James le Maire, andW. Schouten, 
 Abel Jansan Tasman, — 
 
 Jacob Roggewein, — • i 
 
 '595 
 1606 
 
 1617 
 
 1642 
 1722 
 
 There are feme lefs precife intimations, which, though not 
 negled:cd, do not admit an eqml degree of affurance as thofo 
 above recited. 
 
 ALVARO MENDAnA de NEYRA 1595, 
 
 AND 
 
 PEDRO FERNANDES de QUIROS, 1606. 
 
 Quiros fays, the Marquesas difcovered by Mendana, are 
 1000 leagues from Lima, and 1000 leagues from the neareft 
 part of New-Guinea. 
 
 Dampier places C. St. Marv in 147° 26' E. longitudc' 
 from London i Tasman in 149° 48' E. the mediilm "between 
 
 B Dam- 
 
DATA ON WHICH THE CHART 
 DAMPiERand Tasman 148*^ 37' E. is affumed as the longitude 
 of cape St. Mary. 
 
 According to Dampier, the ifland of St. John is o*^ 44' E. 
 acapeST. MARY,andis therefore in 149° 21'E. or 2io<^ 39' W. 
 
 Lima being in W. long. — 7^ ^4 
 
 Makes the difference of longitude between^ 
 St. John's and Lima, — S 
 
 From Lima to the Marquesas being 1000 leagues, or 3428', 
 the difference of long, is 3492' = 58*^ 12', which doubled for the 
 diftancefrom the Marquesas to New-Guinea, is 116° 24' 
 Taken from long, of St. John's Lima, — 133 SS 
 
 leaves •— •— — '7 3' 
 
 QuiRos's diftance from Lima to New-Guinea being fo much 
 deficient. 
 
 It may he alledged, as QuiRos did not go to New-Guinea,, 
 that there is no proof of the Marquesas being equi-diflant 
 from New-Guinea and America. But if Quiros's longitude 
 of the Marquesas be not deficient, his fubfequent difcovery 
 of Man icoLo would contradift both Schouten and Tasman j 
 for Manicolo cannot be farther well than the ifland of Sta. 
 Cruz, which Quiros reckons 1800 leagues from Lima, not 
 only from what Quiros infinuates when he flood for that ifland 
 from the bay of St. Philip and St. Jagoj but by his track 
 from Taumaco. By Quiros's reckoning ♦ Sta, Cruz is in 
 
 longitude 
 
 • M. Pingre (Mem. fur le Tranfit de Venus, 4to. cTiez P. G. Cavclier, Paris, 
 1767, p. 41.) mentions an eclipfcof the moon at Sta. Cruz : Figueroa fays the moon 
 was totally eclipfed when it appeared above the horizon [que al afcender por el ori- 
 fonte venia ya toda eclipfada]. M. Pingre fays the fun fet at Sta. Cruz at 6 hrs. 
 9 min. and that the moon was then rifen 5 or 6 min. He determines the time of 
 thiseclipfeat Paris to have been 19 hrs. 6 min. and therefore that Sta. Cruz muft be 
 at leaft 1 3 hrs. 2 min. to the W. of Paris, which is equal to 164" 30' E. long, a Paris, 
 j>t 166" 55' E. of tendon i but m Figueroa lays, " the moon yi3^% already totally 
 
 eclipfed 
 
 
 ] 
 
OF 
 
 THE SOUTH SEA WAS FORMED. 
 
 longitude 104^ 47' W. a Lima, or 178° 29' E. a London? Tau- 
 MACo in 10° S. lat. 98° 58' W. long, a Lima, or 175*^ 42' W. 
 a London. From this laft he flood to the fouth-weftward to 
 Manicolo, or Terra del Espiritu Santo, in 15° 20' S, 
 lat. fothat Manicolo is rather to the eaftward than weftward 
 of Sta. Cruz ; and it is evident from Schouten, that Mani- 
 colo cannot lye to the eajlward o£ Horne island in that lati- 
 tude, as he ran down almoft the whole breadth of the Pacific 
 Ocean in that parallel. Horne island, as will hereafter be 
 {hewn, is in 171® 29' E. from London. Befides, it appears 
 evident from Torres's route afterwards, that Manicolo muft 
 lye farther to the weftward than Quiros places it, for Torres 
 failed along the coafts of New-Guinea, &c. above 600 
 leagues == 34*^ ; whereas the longitude only from bay St. Phi- 
 lip and St. Jago (if it is not more to the weftward than 
 178^ 29' utfuprajt to the extremity of New-Guinea, would 
 be almoft 50*^; although the diftance mentioned by Torres, is 
 confonant enough to the fituationin which I have placed Mani- 
 colo, from the deduction of the Marquesas being equi- 
 diftant from New-Guinea and America. 
 
 The exaft longitude on the globe is not the point in queftion ; 
 it is in view to reconcile the feveral voyages in this quarter, and 
 from thence to deduce the reciprocal fituations of their difco- 
 veries. 
 
 eclipfed when it rofe," Sta. Cruz is probably farther to the wtjiward^ though, ad- 
 mitting any authority in Figueroa, it cannot be farther tajiward. M. de Pingre lays 
 it down in 190** E. a Ferro, which is 172' 25' E. a London, or 5* f farther ^a/? than 
 the data in Figueroa admit, unlefs we fuppofe with M. Pingre (p. 41), " That by 
 the moon in the horizon^ Figueroa might poflibly mean a quarter of an hour after it 
 was rifen." 
 
 Quiros's courfes from hence to Guam (hew, that Sta, Cruz is at leaft a« far weft- 
 ward as I have laid it down. 
 
 B 2 
 
 From 
 
r''^!''HlW-'JNW •"•« 
 
 DATA ON WHICH THE CHART 
 From the above pofition, QuiROs's difcoveries in 1595 and 
 1606 have been thus deduced : 
 
 W. long, 
 a Limi. 
 
 League. Min. D. long, o , . . ! ' ! ' ^"S- » Lond. 
 ,ooo=3428=:3492=58.i2 + 526=40i8=66.s8 + 76.4+=H3°42'W. 
 
 1400 4800 4889 81.29 79S 56H 9444 '7'-23 
 
 1535 5262 5s6o 89.20 826 61S6 103.6 17950^ 
 
 1800 6172 6287 104.47 94S 72^l 120.31 162.4s' E. 
 
 1850 6343 6461 107.41 971 7433 '23-53 
 
 159.23 
 
 MAlKyJESAS 
 
 S. Bernardo 
 
 Solitary 
 
 Sta. Cruz 
 
 The W. part) 
 by FicuBROA J 
 
 For if 1000 leagues give 8° 45'4-= 5^6' the given number of 
 leagues will ihew the deficiency in that diftance, or 
 116.24 : i^S'SS :: Long, given : True Long. 
 
 Dif. long. W. long. Longw a Lond. 
 
 QuiROs's ift ifland,^ Lea'. a Lima. 
 
 La Encarnacion, • iooo=3428'+S26'=39S4'=4i6s'=69«,2s+76''.44*='46 .9'W- 
 
 in 25° S. lat. J 
 
 C.isW. 11° 1 2' S. 40 1 8 miles. 
 
 TAUMACoinio''S.Iat. 1700 5829 893 6722 6851 iiS-Jt 169. 25^ B. 
 
 The other difcoveries made by QuiRos are regulated by thefe> 
 and the time they were difcovered, with fome afliftance from a 
 few latitudes mentioned, and the general eourfe from Tauma- 
 co to Manicolo. St. Bernardo** whofe fituation is given 
 
 in 
 
 * M. Pingre (p. 51) is certainfy right in his application of the names to the firft 13 
 iflands difcovered by Quiros in 1606 ; but his conje£tures about St. Bernardo are obvi- 
 oufly without foundation, independent of the improbability that the fame name fhould 
 be applied to two iflands nearly in the fame latitude ; Quiros did net fee this ifland on 
 St. Bernard's day ; and if the name was not applied by him^ it is clear, he not only gave 
 this ifland no name^ but takes no notice of it ; for in one of his memorials, where he 
 recites the iflands he difcovered in this voyage, after Sagitaria, La Fugitiva, and La del 
 Peregrino, he names N'. Sen^ del Socorro, Monterrey, and Tucopia. The /«/?, 
 Quiros, in the fame memorial, fays was the ifland where the natives of Taumaco 
 fwam away from the fliip : and Torquemada tells us, this happened at the ifland in 12 
 deg. S. which was the firft ifland they faw after leaving Taumaco.— From hence it ap- 
 pears, that Monterrey is the nam Quiros gives to Taumaco, which indeed, as the 
 firft ifland tliey difcovered with a port, it was very natural for him to name after the 
 ficcroy, 
 
 * Between 
 
OF THE SOUTH SEA WAS FORMED. 
 
 in Mendana's voyage, is of great ufe in confining to fome 
 bounds of longitude the iflands difcovered by QuiRos to the 
 fouthward, for it is obvious that the iflands fo called in this, were 
 what he named St. Bern ar do in the former voyage : for neither 
 were they now feen on St. Bernardo's day, nor doesQuiROs, 
 on the recapitulation, mention them now in the lift of his dif" 
 coveriesy as he does all the other iflands. 
 
 La Encarnacion, or the ift ifland, Torq^emada men- 
 tions to be in 25° S. 
 
 St. Juan Baptista, the 2d, appears from Arias to lye 
 in 26° S. for he tells us, when Quiros arrived at the latitude 
 of 26" S. he faw to the fouthward very large hanging clouds, 
 and a very thick horizon, with other known iigns of a conti- 
 nent, and a little ifland, inhabited by various kinds of birds, 
 of very fweet notes, which never breed, nor vifit places, but 
 at little diftance from main land. 
 
 Santelmo, the 3d, is a large ifland, and from thence ap- 
 pears to be in 28° S. for Ulloa, quoting Diego de Cordova 
 for an account of QuiRos's voyage, fays, amongft others, they 
 found a large ifland in 28° S. 
 
 The latitude of LA Dezena, the loth ifland, 18® 40' S. is 
 given by Torquemada, and it mufl be nearly in the meridian 
 of Santelmo, as the difference of latitude is as much as they 
 
 Between La del Peregrino and Monterrey, Quiros only mentions one ifland which 
 he had difcovired; this he names N». Sen*, del Socorro : it muft be what Torquemada 
 calls Ifla de Gente Hermofa, as there can be no doubt it is a difeovery of Quiros. The 
 name he mentions was probably given it from the fmoaks they faw, when they firfl 
 difcovered it, and the hopes they thereupon entertained of obtaining refreflmients. 
 
 From thefe circumftances it is clear, that the application of the name St. Bernardo 
 to the ifland fcen after La del Peregrino was not made by fome bungling tranfcribevy as 
 M. Pingre fuppofes, but by Quiros himfelf. And its fituation is very eflential in 
 regulating the iflands difcovered by Quiros after leaving the ifland he named La En- 
 carnacion. 
 
 can 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 •t 
 
 '^1 
 
 DATA ON WHICH THE CHART 
 
 can be fuppofed to have run in five days, the time they were from 
 one to the other. 
 
 La Sagitaria, Torquemada placesin 17*^40' S. 
 
 They failed from hence, February 12th, and in 9 days made 
 St. Bernardo in 10° 30' S. On the 14th they faw an ifland 
 to the N. E., which they could not reach, and another the 
 next day. They were named la Fugitiva, and la del Pe- 
 
 REGRINO. 
 
 They were 8 days from St. Bernardo to Isla de Gente 
 Hermosa ; it appears this ifland, whofe fituation is not mentioned 
 exprefsly, lyes rather under than above 10? S. for in the latter 
 part of this voyage Quiros went into 10° 20' S. and ran in that 
 parallel for Sta. Cruz. And leaving the ifland of Handsome 
 People, •* He flood W. for Sta. Cruz, being in its pa- 
 rallel," and fell in with Taumaco in 10" S. Alfo 1595, ^^^7 
 kept between 10° and 11° S. from St. Bernardo, and only 
 faw Solitary Island in 10® 40' S. which they did not now 
 fee. They were 43 days between St. Bernardo and Tau- 
 maco, which differ 18° in longitude, that is 25' a day; and 
 as they were 8 days to the ifland of Handsome People, the 
 diflanceis about 200 miles : it was alfo named N"^. Sen^. del 
 Socorro. 
 
 They had figns of land all the way from St. Bernardo to 
 Tatjmaco, whofe latitude and longitude is given by Arias. 
 
 The next ifland to Taumaco was Tucopia, in 12^ S. 
 
 Na. Sen\ de la Luz, as Torquemada calls it, is in 14*^ f S. 
 but inftead of this name, we find after Tucopia, St. Mar- 
 cos, in the memorials. 
 
 Another to the weftward was named el Vergil, or the 
 Garden j and 
 
 Another larger to the fouthward. Las Lagrimas de St. 
 Pedro : and 
 
 To 
 
OF THE SOUTH SEA WAS FORMED. 
 
 To the fouth-eaftward another ftill larger, which appeared 
 without end, full of great mountains, which feems to be part of 
 Manicolo. Quiros, after leaving the bay St. Philip and 
 St. Jago, intending for the rendezvous at Sta. Cruz, failed 
 into io*'4 S. where they faw a fail, which they knew to be an 
 Indian embarkation j but found they were fallen to leeward of 
 the Sta. Cruz iflands, having loft ground at the entrance of the 
 bay of St. Philip and St. Jago, when they attempted to re- 
 turn thither. From hence we have nearly the fituation of this 
 bay, which muft be about the fame meridian, as Sta. Cruz, 
 that is 163® E. and in the latitude of 15^ 20' S. 
 
 Arias adds of this country, that the coaft they faw extends 
 from caft to weft above loo leagues (343'). 
 
 JAMES L E M A I R E„ 
 
 /iN-D: 
 
 WILL. S C H O U T E N, 1616. 
 
 THE longitudes of this voyage are chiefly taken from 
 ScHOU ten's chart, admitting Juan Fernandes to be in 78*^ 30' 
 W. aLoNDON. Dog Island is by SChouten's journal, 925 
 German leagues =61° 40', from the coaftof Peru j and by his 
 chart 58** W. a Juan Fernandes, which is placed in his 
 chart 3 ** 40' W. from the coaft j fo that Schouten's journal 
 and ch^vpt exadly agree in the fituation of Dog Island from 
 the coaft of Peru, whence Schouten reckons his diftance, 
 though he never faw it. 
 
 Barleus's map places the coaft of Peru in that latitude, 
 above 6*^ to the eaftward of Juan Fernandes, and makes 
 the diftance between Doc Island and Juan Fernandes, 2" 
 
 more 
 
f* 
 
 :M 
 
 ui 
 
 8 D A T A ON WHICH the CHART 
 
 more than Schouten's chart, though Le Maire's relation 
 places Dog Island 20' nearer the coaft than Schouten's 
 journal. Indeed the maps and plates in Barleus, arc obvioufly 
 pirated from Janson, notwithftanding the introdudlion to 
 JBarleus condemns that voyage as furreptitious, and de- 
 clares ScHOUTEN difavowed it. However, an impartial view 
 will entirely clear it of this charge, as there are few circum- 
 ftances wherein they materially differ, except in the merits of 
 
 ScHOUTEN. 
 
 There are fome fituations in Lf. Maire's voyage, omitted by 
 ScHOUTEN i thefe are deduced from the difference between the 
 given diftance, and 920, the number of German leagues Le 
 Maire places Dog Island from the coaft of Peru, which 
 gives the diftance from Dog Island. 
 
 Schouten's chart makes it 125° 30' from Lima to St. 
 John's : which being by the former deduftion 133° 55'* gives 
 8° 25' for the deficiency of Schouten's longitude. Then for 
 the correction 
 
 125.30 : 122-55 '• long, given : true long, or 
 125.30 : 8.25 :: long, given : deficiency. 
 Which being added to the given longitude, is the true lon- 
 gitude. 
 
 Long, a foaft 
 Lit. South of Pet». 
 
 Long, a coaft Long, a coaft Long. • 
 of Peru. of Peru. Lond. 
 
 Dog Island {l. i5Vl5'}^'V'==37oo'+248'=3948'=6s°48' + 74°5o' ^o'jS'W. 
 
 SONDRECROND |t''^' '^ I 68 20 
 IL. 14. 35 J 
 
 Waterland 
 Fly Island 
 Saw a Sail 
 Cocos Island 
 
 14. 46 69 20 
 L. 15. 20 70 40 
 
 15. 20 100 40 
 
 16. lO loi 40 
 
 Per chart 40<' a Dog island. 
 Hope Island 103 40 
 
 HoRNE Island 14. 56 106 40 
 
 Per chare 3° a Hope Island. 
 16. 5 106 40 
 
 4100 
 
 4160 
 4240 
 6040 
 6100 
 
 6220 
 6400 
 
 275 
 
 273 
 
 284 
 
 405 
 
 409 
 
 417 
 429 
 
 4375 72 55 
 
 4438 73 58 
 45*4 75 24 
 6445- ^07 2 J 
 6509 108 29 
 
 6637 "o 37 
 6829 113 49 
 
 "3 49 
 
 >47 45 
 
 148 48 
 
 177 45 E' 
 176 41 
 
 «74 33 
 171 21 
 
 171 21 
 
 The 
 
 ' h 
 
OF THE SOUTH SEA WAS FORMED. 
 
 The fituations from Le Mai re are. 
 
 Lone. W. 
 
 19 Marcli 
 
 24 
 No Var. 3 April 
 3 May 
 Vid, Schouten 
 
 Long. Long. 
 Lat.S. aDogL acoailPeru. acoailPeru. 
 
 i7°30' 33°oo' E. zf 4.0' W.=:i420'+ 9S'=iSis'=2$°is'+74°So 
 
 15.00 30.40 31.00 i8€o 124 1984 33-04 
 
 14.12 13.00 48.40 2910 195 3115 51.5; 
 
 1500 25.20 W. 87.00 5220 350 5570 92.50 
 
 16.05 4z>oo 103.40 6220 417 6637 110.37 
 
 Long, of Long, a 
 
 ccall Peru. Lend. 
 
 o 
 
 =ioo"oj \V. 
 
 107.54 
 126.45 
 
 167.40 
 
 '74-33 E- 
 
 So that Le Maire places Horne Island 3 <* farther eaftward 
 than Schouten ; but as he does not give the diftance of St. 
 John's from the coaft of Peru, it is impoflible to deduce his 
 longitude truly. 
 
 ABEL JANSAN TASMAN, 1642. 
 
 THE various relations of Tasman's voyage differ very confi- 
 derably in the longitudes; particularly of Mauritius, which 
 muft be a ftandard for regulating the other fituations. 
 
 Mauritius is placed by Valentyn, in 1. 78°47' 
 
 Thevenot, — — 8308 
 
 Campbell, 83.48 
 
 Mauritius is by the Con. des Temps, ia — 57^33' E. Long, a Lond. 
 
 So that Tafman's firft Meridian will be by Valentyn 2i'=i4' W. 
 
 Thevenot 25.35 
 Campbell 26.15 
 
 That of Valentyn is afTumed here. 
 
 The feveral relations place C. St. Mary in 
 
 Which by Valentyn's meridian, is ^-~— 
 
 Dampier places C. St. Mary In — — 
 
 The medium afTumed is —^ ■ 
 
 Which is lefs than Tafman's account — • 
 
 I7I°.02' 
 
 149°48> E. a London. 
 147.26 E. a London. 
 
 H8-37 
 I. II 
 
 According to this correftion all Tasman's difcoveries from 
 Van Diemen's Land and New-Zealand to C. St. Mary 
 are determined. 
 
 For the fatisfadion of the curious, the following table of 
 comparative fituations is inferted, the longitudes b©ing the fame 
 as in the originals ; the lafl column contains the longitude 
 afTumed from London, 
 
 C 1642 
 
 * 
 
l-n 
 
 10 
 
 T> A t A ON WHICH THE CHART 
 
 De Hondt. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 1642 
 
 ; Sept. Mauritius — 
 22 Oft. — — 
 
 29 — 
 
 6 Nov, — 
 
 8 — 
 
 IS —I 
 
 ai •» 
 
 22 — 
 
 24 — 
 
 SawVan DiemensLand 
 
 I Dec. Fr. HenrickBay 
 
 S — 
 
 9 — 
 
 46. 
 
 44.14 
 
 1 3 Saw New Zeland — 
 
 18 Murderer's Bay — 
 
 4 January — 
 
 Three King's Ifland 
 
 15 — 
 
 16 ~ 
 
 jp — 
 
 Saw Pylftaart 
 
 21 Amderdam I. 
 
 25 Rotterdam I. 
 6 Feb. — 
 8 — 
 
 14 — 
 
 20 — 
 
 26 — 
 
 2 March — 
 
 8 — 
 
 14 — 
 
 20 — 
 
 22 Saw Onthong Java 
 
 25 — 
 
 26 _ — 
 
 I April, faw N. Britain 
 6 Cape St. Mary 
 
 42.11 
 
 42.27 
 
 42.14 
 40.41 
 
 32.10 
 
 29.50 
 26.08 
 22.57 
 
 Long. 
 
 11:2.22 
 
 S9'H 
 
 Valentyn. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 20.20 
 
 45-47 
 
 49.04 
 
 189.0 
 92 25 
 
 93-34 
 
 ujS.io 
 200.28 
 203.59 
 
 42.58 
 42.25 
 
 43-'o 
 
 Long, 
 
 78.47 
 
 89.44 
 
 II 
 
 4.56 
 
 42.37 
 $wellfr 
 
 42.10 
 40.50 
 34-35 
 34-25 
 32.25 
 
 22-35 
 
 21.20 
 20.1; 
 17.19 
 15.29 
 
 163.50 
 167.55 
 
 167.29 
 S. W. 
 
 188,28 
 191.41 
 191.09 
 1 90.40 
 192.20 
 
 4.05 
 
 175.48 
 
 9.11 
 
 204. 1 5 
 
 205.29 
 206.19 
 201.3s 
 199.31 
 
 Thevetiot. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 20.20 
 
 44.03 
 
 42.15 
 
 43 «o 
 
 4'-34 
 42.37 
 
 42.10 
 40.50 
 34-35 
 
 32.25 
 Swell fr 
 
 30.05 
 26.29 
 22.35 
 
 21.10 
 
 Long. 
 
 83.08 
 
 140,32 
 158, 
 
 00 
 
 163,50 
 
 167.55 
 169.00 
 176.29 
 
 188.28 
 191.41 
 191.09 
 
 17.19 
 
 >3-4S 
 
 192.20 
 
 s. w. 
 
 195.25 
 199.32 
 204.15 
 
 205.29 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 20.20 
 45-47 
 
 49.04 
 44-33 
 
 42.25 
 
 43- «o 
 41.34 
 
 42-37 
 
 42.10 
 40.50 
 
 34-35 
 
 Long. 
 
 83.48 
 89.44 
 
 114.56 
 
 140.32 
 158.00 
 
 163.50 
 
 167.5s 
 169.00 
 176.29 
 
 188.28 
 191.41 
 191.09 
 
 A /Turned. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 S. 
 
 20.20. 
 
 30.25 
 
 201.35 
 
 192.10 
 
 10.12 
 
 5.02 
 
 4 33 
 
 430 
 
 192.46 
 
 186.14 
 
 178.32 
 
 "74-30 
 
 171.02 
 
 7.46 
 10.12 
 
 5 '5 
 
 5.02 
 
 4-35 
 
 4-30 
 
 193.00 
 
 190.47 
 186.14 
 181.16 
 178.32 
 175.10 
 
 30.05 
 26.29 
 22.35 
 
 21.20 
 20.15 
 17.19 
 15.29 
 16.30 
 
 '3-45 
 9.48 
 9.11 
 7.46 
 
 10.12 
 
 5-»5 
 
 5.02 
 
 435 
 
 I7I.C2 ; 
 
 195.27 
 199.32 
 204.15 
 
 205.29 
 206.19 
 201.35 
 
 «99-3> 
 '93-35 
 '93-35 
 '93-43 
 192.46 
 190.47 
 186.14 
 181.16 
 178.32 
 175.10 
 
 45-47 
 46.00 
 49.04 
 44-H 
 
 42.58 
 42.25 
 
 43.10 
 4»-37 
 
 42.10 
 
 40.50 
 34-35 
 
 34-25 
 32.25 
 
 Long. a 
 Lond. 
 
 5733 
 
 68.30 
 
 93.42 
 
 "4«-«5 
 
 166.03 
 169.16 
 168.44 
 168.1$ 
 
 169,5s 
 
 22.35 
 
 21.20 
 20.15 
 17.19 
 15.29 
 
 9.1 
 
 5 02 
 4.33 
 
 4-3C 
 
 181,50 
 
 183.04 
 
 '8354 
 179.10 
 
 177.06 
 
 170.21 
 
 Tasman's difcoveries are partly hid down from this table, and partly 
 from the charts of his difcoveries, publilhed by Valentyn, the 
 longitude in thefe charts being regulated in the fame manner. 
 
 JACOB 
 
 fc^ 
 
OF THE SOUTH SEA WAS FORMED. 
 
 II 
 
 i. 
 
 JACOB ROGGEWEIN, 1722. 
 
 4to. DoRT, 1728. 8vo. Hague, 1739. 
 
 * 'i 
 
 THE fituations given in the Dutch relation of Roggewein*s 
 voyage differ very much from the French account : the firft 
 ifland feen after they left Easter Island, is not taken notice 
 of in the Dutch account j but the French relation fays it vvas 
 by fome imagined to be the fame Schouten named Dog 
 Island; others thought it a new difcovery, and named it 
 Carlshoff. The ifland where the African galley was loft, 
 and thofe near it, adjoin to the iflands difcovered by Schquten; 
 perhaps fome of them may have been thofe feen by Schouten, 
 but it appears to me more probable, that the iflands difcovered 
 by RoGGEWEiN lye between Dog Island and Sondre-grond. 
 
 The longitudes in the French relation have been confidered 
 as enigmatical j it appears evident to me, the author, a native of 
 Mecklenburgh, reckons his firft meridian from his own coun- 
 try j for Sebastian, in Brasil, is placed in 60° longitude; 
 this place being 45*^ W. from London, hence his /Vy? meri- 
 dian muft be 15° E. from London. 
 
 In 28'' S. they were in 251" longitude. As they fail weft- 
 ward their longitudes increafe ; but 251° W. from Mecklen- 
 burgh, or 236° W. from London (= 124^ E.) is the fituation 
 of Nkw-Holland, inftead of a few days fail from Juan Fer- 
 N ANDES, as they then were, reckoning the longitude 251° jE. it 
 it will be equal to 266^ E. or 91° W. from London. 
 
 They f'-iled W. 12°, when they difcovered Easter Island 
 h\ 28^ 30' S. which is therefore in 106° W. longitude. 
 
 C 2 
 
 The 
 
12 
 
 h 1 
 
 f ii; 
 
 DATA ON WHICH THE CHART 
 
 The longitude 239° given to Easter Island in the Hj/f. 
 des Navig. aux Tcrres ylujni/cs, and other authors, is not in 
 the original, and is only deduced by fubtrading i2» from 251^^ 
 but the original increafes the longitude as they go weftward. 
 
 The Dutch relation places Easter Island in 27** S. lat. long. 
 268°=92° W. The Dutch longitudes are generally reckoned 
 from Tenerife, and confequently it being 16" 27' W. from 
 London; the fituation of Easter Island will be 108** 27' W. 
 But the chart accompanying the Dutch relation makes it only 
 21° from Easter Island to Juan Fernandes; and confe- 
 quently Easter Island is not near fo far to the weftward as 
 above defcribed. 
 
 According to this chart the firft meridian paiTes through th« 
 Grand Canary, which is made 15° 30' W. from London : 
 Juan Fernandes is in the longitude of 289*', or 71* W. add 
 15° 30' is 86^ 30' W. a London j but Juan Fernandes being 
 only 78** 30' W. the longitude of the chart is 8° too much. 
 
 Easter Island is by this chart in 268^ or 92^ W. add 
 15° 30' is 107" 30' W. but if we dedud the 8°, it is only in 
 99*' 30' W. 
 
 The author of the lives of the Governors of Batavia fays 
 the original MSS. of admiral Jacob Roggeweik's voyage was 
 very conformable to the relation published at the Hague ; but 
 he contradids this, relation, for he fays Ea&ter Island is in 
 27° 4' S. and in 265** 42' long, or 94^ 18' W. that is, (fuppofing 
 he reckons from Tenerife, as the Dutch generally do) in 
 110° 45' W. from London. He further fays it is 658 leagues 
 to the weft of Copiapo. If thefe are Dutch they will make 
 2632' = 43^ 52' diff. long. 49^^ 15' = 120^^ W. if French, 
 36° 56' =t: i&o^ of long. W. from London. 
 
 I have 
 
OF THE SOUTH SEA WA8 FORMED. 
 
 I have here fubjoined a table (hewing the pofition of Easter 
 Island, according to the various accounts. 
 
 >3 
 
 French relation — — 
 Dutch relation — 
 
 Suppofing Tenerifte ift mer. 
 
 Suppofing Canary, as in chart 
 
 By chart a Juan Fernandes z i o 
 Hiftory of Governors of Batavia 
 
 Suppofing Teneriffe ill Mer. 
 
 658 U. V. a Copiapo, if Dutch 
 If French 
 
 Ffench. relation — 
 
 Dutch relation — — 
 
 Hiflory of Dutch governors 
 
 Long. 
 
 368 .00 
 
 265,42 
 49.15 
 36.56 
 
 Lat. 
 
 28».3o- 
 27.00 
 
 37.04 
 
 Medium 
 
 Long. W. aLond. 
 
 108.27 
 
 107.30 
 
 9930 
 
 110.45 
 120.00 
 
 108.00 
 
 760.12 
 108.36 
 
 1 06*. 00' 
 
 108.27 
 
 110.4s 
 
 325.12 
 
 » 
 
 Medium 
 
 108,24 
 
 The chart in the Dutch account of this voyage places JuAif 
 Fernandes in 122° E. from the eaftern part of New-Bri- 
 tain ; Juan Fernandes being 2° from Lima. The longitude 
 between New-Britain and Lima will be 124° according to. 
 Roggewein. This longitude having been fuppofed 133° 55'. 
 The proportion for the corredtion of Roggewein's longitude 
 will be 
 
 124* : 133° 5S' '■'■ longitude : true longitude, 
 or nearly 
 
 124 : 10 addition 
 tion required. 
 
 I have in the chart placed Easter Island in 106° 30' W. 
 as it agrees to the diicovery of Davis -, but I am not fatisfied^ 
 that this is the exaft fituaticn. In the following table I have 
 exprefled the fituations according to the Dutch relation and 
 
 I chart }, 
 
 longitude a Juan Fernandes : addi- 
 
I 
 
 L 
 
 14 D A T A ON WHICH THE CHART 
 
 cliart ; the ifl column contains the latitude, the 2d the date, 
 the 3d the places, the 4th the longitude from Juan Fernan- 
 DES, the 5th the addition made according to the correction 
 .ibove dated, the 6th the longitude from Juan Fernandes 
 after this corredlion, the 7th the longitude from London, ad- 
 mitting Juan Fernandes to be in 78* 30' W. the 8th is the 
 longitude from Easter Island according to the Dutch rela- 
 tion, 9th the longitude from Easter Island according to the 
 Dutch chart, and loth, the longitude according to the French 
 relation. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Long, 
 a Addit. 
 Juan Fern. 
 
 / 
 28.00 
 
 S. per cht. 
 
 I 
 
 27.00 
 
 S. 
 
 6 
 
 27* 
 
 S. 
 
 21 
 
 aj. 2 
 
 S. 
 
 27 
 
 14.4' 
 
 S. 
 
 21 
 
 15.00 
 
 S. per cht. 
 
 2S 
 
 15.17 
 
 S. 
 
 29 
 
 >S-47 
 
 S. 
 
 1 
 
 15.16 
 
 S. 
 
 12 
 
 15.00 
 
 S. per cht. 
 
 «4 
 
 13.41 
 
 S. 
 
 >S 
 
 April Prince's I. 
 Eafter I. 
 
 May, Pernicious I. 
 Flyl. ofSchouten 
 Foul Iflands 
 June, Recreation 
 
 Bauman Tflands 
 Single Iflaud 
 
 14 00 
 21.00 
 33.00 
 
 34-30 
 57-00 
 60.30 
 65.00 
 64.42 
 
 8352 
 
 87.30 
 88.4s 
 
 + '•07, 
 1.41 
 
 2-39 
 2.46 
 
 4-35 
 452 
 5.14 
 
 S- 
 6 
 
 7- 
 7- 
 
 ■•3 
 
 '■45 
 
 33 
 
 .09 
 
 Cor. Ion 
 
 a 
 J. Fern. 
 
 n I 
 
 = «S-07 
 22.41 
 
 35-39 
 37.16 
 
 61.3? 
 65.22 
 70.14 
 69.55 
 
 90-37 
 
 94 33 
 
 95 54 
 
 Long 
 
 a a 
 
 Lond. Eafterl 
 
 relat. D. chart 
 a 
 Ealler l. 
 
 F. relat, 
 
 a 
 Eafter I. 
 
 o , 
 93-37 
 
 lOI.ll 
 
 114.09 
 
 115.46 
 
 140.0; 
 
 143.52 
 
 14844 
 
 148.25 
 
 169.07 
 
 173 03 — 
 
 174.24 67.45 
 
 44.00 
 43.42 
 62.52 
 
 o t 
 7. 00 
 
 13.30 
 
 36.*o 
 
 39-30 
 44.00 
 
 43'42 
 
 E. 
 
 W. — 
 
 17. j6 
 
 18.51 
 
 22.0O 
 
 66.30) 
 68.30 J 
 
 27.00 
 
 The French relation is more circumftantial than the Dutch 
 in enumerating the iilands after leaving Easter Island, al- 
 though the longitudes are obvioufly erroneous. It may be ufe- 
 ful to fee how thefe iilands are fituated with refped to each 
 other, according to tlie French relation. 
 
 Eafler Ifland 
 
 CarlOioff 
 
 Pernicious Iflands, 4iflr.nds — " 
 
 12 leagues (36') W. a CarlQioff 
 
 Aurora 8 leagues (24') W. a Pernicious 
 
 Vefper 
 
 Labyrinth 6 iflands 25 leagues (7^') W. a Pernicious 
 
 3olc.-igues in extent 
 Recreation — .— ^»«,. 16,00 
 
 Bauniaa Iflandi » > ■ " ■ ts.co 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Long. Long, a Eafler I 
 
 28''.30' S. 
 
 263^00 
 
 J 5 -45 
 
 280.00 170.00' 
 17.36 
 
 283.60 
 290.00 
 
 18.00 
 18.51 
 
 22.00 
 27 00 
 
 The 
 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 n 
 
[. 
 
 OF THE S O U T H S E A WAS FORMED. 
 
 The French relation does not give the longitude of New- 
 Britain ; fo that there is no ftandard for corredion. 
 
 The Dutch places New-Britain in i66^ long, and confc- 
 quently makes it 102° 00' from the eaftern part of New-Bri- 
 tain to Easter Island; which, admitting Easter Island 
 to be in 106° 30', I make 104° 9', the Dutch being 2° 9' defi- 
 cient of my calculation : therefore 
 
 1 02". 00: 2° 9' :: long, i Easter Island: addition required^ 
 
 According to this corrc^ftion the following is the table of the 
 Dutch fituations. The laft column is the longitude a London, 
 fuppofing Easter Island to be in 108° 30' W. 
 
 Eafler Ifland 
 CarHliofF 
 Pernicious lilandi 
 Foul Iflands 
 Recreation 
 Bauman Iflands 
 Single Ifland 
 
 Itt. 
 
 27°ooS 
 
 14.41 
 
 15.17 
 
 'S-47 
 13.41 
 
 Long, a 
 Eafter. 
 
 Correft. 
 
 Cor. long. Long, a 
 
 a Eafter I. London. 
 
 o ♦ o , 
 
 — 106.30 
 
 44.00 + 0.55 
 43.42 o.ss 
 
 44.56 
 
 44 37 
 
 67.45 1.36 69.11 
 
 151.26 
 151.07 
 
 175.41 
 
 Lone, a 
 London. 
 
 e , 
 108.30 
 
 152.30 
 153.12 
 
 176.15 
 
 This table is not entirely confonant to the chart I have given 
 of the South Sea ; but I did not think it was neceflary to alter 
 the chart, as Roggewein's difcoveries are not fo exadly deter- 
 mined, that a few degrees of longitude can be effential ; as the 
 Dolphin, in her firft voyage, found fomeveftiges of the Afri- 
 can galley, which was loft at Pernicious Islands, the jour- 
 nal of that (liip will, perhaps, explain Roggewein's lon- 
 gitudes. 
 
 >S 
 
 O F 
 
OF THE 
 
 
 SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 NOT only our writers, but the Spaniards themfelves, 
 have committed great errors in re-capitulating the difco- 
 Veries of thefe iflands : it is, therefore, requifite to treat the 
 fubje(St with the utmofl attention, in order to avoid the confufion 
 and perplexity which has been introduced from the want of a 
 cautious examination of authorities. 
 
 De Bry, in his map publiflied at Frankfort, in 1596, the 
 very year Mend ana's fliip arrived at Manila, and confe- 
 quently, without any information from that voyage, defcribcs 
 the Salomon Islands : a minute examination of this map w^ill 
 evince that thefe iflands are what we now call New-Britain, 
 whereof Dampier gives a map. The comparifon of this map 
 with De Bry's convinced me many years ago of the point here 
 alledged -, and in the accompanying map I have exprefled my 
 idea of them : it may be, therefore, neceflary to explain how it 
 was conftruded. Firft a copy was made of Dampier ; De Bry 
 was then examined, and as cape St. George and cape St. 
 Mary were diftinguifliable points, the ifland St. Jago was 
 eafily determined : it cannot fail of ftriking every one how great 
 the fimilitude is in the two maps from cape St. Mary round 
 cape St. George. Dampier's low land, northward of cape 
 St. Mary's, pointed out the next channel : Slinger's bay is 
 obvioufly another; Dampier defcribes it thus. ** We got 
 within the mouth of the bay, and founded feveral times, but 
 had no ground, though within a mile of the fliore, the bafon 
 of the bay w?.s above two miles within us, in which we 
 might have gone j but as I was not allured of anchorage there, 
 
 *« Co 
 
 it 
 
 *i 
 
 
s. 
 

 
 o 
 
 g o 
 
 Hi 
 
 ? . 
 
 ^* 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 ;i-- d 
 
 f ^^^•^^<,, 
 
 c:i. 
 
 
 "a 
 
i 
 
 'm 
 
 >.v':5. 
 
OF THE SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 >7 
 
 " fo thought it not prudent to run in at this time, it being near 
 " night, and feeing a black tornado riiing in the weft." This 
 defcription feems to intimate that the lands overlap ; but the 
 depth implies that it was a ftrait ; the iflands on each fide of it 
 are laid down in De Bry, but without names ; they are the Ra- 
 mos, and St. Juan of Herrera. The low iflands, to the 
 northward of the largeft of thefe, are denoted by Dampier, 
 and poflibly may be what De Bry places to the eaftward of 
 Isabella; however thefe iflots cannot be expedled to be mi- 
 nutely defcribed in either. St. John's ifland of Dampier has 
 no place in De Brv t Awr. Cave's illands arc defcribed as one 
 only, nearly in the fituation given to them by Dampier j his 
 long namelefs ifland is Malarta de Aguada of De Bry, and 
 Malaita of liiiRRERA; Wishart's ifland is, I conceive, the 
 Atreguada of Herrera ; it is without name in De Bry : and 
 that without name in Dampier, to the northward of Wish art, 
 is called by De Bry,Nombre de Jesus. Cape Salomaswer of 
 Dampier feems to be the round ifland of De Bry to the 
 northward of Isabella. Sc^ually ifland, &c. have no place 
 in De Bry. 
 
 The fouthern part of the iflands is to be found in Dampier 
 only ; his two iflands near cape St. George are probably St a. 
 Catalina, and Sta. Anna, of Herrera. The channel 
 called St. George's by Dampier, he defcribes thus, ** The 
 " land from cape St. George trends W. N. W. lo leagues, 
 «* which is as far as we could fee it, and between it and ano- 
 ther point to the weftward, about lo leagues diftant, there 
 runs in a deep bay ; for 20 leagues or more we faw fome fpots 
 like iflands down in that bay at a great diftance, but whether 
 they are iflands, or the main clofing there, we know not." 
 Thefe fpots, I conceive, are hills on the ifland northward of 
 
 D St. 
 
 << 
 
 *t 
 
 <( 
 
 tc 
 
i8 
 
 OF THE SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 5| ?i' 
 
 i 
 
 St. Jago. St. Jago appears in Herrera's defcription to be 
 what De Bry calls Christoval, & vice ver/a. 
 
 The ifland Isabella, north fide of Dagoa, as De Bry 
 calls it, &c. are from De Bry. The fmall iflands Tres Ma- 
 rias of Herrera arc probably theeaftern three adjoining to the 
 long namelefs ifland of Dampier, or Malaita of Herrera. 
 
 St. Juan of Herrera lies between Atreguada and St. 
 Jago, as he names it, or Christoval of De Bry, which 
 correfponds, as before-mentioned, to the ifland on the fouth fide, 
 of Slinger's BAY j that on the north fide is the Ramos of 
 Hkrrera, which, agiccdblc to hit. defcription, lies eaft from 
 Isabella. Between them he places three iflands, Buena- 
 Vista, St. Dimas, and Florida which I prefume are the; 
 three iflands laid down in De Bry, though, according to 
 Herrera they are confiderably larger than here deferibed. 
 
 St. Mark, Aracifes, and Geronimo correfpond to Her- 
 rera's defcription,^ and are parts of what De Bry calls Dagoa., 
 It is very poflible they may be divided by channels into feveral. 
 iflands; port Montague maybe one channel, and De Bry 
 lays down an inlet, which falls between the S. cape and cape 
 Anne of Dampier^ 
 
 St. Mark and St. Nicolas are probabljrtwo diftindl:iflands> 
 and alfo St. George and Borbi other two ; thefe laft, I ima- 
 gine, are the two to the fouthward of Isabella. 
 
 Guadalcanal is S. W. from hence, according toHERRERA, 
 and whether we underfl:and the computation to be from Isa- 
 bella or Geronimo, it proves this land to be New-Guinea. 
 Lopez Vaz fays, they coafled Guadalcanal 150 leagues 
 (which is 514 miles), to 18 deg. S.-*; but it does not appear 
 that he is precife enough for us to judge of the extent of this 
 
 * Probably an error of the prefs for 15 deg. S. 
 
 country 
 
OF THE SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 country from his report i nor does he inform us from what 
 point this diilance is to be reckoned. 
 
 Herrera's map, the work of fome bungling geographer, is 
 entirely diflbnant to his defcription j he fays St. Mark, and 
 St. Nicolas are to the S. E. of Isabella; the map places them 
 to the S. W. with Aracifes between them: Herrera's 
 defcription places St. Geronimo, and not St. Mark, to the 
 weftward of Aracifes. Guadalcanal is to the S. and S. E. 
 of Isabella, by the map j but by the defcription S. W. Thefe 
 inftances are enough to fhew no attention is due to Herrera's 
 map. 
 
 All the printed accounts of the Spanifli difcoveries in this 
 quarter before 1595, are confufed and inconfiftent ; this is 
 owing to our not having the original journals of the navi- 
 gators employed in thefe expeditions. Thus, though it will 
 be found no difficult matter to trace Herrera in the plan, 
 the fize he gives of all the iflands is vaftly greater than what 
 Dampier's obfervations confine us to. Herrera's latitudes, as 
 well as De Bry's, exceed the truth by many degrees, Isa- 
 bella being placed by them between 8 and 9 deg. S. inflead of 
 4 deg. to 5 deg. S. This error in the latitude has been the great 
 fource of the confufion we meet with, and has prevented it from 
 being obferved,'that the Salomon iflands, difcovered in 1567, are, 
 in fadt, New-Britain, as a duecomparifonof De BRv'smap, 
 and Herrera's defcription with Dampier will plainly evince. 
 The fituation of thefe iflands at the extremity of New-Guinea, 
 one would have imagined, pointed this fadt too clearly to have 
 been overlooked by |^^(5>g'; *»herSf but Danville has not com- 
 prehended this part in his map of Asia, and there is no other 
 mod * » who deferves the name. 
 
 Not only De Brv's, but all the o/d maps, call the Affem- 
 blage of Iflands adjoining to this part of New-Guinea, the 
 
 D 2 Salo- 
 
 '9 
 
20 
 
 OF THE SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 Salomon iflands,and it is the t)2odern maps only which appro- 
 priate this name to idands in the middle of the ocean. Orte- 
 Lius's maps, 1587, and 1589, lay them down at the termina- 
 tion of Niiw-GuiNiiA, from i deg. to 1 1 deg. S. lat. The ex- 
 tent eaftward is protradled beyond all meafure, comprehending 
 20 deg. of longitude. The two draughts do not agree, and 
 both feem to be laid down at random : of all the ancient charts, 
 De Bry's feems to be the beft and moft explanatory. 
 
 HERRERAwillhelp to confirm the pofition,**thattheSALOMON 
 illands are New-Britain : " for after giving a detail of the coaft 
 of New-Guinea, the firft point whereof he places looleagues 
 (5 deg. 28 min.) E. a Jilolo, in little more than i deg. S. he 
 fays it extends from hence eaftward to the latitude of 5 deg. or 6 
 deg. S. about 300 leagues (1028 min. = 17 deg. 8 min.) which 
 agrees exadly to Dampier's map ; for cape Good Hope be- 
 ing 3 deg. to the E. of Jilolo, and St. John's by Dampier 
 19 deg. 30 min. from cape Good Hope, places St. John's 22 
 deg. 30 min. from Jilolo j and by Herrera, the extreme be- 
 ing 17 deg. 8 min. from Primera Punta, which is 5 deg. 
 28 min. from Jilclo, the fum 22 deg. 36 min. is the fituation 
 of the extreme from Jilolo. 
 
 Although De Bry defcribes Dagoa as an illand, it was 
 afterwards fuppofed to be part of New-Gitinea ; and although 
 it was probably known in the firft voyage to be feparated from 
 New-Guinea, the little precifion in the reports we have of 
 thafvoyage, makes it not wonderful a contrary opinion fliould 
 gain ground, till Dampier put the matter out of doubt by fail- 
 ing between them. A circumftance he mentions is of great ufe 
 in tracing the fource of this ill-grounded opinion, which is to 
 be found in many maps. Some years ago I faw a Spanifh MS. 
 chart, with Quiros's track on this coaft j I had at that 
 time fcarce ability, and no opportunity, to examine it mi- 
 
 2 nutely 
 
OF THE SALOMON ISLANDS. 
 
 21 
 
 (( 
 
 tt 
 
 t« 
 
 nutely ; this chart laid down what we call New-Britain as a 
 continued land joining to the main of New-Guinea, and form- 
 ing a deep elbow on the north ; it continued the coaft much 
 farther fouthward, than Dampiek places New-Britain, but 
 although Dampier has omitted it in his chart, he faw land to 
 the fouthward, being off St. George's bay, he fays, " we 
 faw other land to the S. E. of the wefternmoft point, which 
 till then was clouded ; it was very high land, and the fame 
 we faw the day before that difappeared in a cloud when 
 a- b re aft of cape St. Geoboe, the weftern point bearing W. 
 " by S. 1- S. and the diftant land S. W. by S. 12, or 14 leagues." 
 This land is propably the high ifland adjoining to Bultig, in 
 the Geelvink's voyage ; and thefe iflands probably led the 
 Spaniards into the error of defcribing it as a continued coaft. 
 
 It has been obferved, Herrera places Primera Punta, on 
 New-Guinea, in i deg. S. lat. 5 f E. of Jilolo : to underftand 
 this it will be neceffary to refer to the ancient charts, wherein 
 Primera Punta is placed on the eaft fide of aftrait dividing 
 New-Guinea from the iflands to the weftward, which in gene- 
 ral went under the name of Papua : in this ftrait lies a large 
 ifland, called Meneses ifland, from D. Jorge de Meneses, 
 who wintered fomewhere to thenorthwardof it in 1527. Thefe 
 maps call the large ifland of Papua, which forms the ftrait on 
 the weft fide, 9EIRAM, though it is probable this is divided into 
 feveral by channels, as is reported in the firft difcovery by the 
 Portuguese, in 151 1.-— Having determined w/mt and iv/iere 
 the Salomon iflands are, it would be foreign to the fubjed: to 
 enter into a detail of the reports concerning them and the other 
 parts of Papua. 
 
>9> 
 
 cw 
 
 M 
 
 U 
 
 en 
 
 1 
 
 «« 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 ages 
 
 J 
 
 Grijal 
 lado 
 
 >s 
 
 .s 
 
 e " 
 
 ^ 
 
 •o 
 
 1"? 
 
 
 s 
 
 (1^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 tx 
 
 
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ACCOUNT 
 
 OF SOME 
 
 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 ;ii'.."i 
 
 A T 
 
 S O O L O O. 
 
 AS there is little probability that I fliall have either leifurc 
 or opportunity to publiHi the obfervations I made in my 
 late voyages, I thought the following curfory remarks of the 
 natural curiofities at Sooloo, would be an acceptable commu- 
 nication to the Public. I have not the qualifications of a natu- 
 ralift, either of drawing or fcience, but the fingularity ^of the 
 fubjedts will entitle thefe remarks to attention, and they may 
 have their ufe, in Simulating others to more accurate and fci- 
 entific defcriptions of the curiofities here mentioned. 
 
 ACCOUNT of the SOOLOO PEARL FISHERY. 
 
 Tp H E Pearl Fifhery at Sooloo is fcarce any where to be fur- 
 pafled, whether we confider the great extent of the banks, 
 or the fine colour of the pearls j the Pearl-Fifhery is a fubjeft not 
 very diftindlly treated by authors, and, in general, little under*- 
 ftood : what is hereafter related is chiefly from perfonal obfer- 
 vation, and I have taken care to be well informed in what is 
 mentioned on report. 
 
 I fhall divide what is faid on this fubjeft under three confi- 
 derations: — the oyjfers, &c. in which the pearls are produced, the 
 
 B PangloO' 
 
i 
 
 ol 
 
 a- NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 Pangholoorookt or divers, who find them, and the places where 
 they are found. 
 
 The pearl itfelf is a gem fo well known, that it would be im- 
 pertinent to attempt a defcription of it, and its recefs in the bo- 
 fom of the abyfs prevents any rational inquifition into its 
 formation. 
 
 However, not to be entirely £lent on this head, the mott 
 common opinions may be flightly mentioned. 
 
 1. The Arabian fable, that the pearl is a drop of rain. This, 
 fantaftic opinion is adopted by Sultan Allamodin, from a ftrong 
 prejudice in favour of the Arabian authors ; and, in confirma- 
 tion of it, he pretends, that during rain the Heepye are fre- 
 quently feen at the furface j the divers pretend this happened 
 aniiently^ but does not now: that alone is fufficicnt to over- 
 throw the confirmation brought to fupport the Arabian fable. 
 
 2. The opinion that it is a difeafe in the fifli. This con- 
 jedure feesms to have as little foundation as the Arabian hypo- 
 thefis, for the pearls are frequently found ia the ihell, fome- 
 timcs entirely concealed in it, and even fometimes, it is faido, 
 iiX the outer part : the opinion of the Sultan, that the pcarh 
 grow, and, when they get rid of the fheH, are fwallowcd Irp^ the 
 fifh, is, at leaft, equally dubious. 
 
 3. Nor is the conje<3:ure that the pearls are only detacl*Bd, 
 drops of the fubftance which forms the (hell, better war- 
 ranted : the fhjell and pearls are very different in. appear- 
 ance, and the Jail are always defedtive, when, united with the 
 former. 
 
 The moil probable fentiment, therefore, feeras to be, that 
 the pearl is one of the perfed produdions of nature,, rather than 
 an abortion of the lefs perfe(ft. 
 
 The pearls receive different denominatiqns from thepart of the 
 Teepye whei'ein they are found, thofe in the fifli are called Mootya 
 
 Tack- 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 Tack'T^ack ; when inclofed in the fhcll, without adhering to it, 
 Mootya Leeboon: of this kind Sultan Badarodin, father to 
 the prefent Sultan, once got a fliell, containing in one hole, 
 twelve pearls ; fome pretty large and well fhaped, but this is 
 very rare : the pearls adhering to the {hell are named 
 Pearls found in the exterior rim are yellowifti, even the fliell 
 there having a tint from the brown part without it : thofe found 
 in the part of the oyfter, adhering to the fliell, are always 
 very ill fliaped : the beft pearls are found in the white part of 
 the oyfter, or in the head of the fliell, near the joint, where 
 it is of the evenefl: furface, and beft colour. The. fame holds 
 good with other parts ; for although the pearl in the fifli are 
 generally the beft, the degrees of perfeftion of thofe found in 
 the different parts of the fliell, correfpond to thofe of the 
 different parts of the fifti. 
 
 The fhell-fifli from whence the Sooloos obtain pearls, are of 
 different kinds, but the Teepye is the chief. 
 
 The proper Teepye are of various fizes, though feldom lefs 
 than 8, or more than 12 inches in diameter. Theoutlide is a 
 rough white coat, commonly encrufted with coral, fea plants, 
 znA Jhell-Jijh '. fometimes they have young Teepje adhering by a 
 beard of green hair. The inlide of the Teepye fliells is of afmooth 
 lucid furface, having an infinite variety of colours, as expofed 
 to different lights ; it is much ufed by the Chinefe, not only in 
 inlayed works, but for counters, and other toys, chafed dreffing- 
 boxes, &c. as well as for making falfc pearl, which are no- 
 thing but fmall beads of this fhell. It is on this account a va- 
 luable article of commerce ; fo that the fiflicry, exclufive of the 
 pearls, is an obje<ft of very confidcrable importance. The ex- 
 terior rim of thefe (hells is of an olive brown, about two inches 
 extent nearly in all fliells, the fmall ones having a much greater 
 proportion than the large j it is thin and brittle, fo that they 
 
 B 2 are 
 
NATURAL CURIOSITIES' 
 
 are confiderably diminiflied in weight by this being broke ofF, 
 but the valuable part of the fhell is not liable to injury from- 
 common accidents, though the Teepye are much heavier when 
 firfl: gathered, than afterwards ; lofing in their weight by de- 
 grees, till they are perfedly dry : very foon after they are taken 
 up, the ftiells open a little, but it is very difficult to tear the two 
 fhells afunder, without cutting the oyfter. 
 
 It is faid the Chinefe grind off the outer coat, and then the 
 fmooth body is free from all impurities j it is difpofed in lamina,, 
 and has, from nature, a perfect polifh on the outfide, after 
 taking off the coat, though within there are frequently ex- 
 crefcences and inequalities. 
 
 The Teepye yield the beft pearl's, but, perhaps, not one of 
 A thoufand ihells have any pearls at all ; on the other hand, fe» 
 veral are frequently found in the fame (hell. Although the 
 Teepye have more rarely pearls, than any oxhtt pearl-oyjers, what 
 they have are generally larger : this is the reafon why large 
 pearls are more common, and fmall lefs frequent in theSooloo 
 filhery than in others, as the Sooloos only fifli for the Teepye. 
 
 The great variety in the pearl is, perhaps, as great a curiofity 
 as the gem itfelf : fome of the Teepye pearls are jet black j 
 thefe, when confiderable in iize, are very rare. There is a. 
 pearl at Sooloo, exadly of the fliape and figure of a bit of gin- 
 ger-root, of a very lucid, though yellowifh, colour : others re- 
 femble the cat's-eye in tiie playing light, which is fometimes in. 
 a fpiral line. 
 
 Here, perhaps,^ it ought to be obferved, that the Sooloos. 
 have the art of improving pearls ; though this is contradidory 
 to the criterion generally alledged of pearls. All foulnefs 
 they take away with great facility by a very fimple procefs. 
 
 The Teepye feem, in fome meafure, gregarious, for gene- 
 rally where the divers find any, there arefeveral: this is pro- 
 bably 
 

 •■"1 
 
A T 
 
 S O O L O O. 
 
 bably owing to the fpawn being lodged together. The gene- 
 ration of all teflaceous animals, is one of the arcana of nature, 
 which remain hitherto uninveftigated, though none can afford 
 a fairer prolpedt of a fuccefsful difquifition, than the largis 
 fhell-iifh found in the Sooloo fea». 
 
 It is remarkable every Teepye has two fmall hbjiers in its 
 body, evidently male and female : fome, it is faid,. contain four 
 lobfters, but. I have not obferved more than two^ and feveral 
 of the divers have aflured me they never faw more. The fe- 
 male is about an inch in length, the male is rather lefs -, each 
 has two large claws: in the female thefe claws are little different 
 from each other j in the male, one is much larger than the 
 other : fometimes the right, fometimes the left. The bodies of 
 thofe lobfters ace very beautiful, being tranfparent, with many 
 red fpots. The female has alfo white fpots, and it is the mod 
 fpotted : fome of the females have fmaller fpots than others, 
 and thefe, having moft in number, are the darkeft. The eyes 
 are placed near the extremity,, one on each iide ; the eyes of 
 the female are of a pearl colour j of the male, tranfparent : both 
 have a bunch of horns at the extremity of the head. Their 
 bodies are contraded about the middle; that of the female in- 
 creaCes much from thence, fo that the lower part of the body is 
 larger than the upper j that of the male very little, and. termi- 
 nates in a tail like a lobfter : the female has a tail alfo, but 
 ihort, extending abruptly from the body, not defcending gra- 
 dually as that of the male. The female has a red fubflance 
 within its body of this figure \/^, the upper part blackifh: 
 the male has a black fpot not very regular in figure tQ> (^ , andl 
 of lefs extent. The female has under the tail and belly, many 
 cggsj thefe examined in a microfcope, appeared to be Teepye 
 fliells, and fome red fpots were alfo vifible, which maybe the 
 
 lobilerSf^ 
 
NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 lobfters, or, perhaps, of the outer rim of the oyfter, which iia 
 fome is orange-coloured. 
 
 There is from hence room to conjeiVure ihzt Jhell-Jlflj in ge- 
 neral are generated by fuch lobjierst for the feveral fpecies com- 
 mon in the Sooloo feas, as Manangcyy Teefye Bafo, Capees, 
 Beehngy Bincongt Seedap^ &c. I have been afTured always have two 
 Jabjiers, though every fpecies of Jhell-Jijh has a diftind fpecies 
 of the lobjiers. It was obvious to all the Sooloos, who faw 
 the t^^ of the Teepye lohjier, that it was a proper Teepye ; and 
 they were from thence convinced, that thefe fifli are generated in 
 this manner. The Sultan on this occafion mentioned a fable 
 they have amongft them. A monkey fitting very penfivc on the 
 fliore, with his arms crofTed, as they often do, being afked 
 what was was the matter ? Replied, " He was confidering hovr 
 thy Maw^y/Tgry arc produced." 
 
 fiefides the 7eepye there are many kinds oijhell-jtfh from 
 whence the Sooloos obtain ^tfr/i. 
 
 Teepye Bato. They are found about Sooloo» at Balam- 
 
 BANGAN, and fome of the adjoining iflands : they arc 
 
 generally fmaller than the Teepye^ they are found amongft 
 
 rocks i from whence its name : the fbell is of a blueifh 
 
 caft, and the rim black : it yields vccy fine pearls, but 
 
 rarely are any found in thefe fhells. 
 
 Capees. Thefe feem to be the Perfia peart-»^Jler, and are 
 
 little different from the Teepye, but in fize ; they are only 
 
 about four inches in diameter, they are alfo deeper in prow 
 
 portion, that is one fhell, for the other is almofl quite 
 
 flat. Few are withoi!C pearls, mofl have feveral, which, 
 
 in general are perfectly round, though commonly fmall. 
 
 The colour is different from the Teepye pearls ; generally 
 
 they are of a fire colour, not yellow, but of a vivid 
 
 tranfparency. Amongft a parcel brought to Sooloo by 
 
 fome 
 
 .. ■r*.^">'^i..'i-: V .^ 
 
A T 
 
 S O O L O O. 
 
 Ibme Buguefe from Malloodoo, in 1764, there was 
 one Capees pearl, of a very fine Whitewater, round, and 
 prcttty large, but fuch are very rare : in the fame parcel 
 there was above fixty fire-coloured, perfectly round, and 
 extremely fine, though moftly from i to 7 1 grains 
 weight. 
 
 Some afcribe the colour of the Capees pearls to the 
 Hiuddinefs of the bottom : others to the fhallownefs of 
 the water : it is more probable that it is the nature of the 
 CapeeSy than occafioned by either, for the people of 
 Malloodoo bay, where they are in great plenty, aflured; 
 me dieyare chiefly found in the fand. 
 
