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Those too large to be entirely incluue in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuv^nt dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 (^-r QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT A HISTORY OF QUEBEC 1G08-I87G IN TW^O PARTS By J. M. Le Moine «r' AiTTHOR or ,. » >( L ALBUM DU TOURISTK," " THK MAPLE LEAVES," &C. m ^J~~^A QUEBEC PRINTED BY AUGUSTIN COTfi & C» 1876 I8?6 'L?7 M^r't""'' "' ''° '''""^°^ '' Agriculture, in the year 1876, by J. M. LeMome, in conformity with the law passed by the Parliament of Canada. i' u uy vuo TO THE CITIZENS OF QUEBEC : THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFL'LLY IXSCRIHEI) BY THE AUTHOR. Spexcer Grance, I St May, 1876. PREFACE. The history of Quebec for close on two centuries, may be said to be that of Canada. Her annals would furnish ample materials for three volumes. I have attempted to condense them in one. The work now offered to the public is divided into two parts : the first, comprises the annals of the city from 1608 to 31st December, 1875. It is composed of ten chapters, representing as many epochs in our history, each chapter bearing as a heading the leading event of such epoch. The second part, relating more pro- perly to Quebec Present, is descriptive of public Institutions,-Educational— Religious and Benevo- lent ; City fortifications ; Municipal matters ; Trade ; Shipping ; Markets ; Cemeteries, &c. Supplemented by the historical sketches which form the subject of PREFACE. the Maple Leaves for 1865, and the new series for 1873, the work ought to afford a tolerably full retrospect of Quebec events. To the plans of city embellishments, suggested by Lord Dulferin, adopted by the Municipal Council and so eminently calcula- ted to enhance the attractions of the city to strangers, and its healthiness to the inhabitants, ample space has been alloted in the volume ; nay, its publication would have been deferred to another year, had its appearance at the presont juncture not been con- sidered a means of urging these much needed im- provements on public attention. Some years have now elapsed since I had to ex- press for the first time, my grateful acknowledgment for the generous support meeted out to my first efforts, to perpetuate in print, the attractions of this, my native, city. This agreable duty again devolves on me to-day, in this my largest work. I have now to return thanks to those who have materially helped me in the arduous task I have se- lected. To the clergy of all denominations, this history of Quebec, owes a debt of gratitude, for the readiness with which Church Records, Reports, Registers, &c., have been made available. To James Stevenson, Esquire, President of the Literary and Historical Society, I am indebted for papers relating to our Pioneer Atlantic Steamer the PREFACE. VU '^ Royal William" ; to J. J. Foote, Esq., for the use of the Plates of the city embellishments ; to Messrs. L. E. Dorion, Chs. Baillairge and L. A. Cannon, for statistics, &c., on municipal matters ; to Col. T. B. Strange, for information touching the new Levis Forts ; to Cyrille Tessier, Esq., well known for his antiquarian tastes, for data on several points of his- tory ; to Messrs. E. W. Sewell and Hy. F. Bellew, for interesting notes and papers on the Levis Winter Ferry ; to J. W. Dunscomb, Esq., for tables respect- ing ships and commerce ; to Drs. W. Marsden, H. Larue, and G. T. Cary, Esq, for statistics on cholera, &c ; to Mr. J. C. Langelier, for particulars and cost of several public edifices, &c. In the graphic sketches of some religious or benevolent institutions, my readers will have recognized the elegant pen of several members of the press, Messrs. Stuart Hughes, Leslie Thorn, J. Jordan, &c. The Author. Spencer Grange, 1st Mav, 1876. (FfMin the Morniuif t'hn.tiivtr, luth M»v, I87«.) «,)iniiA 1'am AM) FkKSKNi : A History ul' (^uche* , 1608- 1876, in two parts. By J. M. J.eMoine, author of "L'Albuui du Touriste," " Maple Leaves," &t. 470 pages. Th« flrat hiitory of Quebec ever attempted ia now in the handi of luba- cribera. The author of " Maple Leavea " ia again before the public in a work which, on account of the oopioua information in regard to the hiatorj of the old rock city, ita intereating and inatructire reading matter, ita aoope, and minute attention to detaila and accuracy erinoed in ita prepara- tion, Hhould be in the librariea of all our oitiiena, and should obtain a wide circulation amongat travellera and reaidenta in all parta oi the Dominion. The history of Quebec, for quite a long period, is pratically the bistorjr of Canada ; i^nd what student of that history does not become deeply interested in tracing the various steps by which this young Dominion has advanced in the path of progreas and improvement, from the time of Jacques Cartier to the memorable 13th September, 1759, when upon the Plains of Abraham, the colony was valiantly contended for, and won to Great Britain, at the cost of the life-blood of many of her bravest and most gifted children ; and from that date down to the present time, when cultured and protected by the sunie mother-land, the once insignificant colony bids fair, if our people are only true to the principles which have guided that mother-land and made it whut it is, to expand ere long into a mighty and self-reliant power, no insignificant portion of that glorious British empire whose morning drum- beat girdles the earth, whose power is felt in the councils of the nations, and whose language is destined in the progress of time, to become the uni- versal tongue. Such is the interesting history and progress of our fair Do- minion, and in the volume of Mr. LeMoine, covering as it does the period between 1608 and 1876, the student or reader will find much which is, as we have said before, not only the history of Quebec but virtually the history of Canada. The first part of the work comprises the annals of the city from 1608, to 31st December 1875; the second, relates more particularly to Quebec Present, and describes our public institutions, Educational, Reli- gious and Benevolent, the city fortifications, municipal matters, trade, ship- ping, markets, cemeteries, the Dufferin improvements, Jcc, Ac, A. The bniik IK iilso embellished by a number of views, relating to persons, placet 2- and events, among which are the ruins of the Intendant'a Palace, the en- trance to the Seminary, Jaoques-Cartier, Bishop Laval, Church of Notre Dame in the Lower Town, Montcalm, Bishop St Valier, the old city gates, the ])roposed substitutes according to the Dufferin plans, and many others. The first cba]itor is devoted to the Foundation of Quebec by Champlain in 1608, and his proceedings towards the construction of dwellings, store-houses, and biirracks ; his investigation of the country ttc, Indian wars, arrival of the Kccullct Fathers in 1615, of Madame de Champlain in 1620, of the Jesuits in 1626; the capture of Quebec by the English 1629, its return to France, 16.'j2, and the death of Champlain, 1635. The story is then carried on, relating in a graphic manner the various incidents and occurrences of which the infant settlement was the scone; the gradual building up of French puwor, and french institutions, the great earthquake in 1663, the repulse udrei, where the first mass said in Canada was celebrated- Passing the Isle aux Coudres and the lofty promontory of Capo Tourmente, they came to anchor in a quiet channel between the northern shore and the margin of a richly wooded island, where the trees were so thickly hung with grapes that Cartier named it, the Island of Bacchus. 1 " Indians came swarming from the shores, paddled their birch canoes about the ships and clambered to the deck to gaze in bewilderment at the novel ^cene, and listen to the story of these travelled countrymen, marvellous in their ears, as a visit to another planet. Cartier received them kindly, listened to the long harangue of the groat chief Donnacoua, regaled him with bread I 1 Now the Island of Orleans. INTRODUCTION. XI 9S about le novel lluus in listcnoj bread and wine, and when relieved at length of his guenti, set forth in a boat to explore the river above." Let UP fiillow the gifted word painter, Frs. Parkraan describing the pano- rama which grooted Cartier on his first appearance at the foot of Cape Dia- mond. " A mighty promontory, rugged and bare, thrust its scnrpoil front into the surging current. Hero, clothed in the iniijesty of solitude, breathing the stern poetry of the wilderness, rose the cliffs now rich with heroic me- mories, where the fiery Count Frontenac cast defiance at his foes, where Wolfo, Montcalm and Montgomery fell. As yet, all was a nameless bar- barism, and a cluster of wigwams held the site of the rock-built city of Quebec. Its name was 5tadacon6, and it owned the sway of the royal Don- nacona. i " Cartier set forth to visit this greasy potentate, ascended the river St. Charles, by him called the St. Croix, 2 landed, crossed the meadows, climbed the rocks, threaded the forest and emerged upon a squalid hamlet of bark cabins. When, their curiosity satisfied, he and his party were rowing for the ships', a friendly interruption met them at the mouth of the St. Charles. An old chief harangued them from the bank; men, boys and children screeched welcome from the meadow, and a troop of hilarious squaws danced knoe-dccp in the water. The gift of a fow strings of beads completed their delight and redoubled their agility; and from the distance of a mile, their shrill songs of jubilation still reached the oars of the recoeding Frenchmen. " The hamlet of Stadacond, with its king, Donnacona, and its naked l(}rd3 and princes, was not the Metropolis of tills forest State, since a town tar greater— so the Indians averred — stood by the brink of the river many days' journey above." AVe shall not follow Cartier on his expedition to Ilochelaga, with the Emerillon, having placed the Grande and the Petite J/erminc witliin the mouth of the St. Charles, with the rest of his followers. " On the bank of the St. Charles, their companions had built in their ab- sence a fort of palissiides, and the ships, hauled up by the little stream, lay moored before it. Here the self-exiled company were soon besieged by the rigor of the Canadian winter. The rocks, the shores, the pine-trees, the solid floor of the frozen river, all alike wore blanketed in snow, beneath the keen cold rays of the dazzling sun. The drifts rose above the sides of their shi])s ; masts, spars, cordage, were thick with glittering incrustations and sparkling rows of icicles ; a frosty armour, foar iiiclies thick, encased tho bulwarks. Yet in the bitterest weather, the neighboring Indians, " hardy,'' says the jnurnal " as so many beasts," catne daily to tho furl wnding, lialf naked, waist-deep through tho snow. At length, their friendship began to abate; their visits 1 On trrmmd now covrnd by tho Biiburbs of St. Korli and St. John. '2 rtiarl.vdix dcnii'S that ihf St Croi.t ami th-' St. Charles aro iho same . . ('liani- plaiii. th.iii whom no one was belter (|iialitir(l lo furin an opinion. . (list net 'y attirnis the id- ntity ul' the two ririrs. There sucms no doubt ou this iioiut uniongst nioaeru vvriturs. Xll INTRODUCTION. grew less frequent, and during December, had wholly ceased, when an ap- palling calamity fell upon the French. A malif^nnnt pcurvy broke out among them. Man after man, went down before the hideous disease, till twenty-five were dead, aud only three or four were left in health. The sound were too few to attend the sick, and the wretched sufferers lay in helpless despair, dreaming of the sun and the vines of France. The ground hard as flint, defied their feeble efforts, and unable to bury their dead, they hid them in the snow-drifts. Carticr appealed to the Saints ; Then, he nailed against a tree an image of the Virgin, and on a Sunday summoned forth his woe-bogone fol- lowers, who, haggard, reeling, bloated with their maladies, moved in proces- sion to the spot, and kneeliiig in the snow, sang litanies and psalms of David. That day died Philippe Rougemont, of Amboise, aged twenty-two years.. ..There was fear that the Indians, learning their misery, might finish the work the scurvy hod begun. None of them, therefore, was allowed to ap|)roach the fort; and when perhance a party of savages lingered within hearing, Carticr forced his invalid giirrison to beat with sticks and stones against the walls, that their dangerous neighbors deluded by the clatter, might think them vigorously engaged in hard labor. These objects of their fear proved, however, the instruments of their salvation. " Carticr, walking one day near the river, met an Indian, who, not long before, had been prostrate like many of his fellows with the scurvy, but who now, to nil appearance, was in high health and spirits. What agency had wrought that marvellous recovery 'I According to the Indian, it was a cer- tain evergreen, called by him aniidn (a spruce,) of which a decoction of the leaves was sovereign against the disease. The experiment was tried. The sick men drank copiously of the healing draught — so copiously indeed that in six days they drank a tree as large as a French oak. Thus vigorously assailed, the distemper relaxed its hold, and health and hope began to re- visit the hopeless company. " Wlien this winter of misery had worn away, when spring appeared, and the ships were thawed from their icy fetters, Cartier prepared to return, lie had made notable discoveries, but these were as nothing to the tales of wonder tiiat had reached his ear, of a land of gold and rubis, of a nation white like the French, of men who lived without food, and of others to whom Nature had granted but one leg. Should he stake his credit on these marvels ? Far better that they who had recounted them to him s'.iould, with their own lips, recount them also to the king. To this end, he resolved that Uonnacona and his chiefs should go with him to court He lured them therefore to the fori and led them into an oinbuscado of sailors, who, seizing the astonished guests hurried thoin on board the ships. This treachery aocomj)lished, the voyageurs proceeded to plant the emblem of Christianity. The cross was raised, the fleur-de-lis being upon it, and spreading their sails, they steered for home. It was the sixteenth of July, it'M, when Cartier again oast auoUor under the walls of St. .Malo. INTRODUCTION. XIU " A rigorous climate, a savage people, a fatal dis^ease, a soil barren of gold, these were the allurements of New France. N<'r wi-re the times auspicious for a renewal of the eriterprise. Charles the Fifth flii!>hcd witii his African triumphs, challenged the most christian king to single combat. The war flamed forth with new fury, and ten years elapjied before a hollow truce var- nished the hate of the royal rivals with a thin pretence of courtesy. " Peace returned; but Francis, under the scourge of his favorite goddess was sinking to his ignominous grave, and C'habut, patron of the former voyages was in disgrace. Meanwhile, the ominous adventure of New France had found a champion in the person of Jean Francois de la Koque, Siour do Roberval, a nobleman of Pioardy. Though a man of hi^h account in his own province, his past honors paled before the splendor of the titles said to have been now oonferied on him, — Lord of Norembetfa, Viceroy and Lieut- enant-General in Canada, Ilochelaga, Saguenny, New Foundland, Belle Isle Carpunt, Labrador, the Great Bay, and Baccalaos. To this windy gift uf ink and parchment was added a solid grant from the royal treasury, with which five vessels wore procured and equipped, and to Cartier was given the post of Captain General. " With respect to Donnacona and his tribesmen, basely kidnapped atSta- dacon^, excellent care had been taken of their souls. In duo time they had been baptized, and soon reaped the benefit of the rite, since they all died within a year or two, to tha groat detriment, as it proved, of the expedition. " On the twenty-third of May, 1541, Cartier again fpread his canvas for New France. The Atlantic was safely passed, the f»g-banks of Newfoundland, the island rocks clouded with screaming sea-fowl, the forests breathing piny odors from the shore. Agnin he passed in review the grand scenery of the St. Lawrence, and again cast anchor beneath the cliffs of Quebec. Canoes came out from shore filled with feathered savages inquiring fur their kid- napped chiefs. " Donnacona," replied Cartier, " is dead ; " but he added the politic falsehood that the others had married in France and lived in State, like great lords. The Indians pretended to be satLsfied; but it wag soon apparent that they looked askance on the perfidious strangers. " Cartier pursued his course, sailed three leagues and a half up the St. Lawrence, and anchored again off the mouth of the liver ieserveil the semblance ol' the " habitation." A siidti" \v> od'ii wall sunnountoil hy a t,'allory loop-holed for musketry, enclosed three buildings, containing quarl'TS for liiinselfand his m^n, together with a court-yard, from one side of which rose a tall dovecot, like a belfiy. A nioal surrounded the whole, and two or three small cannons were planted on salient platforms towards the river. There was a largo magazine near at hand, and part of the adjacent ground was laid out as a garden." (Parkm^n"s IHoneers of France, P. 303.) ii;08.] A CONf^PiRACY. Hnire. Ke.ul.r let us o.,,ot tU. i.„,norlnl f.^undor of "^^icbo. bamuol d. CLnnphun. a ,nv., captain-a success ud.,eovoror--an.,.I,..o,raph..r.n.a mo. tl-nalIthal.H(Jocl-fearin.chn.tiau.en,I.mau. ^Muy^f.O^ Captain Chmtophor Newport ha,l laid 11,0 foundat.ou of .rainostown, ..u the shoro.s of tho To- tc^mac, m Viro-inia, calling, it anor his sovereign!. As Channers observes, it was " le.ble in numbers and ent.rpr,ze was planted in di.scord and o,ew up in nnsery. How wonderiully it has since thrived, IZ tory IS there to attest. ^ One of Champlain's first operations, was clearing. the land in the neighborhood of the "habitation^ for gardens^ TJiese (Io^ver-town) gardens .^s shewn on an old chart published in mn, extended on one side towards Mountain street and westerly, towards the cape; there was a third garden, a small one, on he nver side. Champlain seems to have doted on these gardens : a few years later on, we will £nd him plantings roses there. The land next cleared in Quebec, is supposed to have been m the upper-town, where now, the ^^ Cathedral and the Plarc ^Annes or Rin. Y^ .startled one fine day, with the revelations of one o his pilots Captain Testu,-who took him a^ n the woods and coniided to him what he had u.st tZ^ Th"l "T ''':'r''^' folknvers-Antoine ^ itel The leader of the atrocious plot was a Norman \ THE ERA. OF CHAMPLAIN. [1608. locksmith, by name Jean Duval. Champlain was to- be assassinated — either shot or strangled — the " habit- ation" and stores to be plundered, and the conspirators to escape to Spain in some of the foreign vessels trading at Tadoussac, Courage and tact were re- quisite to overpower and master these desperate characters. This was done by an ingenious stratagem . There being no lock-up to keep them in safety at Quebec, they were dispatched to Pontgrave. at Ta- doussac, who shortly after returned to Quebec with the leader. A council of war condemned Jean Duval : his body swung from a gibbet — his head was exposed on a pike, whilst his three associates were sent to France, tried and sent to the galleys : the pretext of the conspiracy had been " hard work and poor fare." Pontgrave having in the fall of 1608, returned to France with the peltries procured during the season, and bring him to the spot. Nutol soon appeared, trembling with ex- citement and fear, and a close examination left no doubt of the truth of the staltaient. A shallop, built by Pontgrave, at Tadoussac, had lately arrived, and orders were soon given that it should anchor before the buildings. On board w is a yuurig man in whom confidence could be placed. Champlain sent him two bottles of wine, with a direction to tell th'^ four ringleaders that they had been given him by his Basque friends at Tadoussac, and to invite them to share the good cheer. They came on board in the evening and were instanliy seized and secured. " Voyla done mes galanls bien esLonnez, " writes Champlain. It was ten o'clock, and most of the men on shore were asleep. Thpy were wakened sudd-^nly, and told of the discovery of the plot and the arrest ol the ringleaders. Pardon was then jiromised them, and they were dismissed again to their beds greatly relieved, for they had lived in trepi'lalion, each fearing the other. Duval's body swinging from a gibbet, gave wholesome warning to those he had seduced ; and his head was displayed on a pike, from the highest roof of the buildings food for birds, and a lesson to sedition. " {Pioneers of France, P. 304.) L-scarbot, (1612,) 623; Purchas, IV. 1642. 1609.] THE FIRST WINTER. 5 Champlain and. his small band were left behind to battle with the rigors of their first Canadian winter. By April following, out of twenty-eight persons, eight only had survived the mal Ue terre or scurvy. Some had also, says Lesearbot, succombed to dysen- tery brought on by eating too much dried eel. The eel fishing, so frequently alluded to, in the early days of the colony, was generally carried on from 15th September to 15th October; it seems to have been a most important matter and both the settlers and the Indians looked on it, as the chief means of sustenance each fall, previous to iht^. deer and beaver hunt; there were large eel fisheries on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, below St. Joachim, and the pea- santry find in it a remunerative employment to this day. " One would gladly," saysParkman, ' " know how the founders of Quebec spent the long hours of their first winter ; but on this point the only man among them, perhaps, who could write, has not thought i't necessary to enlarge. He himself beguiled his lei- sure with trapping foxes, or hanging a dead dog from a tree and watching the hungry martens in their efforts to reach it. Towards the close of winter, all found abundant employment in nursing themselves or their neighbors, for the inevitable scurvy broke out with virulence " This wintry purgatory wore away ; the icy stalactites that hung from the cliffs fell crashing to the earth ; the clamor of the wild geese was heard ; the bluebirds appeared in the naked woods; the ■1 Parkman'8 /'to/i^CT-j o/'A'a/' /Vywcc, P. 307, 6 THE ERA OF CHAMPK^IN. [1609. water-willows were coverocl with their soft cater- pillar-like blossoms; the twigs of the swamp-maple were flushed with ruddy bloom ; the ash hung out its black-tufted Howers ; the shad-bush seemed a wreath of snow ; the white stars of the bloodroot gleamed among dank, fallen leaves; and in the young grass of the wet meadows, the marsh-marygolds shone like spots of gold. " Great was the joy of Champlain when he saw a sail-boat rounding* the Point of Orleans, 1»etokening that the spring had brought with it the longed-for succors. A son-in-law of Pontgrave, named Marais, was on board, and he reported that Pontgrave was then at Tadoussac, where he had lately arrived Thither Champlain hastened, to take counsel with his comrade. His constitution or his courage had defied the scurvy. They met, and it was determined betwixt them, that, wjiile Pontgrave remained in charge of Quebec, Champlain should enter at once on his long-meditated explorations, by which, like La Salle, seventy years later, he had good hope of finding a way to China. " Put there was a lion in the path. The Indian tribes, war-hawks of the wilderness, to whom peace was unknown, infested with their scalping parties the streams and pathways of the forest, increasing tenfold its ins('para1)le risks. That lo all these hasards Champuiin was more than iudiJferent, his after-career bears abundant witness; j'ct now an expedientofFered itself so consonant with his instincts that he was fain to accept it. Might he not anriciiMite surprises, join a w^ar-party and fight his way to dis- covery ? 1€08] champlain's diary. " Durincf the last autumn, a young chief from the banks of the then unknown Ottawa had been at Qu(;bec ; and,.amaze(l at what he saw, ho had beiro-ed (Jhamphiin. to join him in the spring- agaiiist his enemies. These enemies were a formidal)le race of savages, the Iroquois, or Five Confederate Nations, dwelling in fortified villages within limits now embraced by the State of New York, to whom was afterwards given the l\inciful name of " JIomans of THE New World," and who even then were a terror to all the surrounding forests." Champlain thus describes his first procoedino-s, which will be read with interest by the inhabitants at the present day. " I reached Quebec on the 3rd July, where I sought out a proper place for our dwell- ing ; but I could not find one better adapted for it than the promontory, or point of Quebec which was covered with walnuts and vines. As soon as possible, I sot to work some of our laborers to level them, in order to build our habitation The first thino- which we did was to build a store house to secure our provisions under shelter, which was quicklv ^o'i« Near this spot is an agreable river, where formerly wintered Jacques Cartier. " A temporary barrack for the men and ofiicers was su1)se(|u.'ntly erected on the higher part of the i)osition, near which the Castle ol St. Lewis now stands. It must be remembered that at the time of the landing of Cham- plain, the tide rose usually to the base of (he rock, or coie ; and that the first buildings were of necessity on the high grounds. Afterwards, and during the time of Champlain, a space was redeemed i'rom the water and elevated above the inundation of the tide ; 8 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1609. on which store houses, and also a battery level with the water was erected, having a passage of steps between it and the fort, on the site ctf the present Mountain street, which was first used in 1C23. " Chumplain had now, humble as they were, successfully laid the foundations of the first French colony in N orth America " The summer was passed in finishing the neces- sary buildings, when clearances were made around them, and the ground prepared for sowing M'heat and rye : which was accomplished by the 15th October. Hoar frosts commenced about the 3rd October, and on the 15th, the trees had shed their leafy honors. The first snow fell on the 18th No- vember, but disappeared after two days. Champlain describes the snow as lying on the ground from December until near the end of April, so that the favorite theory of those who maintain the progres- sive improvement of the climate, as lands are cleared in new countries, is not born out by the evidence of Canada. From several facts it might be shown that the wintry climate was not more inhospitable in the early days of Jacques Cartier and Champlain than in the present. The winter ot 1611 and 1012 was extremely mild and the river was not frozen before Quebec. " ^ The Indians hutted round the settlement seem to have much degenerated from the days of Jacques Cartier. Champlain was shocked with their filth and gluttony. On one occasion hunger had driven them to devour ravenously most abominable carion 1 Hawkiii'b New Picture of Quckx, P. 97-100. If09.] INDIAN GLUTTONY. 9 close to the habitation ; the reeking carcase of a sow and of a dog, in the last stage of putrel'action was torn to pieces and gulped down, in spite oi the stench, by these disgusting savages. " From the silence of Champlain respecting the hamlet or town of Stadacona, ^ which had been visited by Cartier so often in 1535, it would seem probable that it had dwindled owing to the migratory predilections of the Indians, to a place of no moment. He certainly mentions a number of Indians who were " vohan- nez " hutted near his settlement ; but the ancient name of Stadacona never once occurs. It will be recollected that Cartier spoke of the houses of the natives as being amply provided with food against the winter. From the evidence of Champlain, the Indians of the vicinity appear to have degenerated in this particular. They are represented as having experienced the greatest extremities for want of food during the winter of 1 608, and some who fioaled over from the Point Levis side of the river (on sheet ice in February, 1609), were in such a state of wretched- ness as hardly to be able to drag their limbs to the upper part of the settlement. They were relieved and treated with the greatest kindness by the French. Their unappeased hunger, hoAvever, in- duced them to devour a dead dog left on the snow by Champlain for two months past as a bait to foxes. " The ice having disappeared in the spring of 1609, 1 Stadacona, according to the historian FerJMnd, feeins to liave stood on thb northern sidn of the ridge on which Quebec has since been i)uilt, — from Hope Gate towards Abraham's Iliil. This Indian villdgo in 1535 must have been on the south si(U.' of the Si. Charles, as Itonacona and his foiiowf'rs had to cross this stream to vi;-it Jacqiu.'s Cartier's winter quarters, on the baniis of the river Laiiet — ojtpusite to the Murine Hospital. 10 THE ERA OF CHAMrLAIN. [1009. SO early as the 8th April, Champlain was ena})led to k^avo the infant sotth^ment of Quebec and to ascend the river on the 18th for the purpose of further exploring the country. He resolved to penetrate i)ito the interior ; and his ming-led emotions of delig'ht and astonishment may easily be conceived as he proceeded to examine the magnificent country of which he had taken possession. " During the summer, he discovered the beautiful lake which now bears his name ; and having returned to Quebec in the autumn, he sailed for France in September 1609, leaving the settlement under the command of Captain Pierre Chauvin, an oiFicer of a great merit. . '• Champlain was well received on his arrival by Henri IV, who invited him to an interview at Fon- tainebleau, and received from him an exact ac- count of all that had been done in New France, with a statement of the advantages to be expected from the new establishment on the St. Lawrence, — at which recital the King expressed great satis- faction. He Monts, however, by whose means the settlement of Quebec had been formed, could not obtain a renewal of his privilege, which had expired ; notwithstanding which, he was once more enabled by the assistance of the company of merchants to fit out two vessels in the spring of 1(510, under the command of Champlain and Pontgrave. The latter was instructed to continue the fur trade with the Indians, at Tadoussac, whilst Champlain having with him a reinforcement of artisans and laborers was to proceed to Quebec." ^ He arrived on the 26th 1 (Hawkins Picture of Quebec. P. 107.) 1615] INDIAN WARS. 11 May at Tadonssac, and thon proceeded to Que])oc, where he found his colonists in good health and excellent spirits. The early history of the city is more particularly that of the remarkablt> man who founded it; up to IG 15, and in fact until his death, his memoirs are the chief sources of information. Champlain having decided to fovor the cause of the Alg-onquinsandHurons, his immediate neiirhHors, against their distant but redoutable foes, the Iroquois' undertook several expeditions against the latter, and seems to have spent much of his time in aiding his allies and in visiting, yearly. France to secure^ privi- leges for his partners in the fur trade and resources for his growing colony. ^Ve are however inclined to believe, that his views on war were not sound, though many consi- derations can be urged in favor of the course he adopted ; his policy, in lighting the Iroquois at lirst supported by the Dutch and afterwards by the English colonists of New York, "laid the foundation of that predatory and cruel warAire which subsisted with little intermission between his countrymen and the Five Nations, notwithstanding the conciliatory efforts of the Jesuits, and was the remote though innocent cause of the animosity afterwards engender- ed between the Provincialists and the French, owino- to the excesses of the Indians in the interest of the latter, and of a war which terminated with the sub- jugation of Canada by the British arms in 1760." > War and the spirit of discovery brouyht him in the country of the Iroquois in 1601), 1611, 1615. This furnished him an occasion of witnessing som<> 1 (Hawkins Picture of Qwbec ) 12 IHE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [ICIO. atrocious scenes of tortures, on captives by his In- dian allies and which he was powerless to restrain. On the 30th December, IGIO, Champlain, throui^h the influence of Ue Monts, a calvinist, wedded in Paris, a lovely and youthful bride, Helene Boulle, whose father was private secretary to the King's household. The fair Helene had not yet attained h(^r twelfth year ; her family had been brought up in the reformed faith ; ^ they were calvinists, so were their friends. Whether Champlain had originally been a calvinist, ^ the learned abbe Faillon seems to leave undecided. De Monts, his protector, was a calvinist, so were his associates, Pierre Chauvin ^ and Pou- trincourt. Marc Lescarbot held calvinistic tenden- cies, and some of the twenty-eight followers who helped Champlain to found Quebec, were of mixed faith. Though himself, a fervent Roman Catholic, we find that the company of traders, Champlain founded in France in 1613, were calvinists. * Madame de Champlian changed her faith. The abbe Faillon notices, in one of Champlain's most important domestic acts, a mixture of self- interest. Thus, we find him stipulating in his marriage contract with his young bride, on the 27th December, IGIO, that he is to receive before the marriage 6,000 livres and on the day previous to the marriage viz., on the 29th ^ December, 1 Hisloirede la Colonie fraiicaise en Canada : Vol. I, P. 123. a " «« " ♦< " I, F. 551. 8 «« ti II II i< i^ p. 7i_75. Abbe Faillon remarks Ihat Champlain bore the name of Samuel, a very common one amongst Calvinists at that time — but very un- common amongst Roman Catholics. * thsloiie de la Colonie fratuaise en Canada, Vol. I, P. 135. * " " *" " " I, P. 123. II I610J champlain's bride. IS 1610, he actually received 4,500 livros, which enabled him to fit out vessels for his return to Quebec. The g-irlish bride whom he left two years previous in France, turned out a devoted wife. Of her arrival in Canada in 1620, and the public rejoicincrg It gave rise to, we will take care to apprize the reader in due time. Cham plain landed at Quebec in May IGl I, after a most stormy passage, and he left soon after' for the west, reaching the spot where Mr. de Maisonneuve founded Montreal in 1642; early in June, he cleared some land which he called Place Royale, and which was subsequently known as Pointe-Callidre—n^muig the picturesque island which faces Montreal— 7s/^ Sainte Helhie, after his youthful bride. Of the im- provements at the Quebec settlement, during the summer of 1611, we have no record. Champlain, before winter set in, sailed for France, where he was detained nearly two years by the affairs' of the company. De Monts, on account of his losses, having retired from the position he held, Champlain deemed it indispensably necessary for the colony and for the trading company with which it might be connected, to possess, as chief, some person'' in France, who had influence and rank at Court; therefore, on the retirement of De Monts, the Count de Soissons was applied to, and afterwards the Prince Henri de Conde, Charles de Bourbon. Count de Soissons, undertook to become the head of the company of New France, and to sustain the esta- blishment at Quebec, chiefly under the inspiration of religious motives. He nominated Champlain his lieutenant and agent, and died a few weeks after 1-1 THE ERA OP CIUMPLAIN. [IG!3. his appointment. Coiide being' nominated Vio(»roy of New France, ajjpointed Chami)lain as his lieute- nant, loth Oetohev, 1012; hence, in lists of official lunctionnaries, this date is frequently put down as that on which the rule of Governors commenced ; Clianiplain bein;^ set down as the first Governor and certain negotiations were entered in with the object of eiiecling a compromise w^ith the mer- chants and traders of Dieppe, St. Malo, Rcchelle and Ilouen. In the end, some kmd of arrangement Avas made securing for the wants of the colony, at Quebec, a certain portion of the results of the fur traffic to be paid by traders. " ^ Early in May 1()1,'5, Champlain having returned to Quebec, found the small colony free from suliering or disease, we next follow his adventurous course up the Ottawa in a canoe, — then find him sojourning, at the hospitable wig-wam of Trfriendly chief, resid- ing on Ile-aux-AUumetles, previous to exploring the country in quest of the much coveted passage to China; but the indefatigable discoverer was doomed to disappointment and returned to Quebec, towards the latter part of August from whence he saih^d for France, to watch over the interests of the com- pany and his incipient settlement so much dependant on the course of events in the native country. The mercantile affairs of the colony, and the nego- tiations into which Champlain entered for the pur- pose of providing for the religious wants of his own people, detained him in France until the spring of 1615. Innumerable obstacles hindered his projects, 1 Miles's lUslory of Canada, P. 44. 1615.] aurival of recollets. 15 ^ut at length he had the .atLsAiction of procnrintr he Kin-s sanction and that of the Viceroy, to the iorination of a trading society, consisting of nior^ chanis of Ht. Malo and Kouen. Tliis was chartered lor eleven years. In conjunction with the disposi- ions in behalf of the fur trafic, it was bound to ake out missionnaries to the heathen savagvvs and to assist in their maintenance. Chaniphiin, as its agent, and as local Governor or Lieutenant of the Viceroy, was thus at last in a position to carrv out one of his most cherished designs, namely, [o in- troduce among the benighted savages of Canada some regular means of converting them to christi- anity. " It was, he used to say, a more glorious thing to secure the salvation of one soul than to conquer an empire " ^ The arrival of the Kecollet Fathc-rs, at Quebec in 1015 was indeed an important event. Fathers IJonis Jamay, Jean Dolbeau and Joseph LeCaron members of the order of St. Francis, with broth^i' laciiiqiie Duplessis, also, of that order, haAinn- sailed from Honlleur, on the 24th April 1615, in the St Etieune, commanded by Fontgrave, arrived at ladoussac, on the 25th May 1G35. A few davs later, they reached Quebec. Father Dol))eau was charged with the construction of a chapel iu the ower-town, where they were located. One month later the devoted missionary, had the satisfaction oi celebratmg the first mass, in this little chapel and intoning a Te Deum, says LeClercq, amidst salvos of artillery and the acclamations of joy of the 1 Alilea's /Ai/ory c/-67ana(/a, P. 45. 16 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [ICI5. II ;> attondiints. In th«; fall of 16t'.», they laid the found- ations of their monastery on the banks of the St. Charles, at the spot, where the General Hospital now stands. The third and most celebrated expedition Cham- plain undertook against the Iroquois, was anything but successful owing to the mode of attack of the Hurons, his allies. It ended in December 1616 ; its details, however, pertain to the general history of the colony and not to that of Quebec in particular. But Champlain had to winter amongst the Hurons and returned to Quebec, on the 11th July 1616, to the great joy of the residents, who had imagined from his long absence that their loved chief was dead. On the 20th of the same month, he returned to France, accompanied by Fathers .Tamay and LeCaron, to make a strenuous appeal to the company he repre- sented, for supplies and colonists. Amongst other things urged,was the throwing open to all Frenchmen, the peltry trade with the savages, the exclusion of Huguenots, the enlargement of reli- gious mission, the civilization of the Indian tribes. " In adopting these important views, says Miles, we behold Champlain striving to emerge from the posi- tion of a mere commercial company's factor, and assuming the proper functions of a Governor, in behalf of the infant colony w^hich he had founded. To give them effect, it was necessary to visit France and enlist the active sympathies of the court and of persons whose zeal and wealth might accomplish the desired results About sixty men, constitut- ing the whole population of Quebec, remained to 1617.] FIRST EMIORANT. 17 pass the winter of IGIG, somewhat straighteiuHl in ri'gard to supplies for their use, during Charaplain's absence." After a loni^ and dangerous passage hack, Cham- phiin returned to the setth»ment in 1(517, with Louis Hebert, originally an apothecary of Paris, but who, under Poutrincourt, had acquired experience in cultivating the soil, at Port Koyal ; Hebert, whose posterity is so numerous to this day, may be justly styled the " First Emigrant to Canada." " Hebert immediately set to work to clear land in the upper- town," says Ferland, where the French Cathedral and the Seminary were afterwards erected, together with the land extending from Ste. Famille street to the Hotel-Dieu convent. He also built a house and a mill at that point, in the upper-town, where St. Joseph street receives St. Francois ' and St. Flavien streets. However, the abbes Laverdiere and Cas- grain, in their annotations of Champlain's works, on reference to old deeds and plans, think that Ilebert's house was built on, or close to, the site w^here the archbishop's palace has since been erected. - The "First Emigrant" died in January, 1G27, from the effects of a fall, much and deservedly regretted by a large circle of friends. The winters of 1617 and 1618 were anything but cheering; the provisions in 1616-17 ran, short and the inhabitants resorted to hunting. An old enemy, scurvy, also made its appearance. " 1 St. Joseph and St. Francois street?, are now called respectively, Garneau and Ferland streets. 2 No\ts sur les liegistres de Notre-Dame de Quebec — Ferland. Vide Champlain's Works, III Volume, P. 4. 18 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1616-9. Our annals from the year 1616 to 1619 are very- scanty. Narrowly did the settlement escape com- plete annihilation. A dangerous conspiracy had been hatched by the Montagnais Indians, allies of the French; one of whom, Laforiere, fortunately revealed the particulars to a missionary Father, then in their midst, Father Pacifique DuPlessis, who warned the French, pent up in their weak wooden fort. The barbarians had actually mustered at Three Rivers to the number of eight hundred, re- solved to destroy the French. Beauchene, who, at Quebec, replaced Champlain, during the latter's ab- sence in France, being commander, was called on to punish the Indians for treachery ; there was also to be avenged, the death of two Frenchmen, recently murdered near the Island of Orleans ; clemency, or rather prudence, prevailed. It was thought pre- ferable to wait for the return of Champlain. The Indians having in the meantime, given hostages. On the 23rd August, 1619, the colony lost a useful and devoted member by the demise of Father Pacifique DuPlessis. Some occurrences of moment marked the year 1620. Champlain, after spending two years in France, having realised all that he possessed there, induced some of his relatives to accompany him, and brought out Madame de Champlain, his w^ife, then aged twenty-two. The vessel, after a tedious passage of two months duration, reached near Tadoussac on the 7th July ; on the 8th, she was boarded by a small boat carrying Eustache Boulle, Madame de Champlain's brother, who had then been a resident of Canada for two years and a half Great was the 1620] MADAME DE CHAMPLAIN. 19 joy at the meeting- of brother and sister ; greater still, that of the inhabitants of Quebec, on the landing of their respected Governor, accompanied by his amiable and beautiful lady. The party hurried to the rude little lower-town chapel, where a solemn Te Deum was chaunted, which furnished Father Jamay occasion to exhort his hearers " to obey God, — the King and his representative in Canada ; " the Royal commission to Champlain, was then publicly read, and officers of justice appointed ' Thus Champlain took possession of his government in the name of the Duke of Montmorency, whose Lieutenant- General he had been appointed. On visiting the " habitation " Champlain was shocked' to notice its ruinous condition ; the roof was ace ssible to both wind and rain ; the warehouse threatened to fall ; rubbish choked up every court. What wa« to be done ? The artificers, previously busy in erecting Hebert's dwelling and a convent for the Recollets, set to work with a will, to repair Champlain's quarters, and shortly after the youthful Chatelaine and her three waiting-maids were daly installed. One of Madame de Champlain's favorite occupations was ministering to the spiritual and the temporal welfare of the Indian children who lived iii the vicinity. Soon, she began to appear in their simple and grateful eyes, a species of superior being ; they felt inclined to worship her. History recalls the charms of her person, her elegance and kindliness of manner. The Governor's lady wore in her daily ^ Louis Ilebert, the aiothccary and agriculturist, was named Procurtur du Rot; Gilbert Gourseron, Lieutenant du Prevos'. ; one Nicholas,Greflier«/c laJurisdiclion de Quebec. (Faillon)— Vol. I, P. 178.) 20 THE ERA 01? CHAMPI.AIN. [1650: rambles amongst the wig-wams, an article of feminine attire not unsual in those days ; a small mirror hung to her girdle. Nothing similar had yet reached Quebec. The Indians took particular plea- sure in seeing their swarthy faces in the magical glass. It appealed irresistibly to their simple natures. " A beauteous being "Vvho loved them so much as- to carry their images reflected close to her heart," must be more than human ; these rapturous feeling made all hearken attentively to her teachings : blessings attended her footsteps. The graceful figure of the first Lady of Canada, more than two centuries ago, gliding noiselessly along the murmuring waters of the wild St. Lawrence, showering everywhere smiles and kindness — a helpmate to her noble Lord^ — a pattern of purity and refinement; — here indeed is a vision of female loveliness for a poet to immor- talise. Add civilization : replace the rude savage by the civilized white man of the 19th century, and you can still see'this spectacle on the shores of the noble river, " ^ Whilst the French were founding trading posts at Quebec and at Tadoussac, the English were also^ meditating settlements in the New World. On the <3th September, 1G20, the " Pilgrim Fathers," flying from religious persecution, left Plymouth, England, in the " May Flower," and landed, one hundred and two in number, at Patuxet, A few days later, on Christmas day, 162Q> th^se austere puritans, panting for religious freedom, founded a city on a site cleared I 1 Few will fail to recogniso hero, a delicate rapprochement and graceful compliment to the first Lady of Canada, the fascinating Countess of DuflTerin. (Publishers note.) i^ '.622] SAMOSET. 21 by the Indians. After a winter of sufFerino. thev were, we are told, in March following, greetod by an Indian Chief, named Samoset, ntterin- in broken Eiighsh the words : " Welcome, Ymgees ; welcome lingees;" for English. Thns, according to some originated the term " Yakkke." ^ In the summer of 1622, the benevolent Madame de Champlain realised what living at Quebec really meant for Europeans. The fierce Iroquois landed in thirty canoes close to the settlement • a large band of these f.^rocious warriors hovered about Quebec. The remembrance of the fatal effects of fire arms alone deterred them from attacking the French. Champlain and mo,st of his men beinn- 1 To Ihe year 1621. are traced the first registers of baptisms, mnr- nag.s and der ths of the Roman Catholic Cathedral at Queboc ; possiJbl v such registers wore kept anlerioriiy to this, but the cnflagrat.on uf the church m 1640. having caused tl,eir destruction, they ^vtre so far as was practicahlo, restored from memory and /rom the traditions existing in the families. r„'m' "'m 'u'i ' '' ""' "^'^^ "^"■'■''^"•^ '''■ ^"i"^"n»e Co.tiliard with Gutileme te H-bert. Two and a half monti,s previously, the .2th May ,U, was celebrated at I'iyn.onth, N, E.. the marriage of Ed- ward Wmslow and Snsaunah White, the Ik-st marriage which took place in Now England. The list of the christenings bedns in Oclober, lG2i. by that of Eustache Maitin. son of Al,r..ham Martin ./// i:E<:ossa,s, pUot of he nver St Lawrenc..,-and of Mane Langlois. Abraham Mart,,, iKis left, by his daughters, a numerous progenv. The old pilot fr.. harles Amador Ma.tin, the only son of Abraham, who surv.vnl him had lorgo.l.|ath.T the celebrated Charles Amador de la Tour, who was aign.becm 1640. Cluiries Am.dor Martin dist,ng«ish..d by his good conduct an.l talent for music, was the second Cana.iian who took orders as priest; lieLecame a member of Ihe Seminary of foreign Mi^- i^io/is, at Quebec, and a canon of the Cathedral. FuiaA.NO, Vol I V "(j' IHE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. ri624 absent, women and children, all shut themselves up in the Fort. The RecoUet convent on the banks of the St. Charles, was assailed ; the Friars fortified themselves. " Whilst," says Parkman, " some prayed in the chapel, the rest, with their Indians, manned the walls The Iroquois respected their redoubts and demi-lunes, and withdrew, after burning the Huron prisoners." The year 1624, was endeared to the faithful of Quebec, by the celebration of a religious ceremony, numerously attended by the White and the Red- skins ; St. Joseph was selected as the first patron of New France. The building of Fort St. Louis, in the upper-town» was pushed on as very indispensable, in the daily recurrence of Indian assaults. The " habitation " in the lower-town, though temporarily repaired was in a sad plight. It was decided to pull it down, with the exception of the warehouse, and rebuild one, on a much grander scale. This was in May 1624 ; a stone with an inscription was deposited in the foundation to commemorate the event. On this stone, were inscribed the arms of the King, as well as those of the Viceroy, with the date ; the name of Champlain was added, as Lieute- ant of the Duke of Montmorency ; this stone was dis- covered some years back and perished in a con- flagration in 1854. It was a sorry day for the settlement, when the inhabitants, on the 15th August 1624, saw the white sails of Champlain's vessel disappear behind Point- Levis, carrying back, alas for ever ! to the shores of f 1625.] ARRIVAL OF THE JESUITS. 23 her beloved France, the saintlike Madame de Cham- plain, sighing for the mystic life of the cloister and tired out by the incessant alarms, Indian ferocity spread round the Fort during the frequent absence of her husband and her favorite brother. The high born dame, accustomed to the amenities and luxuries of Parisian life, must have, indeed, found the Canadian wilderness at times, heavy to endure. She died at Meaux, in 1654 — an Ursuline nun. At his departure, Cham plain appointed as Com- mander, Emery de Caen, who was also chief factor for the " Company of Montmorency ; " the whit") population of Quebec was then composed of 51 souls — men — women and children. The RecoUets became more and more convinced that other missions ought to be founded in such a vast country as New France ; the six Friars that the company had agreed to support were totally insuffi- cient for spreading effectually the word of God,amidst the countless tribes of aborigines. It was then resolved that the Jesuits, in France, should be invited to join in this good work ; Father Irenee Piat and Brother F. Sagard, accompanied Champlain to France with this object, Henri de Levi, Duke ot Ventadour, who had purchased the Vice-Royalty of Canada, an ecclesiastic himself, having influence at Court, com- pelled the company to further his plans and even- tually supplied means to send out in the ships Guil- laume de Caen was conducting to Quebec in 1625, Fathers Charles Lalemant, Jean de Breboeuf, Enne- mond Masse and two others, with a Recollet, Joseph de la Roche-Daillon. They at first found shelter under the hospital roof of the Franciscan Friars, and 24 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1627. soon after, built for themselves a suitable resi- dence, on the north side of the St. Charles, at the mouth of the river Lairet-the spot was called Notre- Dame-des-Anges. The winter of 1627-8 had been one of want, suffering and gloom. Relief would no doubt arrive for the disheartened Quebecers wath the return of the ships from France, in the spring. De Caen's associates instead of tilling the soil, as they were bound to do, had not even cleared, two acres the surest way to secure the colony from the annual famines which assailed it. July and its tropical heats hung over the Fort; still, there was no sign of the white-pennoned barks, round the Island of Orleans ; the supplies were run out. Champlain equal to the emergency, resolved on sending down a vessel to meet the ships, attracted each spring to Gaspe, by the cod fishery; his object beiiiij to procure food and also to send back to France, the useless mouths. But another trouble sprung' up. No craft could be found for the errand. All had wintered at Tadoussac, under De Caen's directions. The Company's stores at Quebec, con- tained neither tar,— nor oakum,— nor cordage,— nor canvass. How was the dilficulty to be bridged over ? Since the early days of the settlement, cattle had been fed on the vast natural meadow^s at the base of Cape Tourmente, (at St. Joachim) Champlain, therefore, sent word to slaughter an ox for its meat, chiefly for its tallow. Old rope was gathered— con- verted into oakum— men dispatched to the woods in f I 16-27.] kirke's summons. L'5 quest of the gum of the pine, and a boat fitted out for Tadoussac. All at once, two men arrived in hot haste from the Cape Tourmente farms, with the astoundinjf news that two vessels laden with English soldiers had landed there,— slaughtered a portion of the cattle— applied the torch to two small houses and stables— seized en some of the workman and carried away some of the sacred vases with which the Friars celebrated mass. After pillaging the place, the marauders, several of whom were French and had visited Tadoussac, the year previous, on De Caen's vessels, had retreated preci- pitately. Champlain without loosing a moment, set his men to repair the out-works of the habitation and to erect barricades round the Fort, the remparts of which were not yet finished on account of the scarcity of artificers. In anticipation of the impend- ing attack, he assigned to each man the post he was held to defend. On the 10th July, an English boat arrived with a letter from Capt. David Kirke, to Champlain, re- questing him to surrender the Fort and its depen- dencies. Champlain assembled the principal inhabitants and read them aloud this letter ; Pontgrave was also present. One notices in history with pride the courteous, yet firm and dignified reply of the Governor of Quebec, to this peremptory summons of Capt. Kirke. (Ferland, P 230.) It had its results ; Kirke gave up all idea of storming the place and devoted his energies to intercept and capture Roquemont's fieet, which he met lower down than Tadoussac : in this, he 26 THE ERA GF CHAMPLAIN. [1628. succeeded. One vessel alone escaped and reached a French port. Father Noyrot was on board. The capture of the French fleet reduced Quebec to the verge of ruin : for the last three years, pro- visions had run short as well as ammunition, &c. Should the English return, nothing remained but to surrender. For sometime past the daily rations, were seven ounces of peas per day for each person : no relief from France, on account of the intervening winter, could reach before ten months. "With this dishearten- ing future before him, Champlain's appears as sanguine, as hopeful as ever. His very bearing inspires courage ; his followers are patient because their loved, their fearless commander is a model of pa- tience and fortitude. The colonists can be saved from starvation during those long and dismal winter months, if the maize and grain harvested by the families Hebert and Couillard, as well as that, saved by the Recollets, is properly husbanded and sparingly doled out ; and so it was ordained and carried. With the first dawn of spring, Champlain racked his fertile brain for an expedient to provide susten- ance for the settlement, should the returning ships fail to fetch the much wanted supplies. Beset with every imaginable difficulty, in no phase of his career, does, the dauntless commander exhibit a stouter heart. One of the daring schemes which he meditated, was to go, with some of his followers, and with the aid of Indian allies, dispossess the Iroquois of one of their villages where he would surely find provisions J j 16:9.] EUSTACHE B0ULL6. 27 stored ; the idea, however, was abandonned. Cham- plain contented himself with sending twenty of his brave but famished Frenchmen, to the Hurons ; this little band returned to Quebec on the 17th July (1629) with a party of Hurons in twelve canoes, without having obtained any supplies ; so that in order to keep soul and body together, they too were compel- led, hke the other settlers, to travel six or seven leagues from the Fort, in quest of roots. The tilling of the soil— the eel fishery— the pur- suit of game, in the surrounding forests, were soon settled on, as the sole remaining mode to escape that terrible death by starvation which loomed out, in a not very distant future. On the 26th June, Madame de Champlain's bro- ther, Eustache Boulle, in an ill-equipped shallop, of ten or twelve tons, sailed for Gaspe, in order to meet the spring fishing fleet from France. Thirty men accompanied him ; twenty of whom had made up their mind to seek their fortunes on the Gaspe coast, and ten to brave the perils of the deep, under the' guidance of Boulle, the bearer of despatches on be- half of Champlain to the French King— to Cardinal de Richelieu and to the partners of the company. The adventurous crew counted on procuring fish either at Gaspe or on the banks, out at sea ; in the meantime, they lived on roots ; some, the more pro- vident, had succeeded in concealing for this voyage, a small supply of pea-meal. Eustache Boulle had the good fortune to meet a ship commanded by Emery de Caen, who, among other things, was the bearer of stores for the colony ; he further brought the welcome news of the near 28 THE ERA OF CIIAMPLAIN. [1627-9. approach of a French lleet, commandecl by de Rn/illy to protect Qut'bec, ag-ainst the Eiighsh. De Caen's ship was subsequently captured and burnt by the " Abigail," Capt. IJ. Kirke— long ere she reached her destination. BouUe was on his return up the river, taken by an Eng'lish vessel ; the sailors managed to extort I'rom the French, information as to the forlorn state of Quebec, which induced the English to attack the place immediately. ' ' ' War in earnest had been meant by the English ; on the 25th March, (1629] previous, Capt. David Kirke had sailed from Clravesend with a ileet to despoil Canada. It had been litted out by him for his father, Clervase Kirke and Sir William Alexander of Menstrie ; it consisted of the " Abigail, " the flag- ship— 300 tons ; the "William," Capt. Lewis Kirke, 200 tons ; the " Cfeorge," Capt. Thomas Kirke, of 200 tons; the " Gervase," Capt. Brewerton, of 200 tons, besides two other ships and three pinnaces, " all well manned, armed and furnished with letters-of- mark under the l>road seal of England." ^ Hi!4 Koyal Hi^liiiCKs, l.]ic curioh«ity was worked up to the highest pitch. Vast were the preparations and reliq-ioiis pomp, for the christoninir of this supposed eprig of Indian Royalty. The important ceremony was allotted to the highest Church dignitary, the An.hhishop, who, at the head of a numerous clergy, proceeded to the entrance of the great Cathedral, to receive the budding Indian warrior, solemnly singing the psalm " Lauda Jerusalem. " His Highness was then escorted to a lofty platform, from whence the faithful could feast their eyes on the pageant. His Grace, the Duke of Longueville, tho Governor of Normandy, and the haughty Duchess of Villars had condescended to act as sponsors : the royal youth was called— after the reigning French monarch probably —Louis de Sainte Foi. Having returned to the dominions of his fathers, His Highness was, two years after, made a prisoner of war by Captain Kirke, who considered that the possession of such an illus- trious personage might facilitate the surrender of Quebec. The English Admiral soon, however, made the unwelcome discovery that the Dauphin of Ca- nada was but the son of a poor, naked savage- of no rank whatever. This so enraged him that he stripped Louis of all the finery he had been wearino- and returned him to his naked parents, the chronicler adds, " in a very mediocre dress." Signor Louis, on the other hand, took so much to heart the loss of his rank and breeches ? that, says the abbe, he waved or forgot all the prerogatives of a Christian, and henceforth, the neophyte behaved no better than a pagan. ' » fUsloire de la Colom'e francaise —Vol I, P. 185, 30 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1629. On the 10th July, 1629, the "George" and the " Gervase " were in front of Quebec ; a boat with a white flag pulled to the shore. ' The Governor of the Fort hoisted another in reply, when a naval officer came forward with a letter from Louis and Thomas Kirke, the brothers of David, stating that the desperate state of the Fort was known to the English, asking for its surrender and tendering favorable terms which they promised to have ratified, by Ad- miral David Kirke, then at Tadoussac. Affairs were indeed at a low ebb for the French ; the settlers, says an historian, had for some time past, been reduced to live like " swine, on roots." Alas ! dauntless leader, that day-dream of thirty years, that " France on WESTERN SOIL " is then to be dissolved in air ! Nothing remains, but to bow your head to the stern decree of destiny ! Cham plain, however, ere he signed the capitulation, went with Pontgrave, on board the English ships and demanded to be shown the King's commission, under authority of which the Kirkes assumed to act ; this also was promised, as soon as they should reach Ta- doussac. By the capitulation, the company's officers were allowed to carry away their arms — their clothes — their peltries. The soldiers, to retire each with his "arms and a beaver coat." Churchmen were M 1 The accounts of historians are conflictinf? as to dftlails. In a recent worii on the Conquest of Canada in t6'29, by a descendant of David Kirice, it is avered that David came to Quebec with two ships, the Gervase and the^reort/e, whilst the historian Perland (Vol I, P. 234), contends that Capt. David Kirke had stopped at Tadoussac and sent up his brothers Louis and Thomas to Quebec, with three vessels, one of one hundred tons, carrying ten guns and two of forty tons, carrying six guns, each. 1629.J A LUTHERAN MINISTER. 81 permitted to retain their books and their wearing apparel. The Governor had also stipulated protec- tion for the places of worship, without forgetting to take measures for the welfare of his friends — widow Hebert and her son-in-law Couillard. * Louis and Thomas Kirke also allowed him to bring to Tadoussac two young Indian converts : one called " Hope," the other " Charity." This leave was subsequently with- drawn by the Admiral, then at Tadoussac, and the Indian girls returned to Quebec, under the charge of Couillard, who had gone down to Tadoussac, and who promised to educate them like his own children. We read of a visit paid to the Recollet and Jesuit monasteries, on the banks of the St. Charles, by Capt. Louis Kirke ; the Reverend Fathers begged of him to accept a few of their paintini^s, and, the Parson, who accompanied Kirke, askt'd the Fathers for a few books, which they were glad to tender him. One would be curious to know, to what department of literature, His Reverence, the Lutheran Minis- ter, took such a strong fancy, whilst looking over the library of the Quebec Jesuits, in July 1G29. The French families who choose to remain, were tendered protection. Champlain and some Frairs and inhabitants took passage for England, in one of the large English ships. On the 20th July, the British ensign was hoisted on the bastion of the Fort, amidst the roar of the artillery of the English men-of-war and of the Fort. British rule w^as proclaimed to 1 Couillard has left very numerous descendants. Dr. Gaspard Couillard, formerly Seigneur of St. Thomas, Montmagny, was one; his family was large; one of his daughters, is the wife of the lion. Alex, de Lery, of Quebec — Senator. 8^ THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1629. » the soldiers assembled probably in the Grande Place facing Fort St. Louis, (the Ring). Thus, in less than two years, Sir David Kirke had swept England's enemies from Nova Scotia and Canada. On the 20th October 1629, he anchored at Ply- mouth, to hear very bad news, indeed. France and England had concluded peace, nearly two months before the date of the capture of Quebec, viz : on the 24th April 1629. Champlain had laid his case before the French ambassador, in London ; soon, it vras known that the King (Charles I) had passed his royal word that " Quebec would be returned to France." Macaulay, has shown what Charles's royal word later on, was worth. Admiral Kirke does not appear to have placed implicit faith in it either, judging from the tenacity with which, for three years, he held on to his conquest and peltries ; however, an excellent financial reason existed why Royal Charles should scrupulously keep hifi royal covenant. There were still due to the British Monarch, four hund^ : thousand crowns, balance of the dowry of Queen Henrietta-Maria, and King Louis had sworn a royal oath that unless Quebec w^ere restored, his trusty and well-beloved cousin on the other side of the channel, might place amongst his bad debts, if he had any, the 400,000 French Crowns. Kings, as well as commoners are not a\'erse to claiming any balance in their favor, shown by the Ledger. ' ' ' • ' The fate of Quebec was scaled, in spite of the remonstrances of the " Canada Merchants," in En- gland, who complained of the heavy expenditure they had incurred in fitting out at a cost of ^£60,000, ^!==^=.g=:gs T62y.] ^OVEHNOTl KIRKE. 33 the fleet which had captured " the American Forts.'' Nor does David Kirke appear to have considered an acknowledgment in full of his services, the Royal Grrant of 1st Dec, 1631, allowing him to wear the coat-armor of Admiral Iloquemont, whom he had taken prisoner. Though he became " Sir David ," this was far from enough to salve his lacerated feelings and restore his impoverished exchequer.