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Lea diagrammea auivanta iliuatrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t^itm jpcrc^ and Ijortkp f Itio HISTORICAL SOCIETY. TRACT No. 34— NOVEMBER, 1876. THK MA^RORY PAPKRS I lift VOI.UMK ONK. Bt C. C. BALDWIN, HISTORICAL. SOCIETY. TRACT No. 84-NOVEMBER, 1876. VOLUME ONB. By C. C. BALDWIN, Dlcouvertes et fefablissements des Fran- cais dans I'Ouest et dans 1e Sud de I'Ani^r- ique, Bepteutriouale, 1014-1754. Memo! res et Documents Originaux recue- illis et publics par Pierre Marpry, Premiere partie, 1614-1684, Paris, 1875. Tlie great West was, until a comparatively late period, under the dominion of France. Frenchmen made tht first discoveries. Many years ago ttiey made settlements, traded, and occupied the country until, willi the .capture of Quebec in 1760. all the Western posts were surrendered to Great Britain. It is then to France that we must look for its early hist^ y. It is only within a few years that extensive researches have ' een made in that ciuniry. ^ue State of New York expended u very large sum to pub- lish in eleven immense quarto vol- umes documents of especial interest in that State. For the history of New En- gland, New Jersey, and Louisiana other in- vestigations have'been made. A quiet gen- tleman of Paris, Ml Pierre Margry, long connected witn the Department of the Ma- rine, has devoieu many years to gathering what v/ould illustrate the foreign history of France, especially in America. He has al- ready rendereil this country great service in tbe investigations already referred to. His manuscripts, yet unpublished, were care- fully collected from all parts of France and are unique. The knowledge of these treasures could not but make their publica- tion much desired. Were it not for the "Boston flre" this would have been done by private hands, but that con- flagration destroying 8u«b hopes, (!ongre:JS came to tba rescue and appropriated a sum, not too large, in tbe purchase of copies to encourage the publication of such portions as relate to our own country. This plan of publication originated with the Historical Society at Cleveland and was warmly seconded by Mr. Parkman and by other societies and historical scholars throughout the country. The first of the nine volumes is indeed fidl of interest. Tbe materials for the early French history in this country are in socae respeijts very full and in others very scanty. The Jesuits were powerful in the New World and their Relations were regularlv transmitted to the mother country. But the Jesuits were not all tbe colony nor were all the discoveries made under their auspices, though they apparently desired that it should be so. La Salle was the first discoverer of the Ohio, the first to truce the Mississippi to the sea. The French rested their claim to the erreat West mainly upon these facts, and to-day his portrait adorns the Capitol at Washington us one of the four great discoverers of America. But he is hardly mentioned in these Relations. M. Margry has done more than any other to recover the history of La SalU\ The hand- some voiume before us is ornamented with his portrait as he appeared in his younger days, with long curls and the dress of a man of the world. There is, however, a determin- ation in the tace and a remless, dreamy lOok to the eyes as if the portrait was not an un- likely one for the man \^ho, in spite of the opposition of all, could penetrate alone vast countries, could give hi.s fortune to discov- ery, and persist with such force of will that he should be slain by his own men m a pathless wilderness, thousan :s of miles from even the settlementb of his own countrymen in the WcRtern world. The earlier papers in tlie volume relate to the ItecoUets— the "first missionaries of tbe West and South, in North America." They THE liECOLLETS-INDlAN THADE. were professediV poor and plain. They hast- ened to the new land and established a con- vent at Qui'bec and posts at other places. The Jesuits came over after, partly on their invi- tation, and in the end very decidedly turned them out of Canada. The second, and larrer paper, is a memoir deoiring relief for them from the obstacles placed in their way by the. Jesuits, and the Government uf Canada com rolled by that order. There seems to have been danger that in a few years there would not be a Recoilet in Canada. Thii? strife belvvcen the religious sects deserves a paper of its own. The Jesuits, at first, cer- taibly very devout and self-sacrificing men, and sometimes martyrs, were too devoted to the success of their order, and the Colo- ni'il Go^'ernmeHt was ham{:ered by them. The Government at home opposed them secretly and not openly. Recoliets were meant to be encouraged to offset them The