 The Capees are net common to all parts of the Sooloo- 
 feas, as the other kinds of fifli, but are confined chiefly 
 to Malloodoo bay, though they are found alfo at Am- 
 BONG, and it is faidin fome parts of Tiroon. AiMal-^ 
 LOO'000 the Capees are not got as the Teepye at Sooloo, by 
 divers, but at low water by the women,,who, it is faid, look. 
 tfter them more for the fake of the fifh than pearl : they 
 are found chiiefly in the fand, which is full of them, and 
 thoie found in fand have many peads. They feek for 
 ihem from the depth of a man's middle to breafi; under 
 water, though they have them alfo, ev€n in fo deep wa- 
 ter as fix fathom. 
 
 The Sysejip is what is conunonly called the pearl-oyfter, 
 whereof the windows are made : they yield alfo many, 
 pearls, but of an inferior quality. Thefe (hells are com- 
 mon over almoft the whole Sooloo feas. 
 
 Beelong,. in figure, fomewhat refembles the Syfeep: it is 
 a purplijQi (hell, of very little capacity; frequently 
 diftortcd like a thin cake by the heat of an oven j the 
 young fhell^ are very tranfparent, and of a beautiful con- 
 
 a texture,. 
 
.'"'* 
 
 "i 
 
 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 texture, in fret-work filaments; but the old have a 
 rough vvhitifli coat without. It is not be doubted thefe 
 lliells might alfo be put to fome ufe. The fifli of this, 
 as well as of the other kinds, is good food; but the pearls 
 are very fmall, commonly of a bad (hape, and ill colour, 
 though I have fcen fome round ones of a lead colour, 
 tiken from thefe fhells, which are common in all parts 
 of the Sooloo feas. 
 
 BiNCONG is a fpecies of mufcle, within of a blueifli colour, 
 iiat, and fhaped fomething like a pick-axe. It is found 
 amongfl the iflands of Sooloo, Balambangan, &c. 
 
 See DAP is alfo a fpecies of mufcle, fhaped like a battle-axe. 
 The pearls from it are as fine as thofe of the l^eepye, 
 and are frequently found. The Hiell is blackifh like a 
 mufcle on the outfide, and within like the Teepye \i\\}n. 
 a yellowiih tinj;e- 
 
 Manangcy, otKeema, called fl«w^tf by the Chinefe, is a 
 ihell-fifh, generally denominated cockles by our voy- 
 agers : they are common in many parts of India, and 
 are, without queftion, what Dampier defcribes in his 
 New-Guinea expedition. Some of them are of an 
 amazing magnitude; it is faid on the weft coaft oi Suma- 
 tra they have been found fo large as to contain fifty gal- 
 lons in the two fhells. I brought to England a pair 
 fiincd at Balambangan, each of which meafured 2 feet 
 8 inches. Some Sooloos pretend to have feen them infinitely 
 larger, particularly one in the fea, near the weftern part of 
 Tavitavee, of an incredible magnitude. There is un- 
 doubtedly fomething there that refembles a Manangcy y but 
 the extraordinary fize inclines me to imagine it .is a rock 
 in this figure, though the divers infift it is a Manangcy, 
 However thefe fhells feldom exceed four feet long. 
 
 Thefe 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 Thefe (hells are fcalloped ; the interior part of a perfect 
 
 milk white, and finely poliflied, but without it is rough, 
 
 like a cockle-fhell. The (hell does not lye flat on the 
 
 on the ground like the Teepe^ but fl:ands on-edge. The 
 
 filh is very fingularj the lips, which are fometimes brown, 
 
 fometimes green, appearing to be full of eyes, when the 
 
 fhell is opened ; the fifli is much efteemed by the Chinefe, 
 
 and has the advantage over the fea-Jlug in keeping 
 
 a long time when dried. They abound in many places 
 
 of the SooLOo diftri<fts, particularly about the iflands 
 
 at the northern point of Borneo. The Sooloos make 
 
 lime of the fhell, which they eat with their beetles 
 
 but it is very hot, and therefore not fo much efteemed as 
 
 the lime made of coralines. The large ones, in general, 
 
 yield pearls very various in appearance ; the moft beautiful 
 
 of them I have ever feen of that fize is Lord Pigot's, 
 
 which weighs 8 dwt. 17 grs. and is t2- of an inch long, 
 
 and 41 of an inch in diameter. 
 
 Lord PiGOT had one of the Manangcy pearl fawed through 
 
 the middle j it was very dull, and indeed quite opake on the 
 
 outfide, but in the centre was found one of the cat's-eye kind, 
 
 about the fize of a pea; it is, therefore, probable all the 
 
 Manangcy pearls have fuch a centre. 
 
 It is no eafy matter to diftinguifh the proper names for the 
 diflferent fpecies of (hell-fifh at Sooloo, fcarce any two perfons 
 agreeing in the application of the fame name. The Teepye, 
 Teepye Bate, Capees, and Manangcy are known by all, but the 
 names of the others are lefs determinate j and, therefore, tho* 
 the names have been applied from what appeared the befl autho- 
 rity, it is far from being maintained that they are right : at the 
 fame time fome perfons, exprefling them otherwife, does not 
 (hew the names here given them to be wrong. 
 
 C It 
 
I 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 10 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 It is, perhaps, impofliblc to account for the origin of pearls: 
 many bodies in the Sooloo diftridts, befides the fliell-fifli above- 
 mentioned, yield them. It is hard to fay, whether this Angu- 
 larity be owing to the water, to the air, or to what ; but I have 
 been informed of twenty fpecies of pearl, befides the con- 
 cretions in beads, which pafs under the general denomination 
 o( goolegay and are of various kinds and appearances. Thefe con- 
 cretions are not confined to tejlaceous animals j 'vegetables^ &c. 
 have them alfo: that found in the heetle-nut is extremely beau- 
 tiful ; but that from the tilla-tillay a fea-bird, is reported ti> 
 furpafs all the others, being finely painted. Some have a re- 
 femblance to the cat's-eye. 
 
 The feveral concretions which the Sooloos reckon under the 
 denomination of pearls, are 
 
 MooTYA Teepye. 
 
 Teepye Bato, /. e. Rock Teepye* 
 
 Capees» 
 
 Syseep. 
 
 Beelong. 
 
 Seedap. 
 
 BiNCONG* 
 
 Laseen.. 
 
 Manang-cy. 
 
 Gam AT, a fpecies oifea-Jlug, or 5echa de Mar; 
 
 Kaitan, Shark. 
 
 TiLLA-TiLLA, a fca-bird. 
 
 Bonbon, in the froth of the fea. 
 
 Sannam, /. e, ant-pearl; this feems to be a mineral. 
 
 Bato, ftone* 
 
 OoLAN, /, e. rain-pearii 
 
 Cahoe, wood-pearl, 
 
 Candees, 
 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 Candees, jeflaminc-pearl. 
 BooNGA, beetle-nut-pearl. 
 BooA, coconut-pearl. 
 
 The greateft part of the divers are flaves to the Sultan, &c. 
 They are entitled to their freedom in confideration of their find- 
 ing a very large pearl for their mafters, who alfo receive all 
 weighing above four choochook ♦. Formerly the ftandard was 
 fix or eight, but now the Lords have reduced the privilege of 
 the divers, though it is but feldom they deliver any pearls 
 without receiving a compenfatlon. All pearls under four choo- 
 chook belong to the finder. 
 
 No perfon can receive or purchafe a pearl due to the Lord 
 from his vaffal, without fubjedting himfelf to lofe the pearl and 
 money given for it : this is the fource of infinite difputes. To 
 evade the right of the Lord, the Pangloohorooks frequently rub 
 off the outer coats of the pearl, till they reduce them to the fize 
 to which they are entitled. 
 
 The beft divers are thofe of Parang andMvMBOoM, called 
 Samar-Lipit, and of Seekooboom : antiently Simonor was 
 famous for divers, but is not now. At other places there may 
 be here and there fome expert divers, but in general they are 
 inferior to thofe above-mentioned. At Samar Laut, which 
 comprehends the iflands to the N. E. of Sooloo, they have 
 introduced the ufe of the pality and have almoft relinquifhed 
 diving. 
 
 The divers never ufe any expedient to facilitate their conti- 
 nuing under water, but drawing up their breath in the hollow 
 of their hands ; and even this fcarce ever is pradtifed by profefled 
 divers, who commonly go down in the depths of 7 or 8, to 12 
 or 15 fithom; but though a few can dive in 20 fathom, that is 
 
 u 
 
 * About I Pennyweight, 
 C 2 
 
 too 
 
13 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 too great a depth for the fifliery. They fwim to the bottom, 
 tumbling when they Hrfl plunge into the water, and then making 
 long ftrokes, get out of fight in three or four. They rife a con- 
 fiderable diftance from the place where they go down, but this 
 didance is merely accidental, from the direction they go along 
 the bottom, their fortune in finding (hells, and the time the 
 diver continues under water ; they generally remain from one to 
 two minutes, but in warm funfhine they can flay, perhaps, 
 longer. There is one, now an old man, his name Bantara« 
 who cut down the main-mafl: of a large Chinefe junk under 
 water, though this was not at once diving ; the time of his 
 continuance under water, he defcribed to me to be ** fo long 
 as is required to make a difh of chocola,te." But he is reckoned 
 the b^fl diver that ever was at Sooloo. 
 
 The fame efied attends the firfl attempt here as in other 
 places : and even profefTed divers have, after diving, their eyes 
 much inflamed ; in fome this goes off, but in others it always 
 lemains. Many are deflroyed by the fifhes, particularly by the 
 jharks, and poggyes, or fea-devilst which are common here in 
 calm weather. It is difficult to defcribe thefe monflers, fome 
 of which equal a fmall boat in fize, and are often feen in mofl 
 parts of the Sooloo feas. It is faid the befl time for diving is 
 the night, when the luminous appearance of the water frightens 
 away the fifh ; but then the divers cannot fee. The Pangloo* 
 Joorook do not chufe to open the fhells, till they have finifhed 
 their days fifhing, from a fuperftitious notion that the Teepye, 
 on knowing their fellows are killed, will hide themfelves. 
 
 Some of the pearl- fifhers make ufe of a kind of creeper, which 
 they call palit, in fifhing for the Teepye. Some alfo have in- 
 flruments to tear them from the ground, but mofl do this with 
 their hands only. 
 
 A boat. 
 
AT S O O L O ,0. 
 
 A boat, with two or three perfons will, in a day, get about 
 40 or 50 ihcUs, fometimcs even 100, and fometimes fcarcc 
 any. In calm weather they have beft fuccefs, as they can 
 then fee the Tcepye on the fand before they dive ; but at other 
 times, or in deep water, they muft depend much on chance. 
 
 There are two proper fcafons for the fifhery, three months at 
 the termination of the S. W. and four months at the expiration 
 of the N. E. winds. Thefe feafons alter according to the conti- 
 nuance of the monfoons ; but in general the firft may be reck- 
 oned from the middle September, to the middle of December ; 
 and the laft contains February, March, April, and May. But 
 at Tavitavee, furrounded with an infinity of fhoals, and at 
 fuch like places they can fiih at all times, except when the 
 current is very ftrong : this objedlion, the want of water, and 
 diftance from Sooloo, make the Peel as bank almoH; ufdefs to 
 them. 
 
 The pearl banks feem inexhauftible, not only as no dimi- 
 nution is found in the quantity by fiihing, but as they extend 
 almoft over the whole Sooloo dominions, particularly from 
 Sanoboy to Tavitavee, a track with little interruption, about 
 150 miles long, and, in fome places, full half that in breadth. 
 However, thefe banks are in many parts too deep for diving, 
 though the Panglooloorook are excellent in their profeffion. 
 The Teepye are found alfo at Maratua, above 200 miles to 
 the fouthward of Tavitavee ; at Balabac, about 200 to 
 the weflward, and in many of the intermediate places. Indeed 
 it is imagined, by the mod intelligent Sooloos, that Palawan, 
 &c. have Teepye banks, but from the want of divers, they re- 
 main unexamined. 
 
 There are many places where pearls are feldom found in the 
 Teepye^ and others where they are more frequent, as particu- 
 larly Teomabalj however, this feems to be an opinion not 
 ftri<aiy juft, and to arife from the greater plenty of Teepye in 
 
 fome 
 
 »3 
 
H 
 
 I 
 
 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 fomc places than in others, particularly at Teomabal they are 
 in very great plenty, but of 1540 Teepye caught by the prefent 
 Sultan (Allamodin) at a fifliing party there, he did not get the 
 value of one dollar in pearls. Perhaps in deep w ater there may 
 be a greater number of pearls, in proportion to the Teepye, but 
 then the dirficulty of getting the fhells is fo much greater. No 
 place in the Sooloo feas equals Peelas, and the iflands adjoin- 
 ing to Sangbov ; the water is not deep, generally from feven 
 to eight fathom, and the fliclls fo large, that the white part of 
 fonie is a foot in diameter; of thefe fourteen weigh a pecul j 
 of what are found about Sooloo generally 40 or 50. Tacoot 
 Pabanoowan has alfo great plenty of fine TeepyCy but there 
 they find many Iharks. The Peelas fifliery has two inconve- 
 niencies, one is the diftance from Sooloo and the inhabited 
 iflands ; the other the ftrong tides, which greatly impede their 
 fuccefs. 
 
 Antiently the pearl banks were confidered as family poflefli- 
 ons, but fince the univerfal admiflion of the Mahometan Law, 
 the fta being deemed incapable of fuch a proprietary, the banks 
 are free to all perfons, even ftrangers. 
 
 Edible birds- 
 nelh 
 
 Th-i Edible Birds-nest is no where -jund in greater abun- 
 dar.ce or excellence than in fome of the Sooloo diftri(^s. 
 Various accounts have been given of its formation ; fome pre- 
 tend very po^tively that on the coaft of Cochin China the birds 
 have been pt: :,iived to pick up a particular fpecies 0^ fea-fmke, 
 common on that coaft, from which they form the fubflance at 
 prefent under confidcration. I have indeed feen the rjcjls on 
 this coaft, and even with the broken egg-Hiells in them ; but 
 I never faw any fuch fnakes there, though I was on the coal't of 
 Cochin China from the beginning of June, to the end of 
 Auguft, 1760. Snakes are indeed common in the feas around 
 
 Sooloo, 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 SooLOO, wherever there are foundings : fome report thefe nefts 
 to be formed of a vegetable production, which is moft probably 
 the agal-agal hereafter mentioned. The natives of SooLoo can 
 give no account of the compofition of the birds-nejl j paffing, 
 therefore, over the origin of thefe nefts for the future difqui>- 
 iition of the naturalift, it is to be obferved : 
 
 The bird to which the neft belongs very much refembles a 
 martin, though fmaller : it is alledged, with feeming good 
 reafon, that there are three fpecies of this fwalloiv, having 
 white, red, and black breafts, and that they communicate to 
 their nefts the nature of their feathers. 
 
 The TiRooN diftridts, on the eaft coaft of Borneo, have 
 fcarce any but white; red is found at the iilands of Mantan- 
 NANE, adjoining to the N. W. coaft of Borneo, and the black, 
 almoft every where in the Sooloo dominions. The laft is very 
 much mixed with feathers, but feems in nothing elfe different 
 from the white ; but the other, even where clear from feathers, 
 has a tinge of red. If the nefts are not annually removed, the 
 birds make ufe of them again, fo that by age, and acceflion of 
 dirt, they lofe their whitenefs and purity. 
 
 The birds form their nefts chiefly in fubterraneous caves, 
 fome whereof are very difficult of accefs, particularly -^t Mag- 
 LooMBA, a fmall ifland, or rock, to the S. W. of Sooloo : the 
 perfjns who go in queft of the nefts, are obliged to dive under 
 water to eater it, the hole in the top of the ifland being too 
 fmall tc admit a man. 
 
 The nefts formed on the main, or on large iflands, fuch as 
 Borneo, are more efteemed by the Chinefc, who are the chief 
 admirers of this luxury, than what is got on fmall iflands. In. 
 general, the whiter it is, the higher the value ; but that from 
 the Sooloo dominions on Borneo, though notfo white as whiit 
 is found in the Calamianes, is more valuable by ? fourth; 
 ■'*' part.;; 
 
 TS 
 
i6 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 part ; this preference is, by fome, afcribed to its fwelling much 
 in boiling; by others, to a faltnefs in the birds-neft found in 
 
 fmall iflands. 
 
 Thefe nefts are not eafily defcribed ; they are flat on the fide 
 towards the rock to which they are affixed 5 in general the out- 
 ward extremity is nearly femi-circular, bending upwards, how- 
 ever, fo as to form a hollow cup, as u receptacle for the eggs. 
 The neft is compofed of a glutinous fubflance, very compact, 
 diipofed in even filaments without, but within in very rugged 
 fretwork, fomewhat refembling the infide of bones, the com- 
 ponent threads, as they appear, being very unequal in fize. 
 Generally the part towards the rock is foul find moift, but the 
 exteriour part, when dry, is extremely brittle. 
 
 Ajgal-Agal. 
 
 Coralines and 
 Black-Coral. 
 
 The jigal-Agal is a fea plant ; there are feveral fpecies, all 
 difl!blvable in water, by which it is reduced to a glutinous 
 fubftance, like congee. The Chinefe ufe it for gumming their 
 filks and paper, and they fay nc thing equals it for pafte, as it is 
 not liable to be eat by vermin, fo that probably it may be ad- 
 vantageoufly applied in book-binding, and to many other ufes: 
 the Chinefe alfo eat it, and hold it in great eftimation. The Chi- 
 nefe, who are in nothing more remarkable than in their whim- 
 fical manufaiftures, make of it a very extraordinary kind of 
 lanterns ; they are formed of netted thread, wafhed over with 
 this gum, they are extremely light, and very tranfJDarent. 
 
 The Coralines of Sooloo are very various in kind, and it is 
 reported there are in the Sooloo feas fome extraordinary 
 coral-trees j I have feen fome fi:alks of black coral, above twelve 
 feet long, but the Sooloos mention others of very great mag- 
 nitude. A tree at Basseelan, one at Pooloo Gaya, on the 
 a N. W*. 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 N. W. fide of Borneo, and another at Tambaloolan, near 
 the north end, if confonant to the defcription, muft be very 
 fingulai' curiofities ; they pretend the laft is 20 or 30 feet high, 
 with many large branches. I have the handle of a crifs made 
 of black coralt v/hich is full i inch ^ broad. 
 
 >7 
 
 There is a remarkable plant which grows wild at Soo- Tublce. 
 LOO, though it is cultivated at Basseelan and Tave- 
 TAVEE i I have never feen it grow, but it has been defcribedto 
 be a fmall bufli ; it is called T^ublee^ and has the quality of - 
 inebriating fifli by a milky juice. In the ftate in which it is 
 ufed, it refembles fmall black twigs tied together, and one or 
 both ends being beat, diving under water, they thruft it under 
 the coral rocks, or hollows, where the fifh haunt ; the efFedt 
 is moft fenfible in flill water, but even in the open fea 1 have 
 feen its effedts in inebriating the fifli, which prefently float on 
 the furface half dead, and fome even totally without life : the 
 uncultivated is not fo ftrong as that from Basseelan and 
 Tavee Tavee. The effeft alfo is confequent to circumftances 
 of place, as, in deep water, or where there is a free circulation, 
 the fifli will be often perceived under water to have lofl: their 
 poize, without being brought up to the furface. They are not 
 the leafl: obnoxious, or ill-tafl:ed, fr<>m this manner of catching. 
 
 Amongfl: the vegetables none appears to be more an ob- Ippoo. 
 jedl of curiofity than the Ippoo^ which is the tree from whence 
 the famous Borneon poifon is extraded ; but as I can fay 
 nothing from my own experience, or obfervation, I fliall 
 pafs it over. - 
 
 One of the mofl: Angular curiofities here is the Tindook ; Tindook. 
 this is a fpecies ofp/antane, and has its name from the fimilitude 
 the fruit bears in figure and fize to a buffaloi^ horn : it is well 
 known the trunk of the plantane-tree is formed of coats, whofe 
 
 D compo- 
 
 m-^ '^^n 
 
^\^ 
 
 i8 
 
 Sago. 
 
 ■f ■" 
 
 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 component parts are fine threads, the length of the tree, bound in 
 with a pu]py lubftance. They extra<a thefe threads, and having 
 aiTorted them according to thsir finenefs, they fabricate of them 
 a delicate cloth, refembling cambrick : it is exceeded by no- 
 thing in coolnefs, though it is always of a brownifh colour. 
 This manufafture is the work of the women, ^vho form the 
 loom of a few /licks, and fix the woof round their waifts. 
 
 There is one vegetable produdlion in the Sooloo dominions 
 of great confequence, though it is not confined to thefe parts j 
 I mean th^fago ; this fubftance is the pith of a tree, and is found 
 in almoft all the eaftern iflandsj it is colleded from feveral fpe- 
 cies of the palm, but that which yields the beft is called particu- 
 larly the fago-tree j ti. e leaves much refemble the coconut, but 
 are fhorter and ftiffer, fo that the tree has not the eafy graceful 
 figure of the coconut, neither does the tree grow fo high. No 
 place baL 2 greater abundance, or more eTiiz€)\t\\tfago-trees than 
 the coaft of Tiroon ; the land to the fea, I am aflured, is co- 
 vered with them,. and the natives, who entirely fubfift upon the 
 Jago, eating no grain, fupply the place of the numbers they 
 fell annually, by planting others in their ftead. The trees be- 
 ing cut down and fplit, the pith is beaten, till freed from the 
 ilringy fubftance of the treet^ and then it is ftrained with water 
 through a cloth : the fubftance left at bottom, is white, and 
 fomewhat clammy, refembling damp hair powder j in this ftate 
 the natives generally eat it ; but it cannot be long fo preferved, 
 for this reafon th-ey toaft it over the fire in pans, by which 
 operation it becomes granulated. That of Tiroon is in re- 
 markable fmall grains, ^z fago made on the N. W. coaft of 
 jpoRNFo is in very large. 
 
 There is a great variety of the palm-trees^ and feveral of them 
 yield a proportion oifagOy though neither in fuch plenty norfo^ 
 good as the proper y^^o. Vegetables of every kind aie difficult 
 
 4 m 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 to be defcribed, and none more fo than the palms, I do not 
 mean to attempt a defcription of the feveral kinds oi painty but 
 as fome of them are of great importance, a few words in regard 
 to them may be excufed. 
 
 The Tuack, Gumatty^ or Cabo-Negro (Black Head) as it is 
 called by the Spaniards, not only yields Sifago, but a fubftance 
 the moft excellent for cables j this fubftance is known to few 
 who have not paffed the ftrait of Malacca, andftill to fewer 
 the manner in which it is got. 
 
 The Cabo-Negro exadlly refembles the coconut-tree in the 
 figure of its leaves and trunk, but the former are of a dead dark 
 green, in comparifon of the coconut leaves. The appearance 
 of the tree is ftill more different, for, like all other palms, it 
 (hoots out its leaves at top only, and as the tree grows up, flieds 
 the loweft. From the lower part, or ftalks of thefe leaves 
 (which form the bark of all palms) the gumatty flioots out on 
 both fides, like black hair, being in fad: nothing more than 
 the extenfion ofthefineft fibres, whereof the ftalks and ribs of 
 the leaves are compofed : thefe fibres bind the dead leaves around 
 the tree, fo that the trunk has a very odd appearance, being 
 confined in a rough black coat. 
 
 Thefe leaves being taken off from the tree are ftripped of the 
 hair, and, 'tis faid, the gumatty muft be beat to free it from 
 dirt, and then fpreac' in tiie fun ; two or three days after which, 
 the larger threads, being unfit for cordage, are picked out. 
 
 The gumatty is as black as jet, the hairs extremely ftrong, 
 and refemble the coir (which is the huik of the coconut) except 
 that they are finer, and longer than the fibres of the coir. 
 The fineft haiis make the beft cordage, which ought not to 
 be too hard laid. 
 
 The great advantage of this fubftance for cables, is its buoy- 
 ancy and elafticity j although thefe qualities are, in fome mea- 
 fure, common with the coirt yet the coir is extremly liable to 
 
 D % rot, 
 
 >> 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
20 
 
 NATURAL CURIOSITIES 
 
 l\ 
 
 rot, whereas nothing can hurt the gumatty ; whence an opi- 
 nion prevails, that dirt nourifhes it. Cables of thefe fubflances 
 are, when dry, fo light, that they will float on the furface of 
 the water, and they have a very great fpring, which is a great 
 relief, as well to the cable as to the fhip. The Chinefe have a 
 fpecies Oi gimatty, which feems to differ only in colour from 
 that above dcfcribed, the Chinefe is brown ; the cables made 
 of it are extremely good, as I have found by experience, and 
 one of them would wear out three hempen cables. 
 
 The AneeboHy called by navigators the cabbage-tree, appears 
 
 to be almoft univerfal within the tropics. This tree has fome 
 
 refemblance to the coconut-tree in the leaves, which are not, 
 
 however, fo large or green as the coconut ; the ftem, or trunk 
 
 is much fmaller than the coconut, and grows vaftly higher in 
 
 proportion to its fize : they feldom grow fingle, but commonly 
 
 in clumps of three or four to ten or twelve in a cIuIlv* i they are 
 
 found chiefly in moift places. The tree, when full grown, is 
 
 very tall, and the outfide extremely hard ; indeed in the old 
 
 ones fcarce to be cut with a hatchet. This is ufed for rafters of 
 
 houfes, and it is faid will laft: fifty or fixty years ; when they are 
 
 dried, they are funk in fait water for about a month, to prevent 
 
 the worm getting into them ; the heart, as in all palms, is a 
 
 foft, fpongy fubftance, intermixed with hard fibres. The An- 
 
 neebon grows like the beetle-nut, or arecka-tree, in rims on the 
 
 outfide, gradually diminifliing in iize from the root to the top; 
 
 between thefe rims the tree is covered with prickles, of a black, 
 
 horny fubftance, as fharp as needles, fome of them three or four 
 
 inches long; the prickles alfo are fmaller towards the top of 
 
 the tree. From about ten or twelve feet above the root, till 
 
 neai-the top there are few or no prickles. At the top the leaves 
 
 grow out; the bottom part hard and prickly, encircling the 
 
 tret, fold within fold ; and this being flit down on one fide, 
 
 comes oiFv/hole with its leaf ; the infide, which is white and 
 
 finooth* 
 
AT SOOLOO. 
 
 21 
 
 fmooth, will- bear to be written on, though it becomes brown, 
 when dried ; it is very tough, and if not cut all the way down, 
 remains in hoops, which bind very faft round the inner folds : 
 the outfide is full of prickles. The fruit grows in two clufters 
 below the leaves, one a berry about the fize of a black cherry j 
 on the outfide it is covered with a green hufk, which grows 
 black, when ripe, the infide is exadlly like the Areckka in ap- 
 pearance and tafte. The other duller is extremely fmall : 
 whether thefe fruit are of the different fexes or not, the natu- 
 raliil mufl decide. The lower leaves are fhed like all other 
 palms, and make the Anneebon clumps troublefome of accefs 
 from the many prickles. 
 
 The Rattan has a greater fimilitude to the Anneebon in leaf, 
 than it has to the coconut; at top Ihcot out two long horns full 
 of prickles j the Rattan is the root, and the leaves with the under 
 part, pr ftem, which is rough and prickly, mount up the ad- 
 joining trees, the Rattan running from one to another, up here, 
 down there, to a great length. 
 
 Befides various kinds of the Nepenthcsy fome whereof are very 
 beautiful, there are feveral other vegetable fountains, as they may 
 be called ; one is a kind of cane, pr rattan, about the thicknefs 
 of a man's wrift, it is named Toongal ; a piece of about a fa- 
 thom will give a fneaker of water, it is extremely pure and lim- 
 pid, without tafte. 
 
 Another is a creeper, named Bahanoompooly it is fomrtimes 
 larger than a man's leg, the back very rough, with deep fcores, 
 like the Scotch elm ; the water is gummy, but generally clear 
 and good : the creeper muft be cut above, or the water retires. 
 They are found in great plenty about the fjuth°rn harbour of 
 Balambangan J the leaves are acid, and are ufed in cnrrysy 
 &c. They are found even on the tops of the higheft hills> en- 
 tv/ined vvith the upper branches of the tree, and hanging down 
 from thence. Thole found in moift grouad. have moft v/atcr, 
 thofe in dry places very little, 
 
 A N 
 
 M 
 
 . :v 
 
 4 ' 
 
14 
 
 i 
 
 E 
 
 N Ct 
 
 A N 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 INTO THE 
 
 FORMATION op ISLANDS. 
 
 TH I S is a fubjedt not only curious in itfelf, but very 
 ufeful to a navigator ; I do not mean to examine into 
 the origin of iflands in general, but of the low flat iflands found 
 in the ocean. Moft of thofe hitherto difcovered in the vaft 
 South-Sea are of this nature. 
 
 Thefe iflands are formed by a narrow bank of land inclofing 
 the fea within it ; they have commonly, perhaps always, an 
 opening for the ingrefs of the tide ; this channel is generally 
 capable of receiving a canoe, and frequently fufficient to admit 
 even large veifels. 
 
 An obfervation of Abdul Roobin, a Sooloo pilot, " that 
 " all the iflands lying off the N. E. coafl: of Borneo had fhoals 
 " to the eafl:vvard of them," firfl: led me to deduce the origin 
 of fuch iflands as are here the fubjedt of difcuflion. 
 
 The iflands mentioned by Abdul Roobin having Borneo 
 adjoining to the wefl:ward of them, are not expofed to a violent 
 attack from the winds in that quarter; but there being an open 
 fea to the N. E. the winds from thence heap up the coral with 
 which thofe feas are filled. 
 
 It is wonderful to fee the coral banks in all the eaftern feas ; 
 thefe banks are found of all depths, at all diftances from fhore, 
 entirely unconnedled with the land, and detached from each 
 other : although it often happens they are divided by a narrow 
 gut without bottom. 
 
 I have feen thefe coral banks in all the flages ; fome in deep 
 water -, others with a few rocks appearing above the furfacc ; 
 fome juft: formed into iflands, without the leaft appearance of 
 
 vege- 
 
 >• t.;( 
 
An enquiry into the FORMATION of ISLANDS. 
 
 vegetation ; others with a few weeds on the higheft part j and, 
 laftly, fuch af are covered with large timber, with a bottomlcfs 
 fea, at a piftol-ftiot diftance -, though I think in general they 
 are filled up in the centre when they have large timber. 
 
 After ftorms it is frequently obvious, that the force of the 
 waves has thrown up a bed of coral j this is, perhaps, at all 
 times imperceptibly efFedted, though only obvious after ftorms : 
 coral banks alfo grow by a quick increafe towards the furface ; 
 but the billows heaping up the coral from deeper water, chiefly 
 accelerate the formation of thefe into fhoals, and foon after into 
 iflands. The banks become gradually fliallower ; and when 
 once the fea meets with refiftance, the coral is quickly thrown 
 up by the force of the wave breaking againft the bank ; and 
 hence it is, that in the open fea there is fcarce an inftance of a 
 coral bank with fo little water as 3 fathom, but it is alfo fo 
 {hallow, that a boat would ground on it : the loofe coral rolled 
 inwards by the billows in large pieces will firft ground, and the 
 reflux being unable to carry them away, they become a bar to 
 coagulate the fand, always found intermixed with coral, which 
 fand, being eafieft raifed, will be lodged a- top; When the 
 fand-bank is raifed by violent ftorms beyond the reach of com- 
 mon waves, it becomes a refting-place to vagrant birds, whom 
 ^e fearch of prey draws thither. The dung, feathers, &c. 
 increafe the foil, and prepare it for the reception of accidental 
 roots, branches and feed, caft up by the waves, or brought 
 thither by birds. Thus iflands are formed j the leaves and 
 rotten branches, intermixing with the fand, form in time a 
 light black mould, of which in general thefe iflands confift, 
 more fandy aslefs woody,, and. when full of large trees, with a 
 greater proportion of mould. 
 
 Cocoa-nuts continuing long in the fea, without lofing their 
 vegetative powers,, are commonly to be found in fuch iflands,. 
 
 partis 
 
 2J 
 
i I 
 
 '. 
 
 ^1 
 
 lill 
 
 li^ An enquiry into the FORMATION of ISLANDS. 
 
 particularly as they arc adapted to all foils, whether fandy, rich, 
 or rocky. . ' • -%; i ' 4 ' " • 
 
 Tlic violejicc of the waves within the tropics muft generally 
 be diredtcd to two points, according to the monfoons. « 
 
 Hence the iflands formed from coral banks muft: be long and 
 narrow, and lie nearly in a meridional dire<flion : for even fup- 
 poiing the banks to be round, as they feldom arc when large, tho 
 fea meeting moft refi (lance in the middle, muft heave up the 
 matter in greater quantities there than towards the extremities ; 
 and by the fame rule the ends will generally be open, or at leaft 
 loweft. They will alfo commonly have foundings there, as the 
 remains of the bank, not accumulated, will be under water. 
 
 Where the coral banks arc not expofed to the common mon- 
 foon, they will alter their dircdion, and be either round, ex- 
 tend in the parallel,' or be of irregular forms, according to acci- 
 dental circumftances. 
 
 The interior parts of thefe iflands being fea, fometimes form 
 harbours capable of receiving vefTels of burthen, and I be- 
 lieve always abound greatly with fifh, and fuch as I have feen 
 with turtle-grafs, and other fea-plants, particularly one fpecies, 
 called by the Sooloos gammye, which grows in little globules, 
 and is fomewhat pungent as well as acid to the tafte. 
 
 It need not be repeated that the ends of thefe iflands only are 
 the places to exped foundings, and they comnionly have a 
 fhallow fpit running out from each point. 
 
 Abdul Roobin's obfervation pohits out another circumftancc, 
 which may be ufeful to navigators, by confideration of the 
 winds to which any iflands are moft expofed, to form a pro- 
 bable conjedure which fide has deepcft water, and from a 
 view which fide has the flioals, an idea may be formed what 
 winds rage with moft violence. 
 
 f • 
 
A N 
 
 HISTORICAL COLLECTION 
 
 OF THE SEVERAL 
 
 VOYAGES 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 TH E voyages made in the early period of the Spaniflj 
 difcoveries, are not handed down to us with much pre- 
 cifion : more diflin(ft accounts may, perhaps, remain 
 in the archives of Spain: but from the />m/^^ relations none, 
 previous to the voyage of Alvaro Mendana de Neyraj in 
 1595, can be traced ftep by ftep. However, it will at lead 
 be curious, if not ufeful, briefly to recite the antecedent expe- 
 ditions. 
 
 The frjl Explorer of this vaft ocean, was the immortal 
 Magalhanes : though this man was flighted by his own court, 
 his memory fhall be revered in every age ; whilfl:, after a few 
 centuries, even the Emanuels fmk into oblivion. 
 
 The Portuguefe hiftorians have, with the utmoft afperity 
 of invedive, attacked the charadter of Magalhanes .; the 
 hireling fycophants oi 2i court y chameleon like, mu ft form their 
 
 B fentimcnts 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
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 assy A \s!^ ^ .dA. .^1% 
 
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 '^3 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. M5B0 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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 l^ 
 
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M A G A L H A N E S's VOYAGE. 
 
 1520. fcntimcnts to the countenance of a fuperior : it is not, therefore, 
 wonderful /«f// men (hould endeavour to blaft thaty^w^, which 
 muft ever reproach them who overlooked, or contemned, the 
 tranfcendant merit from whence it fprings. The obfervation of 
 Fray Caspar, in his Conquijla de las Philipinasy ** That it 
 was not fit to leave fo great an enterprize unattempted for want 
 of afliftance," is a full reply to the Portuguefe charge of dlf- 
 loyalty^ and recoils the reproach where it ought to — their ktngt. 
 and to his minifiers. Every public-fpirited Portuguefe muft 
 lament, that oblivion has concealed the names of thofe mi- 
 niftcrs, who merit the eternal execration of their country, for 
 being inftrumental in depriving it of the fervices of fo great a 
 man as Magalhanes. The commentator of Camoens further 
 obferves, ** That had Magalhanes died without communi- 
 cating his noble plan, it would have been a high mifdemeanour 
 againft the good of mankind." 
 
 Although the voyage of Magalhanes contains no impor- 
 tant difcoveries in the South Pacific ocean j the circumnavigation 
 of the globe is fo very remarkable an event in the hiftory of man- 
 kind, that a particular difcuflion of the life and chara^er of tha.t 
 great hero who accompli(hed it, cannot fail of being acceptable ; 
 particularly as Fray Caspar's hiftory * is little known, and 
 has never appeared in Englifh, although he is, on this fubjedt, 
 much more diftindl and circumftantial than any other author I 
 have (QQn. 
 
 I fluill therefore tranflate his Exordium to Magalhanes's 
 voyage J at the fame time, I mean to introduce all the circum- 
 ftances I can find recorded by HERREUAand Barros; the pub- 
 lic, uninfluenced by the malevolent infinuations in the laft 
 author, willdo juftice to the memory of Magalhanes. 
 
 • Coju]ui(la de las Idas Ihillplnaspor Fr. Gafpar de San Auguftin, fol. Madrid, 
 1698. 
 
 1 ** On 
 
r 
 
 MAGALHANES*8 VOYAGE. 
 
 ** On the twenty-fifth of September, 1513, Basco Nunez 
 DE Balboa got fight of the South-Sea, from the top of the 
 mountains of Pancas, in the province of Panama. 
 
 *« On the twenty-ninth he waded into it up to his middle, 
 and took pofleflion. 
 
 ** The reports of this difcovery made a great noife in Europe, 
 and raifed a ftrong defire in many to navigate it ; but the qucf- 
 tion was, Whether it communicated with the North-Sea or 
 not ? Although this engaged the attention of the curious in cof- 
 mography, hydrography, and navigation, none thought of offer- 
 ing themfelves for the difcovery, and much lefs of giving any rea- 
 fons relative to a ftrait communicating, till Divine Providence 
 difpofed Hernando Magalhanes, a noble Portuguefe, to 
 attempt the difcovery of the South-Sea on many prefump- 
 tions -j' ; for he was a very intelligent man in the mathematics 
 and the nautic art, and of great experience in the navigation of 
 the East-Indies, where he had ferved, and gained great honour 
 under the ftandard of that famous Captain Alfonso de Albur- 
 QUERQUE. He had particularly fignalized himfelf in the expe- 
 dition againft Malacca, which was fubdued in Auguft, 151 1, 
 as he had alfo done in the wars againft the Alarbes of Africa. 
 
 «* Having acquired great knowledge in the affairs of this 
 Archipelago, by means of thefe eaftern nations, and through 
 the intimate friendfhip which he always had with Francisco 
 Serrano, who was fent with Antonio de Abreu, the fame 
 year 1511, to difcover the iflands of Cloves, named Malucos; 
 Francisco Serrano having difcovered the Malucos, fent a 
 difpatch to the King of Portugal, by Pedro Fernandez, 
 advifmg him of the riches and opulence of the Malucos, and 
 adjoining ittandsi informing alfo his friend Magalhanes of 
 every thing that had happened to him : fome time after Fran- 
 
 t Con muchas veras. 
 B 2 
 
 " ^ CISCO 
 
 3 
 
 V . 
 
4 
 1520. 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 R' 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 CISCO Serrano returned to Malacca, and having embarked 
 for Portugal, died in the paffage. 
 
 *' When Fernandez arrived in Portugal with the news of 
 the difcovery of the Malucos, he found Magalhanes in Lis- 
 bon, who was then come from Malacca, to foLicit fome re- 
 ward for his ferviccs. He received there the letters of Fran- 
 cisco Serrano, in which he gave great intimation of his difco- 
 veries. Whereupon, inflamed with the noble ardour to acquire 
 fame, and be no lefs than his friend Serrano, profiting by the 
 intelligence he had received, he determined to undertake his 
 difcovery; for which he received great affiftance from the 
 charts and inftrudlions of Martin de Bohemia, a famous 
 aftrologcr and Portuguefe cofmographer, native of the ifland 
 Faval, to whom is afcribed the ingenious invention of the aftro- 
 labe, and from a connexion with another Portuguefe aftro- 
 logcr, named Roy Falero. 
 
 ** In concert with this RuY Falero, Magalhanes fet on 
 foot his new difcovery, and having firfl: propofed it to the King, 
 Don Manuel of Portugal, he did not chufe to hear it^ nor 
 to give it any confidence, but difmiffed him with a frown, and 
 fingular difgrace, very different from what was due to the pro- 
 pofal of Magalhanes, and to the reputation he had acquired for 
 his valour. Magalhanes thus difmiffed, chagrined at finding 
 his own prince fo ill requite his loyalty and good faith, deter*- 
 mined to go to the Spanifh court, which was then at Valla- 
 DOLiD, to enter into the fervice of Charles V. and to execute 
 for him the difcovery he had projedted. ' 
 
 '* Magalhanes arrived at court in 1517J and as the emperor 
 was not there, he communicated his intention to Don Juan 
 Rodriguez de Fonseca, bifhopof Bukgos, who, at that time, 
 had charge of the afl'airs of the Indies. He was h -'rd with atten- 
 tion, and referred to the grand chancellor, who, approving of it, 
 
 informed 
 
 ^-i 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. , 
 
 informed the emperor and Monficur De Gebres, of the inten- 
 tion of the two Portuguefe, and how they offered to demon- 
 ftrate that the Malucos, and the other iflands, from whence the 
 Portuguefe got the fpices, appertained to the Spanifh limit, 
 according to the partition of Pope Alexander VI. and that they 
 offered to fearch a paffage thither by the Weftern Ocean, with- 
 out purfuing the track ufed by the Portuguefe in the route 
 to India, paffing for this purpofe to the South-Sea, by a ftrait, 
 at that time undifcovered." 
 
 Herrera * fays ** Magalhanes brought a globe finely 
 painted, whereon he well defcribed all the land, and delineated 
 the track he meant to purfue, but carefully left the ftrait blank, 
 that they might not be able to pirate it. 
 
 •« Many difcourfes and queftions were had hereon ; and the 
 chief miniflers,. of whom he had nothing to fear, afking him 
 what courfe he meant to hold ? he replied, that he meant to go 
 to C. Santa Maria on the river Plate, and thence to purfue 
 the coafl till he fell in with the ftrait. 
 
 " They then afked, how he thought topafs to the other fea, 
 if he did not find a ftrait ? He replied, that he would go by the 
 Portuguefe route, fince, if it could be proved tliat the Malu- 
 cos fell within the Spanifli demarcation, he might well go by 
 their route, without injury; but that he went very certain of 
 finding a ftrait." 
 
 Before we return to Fray GasIpar's relation, it will be 
 proper to recite particularly what Barros fays of this event. 
 
 He tells us -j- ** That Francisco Serrano wrote fome let- 
 ters from the Malucos to Magalhanes, who had been his 
 intimate companion from the time they both v/ent to India, 
 efpecially at the takingpf Malacca, giving an account of thefe: 
 cartern iflands. 
 
 • Herrera D. 2. L. 2.. C. 19, f D. 3? L- 5- c. 8. fol. 139. EJit. 1628. 
 , . " Serrano's- 
 
 1520. 
 
MAGALHANESs VOYAGE, 
 
 <t '■ 
 
 »S*o« ** Serrano's principal aim was to recommend himfelf to 
 
 Emanuel; he, therefore, reprefented the Malucos to be twice 
 as far diftant as Malacca, and exaggerated his fervices in fuch 
 a manner, that, according to his expreflions, people would 
 think he was writing from the Antipodes ; and that he had 
 done more fervice to the King than Vasco de Gama, in the 
 difcovery of India. 
 
 ** In the mean while, Magalhanes appeared to be very proud 
 of the friendfhip of Serrano, and therefore made no difficulty 
 of (hewing his letters, and highly praifing him for his important 
 fervices done to the court of Portugal ; which, at the fame 
 time, he thought, muft greatly promote the new defign he had 
 formed, as afterwards appeared from his letters, in reply to 
 thofe of Serrano, obtained at the Malucos, after Serrano's 
 death, by Antonio de Brito. In thefe letters Magalhanes 
 acquainted Serrano with his intention of foon going to fee 
 him; and if it could not be in the Portuguefe, it fliould be 
 in the Spani/h fervice, for fuch was the ftate of his affairs : and, 
 laftly, defired him to be perfuaded, that their old friendihip 
 would be flill more ftrengthened by living together. 
 
 ** As the evil fpirit is always perfuading men's minds to fome 
 bad aftion, and affifting them in it; it happened that Magal- 
 hanes was difgufled with his king and country; which hap- 
 pened in this manner : 
 
 ** Magalhanes being at Azamor, Juan Soares, captain 
 of that city, made an excurfion againft the country of the 
 neighbouring Moors, in which Magalhanes received a wound 
 in the calf of his leg, which, touching fome nerve, made him 
 limp ever after. 
 
 ** Scares, fome time afterwards, ordered another expe- 
 dition with horfe; and being willing to affift Magalhanes, 
 appointed him and Alvaro Monteiro to be the chief offi- 
 cers 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 cers in that expedition ; wherein they made prifoners 890 
 Moors, and took 2000 head of cattle; 400 of which the two 
 chiefs immediately fold to fome Moors, whom they directed to 
 come for them in the night, near the walls of the city : this the 
 Moors did accordingly; and when Magalhanes and his com- 
 panion thought the Moors were no longer in danger of being in- 
 tercepted, they ordered the alarm bell to be rung, and gave out, 
 that the Moors had (lolen the cattle ; fo that the people next day 
 went in vain to retake them : this was complained of by feveral 
 inhabitants of that place, intcrefted in the booty j however, no 
 attention was paid to thefe complaints. Soares being called 
 away by the court, was fucceeded by Pedro de Souza, who 
 was afterwards made Conde de Prado; and Magalhanes re- 
 turned to Portugal without leave of the new captain. 
 
 ** As Magalhanes was a man of noble extradtion, and diftin- 
 guiflied fervices, in which he was lamed, as foon as he arrived 
 at cou)^, he laid before the king an account of his fervices ; and 
 petitioned him, among other things, to increafe his monthly 
 pay. 
 
 ** The increafe of pay has given to the noblemen of this 
 kingdom much trouble; it appears, amongft the Portu»uefe 
 a kind of enthufiafm, and has brought reproach to the kings : 
 for as it is a common received opinion, that the rewards of the 
 prince are given in confideration of fervices, it Is a kind of diftri- 
 butive * juftice, which muft be beftowed equally on all, accord- 
 ing to the merit of an individual. When any one finds his 
 portion denied, although he may be dilTatisfied, he bears it with 
 temper ; but when he fees an example of its being beftowed on 
 an equal, particularly in thofe who avail themfclves nore of arts 
 and friends, than perfonal merits, then he lofes ail temper ; 
 
 7 
 15S0. 
 
 • Comutativa- 
 
 from 
 
 
 / 
 
8 MAGALHANES '8 VOYAGE. 
 
 1510. from hence fprings indignation, then hatred, and, at lad total 
 defperati9n, till he is driven to commit crimes injurious to 
 himfelf and others. 
 
 ** What vexed Maoalhanes more than refufmg to increafe 
 his falary, was, that fome people vvrho had been with him at 
 AzAMOR, fpread the report in Lisbon of his robbing them of 
 the cattle ; and that his lamcnefs was only feigned, as a pretence 
 to get an additional falary. For thefe, and other reafons, the 
 king refolved not to comply with his petition : what increafed 
 this injury to Magalhanes was, that Souza, captain of 
 AzAMOR, wrote to the king that Magalhanes had gone away 
 without leave; and of what the inhabitants complained, begging 
 his majefty to enquire into it. Magalhanes wanted to vindi- 
 dicate himfelf before the king ; but he would not hear him, 
 and ordered him to go immediately to Azamor, to deliver him- 
 felf up to juftice, as it was there he was accufed. Magal- 
 hanes went therefore to Azamor, where he was acquitted of 
 the robbery, either becaufe he was not guilty, or, as others 
 affirm, becaufe the inhabitants of Azamor were not willing to 
 charge him with it. 
 
 ** He then returned to Portugal j and, notwithftanding 
 his juftification, the king always entertained a refentment againft 
 him, and was not pleafed to comply with his petition. There- 
 fore Magalhanes fet about the defign he had formerly com- 
 municated to his friend Serrano at Maluco. 
 
 ** Magalhanes's leaving the court of Portugal is not to 
 be entirely attributed to this difappointment he met with in his 
 petition j becaufe before he was difappointed, he ufed to keep 
 company with pilots, look into fea charts, and talk about fix- 
 ing the rule to find the true diftance from one meridian to an- 
 other j an enquiry which has ruined many ignorant people, and 
 
 perplexed 
 
MAGALHANESs VOYAGE. 
 
 perplexed inefFcdlually the learned, fince none has yet been able 
 to put it in execution. 
 
 «* Magalhanes, from the converfation he had with thefe fea- 
 faring people, and alfo becaufe he had a turn for thefe things, 
 and experience of them in his voyage to India, fliewed to fome 
 his friend Serrano's letters, and infinuated, particularly among 
 the feamen, that the Maluco iflands did lie fo much eaftward 
 in regard to us, that they fell within the Spanijh demarcation ; 
 and to confirm thefe opinions, which he fowed in the ears of the 
 fea-faring people, he joined Ruy Falero, a Portuguesf, 
 who likewife difliked the king for not having been admitted into 
 his fervice as a judiciary aftrologer. 
 
 ** They both went to Seville, carrying with them fome pilots 
 alfo difafFedled to the court of Portugal, and there met with 
 others, that place being then very much frequented by fea-faring 
 men, on account of the fleets fitted out from thence for the 
 Antillas. 
 
 ** Magalhanes was very kindly received at Seville, by a 
 Portuguese, named Diego Barbosa, who went to India 
 with John de Nova, in the firft expedition made in 1501, and 
 was captain of a fliip belonging to Don Alvaro, brother to 
 Don Ferdinand, Duke of Braganza : this Don Alvaro 
 had obtained for him the office of conftable to the caflile of Se- 
 ville; and as Magalhanes was related to Barbosa, he was 
 courteoufly entertained by him j and his reputation being al- 
 ready eftabli(hed at the court of Spain, he met with no oppo- 
 fition in marrying Barbosa's daughter. 
 
 •' The emperor*, who was in Saragoza, feeing the propo- 
 fition of Magalhanes, fent to call him, and gave him audi- 
 ence in the prefence of the council, and did him many honours ; 
 
 i;2o. 
 
 f 
 
 • Fr. Gafpar Conq. dc las Pliilippinas. 
 
 and 
 
10 
 
 i5>o. 
 
 f 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 and to him, and to Ruv Falbro, he gave the order of St. 
 J AGO, and the title o( his captains. 
 
 ** In the council at Saragoza were concluded the following 
 conditions and agreements. 
 
 '• That they engaged to difcover the Malucos and Weftern 
 Iflands, in the Spanijh demarcation^ by the ocean. 
 *« The emperor promifed them, that he would not permit, for a 
 term of ten years, that any fhould go by the track they difco- 
 
 vered. 
 
 " That of all the income ^nd. profits * which ihould accrue from 
 their difcoveries, they (hould receive a twentieth part, after de- 
 ducing the expences. 
 
 ** And that to Magalhanes he would give the title of Ade- 
 lentado of what he fliould difcover, to him, his children and 
 heirs born in Spain. 
 
 ** Alfo that they might fend in the King's fliips one thoufand 
 ducats yearly, inverted in merchandize, and bring back the pro- 
 duce, paying the King's duty» 
 
 "And tliat if the iflands which they /hould difcover were 
 more than Jxy of two they fhould receive a fifteenth part, de- 
 ducting the expences. 
 
 ** And that, for this timet they fhould receive a fifth of all 
 the (hips brought home. 
 
 ** And for this voyage the emperor ordered five fhips to be 
 provided i two of them 1 30 tons each, the other two 90 each,. 
 and the other 60, with 234 people, paid and vidlualled for two 
 years. 
 
 ** Thefe were the conditions made in Saragoz'a, with 
 captain Magalhanes^ 
 
 ** Magalhanes did not fail to meet with obftruftions from, 
 the Portuguefe ambaflador, Alvaro dr Acosta, who feeing the 
 
 • Rentas y provechas. 
 
 t 
 
 conii- 
 
M A G A L M A N E S s VOYAGE. 
 
 It 
 
 confideration * which the emperor made of Maoalhanes, and 
 how his propofition was puHied on, fo much to the prejudice of 
 the crown of Portugal, he did his utmoft to prevent it j and, on 
 the other hand, did no lefs to draw over Magalhanes to return 
 to Portugal, where the King would do him greater favours, 
 and difpatch him for the difcovery, as it had been determined in 
 the council of Portugal : but Magalhanes conduced him- 
 felf fo well, that Alvaro de Acosta could neither efFedl the 
 firft, nor perfuade Magalhanes to the fecond. He left Sara* 
 goza, with the neceflary difpatches for the cafa de contratacion at 
 Seville, to forward his voyage." 
 
 Herrera fays, ** The treafurer Alonso Gutierrez, and 
 Christoval de Aro Burgales, to forward the difpatch, mo- 
 ney being wanted, advanced part of it on their own account ; 
 and, in refpedl to the bifliop of Burgos, fome merchants of 
 Seville brought what was deficient. 
 
 ** They went on forwarding' the difpatch, and wanting to 
 bring one fhip aftiore, Sancho de MATIEN90, treafurer of the 
 cafa de contratacion, being prefent, two flags of the King were fent 
 for, but not being done painting, they were not brought ; four 
 with the arms of Magalhanes were put on the iom cabrejiantes, 
 where it is cuftomary to put thofe of the captain : this appearing 
 a new thing to a lieutenant of the admiral of Castille, he or- 
 dered them to be taken down, faying the arms of Portugal 
 had no bufinefs there: Magalhanes, who was told this, faid, 
 thefe were not the arms of Portugal, but his, who was a cap- 
 tain and vafl'al of the King of Spain, and then returned to his 
 bufinefs. But the alcalde (hamefully infifted to take down the 
 flags, and Sancho de MATiEN9ooppofed it: as the difturbance 
 increafed, MATIEN90 fent to Magalhanes, to requeft that he 
 would confent to their being taken down, to prevent (hame. He 
 
 * Cufo. 
 
 C 2 did 
 
 1520. 
 
 %■ 
 
la 
 
 I {20. 
 
 f 
 
 MAGALHANESs VOYAGE. 
 
 did Co, though it w«s expefted he would take it as an aftVont ; 
 for a perfon was prcfcnt, fecretly lent by the King of Portugal, 
 to beg him to return to his fcrvice, fuch was his concern 
 that Magalhanes fhould perform the voyage. MATIEN90, 
 who had called to his alliftance the jujlicias ordinarias of Se- 
 viLLP, feeing they did not come, took the expedient of ftriking 
 the flags with Magalhanes's confent, and gave an account to 
 the King of the difturbance which had happened; Magal- 
 hanes complained much of it j the King wrote to Magal- 
 hanes, exprefling his concern for what had paffed ; declared 
 his approbation to Sancho de MATIEN90 for what he had done, 
 and reproved the ajjijiant of the city for not having united againft 
 the alcalde of the admiral, and referred it to the officers of the 
 cafa de contratacion to enquire into the matter, and feverely to 
 chaftife the delinquents. 
 
 ** The armament being ready, and fome difference having 
 arifen between Magalhanes and Ruy Falero, about who 
 (hould carry the royal ftandard and light j the King ordered, that 
 as Ruy Falero was not in perfect health, he fhould continue 
 till another voyage; and that the treafurer Louis de MEND09A, 
 who had made fome oppofition to Magalhanes, fhould obey 
 him in every thing; and that Magalhanes (hould not carry 
 Martin de Mezquita, nor Pedro de Abreo, they being 
 reckoned turbulent ; and that he fhould carry in his company ten 
 Portuguese, of whom there were no more in the voyage. 
 
 *' Orders were given to Sancho Martinez de Leyva, who 
 was the afliftant of Seville, to deliver to Magalhanes the 
 royal ftandard in the church of S". Maria de la Vitoria de Triana, 
 and to receive the oath and homage, according to the cuftom of 
 Spain, that he would perform the voyage with all faithfulnefs, as 
 a good vaflal of his Majefty : and that the fame oath and homage 
 fliQuld be received from the captains and other officers of the 
 
 armada 
 
MAGALHANE S 's VOYAGE. 
 
 armada to Maoalhanes; and that they would follow his courfe, 
 and obey him in all things : and that he (hould give certain gra- 
 tification to Donna BEAtRiz Barbosa, Magalhanes's wife; 
 to Francisco Falero, and toRuv Falero, who were folicit- 
 ing another armament to follow Magalh anes. 
 
 ** Maoalhanes went in the (hip 
 Trinidada, which was Capitana. 
 
 The Mafter, Juan Bautista de Poncevera, aGENOESE, 
 
 Mailer's mate, Francisco Calvo. 
 St. Antonio, Captain Juan de Cartagena, comptroller of the 
 
 armada; he had an appointment of being alcalde of the firft 
 
 fort they (hould find, or build, in the countries they went 
 
 in queft of. 
 
 Mafter, Juan de Ellorriaga Vizcaino. 
 Mafter's Mate, Pedro Hernandez, inhabitant of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Vitoria, Captain Luys de MEND09A, treafurer of the armada. 
 Mafter, Antonio Salomon de Palermo. 
 Mafter's Mate, Miguel de Rhodas, inhabitants of 
 Seville. 
 This (hip is famous for being the only (liip of the fquadron, 
 
 which returned after circumnavigating the globe. 
 
 Concepcion, Captain Gaspar de Quesada. 
 
 Mafter, Juan Sebastian del Cano, inhabitant of Se- 
 ville, native of Guetaria, in the province of Guipuz- 
 coA, whofe name (hall be immortal. 
 Mafter's mate, Juan de Acurio de Bermeo. 
 
 St. Jago, Captain Juan Rodriguez Serrano, who was alfb 
 
 chief pilot. 
 
 Mafter, Balthasar, a Genoese. 
 
 Mafter's mate, Bartolom^ Prior. 
 
 Antonio 
 
 »3 
 151a 
 
 y: 
 
H 
 i5>o. 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 " Antonio de Coco was accountant. The other pilots 
 were EsTEVAN Gomez, a Portuguefe, Andres de San Mar- 
 tin, Juan Rodriguez Mafro, Basco Gallego, andCAR- 
 VALLO, Portuguefe, to whom, as very beneficial, was given 
 an exemption from billeting on their houfes, although the 
 court (hould be at Seville, and the privileges of knights at 
 their return, and a year's pay in advance. Geronimo Gomez 
 de EsPiNozA was alguazil-mayor; Leon Dezpeleta, Gero- 
 nimo Guerra, Sancho DE Heredia, Antonio de Acosta, 
 and Martin Mendez, were clerks. 
 
 ** This armada departed late, becaufe the King of Portugal 
 made urgent application to the King in Barcelona not to 
 fend it ; but he declared his inclination to keep very ftridly 
 his capitulation with the Catholic King, and that he would in 
 nothing infringe the rights of the crown of Portugal, as he 
 would fooner leave unpurfued what appertained to the crown of 
 Spain ; and that the firft order enjoined the captains was, nof to 
 interfere in the Portuguefe affairs^ and that he could have no doubt 
 they would comply herewith. 
 
 " The Portuguefe faid, that the King of Spain would lofe 
 the expences, for that Hernando Magalhanes was a chatter- 
 ing fellow, and little reliance to be placed in him j and that he 
 would not execute what he promifed." 
 
 Herrera adds, *« It is told of Magalhanes, that two 
 Ihips failing from the Indies to Portugal, whereon he was 
 embarked, ran on feme /hoals, and were loft j but all the peo- 
 ple, and great part of the provifions, faved in the boats to a fmall 
 ifland near. From whence it was agreed to go to a certain port 
 in India, feme leagues diftant ; but as all could not go at once, 
 there was great difpute who fliould go in the firft trip ; the 
 captains and chief people wanted to go firft j the failors and the 
 reft infifted on the contrary that t/icy fhould. Hernando 
 
 Magal- 
 
 \. u 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 Magalhanes feeing this dangerous difpute faid. Let the captains 
 and gentlemen go, Iwilljiay with the Jailors, provided they will /wear 
 to us upon their word, that asfoon as they arrive they will fend for us. 
 The failors were fatisfied to (lay with Hernando Magal- 
 hanes. When they were about departing, as he was in a boat,, 
 taking leave of his friends, a failor faid to him, O Senor Ma • 
 galhanes, didnot you promife tojlay with us? Magalhanes re- 
 plied. It was true, and inftantly leaping afliore, faid. See, lam 
 here! and flayed with them. Shewing himfelf to be a man of 
 fpirit and truth, and in his fentimcnts to be fit to undertake great 
 adlions ; and that he had reflexion and prudence, although he 
 had not an advantageous perfon, being fllort." 
 