^ Let us hie back, across the ocean and view Quebec, under British rule. Louis Kirke having been appoint- ed, commander of the Fort, continued to treat Cham- plain, until the latter's departure, on the 2-lth July, with marked courtesy, allowing him even the privilege of having mass said in Fort Saint Louis (where Champlain resided) until he embarked, though, David Kirke, the admiral, subsequently disap- proved of this latter indulgence. Thus, Louis Kirke remained with ninety men under his command, at Quebec, and a long, dreary winter before him. Having neglected to sow and till the land, with the exception of what had been cleared by the liecollets and Jesuits, a famine ensued in the winter months of 1629-30. Six pounds of bread: such was the weekly allowance to each settler. Had it not been for the timely succour received from the neighlwuring Indians, dire in the extreme, would have been the results. The distress was notwithstanding, intense. Fourteen persons perished during the winter; others suffered in a greater or less, degree. More than once, it has been asked how many 1 Tlie First Conquest of Can '. rv Kirlo, 1>7I. 2 u~~ THE ERA OF CMAMPLAIN. [ISS/V. II French faihilies, remained at Quebec, tindci the fold* of the British flag, in 1629. Though the ^ opinions, on this point, are conflicting, ■we are warranted, we think, in limiting to five, the number of French families who remained. Louis Hebert,had died in 1627 ; his widow had become the spouse of Guillanroe Huboust ; her daughter, Guillemette, had married Cruillaume Couillard. In addition to these two house- holds, one may safely assert, that the old Scotch pilot, Abraham Martin, stopped behind, as well as the family of Pierre DesPortes and that, of Nicholas Pivert, who in 1628 had returned to Quebec, from the Cape Tourmente settlement. These five families all told, comprised twenty-one souls, exclusive of any servants or menials that might have been in their employ. One fourth of Kirke'a garrison was then composed of French. If Quebec, was in 1629-30, a prey ta famine, as ju«t stated, there was an ennemy more formidable yet, lurking within her wooden walls; the demon of religious discord. Though Kirke by his father's side was of Scotch descent, his mother, wasaFrench woman of Dieppe: he himself had been a wine merchant in Bordeaux. French proclivities occasionally cropped out in his intercourse with his blunt British soldiers. Unfor- tunately, for the general welfare, he allowed himself to be ruled by some perfidious counsellors, french in their leanings. Hence the origin of the trouble 1 Compare Ilisloire de la Colonie franpaise au Canada, Vol. I, Page 174, 202-4-6 with the note on pages 250-1 of OEuvres de Ckamplam, Vol. Ill, annotated by abb6 LaverdiSre ; on this point of oontroveray between the two historians, we decidly would adopt the views of ab(>e Laverdi^re. 1631.] THE LUTHERAN MINISTER. 35 Diversity of faith, only served to make more apparent, diversity of race. Kirke, the Huguenot, was a Calvinist, whilst the clergyman who accompanied the expedition was a Lutheran. The British soldiers sided with the disciple of Luther ; matters getting every day worse, a plot was laid to despatch the Governor of Quebec, together with his French sympathisers. Kirke, luckily found it out in time ; punished summarily the conspirators and incar- cerated the Lutheran minister, in the Jesuits' resi- dence, on the banks of the meandering St. Charles, for six months ; this wholesome exercise of authority, for the time being, caused a cessation of public worship.^ In the meantime, Champlain, or perhaps, the 400,000 french crowns, carried the point in England. Emery de Caen, who had suffered heavy loss by the surrender of Quebec, was empowered, under a com- mission signed by the French King and counter- signed by Charles I, of England, to reclaim posses- sion of Quebec, in order to make up his losses, by a monopoly of the peltry trade for one year. He was named commander of the whole colony, as well as of the fleet sent out, but Du Plessis Bochart, a Roman Catholic, was named jointly with him to counteract tht^ effect of his calvinistic faith. It was understood that this arrangement was only tempo- rary and that Champlain should succeed him the following year. On the 13th July, 1632, Quebec was handed over to Emery de Caen and to Du Plessis Bochart ; on the «ame day, the English embarked on two vessels » liisloire de la Colonie francaise au Canada. Vol. I. P. 252 ae THE ERA OP CHAMPLAIN. [IC33. It laden with merchandise and fars, and sailed for England. Lively, indeed, was the feeling- of relief and joy ex- perienced by the French, when they returned after an absence of three years. These, had been days of gloom and sorrow and deep regret, for the few French remaining in the settlement ; mass had not been cele- brated at Quebec for three years. Even the christening of French children, fell to heretical hands ; Couillard's infant daughter, born in 1631, was baptized by an English person, probably the Lutheran minister, who after his six months jail, had become, possibly, a wiser man. Father LeJeune, in 1632, hastened to Couillard's house to celebrate mass ; the lower-town chapel being in ashes. The " habitation " had also fallen a prey to flames and neglect ;nothing stood, but its bare and crumbling walls. In the con flagration, 9,000 beaver skins had also perished— the property of the company of Montmorency. The Jesuits house on the St. Charles, had fallen to decay ; even ' the doors and windows, had been torn down and carried away. The Recollets' convent was in a still worse plight ; scarcely a roof remained to shelter the returning French. None were more ready to greet their old acquaintances than the Montagnais Indians ; but that curse — intoxicating liquors, — sold to them by the P]nglish, had demoralised them and led them in an ungviarded moment, to butcher a number of cap- tives, they with the aid of the Algonquins, had made during a victorious fight they had had with the Iro- quois ; the efibrts of the Lutheran minister had proved unavailing to restrain them and their dresid of revenge, made them look with sincere joy on the 1633.] RETURN OF CHAMPLAIN. 37 return of the French, from whom they expected help against the merciless Iroquois. The Fort, however, was uninjured ; the Chapel built in 1615, next to the " habitation " had been burnt in 1629, so, that on the sabbath, public worship was held in an apartment of the Fort ; on week days, mass was celebrated at the Jesuits house of Nolre-Dame-des-Anges, on the little river St. Charles. On the 1st March 1633, the Company of the Hundred- Associates, presented Champlain to the prime minister, the great Cardinal de Richelieu, who constituted him his Lieutenant, in all the French possessions on the St. Lawrence, with most extensive powers. On the 23rd May 1633, a guard composed of pikemen and musketeers with drums beating, escorted the founder of Quebec, from the ships to Fort St, Louis. A French squadron was anchored opposite the lofty cliffs of Cape Diamond, viz : the " St, Pierre." of 150 tons, carrying 12 guns; the " St. Jean " of 160 tons, carrying 10 guns, and the " Don de Dieu " of 80 tons and 6 guns. The fleet had also brought out 200 persons, including the Jesuits Masse and Brebc3uf, one woman and two young girls. In ascending the St. Lawrence, Champlain had met several english vessels, as well armed as his own,— trading with the Indians. Not caring to risk the fate of Quebec on an engagement in which his heavily laden vessels would have to fight at disadvantage, he sent word to DuPlessis Bochart, then at Quebec, to prevent the Eujjlish vessels from (i ■■ THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1633. sailing past the Fort and artfully induced the savages, by his promises, to exclude the English from trading with them. In furtherance of this policy, he subsequently established a trading post defended by a battery of guns, on a small island, opposite Point Platon, Lotbiniere, which he thus fortified, to shut out English vessels from going beyond. What a gratifying spectacle it must have been for him to witness the success which crowned his efforts as early as August 1633, when the Hurons, who had shunned the settlement, when Kirke was there, crowded into port with one hundred and fifty canoes, laden with furs ^ and carrying 500 or 600 warriors, of remarkable appetites and athletic frames. The haranguing, feasting, smoking and council- holding which these swarthy sons of the forest, inflicted on the sturdy Governor, taxed to the utmost, his powers of endurance, great though they were. The year 1633, saw the accomplishment of a vow the pious Cham plain had made ; should the settlement be recovered from the English, he had promised to build a Church. A temple of worship was accord- ingly erected and not improperly named, Notre- Dame de Recouvrance. It stood on the eastern portion of the site * on which the present Basilica was com- 1 The number of beaver skins traded for in a year sometimes reached 20,000— they were worth each a pistole 8s. 4d.=£8,000 — this represented a very large sum in those days. 2 Quebec historians entertain different ojunions as to the site of Notre-Dc me de Recouvrance, thus called because of the recovery of the country from England, and also because a picture exposed on the altar had been recovered from a shipwrecic. The historian, Ferland, says this church stood on, or in the vicinity of, the site on which the English W33.] NOTRE-DAME DE RECOUVRANCE. 39 menced in 1647. The Jesuit missionaries, in order to be closer for purposes of public worship, established for themselves another dwelling close to the Fort. A brilliant writer, Francis Parkman, thus sums up the routine of existence at that period : " A stranger visiting the Fort of Quebec would have been aston- ished at its air of conventual decorum. Black Jesuits and scarfed officers mingled at Champlain's table. There was little conversation, but in its place histories and the lives of saints were read aloud as in a mo- nastic refectory.^ Prayers, masses and confessions followed each other with an edifying regularity, and the bell of the adjacent chapel, built by Champlain, rang morning, noon and night. Grodless soldiers caught the infection and wipped themselves in penance for their sins. ' Debauched artisans outdid each other in the fury of their contrition. Quebec was become a mission. Indians gathered thither as of old, not from the baneful lure of brandy, for the traffic in it was no longer tolerated, but from the less pernicious attractions of gifts, kind words, and politic blandishments " Champlain's example and teach- ings bore their legitimate fruits, even after his death." Let us hear Father Le Jeune, minutely describing the punishments which overtook the unruly at Quebec : " Of course in all societies there are some Cathedral was since builL The abbe Laverdiere, after several exca- vations, sots forth in an elaborate pamphlet, that he has discovered the walls of Nolre-{)ame de Recovvrance, in the eastern portion of the site on which the Kooiau dalholie Cathedral was Bubsequenlly built. J Le Jeune. Relations— \63i. ■3 Le Jeune. Rdaiions—'.OU. THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1635. )]■ discontented spirits, to whom the very mildest forms, of restraint seem odious. All such are provided for here; for on the 29th De€ember, 1635, notices and prohibitions were affixed to a pillar in front of the church, specifying the penalties for blasphemy, in- temperance, neglect of mass or of divine service on f4te days. Also, a pillory was attached to the same, which was had recourse to, on the 18th of January, to punish a drunkard and blasphemer ; and on the 22nd, one of our people was condemned to pay a fine of fifty livres, for having supplied intoxicating liquors to the savages." History has handed down an able letter written, by Champlain, to Cardinal de Richelieu, in which he details the works and improvements he had under- taken at Quebec, and in the little Island, ^ opposite St. Croix, in which he built Fort Kichelieu, to prevent hostile parties of Indians from descending the river and foreign enemies from ascending. Champlain continued to labor incessantly for the spiritual and temporal welfare of the colony, untii about the 10th October, 16-35, when a stroke of paralysis laid him prostrate. He never rose again from his couch, nor was he ever again able to sign his name to public or private documents. " Christmas day 1635, was a dark day in the annals of New France. In a chamber of the Fort, breathless, and cold, lay the hardy frame, which war, the wilderness and the sea had bufieted so long in vain. After two months and a. half of illness, Cham- plain, at the age of sixty-eight, w^as dead. His last 1 This rocky chmnel, a clangorous porlLon of the St. Lawrence, is. now called " The RichelieUx" 1635] DEATH OF CHAMPLAJN. 41 cares were for his colony and the succour of its suffering families. Jesuits, officers, soldiers, traders and the few settlers of Quebec, followed his remains to the church ; Le Jeune pronounced his eulogy, and the feeble community built a ^ tomb to his honor. The colony could ill spare him. For twenty- seven years, he had labored hard, for its welfare, sacrificing fortune, repose and domestic peace to a cause embraced with enthusiasm and pursued with intrepid persistency. His character belonged partly to the past, partly to the present. The prenx chevalier, the crusader, the romance-loving explorer, the curious, knowledge-seeking traveller, 1 The remains of the Founder of Quebec were deposileil in o vault " sepulchre parlicuiier " — over which, soon aflerwarrts his succef-sor Governor de Montmagny, appears to have caused the erection of the small structure known as Champlain's Chapel. The site of this building has recently become the subject of a lively controversy. In 18fi0. Mr. Hugh O'Donnell, then manager of the City Waterworks, in con- ducting some excavations, connocted with the waterworks, found a stone vault, under the steps leading down from Mountain Hill to Champlain street : in it, were found a cofQn and human bones, which wen; pronounced to be those of the illustrious Governor. In the Journal L'Opinion Plui.ique, of the 4lh November, 1875, much new light is thrown on this debated question, by the publicTlion ot historical docu- ments recently discovered amongst the papers and notes bequeathed to the Laval University by an eminent President of the Lilerary and lUslorical Sociely, Geo. B. Faribault, es(|uire. These documents go far to favor a view, I have long entertained, that Champlain's remains were to be sought for not in the lower-town but in the upper town of Quebec, neap the Ring or Grande Place. Champlain's Chapel, in which his body rested, in a " Sepulchre parliiuiiier "' accor(Jing to these documents, stood, near the site of the jiresent Post office ; this recent archeological controversy, will doubtless ere lonjj lead to further researches. In addition to details published m the Opimo.n PunuiQUE, much curious data will be found in the paniphlets publishpd in 1 8G^i-7 by the abbes Laverdiere and Casgrain and Mr. Stanislas UrapeaUv See apiendis! Yerbo CaAMPUAiN's Tqmr. 42 THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. [1635. the practical navigator, all claimed their share in him. With the life of the faithful soldier closes the opening period of ♦' New France." Let us add, one of the most romantic eras in our annals. tim CHAPTER II. 1035—1003. IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. MONTMAGNT, THE SECOND GoVERNOH OF QuEBEC, 1636. —ThK JeSJIITS COLI EGE FOUNDED, 1637. - ARRIVAL OF THE UrSULINES AND IIOTEL- DiEuNuNS, 1639.— Conflagration op the Parish Church, 1640 — Roman Catholic Cathedral commenckd, 1647. — The dispersed HURO.SSSEEK REFUGE IN QuEUEC, 1649. — DESTRUCTION I.Y FIHK OF THE Uhsulinks Convent, 1650. — Iroqdois Incursions, 1656. — Indian Massacres, 1658. — The Great Earthquake, 1663. This chapter will trace with the history of Quebec, the oricrin of its public edifices during twenty-eight years. Though associated with the foundation of several of the most important religious establish- ments, still existing in modern Quebec, these were not years of peace, but of constant struggle ; at times of dire alarm— of gloom verging on despair. The causes : inherent wa^akness— external hostility— me- tropolitan mis-rule. For the scanty colonists, during this blighting period, one idea, one only prevailed : self-preserv- ation against Indian surprise. A long wished-for change came at last ; the sup- pression in 1663, of the company of the Hundred- As- — arm J 44 IROQUOIS AQORESSION. [leuj. Bociatos and the inaugumtion on its ruins by tho King, of a royal govornraent. To Quebec, if not to Montreal, this heralded, a now life — the cessation of a long train of miseries. Let us resumi' our narrative : Mr. de Chateaufort, selected by Champlain him- self, to replace him, had held the reins of power from Christmas, 1635, to the lUh June, 1G3G. On that day, the entire population preceeded by musketeers and martial music, hurried down to the port, to greet the new Governor, Charles Huault de Montmagny, a brave, pious and distinguished Knight of Malta. On touching Canadian soil, de Montmagny stalked up Mountain hill, and on his way, ^ meeting with a cross, devoutly knelt down to offer up a prayer. A solemn Te Denm was chaunted at the church of Nof re-Dame de Recouvrance, after which de Chateau- fort delivered over to the King's representative, to- gether with the keys of Fort St. Louis, the external signs of authority and command. One of the new Governor's first cares, was to place the colony on a sound footing as to defence. Cham- plain, before closing his eventful career, had ordered the reconstruction of the palisade w^hich formed tho out-works of the Fort, and had also erected a battery of guns in the lower-town, opposite the warehouse? to command this part of the river. De Montraagn\ resolved to go much further ; a plan of a new fort to be built of stone, was prepared, and his artificers with pic and shovel, might be seen actively engaged 1 This cross stood most probnbly within the small cometery then existini.', near the top of Mountain Hill, of which traces were recently found, facing Turcotte's Block. 1630] ROBERT aiFFARD. 45 ry in hewing stone out of the quarry — burning limo — baking bricks. The irregularity of the streets, at Inst narrow foot-paths, where the forest had stood, next claimed his earnest attention. To ensure regularity in the highways, a new plan of the city was ordered. De Montmagny's example and ideas of progress were not lost on his followers. Private dwellings, as well as public edifices, underwent rapid transforma- tions, to such a degree that the old residents mar- velled at the pleasing appearance of the city generally. Several families of note ^ had now selected New France as their adoptive home. Father Le Jeune, will furnish us with some delightful glimpses of Canadian life at that early time. " Here, we have," says he, " honourable gentlemen and soldiers.whom it is a pleasure to behold going through warlike exercises in the midst of peace, and hear the report of musquetry and cannon only on occasions of rejoicing, re-echoed from our grand forests and mountains, like innocuous thunder. The other inhabi- tants consist of a mass of various artisans and a number of honorable families, notably increased oi late. Even our savages are astonished to see so many of what they call *' Captains and young Captains. " " The roll of the drum w^akes us up at dawn : Id y I Amongst others, that of sieur Robert OifTard, a noted physician, on whom the Company bequpaliied the 5c/,7/iet//(V ol Bo.iiijiorl; he had 'hon several artificers and laborers at work there; soon a village s])i'ang p. Nor must we omit recording the arrival of oiher remnrkahlo ■loiiisls, the Hepentignys, de Tillys, La Polheries Ac. — One hundred .md tiity years afterwards, we will find the name of B-'auport seli'cted f>y the first English Governor of Quebec, General Jas. Murray, for his ooutitry-seat in England. 'n'-'yrmii 46 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1637. sentries go their rounds. The guard-room is well looked after. Each sentinel has his allotted period of duty. Our Quebec Fort, is guarded even in time of peace, like a powerful fortress, during war " and further. " When they tell us, at Quebec, that there is a number of persons at Tadoussac, and that nothing is to be seen below, but men, women and littl«^ children coming to increase our colony, and that amongst them are young ladies and young children as bright as the day, I leave you to judge how joy and surprise take possession of our hearts. Who care snow for the difficulty of crossing the ocean, when such young children and girls and women naturally timid, make nothing of the long sea- voyage ? " Such, the glowing picture, traced by this hopeful and devoted missionary, during the halcyon days Oi peace — the short truces, purchased more than once, from the merciless Indian foes, with the most generous blood of the colonists. The delapidated old pile, rebuilt after 1720, facing the lloman Catholic Cathedral, the Jesuits college, better known to us, as the Jesuits Barracks, since it was taken possession of, in 1Y63, by Governor Murray, for the accommodation of troops, dates back to 1637. ^ At first, it had been contemplated to erect a college in the valley of the St. Charles, close to the re- sidence of the Jesuits, Notre-Dame es-Anges, where 1 One year later, in 1638, John Harvard bequeathed £779 17s. '2d. to support the college recently founded by the Legislature of Massa- chusetts, near Boston, at Newtown, Which that year, changed its name into Cambridge. The first professor of Harvard College, Natha- niel Ealon, had, according to Winthrop, been educated by the Jesuits. 1638-9.J THE JEStJIT« COLLEGE. 47 •2(1. ssa- il3 I ha- uls. QiteL ^ c was to be transferred, but the idea of chang- ing the site of the city having been given up, twelve arpetits of land, on the 18th March, 1637, were granted to the Jesuit Fathers, in the vicinity of Fort St. Louis. As early as 1626, when Quebec contained but fifty souls, a sufficient sum to begin such a structure, had been tendered. A young nobleman of Picardy, Rene de Rohault, son of the Marquis de Gramache, before taking orders as a Jesuit, had requested the Marquis, his father, to hand over his patrimony, ^ sixteen thou- sand ecus dor to the missions of Canada, The sub- sequent surrender of the Fort and its sequel of troubles delayed the carrying out of this benevolent bequest, but it was not lost sight of and was taken advantage of, so soon as it had been regularly ac- cepted by the superior of the Jesuits, Father Vitel- leschi, in the name of the celebrated order. On the 11th June, 1638, a violent shock of an earth- quake startled the denizens of the rock. Boston and the New England settlements were still more severe- ly tried, during the year, by frequent and violent commotions of the earth. More than a century pre- vious, the Indians had related to Cartier, dreadful things about earthquakes ; the convulsions of the soil in the mountainous region, north of the city, bear witness to these violent up-heavings of nature. The sultry summer of 1639, saw the welcome arrival of the Ursulines and Hospitalieres Nuns. The first, destined to render invaluable assistance to popular education — ; the second, as nurses \o 1 Creuxiiis says, millia aureorum seTiIecini. De Belmont, Charlevoix afler him, put down six thousand ecus d'or, instead of sixteen thou- eand. Faillon accepts this last tigure. 48 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1639. alleviate the pangs of suffering humanity. Francis Parkman, the historian, with his usual felicity of style, will introduce us to these devoted ladies, on their landing in Canada. 1 " On the fourth of May, 1639, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de I'lncarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another Ursuline, embarked at Dieppe, for Canada. In the ship were also three ^ young hospital nuns, sent out to fouiid, at Quebec, a Hdtel-Dieu, endowed by the famous niece of Richelieu, the Duchesse d'Aiguillon. Here, too, were the Jesuits Chaumonot and Poncet, on the way to their mission, together with Father Yimont, who was to succeed Le Jeune, in his post of Superior. To the nuns, pale from their cloistered seclusion, there was a strange and startling novelty in this new-world of life and action, — the ship, the sailors, the shouts of command, the flapping of sails, the salt winds and the boisterous sea. The voyage w^as long and tedious. Sometimes, they lay in their berths, sea-sick and woe-begone ; sometimes, they sung in choir, on deck, or heard mass in the cabin. Once, on a misty morning, a wild cry of alarm startled crew and passengers alike. A huge ice-berg w^as drifting close upon them. The peril was extreme. Madame de la Peltrie, clung to Marie de i'lncarnation, who stood perfectly calm, and gathered 1 Tlie Jesuits in North America, P. 181-2. i Marie de Saint Ignace ; Anne de Saint Bernard ; Marie de Saint Bonavenlure. They had 8iiled in the flag ship of the Canada fleet, Capt. Bontemps and were transferred at Tadoussac, to the Saint Jacques, Capt. Anpot, and disembariced at Quebec, in the Governor's carpetted boat' — chaloupe iapissce — says Failloa. T639.] ANCIENT RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS. 49 111 les, as "her gown about her feet that she might drown with decency. It is scarcely necessary to say that they were saved by a vow to the Virgin and St Joseph. Viraont, oiFored it in behalf of all the company, and the ship glided into the open sea unharmed. They arrived at Tadoussac, on the fifteenth of July ; and the nuns ascended to Quebec in a small craft deeply laden with salted codfish, on which , uncooked, they subsisted until the first of August, when they reached their destination. Cannon roared welcome from the fort and batteries ; all labor ceased ; the storehouses were clewed ; and the zealous de Mont- magny, with a train of priests and soldiers, met the new-comers, at the landing. All the nuns fell pros- trate, and kissed the sacred soil of Canada. They heard mass at the Church, dined at the fort, and presently set forth to visit the new settlement of Sillery, four miles above Quebec." The residence of the Ursulines nuns was not yet begun, and the foundation stone of the Hospital teres, was scarcely pla- ced. They found shelter in anew house belonging to the Hundred- Associates, near Fort St. Louis, whilst the Ursulines were lodged in a small house, on a wharf, belonging to Mr. Juchereau des Chatelets, near the warehouses of the Company, in the lower- town — Blanchard's Hotel now stands on the site. ^aint igot, Lai— Ancient Religions i>stablir>hineiit8. " The totally different policy observed by the Eng- lish and French Governments, as to the religious establishment of their Colonies in North America, although easily assigned to the opposite motive of each, presents, at the present day, a very interesting 50 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [163?. i i contrast. The English Colonies, — founded by zeal- ous Dissenters, or by persons who conceived that all established forms of religion savoured of tyranny and oppression — soon received the most judicious encouragement from the parent state, and obtained advantageous charters from the Crow^n. They en- tered with spirit into commercial enterprises, and made rapid advances to riches, prosperity, and power. The French, on the other hand, were established by men of a different stamp, attached to the forms of their ancient religion — who sought to enhance their own reputation, and to extend the glory and power of their country, by penetrating among the savage tribes — by converting them to their own faith — by rigidly excluding what they considered the contami- nation of calvinistic doctrines — and by sending among them Missionaries, in order to establish a religious dominion over them. Actuated by these powerful incentives, they commenced by keeping good faith with the savages, — they cultivated their friendship and took part in their enmities as good and trusty allies. Thus they soon acquired over the Indian mind, an influence far more extensive than any other European nation. But the result of this conduct was not politically successful, as regarded the advance of the colony. By far too g' • at a portion of toil, of zeal, and of authority seems irom the first to have been directed to the Indian tribes, if we may judge from the result of an amiable, though, perhaps, mis- taken policy. The subserviency of their colonial system, and even of commerce itself, to the propaga- tion of the religion of the state is apparent throughr out the early history of this Colony, and hence its 1639.] EARLY RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS. 51 tardy progress under the French Government ; and its present inferiority, as to riches and population, as to the English colonies planted about the same period. " Whatever neglect, however, the temporal affairs of New France might have experienced, before it was taken under the protection of the Royal Grovernment in 1663 — it is clear that nothing had been left unat- tempted from the earliest times, to provide for the spiritual welfare of the settlers, and for the instruc- tion of the neophytes among the savages. As early as 1614, on the formation of a new and more exten- sive company of merchants trading to New France, Champlain had the devotion to introduce, and suf- ficient interest to obtain the passing of a clause in the articles, by which they engaged to defray the expen- ses of four ecclesiastics, who were to be sent out for the important object of spreading the true religion among the natives. The views of the pious founder of Quebec are thus explained : " Seeing that we had no Priests, we obtained some through the interference of the sieur Houel, who had a peculiar affection to- ward^ this holy design, and who told me that the R^collet Fathers would be proper for this purpose, both to reside in our habitation, and to convert the infidels. I agreed in this opinion, they being void of ambition, and conforming altogether to the rule of St. Francis. I spoke of it to My Lord, the Prince, who entered into my views ; and the company offer- ed of their own accord, to support them, until they could obtain a Seminary, which they hoped to do, by means of the charitable donations, that might be bestowed upon them for the care and instruction of 52 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1639. youth." Champlain accordingly sailed from Hon- fleur on the 24th April, 1615, with four RecoUet Fathers ; and after a favorable passage, without meet- ing ice or any other impediment, they reached Tadoussac on the 25th May, where they returned thanks for their safe arrival. The first establishment of the religious commu- nities of Quebec, has a peculiar interest ; and it is difficult to determine which is more worthy of ad- miration, the liberality of the design on the part of the founders, or the devotedness and fearlessness display- ed by those appointed for its execution. The early history of Canada teems, indeed, wuth instances of the purest religious fortitude, zeal, and heroism — of young and delicate females, relinquishing the com- forts of ci , ilisation to perform the most menial offices towards *^he sick — to dispense at once the blessings of me'Iio A aid to the body, and of religious instruction to th'i soul of the b knighted and wondering savage. They must have been upheld by a strong sense of duty— an overpovverijig conviction of the utility of their purposes, —a full persuasion of their efficacy, both towards their own eternal salvation, and that of their newly converted flock. But for such impres- sions, it would have been beyond human nature to make the sacrifices which the Hopitalieres made, in taking up their residence in New France. Without detracting from the calm and philosophic demeanor of religion at the present day, it is doubtful whether any pious persons could be found willing to undergo the fatigues, uncertainty and personal danger, expe- rienced by the first missionaries of both sexes in New France. Regardless of climate, to whose horrors 1639] THE URSULTNE CONVENT. 53 they were entirely unaccustomed — of penury and famine — of danger to the person — of death, and mar- tyrdom itself — they pressed onward to the goal to vrhich their religious course was directed — and sus- tained by something more than human fortitude — by divine patience. They succeeded at length in establishing on a firm foundation the altars, and the faith of their country and their God ! For ambition's sake, for lucre, for fame — men have braved danger in a hundred fights, until the world by common con- sent has elevated the successful tyrant to the rank of a hero among his fellows — but to incur the horrors of savage life, the risk of torture and even death — in a word, the agonizing suspense and constant anxieties of a missionary, for no other reward than that of self approbation, and with no other support than that of religion — requires courage and devotion of a far higher order, and merits glory of the most enduring character. The labors and privations of the first religious communities, who established themselves even within the walls of Quebec, were many — their paths were dark, dreary and intricate ; but the bright star of enthusiasm, like the clew of Ariadne, carried them along — they felt that if one glimpse of the sacred light they bore could be brought to dawn upon the benighted souls of those they wished to save, their zeal would be amply rewarded, and their labor forgotten." The Ursiilinc Convent. " This institution, as well as that of the Hotel-Dieu, owes its origin to the powerful representations of the Jesuits settled in New France. The object of 54 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. ri639. ¥' the latter was not, however, merely to provide the means of religious instruction and education for the female children of the French residents. They contemplated the instruction also of the young daughters of the converted Indian — so extensive and philanthropic were the views of this order. The company of merchants to whose direction the tem- poral affairs of the Colony were confided, — men of worldly views, and more anxious for a good return of furs, than solicitous of extending to the savage benefits, which seemed to them unnecessary and premature — took no steps to promote the settlement of the Ursulines. In justice it should be added, neither did they take measures to prevent it. " Several unsuccessful attempts were made to carry into efi^ect a foundation so desirable as that of the Ursulines, whose peculiar province it was to devote themselves to the education of female children. At length, as in the case of the Hospitaliires, it was re- served for a young widow of Alen^on, a person of rank and fortune, named Madame de la Peltrie, to surmount every obstacle; and to accomplish her purpose by devoting her whole fortune, and conse- crating even personal labor to the good work. With two Ursulines from Tours, and one from Dieppe, she attended the rendez-vous of the Canada fleet, and sailed on the 4th May, 1639, for Quebec, in company with the Hospitaliires. " The courage and devotion of Madame de La Pel- trie have been highly celebrated. Persons of similar qualities have appeared in almost every age to meet the wants of society — without whose energy and self denial few of those philanthropic institutions, to osoniti 1639] THE URS¥LINE CONVENT. 55 which the world owes so much at the present day, would have been matured, and successfully esta- blished. This devout lady give up all to carry into effect her laudable design ; and is even said to have at one time worked with her own hands in the culti- vation of the ground, on which the Ursuline Convent now stands. She divested herself of all superfluous clothing, and parted with her wardrobe to supply laiment to the poor children of the colonists, whom she fed as well as clothed : her whole life indeed was a series of charitable deeds, which have ren- •dered her name illustrious in the religious annals of Canada. The fruits of her valuable foundation are to this day experienced, in the excellent education which is afforded to young females in the school of the Ursuline convent. " The reception of the Ursulines has been already described under the Hotel-Dieu. The Hospilalieres went immediately to Sillery — the Ursulines were established in a small house on the river side, most probably on the St. Charles. Like the HospitalUre& they suffered trials and privations innumerable. Scarcely had they arrived, when the small-pox broke out in Quebec. But they were not disconcerted : they indeed preserved their health, and had pre- sence of mind, enough, in the midst of de£U:h, to employ themselves in the study of the Indian lan- guages, in order to render themselves more useful to the community among which they had begun their pious career. It has been stated that their first intention was to educate the female children of the Indians. Finding this to be inconvenient, and almost impracticable, they were, after some years, 56 IROQUOIS AoaBEssiorr. [1641. reluctantly compelled to abandon that part of their design. " The Ursulines completed their first convent in 1641. It was built most probably of wood ; and stood within the present possessions of the Commu- nity, between St. Lewis Garden, St. Anne and St. Ursule Streets. A very curious pictorial plan, or map, of the ori^nal Convent it still in existence- III this, St. Lewis Street appears merely abroad road between the ori|^inal forest trees, and is called La Grande Allee — without a building immediately on either side. At a little distance to the north of La Grande Allee, is a narrower path, called Le Pttit Chemin, running parallel and leading into the forest. This smaller path went exactly through the choir of the present Chapel ; the great door of which is be- tween the two roads, but close to the narrower one, as described in the map. A small brook ran, appa- rently from Cap Diamond, diagonally accross both La Grande Allee and Le Petit Chemin ; and thence» into Garden Street. Close to the spot where the Chapel now stands, and nearly in front of the great door, was the residence of Madame de La Peltrie the founder of the Convent ; which is described in the plan as occupying, in 1642, the corner of Garden Street, nearly opposite to the classical school and resi- dence of the Reverend D. Wilkie, (in 1834). The Ursu- line Convent itself stood to the north-west of Madame de La Peltrie's house, abutting on Le Petit Chemin, which ran paralled to St. Louis Street, and fronting towards Garden Street. It is represented as being a well proportioned and substantial building, two- stories high, with an attic — four chimnies, and a 16^1.] THE URSULINE CONVENT. 67 cupola, or belfry in the centre. The nuirSeT of windows in front were eleven on the iippor story ; which contained the parioir, dormitory, and infirmary. On the lower story were the Chapel, and other necessary apartments. The door leading to the par- hir, which was in the upper story, opened on the south end : that of the Chapel was in front of the building. The convent was surrounded by a court, in which, according to the ancient plan, was the w.'ll. Several female children are represented as taking their recreation there between the hours of school attendance. In other compartments of this singular map are seen, la M^re de flncarnafion, so celebrated by Charlevoix, instructing the young saii- va^j^-esses, under an ancient ash tree ; — Mere St. Joseph, going to teach the catechism to the Huron and Algonquin neophytes ; and Mere St. Croix, accom- panied by a young Canadian boarder, proceeding to visit the wigwams of the savages, some of whom are represented as residing in the forest, inclosed within the precincts of the Ursulinos. With the exception of the buildings of the Convent, its court yard, and Madame de La Peltrie's house, all the ground including both sides of St. Lewis Street, is repre- sented in the picture as in the natural state. In La Grande Alice — the present St. Lewis Street — we see M. Dailleboast, the governor, on horseback, riding gently along — he has, apparently, just been convers- ing with Madame de La Peltrie, who is entering her own house, conducting a young female by the hand. In Garden Street are several priests, pro- bably Recollets, approaching the convent, " The plan we have attempted to describe is pro- 58 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [16S9. bably the most ancient, as it is the most interesting, representation extant of any jfortion of Quebec iu its early days. *' In 1650, the Convent was destroyed by fire — an enemy which proved most destructive to the early establishments of Quebec. The fire broke out on the 50th December, and was occasioned by some coals which ha Chaptd and Choir of St. Ursula is ninety-five feet long, and forty-five feet bread. Quite plain and unpretending without, its altars are highly adorned, and the whole interior is not deficient in a venerable and religious appearance. Witliin the 1686.J THE URSULINE CONVENT. 61 grating, it is connected with the Convent ; and opens to the pubhc towards Garden Street. In the ancient plan above mentioned, the exact site of the present door IS accurately laid down, as we have described it above. " Within the precincts of the convent, lie buried the remains of the gallant Marquis De Montcalm, who was mortally wounded in the eventful battle of the Plams ol Abraham, 13th September, 1759. A vear or two ago (in 1832,) a plain marble slab was placed in the Ursuline chapel to the memory of this brave but unfortunate soldier, by His Excellency the Lord Ay Imer, Covernor-in -Chief of these Provinces. The lollouing is the simple inscription upon this slab :- liouneur a Montcalm! Le (lestin en lui dt^robant La Victo re, L'a recomponse par UneMort Glorieuse! " The Ursuline chapel contains several good pic- tures which may be examined on application to the Chaplain. Among them is a 3Ia/er Dolorosa by Van- dyke : a picture on a religious subject by the cele- orated Le Suv)ur :-The capture of Christians by Al^e. Tine pirates, by liostout, historical painter to the Kincr ol France, who died iu 1733: -Two picturc-s. The ^aviom- at meat in Simon's house, and, A f»ll le,o-,k mtrait^tke Reteemer, by Chan.pagne, an endnent Heniish painter, who xvas afterwards paint.r to the (^ueen of France, and died in 1<;7L " The community of the Ursulmes consist of a Su- 62 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1639. I rl' perior, forty-two professed nuns, (in 1834) and some novices. Their rules are rigidly exclusive, and their Convent is not open to public inspection, beyond the Parloir and the Chapel It is in its interior neat, well arranged, and tastefully decorated. The nuns are devoted to the instruction of young females in useful knowledge, and ornamental education when requir- ed ; their school has long been esteemed one of the best in the Province The paintings executed by themselves are much admired : their embroidery and fancy work are sold at high rates. The proceeds of the skill and labor of these nuns go to augment the common stock, and enable them to extend their usefulness without diminishing the fixed proporty of their Community." i " The 15th of June, 1640, was a dark day for de Montmagny's pious followers. A fire, fanned by a high wind and a dry atmosphere, swept away the Grovernors chapol, the Jesuits' residence adjoining, the parish Church Notre-Dame de Recouvrance, which stood a little to the north-east. In less than three hours, scarcely anything remained of these wooden structures. Nearly all the contents were destroyed : ^ the church vases, bells, church registers of marriages, baptisms and burials, as well as valuable stores of clothing for the Three Rivers, Sillery and Notre- Dame-dea-An^es settlements. The Jesuits sought re- fuge in the Hotel-Dieu, until de Montmagny could lend them a house to reside in. » Hnwkin'a Picture of Quebec. 9 See note, jiage 21. 1639.] HOSPITALlfiRES NITNS. 6-3: The Hotcl-Dicii. " "We have already mentionned the dangers and pri- Tations endured not only by the Missionaries, who were conducted by religious fervor into the recesses of the forest, far from the habitations of civilised man — but by young and delicate females, sprung from ancient and respectable families, who flocked to New France as to a glorious field of Christian exertion. Of these, none were more "conspicuous than the Hospifalieres, or religious ladies forming the community of the Hotel-Dieu. " One of the first objects of the Colony of Cham- plain after its restoration to the French, in 1633, was the foundation of an Hotel-Dieu, in Quebec. Europeans, who came to establish themselves in a rude and untried climate, after a navigation in those days both long and perilous, were subject to fre- quent and distressing maladies, particularly during the winter ; against the rigors of which, they were unprovided both as to clothing and diet. To alle- viate the evils which arose from the general want of those comforts which are peculiar to a state of advanced civilisation, they had no oth(^r resource than in public and charitable foundations. Nor was Euch an establishment, as the IIotel-Dieu less neces- sary in regard to the Indians. In addition to the absence of medical care among themselves — their ignorance of the more formidable diseases, and their natr'-al dislike to witness, much less long to tolerate, even their nearest connexions in a state of feebleness and sickness — rendered them insensible, while in their savage stat*', to the delicacy of medical attend- ance, and incapable of i^roviding other than tern- 64 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1G39. ! 1 .* porary remedies for sickness or accident. To the Nuns Ilospilalieres the savages, who were overcome by sickness, in the neig'hborhood of Quebec, owed the cure of their bodies, and their soul's health — zeal and charity combined to render such proselytes dear — and Christianity must have appeared to the converted Indians in its most attractive and endear- ing aspect — not only insuring happiness in a future state, but presenting immediate consolation and relief from the bitterness of their personal maladies. " The colony being as yet too poor to undertake thisnecessary establishment, through the represen- tations of the Jesuits, the subject came to be discuss- ed, and soon to be popular among the rich and powerful of the mother country. In 1636, the Duchess d'Aiguillon, niece to the famous Cardinal de Richelieu, resolved to found an Hotel-Dieu in Quebec, at her own expense. She was, however, liberally assisted by her relative ; and during their joint lives, they continued to testify their kindness and affection towards the foundation. By contract passed on the lOlh April 1637, they gave an annual riMit of fifteen hundred livres, on a ca:^ital of twenty thousand, as a commencement of their laudable and benevolent design: on condition "that the Hospital should be dedicated to the death and precious blood of the 8on of God, shed for the mercy of all mankind ; " and that masses should be saia forever for the repose of the souls of the founders. This donation was afterwards doubled in amount — but the revenues appear never to ha\ e betui equal to the expen^ s incurred ; and of late years the pecuniary aid of the Legislature has been frequently bestowed upon this deserving community. 1639] HOTEL-DIEU. 65 " In the execution of the foundation, the Duchess d'Aiguillon obtained from the Company of mer- chants a considerable concession of waste lands, which they called Ste. Marie ; and a grant of a piece of ground within the precincts of the city, being the site now occupied by the Hotel-Dieu, its buildings and spacious garden, covering altogether about twelve acres. " The Duchess had proposed to the Hospitalieres of Dieppe to take charge of the new foundation at Quebec. These nuns joyfully accepted the offer ; and three of their community eagerly prepared themselves for a voyage across the Atlantic, in dis- charge of w^hat they considered a religious duty. The eldest was chosen superior : her age was twenty-nine — the youn~:.st was only twenty-two years old. " The fleet for New France at that time had its rendez-vous at Dieppe ; where, amidst the encoura- gement and congratulation of all classes interested in the design, they embarked on the 4th May 1039, accompanied by other vessels, having on board Madame de La Peltrie, and three Ursuline Nuns, destined for a new Convent at Quebec — several Je- suits, and other Priests for the different missions. After a rough passage, and some danger from the ice, they arrived safe at Tadoussac on the 15th July. Here they remained some days, subjected to much inconvenience, until they found a small vessel to take them up the river to Quebec. On the 31st July, they approached the harbor, but the tide being against them, it w^as resolved to land opon the Isle of Orleans, then uninhabited. They passed the night in wigwams I 66 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1 63a. constructed for the purpose, one for the nuns, another for the Priests, and a third for the crew. The next morning they prepared to depart, having first ordered the muskets to be discharged, and iires to be made in the woods, in token of their joy and gratitude for their safe arrival in the land of promise — the scene of their Christian labors. These fires being observed from Quebec, the Chevalier de Mont- magny, who had succeeded Champlain in the Government, sent forward a canoe, which soon returned with the gratifying intelligence of the arrival of the nuns. The first of August, the day on which the ladies arrived, so long and so ardently desired, was thought worthy of being celebrated as a F^te. The shops were closed, and all labor sus- pended. The troops were under arms, and the Grovernor at their head received the religious heroines on the river side, under a salute from the Fort. On landing, they reverentially kissed the chosen ground ; and afterthe first compliments, were led by the Governor, and the acclamation of the people, to the Jesuits Church, then the Paroisse where Te Denyn Avas sung, and High Mass performed, ill thanksgiving for their safe arrival. " Notwithstanding the joyful reception which these nuns met with, su<;h was then the poverty of Quebec, that they for some time suffered the greatest privations, even to the want of nc^ -tary food and clothing, until they were permant • .^ established in the Hotel-Dieu, which did not arrive for many years afterwards. They were at first lodged, us has been stated elsewhere, in a small house belonging to the Company, where their only furniture was a \640] HOTEIi-DIEU. 67 table and two benches. They were even indebted to the Governor lor their first meal in New France; and as their bai^o'afi-e was still on board their vessel at Tadoussac, they were obli<,'ed to sleep on branches of trees, laid upon the lloor, until the loth August, when they received their fourniture and effects. '• Alter taking lessons in the Algonquin tongue from lather LeJeune, they commenced their laboi-s by receiving several sick persons, whom they tended with great care, as well Indians as French. The small-pox broke out among thf former with great virulence, and the nature of their employment would have been intolerable to delicate females, had they not been supported throughout by a powerful sense of religious duty. " In lt>40, they gave up their house in Quebec to the use of the Jesuits, whose residence had been destroy- ed by fire ; and retired to St. Michel (Sillery), which had been lent to them by Monsieur de Puiseaux. As the site of their grant in the city, on which the Hotel-Dieu now stands, appeared to them, in the infancy of their pecuniary means, evt-ry way incon- venient from its rocky and uneven nature, and the deficiency of water, which could only then be obtain- ed by descending the steep ■• lilf to the River St Charles — they determined to suspend the buildings which had been commenced upon it, and to erect a stone house at Sillery, in the neighborhood of the establishment of the Jesuits there. They were induced to do this th,^ rather, as the Indians greatly preferred a residence there to Quebec ; although not long afterwards, the incursions of the Iroquois rendered Sillery a much less secure position. The 6B IROQUOIS AaOIlESSION. [lOiG, ! ^ ! H IIoKpUaliiires of Quebec, having been joined in 1640 by two additional nuns from the community ol' Dieppe, making in all live, laid the lirst stone ol' their buildings at Sillery, on the 9th July, with great ce- remony ; but continued to reside at St. Michel until it was habitable in 1641. Their condition on taking possession of this house, which was in an unlinished state, was uncomfortable in the extreme. They were more than a league from Quebec, living among savages, with no other French protectors than the Missionaries. Here they passed the lirst winter in great distress, still, however, continuing their atten- tion to the savages, converting and healing them. They resided at Sillery fouy years, after which, owing to the frequent incursions of the Iroquois, they were obliged to return to Quebec, — where they resid- ed in a small house on the river side, lent to them by the Governor — and resumed their building on the present site of the Hospital. They were at this time seven in number. " As soon as a portion of this first building, which stood upon the site of the present Hotel-Dieu, was covered in, the Ilosj/ifalieres took possession ; and personally aided the workmen in completing it by their manual labor. Their chapel was consecrated on the 16th March, 1646, an occasion of great joy to the little community, which consisted at this time of only five professed nuns, a chaplain, four boarders, a female domestic, and seven laboring men. During this year, they successively administered relief to forty-six natives of France, and one hundred and twenty savages, some of whom remained five and six months in the hospital. They had moreover i>i 1«49.] THE IIURONS, 69 iindor their constant protection a wigwam of ton savages, whom they maintained all the year round. " It appears by a bargain made by these nuns for the clearance of the ground about the Hotel-Dieu, that one hundred and fifty /Ivren per arpent, equal to six pounds live shillings, Halifax currency, was the common price at this time for the performance of such work. " At this period they had acquired, partly by pur- chase and partly by concession, the farm of St. 8au- veur : having sold their lands at Sillery to M. D'Au- teuil. They also received a gift of the lief St. Ignace, half a league in front by six in depth, from M. Gitfard, Seignior of l^eauport, as a dowry for his daughter, who took the veil in 1048. The dread of the Iroquois, however, prevented the settlement of this Seigniory until the year 1GG2. " Three nuns having arrived from France in 1048 the number of these devoted ladies was increased to nine. About this time a number of families came out from France to settle in Quebec ; and to these, the kindness and attention of the IIo:tian Iving Luuis XlV, with the bonedioiion of Francis, tirsl Bi&hop of the Ganadians, and at the request of Rene de la nativite, Superior of the nuns Ihspilaliires, with the applaus*^ of the whole colony, als-o as a mark of tiis peculiar affection towards the poor and the sick, and by the instiunifntality of Jean Tai.on, Intendant of Juslicf, Polica and Finance in New Franco — The same Hoispilal which she had originally so piously foundi' I, on Ih'i encrea'ie of the Golony. was augmeiil-d by a second liberal dona- lion, by Mahia de Vignehot, Duchess D'Aiguillon, surviving niece of Ihe immortal and most eminent Gardinal Uiike Ariuaiid, to wliom be health and everlasting glory. In the year of salvation MDCLXXII. "In 169G, considerable additions were made to the buildini»s of the Hotel-Dieu, which with subsequent improvements gradually assumed their present appearance. " The present edifice is a substantial and capacious building, three stories high, standing between 1672.J HOTEL-DIEU. 73 Palace-Gate and Hope-Gate. Its longest portion is one hundred and thirty yards, by seventeen in depth. On the north-west side, the wing is only fifty yards long, and two stories high. Every medical care and delicate attendance is here gratuitously afforded to the afl&icted poor by the religious community which consists of a superior, about thirty three nuns, two novices and a postulant. The church is simple and plain, having a few paintings which may be seen on proper application being made to the chaplain. Several are also distributed throughout the various rooms and wards. Three or four pictures are stated to be originals, and are by eminent masters : as Tht Nativity, by Stella, a French painter who died in 1661 : — The Virgin and ' 'ir'< by Coypel, who died in 1707, and St. Bruno, by i. : celf brated Eustache Le Sueur, who died in 1655. He was called the Raphael of France, and his principal work was the life of St. Bruno, in a series of twenty-two pictures preserved in the Chartreux, at Paris." ^ From 1642 to 1646, ^ the annals of Quebec are 1 Hawkins' Picture of Quebec. 2 " In 1616, aflur thedeslruclion by firoof the pa''ish church, di%ino Worship appears to have been celebraloil in the house of the Ilr.NDitKi) AssociATKS, which sloorl, as near as possible, on the site now occupied by the English Cathedral ; there is quite a circumstantial account in the ,l got up lor tli" fne de la Saint Jean Baptisle, on the 23rd June, 1640, from which year, we believe, dales the origin of the national ft-stival. On the 17th or ISth April, 1646, the river was free of ice ; the lields were sown a short time previous. N"w Year's day, in I6i6, was well kept up. His Excelli ncy Governor de Montmagny, after being tendered the complimints of the season by discharges of tire-arnis, called on the .lesuus. The Laird of Beauport, Robert Gill'ard, called also ; the Nuns seat 74 IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1674. barren of any incident of note. What with religious ceremonies, fighting or watching the ubiquitous Iro- quois, the Governor had his hands full of business. In 23rd September, 1647, the corner stone of ^ a new parish Church, the present Cathedral or Basilica, was begun and opened for public worship nine years later, in 1G56 ; though the first mass was said in it, on the 24th October 1650, as a propiatory ofiering, for a continuance of peace with the savages, it was dedicated, by M. de Montmagny, to the Virgin, under the name of Notre- Dame de la Paix. As early as 1645, Mr. de Montmagny and the inhabitants had appropriated the proceeds of the sale of twelve hundred and fifty beaver skins to the building thereof ^ The popular G-overnor of Quebec, Charles Huault de Montmagny, received, in 1648, what, we are in- clined to consider, a most acceptable gift : he was presented with the first horse imported from France. D'Ailleboust succeeded, in 1649, to de Montma- gny. That year, the extraordinary tortures inflicted on the devoted missionaries,^ Lalemant, Brebceuf, and others, and the massacre of Hurons, on the shore of rosaries and wax candles, and what was just as acceptable for the oc- casion, — meat pies. The following year, amongst the gifts, ('^e/mti, pri-sented by thu Governor, were, — to Father Vimont, two bottles of Spanish wine- to Father Le Jeune, four bottles of ypanish wine and two capons. On the 7 h .lanuary, 1648, the brewery attached lo the Jesuits residonco was burnt. 1 See, in Archives of Basilica of Quebec, Le Licre de rEglise, Paroisse de Quebec, for Ade auUienlique de la pose de la premiere pierre de la CaifiMrale. 2 Hisloire de la Colonie frmcaise, Vol, I, P. 33. 3 For particulars of the tortures of the missionaries, see Maple Leives, New Series. 1653.] INDIAN ALARMS. 75 Lake Siracoe, spi ead terror and sorrow at Quebec. The dispersion of the Hurons followed : a portion of this once, powerful tribe, which had numbered 30,000 souls, sought refuge on the Island of Orleans. In 1650, we find 400 of them hutted in the city, at the entrance of the H6tel-Dieu. A few years later, in 1658, terror stricken, they obtained leave to pitch their tents under the guns of Fort St. Louis, in the Grande Place (the Ring). From thence, they emi- grated, in 1667, to St. Foye. In 1693, they settled at Ancienne Lorette ; in 1700, they emigrated to Jeune or Indian Lorette, where their descendants exist to this day. From 1650 to 1660, Indian alarms were frequent at Quebec, and in its environs. " In the summer of 1653, all Canada," says Parkman, "turned to fasting and penance, processions, vows, and supplications. The saints and the Virgin were beset with unceasing prayer. The w^retched little colony was like some puny garrison, starving and sick, compassed with inveterate foes, supplies cut off, and succor hopeless. Quebec was least exposed to Indian attacks, being partially covered by Montreal and Three Rivers. Nevertheless, there was no safety this year, even under the canon of Fort St. Louis. At Cap Rouge, a few miles above, the Jesuit Poncet saw a poor woman who had a patch of corn beside her cabin, but could find no body to harvest it. The father went to seek aid, met one Mathurin Franchetot, whom he persuaded to undertake the charitable task, and was returning with him, when they both fell into an ambuscade of Iroquois, who seized them and dragged them olf. Thirty-two men embarked IROQUOIS AOORESglON. [1656. in canoes, at Quebec, to follow the retreating savages and rescue the prisoners." We next read of a grand indian council, being held at Quebec, probably on the Grande Place (the King) in front of the Fort. " Speeches were made and wampun belts exchanged. The Iroquois left some of their chief men as pledges of sincerity, and two young soldiers offered themselves as reciprocal pledges on the part of the French. The war was over ; at least Canada had found a moment to take breath for the next struggle. The fur trade was restored again, with promise of plenty ; for the beaver, profiting by the quarrels of their human foes, had of late greatly multiplied. " Yesterday, " writes Father Lemercier, " all was dejection and gloom ; to day, all is smiles andgayety. On Wednesday, massacre, burning, and pillage, on Thursday, gifts and visits as among friends. If the Iroquois have their hidden designs, so, too, has G-od.'' The early dawn, on the 19th May, 1656, witnessed at the Island of Orleans, the wholesale butchery of the unfortunate Hurons. This deed of ])lood accom- plished the forty Iroquois canoes, glided past the city, with their scalps and prisoners, shouting deliance to the terrified inmates of Fort St. Louis ; the enemy landed above and below the town, and plundered the houses from which the scared inha- bitants had fled. War to day, — to morrow a truce — or council — perhaps, amongst these savages, one of these abominable carnivals of gluttony a " medecino " or mystic feast, in which it was expected the guests would devour everything set before them, " however, inordinate in quantity, unless absolved from duty il i .'I ' ^ f "■ •■; A il .«. II f, 16-jS ] " FESTIN A MANOER TOUT." 77 by the person, ir whose behalf the solemnity -vvas ordiiined ; he, on his part, taking no share in the banquet. So grave was the obligation, and so strenuously did the guest fulfil it " that this bene- volent gluttony sometimes ended in death : this banqueting was called *'festin u mmig'er tout." Id July 1658, Mr. d'Argenson, the new Governor, arrived. " As soon, says the Relations of 1G58, as d'Ar- genson's ship cast anchor off Quebec, d'Ailleboust wont on board to pay his respects, leaving all the male inhabitants of the city under arms on the banks of the river. The new Governor, then landed, having sent before him his secretary with Mr. d'Ailleboust, to deliver his acknowledgments to the people. Placing himself at their head, d'Ailleboust conducted d'Argenson to the Fort or Castle St. Louis, all marching in good order. There the keys of the Fort were handed over, while the cannon on the remparts and on board the vessels fired a salute, which re- sounded over the waters and forests. The Governor, then, after taking formal possession of the Castel, paid visits to the Parish Church, the Chapel of the Jesuits, the Hospital and the House of the Ursulines. On the next day, when sitting down to dinner with his invited guests, was heard the cry " To arms !" and atl rushed out to hunt the lurking Iroquois, but the forest shielded the ferocious savages. " The Relation of 1660 graphically describes the dreaded ennemy : *' The Iroquois interrupt all our joys, and are the great evil of New France... The Iroquois warriors are so crafty in their approach, so sudden in their attack, and so prompt in their retreat, that ordinarily their departure gives the first intelligence of their coming. 1 1 n IROQUOIS AGGRESSION. [1638. They approach like foxes, attack like lions, and then fly like birds, disappearing more swiftly than they came. "What would be more easy than ono general surprise, and, killing all our men in a single day to carry off the women and children into captivity ? Ev^en with superior numbers we dare not follow them into the forests. It is a sort of miracle that they have not already destroyed us, seeing how easy for them that would be. Last spring, the alarm was such that the houses in the country were all aba]i- donned, and all the people crowding into Quebec, gave themselves up for lost" For half a century, the Fleur-de-Lis, had with but one interruption waived over the lofty ridges of Sta* dacoua. France had a stronghold in the western hemisphere — Fort St. Louis ; its cannon had more than once proclaimed to the countless tribes of the wilderness — the pleasure of Ononthio^ — peace or war. Quebec was the seat of learning, — it had a college ; — the bulwark of the Koman Catholic faith — it had its churches — its convents— its monasteries — its missionnaries spread from Tadoussac to Florida. Quebec had much to be proud of — but one link, in the structure was deficient ; it lacked a religious head — a general to guide her devoted soldiers of the cross. So thought the superior of the Jesuits, Fathet Le .Teune. The active measures he adopted, when in France, and the influence of the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria, resulted in the selection of a spiri- tual head for Canada. 1 Ononthio meant in the Indian idiom : the Great Mountain- they designated the French Governor. . -thus «■ lllSHOP I.AVAI., illlll IAiiloK'rii|ili-) /^U€ ^i C^ Jttcqui'S-Cur.ifr, 1535. II. ,'.) I65alisades rose up and down to the astonishment of all who witnessed it. " Every one left their dwellings in amaze. Animals took to flight. Children were crying in the streets. Men and women lost in astonishment did not know where to flee for safety, expecting to be buried alive, either under buildings or some deep abyss, that yawned around them. Some might be seen in the snow, on their knees imploring for mercy ; others passed all night in prayer, because the earth shook violently, similar to the motion of vessels on a tempestuous sea, and caused an incredible sickness and qualmishness worse than sea-sickness. " The general confusion and disorder was worse in the forests : it seemed as if the trees were at war with each other, not only the branches, but the trunks moved from one place to the other, with such force and confusion, that the Indians remarked they acted like drunken or mad men The mountains, also, were at war with each other — they removed from their locations, leaving deep ravines and abysses into which immense trees plunged, presenting the roots upwards. During this general commotion, lumps of ice from five to six feet in thickness were thrown into the air and dispersed in fragments. A black smoke ascended into the air from the ice holes, which gave a singular appearance to everything around. The springs were dried up, leaving behind a sort of debris of fetid odor; rivers disappeared-— othi^rs corrupted and changed color, either red or yellow, and the mighty river St. Lawrence was perfectly white as far as Tadoussac on the one hand. i 84 IROQUOIS AOGRESSION. [I66J, and the Island of Orleans on the other — an extra- ordinary prodigy when we consider the vast extent of water in that distance. Neither was the air exempt from those visible changes, for spectres were seen carrying flambeaux in their hands, to the terror of the habitants. Pikes and fiery lances darted through the atmosphere — flaming brands also around our houses, which did no further harm than terrify the inmates. During the dead silence of night, there was moaning and lamentation all around, as if pro- ceeding from disturbed spirits in the air. " In the vicinity of Three Rivers, the marsouin or Sea-Cow rent the air, with their piercing, pitiable cries. — Those animals were so rarely seen, that it was a cause of the greatest wonder and surprize. During the intensity of the shock, the pillars of the monastery cloister shook and danced up and down in the court yard. Two doors in our apartment acted strangely, alternately opening and shutting. The high chimnies rocked about like the waving of trees ; when we raised our feet to walk, it appeared the earth followed, as if elastic. " They write us from Three Rivers, that the first shock, the most violent of all, began by a rumbling noise resembling thunder. The houses having a tremulous motion like leaves of trees in a storm, and a rushing noise like the crackling of a huge fire. This lasted about half an hour, though the greatest violence was only quarter of an hour. Every one imagined that the earth would yawn and open to the very cen* The shocks were irregular, sometimes like a le vessel at anchor in a mo- derate sea, which greatly affected the head, then again the agitation increased and died away. ' « \ 1663.] THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE. 85 " Accordinjr to the reports of various inhabitants and Indians, who wore eye-witnesses to many sino-u- lar scenes, being at Three Rivers, five or six leagues from hence, the shores and hills bordering the river on both sides and which were of a prodigious height, were rent and torn from their foundations close to the water. " Two mountains with the surrounding forests having been overthrown into the river, formed a powerful dam, causing the river to alter its course and to rush over some low lands in the vicinity, lately discovered. A new channel was soon formed of muddy water which swept all before it with prodigious force and also changed the color of the mighty river St. Lawrence. " You may easily judge of the immense quantity of earth that was washed away, by its continuance for Ihree months to alter the appearance of the stream.