Count de Front enac in his letters wrote earnestly agains; them in cipher, praising tbem in other parts of the same letter which might fall under their eyes. In a later paper from him in this volume are presented his views with much earnestness and in plain French. He sketches their power and possessions, their hostility to the Recoliets, and accuses them of a want of fidelity to the King. This generfl animosity against all the most faith- ful servants of tlie King shows well enough their designs." "They would not allow the Recoliets," says he, "to hear confession or administer sacrament." He had charged them in a previous letter with caring more for beavers than tor souls. "They had opposed," says Fron- tenac, "the sale of brandy lo the Indians, without which the fur trade could not be successful and now even opposed the sale of wine, to place a new yoke on the people." It was common knowledge that they took directly or indirectly the management of everything, and used for that purpose a pow- erful espionage. They did not teach the Indians French lest they should become friends of the civH power. A vocabulary for Indian use defined equal " the Black Robe (Jesuit priest) is equal to Onontio (In- dian name for the Governor of Canada)." They told other savages that they were the masters of Onontio. And in truth they do not seem in saying that to have very'vio- lently stretched the truth. Two papers present a lively pic'ure of the commercial strife with the Dutch for the trade ot the Indians. The Iroquois had killed the beaver south of the lakes and were get- ting them from the North and Northwest and selling ihera at Albany and at better prices than the French had paid. The whole volume shows the projects for extension of Western and Southern trade by the unknown river Ohio and the unknown river Missis- sippi, even to the "Mer Vermeio," Gulf of California, and in other directions. Such were the motives held forth to the King for such expeditions as were made by La Salle, though La Salle himself seems to have been actuated by an innate love of adventure and discovery such as very tew men have ever had. Page 170, Lake Erie is mentioned in 1671 as called by the savages "Techaronkion." Temperance men will find in the volume an interesting discussion concerning the sale ot brandy to the Indians, and the views of various persons are presented much in the manner of witnesses in a Congressional commission, with the usual diversity of opin- ion. There appear the "Details of the voyage of Louis JoUiel," who visited in 1673 the Mississippi, having departed from Quebec by order of Frontenac lo discover the South Sea. His map is meationed, which we hope M. Margry will publish. The interest of the volume centers in La Salle. Although in a very early day be dis- covered the Ohio, but little has been known, or in fact is now, of the particulars. I pur- posely omit discussion of this journey. In tins volume appears much history of La Halle, his plans, expenses, drafts upon his family and friends, how he built upon Lake Ontario and planned to build upon Lake Erie and further west; how he built on the Niagara river, on the river St. Joseph in the south- west part of Michigan, and away within the wilds of Illinois, among the tribe of that name, the fourth fort, Crevecoeur. An in- teresting memoir is that of a friend ot the Abbe de Gallinee relating, from the infor- mation of La Salle himself, the particulars of his journey with the Abbe, including accounts of the Indian tribes and their manners. In 1069 Gallinee, Doriier.and La Salle left Montreal to seek the Ohio known by report. They turned toward its source, but the Iroquois dissuaded the two priests from the journey.much to the dissatisfaction of La Salle, and the party turned to the north of Lake Erie. The report of Abbe Gallinee of this journey is also iu this volume. From it we extract '."U fl single word, Paouitiko- ungraentaouak, tae Algonkin name for the Chippeways. The feelings of La Salle were with the Recoliets. They were first; the Jesuits came after (says the memoir), and the Recoliets gave them half their house. The Jesuits shortly got the other half abd the Recoliets bad hard work to get it back. The Jesuits were established in Quebec, "where they are absolute masters" L'Eyesque(the Governor) was their creature and would < Salle compli control tradi the Black R shipped Ooi beavers we i disliked La this volume it appeared whichever p thing, to p from which profit, and ti has become aversion." 