 They left Seville the lothof Auguft, 1519, and, accord- 
 ing to Barros, failed from St. Lucar the 21ft of September; 
 but GoMARA fays the 20th of September 15 19. The firft place 
 they touched at was Tenerife, one of the Canary Iflands, 
 from whence they failed the 2d of Odtober. There was a cara- 
 vel came hither to them j Herrera fays, it brought fifh for 
 the fquadron j but Barros mentions a report, that it was fent 
 to MAGALHANESto advife him to be on his guard, and to inform 
 him of the defign of the other captains not to fubmit to his or- 
 ders. But Barros adds, ** Although they afterwards difobeyed 
 Magalhanes, it is more likely this difobedience proceeded 
 from his rough behaviour towards them in the courfe of the 
 voyage, than from any premeditated refolution of theirs in 
 the beginning of it; becaufe, after paffing the river Plate, 
 they began to feel the cold, and afked Magalhanes what 
 courfe he would follow, and what was his refolution, fmce they 
 could not find any ftrait or cape, which were what he depended 
 on. Magalhanes replied, that they fhould not trouble them- 
 felves about itj that he knew very well what he was about; and 
 that he was anfwerable, not they, for what might happen." 
 
 Here 
 
 If 
 
 1520. 
 
i6 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 1520. Here Barros expofes his malevolence j for, in the firft place, 
 
 it ^(9^/ appear, that Luvs de MEND09A, had fhewn a fpirit of 
 difobedience before their departure, for which he had been 
 reproved by the King : fecondly, from Barros's charge it 
 does not appear Magalhanes was blameable for any rudenefs 
 in his behaviour, though their enquiries could proceed from 
 nothing but a fpirit of mutiny or defpondency." 
 
 After leaving the Canarys, ** the Capitana * fleered fome- 
 times fouth, and fometimes fouth by weft; in the firft watch 
 they bore down to him, and afked what courfe he fteered ? the 
 pilot replied, fouth by weft. It having been determined the 
 Sunday before to fteer fouth weft into 24° N. latitude, as was 
 contained in the route given at Seville, figned by Hernando 
 Magalhanes, Juan de Cartagena afked how became to 
 change the courfe ? Magalhanes faid, he was to follow, and 
 not ajk quejiions : Cartagena rejoined, that it appeared to him 
 that council was to be taken of the pilots, mafters, and feamen, 
 without adting fo very precipitately; fince it was not right, 
 having determined one thing, to do another fo foon ; having 
 agreed with the captains, &c. to fteer a different courfe from 
 what he fteered, and having amended the fecond route given at 
 St. Lucar, conforming it to the firft; for he faid, it was an 
 error of the pen in fliying they were, on leaving Teneriffi, to " 
 fteer fouth till paft the flioals of Rio Grande ; and that on that 
 courfe they would fall in with the coaft of Guinea, in fvrht of 
 Cape Blanco: wherefore it was' thought not convenient for 
 their voyage to get fo near that coaft. 
 
 " Magalhanes replied M^/ was given amended, in cafe any 
 fliiphad loft company of the fquadron, and for nothing more • 
 that they v.ere to follow him, as their duty direded, by thefiaz 
 ■ in the day, and by the l/^/it at night. 
 
 Ilerrcia. 
 
 *' On 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 ** On the 13th December they arrived at Rio Janeiro; 
 the natives prefently came ofF in canoes with plenty of provi- 
 iions, fowls, maize, parrots, and many other birds and fruits; 
 they exchanged for 2t. face-card feven or eight fowls, and offered 
 a flave for a hatchet ; but the general ordered that none, on 
 pain of death, (hould purchafe flaves, but only eatables, to 
 give the Portuguefe no room to complain, nor to get flaves 
 aboard to confume the provifions. 
 
 ** They failed the 27th December ; they made C^e Sta. 
 Maria on the nth of January, 1520, which Caravallo, the 
 pilot, knew by three hills appearing like iflands, from the rela- 
 tion of Juan de Lisboa, a Portuguefe pilot, who had been 
 there." 
 
 ** On Monday *, the 6th of January, they failed from the 
 river Plate, and entered St. Julian river on Eafter even- 
 ing -f*. On Eafter-day the general ordered every body afliore 
 tohearmafs; every body went, except Luys de Mendo^a, 
 captain of theVitoria, and Gaspar de Quesada, captain of 
 the Concepcion. Juan de Cartagena being in arreft on ac- 
 count of fome infults he had offered the captain-general. Ma- 
 galhanes thought much that thefe captains did not go afhore, 
 and confidered it as a bad fign J." 
 
 Barros fays, in this river Magalhanes and the other cap- 
 tains, confulted about the voyage which they had made, and 
 were to make : upon this, opinions were different ; but Ma- 
 galhanes gave no ear to any objedion againft proceeding. In 
 confequence, he faid, he would winter in the river, but that 
 at the beginning of the fummer, he would continue his courfe 
 to y^^f and feek for the expedled cape, or llrait. Magal- 
 hanes added, that the Norway and Iceland feas were as 
 navigable as that of Spain, though in a higher latitude -, and 
 
 * Gafpar. f 2d April.— Barros. % Herrora. 
 
 D that 
 
 17 
 
 iSzo. 
 
 '*.-^ 
 
 "K^- 
 
i8 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 •52o« that he could fee no reafon why the fea they were going to 
 iliould not be fo. And becaufe Magalhanes (hewed himfclf 
 in this converfation independent *, and not fubjetfl to the votes 
 of the other captains and pilots, there were great murmurings ; 
 the chief 2Xi^ moft intelligent people atfirmed, that this difcovery 
 was of no value to the King of Spain, for any cape or ftrait» 
 even in the latitude they were then in of 50®, was not in a cli- 
 mate to be navigated at fuch a diilance. The Norway and Ice- 
 land feas were navigable, as Magalhanes had urged, but that 
 they were fo only to the people of thofe countries, or fo near 
 them, that, in a fpace of fifteen days, they could reach the moft 
 remote j whereas it required no lefs than fix or feven months to 
 fail from Spain to fuch remote parts of the world, through fo 
 - different climates and feafons. Befides, fuppofing it was eafy to 
 fail round the oppofite fea-coaft, which, however, was not yet 
 difcovered, the fmall profit arifing from the Maluco clove 
 could not counter-balance both the lofs of men in that navi- 
 gation, and 'the infinite fums of money requifite for it. Such 
 was thedifcourfeofthemoft knowing perfons, but the reft ima- 
 gined Magalhanes intended to reftore himfelf to the King of 
 Portugal's favour, by leaving them in fome wild place, where 
 they would unavoidably perifh ; and afterwards return himfelf 
 to Portugal." 
 
 Herrera does not mention this confultation ; he only fays> 
 •* The armada being arrived at the bay St. Julian \ it appear- 
 ing expedient to the captain-general to winter there, he ordered 
 an allowance of provifions : whereupon the people, on account 
 of the great cold, begged him, that fince the country was found 
 to extend itfelf towards the Antartick, without (hewing a hope 
 of finding the cape of this land, nor any ftrait j and as the winter 
 was fetting in fevere, and fome men dead for want, that he 
 
 • Ifento. 
 
 would 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 would increafe the allowance, or return back, alledging, 
 that it was not the King's intention that they fhould fcek out 
 what was impoflible, and that it was enough to have got where 
 none had ever beenj adding, that going farther towards the 
 Pole, fome furious wind might drive them where they (hould 
 not get away, and all periih. 
 
 ** Magalhanes, who was a ready man *, and prefently hit 
 on a remedy for whatever incident occurred, faid, that he was 
 very ready to die, or to fulfil what he had promifed. He faid, 
 that the King had ordered him the voyage which was to be per- 
 formed ; and that, at all events, he was to fail till he found the 
 end of that land, or fome Arait, which they could not fail of 
 doing i and though wintering feemed to be attended with diffi- 
 culties, there could be none, when the fpring fet in, to proceed 
 forward, difcoveringthe coaflsof the continentunder the Antartick 
 Pole, being aiTured that they mud come to a place where a </^ 
 lafted three months: that he was aftoniflied that men and Spa- 
 niards could have fo much fluggifhnefs "f*. That as to the diffi- 
 culty of provifions, there was nothing to complain of, fmce there 
 was in the bay of St. Julian much wood, plenty of good fifli, 
 good water, and many wild fowl : and fince bread and wine 
 they had not wanted and would not want, if they were content to 
 be put to an allowance. And confidering that the Portuguefe, 
 who fail every year to the eaft, pafs the Tropick of Capricorn 
 without difficulty, and 1*2^ further, and that hitherto they had 
 only gone double that. And as he was determined to die rather 
 thzn Jfjamefully to return hack t he was certain that, in fuch com- 
 panions as he had with him, there would not be wanting that 
 valorous fpirit which naturally is poflefled by the Spanilh nation, 
 as in greater things had been ffiewn, and was fliewn every day : 
 
 »9 
 
 15*0. 
 
 Hombre prompto. 
 
 t Flaqueza. 
 
 D 2 
 
 and 
 
80 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 and therefore entreated them to wait patiently till the little winter 
 was paft, as they might expedt greater rewards from the King, 
 by fo much as their labour was greater j to whom, he trufted, 
 they were to Ihew an undifcovered worldy rich in gold and fpices> 
 wherewith every body would be enriched. 
 
 *• As the multitude is eafily drawn to any fide, the people were 
 appeafed by thefe words ; although there was not wanting fome 
 murmurings, wherefore Magalhanes flightly chaftifed fome; 
 but in the end, on account of the wretched life they led there, 
 many were induced to (hew a mutinous difpofition: and Magal- 
 hanes having fent hisfquif to the fhip St. Antonio, to get four 
 men to go for water, a man told thofe in the fquif, before they 
 reached the fhip, not to come; that Gafpar de^efeda was captain 
 there j that he hadfeized Aharo de Mefqueta *, and the pilot, 
 Juan Rodriguez Mafra i and hanged the mafieri Magalhanes 
 hearing this news, ordered the boat to return to that (hip, and to 
 the others ; and a(king for whom they were in the St. Antonio? 
 Gasper de Queseda replied, y^r the King and for him. Lu ys 
 DE MEND09A did the fame in the Vitoria, and Juan de Car- 
 tagena replied the hke in the Concepcion, for he had been fet 
 at liberty. Captain Juan Rodriguez Serrano, in the fliip 
 St. Jago, faid he wasy^r the King and captain Hernando Magal- 
 hanesy for he knew nothing of what had paffed that night in the 
 other three (hips. Magalhanes hearing this, and confidering 
 that the revolt was in fuch a (late, that temerity was a better 
 remedy than pajjivenefs, ordered, in ha(te, all the people in the 
 Capitana to arms, and provifion to be made of many darts, 
 lances, ftones, and other weapons, in the (hip and in the tops, 
 and the guns to be got ready. He ordered into the boat thirty 
 
 * «« Magalhanes' coufin, who had been put in captain of the St. Antonio, on 
 the difmiffion of Juao de Cartagena." 
 
 chofen 
 
M A G A L H A N E S's VOYAGE. 
 
 chofen men, in whom he could confide, and five in the fquif ; 
 and thefe he ordered to go to the Vitoria, and give a letter to 
 Don Luys de MEND09A *, and whilft he was reading it, 
 boldly to ftabhimj and then, that the thirty men in the boaf 
 fhould go aboard to their affiftance. This Magalhanes un- 
 dertook, becaufe he knew that In that fliip were many people of 
 his fide J his orders were pundlually executed, and the (hip re- 
 mained in obedience to him without refiftance. 
 
 " Underftanding the death of Luys de MEND09A, Magal- 
 hanes gave orders that the people fhould eat and drink plenti- 
 fully; and that they fhould keep a good watch, as it was mid- 
 night, that the other fliips might not get out of the river. A 
 little time after, they faw the St. Antonio coming down upon 
 the Capitanaand Vitoria; wherefore they were. put in order; 
 thinking they were coming to fight, but they were driving with 
 the ftrong current,, as their anchors could not hold her. Ma- 
 GALHANES was much on his guard, though very attentive to 
 what the fhip fliould do ; and as nobody appeared but the captain, 
 Gaspar de Quesada, who went on the awning -j- with a 
 lance and a target, calling the people, who would not. ftir, for 
 the artillery of the Capitana was playing againftthe upper works 
 of the St. Antonio : a ball ftruck the cabin where Juan Ro- 
 driguez Mafra was prifoner, and paffed between his legs, 
 without hurting him. Magalhanes had now got near with; 
 theGapitana, and boarding with the Vitoria, the people, en- 
 tering with valour and alacrity, feized Caspar de Quesada 
 and the criminals, and carried them to the Capitana: letting at 
 liberty Alvaro de Mesquita and Juan Rodriguez Mafra.- 
 
 • Barros fays, the perfon entrufled with the commifTion to kill Mendo9a, who- 
 xvason board his fhip ««rf of the mouth of the river,, was Gon^alo Goiiies Spi- 
 nofa, apparitor of the fleet ; which Spinofadid with a dagger. 
 
 t Tolda. 
 
 Magal^- 
 
 21 
 
 1520. 
 
ti MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 I5J0. Magalhanes fent a boat with forty men, to enquire for whom 
 was the Concepcion ? they replied for Magalhanes ; and then 
 aflcing, if they might come aboard fafely ? they replied yes ; 
 and feized Juan de Cartagena, and brought him to the 
 Capitana." 
 
 Barros fays, " The three captains Cartagena, Quesada, 
 and MEND09A, confulted together, and refolved either to con- 
 fine or to kill Magalhanes, and to return to Spain, and to 
 let the King know every thing they had met with in their voy- 
 age ; and, at the fame time, reprefent to him the Jiubbornefs 
 and ra(hnefs of their inflexible commander." 
 
 '* Next day ♦ Magalhanes ordered Luvs de MEND09A, 
 who was killed in the Vitoria, to be quartered ; and was em- 
 ployed fome days in examining into the bottom of the affair ; 
 and although he found above forty deferve death, he pardoned 
 them, becaufe they were neceffary for the fervice of the armada j 
 and becaufe he did not think it neceffary to appear rigorous, 
 and make himfelf difliked, by cxceflive punifhment. He fen- 
 tenced Caspar de Quesada to be quartered, and a boy of his 
 to be hanged i and Juan de Cartagena to be left afhore in 
 that country ; and becaufe they had no executioner, the boy, 
 to fave his own life, accepted of the office, and hung his mafter 
 and quartered him. 
 
 " Not for this did the mutiny ceafe, for a French clerigo, 
 who was in the St. Antonio, endeavoured to flir up the people ; 
 but not getting any body to join him, he was difcovered, feized, 
 and fentenced to be left in the country with Juan de Carta- 
 gena. 
 
 ** As the winter months were drawing towards a conclufion, 
 Magalhanes ordered captain Juan Serrano to go along 
 fliore, to difcover if there was a flraitj and that, if he did not 
 
 • Herrera. 
 
 find 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 find it in a certain diftance, he fliould return. He found at 
 twenty leagues a fine river, a league broad, and bccaufe it was 
 the day of St. Cruz, in May, he named it S". Cruz : he 
 ftaid in it fix days, fifhing and getting feals, of which he killed 
 one weighing nineteen arobas, without the hide, head, and feet : 
 Juan Serrano wanted to go forward; but at three leagues 
 came on a gale that fplit all his fails, and lofing his rudder, be- 
 fore he got to the fhore, the Hiip funk, as it was high water, 
 the fore part of the (hip was under water j all the people were 
 faved, but the (hip was broke to pieces, and every thing in her 
 loft. Eight days they lived upon Ihell^fifli, which they caught 
 among the rocks ; and contriving to return to the fquadron, 
 they found a difficulty in paffing the large river, but finding 
 fome planks on the coaft, they carried them on their backs $ 
 and being very feeble, althouf ^ it was only fix leagues by land, 
 they were four days in reaching it, living on plants. There 
 were thirty-fevcn men, notwithftanding which, the plank they 
 carried, was only fufiicient to make one fmall embarkation to 
 cstrry two perfons, becaufe, through feeblenefs, they had left 
 them in the way. 
 
 " Thefe two men being paiTed the rivers, they went two days; 
 inland, without getting good plants to eat, fuffering great colds 
 from the fnow, they agreed to go down to the fea to feek food, 
 and finding fome fhell-fifh, they returned inland, for the road 
 was better that way from the river S". Cruz, to where the fhips 
 lay, than along the fea fliore j and having been detained e/even 
 days, they arrived fo emaciated, that they were not known. 
 Magalhanes regretted the lofs of the fliip, but rejoiced that 
 all the people were faved j though the great quantity of provi- 
 fions they had loft, diftrefi!ed them much. He fent twenty men,, 
 loaded with wine, bread, and other things, that thofe people 
 might pafs by land ; for the fea was fo changed, it was im- 
 
 1 poffible 
 
 »3 
 15x0. 
 
S4 M A G A L H A N E S s V O Y A G E. 
 
 1520, jDofliblc to go that way. Thcfe people fuffcred great diftrefles, and 
 were obliged to melt the flakes of ice to drink. The bread being 
 arrived, they gave to the people of the loft fliip, who had been 
 thirty-five days without eating it : they were occupied two days 
 Jn pafling the river with the little boat, and being arrived at 
 the (hips, Magalhanes made Juan Serrano captain of the 
 Concepcion, and divided the people amongft the other fhips. 
 
 ** That the people who were employed in repairing the fliips, 
 jnight continue with the greater fecurity afhore, although they 
 had not hitherto feen any Indian, Magalha,nes made them 
 make a houfe of ftone, where they had the forge j from the 
 extremities they fufFered, three men loft the ufe of their hands, 
 for this river is in 49% and fomewhat more, and the days were 
 very fhort. In the mean while, the general ordered, that four 
 men (hould go inland, and that at thirty leagues they (hould fix 
 a crofs, and that if they found the people and the country good, 
 that they (hould remain in it; but not finding water^nor people, 
 and appearing defert, that they ftiould return. 
 
 " At the end of two months which the armada was in the 
 bay, appeared fix Indians : " but as it is foreign to the purpofe 
 of this work, to enter into a detail of any circumftances which 
 do not relate to the hiftory of the voyage or of Magalhanes, 
 I fhall only obferve, that Herrera fays, " iktleaji was larger 
 and taller than the largeft Spaniard." 
 
 " It appearing * that the five winter months, April, May, 
 June, July, and Auguft were pafted, the captain -general gave 
 orders, that the ftiips ihould be got ready For the fea. 
 
 ** The 2ift July, the cofmographer, Andres de St. Mar- 
 tin, went aftiore with his inftruments, and obferved when the 
 Ain was at his greateft altitude, the fhadow of the thread pointed 
 to S. by E. 3 deg. S. (= S. 8 deg. 15 min. E;) and Sunday 22d,' 
 
 • Herrera. 
 
 they 
 
MAGALHANES'j VOYAGE. 
 
 they made the fame obfervation aboard» and had the fame refult. 
 Taking the altitude of the fun on fhore, the 24th of Auguft, they 
 found it 32 deg. 40 min. the declination being 8 deg. 2 min. 
 Z. D. 40 deg. 42 min. the lat. is therefore 49 deg. 18 min. S. 
 
 ** The (hips being ready to fail, Macalhanes ordered Juam 
 DE Cartagena, and the French clerigo," whom Barros names 
 Pedro Sanchez de Reina, " to be fet aftiore, in purfuance 
 of the fentence which had been pafTed, and that they (hould be 
 given bread and wine in plenty ; all the people very compafll- 
 onately wiflied them farewel. 
 
 " They left the bay of St. Julian the 24th of Auguft, and 
 went to the river Sta. Cruz, difcovered by Juan Serrano, 
 where they continued September and Oftober." 
 
 Fray Caspar fays, ** having wooded and watered at Sta. 
 Cruz, they failed from thence in the end of October, and kept 
 coafting to the fouthward with much trouble, on account of the 
 bad weather, till they came to Cape Virgins, fo named by 
 Magalhanes, becaufe it was difcovered on St. Ursula's day." 
 
 Herrera relates, that on difcovering this Cape, *« Magal- 
 hanes fent two Ihips apart to reconnoitre, with orders to re- 
 turn within five days : they returned ; thofe of one(hipfaid they 
 had found nothing but fome inlets of (hoal water, with very high 
 breakers. Thofe of the other faid it was zjlraiti for that they 
 had gone up it three days without difcovering an end, and the 
 farther they went up the fea ftill followed them, they con- 
 ftantly founded, fometimes they had no ground j and becaufe it 
 appeared to them the floods were greater than the ebbs, it was 
 impoflible that this arm of the feat orjiraitt did not proceed far- 
 ther on. 
 
 ** Magalhanes hearing the relation of the two fhips, having 
 gone about a league in the ftrait, ordered to anchor, and that a 
 fquif with ten men fhould go afhore, to fee what was to be found 
 
 E there; 
 
 •I 
 
 ijte. 
 
 i3»i-!?ii-. i 
 
* »*■ , 
 
 26 
 
 15*0. 
 
 MAGALHANES'8 VOYAGE. 
 
 there J and at one third of a league they found a houfe, wherein 
 were about 200 graves of the Indians, for it is cuftomary with 
 them in fpring, to come down to the fea coaft, and inter there 
 thofe who die, and in winter they go inland. Returning, they 
 faw a very large dead whale clofe to the fhore, and many other 
 bones of them, from whence they judged this country fubjedt 
 to great ftorms. 
 
 ** On the 28th of Odlober, in this place, being to W. of 
 Cape St. Severin three leagues, theyobferved the fun's alti- 
 tude 53 deg. 30 min. declination 16 deg. 26 min. Z. D. 37 deg. 
 4 min. lat. 52 deg. 56 min. S. 
 
 *« Wherefore, as Magalhanes now found himfelf in the 
 beginning of November, and that the nights were not more 
 than five hours, and that the ftrait, or arm of the fea, which he 
 had difcovered, ran from E. to W. judging it was what he 
 fought, he was felicitous to reconnoitre it again, and for this 
 fent the St. Antonio. Although they went fifty leagues they 
 could find no end, and judging it was a Jirait paffing into the 
 South Sea, they returned. The general and every one re- 
 ceived much content from this news. 
 
 ** Magalhanes fummoned the captains, pilots, and chief 
 people of the armada to council ; he ordered an examination ta 
 be made of the provifioiis they had, for he now looked on the 
 paffage to the Malucos fecure : as it was found that each fliip 
 had three months provifions, it was the general opinion, every 
 body being in good fpirits, that it was right to go on, and fulfil 
 the purpofe they were engaged on, fince it would not be well 
 to return fruitlefs to Spain. Estevan Gomez, pilot of the 
 St. Antonio, replied, that fince they had found theitrait to pafs 
 to the Malucos they fliould return to Spain, to carry another 
 fquadron, for that they had a great fea to pafs j and that if they 
 met with a few days calms or tempcfts all would perifli. 
 
 Magal- 
 
 viii^. 
 
MAOALHANESs VOYAGE. 
 
 *' Maoalhanes, with a very compored countenance, faid, 
 ** T/iat if even he thought they could be reduced to the necejjity of 
 " eating the hides which were on the yards ^ he would go on to dif- 
 ** cover what he hadpromifed the emperor ^ for he trujied God would 
 them, and bring them to a good conclujion." 
 
 ^7 
 
 tJJOt 
 
 a I 
 
 it 
 
 He ordered throughout the fliips that no one, on pain of 
 death, fliould fpeak of the voyage, or of the provifions, for he 
 intended failing next morning, and that the fliips fliould be got 
 ready. In this he fliewed much prudence and conftancy, for 
 with the opinion of Estevan Gomez, who was held a great 
 mariner, the people flicwed a difpofition of changing. 
 
 ** They obferved the land here was very ragged and cold; 
 and becaufe they faw in the night many fires, it was named 
 Terra del Fuego. 
 
 ** Farther on finding that there was another branch of the 
 fca, Magalhanes ordered the St. Antonio to go, and difcover 
 if they could by it get to fea, and that they fliould return in 
 three days. The fliip went ; the general failed on with the 
 others one day, and anchored to wait for the St. Antonio; and 
 in fix days, which he flaid, he made a great fifliing oifardinas 
 and fabalost and aUo took in wood and water ; the former fo 
 odoriferous, that when they burnt it, it was very refrefliing. 
 After fix days he fent the Vitoria in queft: of the St. Antonio, 
 and becaufe they did not appear in three days, he went with all 
 three fliips in queft of them j although Andres de St. Mar- 
 tin told him, that hepouldnot lofe time y for he underjiood thatjhip 
 was returned to Spaing notwithftanding this, he went in queft: of 
 it fix days, and was much concerned at the want of provifions 
 this occafioned. He proceeded on his voyage j and it pleafed 
 God, that at the end of twenty days, that they navigated by 
 that ftrait, on the 27th November he failed into the Great South 
 Sea, giving infinite thanks to God, that he had permitted him 
 
 E 2 to 
 
I'M ' ' >' 
 
 at 
 
 15x0. 
 
 4r 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 to find what was fo much defired j and that he was the frji who 
 had found the paflfage fo much fought after. Whereby the 
 memory of this excellent captain fliall be eternally celebrated." 
 Barros fays, ** Magalhanes feeing the fhip St. Antonio 
 was gone, andinitALVARODEMcsQUiTA, and fome Portuguefe, 
 and that he was only fupported by captain Barbosa, and a few 
 others, for the reft of the Spaniards were difgufted with him for 
 the great hardrtiips they had fufFered, he was fo perplexed, that 
 he did not know what to determine. In juftification of him- 
 (elf, he wrote two orders of the fame tenor, and fent them to 
 the two rtiips, not chuiing that the chief people fliould come to 
 him, left, when they were all collected together, fome difpute 
 ftiould arife, on his not confenting to their defires." Barfos 
 adds that ** Andres de St. Martin entered in a book the 
 order to the ftiip in which Barbosa was, and the reply to it, 
 that he might always be able to give an account of himfelf j 
 after his death at the Malucos, this book, and fome of his 
 papers, came into my hands, and, as not foreign to this hiftory, 
 both the onier and rcp/y of Andres dp. St. Martin are here 
 tranflated, to flicw, not by our but t/ieir own words, in what 
 condition they then were, and what tracJi Magalhanes had 
 contrived to go, by our difcovery, if he had failed in his own 
 attempt. The following arc the very words and expreflions of 
 the writing entered by St. Martin, without altering a letter. 
 
 *• I Ferdinand Magalhanes, knight of the order of $% 
 Jagg, captain-general of the armada which his Majefty fent 
 to difcover fpices, &c. make known to you Edward Bar- 
 bosa, captain of the ftiip Vitoria, and to the pilots, mafters, 
 and mates of it, That whereas, I perceive it appears to you all 
 a hard thing that lam determined to proceed on, as it feems to 
 you we have little time to perform the voyage in which we 
 
 7 " ar« 
 
 « 
 
 i 
 
({ 
 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 t€ 
 tt 
 it 
 
 tc 
 
 ft 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 
 MAGAJHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 are engaged ; and whereas I am a man, who never rejed the 
 opinion or advice of any one before all my aiFairs are executed, 
 and communicated in general to every body, without any one 
 having been by me affronted; and becaufe of what happened 
 at port St. Julian about the death of Luys de Mendoza, 
 and Caspar de Quesada, and the baniihmentof Juan de 
 Cartagena, and Pedro Sanchez de Reino, clerigo, you 
 through fear omit to fpeak to me, and advifc me, what appears 
 to you for the fervice of his majefty, and fafety of the faid 
 armada ; and have not fpoken to, or counfelled me, contrary 
 to the fervice of his Imperial Majefty, our Lord, and con- 
 trary to the oath ♦ and homage which you have done to me : 
 Therefore I command you on the part of our /aid Lord, andoti 
 my own part earneftly entreat, that all which you think of, re- 
 lative to our voyage, as well of going on, as of returning 
 back, you will give your opinions in writing, every one 
 apart. Declaring the circumftances and rcafons why we 
 Ihould go on or return, not omitting to tell the truth from 
 any refpedt whatever. With which reafons and opinions I 
 Ihall give mine, and determine Enally what we are to do. 
 
 ** Done in the channel of All- Saints, oppofite the Rio de 
 ** Ilueo, onWednefday, 24th November, in 53 *'. 1520. 
 
 ** By order of the captain-general Ferdinand 
 ** Magalhanes. 
 
 Leon de Especece. 
 
 29 
 1520. 
 
 ** It was notified by Martin Mendez, efcrivano of the ihip, 
 ** onThurfday, 22d November, 1520. 
 
 Pleito e menage. 
 
 a To 
 
 ^f 
 
3<> 
 1510* 
 
 • f 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 ** To which order, I Andres St. Martin, gave and replied 
 " my opinion, which was as follows : 
 
 " Most magnificent Sir, 
 " I have feen the order of your worfhip, which was notified 
 ** to me on Thurfday, 22d November, 1520, by Martin 
 ** Mendez, efcrivano of this fhip of his Majefly, named the 
 ** Vitoria, wherein you, in efFcdt, order me to give my opi- 
 " nion, concerning what I think expedient in this prefent voy- 
 ** age, as well in regard to going on, as returning back, with 
 *< the reafons moving us to the one as to the other, as more at 
 ** large is expreffed in the faid order. I fay, that although I 
 «« doubt of there being a paffage by which we can navigate to 
 «' the Malucos, by this channel of All-Saints where we are, 
 «* nor by either of the other two ftraits, which are within, 
 '* and go toward the E. and E. N. E. This, however, is no 
 «« objedion againft getting all the knowledge we can, taking 
 «' the advantage of the feafon, confidering we are in the heart 
 ** of the fpring j and it appears your worfliip ought to go on 
 " by it, at prefent, fo long as we have * the beft of the 
 *« fpring in hand, and with what we find or difcover till 
 ** the middle of January next, that your worfhip fliould deter- 
 " mine to return to Spain. For thence forward the days fhorten 
 " fafti and on account of the feafon it will become more 
 «« grievous than at prefent. And although we jiow have the 
 «« days of feventeen hours, befides the dawn and twilights, we 
 *« have the weather fo tempeftuous and unfettled, it muft be 
 *• much more expedted to happen when the day fliall befhort- 
 ** ened from fifteen to twelve hours, and ftill more in winter, 
 «» as we have feen in times part. And that your worihip fhould 
 «* get out of the ft rait fome time in January, and in this time 
 
 * Afrol. 
 
 ** take 
 
 P 
 
«< 
 <i 
 
 €t 
 
 t€ 
 
 tt 
 
 ft 
 
 (( 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt . 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 l( 
 
 (( 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 <c 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 take in wood and water fufficient to go for the bay of Cadiz* 
 or St. Lucar, from whence we failed. 
 «* And to determine on going farther fouth than we are or may 
 be, as your worfliip gave directions to the captains at the 
 river Cruz : it does not appear to me poflible to be done, on 
 account of the feverity and tempeftuoufnefs of the feafon. For 
 when in this we now are, we fail with fo much trouble and 
 danger, what would it be in 60 deg. and js deg. and farther on, 
 as your worfhip faid was to be done in queft of the Malucos, 
 towards the E. and E. N. E. doubling the cape of Good 
 Hope, or paffingit : this time I think not. As well becaufe 
 when we ftiall be there it will be winter, as your worfhip 
 better knows, as becaufe the people are wan, and deprived 
 of their ftrength ; and although we have at prefent provi- 
 fions enough for fubfiftence, they are neither fo plenty, 
 nor fuch as will recover new ftrength, nor fupport ex- 
 ceflive fatigues, without their conftitutions being greatly 
 impaired by it j and I obferve that thofe who fall fick, are 
 long in recovering. And although your worfliip has o-ood 
 fliips, and well fitted (thank God) yet they are in want of 
 cables, efpecially this fhip Vitoi ia : and 1 have above faid the 
 people are wan and feeble, and the provifions are not fuffici- 
 ent to go by that way to the Malucos, and from thence to 
 return to Spain. Alfo it appears tome, your worfliip fliould 
 not navigate thofe coafts in the night, as vvelJ for the fafety 
 of the Ihips, as that the people may have time to reft a 
 little, having here nineteen hours clear day-light, you may 
 order to lie at anchor four or five hours, which the night lafls 
 For it appears a thing confonant to reufon, to anchor for four 
 or five hours, which the night lafls, to give (as 1 have faid 
 above) refl to the people, and not jade themfelves with 
 working the fliips, and more particularly to keep clear of 
 
 ** any 
 
 SI 
 1520. 
 

 3* 
 
 
 i^B ifso^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 <( 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 «( 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 C( 
 
 1 H^B> 
 
 c« 
 
 
 « 
 
 IjBD 
 I'Hb 
 
 
 <( 
 
 r; -li 
 
 MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 any danger ♦, which ill-fortune might bring us into, from 
 whence God deliver us j for if difafters happen, when fuch 
 things are clearly feen, and when people are on their guard, 
 what wonder if they befal ; when things are not clearly 
 feen, known, or perceived, b\it that you anchor an hour 
 before fuii fet, when you can fee two leagues a-head. I have 
 mentioned what I think, and which I have given in compli- 
 ance to my duty to God, and to your worfhip, and what ap- 
 pears to me ferviceable to his majefty and the good of the 
 armada. Your worship will do what feems proper : and may 
 God diredt you, to whom I pray to preferve your life and (late 
 as it deferves." 
 
 " Hernando Magalhanes having received this and the 
 other opinions, as his intention was not to turn back on any 
 account whatever j and only paid this compliment, as he knew 
 that people were not Satisfied with him, at the fame time that 
 they were terrified on account of thofe who had been made a 
 public example of: but to give an account of himfelf, he made 
 a long reply, in which he gave circumftantial reafons, but all di- 
 redled to go forward. And he fwore by the order of St. J ago, 
 hanging on his breaft, that this appeared to him the moft eli- 
 gible method for the fafety of the fleet ; wherefore, that all 
 Ihould follow trufting in the goodnefs of God, which had 
 brought them to this place, and had difcovered to them this 
 channel fo much defired, which would carry them to the end 
 of their wiflies." 
 
 Herrera fays ** The St. Antonio came back to look for 
 Magalhanes, and as they anchored at the port of Sardinas, 
 without finding him where they left him, they difcharged fome 
 guns, and made fmoaks ; and although they were not anfwered, 
 
 * Reves. 
 
 the 
 
MAGALHANES's VOYAGE. 
 
 the captain, Alvaro de Mesc^iita, wanted to go in queft of 
 the general, but the pilot Estevan Gomez, a Portuguefe, and 
 the efcrivano Geronimo Guerra, whom Magalhanes had 
 made treafurer, fetzed and dabbed him, on pretence that he 
 had been Maoalhanes's counfellor in the executions * he had 
 made; they kept him in clofe confinement. They made 
 Geronimo Guerra captain of the (hip, and purfucd their voy- 
 age towards Guinea to return to Spain. 
 
 "Magalhanes found, on getting into the South-Sea, that 
 the land turned towards the north, which appeared a good fign, 
 though the fea was very dark and high, a mzrk of a great 
 ocean: Magalhanes ordered many thanks to God; and that 
 they fhould fleer to the northward to get quickly out of thefc 
 cold climates. 
 
 " Magalhanes thus fleering to the northward had great 
 ftorms till the i8th of December, when he found himfelf in 32 
 deg. 30 min. S. he had not till then met with fo much obflruc- 
 tionfrom the wind as from the fea, which tore them to pieces. 
 As he approached the warm climates the wind came large, and 
 as they had it aft, the general ordered to fleer N. W. and W. 
 N. W. till he got to the line." 
 
 In this track they difcovered two uninhabited iflands, which 
 were named the Desventuradas. The different relations do not 
 agree in thefituation ofthefe iflands j the firfl was named Ilha 
 Primeira, according to Barros, but the Portuguefe relation in 
 Ramusio, calls it St. Pedro. At the fecond they found many 
 Jharksy from whence they named it Tiburon. I have here given 
 the different fituations. 
 
 33 
 
 I J so. 
 
 Pigafetta. Maximil. Barroi. 
 
 Flrft ifland, or St. Pedro, 15' S. about the i8» S. 
 
 tropick. 1500 leagues 
 
 from Strait's Mouth. 
 
 Second, or Tiburon, 9 13 14 
 
 • Jufticias. 
 
 F 
 
 Portog. Beiizon. 
 18" S. according to 
 Le Mairei 
 
 15 17 
 
 Thefc 
 
 ■a 
 
34 
 
 1530. 
 
 M A G A L H A N E S's VOYAGE. 
 
 Thefe iflands had nothing but birds and trees on them j the 
 fea is very deep near the fliore j but affording good fifli they 
 remained at them, according to Maximilian, two days. 
 
 As it is not the intention of this work to enter into the recital 
 of Magalhanes's voyage further than is neceffary to explain 
 his track acrofs the Pacific Ocean, it will be fufficient to add, 
 that after difcovering the Ladrone iflands, h« went to thofe now 
 named the Philipinas, in one of which, named Mactan, 
 adjoining to Zebu, he was killed. The (hips afterwards vifited 
 Borneo, and pafled to the Malucos; from whence theVito- 
 ria returned to Spain by the Cape of Good Hope on the 7th 
 September, 1522*. 
 
 The Trinidada having fprung a leak, returned to the Ma- 
 lucos, and attempted the paflage to New Spain, but being 
 forced back from 42 deg. N. latitude, was wrecked at the 
 Malucos. 
 
 Perhaps I may hereafter be induced to trace the voyage of 
 Magalhanes and his followers through the Philipinas and 
 Eailern Iflands, but this is a difquifltion totally unconne<fled with 
 the prefent fubjedl i and which would not be intelligible with- 
 out more accurate charts than any hitherto publiflied of thofe 
 parts. 
 
 * Herrera has preferved the names of thofe pcrfons who returned in the Vitoria : 
 Juan Scbaftian del Cano, Miguel de Rodas, mafter ; Martin de Infaurraga, pilot ; 
 MigBcl de Rodas, feaman •. Nicolas GriegJ, Juan Rodriguez, Bafco Gallego, 
 Martin de Judicibus, Juan de Sanlandcr, Herr.ur»do de Buftamente, Antonio Lom 
 bardo (Pigafetta), Francifco Rodriguez, Ar.wiif^ Fernandez, Diego Gallego, Juan 
 de Arratia, Juan de Apcga, Juan de Acurio, Juan dj Zubieta, Lorenzo de Yruna, 
 Juan de Ortega, Pedro de Indarchi, Riiger Carpintete, Pedro Gafco, Alfortfo Do- 
 mingo, feaman ; Diego Garcia, Pedro de Balpuefla, Ximeno de Burgos., Juan 
 Martin, Martin de Magallanes, Francifco Alvo, Roldan de Argote. 
 
 F E R D I- 
 
 i 
 
FERDINAND GRIJALVA 
 
 AND 
 
 A L V A R A D O's 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 E. 
 
 THIS expedition is briejly mentioned by Herrera^ ; it 
 is alfo mentioned by Argensola, but more circum- 
 ftantially by De Couto and Galvano : thefe obvioufly relate 
 to the different fhips j Galvano, who was at this period go- 
 vernor of the Malucos, to Alvarado's voyage, as does 
 Argensola j De Couto to Grijalva. 
 
 In 1536 Cortes, not difcouraged by the injury done him in 
 fending Antonio de MEND09A to be viceroy of the Empire he 
 had conquered, befides an expedition to the N. W. fitted out 
 two fhips to examine the track to the Malucos under the line; 
 but being informed of the dangerous fltuation to which Pi- 
 zARRo's affairs in Peru were reduced, they went firfV to St, 
 Miguel de Tangarara, with affiflance to Pizarro, '* and 
 from thence to the Malucos, all along near the line, as they 
 were commanded -|-." • 
 
 • Herrera, D. 5. L 8. c. 10. and D. 7. L. 5. cap. 9. 
 
 Bart. Leonardo de Argenfola Conq. de las Malucos. Folio. Madrid, 1609, L. 
 
 2. P. 64. 
 
 De Couto, D. 5. L. 6. c. 5. Folio, Lifbon, 1612. 
 
 Galvano Difcoveries of the World from their firft original, unto A. D. 155 j, 
 publiflied in EngUfli by Richard Hacluit. London, quarto, 1601, P. 80. 
 
 t Galvano, P. 80. 
 
 F 2 Dk 
 
 »S37« 
 
 V 
 
30 FERDINAND GRIJALVA and 
 
 >537' De CouTo indeed fays, one ihip was to return to Cortes 
 
 with difpatches, and Grijalva, with the other, to proceed oa 
 the difcovery of fome iflands to the weftward, which were ima- 
 gined to abound in gold *, and as Cortes kept this intention a 
 profound fecret, it gave rife to a report that Grijalva had 
 fled, being afraid of punifhment for fome mifdemeanours. 
 
 He fays '* Grijalva departed from Pageta in 6 deg. N. 
 the beginning of April, 1537, and Aeered W. and S. W. into 
 29 deg. S. and then fpringing his mad, he flood towards the 
 line, and in 2 deg. N. carried his mafl away ; but having re- 
 paired it as well as he could, he run into 25 deg. N. and 
 then flood for the land, hoping to make California, but had 
 no figns of it ; and as the winds were E. and N. E. he refolved 
 to run for the line as he did. 
 
 ** The people on board infifted on his bearing away for the 
 Malucos, which he refufed, declaring, he did not chufe to be 
 held a traitor, and enter the Portuguefe territories i this occa- 
 fioned a mutiny, in which Grijalva was killed, with his ne- 
 phew Lopo Davalos, and the mafler eledled in his flead. 
 He immediately bore away for the Malucos, and met with 
 fuch calms, that he was four months going to Papua, which 
 was the firfl land they reached ; they then had only feven men 
 alive, for all the refl had died of hunger and fatigue. Being ar- 
 rived here, the vefTel falling to pieces, having- been ten months 
 at fea, they took to the boat, they coafled along an ifland named 
 
 * Ortelius, in his map of America 1587, lays down /Ar« fuch iflands in the lati- 
 tude of 16 deg. S. about 10 deg. W. longitude a Callao or about 87 deg. W. a London, 
 with this defcription, H!c ufpiam infulas ejfe auro diviles mnnulli volunt. Probably 
 thcfe are what were originally named the Salomon iflands ; for Herrera, after giving 
 an account of Men(?ana's Difcovery in 1567, mentions, that •' in the voyage from 
 Peru to the Salomon iflands, was found an ifland named St. Paul, in 15 deg. S. 
 700 leagues from Peru, and in 19 deg. S. 300 leagues from land, others, which 
 were, perhaps, \}[iok firji called the Salomon iflands." This implies, that the name 
 had been given to fome iflands to the weftward, before Meudana's voyage in 1567. 
 
 Crespos, 
 
ALVARADO's VOYAGE. 
 
 Crespos, from whence came many negroes, and fo many came 
 aboard* that they funk the boat, faving the Spaniards, whom 
 they made captives afhore, and carried them to fell about the 
 iflands, fome being brought this year, 1538, to the Malucos, 
 whom Antonio Galvano ranfomed, and fupplied with every 
 thing they wanted *." 
 
 Antonio Galvano fays, that ** From Peru they failect 
 above 1000 leagues, without fight of land on the one fide, nor 
 yet on the other of the equinodtial. And in 2 deg. N. they 
 difcovered one iiland, named Asea, which feemeth to be one of 
 the iflands of Cloves "f*; 500 leagues* little more or lefs, as they 
 failed, they came to the fight of another, which they named 
 Isla delos Pescadores. Going flill in this courfe, they faw ano- 
 ther ifland, called Hayme, towards the fouth, and another named. 
 ApiAi and then they came to the fight of Seri : turning towards 
 the north one degree, they came to anchor at another ifland 
 named Co«oa, and from thence they came to another under the 
 line, named Meou SUM, and from thence toBuFu, (landing in 
 the fame courfe, 
 
 " The people of ajl thefe iflands are blacky and have theic 
 hair frizzled, whom the people of Maluco do call Papuas.. 
 There is here a bird as big as a crane : he flieth not, nor hath 
 any wings wherewith to fly ; he runneth on the ground like a. 
 deer : of their fmall feathers they do make hair for their idols. 
 There is alfo an herb, which being waflied in warm water, if 
 the leaf thereof be laid on any member and licked with the 
 tongue, it will draw out all the blood of a man's body: and with 
 this leaf they ufe to let themfelves blood. 
 
 37 
 
 • The title to the chapter wherein De Couto gives this relation is, " Ch. 5. Of 
 a Spaniflifhip which was loft going t» the Malucos." 
 
 t Ifland of Clevti. As this ifland is far diftant from the Malucos, this probably 
 means that /^« produces Ckvts, 
 
 ** From 
 
 m^ 
 
 
3« FERDINAND GRIJALVA akd 
 
 ijjg. " From thefe iflands they came unto others, named the 
 
 GuELLEs *, /landing i deg. towards the north, caft and weft 
 with the ifland Tiren ate, wherein the Portugals have afortrefs: 
 thefe men are haired like the people of the Malucos. Thofe 
 iflands (land 1 24 leagues from the ifland named MoRO*f*, andfrom 
 Terenate between 40 and 50. From whence they went to the 
 ifle of MoRo and the iflands of Clovs, going from the one unto 
 the other. But the people of the con(\try would not fuffer them 
 to come on land, faying unto them. Go unto thefortrcfs where 
 the captain Antonio Galvamo is, and we will receive you 
 with good will ; for they would not fuffer them to come on land 
 without his licence ; for he was fadtor of the country, as they 
 named him. A thing worthy to be noted, that thofe of the 
 country were fo affe&iou^d to the Portugals, that they would 
 venture for them lives, wives, children, and goods." 
 
 This voyage, as before related, is alfo mentioned by Arg£n-> 
 SOLA. He fays, 
 
 «« Captain Alvarado, a Spanifh knight, was fent by Cortez 
 to Terenate, not to let the valour he had fhewn fink into indo- 
 lence. He difcovered the iflands of Papua, and bravely fought 
 with the Barbarians: the Portuguefe attribute this difcovery to 
 Meneses in 1527. The great Alvarado alfo difcovered other 
 iflands, named Gelles, in i deg. N. lat. E. and W. with Tere- 
 nate, 125 leagues diftant from that of Moro. The natives of 
 the Gelles in complexion, drefs, and cufloms, are like thofe of 
 the Malucos, except their language, which is particular to 
 them." 
 
 • TTiefe iflands were feen in 176 1 by the Warwick India-man. 
 t Argenfola fays the eaft fide of Jilolo is called Morotia, i. c. Moro della Ticrra, 
 the iflands adjoining Morotay, i. e. Moro del Mar. 
 
 Lavaniia, 
 
ALVARADO'8 VOYAGE. 
 
 Lavanha *, in his account of Meneses' voyage, fays, that 
 ** the iflandsof Papua, which were named Islasde Don Jorge 
 DE Meneses, are 200 leagues to the eaftward of the Malucos: 
 coming from thelsLA Versija, where he wintered, which lies 
 under the equinoctial, and has a good harbour. Keeping always 
 under the line, they came to an ifland, named by the natives 
 Meunsu, and to another- which they called Bufu, which is 
 more to the eafl, whereto they gave the name of Dos Graos 
 (Grain ifland) for the plenty they got there." 
 
 Thus we fee collating the antient relations leads us flep by 
 ilep to the iituation of places barely mentioned by fome of them; 
 but tku would have been impoiiible had they not given us 
 the CQtattry names. 
 
 One furt;her obfervation on this voyage is to be added from 
 Lavanha -f-, who lays " Saetedra failing from the Malucos 
 for New-Spain, on the I4tfa of June, 1 528, anchored at the 
 ifland Hamei, 170 leagues from Tidorb, to wood and water." 
 Thus we hav« the fitnation of one more rfland in Alvarado's 
 voyage, for it cannot be doubted this is what Alvaraik) calls 
 Haymi. Let it be obfervcd Saevedra reckoned the diflance 
 $rom Zivatlenejo to the Maluco£ 2000 leagues. 
 
 ♦ Folio, Madrid «6is. P. 53. t P. 61. 
 
 39 
 
 1538. 
 
 't r 
 
 THE 
 
 
THE 
 
 SPANISH DISCOVERIES 
 
 BEFORE MDXCV. 
 
 IN the iirA voyages of the Spaniards from America to 
 the Weftward, the Malucos were in view, but foon after 
 the Peruvian affairs were reduced to order, they attempted dif" 
 "Coveries. 
 
 It may be ufeful in developing the obfcurities met with on 
 this fubje^, to infert a chronological detail of the early viceroys 
 of Peru. All the writers agree in afcribing the firft voyage 
 of this kind, and the difcovery of the Salomon iilands, to the 
 period in which Lopez Garcia de Castro governed Peru : 
 Herrera indeed infmuates, that the iflands originally named 
 the Salomon IJlandsy were different from what this name was 
 applied to, by Mendana, in 156^; but as we have no record 
 of that original difcovery, fo vague a report cannot be confi- 
 
 dered as an accception. 
 Francisco Pizarro fet gut from Panama in 1525, he 
 
 difcovered Peru in 1526 ; went to Spain in 1528 ; was fent 
 
 back to Peru in 1529, and arrived there in 1530. He founded 
 
 the city of Lima in 1535» and was afTaffinated on the 26th of 
 
 June, 1541. 
 
 Peru was, for feveral years after, in a flate of civil war; Pi- 
 
 zAiiRo'5 fuccefTor was 
 
 Christo- 
 
The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 Christoval Baca de Castro. 
 
 BlascoNunnez Vela, entered Lima in May 1544* a»d 
 was killed in battle in January 1546. 
 
 Pedro de la Gasca left Spain in February 154.6, he arrived 
 at Panama in September following j from thence he went to 
 Peru, and having fettled the affairs of that country, returned 
 to Spain in January 1550. 
 
 Antonio de Mendoza entered Lima in September 155 ii 
 and died the year following. 
 
 Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, marquis of Cannete, from 
 July 1555, to April 1561. 
 
 Diego Lopez Zunnioa y Velasco, Cond^ de Nicva, en- 
 tered Lima in April 1561. He died fuddenly the year fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 Lopez Garcia de Castro« from September 1564, toNo« 
 vember 1569, 
 
 Francisco de Toledo, from November 1569, to Sep- 
 tember 1 58 1. 
 
 During his government S. Christoval was difcdveredj as 
 Arias informs us, this happened in 1575. Sir Francis Drake 
 mentions to have met the Almiranta of the Salomon iflands, 
 called the Capitana de Mortal ^ or the Grand Captain of the South, 
 at Valparaiso, the 5th of December 1578*; but we have 
 no circumflantial relation of any events in that voyage. 
 
 Martin Henriquez, from September 1581, to Novem- 
 ber 1586. 
 
 Fernando de Torres y Portugal, Conde de Villar don 
 pardo, from November 1586, to January 1590. 
 
 Duriug his adminiftration Sir Thomas Candish was in the 
 South Sea ; and there is in the King of Spain's library -(• a MS.' 
 relation of what pafl'ed in Peru from the 26th of April 1588, 
 
 » World encompafleil, p. 51. -j- Penelo de Leon. Bibl. Orient, and Occid. p. 642. 
 
 G concerning 
 
 4« 
 
 
 'i'A 
 
42 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 concerning feme veffels fitted out againft the Englifh ; and to it 
 are added the opinions of feveral men of confideration, on what 
 ought to be done on that head j and amongft them is that of 
 Alvaro Mendana, Adelentado of the Salomon lilands, who 
 is the only perfon mentioned by name. 
 
 Garcia HurtadodeMendoza, fourth marquis of Cannete, 
 from January 1590, to July 1596. 
 
 During his government Mendana's expedition in 1595 was 
 undertaken. 
 
 Louis be Velasco, marquis of Salinas, from July 1596, ta 
 January 1604.. 
 
 To him Quiftos prefented two memorials, to be furnifhed 
 with veffels, and every thing neceffary, to continue the profecu- 
 tion of the difcovery of the unknown fouthern lands; the vice- 
 roy pretended the delires of Quiros exceeded the limits of his 
 authority : he fent him to Spain with letters ftrongly recom- 
 mending his projedl ^. 
 
 Hacluit mentions an accidental difcovery of fome iflands 
 abounding in filver during this government, 
 
 Caspar de Zijnniga y A9EVED0, Conde de Monterrey, 
 was viceroy from January 1 604 to December 1 607. 
 
 During his adminiftration., Quiros's famous expedition, in 
 1606, was undertaken. 
 
 Juan de Mendosa y Lit a, third marquis de Monte Claro, 
 from December 1607, to December 161 5 — His fucceffor 
 
 Francisco DE BoRjA Y Aragon, princip6 Efquilache, left 
 Spain in 16 14, and with him went Quiros, who died at 
 Panama, in his way to Lima^ Principe Efquilache entered 
 Lima in December 1615, and continued there till December 
 162 u 
 
 X Pirge from Figueroa. 
 
 We 
 
The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 We have no, later accounts of Spanifli expeditions to the 
 weftward of Peru, at leaft none of fuificient authenticity to be 
 relied on. 
 
 The firfl: voyage exprejly on difcovery to -the weftward of 
 Peru, appears to have been that undertaken in 1567: it is 
 mentioned by many Spanifli writers, but I have not any where 
 met with a diftindt andconfiftent relation of it. Herrera af- 
 cribes the command to MEND09A j in this he is fingular^ all the 
 reft reprefenting Mendana as chief in the expedition.. Herrera 
 appears to be in a miftake, fw not only Figueroa mentions 
 1567 to be the year in which Mendana's firft expedition was 
 undertaken; but Lopez Vaz, though he mentions no year, 
 determines it to the fame period, as he fays it was during the 
 'viceroyalty of Lopez Garcia de Castro, who hft that go- 
 vernment in 1569; befides it feems to be univerfally agreed 
 that the Salomon iflands were difcovered in 1567; and not only 
 Figueroa and Lopez Vaz, but Acosta and Arias, as well 
 as Gallego*, afcribe the difcovery of thefe iflands to Men* 
 
 DANA. 
 
 The authors confulted in the following relation of the Spanifh 
 difcoveries before 1595, are 
 
 Antonio Herrera. Defcripcion de las Indias, cap. 27, 
 p. 59. Folio, Amberes 1728. 
 
 Joseph Acosta. L. i. cap. 6 and 15. Quarto 1590. 
 
 Lopez Vaz. Hacluit, vol. IIL p. 8oi. 
 
 Juan Louis Arias. Memorial, in a coUedion of MSS., 
 «nd printed memorials. 
 
 OvALLE, Churchill's Colledion, 
 
 • Penelo de Leon, p. 671. " Relation de Jornada y Viagc pr' q'al defcubriemento 
 delas Iflas de Salomon hi^o el Adelantado Alvaro de Mendana fiendo el autor (Heraan 
 Gallego) piloto mayor." MS. in Barcia library. 
 
 43 
 
 1»4''! 
 
 G 2 
 
 Christo- 
 
44 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 159^. 
 
 Christoval Suarez de Figueroa. Abftradt in CoreaU 
 Vol. II. p. 293' Abfti-aft in M. Pingr^'s Mem. of Tranfifr' 
 1769. 
 
 It appears Mendana bimfelf was very uncertain of the fitu- 
 ation of the places he had difcovered in his former voyage, fo 
 that it is not wonderful there is a great difcordancy in the diffe- 
 rent relations. In the firft place the various reports of fituation 
 will be recited. 
 
 Herrera, in the beginning of his Defcripcion de las India&y 
 fays " The Salomon iflands are 800 leagues from Peru ; " after- 
 wards he fays, ** 1 500 leagues from Lima, and from 7 deg. to 
 12 deg. S. latitude;" and, at laft mentions ok^ ^^W in 15 deg. 
 S. 700 leagues, called St. Paul ; and fome others, 300 leagues 
 froni land, in 1 9 deg. S. 
 
 Joseph Acosta fays, the Salomon iflands are about 800 
 leagues from Peru, but mentions no latitude. 
 
 Lopez Vaz fays, they found fome iflands in 11 deg. S. 800 
 leagues from Lima, and eleven great iflands between 9 deg» 
 and 15 deg. S. He afterwards fays, they traced Guadalcanal 
 toiSdegS. «. 
 
 Ovalle's Hiftory of Chili, fays the Salomon iflands are tO' 
 the weilwardof Peru, about 7500 miles (125 deg.) and extend 
 from 7 deg. to 12 deg. S. 
 
 The fragment of Figueroa fays, Quiros reported that 
 Mendana defcribed the Salomon iflands to lie between 7 
 deg. and 12 deg. S. i 500 leagues from Lima. 
 
 Sir Richard Hawkins, who fays he faw a MS. of the voy- 
 age at Panama, reports, " That in the height of Santa, 
 (8 deg. S.) fome 7,0 leagues to the weftward, lye the iflands 
 of Salomon, of late years difcovered." 
 
 • Probably 18 deg. is an error of the prefs for 15 deg. S. 
 
 ARrAs> 
 
The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 Arias, in his memorid, fays, ** The Adelentado Alvaro 
 DE Mendana de Neyra, difcovered New-Guadalcanal, 
 which is ji very large ifland, very near New-Guinea ; fome 
 have imagined what Mendana called New-Guadalcanal is 
 part of New-Guinea, the middle of thefe large iflands in 13 
 deg. to 14 deg. S. 
 
 " Afterwards Mendana difcovered the archipelago of 
 iflands, called the Salomon iflands, whereof, great and fmall, 
 he faw thirty-three of very fine profpedt, their middle in 11 
 degrees S. according to hij relation. 
 
 ** He afterwards, in 15751 difcovered the ifland St. Chris- 
 toval, not far from the fituation of the faid archipelago j its 
 middle in 7 deg. to 8 deg. S. 1 10 leagues in circuit." 
 
 It is not clear from Arias, whether Mendana had, previ- 
 ous to 1575, niade one or two voyages, but from other autho- 
 rities it appears, he made but one. 
 
 FiGUEROA fays*, *' They failed from Callao, the 10th of 
 January 1567, and reached the coaft of Mexico, 22d of 
 January 1568. They ran from Callao with contrary winds 
 1450 leagues, when they difcovered a fmall ifland, inhabited •!•, 
 in 6 deg. 45 min. S. which Mendana named Isla de Jesus. 
 
 At 160 leagues from this ifland they fell in with a large ledge 
 of rocks, and fmall iflands within them in 6 deg. 15 deg. S. 
 which were named the Baxos de la Candaleria J, they 
 lay N. E. and S W. and might be 15 leagues in circuit alto- 
 gether §. 
 
 45 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ".if™ 
 
 SI 
 
 • Correal's Abridgment. 
 
 f " By Mulattoes." Pingre from Figueroa. 
 
 J Thefe appear to be Onthong Java. 
 
 § " They were feventeen days from Ida de Jefus to B. de la Candaleria ; at Ifla de 
 Jefus they ieg^n to have contrary winds, much rain, thunder and lightning •, certain 
 figns of great land being near." Fingre, p. 23. 
 
 They 
 
 tt 
 
46 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 ** They faw another land, which they named St a. Isabella, 
 very populous, at fix leagues to the S, E. of a port, in it they 
 found two fmall iflands in 8 deg. S." 
 
 FiGUEROA then gives an account of the reft of the Salomon 
 iflands ; the fartheft fouth he mentions, except St. Christo- 
 VAL, which has a port in 11 deg. S. is a vulcano, named Se- 
 SARGA, 8 leagues in circuit, in 9 deg. 45 min. S. beyond which 
 is Guadalcanal. Figueroa does not mention the latitude of 
 Guadalcanal, nor does he give any longitude of thefe iflands. 
 He fays they ftood N. from Christoval, into 3 deg. S. where 
 they had figns of land, and thought it was New-Guinea. 
 
 There feems to me no room to doubt, that what Mendana 
 named Salomon iflands, are what Dampier named New- 
 Britain. I have difcuflfed this matter in a particular memoir, 
 and fliall therefore avoid faying any thing in this place on the 
 fubjedt ; but having determined the fituation of the Salomon 
 iflands, the defcription which follows from the Spanifli writers 
 above referred to, will be intelligible. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that hitherto my endeavours to 
 procure the original of Figueroa have been fruitlefs. By 
 Coreal's abridgment, it is very obvious Thevenot has tran- 
 fcribed from him the fragment of Mendana's voyage in 1595, 
 which remains in feme copies of his collection. The abridgment 
 of that voyage and of Torquemada, in Coreal, are very 
 brief and imperfedt, and if the voyage in 1 567, be equally cur- 
 tailed, the original of Figueroa muft be extremely valuable. 
 
 It would be ufelefs to enter into a dry detail of names, where 
 the fituation of each particular ifland could not be determined : 
 it is therefore propofed to give the defcription of the whole from 
 the Spanifli writers, whofe accounts are indeed general. 
 
 7 
 
 Her- 
 
The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Bffore 1595. 
 
 Herrera fays, " The Salomon iflands are confiderable in 
 number and fize i the moft remarkable being 18, fame of 300 
 leagues in circuit, two of 200, and of 100, and of 50, and of 
 lefs ; befides many whofe circuits have not been difcovered, and 
 it is faid, that they may, perhaps, make a continent with 
 New- Guinea, and the undifcovered land to the weftward of 
 the Strait *. The whole of thefe iflands appeared to be of a 
 good climate, habitable, and fertile in provifions and cattle : 
 there was found in them fome fruits common in Europe, hogs 
 and fowls. Great many natives of a brown colour hke Spani- 
 ards, others white, red, and black negroes; which is a proof of 
 their adjoining to New-Guinea, where fuch variety of people 
 as refort to the Spice iflands might have been mixed." 
 