— " New lakes where formed, were none existed before. Mountains that were swallowed up were never seen again; rapids disappeared in the melee ; many rivers were no longer visible ; the earth yawned in divers place and opened frightful cavities which seemed to have no bottom. There was such awful confusion and sudden changes of the earth's surface, that thousands of acres of level lands now appear ready for the husbandman, that a short tiin*- before were mountainous and clothi'd with dense forests. We have information from Tadous.sac, that the effects of the earthquake were as devastating as in other localities ; that ashes fell in large quantities .like rain, that settled on the rivers surfiice as if dis- turbed by a violent storm and which followed the T m IROQUOIS AOCrRESSION. [1663. course of the river as far down as Cape Toiirmente» which had a singular ellect on the shore and borders, of the currents. " Towards St. Paul's Bay, there was a small moun- tain situated near the river, about a mile to com- pass it ; it suddenly fell into the river, forming a small Island which ultimately gave great protection from the winds, as it formed a snug litte bay. " Lower down the river, towards Tointe-aux-Al- louettes, a whole for^'st became detached from the main-land, gliding into the river where it took firm hold at the bottom and still sends forth its verdant leaves in the summer. " Independent of the above facts, three circum- stances contribute to render this earthquake very remarkable : " The first is the length of time that it lasted, hav- ing continued to the month of August, a period of six months. " It is true that the shocks were not equally violent. In certain places, towards the mountains which we have mentioned, the trembling and rumbling noises continued for a long period. Towards Tadoussac, the shocks were of great violence, two or three times a day, almost constantly.— In high grounds, the mo- tion was far less than on the low plains. " The second circumstance is, the extent of this earthquake, which we have every reason to believe was universal throughout the w^hole of Canada, for we are credibly informed that it was felt as far north-east as Perce' Eoc and Craspe, which are at the mouth of the great river St. Lawrence, all the way to the vicinity of Montreal, likewise in New SSeSSBSSSSSSB 16C3] THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE. 87 England and Acadia, and other places still more remote. We may, therefore, conchide that sixty thousand miles superficial, were agitated and in motion at the same moment and on the same day of its commencement, in February. '* Tliii third circumstance is, regarding- the wonder- ful protection which CJod bestowed upon our habi- tiitions, for we behold near to us the immense chasms and openings in tlie earth, and a prodigious extent of country totally lest, without having missed a siiigle child, not even a hair of our heads injured; we see around us mountains overthrown and im- mense ruin and destruction, our road demolished and liiils swallowed up in the earth. - " Therefore, we have abundant cause of thankful- ness lo Heaven for our protection. We are informed by a reliable person of irr''proacha])le life, that she had strong presentiments of what was iibout to happen, and who declared that she spiritutilly saw four fenrful spt^ctres in the air, at the four points of the compass, around Qiiebec. Their object appar- ently was the total destruction of Quebec, but a guardian angel interfered and thus preserved many precious lives to testify of (lod's goodness and mercy." T CHAPTER III. 1(363-1713. QUEBEC— lEriANT—AGGRKSSlVE. A HOVAI. GOVKIINMKNT KPTA IM.IS.IKI), 1 GG.^ _ II ,,,u;SV . — \V, rciiai AIT. -lMatyK.v/A._Tiii.; Fi.uST lUu. at Ql-khk,:. — (,»„,.:„!.,:, a Bisnui- lu.;, I'i7i.-Piii|.|..s iiKi.in.sKi. lOnU. ~ (.\,.vr,.A,;HAi„j.v o,.- tiik Skmi.namv, i70l.~l!Aii,s O.N Tin: Nkw K.n,;,.v.s„ s, nnMi-NT. IC;;0 - Dkatu of Hisi,,,,. Uva,., I :0S. _ i),s,,:us,u.v of S,h' lI(JVH.M)i:\ WAl.KKirs AUMAIIA, 1711. " Ononthlo, Ononlhio, h.), ho, Sqiicnw, ^,juc>wn, our father, our father. Teace ! Oh ! Give us Peace !" Such, says La Potherie, were the frantic exchimatioii.skept iipfor near a mill', by forty Iroquois, marching- up Mountain Hill, towards Fort St. Louis, (on the°31st August ?) in 1066, shortly belbro the departure of the warlike Marquis de Tracy, to sac and burn the Mohawk villages, near Orange ; distance had already failed to shield them from French vengeance. AYhat a cheering sight this deputation of screeching, naked, tatoed Cannibals ^ must have presented, in their 1 Inslanoos of Iheir fon(ln.?rie,,r Old 98 QUEBEC — DEFIANT — AOORESSIVE. [1G76. at the top of (ape Diamond. Yet on the whole Canadian justice tried by the standard of the time, was neither vindictive nor cruel." ' Mr. Marmette, the novelist, has sketched very gra- phically, a noted publican, who h, and by seven o'clock the fire had spent itself. We hear nothing of the Dutch pump • nor does it appear that the soldiers of the n-arrisou made any effort to keep order. Under cover of the confusion, property was stolen from the seminarv to the amount of about two thousand livres, ^vhich IS remarkable, considering the religious character of the building, and the supposed piety of the people. " August, September and October were the busy months at Quebec. Then the ships from France discharged their lading, the shops and warehouses ot the lower-town were filled with gr)ods, and tJie hahitanh came to town to make their purchases When the frosts began, the vessels sailed away the harbor was deserted, the streets were silent a-ain, and like ants or squirrels the people set at work to lay in th.^r wint.'r stor.'s. Fathers of families packed their cellars with beets, carrots, potatoes and cabbages ; and, at the end of autumn, with meat lowls, game, fish and eels, all frozen to stony hard- ness. Most of the shops closed, and the Ion- season ol leisure and amusement b.'gau. New Year's day brought visits and mutual gifts. " Thence till Lent dinner parties were frequ.Mit sometimes familiar and sometim.>s ceremonious The' Governor's little court at the chateau, was a stand^n- example to all the aspiring spirits of Quebec, and lorms and orders of precedence were in some houses puuctitiously observed. There were dinners to the f ! m 102 QUEBEC— DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. [1700. military and civic dii:?iiit;irio.s and their wives, and others, quite distinct, to prominent citizens. The wives and dauj^^hters of the ])urirhers of Quebec are said to have been superior in manners to women of correspondinijcchissin France. " They have wit," says La Potherie, " delicacy, u'ood voices, and a great fondness for dancinuf. They are discreet, and not much given to Jiirting ; but wlien they undertake to catch a lover, it is not easy for him to escape the bands of Hymen. ' ' " Next to that of the Governor General," say Haw- kins, " the oilice of Inlendant was of the groatt^st importance and celebrity in Quebec. It was esta- blished by the Proclamation of the King of France, in 1(308, erecting the Sovereign Council for the alTairs of the Colony ; it consisted of the Governor General the Bishop, the Intendant, four Councillors, to be named by the preceding, with an Attorney General and chief Clerk. The number of Councillors WAS afterwards encreased to twelve. " The authority of the Intendant was, indeed, little inferior to that of the Governor, excei)tin being judi- cial, not executive. He had the superintendance of four dt^]>artments ; namely, of Justice, Police, Finance and Marine. Th(^ Intendant was declared to be President of the Sovereign Council, leaving, however, the first place to the (rovernor, and the second to the Bishop. This caused great displea- sure to the Governor, on whose continued repre- sentations it was afterwards ordered, in ] 080, that the Governor and Intendant should assume no other quality in the Council than that of their res])ective 1 Old Hrijiine. P. 387. ir.Go ] THE INTENDANT. 103 le i- a- re- lat offices. La Pothorio, who visited Quoboc in 1008, says, that the Governor was then iiior«»ly an honor- ary Councillor. He sat at the upper end of a round tal)le, meaning most prol)al)ly at the part farthest removed I'rom the door. The Bishop sat on his right, also an honorary Councillor, and the Inten- dant on the left. Tht; latter performed the ollice of president, although he had not the title. The Coun- cillors themselves were seated according to seniority, and all wore their swords. The Intendant collected the votes, beginning with the junior Councillor, and finishing witn the Grovernor Greneral. He then cave his own opinion, and pronounced the judgment of the Council. In Le Beau's time, who visited Quebec in 17'2!>, the arrangement of the seats was somewhat different. The Councillors were then twelve in number, nearly all merchants of the Lower Town. " The Intendant," he says, " claimed the right of presiding in the Council ; but the Crovernor General took his seat in the Hall of Justice, in such a situa- tion as to be opposite the Intendant, with the Coun- cillors, or Judges, arrayed on either side : so that they both seemed to preside in an equal degree." The Intendant, named originally by the King, was M. Robert whose commission w^as dated 21st March, 1G63. This gentleman, however, never arrived in Quebec ; and the first Intendant was M. de Talon, who arrived in 1()(!5, with the Manpiis l)e Tracy, and the Carignan liegiment. 01' this ^en- tlem in, the most honorable mention is made in the annals of the country. The following anecdote has been handed down, of his first arrival in Que- bec. Previous to his leaving France, the Superior 104 QUEBEC — DEFIANT — AUORESSIVE. [106 J, 1 1' of the IIotel-Dieu had written to him, recomniontlin*^ that Community to his protoction. On the next day after his arrival, with the true gaUantry of a French gentleman, he determined to assure her in person of his good wishes, but lirst put in practice a little ruse, which, as the story runs, redounded, in the denouement, both to his own and to the credit of the Superior. Coming to the Nunnery, without equipage and plainly dressed, he requested to speak to the Superior, without giving any luime. The Superior approached, accompanied by a nun, the Mother Marie ile la Nalivife, — when assuming the character of his own gentleman or valet, he assured them in the most polite and well conceived terms of the respect and interest which M. De Talon had always felt towards their Community, and promised on his part that nothing should be wanting to pro- mote their welfare. As he spok(» admirably, with great conlidence and earnestness of manner, the other nun, who was a person of sagacity, making a sign to the Superior, replied, that she was not deceived in believing him to be of higher rank than that which he chose to assume On M. De Talon's requesting to be informed, what there was about him to induce her to entertain such an opinion, the clever nun made answer, that there was that in his language and appearance which convinced her that she had the honor of speaking to the Intendant himself. On this he acknowledged his attenii)t at dissimulation, and his great satisfaction at receiving so elegant and so obliging a compliment. It may be imaii'ined that the result of this interview was a lasting friendship between the Intendant and the I I i.'i's of Jiiti iiilautS Puluco. i; li!: \i-7-t. lii-.ir.iv. Ml 177:,. [i. 111") 161)8.] THE INTENDANT S PALACE 105 1 Coiniuuiiity. He wus nuviiily in.strumonlul .soiin* years a Iter winds, in reljiiildiiii^- tin- lI(»t','l-JJieu on a more exlciulcd r.cale, as di'scribed in our account of that establishment ; and was besides distinguished for his liberahty on many other occasions. Tli«> IiitciiilaiitN I'liliHT. " Immediately throu«;h Tahice-date, turninij: to- wards the U»it, and in front of the Ordnance buihl- ings and storehouses, ' once stood an edilice of great extent, surrounded by a spacious garden looking^ towards the River St. Charles, and as to its interior decorations, far more splendid than even the Castle of St. Lewis. It was the Palace of the Intendant, so called, l)ecause the sittings of the Sovereig-n Coun- cil were held there, after the establishment of the Koyal Crovernment in New France A small district adjoining is still called, Le Pahiin, by the old inha- bitants, and the name of the Gate, and of the well proportioned street which leads to it, are derived from the same origin. " The Intendant's Palace was described by La Po- therie, in 1G98, as consisting of eighty toises, or four hundred and eighty feet, of l^uildings, so that it appeartnl a little town in itself The King's stores •werci kept there. Its situation does not at the pre- sent time ai>pear advantageous, but the aspect of the River St Charles -was widely dilferent in those days. The property in the neighborhood belonged to the (rovernment, or to the Jesuits — large meadows 1 All iliiil iiMw n'liiains of llial slriictiire ;iro some reconl'y rebuilt cut stone wharehouses next to llie mam enliiince of the " Park " or King'-, woo i-yani willi soiueexlensi\o ruins beliind Boswdl's Urewery, f! lOG QUEBEC — DEFIANT— AGHRESSIVE. [1 098. ! ■• ^ I and flowery partorres adornod the banks of the river, and reached the base of the rock; and as late as the time of Charlevoix, in 1720, that quarter of the city is spoken of as being the most beautiful. The entrance was into a court, through a large gateway, th" ruins of which, in St. Vallier Street, still remain. The buildings formed nearly a square — in front of the river were spacious gardens, and on the sides the King's store houses. Beyond the Palace, towards the west, were the pleasing grounds of the Jesuits, and of the G-eneral Hospital. " This building, like most of the public establish- ments of Quebec, went through the ordeal of fire, and was afterwards rebuilt with greater attention to comfort and embellishment. In September 1712, M. Begon arrived as Intendant, with a splendid equipage, rich furniture, plate and apparel befitting liis rank. Tie was accompanied by his wife, a young lady lately married, whose valuable jewels were the general admiration. A fire, which it was found impossible to extingui.sh, broke out in the night of the oth January 17^3; and burned so rapidly, that the Intendant and his lady with difficulty escaped in their rob^s de clinmhre. The latter was obliged to break tln^ panes of glass in her appartment, be- fore she had power to breathe, so as to attempt her escape thronu'h the smoke wilh which the pas- sages were filled. Two younti' French women, who attended Madame Begon, perished in the flames — the Intendant's valet anxious to save some of his master's clothes, ventured imprudently within the burning chambers, and was consumed by the flames — his secretary, desirous of rescuing some valuables, 1G3S] THE INTExNDANl's PALACE. 107 passed several times through the irardens towards the river in Iroiit of the house, without shoes, and was frozen. He died in the Hotel Uieu, a lew days afterwards. The loss of the Intendant was stated at forty thousand crowns : his lady lost her jewels and rich dresses. Such, however, wrre the resources ofM. Begon, that he is said to have lived with as much state in the Bishop's Palace, where he esta- blished himself, as he had maintained belore the lire. On this occasion, the papers and records of the Treasury were lost, as well as the regist(>rs of the Council, and other valuable documents beloim-. ing to the King of France. The Palace was after- wards rebuilt in a splendid style "ov^ M. Be»on at the King s expense. The following is its clescrip. tion, given by Charlevoix, 'n 1720, a few vears after- wards ; " The Intendant's Louse is called the Palace, because the -Superior Council assembles in it. This IS a large pavilion, the two extremities of whicli pro- ject some feet ; and to which you ascend by a double iiight of stairs. The garden front which faces the little river, which is very nearly on a level with it, is much more agreeable than that by which you enter. The King's magazines face the court on the right side, and behind that is the prison. The gate by which you enter is hid })y the mountain on which the Upper Town stands, and which on this Ski' allbrds no prospect, except that of a steep rock, extremely disagreeable to the sight. \i was still worse hefore the lire, which reduced some years ago tliis whole Palace to ashes ; it havinu" at that time no out(>r court, and the buildings then facing the street which was very narrow. As you go i -I 108 QUEBEC— DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. [1689. along this street, or to speak more properly, this road, you come first of all into the country." The Intondant's Palace was neglected as a place of official residence after the conquest in 1759. In 1775, it was occupied by a detachment of the American invading army, and destroyed by the lire of ihe Clarrison. The only remains at present are a private house, the gateway alluded to above, and several stores belonging to Government, formed by repairing some of the old French buildings. The whole is now known by the name of the A7«,ir's wood-yanV (Hawkins.) The year 1680, was memorable, on account of the terrible slaughter of the French, near Montreal, by the Iroquois; it is known, in history, as the " Lachine Massacre : " Iroquois ferocity continued to be a stand- ing menace, if not to Quebec, at least to Montreal. De Calliere originated a plan of a daring nature : *' lie proposed France should make herself mistress of New York and A'^irginia, by purchase, treaty, or force. If force should be resorted to, he oH'ered to effect the desired result, by conducting thirteen hundred soldiers and three hundr«;d Canadians by the route of the Richelieu and Lake Champlain. as if to make war on the cantons, and thence to diverge towards Fort Ora/f^e, on the Hudson, and Manhattan (New York,) and capture the English posts by sud- denly assaulting them in succession. " This con- quest," he added, " would make the King master of cue of the most beautiful sea-ports of America, ac- cessi])le at all seasons of the year, and of a region possessing a fine climate and fertile lands, which the English, themselves, conquered from the Dutch." The 1 08').] CONQUEST, OP NEW-YORK. 100 le Fr(Mich King and his ministers approved of fhe plans submitted to them." ^ This was ahold idea to enter into the heads of those who held the Castle St. Louis. The breakinji out of the war between France and England, consequent on the ascension to the lilnglish throne, of William of Orange and expulsion of James II, the ally and protege of France, prepared, for the city of Champlain, thrilling scenes, which were enacted soon after the return, at Quebec, of the gallant and proud Count de Frontenac, on the ir)th October, 1689. Mr. de Portneuf, a noted Quebecer, started at the end of January, in the severest season of the year, ^ at the head of fifty French Canadians and about sixty Abenaquis. Pursuing their course along the valley of the Kennebec, their force was increased by the addition of other warriors, belonging to the same nation. On starting, the Indian auxiliaries, were almost without provisions, so, that, during the march they could subsist only by spreading through the forest, hunting for game. The design, in this case, was to attack and capture the fortified stations on the Bay of Casco, near to the modern city of Portland. Owing to the case which has been named, as well as the impediments, occasioned by the rough state of the regions through which they had to pass, Portneuf and his followers, spent four months in proceeding to the destined points of attack. The town of Casco, on Casco Bay, was defended by a considerable fort, well supplied with cannon, 1 Miles's llislori/ of Canada, P. 204. a Miles's History of Canada, P. 211. 'i'l ' ' . f no QUEBEC— DEFIANT— AGGRESSIVE. [I6S9. ammunition and provisions. There were also four smaller forts, which were speedily captured. The defenders of the principal fort made a show of resistance, and when summoned to surrender refused to do so. Two or three days were occupied by the invaders in digging trenches and surrounding the place, when it was yielded, upon the terms which had been proposed ; about thirty had been killed, and the prisoners, included seventy men and a large number of wom(Ui and children. The French lost only two or three men. After burning all the habitations, and demolishing the defences, the iuA'aders commenced their retreat on the 1st of Jane. On the march, great cruelty was exercised by the savages upon the helpless women and children, many of whom were sacrified. This band eifected its return to Quebec on the 23rd of June." The scenes of blood, midnight pillage and destruc- tion efiec'ted by the Montreal band, at Schenectady, and by the Three Rivers band, at Salmon Falls, — conducted by Ilertel de Rouville, are matters pertaining to the general history of Canada, and not to the Annals of the city. Such, the terrible retaliation taken by the Governor of Quebec, on accou?it of the Lachine and other massacres on Canadian soil ; some of which had been instigated by the deceit, cruelty and treachery of Denonville in inviting Iroquois chiefs, at Fort Frontenac — then seizing on them and despatching them to France, to serve in the King's galleys, after shutting them down, during the sea-passage of several weeks, in the holds of the small vessels of those days. Betwe-^n Indian treachery, and European treachery, 16D0 ] MIDNIGHT RAIDS. HI to ry. there does not appear much to choose. New Englaiur however, would soon have her turn and retaliate on a larger scale both by sea, and by land, with llie usual accompanyraents : disaster and del'eat. ^ " The late bloody incursions," says Miles, " into the British Provinces and the known desire of the French to carry out DeCalliere's plan of conquest (oi' New York, &c.,) so soon as circumstances should permit had convinced the English leaders that pea- ceable or friendly neighborhood was impossible. They were determined, besides, to establish and extend their commercial intercourse with the savages, around the great lakes and in the west) with whom the French would never permit any such relations to subsist. Accordingly, a force of thirteen hundred men, under Greneral Winthrop and Major Schuyler, was equipped for a movement upon Montreal, by the route of Lake Champlain ; while a lleet of upwards of thirty vessels, manned by fifteen hundred sailors, and carrying thirteen hundred militia, was despatched from Boston, under Sir William Phipps and Major "Walley. The resolution to lit out these armament had been taken at a congress of the English colonies, held early in May 1090, soon after the massacres of Schenectady and Salmon Falls, and after the ad- vance of the Quebec force into Maine, had become generally known. Of the proceedings of the trooi:)s, under AVinthrop and Schuyler, it is enough to say here that they accomplished little or nothing ; for, on account of defective arrangements for supplying them with 1 Miles's History vf Canada, P. 211. i1 i t 1^ i 1 112 QUEBEC— DEFIANT— AGOIiESSIVE. [1690. provisions and means of transport, tho G-eneral retired to Albany, from his march upon Canada, al- most as soon as h(^ reached Lake Champlain. Schuy- ler advanced further, but was easily repulsed. The delays in expediting the English forces from Boston, were such that the fleet did not sail until the summer was well advanced. It was destined for the attack and capture of Quebec ; but its move- ments were so leisurely, and its officers held so many councils of war at the various stages of its progress into the Gulf and up the St. Lawrencei that October arrived before it appeared off Cape Diamond The gates of Quebec were barricaded, and baite- ries of cannon mounted at all eligible points, with the aid of strong beams of timber, bags and barrels, filled with stones and earth. As the news of the expected attack, and the orders of the Grovernor reached the outlying settlements, the people poured into the place for protection and to take an active part in its defence. ^ Amonjjst the brave deftuders of the beleacruered city were two of the celebrated seven brothers Le Moyne — Ste. Hclene and Maricourt. Ste. Helene, t'is said, pointed the cannon which brought down the flag of the admiral's ship ; it dropped into the river and immediately Maricourt, his brother, and some other young Canadians, leaped into the w^ater, swam out for it, under lire, and conveyed it ashore. The flag remained as a trophy in the parish church of Quebec, until the surrender of Quebec. " On the 18th, the troops were landed, under Major 1 Miles's History of Canada, P. 215, 216. 16W.J SIE WILLIAM PlllPPS. 113 d le n le [T, le. ^Valley, ^ near the mouth of the St. Charles river, and the ships of the s(j[uadron opened a connonade against the city. The garrison g'uns replied vig'orous- ly, and it was soon made to appear that their lire was more etrective than that of the English. Observing this, riiipps drew off, but renewed the bombardment the ibilovvinu' day until noon, by which time he saw clearly that his hopes of success were gone, unless the troops on shore could force their way into the city, and capture it by assault. Accordingly, he again retired out of range with his damaged vessels. In the meantime, the troops attempted an advance through the slush and mud along the ba)iks of the St. Charles, but not before the princii)al cannonade between the batteries of tlie city and the ships had ceased. Some severe skirmishing occurred on the land. Frontenac had judiciously refrained from op- posing the disembarkation of the English soldiers, conscious of his ability, from his numbers and strong position, to repel any assault. But whenever the assailants, after establishing themselves in a hastily- constructed encampment, on the opposite side of the river, attempted any movement, they found them- selves exposed to attacks from bodies of militia, commanded by the Le Moynes (Duehe.snays) and other active French officers, stationed at dilierent points and sheltered by the bushes and rocks. Fron- tenac, in person, at the head of a considerable body of troops, placed himself in a position to observe the proceedings of the skirmishers, and in readiness to cross over to the support of his own people, if it 1 This olTiC'^r left a Journal of the sioge ojieratiotis which will be fouuU iu Smith's Uialory of Canada. 114 QUEBEC— DEFIANT — AGORESSIVE. [i6oa. ':>M ■ should be judged necessary. The results of these partial conllicts were generally favourable to the French militia and volunteers. From time to time vessels of the hostile lleet came within range of the land batteries and fired upon the city, * " " The defeat of Sin William Phipps (in 1600)," says Hawkins, " was sensibly lelt by the people of New England, who, indeed, were called upon to defray the expense, amounting to one hundred and lifty thousand pounds. They frequently repre- sented to the British Ministry, the commercial advantages which would result from the total ex- pulsion of the French from North America. At last, in 1707, during the military glories of the reign of Queen Anne, distinguished by a Marlborough, as this age (1834), is by a Wellington — the Earl of Sunderland, Secretary of State, determined to make another attempt to dislodge the French from their most impregnable position at Quebec. The armament intended for this object, under the com- mand of General Macartney, was, however, diverted from its destination, and ordered to Por- tugal, in consequence of the disastrous condition to which the affairs of the Queen's ally. Charles III, King of Spain, had been reduced by the defeat of the allied forces, at Almanza. The dvstriictiuii of thr English nrmada commanded by Sir Ilovcndi-n >Valkcr, 1711. In 1711, the project was resumed only to result in a signal and mortifying failure. The j^lan of this expedition was suggested by a provincial officer, V Miles's History of Canada, P. 218. 1690.] SIR II. walker's armada. 115 Sir It in this leer, General Nicholson, who had just taken possession of Nova Scotia, on which occasion he had criven the name of Annapolis to Port Royal. This officer had brouglit to London four Indian chiefs and had the address to persuade the Ministry to enter into the views of the New England States. The expedition consisted of five thousand troops from Enoland, and two thousand provincials, under Brkudier General Hill, brother to the Queen's favorite, Mrs. Masham. The naval force was very strong, and was placed under the command of Sir IIovENDEN Walker. The fleet met with constant fogs in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and was nearly destroyed on Egg Lslands Despairing of success, the Admiral called a council of war, and it was determined to return to England, without making any further attempt. Eight trans- ports were lost on this disastrous day, with eight hundred and eighty-four officers, soldiers and sea- men. The provincial land forces under General Ni- cholson which had advanced as far as Albany and had been joined by six hundred Iroquois, returned to their respective quarters, on hearing of the failure of the naval expedition. It is remarkable that during the heat of the factions of that day the Whigs affected to consider this attempt on Quebec, so perfectly desperate an undertaking, that it was made one of the articles of impeachment, againts Harley, Earl OF Oxford, that he had suffered it to go. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, then Governor General of Canada, omitted no duty of a brave and prudent officer on this occasion. The rejoicings at '■ ' 'I \i 116 QUEBEC— DEFIANT— AGOUESSIVE. fIG'JO. QuEHEC were naturally great at so signal a de- li\'raiico ; and the church of Notre-Dame de la ViCTOiRE, spoke the pious gratitude of the rt'liyious inhabitants, by assuming the title of Noire-Dame DES ViCTOlRES." We lind the occupation, aims and aspirations of that lighting period well defined, in the following words of Parkman. " The French system favored military efficiency. The Canadian population sprang in great part from soldiers, and was to the last, systematically re-inforced by disbanded soldiers. Its chief occupation was a continual training for forest war ; it had little or nothing to lose, and little to do, but fight and range the woods. This was not all. The Canadian govern- ment was essentially military. At its head was a soldier-nobleman, often an old and able commander, and those beneath him caught his spirit and emu- lated his example. In spite of its political nothing- ness, in spite of poverty and hardship, and in spite even of trade, the upper stratum of Canadian Society was animated by the pride and fire of that gallant noblesse which held war as its only worthy calling, and prized honor more than life. As for the habitant, the forest, lake and river were his true school ; and here at least, he was an apt scholar. A skilful woodsman, a bold and adroit canoe-man, a willing fighter in time of need, often serving without pay, and receiving from government, only his provisions and his canoe, he was more than ready at any time for any hardy enterprise ; and in the forest warfare of skirmish and surprise, there were few to match him. An absolute government used him at will, and 1090] TTTE CANADIAN (OENTILHOMME.) 117 [ay, ms Ime fare Itch iiid experienced leaders guided his rugged valor to the best account." 8uch the Quebecer, in the warlike days of Count Frontenac. "VVe have stated elsewhere, how the exiled noblesse unable to keep up with tbe luxury of that French court, of which they dreamed day and night, attempted the building up of a New France, in tho colony nd became tillers of the soil. Parkman, a New Englander, will tell us the outlets ^ which their adventurous spirit and hardihood occasionally sought. " On the G-reat Lakes, in the wastes of the North- west, and on the Mississipiand the plains beyond, we find the roving ^enlil/iomme, chief of a gmig of bushrangers, often his own habiUints ; sometimes proscribed by the government, sometimes leagued in contraband traffic with its highest officials, a hardy vidette of civilization, tracing unknown streams, piercing unknown forests, trading, fighting, negotiating, and building forts. Again we find him on the shores of Acadia or Maine, surrounded by Indian retainers, a menace and a terror to the neigh])oring English colonist. " Saint-Castin, Du Lhut, La Durantaye, La Salle, La Motte-Cadillac, Iberville, Bienville, La Veren- drye, are names that stand conspicuous on the page of half-savage romance that refreshes the hard and practical annals of American colonization. But a more substantial debt is due to their memory. It was they, and such as they, who discovered the Ohio, explored the Mississijipi to its mouth, disco- 1 Old Ilcgime, P. 398. 118 QUEBEC— DEFIANT— AGORES^SIVE. [icon. (I vered the Rocky Mountains, and founded Detroit, St. Louis, and New Orleans" Old world feuds — the rivalry between France and Enj^land burnt brightly on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The puritan of New England, was indeed great, at burning witches, but no match in war, lor the ' roving French genlilhomme who, according to the New England historian, Parkman, " was never more at home than when, a gun in his hand and a crucifix on his breast, he took the war-path with a crew of painted savages and Frenchmen almost as wild, and pounced like a lynx from the forest on some lovely farm or " outlying hamlet of New En- gland. How New England hated him, let her records tell. The reddest blood streaks on her old annals mark the track of the Canadian ^enti/homme" '^ Avengingspirits,however, would spring up in the future. Arnold's, New England riflemen rushing wildly, in 1775, on the barricades in Sault-au-Matelot street, with the words " Death or Victory " on their hats, seemed determined to wipe off past defeats ; alas, fate decreed it otherwise. Monarchical Canada was spared for one century at least, the manifold blessings of republican rule ! The Chateau St. Louis. " Few circumstances of discussion and enquiry are more interesting than the history and fate of ancient buildings, especially if we direct our attention to the fortunes and vicissitudes of those who were con- 1 Old Mgime, P 261. 2 Old Regime, P. 263, 1«63] CASTLE OF ST. LOUI.S. 119 Id .re nt nected with thom. Tho temper, genius and pursuits of ail hislorical era are rrecjueutly delineated in the "tureb of reinarkahh' ediliee.s, nor can any one con- inphite them without expressing curiosity, con- cerning those who lirst Ibrmed the phin, and altcr- wards created and tenanted the structure. These o})servations apply particularly to the subject oi' this chapter. " The history of the ancient Castle of St. Louis, or Fort of Quebec, for above two centuries, the seat of Government in the Province, ailbrds subjects of great and stirring interest during its several periods. The hall of the old Fort, during the weakness of the colony, was often a scene of terror and despair at the oads of the jjersevering and ferocious Iroquois, ■>, having passed or overthrown all the French outposts, more than once threatened the Fort ' >t'lf, and massacred some friendly Indians within siglii wf its walls. There, too, in intervals of peace were laid those benevolent plans for the religious instruction and conversion of the savages, which at one time distinguished the policy of the ancient government. At a later era, when under the protection of the French Kings, the Province had acquired the rudi- ments of military strength and power, the Castle of iSt. Louis was remarkable, as having ])een the site whence the French Governors exercised an immense iiovcr^'ignty, extending from the Gulf of St. Law- rence, along the shores of that noble river, its magnificent lakes, — and down the course of the Mis- sissippi, to its outlet, below New Orleans. The banner which lirst streamed from the battlements of Quebec, was displayed from a chain of Forts, which fel 120 QUEBEC— DEFIANT — AGGIIESSIVE. [1665. protocted tho sottlcments through the vast extent of country ; keeping the Eni^lish colonies in constant alarm, and secunngthe fidelity of the Indian nations. During this period, the council chamber of the Castle was the scene of many a midnight vigil, — many a long deliberation and deep-laid project, — to free the continent from the intrusion of the ancient rival of France, and assert throughout the supremacy of the gallic lily. At another era, subsequent to tho sur- render' of Quebec, to the IJritish arms, and until the recognition of the independence of the United States, the extent of empire, of the government of which the Castle of Quebi'c was the princi])al seat, compre- hended the whoh^ American continent, north of Mexico ! It is astonishing to reflect for a moment, to how small and as to size, comparatively insignificant an island in the Atlantic Ocean, this g-igantic territory was once subject ! " Here, also, was rendered to the representatives of the French Kirg, with all its ancient forms, the fealty and homage of the noblesse, and military re- tainers, who held possessions in the Province under the Crown — a feudal ceremony, suited to early times, which an}iosed a real and substantial obligation on those A\ho performed it, not to be violated without forfeiture and dishonor. The King of Great Britain having succeeded to the rights of the French Crown, this ceremony is still (1834) maintained. ' 1 " l''''iilly and homage isn'mlered at this day (ISIJ'i), liy tlioscipniors to thi^ novfrrionis liie rt'iiri'Si-iiiativo ol" llie sovt»reif,'ii, in Hit; following form : His Exc JtMicy hiiing in riill dr^'ss ami soalod in a slati' chair, surronndt'il by his slaU", and ail''nd.Ml by tli" Attorney GtMieral, the si;ignior, in an evrnintj dn^-s an 1 woarinj,' a sword, is inlroilnced into Ins incseuce by tho lusjieclor (i'-uoral of the lloyal Domain and Lhu'k 3 I 1G34.] FAITH AND HOMAGE. 121 ■i^niors lUowirig chair, li'iil. Uie Leil into An instance of " faith and horaaffe rendered " by a seig-nior to the Crown, more than one century later, " one year after the army of Wolfe had entered Quebec " is quoted by the author of the Old Regime, Frs. Parkman. " Philippe Noel, had lately died, and Jean Noel, his son, inherited his seii^niory of Tilly ^ and Bonse- cours. To make the title good, faith and homage must be renewed. Jean Noel was under the bitter necessity of rendering this duty to (leneral Murray, Grovernor for the King of Great Britain. The form is o\' llio Laml Roll, ami having (loiivcrt'il up Iiis sword, ami kneeling upon one kn"e bi>foro Iho Governor, places liisrifjlu hand between his and rojieals Iho ancient oalh of tiflelily ; after wiiich a solemn ant is drawn up in a register kept for lliat purpose, wh'ch is si-^neil by the Governor and the seignior, and countersigned by the proper olli'iers." (Hiiiin'ns I'iiiuie of /Juchic.) Til" historian, Ferland, Nolr.i sur Irs Itr>jfslre.i de. NAve-lkime de Quebec, relates, one of the earliest instmces (l()3i) of tho miuiner the Ini ti fiomniafjn w.if^ rendered. It is that of .lean (lnion (IJion ?) vassal of Robert Gilfard, teigaior of Beau|)ort, " Guion jiresents h mself, in the jiresence of a notary, at the principal dor.r of the manor-hoMse of Beauport ; hiving knocked, one Boulle, farmer of (Jilf.'ird, opened the doer and in r^ply to Guioii's (luestion, if the Si'igiiior was at home, rei)lied llial lie was not, but that he, Boulle, was eui|iowereil to received ackoowled^'mf'iils of faith and homage from the vas?als in his name. " Aft t the wh eh reply, the said Guion, being al the jirincipal door, placed hi'USi'lf on h'\^ kiie s, on the ground, with bare-head and wilhout sword or spurs, and said llnve limes these w.irds : " Monsieur dt Beauport, Monsi(Uir de Beauport, Monsieur de B''aiiporl, I Iiring you Ihe faith and homage whieli I am bound to bring you on account of my /*?'»'/' Da Buissoii, which I hold as a man of fnili of your seigniory of B'aupoi't, dcciariu;,' liiat 1 oiler to pay ray s iy;nional and femlal due^ in th'ir scison, and demanding of ynu to accept me in faith an i homage as aforesaid." {O'll l\c(jimv, I'. 2if; j 1 Subse(iueiilly and to this day known as Ihe s'^igninry ol St. Auioine de Tilly — in the county of Lolbiniere. This si'igni^ry was until a very few year.- back in the po>ses?U'n of th<' Seigneurs Noel, large framed men, of gencmus and jovial natures — T lie sun of the seigniorial honors alas ! has for ever set behind Iho Seigniorial Act of 185A. 122 QUEBEC — DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. [1663. the same as in the case of Gruioii, more than a century before. Noel repairs to the Government House, at Quebec, and ivuocks at the door. A servant opens it. Noel asks if the Governor is there. The servant replies that he is. Murray, informed of the visitor's object, comes to the door, and Noel then and there, " without sword or spurs, with bare-head, and one knee on the ground," repeats the acknowledgment of faith and homage for his seigniory. He was com- pelled, however, to add a detested innovation, the oath of fidelity to his Britannic Majesty, coupled with a pledge to keep his vassals in obedience to the new sovereign. " A water-color sketch of the chateau taken in 1804, from the land-side, by William Morrison, junior, is in my possession. The building appears to have been completely remodelled in the interval. It is two stories in height ; the Mansard roof is gone, and a row of attic windows surmounts the second story. In 1809, it was again remodelled, at a cost of ten thousand pounds sterling. A third story was added ; and the building, resting on the buttresses, which still remain under the balustrade of Durham Terrace, had an imposing eiiect when seen from the river." ^ " In 1690, a remarkable scone occurred in the Castle of 8t. Lewis, which at that period had assumed an appearance worthy of the Governors General, who made it the seat of the Royal Government. This dignity was then held by the Count de Fron- TENAC, a nobleman of great talents, long services, but of extreme pride. He had made every prepa- ration that short notice would permit for the recep- 1 Old licgiine, P. 419. 1690.J COLIN MAILLARD. 123 m- os, na- tion of the English expedition against Quebec, under Sir William Phipps, which came to anchor in the basin on the 5th' October, old style. Charlevoix, using the new style, makes the date the 16th. The English had every reason to expect that the city was without defence, and that they might capture it by surprise. An officer was sent ashore with a Hag of truce, who was met half way by a French Major ; and after a bandage had been jjlaced before his eyes, was conducted to the Castle by a circuitous route, that he might hear the warlike preparations which w^ere going on, and feel the number of obstructions and barriers of chevaux-de-frise which were to be passed, in the ascent to the upper-town. Every deception was practised to induce the Englishman to believe that he was in the midst of a numerous garrison ; and some of the contrivances were ludi- crous enough. Ten or twelve men were instructed to meet him, to cross his path at diflerent places, and to pass and repass constantly during the way. The very ladies came out to enjoy the singular spectacle of a man led blindfold by two Serjeants in this manner, and bestowed upon him the nickname of Colin MalUard. There can be little doubt, however, that he perceived the trick played upon him. On arrival at the Castle, his surprise is represented to have been extreme, on the removal of the bandage, to 'find himself in the presence of the Governor G* neral, the Bishop, the Intendant, and a largf staff of French officers, arrayed in full uniform for the occasion, who were clustered together in the centre of the great hall. The English officer immediati'ly presented to Frontenac a written summons to sur- render, in the name of William and Mary, King and 124 QUEBEC— DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. [1690. Queen of Enj^land ; and drawing out his watch and placini^ it on the table, demanded a positive answer in an hour at furthest. This last action completed the excitement of the French officers, who had been with difficulty able to restrain themselves during the delivery of the summons, which the Englishman read in a loud voice, and which was translated into French on the spot, A murmur of indignation ran through the assembly ; and one of the officers pre- sent, the Sieur de Valrenes, impetuously exclaimed, " that the messenger ought to be treated as the envoy of a corsair, or common marauder, since Phipps, was in arms against his legitimate sover- eign." Frontenac, although his pride was deeply wounded by the unceremonious manner of the Englishman, conducted himself with greater mode- ration ; and without seeming to have heard the interruption of Valrenes, made the following high- spirited answer : " You will have no occasion to wait so long for my reply. Here it is. I do not recognise King William, but I know that the Prince of Orange is an usurper, who has violated the most sacred ties of blood and of religion in dethroning the King, his lather-in-law ; and I acknowdedge no other legitimate sovereign of England than James the Second. Sir "William Phipps, ought not to be sur- prise at the hostilities carried on by the French and their Allies — he ought to have expected that 'the King, my master, having received the King of ]!]ngland under his protection, would direct me to make war upon people who have revolted against their lawful Prince. Could he imagine, even if he had ottered me better conditions, and even if I were of a temper to listen to them, that so many gallant 1690.] PHIPP S SUMMONS. 125 not lice ost the her the l-vir- nd the of to nst he ere ant gentlemen would consent, or advise me to pliice any confidence in that man s word, who has broken the capitulation which he made with the G-overnov of Acadia ? — who has been wanting in loyalty towards his sovereign — who has forgotten all the benelits heaped upon him, to follow the fortunes of a stran- ger, who, while he endeavors to persuade the ^V()l•ld that he has no other object in view than to ])e the DELiVEREii of England and defender of the faith, has destroyed the laws and privileges of the King- dom, and overturned the English Church — crimes, which that same divine justice, which Sir William invokes, will one day severely punish" " The Englishman, hereupon, demanded that this reply should be reduced to wn-iting : which Fron- tenac peremptorily refused, adding, — " 1 am going to answer your master by the cannon's mouth. lie shall be taught that this is not the manner in which a person of my rank ought to be summoned." The bandage having been replaced, the English oiFicer was re-conducted with the same mysteries to his boat ; and was no sooner on board the Admiral's ve.sscl, than the batteries began to play eighteen and tweuty-four pound shot upon the fleet. Sir Wil- liam's own flag was shot away by a French officer, named Maricourt ; and having been picked up by some Canadians, was hung up as a trophy in the Cathedral Church, where it probably remained until the capture in 1759. The English bombarded the town, which, in spite of the bold front of Fron- tenac, was in a terrible state of confusion and alarm; and did some damage to the public buildings. Charlevoix seems to admire greatly the haughty bearing of Frontenac on this occasion : it is but just 126 QUEBEC — DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. [1690. l-i I to remark, however, that by his own showing-, the Englishman executed his mission with the greatest coohiess and presence of mind ; and that the insult he received was little creditable to those who knew not how to respect a flag of truce. " Sir William Phipps, ancestor of the present Earl of Mulgrave was generally blamed for the failure of this expedition, perhaps unjustly. Finding the place on its guard and prepared to receive him, it would have been madness to have commenced a regular siege, at that advanced period of the season. As it was, he lost several of his vessels on his passage back to Boston. It should be remembered also, that it was Quebec against which he was sent, itself a natural fortress, and w^hen defended by a zealous garrison, almost impregnable. And it is admitted by Charlevoix, that had Sir William Phipps not been delayed by contrary winds and the ignorance of his pilots, — nay, had he even reached Quebec three days sooner, he would have completely accom- plished his object, and Quebec would have been captured before it could be known in Montreal that it was even in danger. " There were great rejoicings at Quebec for the victory ; and the King of France ordered a medal to be struck, with this inscription : " Francia in novo orbe victrix. Kebeca liber ata M. DC. AC." The Count de Frontenac was certainly one of the most distinguished of the French G-overnors. He died in Quebec in 1698, and was buried in the Recollet Church, which formerly stood near the site of the present English Cathedral. The only memorial of him in Quebec, is to be found in the Street which was called from his family name, Buade Street. CHAPTER IV. 1713—1759. A LONO PEACE. A«T3.-C0,™B„„E_AaH,CaLTl„B.-M.KLFACTUBES._B,r.0T 1748 -Fn»™s._W«B. WA„i_WoiPB._Tm F, eet _ t» .1 M»;L°:^c:™-r. ""'- - --"•-'■- »-": Let us in this chapter review a period of forty-six years, terminating with French rule-whollv en grossed with useful pursuits. They were probably" the qmetest times the colony eyer enjoyed under the tZ::T T: ^"r'""' *""='' ^rim war and th bitterest of feuds, closed the scene eye^tTV"^' "^"^ ""'''"' ^^ => ""^t ^P^^ant eyent for France and England; the signing of the reaty of Utrecht, which ceded the Hudson Bay territory. New Foundland and Acadia (Noya Scotia) Brefon ". ' ^.'■'""'' '''-'"''^ C»»="l-. Cape Breton and some rights in fisheries, in the gulf tto rfvTT!' ''"1"^ '"" <^''"S""S between the two riyals that eyerlasting apple of discord : the question of the boundaries. 128 A LONO PEACE. [17IG. Qiiobi!cers in 171G, were elated at the return from France, of Governor cleVaudreuil's ladv — an Acadian by birth, a spirited and remarkable woman who had been made a prisoner of war by the English. Greater still their joy, when they dwelt on the results of the Jesuit Lafitau's botanical discovery, which was to make, in less than no time, millionnaires of them all. Lalitau found in the Canadian forest, the Gingseng Plant ; a pound of which procurable at Quebec for two francs, fetched twenty-five francs at Canton, in China. Greed, however, in this, as in many other cases, overshot the mark. Instead of drying the plant slowly in the shade, it was thrust and parched in ovens. This made it valueless to the disciple of Confucius, who swore by his pigtail, he would stand no such imposition. Gingseng, which had attained eighty francs per lb , fell to nothing ; thus died the Quebec hen that layed the golden egsj^s. The year following, 1717, the town was pro- vided with a Court of Admiralty ; and the latter part of it, saddened by the demise of the French King, Louis XIV, who had expired in September. In 1720, the population of Quebec, had reached to 7,000 souls : that of Montreal 3,000. Quebec was increasing rapidly in importance : it was the entrepot of the colony. " The merchants and shippers " says Garneau, " sent out annually live or six barques, to the seal fisheries, and about as many laden with flour, biscuit, vegetables, staves and lumber to Louisbourg and the West-Indies, returning with cargoes of pit-coal, sugar, rum, coll'ee, molasses. The trade with France employed about twenty vessels of good aggregate tonnage " 1720] QUEBEC SOCIETY. 129 sing the says to :ith to ,'ith iThe llsol The historian, Charlevoix, who landed here, in October 1720, thus describes the denizens of Quebec. *' There are not" says he " more than 5000 souls at Quebec, but we find nothing but what is select and calculated to form an agreable society. A Grovernor Q-eneral, with his staff of high born officers, and his troops ; an Iiitendant, with a superior council and superior courts ; a commissary of marine, grand provost, grand voyer, and a superintendant of waters and forests, whose jurisdiction is certainly the most extensive in the world ; merchants in easy circum- stances, or at least living as if they were ; a Bishop and a numerous seminary, Recollets and Jesuits, three female religious communities, well established ; other circles elsewhere, as those surrounding the Grovernor and the Intendant. On the M'hole, it seems to me there are, for all classes of persons, means of passing the time agreably, every one con- tributes to his utmost. People amuse themselves with games and excursions, using caleches in sum- mer, sledges and skates in winter. There is a great deal of hunting, for many gentlefolks have no other resource for living in comfort. Current news relates to only a few topics, as the country does not furnish many. The news from Europe comes at once, and occupies a great part of the year, furnishing subjects of conversation relative to the past and future. Science and the arts have their turn. " The Canadians breathe from their birth the air of liberty, which renders them very agreable in social intercourse. Nowhere else is our language spoken in greater purity ; one observes no defective accent. 130 A LONG TEACE. [1720. " There are here no rich people, every one is hos- pitable, and nobody amnses himsoli" in making- money. If a person cannot afford to entertain friends at tal)li', he at least endeavours to dress well. " The best blood of our country is h»'re in both sexes. There is a general love of pleasure and amusement, with polished manners, and a total ab- sence of rusticity, whether in language or in habits through the country. It is not the same, they say, with our neighbours, the English colonists, and those who do not know the colonies, except by the daily habits, actions, and language, would not hesitate to say that ours is the most flourishing. In fact, there prevails in New England an opulence, which the people seem not to know how to u.se ; and, in New France, a poverty which is concealed under an unstudied air of ease. New England is supported by the culture of the plantations, New France by the industry of its inhabitants. The English colonist amasses well, and incurs no super- fluous expense ; the French enjoys that which he has, and sometimes makes a parade of what he does not possess. The former works for his heirs ; the latter leaves for his descendants the same state of necessity which was his own lot ; to escape from it as they best can. The anglo-americans do not desire war, because they have much to loose ; nor do they meddle much with the savages, because they do not think they require them. On the contrary the French youth, detest a state of peace, and like to dwell amonir the native, whose admiration they gain in war, and their friendship at all times. * 1 Hisloire de la No uvelle-f ranee, par le Pere Charlevoix. I xrih 1 LOSS OF "LE CIIAMEAU." i:n do ley Iry ke ley Charlevoix's vi«*\vs accord with thoso of the Swedish Professor Kalm, who visih-d Quebec, more than a quarter of a century hiter, viz in Auuust 17 H». Many and harrowiui^ the tales of shipwreck in our noble river, ore its rocks and shoals were lit and buoyed. A memorable disaster was that of the French vessel of war, the trauspoit Le Chamean ; it became a total wreck on reels, without ev n one inmate to tell ol her fate, in Sept., 1725.— In this luckless ship, destined for Quebec, perished, the new Intendant de Chazel, the successor to BeL- ii — also M. de Louvigny, Governor of Three Rivei.s, along with several oilicers, ecclesiastics, traders, s!x schoolmasters, and a number ol intending coloiMsts. This was a severe loss to the growing city. Quebec, had to wear more mourning, for the dciith of Governor de Vaudreuil, on 10 Oct, 1725. AVe » e compelled to pass over wars and other incidtiiis relating to the general history o!' ( anada, to po)Mt out years of calamity to the city, 17-:'J)-;}0-81-32-".:J. They Wi're marked by inundation, earthquakes, li- mine in 1729-30 — small-pox in 113.!. " It was, Siiys Oarneau, in the famine year (H^iO) that the D/i,'- e dr Pa/aix, now obliterated to the eye by the wharvs (the Gas Wharf, &c.,) wa« constructed, in ord-r to give useful employment and needful pay to starving people, by forming a riv^r wall, within which a hundred vessels could winter convenientK .'^ Where, then stood this long jetiy, one hundred a. 1 forty-six years ago, the North Shore Railway t - minus is now in process of constnn tion. The arrival of Intendant Bigo( ir. 1748, will pv '- pare a new era— the downfall of '"rench Dominior mUemau^i 182 A LONG PEACE. [1748, in New France. Patriotism — puhlic spirit — honesty among Quebec officials will henceforward hide their head. For good or for bad, we may expect to iind society in the colony a rellex of what it was in the parent state. War-loving France, staggering under reverses in Germany, in the West and East Indies, with an empty treasury, had not the means, even if she the heart, to defend her distant colony against foreign aggression. Alas ! chivalrous old France of Henry IV, to what depths of infamy thy new masters arti dragging thee ! Lower still, thou shall have to sink. Thy streets — thy squares — thy hamlets — thy palaces, will be yet deluged with blood, ere matters mend ! The strong- arm of Britain will, however, shield the few devoted sons, you may forget on Canadian shores : for them, no guillotines. Oppressive taxes were heaped on the working classes, in France in 1755, to carry on useless wars, or to pamper court minions. Effeminacy — luxury — unbridled license reigned supreme amidst the higher orders; open, shameless profligacy at Court. Such it was in the colony, with favoritism superadded. Quebec received her fashions and her officials from France ; the latter came with their vices ; several of these vices were expensive. The French Sultan, Louis XV, must needs have his harem ; his gaming tables ; his flaunting mis- tresses ; his parc-anx-cerfs. The turnpike to fortune for courtiers, lies through the smiles of La Pompadour. Quebec too shall possess its miniature French Court, on the green banks of the St. Charles. A very high official — the Minister of Police, of Justice, of miiijn 1748.] BIOOT. 133 Finance, will preside over it — Intendant Bigot, whose pow(^r on many points was coequal with that of tJie Governor of the Colony. This luxurious ' oiUeial had to providi^ suitable entertainment for the miyhty of the land, out of the most paltry salary, his Govern- ment allowinf>' him to make up the deficiency by the privilege of trading- in the colony. ^ Bigot, with 1 Old memoirs furnish curious details of Iho JliUings of the great Inlendunt between Quebec and Montreal. The I'arliamentary Library at Ottawa, contains a long and interest- ing MS. account, written by a Froiich Olliciul of the day, M. Franquet, Inspector of Fortilications in New France, in 1752. Franquet came here, charged with an imiiortanl mission. He was just the man wiioin Bigot thought ought to be "dined and wimd " jtroperly. 'Ihus we find th« Hoyal Inspector invited to join the Intendant on a voyage to Montreal. Tiie Government " Gondola," a long Hat bateau, propelled by sails as well ashy oars, accordingly left the Culile-Sac, Quebec, on the 24lh.Fuly, 175*2. It could carry 8,000 lbs. burthen, with a crew of fourteen sailors. In the centre, there was a space about six feel square, enclosed by curtains, and " with seats with blue cushions, " — a dais over head protected the inmates from tlie rays of tiie sun, and from rain. Choice wineu, spirits, eatables, — even to ready cash, — everything necessary to human sustenance or pleasure, was abundantly (frovided. Tliere was nothing ascetic about the bachelor Bigot. Ladies of rank, wit and beauty, felt it an honor to join his brilliant court, wht're they met most charming Cav ilirrs, — young ollicers of the Hegiments stationed at Quebec. Monsieur FraiKjuel seems to have enjoyed himseli amazingly, and describes some merry episodes which occurred at Three Rivers and otlpr Irysling places, of the mugniliccnl intendant. " ' lS sur le Canada (/-■ 174U a 17G0, recently republished ^ and Historical Soc.iel II o(i)\\t^htic, cnutain some quaint • ui^ .s of FJigot, his courtiers and eni:>lo!(es. got. learn, " II I'tait (le petite taillo, inais hien fait; d'uu l>or dgreabie, d'une graudo bravuure, actif, aimanl le faste, les plaisirs el surtoul le jeu. " r.iwn-Major Pc'an's chief attractions in the eyes of Bigot, were the charms of Madame Pean M'-r mlluence at court, was without limit; Uhough the " Damestiqur iquais el gens de rien furenl fails, garde- magasin dans les poster 'ur ignorance et Jeur bassesse ne furent lio'ml un obstacle, " hi i! 134 A LONG PEACE. [1755. the helping hand of Cadet, Deschpnau\, Corpron, Iklaurin, Estebe, Penisseault, Breard, Pean, and a crowd of other parasites became, a mighty trader. Honor — loyalty to the King — these were not empty words for the old Canadian nnb/esse, — the Longueuils, the Vaudreuils, and others ; Bigot had to look elsew- here for fitting tools. He, therefore, selected his personnel, his working staff, out of the most unscrupul- ous parvenus, who had won favor with the Court Favorite, Madame Pean. Bigot, like his royal mas- ter, must have not only a sumptuous palace in the city, with women more beautiful than chaste, to preside at his recherche routs, games and soirees, but also a diminutive Parv-aux-cerfs, at Charlesbourg, DrsciiENAux, was poii of a cofclnr, born at Quebec. Cadet, descended from a Imtcher and had been a butcher. CoupRON, was a hidious hunchback physically ; and morally, a still more repulsive specimen of humanity. At the surrender of Quebec, Bigot a.i''. accomplices having returned to France, were for lifteen months shul up in the BoEtiile, tried for tlif'ir frauds, and the fidlowing sentence recorded against the leaders • Bigot — Perperlual banishment: his property confiscated: 1,000 livres of Hne, and 1.500. 000 livres to he refunded. Varin — Perperlual banishment: his projierty confiscated: 1,000 livres of line, and 800,000 livres to be refunded. Cadet — Nine years banishment, 500 livres to fine, and 300,000 livres to be refunded. Pe.nisskaiilt — Nine years exile, 500 livres of fine, and 600,000 livres to be refunded. MxnRi.N — Nine years exile, 500 /teres of fine, and 600,000 livres to be refunded. CoHPRO.N — Condemned to be admonished in Parliament, 6 livres to the poor, and GOO 000 livres to be refunded. EsTEiiK — Condemned to be admonished in Parliament, to give 6 livres to the poor, and 100,000 livres of restitution. Dk Noyan— Condemned to be admonished in Parliament, 6 livres in charities to ihe poor with incarceration in the Bastille for the ten oirenders, until amounts are paid. 1755.] p:cart1i:, rouge et noir. 135 where the pleasures of the table and chase were diversified by Ecarte or Rt/ge et Noir, when other amusements palled on the senses. In order to maintain such a luxurious style of living, and make up for gambling losses, Bigot was not long ere he discovered that his salary, added to his profits on trade even on the vastest scale, were quite inadequate. The gaunt spectre of famine, during the year 1755, was stalking through the streets of Quebec. Of the crowds of Acadians, who about that time sought shelter in and around the capital of New France, no less than three hundred had died of starvation, disease and neglect. The starving poor M'^ere seen dropping in the streets, from weakness. During these dreadful times, unbounded luxury, feasting, riot and gambling (" «« j'eu dfaire trembler lea plus d4ter7niniis joutnrs ") were the inmates of the Inten- dant's palace. Horse flesh and dry codfish were distributed to the poorer class. The Men of pleasure, the Intendant's agents, all this times defrauded them remorselessly. The unfortunates, who dared to com- plain at the Intendance, were hustled about and brutally treated, by Bigot's entourage, intent on fat- tening undisturbed, on the public calamity. "Want soon became so pressing, that the French Court decided to ship to Quebec some scanty supplies. The Intendant hod the preparing of the requisitions^ the storing and the distribution of the provisions sent out from France, for Quebec, Montreal and elsewhere. This w^as a golden opportunity, which Bigot and his profligate comrades turned to good account. The Intendant, in fact, was in partnership 136 A LONG PEACE. [1755. i; J with ever so many public officials, — more properly, — ^public robbers. It was arranged that one of them, Clavery, clerk of Mr. Estebe, should open a general warehouse, next to the Intendance, were the bounty of the French King, filched from the Government stores, was retailed to the famished Quebecers, at an enormous advance. This repository of fraud and plunder, the people appropriately nicknamed " La Friponne, " the Cheat. Montreal had also a similar warehouse, its "Friponne." The finances of the colony for years, had been in a state of chaos. Specie became so rare, that the au- thorities attempted to supply a circulating medium by drafts, on the French treasury and paper-money. Bigot's issues, were boundless. When the city fell, the Intendaut's bills of exchange on the French trea- sury, in payment of goods, &c., supplied at Queb ^c, Montreal and elsewhere, amounted to .£500,000 strlg; there was also afloat .