1 prompted b made disco' perior of 161 were search I schemes of for their or( America, mi nificent as tl The panel the times t tory, and w( love of po^ fiuenced hii seem to be ments if an; The most called a "P Travels of i emor ot F< lakes of Ne Colbert, 16' ering 150 pa and probabi the return o La Salle w famous auc vast. He ' valley of < foundation country ten tile, and c Such hold that, at th could ous In the comi Griffin, thi Ene, meet Iroquois, t was at wi early part o other sour; travels afte parted witt never been wish we CO our EnglisI in detail ih adventure, and Indiai THE JK8UITS- LA 8ALLE. « and nrould do n3thin|? without them. La Salle complaine that the Jesuits sought to control trade. One Indian said that "when the Black Hobes were among us we wor- Hhipped God, but when there were no more beavers we see them no more." The Jesuits dibliked La Salle very much. Frontecac in this volume (page 82:i) says "their design, as it appeared in the end, was to sdt a trap whichever path I took, or to derange every- thing, to place the country in disorder from which they would no"t heMiate to profit, and to ruin M. de la Salle." ''He has become the object of their envy and aversion." This enmity wa^ no doubt much prompted by their pif'UE' zeal. They had made discoveries. Their map of Lake Su- perior of 1U71 was almost wonderful They were searching tor the Mississippi .and their schemes of power, wealth, and dominion, for their order in the great valley of North America, may have been as errand and mag nitlcent as those of La Salle fur his King. The paper lets us into such lively views of the times ns are not given in ordinary his- tory, and we see how, after all, love of gain, love of power, and joalf^usy of others in- fluenced history in such solitu'^es as would seem to be tree from such disturbing ele- ments if any freedom could be found. The most valuable paper of the volume is called a "Relation of the Discoveries and Travels of Sir de la Salle, Lord and Gov- ernor of Fort Frontenac, beyond the great lakes of New France, made by order of M. Colbert, 1679-80-81." It is a narrative cov- ering 150 pages of the events of those years, and probably the official report made after the return of La Salle to Montreal. In 1677 La Salle was in France. He was already famous and of influence. His scheme was vast. He wanted to penetrate to the great valley of our continent and lay there the foundation of powerful colonics " in a country temperate in climate, rich and fer- tile, and capable of a grand c:mmerce." Such hold of the continent would betaken that, at the next war with Spain, France could oust her in North America. In the commencement of 1679 i^e built the Griffin, the first vessel navigating Lake Ene, meeting some opposition from the Iroquois, but less because that nation was at war beyond Lake Erie. The early part of the story is well known from other sources, but 'he narrative of La Salle's travels after he left Fort Crevecoeur and parted with the expedition to the North has never been told so completely as here. We wish we could present the whole paper to our English readers, but we cannot follow in detail the straight, business-like story of adventure, travel, description of countries and Indian nations, contests, diplomacy, discouragements and perseverance. The Iroquois traveled from their homes in Ne** York all through the West, and it was dan- gerous to t-ike sides or nut to. They were then flghUng the Illinois and the Miamis. First living south of Lake Ontario, the best armed and most warlike tribe in America, they defeated and exterminated (sayt our memoir) all their neighbors. They bore their arms to the Gult of St. Lawrenca, to the North Sea. in Florida, and even beyond the river Missis- sippi. They have (says the writer) in thir- ty years destroyed over 600,000 liyes, and made desert most of the country round the great lakes. La t^alle tiad expected the Griffin with sup- plies for his journey down the river. He never saw the vessel again. She was lost, he believed by treachery, and he must return for succor. Early in 1680 he reached St. Joseph. He found two men whom he h"d sent around the lake, but they did not find the Griffin. Arrived at length at Niagara, he found he had also lost a ship with supplies from France. He reached Montreal, May 6tb, 16S0 His cred- itors had siezed his property and his resources seemed entirely wasted. On his return to Frontenac he learned by letter from Tonty that his men left at Crevecoeur had deserted after de- str jyingjlhefort, carrying away whatpioper- tv they could and destroying the balance. They destroyed Fort St. Joseph and also seized La Salle's property at Niagara. He was not disheartened. He started to succor Tonty and save if he could the vessel build- ing on the Illinois with which he meant to descend to the fea. November 4ih, 1680,he reached the mou'.h of the St. Joseph. The Iroquois bad fought the Illinois, and as he ap()roached Crevecoeur there were only scenes of death and