 Acosta, who twice mentions the difcovery of the Salomon 
 iflands, in the laft place fays, ** Alvaro Mendana, and his 
 companions, failing from Lima to the wefliward, at the end 
 of three months, found the iflands of Salomon, which are 
 many and large : it is an opinion, well grounded, that they lye 
 clofe to New-Guinea, or, at leaft, that there is a continent 
 very near." 
 
 Lopez Vaz, a Portuguefe, taken in 1586, by captain 
 WiTHRiNGTON in the river Plate, alfo mentions the difco- 
 very of the Salomon iflands, in the hiftoryfound in his pofTefllon ; 
 an abridged tranflation whereof we have in Hacluit, from 
 whom PuRCHAS has alfo copied it. According to Lopez Vaz, 
 *« Castro, viceroy of Peru, fenta kinfman of his, Alvarez 
 DE MiNDANio, general of the fleet, Pedro Sarmiento, his 
 lieutenant, and in the vice-admiral Pedro de Ortega. 
 
 *' The fleet departing from Lima, failed 800 leagues weft- 
 ward off the coaft of Peru, where they found certain iflands, 
 in II deg. S. inhabited by a kind of people of a yellowilQh com- 
 
 * Of Magalhanes. 
 
 plexion. 
 
 47 
 
11 
 
 RiH 
 
 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 48 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 plexion, and all naked, whofe weapons are bows and arrows, 
 and darts. The beafls they faw here were hogs and little dogs, 
 and they found fome hens j here alfo they found a mufter of 
 cloves, ginger, and cinnamon ; though the cinnamon was not 
 of the beft : and here appeared unto them likewife fome fliew 
 of gold. The firft ifland that the Spaniards difcovered, they 
 named Sta. Isabella ; and here they built a fmall pinnace, 
 wherewith, and the (hip's boat, they found out between 9 deg. 
 and 15 deg. S. latitude, eleven great iflands, being, one with 
 another, 80 leagues in compafs. The greateft ifland they called 
 after the firft finder, Guadalcanal, on the coaft whereof they 
 failed i5oleagues before they could know whether it was an ifland 
 or part of the main land : and yet they knew not perfectly what 
 to make of it, but think it may be part of that continent which 
 ftretches to the ftrait of Magalhanes, for they coafted it to 
 18 deg. S. * and could not find the end thereof. The gold that 
 they found was upon Guadalcanal, where they landed, and 
 took a town, finding fmall grains of gold in the houfes ; but the 
 Spaniards, not underftanding the language of the country, and 
 the Indians, who were very ftout men, continually fighting 
 againft them, they could never learn from whence that gold 
 came, nor yet what ftore there was in the land." 
 
 Lopez Vaz unfairly charges the Indians as the aggreflbrsi he 
 fays, that fourteen Spaniards having gone afliore to water, were, 
 on a fudden, befet by the Indians in four canoes, who took the 
 fliip's boat, and killed all the people. But Pingre, from 
 Figueroa, tells us, " The cazique of the place had con- 
 ceived a great afFedion for Mendana ; but a difpute arofe with 
 him about a young man whom the Spaniards had feized, and 
 would not return, though the cazique demanded him back : 
 
 * Probably an error of the prefs for 15 deg. 
 
 hereupon 
 
Ti!E SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 iiereupon nine Spaniards *, commanded by the fteward, going 
 afhore for water, were maffacred by the Indians ; next day re- 
 vens;e was taken ; fevcral Indians were killed, and villages 
 burnt. It was captain Pedro Sarmiento that Mendana 
 fent to make thefe reprifals." 
 
 LdPEz Vaz fays, that upon the Indians killing the people 
 belonging to the boat, " The Spaniards went alhore in their 
 pinnace, and burnt the town, and in this town they found the 
 gold abovementioned. They were difcovering thefe iflands 
 
 about fourteen months -f*. 
 
 ** The Indians ufe to go to fea in great canoes, that will carry 
 100 men a-piece, wherein they have many conflidts with one 
 another, but to the Chriftians they could do no great harm j for 
 with a fmall pinnace, and two falcons, a few may overcome 
 100 of them. 
 
 <* He that pafjeth the Strait of Mag alh anes, or faileth from 
 the coaft of Chili diredly for the Malucos, muft needs run in 
 fight of fome of thefe iflands, at which you may furnifh your- 
 felf with plenty of viduals, as hogs, hens, excellent almonds, 
 potatoes, fugar-canes, with divers other forts, fit for the fufte- 
 nance of man, in great abundance j alfo amongft thefe iflands, 
 you fhall have fome quantity of gold, which the Indians will 
 give you in truck for other commodities : for the Spaniards, in 
 their difcovery of thefe iflands, not feeking gold, brought 
 home notwithflianding 40,000 pezos J with them, befides great 
 ftore of cloves and ginger, and fome cinnamon alfo, which is 
 not fo good as in other places." 
 
 * Lopez Vaz fays fourteen. 
 
 t This muft mean from Peru back to Peru, for Figueroa fays, they failed from 
 Callao I oth of January 1567 and reached the coaft of Mexico 22d January 1568. 
 X Dollars. 
 
 49 
 
 
 H 
 
 LoPEir 
 
 Hi 
 
 n 
 
50 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 Lopez Vaz adds, that ** when they thought to have fent 
 colonies unto thefe iflands, captain Drake entered the South 
 Sea, whereupon commandment was given, that they fhould not 
 be inhabited, that the Englifh, or others, who pafs the Strait 
 of Magalhanes to go to the Malucos, might have no fuc- 
 cour there, but fuch as they got from the Indians." 
 
 Arias, in his memorial, fays, ** The Adelentado Alvaro 
 Mendana de Neyra, difcovered New-Guadalcanal, 
 which is a very large ifland, very near New-Guinea. Some 
 have imagined, that what Mendana called New-Guadal- 
 canal, is part of New-Guinea. New-Guinea is in the 
 fbuthern hemifphere, and was fome time before difcovered; and 
 fince, almofl all has been difcovered on the outfide. It is a 
 country encompafTed with water*, and according to the greateft 
 part of thofe who have feen it, Spaniards, and other nations, 
 it is 700 leagues in circuit : others make it much more. The 
 middle of thefe large iflands is in 13 deg. to I4deg. S. 
 
 ** Afterwards the Adelentado Mendana difcovered the 
 archipelago of iflands called the iflands of Salomon, whereof, 
 great and fmall, he faw thirty- three, of very fine profpeft, in. 
 1 1 deg. S. their middle, according to his relation." 
 
 In the abridgment Coreal gives of Figueroa, there are no 
 eircumfliances of defcription, except in regard to the fituation ^ , 
 in M. PiNGRfe's we are told, that *' from the Baxos de. 
 LA Candaleria, Mendana had fight, of land, towards 
 which he failed, and anchored in a port, which was named: 
 Sta. Isabella de la Estrella •!•.. They conftrudted a. 
 brigantine, in which Mendana fent Pedro de Ortegaj his 
 M". de Campo, and Hernan Gallego, his chief pilot, with 
 1 8 foldiers and 12 failors, to go round the ifland, whereto 
 they gave the name of Isabella, or Sta. Isabella.. 
 
 • A'ljlada. I imagine, in this place it rather fignifiesyJ^ara/^^/ //j/a //7(7;7^r, 
 t Coreal does not fay S^*, Ifabella was in fight from Baxos de la Candaleria. 
 
 They 
 
 (( 
 
The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 ** They failed to the S. E. as the coaft lay, and at fix leagues 
 from the port, they found two fmall iflands, with great rows * 
 of palms, in 8 deg. latitude j and in the fame courfe faw many 
 othejr iilands. They alfo found a large bay, with eight iflands, 
 all inhabited." 
 
 As it feems impoflible to clear up the fourcc of the very great 
 difcordance of fituation, it would be ufelefs to attempt it ; but 
 this confufion has obfcured the early difcoveries fo much, that 
 many have, ridiculoufly, been led from thence, to think them 
 all, at leajiy fupicious. There can be no doubt that the Salomon 
 iflands, difcovered in 1567, were confidered to be well worth 
 attention i but every new undertaking muft be dragged' up a 
 very deep hill; and it feldom happens, that thofe who from their 
 fituation are enabled, have the ability to judge of fuch enter- 
 prizes, and are inclined from fpirit and virtue to promote them. 
 
 It will not be amifs to obferve in this place, that the Spani- 
 ards, to bring places within their line of demarcacioriy reckoned 
 the diftance acrofs the Pacific Ocean much too little in their 
 early voyages-j-. 
 
 Having mentioned the line of demarcaciont it will be proper 
 to explain the ternit and free the fubjedt from fome very erro- 
 neous mifconftruftions, which even authors of reputation have 
 been led into. 
 
 When the fpirit of difcovery was warm in Spain and Por- 
 tugal, it was forefeen that difputes would arife about limits. 
 It was, therefore, referred to the pope to fettle a line oi demar^ 
 caciony which fliould determine the limits of each. This line 
 may be called th^ Jirjl meridian: it was placed 370 leagues 
 to the weftward of St. Antonio, one of the Cape Verde 
 
 • Alas. 
 
 t Vide Gaetan, in Ramufio, and Cefpedes Hydrographia ; the former being 
 about 40 deg. deficient of the true diftance between Mexico and the Philipinas. 
 
 H 2 iflands. 
 
 5^ 
 
 ' *■" V 
 
 f||i 
 
 i) 
 
 |H 
 
 :|: 
 
 ijljffll 
 
 
 ill 
 
 m 
 
5* 
 
 The SPANISH DISCOVERIES Before 1595. 
 
 iflands. All in the eaftern hemifphere appertaining ta Portu- 
 gal } and in the weftern to Spain : it was not all difcoveries 
 made to the nvejiward by the onCf and to the eajiward by the 
 other» but within the hemifphere ; and the Spanifh preteniions 
 to the Malucos, was grounded on a prefumed fallacy of the 
 Portuguefe, in reprefenting the longitudes of the eaftern parts 
 of India much lefs than they really were. Experience of mo- 
 dern times has confirmed the Portuguefe reports, and confuted 
 the Spaniih, who, neverthelefs, continue to hold the Phili- 
 pinas againft the pope's bull ♦. 
 
 • Vide Cefpedcs's Hydrographia, where the judgment of the pilots ii preferved. 
 P. 129 to I53> folio^ Madrid x6o6. 
 
 JUAN 
 
JUAN FERNANDEZ' 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 E. 
 
 JUAN FERNANDEZ is better known by the iflands 
 to which he gave his name in 1572, than by the more im- 
 portant difcovery he made of the Southern Continent. 
 
 All I can find related of this perfonage is in Arias's Memo- 
 rial ; he fays, ** A pilot, named Juan Fernandez, who difco- 
 vered the track from Lima to Chili by going to the weftward 
 (which till then had been made with much difficulty, as they 
 kept along fliore, where the foutherly winds almoft conftantly 
 prevail), failing from the coaft of Chili about the latitude of 
 40 deg. little more or lefs, in a fmall fhip, with fome of his 
 companions, in courfes between W. and S. W. was brought ia" 
 a month's time to a coaft, from what he could judge of the 
 continent t very fertile and agreeable, inhabited with white 
 people, mighty well diipofed, of our ftature, cloathed with 
 very fine cloths, and fo peaceable and civil, that in every 
 manner they could exprefs, they offered every thing in their 
 power, and of the riches and fruits of their country, which ap- 
 peared very rich and plentiful. But (being overjoyed to havedif- 
 covered the coaft of that Great-Continent, fo much defired) 
 he returned to Chili, intending to go back properly fitted, and 
 to keep it a fecret till they and their friends could return on the 
 difcovery. It was delayed from day to day, till Juan Fernan- 
 dez died, when, with his death, this matter, fo important,, 
 funk into oblivion. 
 
 Cirdter 
 1576. 
 
 \ 
 
 Ini 
 
s+ 
 
 Circiter 
 1576. 
 
 <( 
 
 JUAN FERNANDEZ* VOYAGE. 
 
 In regard to this, it muft be obferved, that many have re- 
 lated this difcovery of Juan Fernandez in the following man- 
 ner, affirming that they had it thus from himfelf, viz. That 
 going to the weft ward from Lima, to difcover the track to 
 Chili, feeking times for it, and getting off fliore, (where almoft 
 always the winds are fouth) a certain fpace of longitude (which 
 he would, at a proper time, declare) ; and then ftanding fouth, 
 with little deviation, to the adjoining points, he difcovered the 
 faid coaftof the Southern Continent in the latitude (which 
 he would alfo tell when expedient), from whence he made his 
 voyage to Chili. 
 
 ** Other relations, much worthy of belief, place this dif- 
 covery as before related ; but whether it happened in this or 
 the other manner, or two different difcoveries, it is a thing mofl 
 certain that he did difcover the coaft of the Southern Land ; 
 for fo has been tcftified by perfons of much credit and autho- 
 rity, to whom the faid Juan Fernandez communicated the 
 account, with the above-mentioned circumftances of the country 
 and people which he difcovered: and one of thefe witncffes, 
 whom I can here mention to your Majefty, was M". de Campo 
 DE Cortes, a man extremely worthy of credit, as is known, and 
 who has been employed in Chili near fixty years, who heard it 
 from the faid pilot, and faw the defcription he brought of the 
 
 faid coaft. 
 
 «* On this coaft Juan Fernandez faw the mouths of very 
 large rivers, from whence, and from what the natives inti- 
 mated, and becaufe they were pedple fo la/iifey fo well clac', and 
 in every thing fo different from thofe of Chili and all Peru, he 
 concluded it certainly the coaft of the Southern Continent, 
 which appeared much.better and richer than that of Peru." 
 
 ISLANDS 
 
ISLANDS OF FONTACIAS. 
 
 PREVIOUS to the voyage of Men DAN A in 1595, a few 
 words will be proper of the iflands Fontacias, fo named 
 in the time of the marquis of Cannete i the only mention I have 
 found made of thefe iflands, is in ** Lima Fundada," a poem, 
 by Dr. D. Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo Rocha y Be- 
 NAViDEs, printed at Lima, 1732, 2 vols. 4to. It does not ap- 
 pear when or by whom the difcovery was made. In a note*, 
 Peralta fays, 
 
 «* The iflands Fontacias were fo named in the time of the 
 marquis of Cannete j they extend from 12 deg. to 30 deg. S. 
 to the weft of the coaft of Peru ; their inhabitants, it is faid, 
 have come in canoes to trade with the towns of Chincha, 
 Pisco, and Acari. According to the original difpatch of the 
 viceroy abovementioned, in which he appoints D.Juan Roldan 
 Davila general for the conqueft, and fettling them, under 
 date 15th July, 1592; and two royal fchedules ift December 
 1613; andiftMay 1638. This intimation is very furprifing,, 
 for they are not found in any map of this fea, nor are they 
 mentioned in any of the fubfcquent voyages of the Spaniards,, 
 or foreigners, who have cruized to the weftward of this coaft j 
 wherefore, it may be fuppofed, the report was without founda- 
 tion. 
 
 The marquis of Cannete having named D. Juan Roldan 
 Davila general for the difcovery and fettling the iflands 
 Fontacias, he, for this purpofe, equipped two fliips at his 
 own expencej but one of them was employed againft Sir 
 
 Richard Hawkins," and by that means 
 dropped. 
 
 8 
 
 ♦'Vol. I. p. 195. 
 
 the expedition. 
 
 Ido) 
 
56 ISLANDS op FONTACIAS. 
 
 I do not find Peralta accurate in his relations, he is parti- 
 cularly erroneous in his account of Mendana (p. 473.) *' who 
 (he fays) was fent by the marquis of Cannete to difcovcr the Sa- 
 lomon iflands, with three fhips, in 1580," though the marquis 
 did not come to the government till 1590. Peralta jumbles 
 X\itfa£ts of the two voyages together, and miftakes other cir- 
 cumflances. 
 
 It is obvious a// the circumftances mentioned of the iflands 
 Fantacias cannot be true j but I think there muft have been 
 fome authority for the report of fuch iflands. 
 
 Penelo de Leon * mentions " Don Andres de Medina 
 Davila memorial al Rey, &c. memorial to the King^ requejling 
 the conquejl and peopling the Salomon ijlands, failing from Acca- 
 p u L CO with thejhips of the Ph i l i pin a s j and a difcourfe, proving 
 the advantages to the In dies from tliisfettlement, and a reply to all 
 the inconveniencies which can be alledged againji it, 1 647. M, S. O. 
 in the library ^Barcia." 
 
 Perhaps he may have been a defcendant of Juan Roldan 
 Davila, andiffo, probably his memorial may contain fome- 
 thing of thefe iflands. Gimelli calls him Antonio de Me- 
 dina j and Padre Murillo tells us, he was made captain of 
 the galleon from Accapulco, but the governor, who was 
 aboard, difplaced him at fea; when they got to the Philipinas, 
 he wrent away in a boat, intending to go to Spain from China,, 
 ;but was never afterwards heard of. 
 
 * Biblioth. orient, y ocidcnt. p. 671, 
 
 A D E- 
 
Addentado Alvaro Mendana de Neyra's 
 
 57 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 E. 
 
 THERE are two relations publiflied of Mend ana's voyage 
 in 1595* the one is a letter from QuiRos to Dr. Don An- 
 tonio MoRGA, who was lieutenant-general of the Philipinas, 
 at the time Quiros arrived at Manila, and afterwards, in 
 1616, prefident of the Royal Audience of Quito; this letter 
 MoRGA has inferted in a work he publiflied at Mexico in 
 1609*. He there fays, * That in April, 1595, the Adelentado 
 Alvaro de Mendana de Neyra failed from Callao de 
 Lima, in Peru, to fettle the Salomon iflands, difcovered many 
 years before in the South Sea, and the chief of them named 
 St. Christoval. He carried four fliips, two large, the 
 capitana and almiranta, a frigate and a gallefta, with 400 -j- men 
 in all, his wife Donna Ysabel Barretos, and three 'brothers- 
 in-law. He difcovered other iflands in the voyage, whereat he 
 did not tarry, as they were not what he was bound to. Having 
 parted with the almiranta, he anchored with the other fliips at 
 an ifland of negroes, near New-Guinea, whereto he gave the 
 name of Sta. Cruz ; and there he fettled, not much to the 
 fatisfaftion of his people. The Adelentado died there, as did 
 two of his brothers, and many of the crew. Donna Ysabel 
 Barretos withdrew the eftablifliment, on account of their 
 
 • Sucefos de las Philipinas, 410. Mexico, 1609, cap. VI. p. 29. 
 
 t Coreal fays, from Figueroa, 378 men, (vol. II. p. 397). Pingre (p. 31.) alfo 
 from Figueroa, fays 368 perfons were embarked, the greater part married ; 208 
 were able to bear arms. 
 
 I ficknefs 
 
 »595- 
 
5? ALVARO MEN DANA de NEYRA's 
 
 *S9S' (icknefs and wants, and embarked the people who remained, in 
 the capitana, frigate, and galleila, which got by another track to 
 the river of Botuan on Mindanao * j the capitana having en- 
 dured great diflreifes, got to Manila. Donna Ysabel Bar- 
 RETos having at Manila married Don Fernando de Castro, 
 returned in his fhip St. Geronimo to New-Spain in 1596, 
 fuch being the end of this voyage. I have inferted (fays Morg a) 
 the relation which Pedro Fernandez de Qutros gave under 
 his hand.' 
 
 There cannot be a more authentic teftimony than a man of 
 rank and charadter thus producing a letter from the difcoverer 
 himfelf, written to him at the time of the difcovery, and pub- 
 liflied during the life of Quiros. The other relation is a frag- 
 ment preferved in Thevenot; it isonlefs diftindt authority^ 
 but it is evidently a tranfcript of Figueroa, whofe hiftory of 
 Garcia Hurtado de MEND09A, fourth marquis of Cannetc, 
 was publiihed in 161 3 -j-. 
 
 There are alfo two abridgments of Figueroa, one by Co- 
 real, the other by Pingre ; I have not been able to procure a, 
 copy of Figueroa. 
 
 QuiRos's relation, as might be expected in a letter, is more 
 fuccinft ; but there are fome circumftances in it, which incline 
 me to believe, that Figueroa, who fpeaks in the third perfon, 
 has taken a relation of Quiros, as the ground-work, and added 
 fome things from the report of other perfons who were in the 
 voyage. 
 
 » Figueroa fays, " The frigate after leaving S'». Cruz loft company, and riever. 
 " more appeared ; it was reported that it had been found with all its fails fet, and 
 *♦ the people dead and rotten, driven afliore upon the coaft of a certain part ; the 
 " galleota got to Camiguing, near Mindanao" Fragment in Thevenot. 
 
 ■f Hechos de Don Garcia Hurtado deMendo^a, /^.^ marquis de Cannete, & Chrifto- 
 val Suarez de Figueroa, 4to. 161 3. Pingre mentions an edition, 410. Madrid, 
 1656. Pingre Memoir, fur Ic Tranfitde Venus 1769, 410. Paris 1767. 
 
 The 
 
o 
 
 E. 
 
 The letter of Quiros informs us of fevcral circumftances re- 
 garding the perfons employed in the expedition ; thefe it may 
 be proper to mention in this place: Mend ana's brother-in-law. 
 Lope oe la Vega, was admiral ; Pedro Fernandez de 
 Quiros chief pilot J and Pedro Merino Manriquez, M". 
 de Campo. According to fiGUEROA, the capitana was 
 named St. Jerome j the almiranta, St. Isabella ; the 
 gallefta St. Philippe, captain Philippe C0R90; and the fri- 
 gate St. Catalina, was, according to Figueroa, under 
 the diredion of lieutenant Alonso de Leyla *, but Quiros 
 fays it was commanded by captain Don Lorenzo, brother to 
 M:",nd ana's wife. On the eighth of Oftober the Mre. de 
 Campo and Thomas de Ampuero were hanged, and enfign 
 Juan de Buy beheaded, for mutinous and diforderly behaviour 
 at the ifland of Sta. Cruz. The admiral's (hip parted from the 
 reft the night they difcovered that ifland, and was never heard 
 of. The Adelentado died the i8th of Odtoberf. Don Lo- 
 renzo, his brother-in-law, who, by the lofs of the admiral, 
 had fucceeded as captain-general, died the 2d November j and 
 before feven or eight days, the clerigo Antonio de Serpaj 
 and on the 8th November the vicar Juan de Espinosa. On 
 the 18th, by order of the governefs. Donna Ysabel Barre- 
 tos, Mendana's widow, they departed from thefe iflands, 
 many of their people being fick, as they had few refrefhments, 
 and were in great want of medicines. 
 
 * Pingre from Figueroa, p. 31. 
 
 + "The grief which thefe melancholy events occafioned to Mendana, joined to the 
 " fatigue of the voyage, and the obftruftions he continually met with, brought him in 
 " a few days to his grave : he died the i8th 0£lober, at one in the afternoon, at the 
 •« age of 54." Pingre, p. 41, 42, from Figueroa, fo that he was born in 1541. 
 « By his will, which he had fcarce ftrength to fign, he named his wife, Donna Yfa- 
 « bel Barretos, governefs of the fleet, and Don Lorenzo Barretos, his brother-in- 
 " law, captain-general." Idem. 
 
 59 
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 ALVARO MEN DANA de NEYRA'^s^ 
 
 QuiROS, in the conclufion of his letter to Morga, fays,^ 
 
 * Befides my defire to ferve you. Sir, my motive for leaving 
 
 * with you this fhort relation, is, that there may remain an ac- 
 
 * count of the voyage, in cafe God fhould fodifpofe of my per- 
 
 * fon, or any other accident happen, that I, or what I carry 
 
 * fhould be loft; and a light be left towards effecting a bufinefs 
 
 * of much fervice to God, and to our fovereign : you, Sir, muft 
 
 * be fo kind to accept the good inclination I have to do you any 
 
 * fervice; if God reftores me to port, I fliall have room to fhew it 
 
 * better; and you muft alfo forgive my being fo brief, as the little 
 
 * time I have is the fault. The fecret being with me, I muft in- 
 
 * treat you that nobody know it; it is proper the first islands 
 « remain concealed till his Majefty is informed, and can ordet 
 
 * what is expedient for his fervice : for as they are in, the inter- 
 
 * mediate fpace between Peru, New-Spain, and the Philipi- 
 
 * N as, ftiould the Englifli, on getting an account of them, mak« 
 
 * an eftablifhment there, it would be of very bad confequence.! 
 Arias gives, fome further elucidation into the view of, Men.- 
 
 dana's voyage in 1595. He fays, * The intention was to people 
 the ifland St. Christoval, from thence to difcover the coaft 
 of the fouthern continent. He difcovered, a little to the eaftr 
 ward of St. Christovai,, the ifland St a. Cruz, in 10 deg.. 
 S. which was more than 100 leagues in circuit, very fertile and 
 populous.' Arias alfo mentions the difputes between the Adcr 
 lentado and his foldiers, the execution of fome of the firft ranl?^ 
 and his death foon after. 
 
 In the following relation of Mendana's voyage, QyiRos's 
 letter to Morga, the Spanifti fragment in Thevenot, as well 
 as the abridgments of Figueroa by Coreal and Pin ore,, 
 have been collated, and the circumftances redued to one con- 
 nedted detail ; thofe from the fragment are denoted by two in-, 
 verted commas ", and Quiros's letter is diftinguifhed by a 
 
 fingle 
 
V o 
 
 E. 
 
 6:l( 
 
 ffngle inverted comma *, and where the fragment differs from 
 
 this letter, it is exprefled in a note. The tranflation of both is 
 
 almofl literal. 
 
 * Friday, 9th April,, 1595 *, the Adelentado, Alvaro Men- 
 
 * DANA deNevra, failed from C ALL AG, intending to fettle 
 
 * the Salomon iflands : going to the vallies of Truxillo and 
 « Sena to colled people and provifions; he palled on to Paita, 
 
 * where having watered and enlifted about 400 -f* people ; he 
 *■ failed :|; with his four (hips from that port, which is in 5 deg. 
 
 * S. lat. to the W.S.W. iaqueftof the iilands of his difcovery. 
 
 * In this CQurfe he faile^f to the latitude 9 ^ deg. S. with the 
 
 * wind at S. E. " and S. S. E. § " from hence W. by S. to 14 
 
 * deg. S. and then changed his courfe to W. by N. " The 21ft 
 " July they obferved the height of the fun, and found them- 
 ** felves in 10 deg. 50 min. S. || 
 
 " At five in the evening " they got fight of an ifland " to 
 *' the N. W. by N. 10 leagues diftant f * to which the general, 
 
 * from the day, gave the name of La Magdalena. " Next 
 «< day they got near Ihore ; " from a port of it (** near a moun- 
 ** tain) on the fouth fide of the ifland in lo deg. S." came 
 
 * out in all, above 400 Indians, in 70 vefliels **, in fome more, 
 
 * fome lefs people ; others fwimming, others upon floats : they 
 
 * were white, and of a gentle difpofition, large, flout- limbed, 
 
 * and fo well fliaped, as greatly to furpafs the Spaniards ; they. 
 
 * had beautiful teeth, eyes, and mouths, delicate fine hands and. 
 
 >J9S« 
 
 
 * Coreal fays nth April; 
 t Corcal fays 378 men, Pingre 368 perfons. 
 X " 1 6th June," Cereal, Vol. II. p. 397. Pingre, p. 31. 
 § Pingre, p. 31. 
 
 II Idem. Quiros fays *• having in this track reached the latitude of full lO deg. S. 
 " 2ifl; July they got fight," &c. 
 •I Pingre, p, 31. 
 ** 70 naos en que veniaii de tres en tres en otras mas 6 meiios. 
 
 2 * feet,. 
 
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 feet, flowing hair, and many of them were very ruddy*; and 
 amongft them fome of the moft beautiful boys ; all of them 
 naked, and without covering to any part j and all their bodies, 
 legs, and arms, and fome of them with their faces painted in the 
 manner of the Bissay as -f . Thefe people feemed to invite the 
 Spaniards to go to their port, ** pointing with the finger to 
 their ifland and port; they fpoke very loud, and repeated very 
 often Atalut and Analut. Being got to the (hips, they 
 offered coconuts, a kind of nuts, a certain meat, particularly 
 refembling pates, folded up in leaves, good plantans, and wa- 
 ter; they took one by the hand, anc^ hauled him into the (hip ; 
 the others, incited by thefe inftances of good treatment given 
 to him," above forty came aboard the capitana : mofl of the 
 men appeared of low ftature compared to them, and amongft 
 them came One who was taller than any perfon in the armada p 
 To fome the general gave fhirts and other things ; thefe they 
 received with much fatisfadtion, dancing with them accord- 
 ing to their cuftom, and calling to their companions. The 
 general, out of all patience with their tricks, for they were 
 great thieves, ** madefigns to them to retire j they refufed to 
 do it, and" he gave orders to fire, with intent to frighten 
 them; when they heard this, they leaped into the water, and 
 fwam back to the canoes §; all put themfelves on their defence. 
 
 • Y muchas de cllos muy rubios. 
 
 + The Biflayas inhabit fome of the fouthem Philipinas ; originally many were 
 painted, or rather punftuated ; the pafTage in Quiros's letter is not intelligible, viz. 
 ♦• Biflayas, que es ^ierto gente barbara y defnuda, y de tan poca razon avia de verlos 
 «* de que alabar mucho a Dies que los crio, y no parefca encare9imento que es afli," 
 
 X 40 de ellas que parCcian mas hombres menos demarca junto a ellos y entre ellos 
 bino uno q\.e fe entendio fer mas, que el mas alto hombre de n*. armada hombres 
 de mas demarca. 
 
 § Pingre fays, " One alone held faft by the foot of a table, without their being 
 '' sl>le to make him let go his hold, till a foldier wounded him in the hwid with the 
 
 and 
 
'4' 
 
 O 
 
 G E. 
 
 •< 
 
 «( 
 
 * and founding a fliell*, fome difcharged, and others threat- 
 « ened with their lances, having no other arms j from the fhip 
 
 * they fired at them, and killed five or fix. ** Some other Indians 
 threw (lones with flings, one of them wounded a foldier after 
 it had ftruck the fhip's fide j the Spaniards would have fired, 
 
 ** but the powder would not take, becaufe it had rained. It was 
 ** worth obferving the buftle and noife with which the Indians 
 ** came on, and how fome, when they faw aim taken at them,. 
 ** either hung by their canoes -f, or flunk behind their compa- 
 " nions. The dcfperate old fellow :): was (hot with a bullet in 
 ** the forehead, with which he fell down dead, and eight or 
 nine more with him i fome being wounded, the reft were 
 flopped. The fliips continuing under fail, prefently three 
 •* Indians came out in a canoe, crying aloud § ; one of them; 
 ** had a green bough, and a white thing in his hand, which was 
 judged to be a fignal o^ peace. It was thought they defired 
 the Spaniards to go to their harbour, but they did not, and 
 fo they returned, leaving fome coconuts." 
 * This ifland is about fix leagues in circuit ||; it has high, ileep 
 
 * clififs to the feai it is mountainous, with vallies where the In- 
 
 * dians dwell j it appears very populous, " for, bcfides thofe who 
 ** came out in the canoes, the cliffs and beach were full of 
 
 " point of a fword. The others to whom he fhewcd the wound, took him into their 
 «« canoes. This was the fignal of battle ; the Indians began by fixing a rope to the 
 « bowfprit of the {hip to drag her aOiore, but this was in vain ; one of them who 
 « carried an umbrella of palm-leaves, drew them up in line of battle. Another old 
 «« fellow, remarkable for the length of his beard, threatened the Spaniards with 
 «• geftures and looks (des yeux)."— Here the fragment in Thevenot begins. 
 
 * Caracol. 
 
 t Se ponian colgados de las canoas 
 
 X Viejo de las Braburas. Vide note § page 62. - 
 
 § Dando voces. 
 
 II Fragment fays, « It appears to be 10 leagues in circuit. 
 
 " them. 
 
 u 
 
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 63 
 
 '595* 
 
64 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA'j 
 
 ■i595« ** them. Men DANA did not know this ifland, and faid, it 
 ** was not one of thofe they were in queft of." * The (hips 
 
 * paffed on the fouth fide,* ** where is the harbour." * The 
 ' (hips (landing on, difcovered three other iflands, to which 
 
 * they direcfted their courfe. 
 
 * The firft was named St. Pedro; it lies lo leagues 
 
 * N. by W. from La Magdalena, and is 3 leagues in cir- 
 
 * cuit *. It is an ifland of a good profpedt, ** having much wood 
 " and (ine plains, it is level, and not very high : " they did 
 
 * not approach near enough to know if it was inhabited. 
 
 * To the N. W. -f- of St. Pedro, about 5 leagues, is ano- 
 
 * ther, which the general named La Dominica, it is of a very 
 « (inc pro(|)e(fl, and appears very populous; it is about 15 leagues 
 
 * in circuit ; ** it lies N. E. andS, W. X it appearec'. delightfully 
 pleafant, with (ine plains, and rifing grounds, on which 
 
 *• were feen fpots of thick woods." 
 
 * To the fouth of La Dominica, at little more than a league 
 
 * diftance, is another ifland, which is 8 leagues in circuit § ; it 
 
 * was named St. Christina. Through the channel, between 
 
 * it and La Dominica, the fquadron paiTed, " it is clear" with 
 
 * foundings; ** all parts of thefe iflands which they faw, are very 
 ** clear: the ifland St. Christina is well peopled; it is high in 
 *« the middle, and has hills || and vallies where the Indians 
 
 " dwell." 
 
 «♦ The Adelentado named all thefe iflands together Las 
 " Marquesas de MEND09A, in memory of the marquis of Can- 
 
 (C 
 
 * «« lour leagues in circuit." Fragment. 
 
 f Quiros fays S, E. but this is obvioufly an error, probably in the original. 
 •< N. W. arid S. E. with St. Pedro" 
 
 t Pingre, p. 33, fays, " from N.W. toS. E." 
 § « Nine leagues," FragrneiU, 
 II Quebradas. 
 
 ti 
 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 nete, and in acknowledgment for the many favours he had 
 received in his difpatch. 
 
 •* The fquadron failing backward and forward, feeking a 
 harbour in the ifland Dominica, feveral canoes of Indians 
 came out from it, fome of a darker colour than others*, and 
 crying ont, fhewed the fame inclination as thofe they had 
 pafled ; there came amongft them an old man of a good coun- 
 tenance, who carried in one hand a green bough, and a white 
 thing in the other; he was calling juft as the fhips put about, 
 and he, believing they were going away, began a-new to cry 
 out "f- : he made figns with his own hair if, and pointed with 
 his finger to his country. The Adelentado fhewed a defire 
 to go thither, but it was impoflible, becaufe it wcs to the 
 eaft, and that wind blew frefh, and becaufe they did not fee 
 any fafe harbour, where they might anchor, though the fri- 
 gate went clofe in fhore, to look for one : here they faid 
 were many more people than had been feen from the fliips : 
 alfo they added, that an Indian had come aboard, who, with 
 much eafe, lifted up a calf by the ear. 
 ** At this time four handfome Indians had entered the capi- 
 tana, where having remained a little while, one (as it were 
 carelefly) fnatched a favourite little bitch, and giving a fliout, 
 all of them leaped into the fea, with afmartair ||, and fwim- 
 ming, carried her to their canoes. 
 
 ** The next day (which was the Apoftle St. James), the general 
 again fent the M". de Campo to St. Christina, with twenty 
 men in the boat, to feek water, or a harbour j he went : 
 being anchored in one, he landed with the men in good order 
 
 «j 
 
 «S95' 
 
 * Algunos de color mas morenos que ctros. 
 
 + Comen9o a darde nuevo muchas vozes. 
 
 % Hazia fennas con fus mefmos cabellos y con ellos y con el dedo, &c. 
 
 II Gallardo brio. 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA's 
 
 to the found of drum. He went round a town, the Indians of 
 it remaining quiet ; he halted, and called to them : about 
 300 came. 1 he Spaniards drew a line on the ground, making 
 figns to them that they muft not come over it; and aflcing wa- 
 ter, they brought it in coconuts, with other fruit. The In- 
 dian women came out, many of whom, the foldiers affirmed, 
 were extremely beautiful, and that they readily fat down clofe 
 to them very fociably *. The M". de Campo told the Indi- 
 ans to go and fill certain jars with water, but they made 
 figns for the Spaniards to carry them ; flying with four of 
 them, for which they were cannonaded. 
 ** The 28th July the Adelentado anchored with the fqua- 
 dron, in a port the M". de Campo had found : this port they 
 named Madre de Digs; it is in 9 4. deg. S. on the weft -f- fide 
 of the ifland, fheltered from all winds i the Ihape of it is like 
 an horfe-fhoe, with a narrow mouth. At the entrance there 
 is thirty fathom clean fand, twenty-four in the middle of the 
 harbour, and twelve clofe to the fhore. The marks to know 
 it, are, a hill on the fouth fide :):, fteep to the fea, in the higheft 
 part of it is to be feen a peak (although there are others), and 
 on the north fide an hollow rocli §. There appears five gaps 
 in the trees ||, when a-breaft of the harbour, and a hill which 
 divides two ftrands, with a fpring of excellent water, which 
 falls from the height of a fathom and a half f , as thick as a 
 
 * Y que avian fido faciles en fentarfe junto a ellos en buena converfacion. 
 
 t Quiros fays " Efte," eaft. Probably an error of the copyift, omitting ; he 
 gives the fame latitude: he fays, '* there is a fine rivulet clofe to the beach, of very 
 " fine water; it falls from a hill about twice a man's height, above four or five fingeiis 
 ♦« broad, and clofe to it is a fmall brook of water." 
 
 X Tajada. 
 
 § Roca con cava. 
 
 [I Defcubrenfe 5 quebradas de arboleda que vienen a conformer con el puerto. 
 
 f Eftado y medio. 
 
 man's 
 
tt 
 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 ** man's hand *, with a brook near it, not lefs good, it pafles 
 clofe to a little town which the Indians have therej lb that the 
 fpout -f-, town and brook are together at the beach, which is 
 
 " at the foot of the hill, on the north fide : there is in the 
 other of the fouth, fome houfes intermixed with trees, and on 
 the eaft fide fome craggy rocks |, whence the brook flows. 
 ** Moft of the Indian men in this ifland did not feem fo white 
 
 ** as thofe of La Magdalena." 
 
 QuiRos alfo fays, that * the Indian men did not look in 
 
 * countenance like the firft, but very fine women were Cecn here. 
 
 * I (fays he) did not fee them, but I was affured by perfons who 
 
 * thought them as beautiful women as thofe of Lima, but white, 
 
 * and not fo rofy§; and there are very beautiful at Lima.' 
 They have the fame manner of fpeech ||, the fame arms and 
 canoes which ferve them near at hand ^. 
 " Their town is like two fides of a fquare, one north and 
 fouth, the other eaft and weft, with the parts ** adjoin- 
 ing well paved f f : the reft like an open place, encompaflfed 
 with thick trees J;]:. Their houfes appear communities; 
 they are built §§ the floor higher than the 
 ftreet ; it appeared that they held many people in each of 
 them, becaufe there were many fixed beds ||||. Some had low 
 doors, others had all the front open. They are framed f ^ of 
 
 * Puno. 
 
 t Cano. 
 
 X Rifcos con algunas quebradas. 
 
 § Quiros' expreflion is, « Pero blancas, y no tan albas." 
 
 II Ufodehablar. 
 
 f Que fe fervan de circa. 
 
 ** Pertenencias. 
 
 tt Empedrados. 
 
 tt Pla9enana cenida con efpefos arboles. 
 
 §§ Hechas a modo de Galpones y de dos aguas. 
 
 III! Camas fenaladas. 
 
 f f Armadas. 
 
 K 2 « timber 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA's 
 
 timber, interwoven with great canes ♦, whofc joints, as big 
 as a man's arm, arc five palms long. 
 
 " They affirm the women are moft beautiful in counte- 
 nance -f-, have delicate hands, genteel body and waifle, ex- 
 ceeding much in perfcdion the moft beautiful of Lima. 
 They were fufficiently white :|:. They went, from the brcaft 
 downward, clad with a fort of tunicks, artfully woven of the 
 fineft palm §. The temperament, health, ftrcngth, and 
 corpulency of thofe people tell what is the climate they live 
 in j cloaths II could well be born with night and day; the 
 fun did not moleft much ; there fell fome fmall ^ fhowers of 
 rain. They never perceived ** lightning or dew, but great dry- 
 nefs f -t* i fo that, without hanging up, they found dry on the 
 morning the things which were left wet on the ground at 
 night : though they could not know if it was fo all the year. 
 " At a diftance :|:4:from the town was an oracle, furrounded 
 with palifades, with the entrance to the weft, and a houfe al- 
 moft in the middle, with the door to the north, in which 
 were fome figures of wood, ill wrought, and there were 
 oflfered fome eatables, amongft which was a hog i this the fol- 
 diers took down; and wanting to take away other things, the 
 Indians hindered§§them, faying, by figns, that they fhould not 
 
 • Canutes. 
 
 t Afimian fer las mugeras bdlifTimas dc roftros, de Hndas manos, de gentil cuerno 
 y cintura, excediendo muchas en perfeftion a las mas hermofas de Lima. 
 X Baflaiitamente blanca. 
 § Tcgidas fubtilmentc de menudifllmapalma. 
 II La ropa. 
 
 fl Huvo algunas aguaceros no grandes. 
 *• Niinca fe fentio raio. 
 tt Gran fequedad. 
 Xt Apartado. 
 )§ Les fueron a la mano. 
 
 tt 
 
 touch 
 
V o 
 
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 € 
 
 € 
 
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 touch them, intimating *, that they rcfpcdled that houfc and 
 
 figures." 
 
 • The Indians of this ifland feeing a negro with the Spani- 
 anls, made figns towards the fouth, faying that t/wre were 
 fuch, and that they went thither to fight j and thattht; others 
 had arrows, and that the great canoes, which they have, '.vent 
 there; as they could not converfe with them, and had not 
 much curiofity, there was no further enquiry made. But to 
 me (fays Quiros) Indians fo far detached in the ocean fcems 
 impoflible, unlefs there be a chain of land; for their veflels, &c. 
 do not indicate that they came thither by a long voyage. 
 
 « The things for food fccn in this harbour, were hogs and 
 fowls -f", fugar canes, very fine plantans, cocos, a fruit growing 
 on large trees, each fruit about the fizc of a large pine-apple. It 
 is a very goodfruit (fays Quiros), I have eaten much of it green, 
 roafted and boiled, and ripe ; it is fo fweet and good a fruit, 
 that, in my opinion, there is none fuperior, having nothing 
 to throw away but a little {hell :|:. There is another fruit, 
 
 inclofed in prickles," like chefnuts ; it much refembles 
 chefnuts in tafte, but is much bigger than fix chofnuts together. 
 
 69 
 
 * Dando a cntender. 
 
 t Fragment fays, Galinas de Caftilla. 
 
 X The fragment fays, '• The trees mentioned to be in the fquartv yield a certaia 
 fruit which comes to be like the head of a boy, whofe colour, v. hiii ripe, is a clear 
 green*, and extremely green, when unripe; the outfide appears with crofs rays,, 
 like the pine-apple j the figure is not quite round, it is fomewhat narrower at the 
 point than at the foot ; from hence grows a core f, which reaches to the middle, and 
 from this core a web|. It has no ftone nor kernel, nor anything ufclcfs §, except 
 the outfide {|, and it is thin, the reft is one mafs, with little juice when ripe, and lefs 
 when green. Much were eaten in every way^. It is fo delicious •*, that they 
 called it blanc manger ft- It was found to be wholfome and very nourifliing. The 
 leaves of its tree are large and very jaggedlJ, in the manner of the papays. 
 
 • Verde claro. f Pezon- % Y del pe.on una armadura de telas § Sin provecho. 
 I] Cafcara. ^ Dc todas man eras. ** Sabroia. ff Manjar bianco. |t -^rpadas. 
 
 2 ** It 
 
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 ii&if 
 
70 
 
 A L V A R O M E TJ D A N A de N E Y R A's 
 
 •* Its figure is like a plain heart *," many of them were roafted 
 * and boiled.' 
 
 ** There are nuts about the fize of ours in common, and al- 
 '• moft of the fame tafte, their fhell -|- is extremely hard, 
 ** and without any joining j its kernel is not interwoven with 
 •• the fliell, but fo free, that when broke, it eafily comes out 
 •* whole. They eat, and carried away many, difcovering 
 *' at laft, this was an oily fruit." Many who eat them, 
 • • fufpeded they occafioned fluxes. ** They faw alfo Spanifh 
 ♦* pumpkins fown on the fhore, and amongft them fome flow- 
 <* ers, though beautiful to the eye, without any fmell. 
 
 «* The Adelentado carried his wife, and moft of the people, 
 «* to hear the firft mafs which the vicar faid; at which the In- 
 *« dians continued on their knees with great filence and atten- 
 ** tion, quietly doing whatever they faw done by the chriftians. 
 '* A beautiful Indian woman fat down near Donna Ysabel, 
 ♦< with the intent to fan herfelf J j and of fo fair § hair, that fhe 
 ** endeavoured to have fome of it cut off, but feeing that fhe 
 «« avoided it ||, it was forebore, not to difguft her. 
 
 " The general, in the king's name, took pofleffion of all the 
 ** four iflands. 
 
 «* He walked round the townfj fowed maize before the Indi- 
 •* ans, and having held with them all amicable converfation, he 
 «* embarked, leaving the M'. de Campo afhore, with all the 
 ♦* military. 
 
 • Corazon llano, 
 f Corteza. 
 
 I Hacerle ayre qu haccrfe aire. 
 §■ Tan rubios cabellos. 
 
 II Serecatava. 
 
 m Paffeo el pueblo. 
 
 ** Scarce 
 
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 ** Scarce was Mfndana gone, when they fell into difputes 
 one with another*; fuch are the confequences of imprudent 
 management. The Indians difcharged many ftoncs and lances, 
 wherewith they wounded a foldier in one foot, without do- 
 ing any other harm. Upon this they fled to the woods -f-, car- 
 rying with them their children and wives. They were pur- 
 fued by our people to the woods if, firing at them continu- 
 ally. They retreated § to the tops || of three high hills, and 
 fortified themfelves there with intrenchments. 
 ** In the mornings and evenings all with one voice made a fo- 
 norous and harmonious noife, which refounded in the dales ^, 
 and at laft they fliewed an inclination to do mifchief, throwing 
 lances and ftonesj but all their attempts were fruitlefs. 
 ** The M". de Campo placed guard in three ports, to fecure 
 the town and beach, where the women were diverting them- 
 felves, and the failors getting water and wood for the (hips. 
 ** The Indians feeing the little harm they did with their 
 arms, and the much they received from the mufquetry, en- 
 deavoured to come to an accommodation **. They made this 
 known, for the foldiers going by their lands -1-1-, they came out 
 lovingly to them, oflfering them bunches of plantans and other 
 fruits. They feemedto feel the want of their houfes, and were 
 /uppofed to afk by figns when they were to go J;}:. Then fome 
 came to the guards with things to eat, which they gave 
 
 7» 
 
 «S95- 
 
 * Quando fe travaron unos con otros, 
 t Al monte. 
 X Hafta embofcarfe, 
 § Salieronfe. » 
 
 II Coronas de 3 altos cerros. 
 
 fl Todos a una vos hazian un rumor fonoro y concertado que retumbava por 
 la8 Quebradas, refpondianfe a gritos. 
 *» Procuravan amiftad y pazes. 
 tt Haciendas. 
 XX Supucfto preguntavan per fenas, &c. 
 
 ♦• Ireely, 
 
72 
 
 ALVARO MENDANA de N EYRA's 
 
 ** freely, efpecially an Indian of good parts *, with whom 
 ** the chaplain contradted great friendfliip, calling one another 
 *' comrades. He v/as taught to blefs himfelf, and fay Jesus 
 *' Maria. The others were, in the fame manner, in corre- 
 ** fpondence with their new friends ; every one had his own, 
 ** whom he fought out when he came, fitting down apart with 
 ** him. They enquired of each other by %ns, how they 
 ** called the heavens "f, earth, fea, fun, moon and ftars, and all 
 ** other things they faw, and they told with demonftration of 
 ** much pleafure. The laft accents they uttered J at parting, 
 ** were Friends, Comrades. The Indian, mentioned above to be 
 " friend to the chaplain, came to the guard ; and that the 
 ** general might fee him, he was embarked : he went very mer- 
 ** rily §, faying. Friends. The Adelentado received him with 
 ** much love and favour ||, he gave him fweetmeats f and wine, 
 ** but he neither eat nor drank. He began to take notice ** 
 ** of the cattle "f-f-, and feemed to give them names. He ob-* 
 ** ferved the (hip, and the rigging, with all the mafts and fails. 
 ** He went down under deck, and noted all things vrith more 
 *' than Indian attention JJ. They defired him to fay Jesus, 
 ** he did fo, fhewing in every thing a good diipofition §§. 
 ** Then he preffed to be returned afliore ; and, at length, 
 «* fuch was the temper |1|| of this Indian, that when he fupppfed 
 
 * Buena tra^a. 
 f El cielo. 
 
 % Eraii los ultimos accentos que foimaban al defpedirfe. 
 § Allegre. 
 II Amor y regalo. 
 <T Conferva. 
 •* Mirar. 
 +f Ganados. 
 
 \X Cuydado de mas que Iiidio. 
 §§ Buen animo. 
 Hit La ley. 
 
 th( 
 
VOYAGE. 
 
 the fliips were about going, he appeared concerned, and 
 wiflied to follow his companions. 
 
 ** Whilft the general was in this ifland, he had the galleot 
 refitted ; becaufe one day, before it came to anchor, it was 
 foul of the capitana's bowfprit, and in great danger. 
 ** The Adelentado ordered wood and water to be taken in, 
 the fhips to be got ready, and the people to be embarked. 
 Before they fet fail he eredled three croffes on different places, 
 befides another which was engraved on a tree, with the day 
 and year. 
 
 * Saturday, 5 th of Auguft, they weighed and " failed in queft 
 of the illands of his difcovery," * W. by S. with the winds at E. 
 and E. S. E.' After three or four days fail, the Adelentado faid 
 they fhould that day fee the land they fought. This news made 
 every body joyful, but though they looked all round, it was 
 not feen on that, or for many days after, which difcouraged 
 the foldiers j for as they lengthened the voyage, they came 
 to want water and provifions, having come to no allowance * 
 on the news of the land. Feeblenefs and defpondency began 
 to aflfeft the greateft part j nor is it to be wondered, for fuch 
 atchievements f require perfons enured to great hard/hips, 
 and very patient under them." 
 
 « Running between W. by S. and W. by N. by account 400 
 leagues, on Sunday 20th Auguft faw four low iflands, with 
 fandy beaches, full of palm and other trees ; and on the 
 S. E. round to the north, a large fhoal of fand. The four are 
 twelve leagues in circuit J. They did not know if there 
 
 73 
 
 1595- 
 
 :\-, 
 
 • Se avia guftava largo. 
 
 •f- Emprefas. 
 
 X The fragment fays, " 20th Auguft, day broke on the (hips clofe to four fmall 
 low iflands, with fandy beaches, fullof palms and trees [arbolet'a]. It appeared all 
 the four were eight leagues in circuit little more or lefs ; they are ulmoft in a fquare, 
 
 L * were 
 
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 ALVARO MEN DANA de NEYRA's 
 
 were any inhabitants, not having gone near them ; they lye 
 in lo i deg. S. they were named St. Bernardo, being dif- 
 covered on his day.' 
 
 " Having left thefe iflands, the wind held always at S. E. 
 and at times, with fhort fliowers of rain } they v/ere not 
 without heavy and very thick clouds of various colours, 
 forming, in a ftrange manner, many figures, which they 
 fpent much time in looking at. They appeared fometimes 
 fo fixed, that the whole day paffed before they difperfed *, 
 raifing fufpicions they were near land •]-, as they happened 
 towards that part which was unknown. They continued 
 their courfe towards the W. and its two collateral points 
 N. Weft ward and S. Weft ward always in the latitude, ac- 
 cording to the directions and will of the Adelentado, which 
 was not to get up to 12 deg. nor under 8 deg. S. failing con- 
 ftantly between 10 deg. and 11 deg. S." 
 
 * Tuefday 29th Auguft difcovered a fmall round ifland, 
 low and full of trees J," about one league in circumference, 
 
 and quite furrounded vvith reefs §.' " The Adelentado 
 ordered the two fmall veflels to go and feek harbour in it to 
 wood and water, of which the almiranta was in the greateft 
 want. They anchored in 10 fathom, and called out to the ge- 
 
 clofe together. They have from S. W. to N. E; by the eaft fide, fome fand banks, 
 on which account there is no enterinj them on that fide. They difcovered a rock 
 ,(cabeza], on the reef which runs mod to the S. W. They wanted to feek a har- 
 bour, but at the vicar's requeft they defifted. It was not known whfether they were 
 inhabited or not, though thofe in the galliot faid they had feen two canoes, but h wa« 
 imagined to be only a fancy. They are in i o deg. | S. Long, ad Lima 1400 leagues W. 
 
 * Tardavon toda el dia en defvanecerfe- 
 t Fuefle por tierra. 
 
 X Copiofa de arboles. 
 
 § The fragment fays, " Circada en tierra de arecefes que falian fucra del agua. 
 i.e. The fliore furrounded with coral banks, which appear above water." 
 
 8 " neral. 
 
Voyage. 
 
 " neral. Keep off'*, as all the bottom was of great rocks, which 
 ** were to be feen; and heaving the lead upon them, they 
 ** had fometimes lo fathom, and fometimes no ground lOO. 
 ** It was frightful to fee the fhip over fo many rocks i they 
 ** made all the hafle they could to get out, as they did, to the 
 •* open fea." 
 
 * This illand they named Solitary, ** as it was alone ;" it 
 
 * is in lo jdeg. S. 1535 leagues from Lima. From thence they 
 
 ♦ continued their courfe in like manner j many people giving 
 
 • their fentimcnts, fome faying they did not know where they 
 
 • were, going, and other fiKh things, which could not fail of 
 
 * 
 
 * giving pain. 
 
 •* On the 7th September, with the wind aft, pretty frefh at 
 *' S. E. they failed due W. with only the fore fail lowered. It 
 «* appeared very thick a-head, wherefore the chief pilot fent the 
 •* galleot and frigate a-head, in fight of one another, and of 
 ** the galleon; ordering them, if they faw land or flioals, or 
 any thing to be taken notice of, to make a fignal with two> 
 lights, and he would do the fame in anfwer : but fo flrong, 
 was their apprehenfion -f , that, as foon as it was dark, they' 
 dropped aftern ; with thefe fears and doubts they kept failing 
 ** on, with the care neceflary in fuch a night. They faw the 
 «* almiranta about nine, and at eleven, on the larboard fide,. 
 •* was feen a large and very thick cloud, which on that fide co- 
 " vered the horizon : the watch were doubtful if it was not 
 «* land, but were foon convinced by a heavy + fliower, which, 
 " at that inftant, burft from the cloud §. It being over, the 
 •« land was clearly feen, from which the capitana was fcarce || a. 
 
 • Y a voz alta dixeron al general, paflaffe de largo, 
 f Pudo tanto et rezelo. 
 
 X Crecido. 
 
 ^ Broto al inftaote de aquella prenez. 
 
 \ Apenas. 
 
 L 2 ** league 
 
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 75 
 
 
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76 ALVARO MEN DAN A de N E Y R A's 
 
 1S9S' " league. They announced it with the ufual joy, proclaiming 
 it aloud, every one going out to fee it. The galleon took in 
 her fail, and lay to, making (Ignals to the other veiTels. 
 Only two anfwered them, without any thing being feen of 
 the other ♦. 
 
 * This ifland which they got fight of at midnight, is in circuit 
 from 90 to 100 leagues, and lies about E. S. E. and W. N. W. 
 and is diftant from Lima i 800 leagues ; it is quite covered 
 with woods to the very higheft hills, not a fpot of land is to be 
 feen except where the Indians have cleared away for their 
 plantations. They took port on the N. fide of this ifland, in 
 10 deg. -j- To the N. of this port, about 7 leagues, is a volcano 
 of a very fine fhaped hill, from the top whereof iflues much fire, 
 and the other parts of it are a high hill, about 3 leagues in 
 circuit. It is fteep to the ftiore, quite bare, and without any 
 place to land ; it often made a great thundering in the infide. 
 To the N. E. of this volcano are fome fmall inhabited iflands. 
 
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 * Fragment fays, * Day being come, they faw to the S. E. [Churchill fays, 
 S. W.] a low point, fomewhat bluff fgruefaj, and black, on account of the abim- 
 dance of trees [por abundar de arboles], and turning their eyes round, the almi- 
 ranta was not to be feen, whereat all were forrowful and confufed, fliewing that 
 concern which was proper. With the day was alfo difcovered a high hill, in figure 
 of a fugar-loaf, all fteep [tajado] ; and the S. E. part another little hill, whofe body 
 appeared of 3 leagues : it is 8 from the ifland. It has no port, or landing-place, for it 
 is all ragged and bare [cerril y peladoj, without having tree, or green thing, but only a 
 kind of coloured earth [fmo cierto color de tierra], and flones of an extraordinary dry- 
 nefs. There are fome gaps in it, particularly two on the weftern part, from whence, 
 and from the higheft part of the hill, there iffucd with great noife many fparks and 
 fire. It had a very handfome point, which, a few days after the fhips got into har- 
 bour, broke off, burfting with fo great an earthquake, that though they were anchored 
 at 10 leagues diftant, it was heard with much dread, and ihook the fhip. From 
 thence tbrward, now and then were great thunder-claps within it, and more than 
 common when it vomited out fire ; and when it was done, there came fo much thick 
 fmoak that it fcemed to reach to the firft heaven, then commonly leaving off the 
 grumbling [quedando defpuesgruniendoordinariamente.] 
 
 f Coreal fays, at the north fide of the ifland, in its weilern part. 
 
 and 
 
VOYAGE. 
 
 * and a vaft many fhoals; to thefe iflands it is 7 or 8 leagues, and 
 
 * the fhoals ftretch nearly N. W. and thofe who were fent to fee, 
 
 * reported they were many. Round the great ifland are fome 
 
 * fmall ones, all of them, and the large one, fo far as it was 
 « furrounded, were inhabited ; and in fight of thefe largelflands, 
 < to the S. E. was feen another illand, not very large *.' 
 
 The Adelentado having named the large ifland St a. Cruz, 
 fent the frigate ** to go round the volcano," in queft of the 
 almiranta, in cafe it fhould have chanced to pafs on the other 
 fide of it. They went twice afterwards, but to no efFedt, 
 having found nothing but the flioals above-mentioned. 
 
 • Coreal, from Figueroa, fays, «« 7th September Mendana faw a great ifland, 
 with a volcano ; this ifland has two ports j the volcano is feparated [en eft feparc], 
 and appeared to be 3 leagues in circuit ; it is at 8 leagues from the great ifland. This 
 great ifland is very populous ; the general went to one of the ports, which is 10 
 leagues from the volcano, and at the N. W. of the entrance of a bay, and of a river, 
 near which is a habitation. He fent the frigate to meafure the ifland, to know how 
 far it was from N. to S. There is another good bay near this ifland. 
 
 « They faw near this great ifland, two others, which appeared to them of a mean 
 fize, and well peopled. 
 
 " At 8 leagues to the W. they faw another, which appeared fmall ; at 19 leagues 
 from thence, and to the W. N. W. they difcovered land, ftretching in a line [allant 
 a bouline] ; they were three iflands, very populous, and fo large, that they could not 
 difcover the end. 
 
 «« Mendana named this ifland S'*. Cruz j it appears to be loo leagues in circuit, 
 and ftretches from E. to W. the land is not very high, and the coafts are very po- 
 pulous. 
 
 «* They remained there two months and eight days, and made a fettlement near 
 a bay> which they named La Gratiofa, for its goodnefs ; it might be about four 
 leagues and a half in circuit. The coaft lay N. and S. it is at the N. fide of the 
 ifland, in the weftern part. The volcano above-mentioned is before this bay ; there 
 is a rock, with an ifland, to the wefl: of the faid bay : the ifland might be 4 leagues ; it 
 is inhabited, and is at a fmall diftance from the large ifland, from whence it is fepaiated 
 by funken rocks, and banks of fand, and fome fmall channels. At the bottom of this 
 bay, clofe to a river, is fituated the port, of which the ground is good, in the latitude 
 of 10 deg. 20 min. S. The country is very fine and plentiful." 
 
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 The fliips being pretty near the land, there came out a 
 fmall boat * with a fail, and after it a fquadron of fifty more. 
 The people who came in them crying out, and waving their 
 hands, feemed to call to the people of the (hip, who called 
 them alfo, but with fufpicion. The veffels being arrived, it 
 was difcovered, the people who came in them were in co- 
 lour, naturally black -f, and fome more dun J, all with 
 woolly hair §, and many white, red, and other colours^ 
 (certainly dyed). The half of the head (horn, and other 
 diftiniftions |I, with the teeth tinged red. They all came 
 
 «* naked, except their privities, which they covered with a kind 
 
 «* of foft cloth f i moft of them were ftained with a dye,. 
 