£4,000,000 strlg. of paper-money. At first four per cent, only was paid on these amounts, but subsequently, says the historian Bibaud, Great Britain succeeded in compelling France to make ,'ood to the Canadians, then British subjects, 55 per cent, on the treasury bills and 34 per cent, on the paper-money ordonnances). The colonists lost the balance. If France was too poor to honor her Canadian bills, she had the means to lavish on the courtizan La Pompadour, during her nineteen years of favor with the King, 36,924,140 livres, Madame la Marquise, on hearing of the downfall of Quebec, joyously exclaimed : " At last the King will have a chance of sleeping in peace," and athiesticai 1759.] FIFTEEN THOUSAND ACRES OF SNOW. 137 Voltaire, in commemoration of the " loss of the 15,000 acres of snow," which in his eyes constituted Canada, gave a banquet at his castle of Ferney. Never had there been more devotion on the part of a brave but deserted people, to uphold the standard of the mother-country ! — Never more baseness, in any parent state than that displayed by France, in deserting her off-spring in dangerous times. The year 1759, by the results it lead to, is one of the most memorable in Canadian annals. William Pitt had resolved that the flag of old England should float on the bastions of Quebec. Canada was to be invaded at three distinct points by overwhelming forces ; the colony cowardly deserted in its hour of trial by a Bourbon, would be left to her own resources. Her fate, as Montcalm had predicted, could not be doubt- ful long. General Amherst, with about 12,000 men, was to attack the French positions, on Lake Cham- plain and then descend to the valley of the St. Law- rence. The operations in the direction of Lake On- tario and against Fort Niagara were entrusted to General Prideaux and his able co-adjutor, Sir Wil- liam Johnston ; a narrative of the same falls within the scope of the historian of Canada; our province merely to chronicle the operations of Wolfe's and Montcalm's forces in our immediate neigh])ovhood. " Quebec," says Hawkins, "is for ever identiiied with the renown of the two great nations who contended for its possession ; and the history of this period will always be referred to, as equally interesting, at- tractive, and important. The varied incidents of the expedition, — the arrival before the town, — the attack of the fire ships, — the defeat at Montmorency, — the ¥ 138 A LONG PEACE. [1759. > i bombardment from Point Levis, — the landinpf under the heights of Abraham, — the battle of the Plains, — the death of the two heroic leaders, — the surrender, — the battle of Sillery or Ste. Foye, — the siege by the French, — and the arrival of the English fleet, from a scries of spirit-stirring events which pos- sesses the mind of the reader with the eager interest of vicissitudes, as they in turn develope the great game of war, played by the most skilful hands, and for the noblest stake. The scene of this heroic drama, — the actors, — and the event will be for ever memor- able. The tale has been handed down by A^arious writers ; but to do justice to the narration requires the pen of Wolfe himself, whose style was adorned with all the felicity of Caesar, and whose celebrated letter to Mr. Pitt is still considered unsurpassed as a military composition." " A brief review of colonial affairs between the peace of ITlrocht, in 1713, and the commencement of the campaign of 1759, appears a necessary intro- duction to the glorious expedition of \Yolfe. Notwith- standing the peace of Utrecht, the English Colonists had never forgotten the defeat of Phipps in 1690, or the failure of the expedition of 1711. They still smarted with the irritation occasioned by the inroads of the Indians, in the French interest ; and although their hopes of finally curbing the encroachments '^f the ennemy had been often excited and disap pointed, they were far from being extinguisht'd. The erection by the French of the strong forts of Niagara, TicoNDERooA and Crown Point, all in most com- manding situations, as a reference to the map will demonstrate, — was viewed by them as an infringe- 1759.] HARD TIMES. 139 ment of the treaty of Utrecht, which provided that no encroachment should be made on territories belonging- to the Five Nations. The attempts, also, made by the emissaries from Canada, to detach the Indians from the English alliance, naturally exas- pirated the colonists, and led to the sanguinary conllict which were so frequent about the middle of the eighteenth century. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, was in one sense only gratifying to the colonists ; inasmuch as the expense of the successful expedition against Louis- bourg, had been reimbursed to them by the British Parliament. But they were disgusted, and with reason, that Cape Breton, " their own acquisition" as they r)roudly termed it, had been restored to France by that treaty. Very soon after the peace, however, the restless spirit of the French began to display itself. The Am'^'.iiican continent was not destined to enjoy the blessings of internal tranquillity for many years yet to come. The Governor of Canada had sent a message to the Indians on the eastern frontier of New England, dissuading them from any peace with the English ; and on the other side, the French began to enlarge their own and to circumscribe the territories of their rivals. They had constructed a chain of forts at the back ofVlR(ilNiA, Pensylvania and New- York. An Iilnglishman taken in Ohio was passed along from fort to fort until ho reached Quebec " ^ Famine, hard times, rumours of war had during the past winter filled with gloom, every hearth and home in the capital, save the gay gambling salons of the 1 Hawkins I'ictnre of Quebec, P. 3l.i. I I n 1 :' I :\' i I . i !• ! 141) A LONG PEACE. [1700. Intendant's Palace. Even there, dark foreshadowings of impending evil at times intruded ; occasionally, was seen " the hand on the wall." Let pleasure go its rounds, had said the luxurious master. If the worst comes, even from the ruin of the colony, we may derive benefit, conceal the past and retire abroad to rest and affluence. On the 10th May, at 7 p. m., the news spread of the return from France of Cot. de Bougainville ; ^ On landing, he went direct to the Commissary, M. dr» Bienne, sent for the Intendant, who was in the house of the Town-Major, Hughes Pean ; conferred with him privately, but of this interview, nothing was revealed except that people might prepare for startling ntiws. De Bougainville had taken passage in the French frigate La Chezine, Capt. Duclos, which formed part of the large fleet of men-of-war and merchantmen, Mr. Canon was convoying to Quebec. On the 20th there arrived three frigates and fifteen merchantmen, bringing out the spring importations, together with nine or ten thousand barrels of flour, 1 This gentleman, having servoil with mucli reputation under Montcalm, afterwards bi'rame a naval oflicer, and will be placed by impartial posterity in the tlrst rank of circumnavifralors. Hism'Tits hav4', neen considered as nearly equal to those of the celebrated Cap- tain Cook, whose jjrecursor he was. He was scarcely twenty years of age at the time of the surrender of Quebec, although at that early age in command of nearly two Ihou^an.l men. He was warmly at- 'tached to Montcalm ; which was evinced by his well-known applica- tion to Mr- Pitt, respecting the erection of a monument to that General. De Hongainviile was afterwards Vice-Admiral, a Senator; and was (iiifilly killed by a revolutionary mob at Paris, on the 10th August, 1792. He was a brother of de Bougainville, the secretary to the Acadcmie, who died in 1763. ^^r 1759] RELIEF. 141 with liquors and stores for the King's Commissary ; some of tho lower-town merchants (Messrs. Mounier and Leez), received the largest supplies for their trade by these arrivals from sea. On the 28th May, the Dncde Fronsac sailed into port. On the 29th May, a Bayonne frigate, the Soleil Royal., made her appearance with flour, peas, maize, brandy. The inhabitants, on the 1st June, were gladdened by the arrival of the ships of war Atalante, 36 ; Marie — , Pomone, 32, and Pie, loaded with war material ; all presaged war ! The Capt. of the Marie was the first to bring tidings of the approach of the first division of Saunders' fleet, seen near Barnaby Island. On the 7th June, Mr. Aubert brought tidings of seven ships, at anchor at that island, and Mr. deLery returning on the 8th June, brought the alarming intelligence that the Indians had reported over sixty ships in the river, close to Kamouraska. General Montcalm had returned from Montreal to Quebec, 23rd May — followed shortly after by General Levis. From the end of May to the end of June, considerable works of defence were undertaken, at and near the city. Notwithstanding, the inadequacy of the relief in recruits and provisions sent out, there was no faint heartedness for the life and death struggle now impending. Though sorely distressed and dis- heartened, Montcalm was still the Montcalm of Carillon — some of his regulars and militia were the same men who the year previous, on the 8th July had defeated at Ticonderaga, a splendidly equipped English army, more than double their own in 142 A LONG PEACE. [1759. H r numbers. Stirring appeals were made by the Governor through ihe pastors in the parishes : all must rush to the rescue of their homes and altars. Old men tottering with years, boys of twelve — the stalwart yeomanry — all Hocked to the standard of France. Many wept, on learning that extreme youth or extreme age must exclude them, from the honor of otlering their lives on the altar of their country. The enthusiasm was so general, that the duty of tilling the soil, that spring and summer, devolved on the women and children. How to drill — to discipline — to arm these j^atriotic volunteers when there was neither time to prepare — nor arms to give out ! and when \Yolfe's sturdy, well disciplined squadrons were within sight of the battlements of Quebec ! One of the first orders issued, was one to convert all the French merchantships, in port, either into hulks to place cannon on, in the river St. Charles — or into fire ships to take advantage of the tide and destroy by fire the English vessels. The archives of the country, were removed from the vaults of the Intendant's Palace, to Three Rivers : a number of ladies of the best families were sent to Pointe-aux- Trembles. Orders were issued through the parishes, below Quebec, and in the Island of Orleans, to drive the cattle in the woods and mountains and conceal them with the provisions out of the reach of the English barbarians. The King's ships were removed higher up than the town : a number of them anchored at Batie-can, the rest at Point Platon, in the Richelieu. Bishop PontBriand, retired to Charlesbourg : Vaudreuil, 1759] QUEBEC CAVALRY. 143 to Montreal, ^* and Bigot, in the BeaiiportCamp. The town itself, was neaily deserted of its higher orders and officials. A corps of volunteers were organised in the city ; also, a cavalry force. The Quebec Volunteer Cavalry, numbering 200 men, were commanded by one of Montcalm's aide- de-camp, a cavalry officer, Capt. La Roche Beaucourt. In patroling the heights of Sillery during the summer of 1759, "clothed in blue and mounted, say Knox, on neat light horses of different colours," they had from the fleet, quite a picturesque aspect. Six hundred militiamen, under the Chevalier de Ramezay, garrisoned the city. The building of the redoubts and defences comprised between the river St. Charles and the Beauport stream, had been placed under the surveillance of Col. de Bougainville ; but Levis insisted on extending these works of defence to the falls of Montmorency. Chevalier de Bernetz was charged with looking after the lovN'er-town, and Vauclain, Captain of the Atalanle frigate, had the command of the Quebec ships. The advent of the English vessels, on passing Father Point, was signalised by the old style of telegraphs — a long yard and balls, on the highest points of land ; even on our day, we can recall the use made of this primitive mode of telegraphy, when 1 This nobleman's father had also been Governor General of New France and died in 1725. The son, who surrendered Montreal to General Amherst, had been a Captain in the navy There was a Marquis de Vaudreuil, who commanded the lYench fleet in the \Ve?t Indies, about 1783, to whom Admiral Lord Hood was opposed. If this was the same person with the Governor General, he must at the latter time have been between seventy and eighty years of age. 144 A LONO PEACE. [1759. the Eni^lish mail reached Halifax and was brought to Quebec, over land, through the lower parishes ; King's and other ships were also signalised thus until 1844. Fires at night were also lit, from point to point. Though the buoys and other land marks were removed early in the spring of 1759, the English bad little difficulty in steering their course up the river, having found excellent charts in the French ships they had captured. Over and above the French Canadian pilots they had succeeded in decoying on board of their ships, at Bic, by hoisting French colours, they had the services of an able naval officer, then a prisoner of war in England, and whom they succeeded to bring out with them in the Admiral's ship, some say, under threats if he refused ; others, under promise of great rewards. This person was of a distinguished Canadian family, and had been cap- tured by the English m tn-of-war, the Eochester and SoMMERSET, having to st "ike his colour before supe- rior force, whilst in command of the French, 32 gun frigate " La Renommee." His name was de Vitre. Capt. Mathe ,r Tlieodosius John de Vitre rendered important services to Saunders, fleet, — received a pension of iJ200 and an appointment for his son, in the English navy, where he served under Sir Ed. Hughes and Sir Ed. Vernon. Under French occupation, the channel used by ships sailing up the St. Lawrence, was that on the north side, up to the lower end of the Island of Orleans, where they crossed from Cap Tourmente, at Pointe Argentenay, in the direction of Saint Michel : the present traverse, at St. Roch-des-Aulnets ITJO ] CANADIAN MARKSMEN. 145 in p-oneral use, sinco the Trinity ITouso has* supplied beacons, })Uoys and linht-ships, ^vas scarcely ever then ibllovved ; the deep north shore channel, now 80 seldom resorted to, being' then preferred. " A party of British havin<>' landed from the fleet on Isle-aux-Coudres, on the 23rd June 1750, some ])ro- cured horses and insisted on placing an lilnglish (lag on a height, while others, the sporting characters — start (ul in quest, of game : three, — among whom — Admiral Durell's son, aged twelve years, were made prisoners of, by a Mr. Derivieres, who with a party of Canadians were laying in wait. Hopes had l)een entertained that these prisoners, subsequt^ntly sent to Three Rivers, would be set free, when the thirteen Quebec ladies captured by Majjor Stobo, at Pointe- aux-Trembles, on the 21st July, were liberated before Quebec, on the 22nd of that month. Hnch was not the case : these English i^risoneis merely recovered their liberty, at the surrender oi Quebec, they, however, had been well treated aiid used to praise the Canadian marksmen, who hid sl.ot their horses under them, without injuring the riders, at the time of their capture, at Isle-aux-Coudres. " It may be here remarkt^d, that as if the destiny of the French rule in. North America was a1)out to be accomplished, not the smallest disaster interrupted the progress of the English fleet and army up the St, Lawrence. "We have already mentioned the difficulty v/ith which Sir AVilliam Phipps made his w^ay from the Grulf, in 1G90 ; and ha.ve noticed the shipwreck and destruction of part of the fleet under Sir Ilovenden Walker in 1711. 10 1 146 A LONO PEACE. [I769 " Inilt'pt'ndont, of an imiiiensp Heel of transjiorls, slore-sliips, victiialli^rs, Irndors and oIImt altnndanls, the following is a list of the English shifts of war, frigatos, sloops, Ac. Vi'sseN. Guns. Commnmlors. Nu]ituno 90 Admiral Saunders (Com.-ln-Chi«f, Capt. Iltirtwell Princess Amelia HO Admiral Durell Dublin 74 " Holmes Royal William 84 Copt. Pigott Terrible 74 " Collins Vanguard 74 " Swanlon Captain 70 " Amherst Shrewsbury 74 " Palliser Devonshire 74 " Gordon Bedford 68 " Fowkes Alcide 64 " Douglass Somerset G8 " Hughes Princii Frederic 04 " Booth Pembroke 60 " Wheelock Medway CO " Proby Prince of Orange 60 «• Waliis Northumberland 64 " Lord Colvilie Orford 64 " Spry Stirling Castle ..64 " Everett Centurion 60 " Manlio Trident 54 " Legge Sutherland 50 " Rouse Frigates. Diana 36 " Schomberg Leobtoire 28 " Deane Trente 28 " Lindsny Richmond 32 '• Handkerson Kcho 24 •< LeForey Sloops Seahurse 20 «• Smith Eurus 22 " Elphinstono Nightingale 20 " Campbell Hind 20 " Bond Squirrel 20 " Hamilton Scarborough 20 " Stott Lizard 28 " Doak Scorpion 14 << Gleland Z^phir 12 " Greenwood Hunter 10 » Adams Porcupine 14 '< Jarvis Baltimore 10 " Carpenter Cormorant 8 '« Pelican 8 " Montford Racehorse .'. 8 " Rickards Bonetta 8 " Vesuvius — " Chads Strombolo — " Smith Rodney, cutter '. 2 " Douglass II. 17J'J] CAPT CMOK. 147 Tho Bonottii and Ilodiioy, as also lh»» Chnnniiiu: Molly, Europa, Lawrence, I'eggy and fSiirah, Good Intent and Prosperity (truusport-cuttrrs were api)ointed 8(nindin<^ vessels. The j)rt!V;ulinn' senti- mental toast, anionj; the olhcers was : British colors on every Freur/i/ort, port and garrison in America" The Centurion became lamous subsequently, as the ship with which Commodore Anson circum- uavig-ated the ^lobe. The Richmond carried Wolfe and hisfcjrtunes. Such an array of ponderous three-deckers, saucy frigates and smart cutters must have given our port quite a lively appearance at the close of June, 1759. Amongst those who rendered signal service to Admiral Saunders when he neared Quebec, is the famous naviffator Cook, ^ 1 Caplain James Cook, was born at MiTton, i:; the County of \i\k ; tho i)arif:h-rt>t,isti!r staliis lh.it he was iiapiise.l, Noviunlicr .'), !7iH ; his father was day lul)Our('p to Mr. ]Mt\\iii:i!. In Uio ycui 171.'>, im was apprenticed for four years li a \iiWMr. at Snuiili, al.'oni !lii miles from Wliilby ; having discov>T d : -i; wig inr-jiensiiy \hai'."^. Saunders, at the ^iege of Quebec, coM:nilli!ii lo his cure s^TVice.- •,; the firsUmportance. He was the pi I it, who ocnduct. (i tin; boiils to the attack at Montmorency, on 31st July, I/.j':* ; managed ihti disem- barkation at the heights of Abraham «n,;) pointed out by buoys Jiow 'oiabroK", belVre l.oiii;-L. urj?. inot account of II;'; Kn^'ii^h muiendalioii of .'^ir llii^'h Pal- fr^ 148 A LOXG PEACE. [1759 The nii^'ht of ihe iSlh June, 1759, accordiiii? to Captain John Knox,\va.s very sereiio and calm ; live lire ships and two rafts were «ent down Avith the ohl) from the lower-town, to destroy the English lltjt, lying at anchor near the Island of Orleans. " Not'iing, says he, could be more formidable than these internal engines were on their first appearance, with the discharge o>' iheir guns, which was followed by the bursting of grenades, also placed on board in order to convey terror into our army ; ihe enemy, we arc^ told, formed sanguine expec'.ttions from this lu-oject, but their hopes were happily defeated ; some of tliese dreadful messengers ran on shove, and the rest were towed away clear of our fleet by the seamen, who exerted themselves with great t^pirit and alertness on the occasion. Tiiey were certainly the grandest tire-works (if I may be allowed to call them so), that can possibly be conceived, every circumstance having contributed to their awful, yet beautiful appearance : the night was serene and calm, there was no light but what the stars produced, and this was eclipsed ])y the blaze of the lloating lires issuing from all parts? and running almost as <[uick as thought, up the masts and rigging; add to this the solemnity of the snbK; night, still more ol)scurod by the profuse clouds oJ' smoke, with the iirinu- of the cannon, the bursting of liie larger sliips iniglit, prncM'il wllli security up liie river. I,or(.! Colville, and 8ir Charles, boUi patroiii/ed liim, and by their recoin- mi'iidalions, he was appointed to sur\oy the (lull of St. Le.wrenee and the. coasta cf Newtbundi.'iiid. lie received a commission as liiemenanl, Aoril, 1st 17()U, and was male Captain the 25lh April, ITuS. Ttie preat mariner wliiist engai^ed in li',", famous vovHges of dia- ('i/v«ry, way murdered by Ihe south sea Islanders, at Uwhylioe on th'j 14U) February, 17Ta. i7o9.] BATTLE OF BEAUrORT FEATS. Ml) the greiiados and the cracklim>- of tho olh«n' com- bustibles ; all which, reverberated through tlie air, and the adjacent Avoods, tog-ethi'r with tlu' soiiorcnis shouts and frequent repetitions of " alls wei.t.. " from our gallant seamen on the water, air(trded a scene, I think, infinitely superior to am^ ade(|uate description." Knox's Journal, Vol. I, P. 209.) Till- Sljijrasi'iiHiii iit lU-.iiipoir Flats, IJl July, ST'ii). " As the left l)ank of the Montmorency," says Gar- neau, " just beyond its embouchure is higher than the right, \rolfe streni.>:thened the batteries he already had there, the guu-iange of which eniiladed, above that rivrr, the French entrenchments. The number of his cannon and pieces for shelling was raised to sixty. lie caused to sijik, on the rocks level wiih the flood below, two transports, placing on each when in position, fourteen guns. (>;.. vessel lay tu the riuht. the other to the left, (>faf^iiiall re(l(iui)t which the French had ereeted on the strand, at the foot of the Oourville road, in order to deiend, not only the entry of that road, which led to heights occupied by the French reserve, but also the ford of the Mont- morency below the falls. Cannon-shots from tho transports cros.-ed each other in the direction of the redoubt. It b"':'iime needful, therefore, to .-ilence the lire of the latter, and cover the march "f the assailants, on this accessible p(;int ol'our line ; lln-re- Ibre the CentiifioH, a CO-giin ship. \vas sr ut afb'r- •svards to anchor opposite the lalU, ami as lu^ar as min-hl 1m- to Ihe shore, to protect the ford whieh tlie iJrilish forlorn-hope was to cross, as souu as the iittocking' Jbrcc should descend from th<'ir camp of f r l^i 1 ' I 1 (fi ! 150 A LONG PEACE. [1759. I'Aiii^o-Ganlion. Thus 118 pieces of ordnance were about to play upon Montcalm's left wino-. " Towards noon, July 31, all this artillery began to play ; and, at the same time, AVolfi; formed his columns of attack. More than 1,500 barg'es were in motion in the Ijasin (^f Quebec. A part of Monck- tons briu'ade, and 1,200 grenadiers, embarked at I'oint Levis, with intent to re-land between the site of the Coitiirion and the sunken transports. The second column, composed of Townshend's and Mur- ray's brigades, di'scended the heiuhts of I'Ange- Ciardien, in order to take the ford and join their forces to the iirst column at the foot of the Courville road, which was ordered to be ready posted, and only waiting" for the signal to advance against the adjoining French entrenchments. These two columns numbered 0,000 men. A third corps of '2,00U sol- diers, chargi^d to ascend the left bank of the Mont- morency, was to pass that river at a ford about a It^au'ue above the falls, but which was guarded (as already intimated) by a detachment, under M. de Ivepentigny. At 1 p.m. the three I'ritish columns were on loot to (>xecute the concertes less disciplined than Wolfe's. " Montcalm, for some time doubtfid about the ] oint the enemy would assail, had sent orders along his whole line for the men to be ready everywhere to oppose the British wherever they cam*' forward. As soon AS the latter neared their destination. J)e Levis sent 50(» men to succour Itepentigny at the upper ford , also a smidl detachment to espy the man- oeuvres of the British when about to cross the lower ^■^n 1750], BATTLE OF BEATTPORT FLATS 151 ford ; while he sent to Montcalm for some battalions of regulars, to sustain himself in case of need. The general (Montcalm^i came up, at 2 p.m., to examine the posture of matters at the left. He proceeded along the lines, approved of the dis])ositions of IJe Levis, gave fresh orders, and returned to the centre, in order to be in a position to observe all that should pass. Three battalions and some Canadians, from Trois-Kivieres, came in opportunely to reinforce the French left. The greatest part of these t loops took post, as a reserve, on the hi^'hway, and the rest were directed on the ford defended by M. de Repentigny. The latter had been already hotly attacked by a British column, but he forced it to give way, after some loss of men. The retreat of this corps per- mitted that sent to succour Kepentigny to hasten back to the arena of the chief attack. " Meanwhile, the barges bearing the Point Levis column, led by Wolfe in person, after making several evolutions, meant to deceive the French as to real place for landing, were directed towards the sunken transports. The tide was now ebbing ; thus, part of the barges were grounded on a ridge of rock and gravelly matter, which stopped their progress and caused oome disorder ; but at last all obstacles were surmounted, and 1.200 grenadiers, supported by other soldiers, landed on tho St. Lawrence strand. They were to advance in four divisions; and Monck- ton's brigade, which was to embark later, had orders to follow, and, as uoon as landed, to stistain them. From some misunderstanding these orders were not })unctuall/ executed. The ennemy formed in columns, indeed ; but Monckton's men ilid not ar- !^P 152 A LONd TEACE. [1759. rivo to lime. Still the van moved, music playin*,', up to the Courville roiul redoul^t, which the French at once evacuated. Tlie enemy's grenadiers took possession ot" it, and prepared to assail the entrench- ments beyond, which were within musket-shot dis- tance. AV'oHe's batteries had been pourinii', ever since raid-day, on the Canadians who defended this part oi' the line, a shower of shells and bullets, which they sustained without llinching-. Having- re-i'ormed, the British advanced, with lixed bayonets, to attack the I'ntrenchmenis; their showy costume contrasting strangely with that of their adversaries, W' rapped as these were in light capotes, and girt round the loins. The Canadians, who compensated their delicient discipline, only by their native courage and the great accuracy of their aim, waited patiently till the enemies v;ere a few yards distant from their line, meaning to lire at them point-bhudv. The pro- per time come, they discharged their pieces so rapidly and with such destructive eflect, ' that the two Ihitish columns, despite all their ollicers' en- deavours, were broken and took to llight. They sought shelter at lirst against their foes' lire behind the redoubt ; but not being allowed to reform ranks, they continued to retreat to the main ')ody of the army, which had deployed a little further back. At this critical time, a violent thunderstorm supervened, which hid the viev>' of the combalaits on bolh sides from each other, while the reverb(»va- 1 " Tlii'ir iinin of) ?mall-ariiis, in tlio lroiu;lies, lay cool till tliey wiT'' siMc of IhiMc mark : limy llicn iioured tliHir sliot like siiowors of hail, which causcl oiir bravo gronatliftrs to fall very rai:>t." — Jvnr/ial (f a JSritiJi o//uer. • 17:9] LIEUTENANT PEYTON. lo;3 tions of successive poaLs rose iar above ihe din of hattlo. Wlieii the rain-mist cleared oil', the Cana- dians hehehl the British re-embarkint,^ with their wounded, ^ after setting fire to the sunken trans- 1 " As our company of Kivnadiers approachb-.l. I (listiiiclly saw Monlca'm oil hor.M'i.ack riding hackw irri and forward. He siVmed very busy jriving direclioiis to his men, and I heard him give the word to lire, hhiiiedialeiy ihey opened uponiis, and Icillel a good many of our men, J don't recollect how many We did not lire, for it w„uld iiave been of no use, as Ihcy were com].letelv entrenched, and we could only see the crown oftheir heads. " " We wire now ordered to retn-at to our boats, that had been left alloat to receive us ; and by this time it was low water, so that wt had a long way to wad(' thou^^h the nu'.d. A Serjeant Allan Cami-rcju, of our company, seeing a small battery on our left with two -uns mounted, and apparently no ]n-rii..n neai it, thought he would jirevent it doing us any invschief on our ntnal; so be iiicked up a coujile of bayonets that lay on the he ch, anl wnt alone to the battery, when he drove the points of iheai into the vents as hard as he could, and then suap|K'd th.-m olf short. " When the French .saw us far enough on our retreat, th' y sent their savages to scalp and lomaliawk our poor fellows tha' 'y wounded on the beach. Among the number Wiis Lirut.-nant I'eyton, ul the Hoyal American Battalion, who was severely woundr.l, and had craw- led away as far as tlie pains he endured would allow. After the savages had done their business with the poor lellows that lay nearest to the [''rench balleri-'S, llir-y went back, e.xcept two who spied lieutenant I'eyton, .uul thought lo make a good prize of him. He happened to have a double-barreled fusil, re;idy loaded, and as lie had s,en how the savage had treate.l all the others tliat came into their clutches- lie was sure that if they got the better of him they would butcher bim also. Fortunately, his jTe.'^ence of mind did not forsake him and he waited until the lirst savage came near .■nou-h, whrn h,. levelled his fusil, and bro'ighl him to the ground ; lie' otie r savage, thinking that the Lieutenant would not have time lo reloail. rushed ill ujion iiim lioldly, with his tomahawk ready to strike, when Lieubmani I'eyton discharged his fusil right i-ilo his che^t, 'iiid he fell dead at his feet. We saw no mere of the sa\ages alter thai, at jeatt on that occasion ; but we saw enough of them afterwards. " While poor Lieutenant P.^yton lay upon the ground, alm'.«t exhausted from his e.vertions and loss of blood, he was accosted by 154 A LONG PEACE. [1759. u ports. Their army finally drew off, as it had ad- vanced, some corps in the barges ; others marched landward, after re-crossing the Montmorency lord. The lire of their numerous cannon, however, con- tinued till night set in ; and it was estimated that the British discharged 3,000 cannon-balls during the day and evening ; while the French had only a dozen pieces of cannon in action but these were very serviceable in harassing the disembarking Bri- tish. The loss of the French, which was due almost entirely to artillery lire, was inconsiderable, if we remember that they were for more than six hours exposed to it. The enemy ;^the English) lost about 500 men, killed and wounded, including many oihcers. " The victory gained at Montmorency was due chieily to the judicious dispositions made by De Levis, who, with fewer troops in hand than Wolfe, contrived to unite a greater number than he did at every point of attack. Supposing the British gre- nadiers had surmounted the entrenchments, it is very doul)tiul whether they woiild have prevailed, even had they been sustained by the rest of their army. The grounc from the strand to the Beauport Sorjoanl Cameron, who had no other mfans of heli)ing liim than carrying him away ; an^i he was well able to do it, for he was a stout, strong, tall fellow. He slung the Lieutenant's fusil over his shoulder along with his own, and took him on iiis back, telling him to hold fast round his neck. As he had a long way lo carry him, he was obliged every now and then to lay him down in order to take breath, ami give the lieutenant some ease, as his wound was exceedingly painful. In this way he got him at last to one of the boats, and laying him down, said, " Now sir, 1 have done as much for you as lay in my jiowiT, and 1 wish you may recover." — JIawldns''$ I'itiure of (Jucbec. 1759] SCALPING. 155 road rises into slopes, broken by ravines, amongst which meanders the Courville road ; the locality, therefore, was favorable to the (French) marksmen. Besides, the regulars in reserve were close behind, ever ready to succour the militiamen. " General Wolfe returned to his camp, ^ in great chagrin at the check he had just received. Imagi- nation depicted to his apprehensive mind's eye the unfavorable impression this defeat would make in Britain ; and he figured to himself the malevolent jibes which would be cast at him for undertaking a task which he had proved himself to be incompetent to perform ! He saw vanish, in a moment, all his 1 " Small corps of rangers and lipht infantry, mimbpr'mg two hundred and four Inindred men respectively, were aliached to WoHf^'s army Tlu'y belonged to other regiments S'Tving at th-U lime in America, but not un(hjr Wolfe. As their clii'.'f duly was to skirmish in the front, or on the Qanksof the regiments when marching, and. generally, to pi'rform services requiring audacity dm! ipiickness of movement, they wt-re dHtributed amongst the brigudfs as occasion demanded. It was between thi-m, jjrincipally, and parlies of Indiansaml (,'anadian militia or volunteers, that the innumeraiile jietly encounters occured throngh'iut the campaign, of which we rend so fre'piently in the narraiives and journals. 'I'hev often iiliindered the inhabitant'- unmer- cifully, and wen' guilty of many excesst'S. Some of these light troo]is w''re Ansrlo-Americans, an 1 conversant with busli-figliting and the Indian modes of warfare. As tlu' campaign pro^'ressed, an unjiarall- eh'd spu'it of f'^rocity grew up on both siilcs, ainou;.sl the rang'T- as Will as thos" similarly erajdoyed by tli" French. Lying in ambusji and 5rii'//*i/)(7 were by no means conlint'd to the Indians. The chief dis- tinctiun seems to have been this: the Insent in the bodily frame of AVolfe long before, now suddenly developed itself and brought him almost todeath's-do(n'. As soon as he convalesced, he addressed a long despatch to Secretary Pitt, recounting the ol had to struggle, and expressing the bitterness of his regret at the failure of all his past endeavours. This letter 17J9.J WOLFE S LETTEH. lo7 (if it did littlo else) express«Hl tlie ]iol)le dovotcdiiess to his country's weiil which iiispirtMl the soul of the ilhistrious warrior ; and thus thi^ lliitish pcopK^ were more aii'ected at the sorrow of the youthl'iil ciiptaiii than at the checks his sokliers had received. " The spirit ol' AVoli"', no less tlian his bcidily powers, sank ])ei'ore a situation which lelt him " only a choice oi' diiiiculties ; " tlius he expressed himscll". Calling' those lieutenants in aid, whose character and talents we have spoken ol", he invited them to declare what miiilit l)e their opinions as to the best plan to follow for attacking- Montcalm w ith any chance of success ; intimating his own lielief, also, which was, that another attack should be made on the left wing of the Beauport camp. He was also clear for devastating the country as much as it was p^.jsible to do, without prejudicing the principal operation of the campaign." '■ The llatlle of the Pliiiiis of Alirrahain, i:Uli Sc|»toinb(r 17.')5). " Any one." says Hawkins, " who visits the celebrat- ed Plains of Abraham, the scene of this glorious light — equally rich in natural beauty and historic recol- lections — will a the brink of the St. Law- rence to the Ste. Fo^ d road. The G'rande-A//cc, or road to Cape llouge, running parallel to that of Ste Foy, passed through its centre, — and was com- manded by a field redoubt, in all probability the 1 Histoire du Canada, Garneau. 158 A LONO PEACE. [1759. four-gun l)attery on the linglish left, whieli was ciipturotl by the light infantry, as mentioned in General Townshend's letter. The remains of this battery are distinctly seen (1834) near to the i)resent race-stand. There where also two other redoubts, one upon the rising ground, in the rear of Mr. C. Camp- bell's house (now M. Connolly's) — the death scene of Wolfe— and the other towards the 8te. Foy road which it was intended to command. On the site of the country seat called Marchmont, (the i^roperty of John Gilmour, Ksquire,) there was also a small redoubt, commanding the intrenched path leading to the Cove. This was taken possession of by the advanced guard of the light infantry, immediately on ascending the heights. At the period of the battle, the Plains were without fences or enclosures, and extended to the walls to the St. Lewis side. The surface was dotted over with bushes, and the w^oods on either Hank were more dense than at present, affording shelter to the French and Indian marksmen. " In order to understand the relative position of the two armies, if a line be drawn to the 8t. Lawrence from Greneral Hospital, it will give nearly the front of the French army at ten o'<;lcck, after Montcalm had deployed into line. His right reached beyond the Ste. Foy road, where he made dispositions to turn the left of the English. Another parallel line somewhat in advance of Mr Chs. Grey Stewart's (now David A. Ross's dwelling) house on the Ste. Foy road, will give the front of the British army, before AVolfe charged at the head of the grenadiers of 22nd, 40th, and 45th regiments, who had acquired the honorable title of the Louisbourg Grenadiers, 175'J.] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF AUIUIIAM. 159 from haviiii^ been disting-uisluHl at the capturo of of that plact', under hi.s own cominaiul, in 1758. To meet the attempt of Moiitcalm to turn the British left, ' General Townshend fornu'dthe 15th reffinu'iit en polence, or presenting- a double front. The light infantry Avert in rear of the lel't, and the reserve was placed in rear of the right, formed in eight sub-divisions, a good distance apart. '* The Englif^h had b«'en about four hours in posses- sion of the I'lains, and were completely prepared to receive them, when the French advanced with great resolution. They approached obliquely by the left, having marched from Beaui)ort that morning. On being formed, they commenced the attack with great vivacity and animation, firing by platoons. It was observed, however, that their lire was irregular and inellective, whereas that of the English was so well directed and maintained, as to throw the French into immediate confusion. It must be stated, that although the French army \A'as more numerous, it was prin- cipally composed of colonial troops, who did not support the regular forces as firmly as was expected of them — (some of them had not even bayonets.) Montcalm, on his death bed, gxpressed himself bitterly in this respect. The English troops, on the 1 The family of General To-.vnshend settli'd in Eni,'lan(l, during tlie Reign of Henry I ; and obtained the Manor of Haynliam, in the County of Norfolk, which has ever since remained the chief seat of their descendants. General George Townshend, was tlie ehU'st son of Charles, third Viscount Townshend, and was born on the 2Slh February, 1724, being three years older than Wolfe. He had served in the buttles of Deltingen.Culloden, and Lafeldl, previously to that of the Plains In 1787, he was created Marquis Townshend. He died a Field Marshal, and Colonel of the 2nd Dragoon Guards, in 1807, aged 83. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V / O / &$> :/ 1.0 I.I 1.25 IM III 2.5 ilM II 2.2 145 llli 2.0 1.4 II— 1.6 I I Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■<1 i\ ■^s^ %s- <^ :\ \ O'^ "-b V %'■ &p &< ^^ V 160 A LONG PEACE. [1759. I,!.; contrary, were nearly all regulars, of approved conrii<^e, well officered and under perfect discipline. The f^renadiers burned to revenge their defeat at Montmorency ; and it was at their head that Wolfe with great military tact, placed himself at the com- mencement of the action. " About eight o'clock, some sailors had succeeded in dragging up the precipice a light six-pounder, which, although the only gun used by the English in the action, being remarkably well served, phiyed with great success on the centre column as it advanc- ed, and more than once compelled the enemy to change the disposition of his forces. The French had two field pieces in the action. The despatches mention a remarkable proof of coolness and presence of mind, on the part of troops who had no hopes but in victory, no chance of safety but in beating the enemy — for had they been defeated, re-embarkation would have been impracticable. The English were ordered to reserve their fire until the French were within forty yards. They observed these orders most strictly, bearing with patience the incessant fire of the Canadians and Indians. It is also stated that Wolfe ordered the men to load with an additional bullet, which did great execution. " The two generals, animated-with equal spirit, mot each other at the head of their respective troops, where the battle was more severe. Montcalm was on the left of the French, at the head of the regi- ments of Lnni^nedoc, Bearne and Gidenue — AVolfe on the right of the English, at the head of the 28th, and the Louisbourg Grenadiers. Here the greatest exertions were made under the eyes of the leaders — I 1759.J WOLFE WOUNDED. 161 the action in the centre and left was comparatively a skirmish. The severest fighting took place bet- ween the right of the race-stand and the Martello towers The rapidity and effect of the English fire having thrown the French into confusion, orders were given, even before the smoke cleared away, to charge with the bayonet. Wolfe exposing himself at the head of the battalions, was singled out by some Canadian marksmen, on the enemy's left, and had already received a slight wound in the wrist. Kega' lless of this, and unwilling to dispirit his troops, he folded a handkerchief round his arm, and putting himself at the head of the grenadiers, led them on to the charge, which was completely suc- cessful. It was bought, however, with the life of their heroic leader. He was struck with a second ball in the groin ; but still pressed on, and just as the enemy were about to give away, he received a third ball in the breast, and fell mortally wounded. Dear, indeed, was the price of a victory purchased by the death of Wolfe — of a hero whose uncommon merit wiis scarcely known and appreciated by his country, before a premature fate removed him for ever from her service. It might have been said of him, as of Mareellus, Ostendent lorris hiinc tantfim fata, neqiie ultri Esse sinent. Nimium voliis Homana propago Visa potens, superi, propria ha)c si dona fuissent. " He met, however, a glorious death in the moment of victory — a victory which, in deciding the fiite of Canada, commanded the applause of the world, and classed Wolfe among the most celebrated generals of 11 162 A LONG PEACE. [1759. t J 'i ■ - 1^1 ancient and modern times. Happily, he survived his wound long enough to learn the success of the day. When the fatal ball took effect, his principal care was, that he should not be seen to fall. — " Support me, " — said he to an officer near him, — " let not my brave soldiers see me drop. The day is ours, keep it ! '' He was then carried a little way to the rear, whore he requested water to be brought from a neighboring well tb quench his thirst. The charge still continued, when the officer — on whose shoulder, ^ as he sat down for the purpose, the dying hero leaned — exclaimed, " They run ! " — " Who runs ? " asked the gallant Wolfe, with some emotion. The officer replied, — " The enemy, sir : they give way every where ! " — " What ? " said he, " do they run already ? Pray, one of you go to Colonel Burton, and tell him to march Webb's regiment, with all speed, down to St. Charles River, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives from the bridge. — Now, God be praised, I DIE HAPPY ! " So saying, the youthful hero breathed his last. He reflected that he had done his duty, and he knew that he should live for ever in the memory of a grateful country. His expiring mo- ments were cheered with the British shout of vic- tory, . pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. Such was the death of Wolfe upon the Plains of Abraham, at the early age of thirty-two years ! It has been well observed, that " a death more glorioua attended with circumstances more picturesque and 1 The position of the dying hero is faithfully given in West's celebrated picture. 1 759. J DEATH OF WOLFE. 163 interesting, is no where to be found in the annals of history." His extraordinary qualities, and singular fate, have afforded a fruitful theme of panooyHc to the historian and the poit, to the present day. How they were appreciate i [ i^ ll' Ciiluiiiii oil lMMiii.i (it Al i:ili:iMi. >• ll.'ir nil' I W'.ilf.- Viitolin s." I . II'' 1759] Wolfe's EriTAPH. 165 ga!,nHl, and then tho general came to mo ; Imt that great, that ever memorable man, whose loss can never be enough regretted, was scarce a moment with me till he received his I'atal wound." " The place is now, however, about to be marked to posterity by the erection of a permanent memorial. This act of soldier-like generosity will be duly appreciated : and posterity will have at hsst amply redeemed their long neglect, and wiped away a reproach of more than seventy years' duration. The Monument in Quebec, common to Wolfe and Mont- calm— the stone placed in the Ursuline Convent in honor of the latter— and the smaller column on the Plains, dyed with the blood of Wolfe, will form a complete series of testimonials— honorable to the spirit of the age, and worthy of the distinguished individuals under whose auspices they have been executed. " The memorial on the Plains now bears the follow- ing inscription : HERE DIED WOLFE : VICTORIOUS. " A death no less glorious closed the career of the brave Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded the army. He was several years older than Wolfe, and had served his King with honor and success in Italy, Germany and Bohemia. In the earlier campaigns of this war, he had given signal proofs of zeal, consummate prudence and undaunted valor At the capture of Oswego, he had with his ow^n hand wrested a color from the hand of an English officer, \m 166 A LONG PEACE. [175&. II ' >j ^ and sont it to be hung up in the Cathodral of Qnohec. lie had deprived the English, of iort William Henry ; and had defeated General Abercromby at Tieonde- roga (Carillon). He had even foiled Wolfe himself at Montmorency ; and had erected lines which it was impossible to force. When, therefore, he entered the Plains of Abraham at the head of a victorious army, he was in all respects an antagonist worthy of the British general. " The intelligence of the unexpected landing of Wolfe above the town was first conveyed to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor General about day-break. By him it was communicated without delay to Montcalm. Nothing could exceed the asto- nishment of the latter at the intelligence ; he refused at first to give credence to it, observing : " It is only Mr. Wolfe with a small party, come to burn a few houses about him and return." On being informed, however, that AVolfe was at that moment in posses- sion of the Plains of Abraham, — " Then," said he, " they have at last got to the weak side of this mist'rable garrison. Therefore we must endeavor to crush them by our numbers, and scalp them all before twelve o'clock." He issued immediate orders to breal: up the camp, and led a considerable portion of the army across the liiver St. Charles, in order to place them between the city and the English. Vau- dreuil, on quitting the lines at Beauport, gave orders to the rest of the troops to follow him. On his arrival at the Plains, however, he met the French army in full flight towards the bridge of boats ; and learned that Montcalm had been dangerously wounded. In vain he attempted to rally them — the route was *Ji' 'i'ni, MAiigi-is ,,, MoMvu.M, and (Aiiltel-Dieu have grieviously sulfered, they are without provisions, their farms having been all over run. In spite of all, the nuns have managed lo re-occujiy them, having spent the summer during the siege at the General Hospital. The Ilutel-Dieu is much restricted as to room ; the British sick being there. Four years previous, the convent had fallen a prey lo (lames. The Episcopal Palace (on which site now stand the Parliamenl Buildings; is ne.irly annihilated — not one room is tenantable, the vaults Ivivr been pillaged. The residences of the Jesuits and Hecollets are nearly in the same plight ; but the British have made some rejiairs, so as to lodge their troops there ; they also took possession oC the town houses, the less shattered. — They even expel the citizens, who have spent money in repairing their dwellings, or else they till them with so many soldiers that they are compelled to withdraw from tliose wretched [>laces. The English refuse the paper money ol the country — nothing but hard cash ^B 172 THE NEW " REGIME. [1759. where they wintered. Guards had also been posted in dilferent quarters of the town. Capt. I'alliser, with a body of seamen secured, the lower-town. Some of the French prisoners of war were conveyed to France, along with some Quebjc merchants and others who could not stomach British rule. The dispirited peasantry came in the city to take the oath of allegiance and deliver up their arms. Admiral Saunders and Grt'ueral Townshend sailed on the 18th October, and the last detachment of the British lleet left the harbor on ' the 24th of that month, with (re- will 'lo for them. The Pri>^stsof the Seminary, the Canons, the Jesuits areiiispHfsed, in tlie small portion oCCanaiitt, which doesnoty('taci against the rival commanders might be, in nine cases out of ten, traced to the savages they employed as auxiliaries. An Indian under the influence of intoxi- cating liquors is more like a wild beast than a human being — ready, at the first impulse of the demon lurking in his veins, to slaughter friend or foe. Scalping, although a dangerous experiment, was not always followed by loss of life ; a well-authenticated instance i.s on record of a scalped Montrealer, ^ who lived fourteen years afterwards. He appears to have been mostly as hardy as the celebrated St. Denis, 1 Ilisloire de la Cnlonie franpaise au Canada, Vol. II, P. 121. / 170(1 J CHEYALTKrv .TOIIXSTO.NE. 177 ■who has the crodit of hnviiig walkeil ivl)ouf Paris, \vith his head in his hands i\\'\in' decapitation. Tli«M"o aro so manv accounts of tlic Stc I'ovo battle. W»^ liavc the .'^t<^vv ol" t-yc-witnc^sscs, such as Manic, Knox. Frasor ; also ol' rhf^vaiii'V .Tohnstnuc, a Scotch .Tacohitc, lighting; in Canada lor the .c of Franco. There is also Smith's ac(.>unt; and (!;iv- nean's narrative, pro))al)ly the nio: t complete, inul colhifetl IVoni do(!nnients, many of which had never seen the light before. • Tie couijinles the I']n'jrlish force at 7.71 1, exclusive of ollicers. The I'rench iore(> were mr;re numerous: th^th, las{(H], acc(»rding" to General Murray, one hour and thre(^-(juarters. ITe acknowledg'cs, in his despatch of the :2-")th May 17G0, to Pitt, having" lost one-third of his men, and the French '2,500 ; this "\vf)uld make some -1,000 corpses stroAving the enA'irons of the spot \vher(» the monu- ment now stands. This onsht to be a suilicient answer to those who fancy it ^vas nn^rely ;i skirniTsh. " The wood wh(>nce the French \\ ere issuing' was 400 yards distant from the enemy's front : now, as the forest soil was marshy, the French could delxmcli only upon the hig-hway. The space betw»>en the wood and the Uritish \\ as not \\ ide enough to allow 12 ^ 1 178 THE NEW "REGIME. [t7G0. I m ■ 'i . ; De Levis to form his men and lead thorn on without disadvantai^^e. His situation thus became difficult, for the hill of kSte. (Senevieve and the lliver St. Charles alike barred his way, if he elected to march on Quebec, either by the road of St. Ambroise or that of Charlt'sbourg ; and the enemy might reach the above eminence before the French, having only the cord of the arc to pass along ; he therefore, resolved to attain the Ste. Foye road by a flanking march. Nightfall came, he ordered his troops to deiile, on the right, along the skirts of the wood, till they would have got beyond the British front, and turn round their left Hank. This mancouvre, if successful, gave him both a good position and a chance for cutting off the corps of observation posted at the Cap Kouge River outlet on the St. Lawrence ; but the stormy weather and the difficulty of countermarching at that season with wearied men, prevented the operation being essayed with due celerity. Next day, Murray, who hastened to the imperilled spot, had leisure to extricate his troops with the loss only of their baggage, &c. Becoming pressed in his own retreat^ he took shelter in the church of Ste. Foye, which he fired as he left it ; and he was finally able to resume his march to Quebec, leaving De Levis master of a field of battle which he would otherwise have had much difficulty to conquer. " The French horsemen dogged Murray's ^ retro- 1 Brigadior General the Honorable James Murray, was of an ancient Scotlish family. Ho was lll'lli son of llie fourth Lord Elibank. After tlie cajiture of Montn-al, lie was for some years Governor of the Province. His published documents show him to have been a man of keen enquiry and observation, just and iin|iartial in his Govern- ment, though rather hasty in his temper. He was also at another ITCO] BATTLE OF STE. FOYE. 179 grade stops, and skirmiKhed with his roar-pfuard as far as Dumont's mill. Murray posted a stroiiir uuard within the mill, with orders to hold it if attacked) till nij^ht. The French troops took lodginir in the houses between the church and the mill. The rain fell, meanwhile, in torrents, and the weather was frightful. " During the night the British left the mill, fell back on the Buttes-a-Neveu, and began to entrench themselves there. When the day broke, l)e Levis, took possession of the mill and the whole plain of Abraham as far us the Hood, in order to cover the Anse-du-Foulon (Wolfe's Cove), whither the French vessels, laden with provisions, artillery and baggage, which had not effected their discharge at St. Augustiu, had received orders to repair. AVhile this was effecting on the 28th, the French army w^as to take repose, so as to be ready next day to assail the British at the Buttes, and drive them into the city. " No sooner, however, was Murray within the walls, than he determined to make a sortie with all his troops ; intending either to give battle if an occa- sion presented, or else to fortify himself at the Buttes-a-Neveu, should De Levis' force appear to be too considerable to resist in open field ; for the report of a French cannoneer (who fell in, w^hile disembark- ing, descended with the tlood, and rescued by some period Governor of Minorpa. He died a Genfral in the nrmy, in June 1794, leaving a son, Colon.-"! James I'atrick Murray. Gen<*ral Murray, hail purchased exlensi\e profHirUes round Qiielit'c. Among others ; the Suns-Rruil, farm on liie St. Foye road, and (h»j large estate which subsequently passed by sale, to his friend, Lt. Col.ill'nry Caldwell — knou-Q as, Be'icont — o:^ the St. Foye Road. 180 THE NEW " IlEniME. [1760. British soldiors on j^iard) left no further cloul)! in his mind that the force so long' spoken of, hud now arrived. He left the city in the morning of April 28th, at the head of hi.« whole garrison, the regulars in which, not ineluding oflieers, alone numbered 7,714 com})attant.s. Excepting some hundred sick in hospital, Murray left in the place only soldiers enough to mount guard, and, with a force 6,000 t.o 7,000 strong, ' advanced in two columns, with 22 cannon. " i^e Levis, who rode out, with his stafTofTicers, far in advance of his men to reconnoitre the position of the British on the Buttes-a-Neveu, no sooner per- ceived this forward movement than he sent orders to his main army to quicken its march towards the Plains of Abraham ; Murray, seeing only the French van as yet, resolved to attack it before the soldiers could take breath after their march ; but he had to deal with an adversary of mark, and cool tempera- ment withal. The former ranged his troops in advance of the Buttes, his right resting on the hill [coteaii] of Sainte-Genevieve, and his left touching I 1 Gameau'a estimat"- of the strength of the British, at the battle of 81. Foye, ha& been thallonged by subsequent historians, lie bases his estimate on Pay-Lisis which lie quotes. 1 he English authorities jilace Murray's army at 3,000. : the St. Law roiice ; his ♦•ntire line exttMidt'd about six l'urh)n<^s. Four it'iii- mt'iits, uiidor Coloni*! Ikirtoii, rorined his riylit, placed astraddle {d rfieiol^ on the road of Ste. Foye. Four regiments, and the Scolch Highlanders, under Colonel Fraser, I'orming the left, were similarly ranged on the St Louis road. Two battalions were kept as a reserve ; and besides these last, the right flank of the British army was covered by a corps of light infantry under Major IJalling ; the left ilank by Cai>tain Hazzen's company of IJangers and KM) volunteers, led by Captain Macdonald. All being arranged in the form described, General Murray gave orders to advance. " The French van, composed of six companies of grenadiers, set in battle order, part on the right, in a redoubt erected by the British, the year preceding, to the eastward of the Anse-du-Foulon ; part on the left, in Dumont's mill the miller's house, the tannery, and other buildings close by, on the road to Ste, Foy The rest of the army, on learning Avhat was goiiiu on forward, hastened its march, the mi'n closing ranks as they came near ; but the three brigades were hardly formed, when the British began the attack vigorously. " Murray felt the imiiortance of getting hold of Dumont's mill, which covered the; passage {isn/ie; by which the French were debouching, and he assailed it with superior numbers. He hoped that, by over- powering the grenadiers who defended it, he should be able to fall afterwards upon the centre of the force still on its way, push them far oif the line of operation, and cut off the French right wing, iemmed in, as it were, on the St, Louis road. 182 THE NEW "REGIME. [1760 " Levis, to prevent this design, withdrew his right to the entry of the wood which was in its rear, and caused the grenadiers to evacuate the mill, and fall back, in order to lessen the distance for the arriving Imgades. At this turn, Bourlaniaque was severally woundeti by a cannon-shot, which also killed his horse. His soldiers, left without orders, seeing the grenadiers hotly engaged and overmatched, simul- taneously flew to their support, and formed in line just as the enemies bore down on this point in mass with all their artillery ; their field-pieces and howitzers, loaded with ball and grape, playing upon the space occupied by this wing, which staggered under so deadly a lire. The French grenadiers advanced at quick step, re-took the mill after an obstinate struggle, and kept it. ^ These brave soldiers, commanded by Captain Aiguebelles, almost all perished this day. While those events were passing on the left, de Levis caused the soldiers tore-capture the redoubt they had evacuated in order to fallback. The Canadians of the Queen's brigade, who occupied that petty redoubt and the pine wood on the margin of the cape, regained their ground and soon charged in turn, supported by M. La Come de St. Luc and some savages. The combat was not less hot on this line than at the left. All the troops were now in action, and the Fire was heavy on both parts. Militia- 1 Willi this old wiinlmiil is associnted one of the most thrilling ep soiies oflhe conlliol Some (if the French (IrenaiJiers and some of Fnis'r's Highlanders look, lost, and re-tnok the mill three limes, their reMieoting odicers looking on in mule nstonisliment and admiratinn : while a Si otcfi jtiiuT, ivhn had hf-en under arrest for bail conduct ci er since, i.'5//( Si'pl., 175!), was pif-iing vuhuj iviihin lisarimj, — so says iv:t olil chronicle— J. M. L. II: 1760] BATTLE OF STE. FOYE.' 183 men were seen to crouch on the ground to load their pieces, rise up alter the cannon-shot ])assed over them, and dash forward to shoot the British gunners. Those ol" Montreal I'ought with great courage, es pe- cially the battalion led by the brave Colonel Kheaume, who was killed. The brigade posted in the centre, and commanded by M. de Repentigny, it sell' arrested on open ground [rase camjxiixne) the British centre, when advancing at quick step, and with the advantage ol" high ground. It also repulsed several charges, and slackened, by its iirmness and rapid firing, the enemy when pressing the grenadiers of the left ; thereby lacilitating their after-march onward : in fine, this was the only brigade that maintained its ground during the whole time the obstinate struggle lasted. " By this time, the attack which ga\e the British the mastery, for a moment, ov(»r the positions occu- pied by the French van when the fiuht began, was everywhere repulsed, and our people in re-possession of all the ground they temporarily lost; Murray's olfensive movement by the road of Sainte-Foye had failed, and that check enabled the French to attack him in their turn, " De Levis, observing that the British General had over-weakened his left to streniithen his right, re- solved to proiit by it. He ordered his troops to charge the enemy's left wing with the bayonet, and to thrust the British oil" the 8t. Louis road on to the Ste. Foye. By this manceuvre he took in Hank the whole of Murray's army, drove the corps olf the height of Sainte-Crenevieve, and cut ofl the enemy from the line of retreat to the citv. Colonel Poular- 184 THE NEW "REGIME." [1760. M dier dashod forward at the head of the Royal llous- silloii brigade, attacked the liritish impetuously, transpierced their whole mass andput them toilight. At the same time their light troops gave way, and the fugitives, throwing themselves in front and in rear of the enemy's centre, caused his fire to he sus- pended. De Levis profited by this disorder to cause his own left to charge the British right wing, which the former completely routed. " Then the whole French army advanced in pur- suit of the beaten foe ; but as his liight was rapid, the short distance thoy had to run did not allow of throwing them towards the river 8t. Charles. De Levis, nevertheless, might have been able to effect this o])ject, but for an order, ill-delivered by an officer, whom he charged to call upon the Queen's brigade to sustain the charge of the lioyalKoussillon l)rigade at the right ; and who, instead of causing it to execute the prescribed movement, thus made it take i)laco behind the left wing. " The enemy left in their victors' hands their whole artillery, ammunition, and the intrenching tools they brought with them, besides a portion of the wounded. Their loss was considerable; nearly a fourth of their soldiers l)eing killed or wounded. Had the French been less fatigued than they were, and assailed the city without allowing the enemy time to recover themselves, it would probably have fallen again under the domination of its former masters, says Knox ; for such was the confusion that the British neglected to re-man the ramparts ; the sentinels were absent from their posts, when the fugitives sought shelter in the lower-town ; even the city gates stood matmm imiiii m 1760] THE WOUNDED. 185 open for some time. But it was impossible to exact further service from thf conquerors. They had to oppose to the lire of the enemy's twenty-two can- nons, that of three small pieces, which they painiully drauged across the marsh of La Suede. They, too, ex- perienced great loss, having been obliged to form rank and remain long immoveable under the enemy's lire. A brigadier, six colonels or majors [cliefs dz balaillon) and 97 other officers, with a savage chief, were killed or wounded. " The numbers of the two contending armies were nearly co-equal, for De Levis left several detach- ments to protect his artillery, barges, and the bridge of .Tacques-Cartier river, in order to assure himself a way of retreat, in case he were worsted. The cavalry took no part in the action. " The savages, who were nearly all in the wood behind during the light, spread over the vacated battle-iield, when the French were pursuing the enemy, and felled many of the wounded British, whose scalps were afterwards found upon the neighboring bushes. As soon as De Levis was apprised of this massacre, he took vigorous measures for putting a stop to it. Within a comparatively narrow space, nearly 2,500 men had been struck by bullets : the patches of snow and icy puddles on the ground were reddened with the bloodshed that the frozen ground refused to absorb ; and the wounded survivors of the battle and of the butchery ol' the savages were immers"d in pools of gore and tilth, ankledeep. " The transport of the wounded, which took up much time, formed the concluding act of Ihe san- 186 THE NEW "REGIME. [I7G0. h •lU^ gniiiary drama pprformed this day. The Avoniided were borne to the Goneral Hospital, the distance to which was much increased by the deviations from the straii^ht way to it that had to be made. ' It wants another kind oi' pen than mine, ' wrote a relis^ieuse from the house of suffering, * to depict the horrors we have had to see and hear, during the twenty-four hours that the transit hither histed. the cries of the dying and the lamentations of those interested in their fate. A strength more than human is needful at such a time, to save those engaged in tending such suffcrevs from sinking under their task. " After having dressed more than 500 patients, placed on beds obtained from the King's magazines, there still remained others unprovided with resting- places. Our barns and cattle-sheds were full of them. # # ^ AVe had in our infirmaries seventy- two olficers, of whom thirty -three died. Amputations of legs and arms were going on everywhere. To add to our alHiction, linen for dressing ran out, and we were fain to have recourse to our sheets and chemises. ^=^^^^^=^^##=1^ " It was not with us now, as after the first battle, when we could have recourse for aid, to the Ho^jnta- fieres, of Quebec # # * the British having taken possession of their house, as well as those of the Ur- sulines and private dwellings, for the reception of their wounded, who were even in greater number than ours. There were brought to us, twenty British officers whom their own people had not time to carry away, and whom we had to take charge of =* ^ =^ " After the action, which lasted thre(» hours, the French took post on the Buttes-a-Neveu, and esta- mMi ■■ BHiiJiift 1700.] MILITARY TRIBUNAL. 18T blished their camp on the same phiins where they had just so gloriously avenged their defeat thereupon in the preceding year." De Levis' triumph did not last long. On the evening of the battle, he broke ground within GOO or 700 yards of the walls, and next day commenced to bombard the town, but without producing much efl'ect. On the night of the loth May, news was re- ceived of the approach of the English squadron from Halifax, and de l^evis abandoned the siege with great precipitation, leaving his whole battering train, camp and camp furniture, entrenching tools, &c., behind him. He was pursued and several prisoners taken, and thus ended the French attempt to retake Quebec. The brave garrison pent up amid a hostile population, and worn down by service and sickness, welcomed the succor with that grateful joy which might be expected from men in their position. The capitulation of Quebec on 18th September 1759, followed by the surrender of Montreal, on 8th September 1700, changed entirely the face of matters, in North America. France was stripped of nearly all her North America colonies, with the exception of Saint-Pierre de Miquelon, on which she could land and dry her fish. Louisiana was ceded to Spain, in exchange for Florida and the Bay of Pensaeola " which the Spainards gave up to Ih'itain, to recover Cuba." From 17G0 to 171)4, the only tril)unal in the city, to try civil and criminal cases, was a council com- posed of Clovernor Murray's chief military ollicers, over whom he claimed the right to appoint. Hector Theophilus Cramahe, of French Swiss origin, he t !