devastation. When he reached that post he found it silent; the planks of his vessel were there and on one of them was written, "Nous sommes tous savages ce 19 A—, 1680" — we are all sav- ages. Was it prophetic that he had named the fort Crevecoeur (Broken Heart). The romantic interest of the relation is here at Its height.but La Salle does not stop to dwell upon the picture. His first thought was, did the A mean Aout or Avril, August or ApriL He wished to find the faithful Tonty. Tonty's fate appears part- ly in this relation and partly in his subsequent memoir in this volume. Not the Jesuits alone regarded La Salle with jealousy. The Iroquois were not without r'sason fearful that the Western tribes would be umed against them with fire- arms and other assistance, -and that a great trade in the West would draw from vheir ■ LA 8ALLE-HENNEPIN. own profits with the Dutch and English. While Tonty was absent the desertion had taken place. After he returned he was cap- tured by the Iroquois. In Mar, 1681, after unsuccessful search and haid labors, buildins up Indian succors and strength, La Salic left the fort on the St. Joseph for Michilimackinac, where he found Tonty and Father Membr£. They returned to Frontenac, and this paper is the relation to that time. Of bis new, wonderful resurrection of recourses and eventual success wu do not speak, altliouEh a new and brief relation of it from information of his brother is also in this volume. The resolute will and wonderful power of La Salle appear nowhere so strongly as in the narrative we have quoted. There seems almost a direct triumph of will over every opposition, of mind over matter. This is the fullest, most explicit and valuable ac- count of this series ot expeditions. B\ whom was it committed to writing? Evi- dently by some one fully informed and from notes made day by day. with dates as in a diary. This, as well as the expedition of 1682, wherein he descended the Missis- sippi, were made under the commission of 1678, wherein the King was graciously pleased to pprmit La Salle to discover these new lands provided he did it at his own ex- pense. The official report of the la«t expedi- tion was made by Father Zeoobe MenibrS. a Recollet. See La Salle's memoir to Seignelay, in Falconer's Mis,?iRsipni and Oregon, which leaves it almost doubtful whether La Salle did not mean to say that Membre wrote ibo official report of all his expeditions under tbe leave of 1078. Mem- bru was with La Salle in the first one, and it seems probable that he drew this report. It ends with the embarkation of La Salle on Lake Ontario for Montreal, the last of Augu.sr, 1681, and tben adds the hope that the end of the year 1082 will find the dis- covery of the mouth of '.be Mississippi made. Some part,s of the report relating to those parts of the journey where Hennepin was present bear a striking resemblance to his first book, published in 1684. I translate, for instance, from page 440. The two re- ports are word for word the same, except where differences are marked, this report as 1, and Hennepin aa 2. "The Sieur de La Salle couhl not build a barque at Fort de Frontenac because of a Sortage of two leagues at the great fall of [iagara, without which one could sail in a large vessel to Fort Frontenac to the bottom of Liake (Illinois. 1) (Dauphin, 2) by the lakes which are with reason called fresh water seas. The great river of St. Lan rence takes its origin from several great lakes, among which are five of an extraordinary size, and which are badly laid down in the printed maps. These lakes are (1. Lake Superior, the Lake of the Illinois, the Lake of the Hu- rons, the Lake Erie, the Lake Frontenac); (2, the first Lake de Conde. or Tracv, second. Lake Dauphin or of the Illinois, the third, Lake of Orleans or of the Hu- rons, fourth. Lake de Conty or Erie, and fifth, Lake Ontario named'de Frontenac.) They are all of fresh water and very good to drink, abounding in fish and surround- ed by fertile lands. With the exception of the first, navigation is easy in sum- mer even for large ve!