 ** blacker than their own colour, and with others different. 
 
 " Their faces and bodies were marked with ftreaks ** ; their 
 arms were bound round with many turns of black rattans, and 
 from their necks hung many firings of a kind of fmall beads 
 of bone, ebony, and fifhes teeth." They carried, hanging to 
 different parts of their perfons, n[iany plates "l-f, fmall and 
 large, made of pearl fhell. Their canoes were fmall, and 
 fome came faflened two and two J J, Their arms were 
 bows and arrows, with very fharp points of burnt-wood. 
 Others had jagged bones §§, and fome with feathers, the 
 points anointed with poifon |||| to appearance, but of little 
 
 tt 
 
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 • Canaluclio. 
 
 f Negro atezadOk 
 
 t Mas loros. 
 
 § Cabellos frifados. 
 
 II Quitada la mitad en h cabeza y hecbas otras diferencias* 
 
 V Tolas blandas. 
 
 •• Rayos. 
 
 •j-f Patenas. 
 
 X% Amarradas de dos en do8, 
 
 §§ Hueflbs arpodrados. 
 
 nil Yerva. 
 
 tt 
 
 preju- 
 
VOYAGE. 
 
 " prejudice *. They brought alfo ftones, macanas of heavy 
 " wood (which are their fwords), darts of hard wood "f , with 
 ** three rows of barbs, with more than a palm of point. They 
 ** carried in the manner of flioulder-belts, certain budgets of 
 ** pahn, well wrought, full of bifcuit, which they make of 
 ** roots, of which they all came eating, and of which they 
 " readily gave a part. 
 
 " As foon as the Adelentado faw their colour, he took them 
 ** for the people he fought, faying. This is fuch an ifland, or 
 " fuch a country, fpeaking in the language he learnt in his firft 
 ■** voyage; but he did not at all underftand them, nor they him. 
 " They flopped to look at the ihips, and all went, as if chat- 
 ** tering, around them. They never chofe to come aboard, 
 ** although all perfuafions were ufed. Firft talking one with 
 «* another, they prefently put themfelves in a warlike pofture J, 
 ** to which it appeared they were perfuaded by an Indian, tall, 
 " lean, and old, who was foremoft. Without waiting more, 
 •* they bent their bows to fhoot; the old man talked to them, 
 ** and then they clapped themfelves down again. The word 
 ** paffed through all §, and they were undetermined what to re- 
 folve, till at laft being determined, giving a great fhout, they 
 let fly many arrows, which ftuek in the fails, and other parts 
 of the (hips, without doing other harm or mifchief. Seeing 
 this, the foldiers, who were then ftanding ready, were or- 
 " dered to fire. They killed one, and wounded many, where- 
 ** upon they all fled away in a great fright. 
 
 «* They ftood on different tacks, feeking a harbour, {o much 
 *" defired by all, on account of the great fatigues they fuf- 
 fered, thinking their refrefliment certain in getting afhore. 
 
 * Dano. t Palorezio. 
 
 X Se pufleron prefto en arma. 
 S Cocria la palabra por todos. 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de N E Y R A's 
 
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 The frigate came without finding the almiranta, which 
 
 renewed their apprehenfions and uneafincfs. 
 
 ** The three veflels anchored at the mouth of a bay, under 
 " ihelter of fome (hoals. The bank was fteep, and with the 
 
 flood tide the galleon drove about ten at night, with eminent 
 
 danger of ftriking on the /hoals. The Adelentado went out 
 •* to encourage the people ; the hurry and confuHon was very 
 " great, for the danger was certain, and the darknefs of the 
 ** night made it greater. At length they got up the anchors, 
 " and got under fail ; the (hip (lood out to the clear and open 
 «* fea with great difficulty. 
 
 ** At day-break the Adelentado embarked in the galleot, and 
 " went in quefl of a harbour. The chief pilot found one, though 
 " fmall, fituated to the N. W.* of the volcano, ftieltered from 
 " the S. E. with 12 fathom water, with a town, river, ballaft, 
 *• wood, and an airy place -f*. As it was now late, they an- 
 ** chored at a point. A ferjeant, with twelve mufqueteers, 
 «* went afliore to fecure the port. The Indians of a town which 
 ** was near, came to fire arrows at them with fuch violence,. 
 ** that they were obliged to fortify themfelves in a fingle houfe 
 ■ " they found. Two guns were fired from the fhip, which made 
 " them halt, and fly away. The boat going to bring off the 
 " people, they kept the fea all night, and next day the Adelen- 
 *« tado found a port, ftill J and fheltered from all winds. He 
 «' anchored in 15 fathoms mud»and clofe to the fhore, river and 
 •« towns, from whence all night they perceived mufic and 
 %** danjcing, according to their cuftom, with flicks flruck againfl 
 " one another, and with little drums. Being anchored there, 
 
 • N. W. of the Volcano. Pingre juftly obfervcs this fituation is impoffible. He 
 fuppofes it fhould be S. W. I imagine rather N. W. and S. E. Cbreal applies 
 N. W. differently. Vide note to p. 77^ 
 
 •f Parte ayrofa. 
 
 X Muecto. 
 
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 many Indians came to fee the (hips and people. Mofl of them 
 wore red flowers in their heads and nofes. At the perfuafion 
 of our people, fome came aboard the Capitana, leaving their 
 arms in their canoes ; amongft the refl came aboard a man of 
 good figure and countenance, of a wheat colour y fomewhat lean 
 and grey-headed. He appeared to be fixty years of age. He 
 wore on his head fome feathers, blue, yellow, and red ; and 
 in his hand he had a bow and arrows, with points of wrought 
 bone. On each fide of him came an Indian of more autho- 
 rity than the reft. They underftood this was fome perfon 
 diftinguiftied amongft them, as well from the difference of 
 his drefs, as from the refpedt (hewn him by the reft. 
 ** He enquired prefently by figns who was chief of the new- 
 comers. The Adelentado received him with great aftedlion, 
 and taking him by the hand, gave him to underftand that he 
 was. The Indian faid, he was named Malop^. The Ade- 
 lentado replied, he, Mendana. Malop£ underftood, and 
 rejoined (applying thus the name he had heard) that he was 
 named Mendana, and that the general (hould be called 
 MALOPfi. In concluding this exchange, he (hewed he 
 much prized it ; and when they called him MalopiI;, he faid 
 noy but Mendana j and with his finger pointed to the Ade- 
 lentado, faying that was Malop6. He alfo faid he was 
 called Taurique, this name appearing to be Cacique, or 
 Chief. Alvaro de Mendana put a (hirt on him, and 
 gave him other trifling * things of fmall value. The foldiers 
 gave the other Indians feathers, little bells, glafs beads^ bits 
 of taffaty, and cotton, and even cards. They hung all to 
 their neck. They were taught to fay Friends, Friends, 
 crofling their hands, embracing one another, in fign of peace. 
 
 * Cofas ligeras. 
 
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 T/iey prefently learned it, and ufed it much. They (hewed 
 them looking-glafles, they (haved their beards and heads with 
 razors, and with fciiTars pared the nails of their hands and 
 feet, at which they were much pleafed j earneftly begging 
 thefe razor and fcifTars. They alfo endeavoured to know 
 what was beneath their cloaths, and being undeceived, did the 
 fame monkey tricks as thofe of the firft ifland. This laded 
 four days. They went and came i they brought and gave 
 what they had to eat. One day Malop£ came, who came 
 ofteneft, and exprelfed the mod friendfhip, clofe to whofe 
 town the (hips were at anchor. Along with him were fifty 
 canoes, wherein they all brought their arms concealed, 
 waiting their Malope, who was aboard thecapitana, from 
 whence, on a foldier taking up a mufket in his hand, he went 
 without their being able to detain him, flying to his embark- 
 ations, and from thence to the fhore, all his people follow- 
 ing. There was on the fhore another crowd ♦ of people by 
 whom he was received with particular joy, holding to ap- 
 pearance amongft them great confultations. That (ame even- 
 ing the Indians took all they had in the neare/l houfes, and 
 carried them to Malop^'s town. The night following great 
 fires were made on the other fide of the bay, which laded 
 the greateft part of it. It appeared to be a fignal of war^ 
 and it was confirmed by the fufpicion which that day the 
 canoes had given, going in a great hurry from town to town, 
 as if to haften, or advife of fome matter. 
 " The following morning rfiey went in the boat from the 
 galleot for water, which was near, and as they were taking 
 it in, fome Indians, who were hid in the woods -)-, attacked 
 the foldiers with fhouts, and {hooting their arrows, they pur- 
 
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 VOYAGE. «3 
 
 fued them to the boat, whence, being fired at by the mur. «S9S. 
 queteers, they halted. The wounded were taken care otj 
 and the general immediately ordered the M". de Campo to 
 go aOiore with thirty foldiers, and with fire and fword * to 
 do them all the mifchief poffiblc. The Indians made a ftand, 
 whereby five were killed, and the reft fled. The Spaniards 
 retired without lofsf, having cut down palm-trees, and 
 burnt fome canoes and houfes. 
 
 ** This fame day the Adelentado fent in the frigate, captain 
 Don Lorenzo, with twenty foldiers and failors, to feek the 
 almiranta, dircding that they (hould go round that part of 
 the ifland they had not feen, till they came to the place where 
 they were benighted when they faw the land. And boing 
 there, that they (hould go from W. to N. W. which was 
 the courfe the almiranta could go different from that the 
 capitana had purfued } and that they (hould take notice of 
 what they found in that route. 
 
 " He ordered alfo the M'*. de Campo to be ready with forty 
 men, to go that morning early, as he did, to fome huts, 
 which were near a hill, with the intent to chaftife the In- 
 dians for having (hot at his people j and to fee, if by the 
 mifchief done for thefe, greater could be prevented. He 
 arrived, without being difcovered by the Indians ; got pof- 
 fefifion of the pafTes, furrounded the houfes, and fet them on 
 fire, attacking feven who were within. Thefe finding them- 
 felves hard- fet by the flames and people, endeavoured to de- 
 fend themfelves with particular valour ; and that being in- 
 fuflkient, they clofed in with their enemies, and ran upon 
 their weapons, without valuing their lives j fix were left, 
 and he who efcaped by flight was badly wounded. The 
 
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 • Sangre y fuego. 
 
 t Retiraronfe los Efpanoks a fu iaivo. 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA's 
 
 M". de Campo returned with the people, of whom feven 
 were wounded with arrows. 
 
 •* In the evening MALOPfe came to the fliore (for the towns 
 and canoes which were burnt were his), and in a loud voice 
 called the Adelentado by the name of Malop:^, and fmiting 
 himfelfon the breaft, called himfelf Mendana. Then he 
 embraced himfelf, and in this manner complained, pointing 
 with his finger to the mifchief which had been done, and, by 
 figns, faid, that Ais people had not fhot arrows at our people, 
 but the Indians of the other part of the bay, and bending 
 his bow, intimated that all fliould go againft them ; that he 
 would aid them in taking revenge. The Adelentado called 
 him, from a defire of giving him fatisfaiftion ; but he did not. 
 come till next day *, when much friendfhip was exprefled on 
 both fides. 
 
 ** St. Matthew's day they failed from this port to another,, 
 larger, and more convenient, which was found at half a 
 league within the fame bay. And failing towarls it, captain 
 Don LoRENzp arrived, and brought for news, that failing 
 round the ifland, in purfuance of his inftrudions, he faw in 
 it N. and S. with the bay where they were at anchor, another, . 
 which did not appear lefs good, and appeared to have more 
 people and veffels. He related, that he had feen farther "j- 
 on, clofe to the great ifland, two other middling ones, very 
 populous; and that, in the S. E. quarter, at eig/it. leagues, they 
 faw anpthcr ifland, which fcemed to be /^a/ in circuit J. And 
 that nine or ten leagues about § W. N. W. from where they 
 were benighted when they difcovered the land, he had fallen in 
 
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 f Mas adelante. 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 with three Iflands, inhabited by mulatto people, of a clear 
 colour *, and full of palms, with a great mnny coral reefs -j-, 
 which ftretched to the W. N. W. with their ridges % and 
 channels, whereto they faw no end, concluding that they 
 had not found any traces of the fhip fought for.' 
 *• Being anchored in the fecond port, the Indians of that 
 part paffed all the night in giving fhouts, as if they 
 fported § or fcofFed, faying very plainly, many times. Friends. 
 The day being come, the number of 500 Indians repaired in 
 a crowd to the neareft fliore, (hooting at the veffels many ar- 
 rows, darts, and ftones. Seeing that they did not reach with 
 them, many pufhed in the water breaft high, and others 
 fwimming. They approached, fhouting, fo near, that 
 getting hold of the buoys of the fhips, they were going with 
 them to ihore. 
 
 ** The Adelentado perceiving their daringnefs, fent captain 
 Don Lorenzo^ with 15 foldiers in the boat, to Ikirmifh 
 with them. The target-men covered the mufqueteers and 
 rowers J but with all this they (hot two, and there would 
 have been more, if the targets had not prevented, of which, 
 fome were fliot through and through. -: / p,ii4'\ :.!; ;.' . 
 ** The Indians fought very loofely, and jumping about |[, 
 Ihewing themfelves fo valiant f , that they found they had 
 met with people v/ho knew well to defend their houfes* 
 This continued whilft they thought our arms did not do the 
 mifchief they faw, but being undeceived by the death of two 
 
 *• De gente mulata color clara; . ,..-., .. ' 
 
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 or three, and having fome wounded, they left the <hore, carry- 
 " ing them off. 
 
 ** The following day * the M". de Campo being afliore, pro- 
 *' pofed to the foldiers to clear a (pot, which was clofe to a 
 " gieatfpring, for the foundation of a town. The place was not 
 agreeable to all the foldiers, becaufe it was imagined to be 
 unhealthy : fo fome of the married people came aboard, to in- 
 form the general of the M". de Campo's determination, and to 
 beg him to go afliore, and make them be fettled in one of the 
 towns of the Indians, for there thehoufes being -f* made, and 
 the fpot ufed, it was neceflTarily better than the place chofen. 
 " Hereupon the Adelentado landed, and holding a council, and 
 *' moft of the foldiers being of the fame opinion as the M". de 
 ** Campo, had already fet their hand to the work ; his de- 
 " fign had been to eftablifli the colony on a low point, more at 
 *' the entrance of the bay : but the foldiers worked with fo 
 ** much fpirit and zeal, that he left them to continue their 
 work. They were foon done, each had his houfe, and put 
 his fliop in the beft order he could." 
 We learn from QuiRos, that * The fettlement was made 
 
 * near thejpring which the Indians endeavoured to defend, but 
 
 * defifted, on finding the fire-arms reached at a diftance.' But 
 he condemns the behaviour of the Spaniards to the Indians, par- 
 cularly * for killing the Indian moft our friend (fays Quiros), 
 
 * and lord of that ifland, named Malop6, and two or three 
 
 * others, being then alfo in peace.' 
 
 PiNGRE, from FiGUEROA, fays, " The Spaniards ftaycd there 
 ** two months and ten days. Some ill-difpofed foldiers killed 
 ** Mendana's friend, Malope, the Cacique: till then the 
 *« Spaniards had found friends and enemies : the firft, exafpe- 
 
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 • 23d September, (Pingre). 
 
 t Here the fragment in Thevenot ends ; vih&t follows is from Fingre. 
 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 * 
 
 ** rted by the death of their chief, were not content to lament 
 ** his death in public and in private, and to withold the fupplies 
 " to the Spaniards ; they even determined to thwart them as 
 " much as was in their power. In vain Mendana imagined to 
 " appeafe them by the punifliment of the guilty, who were 
 " put to death j it was not poffible to make them return. 
 
 " There were feditions — the M''. de Campo, convifted of 
 " having excited, or fomented them, was condemned to death, 
 ** with his accoqiplices." QuiROS fays, that « On Sunday, 
 
 * the 8th Odtober, the Adelentado ordered theM". de Campo, 
 
 * and Thomas de Ampuero to be beheaded, and enlign John 
 « DE Buy to be hanged. He was inclined to have put to death 
 
 * two other friends of the M". de Campo, but defifted at our 
 
 * requeft : the caufe was public j for they wanted to abandon 
 
 * the eftablifhment, befides other reafons, whereof I am igno- 
 
 * rant ; though I faw much impudent fhamelefs behaviour, and 
 
 * many indifcretions.' 
 
 PiNGRfe, from FiGUEROA, fays, " The bay, which the 
 ** Adelentado named La Gratiosa, becaufe it was really fuch, 
 ** is in circuit 4 ^ leagues ; it lyes N. by E. and S. by W. 
 *• it is in the moft weftern part of the ifland, on the north fide, 
 •* and to the fouth of the volcano abovementionedj its entrance 
 ** is half a league widej it has a reef at the eaftern part, but 
 ** the entrance is not the lefs clear. The bay is formed by an 
 «* ifland, which is at the weftern part ; this ifland * is four 
 ** leagues in circuit, it is very fertile, and very populous, as 
 ** well on the fliorc, as inland : it is but little diftant from the 
 large ifland, from which it is feparated by rocks and flioals, 
 with fome fmall channels, where only boats can pafs. The 
 port is at the extremity of the bay, between a fountain of 
 
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 * This feems to be the ifland named afterwards La Guerta. 
 
 very 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA's 
 
 »S9S' " very clear water, which, at the diftance of a mufquet-fhot, 
 ** from thence, gufhes out amongft the rocks, and a river of a 
 ** middling fize, which is about 500 paces from the fountain. 
 ** The port is in 10 deg. 20 min. S. 1850 leagues from Lima : 
 ** this port is expofed to fome pufFs from the S. E. but which 
 ** cannot do much harm. The bottom is mud, the foundings 
 ** 20, 30, and 40 fathom,- according to the diftance from fliorc." 
 QuiRos fays, * Not above three leagues round the camp 
 
 * was feen of the whole ifland. The people of this ifland are 
 
 * blacks ; they have fmall canoes of one tree, for going round to 
 
 * their towns, and others very large, in which they go out 
 
 * to fea. 
 
 • The provifions which were feen in this bay and port were 
 
 * hogs, fowls, plantans, fugar-canes, two or three kinds of roots 
 
 * like camotes *, which are eaten boiled or roafted, and of them is 
 
 * made bifc litj beetle, two kinds of good almonds, and others of 
 
 * pinones; ring-doves, turtle-doves, ducks, grey and white geefe, 
 
 * fwallows, plenty of greens, Spanifh pumpkins, the fruit already 
 
 * mentioned on the firft iflands -f-, chefnuts and nuts ; there is 
 
 * fwect bafil of a very fine fmell, red flowers, which, at this 
 
 * port, are in their gardens, and two other ipecies alfo red. 
 
 * There are other fruit on large trees, like pippins, of a fine 
 
 * fmell and tafte, plenty of ginger, which grows fpontane- 
 ^ oully ; there is great quantities of the plant chiquilitey of 
 
 * which indigo is made ; there is peta trees, much fago, and 
 
 * many coconuts. There was feen marble and large fnail- 
 
 * ftones J, like thofe brought to Manila from China. There 
 
 * is a vaft fountain, befidcs five or fix rivers of water, not very 
 Marge. They fettled clofe to the fountain." 
 
 * Camotes are the fwect potatoes common ui the warm countries. 
 
 t Bread fruit. 
 
 4: Piedras de caractdcs grandes. 
 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 PiNGRi;, from FiGUEROA, ill enumerating the produdlions 
 this illand, is more circumftantial than QuiRos. He fays, 
 ** There are plenty of hogs, fowls, like thofe of Spain, 
 chiefly white, they perch and live upon the trees j ring-doves, 
 turtle-doves of a fmall kind, partridges like ours, geefe, he- 
 rons, grey and white, fwallows, and other birds unknown. 
 They found no infefls, but a kind of black lizard, and fomc 
 ants ; they faw no mufquetoes, an extraordinary thing in fo 
 low a latitude. 
 
 " The fea yields many kinds of fifhj the Indians catch 
 them with a kind of nets made of twine, which appears to 
 be pita-y pieces of light wood ferve them for floats, and ftones 
 for leads. They found at this ifland an infinite number of 
 plantans, of fix or feven kinds; plenty of coconuts and fugar 
 canes ; almonds, of which the (hell is triangular, and the 
 fruit large, and of an excellent tafl:e ; pine-apples as large as 
 the head, enclofing a kernel of the fize of Spanifh almonds * j 
 the leaves of the tree which bear them, are few in number, 
 but very large. They alfo found the fruit mentioned at the 
 Marquesas, the fame kinds of nuts and chefnuts, and 
 above all, the fruit which the Spaniards called blanc manger. 
 Another fruit was named pippins, it grows on very high 
 trees. Near thefe apples grew others, which were not 
 equally good, and which much refembled the pear-main. 
 ** There are three or four kinds of roots ufed inftead of bread; 
 they are boiled or roafted : the Indians make plenty of bif- 
 cuit, which they dry by the fire or fun j it is very nourifhing. 
 Oziers ferve thefe Indians for ropes. Ginger grov^rs natu- 
 
 89 
 
 >S95- 
 
 * This fecms to be the Caldera ; at the Nicobars it is cultivated, and grows to a 
 pretty large tree j the fruit grows even larger than here defcribed : it if the chief food 
 of the inhabitants, they call it melory ; and the kernels are the fined almonds I ever 
 tailed. 
 
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 rally, and without culture. They found curious fnails, fuch 
 as are brought from China, and various kinds of pearls. In 
 a word this ifland is fertile, well cultivated, and very popu- 
 lous. The temperature of the air there is fuch as is com- 
 mon in this latitude. They heard thunder, faw lightning, and 
 experienced much fliowery weather *, but found only little 
 wind, it is not very high j it has, however, chains of moun- 
 tains, valleys, and plains. 
 
 •* Don Lorenzo took it into his head f- to fend one morning 
 twenty foldiers, with a chief, to feize fome Indians, whora 
 he propofed {hould learn Spanifli. They went in a chaloup; 
 the Indians oppofed their landing, and when they were got 
 afhore they charged the Spaniards violently : Don Lorenzo 
 thought himfelf obliged to come to .their afliftknce ; he was 
 wounded in the thigh. The Indians purfued with fury the 
 revenue of Malopk's death, and fired their" arrows at the 
 Spaniards without ceafing. They lookup the arrows, and 
 ftruck the points of them againft their targets and coats of 
 mail, to make the Indians think they. were invulnerable. 
 The Indians made figns to them to do Jb againft their eyes and 
 t/iighs, which the Spaniards did not choofe to do. Their 
 enemies from thence concluded that tliey muft fire only 
 at their t/iig/is mnd J'aces, and they wounded many. Don 
 Lorenzo having fupplied, as well as he could, the wants 
 of the camp, returned aboard, and fent a third time the 
 captain of artillery, with the frigate, in fearch of the ad- 
 miral. This captain, at his return, brought eight young 
 people, well made, and of good feature, with fome. large 
 pearl oyfler-fhells, which he had picked up at one of the 
 three imalliflands environed with reefs as above-mentioned. 
 
 * Grains. 
 
 t Sc mit en tete. 
 
 ** They 
 
VOYAGE. 
 
 They alfo feized on St a. Cruz three Indian women, with 
 fix children : they meant to keep them as hoflages, to put an 
 end to the diforders which the natives inceflantly committed. 
 Their hufbands came to vifit them feveral times ; fevcral of 
 their countrymen joined them, they demanded them back, 
 and they were reflored $ the Indians departed, to all appear- 
 ance fatisfied and thankful, 
 
 ** The wound of Don Lorenzo grew worfe, he died the 2d 
 of November; he was lamented, and buried with the fame 
 ceremonies as Mendana. 
 
 ** The crew were worn out with fatigue and ficknefs ; twenty 
 refolute Indians S^jpuld have been fufficient to have deftroyed 
 them. It was thien^-wfolved to fufpend the enterprize. They 
 took in wood and^ V^.ater, and all embarked the 7th No- 
 vember. * ' 
 
 ** Louis Andrada, fent the fame evening to get the necef- 
 fary provifions, landed on a little ifland, which he named 
 La GuERTA (tlie Garij.^n), on account of its beauty and 
 fertility. The chief pilot, captain Quiros, we. ,. t'-> tae 
 fame ifland after the return of Andrada, i-nd had like to 
 have been loft there in the night ; he returned fafe and found 
 the next morning to the galleon. 
 
 " The governefs called together the pilots, and told them, 
 that her intention was to quit this ifland, to go in queft of 
 St. Christoval, to fee if they could not find the admiral; 
 to fail then for Manila, to get a recruit of priefts and fol- 
 diers, and to return to put the laft hand to this eftablifhment. 
 She defired that each would give his opinion ; they did fo, in 
 writing, and figned it : it was confonant to that of the go- 
 vernefs. Quiros added to his, that he engaged not to 
 abandon the governefs, if they returned with the fame in- 
 tention of eftablifhing a colony at St a. Cruz. 
 
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92 
 
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 ALVARO MENDANA de NEYRA'i 
 
 « 
 
 In the evening Quiros went aboard the frigate and galleot, 
 ** to leave them the neceflary provifions, and to give them the 
 ** proper orders, in regard to the courfe they ought to fteer. 
 ** At night they went afhore to bring away the corpfe of Men- 
 '* DANA, and to carry it in the frigate to Manila." 
 
 Quiros fays, * Sailing from this port, Saturday i8th Novem- 
 
 * ber, we flood W. by S. for the ifland St. Christoval, or 
 
 * more properly fpeaking to fee if we could find it, for fo the 
 
 * governefs ordered; and we were two days without feeing any 
 
 * thing, and at the general intreaty the governefs ordered me 
 
 * to bear away for Manila, having, between 5 deg. S. and 
 
 * 5 deg. N. much contrary winds and calms. In full 6 deg. N. 
 
 * we fell in with an ifland, appearing to be 25 leagues in cir- 
 
 * cuit, very woody and very populous ; the natives like thoie 
 
 * of the Ladrones.' 
 
 PiNGRK, from FiGUEROA, is more circumftantial in his re- 
 lation of the voyage from Sta. Cruz. He fays, 
 
 «* The three fliips, in very bad condition, failed the i8th 
 *< November; this day and the following they ftood W. S. W. * 
 
 ** The 19th, by obfervation and account, they were in 11 
 ** deg. S. they look-ed out carefully, but neither faw the ad- 
 ** miral nor St. Christoval: Quiros, having received an 
 ** order from the governefs, ftood for Manila. They (leered 
 «* N. N. W. with the wind at S. E. They wifhed to avoid 
 *' New-Guinea, which was judged to be near; it was appre- 
 " hended they would get embarraffed amongft the iflands which 
 ** environ it. Quiros was very defirous to make this land, but 
 •* the bad ftate of the fquadron did not permit to flop there. 
 
 Quiros fays W. by S. 
 
 ** They 
 
E. 
 
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 They continued the fame courfe till the 27th November, 
 when they found themfelves in 5 deg. S. they faw many 
 ligns of being near land, they fuppofedit was New-Guinea*. 
 ** On the 10th December they found themfelves in 30 
 min. fouth •{-. It was perceived the galleot wanted to part 
 company. The governefs let the captain know, that he 
 fhould be punifhed as a traitor if he did not keep company : 
 bpt the galleon was in fo bad a (late, that this captain thought 
 it was impofllble for her to efcape ; in confequence whereof, 
 they put about in the night, and the galleot difappeared. 
 «' In the mean while ficknefs fwept off the people, fcarce a 
 day pa{rej|jt4)ut one or two, and fbmetimes three or four bodies 
 ** were thrown over-board The ftate of the fhip's rigging was 
 «* not lefs diftrefsful, all was ufed or rotten ; and the worfl was, 
 that they had neither maft, nor cordage, nor any other rig- 
 ging to fhift. 
 
 •* They kept always (landing N. N. W. till Tuefday 19th 
 «* December, when they were in 3 deg. 30 min. N. the frigate 
 ** could fcarce keep up with them. Quiros propofed feveral 
 ** times to abandon it, and to take the crew aboard the galleon, 
 ** but the governefs would not follow this advice. At night 
 they loft fight of the frigate ; Quiros made them lay to for it 
 till next evening, but, at laft, the foldiers grew impatient. 
 It was not time, according to them, to amufe themfelves in 
 ** waiting for others, when they ran a rifque of being loft them- 
 ** felves. 
 
 ** With a wind at E. and E. N. E. which began to fet in, 
 ** they kept on their courfe N. N. W. till Saturday following, 
 •* when they got fight of an ifland, towards which they fteered, 
 ** intending to feek there a port and provifions. Night began ; 
 
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 t Coreal fays, 1 deg. 30 min. S. 
 
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 THEODORE GERARD S. 
 
 QuiRos was afraid of the rocks, he ordered the fliip to be 
 put about, he was ill obeyed, they made a thoufand repre- 
 fentations to him. He fethimfelf to work, let go the fheets, 
 Shifted the helm, and put the (hip's head another way. 
 '* It was found in the morning, that Quiros had judged 
 prudently ; the {hip would have been loft without this con- 
 dudt ; they could not, even in the day, go near the ifland, it 
 was fo furrounded with reefs and rocks. This ifland is inha- 
 bited, its latitude is full 6 deg. N. It is almoft round, its cir- 
 cuit is 30 leagues, it is not very high. At three leagues to 
 the weft, they faw four low iflands, and many others clofe to 
 it; all arc furrounded with reefs. The ifland appeared clearer 
 on the fouth fide. * 
 
 ** They continued the?"* courfe N. N. W. and on Monday, 
 ift of January, 1596, the latitude obferved was 14 deg. 
 They then ftood due weft, with a good frefli wind ; and 
 ** On Wednefday, 3d January, at day-break, they defcryed 
 two of the Ladrone iflands, Guan and ^Ierpana." 
 
 1599. 
 
 THEODORE GERARD S. 
 
 THEODORE GERARDS (one of the fleet in the 
 voyage wherein W. Adams was pilot) being carried by 
 tempefts in 64 deg. S. in that height, the country was moun- 
 tainous, and covered with fnow, looking like Norway, and 
 femed to extend towards the iflands of Salomon *. 
 
 • Purchas, Vol. IV. p. 1391, note. Barleus's Collcdion, p. 193. ' 
 
 Pedro 
 
Pedro Fernandez de Qjj i r o s' 
 
 o 
 
 E. 
 
 TH E difcQvery of the Southern Continent, 'whenever^ 
 and by whomfoever it may be completely efFe<fted, is in 
 jujiice due to this immortal nume. 
 
 The voyages previous to t/iaf o£ Pedro Fernandez de 
 QuiRos, were not diredled, at lead immediately, to this great 
 objedt; butQuiRos formed his plan on the obfervations he him- 
 felf had made inMsNOANA's voyage, in 1595 : and, reafoning 
 from principles of fcience and deep reflexion, he afTerted the 
 exijienceoi a Southern Contij^ent ; and devoted, with un- 
 wearied, though ' contemned diligence, the remainder of his life 
 to the profecutionof thisy7//J//W conception. 
 
 It does not appear that Magalhanes had any idea of a conti- 
 nent in this quarter j nor have we any fcientific arguments al- 
 leged in fupport of it, prior to the memorials which QuiRos 
 prcfented to Don Louis de Velasco, after his return from 
 Mend ana's voyage. 
 
 Manymapsreprefent a continent in this quarter, which they fay 
 was difcovered by Hern an Gallego, in 1576. It is neceffary 
 to take notice of this report, as it would leflen the charadler of 
 QuiRos to fuppofe him ignorant of the difcoveries made by this 
 companion of Mendana; ov worje than ignorant, to endeavour 
 by conjedtures, however well grounded, to fupport the exift- 
 ence of w/iat he knew had been adually difcovered. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de C^U I R O S ' 
 
 It is unqueftionable, that Hern An Gallego was chief pilot 
 with Mendana in 1567, but it is impojjtbley that he didt or 
 could in this voyage difcover a continent to the fouthward, in the 
 paflage from New-Guinea to the Strait of Mag alhanes, be- 
 caufe we are exprefly informed by Figueroa and Lopez Vaz, 
 that, in this voyage, they returned to America, on the north of 
 the equator. 
 
 The notion of Gal leg 0*6 difcovery, common amongft 
 geographers, probably arofe from thtfuppofitiorit that Guadal- 
 canal extended to Tierra del Fuegoj and the date 1576, 
 perhaps from a tranfpofition of the figures 1567, or poffibly 
 from fome vague report of the difcovery made by Juan Fer- 
 nandez about this period. 
 
 A modern Syftem of Geography * indeed quotes Gallego ; 
 but where he met with him I cannot tell, for none of the Spanifli 
 writers I have feen, make mention of any work of Gallego, 
 except Penelo, who gives the title of a MS. Journal, by Herna't 
 Gallego of Mendana's firft voyage, which, he fays, remains 
 in the Ba*cia library -j-. Neither Seixas nor QuiRos take notice 
 of him, nor of his fuppofed difcovery to the fouth, which it 
 can fcarcely be believed they would have omitted, had there 
 been the leaf): foundation for it s Tor q^emad a indeed mentions 
 Gallego, but fays not a word of any land difcovered by him in 
 a high latitude. 
 
 • Compleat Syftem of Geograpliy, vol. 11. p. 587. 
 
 f Penelo de Leon Biblioth. Orient y Ocident. p. 671. 
 
 '* Relacion de Jornada i viaje primero que al defcubriemento de las Iflas de Salo- 
 mon 11190 el Adelentado Alvaro de Mendana, Hendo el autor piloto major." 
 
 /. t. " Journal of the firft voyage which the Adelentado Alvaro de Mendana 
 made for the difcovery of the Salomon Iflands, the author being chief pilot." MS. fol. 
 Penelo fays it begins, "Anno 1553) in the month of October, &c" 
 
 It 
 
i& 
 
 VOYAGE. 
 
 It is fcarcely pofTible to prove a negative ; aiid it may be al- 
 ledged that Arias mentions a difcovery of Mendana in 1575* 
 and therefore Gal lego's difcovery may have been made in the 
 return from this voyage. The general filence of the Spanifh 
 writers is to me fufficient reafon to difbelieve the difcovery af- 
 cribedto Gallego, particularly when it is confidered, that al- 
 though the exiftence of fuch a land was the point Quiros 
 wanted to prove, he takes not the leafl notice of it i and it 
 feems to me impoffible that this companion of Mendana could 
 be ignorant of a difcovery fo important, which muft be well 
 known to all Peru, had it only happened twenty years before; 
 particularly as it muft have been in a public voyage, although it 
 is not wonderful that Quiros (hould be ignorant of the accidental 
 difcovery made by Juan Fernandez, which Arias informs us 
 was purpofely concealed till the death of Juan Fernandez, 
 which probably happened many years before Qwiros' firft 
 voyage. 
 
 Upon the whole, till fome exprefs evidence is produced of 
 this Southern Land of Gallego, I think it muft be 
 confidered as one of thofe blunders which geographers are con- 
 tii^iually propagating, by abridging and abftradling each other, 
 inftead of confulting the original authors. 
 
 To clear up the difficulties which occur on the fubjedt of 
 Quiros' difcoveries, I propofe to give a iketch of the life of 
 this eminent perfon: the authorities I have for this, befides 
 Mend ana's voyage already recited, are chiefly Penelo, Tor- 
 QUEMADA, Arias, and Quiros' memorials. 
 
 The aflertion of fome, that Quiros was a Portuguefe, is 
 doubtful i though fome critics think they can diftinguilh the 
 Portuguefe idiom in his writings. There appears to be as little 
 foundation in what others alledge, of two perfons fimilar in 
 name," Quiros, a Spaniard, and Giros, a Portuguefe. There 
 
 O is 
 
 97 
 
 1606. 
 
% ' 98 PEDRO FERNANDEZ DE QJJ I R O S ' 
 
 i6o6. is no trace of fuch a perfon as this Giros, in any Spanifli writer 
 I have feeni though the country of Quiros is not particularly 
 mentioned in any of them, and is a matter of very little con- 
 fequence. 
 
 The firft account we have of him, is as chief pilot to Men- 
 DANA in 1595, after whofe death he conduced to Manila the 
 ihattered remains of the fquadron, and from thence went to 
 AcAPULCo, in the galleon St. Jeronimo. From Mexico he 
 proceeded to Peru, where he made intereft with the new vice- 
 roy, Don Louis DE Velasco, to be furnifhed with fhips, men, 
 and other neceffaries, to continue the difcovery they had begun j 
 and ** to plough up the waters of the unknown /ea, and to feek 
 " out the undif covered lands around the antartick pole *, the 
 " centre of that horizon -}•." 
 
 He prefented two memorials to the viceroy, containing the 
 motives that inclined him to this undertaking, wherein he ex- 
 prefled himfelf to this efFedt + : 
 
 ** Becaufe the fliadow feen in the moon in the time of her 
 «« eclipfe is part of a circle, it is proved, that the form of the 
 body of earth and water which compofes it, is round. Ima- 
 gining about this body a line encompaffing it, and dividing it 
 into two equal parts, calling the one north, the other fouth ; 
 from this equinodlial line begins the degrees, counting from 
 I deg. to 90 deg. which is the greateft quantity of latitude to- 
 wards either of the two poles. Of the north part is already dif- 
 covered to more than 70 deg. what remains from thence to 90 
 deg. although it fhould be difcovered, feems uninhabitable, or 
 account of the great cold, the inequality of day and night, and 
 other inconvenvencies. It is notorious, that in feveral parts 
 
 * Que divifava el polo antartico. 
 
 t Figueroa'sfragraefttiaTlievenot. 
 X Idem. 
 
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 VOYAGE. 
 
 already known, the people dwell in caves, and live with much 
 artifice, having another bad life to pafs from the rigour of the 
 climate *. Of the fouth part is difcovered to 55 deg. pafling 
 the Strait of Magalhanes, and to 35 deg. in which is the 
 Cape of Good Hope, or 40 deg. and a little more, to which 
 {hips go in doubling it. Thefe two points of land, with 
 their coafts on each fide -j-, are already known to all. Now 
 are wanting the reft which remain from thefe, and from 
 this parallel, and to the weft, from a lower latitude, to 90 
 deg. % to know if it is land or water, or what part there is 
 of both. 
 
 «« The Adelentado, Alvaro de Mendana, when he was 
 failing, in 1595, towards the Iflands of Salomon §, which he 
 faid were from 7 deg. to 1 2 deg. S . and 1500 leages from thecity 
 of Lima, met with four fmall iflands together, inhabited by 
 fo good a people, that there is no account of any other having 
 been difcovered, that can be reckoned equal to them; but for 
 the chief part, the Indians are ill-featured ||, and of indifferent 
 figures f , and of a brown complexion **i as in PERtJ, New- 
 Spain, Terra-Firma, Nicaragua, Philipinas, and 
 other parts. Thefe iflands are in the latitude of 9 deg. 
 and 10 deg. diftant 1000 leagues from Lima, 650 from the 
 neareft coaft of New-Spain, and another 1000 from New- 
 
 # Y vivcn con mucho artificio teniendo otra vida mala de paflar por cl regor dc 
 los tiempos. 
 
 f Con fus coflas y contra coftas. 
 
 X Falta aora las demas que dellas reftan, y del paralelo defla y de menos altura rc- 
 ftro ad poniente hafta 90. The meaning appears to be, that the parts from the Cape 
 of Good Hope, and fouth extremity of America to 70 deg. and to the weftward of 
 thefe meridians, even from a lower latitude, to go deg. were yet to be difcovered. 
 
 § Mendana, according to Arias, was then bound to St. Chriftoval, not for the 
 Salomon iflands. 
 
 |{ De malos geftos. 
 
 V De medianos talles. > 
 
 •* De color moreno. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ be QJJIROS* 
 
 Guinea. The winds there are eafterly, for which reafon, 
 to go from thefe ifland to Peru and New-Spain, it is ne- 
 ceiTary to ftand to the northward, or fouthward, to feek with- 
 out the tropic thofe winds which are called general', and for 
 this are required inftruments of navigation and veflels of bur- 
 then *, which are two things (befides others very neceffary) 
 thefe people are deftitute of. For thefe, and for other rea- 
 fons which might be given, it remains very obvious, that it 
 has never been poflible, in any time, to communicate with the 
 two provinces above-mentioned,, nor lefs with New-Guinea 
 and the Philippinasj lince, from thefe parts to the faid 
 iflands, there is no navigating, on account of the winds be- 
 ing eaft and contrary. From the four iflands no other land 
 was vifible i the embarkations of the natives are adapted for 
 fhort voyages -j-. For which reafon it is to be fought, what 
 could be believed to be the manner how they could go to 
 diflant parts : and it is the moft likely, that when they fail 
 from a place from whence they can fee no other land, they 
 go, taking their marks by the land they are leaving, till they 
 lofe fight of it j and then, when they can fee it no longer, 
 they get fight of the other whither they are bound : for in 
 lofing altogether the land, as well that from vs hence they 
 failed,, as that which they are in fearch of, it becomes ne- 
 ceffary to underfland at lead the com^afs, which they have 
 not. Not to mention the contrary winds, currents, and other 
 things, which may make them lofe their right way. And 
 this is of the more weight, as the moft experienced pilots, fur- 
 niflied with all that thefe people want, in lofing fight for two 
 or four days of the land, do not know, nor can determine 
 
 * Navios capazes. 
 
 t Las embarcaciones de las naturales citan a brevedad de navegacion. 
 
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V o 
 
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 their fituation. Thus (fpeaking in general terms) it may be 
 affirmed, the inflruments of navigation of thefe Indians are 
 their own eyes, or their guefs of fmall diftances. Since to 
 what might be alledged that they dire<a themfelves by the 
 fun, moon, and ftars ? it may be replied, that the fun is not 
 vifible by night, the mutability of the moon is well known, 
 and, in fhort, they are not always prefent, nor in the fame 
 place, nor without clouds before ftars, moon, and fun» But 
 were all this poffible (which it is not) yet their voyages mud 
 be fo fhort as has been faid. 
 
 ** And though it is true, that the moft ftupid * can go in their 
 embarkations from a fmall ifland, to feek a large country, if 
 it be near, fmce if they do not hit one part, they will ano- 
 ther ; yet not for this can it be admitted, that from a large^ 
 or fmall country, they can, without art, feek fmall -j-, and 
 far diftant iilands. 
 
 ** Amongft thefe Indians were fome mulattoes J, which di- 
 verfity of colour argues a communication with other people^ 
 Befides thefe four iflands being fmall, it is to be attended to, 
 that, in the large countries men are fcarce to be contained, 
 but ever go in quefl of others, where they may live with 
 more convenience, befides thofe who leave them on diffentions^ 
 or becaufe they cannot fubmit to mafters, or becaufe they 
 wifli to be fuch. Thus it may be religioufly believed, that 
 there are to the S. E, S, S. W. and more weftward, other 
 iflands which lye in a chain, or a continent running along,, 
 till it joins New-Guinea, or approaches the Philipinas, or 
 the Southern-Land of the Strait of Magalhanes, fince- 
 no other places are known, whereby they who inhabit 
 thofe iflands could have entered them, unlefs by miracle. 
 
 Bocalea. 
 
 f Limitadas. 
 
 X Amulatador.. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJ I R O S ' 
 
 ** If it goes toward the one, or to the other part, or towards 
 both, it is likely there are many iflands, or a continent, the 
 antipodes to the greater part of Europe, Africa, and Asia, 
 where from 20 deg. to 60 deg. God has made men fo ufeful." 
 Ping Re informs us, from Figueroa, that the viceroy re- 
 plied, that QuiROs' defire exceeded the limits of his autho- 
 rity i but he difpatched him with ftrong recommendations to 
 the court of Spain *. 
 
 * Purchas gives fome ground to conjecture, that a voyage was made, during the 
 government of this viceroy, by the following 
 
 *• Note of Auftralia del Efpiritu Santo, written by mailer Hacluit. 
 
 ** Simon Fernandez, a pilot of Liibon, told me, Richard Hacluit, before other 
 ** Portugals, in London, the 1 8th March, 1604, That he having been in the city 
 «♦ of Lima, in Peru, did perfeftly underftand, that four fliips and barks departed from 
 ** the faid city of Lima about the year 1600. in the month of February, towards the 
 " Philipinas. Their general was a meflizo (fon of a Spaniard and an Indian woman), 
 *• and that feeking to make way towards the Philipinas, they were driven with ftrong 
 ** northern winds to the fouth of the equinodlial line, and fell in with divers rich 
 " countries and iflands, as it feemeth, not far from the iflands of Salomon. One 
 •* chief place they called Monte de Plata, for the great abundance of filver there is 
 «* like to be there. For they found two crowns-worth of filver in two handfuls of 
 *' duft, and the people gave them for inm as much and more in quantity of filver. 
 " They report, that this place is two months failing from Lima, and as much back 
 ** again. 
 
 " Concerning this voyage alfo, the Licentiate, Louis de Tribaldo, a gentleman 
 *« of quality in the Conde de Villa-Mediana, the Spanifli ambafl^ador's houfe, told me, 
 *« Richard Hacluit, that two years part he faw at Madrid a captain of quality, fuing 
 «* for licence to conquer this place, and that he obtained the fame ; and that divers 
 ** religious men and fathers were to go to convert them to chriftianity. They ar- 
 ♦• rived, at their return from this voyage, at Peru, in the month of Auguft." 
 
 There are fome other circumftances to countenance the opinion, that there was 
 an expedition between Mendana's in 1595* and Quiros' in 1606. 
 
 1. Penelo mentions an expedition in 1599- 
 
 2. Seixcas reports, that Quiros left derroteros of his three voyages : it is obvious 
 the flrft was in i59S» the laft in 1606 ; for he died at Panama before he could under- 
 take another. 
 
 3. The Chronica de S. Gregorio de las Philipinas, has this quotation from Quiros, 
 ** For el camino, &c. For the route and voyage is, I kriow, much eafier and fhorter 
 *• than from Manila to New-Spain ;" fpeaking of appointing one of the galleons to 
 Peru. This is a circumftance he could not know by experience, either in his voyage 
 of 1595) or that of 1 606, as in both he went to New- Spain. 
 
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 ToRO^uEMADA, in the introdudlion to Qu,iRos* expedition 
 1606 lays ** Philip III. being defirous to complete the dif- 
 covery of the remote Southern parts begun by Hernan 
 Gallego, andALVARODE Mendana at different times, in 
 the reign of Philip II. *, andjudging that divine Providence 
 had put the prefent occafion in his power, he gave ftri«a or- 
 ders, that captain PedroFernandez deQuiros fhouldgo 
 in perfon, to give to the v\^orld a clear account how extenfivc 
 thefe hidden provinces and fevered regions were fouls to 
 heaven, and kingdoms to the crown of Spain. 
 " He gave full and fufficient commiffion in his name, to take 
 from the port of Lima two (hips, fuch as he fliould pick out, 
 beft adapted for the fervice intended, and alfo gave exprefs 
 orders to the Conde dc Monterey, his viceroy at that time. 
 
 103 
 1606. 
 
 m 
 
 But in oppofition to thefe teftimonies it is to be obferred, that Penelo defcribes 
 the expedition in 1599, to be under Mendana, which is impofTible, as he died ia 
 that of 1595* He alfo refers to Chriftoval Suarez de Flgueroa for an account of thi» 
 expedition, which points out the error in date, for Figueroa wrote the life of the 4th 
 ntarquis of Cannete, under whofe orders Mendana's expedition, in 1595, was fitted 
 out. Fenelo alfo refers to Morga for an account of the firft voyage in 1567 -, wbereaa 
 Morga gives the relation not of this, but of the expedition in 1595. 
 
 In reply to the other evidences, it can only be faid in general, that none of the me* 
 morials give the leaft hint of any difcoveries made by Quiros but in 1 595 and. 1606 ; and 
 therefore, although it would be improper to deny any intermediate expedition, it does, 
 not appear that there is an authority fufficient to fupport it ; it alfo appears from the hi- 
 ftory of the Fhilipinas, that there was, at this time, no intereourfe between Peru and 
 Manila. So that the voyage mentioned by Hacluit, muft be confidered as doubtful ;■ 
 to this may be added, that Quires' opinion of the facility of the pafTage to Peru, is ' 
 probably in confequence of the winds he found in the two voyages, of which we have 
 the relation. 
 
 It feems, however, that he was the perfon mentioned by Hacluit, to be at Ma- 
 drid in 1602. For Arias's memorial, after mentioning that Quiros carried there- 
 mains of Mendana's fquadron to Manila, adds, " Some time after Quiros came to. 
 *' this court, being then in Valladolid, to intreat the fame difcovery, and was difpatched 
 «' to the viceroy of Peru, to obtain the thiogs neceflary for the purpofe." 
 
 • Philjjjil. from 1558 to 1598. 
 
 •« without 
 
 
104 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJ I R O S ' 
 
 without delay, to order the provifion of every thing ncccffary 
 for Quikos* voyage and departure. 
 
 *' QuiRos then difpatched from court, with the mofl ho- 
 nourable fchedules which had ever pafied the c.)uncil of 
 ftate, and not with lefs difpatches from the court of Rome, 
 purfued his route till he arrived at Lima, where, after pre- 
 fcnting his papers to the viceroy, he began to enter on new 
 *• labours, throwing into oblivion all that he had endured for 
 ** eleven years in the purfuit of fo important an objcdt." 
 
 Different views are afcribed to the voyage: Torqulmada, 
 with the utmoft affedtation, feems to ftufF in every place com- 
 prehended within his knowledge, afcribing as the motive of 
 the voyage *• to circumnavigate the globe, going to Spain by 
 ** the East-Indies, firft difcovering, as the chief object, the 
 ** unknown lands of* the South, in the route to New-Guinea, 
 ** till they reached China, the Malucos, Java Major and 
 ** Minor, and all the other famous iflands abounding in filver, 
 ** gold, precious ftones, and fpices." 
 
 Arias, with much more appearance of probability and con- 
 fiftency fays, ** Their intention was to fettle at the ifland of 
 ** St a. Cruz, and purfue from thence the plan of the Ade- 
 ** lentado de Mendana," which, as before recited, was the 
 «* difcovery of a Southern Continent." 
 
 The particular difcoveries of Quiros in this voyage, are to 
 follow from Torquemada, with fome elucidation from Arias, 
 who tells us, that Quiros, ** after his return to New-Spain, 
 ** came once more to the Spanifli court to renew his application 
 ** to fettle that country j and was fent back to Peru (in 1614), 
 ** with the viceroy, and died at Panama in his return to 
 *« Lima." 
 
 • De camino de Nueva Guinea. 
 
 When 
 
VOYAGE. 
 
 When he was this time at the court of Spain, he prefented 
 the many memorials we find mentioned, though two only have 
 come down to us,*both inferted in Purchas; one he has given 
 in Englifti, which memorial is to be found in many other books, 
 and in almoil every language ; a Spaniih MS. of it has been 
 chiefly made ufe of, though collated with Purchas, and the 
 Latin copy printed at Amsterdam, 1613, 4to. The other 
 memorial, which is in Spanifti, though very ill printed, is 
 extremely curious in itfelf. 
 
 Penelo relates, that Quiros, during his continuance at this 
 time in Spain, prefented no lefs than fifty memorials to the 
 King, ** regarding the neceflary meafures for the conqueft, and 
 " peopling the faid Salomon iflands, and Southern Land : 
 ** The I ft contains, the greatnefs and riches of the land men- 
 " tioned, treating of all the relations, which till then had been 
 «* given to the King, regarding them. The id, the dangers 
 ** which might accrue, ftiould they be taken poiTeflion of, by any 
 ** enemies to the Indians and to the Indies, &c. and affirms, 
 " that he had written 600 pages on this fubjeft. In another 
 
 memorial, collecting the moft material for his purpofe, he 
 
 gives the relation which the Indians of Taumaco gave him 
 " of more than fixty inhabited iflands. A fummary relation, 
 " which betook from that given by Lie. Hernando de los 
 ** Rios*, Procurador DE las Philipinas, of what happened 
 ** to Miguel Roxo de Britoj fummary relation which he 
 *« took in Madrid, from that given by the capitan-maior of 
 <* the Moluccas, Ruy G0N9ALES de Sequera, of what he 
 «« had feen and learnt of the Southern Land, during his go- 
 
 * VkleThevenot, P. II. p. 8. " Relation & Memorial dc Philipinas & Mo- 
 «« luccas de Hernand. de los Rios Coronel." He fays New-Guinea, the largeft ifland 
 in the world, was difcovered by Ruy Lopez de Villa Lobos j but he does not mention 
 Roxo de Brito in that work. 
 
 P . «* vernment. 
 
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 105 
 1606. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJ I R O S • 
 
 ** vcrnmcnt. Printed, folio, without year or place, though It 
 ** appears to be in Madrid, 1610." 
 
 PuRciiAs prefixes to the two memorials he has publifhed, 
 a noteof Walsingham Gresley; in it are many errors about 
 the difcovery of a Southern Continent, in the latitude of the 
 Strait of Magalhanes, along which they failed 800 leagues. 
 There does not fecm to be the fmalleft foundation for thefc reports, 
 which probably arofe from a confufed account of the difcovery 
 of Guadalcanal, which was fuppofed to extend from New- 
 Guinea almofltothe Strait of Magalhanes. Gresley being 
 fo much midaken in thefe circumftances, it might be concluded 
 he was ill-informed in what he afterwards fays, that ** this 
 ** captain QuiRos ihall be prefently fent into Peru, with order 
 " and commiffion to take 1 200 men, and Shipping, with other 
 " neceflaries for the voyage, to inhabit; and as' many more fliall 
 " befentthe year followingfromNEw-SPAiNj andfor thewhole 
 " bufmefs he is to receive 500,000 ducats." But there feems to 
 '* be good ground for this laft report, as Fray Juan db Silva, 
 Confeflbr of the Royal Palace, and Predicador of the Seraphic 
 Order of St. Francis, in one of the memorials he gave to the 
 King of Spain about 1623, fays, ** If captain Pedro Fer- 
 ** n ANDES de QuiRos, who with fo much earneftnefs folicited 
 '* theconquft in a military and hoftile manner,, afked. 500,000 
 ** ducats, befides 150,000 he fpent in his difcovery, without 
 ** having ever feen the firm land, but only the iflands adjoining 
 •♦ to it i I, who have fucceeded in his place, will be content 
 ** with 100,000, which is much lefs than he afked and ex- 
 «* pended." 
 
 This DE SiLVA, in another memorial, diredled to the pope, 
 dated 2oth September, 1623, mentions to have laid before his 
 Holinefs, an account of the late difcovery of the Southern 
 Regions. He alfo mentions, in a memorial to the King of 
 
 Spain, 
 
 81 
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 Spain, a relation of the fouthern difcoveries given to the pope 
 by D. Sebastian Clemente, clerigo prefbytero. 
 
 QuiRos, in the voyage of 1606, being unibrtunately fcpa- 
 rated from his companions, returned to New-Spain, from 
 whence, Arias tells us, " He came once more to the SpaniHi 
 court, to renew his application to fettle that country } wan 
 fent back with the viceroy of Peru, and died at Panama, in 
 " his return to Lima. 
 
 *' QuiRos having employed fome months in building two 
 (hips and a zabra, which were the flrongefl and beft armed 
 of any that had been feen in either fca ; on the 2 1 ft Decem- 
 ber, 1605, he embarked *." 
 In this voyage fix Francifcan fathers accompanied Quiros : 
 the commiflary was Padre Fray Martin de Mumlla, 
 with him were Fr. Mateo de Vascones, Fr. Juan de 
 Merlo, Fr. Antonio Quintero, priefts, and two lay bro- 
 thers, Fr. Francisco Lopez, and Fk. Juan Palomares. 
 
 « Then leaving the land they fet their topfails and fpritfail, 
 failing by the gulph of our Lady of Loretto ft on their voy- 
 age W. S. W. till the 25th December, when they made illumi- 
 nations in the night, and fired guns in the day, in honour of the 
 feftival. 
 
 «* Thus they continued failing, though fometimcs with va* 
 riable winds, till the 26th January, 1606, when about 3 P. M. 
 they difcovered an ifland to the S. W. It was fmall, about four 
 leagues in circuit, all flat, and level with the water ; with few 
 trees, for the greater part was fand. It has deep water, fo that 
 when very near, they could get no ground. As it was, to all ap- 
 pearance uninhabitable, and without a port, they purfued their 
 voyage to the weftward, making to this place, from the coaft 
 of Peru, juft 1000 leagues, and in 25 deg. S. ■ .. 
 
 * Toiquemada. + A name which they gave to this part of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 P 2 «* They 
 
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 ** They failed thus two days, having fome rain ; and tlte 
 third, at day break, were near another ifland, having the eve- 
 ning before feen many birds, a plain fign of land: they ran along 
 the fouth fide, and eilimated that it might be 12 leagues. It 
 w^as plain, and even a-top *. It was alfo without foundings, 
 though the zabra anchored, almoft in the furf, in 20 fathom, 
 aftern they had no ground with 200 ; for which reafon the 
 captain made them purfue their voyage till 
 
 ** The 4th of February, when they found themfelves near 
 another ifland, which being of little ufe, gave them great 
 concern ; for the night before they were in great danger by 
 the badnefs of the weather, being thick and fqually from the 
 N. E. with much thunder, lightning, and rain. ** At day light 
 ** they found the land was an ifland, which appeared to.be 
 ** 30 leagues in circuit -f, it was overflowed in rhe middle, and 
 ** furrounded with a reef of rocks J, appearing to be coral : 
 ** they got no foundings, nor port, though they fought it care- 
 ** fully, to provide themfelves with wood and water, which they 
 ** began to be in want of. They agreed to leave it, as of no 
 ** ufe to them, and purfued their courfe : and next day left 
 ** four other iflands like to it in every refpe<ft § ; and pafTed oa 
 ** to the W. N. W. towards another ifland, which appeared to 
 ** be four leagues diflant. They reached it, andjudgedit to be 
 ** about ten leagues in circuit j it flretches from N. to S. They 
 
 paflfed on, for it was like the others, unfavourable to their 
 
 purpofe, difcovering another which lay to the W. N. W. 
 
 They continued their voyage, for it was of the fame kind„ 
 
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 • Era liana por k) alto y parejav 
 
 + UUoa quotes Diego de Cordova, for an account of Quiros' dlfcovcry. He fays, 
 tmiongft others, they found a large ifland in 28 deg. S. 
 X Faredon de arrecifes. 
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 till the 9th February, when, at day-break, they had fight of 
 an ifland to the N. E. They pafTed on, leaving it to wind- 
 ward, being in 1 8 deg. 40 min. 5. They pafled the day, 
 with fome rain till the next [loth February], when, from 
 the topmafl head, to the no fmall fatisfadtion of every one, 
 a failor cried out land a-head. But what chiefly caufed their 
 joy was, to fee in feveral places columns of fmoak arifing, 
 which was a clear fign of inhabitants, whence they concluded 
 that all their fuflferings were at an end. The chief pilot or- 
 dered them to go to it, dire<5ting their heads to it to the N. 
 but not finding a port, the capitana ftood to fea to weather 
 it * i but though they endeavoured to do fo, they could not, 
 and thus putting about -f*, they fetched a-breaft of it, or- 
 dering the zabra to go to look for a port, whilft the capi- 
 tana and almiranta kept turning to windward in fight of it. 
 ** The zabra getting in (hore, came to anchor in i o fathom 
 upon Mucaras. Hereupon the captain ordered the boats a- 
 fhore with 40 foldiers, Pedro Loprs de Sojo, his enfign, 
 and the ferjeant Pedro Garcia de Lumbreres. Being 
 got to the furf, they faw on the beach J about 1 00 Indians, 
 who joyfully made figns to them : but it was impofilble to 
 land, for the fea broke with fo much fury againft the rocks, 
 that there was no coming near, though they attempted it 
 feveral times, with no fmall hazard of finking fome of the 
 boats. Large feas comii^g in on eyery fide, which wet fome 
 of their mufquets, whereby they received much damage. 
 Seeing fo little probability of getting afhore, they refolved to 
 return aboard, with heavy hearts, for being unable tc fulfil 
 the intentions they were fent on, particularly in not being 
 
 * L^ capitana fe tendio a el mar para montalla. 
 f Caqando a popa. 
 X Enjuto de las plaias. 
 