| U I 1S8 THE NEW "REGIME." •17G4, ; I' iMr choose for his secretary, and as a medium between the ruler and th(^ ruled. Mr. Cramahe who remained in Quebec many years, did not win much favor with the French, who had decided to have as little to do as possible, either with the Governor or his courts of justice, preferring to leave the adjusting- of their law business to their seigneurs and captains of militia, Avith the Cure of the parish, as a frequent and trusted adviser, on the more knotty i^oints. Quebec, und(T Bour])on Kings, was a fortress — a military settlement ; the Jesuits College and Semi- naire des Missions Elrangeres, were considered suffi- cient for all purposes of enlightenment and edu- cation ; the British, after conquering the country, would have been unhappy without a Press. We shall not go so far as to call it a Free Press— it was not. On the 21st June 1764 appeared, with matter half English and half French, the first number of the Que- bee Gazelle, started by Messrs. Brow^n and Gilmour, with a subscription list of 150 names As the worthy printers were commanded to abstain from comment- ing on public event, scarcely a glimpse of public opinion lights up its columns up to the year 1800. The archives about this time enregister a number of land grants, in and roiind Quebec, to British officers, who had served in the last war, or to political favorites. Governor Murray, ' though a stern, seems to have 1 Goiit'ral Murray, on rolurning to England, in 1706, adilressfd the longlliy ilespalcli lo llie King's uilvisers, of which, we sliall e.\lracl Uie following : " There are ninetotm protestant families in the pari&hos ; tlic rest of that persuasicin (a few hallpay ollieers excepteij) are trailers, luechanics, and puijlicans who reside in the lower-towns of yuebee 176fi.J ENGtiTSH ADVENTURRHS. 18i> X been a just rulor ; he evidently was badly off for advisers and draws a very unattractive picture ol' the British element, which the conquest had brouiiht to Quebec, in quest of wild lands or for commercial purposes. These were denominated the King's old subjects, and as such, claimed a species of monopoly of loyalty, superiority of intelligence and bravery over the remnants of the French, denominated the and Montreal. Most of them were followers of the army, of moan eilucalion, or »oltl 100 THE NEW " REOIME. 1 706.] f. I New subjects, who had remained at Quebec. There "were certainly some individuals of mark and intel' lijjfence amongst the liritish officials. Men like the Attorney General Mazeres, would have been an honor to any country. A remarkable mutiny happened at Quebec on the 18th September 1763. General Murray, having given orders, in consequence of injunctions from the Com- mander-in-Chief in America, that four pence sterling should be stopped for each ration of provisions to be issued to the forces, under his command, consisting of li I >m very ignorant : it was the policy of the French Government t* keep them so ; lew or none can rend. Printing was never permitted in Canada, till we got posses-ion of it. Their veneration for the pri-st- hood is in proportion to their ignorance ; it will jirobably decrease as they bi'conie more enlightened. "The Canadian noblesse were hated because their birlhnnd bi'hn- viour enlilled them to resjiecl ; and thf peas;ints were abhorred, because they were saved from the oppression they were threatened wilh. The resentment of the Grand Jury, at Quebec, put the truth of these remarks beyond doubt. (The Grand Jury presented the ftoman Catholics, as a nuisance on account of their religion, Ac.) The improper choice ami numbers of the civil oflicers sent out from England, increased the inquietudes of the colony. Instead of men of genius and untainted morals, thi very reverse were appointed to the most important ollicers : and it was impossil)le to communicate, through them, those impres- sions of the dignity of govoinment, by which alone mankind can he huiil together in society. The judge lixed upon to conciliate thf' minds of 75, GOO foreipnt^rs to the laws and governnifnt of Great Britain, was taken from a goal, entirely ignorant of civil law, and of the language of the people. The Attorney-General, with regard to the language of the people was not better qualitled. The oflices of secretary of the province, register, clerk of the council, commissary of stores and provisions, provost martial, Ac, were given by patent to men of interest, in England, who let them out to the best bidders ; and so little did they consider the capacity of their representatives, that not one of them understood the language of the natives." Mi^J 17C3.J GARRISON MUTINY. 191 the 15th, 27th Regiments, and 2iid battalion of the 60th Regiment. Through the lirmness of the General and devotedness of his officers, this formidable mu- tiny was quelled without any effusion of blood. * From 1773 to 1774, no local incident of note oc- cured in the city ; politics and constitutional changes engrossed the public mind. In 1774, England passed the Quebec Act, which whilst it gave ofieuce to the New England Provinces by enlarging the bound- aries of Canada, caused much dissatisfaction amongst " The treaty of lOlh February, 1763, says Garnoau, (lisjielled tlie last illusion of Montcalm's followers : " Some of Ihoso who had already filled high charges, were appointed to like posts in distant French dependencies. Thus M. de Hepentigny, created Manjuis and became a brigadier-general, was appointed Governor of Senegal, then of Mahe, in French India, where he died in 177G. M. Dmnas became Governor of the Mauritius and Isle of Bourbon M. do Beaujeu accom- panied Lapeyrouse, as aid-major-general, against the Briiisli Ilmlson's Bay settlements, in 1782. The Manjuis de Villcray made Captain in the royal guards, may also bo noted ; also M. Juchereau (Duchesnay), commandant of Gharleville, M. Le Gardeur, Count de Tilly, Messrs. Pellegrin (Harbour Master) de TEchelle, La Come, became post- captains in the French navy. The Count de Vaudreuil, as Admiral during the American war for Independence, distinguished himself, Jacques Bedout, a native of Quebec, became a dislinguish-d Hear Admiral ; Joseph Chaussegros de Lery, military engineer, was made a Baron by Napoleon I, for his great services. Other Canadian oflicors, not actively employed, yet pensioned by the Government, lived to- gether in Tadoussac. Canadian and Acadian refugees in Franco, were succoured even by republicans of t7!)'2. " Those of them who remained in Canada, trusting to the promises of the British, that civil rule should obtain, sent agents to London to prolfer homage to George 111, and defend their interests. When (Che- valier de Lery and his wife, Louise de Brouages, one of llio finest women of the time, was presented at Court, the yoj^ng King was so struck with Madame's beauty, that ho said : " If all the Canadian ladies resemble her, we have indeed made a coniiuest" (Ganieau, IJisloira du Canada.) 1 Smith, Ilislonj of Canada, Vol. 1. I i rr 102 Tin: NEW " 1? KOI. ME." [1774. tho purilaiiical popnlatioii of N«'\y Enirliind, by the facilities it gavo the mass of 1*>(mic]i Cunadiiins to practice in poaci^ Ih.'ir roligioM and lotnni tolhoir old liuvs. It was not only just to the conqucrod race, nnd(>T the terms of the capitulation ;— from an im- perial i)oint of vi almost every incident connected with the mil 1 V operations of the blockade of 1775 ; and from tixe part I had performed in the all'air generally, I considered that I had some right to withhold the Tell as fast as possible to go up the river. The rebels who ran from the place on the Glh inst., at the approach of a frigate were 4,000 strong, aiul we have within tlie walls 1,500. We have had a hard winter within the walls, beef was one shilling a pouml, and jiork Is. 3d. Before this comes to hand, you will hoar of us having been altackeil on 3\sl Ui'cemher, when I had the honor to command al that post, wiiere the grand attack was made. / had the fortune of killiiKj the General and his Aide de Camp by the very first two gu?is I fired, which was a great means of saving the garrison, so you may find I have bt'como an expert warrior. They made several attemjits afterwards and raised four batteries against ditferenl parts of the town ; one was against the shipping; which has done great damige to several of them but most to the Tell ; they knew the ship as she lay bi'twecn two men-of-war. One boy on boird has lost his leg, and one more is wounded. All our ship's company are well, only John Hays wounded in the hand." — (New-York Historical Migazine.) 14 210 THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. [1775. g-eneral's sword, particularly as it had been ol)tained on the battle ground. " On its having been ascertained that Montgo- mery's division had withdrawn, a party went out to view the effects of the shot, when, as the snow had fallen on the previous night about knee deep, the only part of a body that appeared above the level of the snow was that of the general himself, whose hand and part of the left arm was in an erect posi- tion, but the body itself much distorted, the knees being drawn up towards the head ; the other bodies that were found at the moment, were those of his aides-de-camp Cheseman and McPherson,^ and one sergeant. The whole were hard frozen. Montgomery's sword, (and he was the only officer of that army who w^ore a sword that I ever perceived,) was close by his side, and as soon as it was discovered, which was first by a drummer-boy, who made a snatch at it on the spur of the moment, and no doubt considered it as his law^ful prize, but I immediately made him John McPherson, A.L C, to Montgomery, hada brother then serv- ing in the English service. We subjoin from the New-York Historical Magazine, the last letter Mr. McPherson wrote to his father : " My dear Father, — If you receive this it will be the last this hand will ever write you. Orders are given for a general storm of Quebec, this night ; and Heaven only knows what may be my fate ; but what- ever it be, I cannot resist the inclination 1 feel to assure you that I experience no reluctance in this cause, to venture a life which 1 con- sider is only lent to be used when my country demands it. " That the All gracious Disposer of human events may shower on you, my mother, brothers and sisters, every blessing your nature can receive, is, and will be tj the last moment of my life, the sincere prayer of your dutiful aad affectionate son. " Jon.N McPuBRSON." " Head-Quarters, before Quebec, "> " 30lh December, 1775. / MBIiUHHaMHllilli M'h.] OAUHERT S HOUSE. 211 deliver it up to mo, and somo time after I mado him a present of seven shillinii's and six pence, by way of prize money." (Thompson). " Asit is lighter and shorter than my own sword, I have adopted it, and wore it in lien. Having- some business at the " Seminaire, " where there was a num- ber of American ollicers, prisoners of war, of General Arnold's division, I had occasion to be much vexed with myself for havinsr it with me, for the instant thev observed it thev knew it to have })een their General's, and they Avere much allected by the recollections that it seemed to brinq- back to their minds ; indeed, several of them wept audi])ly ! I took care however, in mercy to the feeling-s of thoso ill-fated gentlemen, that whenever I had to go to the Seminary afterwards, to leave the sword l)ehind me. To return to the General, the body on its being brought Avithin the walls (the uarnson) was identilied by Mrs. widow Prentice, (who then kept tht^ hotel known by the name of " Free Mason's Hall,") by a scar on one of his cheeks, suppost»d to be a sabrecut, and by the General having i're- qiiently lodged at her house on previous occasions of his coming to Quebec on ])usiness. General Carleton, the then Governor General, being sa- tisfied as to his identity, ordered that the body should be decently buried, in the most private man- ner, and His Excellency entrusted the busin(\ss to me. I accordingly had the l)ody conveyed to a ■small log house in St. l^ewis street, (opposite to the residence of Judge Dunn,) the s«'cond from the corner of St. Ursule street, owned by one Francois Oaubert, a cooper, and I ordei ed Henry Dunn, joiner. 212 THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. 1776.] to prepare a suitable coffin ; this he complied with, having covered it with fine black cloth and lined it with ilannel ; I gave him no direction about the burying party, as I had a party of my soldiers in waiting at the Chateau to carry the corpse to the grave at the moment that G-eneral Carleton con- ceived proper ; I next proceeded to Gaubert's, where 1 was told that Mr, Dunn had just taken away the corpse ; this was about the setting of the sun on the 4th January, 1776. I accordingly posted up to the place where I had ordered the grave to be dug, (just alongside of that of my first wife, within and near the surrounding wall of the powder ma- gazine, in the gorge of the vSt. Lewis bastion,) and found, in addition to the six men and Dunn, the undertaker, that the Rev. Mr. DeMontmollin, the military chaplain, was in attendance. On satis- fying myself that the grave was properly covered up, I went and reported the circumstances to Ge- neral Carleton. It having been (subsequently) de- cided to demolish the powder magazine, and to erect a casemated barrack in its stead, I took care to mark the spot where Montgomery was buried (not so much perhaps on Ins account as from the interest I felt for it, on another score) by having a small cut si one inserted in the pavement within the barrack square, and this precaution enabled me afterwards to point out the place to a nephew ot the General, Mr. J^ewis, who, learning that the person who had had the direction of the burial of his uncle's corpse was still living, came to Que- l)ec, about the year 1818, to take away the re- mains. I, repaired thither with young Mr. Lewis SiSiMUaiOBtiOSim 1776.] MONTGOMERY'S GRAVE. 213 and several officers of the garrison, together with Chief Justice Sewell and some friends of the deceas- ed. They accordingly took up the pavement exactly in the direction of the grave. The skeleton was found complete, and when removed a musket ball fell from the skull ; the coffin was nearly decayed. No part of the black cloth of the outside, nor of the flannel of the inside were visible ; a leather thong with which the hair had been tied, was still in a state of preservation after a lap^e of forty-three years ; there is a spring of water near the place, which may have had the eifect of hastening the decay of the con- tents of the grave." ^ " (Signed,) James Thompson, " Overseer of Works. " Quebec, 16th August, 1828." I' 1 Richard Mnntgomenj . Born in Iniland in 1 73f)— studied at Tri- nity Gollei^e, Dublin — was appointt'd 21st August, 1756, loan Ensif^ncy in the 17th Foot, landed at lialilax, with his regiment, 3rd .lune, l7o7 — served under Wolfe, in 1758, at the siege of Louishourg, where his honorable conduct procured him promotion, viz a Lieutenancy (ui 17th July, 1758. After the fall of Louishourg, his rei^iment formed part of the forces sent under Amherst to reduce the French forts on Lake Ghamplain. Richard MontgoiKery became adjutant of the Regiment, on the 15th Miy, 1700, and served that summer, under Havitaml, in the reduction of Montreal, held by Levis. He then was «Hnt to the West Indie?. ; ami was made a captain, tiie 5th May, 176 2. After that, he went to Nev,'-York and returned to Ireland in 1767. — He ieU liie English army in 1772 and returned to America in January, 1773.— In July, 1773, he married Janet Livingstone, a ilaughtfr of Judge Robert R. Livingston, ami established himstMf on a farm at Rhinebeck, Duchess County, in the Province of New-York. In 1775. iie Vv'as chosen as a dekgale to Congress and then entrusted wiih a command in Canada— where he ;uet with hisdetttii, on 31sl Deci mbc-r, ( / .). Richard Montgomery was a gentleman of a good Protestant family in the touth of Ireland and connected by marriage with Viscount Ha- 214 THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. [I775i Col. Benedict Avnolcl, led his men along- the cape outside Palace Clute, at live in the morning-, in the teeth of a heavy snow storm, towards Sault- au-Matelot street, nntil they met with resistance on the lirst barrier, opposite a jutting- rock, in the, at present, unfrequented lane, called Little 8ault- au-\Iatelot street or Dog Lane. Being- wounded in the kne(\ he was borne away by some trusty ibllow^ers, to the General Hospital ; the daring soldi(^r,. was deposited on a bed, awaiting the result ol' the assault and wluni told oi'the late ol' his lollowers and advised to retreat to a spot more distant from the British, he said he would not stir ; and if an enemy sought to enter, he would blow out his brains with his pistols, which he had deposited near him. Arnold led his men by files alongthe river >St. Charles, until he came to the JSault-au-Matelot quarter, where there was a barrier wiih two guns mounted. It must be understood that tSt. Paul street did not then exist, the tide coming up nearly to the base of the rock, and the only path l)etween the rock and the beach was the narrow alley which now exists in rear of St. Paul street, under the precipice itself. Here the curious visitor will lind a jutting rock, where was nelagh. His It'dvin;.' Uie Enfrlish service was due, t'issaitl.lo some' injustice shown him by tlic military aiuhorilies, connected with pro. motion.— There was in the 'iSnl Hefrinient, si.Tving in \7h9, at the surrender of Quebec, anotiier Ment^'omery, (liijil. Alexander Mont- fjoniery, a brother of Hich.iril. (Japl. Ahixander Montgomery dis- grHci'd his name by acts of cru'^lly en the inliiil)it,ints of St. Joachim. 'I'h(}n|ifli several historians connect Hi'.hard Moutt^oiiiery with the battle of the Plains of Abraham, there is nothing to show he was there,, the presumption l>einglhal he was tiieii with Ins Weginient serving irj Western Canada. (Vide Allnnn du Toiirish'. I*. ^11.) ,.^v^„,^-- 1775] ARNOLD WOUNDED. 215 the first barrier. Tho whole of the street went by the name of SauU-au-Miitelot, from the most ancient times. Arnold took the command of the " forlorn hope," and was leading- the attack upon this barrier, which he thus alludes to, in his letter, when he received a musket wound in the knee' 1 " To General Woosler, General Hospital, Dec, 31st 1775. " Dkaii Sih, — 1 make no doubt General Montgomery ac(|iiainte(i you with liis intention of storming Queljec, as soon as a good opi)ort',inily oirered. As wo had several men deserted from us a few days past, the General was induced lo alterhis plan, which was to have altackeil the Upper and Lower Town at the same time. He thought it most prudi'nt to make two dillerent attacks upon the Lower Town, the one at Cape Diamond, the other at St. Hochs. For the last attack, I was ordered with my own detachment, and Captain Limb's company of Artillery. At live o'clock, the hour appointed for the attack, a false attack was orderetrange, romaniic iib-a^ aresucrgeslcd by tliisepisode in the life of Nelson. What a-i insight m tie human heart? What a lesson taught by til-' frailties of gn-at ui.'n? Let the reinler imagine himself a ilenizen of Queb'-c n ITS', lake po'-l say on Mountain Ilill, and watch the jiassagi- of ilie cavu'cade of rudily, handsome English middies, holding light the fnliir' li to cd' Aboukir ami Tra- falgar, some by an arm, some by .i I g wii.lsL olheis support his head, pushing and hanliug him vigiroiisly coastwise far from the Circean induenco of his eiicliaiiii(iss ci'inlurcnd by a squad o jolly marines, singing as they go along " B aok ey.'il Susan, " anxious to deposit on the quarterdeck liu-d i.id's pride, Hlmma Hamilton's fulur adorer — the chivalric conunand-r of Ih" Viclorij. Is tlif-re no mor.il pointed by these lines? Shall we not a!so have a word of jiraise for ■those who thus saved Nelson f^r ioim ./ 1 ilily and Lady Hamilton." .' \\ 228 THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. [17S1 by liis biographers Soiithey, Lamartine, &c., I have described elsewhere. * Mountain street seems to have been fertile in amorous episod(>s ; tradition has handed down an adventure, in which Greorge Til's youthful son, Prince William Henry, came off only second ])est. It is stated that the Duke of Clarence, on landing from the rei!;nsns frigate, was very roughly treated by the indignant father of a Quebec 6e//e, towards whom the youth had been too demonstrative in his appre- ciation of female loveliness. — Discretion, on this occasion, had appeared to the future Monarch of England, the best part of valor. The loyal citizens greeted his advent with fire-works ; Lord Dorchester had his Ivoyal Highness seated at the Castle St. Louis, facing the citadel, on an exalted " platform," to witness the display. ^ The social troubles which convulsed France in the year 1789, were very slightly felt at Quebec. As usual the annual dinner of the Veterans ol 1775, took place, either at Free Masons' Hall (Pren- tice's Hotel), or some other Coffee House, on the 31st December, both nationalities taking part in it; on the 4th June, being (Jeorge Ill's birth day, a levee 1 All account of tliis cnrious ailviMitnre in Uio fmro's life, was publishefl in L'AiiirM in- Toihistk, jk 43. In Di'cemher iiisl, il WAS noaliy translated cum finriliuis, in Townshend's St. J.\me5 Christmas Amm'ai. fur 1875, ji. 8'i, second Edition. — by Mr. Sydney Rnhjohns. It is stated that Cajit. Hardy was then serving under him, 2 " I have, f^-'s 'I'liomiison.receiveil hi- Lordship's (Lord Dorcfiester) orll^3r9 to erect . platform on the roof of a raiilted house, originally a powder mar/azine, joining the upper end of the New [iuilding (Chateau) for His Hoyal Highness (Prince William Henry) ami his company (to) sit ui)on while the fire-works are displayed on an eminence fronlitig it below the Old Citadel. {Diary of Ms. Thompson, 21 st August, 1787.) ^.■,.„.,... — ^„.,^„.. 1780] AGRICULTURAL LXTRRESTS. 229 was held at 11 a.m., and a hall in tho evening, at the Old ChafeaN, I'or those who had attended the morning Levee. The Q/tehec Gazette of the 26th March 1780, chronicles the demise of its late print(>r, AVilliam lirown, and gives out that the business will be hereal'ter carried on, by Samuel Neilson, his nephew. Lord Dorchester's benign iniluence appears to extend to several matters allectinii' the public good. Lady Maria, his youthful partner and helpmate, is as amiable as ever, and enjoys her town drives and her little court of friends. On the 6th April, the rank of fashion, nobility and clergy of all denominations, as well as commoners, crowded at the Chateau St. Louis, to enter their names as subscribers' to the Quebec Agricultural Society, 1 Tli.^ Qut'lu'c. G^zrl ronu>'i:]r lislissuggesUve, on more [loinls th Rev. IMiillipToscy, Military Chap. T. Monk, Ally. (ienl. G. E. Taclioreau, Ks'[. f eter Siuwarl, Esij. Malcolm I'^rasi^r, Esq. William Lind?av, " J. B. I)i>clieneaux," John L(?i'S. '" •lohn lii'naud, " John Young, " Malhtnv Lvinhiimer, Esq. John liiackwooii, " M. L. GiTMiain, His. A. I'anct, E~i|. P. L. lamH, Esq. A. (ias]/', Es(|., 8t. Jean Port .lolv M. Oil. AyUvin. Thr' CanaiJian B'shop. M. liailly, (xiailjuliMir. T. Mctvin Noolh, Dr. Henry Mot/, " Jenkins Williams, Isaac ():r(lHn, .luilge of AilmiraUy. Messifrt I'amt, cure ol' Riv. (Juclie. Hir Thomas ^Mills. i^'ranrois Dambourgos, Esq. Njiril, will .^Ui)iily the naincs ; an one. T. Arthur CoHin. (la(il. (Ihas. St. Onrs. An;,'. Cilapion, Siijt Jesnites. A Hubert, (iui-e ile (Juenec. tluclier'au Duchesnay, Es(j. L. lie Halaherry, " I'. Panel, P. C. M Grave. SupiTienr Seminaire John (Jraigif, Esq. P'Tlhelol D'Artigny, Es-q. Pt-rrault I'Aine, " (ienrge All^opp, " Itobiirt Lcst'T, " Al-x. Daviilscjn, " The Cluet'tlustice. . lion. Hugh Finlay. " Tlios. Duini. " Edward II irrison. " .Idhn (ki^iins. •' Adam Mahane. " .1 G. C. lie Lery. " ("reo. I\i\vnali. " Henry CaMwell, William Grant. Eiauijois Hatiy Samuel Holland. l!i«> i^^ 230 THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. [1789; i:J warmly patronized by His Excellency; Hon. Iluirh; Finlay, Depvity Tost Master Uenoral, is chosen Se- cretary. Amongst the transactions in real estate this year, one notices the sale by Court of Law, of two extensive distilleries in 8t. Charles street (Lepper and Lloyd's premises in our day? belonging to the estate of the late James G-rant : the sale to take place at the Quebec College iThe Jesuits' College) where the court then sat. The 25th September is devoted to sport and races,, to take place on the Plains of Abraham.^ We find the Koman Catholic Bishop, called on to bless the new bridge, named after His Excellency, iJorchester Uridg*'," opened to the public on the 24th Septembi'r, ITbt). Th's bridge was a lew acres more to the west of the present one, which dates of 1822; he first Dorchester Bridge was built by Asa Porter. "Whipping was no novelty in those days, and one " John Millar (pursuant to a sejitence of the Justices of the Peace.) was pul)licly whipped - on the market place, in the uppc^r town, for stealing ducks and turkeys." yQuebec Gazette, ITth Dec, 1791.) Capt. Frascr, 3'ilh Hfgl. Hon. Cn'orgt' Daviilsdn. Kcuelm OiiiUiillLT, L-sij •' Clis \)v Liiivnuliere. .1. T Cuf-'iii'l, '• " LtCoMiplH Diijire. J. F. (lugnel, " M.ijnr M.iilnw.'^. M. Pii'iTi! Florence, UivioreOnello. Caiil Roli^cn. 1 " To morrow at I"? o'clock, a subsciiplion pur«o will be run for, on- the [Plains of Abrahiim, for Hit; best of tlio two two miles heats by Sir Thomas Mill's Coquelh', Mr. Lanaiidioro's tJorhe'iu ; CajU. Saint-Oiirs' Magara and Mr. Merrick's I'e(jgij. Between the heats there is a saddle to be run foe, free to all Canadian bred horsi'S, to be ridden by Cana- dians."— (C^uc/w Gazelle, 24 Sepi. 17X9.) '.i There was at a very early d;ite as well, a whipping post, on the- lower-town market place facing the Church Notre- Dame-des-Victoires. CHAPTER VII. nOI — 1815. CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLES. 0.. K,.M,- WaH with Fh.V.VCE.-I'hKSS GA.NGS.-S.AVKnV- ^^m James GHA.c.-Finsr Atkantic St.ameu.-Wau wrn. thk United States.— ™'' Quehec, with its new parliament, i,s o,.owing in importance. Let ns take a hurried ^lanco .t the divers incidents which will engng-e the attention of IS denizens lor the next twenty-fonr years. One of the mos startling items for the world of fashion, was the landing at the lower-town, in August, of the Sovereigns lom-th son. His Koyal Highness Trince Ldward: elsewhere ' we huve chronicled the levees addresses and Chateau-balls, given on account of the advent of this sprig oi royalty, the jolly joun.. Col of the 7th Fusiliers. Lt. Governor Alured clarl^' proc amnlion, issued on the 2Gth December 1791 dividing Cainida into two provinces, became an occasion for festivity ; a public dinner attended by 1 In Maide Uaves, for I8(j5, Pagt- G4. I ! ^ t^r 232 CONSTITUTIOXAL STKUGGLES. [1791. Ill one hundred and sixty g-entlenien, enlivened by the strains of Prince li^dwaid's band, went oil" witli g-reat tr/rt/. A public illumination lollowed; eilorts were made to unite the King-'s old subjects (the Eng-lish), Avith the new sul)jects (the French), and a constitutional club formed with that olyect in view. On the 27th December 1702, the first Parliament under the new constitution met at Quebec. An old and respected City barrister, J. A. Panet, esquire, was elected speaker and continued to be, for twenty- two years. His Excellency informed the Asseml)ly that France had declared war to England. M. de (laspe has graphically related the painful impression created here by the news of the execution of the French King: how "his father, mother and aunt wept bitterly and long" on hearing of this heinous crime. Our citj \\ ill soon have occasion to rejoice, that Canada is not a French colony any more ; and pre- sently we will hear the eloquent i:)arish priest (after- wards bishop), Plessis, thank Almighty CJod, that that in our market place there is " no guillotine to behead priests, nobles and citizens." In the fall of 1703, ^ the " Saviour," of Quebec, in yuebec, 2()lh September, 17!)3. 1 On Tuesday last arrived hero IVom London, in His Ma.ji'sty's ship Severn, His ExciMlency the liiglil IJonoraliii' Guy, Lord Dorciiesler, Lady Dorchester and Family. The ship came to anchor ahi'Ul nine o'clock in the morning, and His Lordshij), ' ha>, at dillerent tinvs, transmitted millions to the Emperor, whieh served him and still support liim to sustain a war ngainst the Republic ; and that it is by such exce>sive jdunder that she h.is at iengtti exhausted the national treasury.'' The array of " crimes against the nation, ' charged again'~t the un- fortunate princess, takes up half of the Gazette and culminates in an accusation of tncestc, callmg her a " New Agripi)ina." 234 CONSTITUTIONAL STRUOOLKS. [1796. n Frauc«% Sec, busy propacratinj^ revolutionary prin- ciples in the Provinco of Quebec. These .suspicions, we will liud, actuating the policy of several i>o\ ornors for years afterwards, so long as war continued bet- ween both powers. This horror of French institu- tions, was more than once used, in later days by the en/o/n-dfj^e of the Governors to worry and oppress Enj^laiuVs nciv subjects, the descendants of the French. On the 0th July 1796, Lord Dorchester, under leave of absence, sailed for England, in the I'vigate Active, leaving- Creneral Tvobert Prescott in charge of the Government. The Active was wrecked on Anti- costi, on her way home and His Excellency crossed over to Perce and from thence sailed to irnlifax, taking passage from that port in H. M. S. Dover, landing at Portsmouth on the 19th ISeptember 1700. To those, curious of learning what were the fashion- able tii)ples, at the end of the late century, and lest any should imagine that our forefathers on festive occasionspatronised auu'ht ])nisnni;-aree (mulled wine) shrub, lienecarlo wine, with old Jamaica Pum, for coup d'a/i/ietit, the advertisement of the sale by auction, in 1704, of the choice stock, at Fergusson's Hotel, will be quite a revelation. We read of " Ma- deira Wine," Malmsey, Barsac, IVIarabella, ]Malaga, Hock, a hogshead of Paxaretti wine, &c.' Sometimes, the whole city was thrown into com- motion l)y the unexpected and mysterious advent, from Point Levis, — where they were hutted, — of swarms of Indians, waiting for their annual presents from Government, 1 Vide Supplement lo Quebec Gazette, Glh February, 1791. 1 1798.] MYSTERIOUS VISITORS. AiOt M. (le Gasp»! dt^scribos one of those alariniiij:^ occurrences which lie witnessed, ut the close of lust century, " when no less than 400 ol' these swarthy savayes crossed over, one Sunday, lo the city in their canoes, without any apparent cause. Though no mischief was actually feared, the commander of the garrison thouiiht proper to have the guards doubled at the gates and barracks. The Indian wore nothing but shirts, with a strip of cloth round their lions : they brouii'ht over no other arms than the inseparable to- mahawk. Some of the oldest Avarriors had scalps hun<>' to their belts : this meant that they had taken a part in the last war, between the English and Americans (1775-G.) They were evidently true sa- vages : ferocious in aspect — with leatures smeared with red and l)lack paint and tatoed bodies. Their heads were shorn, clos(>, except a tuft of hair on the top. a token of deliance to the enemy. Some had their ears slit in long strips dangling on their shoulders ; others, had them whole with silver rings four inches in diameter. They were, indeed, veri- table Indians, ready to c[ual'f in a skull, a foe's life blood, or roast him alive. The object of this Indian invasion, to the city on a Sunday, I never could fatliom. It might be a special festival, or joy at having received the day previous, their annual pre- sents from Government. Never did I before or since witness such a gathering in the streets of Quebec. Singularly enough, they were unaccom- panied by their scpiaws. After perambulating the streets in parties of thirty or forty, and dancing in front of the residences of the chief citizens, who threw out pieces of money, to get rid of, or re- ) I I i 1^ .1 23 ij CONSTITUTIONAL STIlU(U5Li:S. [1798. m m' \\w munorate, tlicm lor IliL'ir perrorinancc, thoy nil m«'t ami Imllodon the iippor-iowii rn:irk(»t, iit the close of llic Mlt(MHOon service, helbre the U. C. Cathedral, aiul Tour or liv(! hundred in iiumher, sanir and danced the war dance. This beg'an first by sinuUatini»' a council oi" \\',\Y. Then al'ter short harangues, they filed oil" bidiind Iheir u'reat chi-iven signal, all was silence. They appeared to cons\dt the horizon and scent the air. as if an enemy w^as near. After fflidini^ on their bellies, ser- pent fashion and cautiously, the chief uttered a fearful yell, to which the rest replied and then sprinyini^ amono- his followers, brandishing his to- mahawk, he seized a youth, who seemed daized, threw him a cross his shoulder, retreated inside of the ring- which closed round him — placed the cap- tive's face on the ground and pretended to scalp him. Then turning him over rajiidly, he ajipeared intent in opening his breast with his tomahawk and collecting in his hand the blood, which he raised to his mouth, as if he washed to drink it, uttering fero- cious howls. The lookers, on thought the scene was real, when the chief sprang on his legs, with a shout of triumph and brandished over his head a real scalp painted red, which he had cunningly pulled from under his belt whilst, the young Indian, recovering his liberty ran like lightning along Fubricjue street. 70S.] THE WAK DANCK. 237 Tho redskins al'tor danciiin' wildly and yelliiin- liko HO many tlcnioiis lot loose i'roni the ini'ernal r»»^ioiis, linally dis]iersod : the city sank in quitit auain. The savac^es which wtu'c ahle, re-crossed to I'oint JjBvis : those, too intoxicated, sh'pt about the upper and lower-town streets. Fortunately, these unwel- come visits occurred rarely;" As late, however, as 184(3, the Micmac and Montagnais Indians, IVom the north shore and the Itestigouche river, were in the habit of ascending' each summer the 8t. Law- rence, in canoes, and build their wigwams on the beach ol' Levis, south-west of the St. Joseph Church, where they used to spend a part oi' the season. ' Quebec ships crossing- the o(.-ean, and ascending the St. Lawrence this year, had to guard ngninst dangers quite as Ibrmidable as those of ice-be,rgs, rocks and shoals. On the 10th August 1707, the masters of the ships composing the Quebec Ueet, - grateful for a safe escape from French frigates and privateers, presented an address to Cai)ts. Larcom and Talbot, of IL M. Ships Hind, and Eiirj/dice, thanking them for having safely convoyed them to their port of destination. The grand old national gathering, religiously kept up each 31st December, by the survivors of Uuy Carle- ton's /Zre-ea/ers, the Veterans, who in 1775, had di'priv- ' II had been customary for tho Imperial authorities, to iiuve des- tribuled each year, to tlio Indians on their annual visit to Quehec, blankets, cloth, hats and other wearing appan'l, in conimemoratinn oC the services they or their ancestors had rendered during the war of the American Invasion, in 1775. 2 The Quebec lleet consisted of: the Ariadne, Eunita, lhge)il, Nancy, London, Marij, Spencer, Three Sisters, Salus, Chaltij, Eail o/' Marchmoni, tee, Wbolson, Assistance, Sovereign, Chrisa Frances. CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGC.LES. i ed Quebec, of the purity of ropublican institutions, is nL!,'iiin advertised. It will take place, this year, on Saturday, the 30th December, (the 31st being the sab- bath) at the Union Coffp:e House " dinner to be on table at four." The stewards are brave old John Colfin {he,oi Pres-dc-ViUe fame, we opine) William Cox, a relative possibly of Major Nicholas Cox, Lieutenant- Governor of Gasp«^, one of the heroes of 1775, ' Charles Liard, John Munro and AVilliam Burns, ^ Serre/arf/. Mr. Burns died possessed of con.sid('rul)le wealth. Amongst the loyal Veterans, toasting George the King, in their prime old Port and " Loxidon par- ticulifr" Madeira, Col. Henry Caldwell, Wolfe's quarter master General and command* r of the British Militia, in 1775, held a high place, as well as loyal Francois Baby, and George Pownall. After ISOO, trace is lost of this ftimous annual dinner; though, one of the leading spirits in this patriotic banquet, Col. Henry Caldwell, closed his career, as late as 1810. * 1 On WiMlnesilay, the 8th of January (1704), died aged seventy, Nicholas Cox, Esq., Lieulonant-Governor of Gaspf, and yuperinteii- dont of the Labrador Fiyherios. In early life, he embraced the military profession, and faithfully served his King and country upwards of lifly-lwo years. He was present at the sieges of Louisbourg and Queliec, and commandei. i company of the 47th RegL on the Plains of Abraham in the e\er memorable balllo of the 13th September, ilb'X In the gallant defence of this parrison during the winter of 1775, and the sprin;! of 1776, he wr.s appointed by Lord Dorchi'Ster to do duly is a field oilicor. — {Quebec Gazette, lOth January 17'J4). 2 Mr. Burns of the firm of Burns and Woolsey, leading auctiouners of that day: the god-father of the millionaire George Burns Symes, who with his 'uinie, receiveii as a gift j; 1 0,000, we believe. 3 In 1794, the dinner had taken place on the Oth May, at Ferguson's Hotel ; Stewards : Hon. A. de Bonne, Hon. J. Walker, Simon Frascr, James Frost, John (joffin, Jr., Secretary. The Gth of May i-omme- morated the raisi. g of the siege and departure of the Americans lu 1776. ■.■fa»aa.fcyi>r.'i»-fctii. 179G.] THE KECOLLET CONVENT. 239 leii- ary of lec, iim Ihe llhe U a lers L's, ill's r, 176. Some eighty years ago, on the site on which was erected, at the beginning of the century, the English Cathedral, there stood a rude and vast quadrangular building, with a court, and a well-.'eri()r, a well-known, w4tty, jovial, and eccentric personage. Father IJeBerrey had more than once dined and wined His Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, when stationed here, with his Kegiment, in 1791-3. On a calm, warm September afternoon, in 1796, the fire drum all at once began to beat frantically in the upper-town, the tocsin, to sound from the Koman Catholic Cathedral ; soon a dense smoke en v< 'loped the stables of Judge Dunn's ^ house in St. Louis street; a small, coloured boy named Michel, the Judge's servant, had fired off a toy-cannon in the stable, and accidently set fire to it. A violent south-west wind springing up at that moment, burning fragments ' Tliree years previous it had bi'en contemplatod to appropriat" this Convent to Protestant worsiiip. " We hear that the Rcvil. Pore Berrey, only surviving f^ore of the order of HecoUets, in Quei'W, is to give up the Church and Convent uf that ordt'r 'o he converted into an Knglish Church, and residcu'e for the I'rotestant Bisho]j. (]o\ernnient will of course aihjw liini a hand- some annuity during life. [Quebec Gazelle, l!Hh Sept., 1793.) 2 Mr. Di'Gaspe in his d/cni'/jrcs, descriiies the house in St. Louis street as belonging to Judge Monk, whilst Deputy Commissiry General Thompsan stales it was owned by Judge Dunn. 240 CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLES. [1796. were deposited as far as the Ursulinos Convent, the roof ol' which at three distinct times ignited, a drought oi'six weeks duration liad diied up the shingh's like chips. Suddenly the cry arose, that the steeple of the old ItceoUet Convent, on Garden street, "was in a bhi/e, a burninu' shiniile carried on the wings of the hurricane, had lodged in the belfry. Father l)e Eerrey, the Ivonian Catholic Clergy, the citizens, all worked with a will to stay the destroyer; all w'orked in vain. The fiery demon gaining strength as it ran along, bore clouds of ci)idt'rs, ignited paper, charred shingles, all over the lower-town. H. M's Frigate Pa//rt.s, Captain Lord Cochrane, moored in the stream, opposite Cape Dianioiul, fearing the fiery cloud should set her rigging on fire, slipped her cable, and drifted below the harbour with the ebb tide. The old pile was destroyed, the poor monks, rendered homeless ; they dispersed. Father DeBerrey found shelter under the hospi- tal)le roof of Mr. Francois Duval, in 8t. Louis street. Frere Marc, settled at St. Thomas, and earned for forty years his livelyhood by mending clocks. Frere Louis, ' opened a school in St. Vallier street, where each summer his lovly iiower gardt'U and luscious plums became famous. Another Frert? became a ma- riner between Montreal and Quebec. There wer*. ;dso Frere Bernard and l-'rere BeDiardin. The Govern- ment, on the dispersion of the order, took possession of the vacant lot. Such was th ■ melancholy end of 1 Ni', Louis-Pranf'ois Martint't ilil Bnnaniie : ho pxiiircil lien^ in August 18'tS, and was buried at St. i{ocli on the t2''i August, Ih48, — aged 83 years. 1797J DAVID Mr LAKE 241 the old Franciscan Monastery, on Grarden street, by fire, on the Gth September 179G. Our city annals lor the ensuing- year furnish an incident of (juite a dif- ferent nature : the execution of David McLane, for hiijh treason. No trials are more calculated to excite the public sentinu^nt than those proceeding from political mo- tifs. Such was that of Colonel David McLane aliax Jacob Felt.^ The 7th of July 1797 was a busy, a very busy day for Chief Justice Osgood. From 7 a. m., to 9 p. m., he was engaged at Court, tr3'ing on an indict- ment for high treason, prepared by the Advocate General Jonathan Sewell, — David McLane ; an Ame- rican subject. X^.Q Jury, formed of the leading lower town merchants - of English origin was composed of men of intelligence ; the charge was " for having conspired the death of the King and levied war against his Cro vn and dignity." Two eminent counsels o-.'the Quebec Uar, Messrs. Pyke and Franklin, were named ex-officio by Judge Osgood, to defend the prisoner, whose case brought together an unusually large concourse of specUitors. If strong sympathy was subsequently shewn to- \ 1 The trial of David McLane was lublished in pamphltH forni, in 1707, by Mr. Neilson, of llio (Jueb'^c Gaz>:lle ; in aridilion to the {.'alher- ingol'lhe facts, the writer has devoted con>iiierahle time to collect the minute cireiniistances of this memorable execution. 2 John Blackwood. John Crawford. John Painter. David Monro. John Mure. John Jones. James Irvine. James Orkney. James Mason Goddard. Henry Cull. Robert Morrogh. George Syoies. U 242 CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLES. ft797. wards the misguided man, W(» are inclined to ascribe it more to the unusual and revolting nature oi' the form of the old ir or Id sentence meeted out to the unfor- tunate monomaniac, than to any feeling that he was convicted on insuflicient evidence. This was the first trial for high treason, under British rule. David McLane was apprehended at John Black's house, in St. John's suburbs, whilst in bed, on the 10th May 1797. At his trial he represented himself as a bankrupt trader, formerly of Providence, Khode- Island,and stated, also, he was a General in the service of the French Republic, acting under the immediate direction of M. Adet, the French Minister or rhnriie d'aif aires, in the United States. It appeared in evid- ence that he had stated the French Kepublic was to furnish a ileet and an army of 10,000 to take Quebec, and that he was to lead a party from the United States (to be composed chielly of raftsmen, armed with pikes and iron spears) who, with the coopera- tion of the disaffected amongst the French Canadians, were toover power the garrison. M, De Gaspe, in his •• Canadians of OW,"has described minutely the atro- cious accompaniments of the execution which he witnessed. " It has, says he, been surmised that by these revolting barbarities, the Government intended to strike terror amongst the disaffected, who might be inclined to favor the views of Kepublican France, on tbis English colony. " Artillery and a body of troops paraded the streets and accompanied the prisoner to the place of execution, on the glacis, out side of St. John's Gate, facing the site now occupied by the School of the Christian Brothers. I saw McLane, he was seated 1707.] M. LANES SENTENCE 243 (on a sledge whose runners grated on the earth and stones) with his back to the horse, an axe and bh)ek stood on the front of the sledge. The unfortunate man gazed on the spectators with an aspect calm but not defiant. McLane was of high stature and remarkably handsome. I heard women of the lower classes whilst bewailing his fate, exclaim : " Ah • " if things were as of yore, some g-rl would come for- " ward and claim him as her future husband." Such savinirs continued even after his death. " This popular belief, took its origin, I imiigine, in the fact, that French captives among the Indians, who were doomed to die, had in many instances -owed their lives to Indian women claiming them for husbands. " McLane's sentence ^ was not carried out to the letter. I saw the whole thing with my own eyes. A big school boy named Boudrault, from time to ■time, raist'd me up in his arms, so that I should witness every incident of this butchery. Old Dr. Duvert was near us; he pulled out his watch, as soon as Ward, the executioner, had withdrawn thci ladder on which rested McLane, lying on his back, with the rope round his neck, hanging from the gallow s ; the body, then struck the northern side of i Chief Justice Osgoode delivered tl>o eentenco as follows: " Thnt you, David McLane, be taken to the |tlact' from whence you came, and irom Ihence you are to be drawn to the place of execution, where you must be hanged by the n«ck, but not till you arc dead, for you must be cut down alive and your bowels taken out and burnt before your face; then your head must be severed from your body, which mu^i bu divided into four parts, and your head and quarters be uti ni Kin;3''s disjtosal ; and may the Lord have mercy on your soul. " — [Quebec Ga:.eUe., 3rd August 1797.) 244 CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLES. [179' the gallows post, and remained stationary o.ftor a fow jerks. " He is stono dead," said Dr. Duvert, when tln^ execiilionor cut the rope at the end of the twency- five minntes ; " ho will be insensible to what shall follow." We all thought that he was to be disem- bowelled alive and witness the burning of his en- trails, as the sentence purported ; McLane was really dead when Ward opened his body, took out the heart and bowels, which he burnt on a rechatnl ; he then cut olf his head and held up this bloody trophy to the gaze of the crowd. The spectators, the nearest to the gallows, said that the executioner had. refused to enforce the sentence literally, saying- that he might be an executioner, but he was not a but- cher ; that it was merely by dint of gold guineas, the Sheriir succeeded in making him carry out the sentence, and that at ea< h act of the terrible drama, he insisted on more pay. Be this it may, Ward became, in his outward appearance, an important personage : W'hen he walked in the streets, he wore silk stock- ings, a sword and three cornered hat: two watches, with silver chains, completed his loilette." Though in the past, attempts were occasionally made to stir up discord amongst our citizens, there appears more than once, traces of enlarged patriotism and loyalty to the mother country, animating all classes. This seems conspicuous in the public invi- tation b'^ the men of both nationalities, inserted in a pul)li. rnal, for 1790, to form a national fund in order to .lelp England on, with the war wnged against France ; this invitation not only bears the signatures of leading English citizens but also those of several 1797.] THE WAR FUND. 245 Quebecers of French extraction, with old and his- torical names : Hon. William Osgood, C. Justice, Hon. John Yoiin? Franrois Ijahy, Hugh rinl.ry, J. A. Piiina, Thos. Dunn, Ant. .FuchtTPau Duchosnay, (reorge I-'ownall, I^ouis I)unifre, J. S.nvrll, John Oiiigie, Win. (imnt, Hub. Lector, Jas. Sheiijiiini, SherifF, Mr. Tanet, one of the signers, was Speaker of our Commons for twenty-two years ; later on, the City journals contain the amounts subscribed, as well as the names of the subscribers : ^ J J. OuPbec ^;5flo ^ Win. O.goo.l ;j„„ ^J lli-nry Caldwell ^^^jj^ ^^ ^^ Geo. VV. Taylor, i)er annum during tie war....'.",..'.'.!!.' :, (j o A. J. l John Pjlackwood, " •< i. !!!!!! [("j ^^ ,., U'm. Burns, " u .< '*_" oj. ,. ,, L'- Spminairede Quebec" " " 50 (^ q J. A. Panel. •< « « .■!.'.'.',■'!!!!!!!! 30 JnhnWurlele, " " << _j ^ q Wm Grant, " n 1. ''_'_'_'_' '_' 30 4 5 Win. Bijiilillier, " " .i .!!!!!! 3 in a Juchereau Dnchesnay, " " " !!!! " !!! M.Tachereau. curedeSt. CroiL." " !!!!!!.'.','!!'! .') Tlios. Tachereau, " li^re QuelHX Gaz.ite, 4lh.Iuly, 1799. " " '• 2yiti August, 17e. and alli.'r failhruily serving His Majesty King til, on beard a man-ol-war lor twelve years, he returned to his Island home, and subsei|uently beciime a res pected paler faiuilias. His n ime was Barthelemy Laihanee ; one of his sons, who died wiliiin a few years, was the parish physician, Dr. Lacliance ; as athletic in shape as his late farm and well remem- ber in Quebec. 2 Helaiions des Jdsuites Cor 1032, page 12. 1633, " 2-5. >i^ 248 CONSTITUTIONAL STKUOGLES. 1803.] ( ■ !rl ono of the Kirkos, to oiu^ Lc Eailly, for liCty hull crow'UH — ciiK/iififife enis. This is tlio earliest trace of the " domeslic iiislitutioii" \ve can discover. Our colonial archives and Icfiislation bear provisions, relating' to slavery as early as ]G8!>. Leave that year ^vas asked from the P'rench Kinn', and permitted for the im])()rtation of slaves iVdUi the Indies, on account of the scarcity of labour. This subject enga<>'ed the attention of several Canadian writers — Clarneau, .Tacq. Viuvr, l)ibaud,.Tud!i'e Lafon- taino. Sir L. H. Lt.iontaine, in an exhaustive dis- quisition to be found amongst the publications of the Sociefe Hiatorifpie de Mo/tfrenI, sets forth the au- thorities bearing" on the question. After enumer- ating the Declarations lioi/a/t's and other regulations under French dominion, he quotes the article 47 of the Capitulation of Montreal of 8th September, 17G0, to show that slavery was maintained and recognised by the Capitulation. Article 47. " The negroes and Panis of both sex^s " shall remain in their (juality of slaves in the pos- " session of the French and Canadians, to whom " they belong. They shall be at liberty to keep " them in their service in the colony, or to sell them, " and they may also continue to bring them up, in " the lioman religion. " Granted, except those who shall have been made prisoners.^' The learned Judge then quotes several judii'ments, and suits from the records of the Montreal Court House, calling attention to the numerous advmtise- ments to be found in the fyles of the old Quebec Gazette, touching the sale or desertion of slaves. In 1803 ] FOR SALE " A NEORO. U40 the year 1784, amoiif^st othor.«, Wf (iiul tlio Ibllow iiii^- : " To be sold by private sab' — A lively b»'altliy " nef^ro AVencb, Ijotweeii 15 and It! years of ai^e, " brought up in the Trovinee ol' New-York ; under- " stands all sorts of house-work, and has had the " small-pox. Any person desirous of purchasing" " sueh a AVeneh, may see her at the house of Mr. " John Brooks, in the Upper Town, where thi' eon- " ditions of sale may be made known, and if she " should not l)e sold beibre the 20th instant, she " will on that day be exposed to public sale." ' " In nso, at Montreal, Patrick Lanj^an sells to John Mittlel)erger, a negro named Nero, by private deed bearing warranty, for XGO, and Mittlcbercicr in 1788, on this clause of warranty brings suit betbre the Court of Common Pleas, against Brigadier (Je- neral Allan McLean." '• The Baron of Longueuil," says Bibaud, " had slaves on his barony ; and in Western Canada, the famous Chief Tyendenaga owned forty slaves." The Parliament of the Province of Quebec, during the 1st session, on the 28th January, on motion of P. L. Panet, seconded by M. Duval, proposed, and it was unanimously carried, that a bill be introduced " tending to the abolition of slavery in the Province of Lower Canada." On the 19th of April 17!»3, the House resolved itself into a committee for the same purpose, when, strange to say, on motion of M. de Bonne, carried, on a division of thirty-one against three, it was resolved that said Bill do remain on the table. As Mr. Yiaer has observed, no ulterior proceedings on the subject, 1 [Quebec Gazelle, 13th .May, 1784.) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. xs {./ ^ Ml? .ruilt ])y Mr. A. Woods, •of Glasg^w% for a Scotch corniwny-, was on that ^morning, to glide into the glad waters of the St. Lawrence^ from Aiife-du-Forf^ at the western end o^ 260 THE DAWN OF PROQREgS. [I«'i4. Ii: 11; M ' r t the Island of Orleans, four miles from the city, A halo of mystery had surrounded the origin, and object, of the big ship. Was she really built, to brave for years the tempests of the deep ? or was she put together merely to reach the other side of the great " herring pond," to be then broken up and thus, cheat His Britannic Majesty's Customs, of their dues on square pine, and oak timber ? On that auspicious July morning, the atmosphere was a marvel of limpidity. To this fact, ail testify. The seven steamers in port had each its living load of curious spectators. Joviality and good fellow- iship reigned supreme amongst the 5,000 citizens, and strangers from other cities, attracted to the launch. The Malsham, the Stotftsure, the Sherbrooke, the Heratlea, &c., followed by one hundred boats, were decked out, with gay Hags, and bright pen- nons, Levis, on the opposite shore, two miles dis- tant, was dotted with excited crowds, watching for the signal Who was the damsel fair who on that auspicious occasion, smashed the bottle of sparkling wine ? Alas ! who ? As the monster ship springs to the arms of old ocean, hark ! to the loyal strains of the Scotch pibroch, from the 71st Highlanders, located on the deck of the Swiftsitre, whilst the 68th Regiment from the beach, struck up " God save the King," The Gazette makes mention of artists from afar, having come expressly to sketch the pjageant. This 28th July was a day to be remembered by our fathers, half a century ago : a red letter day in their annals. 1825] THE BAROK OF RENFREW. 261 Scarcely was tht' Columbuh ' alloat, ere her mate the Baron of Renfrew, ^ was pUvct'd on tho stocks : she was launched on tho 25th July of the following year (1825). Neither the first or last of these monster " Hat batteaux " turned out a success. After being towed to Bic, by the steamer Hercules^ the Columbus ran aground on the Betsiamis shoals, and had to throw over board some of her cargo, which consisted of timber, before cros.sing the Atlantic. She eventually reached England, but was lost at sea, on a subsequent voyage, to St. John, New- Brunswick. The Baron of Renfrew was wrecked on the shores of Britain and floated over to the French coast. The formation of " The Literary and Historical Socirty of Quebec'' took place in 1824, originating in the patriotic feeling and anxiety for the honor and the welfare of the Province, which characterised the Earl of Dalhousie, its noble founder and patron. One of its chief promoters, was the late Dr. John Charlton Fisher, L.L.D., heretofore one of the joint Editois of the New-York Albion — a gentleman of refined 1 Dimensions of the Columbus : 3,690 tone. Length : 301 feet. Breaflth : 50 " 7 inches. Depth : 19 •• i " She carried four masts. 2 Dimensions of the Baron of Renfrew : 5,888 loas. Length : 309 foet. Breadth : 60 " Depth inside : 38 " " outside : 57 " Weight of anchor : 90 cwt. (f mi m iii! 202 THE DAW.V OF PUO({RESS. [I82T. litorary taste. ' Tho purposes of tlie socioty were, hy :in addrt'ss to tho public issuocl shortly ailiT its institution, dt'clarod to bo, the iuvestiuatiou oi" points of history immediately connected Avitli Canada.- " To (Jisrorcr and rescue from the vnsjxtrin'j; hand of linif' the reror(h vhirh i/et remain of the rar/irs' his/or?/ of Ctinada. To ftreserve, ichi'/e in oar /loifcr, snrh dornmrnts //>• mitf/ he fonnd amid the (hist (f yet nnexplored deintxitariea, and which ma// prove important to 'general hisfor// and to the jinr/i- cn/ar histor// of this /trovinrc." Men of learnini:' and taste werei invited to join the Society and did join ill considerable niiin})er. 1 At a mof'liii;i: oClli.' S.icicly, ln-liI al llin (iiisll'' o!' Si. LfNvis, on Moti'ny, llii' toll) Miucli. lN,'i, )iy-hi\vs wrt' ii;.'(i't'il ii|.on and llirt followini: dlTiciTS iianifd : l-dnmliT ami Palion — liis K.xcelloncy the Karl of Dalliousit'. (J. il. li. \ (1.; l'risi(l''nl, His Kxcclji'ncy Sir Francis Nathaniel IJurlon, K. C. G : Vicc-I'ivsitlcnls, 'Jhii iMusticti Scwt'll ami ValliiTi's (i« St. Heal, Kpci.: Ih'coriling.Secrctaiy, William (ireon, Esi(.; TrcnsnriT and l{c conlin^^-Secrcliry, John C. Fisher. E«q. ; L. Ij. I). In 18"29, it anialgainalod wilii " Tlie Sotii'li/ for the F.ncotir- .ili'iiH'Hl of Arts ami 'Trntlts,'' luuml'd in 18i7, chitlly liy Fn'ncli C:inad:atis ol" dipliriclion. (hi thi! ."'Ih (tcl(d>i>r, l(S!3l. tho Socifly was iii(!or|i(irali'il l)y Hoyal (".hartor : wii Ihi'u llnd aniongsl its nn'inl'i'is, llir lilUc of cur (,>nii)e(; SoL'irtv. The K 1)1 I). ilh.in-h IMl Kfinpi, T. C. Asiwin Cajit. \V. HiiNli'^ld. liy. Black, Col. .1 Hon.h.'iti', l{. S. M. Houchrtif, Jos. Houchctle, ,lnd;,'e Hiirlnn, John (laldwi'll, It. K. Caron, A \V. Cochrant!, Doniinick l>aly. Mi'ssire Jen'mie Derncrs, U. l)"Ksliinaiiviili>, W . \i Fi'llon.J. C. Fisher, F. X. (iiiniean, Ls. Gngy, John Hall, Andre-lieiiii llamel, Jos llaniel. .las. ilaikni'ss, Win. Ki'inlde, J, is II. K<'rr, I'ierre Lalorce, l.onis L.ignenN, Pi^Tre de Salh'S Laterriere, Ilv. I.eMcsiirier, W.K. McCord, Hoderick McKenzie, Jos. Moirin, (J J. Monniain, F.-X. Pereiiull, Jos. Frs. Pereauil. Francis Ward I'riinro'-o, Win I*rii;e, Handolph J. lioiith, Wdliain Sax, Jt^nalhan Sewell, Williani Sliepiard, Itevl. Chs. Jas. Slewa-'t, Bisho|i of the Dioceso ; He.vd Jose|ih Sign.iy, Andrew Stuart, ,le,in Thoinas-'l'ascherean, .Ins Henii Vallieres. (ieorjfo Vaid'elson, N. F. IJelle.in, Geo. Usborn'J;> Guslavus WiclvStceii, Dr. IJuniel Wilkie, rum mullis wifij. ,.^ff.,^,^^,..,- — -■J^^f,.^*..-^. 1827.] WOLFE AND MOiNTCALM. 203 Hawkins ol)isorves that tho idea of oroctinnf a ino- nnniont to AVolfo and ^Montcalm may have ])eoii suggested \o the mind ol" tlie Karl ol'Dalhonsie, llieu Governor (icneral. by a perusal of the letter of M. de liongainville, to the Earl of Chatham, then Secre- tary of State, enclosing a copy of an inscription for an intended monument to be erected at Quebec, to the memory of Montcalm by the French Govern- ment. The answer of Lord Chatham, speaking no doubt the sentiments of the vouthful ^lonarch George III, was conceived in the most generous spirit. The marbb^ slab with the inscription was engraved, and shipped for Canada ; but the vessel nevir reached her destination. On the 1st November 1827, Lord Dalhousie, called a meeting at the Si. Lewis castle for the purpose of advising to the means of erecting a monument to the memory of "Wolfe and Montcalm. A subscrip- tion was opened at the meeting, and on the loth of the same month, the foundation stone was laid in the presence of a large and respectable assemblage of spectators. The work was comnnniced by John rhilii>ps, the builder, in the following spring, and tht' subscri])tions, which amounted to $2,000, being ina(juate to defray the ex]>enses. the liJierality of Lord Dalhousie supplied the rest. It was com- pleted on the 8th S(>i)tember 1828, by Lord Dalhou- sie. On the lath Novem])er 1827, th(» lirst stone had been laid with extraordinary pomp and masonic honours, li. "W. Grand ]\Iastev Claude Denechaud, Seignior of Berthier, support»'d by K. AV. Dy. Thos. Oliva, on his rigid and P. l)y. G. Janu's Thompson, on his left, with two grand deacons heading the pro- cession. • I 264 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [1827. 1. 1 The apex or cap stone was placed on the summit a few minutes after eight o'clock in the morning ; the ceremony of tapping it with the mallet was performed by the Earl's nephew and A. D. C, Capt. Fox Maule of the 79th, as proxy for the noble Earl, who that day embarked for England. The plan and elevation of the intended monu- ment, designed and executed by Capt. Young, 79th Highlanders, was presented to Lady Dalhousie. The ceremony finished with a feu de joie from the garrison, after which the Regiment presented arms, the Bands playing the National air. Three British cheers then rent the air, given by the troops and spectators to the memory of British valor and French galantry. Menacing ruin, it was rebuilt in 1869 with the same materials and in the very same form as before. The expenses of this reconstruction were defrayed by subscriptions, and these being in- sufficient, our fellow townsman Henry Fry, Esquire, generously supplied what was wanted. This monument, is strictly classical in the propor- tions of every part. To the top of the surbase is sixteen feet from the ground. On this rests the sarcophagus, seven feet, eight inches high. The obe- lisk measures forty-two feet eight inches and the apex two feet one inch, making in the whole sixty- five feet from the ground. The dimensions of the obelisk at the base are six feet by four feet eight inches, tapering conically to the apex, when the sides are diminished to three feet two inches by two feet five inches. A most curious feature of the pageant was the procession, led by French Cana- dian worshipful Freemasons. 1827] THE INSCRIPTIONS. 265 The following inscription, composed by Dr Fisher IS carved on the front of the sarcophagus : ' MORTEM. VIRTUS. COMMUNEM. FAMAM. HISTORIA. MONUMENTUM. POSTERITAS. DEDIT. On the rear is the following, altered from that u hich was inscribed upon the plate deposited with the foundation stone : Ht'jnSOE MO.NUMK.NTI IN VIl.OHUM ILLUSTRItlM MKMORUM WOLFK ET MONTCALM, FLNDAME.NTOM P. u. GEOnoIVS COMES DE DALIIOiSlE ■ IN Sl.-p-rK.VTRIO.VAr.rS AMKKIC.E PARTII.OS ' AD UHITANXOS PERTINKNTirmS StJ.MMAM HERUM ADMINISTRANS; OPfS PER ML-LTOS ANNUS PR.frrKII.MISSlIM, Qt'ID IX-fil ECfREGIO CONVKNIHNTIL'S ' AUCTOniTATE PHOVOVENS. EXEMP,.0 STIMLLANS. MUMFICENTIA FOVKNS. A S. MDCCCXXVII. GEOR(;iO IV. RHITANNIARL-M RKGE On the north side of the sarcophagus, looking to the country, is the simple word " Montcalm '' in arge characters ; and on the opposite side, 'that towards the river by which he reached the sceno of his glorious victory and death, is inscribed the name 01 " Wolfe." The following lines were written on the occasion ot laying the first stone of the monument, the Latin tetrastick by (Dr. Fisher; the author of the prize inscription : woi.fe-montcalm. havd acies eadkm—ast eai.e.m eatalis arena — commvnis virtus— atgve perenne decvs— victhix cavsa parem .merius et victa kavorem VINDICAT- .KTEHNU.M VIVEltE KAMA DEDIT. ?! *1? I . 'II =-J' ' ail •) 200 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [1831 Five years previous to the trip across Ihe Atlantic of the Siriits and the Gretif Western, a Quebec craft had steamed to Enalaud. " The steamer lloi/al Wi/liavi, of 1,370 tons, built at Quebec, by a company incorporated by act of the leiiislature, at a cost of .€16,000, to run between this port and Halifax, touching- at Miramichi and the other intermediate ports, commenced her iirst trip in August, (1831.) She continued running lor the pre- sent and ensuingyear, but the enterprise notturning out prolital>le, although encouraged by legislative aid, was finally abandonned. " ^ The first steamship which crossed the Atlantic Ocean, was drafted by George Black, at A/ise-des- Mvrfs, in the shipyard of Messrs. Shephard & C^unpbell. I^he was commanded by Capt. John MoDougall, a native of Argyleshire, Scotland. Having failed to sell her in England, Capt MacDougall, took her to Si)ain and sold her to the Spanish Government, at that time at war. Capt. MacDougall retained com- mand ol her,in providing that Government with provi- i i i\ 1 M. Stevenson was 111" agonl for lliis vi'ssel — j-lie was loweil lo Wontii'al to receive llie niacliineiy iiiid engines mi(io i)y B^miel an I Jlenderson, Si. Mary's Foumlry. Whilst in ILililax, Iho /(o//rt/ Wil- liam was repeuledly visited liy Sir Samu''l Gunanl, who lost, no o|i|ior- lunity to encjiiirti every parliciilar regarding her sjieed, sea qualities coiisnmitlioii ol' fuel ; carefnliy noting down ail the infornialion ohlained, " which (says Mr. J. G. Danter, 2n\ KniJtine'r on hoard,) do iljlles< enahled him lo eslahlisho the niaguiliceiit Heel of ocean sti'amshii'S that still bear his noun;." " '1 he steamer Hoynl. Willict'ii 617 tonshiirlhen. and 27G horsp-power, sailed from this j'orl (Liverpool) to New-York, with j'assengers only, July 5th, and returned August t9lh, her outward passapre was jierrorm- (;d in I'J ilays, and her homesward in lij days. This vessel has ti o honour of ln'iiig the Iirst steamer from this Port to cross the Atlanlic.'" ('" '.! Annals of Liverpool, as iirinted in Gore's Directory.) 1833.] CAPT. MCDOUOALL. 267 sions; after the war was ovor,he returned toEiiglnnd, where he taughtiiavioation. In 184T,he left J-^noland for Canada and settled at Quehec. Capt. MaeDonoall died here in 185S or 18r;4 and was l)uried in Mount Ilernion Cemetery. The rollowing- loiter adrcssed to the late Kobert Christie, Esq., the historian, by Caj t. IVIacDouii-all, in 1853, throws nuuh liyht on this Modern Ar<^(). ' The model ol this Tiouccr jSteamcr, I I 1 Sai.ntk I''i)Vi:, \Oi/i Ain/ii I, ls:,:i. Roliert Cliristie, Esq., M P, P. I)KAii Sill,— I lately Ibuiid some papers connccle^l willi llie Hnynl William steamer, wliich JirrAiehl to my recoil, ction my jTomisi' to fiirni-h yon willi a hrief skotcli uf her hi>toi'y wliile I wis altnclied to li.'r, fnim the 19lh of A|iril, I^i33, to the lirst of Januiiry, 1838. I took charge of her at Sorel after she was sold by Sli.Ti!r« sale, from Capt. Nicolas, and was employed dmiiii: the month of M.iy, tiiwitig vessels from Gross^'-Isle, and iiflt'rwjirds ni.ide a voy ge to ('i.isjie, {'ictoii, Halifax, and Huston in the United Stales, heinj,' the lirst British steamer that entrred that juirt. On my return to Quebec, •he owners decided on sending her lo London to he sold, and I left for London, via Picton, on the h\h of August, and was rietaiiieil at Pictou until the 18th, repairing the engines and boilers, and receiv- ing coals. I th"n started for Londrm, and was alu ul twenty days on the pas- sage, hiu ing run six or seven days with tin' larboard engine, in conse- quence of ih»( siarboard engine being disabled and was detained at dill'eient times, about a week laying loo, reiiairing the builers, which had become very leaky. About the hitler end of SepiiMuber, the Itoi/al Willimn was sol.i by Messrs. Cr<'n. Wildi^s A Co , (the agents to whom she was consignefl,) to Mr. Joseph Somes, tlip ship ownnr of Uadclilf, through .Messrs. WilcdX A Anderson, for A" (I. UOO sterling, and charlfred to the Por- tuguese Government to take out iroojis fur D n Pedro's S'-rvice, am} on my arrival in Lisbon olfered to Ihrm f r j-ah", as a vssd of war, but nvecteij by their admiral, » cunt Cape Sant Vincent, the present admiral Sir Charles Napier. 1 then relumed to Lendon with invali 's and disbanded s-o'ditTi from Don I\'dro's service, and laid lier np olf Deptford Victnalliir^ Ullice. Ill .Iiily, I rcci'iv d orders lo lit In r out to run between ()po;lo >.'\:i 268 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [1832. was recently presented to the Literary and Historical Societt/ and is on view at the rooms. *' Those persons who remember Quebec in the first outbreak of the cholera in 1832, must be growing old, and their number every year diminishing, but some there arestill living, who retain avivid memory of that season of dread. On the 8th June, of that year, a fearful rumour prevaded the city : it was currently stated, though the city Press took care to deny it, that one of the passengers, an emigrant, of the Brig Carricks, from Dublin, and recently detained in quarantine, at Grosse-Isle, had expired " in a boarding house, of one Roche, in Champlain street, of asiatic cholera. and Lisbon, and made one trip belwoen these ports to Cadix for specie for the Portuguese Government, and cm my return to Lisbon, 1 received orders to dispose of her to the Spanish Government, through the Spanisli Ambassador at Lisbon, Don Evanston Castor de Perez, which was completed on the tOth September, 1834 ; her name was changed to Ysabel Segundu, being the first war steamer the Spaniards ever pos- sessed, and Commodore Henry hoisted his broad pennant on board as Commudore of the first class, and Commander in Chief of the British Auxiliary Steam S(|uadron to be employed on the north Coast of Spain against Don Carlos. I joined the Spanish service under him with the rank and pay of a commander, but with a special agreement by which I was guaranteed £600 sterling per annum, and under a contract to supply the squadron with provisions from Lisbon. We proceeded to the north coast of Spain, and about the latter part of 1834, returned to Gravesend for the purpose of deliverii.g her up to the British Government to be converted into a war steamer at their dock yard ; the crew and ollicers were transferred to the Royal Tar, char- tered and armed as a war steamer, with six long Ihirty-lwo pounders, and named the Reyna Governadoza, the name intended for City of Edinburg steamer whch was chartered, and then fitting up as a war steamer, to form part of the squadron. When completed, she relieved the Royal Tar and look her name. The Isabel Seguuda, when completed at Sheerness dock yard, took 1832,] CHOLERA. 