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■>«l>^ 
 
 / 
 
 April, 1878. 
 
 (From the Canadian Naturalist VoL VIII^ No. 7.) 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
 NOTES ON THE LOCUST IN THE NORTH-WEST 
 
 IN 1876. 
 
 By George M. Dawson, D.S., Assoc. U. S. M., F.G.H. 
 
 Having collected iind published in the Naturalist, notes bearing 
 on the appeanince and movements of the locust, or devastating 
 grasshopper, in Manitoba and the North-west Territory in 1874 
 and 1875 ; I propose briefly to put on record information ob- 
 tained for 1S7<J. The insect having drawn upon itself the atten- 
 tion of the western farmer, has at last become the subject of 
 investigation by a Scientific Commission appointed last year by 
 the Government of the United States. With the intelligent co- 
 operation of the farmer, we are likely soon to know all that can 
 be known about the locust, and what may be done to prevent its 
 destructive increase. 
 
 Absence on the West Coast, and the pressure of other business, 
 ' with the long time necessarily occupied in communicating with 
 some parts of the far west, have prevented the earlier appearance 
 of these notes. 
 
 Fortunately for the Province of Manitoba and the North- 
 west Territory, the history of the movements of the locust 
 within their limits in 187G is not a long one. In 1875, as 
 chronicled in the Naturalist, the locust hatched abundantly in 
 Manitoba and its vicinity, and also in considerable numbers 
 in the country near the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The 
 swarms of Manitoba flew southward, while a great invasion of 
 winged swarms from the south, occurred in the region west 
 of Manitoba, where eggs were extensively deposited. From these 
 eggs, with those which any small colonies of locusts remaining as 
 residGnts in the country may have deposited, the swarms of 1876 
 were produced. No invasion of the region north of the 49th par- 
 allel from the south, occurred, except in the extreme west, where 
 at Fort Walsh, flights are reported as arriving from Montana in 
 the middle of July. 
 
 Over the greater part of the area defined northward by the 
 52nd parallel, and extending from the Rocky Mountains east- 
 ward to the 100th meridian, important hatching grounds were 
 
■ i-af-fr 
 
 > 
 
 2 
 
 scattered. These appear to have been specially numerous in the 
 valley ol' the South Saskatchewan, as it is reported to have been 
 owintr to the destruction of the }j,rass by the locusts that the 
 northern lierd of buffalo was forced so much further east than 
 usual in 1S7(I. True to their instincts, tlie broods, on arrivinjj; 
 at maturity, flew southward and south-eastward, forming' with 
 additions from south-western Manitoba, and parts of Colorado, 
 Wyominii' and Dakota, the great army which overspread the 
 Western States. 
 
 In the summer of 1S7<>, the cultivated lands of Manitoba were 
 threatened with locust invasions from two (juarters, from both of 
 which daniicrs they, however, fortunately escaped. The great 
 hordes produced in the north-west mii:ht have overspread and 
 devastated the province, as they have formerly done on .several 
 occasions. These, however, swept past by its western boundary 
 and going southward, arriving in many of tlu; .south-western 
 states too late to do much damage; whereas, had they visited 
 Manitoba the loss would have been very great, owing to the less 
 advanced condition of the crops. In south-western Minnesota 
 locusts have bred annually since 1873, according to the reports 
 of Mr. A. Whitman and Dr. Riley. In 187() considerable swarms 
 were produced, and these, on reaching maturity, .set ttut on a 
 miirration to the north and north-westward, and miiiht well have 
 reached Manitoba. The determination of the locusts to move in 
 this direction was evidenced (as has often belbre been noticed) 
 by their waiting for favourable winds. They were, however, con- 
 tinually repulsed, and eventually borne back by the winds to their 
 hatching places, and thence south and !<outli-west to Iowa and 
 Nebra.ska. 
 
 In an interesting article by Dr. Riley on the " Rocky Mountain 
 Locust," in part reprinted in the last number of the Naturalist, 
 I am glad to see that the preservation of the dry prairie grass in 
 autumn and its firing, for the purpo,se of destroying the young 
 insects in their breeding grounds in the far west, is warmly ad- 
 vocated. This was suggested in my notes on the invasion of 1874, 
 and may yet, I believe, be carried out with good result. 
 
 Dr. Riley, in his valuable work on the Locust,^ is in error 
 with regard to the northern range of the insect, as represented in 
 his coloured maps, especially that facing the title page ; where 
 
 J 
 
 * The Locust or Grasshopper Plague, Chicago,. 1877. 
 