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 able to cirry to the fquadron the intelligence fo i luch wiflied 
 for of a harbour (for although the zahra had anchored, it was 
 at a great rifque, for it was all rocky, and httle Sheltered), 
 as well as of water, whereof they were in great want, and of 
 the b-haviour of the people. They were thus returning to 
 the {hip, quite difconiblate, when a brave fpirited young man, 
 Francisco Ponce, a native of Triana, flighting the danger, 
 got up, andcondemning their return without feeing any thing, 
 immediately ftripped, faying that if they (hould thus turn 
 their faces from the firfl: dangers which their fate prefented, 
 what hope could there be of fuccefs in the event : that fince, 
 in countries fo remote, fo far from home, in places unknown, 
 feas unnavigated, andamongft favages, there was a neceflity 
 of fuffering much j he was determined, although he fhould 
 be daihed to pieces againfl the rocks, to get afhore, and 
 make peace with the Indians, fince it was a matter of fp much 
 confequence to the general good. Saying this, he threw him- 
 felf into the fea, and prefently got where the fea beat furi- 
 oufly againfl: the rocks, and climbing up one of them, he 
 got a top of it, although cautious of the favages j who, 
 pleafed with the lad's refolution, went to receive him, em- 
 bracing him with much fliew of affedtion, and often kifling 
 his forehead. The Spaniard doing the like, to repay their 
 good will and careflTes. 
 
 «' Some other Spaniards, infl:igated by this example, alfo 
 leaped into the fea, and getting to the fliore, were received in 
 like manner by the Indians. Thefe valiant favages carried in 
 their hands lances of thick wood *, burnt at the ends, from 
 2C to 30 palms long; others fwords -f of palm wood, and 
 others ^reat clubs. They dwell in thatched houfes, on the 
 
 Lan9as de palo gruefo. 
 
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 brink of the fea, amongft the palms, whereof there is great 
 abundance, their fruit ferving them for food, and fome fifh 
 from the fea. They go naked, are in colour mulattoes, but 
 well limbed, and of good carriage. Our people treated with 
 them by figns well underftood, to prevail on fome to come to 
 the fhips, whence they Hiould be fent back loaded with pre- 
 fents, and cloathed. Finding they were not to be prevailed 
 upon, they returned to the fesi, and fwam off to the boats, 
 where they were received, and told what had pafled. They 
 returned towards the ihips. This being perceived by the In- 
 dians eight or nine of them threw themfelves into the water,, 
 and with fome dread, though encouraged by our people,, 
 came to the boats; who, feing them coming, ftaid for 
 them, endeavouring to perfuade them to come aboard by 
 giving them knives, and other things, with which they 
 feemed pleafed, but not for thefe, however, did they chufe 
 to truft them. They returned afliore, where their compa- 
 nions waited for them. 
 
 «* Seeing night was approaching, and little probability of 
 getting the Indians aboard, they returned to the fhips, and 
 informed the captain, who ordered that they fhould keep in 
 the offing all * night, and next day [uih February] purfue 
 whatever meafures they fhould find expedient. They fpent 
 the night in this manner j but when morning came, they 
 found themfelves about 8 leagues from that place, down the 
 coaft t : this gave great difguft to all, as it was impoffible to 
 retuin back, nor fee the Indians. But difcovering the land 
 abreafl to be the fame they had left, it was great fatisfadion- 
 to every onq, as they knew it was inhabited. 
 
 • Pairafe por la parte de fuera. 
 
 t 8 leas, apartados de aquel parage, la cofla abaxo. 
 
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112 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS' 
 
 1606. *« Having hoifted out the capitana's boat, the (hips working 
 
 to windward for want of a port, 10 or 12 men went in her 
 to look for water, and people, to follow their track in queft of 
 it *. The boat being got to the wafli of the fea f found 
 landing fo difficult that it could not be attempted without 
 great hazard of their .life : however, they leaped into the 
 water, and with much trouble got the boat over the rocks, 
 the tops whereof appeared at the reflux of the waves. 
 •* Having got to a requefio^ which was near the fhore, and to 
 the entrance of a little wood of palms, and other trees, they 
 were hefitating where they (hould enter in queft of water, fo 
 much defired, and alfo of fome town, when, looking to the 
 fea, they faw the almiranta's boat, rowing very brifkly to 
 the ihore, in which came 8 mufqueteers. They waited for 
 their landing to enter the wood together. Thefe got afhorc 
 with the fame rifque, and were joyfully welcomed by their 
 companions, and then fet out on their way by the thick wood, 
 fome of them cutting the branches with their fwords, till they 
 came near another bay of dead water, which is on the other 
 fide of the ifland. Within the izmt, wood, they defcried a 
 round place, furrounded with fmall ftones, and in one part \ 
 of it were fome larger, which were raifed from the ground 
 about a cubit and a half, adjoining to § a large high tree, from 
 whofe trunk hung many woven palm-leaves, which fell upon 
 the ftones, which were raifed in form of an altar ; where, with- 
 out doubt, refided theenemy of mankind, whence he deceived 
 the favages with his equivocal refponfes. This being obferved 
 by our people, they folicitous, where the Prince of Darknefs 
 had dwelt, to place the royal ftandard, whereby the Prince 
 
 * Para feguir dcftle alii fu camino en demanda de fu intento. 
 
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 of Light gave life to us, with chriftian zeal cut down a tree 
 with their knives, which they formed into a crofs, and fixed 
 in the middle of the place. 
 
 " Leaving this, they went to the plain in queft of water, and 
 feeing another fniali wood oppofite to them, they went into 
 it J where, in a fmall meadow, as it was moift and verdant, 
 they dug to find water. But their pains were to little pur- 
 pofe, for what iflued was brackifh, leffening the hopes they 
 had till then entertained, and increafmg their thirft. But 
 they prefently alleviated it, for fbme climbing up the palms 
 which were there, they cut down plenty of coconuts, drink- 
 ing and eating of them. Seeing they could not find what they 
 fought, they loaded with them, and walked towards the 
 fhore with the water to their knee, about half a league; for the 
 force of the fea, after breaking upon the rocks, extends itfelf 
 along the fhore to the fkirts of the little, mountains, joining 
 at high water the fea on the other fide of the ifland, by a 
 (hallow fandy channel, in the middle of the two little woods. 
 ** Then arriving at the boats, they were afraid of going to 
 them, as well on account of the danger of getting out, as 
 becaufe they were much loaded with coconuts and arms. 
 But Providence unexpe<ftedly pointed out to the boats a nar- 
 row track, where they entered without rifque, fo near thofe 
 who were afhore, that they were enabled to embark without 
 wetting a foot. 
 
 " The capltana's boat was the firfl which put to fea to return 
 to the fhips, for the other waited to embark fome of their 
 people that came after, though at a diflance. For fome be- 
 ing feparated in the higher part of the wood, between the 
 trees, perceived fomething like a perfon walking leifurely ; 
 they went up to it, and found it to be a woman, but fo old, 
 in appearance, that it was amazing fhe could fland on her 
 
 Q^ ** feet. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS* 
 
 " feet. She appeared to have been in her youth of a gracefut 
 «* mien, and well made *. The features of her face, although 
 «« wrinkled and dry, gave, notwithftanding, tokens of no lit- 
 " tie beauty. They told her, by figns, that (he muft go with 
 •* them to the Ihips : the Indian, without (hewing any uneafi- 
 <« nefs, or regret, obeyed, going with them to the boat, and 
 " in it to the capitana, much to the f^tisfadlion of thofe who 
 ** carried her, and not lefs afterwards of the captain and others 
 ** aboard, feeing there could not fail of being people a(hore, 
 «* fmce they found the origin of them^ 
 
 ♦* The captain ordered the Indian to be clad, to have meat 
 '• and drink, whereat (he gave (igns of being well pleafed ; and 
 ** to be carried afhore again, to let the natives know, he 
 ** meant nothing but peace and friendihip with them. 
 
 «* When they reached the(hore, they walked with her along 
 «* the beach to another oppo(ite ; for (he diredted them diither, 
 •* pointing with her (inger, that there were her people. Our 
 ** people looking that way, faw (ive or (ix piraguas coming by 
 ** the other part of the fea -f-,, drying their fails,, which ap- 
 *« peared to be lafine, made of palms, and they of white wood,. 
 ** well wrought, narrow and long ; their feams joined with 
 ** ftrong thongs, made of the fame palms,, which is the tree 
 ** wherewith they fuftain themfelves, and make of it their 
 ♦* ve(rels, cables, fails, and all kinds of arms and cloathing„ 
 •* wherewith the womea adorn themfelves from the waiftfi 
 *« downwards : they alfo afford them meat and water; and they 
 *« underftood, that it is this alone they drink, for our people 
 ** could find none in more thaa twa leagues of the land over 
 " which they went. 
 
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 •* Being got to the beach, the favages, in great halle, took 
 down their fails, and leaving their veflels at anchor, landed, 
 and came up towards our people, who alfo advanced to them. 
 Scarce did they fee the Indian woman, when they ran to em- 
 brace her, wondering to fee her clothed i embracing alfo our 
 people with (hews of afFedlion, at which the ferjeant Pedro 
 Garcia ftept forth, afking by figns which of them was 
 chief, or captain. He was fhewn a robuft man, of a graceful 
 mien *, lively, well built, and ftrong limbed, with broad 
 cheft and ihoulders. He had on his head a kind of crown, 
 made of fmall black feathers, but fo fine and foft, that they 
 looked like filk. There fell down backwards a bunch of red 
 hair, fomewhat curled, the ends whereof reached to the 
 middle of the back ; it caufed in our people much admira- 
 tion to fee amongft thefe Indians, who are not white, hair fo 
 perfectly red, although they concluded it was of his wife 
 (for they fuppofed him married). They made figns for him 
 to go aboard, where he would have prefents made him : he, 
 feeming well pleafed, accompanied with his people, went 
 with ours to the beach, who embarking in the boat : he did 
 the like with fome other Indians i but fcarce were they em- 
 barked, when, afraid of fome treachery, they leaped into the 
 water, and fled to the fhore. Their chief wanted to do the 
 fame j but our people, perceiving his intention, held him 
 faft, rowing as faft as they could to get off fliore. But the 
 furious barbarian, turning his arms every way, defended 
 himfelf, though his trouble was to little purpofe, and they 
 prefently got to the capitana with him j but all their endea- 
 vours to perfuade him to go aboard were to no effeft ; which 
 being perceived by the captain, he ordered that they (hould there 
 
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 cloath him, giving him food, and aiTuring him of their good 
 intentions; and in confirmation thereof, returned him 
 cloathed and free, to the (hore. His fpeedy return, was of 
 no little importance ; for the Indians afhore, who were more 
 than a hundred, feeing their leader carried prifoner, fur- 
 rounded three or four Spaniards who had remained -^Hiore 
 (for the reft were embarked, fome in the boat which carried 
 the Indians, and others in that which was then aboard), and 
 with lances and great flicks threatened our people : this be- 
 ing obferved by thofe in the boat, and feeing the danger their 
 companions were expofed to, four or five leaped afhore, fome 
 with targets, and others with mufquets, and walked as fail 
 as they could to join their friends, who, with their muf- 
 quets prefented, faced the Indians with undaunted refo- 
 lution. Pedro Garcia, the ferjeant, was with them^ 
 ** At this inftant the Indian chief landed, whereupon the 
 barbarians were appealed, and, leaving the Spaniards, went to 
 receive their lord ; wha, with tears of joy, advanced to em- 
 brace them, informing them of the good treatment he had 
 received, telling them alfo that the Spaniards were friends,, 
 and came in peace. Our people who were afhore, joyfully 
 received the Indian, going altogether to the beach, where 
 the vefTels lay, intimating, by figns, they wanted to go to 
 their own country. Our people, by way of feftivity, on 
 learning from them, that in their route "were large countries, 
 fired their mufquets into the air, alarming thofe aboard the 
 ihips, who fuppofed the peace was broke. At length, the 
 Indians being embarked, theirchief came to our people, and 
 embracing the ferjeant, with much affedtion, took off the 
 crown from his head, and gave it to him, exprefiing by 
 figns, that he had nothing of greater eftimation. He then 
 went aboard his piragua, and fetting fail, navigated toward 
 
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 a fmall iflot, and our people returned to the boats, in which 
 they went aboard the (hips. They kept working in the offing 
 all night, and next day [12th February] ran. along fhore, to 
 the N. W. obferving the fun, in it, in 17 deg. 40 min. S. * 
 ** Prefently leaving it, they failed till Tuefday 14th February, 
 when they faw an ifland to the N. E. they made for it, but 
 being much to leeward, could not fetch it. They left it, and 
 ** Next day faw another to the N. E. but neither could they 
 fetch it, the winds not admitting. 
 
 " They failed on till the 21ft, when they difcovered another 
 ahead to the W. They flood for it, but night coming on, 
 they lay to till next day, when the zabra went to look for x 
 port i but although they found- one, it was fo bad, fo open, 
 and the foundings fo. near fhore, that the (hips durflnot an- 
 chor. They hoided ou6 the boats, and in them fent fifty 
 men to look for water afhore, for now the want of it diftreffcd' 
 them much. They found fuch plenty of fifh^ thatthey catch- 
 ed them with their hands, andbirds of different kinds, which 
 they alfo caught with their handsi. It was uninhabitable, and' 
 deflitute of water, but had^ plenty of palms. At length they 
 l^ft it> as unprovided with what they wanted: They ob- 
 ferved the fun in this ifland in fcant lo deg. 30 min. S. It lays 
 N . and' S. and- i& 8 or i o leagues in- circuit. It'is even with 
 the water, and has in the middle a ^lace/, or large lake of fait 
 water, as many of thofe they had left behind. They named 
 it St. Bernardo. 
 
 " Leaving this ifland, they ran with very little fail during that 
 night, the wind being aft and frefhi and^fbaring^the land was 
 near, by the many birds they had about them; Thus they 
 were till Thurfday 2d March, when* in the morning early,, 
 they difcovered land to the weflward. They lay to till fuir-rife,, 
 
 * This ifland is called Sagitaria in the Memorial. 
 
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 and then made fail for it. They fetched it * on the north 
 fide, the zabra going ahead. Here their melancholy left 
 them; for they faw in the middle of the ifland fmoaks, which 
 was a certain fign of its being inhabited. The zabra difco- 
 vered near the fllorc, amongft palms, a town of thatched 
 houfes, from whence came out about 100 Indians, who were, 
 in e^fed, cruel enemies, though they did not fliew it in their 
 countenances and appearance, for they were the genteeleft, 
 moft beautiful, and whiteft people they found in the whole 
 voyage : they have a vaft number of fmall piraguas, three 
 or four Indians coming in each : they are extremSlyJieet, 
 made of one tree; they came in them along fide of the (hips, 
 making motions to fliew their courage and fpirit, and bran- 
 difhing very large lances, which are the common arms they 
 ufe. They were thrown from the (hips fome things, as well 
 food as cloathing, to induce them by good offices to come 
 aboard ; but they, taking what was given them, rowed off. 
 Thus matters ftood, when a narrow piragua arrived, in it 
 came an arrogant Indian, crying out, and making motions 
 with his hands and legs. He had on his head a tuft -f* made 
 of the palm, and a kind of fhirt alfo of palm, but all red. He 
 came to the balcony of the capitana, wher& fbme flood ad- 
 miring his daringnefs ; but he, incapable of fear, turning 
 back his arm, feized his fpear in both hands, and made a 
 thruft, intending to kill one of them, which was Don Diego 
 DE ToBAR Y Prado, getting off with his piragua at a 
 great rate ; but he was lucky that they had never a mufquet 
 at hand, to give him the reward he merited. Although they 
 cried out, and threatened him, he did not defift to approach 
 now and then with the fame intention. The captain, who 
 
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 was tt the ihip's fide, endeavouring by prefents and figns of 
 affedion,. to endear the Indians, and induce them to come 
 aboard the galleon, being informed of what pafTed, went aft, 
 admiring the Indian's aiTurance j and, in confequence of what 
 is above-mentioned, ordered a mufquet to be fired into the 
 air, without ball, to frighten him i this was done, but the 
 Indian (hewed no apprehenfion of the noife, and brandifhing 
 his lance, approached clofe to the (hip, with his nimble * 
 piragua ; but it waS not long before his life paid for his 
 daring impudence* 
 
 " They hoifled out the boats, and fent them with 60 men, 
 for the defence of the zabra j for a large ^oadron of Indians 
 had leaped into the water, and coming along fide of her where 
 fhe lay in 1 o fathom, they thought it would be eafy to fmk 
 her J but fifnding this impoflible, they got a long rope from> 
 the fhore, and making it faft to the prow of the zabra, en- 
 deavoured to drag her aihore. Perceiving that the people 
 aboard were preparing to cut it, they got a little off, and 
 made dice feme rope feft to the cable by which the zabra was 
 ridings ufing every poffibie means to annoy our people : but 
 boats arriving, they fwam toward the rfnore, fome being 
 killed, and others wounded by the ballls fired amongft 
 them^ and amongA; the former was the Indian, who had 
 jfhewn himfelf the moft daring. Our people not feeing any 
 place CO land, and having no orders to go afliore, they re- 
 turned to the (hips, weighing the zabra's anchor to bring her 
 near them, which were at anchor a little farther off, though, 
 on their guard "f*, oa account of the winds, which were, 
 veering every moment. 
 
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 119 
 
 
 1606. 
 
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120 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS* 
 
 1606. ** The captain joined with the opinion of the moft judicious, 
 
 that next day people well armed (hould be Tent afhore to get 
 wood and water, to enable them to put in execution the 
 great defire they had to get into a higher latitude, in queft 
 of the Mother of Jo many ijlands, 
 
 ** Next day they accordingly fent the boats, with the zabra 
 and 60 men, carrying fifes and drums, prepared for all 
 events i and fearching for the mod fecure place for the 
 zabra to anchor, they rowed with it clofe to fome fhoals, 
 where, though the fea beat with much fury« and gave them 
 much a,pprehenrion, yet it was the mod convenient place 
 they could find. 
 
 *' Enfign Pedro Lopez de Sojo not chufing to lofe the 
 honour, nor to delay, leaped into a fmall gondola, which 
 they carried in the fquadron, with two other men, to fearch 
 for a place to drop the zabra's grapling, and having found it, 
 acquainted Louis Vaez de Torres, captain of the almiranta, 
 that he might come to anchor, which he did prefently, 
 leaving the zabra at anchor, and getting the grapling afhore in 
 his own boat, and ufing the other boat as a protedion. 
 Scarce were the boats aihore« when, in a violent hurry, 
 above 150 favages came to the fhore, all with fhort * lances, 
 determined to revenge the injury they had fufFered. Louis 
 Vaez de* Torres, with two other Spaniards, and the en- 
 fign So JO, with great danger, had got afhore up to their 
 necks in water. Our people obferving the behaviour of the 
 Indians, fired their mufquets and flopped their career, laying 
 fome of them dead amongftthe rocks on the fhore, and putting 
 the refl to flight to fave themfelves, with more fpeed than 
 their defire of revenge had brought them. Leaving the fhore. 
 
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 " whither, with great danger, went 12 or 15 men, fonie wet- 
 " ting their mufquets, and others dropping them in the water, 
 •* their owners having much ado to fave their own lives ; Co 
 •* great was the furf which was beaten againft the flioals and 
 *• rocks, by the ftrong winds which then blew. 
 
 ** The foldiers being got afliore, drew up in a little bread- 
 work which was on the beach, whilft the boats went for the 
 people who remained in the zabra; they, with great hazard, 
 got aftiore, all being very defirous to try their hands with the 
 " enemy, throwing afide all fear, which the imminent peril they 
 *• were expofed to, might have produced, judging it cowardice 
 " to remain behind. They carried their mufquets and powder- 
 " horns very high, that they might not be wet j and having 
 ** joined their companions afhore, marched in regular order to- 
 ." wards the town or village, where they found 10 or 12 Indi- 
 *' ans, all old men, moft of whom had refinous flicks, which 
 " they burnt as links, a fign amongd them of peace and friend- 
 " (hip, the others having fled into the wood, where were their 
 ** children and wives near a large lagune, which the fea made 
 " with the flood-tide *. Thither our people faw an Indian walk- 
 ** ing as fafl: as he could, carrying on his /houlders another 
 " wounded, who, from the defire he had to fave him, and the 
 *• danger he expofed himfelf to on that account, ought, with- 
 «* out doubt to have been his brother, father, or friend, which, 
 •« amongft fuch, are generally the end of afFedtion •f*. 
 
 *' Then coming up to the Indians of the town, whp waited 
 «* for them, they found them with their lighted links in their 
 «* hands, and fome of them with green boughs, which they 
 <« gave to our people, humbling themfelves with great marks 
 " of fear J particularly an old Indian was fitting, trembling at 
 
 141 
 
 i6o6. 
 
 • Que el mar hace, quandobanala ticrra. 
 
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 the fight of them. Amongft the others came one Indian, 
 handfome, and of large flature, though old; of him our 
 people, by ligns, begged water, Ihewing him a piece of taf- 
 fcty: hefeemedmuch pleafed, and went to condudt 14 or 15 
 Spaniards, who, with Louis Vaez de Torres, followed 
 him, the fquadron continuing drawn up in the fame place, 
 and arriving near the lagune, having pafled by the town, they 
 found a large brook, but of brackifli water, which did not a 
 little chagrin all of them, on account of their thiril. Hi- 
 ther came an Indian, with a coconut-fliell of frefli water, 
 and on hiding afked whence it was brought, replied, from 
 the other fide of the lagune. Immediately Louis Vaez de 
 Torres fent feven fbldiers with him to know where it was ; 
 thefe men, the Indians fliewing them the way, went to their 
 c/iacarast or gardens, where all the Indians had retired, who, 
 feeing our people, came out to make peace, and alfo fomc 
 women, of a good difpofition and beauty, and fome of them are 
 fo in the laft extreme * ; and although a barbarous people, 
 born and bred in thefe remote parts, expofed to the rigour of 
 the fun, of the air, and cold (reafon enough to be burnt up 
 and black), they were exceflively -f- white, principally the 
 women, who, were they cloathed, would, without doubt, 
 excel our Spanilh ladies, accompanying their gracefulnefs and 
 beauty witK modefty and bafhfulnefs. They looked with, 
 downcafl eyes, and very feldom : approaching to embrace 
 our people with demonftration of love and peace, according 
 to their cuftom. They go covered from the waifle down- 
 wards with white mats of palm, fine, and well worked, car- 
 rying others in the manner of mantles, made of the fame. 
 
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 palm, with which they cover their Ihoulders. Oui people 
 were much plcafed to find the peace concluded. 
 ** Thefoldiers fent by the captain in queft of water, came 
 to one of the chacaras, where, guided by the Indian, they 
 found a fmall brook of frefh water, and although it formed a 
 pool *, it was fo fmall, that it was impoffible to water the 
 fliips with it. They returned to inform Louis Vaez de 
 Torres of what they had feen, as well of the water as 
 of the people, who fent Juan Geroni mo to fpeak to thofe 
 clofe to the fhore, that from thence they might acquaint the 
 fhips. The lad carried his naked fword, without other de- 
 fence or arms. As he pafled by the houfes of the Indians, 
 ten or twelve came out to him with miillle darts, with fharp 
 burnt points, and large black clubs and macanast and at- 
 tacked himt endeavouring to kill him. An arrogant and 
 angry favage advanced with a fmall lance in his hand, 
 threatening with it, and watching a time to employ it to 
 purpofe. But the Spaniard, throwing afide all fear, waited 
 for him with his fword, though he had not an opportunity to 
 wound him j for at this time, the other Indians came on from 
 the crowd, pouring heaps -f- upon him, from which he could 
 fcarce defend himfelf, and not without being wounded in the 
 hand and in the face. At this noife our people repaired thi- 
 ther, as well the 1 5 Spaniards who had gone to the lake, as 
 thofe who remained in the fquadron j clofing with the In- 
 dians, fome with fwords and targets, others with mufquets, 
 in the affault, they killed four or five favages, and wounded 
 fome others. Of thofe who were killed, fuch was the cou- 
 rage and fpirit of one, that it much difgraccd our people; for 
 naked and without arms, except a club in his hand, he de- 
 
 Aunque manantlal. 
 
 t Llegaron dc tropcl los otros Indies tirarido le golpes. 
 R 2 «* fended 
 
 123 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJ I R O S ' 
 
 fended himfelf againft more than twenty foldiers, well armed, 
 afting ofFenfively, as if he had equal arms, and defending 
 himfelf a very long time, and making, as it were, a fort 
 of his club, did not let one of his enemies come near him j 
 who, enraged at the favage, ceafed not to attack him with 
 their fwords, w^ell covered by their targets. To which the va- 
 liant favage gave furious blows ; and although they were (hel- 
 tered under them, he did not fail to annoy them. But as the 
 foldiers were many, and the Indian alone, he funk with fa- 
 tigue, though not with fear, and they advancied upon him fo 
 much, that fome of our people could give him many wounds : 
 yet not for this did the Indian give over, inflamed with rage 
 to attack our people, till fatigued, and fpent with lofs of 
 blood, he dropped dead, biting the earth in horrid agonies, 
 leaving all our people full of admiration to behold his valour, 
 and of regret to have taken that life which he had fo well de- 
 fended againil fuch numbers. 
 
 Leaving this place, they all together marched in order from 
 hence to the chacaras, in queft of food and people, but they 
 were difappointed, for all the Indians had fled, and of the 
 hindmoft, who were getting away as fafl: as they could, were 
 two old people, appearing to be man and wife ; who being 
 feen by our people, they purfued them in hopes of overtaking 
 them. The old man feeing it was impoflible to efcape thofe 
 who purfued, and looking on it certain, from what had paflcd, 
 that they fhould lofe their lives, was folicitous, that in cafe he 
 was to die, his companion fhould efcape, and perfuaded her 
 to fly immediately into a little wood, which was hard by, 
 telling her that it was more juft for him to wait the feverity 
 of our people. The Indian obeyed at her hufliand's requeft, 
 and left him alone till our people came up, when they 
 ** feized him, and carried him to the armada, though, on ac- 
 
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 count of his great age they thought he would be ufelefs for 
 their purpofe, which was to carry him away, that they might 
 get fom.e information of the country. They were about 
 leaving him, when the old woman who had run away, came 
 out to them, faying Ihe would rather die with him than live 
 alone, which alfo raifed great aftonifhment in our people. 
 They left them together, and returned to the boats : the 
 two old people went to the town happy, and grateful for 
 their deliverance. 
 
 ** The foldiers then fet about getting aboard i but they were 
 never in greater danger, as well on account of the violence 
 of the fea and wind, which then blew on fhore, as it was 
 increafing*. The almiranta's boat overfet, whofe people 
 were faved by fwimming ; fome got upon the boat's keel, but 
 it flood them in little ftead,^ as they were beat off by the vio- 
 lence of the fea, that they were obliged to betake themfelves 
 to the water again. Providentially they turned the boat 
 again, though half full of water, which they prefcntly bailed 
 out, and embarking again, proceeded to the fhips, leaving 
 afliore many palm-mats, coconuts, and other refrefhments, 
 which they had brought from the houfes, for even their 
 arms they could not embark without being wet, and their 
 owners were up to the head, for in embarking they were up 
 to their breafts in the water, and in the boats the waves 
 they fhipped wet every otlier part. 
 
 ** They bore away for the Ihips very weary and vexed, and 
 much wounded in the feet, with the ftiarp points of the fea- 
 eggs which lay on the (hore, between the water and the; 
 rocks i thefe wounds took many days to cure. 
 
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 " They were joyfully received aboard, the more as not one 
 had loft his life in the fray afliore, nor in the danger they 
 were expofed to coming off. 
 
 ** As there was no water, nor harbour here, they determined 
 to leave the ifland, which they named Isla de la Gent p. 
 HFRMosA (Island of handsome People). It lies N. 
 and S. and is 6 leagues in circuit. 
 
 *• Having left this ifland, they ftood on their courfe for 
 St A. Cruz (an ifland difcovered in a former voyage, which 
 the captain made, which was fertile, had plenty of refrefli- 
 ments, and where they found a very good reception, though, 
 on account of fome diforders of the Spaniards, feme were 
 killed on both fldes) ; and being in its latitude, they failed 
 weft in queft of it. 
 
 ** March 22d, Good Friday, hadagreat eclipfeof the moon, 
 the whole being eclipfed for three hours, till, by little and 
 lit'"le, the light was reftored *. 
 
 ** Having conilantly kept this courfe with the fame wind, 
 till the 7th April, leaving land all thefe days on both fides, 
 by the figns they faw of birds and pumice-ftones ; and at 
 laft this day, at three P. M. from the capitana, they difcovered 
 land bearing W. N. W. high and black like a vulcano. 
 ** They ftood for it till night fet in j and then, for fear of 
 flioals, kept turning to windward till day-break, when they 
 ftood for it, and in midway, about two leagues from the 
 land, they fell upon a bank, in which they had from 12 to 
 1 5 fathom ; they were two hours in pafling over it, and then 
 loft foundings. They got in fhore j but being late, they 
 were obliged to lay-to till next day, 9th April, wheil the 
 zabra went a-head, and captain Louis Vaez de Torres, 
 
 Fcrgufon's Tables place this on the 24th March. 
 
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 with the boats, in which went 50 men j they flood to the 
 S. W. for the middle of fome other fmall iflands, which make 
 a channel, at a diftance they appeared to be one, difcovering 
 many houfes amongft the woods, and fome on the ftiore. 
 ** The armada finding a fecure port, clofe to the fmall iflands, 
 which were feparat;:d from the large one to theeaft, they an- 
 chored in 25 fathom. The boats went to the neareft fhore,. 
 from whence they brought fome water, plantans, coconuts 
 and roots, palmitos and fugar-canes, with, which they re- 
 turned aboard, giving an account of what they had feen, and 
 (hewing what they had got. Herein they pafled the day, 
 till next morning, at funrife, when under convoy of the 
 zabra, the boats went with 50 or 60 people, with a view 
 to conclude the peace fo much defircd. At no great diflance 
 from the fhips, they difcovered a fmall iflot, fituated within 
 the reefs, a full fathom above water, made by hand of coral 
 rock *, wherein were about 70 houfes, covered with palms, 
 and hung with mats on the infide. This, as they there un- 
 derftood, ferved on occafion as a fort, whither they retired, 
 whenever any hojiile Indians came from the adjoining coun- 
 tries to make war there. They doing the like in large and 
 ftrong veiTels, wherein, with great fafety, they can put out 
 to fea. 
 
 " Arriving at the furf, they palTed through it, where they 
 had fcarce a fathom water, and failing toward the fort to 
 feek for people in it, they faw little gondolas, paffing over 
 to the other fandy fhores of the ifland, which was a-breaft, 
 at a little diftance j and left they /hould offer to attack them, 
 they prepared their mufquets, to be ready if occafion re- 
 (^uired. But the Indians, who did not lefs defire the peace 
 
 127 
 
 1606. 
 
 
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 than our people, came out with great joy, fomein their pi- 
 raguas, and fome in the water up to their breads, to receive 
 us, accompanying their valiant captain, who carried his bow 
 for a ftafF, faluting them, and then guiding them to the fort. 
 But our people confidering fo many robuft Indians coming 
 aboard, might fmk the boat, they made figns for them to go 
 away, which they did immediately ; fome returning to the 
 fort, and others to the illands, leaving the fea clear, where- 
 fore they kept their arms ready till they got to the landing- 
 place at the town, where one of the capitana's boats arrived 
 firft. The people in it landed, and there waited for thofe of 
 the almiranta, who were not long behind them. Being all 
 together in a body, about 50 in number, for the reft had 
 been left in the zabra and boats to take care of them. Form- 
 ing a fquadron, they began to enter the town, looking care- 
 fully on all fides, being apprehenfive of an ambufcade. But 
 they did not find a fingle perfon in it, for the Indians who had 
 entered into it, as foon as they faw our people land, threvr 
 themfelves into the water on the other fide, without being 
 perceived by our people. They returned prefently to the 
 beach, and making a fignal with a handkerchief at the oppo- 
 fite fhore, that they fliould come in peace, the Indians, 
 who waited there in hopes of fuch an invitation, were fatisfied 
 to fee itj fome threw themfelves into the water, and others, 
 in their boats, came to our people. Their captain fhewed 
 himfelf before the reft with marks of afFe<ftion and joy: he 
 brought in his right hand a green palm cabbage, which he 
 gave to Louis Vaez after embracing, doing the fame to 
 many others of the foremoft ; all were well pleafed to fee 
 how eafily they had purchafed the peace, and in a place where 
 were wood and water, fo much dcfired, to enable us to con- 
 tinue our voyage. At this time arrived two old Indians, 
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 *• leavinff their arms on the fliore, and hand in hand came to 
 ** our people, faluting them with great humility : they tm- 
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 *' cj^/EN (who was captain). 
 
 •• The Indians continued fome in a very fmall fquarc at the 
 entrance of the fort, and others on high rocks *, admiring and 
 gazing at our arms and things j our people not lefs aftonifhed 
 to fee their agility and ftrength of limbs ; and as all was 
 quiet, and the captain having fent his Indians to the other 
 fide, remained with his little fon and two other Indians, to 
 guard the fort. We took the opportunity to reft a little after 
 *' our fatigue, placing two guards for the greater fecurity, one 
 ** on the fea- fliore, and another in a fquare, which was in the 
 ** middle of the fort, where the proper guards being fixed, 
 ** they difarmed themfelves, fitting and lying down in the 
 «* grove, recreating themfelves with fome fruit brought them. 
 The Indians came with their embarkations, to carry aboard 
 the fliips the wood and water they were in want of. 
 ** They made an altar in a houfe within the fort, where 
 they faid mafs, and all the people in the armada took the 
 communion, for it was then the Eafter holidays. 
 ** At the end of the feven days, which they had continued in 
 * the fort, not having any thing more to do in the ifland, they 
 determined to fail. But thinking that it was requifite for their 
 future voyage, to carry away fome of the Indians, who might 
 ** ferve as guides and interpreters, they feizedjour, embark- 
 ing them in the boats, which being known to their chief, he, 
 with great grief and concern, came to the ihore, begging that 
 he might embark in one boat, and the Indians in the other. 
 ' They left the fort, anJ in a fliort time the boat, in which 
 
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 was the Indian chief, got to the capitana, a fon of his going 
 along with him, who had fet out after him from the fort, 
 in a gondollila ; and after having talked to the people, and 
 being difpatched by the captain, feeing he was denied his 
 people, he was obliged to return to the rtiore with his fon. 
 At this time the other boat arrived with the four Indians, 
 who, as foon as they faw their lord, they began to call him 
 with lamentable bewailings. He then, defirous to free them 
 at the rifque of his life, returned in his embarkation towards 
 them. But in the capitana it being feen what hindrance this 
 might occafion, they difcharged a gun without a ball ; at the 
 noife whereof, the daring Indian, making figns with his hand 
 to his people as if he defpaired of being able to obtain their 
 liberty, returned towards the ifland, and the Spaniards 
 loofmg the forefail, flood out to fea, though with difficulty, as 
 the wind was not favourable. They got oft fhore that night 
 about four leagues, and next day *, about day-break, one of 
 the four Indians threw himfelf overboard, obliging them to 
 be very watchful of him that remained in the capitana (for 
 the almiranta carried the others). 
 
 '« Thus they failed till the 2ifl April, when, pretty late, 
 they made the land to the S. E. They flood for it, but it being 
 late, they flood off and on till next day f. When coafling 
 along it on the north fide, they faw a long fandy beach, and 
 fome people on it ; and in the green part of the wood, 
 which was oppofite, many palms and plantations; but as there 
 did not appear to be any port fheltered from the winds, they 
 left it flanding to the fouth. It is in full 12 deg. S. [and is 
 named Tucopia.] Being got to fea about a league, the In- 
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 the water, expedling foon to reach the fliore, as they were to 
 wmdward of it. It was thought neceflary to advifc the almi- 
 ranta of what had happened, that care might be taken of 
 thofe aboard, but notwithftanding one of them did the fame. 
 The other they found did not, becaufc he was a flave to the 
 others, and found our treatment was better than that of the 
 Indians of Taumago, who kept him prifoncr. 
 *• Louis Vaez de Torres, to fee the natives, and h?vc 
 fome intercourfe with them, went nearer in fhore ; taking a 
 lead and line he went in his gondollila, and without going a- 
 fliore, talked with the Indians, who gave him a piece of 
 cloth, woven of the palm, and fome coconuts, and made alfc 
 figns of large countries, faying that the inhabitants were 
 whiter than thofe we had left. He returned to the (hips, 
 which not wanting wood nor water, made fail to the Jbuf/iward ; 
 failing on till the 25th April, although with fome contrary 
 and variable winds, when they faw, at day-break, land a- 
 head, high and large. They failed to it, calling it Na. Sena. 
 DE LA Luz; they found it was in 14 4. deg. S. lat. They faw 
 another to the wcjlivardy and another larger to ihefouthwardy 
 and to the Jbuth eajiward another ftill larger, which ap- 
 peared without end, full of great mountains ; feeing this 
 other to the ivejiwardt and another very high and large 
 over the firft, whither they were directing their courfe. 
 They reached it about four in the evening, the zabra going 
 a-head, which fome Indians invited to come, fhewing palms *. 
 They faw in it chacaras, or gardens, where they have their 
 plantations; it was very luxuriant and green, fome large 
 brooks of water falling into the fea by fome gaps. 
 
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 ** This evening,onaconfultatIon which ofthelandsinfightthey 
 /hould chirfe, it was agreed to ftand for that which lay to the 
 tt'^of N'^. Sen"*, dr i.a Luz ; and thus next day they were 
 about going on the Jbui/i iide, but before they reached it, they 
 faw another larger and higher to t\\cfout/i eajinvard. At length 
 they reached that they had determined on Wednefday, 27th 
 April. On the tops of the high mountains they perceived 
 fmoaks (figns aniongft thcni of joy and peace), which was 
 confirmed by fome Indians coming in their piraguas to the 
 /hips without arms, their only motive being to induce them 
 to go to their country. This being perceived by the captain, 
 he ordered the capitana's boat, with 20 foldiers and their offi- 
 cer, to fee if they could find a harbour and the other tl'jgs, 
 which at a diftance the country promifed. 
 " The foldiers, armed with targets and mufquets, went in 
 the boats, and got to the (hore in a fliort time j where they 
 faw, between the rocks and valleys, beautiful to the fight, 
 falling headlong into the fea, copious and large rivers, whofe 
 fources appeared to be in the tops of the mouhtains. They 
 alfo faw on the fhore fome hogs, like thofe of Spain -, and 
 Indians, without number, of three different colours ; a cer- 
 tain fign of the greatnefs and extent of the iiland, and of its 
 being very near the main land. Some were mulattoes *, others 
 quite black, and the others extremely '\ white, having 
 beards and red hair. 
 
 ** It caufed no fmall aftonifhment in our people to fee an In- 
 dian, whereof there were many on the fliore, calling our 
 people with figns of peace : he had come down in a great 
 hurry from the lower part of a mountain to the fea fhore, and 
 boldly entering the water, without fear of our people, he 
 
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 Avam ofF to the boat, where he was taken up and made a pri- 
 foner, from an apprehenfion that he might intend fomc mif- 
 chicf, as he appeared fo fpirited and ftrong, and made figns * 
 with his face and arms. He brought on his arms fome 
 braceletsof wild hogs tulks. His perfon indicated him to be 
 a cazique, or chief in his country, as they afterwards found. 
 At the fame time fome piraguas came to the zabra, whicli 
 was near fhore, from whence, with careflcs and coaxing, 
 they decoyed one of the Indians, which came in them, in- 
 tending to carry him to the captain, who was very folicitous 
 to fee them, that he might make them prefents and cloath 
 them ; fince by thefe means it was eafy to conchide a peace 
 with them, a thing of fuch importance to their defign. 
 ** The Indian being aboard the zabra, they fixed a chain up- 
 on his feet, for fear he fhould throw himfelf into the water, 
 proceeding with him towards the fhips, which were more 
 than three leagues from the fhore. The Indian feeing him- 
 felf thus made a prifoner, blamed his rafli courage, and con- 
 cluding that his imprifonment would be the prelude to his 
 death, he feized a favourable opportunity, and broke the 
 chain with his hands, leaving on his foot the padlock, with 
 fome of the links, and without any one's endeavouring to 
 prevent him, he threw himfelf into the fea, and fwam at a 
 great rate towards his country. Our people feeing it would 
 be labour loft to go in purfuit of him, the night being clofe 
 and dark, they continued their route diredly for the capi- 
 tana, to whom they gave intimation of what had hap- 
 pened. 
 
 " At this time the bo^t which brought the Indian arrived, 
 having rowed aboard, and getting the Indian into the fliip, 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ dk QJU I R O S ' 
 
 the captain came out to fpeak to him, to endeavour to tike 
 away the fear he had of being a prilbncr j but on account of 
 what the other had done, they ordered to put him in the 
 flocks, left he (hould do the fame, fecuring him that he 
 might be cloathed, and returned next day to his people. They 
 made fail, ftanding along fliore, though very flowly, for tlic 
 winds were fcant: it being now about ten at night, they who 
 had the watch on the forecaftle, called out that they heard 
 voices, immediately bearing away for where they heard them, 
 to know what it was; as foon as they were got near, they knew 
 it to be the Indian who had broke the chain, who becoming 
 miferably tired and overcome, feeing it was impoflible to 
 reach the fhore, thought it better to deliver himfelf up into 
 the hands of his enemies, than die in the water ; and thus 
 crying out, he begged in his language for help, which was 
 given him, taking him in, and taking off the padlock and bit 
 of chain which he had on his foot, fhewing him, for his fur- 
 ther comfort, the other Indian, leaving them together for 
 the night, and giving them fomething to eat. Day being 
 come, the captain had them cloathed in coloured tafFaty, 
 whereof he brought many garments, to truck for provifions 
 and fuch like purpofes : they clipped their beards and hair, 
 the captain embracing them, whereat they were well pleafed 
 and undeceived. They were returned in the boat to the fhore : 
 and one of them, who was lord and cazique, on going a- 
 fhore, in return for the good ufage he had received, gave or- 
 ders to bring them hogs, plantans, and fruit, very different 
 in tafte and figure from thofe in the Indies ; they are fomething 
 like figs in fhape, very red, and of a fweet fcent, and others 
 of different forms ; and aFfo potatoes and yams, which ferve 
 them for food *. 
 
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 *' They were much concerned at his departure, and going 
 along fliore in the boat, clofe to the beach, they palled in 
 fight of many towns, very full of people *, the inhabitants 
 were darker coloured "I* than the others, to appearance a vile 
 people and uncivilized, from what they afterwards found. 
 The called the boats with figns of peace, and fending their 
 women to the thickeft part of the wood, let fly, with great 
 fury, a volley of poifoned arrows if. Our people perceiving 
 their treachery, got a little off, and gave them, with their 
 accuftomed dexterity, adifchargeof mufquetry, killing fome, 
 and wounding others (rev/ard well deferved by their malevo- 
 lence). One of our people, named Francis Machado, 
 was wounded in the face, either by his own carelefsnefs, or 
 becaufe the target-men, who were in front, did not cover 
 him well ; though the wound was not at all dangerous, as 
 well becaufe it ftruck the cheek bone, as becaufe the arrow 
 was almofl fpent. 
 
 ** Seeing then the night was far advanced, they returned to- 
 wards the armada, to inform them of what had happened. 
 As they were defirous to fee the large countries which ap- 
 peared to the . W. they flood for it, and reached it 30th 
 April, about 3 P. M. and feeing an open port § like a bay, 
 the zabra was fent with one of the boats to difcover it ; they 
 did fo, and faw all over the country many fmoaks, as well on. 
 the tops, as fides of the hills : but becaufe it was late when 
 they got in to difcover it, and becaufe the capitana fired a 
 gun, they returned ; waiting till next day, when fcarce did. 
 it begin to dawn; before they went a fecond time, founding 
 the bay in every part,, the armada waiting at the entrance; 
 and about 3 P. M. they came to give an account of having, 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJ I R O S ' 
 
 feen many people on the (hore, of /urge Jize *" ; and that the 
 bay was very wide, and fheltered from all winds, and of a 
 good harbour, with foundings from 30 to 8 fathoms, very 
 near the fhore, and that which was feen from without, run- 
 ning to the S. and S. W. had no end, but appeared lands very 
 great and double. They alfo brought an account that fome 
 piraguas had come to them with figns of peace (though they 
 afterwards had reafon to fee it was feigned), and that they 
 gave them fome feathers like martinets. The captain and 
 pilot hearing the defcription of this porti and that to leeward 
 of it -(- there was the appearance of another la/ge bay, they 
 ordered to bear away, and thus flood for it with no fmalljoy 
 to all perfons, to have feen the accomplifhment of their de- 
 fires ; having now within reach the mofl plentiful and 
 powerful country difcovered by Spaniards. The almiranta 
 entered firfl j the others, with the zabra, remaining near 
 the mouth, for it was then night, and they had not know- 
 ledge of the entrance till next day, which being the day of 
 St. Philip and St. James, they gave the fame name to the 
 bay. Day being come, and having a pleafant frefh land 
 breeze, they entered therewith in great fafety. The boat 
 then was fent to feek a convenient port ; and returned with 
 an account that they had found one with foundings from 40 
 to 6 fathom, all fand and clear, between two rivers. They 
 were overjoyed at this news, and going up the bay, they faw 
 on the one fide of it, from many vefTels, the people calling 
 to be taken aboard p But they, without doing them any 
 mifchief, proceeded on, working to windward, to fetch the 
 anchoring place j but as it was now late, they deferred it till 
 next day, the 3d May, upon which they anchored, giving 
 
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 the port the name of Vera Cruz, and to the country that 
 of Austral del Espiritu Santo. 
 
 ** The faid port is between two rivers, one whereof they 
 named Jokdan, the other Salvador, which give no 
 fmali beauty to all their (hores, for they are full of odori- 
 ferous flowers and plants. The ftrands of this bay are broad, 
 long, and clear; the iea is hereftill and pleafant, for although 
 the winds blow ftrong within the bay, the water is fcarce 
 moved. There is in all parts in front of the fea, pleafant and 
 agreeable groves, extending to the fides of many mountains, 
 which were in fight ; and alfo from the top of one, which 
 our people mounted, were perceived at a diftance extremely 
 fertile vallies, plain and beautiful j and various rivers wind- 
 ing amongft the green mountains. The whole is a country 
 which, without doubt, has the advantage over thofe of 
 America, and the beft of the European will be well if it 
 is equal. It is extremely plenteous of various and delicious 
 fruits, potatoes, yams, papas, plantans, which the country 
 produces in exceflive abundance, fince, without the help of 
 plough, or fickle, or other artifice, it yields to its inhabi- 
 tants at all times excellent fruit. There are alfo in the vallies, 
 and hills, oranges and limes. They faw almonds larger than 
 thofe in Spain, Oi;w, and many other fruits unknown, but 
 delicious to the tafte j there is fweet bafil, nutmegs, ebony, 
 fowls, and hogs. And according to the figns made in the 
 other iflands they had left, alfo cattle, birds, of many Iwnds, 
 and charming notes; they faw honey-bees, doves, par- 
 tridges and parrots : the houfes wherein the Indians live are 
 thatched and low, and they of a black complexion. There 
 are earthquakes ; fign of a main land. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJLT I R O S ' 
 
 ** Next day, when the boats got to the fhore, the Indians, and 
 their king with them, came out to the ftrand, extremely con- 
 cerned at our arrival, endeavouring with fome prefents of fruit, 
 which they gave, to procure our return ; but our people leaping 
 afliore, endeavoured to make peace with them, although the 
 Indian king, making a line on the ground with the point of a 
 bow, faid, that none muft pafs it. But Louis Vaez, think- 
 this would appear cowardly^ paffed the line : fcarce had he done 
 fo when the barbarians, in a great hurry, let fly fome arrows j 
 and in return for this condudt, and ill intention, our people 
 killed fome of them, and the king among the reft, the others 
 flying to the mountains. 
 
 " Whilft the fhips continued here at anchor, they made fome 
 expeditions inland, in queft of provifions, which began to grow 
 fcant, and alfo to treat with the Indians about a peace ; but 
 they were fo ill-inclined, that the Spaniards could never come 
 to an agreement with them ; but rather, laying ambufcades, 
 they would watch them many times in the way, though 
 they never could do any harm, as the trees and leaves of 
 the wood warded off the arrows that they (hot, at the 
 fame time that the branches give little interruption to balls. 
 ** In this manner they pafled their time, &c. * 
 ** At length, when they were preparing to depart, 25 foldi- 
 6rs went up by the fide of a mountain, in queft of fome frefh 
 provifwns j leaving fome men on guard at the fhore, and from 
 the top they difcovered a beautiful valley, to which they went 
 down, and not finding a town, or fign of people, entered by 
 it, and going up another mountain, which was two leagues 
 diftant from the fliore, they heard the noife of drums; and foli- 
 citousof feizing thelndians, they went with the utmoftfilence. 
 
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 till they got fo near that they could attack them. The town 
 pafied the day without apprehenfion, in dancing and jollity j 
 but prefently, when they found themfelves attacked, aban- 
 doning the houfes, they retreated up the mountains, leaving 
 their wives and children ; though, from what they after- 
 wards did, it may be believed, their flight was owing to 
 their being attacked by furprize, and without arms. Our 
 people feeing themfelves mafter of the town, took 14 hogs 
 from only one houfe which they entered ; wherewith, and 
 three boys which they found in it, they returned back, dread- 
 ing the return of the offended Indians, as well becaufe 
 they were fo far from affiftance, as becaufe they were be- 
 coming weary. 
 
 ** Already were they coming acrofs 'the valley, when at the 
 found of drums, made of hollow wood, and loud fliouts, 
 which ftruck the moft daring breaft with dread, they attacked 
 our people ; who, feeing the danger they were in, with all 
 expedition pafTed down the fide of the hill, crofling the val- 
 ley, till getting up to the top, where they halted, on account 
 of their wearinefs, and the cargo they brought, waiting 
 courageoufly the determination of the Indians, who being 
 pofted near them, let fly a thick fliower of arrows, with 
 loud fliouts and noife j but providentially none of our people 
 were hurt. The attacked returned it with a volley of balls, 
 whereon they not only retreated, but many fled wounded * j 
 returning, however, to purfue our people down the hill to 
 the ftrand, obliging them frequently to repeat their fire to 
 make them retreat and keep back : and although this was to 
 effed, it did not make them defift, but made them climb 
 up the fteep precipices, where they knew the paths led 
 
 »39 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS* 
 
 down, from whence they rolled down great ftones, wound- 
 ing Juan OcHOADB BiLBOA in One hand and one arm. 
 ** In this manner our few, but valiant Spaniards, reached the 
 fea fliore, without any one having been induced by the 
 danger to forego his prize. But in the mean while that 
 they were defcending the hill, the capitana difcharged two 
 pieces, which had no fmall effeik in difmaying the Indians. 
 But rage and valour compelled them to a contempt of death. 
 When they got to the ftiore the Indians left off the purfuit, 
 and fled, as they could not efFedt their purpofe on the beach, 
 whither they had come down in the purfuit, as they found 
 here not only thofe they had purfued, but alfo thofe who 
 had remained as a guard, and others who had come afliore to 
 their affiftance j all whom they found together, and were 
 obliged to retire by their firing. Our people hereupon em- 
 barked, chearful and well fatisfied with that day's fuccefs. 
 Thus they paffed till leaving the bay. 
 
 " The entrance of the bay lies N. and S. and the coaft on 
 the eaft fide ftretches 1 2 leagues in length to the termination 
 of it. The mouth is full eight leagues, and by the coaft on 
 the weft fide 15 leagues. 
 
 ** They failed, but were obliged to return to port, having 
 fcarce any body to furl the fails ; for two nights before, the 
 boats having gone on a party of pleafure to fifti with hook at 
 fome rocks, as the various days they continued at anchor, 
 they had fiflied with net, and catched great plenty of different 
 kinds of excellent fifh j it happened, that amongft fome par- 
 gos, bringing fome which had eaten poifouous plants, all parts 
 of the flefh became empoifoned ; and they were reduced to 
 the greateft extremity, and in great danger of their life, 
 and all the foldiers expeding to die. Nothing was to be 
 heard but lamentations and fupplications in favour of their 
 
 ** fouls. 
 
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 fouls, fince there was none for their bodies. The fhips ap- 
 peared like the hofpital of a city which had the plague, 
 there was none who could ftand on their feet ; but by God's 
 afliftance, which never fails thofe who truft in h\m, and la- 
 bour for the honour of his name, it luckily happened that 
 the force of the poifon abated ; the diligence and care of 
 Alonso Sanchez de Aranda, phylician to the armada, 
 was of no fmall afliftance on this occafion ; for although he 
 was touched with the malady, he had the leaft of it, for in- 
 cefTantly, day and night, he adminiftered draughts, and being, 
 aflifted by the furgeon of the almiranta, Diego de Ribera,. 
 all wpre recovered ; they returned to port, where they conti- 
 nued till the 5th of June, not omitting to make fome in- 
 curfions inland, carrying the Indian boys with them, in 
 hopes that they might be the inftruments of a peace ; but not. 
 fucceeding, they fet fail, defirous of difcovering the lands to 
 windward, to found the other cities in honour of his Majefty, 
 as had been done in this bay, where they founded one named 
 New Jerusalem, to which were named alcades, regidores,. 
 royal officers, and other minifters of jufti:e. 
 ** They failed from this port, and immediately they met 
 fo ftrong and contrary a wind, that confidering its violence 
 and the great fea made them pitch forecalile in, they 
 were obliged to ufe their endeavours to get back to port. 
 The zabra and almiranta got in, anchoring in another place,, 
 farther off than where they firft anchored, for their greater 
 fecurity. The whole fquadron having turned to windward 
 for two days in the bay with great hazard j and the third at 
 night having made a better and longer board, the two an- 
 chored ; but the capitana, the wind encreaiing with great 
 violence, endeavoured to anchor, but could not find a place 
 for this purpofe on either fide -, they pafled the night in great 
 8 ** danger. 
 
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 danger, for it was very obfcure, and the wind on fliore. For 
 thefe, and other reafons, they were at length obliged to 
 veer, and ftand out in qucft of the mouth of the bay, where, 
 flriking their topmafts, they remained the reft; of the night, 
 till next day, to fee if they could fetch the port, but it was 
 impoflible notwithftanding their utmoft endeavours ; till at 
 length the violence of the wind drove them from the en- 
 trance, till they were a great way to leeward, where they 
 pafTed three days, lofing more ground. 
 ' The captain feeing it was impoflible to fetch the port, as 
 thefe winds conftantly prevail till April, when the w^y^^r/i' winds 
 fet in, he agreed with the opinion of the pilots topurfue their 
 route into lo \ deg. to feek the ifland of St. Cruz, where he 
 had ordered the fhips to rendezvous, if they were feparated 
 from the capitana. They made fail, but could bear very 
 little, on account of the violence of the wind, till they got 
 into the before- mentioned latitude, difcovering a fail, to 
 which they gave chace j but knowing it to be an embarka- 
 tion of the Indians of thefe iflands, they left it, and being in 
 10 Tdeg. they did not difcover the land they expeded, but 
 were conftantly going more to leeward with great concern, as 
 they found they were fallen to leeward of the land, on ac- 
 count of the ground they loft beating at the entrance of the 
 
 bay. 
 
 *' The captain feeing the impoffibility to reach it, or to re- 
 turn back, and the navigation being long, and their provifions 
 fcanty, he determined to take the opinions of every body, 
 what could be done, to go on towards China, or proceed to 
 New-Spain, fince Providence had permitted them to be 
 feparated from their companions. All who were capable, 
 gave their opinions, judging, from evident reafons, that it 
 was moft eligible to purfue the route to New-Spain. He 
 
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 €t 
 
 *t 
 
 " took thefe opinions in writing, figned by the perfons who 
 gave them i and with heavy heart at their ill fuccefs, made 
 ** fail for New Spain, a very different track from what was in 
 ** view. 
 
 *• They met with much contrary winds an3 calms, and as 
 *' well here as before, fuffered much from the want of water. 
 On the 3d 0(ftober they difcovered the coaft of New-Spain, 
 having before fetn many figns of it, as are Ceen generally by 
 ** thofe who go thither from China. Having been from bear- 
 " ing away * to fight of it 3 months, 8 days. They failed in 
 «* fight of it fourteen days, in great diftrefs for provifions and 
 ** water, and much incommoded by calms and the heat. 
 
 ** They continued along fhorc, and after a violent ftorm they 
 flood in {hore for the port of Nativity, which they pafTed, 
 intending to Calagua, which is four leagues farther on, 
 ** but returned, the wind being favourable, where they conti- 
 " nued refreftiing, waiting an opportunity to proceed to Aca- 
 «« puLCo, having buried the Padre Comifario, the day before 
 " they entered the Port of Nativity." — Here ends Tor(^e- 
 M Ada's relation. 
 
 Juan Louis Arias, in his memorial, relates fome particu- 
 lars of this voyage omitted by Torquemada : he fays, ** Qui- 
 Ros, after having difcovered in the voyage many fmall iflands 
 and others of good fize, arrived at that of Taumaco, of 8 or 
 •* 9 leagues in circumference, in 10 deg. S. lat. about 1700 
 ** leagues from Lima, which is about 80 leagues to the eaft- 
 ** ward of the ifland Sta. Cruz; the cazique, or chief of 
 Taumaco, having affirmed, in the bell manner he could, 
 «* that if they were in queft of the* Great Continent, it 
 was much more probably to be found by going to the fouth. 
 
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 • Avicnda eflado defdc que fe derrotaran hafta verla 3 min. 8 deg. 
 
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 PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS" 
 
 than to the Sta. Cruz ifland, for to the fouth were coun< 
 tries very fertile and populous, and of great depth, extend- 
 ing due fouth. 
 
 Wherefore Quiros defifted from going to fettle the Sta. 
 Cruz ifland, and flood to the fouthward, a little inclining 
 to the S. W. difcovering many iflands of good fize, others 
 fmall, very populous, and of a very agreeable profpe<a, till in 
 15 deg. 20 min. he difcovered the land of the bay of St. 
 Philip and St. James, which, on that fide they fawof it, 
 which flretches from eafl to wefl, appeared to be above 100 
 leagues in diflance : it is a country very populous ; and al- 
 though the natives be of brown complexions, they are very 
 civilized. It is well wooded, and has fo delightful a climate, 
 that it feemed like a paradife, the air being fo wholfome, 
 that in a few days all the fick recovered. 
 " It is a country very fertile of many kinds of delicious fruits, 
 and of animals and birds of various kinds j and the bay not 
 lefs abundant of fifh of very good tafle, of all the kinds found 
 on the coaf): of Spain on the ocean. 
 
 ** The Indians, inflead of bread, eat a root of the fhape of 
 a potatoe> roafled and boiled, which the Spaniards found 
 more agreeable to the Aomach, and aflfording more fufle- 
 nance than bifcuit. 
 
 ** Leaving in this bay the almiranta and zabra, Quiros, for 
 certain reafons, which ought to be very flrong, though hi- 
 therto they are not known to an abfolute certainty, went in 
 the capitana to New-Spain, from whence he came once 
 more to this court, to renew his application to fettle that 
 country j was fent back to Peru, and died at Panama, in 
 his return to Lima." 
 
 MEMO- 
 
MEMORIAL 
 
 PRESENTED TO 
 
 PHILIP IL OF SPAIN, 
 
 « . 
 
 Publiihed at Seville, and inferted in Pit r c h a s, 
 
 Vol. IV. P. 1427. 
 
 TH E Captain Pedro F£Rnani>e^ de Qviros.-^I have 
 informed your Majefty, that in xhtfoutherft parts lies hid a 
 quarter of the globe ; and that the difcovery I have made thercia 
 is of 23 iflands, whofe names are, La Encarnacion, St. Juan 
 Bautista, SanTelmo, Los 4 Coronadas, St. Miguel 
 Archangel, La Conversion de St. Paulo, La Dezena, 
 La Sagitaria, La Fugitiva, La del Pereorino, Na. 
 Sena. del Socorro, Monterey, Tucopia, St. Marcos, El 
 Vergel, Las Lagrimas de St. Pedro, Los Portalesde Be- 
 len. El Pilar de Zaragoza, St. Raymunda, and La Isla 
 DE la Virgin Maria, and adjoining to it the three parts of the 
 country, called Australia del Espiritu Santo ; in which 
 land was found i\icbay of St. Philip and St. Jago, and^or/of 
 Vera Cruz, where we continued at anchor with the three fliips 
 thirty- fix days. It is conceived that all thefe three are one large 
 country, and its high double mountains, and that river Jordan, 
 by its greatnefs, feems to affure that it is * j as of all more at large 
 is evident by an itiformat ion which. I made at Mexico, with ten 
 witndles of thofe who were along with mc, to which 1 refer. 
 
 * Parece que ofleguran la de la tieira. 
 
 u 
 
 Let 
 
 > >. 
 
 "Mi 
 
 ' !'j;a 
 
 
1^6 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 Let your Majefty give orders that it be looked at, and that a 
 committee be. appoijited of mathematicians, pilots, and perfons 
 converfant in the fubjedt *, fince, at prefent, fome very diftin- 
 guifhed are in this court, and the fubjedt deferves it, and it is 
 of the utmoft importance to your Majefty. It is to be obferved, 
 that I would have given this information^ with all thofe who 
 were returned from the voyage, if my offer for this purpofe had 
 hfien accepted, and afliftance given me, as far as was in my 
 power, if I am not called on to perform impoflibilities, though, 
 it feems they are expciSted from me -f-.. 
 