269 Fifty-six persons died of cholera in this one house during the season of 1832. It was further rumored that the plague-ship, had lost on her long pas- sage, forty-two souls, amongst the emigrants she conveyed to Canada. Next day, seven deaths occurred; the city Press had to announce the dread- ful news and warn the citizens. That year some 30,000 Irish emigrants were on their way to Canada, in sailing vessels, the pas- sage lasting from four to twelve weeks. " Never since the days of Wolfe and Montcalm, out General Alava, the Spanish Ambassador and General Evans and the most of bis stalT oflict-rs to Saint Andcro, and afterwards to Saint Sebaslien, having hoisted the commodore's broad pennant again at Saint AndiTO, and was afterwards employed in cruizing between that port and Fuenti Arabia, and acling in concert with the L('t,'ion a{,'ainst Don Carlos, until the time of their service expired in 1837. yhe was then sent to Portsmouth with a part of those discharged from the service and from thence she was taken to London, and detained in the city canal by Commodore Henry, until the claims of the officers and crew on the Spanish Government were settled ; this was ultimately accomplished by bills, and the oflicers, and crow discharged from the Spanish service, about the latter end of 1837, and the Isabel Segunda delivered up to the Spanish Ambassador, and after having her engines repaired, returned to Spain and was soon afterwards sent to Bordeaux in France to have her hull repaired. Bui on being surveyed it was found that the timbers were so much decayed, that it was decided to build a new vessel to receive the engines, which was built there and called by the same name, and now forms one of the Hoyul Steam Navy of Spain, while her predecssor was converted into a hulk at Bordeaux. She is .justly entitled lobe considered the first steamer that crossed the Atlantic by steam, having steamed the whole way across, while the Savannah American steam ship, which crossed in 1822 lo Liverpool and Petersburg, sailed the most part of the way going and returning. 1 remain, dear sir, your most obedient, John McDougall. (Christie's Hist., of Canada Vol. V, P. 362.) f II ij 270 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [1.S32. fi. i m i .'■• < «i^ had tho city witnossed such scones of terror, sorrow and siiH'cring. Instead oi' the boom ol' cannon, the crash ol halls, and the tramp of armed men, lliere Was the noiseh'ss ])rogress ol" a destroyer that tho stoutest walls and the most watehl'ul sentries ^^ ere alike powerless to keep out. . Inst(>ad of the rush oi' blood and the moans ol those dying of mortal wounds, received in luittle with mortals like them- selves, there were groans and cries from those sullering torture from blows from an unseen foe, as swift and sure and far harder to ward oil', than sword or bullet. "As the pestilence spread, it «iradually assumed the learful features that so appal us in the old chronieles of the plag-ue. in the cities of the Eastern Hemis- phere. Properly made coffins, and regular orthodox funeral rites, were, in most casi's, per force, dis- pensed with ; instead, wide and deep trenches woe du<^ and in these were placed the dead, cased in boxes roughly made of unplaned boards nailed to- gether. They were hiid tier on tier and when full, were covered with enrth. One undoubted case of premature interment there Mas, and in such a time of excitement, there «//ij7// have been others. Clod alone knoweth. " Persons who could do so, left the city, in many cases only to find, that the poison of the diseoscMvas already in their systems and died, in what they fondly hoped would be a safe refuge." The poorer class of emig-rants were peculiar sulferers from the cholera. From over crowdinj^ and want of ventilation and comforts, many were attacked with the disease immediately on landing and died. 1832.] ClIOLKHA. iTl It is very sad to think oi" llu'so poor proplo, cht'iM-cd perlinps undt'r the L»'rit'rol'loiivini^- lioiuo and friends, by the hope of linding a })elter country and more prosperity in the new hind that liad laUen lo their lut, than in the old, and tlien merely to cross the wide Atlantic, to lind a grave. In some cases whole families of emii^ranls were; swept olf; in others, only the i)arents were taken, and little children too younu'to do anvthini'- for their support were left, in a slranij-e land, to chaiity ; charitable aid however was neither faint, nor stinted these poor little orphans, after a l)rief period of desolation, were transferred to respectable and com- fortable homes; their traininir, education and out-set in life was ])robably far better than it would have ])een, had their parents lived. The hospital in Quebec wasiilledto overflowin"-; the medical odicers attached to it had a tryinu' time and the unavoidable hard work ' was greatly aggra- vated by anxiety caused by the dilhculty ol" getting proper nurses and a sulhcient numbt'r of them. J'jVeii the high wages olfered I'ailed to teini)t many, 1 Our old friend, Dr. H.Von inland, who was llion aUemling llu' Si. Joiin suburb Colera hospital, which with its canvas tents, stood on Iho vacant lot close to the H, C. C.luircli in Sl..Iohn suburbs is built, informs us that fur him tliese duties for two weeks occu|iied thi' hoius of liie day and tiiose of the nif^'Iit as well ; tliat Ihouj-'h he snati'licd a few h urs of sleep, when nature gave out, he had not removed his boots, during this jieriod and when he did, the llesh a f his oonfp'Te, \)t. Pereault. wlio persisted one evening to go and dine with a fiiend, on fresh salmon, inspite of his w.ir: ing. Anxiius, U' xl morning, to know why Dr. Pereault, was not at his post as usual, ho sent to enquire, and was told, he had died in the night, and had then, been an hour buried. 272 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. 1832.] 'i and of those who did engage, some would leave on the evening of their first day. ' Indeed, this practice became so common that, at last, the Commij.sioners of the hospital made a rule, that no nurse was to ])e paid until the evening of the third day ; in spite of this, cases were known of nurses leaving on the evening of the second day, preferring to lose their wages altogether than to stay another twenty-fours hours, amid the fatigue, and witnessing the dreadful suffering that surrounded them on all sides. Quebec has been visited six times by the asiatic scourge : a rapid glance at the number of victims each year, from the time when the city in 1832, had neither drainage, nor pure water to the year 1852, when those much needed improvements had taken place, exhibits tho gradual moderation of the disease- In 1H54, the cholera was confined chiefly to the emigrants who landed in crowds on our shores, and attained the figure of 800 fatal cases. We subjoin the lamentable record of 1832. 1 The following table shows the progress of the scourge. 1832. June 9 10 11 12 )3 14 15 16 17 18 19 HI 20 Deaths. 1832 Death 6. June 21 122. 7. ti 22 70. 29. tt 23 78. 77. ti 24 34. 70. it 25 33. 92. l< 26 49. 143 << II 27 40. 120. 28 31. 97. II 29 38. 108. II 30 33. 112. July I 31. 117. 41 <£ ■ f •••• •••• 21. 1- I T1832- CIIOLEUA. • 273 Choli'ra sooms to hiwo liogun at the follovviij«^ H.r,' ;r».ii 7 Julv l«:ii '2.)(i:) \ ••" ^'I'j US') — .1 .n« ISM W) 2.1 S.'pt IS.V2 14,-, ^0 June 1854 >\ ij k 274 THE DAWN OF mCORESS. [1831 In tho universal alarm, there were many lamlable iiiwt uncos ol' moral courage and learleKS devotion, amongst our medical men. It is plcatsing to bo able lo point, amongst the Physicians who daily risked their lives in the hospitals, to tho names of those a kind Providence has still spared in the land of the living. The cause of sulfering humanity, then as now claimed Drs. Von Illland, Marsden, Lycms, Douglas ; others equally devoted, Dr. Morrin, Painchaud, Tes- sier, Andrews, IJlanchette, Leslie, ]*ereault, Parent, U'Callaghan have gone to there long rest. lirigands, of high and low degree, in 1830-7, had found in the crown proseeutor. Her Majesty's Attor- iiey-Creueral,liichard Ogdeii, a most uncompromising foe. Not a citizen in Quebec, in the summer of 1837. Viut would have voted him a statue of vast dimen- sions, for expediting, well-ironed, in a vessel (the Brig Ceres, Capt. JSquire) for Van Dieman's land, nineteen of the biggest rascals Quebec could muster in those days. Ever since 1832, a skilfully organized gang of house breakers, and murderers, infested the suburbs of Quebec, the waters of the St. Lawrence, the green woods ol Cap Ivouge. Mysterous robberies were repeated, accompanied with murder, sacrilege and other heinous crimes. No clue existed. First, in 1832, came the news from Goose Island of the foul murder of two young Englishmen, formerly in the navy, who had fitted up vessels to raise anchors lost in the St. Lawrence : the Griffith brothers. Next fell, cruelly butchered, Capt. Sivrac, the keeper of a small light house in the Richelieu, near Pointe * Platon. An old lady living in the St. Helen street, Mrs. Montgomery, was robbed of her valuables, the 1835.] MURDER AND ROBBERY. 275 houso thioves havini? first rnppod her up, as woll as her maid servant, in a carpet and stowed her in the cellar ; Mr. It. Atkinson's iron chest was next abstracted at night iVoni his ollice, in St. James street, and iound empty on a sand hank, at the entrance of the JSt. Charles ; the Beauport Church was shortly after rilled of its sacred vases, poor box, &c. ; and tho simple-minded, innocent old beadle sent to jail, at the instigation of the gentlemanly captain of the band, that night, an unsuspected inmate of the j^reab I/tire, as the guest of M. le CuH. The most startling robbery of all, was that which took place on the 9th February 1835, at the " Congregation " Church, on tho Esplanade, netu the National School. The chalices, crucifixes, cVc, stolen were sent to Broughton and then brought back to Cape Rouge woods ^as appeared in evideiH;e) where they were melted down in crucibles. This capped the climax. At last the long suspected captain of lliis nefarious association, Mr. William C of St. Roch, lumber merchant, was arrested as well as his guilty associates, Waterworth, Gagnon, Mathieu, Knox, Norris,&c. Waterworth, a young man less har- dened, turned King's evidence ; the murderous crew were tried, convicted and transported in 1837 ; nineteen convicts in all left for Van Dieman's laud. Quebec began to breath in peace. The Capital of the Province — or rather its House of Assembly, in 1837, and for years past, had been the head-quarters of political discontent. Some remarkable men, at that period, had the ear of the people ; Louis- Joseph Papineau, daily entranced ex- cited audiences by the magic of his oratory — a king I: 276 THE I;AWN OF TROGRESS. [1836. Id; ! M ( I of mon was ho. Tho halls of the Assembly rnngAvith the d(Miuiiciations of the brilliant Andrew Stuart, the defender of British rights, whilst his gifted bro- ther Sir James Stuart (for many years our Chief Justice), thundered against the tyranny of a privi- leged bureaucracy ; and the upright and wise John Neilson, sought justice without attempting to pro- duce rebellion. Quebec had crowds of patriots of divers aims and different nationalities. Mr. Papi- neau continued his stirring appeals until a breach so wide had taken place, that a resort to arms sin^med unavoidable. Notwithstanding the frenzy which seiz- ed hold of many minds, there was no " rising " here. The good sense of the people, supplemented l)y the display of bristling cannons on the walls and Ihe numerous bayonets on the citadel, saved the city from the lamentable scenes, witnessed in the district of Montreal. From this insurection, sprung reform and Responsible Government. Elsewhere, I have described the " Volunteer days of 1837-8. "^ There never was as grand a display of vice-regal pomp, military and naval pageantry at Quebec ; never were the Ch()tenu Levees, receptions and balls more decorously attended ;^the Windsor ceremonies having been this year introduced) ; never was our far-stretching port studded in such profusion, with the panoply of naval warfare, since the Hag of Bri- tain floats on our waters, as during the summer of 1838. On the 27th May, of that year, there had landed, at the QueeJi's wharf, amidst admiring crowds, one of England's proudest noblemen, the i See Maple Leives. Now series 1873, pago 252. II 1838.] LORD DURHAM. 277 Earl of Durham ^ from 11. M. S. Hastings, 74, es- corted by stately line of battle ships, frigatos, gun- boats, steamships, &c. The great Earl had for his guard of honor, some of the Queen's household troops, the aronadiers and Coldstream Guards, &c. ; 1 On the 17th May 1838, the remain(ier of tho Coldstream guards landed from tho E'linhurgh, 74, and marched to the Citadel Barracks (See Gazelle, 18lh May.) On the '21st May, H. M. Ship Racehorse, 18, from Bermuda. H. M. " Hijue, Capt Boxer. In jiort at the same lime, H. M. " Malalar, 74. The Quebec Gazelle of '.'8th May 1838, thus'describes the arrival of the Pari of Durham and suite, on the 27th: Her Majesty's ship liasUwis, 74, arrived yesK-rday, having on board theBight Honorable the Earl of Durham, Governor Generifl of British North America, the Countess of Durham, family and suit"-. The streets and wharves were immediately crowded with the inha- bitants, in the expectation of His Excellency's landing. Atoneo'clock Ihe whole of the inhabitants of the city and suburbs seemed to be collecting in the lower-town ; the following, we believe, is a correct list of the parsengers of the I/aslinfjs : Earl and Countess of Durham and family, Mr. and Mrs. Ellice, Miss Balfour, Mr. Charles Buller, Chief-Secretary, Mr. Turton, I-ep'al adviser. The Hon. E. P Bouverie, ) Mr. Arthur Buller, I Attaches. Mr. Buslie, J Hon. rreierick Villi.-rs, Gapt. Ponsonby, Hon. C. A Dillon, Frederick Cavendish, Esij , Sir John Doratt, physician. On the Oih June, arrive.l H. M. S. Andromac/ie. 28 ; shortly after arrivd H. M. S. l/ercutes, 74. We read also of H. M. S. Madaqastm- 46, H M. S. Medea and leslal, and H. M. schooner Slapjack cominJ into port. " rh." Hastings, 74, Captain E. E. Loch, (itting in ^'ran.l slvl.>, at She.M-.iess, will be acconipaniod with a Gov..rnm.-nl urm.'.l v|,'.,,„ior winch will convey th.' Earl of n.irliam to the diirorei.l point.s of inspec- tion, where a large ship of war could not nde in safrtv The horses an.l eq'iipatrewill he shipped in a day or two, and are ..xpnied to sad about the IDih. The IJashni/s m\\ be joined by s.-veral other M '■ I 278 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [1838. for his suite, a bevy of titled English g-entlemen ; for his advisers, men of undoubted talent. ^ The spacious Parliament buildings, a handsome ciitstonestructure,destroyedin 1854 by fire, w^as fitted up for His Excellency ; the remaining wing of the old CJiiiteau being too small to accommodate the Earl's gorgeous retenue : a royal standard fioated from the cupola of his residence. On the 4th June, the citizens presented him with an address of wel- come. Then came Lady Durham's reception ; on the anniversary of the Queen's coronation, there w^'ls a bull and reception, followed by a brillant illumi- natioi. at night in the city and on board of the vepsi'ls from Iho Wosl linlia Station, and iirrangoments liavo been niailt' by the Lords of the Admiralty, for a good supply of g\in-bouls from the Islands, to protect the landing of troojis." Cavalry — Life Guards. — One sipiadron of this Regiment goes to Canada, horses, 4c. , as a guard of honor to Lord Durham. HoYAi, IldRSE Guards. — One sipiadron of this Regiment is to go to Canaila, as a guard of honor to Loi'd Durham." (Qutbec Gazette, May 1838.) a Neiison's Gazelle of the2Gth Sepiember 1838, contains a paragrai'h on the " burning in ''irigy " of Lord Brouffiiam, at Qui!l)ec. It was some, thing new for Quebecers to burn (even in efligy), Imperial statesmen. Afti'r a sojourn of live months, the Ear! of Durham suddenly li'ft Jiis cliargo on the 3rd November, to llie regret of his many colonial admirers and hurried to England to attempt explaining, but in vain, thf legality of his unconstitutional, though merciful, ordinames. The haughty and generous Earl refused to accept of any salary and handed over thtse emoluments towards the expenses incurred to repair the Government houses at Quebec and at Montreal. His presence within our walls was marked by the interest he took in improving llie Cluileint terrace, which he had repaired; it since, bears bis name, Durham Tkrrace. The ruins of the old Chatenu, burnt in 1834, wi-rc removed— tln'v had been a constant menace to the lower-town. The old city Watch disappeared and was rejilaced by an eflicient system of City Police. Tlnre remains to (!anada a lasting monument of state craft — Lord Durham's famous Report. 1838.] CITY FESTIVITIES. 279 id ;h e. rd vessels of w^ar in the harbor ; their masts and shrouds were but one blaze of lio;ht. The prolusion of naval and military men, crowding our streets, gave the city quite a festive air. Never had the gold and blue of the navy, the scarlet uniforms of the Life-Guards and Grenadier guards, mingled in finer contrast, with the sober black coats of civilians or solemn garb of priest or bishop on reception day. To his colonial subjects,th«' haughty, impetuous and spirited litle potentate was kindness and condescension itself. The munificence, the princely hoSi)italily, the entire devotion to Canadian affairs of the new Governor Geiu^ral, soon became the universal theme of conversation. The Earl of Durham next visited Western Canada; whilst his clever advisers called (ar and wide, for information, data and material, touching provincial wants — provincial abuses — provincial re- forms — whv the outl^reak occurred in 1837 ? whv it did not previously occur ? The famous ordinances banishing to Bermuda the liery patriots, K. JS. M. Bouchetti', II. Des Rivieres, L. H. Masson, AVollred Nelson, H. A. Gauvin, 8. Marchessault, J. II. Goddu, B. Viger, were framed ; lirougham and Lyiulhurst were preparing their parliamentary thunder, and Lord Glenelg and colleagues opposing thereto the feeblest of artillery. Great Britain having confided to the proud Earl, a most delicate duty, that of the pacification of her Ca- .nadian possessions, seemed desirous l>y magnilirent preparations at home as well as abroad, to surround liis mission, with every possil)le cr/nf. Lord Durham was more than a Governor General ; as Ilijih Commis- sioner, he seemed from his acts to believe his powers 280 THE DAWN OF PROGRESS. [183&'. il ^ i ■were qnasi-rog-al. He came to investigate our many grievances — to piolie and salve over, the sores of the body politic, which had then so lately broken out. It did one's heart good to see the earnestness with which he assailed the abuses of the colonial sy.stem ; and when, in the eyes of his bitter Imperial detractors. Lords Bronghan and Lyndhurst, he ap- peared as having overstepped constitutional bounds — it was inspiriting to see the manliness with which he tore himself away and rushed to England to confront his merciles.s accusers, as well as his weak supporters. Lord Glenelg, &c. For all that, we must not shut our eyes to the errors he committed in deserting his Government without leave and in mixing up, with the honorable statesmen who were his advisers here, men like 8ir T. E. M. Turton and Edward Gibbon AVakefield, the latter, notorious in English circles, for the abduction of the youthful Miss Turner — equally notorious in Canada, ibr his intrigues and rapacity. With the constitution- ality of the Earl's Bermuda Ordinances, as annalist of Quebec, we have litle to do ; this lulls to the pro- vince of the general historian. Taken all in all, the Earl of Durham was one of the truest friends mis- ruled Canada ever had. \ CHAPTER IX. IHll— I8G7. THE BUILDING ERA. The GnEAT F,hes of l845._CoNF,.AaH*-no.N op tmk Thkathk. I84G _ bTO.NHRKP..AC.Nr.WO0nKNr.,:,I.„.Nf.S.-()c,.:ANAJAM.STKAMKHS, 1852 -GruND Thl'nk Railway, 1853. -Telkglaphs.- City Waikr ^onK, 1853.-GAS. 1849.-Lo.ss ok '• Mo.sthka. " Stkamkh 1837^_Al™,.vat. PAHLiAMK.vTs.-Ti.KSr. I Hro leaped into other .streela, aiul farjuvfiy to ieew'iiril the red ph\«?ue a\ jis nei'ii bnrstiii'r ii]) tlirougli tlip Avoocleii root's, and the phmked roadis ; overhead ;xud o)i every side, there was lire. It v\ as only arrestrd at six in the eveuinj,^ l)y thi; blowinj^ ui"» oi' two houses in ihe Rue Canoterie, near IlOjjo Gale ; the -whole oi' the popidou.s suburb of 8t. Uoeh havin<^ been destroyed. Nearly for a mile was one m.rss of llames. Churches, shii)-yards, everything, lind been b\u-ntover. Next day, many half con.'!;unied bodies lay about, and also the caroas fa'- as the toll gate, one side of St. John street, aui' ihe whole of St. George and the other streets, to the Cime dti Ca//, above St. Roch, then spreudiiig blowzy upwards towards St. Lewis stibttrb, Vjy daybieak, in spite of the repeated blowing up ofhouses -,\ iili gun- po\vder. Scarce a vestige of the suburb remained, except the chimnies of what once were hoitses. The very tombstones in the church-yard Avcre defae.'d and the headboards destroyed. " In these two fires sixteen thousand people were btirned out ; jCo 60,000 worth of property destroyed, 1845] ST. JOHN SUBURBS FIRE. 285 and upwards of forty human l)eini^s perished. Insu- ranco had been effected to the amount of jCI'Jo.OuO or 8600,000.' A relief committee was promptly ibrmed. The merchants and some of the public in.stitulions subscribed larj^ely towards ihe relief of the sufferers : and appeals were made to England, the United States, and indeed to the world, for aid, which was promptly afforded, upwards of cC 100,000 having been subscribed. The Queen caused charily sermons to be preached throughout the United Kingdom and showed an example herselfby munificently subscri- bing toward the reliel' fund. In a very short time, the suburbs were rebuilt in a more substantial manner, and the streets widened and otherwise improved ; bricks and stones were used in building instead of wood, and two suburbs have arisen upon the ruinrs of the former oiu^s, pleasant to look upon. ' " The prostration experienced by the citizens from the wide spread destniction and ruin, caused by the great fires, did not last long : nor was it an unmitigated evil. The citizens learned at their cost, that there was danger in crowding together, in narrow streets, thousands of wooden tenements — that brick and stone were not only more durable but also less com- bustible than wood. From the deepest desolation, progress stepped forth— the era of substantial and elegant cut-stone, and fire brick dwellings. To that period may be traced mostly all the modern stone houses on the Esplanade — on the Cape — the fire and red brick dwellings in the suburbs. Phccnix like, the city rose from her ashes. The benevolence of the public was not appealed to in vain — a relief fund Charles liogers " Quebec, Past and Present." 286 THE BUILDING ERA. [I84G. iiji! exceeding jC 100,000 wns raised from the subscription of our wealthy citizens — from other cities, from England. A loan of ^800,000 was grantt'-d by the Legislature repayable in twenty years to rebuild the city. The streets were straighteiunl-widened ; alto- gether a new life seemed to pervade all classes. Scarcely had the city recovered from the scenes of dismay and ruin, caused by the great iires of May and June, 1845, when another conflagration, much more dreadful on account of the number of lives destroyed, startled the citizens. Crowds had been daily attracted, to the " Old Riding School," at Durham terrace, converted into a Theatre, since the closing of Sewell's theatre in Ste. Helen street. On the evening of the 12th June, 1846, at ten o'clock, the cathedral's and other bells sound- ed the fire alarm. The Messrs, Harrison, from Hamilton, had been exhibiting during the w^eek, in the above place, their illuminated Diorama. At the close of the evening's exhibition, when the audience were leaving the room, a camphine lamp suspended from the d'iling accidentally fell and ignited the curtain in front of the stage. Instantly the place was in a blaze ; and the theatre being crowded, in the rush which ensued to escape from the flames, (the only mode of egress being through a narrow passage,) not less than from forty-five to fifty human beings perished. Forty-three of the bodies were got out of the ruins, some of them awfully mutilated, others only partially disfigured, having apparently died from suffocation. Providentially a considerable number of the audience had got out befoje the alarm * •'. 1846.] FIRE AT THE THEATRE. 287 was given ; otherwise the loss of lile would have b.'eii much greater. The weather at the time was calm; there being scarcely a])reath ol'wind, through which and the exertions ol' the military, the lire companies and the police, the conilagration wat confined to the building in which it originated. ' 1 The following is a list of the names of tlio suirpnTs : Horatio Carwell, Merchant ; Horatio, his son ; Ann, his daughter, .losfph Tardif ; Olivette Fisetle, his wife. Sarah Darah, wife of John Calvin, carter. Jas. O'Leary, aged 22, plasterer ; Wary O'Leary, his sister, nged IS. J. J. Sims, apothecary ; Kcbecea, his daughter, aged 23 , Kennethi his son, aged 13. Mary O'Brien, aged 20. wife of John Lilly, tailor. J Bte. Vezina, Shop-keeper, aged 30. Uenriette Giackemeyer, (Mrs. Molt) ; J. F. Molt, and Adolphe Molt, her sons, aged 19 and 12. Emeline Worth, aged 9, (daughter of E. Worth, Montreal, sister of Mrs. Lenfesty ) F. C. Sauvageau, son of the musician, aged 14. Elizabeth Lindsay, wife of Thomas Atkins ; Richard Atkins, her son, aged 27. Stewart Scott, clerk, Court of Appeals. Thos. Hamilton, Lieut. 14th Hegt., aged 26. Mrs. John Gibb, and Jane, her daughter, aged 17. Arlhur Lane, aged 19, son of E. Lane, of the lirm of Gibb, Lane A Co. Wary Ann Brown, school-mistress at Wood A Grey's school, Covo. Ma'ie Louise Lavallee, wife of R. McDonald, editor of the Canadien , Eugenie McDonald, hiT daughter, wile of U. Ang-r. E. H. Hoogs, book-keeper, Montreal Bank ; James Hoogs and Edward Hoogs, his sons, aged 8 and 6. Thos. C. Harrison, aged 21, from Hamilton. C. W., brother to the owner of the Diorama. John Berry, from Aberdeen, Scotland. Isaac Develin, watch-maker. Miss Rae. daughter, of Assist Com. Gen. Rae. John Wbeatley, stationer. One woman and three other bodies unknown. Helen Muri)hy, an orphan, aged 20. Jane, daughter of Stewart Scott, Esquire, clerk Court of Appeals, If 288 THE BUILDING ERA. [1816. r " A gonoral rt]onxn was thrown over tho city hy this fciirlul calivmity, which occurod us near as may ho, midway hotween the two periods of the fires of hist year; all the melancholy recollections of which are added to the yet more disastrous circum- stiinces of the present catastrophe. In the precedini^ list, our readers will ohserve the names of many of our most respected citizens, whose loss is felt not only hy the respective families to which they belonged, but by the community of which they formed a part. The funerals of all the sufferers, except three or four, took place yesterday. From an early hour in the morning till seven in the eveninj^, funeral pro- cessions were passing through the streets, to the dillerent places of interment. So melancholy a sight had not been witnessed in Quebec since the time of the cholera. At one time there were fifteen coffins in the French cathedral, waiting for the last rites of the church to be said over the mutilated remains con- tained in them. At the English burial ground there were four clergymen present : three Episcopalian and one Presbyterian, discharging the last sad duties of their office to members of their respective flocks. Joseph Marcoiix, baililf. Colin Ross. Agues niack, aged 18, wife of Colin Ross, a native of Inverness, Sculland. 'I he dnceast'd was a (laughter of widow Black, of Montreal. Ann Talfe, late servant with James Denhnlm, osijuire, Cape. tfolin Smith Kane, son of Mr. John Kane, linsmilh, of this city. Miss Emilie Poncy. sister of Miss I'oncy. The Misses Poncy had for a number of years kept a respectahle hoarding-house in the Lowcr- Town Mr. McKenzie, of Malbaie. I84()] TWO LOVERS. 289 Tho AVeslcyan Mclhodiht miniNlcv wuh likowiso oii- gloves on their hands, crape round their arms, and a leaf of evergreen in their ))reasts. "When arrived at the i)lace of interment theyM'ormed in two parallel lines, the body with the mourners and the long train of citizens who walked in rear, passing between them to the grave. Before the })urial service was concluded ])y the olHciating clergyman, they again took up the order of procession, passing round the grave, each member dropping into it his leaf of evergreen, as a last mark of respect to the memory of their departed brother. "While looking on, we thought that this token of brotherly sympathy was at least one sweet drop in the bitter cup which the surviving relatives had been called upon to drink. Circumstances such as those which called it forth, may we never again witness in Quebec. The remains of Lieut. Hamilton of the 14th were interred with military honours. The blocking up of the theatre door was owing to the giving away of the stair case, leading to the w i' I 290 THE BUILDING ERA. [I8i7 i! I boxes, under the weight of the crowd sooking an ouilet ; such \vl;s the pressure on the door, that uo ellbrt could lorce it in. (It is since this dire cahimity that, by law, all theatre and church doors are made to open outwardly.) Those on the top of the living mass, by the falling in of the stairs became so iirmly wedged in, that though in many cases, their arms were free, they found it impossi]>le to extricate their feet. Some friends entering through the windows, attempted by main force to remove Mr. 'A. Stewart Scott, and used such efforts as to wrench his shoulder out of joint, when anguish rang from the doomed man the exclamation " Leave me to my fate, Good by — Good by." The circumstances attending the death of young Lieut. Hamilton and his affianced bride, Miss Julia Rae (aged 16) were particularly harrowing. His affianced bride having insisted that he should save her elder sister first, he left accordingly with the eldest Miss Rae and then hastened back throuo-h the window and returned to partake of the fate of one, who never was to be his wedded wife. Loving eyes soon identified the chared remains of both. The writer can yet recall as one of the closing scenes of this melancholy drama, noticing the athletic form of young Arthur Lane, overturned, in a half recumbent position, with both feet firmly wedged in the mass of writhing humanity under it. Mr. Lane appeared to struggle hard ; soon the surrounding flames hid him from sight. This was near twelve at midnight. For some days subsequently, there was around the smoking ruins, a nauseating odor of burnt flesh. "With the exception of the harrowing sights at the coroner's inquest on the two hundred victims 1847] IRISH OEPIIANS. 291 by the burning of the steamer Montreal, in June, 1857, there never \vas a more sickening spectacle witnessed in the good old city. The Exodus of the famine-stricken Emigrants, from Ireland in 1847, whilst it materially added to our Ci'nsus, swelled also in a fearful degree the death Roll of the Quarantine Station, at Grosse-Isle. Thou- sands of gaunt unfortunates that spring, had crowded in sailing ships, bent on seeking on Canadian soil, new homes. During the passage out, which, in many cases, lasted from ten to twelve weeks, typhus, dysentery and ship fever set in. Numerous con- valescents, escaped from the Grrosse-Isle hospitals, landed here to die. The summer of 1817, as connected with unprecedented heavy failures, amongst our shipping and lumber houses, together with the dreary scenes, at and round Grosse-Isle, marks an epoch in our annals. It is satisfactory, to be able to connect with lis dismal picture of human suffering, many acts of christian devotion, in the clergy and laity ; they spring up like green spots in a bleak desert to cheer this vale of sorrow. The number of Irish orphans was very large. Many were adopted by charitable folks in the city ; — a large proportion were taken and broviglit up by the French Canadian peasantry. The deadly atmosphere of the hospital ward, had no terrors for the pastor; lyphus failed to exclude him Irom the death chamber of the expiring Emigrant. ^ 1 There was hut a very small proportion of Protestants amonpst them. Revil. M. Chadcrton ami Kevii. M. Simpson, clort:ym(m of tin- Cliiirch of Englanil, sealed their devotion with their lives, The great imlk of Emigrants were Roman Catholics; the priests of that ffiiih, rurnished an ample, a glorious record of martyrs of duty. Revd. Messires I*. ST" PI' im I 292 THE BUILDING ERA. [I8c Journalism in 1848, made a serious loss in the death of the Nestor of the Canadian Press, the Hon. John Neilson : the Bench, also, mourned over one of the brightest of its luminaries, by the demise of the Hon. liemi Vallieres de St. Keal, whose eloquence more than once, had electrified Quebec audiences. In 1852, a project long agitated was helped on by the Hincks-Morin Ministry : the establishment of a line of Ocean Steamers, between England and Quebec. A subsidy of c£ 19,000 sterling was in the first instance granted for the English Mail service. McLean, McLarty & Lamont, of Liverpool having obtained the subsidy, in the spring of 1853, placed the Cleopatra, the Geneva, the Lady EglingUm and the Sarah Sands on this route : ^ their contract having expired in Roy. Monlminy, HoJjson, Paisley, Banly, Iludon, Anl. Roy, J. Richard, P. Ricliard, Rene Caron, P. Morgan, F. Colgang, Mclnervey died. Other victims survived : Mgrs. Prince, Iloran, Taschereau ; Revd. Mr. McGauran, Auclair, Beaubien. One well remembered City Magistrate, the late Robert Sym-js, per- formed at Grosso-Isle gratuitously oflices to the dead which gold failed to procure ; his memory aughl to be forever lovingly remem- bered, amongst his fellow men. 1 The working of tiie line was soon afterwards transferred to the Canadian Steam Navigation Ccmjiany, chartered on the 23rd May 1853, — McLean A Co., being the active and managing partners, Messrs. Thomas Ryan, Luther l\. Ilollon and J. B. Greenshields, of Montreal, being the Canadian jiartners; they were authorised to raise £250.000 sterling, (with ] ower to increase.) The subsidy granted £24,000 was ;is follows : £19,000 sterling, per annum, for carrying a fort- nightly mail between Montreal and Liverpool ; the St. Laurence and Allanlic /{ai/waj/, supplementing the amount by £4,000 sterling, and the City of Portland by £1,000 on consideration of the steamers running to Portland during the winter month. Under the auspices the this company, the service was kept up by the Cleopatra, of 1467 tons, the (Iltaiva,ofl1i0 ton?, and^the f/ion'li/, of 1249 tens, besides other steamships of large cajiacity and power, and these continued to run throughout that and the following year Dur- ing this time, some irregularities in the service took place, arising in a m I 1853.J OCEAN STEAMERS. 293 1854. Government granted to Sir Hugh Allan a subsidy of ci'24,0()0 which was increased to .€52,000 currency and then reached .£104,000 for a weekly mail. It wa^ in 1878, reduced to i:26,000 slg. The Grand Trunk Raihvay, here dates back to 1853. Quebec has had her ample share of visitations by fires — Hoods — land slides — earthquakes — explosions, &c. None more startling, more sorrowful in its results than the loss by fire of the steamer j\Jon- treoL Capt. John C. Rudolf, at Cape llouge, on the evening of the 20th June, 1857. This splendid vessel had left her wharf as usual at 4 p. m., for Montreal, with a crowd of passengers, composed as follows : 330 Scotch emigrants, just landed from the John McKcmie, John William Blenerhassett, master. groat measure from the diflicultios of the navigation ; from inexpe- rieiici! in the Ijust mode of oontenrling with tiiese iJifliciillit'S, ;ui(i alf-o from a want of dueprejiaralion on tliis side of the Allanlic for succes- fully carrying on, so important an uniiertaicing. This contract was terminated after it had hten carried on, for fully eitjlileeii months, in llie course of which several of tlie nic^l rapid voyages then on record, hid heen made. Tiie termination of the con- tract iu reality wiis hrought about, however, by the fad that in tliu autumn ISJi, the Oiuiean war broke out, the vessels of the cnriija: y wei'c willidrawn from the Canadian service, being re(|uired for trans- port purposes by the Uritish Government ; the Canailian (lovcniment paying Ihe comjiany the lull sum agreed on per voyage, amountiog to i; '2 7 (100 sterling in all. 'J he lirst steanisinp of Allan Lino, under contract with government for nidils, left Liverpool for Quebec, in 185G ; this contract was for .i fort- nightly S'Tvico during summer, and a monthly one to I'ortland, in winter. Under the jirovisions of this contract, theAlhin Line con- tinu'd to run their mail sieamers till the month of April l^^)l). when a new arrangement was entered in for a weekly service lliroughout the year, which arrangement is still in force. 294 THE BUILDING ERA. [1857. I :! ; t • from the Clyde, 30 German emig-rants, 50 rai'tsmen shipped by Mr. Vaiicamp, for Dunn, Calvin & Co.. and about 30 cabin passengers and the crew. About 6 p. m., the steamer Avas discovered to be on fire near the boiler, and all ellbrts to subdue it i)r()ving inellectual, she was run ashore, between St. Angus- ' tin and Cap Kouge, in about (J J feet of water at low tide, two acres from the beach. The llames having spread with inconceivable rapidity, a panic ensued and the passengers took to jumping over board, in order to swim ashore ; when, the terrified crowd struggling and holding on to one another, sank helplessly to the bottom. The steamer Najjoleon, Capt Cote, also on its daily trip to Montreal, being a little ahead, hastened back and succeeded in rescuing from the burning vessel and from the river, 10 cabin and 109 steerage ])as- sengers. Capt. Rudolf and the purser, John Wilson, jr., saved themselves by swimming to the steamer Alliance, which happened to pass with some rafts in tow. Out of 400 souls, more than 200 jierished. ' A full detail of the disaster is recorded in the Mornhiii; Chronicle, of 30th June 1857. The Scotch emigrants from the John McKenzie were all laid in one grave, in Mount Hermon 1 Amongst the victims were Mr. James McLaren, of Quoliec, jailor, a much rcs|i('cte(J citizen ; Sti'iihen ClarciHion rhiliij)s, of Salem, Mass., superiiilondenl of llie St. Maurice Lumber Company ; a niemix'r of the eulerprisiug Three-Rivers lumber lirm, Norcross ami Phillifis; A. Denis Leilyard, Esq., of Cazevonia, MaiJis-on, C. N. Y.; Dr. liobb, of Scotland ; the widow of the late Dr. Blanchctlo ; Josi [)h Piamondon : Cleophas Bourgelte ; Alfred Noreau ; Jules Bigaouelte and some 200 emigrants. The greater number of the bodies were buried at Que- bec, in Mount llermon Cemetary. 'ais', ^^^'J BURNING OF THE " M(^NTREAL." 095 Cemetery-Kovd. Dr. Cook officiating, in presence of the St. Andrews Societies of Quebec and Montreal, numerously represented.' " On the persons of many of the victims Avere found sums of money; one ^voman examined, Imt not identified, had .€o5 in -old in her pucket. The passeng-ers by the John MrKeNzie,^yere mostly all in good circumstances, and it is said, drew as much as i:iO,000 out of the ]5aiiks on their arrival. There was a report that the deceased had been plundered since taken out of the water ; thi,s, however, seems scarcely credible and was not proven." The summer of 18U0. saw our Gracious Queen's eldest .son, Albert Edward, landing on our slv.re, from the Ariaf/>/e frigate; and in 1801, the leviathan of modern times, the Great Eastern's huge hull was safely swinging each tide op])osite to „ur wharves. Our ancient and quiet going city w itnessed on ihe 0th Oetober ]8f;.'], the rare spectacle of a public festival, the inauguraHon of the Ste. Foye Afonu- ment. It was destined to commemorate 'th." .spot, ^vhere the deadliest portion of the strugde between' General Murray and Levis took place on the 28ih ' " Oh why IpR I my hatn., Wliy did I cross the iln^j) ? Oh wJiy left I the Kind. Wher- my (ore lathers sleep. I sit'h lor Scolifi's sljore. Ami I gazo across the sea ; But I cannot pet a Mink, O' ii)y a in ain countrie." Aeopy oflf is son,' was found hy the Coroner in the pocket of Wm -^on.ne, of ALcrdeen, biacksndih, a«ed 3,., ono of the victirus! (MurniiKj C/ironkic, Ibt July, 1857.) 29G THE BUILDING EEA. [18C3. ii i i- April, ITGO ; the engag-emont having lastod one hour and three quarters and resulting in some four or live tlious;ind killed and "wounded. The particulars of the Battle ol"8te. Foye, having been related at page 187 of this Avork, it is unnecessary to repeat them here ; we shall allow, our leading city journal however to describe the spot selected for this stately column- " The site of the monument is beautiful in the extreme. You reach it from the Ste. Foye toll-gate after five or six minutes' walk through an avenue bordered on either side by handsome villas, and line gardens, and half shaded by over-arching trees. It stands on an open field on tlu* brow of thr clili over- hai:ging the A'alley of the b^t. (Miarles. As you turn towards the monuim-ntal pillar, you have before yon, the valley of the ^^t. Charles, along which the populous suburbs of St. Roch and St. Sauveur are gradually wending their way. Beyond the limit of the level ground, the hills rise up terrace-like, bright, even in the late autumn with the verdure of gardens, and rendered still more attractive by the endless succession of villas, farm-houses and villages which dot the rising ground at intervals until they are lost in the distance, far away in the rear, behind Lorette, Charlesbourg and Beanport, where the blue sum- mits of the Laurentian range rise to the skies. On the lett, at one end of the valley, the prospect is rendered still more grand by the mountain heights and thickly-wooded skirts of the valley, bright with the orange, crimson, and russet hues of autumn. Along the whole landscape you can trace the wind- ing of the St. Charles, from the foot of the mount- ains on the one side until it minules with the broad Sto. Foy >foniimriit •Jf'tli April ITiiii. |i -^'Mi { 1 1SC3 ] ST. FOYE MONUMENT. 29T " St. Lawroiico on tho other. It contains every variety oi' physical feature Avhich can add to })eauty of hnid- .seape ; and vie^ved as it was under the balmy, warm sun of the Indian summer, it was beautiful exceedingly. It is needless to say that the attraction was heightened by the moving crowd, the bright uniforms, the glistening arms, and waving banners of the thousands who thronged the Held of Ste. Foye during the sunny afternoon." The structure, decidedly the finest public mo- nument in Quebec, is erected in an open held. It consists of a column, of bronzed metal standing on a stone base and surmounted by a bronze statue of Bellona. The face of the pedestal fronting Ste. Foye road has the simple inscription, surrounded by a laurel wreath : " Airx braves tie ITGO, erif^'c /mr la Societe St. Jean-Bn//tisle de Quebec, 1800." On thr face looking towards the city is the name " Murray, " on an oval shield surmounted by the arms of Great Britain aiul Ireland and supported by british insignia. On the other side, is the shield bearing the name " Zef/.s," surmounted by the arms of France under the Bourbons, the crown and lilies, with appropriate supporters at each side. In rear, looking towards the valley of the St. Charles, there is a representation of a wind-mill hi baa relief in allusion to the wind-mill which was an ()])ject of alternate attack and defi-nce to both armies on the occasion of the battle. This portion of the pedestal also bears the national arms of Canada. Four bronze mortars are placed on the corners of the i)edestal. The height of this monu- ment is about ninety feet. As indicated by the inscription above mentioned^ * I ! ^■ li' 298 THE BUILDING ERA. [1803. this monument was erocit'd ])y the Society St. Jian- Baiithte de Quebec, with the subscriptions ol' the society and oi'other persons. The idea was concoivod many years ago, but for a long time the plougli ol' the I'armer and the shovel of the workman, as he ]al)()ured at the i'onndation of new buildings along the St. Foye road, turned up human remains evi- dently the relics of those who. were slain. In 185;j-r)4, an unusual number of those bleached fragments of humanity were found, and the St. Jean-Bai)tiste society conceived the idea of having them all interred in one spot. They were accordingly collected and, on the 6th June 1854, carried with great pomp to the roman catholic cathedral, where a solemn Requiem was sung. The remains were thence con- veyed in the same state to the lield on St. Foye road, where the death struggle had taken place between the 78th Highlanders and the french Grenadiers de la Reine, where they were deposited in a common grave. The project of an appropriate monument was started about the same time and appeared to meet with general approval. Arrangements had pro- gressed to such an extent that it was intended to lay the corner stone of the monument on the 24th June 1855, but it was thought desirable to postpone, until the 19th July following, when the presence, in the harbour of the french imperial corvette, La Ca/iricieuse, added new solemnity to the occasion. The Honorable P. J. O. Chauveau was the orator of the day. His speech was a brilliant eflbrt, worthy of his reputation as a i)ublic speaker, couched in eloquent language, governed throughout by soiind judgment and good taste. « 1864.] EXPLOSION OP MILITARY LAT10KATt)RY. 200 Durin*^ tho followiiiu' years, tho k^t. ,Teaii-I?aptiste society hiborod cunu'stly and uncoasingly lor llu' purpose of collecting sul).scrii)tioiis to conipli'li' the inonvinK'ut. Success was attained, and in lour <»r five years the ])ase was crowned by the h^I'ly pillar which now rises its fine proportions on the historic heights ol'kSt. Foyo. Baron Gauldrce IJoilcau, then consul ueneral ol" France in Canada, obtained IVom His lliuhness Prince Nai)olcon, the beautiful statue of Bellona which forms an apjiropriate ornament on till' summit of the monument, and which was inaugurated with great pomp, in presence of at least 25,000 spi'ctators, on the 10th October 1803. The design of this monument was made by Mr. C. IJaillarge, of Quebec. It commemorates the valour displayed by the French and English troops, on the very spot where it stands, at the battle of Ste. Foye, when Levis, in the spring following the capture of Quebec by AVoife, attempted to reconquer the city and defeated the troops of General Murray, although he could not force the english general to capitulate, nor take possession of the city. This battle took place on the 28th April 1760. A commotion like that of an earthquath shook the city in the spring of 1804 — the Military Laboratory, near 8t. John's Gate, blew up, kilHng eight persons. The 10th Octo})er 1804, will l)e a memorable date in the annals of Quebec. In the historic halls of our Parliament House, on Mountain hill, there sat for sixteen days, with closed doors, the Conference of the Canadian Government, with the delegates of the Maritime Provinces, under the sanction of the Queen and at the si)ecial invitation of her Vice-Koy and representative on our soil, Lord Monck, the Governor ( I i I ' k I Ml 800 THE IlUILDINf} ERA. £1804. (l«'noriil. It was composed of thiviy-throe'mt'mhors, and Wiis i)rt'sidod ovor by the Premier ol' Canada, Sir Ktieiine 1'. Taclie, one of the Aide-de-Canip to Her Majesty. Never before or since, had the city •witnessed such an imposiiir,^ Grand Council. All ]}ritish America had her eyes on the aui^ust assem- bly iVom whosc^ calm and thoughtful deliberations, a new nationality was to spring forth, — a Confedera- tion, combining- the hoary wisdom of J/^/ ,<,'•// r/ Clnirtn, with the enlarged freedom of every dweller oil American soil. Closely indeed was this famous national Confe- rence watched by the Canadian — the American — the English Press, bnt the members having found that their private debates, if published, might lead to mis- understandings and complications wisely decided to proceed with closed doors : this left them much more freedom. One of the leading London Journals Avas represented by the brilliant and genial George Augustus 8ala ; every Quebec litleralenr longed for an introduction, to one of the literary lions of Lon- don Society — then in the zenith of his fame. In the year of grace 18GG, there was trouble in the Iri.sli Jiepublic founded in New - York a])out 1 It was coniposf^d as followed: For Canada — Sir Elienne P. Taclie, chairman — {Siri John A. McDonald. Carder, Brown, (i'llt, A. Camp- bell, Ch'ipais, McGer, La)i(jn'in, Mmrat, McHoiifiall and Cockburn. (12.) Nova Scolia: iVessrs. Tuiqwr, Henry, McCutty, Ardiibaldand Llirkcy. (5.) . New Brunswick : Messrs. Tilley, Milchcll, Fis/ier, Slere, Gray, Chandler and Johnson. (7.) Prince Edward's Island : Messrs. Coles, Ifaviland, I'almer, Col. Grey, MacUonild, Wbalen and I'ope. (7.) New-Foundland : Messrs. Shea and Carter. (2.) J8CC] FENIAN SCAr.E. 301 r f ) r 1857, by that omincnt patriot, Col. O'Malioiiy. A si>]it had taken place in the commonwealth ; one wint? heachnl by C»eneral Sweeney and Col, lioberts — se- parated irom Col. O'Mahony and I'ormed a new, — a purer republic. Tiieir reasons lor seceding- were that that they were not quite satislied, as to the stat«> ol' the iinances of the liepublic, and ob- jected to O'Mahony's mode of freeini^ Ireland. The Col. vowed the shortest way to reclaim old Yaui from I'higlish })arbarism was to send men and "american money" direct to Ireland. The new re- jniblic founded by Roberts and Sweeney, on the con- trary professed to believe the true road to Irish inde- pendence lay throuj^h Canada ; they therefore sent men to Canada but the " american money " does not appear to have ])een sent — if it was. it never reached. Altogether, so far as holiest Jean-Bfi/ifiate was con- cerned, it would have been possibly a pretty quarrel, to witness, had he not had a lair chance in the ni(?lce of being piked, bayonetted or shot Totally unconscious of having- ever merited the ill-will of either wing- of the Irish Jl(}])\\h\ic, Jean-Bnptis/e prepared to rout the murderous crew ; nay, it was well known how, on a memorable occasion when ship fever was de- cimating- the unfortunate Emigrants at Quebec, hun- dreds of Irish children, had found lost fathers and mothers in Canadian homes, and are there to this day. Quebec much less than other of the western city experienced the Fenian scare ; it felt it nevertheless ; the City Volunteers had a grand opportunity of airing their uniforms. On Sunday, the 14th October 1866, at half-past U if 302 THE BUILDING ERA. [1806. %.. I \ ; four o'clock in the morning, flames wore seen issning from a Shebeen, in St. Joseph street, St. Roch sn])urbs, kept by one Truclel. At half-past five in the after- noon of that day, there being a high wind, ol the universal wooden-honscs of St. Roch and the ad- joining parish of St. Sanveur, there were 2,500, in rnins : the house of pleasure and its wassailers had become a mass of charred ruins and desolation. There never was more wide spread mourning, not even after the fearful conflagrations of 1845. As usual, in the days when the British troops garrisoned Quebec, an appeal went up to their commanding officer ^henLord Alexander Russell, of the Rifle Bri- gade ; to the artillery commanded by Col. McCrae ; to the 25th Regt. then stationed at Levis ; to the En- gineers; to the honest tars of the Aurora frigate, then in port and who wintered here. The appeal was not in vain ; men and powder was bountifully furnished and under the superintendence of the military, whole rows of wooden tenements were blown to atoms, to stop t^e flames. It was a heart- rending sight to see the unfortunate inhabitants, vheir trembling wives, scared children and tender infants, huddled at every street corner, watching with dismay and despair the disappearance by lire of all their wordly possessions. The Government, civic authorities and individuals, nobly responded to the cries of distress of the victims ; the Drill shed, the Skating Ring, Public Halls, in fact every avail- able shelter was tendered and thankfully accepted. Relief committee organized and funds subscribed in Canada, in England, in France, for this unparalleled calamity. The lire gave rise to many instances of self 18C6.] LIEUT. BAINES. 30J sacrifice. A promising youno- English officer, Lieut, Buines, U A., heroically lost his Jie.in his successful attempts io save the General Hospital Convent;, his last hours, were soothed by the unremitin A.ND Lady Dn-FERiN to Qi;eiiei;ehs, on the Citadel, 1873. — Hon. R. E. Cawon, 2nd Lt.-Govemxoh, 1873 — Second Cente- NAUY OF erection OK BlSIIOPERIC AT QUKIIKC, IST OCTOIlER, 1074. — Centenary of the repilse of Montgomery and Arnold, 31st December, 1775.' — City improvements suggested dy His Excel- lency, the Earl of Dufferin. On the 1st July 18G7, Confoderation with its in* scrutable future was inaugurated here. Quebec had been selected as the capital of Canada East, to which Province was restored the name, it held under the constitution of 1701 ; it again became the Pro- vince of Quebec. Parliament re-assembled as of old. Di'partraents of State and a Pu))lic service were or- ganised with officials of every degree, and the city left to shape its dt'stinies, under the new constitu- tion. "What remained of the old chateau, since the fire in 1834, was considered two limited for the accommodation of the new Lieutenant Governor. ■\&67.] GARNEAU'S TOMB. 305 le Spencer Wood, lately tenanted by Lord Monck, opened its portals, this time to a French Canadian ■GoTernor, Sir N. F. IJelleau; thontrh Vaudrenil, in 1759, had been considered as closing' for ever the long list of Governors speaking the French lan- guage. One of the first incidents, after confederation, of interest for the city, was the consecration of the tomb and removal thereto, of the body of the Historian Garneau. The mausoleum, a solid structure, was an offering from the many and warm admirers of the disinterested patriot. On Sunday, the 15th Sep- tember, 1867, took place the translation of the re- mains of the late Mr. Garneau. From the private Vault, in the Belmont Cemetery, Ste. Foye, near Quebec, where they had been deposited the pre- vious winter, they were taken to the then recently finished tomb provided by public subscription, in conformity with the public notice given by the writer of these lines, acting ^ President of the Com- mittee. The concourse of persons present must have exceeded 3,000, amongst whom were many leading citizens, Judges, Barristers, and others. The burial service was chaunted by the Bev. Messire Auclair, Cure of Quebec, and the ceremony was inaugurated under the auspices of Sir N. F. Belleau, Lieutenant- Governor of Quebec, who was present with his staff and with several members of his Cabinet. The reli- gious portionofthe ceremony being over, the Premier, the Honorable P. J. 0. Chauveau, standing uncovered at the head of the tomb, gai; e utterance in French 1 The President Sir N. F. Belleau, having been appointed Lt. Governor &f the Province, tti'^ writer was el'jcteii President in his stead i ■ 306 EESTORED HONORS. [J 86'/ .1 f ?^ p 'H 1 j ? i V '-' to an eloquent oration, on the career of his old and trusted iriend, the gifted historian of Canada, Everything seemed favorable to the fuliilment of the peculiar duty devolving on the honorable speak- er. The beauty of the surrounding woods, lit up with the bright hues of September ; the pensive stillness of the Sabbath, amidst the many quiet tombs ; the historical memories clustered round this old battle-field of 1760, so graphically described in the works of both Mr. Grarneau and Mr. Chauveau, and on which now stands the new cemetery of Belmont ; the sweet, though mournful office, of a man of letters delegated by his countrymen to honour, in a departed friend, another man of letters — a good citizen — a true patriot : every object combined to prepare the heart for soft emotions. In 1871, the English troops of whom from time immemorial, two regiments with detachments of Engineers and Artillery, had garrisoned our fortress, departed from our shores. The Gibraltar of Canada was left in charge of our Dominion force. To the city, the change was unwelcome for more reasons than one. Over and above the loss of prestige, — fashion- able circles, wealth and refinement as well as trade and commerce were the loosers. It was calculated that X100,000 ' were thus annually withdrawn from the circulating medium. Though Quebec had been pronounced a species o'l sanitorium, for that portion of the British army, stationed here ; though, it was 1 Thf! annual pay of an English rogimont of the line is equal to £40,000. There were two regiments, with several companies of Engi- neers, Arlillery, Miners, a Commissariat 8tafT. The 3,000 consumers of bread, beaf, Ac, may be safely said to represent each year an eX' penditure of $400,000. 1872.] LORD DUFFERIN. 307 de ,ed to Engi- Irs of proyed that the maintenance of the troops, our garri- son, did not cost more than tho.se at head-quarters, some utilitarian statesmen of England, — at least those of the day, — seemed to consider that English rule and its freedom, the aroma of her victories, would endure on the old rock, like the scent of rose leaves, in the vase even after removal of the contents. For the country at large, in the withdrawal of our Imperial defenders, there may have been a sound and useful lesson of self-reliance. Time will tell. The summer of 1872, was cheered by the arrival of the newly appointed Governor General, the Earl of Dufferin ; his youthful Countess and children sa- fely landed in our midst, on the 25th June, 1872. The fame of this munificent and accomplished nobleman had preceded him to our shores. In addition to the advantages of rank, talent and wealth, a halo of literary renown encircled his^ brow. This was the first literary man appointed Governor in the colony since Count de la Gallisonniere, in 1747. Every class, and foremost Quebec Htternfeurs, eagerly Hocked round his standard, to greet him with their warmest welcome. Quebec has found in him a warm friend. On the 30th September 1874, at the invitation of the archbishop of Quebec, the U. C. Bishops, prelates and priests, crowded in the city from every diocese in the Dominion and in the adjoining Ilepublic, to celebrate the second centennial of the foundation of the Bishopric by the illustrious Laval, on the 1st October 1674. Nine triumphal arches in Latin, By- zantine Komanesque, Classic and Gothic architecture, were erected over the streets in the upper-town, and dedicated to the Metropolitan dioceses of North America. An imposing procession passed under i 308 RESTORED HONORS. [1874. II them and into the Cathedral, which was endowed ou that day with the name and privileges of a Basilica Minor ; that evening-, the city was illuminated at vast cost. The names of the men of note, discoverers, warriors, churchmen, statesmen and writers- — which adorn the Annals of the old capital, were affixed to the old Jesuit's College, the Seminary, the Univer- sity and other public buildings : the elFect of the Chinese lamps, candles &c., on these trophies at night, was indiserably beautiful ; with the fire-works, they presented the grandest spectacle ever witnessed in Quebec. In the pageant, was borne the venerable and tattered flag of Carillon, which had floated over Mont- calm, when he defeated General Abercrombie, ou Lake Champlain, (July 8, 1758) discovered about a century after in the dwelling at Quebec, of Frere Louis, the last of the Franciscan Friars. " The small grain of mustard-seed," says Professor Larue, "cast in the lower-town, at Quebec, in 1G15, by the three RecoUets Fathers, Dolbeau, LeCaron, and Jamay, watered by the blood of so many martyrs, and cultured with so much love by Fran9ois de Laval, and his worthy successors, has grown like that of the Gospel, a great tree with wide spreading branches, under the shadow of which the birds of Heaven, in vast numbers, have come for refuge." ^ 1 The diocese of Quebec erected on the Ist Oct., 1674, — had been (in 1874) subdivided into 61 dioceses, forming eight ecclesiastical provinces, to wit : liontreul 1836 Ottawa 1847 Saint-Hyacinthe 1852 Three-Rivers 1852 Saint-Germain of Rimous'u. 1867 Little Rock 1843 Galveston 1847 Natchitoches 1853 St. Louis 1826 Dubuque 1837 1875. RESTORED HONORS. 809 of been laslical 1843 1847 1853 . 1826 . 1837 Our pleasant task is dra\ving to an ontl : an in- cident oi' December, 1875, must claim a few lines ere we close : the centenary of the repulse of Mont<^ome- ry, at Pres-de-Ville ; and of Arnold, at Sault-au-!Mntelot street, on 31st December 1775. This feat was equally creditable to both races which inhabit the city. Quebec is rich in literary institutions; the two oldest — the Liternry nnd Historical Society, which dates back to 1824, and the Instil ul Canadien, founded in 1848, ^ took the lead and determined to comme- ) 1 Nashville 1837 Chicago 1844 Milwuiikie 1844 Kinta-Fe 1850 SI. I'dul 1850 Alton 1857 Kansas 1851 Ncl/raska 1851 St. .losepli 1868 r.ret'h Bay 18G8 Lii Crosso 1868 Colorado 1868 Ciiioinnali 1833 Louisville 180S Dflroil 1832 Vinci'inies 1834 Clrvt'land 1847 Covington 1853 Tori Wayne 1857 Mnnjuotlt^ 1857 Culiunlius 1868 Biillalo 1847 Burlington 1853 Itocliesl.T 1868 Ogdunsburg 1872 Natchez 1837 1 The names of the originfiiors arc : (Hon., AurMo F'laniondon*. J. B. A. Cliartior, L. J. C. Fisot, T. Lodroit, M. Iludon, FicilericK Braun, J. M. LeMoine, L. A. lluot, Jos. Hamcl, A, Suulard, (). Crtinia- zie. The lirst meeting was atl'-nded by tlnrl'.en. Sherhrooke 1874 Halifax 1845 Saint-Johns, Newfoundland. 1769 Charlottetown 1820 Saint-John N. B • 1842 Arichat 1844 Chathiim 860 Le Havre de GrAce 1860 Toronto , 1842 Kingston 1826 Hamilton 1856 London 1850 Sault Ste. Marie 1874 St. Boniface 1847 St. Albert 1867 Riviere McKenzie 1863 Oregon City 1846 Nesfjaaly 1850 Victoria 1844 British Columbia 1^64 Idaho 1865 Pittsburgh 1843 Erie 1853 New-Orleans 17y3 } ill 310 • HI Nil I - !■ RESTORKD HONOKS. ['875. morale in their room., h thi« o,orious annivZ;.^ '^''''^^ ^"^ ^^^--^es, III both Societip« +1 grandest soulo. T hrc "r"'^"""""^ ^'•^'■'' "» *ho ^-««/, with the P Sde^ Tr"™r' T""'"'< »'' 'l^" el^'gant paper by the 00'"'"'""'°'^ ""-'■ »-» ■•"> --d. Mr. 11. 1, TU„erM 'p ^'^ '^ '^ "^ "'-- ft >n-i"S oratio,,, and Mr i, p V™"""""'' " '"»' tuovva by his historical' vvor 4 "'■"°"''' ^'"''"'"'''^y very elaborate a«d comp et ^^' 7-'P"."'«'ed in a aud v,;nlt, of the American ■ ' ""'"'' ''""''"^' «■ the addressef^r '^"'" "''''»'• ««"■ ' •»'>-ofthe 'r;:;„~r"' »' "^'^ -■'*-™-ai by tbe chairman 2s ZJ!"' *'*'^' ''-'"■«-ed Bland Stra,„e ami I et^^^To "'""'"■ "°'°-' ^ ;;™ .H-eni„ another port;r.:?r;or:r ;■::: gathemig ihan tLf J """^'"'^ ^^ more graceA.1 n y'- u-al Society last evening for ''"'"' '''' '^" ^^'''^''«''// L t'-oo,,.scon.man.le,U,vGenPr"i "°™^''^ event, the repiiKe of .(,« Anny. w,.|,.„ ollieer'o? rim'^ ' ^^°"'«— >■. cf.ie A Jr e ^ ™m.'of,„e 31st Dea-m,,^' , 'i' ^ !"' °" ^''^ ^'"^^-ous winlery ''^''ouJHs an,J forli/ica.ions which ; .. ^'"^"''' «" ««'^«"it upon the ^^al'. and his want of success fn n ?'""*'''^'^^* ^^i'h a soJtIier's ^t'^; ;; so nr.„ estahiish^nrt,^ ;:^, ;! "-'^- ^^ 'i^e po;;: 1875.] THE CENTENARY OF 1775. 311 unusually num-'Tous guests, and the decoralions of the various aparl- menls, were all Jliat could he wislied — c( ninKjdious and tastoful. In llio entrance hall il.e royal standard floated, and lliori' the B. Hattery Band was placed. Turning up tlie left hand fliphl of step? the visitor — passing the large class room of Mcrrin (.ollegc, transformod for the nonce, into spacious refreshment bulfels — was ushered into the lecture room, from the galleries of which flags of many nations and ma. ly colors were drooping. The raised dais, occupied during the deliveiy of the aildresses by ilames Stevenson, Esq., Senior Vice-President, Ul. ^ IHsl. Socielij, in Ihe cAiiir; Liont.-Gol. T. Bland Strange, H. S. M. Bouchette,Esq., Dr. W.Boswell, Vice-Ptesidents, J. M. LeMoine, Esq., and Commander Ashe, R. N , ex-Presidents, was flanked on either side with the blue and silver banners of St. Andrew's Society, bearing the arms and escutcheon of Scotia, and tin ir proud motto " i\V»io »(•! impiine lascessil." Bunting and Iresh spruce foliage gave an air ol freshness to all the adonable parts of the room. Immediately opposite the lectern, which was illuminated with wax candles, placed in last century candlesticks, and attached to the gallery railings, was a line collection of Lochaber axes, clustered around a genuine wooden Gaelic shield studded with })olished knobs of glittering brass. Long before the hour of eight, the <;omi)any had increased to such an extent thai the room wascrowded to the doors, but not inconveniently, as the ventilation was unexceptionable. With accustomed punctuality, Jas. Stevenson, Esq., acting in the absence of the President, (Prof. Jas. Douglas) opene," a reliable mirror in which was faitlifully retlccted all that was historically interesting as alfecting Quebec in the campaign of 1775-6. When Mr LnMoine had terminated his address, wliich was of considerable length, Mr. litiv venson concluded the portion of the proceedings with a most eulogistic and deserved recognition of the devotion which the two gentlemen who had read during the evening had shewn in prej^aring their respective papers, and a vote of thanks to them was heartily and unanimously accorded. He also made reference to the topic of the day, the restoration and embellishment of our oft sieged city, gracefully a.t- 1875.] THE CENTENARY OF 1775. 