\«^ 
 
 8 
 
 
 in the 
 
 mt the 
 st than 
 rrivinjj; 
 with 
 ilorado, 
 ■ad the 
 
 ba were 
 
 both oi" 
 
 u; <;reat 
 
 L';id and 
 
 1 .several 
 
 oundary 
 
 -western 
 
 r visited 
 
 the less 
 
 iniiesota 
 
 ; reports 
 
 J swarms 
 
 out on a 
 
 veil have 
 
 move in 
 
 noticed) 
 
 !ver, con- 
 
 3 to their 
 
 [owa and 
 
 VIountain 
 (turalist, 
 ; grass in 
 he young 
 irmly ad- 
 1 of 1874, 
 
 1 in error 
 2sentcd in 
 e ; where 
 
 the ureas desijjnatcd as/reqiienfli/ rhltfd, and pet'Ttviiienf hrceding 
 groumfs arc made, together, to cover a breadth of about twenty 
 degrees of longitude in the north, and to run beyond the (iOth par- 
 allel of north latitude. The range of the locust is really limited to 
 the north by the southern margin of the forest-clad country, and 
 may be roughly defined by a line nearly as follows : — From the in- 
 tersection of the IMIth meridian and tilth parallel of latitude, to 
 the south end of Lake Winnipeg, thence to Manitoba Lake, and 
 following this lake and Winnipiigosis Lake; from the north end of 
 the latter westward to the Forks of the Saskatchewan, and thence 
 nearly following the course of the ^Saskatchewan till the wooded 
 country at the base of the Rocky Mountains is attained. It is 
 not meant to afhrni that single specimens of (Juhptciiiis spretus 
 may not be obt;iin(Ml beyond this limit, or even that small colonies 
 may not exist from time to time ; but the edge of the northern 
 forest, with its climatic accompaniments, seems to constitute an 
 absolute barrier to the destructive abundance of the insect. Fur- 
 ther north, in the Peace River country, where prairies and tracts 
 of lightly wooded land are extensive, I caimot learn, — though 
 careful emjuiry has been made on the subject, — that the locust 
 swarms have ever been seen. At nearly all the Hudson Bay 
 Company's posts mon; or less cultivation is carried on, and some 
 record would have been kept of the appearance of the locust, had 
 it occurred. Mr. S. D. Mulkins, of Battleford, to whom I wrote 
 on this subject, says: — •' From all the information I can collect, 
 I c.'.nnot lind that the grasshopper has ever visited a;iy of the 
 Hudson Bay Company's posts north of latitude oA° I have never 
 heard that they have ever penetrated to the Peace River country. 
 To do so they would have to cross a wide belt of pine forest. 
 Whether it is the scarcity of food in .'uch places, or that there is 
 something in the air that they do not like, the fact is, that they 
 never in this country, to my knowledge, or that I can find out, 
 have penetrated the wooded region. At Ft. a la Corne, Prince 
 Albert 3Iission, Turtle Lake, Lac la Biche, Lac la Nun and Lac 
 Ste. Anne, they have never been seen ; and these places are all 
 on the verge of the great forest, or just within its southern limit." 
 The immunity of the Peace River plains from the locust plague^ 
 constitutes a point of great importance in their favour, and may 
 eventually render them, area for area, of considerably greater 
 value than those of some parts of the Saskatchewan — a circum- 
 stance to be taken into consideration in planning a railway route. 
 
4 
 
 ^/ttaf' 
 
 In the t()llo\vin<>' p.'ir!i<;r.'iphH, is friv(Mi a bnef di^i'.st of the more 
 inijiortaiit facts bearing on the swarms of 187() iit the North- 
 west, obtained in answer to circulars and by correspondence 
 With the exception of the few notes phiced hist, the information 
 from Manitoba is purely ne<;ative. 
 
 Mr. ('. Mail- has favoured me with the foHowiuL^ note: — "In 
 going to the Saskatcliewan, hist summer. I met tlie first hordes 
 about the 2(!th of July, on the ground this side of the Little 
 Saskatch(!Wan. They were generally i'aeing eastward, and seemed 
 ready for flight. A ffw days afterwards, we met great flights of 
 the insects, the air appearing to glist<;n with their motion. I felt 
 no doubt whatever that their destination was Manitoba ; but, as 
 it .nfterwards appt^ared. they sheered otl" southwards before enter- 
 ing the Province, and did great damage in the States and Terri- 
 tories adjoining our boundary. From all I can learn at Carleton, 
 etc., no eggs have been laid in our territory along the North 
 Saskatchewan, and unless tlu^y come from the south, we shall be 
 free from them this year." 
 