>sels, but difficult in winter because of the strong winds which blow there." I might coi;tinue the parallel at some length. The account of Hennepin's journey among tbe Sioux bears a similar ver- bal similarity. On page 478 of this volume appears the beginning of that part trans- lated by Mr. Shea in his Discovery of the Mississioni, and continuing for four or five pagej Hennepin, however, calls the MlHslssippi "Colbert." By very far the larger part of the report bears no resemblance to Hecncpin. Hen- nepin was not above copying tbe report had he wished to do so forhLs book. Much of his seoonti book was copied from the sup- pressed Le Clercq. Still I cannot but think that those parts of tbe paper which have much resemblance to Hennepin bear his mark. His egotism and desire for promi- nence arc apparent. "The Father Louis Hennepin oflfered him- self to make this journey" (to the Sioux,) "to commence acqnainiance with nations among whom he had thought he wiiuld go soon to establish himself in preach- ing the faith. " Page 440. The carpenters are said to have been sent to Niagara under the charge of La Motte and Father Louis Hennepin. In other accounts it is said La Motte had charge. Page 444. The carpenters would have been frightened away by the Senecas if La Salle and Father Louis had not taken pains to reassure them. There are examples of the vanity characteristic of Hennepin's book quickly noticed by anyone w'jO has read Mr, Shea's excellent bibliographical sketch of that work. The differences are suggestive. In Hennepin the account is occasionally en- larged by Introduction of other matter as i t by at t,e« though t . The form s of the names of the lakes bear the stamp of the wilder- ness Superior, of the Illinois, of the Hurons. Erie, in Hennepin called in compliment to Frenchmen, de Conde or Tracy, Dauphin, d'Orleans, de Conty. Hennepin's own name is in this paper HENNEPIN— TONTY. amonf; EC, and )rluted perior, he Hu- tenac); Tracv, llinofs, Hu. Henpin, while La Salle in bis letters calls him Herapin. Henpin was not unlikely the oriKinul, euphonised by speech into Uempia and by himself to the more musical Hen- nepin. At the lime this relation was made Henne- pin bad returnei from his captivity, and he probably furnislied his repuit in writing, used by' bis brother Recollet in a friendly spirit. He very liKely met La Salle himself, who writes, in August, to a friend in France, that Hennepin was about to go to France; that he would not hesitate to exaKgcrale; "it is his character," and be speaks "nearer what he wishes than what he does." I doubt not the report of Hennepin was quite cut short in Ibis paper; in fact,it so appears. Following; this relation is the recital from Nicholas de la Salle of tbe discovery of tho mouth of our great river, in 108fi, and the return to Quebec. Next in a general rela- tion of the enterprises of La Salle from 1678 to 1683 made by Tontv, whobc nickname, "Main de fer,"— bancf of iron— reminds one of the knights of old whi'e his beait was as stout and trusty as his hand— a real hand of iron, by the way, found by more than one Indian to give a very heavy blow. Tonty was successively commander at Ni- agara, Crevecoeur and Fort St. Louis, and desc ended the Mississippi with LaSalle. The contents of these 600 pages cannot be made known in a review. Their value consists mainly in the more complete variety and perfect knowledge which they give of these great enterprises of which we had some pre- vious knowledge. Tbeir apparent value in- creases by comparison with less authentic and particular accounts. LaSalle is by all means the most prominent fl^jure in interior discovery. We have indicated bow vast his plans. His life was romantic, his death traric. In later times claims to large terri- tories were made under bis discoveries. The Fiench claimed ui der that right even the Oiio and the forts at Pittsburg and Erie, wrested from them bv tbe En^rlish. Still later the population. French by extraction, leaned to the United States in the iievolu- tionary war and made easy such occupation and control as gave the United States tl e Northwest Territory, In si ill later times, when our Northwestern boundary was dis- puted, La Salle's doings were discussed as if on them turned tbe fate of vast territory. We say then that we feel under great ob- ligation to M. Margry who, with patriotic care, has collected and preserved much valdable matter; and we werj before this publication much indebted for the liberal use of bis treasures he has permitted to Americans. While it has given the public a foretaste of his riches, it has 6timuialed that patriotic zeal which makes tbe student of history desire access to the original authorities, so that he can see for himself the original and life-like records of the times. The English reader cannot better estimate tbe value of this volume than to see bow often in thb Discovery of tbe Great West these unpublished treasures have been to Mr. Parkman his best and frequently bis only guide. Tbe early maps which accom- pany these and other relations have not been vet published. We hope M. Marery may be able to furnish ibem. Some of tbe early manuscript maps are vastly in advance of those published. On seeing them, one has a profound respect for tbe discoverers, somewhat, it must be confessed, at the expense of tbe early geographers. Some of the best and clearest evidences of what was done and known, arise/from tbe maps. ' i^