313 tributing Iinnnr where it was duo, lirst ano foremost to Ilis Ilxcellency the Uoveriior (loneral, Earl of DiifTtriii, al wlioso iii^ligatiDii the jdaiis hud been prepared, secondly, to HisWorship lh»! Miiyor.Owen Murjihy, Esii., who was |)resenl, fo^ his untiring exertions and valiiahle as- sisliince in devolopinj,', maturing ami preparing the way for, and e;irly coniidelioii of said designs vvhiuii are to muke Quebec a splendiil ar- chileclnral ex^iinjile of the d-fonned, transforineil ; tiiinjiy, lo the hearty co-operalion of the public, aided in their views by the enter- prise ' f the projirietor of the Miiiimm; CniioNici.K, who had had pre- pared ihu sjilendiil illustralions of these imjirovemenls, thereby re- ll"Cliiig iiilinile, credit upon himself. After a few other remarks, the ladies and giMillomen were invited to inspect, and moved into, the library, which for the rest of the evening was the cenln; of attraction. The coup d'ceil, when once one had fairly entered into this beauld'ully designed, |)ermanent focus of intellectual wealth, around whoso walls wrre ranged the imperishable nieinorials of nearly all of man's genius that has been thouijhl worthy of preserving, was sli-iking and memor- able. As in the lecture room, those emblems, which are our symbo- lical as well as actual rallying points in ad times of trouble or war, drajied and covered the book shelvi'S which contain the essence almost of all ihat human intelligence, human thought, human wit, man's invention and ingeniiily .'las as yet brought to light. Here, historian and poet, geograjiher and engineer, humorist and preacher, dr'amalist and theologian, are Cdiigi'egiiled, serving in the one great cause of public intlruclion and the exjiansion of the limitless ramiti- cations which exist in the ever growing tree of knowledge. The slu- dt'iil and lillernleur, i\w bibliojiole and tlitlflonle novel reader, the most frequent visitors, here last night were replaced by groups of fair women and patriotic men assembled lo comniemoratti an event which Jrad a marked ell'ect ujjon the history of this continent in this nine- teen! Ii century, ami which will expire a few hours a Her those lines meet the reuilor's eyes. In lieu of study and thought, the atteirtion of the thr'ong was attracted lo the splendid stand of arms ri'aching from Moor to ceiling, ami which as it were defended the I)on)inion standard that fell ill long iesloons behind. In the centre of a diamond sliap'.'d ligure made nj) of scores of sabr-es pointing inwards, was a large glittering star of silvery steel bayonets. In chronological order were pink and gill tablets, containing each one the names of the Ciovenor General of Canada, commencing with Guy Garleton in 1775, and pi'oceeding through the noble list which includes Halilimand, Dorchester, I)al- housie, Gosf'rd, Colborne, Durham, Sydenham, Bagol, Calhcart, Elgin, Ilead, Monk, Lisgar, down lo the present glorious epoch when au RESTORED HONORS. [18:5. this prosperous country is vicR-regaliy nn; on tins ojtposiUj siilf or Uio room, under a siniiliir spiky coronol of bristling sttol, was linntj lilt' sword of the di'ad and varKjiii^lit'd, hut lumori'd iimi rcvt-rt'il hiTO, tilt) trusty hladi! which unly left Motitt^onn'ry's iiands, when in his death throes, hn " like a sohlier tell," and the pitiless snow hecamo his winding-sheet. On a lalile below this inlerestinji and valuable historic relic, now in possession, as an heiflonm, of ,1. Thonipsoii narrower, Esq., ol' this city, was exhibited with the full unilbnn of an artillery ollicer nf the year 1775. Several quaint old sketches and jiainting were. ])laced around the Library, which, with the Museum, was converted lor the time into an extempore conversaziont? hall, and while the melodies of the "B" Battery band where wafted hither and thither through the building, the dames and cavaliers gossiped jileasantly over their tea or collee and delicacies provi of the lioyal Emigrants disappearinq;, to which may be added several false alarms. "Where Trescott (late was built in 1797, there existed, in 1775, a rou<,di stru(!ture of pickets ; — Hope (late, erected and named by Col. Hope eleven years after, did not of course exist in 1775 — this is why Ciipt. Laws and his party wen* sent by ralace Gate. '• Never was there a more vitter rout than that of the heroes of Ticonderoga — Crown I'oint — Fort St. John — Fort Chambly — Montreal — Sorel — Three Ilivers, Szc. The Commander-in-Chief, Brigadier General liichard Montgomery, with his Aides-de- Camp, McPherson, Jacob Cheseman and some dozens of others, fell at Fres-de-ville. Col. Arnold,' wounded in the leg, was conveyed from Sault-au-Matelot street by the Kev. Samuel Spring, the Chaplain of the force, and by Matthew Ogden (afterwards General M. Ogden), whilst Hendricks, and others of his chief officers, where shot, and his second iu command, 1 Arnold was thirty-four years of age at the storming of Quebec in 1775. He was called a double traitor; lirst to Engluiid, next to America, — having ofl'ered to surrender West Point to the English, for JESii.OOO and the retention of the rank he then held in the Amcriian army. He was born in Noiwich, Conn., and died ntar Hioniilcu London, 18lh June, 1801, aged 50 years. ht! i 316 RESTOEED HONORS. [1875. »l *■•; • j Lt.-Col. Green, the two Majors, Eig-olow and Rpturn J. Meigs, Adjutant Febozer and Cap. Matthew Dun- can, and some four hundred and tw^enty-six officers and privates were taken prisoners. " In order to render more clear the mode of attack and defence, on Sault-au-Matelot Barriers, we have prepared the foregoing rough sketch, showing, as near as possible, the locality in 1775, and its i)resent state. The eastern termination of Litt/e SniiU-au- Matelol street, or Dog Lane is less abrupt than form- erly. Figure •> denotes the site of Lymeburner's house, where our men were. The wharf in rear, provided in 1775 with cannon, existed, so we ar^,^ told, as late as 1823, and was occupied by the warehouses of the Hudson Bay Co. ; the Inland Revenue office, in rear and other buildings in !St. James street, have since taken the place of the ^t. Lawrence. From the title-deeds of property in our possession, there can be no doubt as to the site of Lymeburner's house, though we have failed to discover the site of the house, which Caldwell, in his narrative, calls •' the house of Levy, the Jew." Where, in 1775, was Lymeburner's ' house, now stands, since 18(38, the stately structure known as the Quebec Bank. 1 There were three Lymeburm^rs : .lohn, the proprietor of the St. Peter street house, who was lost at sea in the fall of 1775 ; Adam, his brollur, who succeeded to him — the ai)!e delegate sent to England to oppose the New Constitution of 1791, dividing Canada into two Pro- vinces. He died in England as late as 183G ; and jMatliiew Lymo- burner (Lymeburner A Crawford) ; he was yet alive in 1816. None, tiial we are aware of, left children in Quebec. 1824.J THE BARRIERS. 317 «*»3 . i1 I I II I 318 RESTORED HONORS. [1875. " I have my doubts, -whether there really existed a " Third Barrier." However valuable the statements of Mr. Sanguinet, the Montreal advocate, may be, as bearing on the incidents which took place in the latter city during his residence there in the winter of 1775-6, having only reached our City on the loth May, 1776, his testimony as to the incidents in Quebec of the preceding winter, is not like Caldwell's, that of an eye witness ; they are merely secondary evidence. " Tradition points out as the house, at the eastern end of Liltte Saul I -an- Mat el ot street, in which Major Nairne and Lieut. Dambourges entered, a small two- story tavern removed a few years back and replaced by No. 5 Fire Station. According to the narrative of Capt. Simeon Thayer, one of Arnold's officers, who formed part of the 426 prisoners token, "the Con- tinental troops of Arnold were, for upwards of four h:;;:rs, victorious of the lower town, and had taken about 180 prisoners," when the fortune of war turned against them. His description of the capture of the First Barrier, guard and piquet, is worthy of notice : " The front," says he, " having got lost by a prodigious snow-storm, I undertook to pilot them (Arnold's party), having measured the works before and knowing the place. But coming to tlie Barrier, two field pieces that were there played briskly on us. But on their drawing back to recharge, Capt. Morgan and myself, quickly advancing tiirough the Ports, seized them with 60 men, rank and file, which was their main guard, and made them prisoners. Immediately afterwards, advancing towards a picket that lay further up the street, where there was a company of Die most responsible citizens of Quebec, found their Captain drunk, took them likewise prisoners, and taking their dry arms for our own use, and laying ours up in order to dry them, being wet, and advancing, by which time our whole party got into the First Barrier. Wo rallied our men and strove to scale the second. Not- wilhstnnding their utmost ellbrts, we got some of our ladders uji, but were obliged to retreat, our arms being wet, and scarcely one in ten 1875] DOG LANE. 31 » " They fell into the clutches of Capt. Laws. It is clear, from Capt. Thayer's statement, that it was neither a British, nor a French militia officer who was captain of the piquet, past the First Barrier, " further up the street," where both the captain and piquet were taken prisoners — but Capt. McLeod, of the 84th, or Royal Emigrants. Of whom was the piquet composed ? of the " most responsible citizens of Quebec." Their nationality is not here given. Did this piquet, commanded by a British Kegular officer, constitute the guard of the " Second Bar- rier ?" Probably not, else if it had, the piquet being made prisoners of war, what would have prevented Arnold's men from scaling; the Second Barrier ? and establishing themselves beyond. Notwithstanding all the minute details submitted, there is yet some margin for conjectures and hypotheses ; each na- tionality will set up a theory as to who defended the Second Barrier, in the beginning of the fray, before Caldwell, the Commander of the British Militia, Nairne, Dambourges and Dumas struck out for Death or Victory ; though this is a minor point. " In the Sketch may be seen the houses marked 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 in Dog Lane, from the back windows of which Morgan and Lamb's rillemen could hit our brave boys, sheltered in Lymeburner's house. " Mr. Stevenson, the Chairman, closed the pro- gramme of the soiree, by some complimentary re- marks to the speakers and some excellent o])serva- tions on the subject that had been discussed. He woulil fire ; wtiereou some ili-l retr Mt bnck to I he I'irst Harrier we had taken, and when we came 111 're w-* found we could not retreat with- out exposing ourselves to the most imminent danger." 320 RESTORED HONOUS. [1875. \ \ i then, as follows, introduced the new plans of city im- provements sugg'ested by His Excellency, the Earl of Dufferin, and warmly patronised by the Mayor. " Improvements" said he "are also in contempla- tion for the preservation of our historic monuments, and the embellishment of the city by using effectively the natural advantages of its sites — blending the work of nature with that of art, for purposes of utility and adornment. These improvements we hope to see soon begun and completed. " We are indebted to our present distinguished Crovernor Greneral of Canada for suggesting the im- provements, and providing the plans, which if fol- lowed and realized, will render Quebec the most remarkable and probably the most interesting city on this continent. Let me add, that wo are also indebted to our energetic and able Mayor, Owen Murphy, Esquire, for seconding the efforts of His Excellency ; and to the Members of the Corporation and others for their cordial co-operation in further- ance of the great objcict in view. " The original plans, admirably designed and exe- cuted by Mr. Lynn, the civil engineer employed by Lord DutFerin, had been deposited in the librarj', and were scrutinized closely by many ladies and gentlemen. The company were then invited to view the sword of Greneral Montgomery, suspended with crape, under a star of bayor ^s, in the Library of the Society. " The celebration of the Centenary at the rooms of the Literary and Historical Society on the 29th, and at those of the Institut Canadien^ at Quebec^ on the Iii75,] CITADEL HOSPITALITIES S21 80th, was followed by a Ball at the Citadel, on the 31 st, given by the Commandant, Colonel Strange, 11. A., and Mrs. Strange, who entertained a large number of guests dressed in the costiime of 1775, of which the following account is taken from the Centenary volume of the Literary and Ilistoriral Sociefi/ : " One hundred years have passed away, and again soldiers and civilians in the costume of 177o move about in the old fortress, some in the identical uni- forms worn by their ancestors at the time of the memorable repulse. " The Commandant, in the uniform of his corps in 1775, and the ladies in the costume of the same period, received their guests as they entered the Ball-room — the approaches to which were tastefully decorated. Half way, between the dressing and receiving rooms, is a noble double staircase, the sides of which are draped with Ivoyal standards int*M'- mingled with the white and golden lilies of France, our Dominion Ensign, and the stars and stripes of the neighbouring Republic. On either hand of the broad steps, are stands of arms aiul warlike imple- ments. Her-> too, facing one, when ascending the steps, is the trophy designed by Captain Larue of the " B " Battery. The huge banners fell in graceful folds about the stacks of musketry piled on the right and left, above the drums and trumpets; from the centre was a red and black pennant (the Ameri- can colors of 1775,) immediately underneath was the escutcheon of ihe United States, on which heavily craped, was hung the hero's sword — the weai)on with which one hundred years before this night, 21 '* i I U: 'i 'i ' t 322 RESTORED HONORS. [187&. Montgomery had beckoned on his men. Underneath this kindly tribute to the memory of the dead General, were the solemn prayerful initials of the Requiescal in Pace. At the foot of the trophy, were two sets of old flint muskets and accoutrements, piled, and in the centre a brass cannon captured from the Americans in 1775, which bears the lone star and figure of an Indian — the arms of the State of Massachusetts. On either side of this historical tableau, recalling as it did, so viA'idly, the troublous times of long ago, telling the lesson so speakingly of the patience and pluck, the sturdy manhood and bravery of a century gone by, were stationed as sentries, two splendid specimens of the human race, stalwart giants considerably over six feet in height, who belonged formerly to the famous Cent Gardes of Napoleon III, but now in the ranks of B. Battery. The stern impassiveness of their faces and the immo- bility of their figures were quite in keeping with the solemn trust they had to guard. " Dancing commenced : dance succeeded dance, and the happy hours flew past till the midnight hour, which would add another year to our earthly existence. About that time there were mysterious signs and evidences that someting unusual was going to happen. There was a hurrying to and fro of the cognoscenti to their respective places, but so noiselessly and carrefully were the preparations made for a coup de theatre, that the gay throng who perpe- tually circulated through the rooms took little heed, when all of a sudden the clear clarion notes of a trumpet sounding, thrilled the hearts of all present. A panel in the wainscoating of the lower dancing i\ !875.] THE "PHANTOM OUARD." 323 room opened as if by magic, and out jumped a jaunty little trumpeter, with the slashed and decorated jacket and busby of a hussar. The blast he blew rang in tingling echoes far and wide, and a second later, the weird piping and drumming, in a music now strange to us, was heard in a remote part of the Barracks. Nearer and nearer every moment came the sharp shrill notes of the fifes and the quick detonation of the drum stick taps. A silence grew over the bright cortige, the notes of the hand died away, the company clustered in picturesque groups around the stairs where was placed the thin steel blade, whose hilt one century gone by, was warmed by the hand of Montgomery. The rattle of the drums came closer and closer, two folding doors opened suddenly, and through them stalked in grim solemnity the " Phantom Guard," led by the intrepid Sergeant Hugh McQuarters. Neither regarding the festive decorations, nor the bright faces around them, the guard passed through the assemblage as if they were not ; on, through saloon and passage ; past Ball room and Conversation parlour, they glided with measured step and halted in front of the Montgomery trophy, and paid military honors to the memento of a hero's valiant, if unsuccessful act. Upon their taking close order, the Bombardier, Mr. Dunn, who impersonated the dead Sergeant, and actually wore the sword blood-stained belts of a man who was killed in action in 1775, addressed Colonel Strange, w^ho stood at the bottom of the staircase already mentioned. We have thought it meet and proper to reproduce w 324 RESTORED HONORS, [1875. ,'l the appropriate sontiments iised on such an auspi- cious occasion : " ('ommandnnti wo riso from oiirgrnves to-night, • Oil the Ci iitciiiiinl, of tlio Klnrioiis figlit, At miiliiiglit, Jutit line luiiiili'i'il yi'uiH u^n, i • Wi' Bolilii'iH f'cpiinlit mill liiiil llic (hniiik' foo ; And l«')it our il<-iir old trilmtc, Ity firing from thfSf heights, onit lust salute." The grave sonorous words of the martial request were hardly uttered ere through the darkness of the night, the great cannon lioonied out a soldier's welcome and a brave man's requiem — causing women's hearts to throl), and men's to exult at the warlike sound. While the whole air was trembling with the sullen reverberation and the sky was illu- minated with rockets and Koman candles, Colonel Strange responded to his ghostly visitant, in the following original composition : " Tis Tlnph McQuartfrs, and h's comrades bravo, To-niglit have risen from tluir f,'lorifm8 trravu — To you we owe our standa il still unfurled, Yet <1 .unts aloft defiance to the world : God grunt in dang' r's hour we prove as true, In duty's path, us nobly brave as you. This night we pass, in revel, (biiue and song The weary hours you walclied so well luid long, !Mid storm and tempest m t tin' liatile shock, Ueneath the shadow of the betling rock; When foemeii found their wimling sheet of snow, AVhero broad St. Lawrence wintry waters flow. • Bombardier Dunn, who impersonated the dead sergeant, Hugh McQuarters, is the autlior of these lines. 1875] SEUGEANT IlUdll MCQUAUTERS, 325 Yr!< ! liner atf.'iiii llim • iclioi'S Hliiill iiwalvc, In tliiiMiliTM, t'lir mil' niii'liMt riiinniilcs ^iiki' ; 'J'lii' iiiiiliiij-'lit cliiiiiU li.v li^itlli^ Ijclt.i III' rivin, l/ ('anailuiii lain). Oh, liliH-i'il |ii', CI' ! tli.v i^riiir |iiniiins Kpri'ail, I'lit I all mil liittli' llauH lii' f.ii'I'il, 111 llir jiiirt's t'liliiMtimi iil'tlir world. I''nr MH will iliiwii iiniicw rrntrnnial ilay — ' Our vi'iy nitiiiiirirs will liavr jiaHHcil away, ■ • Onr liratin^' InartH lit' still, iiiir biidics diiht; ( liir joys and Mirii'W-' n'l'r, niir Kwunh liut ru»t. Viiiir gallant 'Ici'iU will live in liislory'H page, In lirr Hide Rtiir I'H, tiild to ymitli liy >ini'. ; But HacTrd writ still warn us yet again, lldw Sdldiir's hpIi nco anil Ills valoiir'x vain I'nli'Sfl the Ijiird of IIohIh thi> City keep : Tilt' iiiik'lily tri mlilc and tlif watclinicn sleep, Hi'tiirn ;;riiii soldiirs tn yiiiir silent lidiiie Where we, when diil; 'a d'Hie, will also conic. It will not be easy for any of those foriunate enoimh to have witnessed the impressive and natural way in which this ro/ip de Ihealre was arranged ever to forget it. Taken either as a fab/eau vivanl of a possible historic event, or as an example of truthful spirited eloquence, on both sides, it was a perfect success. At the suggestion of the resident American Consul, Hon. AV. C. IIowclls, the old house in St. Louis Street, in which the ])ody of G-eneral Montgomery W'as laid out on the 1st January, 1T7G, was decorated with the American Hag, and brilliantly illuminated that night.'" ' ' ' ' " '" With the boom of cannon and the remembrance of the patriots who nobly did their duty oiu^ hun- dred years ago, ended for Quebec, the year 1875. [ \ il PLANS or IMPROVEMENT OF THE CITY OF QUEBEC SUGGESTED BY LORD DUFFERIN. Ijoril Dufrerin'8 Plans Tor the pret'enmtion of its Historie Muniimeiits.— Revivnl of the Histori ; CnMtle of St. Louist —Quebec to be the Summer Rv'^^idpnce of the (iovcrnor GenernI of Canada. Many • yaniahed year and ag«, And tempeat's breath and battle's rage, Hare swept o'er Corinth ; yet she standi A fortress formed to Freedom's haada. The whirlwind's wrath, the earthquake shock, Hare left untouched her hoary rock, The key-stone of a land. — The Siege of Cbrinlh.—liOVLn Btboh. " ' There is no denying that if the scheme proposed ?jy Hie Excellency be carried out in its entirety, in t onnection with other improvements actually in con- templation, Quebec will not only have its modern requirements more than satisfied, but will become the show city of this continent, to which thousands of strangers will annually flock to view a grandeur of scenery unsurpassed on this side of the Atlantic, conjointly with the relics of an eventful and heroic past for which the outside world has a special veneration. Familiarity, it has been truly said, 1 These truthrul remarks are borrowed from the Morning Chro- nicle — the Christmas number or which contains also the Plans and diagrams of the City Embellishments ; the plates were generously paid for by J. J. Foote, Esq.,— to whom on this occasion the City owes a substantial debt of gratitude. View of tlie Xew Castle of St. he kv Castle of St. Loui*, on Citadol of Quebec Wi -^ r fK Ml 11 I 1 1 ' h 1- mi if !^ .His i'H I' . 1875] HISTORIC MEMORIES. 827 breeds contempt, and this self-same familiarity with our crumbling fortifications has engendered among ourselves an under-estimate of the value attached by strangers to them, and to the other mementoes of by-gone days, which abound in our midst. Not al- together improperly, outsiders regard Quebec as common property, a bit of the old world transferred to the new, tucked away carefully in this remote corner of the continent, and to be religiously pre- served from all inconoclastic desecration, especially from that phase of the latter, which goes by the name of modern improvement with some, but passes for wanton vandalism with others. They wish to have to say still of Quebec at the present day, as Long- fellow sang of Nuremberg, that is a — Quaint old town of toil and traffic, Quaint old town of art and song, Memories haunt thy pointed gabies, Lilte t! *> rocks that round them throng. " In addition to being the oldest city in North America, Quebec, historically speaking, is also the most interesting. The traditions and associations, which cling to its beetling crags and hoary battle- ments, and cluster around iis battle fields, monuments and institutions, aro numerous and important in the eyes of the world. History speaks from e* ery stone of it ruined walls, and from every stand point of its surroundings ; antiquity is stamped upon its face, and quaintness is its chief characteristic. In the computation of our yearly income, the revenue we derive from these attractions, coupled with those sa]>plied by the magnificent panorama of Nature with which the city is encircled, forms no iucon- f -a. . ••ss 328 THE FUTURE OF QUEBEC. [1875. m li siderable item. We imagine it will not be denied by any rational person that the stream of travel ■which tends this way with the return of each lino season, as surely as that season itself, is an immense advantage to the totality of the inhabitants, for it is a well rccou'nized truth that where any special class, trade or calling; in a community is benciltted, the whole are benefitted by the increase of the circula- ting medium. It is therefore a self e^ ident duty on our part to do all we reasonably can to preserve to Quebec its character of interest and antiquity, which is much i)rized by the rest of the world, and is so valuable in a material point of view to ourselves. "We should also, if possible, exert ourselves in Ihe same direction to so enhance, by artificial means, the splendid scenic advantages we offer to admiring sight-seers, that like the Neapolitans, when they speak of Naples to the European traveller, we may tell the American to see Quebec and die. At the same time such modern improvements as can be ef- fected without serious detriment to our historical monuments, such as our gates and ramparts, should not bo neglected, to advance the growth and (>nibel- lishment of the city and to facilitate communication between its older and newer parts. This is just what Lord Dullerin's plans and A'iews with regard to Quebec propose to do. We have been ftivored v.ith a sight of th<' admiraldy executed plans and designs, prepar«^d by Mr. Lynn, the eminent civil engineer commissioned by l^ord Dulferin to carry out his intentions, and who, it will be remembert^d, accompanied His Lordship and the Minister of Mi- litia lust summer, on their examination of the military 1875 J LORD DUFFERIN S PLANS. 329 work^ and grounds. It will also be rocallod that it was with considerable reluctance that His Excellency St. Jdliira (into. consented at all to the removal of th(> old catt^^ and the nttiiig through ol' the walls on the \\ cstern side of the fortress, and that it was onlv his well-known consideration for the wishes and requirem<.'nts of the 330 THE FUTURE OF QUEBEC. [1875. n people of Quebec that induced him to concur in the demand for increased facility of communication be- tweeen the city and its suburbs. According to Mr. Lynn's plans, it is easy to see that His Excellency still adheres to his oriirinal ideas in the matter, to some extent, while desiring a<^ the same time to meet the popular wish and necessity. It is proposed that all the gates, with the exception of Hope Gate, or rather Hope HiU. the present apertures, are to bebridrxed or arched over, in viaduct fashion, with handsome bridges either in iron or stone, so as to preserve the continuity of the fortifications, fn this way, the oponing-s in the ramparts, including that for the extension of Nou- velle street, will remain as free to traffic as they are 1875.] NORMAN TURRETS. 831 at present. St. John's Grate is, of course, included with the others in this catfiiory. All the bridges or arches over the antes will be Hanked with pic- turesque Norman turrets, of different size and de- signs such as are frequently seen in old French and German castles. Hope Gate, it is conlomplated simply to flank with such turrets, some twelve more of which will also at diflerent other points adorn and relieve the monotonous effect of the long dead line of wall from Palace Gate to the Parliament Buildings. His Excellency next proposes a boule- vard or continuous drive around the entire fortifica- tions, commencing at the Durham Terrace, which he wishes to have prolonged westwards to the King's Bastion, and thus make it one of the most miignifi- cent promenades in the world, with an unequalled view of river, mountain, crag and island scenery, and taking in both the upper and lower portions of the harbour. Thence t^ ; boulevard will continue, rising by an easy incline to the foot of the Citadel, and thence will run along the crest of the clitf at the foot of the walls round to the rough ground or Cove field, through which it will be carried, follow- ing the line of the fortifications, crossing St. Louis street and entering the Glacis on the north side of that thoroughfare ; the .sfjuare of which comprised between St. Louis street, St. Eustache street, the extension of Nouvelle street and the walls. His Ex- cellency wishes to have formed into a park or orna- mental pleasure ground, communicating with the Esplanade by means of a sally-port through the rampart. Through this park, the boulevard will be continued down across St. John street and around ; ! 4' u '1; ' i i ^'' ^ 1 1, 1 1 »"i ' 332 THE FUTURE OF QUEBEC. [1875. through, the gardens and grounds of the Artillery Barracks, to I'alace Gate, crossing in its passage mi li I ■' I i: 'ii !li' i'l'Mi! m 'Jil:i' i&S' r:i i I ! (' 1! :S^ ,1 ¥ I I 336 THE FUTt'RE OP QUEBEC. [1875. city will be asked to contribute to it. AVe are in- clined, however, to think not, as it would be solely Tlic Xow Chiitcrtu St. Louis. a Dominion work, for Dominion purposes, and erected upon Dominion property. Such, as far as we understand it, from the plans, is Lord Duflerin's very excellent and praiseworthy project for the 187,-).] ALDERMAN A. WOODS. 837 improvoinont and enilx'llishmont of Qao])oo, and wo aro siitisfied that as His Lordship appiMVS to have mado up his mind in its lavor, it will not fail to be carried out in due time. As lo when H will hi' commenced, of course, we are not in posi- tion to speak ; but when it does, the expendilurc of money it will entail and the employment it will give to lhi> labouring classes and tradesmen generally, apart from any other of the favourable coiisidc rations we have pointed out, will be very opportune and acceptable to the people of the ancient capital. ' In bringing the matter forward so prominently. Lord Dufferin has done a great thing for Quebec, for which its inhabitants cannot thank him too warmly. 1 Estimated cost of ciiy improvements, as suggested })y Lord Duf- ferin, from Ri'j)orl of Mr. A. Woods, President, City Coumil Com- mitti'o :_ 1. Iron bridge over Mountai'; Hill, a little soulli-westward of Huad'i street steps, say 50ft. span and lOfl. Jjroad l?3,()no 00 Turret on west side say 500 00 do east side 1,000 00 2. Opening St. Helen street through to 8t. Oliver and D'Aiguillon, inclusive of arch over opening and turrets complete 15,000 00 3. Demolishing St. .Fohn Gate and throwing arch or bridge over o])ening with turrets 15,000 00 4. detaining walls to arch over, and turrets to opening in Rampart wall, at Dauidiinc streri 15,000 00 5. Ri;laining walls to turrets and arch or biidges over St. Louis street at site of old gate. 15,000 00 6. Lowering grade of Rampart street 2,000 00 7. Twelve turrets to city walls. Rampart street 12,000 00 8. Path or promenade around Citadel — 2,000 feet 5,000 00 9. Pleasure grounds westward of Esplanade 10,000 00 Total .? /M/ 0> A '<5 /^ r\ o / Photographic Sciences Corporation s. .«^ ip s V \ \ % V 6^ ^ %^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 I .

ral .las. Murray, Governor, Vaulus Euiilius Irvino, Administralor, (Juy Garleton, I.t.-Cov. and Com. iu Chief, Guy Curlelon, Ileclor '! heojihilus Cramahe, Ll.-Governor, Guy Carleton, Sir Frederick llaldimand, Henry Hamilton, Ll.Gov. and Com. in Chief, Ll. Col. Henry Hope " " " Lord Dorchesler, (Guy Carl>.lon) Governor General, 2nd Nov. Sir Alured Clark, Ll -Gov. and Com. in Ciiief, >3rd Oct. Lord Dorchi'sler, Governor General, 24lh Sept., Maj. Genl. Hoberl IVescolt, Ll.-Gov. " " " Gov. General, Sir Rol)t. Shore Milues, Bart., Ll.-Gov., 3lsl July, Hon. Thomas Dunn, I'resident, 3lsl July, Sir James 11. Craig, K. B., Governor General, 24lh Co'., Hon. Thoinas Dui.n, President, 19lli Jum-, Lt-Genl. Sir George Prevos-t, Bart., Gov. General, 14ih Sept., Sir liordcin Drummond, G.C B., Adm. in Chief., 4lli April, Miijor Gi'ul. Julin Wilson, Adminiblralor, 22nd .May, Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, K. G. C., Gov. Gi'neral, 1211) July, Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, K.C.B., Gov. Genl. 30lli July, I8l8, Hon. James .Monk, President, 20lh Sept., 1819, Lt-Genl. .Sir Peresrino Mailland, K. C. B., Administrator, 1819, George iJamsay, Earl of Dalhousie, G C B., Gov. Genl. 18tli Juno, 18.'0 Sir Frs. Nathaniel Burton, Lieut.-Gov., G. C. U. 7th June, 1824, Earl of Dalhousie, G. C. B., Gov. General, 23rd Sept., Sir James Kompt, G. C. B., Administrator, 8lh Sept., Mallhew Whitworth, Genl. Lord Aylmer, G. C. B., Gov. Genl 19lh July, Archibald Acheson, Lord Gosford, G. C. B., Governor General, 24th Aug., 1835 Sir John Colborne, K.C.B., Gov. General., 27lhf\'by., 1838 1768. 1770. 1774. 1778! 1784. 1785. 1786. 1791. 1793. 1796. 1-97. 1799. 1805. 1807. 1811. 1811. 1815. 1816. 1816. 1825. 1828. 1830. 1CIM875] GOVERNORS. 345 John George Lamblon, Eariof Durlmm, K. C. B., Governor Ociil. 2!llh May, 183.S. Sir John Colborne, Lord Seulon, K. C, B. Governor Gi'r)tnil, l8t Nov., 1838. C. V. Thonii)son. Lord Sydenham, K. C. B, Gov. Genl., 1X41. lil-Gi-nl. H. 1>. Jackson, Adminislrulor, lM4t. SirCliarlesHagol, K. G. B., " " 1842. G. T. Melctiir, Lord Melculf, K. G. B., " " 1843. Ghs. Murruy, Karl of Culhcarl, K G. B., " «' •24ih Aug. 1845- James Bruce, Earl of Kluin, K G B., " " ;U)ih Jaiiy. 1847. Genl t»ir W'm. Kowan, Adminlslralor, ?4lh Aug. 18.')3. Sir Kdiniiiid Head, K. G B., Governor General., I'Mli Dec , l.sr)4. Genl. Wm. Eyre, Adminlslralor, '.'Otii June, lHo7. Sir Wm. Fenwiek Williams, Adminiblralor, r.'tli Oct., 1800. Lord Monck, K. G. B., 'ijili Oct , l?<(il. Lord Monck, Gov. Genl. Dominion, 4lh June, 1867. Sir John Young (Lord Lisgar), P. G. G. G. B. G. G. M. G , Gov. General, 'ind Dec, 1868. Earl of Dullerin, P. G., K. V K. G. B., Gov. Genl., iblh Juno, 1872. Genl ()"(]rady Ilaly, Admin islralor, 1875. Earl of DuU'erin, 1875. Municipal Institutions. The first trace -a faint one — of municipal institutions in the city, occur in IOCS, i when tiie citizens sought jiroleclion against the powerful companies, feudal and commercial, which preyed on the country. Quehec, thai year, elected a mayor : Jean-Baptiste Legar- deur, Sieur do Uepentigny, and two aldermen : .ittan Madry and (iluudu Gharron. These civic dignitaries, thougli sworn in to ollice, met with such determined oiiposilion that they wt re compelled lo send in Ihoir resignations ; the citizens and burgesses were feign lo he content with a syndic^ in the person of alilerman Glaudo Gharron — ho also, the sovereign council Jorcwl to resign. We have to wait close on .i cen- tury, for another mayor. M. Daine, in 175'J, Mairr tie fjui'lirc el Lieulinant-fjenrral lU la Police, is Iho next. Alter ihe sh'iking up tho Quebec commercial folks received on the 13lh Sepleniher 17.V.), we lind the leading merchants and a few others, sigrdng on tho lolh Seplenib'T, a petition headed by the. Mayor and by " Panel, !'ruci«- reur du Hoy, and Tachot, sj/ndic ilu commerce," to the Gomniandanl, of the garrison, tho Chevalier de Hamezay, to o|)en the gales to Wolfe's victorious army, — in order to prevent the city from being plumleied and IBibaud. 346 MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. [1833. h I; n if ^1' h^ i! i i the inhaltitarits butchered. Du Ramezay asscmhled a council or war comiKtsed of the few I'Yench oflicers remaining in the gurri^on and onltTcd each member to give sejiirateiy and above his signature, his opinion as to a capitulut ion. It is curious to ]ieru:^e the reasons assigned by each member of the council of war — one only, M. deFiedmont, voted " no surrender." Ilis worship the mayor (M. Daine), later on, viz. on the !)lh October 1759, writes to the French Minister, that wh^n the city surrendered, to feed 2,676 mouths and a garrison of 800 soldiers, all what remained within the walls was : 23 barrels of Indian corn, 18 barrels of Hour, 25 barrels of rice, with a liltie pork and other rafraichissemenls. i (MiMoniES de Ramezay, Ev^ncments de la guerre, P. 28) Under English rule, the city was provided with a Mayor and Coun- cillors for the list time in 1833, though several of the lower town merchants, according to the Quebec Gazelle, 2 in December 1793, got up a iielition to His Excellency Lord Dorchester, for a charter of incor- poration for the city: the attempt, however, was patriotically frowned down. The old oil lamps were ymt out in 1848, and gas light substituted IslJanuary, 18i9— a B' ston engineer, Mr. Baldwin, in IK.')3, left traces of his ingenuity at Quebec, by building our Lorette Chateaii-d'eau and City Water Works. A system of drainage was also jjrovided that year, and twelve years later, in 1865, a noticeable phase ol impro- vement was added : a fire telegraph through the city and suburbs. These changes cost money, however ; on the 30lh April, 1875, our city debt was !?3, 339,443. 98. It would appear that the assessed value of the immoveable property is $24,000,000, of which $5,000 000 repre- sent military government, religious or school properties exempt from taxation. For the year ended 30th April, 1875, the revenue of the city was, including water rates, $350 000. Up to 1833, the municipal affairs of the city were administered by Justices of the Peace, sitting in special sess-ions for that purpose, under the authority of acts of the Provincial Legislature, in 1832, the city wis incorporated (I William, 4, chap. 52) ; it was divided into ten wards, each ward electing two members : 1833.— Elzear B"dard, Mayor. tlose])h Legare, Charles Cazeau, Ebenezer Baird, Colin McCallum, 1 Mi'inniren tie JtameMiiy, p. 27. Tho Quebec merrh.ints and otliors whose ii.imes are attniliiMl to til' petition to tlie (^onininnder (f the K.irriS'n ari' : Tnehet. siiulicd'i cnm- ni' rcc, I're. Jeh^niuus, Ch. Morin, Jioi-se.-iu. Voyi'S, Me. l{;verin, Dubreiul, ChaboB- », Joscj)!! Pclilclorc, John Malcolm Fraser, Joachim Mondor.P. M. Paiinel, Charlos M. U« Foyo, Josi'ph Hamt'l, Michel Tessier, U. E. Caron. Ji'an Langevin, was town clerk. The Act I, William IV, chap. 52, expiring on the 1st May 1836, not having boon revived, the corpoiation coased to exist and its powers became re-invesled in the mugislralos. 1840 — H. K. Caron, Mayor. This corporation was appointed by the Governor General, for a term of office to expire 1st I) ccmber 184'2, their successors being subject to election by the people. George Futvoye was ilected City Clerk by the Council, 1840. ll MAYORS OF QUEIIE*^. (Hon.) Elzi'or Bedard, R. E. Caion, « u l< u u l< i< II 1833-f) 1H40 1841 1842 • 1843 1844 " " 1S45 George O'kill Stuart, Esq , 1S4() 1847 " «• 1848 " ' " 184!) IS.iO 1851 1853 18.i3 1854 1855 Sir N. F. Belleau, Knight, (Hon.) U. J. Tessier, C. AUeyn, Jos. Morrin, M. D., Olivier Robitame,M. D., Jos. Morrin, M.I)., Hon. H. L. Langevin, Thos. Pope, I. II Adolphe G. Tourangeau, II II Hon. J. Cauchon, II 14 John Lemesurier, II II Adolphe G. Tourangeau. Hon. P. Garneau, 1870- 1872- Owen Murphy, 1874- 1856 1857 1868 185'J I8(i0 1861 1862 1S6.{ 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1K6» 1870 1871 1873 1876 J ! CITY CI.EnKS. Jean Langevin, George Futvoye, 1833—1836 I F. X. Garnenu, 1845—1864 1&40— 1845 L. A. Cannon, 1864—1876 CITY TnKASIIRKRS. F. Austin, \V Bennett, 1833 1850 Au(j. Gauthier, L. E. Dorion, 1851 1868 The affairs or the city are entrusted to the management of eight aldermen and sixteen councillors, presided by a Mayor elected for two years, with a salary of!? 1, 200 per annum. The geod order and protection o.'life and property is entrusted to a Provincial Police Force, composed of seventy-three men, paid jtartly by the Council and partly by the Province, under a SuparintendenS (Captain Ueigham),. S48 I' ) 1/ LANDS IN TRUST. "10 Council sits w.'oklv • I'urcliasod from t^, . '"''*'" '^"'''liriff on m i ■ •st-u ""orn (ho heirs VVuJ|,.,.r. ^- ^<>"'=' ^Ireot, 2- riK. (}|„,,i, f, , , '"'"• "' « yearly rentiil „f *i «''''''"l-nUl..f,.,;"^^-^''"'*^««troot,t..road,e„Jin:;';. , , , ,. 3. The Cove I.'i,.„J, ,„.t • . ""'"''-■'' ■'' ««» , •». The .. ,,,lt ;;" """'-• -"ta. .fSf """• ^-'"^"-i l*/ Alarteli: Cour.o. for a,. "'. . ?'"*'-"""'l " f-r the , „ „. __ _ . 5- The .. Cricket "•, •-""• ^ '""'"' "'" '^-'"^^o '^'tll recently d,!""' '^-^ ■"*'"«' to bo loft i„ " 'T !""'' "nrr-vo,nont,f ,vhon •j« -.''o*:,:,, rrjrr ';.;:™r'"r "- -^^ "-■'- lie fligh tides are nearly Uush K f 1875] THE FOUTIB'ICATION.S. 340 Willi lli'> wnlor : thnl is, nhout Iwi'iity-fivn fffl nbovo low watPr mark. During Iho • qniiiox, tli*' ti'lf nii'lit's to tliis h»'i^l I. A little (il)ov« the liaslion, (ui tin' rij.'lii, n half-bnslioii has been fonstruclHil, wdirb runs into llm rork, and lii^'lior up, next to the (l.illery of tli" Fort» there are lwetil\-tive jiiei-es of cannnti, forming a battery. A Pniall square fort, whirl) goes uiid'-p ilm name of the Citadel, is higher u|), and the paths from one rortilication to the olh«r are very sleep. On Ihe l>'ft side of the port, along the shore, until tln^ river St. (Jharles, there (ire good lintlerif^s ofguns and a few morlars. From the angle of the (]itad"l, facing Iho city, an oreillon of a hastio'i lias been conslriict"d, from which a curtain extend.*" al right Qngi''?, which rommunicales with a very elevated cavali'T, on wliii-b stands a fortified wind-mill. As you descend from this cavaiini;a IcR fortificationa deQii6bt'C, aur lea plana di Sieiir Lovaasi-ur, qui pnt (lucUiuo difloiiasidu avi'i' M. Fii* Marii'iis do Crisa-y, nui, pour lors coinniandait it la place."— (Kelation do 16^2-1712, publi£c par la Sotiite Littiraire et Historiqtie.) 1873.] FORTIFICATIONS. 351 erected under I he aiJministralion of the Earl of Dalhousie in 1827 — also the citadel gale which is known as Dalhousif) Gate. On the summit of the citadel, is erected the Flag SlafT, whtTefroni waves the British penuant, in lonf,'itiide 71o 12' 44" west of Greenwilii, accord- ing to Admiral Bayfield; 7lo 12' 15" 5. o. acconlitij,' to ComiiiandiT Ashe. It w.is by means of the haliard of this Flag staff, thai (l^niTal Theller and Colonel Dodge in October, 183*^, made their escape from the citadel, where these Yankee sympathisers were kept pri-oners. They had previously set to sleep the sentry, by nuMns of driipgi'd porter, when, letting themselves down with the llagstatf ro|i(', Ihoy escaped out of the city despite all the jirecaulions of tiie Commandant Sir James Macdonald, a Waterloo veteran. llopp fiato. The following inscription on Hope Gale describes wl.en it was erected : HENRICO HOPE Copiarum Diice et provin ia:" sub prefecto Protegente et adjuvanle Kxtructn, Gecrgio III, Hegi nrstro. Anno XXVI et salutis, 1786. u { I 352 FORTIFICATIONS. [1875. Tlip naralive of Thdler and Hodge's scape was ombodii'd in a voliinio, not romarkable for its contents ; the VHracily of whose strictures, on the comluct of sev<.'ral loyal citizens has been more than on J'; chaili-nged. i''roin an iij ; troiii tliiir Hinall 1) LrniiiiiiK in I'l'l'i, tli y I'vi'iitiially attained siicli vuat proportions as to maki! <^Ui1m c lie stylid till' (iihi-ftlt'ir of ,\nurifa. Hi'iriitlv very t'ri'at iliantfi'!' liavo been cff.cti'd ; in tlie first place arisiiij; from the fjTcat chaiivti'S in the mil tiiry art ; in tin' second pines fn^ni the n w policy of ihc Imperial (i.ivcrnincnt, which has withdr.iw every soldier. I're-colt and .'^t. Ijouis fjatcK lime hcen removed iliirini.' tin- past aiitiiiiin itHTl) and other still greater (■haiiLTes have lie. n t Iked of, but this will diminish very little the interest of tlie Tourist, who unless informed of the fact, would not hi! aware of the removal of thu gates ; tlii'reiiiiiining fortiiicatious arc in thcni.ielvcB a sight not to be Been elsewhere on thi continent. The forlilieations nowconsist of those of the city proper, the Anrient CiYi/, and of the inilepeiident fortalise of the Cit.idd, which tliouj?h WithiU the City walls, is 2 Ijiiiitenant liy during the period, 1H0,5-10 had two Superior offl ers at (Quebec — Colonel (lotlier Mann, who was siiccecded by laeuteuaut Colonel K U. liruyeres— See Morgan's Chhrated Vaiuuiianii. 1875.] THE CITADEL. 353 Gordon and Man of the Royal Engineers furnished outlines of a pro- ject for a citadel at Cape Diamond, after 1775, the Imperial Gov- ernment was awaitened to the urgent necessity of improving the forti- fications, and at length a plan for a temporary citadt 1 was frrnistied by Captain Twiss, who commenced its erection in October 1779. I'Yom this dale, improvements were actively pushed on, under Captain Got- herMann. In 1793, Captain Fisher reported that the citatel, partially built by Captain Twiss, had fallen to decay, and a plan was sent to England for protecting St. John and St. Louis gates by outwards." The reconstruction of the citadel and fortifications dates back to 1823, and was carried out according to jilans submitted to and approved by the late Duke of Wellington : tiie cut stone and building materials were hoisted from River craft by an inclined plane or tramway. The remains of that tramway can still be seen by ascending the Foulon stairs from Champlain street. The citadel and walls were completed in 1832, at a cost of about $25,000,000. The citadel is now in charge of the Canadian troops located there. The armory which was formerly an object of great interest has disappeared with the British troops. The road to the citadel is cut through the Glacis, and enclosed on each side by solid stone walls. It leads into the principal ditch of the work, built upon both sides with walls of solid masonry and e.xtend- ing along the whole c-rcumference of the citadel on the land and city sides. The main entrance is through Ualhousie gate, a massive cons- truction. Within the arch of this gate are the guard-rooms. Outside of the gate, before entering it, is a spacious area used as a parade ground, or rather an enlargement of the ditch formed by the retiring angles and fall of the bastion. In the face of this bastion are loopholes for the lire of muskelery from within and on the top are embrasures for cannon. The loopholes serve also for the admission of air and light into the casemated barracks within. On the top of the bastion is an extensive covered way or broad J complete in itaolf. The r.imparts and bastions form a circuit of the extent of two milog and thri'o (luurti^rs, tmt if tlii' line is dr.iwn without the outworks would bo incrcasi'd to thri'i- miles. The Citadi'l occupies about forty iicn^s. In order to inapuot tlic works to mo-tt advantage, the visitor i^ rocoimnetideil to proceed from his hotel up .St. Louis street, and turnijijf up the road betwe n the (r^itn and the offiee nf Hunineors, useetld by its windintf. Tlio first thing that will attract his attention on a'rivinK at the out- works, IS the CImin (fate, passing through which and along the ditth ho will observe the easeiiiated D ilhottite B inti >)i, and reaching D iiioit^ie Gate, ho will iiud that it is very massive and of considerable depth, as it contain* the (ruard-rooms. I'aasing througli, a spacious area is entered forming a paraile ground. Ou the right hand, there are detached buildingt— ammunition stores and tlie arjiioury — On the south, the bomb jiroof hospital and olBcers ijuarteri overlooking the St. Lawrence, an I on the Town side, the Bastions with their casemated barracks, coinmodioiis, and coinf rt- able, the loopholes intended for the discharge of musketry, from within, sor\ ing to admit li.^htand air — from the Bastion to the Klag stad, the Citadel is separated from the Town by a deep ditch and steep and bioad glacia. The riew from the i! lolin lia^ Ihi'ii built within a vi'iy fi'W yrars . nut Uiat lie old Kali' was in ruin li it to iiniit tin' rpqiiii'i'inrnt of till' tiinr-, bt Luins (iatr lor tin' ,-aiiiu rrasoii was wlm ly rriiiiHid during' tin' past yi'ar t'roiii /^ii/(ic(! (f i< , tlip wall t^xtriids to //)/*, (I ilt\ a distan «• nt llin"' liiiiiilrr yards, llnpi' (iatc was lui t in 17.s(i ; all tliu approailn h arr troimly imitirtc't, and from it position on the i KtJi'd lofty rlilV, it is very sirong. At llopi- li.ili' tln'irro ml which had gradually sloped from the Citiidel begins to a ci.nd agiiin, and the wall is WT KM 1: !.i J 35f^ PALACE GATE. [1872. luminary, the light still lingering on the spires or St. Roch, Lorette, above St. John's gate, there is a sunset view preeminently beautiful : the St. Charles gambling, as it were, in th e rays of the departing luminary, until it fades far away in the azure, beyond the lofty moun- tains to the west, present an evening scene of surpassing splendor, Charles Watterton i on his visit to Quebec, in 1824, viewing the magnificent citadel with a prophetic eye, asiis whether the quotation from Virgil is not applicable. Stc Tos, non robia .... Palace Gate. at. Louis gate was originally built in 1694 ; it underwent conside- rable changes, until it assumed in 1823 its present appearance. It continued from it, to the turning point at Suill-au-M'tteM, between which and the Purliamont House, ia the Grand Batt'Vy of twenty-four, 32 pounders and four mortars. This Battery ia two hundred feet above tiio St. Lawrence, and from its jilatforms, as witll as from the site of the Parliament Uouse, annth^r magnificent proapect is obtained. Immedi.itely under the Parliament House, which is l)uilt on the commanding site of the ancient Bi.ihop's Palace, was, the last year, Presrott Gate, protected on eithiT side by powerful outworks. Tliia gate was built in 1797, while Cli'neral Prescott was in command, .and like .St. Ix)ui8 (rate was removed, for the accommodation of the public. From I'roscott gate the wall extends to DMrham Terrace, the rampart or foundation waU of which, was the foundation of the Caatlo of St. Louis. 1 Wattorton'B Wanderingi. 1873.] THE HASTINGS SHIELD. 857 might have been, not improperly, called " The Wellington Gate," as it forms part of the plans of defence selected by the Iron Duke. An old plan of de Lpry, the French engineer, in 1761, exhibits a straight road, such as the present ; there, from 1823 to 1871, e-xisted the well remembered labyrinth of turns so curious to strangers and so inconvenient to traflic. Palace gate was erected under French rule, and Murray, after his defeat, at Ste. Foye, 28lh April, 17G0, look care to secure it against the victorious Levis. In 1791, it was reported in a ruinous condition and was repaired. It assumed its present ornate appearance, in 1831, resembling, it is said, one of the gales of Pompeii, — about the time the Duke of Wellington gave us our citadel and walls. The French Sliicld, 1759. Dn one of the three city gates existing at Quebec in 1759 (probably the most fashionable and most used under French rule — Palace Gate) was hung the trophy i shown above. The shield, made of oak, measures 44 by 36 inches. The cleaning and varnishing have brought out the colours of the stones in the crown, as well as the gilding and color of the order of Saint Esprit, which surrounds ihe Fleur de Lis ; the scroll is colored green, and the inscription is in gold letters on a black ground. In a topographical description of Hastings, in Sussex, England, 1 Xhiaimtiquarian discovery is due to the researches of Mr. J. M. O'Learj-, Ottawa. 358 RELICS OF CITY GATES. [1874. HI piibli?liefl in llin Genllemm's Mafjazinc h)r\7^G, is found the lirstmen- liui oFiho siii'lil in tli« rollowin^ ]iaraKta)ih. " Till! town hall, over liio ni.irkt'l placi', is a modern building, ereclt'd in 1700. In a framocts, Ac. ; niineralogy ; viomies brought from Egypt by Dr. Jas. Douglas and many indian sculls and objects of curiosity. Tho rosl of tho library and of the museums is not incliid id in the $"238,788 mentioned above 1 The Seminary own tho University ; they have the exclusive control of its linancial odministration. The council, composed of the oldest professors, has the direi^tion of the institution ; it is presided by the superior of the Seminary, who is ex o//kio rector of the University, the llonian Catholic archbishop of Quebeo is i:.r u/ficio visitor. Amongst the professors, there are protestants and catholics. Th>'. Panorama enjoyed from the roof of the main eilifice is said to be eipial to that of the bay of Naples. Opposite Quebec, on tho south shore of the St. Lawrence, is visible the town of Levis, and further down, the village of St. .losepli de Levis; to tho north of this village, stretches the jioint of tho Island of Orleans, presenting a very pleasing view. Between the island and tho north shore of the St. Lawrence, the eye discovers a high mountain that seems to stretch across the river; it is Cape Tourmente, having its summit 1,800 Entrnnce, 1 St. Rneh Suburbs, aftor Firo of 1SJ,5, view from the top of C<3to-Jl-Coton, liiiiking tdwardrt tlio oust, — by Jos. LKO.vRli. Falls of Xia^^iira,— by " " The ba.-isin of j)ariiili of St. Ansehne before tho Church was built, — by Jos. IjKUAKK. Fulls (if Xirtfjarft, — by Ji).s, Lkoar^. Falls «if tho .jatiipies Oartier river, — by Jos. LKGARfi. St. Kiich Suburbs, aflor Fire of 18-15, view taken from C« I I I 111 I .M;iill I llllMllcr t'l ^fl I875.J THE smmAEY OF QUEBEC. 367 143 Ecce Homo Bo„c„B„. '"■ """f""". molbor of Louis XIV _,,„ p 150 AIa,lame Louise- ' « .. " " " ' ,33 ^;^i-.-I^y .0 j;:::^^^' ^^- ^^ ^-..u. or «„ A.e..a,u,s 53 The V.rgin and GhiJd Jesus ^4 Head of St. Nicholas l«>o Bearing the Cross 156 Ascension of Our Lord lo7 Assumption oftheHoiy Virgin. The Seminary of Quebec. at the first exclusively intend" Ifl.^r''"''''^^ J'*'^'- '^03. It was ^-ined to.eco.epLs,s t;: ':,-^^;"--of the youn :;„^ frar,,eres, hut after the closinroV^ 1 :^"'"'^'^'''-'' ^'^^' ^'/""'^n. account of (he ordprh^inrr ° Jesuits CoJIe/re in i~«>i ^-inary of guei::riSr f^ "'^ ""'^ '^cL ;::.: "--wuhingtocompleteac Is ; '° «" "^e young From the year 1608 the MinorT ''' °''-^'"'"«« ^eionging to Madame Coi;;'^C2^ - "- ^ouse were exposed to View about 1866 •Levr.'"'" of this building to the garden. " '''«i are situated at the entrance ''his institution comnrisPrelato. It is proper to bear in mind, that Mgr. do Laval was allied to the royal family of JTrnnce. Motiseivmeiir de Laval imposed Imt two obligations on the Quebec Seminary : 1. To maintain the foundation of the (iraud and the Minor Seminary ; 2. To give gratuitously buarU and education to twelve poor boys. II !S75.] MORRIN COLLECIE. 3G9 paintings by llio masters of llio fronch schorl. Tlip entrance to this clia|i'.'l is llirdiigli ilial iil' tli'j S.'iiiiriury, wIhto a door ini Garden street.) H :ii: 1875 J P .ii; CO\VEx\TS. O"" -I ' lie classns of (ho 32 /eot. ,.vo stories ,'; 1 '° •:;"'"'^ '''^''' ^'^^ o, o 4 M , stories in JiH-l.t ., ""°""^''' «-'ng 62 hv 9^ r . ^ '^ W„„„, ,, X. „. 8a„„ior. p m"'. ";, '■'«^''»». ■'■ W.o.r„,..„, c Ursuline Convent. «s o,,,,e„ ,„„ ,„^^ ,. „„;™^° «*»''.■."« used, a ,„i„l yr„a .J a 2- °;:„' '■"'■''"'" ""'' ""rioi,.^' ■";,"'"-«■•»'•„„,„„„„;: « i'lit Of massive edifiros ^r ''"e«is. j/ie convent in.-ir The m/mnM lo the mm-.„i , "" '"■""I'- "I'OP-I, ».-. /Vel .o„/a„ ™ ;' 'd°°' "" °"" °^ ' •■■■I"- s.ro., r. -;sMe, ... u.,3 i„ron„ ^p a t::""';:"™ ^'«. iu», :„:.,„ : in cla '^'^re ,s tiae Laval Model 8ch ■b ine regular ooJ for girJs and a I f If I I J • imi li 872 C0KVENT3. [1875. free school, wliich is attended liy ii great numljer of children. The nunii)i'r of tlio nuns and novices is about ninety ; that uf the pupiis-lioarders 2'»'), day scholars I'?.') and •.hose fre(|uenting the free school nlioul 300, mil kini; in all 070 jtujtils. The resources of the institution arc the fe«8 exacted from pujiils whose |)arents can jmy them : and Iho revonuo accruing from landed jiroperlies, bestowed upon the convent by Maiianie do la Peltrio and some oilier charitable persons. " In the City : 1. Their Convent and garden in which it is situated. 2. Nine houses, from which they (1874), derive a rental of $4,530, Beyonil the City : The lief of St Ann, situated in the seigniory of Lauzon, and a farm of 8 orpmts in extent, silualt d in the same seigniory ; — The fief of St. .Fos»'iih, in the banlieue, and the seigniory of Ste. Croix ; — Finally, a jiiece ol land ol 40 arpenis in superlicios, on the bank of the river St. Charles, in the banlieue of (Quebec. The village of Ste. Angele is built on this last named itroierty. This piece of land was a gift from the Government of France to the Ursulines, — the only endowment il ever received from that govern- ment, wliile from the other civil institutions of this country, it has received nothing." — (II. Larue.) The objects of interest in this convent are the paintings and monu- ments in tlie chapel. The following is a list of those paintings and monuments enumerated in order, commencing the survey to the right from the door : — 1. — Jesus silling down al meal in Simon's House, — Mary Magda- iena,— by Philippe de Chamimgne (french school.) 2. Death of SI. Jerome, (Italian school) from the Dominichino. 3. The Guardian Angel. 4. liisliop SI. Nonus admilling to penance Sle. Pelagie.—by J. Prud- homme (1737, french school). 5. Montcalm's Monument, placed there by Lord Aylmer, then Governor of Canada, in 1832. 6. The Miraculous draught of fishes, — by de Dieu (french school, 1741). 7. A in lumont in white marble, erected to the three daughters of the Honorable P. J. O. Chauveau, ex-president of the Canadian Senate. This monument was carved by Marshall Wood, the celebrated english statuary. 8. Monument erected to the family of the Honorable H. L. Lan- gevin, C. B, ex-minister of Public Works in the Dominion Govern- ment and brother to the right reverend Jean Langevin, bishop of Bimouski. This marble was carved by an artist of Ottawa. 1875] CONVENTS. 378 Prud- ihen Ischoolr Iters of [naiHan tbratfcd Lan- jovern- Ishop of 9. Monument in honor of Monli-nlm, orfflcd thn I4ili Scptomhor, ISri'J. I li" worils art! tliosi' f,(iin|i(ist'i| liy ihc Fiimu'Ii Aculi'iin in 170;!. The mnrble is from the l-'nilod Stales ; the engraver Mr. Morfjan, of Quehec. to. Tlie Wise ami llir r,ioli\li Virgins, i Italian scliooi of I'ldri-nci'). II. 7/i(; Vi>'fiin, the tuj'nnl and Si. Callifrinr, rinjin and iiuirhjr. I'i, Thr Annunci'ilian, sculpturo on the two doors near the allar. 13. The llirlh of Christ, thr Sheiihcrds,— above tlio alt.ir, hy Vi- gno.iii (Trpnch sctiodl) 14. Tlie Saviour preoching, by Champnpno (Trench school), 15. 'I he Saviour erhildtimj his heart to Heli(j[ieuscp. 16. The true portrait of the Sneimir, acconling to St. Lule. 17. Tno Virgin and Infmt, above the jiuljiit. 18. Hedemplion of captives at Algiers, bij Ihc lliv. hitliers of Mernj, by Hesloiil irrcnch S''hool). \'J. hance, o/feri/ig religion to the Indians of Canada, an alN'^jory. 20. .S7. I'eter ciincealing hiinstif to ivilness the su//erings of C/trisl {sjianish schodl.) Those paintings were for the most part bou{,'ht in France iti 1815. The present ciiurch in which they are to Im; seen was built in 1728 ; it is consequently one hundred and forty-ei^tht years old. Within the jirecincts of this cha|iel, lie burieii the remains ol'deneral Montcalm, who was moi tally wounded at the l)attle of Abraham Plains, 13lh September, 1759 A marble slab placet! on the wall by Lord Aylmer, in 1832, contains the following inscrijitioii : UONNEUU a MONTCALM! LE nKSTI.V KN I.IH DKROllANT La VicroiiiK, L"a recomji nsi; par V N E M II T U L 11 I E !' S V. ! (TrivuBlution.) llONOtlR to MONTCALM! FATE IN ItKI'lUVIM! HIM (h \u.Tun\ Rewarded him by A G 1. 11 I u s I) 1:) A T n ! In 1833, it being necessary to repair the wall, an aged nun, sister Dube, who had as a child attended the funeral, pointed out the grave of Montcalm. The skeleton was found and the skull placed in custody of the Chaplain. There is also a painting whicli rejiresents Quebec, as it was in 1041. Fraser's Highlanders were stationed in this convent fluring the winter of 175'J, following the cajiture of Quebec, and Hit! table on which the tirst sentence of tleath was renderetl by the british au- thorities against a woman (Madame Doili«r ?) for poisoxiing her husband is still to be seen in the rear jjarl of the convent. ;l ': Wi li 374 CONVExXTS. [1875. % ' 3 Convent of the Congregation. Tliis convent, siluaU il in St. Hocli's jiarish, ojiposile the church, was establishtid in l.s'i3. Tho cost of building was in great jiarl assuinud by the \\r\,[. Mr. Chari'st, curate of St. Hoch's wiio sub.sciibed S-'J'i.OOd in favour of this and oilier educational houses in the ))arisli. The institution is directed by about twenty-six nuns and novices who educate on an average 300 boarding ami 80J day pupils. Thi.s convent has a branch at St. Sauveur, with nine sisters and oOO pupils- Out of these 1,300 day jiupils, 1000 are educated gratis, 30 jxiy "20 cents a month, 170 pay ten cents and one hundred live cents. The convent receives yearly §100 from the provincial governiiienl and SjOO fruiu the municipality of St. Sauveur. i ' ';!'' Bellcvuo Convent. A hi'aiu'li estahlishniiMil of llie anei-'nt and llnurisliiiig Conriruinlion de Nr(re-I)ame de Monlrnil, fonndrd in ih.it city )iy Scur lioiir^n'oys, 1650, stands on an finineiici', about two and a half miles from {»>ui'bec, facing' iJii^ liicturesiiui' valley of thi' St. Chaih's. It is a mai.'iiilicent lire hrii k, four stoiied building with attics, designed by Mr. liour- geanil, a Montreal archilecl, in IS72, with a front of 180 feet, and a ci'iitcr wing in n'ar, of 70 feel, containing a remarkably li.intisome chajnl 1 wo stories high. Two outer wings inrear oflOlt-i't in li'ii^jlh will be sliorlly addi'd. This stalely ])ile, opened in 1871, is erertnl on the late Jann's Gibb's rustic homi stead at Ste. Foye: a lot of gnnnid of eighty ai'res in e.xteni, extremely well wooded. Tin' old maiisii>n to tho east still .-.'ih>ists, wln'ri.' the religious ladies held tln.'ir i^kissi's in 18G7, prior to building the present convent. Amongst some of the modern inijiro\einenls introduced here, is an e.xjieiisive and very ellicienl hot water system of heating llu^ rooms. It is intended this convent jhall be in every respect e(iual to the sifter eslabll^hallill in Montre.il, at Moncklaiids (Villa-Maria ) The slatf ol teachers is selected among (iOO religii'itses of the order. Fresh air, leafy groves, delighlful croiiuet grounds, gravelled avenues in sumnn'r, well ciilti\ated gardens, must nwessiuily enhance the attractions of this seat of instruction for young ladies of every nationality. The almoner is the Rev. Louis II. Paipiet, I). L)., one of the esteemed jirofessors of Laval University. The i}eile\ 110 con\'ent is one of the seventy educational houses which in America, ha\e sprung from Sister Beiirgeoys, foundation, iu IG5'J. lion _)ys, 1)L'C, punt nn- a Uno IV ill |ll\o of lio '>'!, I'll ul ill at )0 let ,st '1" ' 'f J I I ■I 1875.] CONVENTS. 37, Convent of the Good Shepherd. The ladies cniuiucling lliis iiistilulioii have classes atlcnfiod by five hundred ]iU|iiis, thi' proatiT jiart paying nothing or m'xl to nothing. The principal objects of those nuns, whoso instilulion was establisiicd in 1850, is to convert and relieve in their asylum, Magdalens and to give instruction to youni^' t,Mrls. It was founded by means of donations and subscriptions of charitable persons. The nuns are about seveuly- li\e in number and the novices, twenty, including those employed as teachers in eight establishments, all situated in the country. Besides the 3t)0 girls to whom ihey impart education, they have about one hnndri'd Magilalens and thirty young girls in their reformatory. The Cioverninent grant per head of the latter is §5.50 a month, and that from th'> school commissioners, S»00 a year. These sums are far from meeting the expenses of the establislnient, which e.Kceed §17,000, so that the balance is raised by subscriptions amongst charitable per-ous and by the sai'3 of ornainonlal work made by the nuns and their jiupils and pinilciUcs. This convent is situated in Montcalm ward, Lachevrotiero street. It is a large stone building surmounted by the high steeple of the church attached to the establishment. Convent of the Sisters of Charity. This is another Roman Catholic educational ami charitable insti- tution. The sisters receive orphans and inlirm persons, which is their first object, and keep classt.'s in which are educated o\er 700 girls, more than half gratis and the rest for ten cents a month. The number of intirin and orphans varies from 175 to 200. Whenever a chance occurs, the sisters |)lace those orphans in respectable families. This convent, a massive stone building, situated in St. Olivier street (the church entrance is on nicheliou street), near the Glacis and St. John's Gate, was established by His Grace Archbishop Tiu^eon, who raised tlii> necessary funds J'rom charilal.'le persons Ihroiigli his diocese. The nuns have no means of their own, e.Kci jit thrir work and small grants from the Government and the school trustees. To cover the expense from ^'0,000 to §7,000 are besides furnished, every year, Jiy juiblic charity. It became the prey of llames in 1800, when Parliament had P'riled it fur its sitlinj-'s : it h is iiuwe'.ei' hi'i'ii rebuilt on a larger seali.'. In the month of .lune, h^G'J, the church atluehud to it, Mas burnt down to the ground and rebuilt over again. 376 HOSPITALS. [1875. Academy of Jesus-Marie. II ijrli aliovo thi' umbrngnoiis groves of Sous-les-l'oi.^, for many ynar? lh(» atlraclive Villa of Errol Boyd Lindsay, Ksq., looms out lliy majfslic Afademy of Jesus-Marie, an institution for tho education of young ladies. It is owned and conducted by the french nuns, of Jesus- Marie, well known for the excellence of their teacliing. The system followed in that convent is that of father Liicordaire, which is well suited to develnpe the reasoning and judgment of the pupils who are not required to learn anything by mi'mory, but exclusively by analysis. All the subjects comprised in a classical course of studies, are taught in this Convent. As to snnilary arrangements, this academy is one of the best institutions in Quebec. Ventilation and airing in every room is perfect, and the place where the convent is situated is one of the healthiest aro\uid the city. The ground occupies an area of several acres and is oriiiimonted with trees, walks and gardens, giving a rural ajipearance tij the plact-and a gn^al deal of uoml'drt and amu'^ement to the ]iupils. This convent is about three miles from Quebec, on St. Lewis road, to the north of the jiarish church of St. Colomban of Sillcry. It is a largo white hrick building, roomy and built with all the modern improvements, under the direction of Hev. Mr. Audette, member of the Hoard of Arts and Manufactures. From the roof of the building, one may enjoy one of the grandest views of Quebi c, the Plains of Abraham, the St. Lawrence and the surrounding country. HOSPITALS AND ASYLUMS. The Hotel-Dieu. The oldest institution of the kind in Ncith America, it was established in 1639 by the duchess d'Aiguillon, who came froni France with three nuns of the //o,v/n7(«//V7r.v order from Dieiipe. The object of this hospital is tlio reception and care of the sick who are iu'ligent and distressed. All proper attendance both by the nuns and physicians, with every necessary comfirt, is gratuitously admi- nistered, 'llie annual expenditure is considirable ami although tlie revenues are ample, yet from l!ie munificence of the relief which is allbrded to numerous poor persons, the provincial parliament is- r-^fV II f! II I J t ^,1 «! f I? 1875] HOSPITALS. 377 ohligod to conlribule to the mainloiiance of tlie institution liy a small grant from the public treasury amounting to SG4() a year. In thf) convent the sisterhood reside, who now incUid^ the Superior, and thirty-three nuns and some novices. The regalarily, n^'alness and comfort, with which tiie establishment is conducted and the solace of the inliini who Und refuge under this liospilable roof, is deserving of all praise. Thf HOtel-Dieu, of which the entrance is on Palace street, is a s|)a- cious building, the largest portion extending nearly one hundred and thirty feet by seventeen in depth, and three stories hi},'h. A wing on the northwest side is two stories high, lifly yards in height and as many foet broad. The church is e.vternally plain and the inlenor> lillle adorned, with an entrance on Charievoi.v street. The paintings may ]f>, examine! on application to the Chaplain. The following are originals: the Nativily of Christ Luke II, by Stkm.a the \'iri/in mid Child by coi'PEL ; the Vision of Sle. Iherese by Menagkat and .S7. linino wrapt in Meditation by LeSueuh. An important relic of the Maityr Hreb(Buf of 1049, is shown. The ground occupied by this convent has an area of about twelve acres. Governor Lauson laid the corner s'one of the building included in the pri'sent eniarg(?d edilices, on tin; lolh October 1054. The Duchess d'Aii^'uillon, an(] her ur.cli', the famous (;.u'dinal de Richelieu, endowed this institution with an annual rent of 1,500 livres, tirst ; and afterwiirds doubled this grant. It is hy means of th s rent and that of other donations that the nuns are enabled to carry on their establishment. The ground on which the Jhlel-Dieu is situated was conceded to thf duchess d'Aij-'uillon by the Company of the Hundred-Associates. The resources of the Iht'J-lHeu. 1. In the city : twelve houses. 