 I farther fay. Sir,, that in an ifland called Taumaco, which is 
 reckoned 1250 leagues diAant from Mexico, we continued at; 
 anchor ten days y and that the Lord of that ifland, whofe namQ 
 is TAMAy,.a fenfible man, well made, of a good prefence, and in 
 complexion fomewhat brown J, with beautiful eyes, fharp nofe, 
 beard and hair long and curled^ and in his manner grave, afllflecl 
 us with his people,, and embarkations, to get wood and water, 
 of which we wire then ia great want.. , 
 
 This perfon came on board the fliip to fee me, and in, it I ex- 
 amined him in the following manner :. 
 
 Firfl,. I fhewed him his ifland and the fea, and our fhips and 
 pjBople, and pointed to all parts of the horizon> and made other 
 certain figns ; and by them afked him, if he had feen. fhips and 
 men like ours ? and to this he replied no.. 
 
 I afked him, if he knew of other lands far or near, inhabited; 
 or uninhabited ? and as foon as he underftood me, he named 
 above fixty iflands, and- a large country, which he called Manx -« 
 COLO : I,. Sir, wrote down all, having before me the compafs, tq 
 know, in what diredtipn each lay, which were found to be. from 
 
 • Perfonas platicas. 
 
 t O fuera ayudailo, yo pudiera, que no meobligue a impoiEbles, y me vee 
 obligado a ellos. 
 X Algpmoseuot 
 
 H9 
 
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN. 
 
 his iiland to the S. E, S. S. E, W. * and N. E. f , and to explain 
 which were fmall, he made fmall circles, and pointed to the fca 
 with his finger, and made fignithat it furrounded the land; and 
 for the larger, he made large circles, and the fame figns : and for 
 that large country he opened both his arms, without joining 
 them again, fliewing that it extended without end ^ i and to 
 make known which were the diftant, or were nearer, he point- 
 ed to the fun from E. to W. reclined the head on one hand, 
 fliut his eyes, and counted by his fingers, the nights which they 
 flept on the way; and by figns (hewed which people were Whites, 
 Negroes, Indians, and Mulattoes, and which were mixed §, and 
 which were friends and enemies ; and that in fome iflands they 
 eat human flefii, and for this he made figns of biting his arm, 
 {hewing clearly that he hated this people |I ; and in this, 
 and by means of other figns, what he faid was underftood, 
 and it was repeated fo often that he feemed to be tired ; and 
 pointing with his hand ta S. S. E. and other points, gave them 
 fully to underftand what other lands there were. He fliewed a 
 defire of returning to his houfe, I gave him things that he 
 could carry ; and he took leave, faluting me on the cheek, with 
 other marks of afi^edtion. 
 
 Next day I went to his town, and to be the better confirmed ^ 
 of what TuMAY declared, I carried with me many Indians to 
 the (hore, and having the paper in my hand, and the corapafs 
 before me, aiked all of them many times about the lands, of 
 which TuMAY gave the names j and in every thing all of them 
 agreed, and gave intimation of others inhabited, all of peo- 
 ple of the colours before-mentioned, and alfo of that great 
 country, wherein, by proper figns, they faid that there were 
 
 H7 
 
 
 • O efte. t Quere, if it fliould not be N. W. iufteaU of N. E. 
 
 X Moilrando que profeguia. § Mezelados. 
 
 Querer mal a efta gente. 
 
 IT Enterarme. 
 
 U 2 
 
 COWS 
 
143 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 cows or buffaloes, and to make it undcrftood that thcro were 
 dogs, they barked j and for cocks and hens they crowed, and 
 for hogs grunted ; and thus, i» this manner, they told what 
 they wanted, and replied to whatever they were aflccd j and bc- 
 Caufe tliey were fhewed pearls in the taflel of a rofario, they 
 intimated that they had fuch. All thefe queftions and enqui- 
 ries others of my companions made this day, and other times, 
 of thefe and other Indians, and they always faid the fame, from 
 whence it appeared they were people who fpeak truth. 
 
 When I failed from this ifland of Taumaco, I made them 
 feize four very likely Indians *, three of them fwam away, and 
 the one who remained, and was afterwards name Pedro, declared 
 at AcAPULCo, in the voyage, and in the city of Mexico (where 
 he died) in prefence of the Marquis de Montes Claros, what 
 follows, without ever varying, although he was afked, at vari- 
 ous times, and by many perfons» and in diflferent manner, and 
 although they denied and contradicted his fayings. 
 
 Firft, Pedro faid, he was a native of an ifland named Chi~ 
 CAY ana, larger than that of Taumaco, where we found him^ 
 and that, from one to the other is four days fail of their veflels, 
 and that Chicayana is low -f land, very abundant in the fruit 
 above referred to, and that the natives of it are of his good Indi< 
 an colour, long loofe hair, and they pundtuate themfelves, as 
 he was, a little in the face, arms, and bread ; and that tliere are 
 alfo white people, who have their hair red^ and very long j and 
 that there are mulattoesy whofe hair is not curled^ nor quite 
 Jlreight j and that he was a weaver and a foldier- archer, and 
 that in his tongue, he was called Luca, his wifeLAYNA, and 
 his fon Lky. 
 
 He further faid, that in his ifland are many oyftcrs,. fuch as 
 I have feen the fhells of, and brought fome, which are here of 
 three fizes: the firft i% the ^-fjwwow of Margarita; th^fecond 
 
 • Gallardos. t Rafa. 
 
 2 is 
 
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN. 
 
 is twice as big, and the third of a palm, more or Ids in dia- 
 meter, and all thcfe oyftcrs they call totoj'c^ and that in them 
 they find pearls, which they cd\\ futiquil^uil -, whereupon, I 
 fliewed him the (hells, and he took them in his hands, and 
 pointed out the parts where the pearls grow ; and being aflccd 
 how many there were, and how large, he laid, that in fomc were 
 found more, in others lefs, and to explain the fize faid, that they 
 were like fand, and like fait, and like fmall (loncs, and like 
 beads of a rofario— and like buttons, fuch as they wear on a 
 waiftcoat, and others larger, and that they filh them in Icfs than 
 half a fathom water, rocks and fand, and that the creeks are 
 very large, and have fhallow water; and that he himfelf, even 
 without diving, took them by hand, and put them in his canoa, 
 and that they only fought them to eat the flelh, which they call 
 canojet and that the (hells ferve them to make hooks, fpoons, 
 and other thiiigs, and that the pearls are of no ufe to them. He 
 further faid, ihat there is in this fame ifland of Chicayana, 
 another kind of oyl) crs, which they call taquila, and to explain 
 their fize, he insde the fign of the fize of a large * target : and 
 as it appeared to me incredible the great quantity -|- he menti- 
 oned of all kinds of pearls, and the fize of thefe taquilas, I 
 afked him if they grew on the cocos, or in the trees, or in the 
 rocks, or in che earth, or on tiie outfide of the fliells : he re- 
 plied they did not find them but at the bottom of the fea, and 
 within them the pearls j and that the oyfters, fome were laid 
 on all fides, and others on edge, and open above, and that if in 
 any of thcfe oyfters the hand enters, that it fliuts, and prefently, 
 he faid, there is no band |i and for this reafon they take them 
 
 * Buena rodeb. i Mucha c.mtidad. 
 
 X Thcfc t;iq>uilns are obvi ouiiy the hrge aciles, as they arc cal'ed- by navigators. 
 Ihavemyfclf taken one of til!.; kind, which was 2 feet 8 inches lonj; ; thefiicllsare 
 now in lini»land •, and it is f-nni I'uch flieil-nfli that tlic hirgoft pearls arc taken. Vide 
 paper about the Soclno pe.Tl hihcry. 'Hie pearl oyflers lye flat on the bottohiof the 
 fea, but thefe taquilas ftand on tln-ir edge, as I have fcen a hundred times. Tliat one 
 
 witk 
 
 '49 
 
 
 I 
 
 V,' 
 

 150 TNI E M O R I A L PRESENTED t O 
 
 'Ovlth fticks, and with noofcs of rop: ; and that they have hirge 
 and good flefli, which they eat ; and do riot make account of 
 the pearls, and that whenever he wanted them, he fiflied 
 them up, and carried them to his houfe. And as in the 
 other voyage, I myfelf faw the Indians of Sta. Cruz, bring 
 hanging at their necks many plates* » large and fmall, all of 
 mother of-pearl, I imagined Pedro might mean the fame as 
 thefe platest and for this reafon I made little account of this 
 faying. But perceiving that he was fometimes angry, and at 
 other times with the utmoft ftfenuoufnefs laboured to make 
 himfcif underftood, for this reafon I ihewed him a pebble, black 
 and round, of the fize of an early plumb, and afked him if ia 
 his country they had pearls fuch as that ? He replied no j for 
 that pebble was black, aiid the pearls w.h|te as paper j and that 
 when they looked at them to the- fucL the dazzling light ftruck 
 4heir eyes, and thus did he with thecQ. as if they were prefent. 
 
 And heing afked if they were as li;rge as the pebble above- 
 mentioned ; he replied others were very fmall as the pebble, 
 and then joined the top of his thumb to the top of his fore- finger 
 in form of a circle, and there, with the finger of the other hand, 
 made figns of larger and lefs pearl, and that in each oyfter there 
 was but one j and withal fearing what he faid was of the plates, 
 as I had fufpe<a:ed, I afked him if they were flat or round, or of 
 other figures : he did not underfland this expreflion. I then made 
 as if I was going to roll the pebble on the ground; as foon as he 
 faw this, he faid with fignificant geflures-f*, that when they threw 
 them on the ground they would roll along, giving me plainly to 
 underfland, that the pearls were round, of the fizes referred to ; 
 and that his fon wore one at his neck, and that he himfelf drilled 
 
 ■above-mentioned, after we had brought it aboard, fnapped a Aick into two parts, by 
 dofing its (hell on it. 
 
 * Fatenas. f Dizo con gran demoflracian, 
 
 it 
 
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN. 
 
 it with a (lone, white and (harp; and that the depth in which they 
 get them is about two fathoms, more or lefs, and that in their 
 fhells they feed their hogs. I artced him if the large (hells had the 
 iame luftre a& the common ones, which I (hewed him. He re- 
 plied yes. All thefe, and many other queftions I a(ked in dif- 
 ferent ways * } and how, in his country, they called mufquets^ 
 and others of our things. He faid, they had none, andalway^ 
 replied in fuch a manner, as gave no room for fufpicionj and 
 only named, with great fteadinefs, thofe things which they 
 have. I affirm- for truth, that I did not intend to write the 
 fize, nor the great number* which he mentioned to be of al^ 
 kinds of pearls, fgr it feed^^dto me a thing never heard ofj but- 
 confidering that nafUrf is powerful to produce, as has been feen, 
 large pearls, and of theaCOQunon ones fo great a quantity in the 
 Rio de la Hacha, M^fRGARiTA, and Gubagua, and as I 
 was fo pofitive in enquiri;$g into this report^ it appeared to me- 
 that I ought to mentio;i what the Indian told me fo often, and to- 
 So many other perfons who examined him with no lefs care ;, 
 and, in (hort, I have taken the pains -|- and write as a man wha 
 am to die and know not when. 
 
 He farther faid, that from theiflandof TAumacoj at three days 
 fail, and at two from Chicayana, there is another ifland, larger 
 than the two above-mentioned, which is called Guaytopo, in- 
 habited by people as white as ours are in common, and that even :{: 
 (bme of the men have red hair, more or lefs, and alfo black ; and 
 that they alfo pundtuate their bellies, and at the navel all in a 
 circle § ; and that all the three iflands are friendly people, and of 
 one language, and that they ufe to falute on the cheeks ||, and that 
 theytookitas align of enmity when they turn. their faces away f j 
 
 • Trocadas. f Haga dilegencias. 
 
 X Y que hafta los hombres ticnen rubios loscabellos masy menos y tambiennegros.. 
 
 §( Todo en riieda. || Darfe la paz, f Huyen lo& roftros. 
 
 audi 
 
 ISir- 
 
 ^ ,|ip! 
 
 \^:i 
 
 "I 
 (■■* ■ 
 
\ 
 
 ^52 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 and that in this iiland there are many oyftersjof the three fmaller 
 kinds, in large creeks of the fame depth as in Chic ay an a, 
 and that they have many pearls : and being ailced if he had been 
 there, he faid no j I then returned to afk, how he knew what he 
 had told, and he gave me the following relation : That from that 
 ifland a large (hip of theirs, with more than fifty perfons, failed 
 to another inhabited ifland, named Mecayrayla, to feek tor- 
 toife-ihell, of which they ufe to make ear-rings and other toys, 
 whichtheyhang from their ears; that being in fight of it, they met 
 a contrary wind, which obliged them to buik for their ifland, and 
 when near it, the wind again became contrary, and that going 
 backwards and forwards they fpent all their provifions, for want 
 whereof forty perfons died of hunger and thirft; and that he was 
 in the ifland of Taumaco when this fliip arrived there with only 
 feven men* very white, except one, who was brown *> and with 
 three women, white and beautiful as Spanifli, who had their hair 
 red and very long, and that all three came covered from head to 
 foot, with a kind of veil, blue or black, and very fine, to 
 which they give the name oi foafoa-y and that of all thefe ten 
 perfons only remained alive the Indian Clan, whom our peo- 
 ple, when they faw him in Taumaco, fo white and fo red, 
 named the Fleming, as before-mentioned ; and that this In- 
 dian Olan, and others, related to him what he had faid of that 
 ifland Guaytopo. And that he alfo faw come to his ifland, 
 Chicayana, another fhip of theirs, of two hulh^y full of peo- 
 ple, white and beautiful, and with many very handfome girls, 
 and, counting on his fingers by ten and ten, he intimated that 
 they were in all 110 perfons. 
 
 He further faid, that from another ifland, called Tucopia, 
 which is where the two Indians fvvam away, at five days of 
 their failing is that great country Manicolo, inhabited by 
 
 * Moreno. f Navio ds dos vafos. 
 
 many 
 
PHILIP -II. OF SPAIN. 
 
 many people, dun-coloured, and mulattoes, in large towns; 
 and to explain their fize, he pointed out Acaplulco, and 
 others larger : and on this I afked him if there were towns as 
 large as Mexico ? he replied no, but many people, and that 
 they were his friends, and did not eat human flefli, nor could 
 their languages be underftood ; and that it is a country of very 
 high mountains, and large rivers, and that fomc of them they 
 could not ford, and only could pafs in canoes ; and that to go 
 from the ifland of Tucopia to that country, when the fun 
 rifes, they keep it on the left hand, which muft be from S. 
 towards S. E. 
 
 I muft add, that if this is as he fays, it agrees well with the 
 chain of mountains feen running to the wejiwardt as is menti- 
 ©ned in its place, when we were driving about. 
 
 Pedro much extolled the magnitude, populoufnefs, fertility, 
 and other things of this country ; and that he and other Indians 
 went to it in one of their embarkations, in queft of the trunk 
 of a large tree of the many which are in it, to make a piragua, 
 and that he faw there a port, and intimated it was larger, 
 and the entrance narrower, than that of the bay of St. Philip 
 and St. Jago ; and that he obferved the bottom was fand, and 
 the fliore (hingle, as the other I have defcribed ; and that it has 
 within four rivers and many people, and that along the coaft of 
 that country they went to the weftward a greater way than from 
 AcAPULCo to Mexico, without feeing the end of it, and re- 
 turned to his ifland. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that as I had feen that ifland TucoPiA, 
 I faid artfully * that I knew there was in it many oyfters and 
 pearls; and that he faid that there was not, but very deep water; 
 and that this is truth I declare, for I caufed it to be founded. 
 
 J53 
 
 !:;' 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 ♦ Adrede. 
 
 lie 
 
 / 
 
154 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 He further faid, that three days fail from Taumaco, and at 
 two with a freih wind, there is another ifland called Fonofono, 
 divided into many iflands, fmall and fiat ; and on this account 
 I faid, with a defign to enfnare him, that there were in them 
 large rivers j fmce there cannot be large rivers in fmall and low 
 iflands. He faid no, only wells, and that all were very fertile, 
 and very fully inhabited by a dun-coloured people, Indians and 
 mulattoes, very tall in Mature, and fo much, that although he 
 was fomething taller than me, he fliewed as high upon a wall as 
 he could reach with his fingers, extending his arm and hand, and 
 faid, that was their height, and that they were his friends, but 
 had not the fame language ; and that in thefe iflands are great 
 creeks, of little and of much depth, with beds of many oyflers, 
 and that he himfelf had taken them to eat, and that they had 
 pearls of fuch fizes as above-mentioned, except the taquilas i. 
 and that there is a very good port there. 
 
 And he alfo faid, that near thefe iflands there is another^ 
 called PiLEN, and another Nupan *, and that they have the fame 
 provifions, people, and pearls -, and of fuch as he had heard of, 
 and not feen, he gave names to many other iflands, and of all 
 he faid the above. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that in all the Indies, only in Marga- 
 rita, and the Rio de la Hacha, they have got, and doget„ 
 the multitude of pearls as is known ', not to mention the few 
 indifferent ones found at Panama : and I mufl ohferve, that if it 
 is as above related, that great numbers may be expected from 
 the places here intimated, as well becaufe the places are many, as. 
 on account of the largenefs of the feas, which he fays, have little 
 depth J and further, it is to be obferved, that he only fpeak& 
 ©f the oyflers which the eye can reach, and only take up with 
 
 * lu margin Pupam. 
 
 hand» 
 
 •s 
 
P H I L I P II. O F S P A I N. 
 
 hand, without diving, not comprehending 2, 4, 8, and more 
 fathoms as they fifli in at Margarita. 
 
 In Mexico I carried Pedro twice to the houfe of a driller of 
 pearls, and at my requeft he ihewed to him all the common 
 kinds^ as foon as he faw them, he was vaflly pleafed, and faid, with 
 great adtion and extacy, that in his country are many pearls, and 
 whiter than thefe. He alfo fhewed him fome ragged, or flat 
 on one fide, large and rotten j he fliook his head *, and faid, 
 that they were not good, and that in his county were better. 
 
 The alcalde mayor, of the port of Acapulco (Don Pedro 
 
 Florez) made a more ftridl enquiry, for he (hewed him a chain 
 
 of many firings of pearls, and afked him if they had in his 
 
 country fuch chains ; he replied no : then he took from thence 
 
 ibme pearls, aiid (hewed them to him in his hand, and alked 
 
 him if they had fuch as that j he replied yes, but that they 
 
 were not bored ; and, as may be fuppofed, from the want 
 
 of drills and borers they make no ufe of the pearls, but of the 
 
 (hells, as well becaufe they are larger, and of the fame luftre, 
 
 as being eafier bored. 
 
 He faid further, that in Taumaco there is an Indian, a 
 
 great pilot, and that he knew the names of many countries 
 wherein he had been many times; and that from a large 
 country, which is named PouRo, very populous, whofe inhabi- 
 tants are dun-complexioned, and Indians, fome friends, and 
 others very warlike, and at enmity among themfelves. He 
 brought to his ifland of Taumaco, a loorey -j- with a red bread: 
 and neck, and certain arrows with points, in form of a knife, 
 and that thefe he himfelf had feen and handled them, and 
 intimated, that they wanted to kill with them more eafilyj and 
 on this I (hewed him a knife, and he faid it was black, in com- 
 parifon of the points. I (liewed him a cup of filver, and he faid. 
 
 • Hizo mal gefto. 
 
 X 
 
 t Papagaya. 
 
 ^SS 
 
 :i 
 
 m 
 
 th* 
 
1,56 
 
 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 the points were as white as it. I often contradi<fted this afler- 
 tion, and he always the more affirmed it. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that in the bay of St. Philip and St. 
 J AGO were found in one houfe many ftones, black and heavy, 
 and that by chance they brought me two pieces, each as big as a 
 nut, and that in the city of Mexico, one Don Francisco Pa- 
 CHOco, proprietor of mines, and one Diego Gomez de Mo- 
 lina, faw them in my lodging, and the one of them they (hewed 
 me full of eyes of filver, and for this reafon we carried it im- 
 mediately to the houfe of an afiayer, who put it in* a crucible, 
 and for his reafons gave it fo much fire, that the crucible broke^ 
 and thus nothing was feen ; yet the other part remaining with 
 me, the affayer melted it again, and in it was Cdbn a fmaU point, 
 which expanded under the hammer. He {M'efently touched tt 
 on three (lones, and fix iilver-fmiths faid it was filver touch ; 
 and for greater certainty they touched lead and tin, and other 
 known filver clofe to it, though there were fome who faid, that 
 the affay fhould have been made with quickfilver, and others 
 with falt-petre, and certain things; and the affayer affirmed that 
 the metal was good, and here he touched the fmall point, and 
 two filverfmiths faid that it is filver. 
 
 Thefe flones having been fliewn to Pedro, as foon as he faw 
 them he faid, that in the mountains of Taumaco are many of 
 them, and that they are called treaque, and that they are alfo in 
 that large country Manicolo, and that all the Indians want 
 them, fome to punduate themfelves, others to deck themfelves * 
 with them. 
 
 And Paul faid the fame of his country, which is the bay of 
 St. Philip and St. J ago, from whence they were brought, 
 and miners fay where are finuixesj there are metals, and that 
 by the inuixes they difcovered the mines of filver and gold, of 
 
 * Inuiexarfe. 
 
 St. 
 
PHILIP li. O F S P A I N. 
 
 St. Louis in New Spain, and thofe of qiiickfilver of GuAn- 
 CAVELiCA in Peru : and it is to be obferved, that Pedro fliying 
 he had feen arrows with points of filver, it appears on account 
 of the little which was found in the little metal brought merely 
 by chance, and from the difpofition of the country, and its 
 fituation in the parallel of Peru, we are obliged to believe that 
 it may be fo as he relates. '- • ,r: • 
 
 Itis further to be obferved, that Pedro, afterhe was abteta ex- 
 plain himfelf in our language, agreed with every thing the natives 
 of TAUMACofaid, and this as well concerning the large country* 
 as concerning the many iflands and many nations, fomelufty,with 
 bodies punduated, and others without being fo *, of various co- 
 lours, long hair, red, black, curled, woolly-headed, of which 
 they werepeopkdi and alfo in the great plenty of provilions of 
 the fame kind which they all have ; and alfo it is to be obferved, 
 that all the above-mentioned we have feen this time, and that the 
 country where we continued at anchor, appears to be the fame 
 which ftretches on, and of the greatnefc which they report. Id 
 ihort, I muft fay grounded on ftrong reafons, that thefe nations 
 are there by vicinity* and continuation to other countries, more 
 to the S, E, and W. and if there is no miracle, that in that 
 hidden quarter of the globe, there are very large, great,, and 
 extenfive provinces, all of them full of many and various 
 people "f. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that the firft time the adelentado Al- 
 vARo DE Mend AN A went and difcovered the iflands which he 
 
 ^57 
 
 * Labradas y por labrar, varios colores, &c. 
 
 + A fiima digo, fundada en razones fuertes que aquelks gentes eftan alH por 
 vezindad y continuacien en otras tierras mas al Sur Lefte y Oefte, y que fi r.oay nu- 
 lagro que en aquella oculta quarta de globo,^ eftey maygrandes y muy eftcndiUas 
 provinciu'', llenas todas de mucbas y muy varias gentes, y queen todos generos aura 
 ventaia, quanto mas fueren futjiendo de quinze grades arriba, y por venderfe tan 
 caro, fe dcu efperar meiora en todo la apunta Jo» 
 
 called. 
 
 h tr 
 
ijS MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 called of Salomon, he found in them, and brought a quan- 
 tity of pearls, roafted in the fire, for the Indians only eat the 
 fle/li, roafting the oyfters i and that the fecond voyage which 
 the faid adelentado made, he difcovered the ifland St. Cruz, 
 where he died j and that in it I myfelf faw many fliells, and 
 the many plates of mother-of-pearl referred to. And that 
 from an ifland adjoining was brought a boy, who was called 
 MiGUELiLLOj and that after he knew our language, he gave an 
 account, that in his country were many pearls, with great 
 proofs of its being fo. Alfo it is to be obferved that in this voyage 
 we faw in three iflands mother-of-pearl fhells of the three fizes, 
 and in one of them dry oyfters, wherein were found fome fmall 
 pearls. So that joining what Pedro told, to what has been 
 feen, there are fifteen iflands, of which there is an account of 
 their having pearls j and from the fight of their fhells, it may, 
 and ought to be hoped, and alfo from its low latitude, fo proper 
 to produce them. In regard to the great Taquilas, let it be 
 left to time to determine, only obferving, that if fince Pedro 
 faid there were large pearls, he alfo faid there were large fliells 
 capable of them. 
 
 Pedro further faid, that they called the Devil Terua, and 
 that he talked with the Indians from a piece of wood, without 
 being feen, and that to himfelf, and to all of them at night, 
 and many times he would touch their cheeks and breaft with 
 fomething very cold -, and that wanting to know what it was, 
 they would findnothing; and this he faid with great refervednefs* 
 and fear, giving clearly to underfland, it was a bad thing, 
 and amongft them very horrible ; and alfo told others, though 
 not to me, that before we were at his country, the devil had 
 faid to them, that we were going to kill them. 
 
 -^ 
 
 Moftraniio cicrto recato. 
 
 He 
 
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN. :^ 
 
 He (hewed great defire to return to his country, to tell the 
 Lord of Taumaco all the good we had done to him } and that 
 the other Indians, his companions, had thrown themfelves 
 out of the fliip to fwim, and that we had done them no 
 harm. ' ' • '»' ' i " 
 
 And alfo further, to fay to all his fellow countrymen, what 
 a good thing it was to be a Chriftian ; and that to him, after he 
 was, the devil never fpoke, nor had he heard him, nor felt 
 him at night j and to bring his fon, and come and live with us. 
 
 And alfo faid, that in his ifland of Chicayana are dogs> 
 large as ours, and thaf they called them Ticuri ; and that there 
 are many fowls, like thofe of Europe, but that they do not eat 
 them} and fruit, which he faid were apples when he faw 
 them, and much ginger, and that at one time it is pretty cold» 
 notwithftanding its low latitude. '^ '' 
 
 He further faid, that they hang thofe who kill men; and 
 that our horfes are good to ride upon, but not to be ferved by 
 men. ''•'' '■ ^'^' .Nia>'-- 
 
 Pedro to appearance was twenty-five years of age, and at the 
 time he gave the delaration above, he knew but little Spanifli, 
 and on this account it coft me much trouble, for he was contra- 
 dided, and obliged to repeat it many times ; and it appears, if 
 he had lived, he would have given a much better than he has 
 given, but I believe what he has faid is more worthy of credit, 
 than it would had been, had he arrived to have been expert* 
 from whence I, and all, from what we faw of his behaviour* 
 took him for a man of truth and bafhfulnefs. 
 
 One day he entered the church of St. Francisco de Mexi- 
 co, and feeing there many crucifixes, he afked, how they had 
 there fo many gods, if they told him there was none but one 
 God ? He was anfwered, they were all the reprefentations of 
 the true Christ,^ and with this, and what elfe was told him, he 
 
 2 appeared 
 
 J 59 
 
l6o MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO 
 
 appeared iatisfied ; and the friers who heard him were much 
 pleafed, as it was the qucdion of a man who knew how to ex* 
 amine things. At laft, on Pahn Sunday, he died. 
 
 The other Indian was named Paul, he was a boy of eight 
 years of age, of a dark colour, curled hair, he had very beautiful 
 eyes, fine fliape, and better natured, infomuch, that every one 
 was very fond of him, as he was lb docile, and good-huaioured. 
 He gave account of the demon, and that he was called Hada- 
 NUA, and how he talked with the Indians without being feen. 
 And alfo he gave an account of large and fmall dogs, and of an 
 animal like a cat, and of a large river near his town. That in 
 his country there are many virarlike people, enemies to each 
 other, and that they do not eat human Hefh ; and this ought to 
 be believed, for the plenty of hogs, fowls, and other provifions : 
 for eating human fiefh amongft other people, appears to proceed 
 from the barrennefs of their countries, or the beftiality of the 
 inhabitants; and becaufe he was a boy very, weak and fickly, 
 I could not learn fo much as I wiflied. I ha^^e a fmall Vocabu- 
 lary, which is what I could pick up of the languages of Pcdro 
 and Paul ; what I muft fay is, it is very pronouncable. 
 
 By all that is above-mentioned it appears clearly, that ther<5 
 are only two large portions of the earth fevered from t/iis of 
 Europe, Africa and Asia. The ^r^ is America, which 
 Christoval Colon difcovered; the fecond and laji of the 
 world is that which I have feen, and folicit to people, and 
 completely to difcover for your Majefty. This great objed 
 ought to be embraced, as well for what it promifes for the fer- 
 vice of God, as that it will give a beginning to fo great a work, 
 and to (o many and fo eminent benefits, that no other of its 
 tind can be more, nor fo much at prefent, nor heretofore, as 
 I can fliew, if I may be heard and queftioned. 
 
 And 
 
PHILIP II. OF SPAIN. 
 
 And herewith you. Sir, muft remain well informed of how 
 much value this adt is ; and what rewards will be beflowed by 
 God, for having (with fomuch love and ardour) undertaken it; 
 and how much higher degrees of glory your Majefty will ac- 
 quire, if an end is put to this work of fo much piety and phi-, 
 lanthropy, and fo worthy to be preferved in the memory of 
 the nations: confidering that it will not be attended with fo 
 much expence of money or men, nor vuth that carnage, defo- 
 lation, and fcandal, which commonly happen in fupporting the 
 rights of very fmall ftates ; iince to place it under the royal pro- 
 tection entirely by means very gentle and juft, it is only requi- 
 fite for me to (hew fo great a part of the whole inhabited earth, 
 plant in it fuch things, which, I hope in God, will be moftly 
 very fweet, very rich, and very permanent : and for recompence 
 1 only defire fo much as it deferves ; that your Majefty will be 
 perfuaded of the importance of the matter, and what is requi- 
 fite I intreat ; apd in every thing I fpeak truth, and that there 
 is a fpirit to fell all the paft, prefent, and to come for a priccw 
 « With this, Sir, I conclude ♦. 
 
 * Sino poner debazo de la proteccion real con medios todos muy fuavet y juftifi« 
 cados, quanto los puedo moftrar una tan gran parte de toda la tierra poblada, para en 
 eUa fembrar bienes, y coftello* frutos que yo efpero en Dios ban de fer muchos, 
 muy dulces, muy ricos, y muy duraderos : y folo quiero pot.paga de tanto quanto 
 tantovale, que V. M. crca la importancia del oafo, y quanto conviene loque pdo, 
 y que en todo trato vcrdad, y que es animo dc vender todo lo paflado, prcfente, y 
 tenidero por un precio, y efte es fenor de vald«b 
 
 101 
 
 R E L A- 
 
 ■ y,Lt 
 
• I 
 
 RELATION 
 
 O F A 
 
 . \ r J.ii J "^ 
 
 ■*;a... 
 
 MEMORIAL 
 
 I.. 
 
 FRESENTEDi BT 
 
 Captain Pedro Fernandez de Quiros 
 HIS MAJESTY, 
 
 About the Settling and Difcovcry of the Fourth Part 
 
 of the World, Australia Incognita. Its great 
 
 * Riches and Fertility difcovered by the faid Captain. 
 
 SIR. 
 
 ■ : tr^f" 
 
 I Captain Pedro Fernandez de Quiros fay. That with 
 this I have prefented to your Majefty eight Memorials, re- 
 lative to the fettlement, which ought to be made in the country 
 which your Majefty commanded to be difcovered in Australia 
 Incognita, without, to this time, any refolution being taken 
 with me, nor any reply made me, nor hope given to aflure me, 
 that I Ihall be difpatched ; having now been fourteen months 
 in this court, and having been fourteen years engaged in this 
 caufe, without pay, or any other advantage in view, but the 
 fuccefs of it alone; wherewith, and through infinite contra- 
 8 did:ions. 
 
PEDRO FERNANDEZ de Q^UIROS. 
 
 didione, I have gone by land and fea 20,000 leagues, Ipcnding 
 all my eflatc, and incommoding my perfon, lufi'cring lb many, 
 and fuch tcrriWe things, that even to mylclf they appear incre- 
 dible i and all this has come to pais, that this work of To much 
 goodnefs and benevolence * fliould not be abandoned. In whofc 
 name, and all for the love of God, I moft humbly fupplicatc 
 your Majefty, that you will be pleafed not to permit, of fo 
 many and fuch continual labours and watch ings, and of fo noble 
 and dcteraiinate a pcrfeverance, that I fliould fail to reap thofe 
 fruits which I fo much defire and folicit, being, as it is, fo much 
 to the honour ;uul glory of God, and to the fervice of your Ma- 
 jefty, and produdlive of innumerable benefits, which Ihall lall: 
 as long as the world fubfifts, and then be eternal. 
 
 i.Themagnitude of thefe countries newly difcovcred, is judged 
 of, by what I faw, and by what Captain Baez [de Torres] my 
 admiral, informed your Majefty on good grounds : its longitude 
 is as much as that of all Europe, Asia-Minor, and to the Cas- 
 pian Sea, and Persia, with all the iftands of the Mediterra- 
 nean and Ocean, which are in its limits embraced, including 
 England and Ireland. That unknown part is a quarter of 
 the whole globe, and fo capacious, that it may contain in it 
 double the kingdoms and provinces of all thofe your Majefty is 
 at prefent Lord : and that without adjoining to Turks, or 
 Moors, or others of the nations which are accuftomed to difquiet 
 and difturb their neighbours. All the countries feen fall with- 
 in the torrid zone, and there is part of them which toucheth the 
 equinodial, whofe latitude -f may, perhaps, be of 90 deg. and 
 others of fomewhat lefs, and if it comes to pafs as it promifes, 
 there will be countries, which will be antipodes to the better 
 
 163 
 
 .'J , :'■' I 
 
 , ;'l 
 
 ■■m 
 
 • Piedad y mifericordia— Piety and compaffion. 
 t Fuede fer, it may be. 
 
 Y 2 
 
 part 
 
 ■M' 
 
I 
 
 ! 
 I 
 1 
 
 164 MEMORIAL PRESENTED BY 
 
 part of Africa, and all Europe, and the reft of all Asia 
 Major [and will not be inferior to them ♦.] 
 
 It is to be obferved, that fince the countries- which I faw in 
 15 deg. S. are better than Spain, as prefently will be feen ; that 
 oppofed to it in latitude, ought to be in itfelf quite a ter- 
 reftrial paradife. - 
 
 The people of thefe countries are many; their colours white, 
 negroes, mulattoes, Indians, and mixed of one and the other. 
 The hair of fome is black, long, and lank, the others curled 
 and woolly, and of others very •{• red and fine, which variety it 
 an indication of great commerce and intercourfe. For which 
 reafon, and for the goodnefs of the countries, and becaufe they 
 have no artillery, or other fire arms for deftrudion j;, and be* 
 caufe they do not work mines of filver, and for many other rea- 
 fons, it is to be believed, thefe people are extremely numerous. 
 They have not the arts, great or fmall, walls or forts, king nor 
 law, nor are they but the moft fimple gentiles, divided inta 
 clans §, and are little friends amongft themfelves. Their arms are 
 lances and darts of wood, [clubs, and bows and arrows without 
 poifon]. They cover their [obfcene] parts. They are clean, 
 chearfiil, fenfible, and very grateful, as I have experienced. 
 For all which it ought to be expedfced, with the affiftance of 
 Divine Providence, and gentle means, that it will be extremely 
 cafy to fettle ||, inftrudt, and fktisfy them j which are three 
 things very neceflary in the beginning, that afterward?} all may- 
 be led to fuch holy ends. 
 
 Their houfes are of wood, covered with palm -leaves j they 
 ufc earthern pots: have loom« ^, and other nets; they work. 
 
 • L?«tin Memorial,, 
 t Bien^ 
 
 X Con que matarfe.^ 
 § FarciaJidades. 
 ' ^ Latin Memorial. 
 f Trafmallos. 
 
 ftones. 
 
 ftones 
 
 they 
 
 well 
 
 the n 
 
 zels, 
 
 fmall, 
 
 ifland 
 
PEDRO FERNANDEZde QJJ I R O S. 
 
 ftones, marble, flutes, drums, and fpoons of wood varnifhed^ 
 they have oratories and burying places, and plantations very 
 well laid out in divifions, and palifaded. They benefit much by 
 the mother-of-pearl ihells, of which they make googes, chi- 
 2els, formers, faws, hooks, [hatchets *], and plates, large and 
 fmall, which they hang in firings about their necks. Tlw 
 iflanders have their embarkations well wrought, and fufFicient 
 to navigate from one country to another, all which is a 
 certain indication of their vicinity to people more civilized, and 
 it is no fmall confirmation of this, that they caflrate their hogs, 
 and make capons. 
 
 3. The bread they have is of three different kinds of roots, 
 of which there is vafl plenty j and they prepare them without 
 trouble, nothing more being required, than to roafl and boil 
 them : they are favoury, wholfome, and nourifhing, and keep 
 long, and there are fome a yard long, and half that in thick- 
 nefs. The fruits are many, and very good, plantans of fix kinds, 
 [almonds four kinds •}•}. Large obos, which is a fruit like 
 quinces, many nuts of the country J, and oranges and lemons,- 
 which the Indians do not eat, and another excellent § and large 
 fruit, and odiers not lefs good, which were fcen and eaten» 
 with many and very large fugar-eanes, and intimation of apples. 
 There are palms without number, of which, may hereafter 
 be had tuba ||, of which is made fpirits, vinegar, honey and 
 whey % and the palm cabbage is very fine. Thefe fame palms, 
 the fruit they yield are coconuts ; when green, they ferve in- 
 flead of artichokes ** ; and the kernel like cream, when ripe, 
 
 • Latin Memorial. 
 
 f Latin Memorial. 
 
 X Nuefes de la tierra. 
 
 § Extremada. 
 
 II I. e. Toddy, as it is called by the Englifli in Indian 
 
 f Sueros. 
 
 •• Sierven de cardos.— — Thiftles. 
 
 they. 
 
 165 
 
 
 'il 
 
 , 
 
 \ '^ 
 
 1 
 
 \M 
 
 i£' 
 
 A *',nj 
 
 :|^ 
 
 vh 
 
 W 
 
 ^ h 
 ' 4i 
 
i66 MEMORIAL PRESENTED BY 
 
 they ferve for moat and drink at fea and land j when old, they 
 yield oil for lamps, and wax alfo like balfam, and good to eat 
 when new. Their (hells are cups and bottles. The coire ferves for 
 oakum to caulk fliips, and for making all their cables, haufers, 
 and common cordage, and is the beft^match * ; of the leaves they 
 make fails for fmall embarkations, and fine mats, and mats 
 wherewith they line -f- and cover houfes, which they frame of 
 their trunks, which are ftreight and tall, and of them they make 
 targets J and lances, and other kinds of arms, with other things, 
 good for common ufe ; and it is to be noted that thefe coconut 
 topes § are vineyards, which all the year yield fruit and wine ||, 
 and that they do not require any culture ^ j and thus neither ex- 
 pend money nor time. The garden -fluffs v/hich were feen were 
 pumkins **, large blites •f-f*, and much purflain J;|:, and they 
 had intimation of beans. The flefh are many hogs, tame like 
 ours, and fowls, capons, country partridges §§, geefe ||||, tur- 
 tles, ringdoves, and goats, which the other captain faw, and 
 the Indians gave us intimation of cows or buffaloes. The fifh 
 are many pargos^ reyes, fkait, foals, mullets, whitings, fhads, 
 macal^St ikuttlefifh, pampanos, fardinaSf thornback, palometas, 
 chitas viejas, eels, peezes puercosy fhellfifh, gurnets, mufcles, 
 prawns, and other kinds, of which I do not remember the name, 
 and there ought to be many more, for all the above-mentioned 
 were fifhed clofe to the fhips. And if it be well confidered, it 
 mufl certainly be found, that befides fo many and fo good 
 
 • Y de la arcabuz la mejor. 
 
 t Afl'orren. ' « 
 
 X Tablas. 
 
 § Groves 
 
 II Vendinia Vintage 
 
 ^ Beneficio. 
 
 *• Calabazas. 
 
 +t Bledos. 
 
 XX Verdolagas. 
 
 §§ Perdices de la tierr*. 
 
 tlQ Palos realcs. 
 
 [things], 
 
nlTlROS. J67 
 
 pKDKOFEKNANDEZ..a.Ul 
 
 wckoning amongft *'>"'" ,hing f ^m abroad ; ana 
 
 kinds. a»**'''*ftfidThe abo«-m«ntioned. there «i^ 
 for fea ptovifions •. '' j*" J' „, of bacon, nor of ,ars 
 
 be no want of plenty of 1"S= S*^ , hog,, nor want of 
 
 ofUrdt. »->-'>" tl to b obfervfd. that many of the 
 pickles t. or fp«es U • to^ ^^^^,„„,h more may 
 
 L'talltother things Europe^au^^^^^ 
 
 «hich the other capta." fa«.»\ ^^ „,,„, brings forth. 
 
 «Wch are the three f "e' jf "^ „,ce, pepper, and ginger, 
 There is vaft plenty 11 of n»«™^7; is intimation of cinnamon, 
 „hich we both have f"".^f.„ce there are the other fpices. 
 and perhaps there "^V;""^ '=^^;;„"rie, are almoft paralleV with 
 »„dthe rather, »«-"«= '''f ^e is befides conveniency to 
 Teknate -"-i ^*^"', "Ir ind go- There is good ebony. 
 g„w and make ?;'»> ^f j'^lber of (hips, with all the. 
 . ^finite woods for ^"f "/ ^one refembling our hemp, and 
 fails, and cordage of three kmds, o" ^^.^^ ^^^,„ 
 
 . with the oil of coconut may be made gg^._^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^,^ 
 
 • Matalotages. 
 
 f Botijas de monteca. 
 
 § Criar. 
 
 i '-i 
 
 4i^ 
 
 ' i m4 
 
il 
 
 168 MEMORIALPRESENTED BY 
 
 which were aVo feen, there will be honey and wax. And be- 
 ildes all thefe riches, the fituation and difpoiition of the country 
 aiTures many others, which joined with the many things which 
 indu/lry will afford, having, as there is fo much fimilarity, befides 
 its own things, conveniency togrow ours, which I intend to carry, 
 together with all the other better and more beneficial, which 
 are produced in Peru and New-Spain. It appears, that all 
 together will make the country fo rich, that it will alone be 
 able to fupport itfelf, and alfo America, and will aggrandize 
 and enrich Spain in fuch a manner, as I will fhew, if I am 
 aflifled by others in the execution. In regard to what I have 
 feen, iince it was the fea-fhore, I fay, we ought with good 
 ground to hope of the country fo many and fuch great things, 
 riches, and good things as are got from ours. : , : ^ ;,;v - ^^ .,, .^ 
 
 It is to be obferved, that my chief intent was only to feek 
 out fo large a country as I have found, and on account of my in- 
 firmities *, and other things which difpirited -j- me, I could not 
 fee fo much as I wifhed; nor can all that is defirable be feen in on^; 
 month, the year having twelve, wherein are fhewn the qualities 
 and the fruits, which all cultivated countries produce j and that 
 the Indians mufl not be judged of by our neceffities, tafte, wants, 
 and eflimation of things, but as men who intend to pafs life 
 with the leafl trouble, without vexing themfelves with thofe 
 things, in the purfuit whereof we fatigue ourfelves. 
 
 The conveniency, and pleafures of life will be as great as c m 
 be found in a cultivated^ pleafant, and delightful J country, 
 black and fat, and of great § for making here- 
 
 • Enfcrmedadcs, ficknefs, complaints. .••.■%i 
 
 ■•■■-/ + Callo. .<-..-'-/ .• ■ ': ^ • 'h'l '-• 
 
 t Frefca. * ' ' ''"^ 
 
 § The original is y de grande migajon con barrillcs p\ luego poder hacer Ladrillos 
 
 ihigajon, is the crumb of bread without the cruft — ^Barriles, the plural of barril, cafk ; 
 
 tho' it alfo fignifies an earthem poi, with a large belly and narrow mouth. Iprefume 
 
 after 
 
PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJJIROS. 
 
 after bricks, tiles, and the other things made thereof, and 
 near at hand many quarries of marble, and other ftones *, 
 for building fumptuous and curious edifices, and many woods, 
 well adapted for all ufes. There are plains, valleys -|-, and high 
 double lands, and in them rivers, brooks, and fountains, 
 whence, with all conveniency, may be had plenty of water- 
 mills, fugar-mills, and other water-engines j and in the t 
 fait marflies, and in the places where canes grow, teftimo- 
 nies of the fertility of the country, whofe joints are of five 
 and fix palms, and lefs, and the fruit in proportion. The ftone 
 fine and hard, and fine grained §, and as good flints as in 
 Madrid. 
 
 The bay of St. Philip and St. Jago has twenty leagues of 
 fea-fhore l[,i it is all clear, and free for entrance by day and 
 night; it has around it many towns ; in them, and very diftant, 
 were feen by day many fmoaks, and by night many fires. Its port 
 of Vera-Cruz is fo capacious,, that it will contain in it above 
 1000 fliips: its foundings clear, and of black fand; worms were 
 not feen : one may anchor in any depth from 40 to 4 fathom 
 between two rivers, the one as large as Guadalquivir, at 
 Seville, with a bar of more than two fathom, by which, good 
 frigates and fmall fliips f may enter. At the other our boats 
 went in freely* and from it was taken water, which is extreme- 
 ly fine **. The landing-place is a beach pf three leagues, and 
 the greateft part of it a pebble bank ff, black, fmall JJ, and 
 
 fomething is omitted, and tlic words tranfpofed ; and that the meaning of the paflage 
 is, That there is clay as white as the crumb of bread, ofivhich hereafter may be madebrUks 
 with earthern-ware y tiles, &c. * 
 
 • Tofcas. t Lomas quebradas. Broken ridges of hills, 
 
 X Y en los efTenos falinas, y en aquellos caiia verales. 
 
 tLifalatez. || Orilla. H Pataches. 
 
 •* Lindiffima. ft Guixarnal. $+ Menudo. 
 
 169 
 
 z 
 
 heavv. 
 
 t 'f If 
 
 •'K 
 
 V:. * III ■if 
 
 '1 ii % 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 •k n 
 
t/o MEMORIAL PRESENTED BY 
 
 heavy, excellent for ballafting fliips. The (hore, as it has not 
 gaps * nor breaks, and the verdure ■f on its edge, was under- 
 llood not to be beaten by the waves. And becaufe the trees are 
 all (Ireight, and without :J:, or broken limbs § j it was 
 
 judged from thence not to have great dorms. This port, be- 
 sides being fo airy ||, has another great excellence in what con- 
 cerns recreation; that from the breaking of the dawn ^ is 
 heard through all the neighbouring wood? a very great har- 
 mony of thoufands of different birds, fome to appearance night- 
 ingales **, black-birds-f-j-, larks :|:.|, and gold-finches §§, and 
 infinite numbers of fwallows, and befidesthem many other kinds 
 of birds, and even to the chirping |j|| of grafshoppers and 
 crickets. 
 
 Every morning and evening were enjoyed fwcet fcents, waft- 
 ed from all kinds of flowers, amongft them that of orange- 
 flowers and fweet bafil. And for all thefe, and other good 
 effedts, it is .judged the climate there is temperate, and that 
 nature maintains her order <|^. 
 
 This port and bay are rendered more excellent by the neigh- 
 bourhood of fo many and fo good iflands, efpecially of feven, 
 which are 200 leagues in circuit, one of them is 50, and is 
 diftant 12, it is very fertile and populous. 
 
 And, in fliort, I fay, Sir, that in this bay and port of 1 5 
 d€g. 20 min. S. lat. prefently may be built a very large and 
 populous city, and that the people which will inhabit it, will 
 enjoy *** all the riches and conveniencies pointed out -|"|"}-, 
 and vhat my fmall capacity cannot explain, and what time 
 will (hew, and tliat there may be a communication with the 
 
 • Ruinas. t Verdes. t Azotes. § Dcgajes. 
 
 !| Ayiofo. H Rompia cl alba. «• Ruy fenores. ff Mirlas. 
 
 tt Calandrias. §§ Sirgueros. |||| Chillar. 
 
 •1^ Ser alii clemente el cielo, y q. guarda fu orden naturaleza. 
 
 **♦ Gozara. Mt ApuiUados. , 
 
 provinces 
 
PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QV I R O S. 
 
 provinces of Chili, Peru, Panama, Nicaragua, Guati- 
 MALA, New-Spain, Ternate, and the Philipinas, of all 
 which lands your Majefty is Lord. 
 
 And if your Majefty will be of thefe others which I offer ; 
 I hold them to be of fo much importance, that befides being as 
 keys of all the above-mentioned places, I apprehend they will 
 become fuch for the commerce of curious and valuable commo- 
 dities, befides other great things from China, Japan, and 
 the other provinces of the coaft of Asia, with its iflands, and 
 fhortly, according to my opinion. And I can (hew this in a 
 committee of mathematicians : nor Ihall I make many words in 
 faying, that it will prefently accommodate and fuftain 200,000 
 Spaniards. In fhort, that this is the globe whereof Spain will 
 be the centre *, and where there is a body there is a nail j and 
 this point is to be well confidcred. 
 
 The temperature and goodnefs of the air, is. Sir, as fine as 
 any in the whole world, and in fo much that our people, being 
 all ftrangers, none fell fick with fuch continual -f* labour, fweat- 
 ing, and getting wet, without avoiding to drink water fafting, 
 nor to eat every thing the country yielded, nor to keep out of 
 the dews, moon or fu.i, which was not very hot in the day, 
 and towards midnight ^ woollen cloaths were dcfired, and could 
 well be borne» And whereas the natives in common are cor- 
 pulent, and very ftrong, and fome of them very old ; and as 
 they live in houfes with ground floors §, which is a great indi- 
 cation of much healthinefs, for if the country was unhealthy, 
 they would be raifed from the ground, as is done in the Phili- 
 pinas, and in other parts which Ihavefeen. And whereas fifh 
 and flcfti keep found to fait two or more days, and whereas, the 
 fruit brought from thence (as may be feen in two I have here) 
 
 * Y en loque es cuerpo es la una y notes bien eftc punto. 
 
 i Orilinario.. % De media noche abaxo. § Cafas terrenas. 
 
 171 
 
 i :l 
 
 I . a 
 
 Z z 
 
 are 
 
x-jz 
 
 MEMORIAL PRESENTED BY 
 
 are perfedly good, though taken from the trees out of feafon ; 
 and as 1 have not i^txi any barren fandy grounds *, nor any kind 
 of thirties, nor prickly trees, nor fuch as have roots above 
 ground, nor mangrovy fwamps f, nor moraffes, nor fnow on 
 the high mountains, nor crocodiles in the rivers, nor in the 
 mountains any venemous infers if, nor ants, which commonly 
 are very deftrudtive in the houfes and to the fruits, nor niguas §, 
 nor ticks ||, nor mofquitoes, which is an excellence above all 
 excellencies for our advantage ^, and fo worthy of eftimation, 
 that there are countries in the Indies which for thefe pkgues 
 alone are uninhabitable, and others v»'here they fuffer very 
 much from them \ as I can well bear teftimony. 
 
 7. Thefe, Sir, are thegreatnefs and goodnefs of the countries 
 which I have difcovered, and of which I took poffefnon in 
 your Majefty's name, under your royal flandard, and fo the 
 adls declare which I have here, &c. [Giving an account of the 
 ceremony of taking poiTeflion j and concludes] All this, and 
 more I have done as a loyal vaflal to your Majefty, and that , 
 your Majefty may foon add, for the greatnefs of it founds well **, 
 the title Of The Australia del Espiritu Santo, for 
 the greater glory of the fame Divinity, who carried me, and who ^ 
 pointed it out to me, and who has brought me to the prefence 
 of your Majefty, where I am, with the fame willingnefs •f"|' 
 which I have always had for this caufe, to which I gave birth 4: J, 
 and for its noblenefs do love it, and long after it with infinite 
 folicitude. 
 
 * Arrcnales. t Manglanarcs ancgadizos. % Sabandizas ponzonofas. 
 
 § Niguas, fmall vermin, which lie hid in thcduft, and leap like fleas, and get- 
 ting between the fltin and Jlefli, breed there, and arc very troublefomc. 
 
 H Garrapatas. H Pretenfion. ** Porque fuenc efta grandeza. 
 
 tt A'"oluntad. XX A efta caufa q. crie. 
 
 8. I 
 
PEDRO FERNANDEZ de QJLT I R O S. 
 
 8. I am very well convinced* from the wife councils, magna- 
 nimous difpofition, and chriftian piety of your Majefty, of the 
 great care which will be taken, when further knowledge is had, 
 towards the peopling of thefe countries now difcovered j the 
 chief reafon for not leaving them deferted, being, that this will 
 be the means -f- that in all of them the true God be known, be- 
 lieved, and adored, the Devil having there fo much influence. 
 And further flill, for it will be the gate by which to fo many 
 nations under the jurifdidtion of your Majefty, will be difFufed 
 all good and relief J, and the many more cares which will 
 arife, if to them the enemies of the church of Rome {hould go 
 to fow their falfe dodlrines, and turn the benefits I have rcpre- 
 fented to worfe evils, and would ftile themfelves Lords of the 
 Indies. lalfotruft, that your Majefty will weH'confider, that 
 the doubtful remedy of an evil fo pernicious as has been pre- 
 didted §, or of what other difafter ||, which may be expedled 
 now or hereafter, would coft millions of gold, and thoufands 
 of men. Acquire ^, Sir, fince you can, with a little money, 
 which will be required but once **, acquire Heaven, eternal 
 fame, and that New World, with all its promifes. And fmce 
 there is none who folicit of your Majefty the rewards •j-'j- 
 for the glad tidings of fo great and fignal a blefllng of God, re- 
 ferved for your happy time, I, Sir, fupplicate them, and zsfuch 
 my dijpatchy for the galleons are ready, and I have many places 
 to go to, and much to provide, and to do, and much fpiritual 
 and temporal lofs attends every hour's delay, which can never be 
 recovered. 
 
 ^7% 
 
 t i 
 
 I i 
 
 •* Bien crco. t Medio. 
 
 X Les hade entrar todo fublen y remedio. § El que fuena. 
 
 II Defman. fl GaneV. M. 
 
 *■* Y fe puede gaftar pr. una vcz. ft Albridas. 
 
 9. If 
 
 1 
 
 
174 
 
 MEMORIAL PRESENTED, Gfr. 
 
 9. IFChristoval Colon's conjectures did make him perti- 
 nacious *i what 1 have feen, what 1 have felt, and what I offer 
 muft make me fo importunate: wherefore, let your Majefty 
 order, that of the many means which there are, fome one be 
 adopted adequate to what is propofed, and let it be obferved, 
 that in all I (hall be found very fubmiflive to reafon -f , and will 
 give fatisfadtion in every thing. 
 
 * Lc heficron porfiado. 
 
 t Keducido a la razon. 
 
 f • 
 
 If •• 
 
 • 
 
 .■ < ■ * 
 
 A D V E R- 
 
Seft, 5, 1769. 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Since Mend ana's voyage was printed, I have obtained 
 
 from Spain, 
 
 Hechos de Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, 
 Quarto Marques de Canete. 
 
 P O R 
 
 El Doctor Christoval Suarez de Fioueroa* 
 Madrid, mdcxiii. Quarto. 
 
 THERE are feveral circumftances in Figueroa omitted in 
 the abridgments of his relation. In lib. 5, p. 228, by way 
 of introdudVion to Mendana's voyage in 1595, Figueroa gives 
 a brief account of the firft voyage in 1567; of this the following 
 is a tranflation : it is to be confidered as a more circumilantial 
 detail of this voyage, inferted p. 45, from Coreal, and to 
 come in the place of the two laji paragraphs of p. 45, of 
 p. 46, and of the quotations from Pingr£:, in p. 48 and 49^ 
 and in p. 50 and 51. 
 
 ** It will be well to recite the voyage which, in the vice- 
 royalty of the marquis, and with his favour, after remaining 
 many years deftitute of hopes for want of fuch afliftance, the 
 Adelentado Alvaro de Mendana performed, with the in- 
 tention 
 
 I \ 
 
 r 
 
17* ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 tcntionof/ettlin;^ the Salomon iflands. I deem his * dilcourfe 
 important on many accounts, but above nil for the notice 
 whi:his proper to take of the difcovery of the foutliern un- 
 known parts, which he has finct made, whereof )h.Q prejunt was 
 the foundation. lUit it will be expedient, in the firft place, 
 briefly to mention the^'r/? voyage which thcAdclentado hinifclf 
 had made to thefe iflands, as it will ferve not a little to explain 
 the prefcnt voyage. 
 
 " In 1567 the licentiate Castro, being, for want of a 
 viceroy in Peru, prefidcnt and governor, for reafons which 
 moved him, difpatched his nephew, Alvaro de Mendana, 
 with the title of general, and ordered him to difcover towards 
 the unknown fouthern parts, the lands which were fuppofed 
 to be there. 
 
 " He departed from Callao January 10, 1568; having, 
 gone 145P kagues, they defcried a fmall ifland, with people of 
 an olive colour -f* : it is in 6 deg. 45 min. S. lat. they here met 
 with the firft rains, thunder and lightning, which they had feen,. 
 and named the ifland, Isla de Jesus. Diftant from it 170 
 leagues are fome reefs, iiretching from N. E. to S.W. with 
 fome ifl'ots in the middle of them. What they faw extended 
 about 1 5 leagues. They named thefe Los Baxos de la Can- 
 DALERiA. The middle of them is in 6 deg. i^ min. S. lat. 
 They were 17 days in reaching them from the firft ifland, with 
 great oppofition of currents and windfe. They got fight of 
 other land, and went in queft of it. They found a port, where 
 they entered, calling itSxA. Ysabel de la Estrella. The 
 inhabitants adore fnakes, toads, and fuch things. They are of 
 
 • «« 5«difcurfo." This explains what would otherwife be vtryobfture in the fol- 
 lowing part of the fentencc. Figueroa, p. 242, tells us, he took his relation from the 
 thief pilot's papers ; and therefore his refers to Quiros, whom he had not named, not 
 to Mendana, as might be inferred from the expreflion. 
 \ Amulatada. 
 
 an< 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 an olive colour, they have curled * hair, they go naked, tho' 
 with their [obfcencj parts covered. Their food is coconuts and 
 roots, which they name venaus. They have no flefli, or ftrong 
 drink -f-, and therefore arc cleaner than others. It is under- 
 ftood as a thing certain that <hcy eat human flcfh, the cacique 
 having fent to the general, as a prefent, a quarter of a boy, with 
 his arm and hand. He ordered it to be buried in fight of thofc 
 who brought it, who apppearing oftendcd and confufcd .1 at 
 what pafTed, went away hanging their heads. They are a peo- 
 ple who live in fmall communities § ; they have wars with each 
 other, and make flaves of their prifoners. The firft mafs was 
 faid here ; a brigantine was built with which the M". de Campo, 
 captain Pedro de Ortega, accompanied by 18 foldiers, 12 
 failors, and the chief pilot Hernan Gallego, went on dif- 
 covery. Navigating to the S. E. as the coaft lays, at 6 leagues 
 from the port, they found two fmall iflands, v/ith great palm- 
 groves II, in the latitude of 8 deg. and in the fame courfe many 
 others. They alfo faw a large bay, with eight fmall iflands, all 
 inhabited by people, who have for arms wooden fv/ords, bows 
 and arrows. Eaft and weft with this bay, at 1 4 leagues, was 
 feen alarge ifland, named by the Indians Malaita. There is 
 in mid-way two iflots, each at a point, which is in the latitude 
 of 8 deg. it was named Isla de Ramos, becaufe it was difco- 
 vered on that day. Coafting the ifland Sta. Isabel, they faw 
 a port and cape in 9 deg. fcant, 14 leagues from the bay before- 
 mentioned, it was named Cabo Prieto (Black Point), 
 Afterwards to the S. W. of this cape, at 9 leagues diftance, 
 they found many iflands. They came to theory?; it was e 
 leagues in circuit, quite furrounded with reefs ; it was named 
 
 • Crefpos t Carecen de carnes y brebages. 
 
 % Sentidos y corridos del fuceflb. § Es gcnte de parcialidadcs. 
 
 I Grandes palmares. 
 