 Mr. A. L. Russell, of the Sjx'cial Survey, sends the following 
 notes : On June 19th. saw a few hoppers just out of the egg, a little 
 west of Winnipeg. ()!> July TtJth, they were dril'ting past Fort 
 Ellice, in clouds, to the soutli-eastward. At a place about forty 
 miles north-west of Fillioe, they were very numerous on August 
 -tth, 5th, and 11th, flying north-westward on the 4th, .«outh-east- 
 ward on the oth and 11th. In this reiiion of country they were 
 fo li(> <•'<>»> •iiiofi'.f (' ■\i\- f'l'DMi 111!'" *'th '■'^ A'"'"', t l"th. About '■'■ 
 third of thi_m were infected with parasites. 
 
 INIr. W. F. King writes, with regard to Battleford, that this 
 place has been known to white men only since 1S74, and that 
 grasshoppers have not been seen there since. Like Prince Albert, 
 it is protected by a belt of timber. July 20th, passiid through a 
 tract of a mile or so in width of unwingcd grasshoppers, near Stony 
 Creek (ten miles east of Little Saskatchewan River). None on 
 the Little Saskatchewan, and only a few on the way thence to 
 Fort Ellice. Very plentiful at Ellice in July, particularly about 
 the 2()th. Went away about the 25th. No grasshoppers seen 
 on the way from Ellice to Battleford in August, though abundant 
 in this region of country during July. Very abundant towards 
 the foot of the Rocky Mountains and in the whole upper part of 
 
 fgg, li 
 
u^ 
 
 he more 
 i North- 
 ondence 
 irniation 
 
 i:— "In 
 
 t hordes 
 le Little 
 I scorned 
 Hij^hts of 
 1. I felt 
 , but, as 
 re enter- 
 id Terri- 
 Jarleton, 
 e North 
 ! shall be 
 
 following 
 ;u-, a little 
 ia.st Fort 
 out forty 
 ) August 
 )iuh-east- 
 hey were 
 About •'. 
 
 that this 
 and that 
 i^e Albert, 
 hrough !i 
 ear Stony 
 None on 
 thence to 
 rly about 
 )pers seen 
 abundant 
 t towards 
 er part of 
 
 the South Saskutchewau Valley, where they are said to have eaten 
 up all the grass, driving the buffalo eastward to the vicinity of the 
 Touchwood Hills, Souris Valley, etc. 
 
 Fort Cnlgtirn/, How Riirt\ N. 11. T. (John Bunn.) Did not 
 appear here during the summer of 1S7G, but were reported as 
 abundant on the plains t(( the eastward. 
 
 Fort W„lsh, N. W. T. (J. M. Walsh.) l»roduc.>d from the 
 egg, hatching abont the middle of May, and remaining till 
 the middle of August, when they flew north-westward. Other 
 swarms arrivt^d on the wing from Montana, about the middle of 
 July, and for some time thereafter. These also passed on to the 
 north-west. All crops destroyed. No eggs left. 
 
 Fort riff. X. W. T. (W. McKay.) There were no grass- 
 hoppers within a distance of ."iOO niiies west of this. 
 
 Frhicr Alhcrf, X W. T. (Bishop of Saskatclicwan.) No visi- 
 tation of grasshoppers. 
 
 Battte/ord, iV. W. T. (T. liittle.) Did not appear in 187(5, and 
 are never known to have reached this region. 
 
 Corletou House, X. W. T. (L, C^larke.) Grasshoppers were 
 seen in huge swarms about 150 miles south of this, flying still 
 southward. Did not appear here. 
 
 jSh'oii River Burror/oi and Jjii^ingaton, N, W. T. (F. Norman, 
 J. H. Kittson. M.D. and 11. Miller, M.D.) Produced from the 
 egg, from about the 25th of May till June 1st, remaining till the 
 7th of August, when they departed north-eastward. (One re- 
 port says they died in the country.) A few arrived from the 
 south-west about the second of June, and alighted. Foreign 
 swarms on the wing were observed passing overhead from the 
 20th to the 27th of July ; but, owing to strong wind, they did 
 not alight. These also went north-eastward, or eastward. About 
 the 8th of August, great swarms appeared i'rom the south-west, 
 many alighting. These departed about the 10th of August, flying 
 southward. All crops destroyed. No eggs deposited. For twelve 
 years before July 1875, no grasshoppers ■were seen here. In 
 1876 the green crops were entirely destroyed before the middle 
 of June, when the insect was no larger than the ordinary house- 
 fly. Myriads are said by the Indians to have perished in lakes 
 Winnipegosis and Winnipeg. 
 
 ...«., 
 
 Mi^Si. 
 
• 
 
 
 Sii-(tn Lake /louse, A\ W. T. (D. McDonald) Not seen hero 
 in 1S7«»; and during Mr. McDonald's cxporicncc of four years 
 very few have visited this part of the eountry. 
 
 Li/ffr Siiahitchi'wtni, A'. \V. T. (K. McKenzie.) Second week 
 ol' July a larire flit'lit obsorved uoinu south one point west. 
 Hatched in this coimtry, and north west of Lake Manitoba. 
 
 Mmiitofjii //tiiim; iV. W. T. (J. (,'owie.) I'roduecd from the 
 egg' about tlic lirst of June, leaving about the first of August, 
 going south-eastward, or south-westward, aceordini: to the direc- 
 tion of the wind. Un the first of August, foreign swarms were 
 also observed, and these continued passing and occasionally 
 aligliting for about a week, going south-westward. Crops slightly 
 injured. No eggs deposited. 
 
 H7>o(/.s-tWf, JA//^, (T. Collins.) None hatched here; but foreign 
 swarms, more or less extensive, continued to pa.ss over for 
 six or eight weeks, coming from the north .•lud north-west, and 
 going southward. Some alighted ; but it i.s stated that though 
 in (juantity, and remaining long enough to have destroyed the 
 greater part of the crop, "strange to say, they did nearly no 
 damage. They did not seem to have the same energy, nor did 
 they eat voraciously as in former years." 
 
 (.'/<Hht(»ii. J'l/isfiiu 1\ (K, Man., (C. I'. Brown.) None 
 hatched. Swarms observed to arrives on the wing on the 27th of 
 July. These alighted and remained about nine days. Seen pass- 
 ing over for several days before, but did not alight. " They 
 probably would not have alighted on this day, but for some 
 misty showers or shadows of l.-irge clouds. They appeared to fall 
 only in })atehes, probably tlie .-ipaees covered by the shadows." 
 Also eontitraed to pass over tor about two weeks after this date, 
 but few came down. The insects came from north-west by north, 
 and most of them probably went south-easterly. Loss of crops 
 perhaps 5 or (1 per cent. No eggs deposited. 
 
 Onk Point, L<(ke Mnvitoha. Man., (J. Clarke.) Observed 
 about the middle of July for two weeks, pa.ssiug overhead at in- 
 tervals, wh«n the weather was clear tind warm. Suppo.sed to 
 come from the western plains. General direction of flight, south- 
 eastward. No eggs deposited. Many grasshoppers observed to 
 fall into the lake, and in .several places were afterwards washed 
 up in windrows a foot thick along its margin. 
 
 \Vi,n 
 Augtjst 
 
 Cl'oo 
 
 J observe! 
 
 July. I 
 
 Came fi 
 
 No dan 
 
.^ 
 
 Not seen hero 
 of four years 
 
 Second week 
 ). point west. 
 I.initobii. 
 
 iced from the 
 
 «t of Auj,'U8t, 
 
 to the diree- 
 
 Hwaruis were 
 
 occasioDiiUv 
 
 Jrops slightly 
 
 ; but foreign 
 asH over for 
 i-th-west, and 
 
 th.it thou^li 
 le.stroyed the 
 id nearly no 
 )rL''y, nor did 
 
 iwn.) None 
 I the 27th of 
 . Seen pass- 
 lit. " They 
 ut for some 
 eared to fall 
 e ."hadows." 
 sr this date, 
 !.st by north, 
 )ss of crops 
 
 Winnipeg, Mnit., 'F. E. Cornish.) A few passed over in 
 August, from north-west, ;.;oinij; .soutliward. 
 
 St. Jioni/iicr, Mtin., (Hon. M. A (lirard.) None. Swarms 
 from the west observed occasionally Hyini; overhead, Without 
 aliithtinir, durinu' latter part ol' July and to nuddh; ot August. 
 
 Li(t/c Ih'ltn'ni, Mil II., ( Hon. D. Gunn.) No grasshoppers here. 
 Ten or twelve miles west of Selkirk, liowever, a little colony 
 .1 covering about \\ acre hatched out, and were; found more than 
 half grown in the middle of July. 
 
 Loiret' Fort (inn-i/. Mm,.. (W. Flett.) None liatched hero. 
 A few seen passing overhead about the middle of August. They 
 came with a south-west wind. 
 
 i Ci'oolcstvH. Minn., (E. M. Welsh.) None hatched here. Were 
 observed to pass overhead without alighting about the middle of 
 July. Near the first of August some alighted, and stayed a day. 
 Came from tlie north-west and north, and went south-eastward. 
 No damage to crops. No eggs deposited. 
 
 Observed 
 [■head at in- 
 Supposed to 
 light, south- 
 observed to 
 rds washed