 A a La 
 
 »77 
 
 ■ ' 
 
178 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 La Galer a. One league from this and N. W. and S. E. with 
 Cabo PRIETO, at 9 leagues diftance, is another of 12 in ex- 
 tent*; it is well peopled, it has places cultivated and en- 
 clofed -fj it was named Buena Vista, from its appearance, 
 and it is extremely fertile. Its latitude is gdcg. 3omin. Around 
 it they faw many inhabited iflands,, and five others in a chain 
 from E. to W. They landed in the ^rji : its inhabitants red- 
 den their hair : they are much afraid of fire arms J : they beat 
 to arms with caraco/es, and little drums, and eat humaaflefli. It 
 is 25 leagues in circuit; its latitude 9 deg. 30 min. jt was named 
 La Florida. The names of the other t/iree were St. Dim as, 
 St. German, and Guadalupe. To thefputhward of thefe 
 5 iflands is another which they named Sesarga; it is about 8 
 leagues in circuit, its latitude 9 deg. 45 miiuites. It lies with 
 Buena Vista N. W. and S. E. 5 leagues diftant ; it is high, 
 round, and well-pecpled. It has plenty of provifions, oi yna- 
 nimesj panays, and fome hogs, lb the middle of it was feen 
 a volcano, which continually Vornjted out a quaatity of fmoak. 
 
 Behind this they faw prefently another large one, and in it a 
 copious § river. Many men, woirien, and boys, came out in 
 canoes to fee our people. The M'". de Campo went to a town, 
 where in bafkets was found a quantity of green ginger and other 
 good roots, with fome hogs. They named this ifland Gua- 
 dalcanai^, and the river Ortega. From hence the bri- 
 gantine returned with all its crew, in queft of the port 
 where they had left the fliips. They were going round the 
 ifland Sta. Ysabel, for they were fo ordered, pafling clofe to 
 Cabo Prieto. At feven leagues from it to the W. S. W. at 
 the diftance of 5 leagues, is another iiland, which they named 
 St. Jorge ; it makes a channel with the ifland of Sta. Ysa- 
 
 • Otra de 12 de cuerpo. 
 
 t Huyea mucho de los arcabuzes. 
 
 t Lugares formados y juntos. 
 % Caudalofa. 
 
 BEL. 
 
 BE 
 
 loi 
 
 foi 
 
 en 
 
 an 
 
 Ss 
 
 '^ >., 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 BEL. The entrance, which is on the S. E. part, is 6 leagues 
 long, and i broad to the W. They found there a port with 
 foundings from 8 to 12 fathoms, perfectly clear, and large 
 enough for a thoufand {hips, with the entrance to the S. E, 
 and the outlet to the N. W. where there is a town with more 
 than three hundred houfes. They difcovered in this ifland fome 
 pearls, of which the Indians make fmall account. They 
 gave many to redeem a canoe which had been taken from them. 
 Sailing along the coaft of the ifland Sta. Ysabel, having gone 
 40 leagues, they found fome large reefs, and amongft them 
 many canoes of the Indians, who were fifliing. They all came 
 to (hoot their arrows at the brigantine, and returned : there are,' 
 amongft thefe reefs, many inhabited and uninhabited iflots. 
 And at the point, and extreme of Sta. Ysabel, which is in 
 7 deg. and 30 min. they found many iflands, all inhabited. 
 This ifland is 95 leagues long, and 20 broad, it is above 200 
 in circuit. They faw here cockles *, which from point to point 
 of the fliells are 5 feet. Turning the ifland, on the weftern 
 part, they found the fame E. and S. E. winds with which they 
 had before navigated. Having to return to the E. in fearch of 
 the port where the fhips remained, but not being able, the 
 winds being fo contrary, the M". de Campo fent in U canoe 
 nine foldiers, with a failor, and a friendly Indian, who 
 always went with our people, to give advice to the general 
 of his voyage, and of the rcafons why they did not arrive be- 
 fore. They went along fliore till the canoe was dafhed to 
 pieces on fome reefs, and fome lofing heart f , they were all 
 faved. All the powder was wetted; they determined to return 
 back in queft of the brigantine, walking for this purpofe all 
 night over the rocks, in fear of being aflaulted by the Indi- 
 ans. They met with a crofs, which they had raifed, and left 
 
 * Murcielago*. 
 
 t Perdiendo algunos el hato. 
 A a 2 
 
 179 
 
 1 i ». 
 
 m 
 
 
iBo 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 in a certain place when they pafled, and having adored it, deter- 
 mined to wait three days for the brigantine, and in cafe it 
 ihould not come, to make a raft to go to the (liips. In this 
 afflidion they were, when providentially it arrived, giving all 
 imaginable fatisfadion. They made figns with a fmall flag, 
 which were taken notice of, and embarking all the people, they 
 profccuted their voyage till they reached the fhip, where they 
 found fome dead, and others fick. On this occafion, the general 
 determined to fail out of port, between fome reefs, which are at 
 its entrance. With eaflierly winds, fometimes frefli, he went to^ 
 anchor in a road *of the ifland Guadalcanar. He fought 
 a new port, and found one clofe to a river, which they named 
 Gallego, and the port LaCruz. Next day they tookpofleffion. 
 of the country for his Majefty, and eredled a crofs on a little 
 hillock before fome Indians, who fhot their arrows ; two were 
 killed with the mufkets, and the reft fled. Afterwards Don 
 Fernando Enriquez, with the chief pilots and 30 foldiers,. 
 were fent to fee the country, wanting to difcover a river ; fo 
 many of the natives came upon them, that they were obliged to 
 defift from their intention, and attend only to their own de- 
 fence. The failors affirmed there is much gold in the river. At 
 their return they brought two hens and a cock, which were the 
 firft they had feen, whereat, the general was much delifrhted, , 
 feeing they every day difcovered more land with better things. 
 He fent Don Fernando, with the chief pilot in the brigantine. 
 They failed to the E. S. E. and at the diftance of 2 leagues found 
 the river Oktega, and the coaft full of habitations. They 
 continued touching in this manner a; different iflands and ri- 
 vers, too long to recite i fometimes meeting oppofition, and. 
 fometimes good reception from the inhabitants. At laft they 
 returned to the lliips, where they found the Indians had killed- ; 
 
 * Piaya 
 
 ^ 9 men> 
 
 V-T 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 9 men, who, with the fteward, had gone for water. The 
 cacique of that diftridt had (hewn himfelf a friend to the gene- 
 ral, but was difgufted with him on account of a boy which 
 they had taken, and would not give back, though he afked it. 
 
 The day after this difgiace happened, the general fent cap- 
 tain Pedro Sarmiento, who, with all the people, landed to 
 chaftife the Indians, as well in their perfons as houfes. He 
 killed 20, and burnt many towns, whereupon he returned. He 
 landed a fecond time, with 50 foldiers, and fetting fire to 
 different habitations, found in them fome pieces of the fhirts, 
 and jackets of the deceafed. 
 
 On 13th June the fhips fet fail, and two miles to windward, 
 where they had before been with the brigantine, they faw many 
 habitations. They went from thence to an ifland, which was 
 named San Ciiristoval.. They took pofl in it, the general 
 going afliore. This being feen by the natives, they told our 
 people by figns to return ; but obferving that they did not do 
 fo, it was wonderful to fee the * faces and motions which they 
 made, fcratching on the fand with their feet and hands, run- 
 ning to the fea, toffing the water up, with other ftrange mo- 
 tions. A trumpet was blown to call them afTiftance, and Pe- 
 dro Sarmiento came with all the people where the general 
 was. The Indians came upon them in warlike array ; euch 
 had two or three darts, and others wooden fwords, bows and 
 arrows. They came fo near, that if they had difcharged they 
 could not have miffed ; but feeing that it did not (ignify telling 
 them feveral times by figns to be gone, the general ordered to 
 fire fome mufkets, whereby one was killed, and others 
 wounded, whereupon the reft fled. The Spaniards entered the 
 town, where they found fuch a quantity of coconuts and al- 
 
 • Las Braburas, vifages y temblores q. hezieron efcarvnnflo en la arena con pit-r 
 ymiUiQS corricndo almar echando cl aqua por alto in otips cftrana'i ademanes. 
 
 monds, , 
 
 i8t 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 :iiii 
 
 ? Ik 
 
 ' flip's 
 
 'Vn 
 
 3VJ 
 
 ■!> fi4 
 
i8s 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 monds as was enough to have loaded a fhip, and fo they did 
 nothing all day but carry provifions to thofe at anchor. The 
 Indians did not chufe to return again, and our people, night 
 approaching, embarked with what had been done. This port 
 is in 1 1 deg. the ifland is narrow and mountainous. The bri- 
 gantine failed from thence to difcover more land. They found 
 two iflands, 3 leagues diftance from each other ; they named the 
 one Sta. Catalina, and the other Sta. Anna: this is low 
 and round, with an elevation in the middle like a caftle. It is 
 well peopled and fertile ; it has hogs and fowls, and a good port 
 on the caller n part. Here the difcoverers went afliore, and 
 were attacked by the Indians with many darts, arrows, and 
 fhouting "*. They were painted of divers colours, with branches 
 on their heads, and fome -f- acrofs their bodies. They 
 
 fought with a daring fpirit, wounding three of our people. 
 They difcharged a dart at the chief with fuch fury and force 
 (for thefe people are large), that pierced the target and arm 
 above a palm's length of the fpear beyond. But at length 
 killing two, the reft fled. Having coafted the ifland St. Chris- 
 TOVAL, they returned to the fhips. The chief pilot related, 
 that they had not difcovered more land in that quarter, but that 
 to the weflward, there muft necefTarily be very extenfive +. The 
 general held a confultation of all the pilots and captains, who, 
 after debating many matters of confequence, agreed to make a 
 hawzer, and heave the fhips down. They heeled them as well 
 as they could, and having finifhed, determined to return back 
 to Peru by the north, without more lofs of time, that their 
 provifions might not be expended, nor their cabJes rotten. They 
 then fetfail, being 7 days in clearing St. Christoval. Tht-y 
 failed from thence, and with a frefli E. S. E. wind, ftood N. E. 
 
 * Vozcria. t Vandas. 
 
 X Mas que a la Oeftc era fue)c|a la huviefle efpaciofifTinia. 
 
 by 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 by E. They kept on with fometimes bafflling winds from E. 
 N. E to N. Between 2 deg. and 4 deg. S. they met many 
 palms *, and burnt wood, which came out of rivers, figns 
 
 of land to the weft, they conceived it to be New-Guinea. Being 
 under the equator, the pilots defired to make a requeft to the 
 general, giving for reafon they were going to be loft -f-, and it 
 would be better to go diredtly to one or the other pole. They 
 agreed to purfue their route, as the times would admit, between 
 N. and N. W. Doing fo, in 1 1 days they went 25 leagues, and 
 found themfelves in 5 deg. N. and this is not wonderful, for in 
 thefe low latitudes are found little winds, and not very favour- 
 able. They here had rain, which they faved : they got the 
 eajlerly trade, with fome fhowers : they faw land, and went 
 towards it : they difcovered natives, but they fled: they found a 
 chizel made of a nail, a cock and many pieces of rope, and a 
 quantity of coconuts bored, a fign, that the inhabitants get from 
 thence the water they drink: they returned without water. 
 Farther on they fell in with another ifland, low, round, very 
 fandy, and woody, furrounded with reefs, inhabited only with 
 infinite numbers of fea-birds j it is two leagues in circuit in 19 
 deg. \ N. it was named St. Francisco. They navigated to 
 ^he N. and N. E. till they reached the latitude of 30 deg. i, in 
 which fituation they had a chubap of fmall rain +. Next 
 day fct day- break a S. 8. E. wind attacked the capitana 
 with fo much fury, that the chief pilot affirmed, he had not 
 feen the like in 45 years he had followed the fea. They were 
 obliged to cut away their main maft, which carried with it part 
 of the ftiip's fide. They made fail with ay/v72;rtrf'^, with which they 
 ftood to the fouth tha; night, and next day ftood back again with 
 the lofs of 50 leagues, and without fight of the almiranta. After 
 
 18' 
 
 
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 » AtadavS. 
 
 Andavan perdidos, 
 
 t Amayanaron. 
 
 much 
 
 At-: 
 
.184 ADVERTISEMENT, 
 
 much bad weather, " On the 9th December, the wind came 
 round to the S. S. E. and they ftood E. N. E. the latitude 31 
 deg. in which fituation they faw a pine-tree, and other figns of 
 land. The wind came about to the N. and next morning they 
 (bund themfelves clofe to the iflands, a league from the main 
 land, in the latitude of 30 deg. In Ihort, they entered a large 
 bay, where they anchored in 5 fathom, at the foot of a bank of 
 land, which has two iflands at the point, and between them 
 and the main land good ground. On the 22d January, 1568, 
 they entered the port of St. Jago, where, three days before, 
 the almiranta had put in, without main maft or boat, and 
 with one cafk of water, having had as bad weather as the capi- 
 tana; anchoring on the day of St. Paul's Converlion, and at 
 length failing on the 2d March, they went to Peru ; the royal 
 enfign, Don Fernando JbtWRiQUEz, carrying the news to 
 Lima, with which coiicludes this difcovery,'' 
 
 it 
 
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 A D D I- 
 
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ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 From FIGUEROA, 
 To the Voyage of Alvaro Mendana de Neyra, 1595. 
 
 it 
 
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 T^H E number of thofe who went was 378, of which 
 280 could bear arms. r.oi,1.8. 
 
 Winds " S. and S. S. E. which are. thofe of Peru." 12. 
 
 Seventy veiTels, ** fmall canoes,- not all equal. They are 21. 
 
 boats of one tree, with bamboe outriggers on each fide, in 
 the manner of a galley's pojiigost which reach the water, 
 wherein they fettle that they may not overfet j all paddling* 
 with their paddles ; the feweft they had in each was three, 
 and the moft ten." 
 
 ** They were clean ikinned*, in which it was obvious they ^'» ^^^ ^• 
 were a healthy people; they had good hands, with long 
 fingers." 
 
 ** Their faces and bodies were marked in blue, with the 62, 1. 4. 
 figure of fifli, and other things j their hair like women, 
 long and flowing ; fome had it tied up and plaited f-, the 
 greateft part were ruddy." 
 
 Pates, '* mafa" ii. 
 
 ** Some cut the meat to pieces with knives of bamboe." 20- 
 
 •• Forty of them, near to whom the Spaniards appeared of Note +. 
 low ftature. Amongfl them was one taller by head and 
 flioulders than the talleft man in the fquadron, though there 
 was one of good height. 
 
 ** As they obferved the Spaniards drefTci in fo many colours, 
 they appeared confounded ; the foldieis, to fatisfy them, 
 
 * Dc cirnes limpias. 
 B b 
 
 t Enimanin;Kios. 
 
 bared 
 
iS6 
 
 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 64, $. 
 69, 1. 2. 
 
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 bared their bofoms, pulled down their ftockings, and fliewed 
 their arms, with which they were quieted, and Teemed much 
 ** pleafed." 
 P.63,note ** There was amongft them an antient perfon, with a long 
 and well-difpofed beard ; he made remarkable threaten ings * 
 with his eyes ; he put both hands to his beard ; turned up 
 his whiflcersi flood up, and cried out, looking many ways "f-. 
 They founded their fhells, and flruck their canoes with their 
 paddles." 
 
 *« N. E.andS. W." 
 
 Omitted, by accident, the following : ** They alfo had 
 
 without the town fome piraguas (a kind of boat) long, and 
 
 " well-wrought, of one tree, with a keel, head, and (lern, 
 
 ** and joined together with plank, ftrongly tied with ternelas, 
 
 ** made of coco ; in each are held 30 or 40 rowers. Being 
 
 ** alked by figns for what they were ufed, they intimated, that 
 
 they went in them to other parts. They work them with 
 
 hatchets, which they make of the bones of fifli and caracals. 
 
 They fharpen them on large pebbles, which they have for 
 
 this." 
 
 '* Of the interiour part of the ifland, nothing can be faid, 
 ** for they did not go thither -, but from what they faw, the 
 " foldiers fay, all their trees were fruit-trees." 
 
 ** Moft of the foldiers being of the fame opinion as the M''. 
 " de Campo, got hatchets, and other implements, with 
 ** which they began to cut down trees, which they there have 
 •* of clean ftems high, and very large : Mendana was little 
 ** fatisfied with this determination ; for it was his intention to 
 *' fettle at a low point, which is more at the entrance of the 
 " bay. The foldiers, with great alacrity, cut down the trees. 
 
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 70, 
 
 I. II. 
 
 86, 1. 13. 
 
 • Fierezas* 
 
 \ Miranda a mucbas partes. 
 
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 bringing 
 
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FROM FIGUEROA. 
 
 187 
 
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 bringing flicks, to make huts, and palm, and other branches 
 to cover them. Forgetting their labour, and the little plea- 
 fure they then enjoyed, and thought no more of their native 
 countries, nor of having left the province of Peru, fo rich 
 and extenfive : all the difficulties which could offer, they 
 furmounted for the fervice of God, and for that of their 
 King. Every thing is pojjible to the fpirit and valour of the 
 Spaniards, who are not to be difcouraged by difficulties, nor 
 ill fuccefs; and are delighted with arduous and daring 
 things *. In fhort, they built their houfes, and fitted out 
 their (hops, each in the beft manner he was able, to be- 
 gin what they were to finifh by degrees, where they intended 
 to live and die with honour and fame." 
 
 After peace. " This bay, to which the Adelentado gave P.86,1.5, 
 the name La Graciosa (for fuch it is), is 4 f leagus in cir- froi^^ ^ot. 
 cuit, it runs N. by E. and S. by W. it is in the moft •weflern 
 part of the ifland on the N. fide of it, and to the S. of the 
 vulcano before- mentioned. Its mouth is half a league ; and 
 on the eaftern part is a (hoal, but the channel is clear enough. 
 This bay is formed by an ifland -f- to the iveftward, whofe 
 body is four leagues. It is extremely fertile, and very well 
 inhabited on the coafls aiid inland. It is but a little way from 
 the Great Ifland, the fpace between them is full of rocks and 
 (hoals, with fome fmall channels, where nothing but boats 
 and canoes can pafs. The port was found at the bottom 
 of the bay, between a copious fpring of the pureft water, 
 which at a mufket*fhot guflies out under fome rocks, and a 
 middling river, about 500 paces from thence. The port is 
 in 10 ^ deg. S. 1850 leagues from Lima. It is fubjed to puffs 
 
 * Y agenos porarduos y temerofos que fcan. 
 
 t This feeras to be the illand named afterwards La Guerta, i. e. The Garden. 
 
 B b 2 " from 
 
 
 11 
 
iSS 
 
 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 from the S. E. but this is of little confequence *. The bot- 
 tom is mud, the foundings 40, 30, and 20 fathoms, anchoring 
 very near the fliore. 
 
 ** Here the Spaniards remained two months and eight days, 
 in which time many notable things paffed, In the firft place, 
 fome foldiers, from a bad defign, killed Malop6, the In- 
 dian, the Adelentado's friend, from whom all had received 
 much good treatment -f*. His people felt extremely his 
 death, and lamented it in public, and in private many days, 
 attempting at various times to revenge it on our people. They 
 left off coming with the many fupplies of provifions which 
 they conftantly brought to the camp, which occafioned a 
 great want. Mendan a chaftifed the delinquents, ordering^ 
 the guilty to be beheaded to fatisfy them j but this wjio Im- 
 poflible. At laft, from change of climate, food, and cuf- 
 toms, from labour, from going in the fun, being wet with- 
 out having any thing to (hift themfelves, fleeping on the- 
 ground, and from other diforders and difficulties, dangerous 
 difeafes attacked them. To thefe misfortunes fucceeded the 
 want of a phyfician who underftood the difeafe and the re- 
 medy to apply X' They began to die many -, it being a la- 
 mentable thing to fee them in their diftrefs §, put in huts r 
 fome delirious, and others little lefsj fome going to the (hip?, 
 with the imagination of getting health, and others from the 
 (hips to the camp, thinking to get it there. From thefe cala- 
 mities fprung tumults, with fome appearances of fedition-. 
 The M '. de Campo (to whom it was attributed) paid for it 
 with his life j he was put to a violent death> with two others- 
 
 • Ay en d rcfriegas del fueftc cofa de poca dano. 
 
 f Muy buenas amiltadcs. 
 
 X Carcclcndo cafi los mas de qtiien los firviefle y regalaffe. 
 
 § En las tnanos dc fus accidentes. 
 
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FROM FIGUEROA. 
 
 •* in like manner, who were with certainty held to be his ac- 
 ** complices in the fame delinquency." 
 
 After *' many indifcretions." 
 
 *• The evening of St. Luke, God took away the chaplain, 
 «« Antonio DE Surpa, for whofe death the vicar made great 
 •* lamentations, &c. Then the general fell ill, in a (hort 
 " fpace his ficknefs overcame him *. 
 
 •• On the 17th OAober there was a total eclipfe of the moon, 
 •• which, at its rifing in the horizon, was already totally 
 ** eclipfed. The Adelentado found himfelf fo weak, that in 
 •* making his will, he could fcarce put his name to it. He left 
 « as univerfal heirefs, and named for governefs. Donna Isabel 
 «» Berreto, his wife, for he had from his majefty a particular 
 •* cedule that he might leave in his ftead whomever he thought 
 " proper. He named for captain general Don Lorenzo Ber- 
 ** RETo, his brother-in-law j and making them call the vicar, 
 " he fulfilled all his fplritual duties. The night being fpent 
 ** in this, next day the vicar fleeing him at his laft: moment, 
 ** he placed before him what was requifite for a good death, 
 ** in a perfon oi condition -j-, and good life j reminding him* 
 ** that now was the time to fettle with God what was want- 
 " ing. He faid other things equally holy and charitable, which 
 *« the Adelentado heurd, fhewiiig (belides attention) extreme 
 " contrition; which fully fliewed that he was rcligned to the di- 
 vine v/ill: in. fine, aflifting himin hy\x\?^t\\Q.^(\\mdi;l mijereret 
 and the Creed, hecxpired at one in the morning, being ^4 
 ■* years of age. lie died in the opinion of every body as was 
 
 * expedtd of hira. He was known to be very ea;^er to acconi- 
 ' plifli whatever he put hand to» He was zealous for the ho- 
 
 * nourofGoD, and the fcrvice of the king; of high mind t. 
 
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 * Agravnnilulc en corto c'-ado la enfcnnedad muchifTiraa. 
 •jr Sutrte. I Lcv.iiitados penranieutos. 
 
 189 
 
 P. 87. 
 
 which. 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 

 
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 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 which had engaged him in the former voyages and difco- 
 veries : good actions gave him pleafure, and he detefted 
 bad ; he was very courteous, and fweet-tempered ; not too 
 apt to give reafons *, and therefore not defirous of them ; 
 more folicitous of works than words. He appeared to be 
 well, in regard to his own confciencc. He never paffed for 
 high, fo that it was the opinion, that he knew more than 
 he performed -f*. The governefs and her friends were much 
 affeded with his death, others were glad of it. It is to be 
 fuppofed thefe were the worft people in the company, 
 to whom his goodnefs gave offence; for it is impoffible 
 for one who lives in dread, to love that which occafions 
 his fear ; and particularly when the wicked have the good 
 to judge of their evil works. He was buried with the 
 utmoft pomp that circum dances would admit. He was 
 carried in a coffin, covered with black cloth, on the 
 flioulders of eight principal officers. The foldiers, with their 
 muflcets reverfed J, as is cuftomary at the funeral of a general, 
 dragging the colours along j and on two drums, covered with 
 mourning, ftriking flow and hollow ftroaksj the fife giving 
 the like founds. Being arrived at the church, the vicar 
 took charge of him, and the others returned to comfort his 
 widow. Donna Isabel. 
 
 ** Don Lorenzo, to whofe charge were now entrufted the 
 fea affairs, fent one morning in the boat twenty foldiers, with 
 an officer, for them to bring fome boys, that they might be 
 taught Spanifh, as there were many inconveniencies arifing 
 from not underflanding their language. But the Indians, 
 who watched them with much caution, defended the land- 
 
 * No largo en razones, y afli fo'ia dezir. 
 
 I Nada fe le pafiuva por alto, fi bien fus opiulon que fabiamas que hazia. 
 
 + Al reves. 
 
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 FROM FIGUEROA. 
 
 ing with Co much fpirit, that before the Spaniards difcovcred 
 them they fliot eight with arrows, and purfuing their oppor- 
 tunity, they continued following them, conftantly (hooting 
 arrows, throwing ftones, and (houting, till they came fo near 
 the camp, that it was neceffary for Don Lorenzo to go out 
 with the flag difplayed, and with the remainder of the people 
 in health to oppofe them. They difcharged a piece, which 
 made them retire, but fix were wounded in the purfuit, and 
 amongft them Don Lorenzo in the foot. The Indians con- 
 tinued in purfuit of their revenge, and every day came to 
 feek their enemies, bringing fome fliields, with which they 
 thought to cover themfelves from the fire-arms, as the tar- 
 gets defended the Spaniards from their arrows. They were 
 exafperated by the death of Malop^, and with enraged va- 
 lour fhot through the branches of the trees, pointing at the 
 faces and legs, as they faw thefe were expofed. This was 
 the fault of the foldiers, for they took their arrows, and 
 ftruck with them againft the targets, and other armour, to 
 fhew that they did no mifchief : but they told them by figns, 
 to do the fame to their eyes and legs, and as they did not 
 chufe to do fo, they difcovered the fecret, {hooting always at 
 thefe two parts. Although with many infirmities, Don Lo- 
 renzo gave all the afliftance poflible to the maintenance and 
 good of the camp. He fent a third time the frigate, with the 
 captain of artillery, to look for the Almiranta, giving him in- 
 ftrudions what to do. He went, and did every thing pro- 
 per on the occafiorj, but returned without finding it. Pie 
 landed on the way on one of the iflands before-mentioned,, 
 which are in the reefs, and feized there eight boys, all of 
 them of good countenances^ well made, with fine eyes, and, 
 to appearance, of better capacity. He alfo brought fome 
 large (hells of the pearl-oyflers, which they found in a townv 
 
 a *' with 
 
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 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 with which they returned to the fhip. Don Lorenzo alfo fent 
 DonDieg6de Vera with the command of a party of foldiers, 
 who were in bed health, to feek an Indian woman, to keep her 
 as an hoftage j and by that means to make the natives defift 
 from the evil they were conftantly committing. They brought 
 three, with fix children, who were frequently viiited by their 
 huibands, and, with others of their people, they came to beg 
 them, with much careffes. They let them go, to fatisfy them, 
 with which they appeared very thankful. The general, Don 
 Lorenzo, who (as before-mentioned) was wounded in the 
 leg with an arrow, was obliged to keep his bed, where he 
 quickly grew worfe, being feized with delirioufnefs *. In 
 fliort, his illnefs increafing, he died the 2d November, being 
 lamented, and buried in the fame manner as the Adelentado a 
 little before. Soon after the vicar followed him ; his difeafe 
 was of longer continuance. This lofs was fuch as the fins of 
 thefe unfortunate pilgrims deferved j it ferved as a flroke to 
 tell them they were difpleafing to God, when, after fo many 
 corporeal afflidions, he took from them their fpiritual com- 
 fort. The vicar, Juan Rodriguez de Espinosa, was a 
 man of virtuous parts, zealous for the good of the fouls com- 
 mitted to his charge. He gave, by a well regulated life, a 
 good example to all, and was beloved by all. Captain Pe- 
 dro Fernandez de Quiros was his executor; he made 
 him bury him in the fea, not caring to be carried a-fliore, 
 lell: the Indians fliould dig him up, and commit fome inde- 
 cencies with his body. 
 
 ** With filth continued misfortunes our people wpre brought 
 to fuch a (late, that tv/enty determined Indians might have 
 driven them away, and deflroyed the tov/n, even without 
 
 • Pafnuulc. 
 
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O M F 
 
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 R O A. 
 
 '93 
 
 F ^ ^ ^ .^Ahv their diftreffes 
 
 .. (Which ««e great, and «>thout r^^^^._^ ^^ ^^^^^^ „,th 
 
 " »*>' TTu-rVho haatl«a^e health. tUl they got 
 « the few foldiers, wuu 
 
 .* water and wood. pebbles." 
 
 Canes " many and large. 
 i:rene.uUca«ea...-.^^-'r- — 
 
 ^'ve:;rght.es " -Be,-^::tre:«nsUUepea.." 
 
 Refembled the pear main . ^^ ^j, eat them roafted, or 
 
 They are boiled ^'^/^^^f'. mother wo are a little pungent 
 .Llld; onekindisiweet.m>e^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 . at firft. A foldier c.t one r w fro ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 .. ficknefsat ft°^^,^^^ ^ .^em a great deal ofbifcuit, dried in 
 . The Indians make of them S ^^^ ^^^^^^ .^ .^ ^ ^ 
 
 .. the fun, or by fire. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ which ferved 
 
 . fuftenancet There IS her^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ,„, 
 
 *« them for cordage. They v ^^^^^ ^^^ fl^^^^s, 
 
 « fweetbafil, of exceflive ftrong ^ent^,^^ mdians prize much : 
 .. of a beautiful appearance, whicn ^^ bufhes, 
 
 . hey do not grow upon the ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Jofe to their 
 
 . Uklchily §, and they ^^ ^^^ ^^^nger, which grows fpon- 
 . houfes: theyhave great quantuy of g^ ^ ,.gb. 
 
 . taneous. The ground .^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 .which is called x.y«^///^.^t IS from ^^ ^^ ^^^,^ 
 
 .cThe/./^^ trees are many and mucn 
 
 P.89,1.3- 
 
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 19. 
 
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 * A modo de pcros. ^j^^-^Iq. 
 
 + Y folo podria tenet de no tal el ler g 
 T ^ '7 *^, ^ A pies. 
 
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!94 
 
 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
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 they make their ropes and nets. There are curious fnail- 
 fticlls *, like thofe they bring from China, and many -j- 
 pearl-fhells. Near the place where the Spaniards fettled, on 
 the brink of the fountain, was a tree, in the trunk of which 
 the natives had made a wound, from whence diftilled a fweet- 
 fcented liquor, which much refembled the oil oi beto. The 
 Indians make bags and pockets J of palm ; curious and large 
 mats, which ferve them for fails to their veffels. They faw 
 certain cloths §, but did not know of what they were made. 
 They weave them in fmall looms : they ferve them for hand- 
 kerchiefs, and cloaks, with which the women cover them- 
 felves. They much ufe a food, whith is called brete^ alfo 
 known and much ufed in the East-Indies. It is aleaf of 
 the fhape of a heart, about the iize of a hand : it has the 
 fmell, tafte, and colour of clove, and, 'together with other 
 things, they chew it. They fpit out the firft fpittle, and 
 fwallow the reft. It is reckoned wholfome, and good to 
 ftrengthen the ftomach and ^ums. 
 
 ** Their towns are of twenty houfes, little more or lefs, they 
 make them round, and of plank, raifed on a fingle ftake of 
 large wood. They have two ftories ||, to which they go up 
 by hand ladders. They are covered with palms, interwovea 
 with each other. They are open all round, half man height, 
 and furrounded with a wall of loofe ftones, open at the en- 
 trance inftead of a gate f . 
 
 ** There is in each town a large houfe as a temple **, with hu- 
 man figures in bas-relief, ill wrought; and another long houfe, 
 which appears to belong to the community; and along between 
 them fome ftages of canes f f . There are ten or twelve of thefe 
 
 * Caracoles. f Varias. % Mochilas y bolfas. § Telas. 
 ^ Parcilon fe piedras fueltas en faentrada en lugar de puerta. 
 •• Comooraculo. tf Barbacoas de caiias. 
 
 Sobrado6.. 
 
 towns 
 
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 FROMFIGUEROA. 
 
 towns upon the fea-Oiore, and in each two wells, curiouily 
 made, with flairs to go down to them, and covered a- lop 
 with plank: clofe to the fea are fome fifliing weirs furrounded 
 with ftone ; where the tide flows, they have a device for fifli- 
 ing *, and a flick like a pump-fpear. The canoes with which 
 they navigate to dillant parts are beautiful and large, for the 
 fmall ones only ferve in the neighbourhood of their houfes. 
 Thefe are formed with the keel fomewhat flat, with head 
 and flern all of one piece. The well is in the m-ddle, where 
 they bale out the water which comes into it, and flep the 
 main mafl. They -fix upon them fome ftages -f-, with pieces 
 of wood acrofs, tied with ropes j from whence come others, 
 which run along on one fide, and ferve to fupport it, that 
 it may not overfet ; fo that the hull J only ferves to fuflain 
 this fabric, which holds thirty men, or more, with their 
 provifions §. The fail is of mat, broad and long above, and 
 narrow below. They are very fwift ||, and good to work to 
 windward, fo that the frigate endeavoured to take one, and 
 it pafTed under her bowfprit %. 
 
 ** Their grounds, fields, and gardens ** are very well laid out. 
 The foil is black, fat and loofe. The climate is fuch, as in 
 other countries in this latitude, they had fome thunder and 
 lightning, and much rain, but not much wind. The Ade- 
 lentado named this ifland St. Cruz : it is to appearance loo 
 leagues in circuit ; all that they faw of it lay about E. and W. 
 It is not very high land, and although it has ridges of hills, 
 with vallies and plains, is clear of forefl:s -f-f-. All the feafhore 
 
 >9J 
 
 • Pefcan con cierto invencion. f Barbacoas. 
 
 \ Bafo. § Hatos. || Muyveleras. 
 
 il Tanto que la fragata procuro coger una y fe le fue de debaxo del vaupres. 
 ** Haziendas, labran^as y frutales. ff Is limpiade malezas. 
 
 C C 2 
 
 « 
 
 IS 
 
 'mi 
 
196 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 is well peopled, of the interior part they give no account, 
 for they did not go thither* 
 
 *• On the 7th November all were embarked, whereby a 
 bad conclufion was put to this good undertaking *, ill managed 
 in a thoufand circumftances -f*, and efpecially becaufe it was 
 not fet on foot on his majefty's account, whofe countenance 
 is eflential for the execution and maintenance of fuch at- 
 tempts . 
 
 ** Next day a northerly wind fet in, and as it was a little 
 [frefli] they parted three cables which the (hip held by, there 
 remaining one only, and fo fmall,. that it was not thought 
 fuHicient to hold a boat : but although it appeared fo weak, 
 it was, God be praifed, fo flrong, that it alone held the 
 fhip, preventing it from driving a-fliore, to which it was very 
 near. 
 
 ** Jn the evening Luys de Andrada was fent with thirty 
 men to feek provifions for the voyage. He went to a fmall 
 ifland, which, on account of its fertility and verdure, they 
 named La Guerta [the Garden]. He found in a creek, 
 five of the large canoes, laden with bundles J of the country- 
 bifcuit, which the Indians had carried thither. He had it 
 feized, and all fent to the fhip without any difficulty. He 
 affirmed there was 1 20 dead hogs §. After they had been at 
 this creek they put in order the lick, who, from their leav- 
 ing Peru, had been under the care of a venerable old her- 
 mitan, who in Lima ferved in the hofpital of the Indians : 
 his name was Juan Leal [Loyal John], and fuch he was 
 in all the neceffities they fufFcred. This fervant of God, of 
 exemplary manners and life, with very indifferent health,, 
 and without the lead fign of reluctance (though he had much 
 
 (( 
 
 tt 
 tt 
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 tt 
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 tt 
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 tt 
 t* 
 
 ft 
 
 «c 
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 tt 
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 (4 
 
 * Buena emprefla. t Errada por mil caminos. 
 
 § Aver raucrto 1 20 puercos de que fc vio parte. 
 
 t EfpuertaSii 
 
 " room- 
 
 
tt 
 (( 
 (( 
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 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
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 tt 
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 tt 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
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 t(. 
 
 FROM FIGUEROA. 
 
 room for it), was conftantly, in the camp, in the (hips when 
 at anchor, and in all the voyage employed in the care of the 
 fick with a chearful countenance, fliewing very clearly how 
 fervent his difpofition was in charity j executing all the 
 offices of bleeding, &c. making their beds, aflifting them in 
 a good death, and laying them out after they were dead j 
 and, in ftiort, attending them till out of danger, or till their 
 interment ; but it was the divine will to call him to himfelf 
 on this occafion.— Happy death, indeed ! fmce it came at the 
 end of fuch good works, performed with fo much fweet- 
 nefs of difpofition, that his only hope muft have been to re- 
 ceive a reward in Heaven, for his meritorious works on 
 earth. He contemned the world as was fitting, fince, when 
 he happened to treat of the moft exalted perfons, who are 
 Kings, he ftiled them. Men brought up in delight Sy andadmi- 
 nijiered to by a great number ofJervantSyfrom whom if they were 
 taken, they wouid, without doubt, remain lejs powerful than 
 other men ; for not being taught to ufe their feet, their hands, 
 and the other parts of their body, but to live, the greateji part, 
 in a continued jlotb, they know better to command, than to la- 
 bour. He wore woollen next his fkin, with a habit reaching 
 to mid leg, with a long beard and hair; and this auftere 
 life, and in the fervice at hofpitals, he had fpent many years, 
 befides thofe which he had been a foldier in Chili. 
 ** On Louis dp. Andrada's return, the chief pilot was fent 
 to the fame ifland with twenty men j many Indian embarka- 
 tions followed them, but he, leaving fix in the boat, landed 
 with the reft. The natives feeling * the ill treatment on 
 other occafions, received them with arrows and fhoutsj made 
 many wheels •f. They were Ihewn a fign of peace with a ; 
 
 >9?' 
 
 -f 
 
 * EfcarmentadoB. 
 
 t ; Bucltas. . 
 
 « 
 
 fmall 
 
 ' .\ 
 
198 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 fmall white flag, but they, without regarding, made more 
 wheels and fhouts. The chief pilot coming nearer, making 
 the famefignal. The way by which they pafTed was extremely 
 narrow, and very woody, and fo they began to (hower ar- 
 rows and (tones from all quarters. The captain ordered them 
 to difcharge two mulkets in the air, which aftoniflied them, 
 giving room for them to make a pufli into the town, in 
 which they found nothing but fome bundles of bifcuit, and 
 other orange-coloured roots, from whence they make a dye 
 of the fame colour. He followed the Indians who fled to the 
 hills, and coming to the top, difcovered a delightful plain, 
 exceedingly full of various fruit trees. They found there 
 many and largs branches of plantan, a quantity of coco- 
 nuts, and in a neighbouring houfe a large number of bif- 
 cuit [bundles]. They loaded them on their flioulders, and 
 in fight of one another (not to feparate); they embarked the 
 whole, without the Indians receiving any injury. Having 
 done this, he ordered the boat to follow them along fliore to 
 a certain place, where he went to cut palmitos. When he 
 arrived there, it was not to be feen all they could do, where- 
 upon they held a confultation, and it was agreed they fliould 
 go to the place where they had landed on the ifland. In a 
 little time, the fun being fet, they came to a place, where 
 fome rocks made a good breaft-work ; wherefore, and as 
 there was a canoe there, they advifed the chief pilot for the 
 whole to ftay there during the night, that one might be fent 
 in the canoe to give intelligence to the fhip of the ftate they 
 were in, that people might be fent in qucft of them. But 
 he did not follow this opinion, on account of fome in- 
 conveniencies attending it. They went on along fhore, 
 where the trees were very thick, which from the creation had 
 remained there untouched. They found amongft them fome 
 
 ** large 
 
 <( 
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 it 
 
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 FROM FIGUEROA. 
 
 large rocks, with (harp edges and points, almoft impofTible 
 to pafs in the day, much more in the night, and in the dark. 
 Sometimes they plumped into the water up to the knee, and 
 fometimes to their middle. They went along climbing over 
 trunks and rocks, and wandering from the fca and to hills. 
 It was pAfl midnight when they heard tvvomufkets, and prc- 
 fently two more : the foremoll of the company made hafte 
 to know the occafion of this, and found it was the boat, 
 which was arrived, having been detained by the contrary 
 winds, and obliged to go round the iiland. The people be- 
 ing embarked, they returned to the (liip, where they arrived 
 atday-br^ak, finding their friends ia the fame ftate of folici- 
 tude and apprehcnfion for their delay. 
 
 ** This day the governefs mentioned to the pilots her intea- 
 tion: of failing from this ifland, in queft of that of St. 
 Christoval, to fee if they could find the almiranta there, 
 to do what farther fhould conduce to the fervice of God and 
 of his Majefty ; and in cafe of not meeting it, that her de- 
 termination was to go to the city of Manila, to bring 
 prielts and people to return to the fettlement and accomplifli- 
 ment of the difcovery j and for this (he intreated, perfuaded, 
 and commanded every one prefent, to give his opinion in 
 the form which he might think moft convenient. It was the 
 opinion of all to fail to the W. S. W. as far as was nece(rary 
 to get into the latitude of 1 1 deg. and that in cafe of not 
 finding the iiland, or the almiranta, to proceed to thePm- 
 LiPiNAs. This all of them gave under their hands; the 
 chief pilot engaging not to abandon the governefs, if, as (he 
 faid, (lie would return for the above-mentioned purpofe. 
 ** In the evening the faid pilot went on board the galeota and 
 frigate, leaving them the nece(rary provifions * and water*, 
 
 * La harina. 
 
 **• together 
 
 J 99 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
SCO 
 
 ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 «< 
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 4* 
 it 
 *t 
 
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 together with inflrudlions for the voyage they were about (o 
 undertake. At night captain Don Diego de Veka, wit h 
 fome of his company, went afhore, and took up the Ade- 
 lentado's body, to carry in the frigate to Manila, not 
 chufing to confent in the capitana, in refpedt to fome 
 abufes *. 
 
 ** The diftance from this bay to Manila is 900 leagues. 
 *' The three veflels failed from thence the 1 8th November of 
 the faid year, going in queft of the ifland of St. Christo- 
 val. Their tackle was fo bad, that in hoifling in the boat, 
 it broke thrice. 
 
 ** The day they departed, and the following, they failed to the 
 W. S. W. obferving the fun, they made 1 1 deg. They then 
 looked out for land, but could not fee it-f*. The mate and four 
 other feamen fell ill j five or fix others, who remained well, 
 faid to the chief pilot. See, the Jhip is a wreck » full of Jick 
 people, in ivant of water and provifons, and that it was im- 
 plfflble to keep thefea with her. As this was the cafe, Quiros 
 told the governefs that they were in the latitude of 1 1 deg. 
 agreeable to the refolution, and that he had done what he 
 had been ordered. She replied, that fince they could not 
 fee the ifland St. Christoval, nor the almiranta, he (hould 
 purfue his route to Manila. 
 
 ** The chief pilot made them, with the wind at S. E., fleer 
 N. N. W. to avoid the coaft of New-Guinea (which they 
 judged was very near), that they might not get amongft 
 iflands. Not confidering the ftate of the (hip, fhe had given 
 orders to go along the coaft of that land, to know what it 
 was, but they were not in a condition to do this. They 
 
 ♦ Vole quiriendo confcntir en la capitana, refpeto de algunos abufos. 
 t EI»dia que partieron y el figuiente al oesfuduefte, pefddo cl fol, y hechas cucntas, 
 fe hallarou onze grades. ^ . 
 
 «* conti- 
 

 f K O fd FIGUEROA. 
 
 20t i 
 
 «< 
 
 <f 
 
 «f 
 
 << 
 
 (C 
 
 ** continued failing in this courfe till the 27th of the faid 
 ^ month, and got into 5 deg. This day was feen in the fea a 
 ** large trunk, and a great drift of fmall branches from a river *, 
 *' with three almonds, like thofe they left at Gr agios a, much 
 grafs •!-, fnakes, and the winds from S. W. with fqualls, and 
 rain from that quarter p By thefe (igns they concluded 
 they were near New-Guinea. They began to have a great 
 fea from theN. W. which did the fliip much damage, and par- 
 ticularly when they had light winds or calms, a fign of thefe 
 ** winds blowing on the other fide of the line. This continued 
 '* almoft to the Ladronb iflands. They alfo met with baffling 
 «« winds, without being ever fettled in any point till they got 
 " to 5 deg. N. when they had the trade wind from E. N. E. to 
 «« N. E. which continued the whole voyage, and if the fun had 
 « been as near the zenith as it was to the tropic of Capricorn, , 
 
 " it is not known how they could have pafled the equinoctial. 
 Navigating till the loth December, they found the lati- 
 tude o deg. 30 min. approaching the line, where they found 
 themfelves, with a clear fky the wind died away, and the fea 
 fell, without feeing land §. It was fo cool in the night, 
 that it was neceffary to be covered with woollen cloth ; but 
 in the day the fun was fo hot, that it was fcarce above the 
 horizon when it became infufFerable." 
 ** With an E. and E. N. E. wind, which they now got, they p.g^ 1, ^^ 
 ** continued their courfe N. N. W. and the Saturday following /• l j. 
 <» got fight of an ifland, in queft of which they went, with an 
 «« intention of feeking a port and provifions. But Quiros not 
 
 <( 
 
 «< 
 
 <( 
 
 «« 
 
 << 
 
 <( 
 
 <f 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 • Un graude ilero dc rofuras de rio. '•=*'•. f i • ' .-' 
 
 t Muchas pajas. • " .'I y,^' 
 X £1 viento fuduefte con refregones, celages y agua^eros. ' 
 t § Hallofe altura de medio grado por llegar a la linea parage en que fe hallaron 
 tftando claro el cield^ fofegado el ayre, y quieto el mar fin verfe tierra. 
 
 D d " thinking 
 
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t€ 
 
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 if 
 
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 202" ADDITIONS AND ELUCIDATIONS 
 
 ** thinking it proper to ftand in fhore in the night, ordered to> • 
 put the fhip about. The failors, exceflivcly jaded, faid it 
 was better to iland on, than to fatigue themfelves £o much. 
 One of the council propofed to ftand for a certain point, but 
 notwithftanding this conlradidiionQuiRos himfelf let go the 
 the fore fheet, and put the helm-a-iee, when the (hip came 
 " about. It appeared to be the a<St of fome guardian angel, for- 
 ifthefliip had not come about, it had been loft without fail, 
 as was prefently perceived. He perii(bed in what he did, and 
 faid, that fo far as they were, they knew the fea was clear, 
 and that farther on they did not know what they might fall 
 in with. - . t. '.;■'■ 
 
 In the morning watch they put the fhip about again, and 
 at day break came to where they were'at night. A man, waa 
 ordered aloft, according to cuftom, and faid, that to the N. W. 
 was a great ledge of fhoals, of which he could not fee the end. 
 The wind was N. E. little of it, and on the beam*; the 
 fhip did not carry topfails to keep tcf windward. The ihoals 
 drew the current to them in fuch a manner, that the fliip* 
 came fo near, that it was thought fcarce poflible to efcapej 
 " it was on Chriftmas-day. At three in afternoon they doubled 
 ** the fhoals almoft miraculoufly. From the iflands came out 
 ** Indians in their embarkations, with fails, and without. As 
 they could not pafs the reei^ they got upon it ; from thence 
 they called with their hands. In the evening a fingle Indian,^ 
 in a fmall canoe, came to the end of the ftioal j as he kept to 
 windward, and at a diftance, they could not tell if he had a 
 beard ; this being the fituation of the IJlands of Bearded. 
 People. He appeared to be a man of good ftature, naked, 
 with long hair, which he wore loofe. He pointed from 
 
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 ft 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 f( 
 
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 Viento nordefte, y poco y travefia. 
 
 ** whence 
 
 '-■*ik, 
 
 ^ 
 
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It 
 
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 Ttt 
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 ••*ii Oil* F-Fd: tr E R o A.^^ " 
 
 whence he came* and paf-ting fomething white witli his 
 hands, eat it, and lifted Up a coconut, as if he drank. They 
 called him, but he did not chufb to come. This ifland is in 
 full 6 deg, N. It is alinpfl: found j 30 leagues in circuit, and 
 not very higii. It has hiuch wood, and upon the fides of th6 
 hills much grafs irid plantations ♦. At 3 leagues on the W. 
 fide, are four low iflands, and many others clofe to it, all of 
 them furrounded With reefs. It appeared to be clearer on the S. 
 ** They continued their cou'rfe N. N. W. and Monday, ift 
 January, we're iii the UtitUde of 14 deg. They (leered due 
 W. The wind wasYair apd frefli, and Wcdnefday, the 3d 
 of that month, at day-break, th6y had fight of two of the 
 Ladrone iflands, to which they were then bound -, the one 
 was Gu AN, the other SpRPANA." 
 
 aoj 
 
 
 i fl 
 
 ) m 
 
 c 
 
 - ADDITIONS FROM F I G U E R O A, 
 
 To the Voyage of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, 1606. 
 
 GOD Ka^ rfta^e men fo ufeful, read, " God has made P. 102,1 4 
 ** men fo addidted'tb letters and arms, and fo expert in 
 *• every thing poliflied, beftowing on them, as is known, a 
 ■* ^temperament fo well adapted. 
 
 «* It follows, that the like ought to be expedled from 
 •* thefe parts, at leaft that therfe is a good difpofition in country 
 <* and men for every thing which can be defired. Obferve that 
 «* the aw^^o-y^r^^ part is above 5000 leagues in longitude, and 
 «* in fome parts 70, 80, or more degrees in latitude j in fliort, 
 " that it is the 4th of the globe, which is to be difcovered. 
 
 " But leaving many other reafons which might be brought 
 5< as proof of what is affirmed, it is to be obferved, thu not onff 
 
 • Y por fus laderas muchas rofas y femcnteras* 
 Ddz 
 
 *« of 
 
 .f!;1 
 
 I s ■ t. 
 
 'I '. 
 
204 
 
 ADDITIONS FROM ^FIGUEROA; 
 
 ** of all the iflands Iiitherto difcovered in the wide ocean in al| 
 " the Teas of the world was inhabited, but defer t, and without 
 «» mtn to tread upon them*, except theLADRONES; thefe, it 
 <* is certainly known, form a chain which adjoins to Japan, at 
 *' fome fmall diftances from one another ; for in all the voyages 
 '* ipade in that quarter, from the Philipinas to New Spain, 
 " they have fallen in with iflands. For example, the Terce- 
 " R^s, the ifland of Madeiras, thofc of Cape de Verde, 
 '•^Rid others of the Atlantic, which being in the main ocean, 
 •* were found uninhabited : on the contrary, the Canary 
 " iflands being fituated in fight of the main land of Africa, 
 ** were found with people, as is known. 
 
 •* Since thefe, notwithflianding their being fo near the lands 
 of Europe and Africa, wherein the knowledge of naviga- 
 gation is fo ancient, remained fo long unknown and were 
 " difcovered and peopled by accident; what can be faid of the 
 four now difcovered in fo wide and extenfive an ocean, inha- 
 bited by people fo ignorant, and all thofe of thefe parts as 
 •* much without art as them ? Not to mention the iflands of 
 •« the Mediterranean, and all the others which adjoin to the 
 ** five provinces of Europe, Africa, Asia, New-Spain, and: 
 «' Peru, which being in fight, or near at hand, the inhabi- 
 •« tants entered. 
 
 " With this QoiRos fupported his prctenfions, but they 
 '« were not then complied with ; notwithfl:anding the viceroy, 
 «« Don Lowis de Velasco, heartily approved, he wanted the 
 ** King's orders to give cfFedt to the enterprize. In fliort, he 
 ** fent him to Spain, with letters to the King and minifters, 
 •* in which he ftrongly recomqaended the bufinefs." 
 
 «,Quelapilaflfc. 
 
 «( 
 
 C( 
 
 t€ 
 
 << 
 
 F IN I S. 
 
 
 
£ R 
 
 FaJJhi/tr Mendmif rea J Mendznz, 
 Cannete, rtad Caiiete. 
 
 A. 
 
 LIST of AUTHORS. 
 
 Lq^P^i'y^' t' emhada, read emhhiz. 
 
 si.B. All the Book: are in Felh, where net etherwifi ee^rejfti^ 
 
 HIS^TORICAL COLLECTION. 
 
 >, 
 
 F. 13 laft Line, Bartolem%.r/^Bartolem^.- 
 
 39 caret. 
 
 39 /. 17. acception, rM</ exception. 
 
 ^2 — 17. X PJnge from Figueroa, read Figueroa. 
 
 45 — 17. Figueroa fays, &c. ta the Bottmof the Page, dele* 
 
 46 — I. IX. Dele. 
 
 iS.to end, Dele. 
 
 50 — 22. Dele. 
 
 51 i— I — 5.. Dele.. 
 
 yide. pi 1 75» fir Figueroa's Relation. 
 
 52— 4^ pretenCons, r/<7i pretenllon. 
 
 After 10. Jdd In the above account of the Demarcaclon, I have not confined 
 Riyfelf merely to the Pope's Bull, but have included the fubfequent explanations and fti ' 
 pulations ; the bull was granted upon Columbus's /<;/? voyage, it is dated May 4, 1493* 
 Puichas [Vol. I. p. 13, &c.] has inferted the bull in Latin and Englilh : the firji voy- 
 age of the Portuguefe to India by the Cape of Good Hope, was made by Vafco de 
 Gnma, in 1497. The Malucos were not difcovered till 151 1 ; and the Spaniards did 
 not viflt them till 152 1 ; fo that all the reports grounded on a fuppofed regulation of ■ 
 Limits between the Spaniards and Portuguefe in the Eajl'lndics, arife from inatten- 
 tion to chronology. 
 
 Three commiilioners on the part of Spain, and a like number in behalf of Portu* 
 gal, met ^t TordefiUas, thofe for Spain were, 
 
 Don Enrique Enriquez, Mayor-domo mayor del Rey Catolico. 
 
 Don Gutierre de Cardenas, commendador mayor de Leon y fu contador mapr. 
 
 £1 Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado. 
 
 The Portuguefe commiilioners were, 
 
 Ruy de Sofa, Seiior de Sagre y Birenguel. > 
 
 Don Juah de Sofa, his fon, almotaccn mayor. 
 
 Licentiate Arias de Almada, Juez del defcmbargo. 
 
 On June 7, 1493, *^^y agreed, " that the line of Demareacien, (which the pope had 
 ««- placed one hundred IcAgwes to the Weft of tne of the I/lands of Azorei, or Capeyerde), 
 *' ftould be removed two hundred and fevtnty leagues farther H'eji, from the IJlands of 
 ** Cape Verde, and that from this meridian, all to the TVeJi fhould belong to Spain, and 
 •* from thence to the Eaft, Ihould belong to the navigation, conqueft, and diicovery of 
 •* the kings of Portugal j and that the mvigation by the jea of the King of Portugal^ 
 b, •••Ihould 
 
 t ^; 
 
 ' { * 
 
 
{■■i 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 *< {hould be free to the kiniga of CaAile, going a dirtil Courfe^ but tliat neither (hould 
 ** fend to trade within the limits of the other." 
 
 I'his was put in writing} and coniiritoed on the 2d of July by the king of Spain } 
 and on the 27th of February by the king of Portugal. 
 
 In the council of pilots in 15241, upon the circumnavigation of the Vi£lory, it was 
 agreed, that the thrtt hundred and fevtnty\ea^ti^o\i\A. be reckoned from St. Antonio, 
 the moil weftern of the Cape de Verde Iflands, in which latitude they reckoned 370 
 leagues to be 22*. 9. and therefore they place the line of Dtmanation 22°. 9' W. a St. 
 Antonio or about 48° from Greenwich. 
 
 In 1529, the Spaniards empawned the trade and iflands of the Malucos to Portugal 
 for 350,000 ducats, without any time limited* 
 
 In 1548, the Cartts de Cajlilla offered to repay that money for^^r years profit of that 
 Trade^ and to leave it afterwards to the crownj but the empieror would not admit it. 
 
 P.sst " ■" 
 
 59 /. 12. 
 61 — 8. 
 12. 
 
 62 
 
 21. 
 
 laji line. 
 
 — 4- 
 U. 
 20. 
 
 J- 
 
 63 —Nate. 
 
 64 — X. 
 
 65 — 6. 
 
 66 — II. 
 
 69 — 2. 
 
 70 — II. 
 74 — 6. noU. 
 74 
 
 I 
 } 
 
 Cannete a Chriftoval» rtcid Caiiete por Chriftoval. 
 Mre, rtadW, ' 
 
 Vide p. 185. 
 
 Vide p. 185. 
 
 Vide p. 186. • , 
 
 Do. • ■ ,. 
 
 Ont, readoxxt. _ . V,/.-- 
 
 conformer, read conformah ':, 
 Vide p. 186. . „-^ 
 
 D». ■ 
 
 ad Lima, read a Lima. 
 — * netet I. I. Churchill fays S. W. — dele. 
 
 6. fteyado] ; and the S. 'E..—[XA\aAo], and at the S. E^ 
 
 80 — * »»//, /. 2. Coreal, &c. — dele. 
 
 81 — 16, 17, 20. Malop", rwrf Malope. 
 84 — 5. D». reud D'. 
 
 86 — 13—19. Dele — Vide p. 186. 
 
 27 — to end. Dele — Vide p. 187. - 
 
 87 — I, /tf9. accomplices— Dele. 
 
 18— /»*»i/. Dele— Vide p. 189. 
 88—1 — 7. J^ele. 
 89 — I — 2. Dele. 
 
 3- 
 
 ^' 
 89 - - - 
 
 26. 
 
 '.^|, 
 
 90I — — 
 
 10— /0Ma. 
 
 93 — I— 10. 
 
 28— /« end. 
 
 94 — I —18. 
 97—19. 
 
 hogs, addi which they roaft whole upon pebbles,— Vide p. 193. 
 perch and live, read perch and breed. 
 Vide p. 1 93. I 
 
 The Indians, &c.— Dele Vide 193; 
 
 Dele. 
 
 Dele. 
 
 Dele— Vide p. 200. 
 
 Dele. ♦ 
 
 Dele — Vide p. 201. 
 
 Dele. 
 
 Galleg', read Gallcgo. 
 
 P. 98 
 
f . 98 A 12* 
 
 ao# '♦ 
 
 98 — 21. 
 
 99—9. 
 so. 
 
 t 
 
 101—25. - 
 
 102 — 4. 
 
 5. to end. 
 * «ff/^ 
 s6. 
 103 
 104—4.. 
 
 IS- 
 
 117-17., 
 124 laji hney. 
 143 * «5<*. 
 145 CartU 
 Pajftm 
 
 147—1. 
 148—14. 
 
 23' 
 
 157 t 1. 
 
 159—25. 
 J&4 — 4. 
 
 19.. 
 
 II. 
 
 176—15. 
 
 199— S» 
 
 errata; 
 
 and " to plough up, &c.'* rtad^ and as he £u4 " to go ploughing 
 
 up, &c." 
 compofes, rtad occafions. 
 a line incompalTing, rtad a line without breadth or thicknefii 
 
 encompauing. 
 begins, rW begin, 
 parallel, &c. to the weft, from a lower latitude to 90, riad pa* ■ 
 
 rallel, from a lower latitude, looking to the weft, to 90^ 
 part, rtad part9. 
 regor, rtad rigor^ 
 
 reftro an poniente, rtad roftro al ponientCt 
 S. E, S, S. W. rwiS E, S, S W. . 
 God has made men fo ufeful.— Vide 202. 
 Dele. 
 
 to follow p. 204. 
 Seixcas, riad Seixas. 
 were fouls, rtad were, fouls. . 
 fchedules, rtad Ctdults. 
 *• to be placed after New-Guinea, 
 catched, rM</ caught, 
 and carried him, rtad to carry him». 
 min. deg. r^i mefes, dias. -^ 
 
 Philip II. m</ Philip ni.'/" 
 
 Sena, rtad Sen*. - •. 
 
 S.E, S.S.E, W. andN.E. readStt SSE, WandNE* 
 
 Montes, rtad Monte. 
 
 and they, read and that they. " 
 
 fundada, rtad fundzdo. 
 
 fuertes rtad fuertes, .v' 
 
 had been, read have been. . 
 
 that, rtad that. 
 
 (Clubs, &c.] — — — II mtt. . 
 
 Note dele. 
 
 1568. This appears to be an Error of the Prefs in Figueroa for 
 
 1567. 
 from the fea and to the hills, read from the fca to the hills, and 
 
 from the hills to the kur 
 
 \ 
 
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 H 
 
 
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 ^Bw 
 
 
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 Wd ilWIIf 
 
 
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 J 
 
 
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i 
 
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 S( 
 
AN 
 
 HISTORICAL COLLECTION 
 
 OF THE SEVERAL 
 
 VOYAGES AND 
 
 DISCOVERIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 m 
 
 •?,1/! 
 
 
 U 
 
 : 'J ■ 
 
 HW 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Shortly will be publijloedt 
 
 A COLLECTION of VOYAGES and OBSERVATIONS 
 
 In the OCEAN between 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA and AFRICA. 
 
 CONTAINING, 
 
 Dr. HALLE Y's Voyage in 1 700, from the Original MSS, 
 
 M. BO U VET'S in 1738, from a MSS. Copy of the Original Journal. 
 A Regifter of Winds and Weather at the FALKLAND ISLANDS, &c. 
 
 Already Publi/hed, 
 
 h ■ ' 
 
 A CHART of this OCEAN, with the TRACKS 
 
 X O F 
 
 H ALLEY AND BO U VET, 
 
 AND 
 A MEMOIR explanatory of the CHAR T. 
 
 «• ALSO 
 
 r 'mK' / ■"% MAP of the North Part of BORNEO, and the SOOLOO ARCHIPELACa 
 
 AND 
 
 A CHART of the Weft Coaft of PALAWAN.