2. Beyond the city: th' ir farm at St Sauveur — their interest in the lease-hold properly of St. .Idhn Suhurbs ; their concession ol llie St. ValiiT Suburbs ; a small l'j,rm at the Cananliere; ami tin' Iwo Is les- aux-Oiis. All these properties, excepting the donations of the duchess d'Ai- guillon, were acijuired with the procet^ds accruing fiom the savings of the nuns of the llolfl-Dieu, and by means of the dower brought to the house by each nun. (.S'lOO) The Trench Covernment, no more than tht^ Kriglish Government, never gave the house any land. The number of beds in the hosjiital is 80, — of which 70 at least are occujiied daily. It will be seen that not less than 70 sick ])ersons receive each day, from the nuns of the llotel-lHeu, the nourishment, care, and medecines, Ac, necessary to their condition. Vi 378 HOSPITALS. [1875. Total expenditure for the sick, in each year, an average : of §5,000, Tills Slim, as well as that required for the maintenance of 5J iiiiiis who resiijo in the house, and six serving men employed in the ruder laljours of the institution, are all defrayed from the revenues of the UolelDicu, with the exception of §040 allowed annually by Govoin- menl. Thtse numerous sick receive no other help. The Hospital of the Sacred Heart. Here is quite a modern institution, founded in 1873, by the present archbishop of Quebec, Mgr. Taschereau. The building, a plain cut stone edilice, three stories high, was completed last fall, and the hospital immediately ofiened for the reception of foundlings and per- sons attacked by loathsome or contagious diseases, ; such Is the object of this hospital. The nuns in charge of this convent were taken from the General IIoPi)ilal. The Flosjillal of the SacnMl Heart is situated on the St. Charles, liehiud St. Sauveur, not far from the road to Loretle. It is well worth a visit from persons taking interest in such institutions. 11 The Gcnerul Hospital. The establishment thus denominated is situated in the Si. Sauveur Municipality, on the banks of the St. Charles, and was commenced in the year 1693, by the second Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, Mgr. de St. Vallier, who instituted it expressly to relieve invalids and persons alii icted by disease. It is a spacious and comparatively line structure : a jiarallelograin of nearly equal sides, seveuly-slx yards in length and eleven yards deep ; on the south-west, a wing jirojects more than forty yards by fifty feet broad. Attached to the convent is a neat and convenient church ; it contains nothing jiecullarly distinctive in character, except its ornaments. The paintings are cojiies of the originals in the other churches and chapels. For the building, I'urnllure, iVc, of this hosjutal, bishop de St. Vallier exjiended 100,000 crowns. The institution was endowed by grants of landed properties which are, with the labour of the nuns and a yearly ajipro- prialion from the Government, the only resources of the establishment. To superintend the convent, there are a superior and seventy nuns ; it is a cloistered convent. The number of sick and old per.^-ons received in the inslilutlon, at the present date (187'j), is 158, of which number 143 are French Canadians, 12 Irish, 2 French and 1 German. " The Government helps this asylum to the extent of §l,87G an- !i: ff'snop St. v.,.. and Uiifograph.) A' -y. -'^^ '^'^--'^//.^ p. 378 .« < I 1875] HOSPITALS 379 nuully ; ln'ing Ihi' provision iiiado by llio Slato lor Ijoanliiii; aud kiM'piiig IS iiivaliils, al $G7 each. Tim iii'-liliuion providt'S trom its own nnoniies for Iho ketjiing, Ac. ol' i;!() ollit'is, l)Bsides Iho maliiloiiance and wants of GO Sij.lris who live in llio lioiiso." (il. Lariif.) American tourists should not forget that (Colonel Arnold, coninmnd- ini; with Muntt,'omt'ry lln; NfW Kngl.ind troops l)>'si"ginji; Qiielicc, in 177>), w.is carried to tiuit (iener.il llosi)ital, after he was wounded, in tho attack upon tho Sault-au-Matelot barrier, on liie morning of the 3;st December, where, if pur.-hinent in the city was discovered to be inadequate for their wants, aud the the Rev. Father McGauran, jiurchased the site upon which the present biiildiiii,' stands for S4,flOO; it was removed to the premises on the St. Louis road, about u-n minuli'swalk from tin' (;ily walls. This, too, in time became too small, and linaily the jirejienl handsome edifice was erecti'd, at a cost of .'rM.dOO. Thrre are two entranc(.'s, one on the St. Lewis mad, and the other on DeSalaberry street.When we called, some children were learning catechism, and others, whose age was too tender for even such simjile studies, were s!ee|)ing, aftiT dinner. They num- bered '30, all told, and llieir clean and iiealthy features, cli'jerful alacrity anil obi'dieiice were e\ident proofs iA' the kiiulm'ss with which they were In ated. Some of these poor, helpless wail's hid been taken from tie ir jiarents, who whei'e ser\ii)y di\ers terms of impiisonment. Noble indeed and deserving of all praise is that charity which will not allow of the sins of the i^arents being visited ujiou the ehildren, so far as it can be prevented by taking them I'roni the only shelter the law jirovides for the iiifant-oll'spring of fdons — the county ^:aol. Uji the next story, a very dilferent scone presenti.'il itself; insli-ad of the rosy faces, smiling lips and innocence of early chililhood to be S'.'en below, here were aged women, some of Ihem woiidrously old, whose slirivelleil features, immobile look, trembling hands and rambling talk proclaimed a second childhood more touching ami ]iili- ful than we can exjiress. Memory and stivnglh had almost di.'siited them. Life's spark llickered ever so faintly, the blood Mowed but slug- gishly and coliUy, yet withal Goil had decreed that they must live their allotted time, and it is the duty of the benevolent to see that < 1 380 IIOSriTALS. [1875. ^11 \'i ilr i tlin iiilirm nncionts, whom llm sicklo of limo has not yet mowed down, should spend Ihe last hours, — inonlhs or years, of Un'ir exis- teiino iti ns nuicli cfimforl as can ho proviih-d forlhcm. Tlifir doirnilo- ry was very Inr^n', tlicre hcin^' no h?ss than 15 IhmIr, euch divid.'d Irom tlio olhisr hy lmn;.'in^,'i*, so Ih/il to all inlcnls and purjiost's, a sinall room is pirtilionod oir for each one, oontaiiiinj,' bod, ch:iir, cnphoarl, Ai;., arouinl each comiKirluieiil was a strip of warm carpet, and larjre stoves in wirili'r, made lln* almos|'here a^'rocihlo. The Glia|)ol rises from the ground to tliH roof of the build inf^, and isconseijuently lif,'hlod by two rows of windows. A neat altar surrounded by mahog^my railings and carpeted, stamls in the centre ; a few llowers, silver candli-siirks, crucili d jtur of lh(! V It d relieve the too 1 ornami brilliant whiteness of Hmj wall*. On tlu' ground lloor facing: lie- road on the left hand side, is the dining room laid out in the same gran- diose proportions as tlio other ajiartments. The internal management of both the women and children is wholly in the hands of tlii! matron, a cook and outsiile man alone as'-isting her in this arduous work. The association until 1870, was niaiuiged by an Kxecutive Council of eighteen members, who were elected annually. It was then alter- ed ami live trustees were appointed, the Pastor of St. Patrick's, also acting (.;-(i///'c/o. For the last two years, the St. I'atriek's Ladies (Iha- ritible Society have liahuri;h. The average annual expendituie for the support and maintenance of the Asylum, is from §2,400 to $2,S00. An endowment fund has also been commenced, and owing to the hand- some donation of the Proviilent Savings' Bank of Quebec, who gave Ihem I? 12,0 23, it is on a pretty firm footing. 1 Since the opening of this establishment, the largo number of two hundred and seventy-one oia 'I'lir iii>;li tlic u'liiiTims {'o-iiju'r^itiiin iit' ilii> cnnL'roj/.'itioti niid citizciK — niiionffst wliiiiii, I .nil liM)i|iy to sii.v, cur i'mti'stiiiit luijililxiiir.s wiTi' not tlic Iriist jironiitnnt, hi' liiul li ft llir .\H?o(i;ilioii in iKissi ws nil of ii iirojiiTty wliicli ront sonii' si'vciitv odil tlioiis:iiia iloll;iis witliout a rent of ili l>t, lic-idis tlir aiipi oit of tlu' i list it ill ion for tliii Jiiist ■ij/liti'iM yciir: — :in item ot some forty tlioiiH:iiiil ilolliira — :is wi'll :i8 ,i vi'iy li;ili^frti'd ihildii'ii rociit'd IVdin povtTty and criinH, (duiuUed and i*iliiali(.iii.s ohlaiiu'd lorlln'in. Willi suili li;;iiros as tlieso to Ifslify to lln! uscruiness of the work, we hoiM' iliul tln'y may act us infonlivcs lo liavt? tlio ri'>t oniio cslabli'^h- mont pill iiilo iiiimediali' condition to recivt) a liirllnT suip|ily of in- nittttjs. Divino st-rvico is held 'I'liiirsduys ami Sniida\s wilii Mass and inslniclion Tlu! following is tlio list of names of the existing Comniilliio of Uih insliliilion : — Hcv. M. S. Hurkf, l^rt'sidcnl ; lion. Charles Alleyn, Hon. Tlios. McGreevy, Win. Vninn, Kmj., and .lolin Lane, Esq junr., members — St'crotury, Morns O'Leary, Ksij." (1874). Finlay Asylum. " Some years ago, a Miss Finlay l)e(iiieatlied a sum of $800 to bo applied towards the relief of the poir in whatever the Lord Bishop of Qu(^bec would deem most advisable. Dr. Mountain, who was the Bishop of Quebec, at the time expeniled this money in purchasing a collago which stood in a neat garden, al Ih" foot of Sutherland street, lo bo used as a home fur aged and infirm poor persons. In 1801, a sum of a $'2,01)0 was handi'd by another lady to Ihe Bishoji with the recpiesl that his Lordship would em|)loy it in cxleiiding the usefulness of this home for aged ami inlirm persons, kiK^vri as the Finlay Asyliun. The Bishop afier taking advice decided to u/'ply to tlie members of the Church generally, in Qu(d)ec to unile in tht^ oreclion of a large and commodious building in which the ag"d might tind a house and the sick poor, medical cai-o and suitable attendance. After the jilans of the building had been adopted and its cons-lruction commenced, it was ascertained that Mr. .lell'ery Hale, had left a considerable sum of money to create a Hospital for the relief of the I'rotestant sick. The sick wards contemi)lated in the Finlay Asylum were on that, abandoned and the interior arrangements were adapted lo suit the re(piirements of two other Church of England Institutions whoso managers olfered to pay a certain rent for accommodation in the new building. Accordingly in 'SGI, on the tiflieth anniversary of Bishop Mountain's admission into Holy Onb-rs, the building was s(demnly taken possession of, with an appropriate oflice of Prayers a.d Hymns and reading of Holy Scrijiture. The occasion was honored by the presence of Bishop Williams, then Assistant Bishop of Connecticut, his Chaplain the Uev. Dr. D. E. K )wen and a large assemblage of Church peojile. The Central part of the building was occupied by the aged men and women ; and the west wing by the Female and Orphan Asylum until 1873, when the Military Asylum building on the Grande AUee, 382 nosriTALS. [1874, Wfts pnri'liasfil ror the fuluro Homo of Orplian girls. Tlio Orplian boys t^lill coiiliiiuo to occniiiy (lie eae-t wing of tlie Finiay Asylum. The building is a striking gotliic structure very generally ailmired by tiie rf'sidents, as well as by strangers visiting (^tuebec. It stands on th'3 St. Toye road, not far from the toll gate. It is just beyond the City limits. The building was designed by Messrs. Kemp A Fraser. architects of the Government Buildings at Ottawa, and was erected by Mr. Arch"r, l)uilder of this city, at a cost of Sl'i.OOU. The system adojited in this asylum is preferable to that wluL-h we liave seen in others, of rollecting so many old people in one room, wliere they are forced to witness the gradual di'cay, tlie daily sulfi'ring- and the liiial ileath-bed scenes, wliich could be spared them were tlie wards, as in tlie Finiay, made smaller. They hold at the most six men, and when they become very old and inlirm, tiny are removed into rooms containing three or even two. In one double room was a greydiaired man worn and stoojiing, and almost dccrepid, readin^ ..jud, from the Sacred Volume, th" everlasting truths of salvation to a ci mrade as old as himself, but sick and conlined to bed : his good old face, however, was sull'used with a calm and holy joy that showed too jilainly the satisfaction he derived from the words that came with (dlli'mlly from the quavering voice of Ids kind friend. There are at the ]in'seni time 21 men and 8 women in the a-^ylum. The wnmen are accommoiiated in a Sfparate part of tlie building, and are divided into parties of three and more. Most of them are able to rise daily and dress themselves, but iioth sexes are allowed to lay down, walk or sit just when and how, it best suits their weakened frames. The Chaiiel is in tlie centre of the building with four ™oms opening o.T from it, so tliat very inlirm jiersons and those who n;e a lually conlined to lied, are ennliled to join in the service wilhont, the exertion of passing out of tln'ir own rooms. It is jjrovided with a sweet-toned Harmonium, so that the monotony of a jmrely verbal service is avoided. There are religious services daily at a quarter past nine. In connec" tion with this, we noted a memorandum in the register which deserves to be transferred to this account ; it was made by the clergyman on the r2ih June, I87i, and is as follows; "To the glory of God and the great spiritual benelit of the inmates of this Church Home, the morning sacrilice of prayer and praise has been olfered d;'ily within these walls for nine full yenrs." The general treatineal of the in male: is good, and every jiossihle liberty given them in their actions Visitors are allowed to see them daily from one to four p. m., and on 1875] IIOSriTALS. 383 Sumlays from three lo iivc p. in. Tlio chtliiiii.' supjilied both males anil fcmalt'S is comfortable and duruble, and has not that characte- ristic lodk of pauperism that distinguishos Ihi' dress adojited in many asylums and charitabli' homes. There are three abundant meals daily, dinner Tare being changed every tlay. The ai'prarance of the inmates is the l>est critirion of lii''ir bein^: well looked after; comfort and cleanliness being obser\able in tin," faces of all. The visiting Physician, makes fre(|uent visits, as with persons of so advanced years, some are continually ailing. The sources of revenue of the Finlay Asylum are various, but consist principally of the interest on ?ll,400 of City of Hamilton and Montreal shares; tiie English Cathedral allowance of SiJU'i annually for the support of 14 inmates, at S3 jier month : an annual collection made in the Cathedral, and a Local Government yearly grant of $i(JO. Donations of small sums of money, jirovisions, etc., help alsolo increase the fund. The Si.tleorge's Society have the privilege of sending any of the people thi'y assist to the Finlay Asylum on payment of one shilling per diem. Tin- total numDer of persons who hiive been relieved and cared for since the establishment opened, is 327. The Administration is conducted by a Corjjoration consisting of the Rector and Church wardens of the Cathedral. Secretary-Treasurer, H. J. LeSueur, Esq. Visiting Ladies — Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Houseman, Mrs.Pdjie, Mrs. M. G. Mountain, Mrs. II. G. Smith, Mrs. Fothergill, Miss Hcaly, Mrs. Bennett, Mrs. Hawson, Mrs. G. Irvine, Mrs. Edward LeMesurier, Mrs. H. McNab Stuart, Mrs. R. 11. Smith. Misses: Phillips, Forsyth, S. Hamilton, Eppes and Dunn. Secretary of Ladies Conmiitlee, Miss Racey ; Physician, Dr. Marsden. Superintendent, Mr. J. 0. Richardson. Matron, Mrs. Richardson." iim .mai-E oupnA.N asvllm. In the same building we have just described, the left wing has been alloted to the Male Orphan Asylum, fou.ided in [S'ii, incori)or- aled in 1857. Here, the children whose parents belonged to the Church of England are provided for and fed, clothed, educal"d and lodgeil until they are about fourteen years of age, wln'n a choice of trades is olfered them, they being apprenticed to the one, they may like best. There are now in the orphenage 21 boys, ranging from three yeirs of age upwards. The little fellows are well cared for, and bounti- fully fed ; they go in the day time to the National Schools. A visiting Committee of twelve ladies, one for each month in the year, make frequent visits of inspection, the first Thursday in each month being 884 HOSPITALS. [1871. lis I I Ihe (lay appointed for general meetings. The indoor arrang-^menls of the dormitories and other accommodation for the boys is excellent ; it makes a really comfortable home for many poor orphan boys who would othnrwise be exposed to temptation and penury at the very outset of their exii^tence, Hector, Hevd. Geo, Ilousman, M, A. Church Wardens . M. G. Mountain and Geo. Hall, Governors. Ladies Committee : Mrs. Williams, Mrs Clajiham, Mrs. Wm. Wurlele, Mrs. Glover, Mrs. Boswell, Mrs IJpiinett, Mrs. Fry, Mrs. K. !l. Smith, Mrs. Housman, Mrs. Torre, Miss. Taylor, Miss Marion Mountain, Miss Ilealey, Secretary-Treasurer. Female Orphan Asylum. In the days when the Imperial Government ke\A up in Quebec a numerous Garrison, the want of an Asylum to maintain discharged soldiers, tlii'ir widows and children was much felt; sevi'rai military men and foremost Staff Surgeon Blatherwici^, were conspicuous in efforts to organize a Mii-iTAnv IIu.mk. The building, situated on St. Louis road, near the Murlello Towers, is a good sized stone structure, two stories high. On the departure of the British Troops, it i)ecanie vacant ; it was [lurchased in 1873, for the " Female Orphan Asylum, " through the liberality of Ihe Trustees of the " Quebec Provident and Savings' Bank. " The Secretary is Mrs. J. Fry. Jeffery Hale's Hospital. This inslitulion, the result of themunilicence of a single individual, was incorporated by Act of the Legislature in September, IHC"). It is a private institution, established by private means and sustained by the same and donations, it is designed for the use of Protestants only, without regard to sect or denomination, to be forever under Protes- tant control, as contained in the proviso clause of the Act, wiiich says. " Nor shall any person be appointed Governor or hold the ofllce unless he professes the Protestant faith." The jiresent property Was purchased in December, 1863, and opened for admission of patients, in January, 1SG7. The building was enlarged to admit fever patients in 1873. The total cost of the iirojierty was §21,000, and of the furniture $3,400. The building, formerly a private house, was suitably adapted for the purposes whicii it now serves; altitude, airines.^, magnificent view of the St. Lawrence and Beauport Bay, a large garden, and perfect quiet combine to render the modest little house a perfect paradise for the sick. It is two stori*^d, and a fever wing has been added of the same height duri I g last year. Across tlie street, story upon story towers the immense school buildings of the Soeurs Grises, but at the back nothing impedes the view, and the fresh Laurenlian breezes. A 1873.] IIOSriTALS. SSI 3h llie |ty lof lof ar kv pt pr |e |y spacious verandali runs all around liial iiarlol'lhe Ijuildirgs.on which the inmates can walk, or sit and bask in the warm sunligiit, surveying a scene which for natural beauty, Italy itself can iuriii?li fi'w to sur- pass. In the little committee room, furnished more in the style of a private house than is usual in such establiblunents, a lino jiortrait of its generous founder ornaments the wall, the fealurfs marked with a bonovolfnce quite in consonance with his actions. The male ward, on the ground lloor, is a S) acious aiiarlnienl with thr»'0 large windows at each end if the room; the lloors are poish-d; in brightness and glistening purity, they bear a strong resemhl.uico to ih.' waxed lloors in the stale apartments of old French chateaiu. TIero are nine beds in this ward, each lilted up, most comfortauly, with scrupulously clean blankets, pillow-cases, Ac. ; by a simple contrivance they cin bo either let flat down or the head risen to any angle at whii li ihe suf- ferer likes bt'st to repnse. A washstand cf polished wood is placed at one end of the apartment, and is lilted up wiih pure white china. Tables, chairs and cupboards all bear evidence of constant cleaning. Bibles and books there are in i)lenly, illuslrat' (i magazines, such as Good Words, Sunday Mcujazine, Leisure Hour, Ac, lay also on tho tables ; around the walls are large framed and glazed Scriptuial mottoes, illuminated in attractive colors, which give both thi. eye and the mind abundant Too I for observation and rell-'Ction, besidi's redeem- ing the walls from Ih Minvarying whiteness, so forbidding in m ist public infirmaries. The waiting room for jiatients app'ynig foradmLs- sion, is flanked on the lefi by the surgery ; lilb'd U|) with neitness, it is characteristic, like everything, in Jelfery Hale's Hospital. On the right, is a line bath-room for males, which is always supplied with hot and cold water. The other necessary oflices are in a similar conditioii of cli an elliciency. On this lloor, are the apartments of the matron, an 1 a private room which may be utilized by six persons on payment of cue dollar jier diem. The furniture aiul lixtur-s are in th ; s ime style as a bed room in comfortably furnished houses of the W''lI-to-do classes. A similar room for females is on the lloor above. U|)^tai;s, the confur- mation of the house is a counterpart (.f the ground lloor. Immediately above the male ward, is one for f males, (iited up fur an t'([iial number of jiatienls. 'I'wo smaller rooms are (lev';t"d to invalid children — three beds for boys, and four for girls. Above this, on the attic lloor, are the servants' bed-room^; a room with two larg' tanks for the supply of water, and the linen room in wlik'li tvei y article for the use of the hospital is as>orted with an ord(!r and cl- anliiP'ss that would please the most fastidious, in the well arranged kitchens, the walls bristle with a bright array of brass, copper and tin utensils, and all the parapheraalia of a good cuisine. A large cooking stove 25 % »':;i n I) « i ' Z9)Q HOSPITALS. [1855. stands in the centre of the room. The boiler room is adjacent and with everything else in the place, is in perfect order even to the coal cobbles. The furnace and its steam pipes looks a complicated piece of machinery, and big enough to blow the little institution into atoms, where it to turn rusty. The outside man has charge of it. The temperature of the building can be arranged to a nicety by means of the steam pipes, and there is a pleasant contrast in the warmth supplied in every corner to that given by stoves. There is an elevator or dumb waiter by which the patients receive their meals or soup, hot from the tire, and much trouble and bustle with servants is saved by its use. The fever wards are part of the same building, but do not communicate with it, except outside. There are two furnished, as we have described ; they accommodate six in each ; at present, they are unoccupied. The total number of infirm admitted since the open- mg of the Hospital is 480 ; the admissions this year (1875) to date are 57. The number of inmates is thus regulated in the By-laws of the Committee ; '■' Every governor and medical ofllcer of the Hospital, and the ministers belonging to the different Protestant congregations or any respectable Protestant citizen of this city may recommend patients to be admitted to the hospital in the manner and form herein- after prescribed, but it shall be the exclusive prerogative of the attending physician or surgeon, as the case may be, to judge if the person so recommended be laboring under such disease as is admis- sible into the Hospital. The officers of Jeffery Hale's Hospital are Governors for life: — President, Rev. David Marsh, John Thomp- son, Esq., John Hacey, M. D., Geo. Carlton Hale, Esq., and James S. Crawford ; Treasurer and Secretary, James S. Crawford, Esq ; Phy- sicians, John Racey, M. D., and W. Rowand, M. D. The interna! arrangements are managed by a matron, one male nurse, one female nurse, housemaid, cook, and one outside man. The institution was the recipient of $1,000 in the year 1873, from an anonymous donor It is a flourishing charity, and ought to be borne in mind, where the deserving sick who have no shelter or home can apply for aid," Ladies' Protestant Home. " This charitable institution originated in a society which was formed in 1855, under the name of the " Ladies' Quebec Protestant Relief Society." It was begun on a very humble scale, by the following ladies : — Mrs. Carden, Mrs. W. Newton, Mrs. S. Newton, Mrs. Knight, Mrs, Pulfer, Mrs. Maxfleld Shep|)ard, Mrs. Archibald Campbell, Mrs. James Bankier, and Miss H. Newton. These, with the help of the Rev. Mr. Carden, Mrs. Bradshaw, Miss D, S. Stuart, and others, 1858.] HOSPITALS. 387 as ar. associated themselves together for visiting and relieving the wants of the Protestant jioor of the city, but they soon found that without some home or house of refuge, much of the charity was misap])liod ; they, therefore, in 1S58, made an appeal to the public for means to hire a house and provide a shelter for those cases that were utterly homeless and destitute. This appeal was most favorably received, and such was the encouragement they met with that the ladies soon after solicited an Act of Incorporation, which was granted ia the spring of 1839 ; and thus, under the name of the " Ladies' Protestant Home," was founded the present institution, which claims to receive and help " destitute and unprotected women and female children of all Pro- testant denominations, in the city of Quebec." To ihis, the original design, has been added the maintenance of two inlirmary wards for the treatment of non-infectious diseases. The building, a stately lire brick structure, is situated on the left hand side of the St. Louis road, just within the turnpike. It is a handsome, spacious house, admirably suited to the purpose for which it was erected, and the site is one of the healthiest and llnest in the city. The home was built by Mr. Hugh Hatch, contractor, Mr. Lecourt being the architect, undisr the direction of the following gen- tlemen — John Gilmour, Esq., Dr. Bialherwick, Mr. Sheriff Sewell, 0. L. Itichardson, Esq., A. C. Bucanan, Esq , George Veasey, Esq., McLean Stewart, Esq., Joseph Bowles, Esq., and John Musson, Escj., who voluntarily undertook to collect and solicit the funds necessary for the work. So successful were they, and so generously were subscrip- tions bestowed by all the leading members of the protestant community, that the sum of sixteen thousand dollars was soon at their disposal, and in Moy, 1863, the Home was completed and occupied; it now forms one of the most popular and useful of the many charitable institutions of the city." — Maple Lcives, 1815. Marine Hospital. fed ef r t, " This edifice, one of the finest constructions in Quebec, was designed by M. M. Blaiklock, from the Temjile of tlie Muses on the Elissus, near Athens. It presents a front of two hundred and seventy fe'-t and is situated at the northern end of Crown street, on the north of I'oinle- aux-Liccres, a peninsula formed by a circuit of the St. Charles, ni>ar which Jacques-Cartier S|)ent the winter in 1533. The remains of Loinle-aux-Licvres, at 3,037 feet to the southward of the Marine llosjjilal. Tho walls of this building are of cut-stone and its roof is covered with tin It consists principally of a central corps, four stories high, seventy feot long ami tifly-' ight wide, and a wing at oiiiior end, one hundred feet in It-nglh. Tiie main entrance to the central cori)S is through a portico which is thirty-live feet in length and eight and a half in breadth, formed by four columns thirty inches dian-eter ut the base, of the ancient ionic order resting on a cut-stone base and supporting an enlablulure of cut-stone. There is in this portion accommodation for two hundred and twenty-live patients. Near the main building, but completely sejjarated from it, stands the cholera hospital, a wooden structure 202 feet long by twenty- four wide, two stories high and capable of accommodating one hundred cholera or fever |)atients. The first stone of the principal building was laid on the 28th of May 1832, the anniversary of the birth day of William IV. The central portion and west wing were completed at a cost of §fJO,000 in July 1834, when tho bui'ding was opened for the reception of sick mariners and imigrants. The east wing was constructed in 1854-5-6 at an expense of about $50,647. The whole exjiense incurred for the construction of the stone building and of the cholera hospital, com- pleted in its present form in 1860, amounts to §118,647. • The management ol this hospital is entrusted to a board of commis- sioners appointed by the government. Tho present board is composed of Dr. P. Wells, secretary, Dr. Robitaille and Dr. Von Kland : Drs. Landry, Lemieux dnd Rowand are the visiting physicians and Dr. Catellier the residing phys cian. In their report to the goverment for the year 1872-73, the Cfmniissioners give the following figures, which prove the usefulness of the hospital : Total number of admissions 13'23 Discharged 1209 ) Died 35 [ 1323 Remaining 79 J Of these were : Sailors 723 ^ Imigrants 125 [ 1323 Town people 475 J The expenses for the same year amounted to §20,142.70. These expenses are defrayed by the federal and local governments, the latter contributing a fixed sum of $i,000 a year supposed to represent the 1845.] HOSPITALS. 389 expenses incurred for the treatment of town pnojilo, who are also received in this hospital, when they have good rccommendalions and are needy. Well to-do people, not having their families in the city, are also admitt'-d ami treated in this hospital, at a very moderate cost. The main e lilice is surrounded by a j-'arden planted with trees in front, and a solid iron railing." Quebec Lunatic Asylum. le Ir On the S])lendid property of judge do Bonne, purchased for that purpose, this asylum was built as a refuge and place of special medical treatment for the insane. The site is very fine and most aiiprojiriatcd to such an establishment. Krom the buildings, the patients have a view of the harbour ami city of Qupl)ec, whilst in the other direction, they enjoy a magnilicent spectacle offered by the lofty Laurenlides mountains. The grounds are adorned with trees, flowers and mea- dows in front of the mam building, near whicli flows the Kiiisscau de COurs. Altdclied to the eslablishment is a largn and admirably kept farm, on which part of the vegetables used, is raised. There are two buildings : one for male and one for female patients. This last named is a cut-stone structure four stories high in the center, three at the extremities and two for the sections between the corner towers and the center, which is sunnounted by an elegant cupola. The front of the central part is occupied by the entrance, the lodgings of the superintendent, and those of the resident physician. Tlie rest of the building is inhabited l)y the female patients. In rear are the kitchen, the washing-room, the gaz and water works. The size of this edifice is about 200 by 100 feet. In the oilier building, of more recent and less ornamfntal design are the male patients. The size of this structure erected in !864, is about the same as that of the olhor, but it is in all its parts four stories Irgh. It is well ventilated and healed by steam, as the female quarters. The whole establishment cost over half a million of dollars It is owned and conducted by Dr. Landry and Dr. Roy, who spare nothing to make it a first class institution. According to a contract passed with the government, the Province pays a lixed sum for the niaintainance of the institution and when the number of the patients exceeds a certain figure, the proprietors receive from thf government $13'2 a year for each addilionnal jierson. The last report j)ubli3hed by 390 HOSPITALS. [1864. Dr. Roy gives the following comparative table of the expenses incurred ia various countries for the treatment of each lunatic: England $122.00 Franco 136.58 United States $257.69 yuubec Asylum 108.00 This last fit!ure is the best proof that can be given of tho excellent management of this institution. The patients, in July, 1873, num- bered 884, viz: 448 men and 436 women. From January, 1872 to July, 1873, the number of admissions was 182 men ami 133 women, in all 315. The sum paid last year (1873), by the Provincial Legislature was $177,000. Although, it is called the Quebec Asylum, this institution is situated in the parish of Beauport, on the road to Montmorency, at a distance of two miles and a half from the city. That spot was chosen by the founders of the establishment, Drs. Douglas, Morrin and Fremont, who started it in 1845, on account of its healthiness, its fine position and its isolation. It is the only institution of the kind in the province, that of St. John's belonging to the goverameat in stead of being a private enterprise as that of Quebec. Belmont Retreat. On the 22nd September, 1804, the Fabrique Noire-Dame de Quf.bec sold to Mr. George Wakeham, with the spacious mansion Ihoroon, twenty-six arpents of ground to wit, the road front of their extensive purchase from John W. Dunscomb, Esq., Collector of Customs. Mr. Wakeham, advantageously known as Ihe superintendant, since its inception, of the Beauport Lunatic Asylum, undertook the establish- ment of a private asylum, at this very approjtriate locality, to treat mental discRses generally ; more specially those brought on by inebriety. Tiie institution has so much increased in usefulness that Mr. Wakeham has recently been enabled to obtain a subsidy from the Provincial Government. Belmont Retreat is rather a historical spot. Ever since tho conquest, it had been the family manor of the gonial or warlike Caldwells — Colonel Henry, Sir John and Sir Henry Caldwell ; it has been fully described in Maple Leaves for 1865, page 105, In 1765, this property belonged to Gen. Murray. 1875] CHURCHES. CHURCHES AND CHAPELS. 391 The Basilica Minor. In addition to its antiquity and internal bmuty, the Basilica of Quebec, contains ol>jecls of art, well worthy of the attention of amateurs. In I7'J3, Frenoh church properly, monasteries, Ac, were pillaged and confiscated en masse. In this confusion and terror, paintings of great value were in some cases given away for the merest trifle. It so happened that one of the avaricious speculators of the period, who had purchased an incredible lot of ihem, failed. A French abbe. Rev. Messire Desjardins, a man of taste, having some money, bought the whole lot at a sacritice. Cardinal Fesche, archbishop of Lyons, also bought some ; the rest were shipped to America, about 1817, when the Quebec Seminary, the Roman Catholic Catljedrai, the Fabriques of 8t. Michel, Lotbinifere, Ac, also became purchasers of these pictures — Some of them were invaluable as works of art and have ever since been the admiration of strangt?rs visiting Quebec. In the year 1647, the building of this cathedral was commenced and pursued under the auspices of bishop Laval, and nineteen years afterwards, on the tSth July, 16GG, it was consecrated under the name of Church of the Immaculate Concei tion. It superseded the chapel of Jesuit's college, which was for sometime used as the parochial church of Quebec. Of course, this building has sulfered much from the lires, occasioned by the storming of this city during the sieges. but the foundations and part of the walls are still the same ; so that it may be said with accuracy that this church dales from 21'J years back. It is the oldest church in North America. It occupies, the south-east side of the market square in the upper town. It is distinguished rather for its solidity and neatness, Ihau for splendor or regularity of architecture. The aiJes or wings, con- siderably lower than the nave of the church, and the lofty lower and spires built without and separated from it on the south sidij, destroy all external symmetry, yet do not detract from the religious appearance of the pile. Within, it is very lofty, with massive arches of stone dividing the nave from the ailes, above which is a gallery on each side running the whole length of the interior. It is described by Colonel Bouchetle as 216 feet in length by 108 in breadth. It is capable of containing a congregation of 4,000 persons. At the east end, are the grand altar and the choir, superbly decorated. There are Aiso four chapels in the ailes, dedicaled to diirerent saints. In a 392 CHURCHES. [1804. f 1 1 . transvt rso gallery at the west ond is tho organ, in chnrpo of Mr. Ernt'st Gagnon, wlio allt'niinil Itio courses of tlio C< nservaloiie. of I'aris. The. walls are (ji-coraled with line i)aintings, ofwliicli follows a list enumorated in order, commtncing tho survey to the right from the entrance, following tho |)a:-sage along the pillars which divide tho nave from tho wings : 1. — The llohj Famihj, by Hlanchard (IGOO-1630, jiainter in ordinary to the King of France.) 1 — Tlw, Saviour insulted hij the Soldiers, — St. Matthews, XXVII, 27, 31, — by Fleurct, (French school.) 3. — Birth of Christ, a splendid cojty of the celebrated painting by Annibal Carrache, (Italian school.) 4. — The /Jiyht of Josi'ph into Eijijpt, a copy of the original by Vanloo (lleiTiish school) in the Seminary Chapel, by Theof Idle Ilamel. 5. — Our Saviour atlcnde'l to lnj the Awjels after the temptation in till' desert, by Hestout, (lG')-2-1718, french school.) C). — The Immaculate Concei)lion, Lebrun's, (french school) style. T.—St. I'aul's exiacy, by Carlo Maretli (1G25-1713 Italian school). 8. — Altar, Miracles of St. Ann, by A. Plamondon, Canadian artist and a pupil of Faul Guerin. ^.—Oar Saviour on the Cross, by Van Dyck (1599-1641, flemish school) — This painting is one of the most remarkable in America and certainly the best in Canada. 10. — The Pentecost, by Vi;,'non, (french school.) 11. — The Annunciation, by Hestout, (french school.) 12. — Lying into the Sepulchre, copied by A. Plamondon from the original by llulin, in the Seminary Chapel. 13.— 7/ie liaplism of Christ, by Claude Guy Ilalle (1G52-1736, french school.) The sacristy contains tho wards of the church, the rich ornaments, gold brocade, Ac, among which a complete set of ornaments given to Bishop Laval by the great Louis XV. English Cathedral. (Uai'tl as p.irisli Church. ) " This handsome edifice was built by the bounty of Government, upon the representations of thelirst Bishop of Quebec, Dr. Mountain — on ground on which stood the convent and church of the Franciscan Friars, destroyed by fire in September 1796. As the order was sup- pressed, Government took possession of those grounds ; the present Church was erected and consecrated in 1804. It is, says Hawkins, atj 'I 1804.] CHURCHES. 393 j i edillco of rogulur architecture and very rospnclabI being made by Itundeli and Bridge. This plate, together with Ih.' altar cloth, hangings of the desk and pulpit, which are of crimson velvet and cloth of gold, and books for di\ ino service, was a private present from king George III. A good peal of eight bolls, of wliich the tenor bell is about IG cwl., was procured by the subscriptions of the congregation. The churcii has an excellent organ but rn'ilhi'r surpileed choir, or dean and chapter, Galli'ries have been constructed, thrown back on eacli siile of the organ, for the accomodation, of the children of the male and f>'malo orjilian asylums, in tlu'ir distinctive dresses. Several handsome monumenls, have been erected within the build- ing, of which the principal is that erected to the memory of iheltight Rev. Jacob Mountain, first bishop of Quebec, andthrougli whose exer- tions the church was built. Tin- dimensions of tliis monument are eight feet by six, and its weiglit exceeds two tons. The work, which is executed by Nicholls, is of white marl)le, upon a marble groumi, linished olT in a seuii-cir- cular form at the top. The execution is very superior, the whole edect extremely striking, and the likeness of the Bishop most satis- factory, — although the friends who remember him in tliis country, where the nature of tlie climite induced him to dispense with the wig, regret that the head is not represented with his own venerable hair. The principal object is his bust in the episcojjal dress, the whole head inclining forward and standing out entire, from the shoulders ujnvard. The bust rests upon a i)edestal on which tlie arms, sur- mounled by the mitre, are carved, and below, the inscri|tion is engraved. On the other, a full length figure of Religion, clasping a bible to her breast, with the emblematical apfiendages of the cross and the crosier, or pastoral staff. The monument forms a conspicuous ornament of the church, and is a suitable memorial of the excellent prelate who was the first occui)ier of the see, and proi'ured the erection of the Imilding itself. It is a circumstance, however, which ought not to be left unnoticed, that, upon his demise, a desire was expressed by his clergy, and formed the subject of very gratifying communications which passed among thom, to combine in paying a tribute of this nature themselves lo hia \l\' ' 394 CHURCHES, [1804. i 'fl memory, if not rendered unneceseary by the proceeding which might be adopted by the family. The inscription is as follows, and wo aro sure that it will be regarded as simple and modest: — Hie Jacet Vir admodum reverendus Jacoh Mountain, 8. T. P. Episcopus Qiiebecensis, Ecclesio! Anglicana), in Canadis fundator, Qui obiit \. S. MDCCCXXV. iEtalis suio LXXV. Episcopatus XXXIII; Praesul In divino munere obeundo, Promptus, fldelis, indefessus ; in memoriam viri egregii, et sibi carissimi, hoc marmor conjux et liberi superstites P. G. The remains of Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond Lennox, and AuBiGNT, Governor General of these Provinces, are interred in the Chancel. He died, supporting to the last the torments of hydro- phobia with undaunted constancy, on the 28th day of August, 1819. The folI^^Qg are the inscriptions upon the other monuments : — Sacred to the Memory of Lieutenant General Peter Hunter, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada and Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty's forces in both the Canadas, who died at Quebec, on the 2lst August, 1805, aged 59 years. His life was spent in the service of his King and country. Of the various stations, both civil and military, which he filled, He discharged the duties with spotless integrity, unwearied zeal, and successful abilities. This memorial to a beloved brother, whose mortal part rests in the adjacents place of burial, Is erected by John Hunter, M. D. of London. 1818] CHURCHES. 895 In memory of Thomas Dunn, Es((., of Durham, in EnRJanfl, who departed lliis lif«on the t5th April, A. D. 1818. In the 88lh year of his age. During his long residonce in this country, where he established himself soon after the conquest, He held several important situations und"r Government: He was one of the original Mi'mbers of the Legislative and Kxt'cutive Councils, In which la?t capacity, during two different vacant intervals, He administered the Government of the I'rovince. His known integrity and goodness procured him the conlldence and respect of the community ; And ho was eminently possessed of those private qualities Which cause men to be beloved during life, and lamented in death. id .he Iro- \\0. 1 " HLESSKD ABE THE DEAD " WHICH DIE I.N THE LOKD." Sacred to the memory of The Honble. Garleton Thomas Monckton, Fifth son of Hobert Arundel, fourth Viscount Galway, By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Matthew, esquire, of Felix Hall, E>sex, And great nephew of the Honble. Brigadier General Monckton, who succeeded to the command of the British army Upon the death of General Wolfe, at the splendid victory achieved on the heights of Abraham, 13th Sept , A. D. 1759. At the age of fifteen he entered the array and served in Spain, And at the Battle of Waterloo w"« a Lieutenant in the 16th Regt. of Light Dragoons. He some years afterwards became a Captain in the 24th Regt. of Infantry, which he accompanied to Canada, and died after a short illness at Quebec, on the 10th May, A. D. 1830. In the 34th year of his age, beloved by his brother oflicers, ^and sincerely lamented by all who knew him. This tablet was erected by his sorrowing brothers and^sislers, as a testimony of their fond alfection to one most justly dear to them, and in the humble hope that, through faith in Christ Jesus, the only Saviour, they, together with him, may be blessed as are those that die in the Lord. Sff^ 396 CHURCHES. [1819. It stands within the communion rails. Immediately opposite is the raoriumont of bishop Slewart, successor of Might Hev. Jacob Mountain, D.D. Anothi.T marble slab commemorates the death of the Duke of Iti'hmond whose iealli was caused by hydrophobia arising from thf bite ofajiet fox in 1819, i while Governor General of Giinada. Some other marble slabs are dedicated to the memory of distinguished political men. ] Two very beauliful stained glass memorial windows have been erected in the Catiiedral, under the supervision of Mr. Spence of Montreal. 'I he one to the right of tiie chancel contains a large figure of Our Saviour as the Good Sheiihcrd, holding in his arms a lamb and surrounded with sheep. The back ground of the picture consists of rich foliage, Ac., the surroundings are in rich Gressadle glass ; it liears the following; inscription: "George Burns Symes, born Jany. 20, 1803; died June 12, 186,3. This window is erected by his onlv daughter, Clara, Marquise de Bassano." Mr. Clutterbiirk of England, is the art st of this window. The window on the left of the chancel contains a large group of the " Good Samaritan,"' which is an exquisite specimen of art nianufaclure. I 1 " 'Pill' fiillnwiTig boinn a copy of the lirttistiT m' jiuri.Tli', of the C.'itlicdr.'il riiiirch of (,liii'tn'c, pcttli ? si'vii-.'rl jioints. in cuiiiH'ctiiiii with tin' d.'iti' anil p'acr of ilrmisi' of till' l.iti' Diikc of IticliiiLOj (I, buiiril (iH 111! kiio'v, witliiii tliu iiri'tinc's of tlio Citlii dr.-il' Soiin- li.iv.' asj.'i't (1. tli;it his (iriii'r dii'il o'' a iii.iliuiiaiit fiver, oIliiT.S anil of this niuiilpir. I'lofi sB.ir S lliMiaii. who vinitid (^iii'lu'c in 1>1'.I— that tin" llukr diiil from tho pffnls of thr liiti' of a tann' lox, Thr t-UiSi' of Ills death is not luTi' asKiirnnl >i.'vrral of till' " ([iiality of old Ijiirlii'i' " apiirar to have aJKiiril thi' Ui'viister. The then Com- mander of thi' l''orees 8 r ,Johii Harvey, we lieheve, resided at Alarchniont. Ura'iu'" Allee. and the Chief Jii-tiee .Jonatii.in Sewell in his eos.v (dd lionie-te:e;, Riihso- quentU' imrehased liy (ioverninent from the Heirs Sewell's, and now oci'upied by lliB Honor the liieiitenant tiuvernor and lOxeeutive ulliee. '1 h" lirst Hisleip .Mmintain otlleiated, lieing a-sisted liy his son. tho lite Hishop. '■ II s liraee, Charles l)iike of Hichnioiid, I,eniiox and Aul>i(iiiy. ,te., Ac, ic, Knight of the mot iiob!e oribr of the darter, fruvernor-in-Chief aeil Conimandor of the firees n ,and ov.r tile Jirit fh | ossession in North Ameriea. a>;ed lilty-ti\ e years, died at tile new niilitarv settlement of Kielimond in I'pper Canada, nil the :!ith of Aii'-'ust. and was buried in the Citbedral Cliiireli of (i>iiebeo, (this distineti' n lieinu', by the l.nrd lli>!iop of the II oeese. speei.illy and exeliisively. resi'rved for the re]iri'-ieii- talive-; nf His .Ma'i sty beini.' (lovernor--in Chief and dymtr in the u.vc-cut on of their ofliee,) on tiie Uli .September in the year of our Lord l.'51'J by inc. (Siyriied.) >T. Quebec, aBBisted by Geo. J. Mouutaiu, ollieiatint,' Minister. JosRPn Ti.vNOt.nT Jlir.r.s, Chaplain of the l-'oree-." I'liltsiisr : — W. .".LirLeoil, Consiu, M:ijor .'inil aide do camii .1. Ifeiidy. Liiiit.-Col. and P.Seeretary, (i. Howies, Mil tary Seerelary and .Ma,jor..l. Harvey. I, lent. Cel.. Dy. Adj. (lenl, J. S w 11, ( hief-.liistiee of L. Canada, C .Aiarsli.dl. Sol.-Gi nl., Lower Canad.-v ]lo>s I'lithbert. M. Kxeeutive Coiineil Win. Smith, M. Kxeoutivo Council, John Caldwell. Kr. (lenl. and M. LiKisbitive of Canada. 1 The Cliaiieid eontainsa ma^'iiilieeiit memorial window of tho lito Uiplit Itevorond Johosli i|.h:it Moontaiii. HI), liishop of the lii lee-e. It consist of three part-. The centre and lari/e window represiiilinj; the .Vseens on : the Haptism ;ind Traiisti^iira- tion belli:.' lepre-i'iileil in the side Windows. The friends and admirers of the late Bishop siibserlbedfor th ' erection of this window, the exeeiitioii of 't havim; been cnlriisted to CI iitterbuck of .Stratford near l,onilon. At tin.' base , !ie Wiiidow is the lollowiiitf insiri]ition. " To the f,;! r.v of liod, and in (.'ratefii membranee of (leorKe ,lehoslia)ainls, used for occasional services." ^ Church of the Congregation. There is nothing worth mentioning about that church, which is a plain building situated on Dauteuii st.eet. fronting the Esplanade It .s in charge of the Jesuits, and used as a special chapel b th.. em bers of the congregation of men in the upper town. If - mmmmmmmmmm m 1' 898 CHURCHES. Church of St. Jean-Bap tiste, [1848. On St John street is the church of the reman catholics resiiiing in St. John suburb. It was erected in 1848, unfortunately not according to the d';sign of the architect, which accounts for some discrepancy in its projiortions. Ilowevi'r, it is a very line and large cut-stone build- ing, with two square towers on which are erected the lofty spires which are seen at a great distance. The ceiling is well finished, th'< nave divided from the ailes by line Corinthian columns and all the in- terior neat and elegant. It has seats for 2000 persons. The walls of this church are adorned with paintings copied from the originals of celebrated masters of the french and Italian schools. The list is as follows : 1. — The Baplismof Christ, copied by Legare, a Quebec artist, from the original of Claude Guy Halle. 2. Sainle Cecile, copied from Raphael by A. Plamondon, an artist of Quebec. 3. 5/. Charles Borromee giving the sacremenl lo the plague-stricken of Milan, copied by Plamondon. 4. La Vierge Siitine, copied from Raphael, by Plamondon. 5. Ste. Anne, by A. Plamondon. 6. The Assumption, copied from N. Poussin, by Plamondon. 7. The Transfiguration, coi)ied from Raphael, by Plamondon. 8. Jesus curing the blind of Jericho, copied from N. Poussin, by Plamondon. 9. The Adoration of the Wise men of the East, copied from Raphael, by Plamondon. 10. Jesus handing the Keys to St. Peter, copied from N. Poussin, by Plamondon. 11. The Scena, copied from L. de Vinci, by Plamondon. 12. The Flight to Egypt, copied from Vanloo, by Plamondon. St. Matthew's Church, (Church of England ) " One of the handsomest architectural structures that strike the eye of a stranger when passing through St. John street (without) is St. Mathews Church. Some are still living amongst us who can recall in 1828, thf services first commenced by the late Bishop Mountain, in a room of a small wooden house, occupied by the sexton of the Protestant burying- ground in which it stood. The room was bare and unadorned ; its fur- niture was of the plainest description : a desk for the clergyman and the clerk who made the responses, and some rough benches without any backs, on which the people sat. 1828.J CHURCHES. 399 pes jail k- r- id lut As the congregation grew, Ihe room was enlarged by an addition to the building, which gave it the form of the letter T. About the same lime a small belfry was erected on one end of the building. Rough and unadorned as the whole was, the loving spirit of the good Bishop, his earnest teaching, and the hallowed associations of hearty worship rendered it beautiful and attractive to not a few. The disastrous fire of 1845 completely destroyed the little wooden chapel, and many of the head-boards erected over the graves of those who had been laid to rest beneath its walls, in 1849, a stone building, very neat and commodious, and a model, for its day of ecclesiastical architecture was brought to completion. The stalfof clergy connected with the Church of England was not sufTicient to secure more than service on Sunday evenings and on one week-day evening until 1853 when the Rev. Armine Mountain was enabled to commence a mor- ning service every Sunday. As the congregation grew in numbers, it became necessary to secure for them the entire services of a clergy- man, whose sole oflice should be to minister to them. This was effected through the generosity of the late Bishop Mountain who provided a salary out of his own incomo as Rector of Quebec and appointed as incumbent the Rev. Henry Roe, now Professor of Divi- nity at Bishop's College, Lennoxville. The removal of the Govern- ment in 1855 took away 106 families who habitually attended the ser- vices of the chapel. The blank thus left was soon filled up by others, until in 1870, it became necessary to enlarge the building. This was accomplished then by taking down the east wall and adding two transepts with a chancel. The building was not otherwise disturbed. It remained, as completed in 1849, for the accommodation of the congre. gation with all the increased space secured in the transepts and chancel. A church whose seats are free to all, ought always to be roomy, to have larger accommodation than the actual numbers ot the congregation may demand. These circumstances led the congre- gation last winter to determine upon further enlarging Ihe church- This has now been effected by the same contractors, under the same architect, who designed and erected the transepts and chancel. In this instance the transepts and chancel have not been disturbed, but the walls of the buiMing erected in 1819 have been taken down and a new edifice, larger and wider than the original has been erected in its place. Its general appearance and effect have called forth warm admiration. The interior is more spacious and .striking than the street view would indicate. The building is of various styles of Gothic, which gives il a very graceful and commodious appcaraiico; the broad nave, bridged over by its high, pointed roof of polished Hir lii^ ii^^ in 400 CHURCHES. [1875. Wood, of which we believe there is no counterpart in Quebec, is a marvel of mochanical construction and design ; the boldness and airin'ss of effect, the exact proportions between strength and burden, QS here developed are in liigh degree admirable, and entitle di'sign- ers and contractors to a large meed of praise. The nave in question runs frum e.ist to west parallel with the street ; on the southern side there is an aisle separated from the main transept by several circular pillars of decorated Gothic, having (loral designs entwinini,' them. On entering by the main entrance, the first thing]that strikes the spec- tator is the jierfect arrangement of the S' als with regard to the uriin- lerrupled view of the aitar, choir and pulpit, wiiich can be obtained by the congregation, no matter where situated ; consoquently, of seeing and h'^aring all that transjjires in the holy fane. The seals are broad and slightly sloping back, give a degree of comfort rarely met with ; at the foot of the chancel steps, stands the Fald or Lilany stool whi re the clergyman says or sings the Litany in Iho midst of the people ; not far from it, is placed the Lecti-rn which is a handsome eagle carved in oak ; on its outstretching wings, rests the sacred volume of God's word. The seats in the cliaiieei f jr the clergy and tin choir men and tw nty choirboys, are also of oak and handsomely carved. There are some costly and handsome memorial windows in the church — chiefly by Clutturbuck, the well known London artist ; the three in the southern transept bear the following inscription, which in brief and attractive language tell, that they are erected to •■ the Glory of God and the np'mory of Georgo Jehoshaphet Mountain, third l3ishop of Quebec, who for lifly years preached the Gospel to the poor on tills spot." Two of the west windows are in memory of the late w!fe of Henry Pelry, Clerk in Holy orders, and of his brother the late Augustus Pelry. In the Chancel, jusl behind the choir seat which used to be occupied by the late Georgo A. L. Wood Esq., has been placed a win low in his memory. The scene depicted in the window is the calling of St. Mathew frcni the recei|)t of custom. The side windows are also of stained g'ass of a beautiful and chaste design. A handsome baptismal font of carved stone, surmounted by a richly designed covering of ornamented wood, stands close to the main entianco door. The lighting of the church at night is amply jjrovided for by branched pilasters or standards, e"ch burning fifteen jets placed in the form of a crown of flame. Thos, n the main body of the building are of very elegant form, and being painted in dark blue and gilded, contrast prettily with the dark oak brown of the surrounding wood ■work. And on either siile in the chancel, there is a handsome corona and standards of burnished brass. 1^75.] CHURCHES. 401 inl jor iry tU3 be a he are by in ng 0(1 Ina In the north transept stands I he new organ, built by the M'ssrs. Warren, of Montreal. Its position, in a loft of b'ack and grey walnut, seems to be very happily .irrangnd, relaliv'-ly to both the choir and the congregation. Now having ap|iria:hed the altar, Wi3 are enabled to see the taste which characierizes every feature of the building ; over hnad, the groined arch of the chancnl roof paiiite I a deep celestial blue, the Holy Table wi'h its one motto : the name of Jesus. Sweeping through the mullicolorel staiiiings of the windows which surround it, daylight rays are pouring in ali the splendour of ruby crimson, and orange, of scarlet and gre-'n, and |iurple or ame- thyst. Under foot is the elaborate mosaic flouring iiuul' of seven descriptions of Ganadiin woods and the result of years of devoted labor on the part of Mr Brock, an inmate of thu Chiirtih Home. The dark wood and brass work which form the broad altar railings at which worshippers will partake of the Holy KucharisL is a vvry hand- some piece of work, and has (juite a mediajval look. The doubl ! vestry for choir and clergy, at the other, the western end of Ihi' e ii ice, is lilted up with all that is convenient for their investiture or disrobing. The harmonious combination of the architecture of the twelfth, with the requirements and comforts of the nineteenth century, has b"en very happily and judiciously effected by the architect, Mr. Thomas, of Montreal; and those who so efliciently aided him here — Vlessrs Haich Bros our well-known building firm ; Mr. Staveley, th ) agent here for the architect ; and Mr. MulhoUand, who has hid charge of ihe heating of the budding. The best thing however, with r^spel lo this House of God is that there is no restriction whatever from all participating in its services and enjoying its accommodation. All .seals are free. The building will, we understand, accommodate 800 worshippers. Credit is due to all concerned on the successful completion of suoh an auspi- cious work as the restoration of St. Matthew's Church. The indefatigable exertions of the Revd. Charles Hamilton, among his paiishioners and fellow-churchmen have been so conspicuous in falh"ring, fostTing and developing this good work that it would be manil-'sily unjust not to render him hoarly thanks for having caused the erection of so c om- modious a building. The Sun lay School attache! to this church assembles in a suitable building erecti'd for that purpose, on the corner of St. Auguslin and D'AiguiUon streets. " The Baptist Church. The Baptist Church was built in the year, 1844-5, when the Revd. Dr. Marsh, the present minister, was inviti.'d to become its pa-tor. The present chapel, in St. H den street, was built in the year 1854, and enlarged in 187^. :'-\ i I in ■ 402 CHURCHES. St. Patrick's Church. [187&. " The Irish Catholics of Quoboc, tinding by the rapid increase of their numbeT, that thoy could no longer conveniently assemble for public worship in the small (hurch of Notre Dame des Victoires came to the spirited determination of building a Church on an extensive scale, which would afford accommodation to all Catholics of the City and Suburb?, using the English language. To eU'ect this, ihey called a general meeting of all the membors of their b< dy, and immediately opened a subscription, which to the lasting honor of the their fellow citizens of every denomination, met with the strongest marks of public approbation, evinced by the gratifying circumstance, that many of the most generous subscribers to the undertaking were Protestants. In the fall of 1831, a spacious lot of ground in rear of Palace Street was purchased for the sum of X2,300 ; amJ in the month of June following, tlie corner-stone of St. Patrick's Church was laid with the usual ceremony. Tiiis circumstance took place just at the me- morable time when that dreadful scourge, the Cholera Morbus, lirsl burst upon tlie inhabitants of Quebec. The spirit and zeal of the Congregation on this trying occasion are beyond all praise, for their persevering magnanimity in prosecuting the undertaking through all the unforeseen di(Ticulli>.'S which arose out of ihi panic created in the public mind by that desolating peslil-Tice. In the short space of twelve monihs, the building was ready for dedication, which ceremony look place on the first Sunday in July, 1833, amid hearty rejoicings and thanksgivings, St. Patrick's Church is a fine substantial ^tone building, covering an area of 136 feel by 62. it fronts St. Helen Street, and is entered by three well moulded doors, the largest of which is in the lower, the oilier two in the side aisles, besides the two entrances to the east and west. It is ligliled on each side by a double tier of windows well made and in admirable proportion. The roof and galleries are supported by massive pillars with bases and capitals. The ceiling is 48 feet high, richly embossed and ornamented with scriptural emblems. The steeple is handsome and well proportioned, and stands 120 feet from the ground to the ball which supports Ihe cross. There are very extensive and uiagnificeul galleries round ihe inside, termi- nating over the Sanctuary, furnislied with a liiple range of elegant pews, which, with those of the giound flat, are calculated lo accom- modate an immense congregation The interior of this Church when finished, comprising pillars, columns, arches, ceilings, the grand variegated altar, tabernacle and canopy, the adorned Sanctuary, flank and end windows, organ, Ac. 1875.] CHURCHES. 403 ,1 with all their varied tracery, will present a coup-i'wil, to strike the beholder with religious awo and admiration." (Hawkins, Picture of Quebec, 1834.) The St. Patrick Church was lengthened anrl the present sarrisly added in 1847, the members having purchased the site of the " '^healre," from Chief Justice Sewell's hnirs, on the 27th So|it. 1H46. The P'specto I pastor, Kevil. Patrick McMalion, died on 3rd Oct. 1851, and was intered in the Church; two lahlots have J)een placed in the Church to commemorate his memory — one in marble, placed on one of the pillars ; and one in brass, on the floor, immediately over his grave. Mr. McMahon, born at Bally. )riin, Queen's Co., Ireland, was ordained 6th October 182'2. He was succeeded by the Revd. Juines Nelligan, who died Cure of St. Joseph, Beau'^e, 24th June 1868. In the upjier sacristy, there are two life-size portraits of these gentlemen, one by Tlieop. Hamel ; the other by Dyt.es. During the Revd. Mr. Nelligan's incumbency, the Hall in rear of the Church was erected for the St. Patrick's Catholic and Literary Institute, and was occupied by that body until May 1875, when they purcli ised the Victoria Hall, St. Ann street, and wore incor])orated under the name of the " St. Patrick's Literary Institute." Up to 1856, St. Patrick's Church was only a chapol-of-oaso to the Parish Church of Notre-Dame, but with the consent of the Bi?hop, an Act of Parliament was obtained, granting the right of keej)ing ngisters and other parochial privileges from 1st January 18.')G. The Church then bought one half of the Cemetery of St. Louis (Cholera burying ground), from the Fabrique, and the remaining half was accpiired when the Belmont Cemetery was opened by the Fabrique. 'I he Hev. Mr. Nelligan, in 1856, was succeeded by the Rev. Bernard McGauran, a native of the County Sligo, Ireland, born in 1821 — beheld the charge until October 1874, when he resigned and retired from the active duties of the ministry. ; he has been one of the truest and most energetic friends St. Bridget Asylum overbad. The Church is, since October 1874', in charge of the Revd. Redemptorist Falli^rs, from Baltimore. French Protestant Church. There is now in process of construclion, at a cost of $6,000, exclu- sive of price of land, what is expected to be a handsome Gothic church. The site selected is close to St. Malhew's Church, St. John street, without, on a vacant lot. The materials ar« to be Cap Ro ige stone ; the style adopted the 13th century, with traceried win lows of a rather later period. Service in French will be held there by Revd. Mr. Langtil. Builders, Hatch Bros. Architect, Henry Slaveley. 404 . \ CHURHCES St. Andrews Church. [■808. " It is bnliflved that a regularly ordained Clergyman of the Church of Scotland has oniciali'd to the Prosbylerians of that persuasion in Quebec, eve since the conquest in the year 1759. It is certain that an " apartment was assigned by the King's representative in the Jesuits' Coilt (fe, as a jjlaco of worshij) for the members of the Srotch Church," I ri'vious to tlie year 1767, and occupied as such wilhoit inteiTuplion, until the 6th October, 1807 : when Colonel Isia; Brock, Commandant, requested the congregation to be prepared to remove thence " on the shortest notice," as it was found necessary to iippro- priate it to the accommodation of the (rooi)s. On the 3rd November, 1807, the Governor-in-Chief commanded his Secretary to address a letter to the Clerks of the Peace, of which the following is an extract : " The Governor-in-Chief having found it necessary to appropriate to military purjioses the room in the Jesuits' Barracks, which has hitherto been made use of by the Presbyterian congregation at yuebec, as a place of worship. I have it in command from His Excellency to desire, thai, till a more permanent provision for their accommodation can be made, you will allow the said congregation to assemble on the Sundays in the lower room of the Court House, in which the Justices of the Peace hold their Sittings." On the 30th November, 1808, letters patent were issued by His Excellency Sir Jamfs Henry Craig, Knight of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, granting as a place for the erection of a Church for the public worship or exercise of the religion of the Church of Scotland, a certain lot or piece of ground in St. Anne's street, Upper Town, unto Alexander Spark, John Blaikwood, John Mure, David Munro, and John Paterson, and their successors, in trust for ever. In the month of February, 1809, the Committee appointed by the congregation to solicit subscriptions, reported that the sum of £1547, currency, had been subscribed, and such further subscriptions expected, that they considered themselves authorized to contract for the building of a Church on their lot, sixty feet by forty, inside the walls— which, being finished, was consecrated and set apart by the name of Saint Andrew's Church, for the ordinances of christian worship, on the 30th November, 1810, by the late Rev Dr. Spark. Dr. Spark died suddenly on the 7th March, 1819. The Rev. Dr. Harkness, the present incumbent (1834), was ordained as his successor by the Presbytery of Ayr, in Scotland, on the 7th March, 1820, and preached for the first time to the congregation, on the 4th June following . 1875] CHURCHES. 405 In the yar 1821, tho Church being found far from adcrmate to the accommodation of its membtTS, a pftilion was prosenled by the Trustees to His Excellency Ihe Earl of Dalhousie, for an additional space of ground to enable thpm to enlarge it — with which liis Excel- lency was graciously pleased to comply, and also to f,'rant an aid of £300 currency, out of the monies arising from tho Jestuls' Estates, besides generously subscribing £50 currency, towards carrying the same into effect. The enlargement was completed in May, 1824, and with the ex- ception of the above mentioned sums, cost ihe congregation by voluntary subscription nearly £2300 currt-ncy. The Church, as it now stands, is 95 feet by 48 inside the wal:s, and can acoonunodali! 1300 sitters. The number of communicants exceeds 300: U|)W(irds of 260 individuals received the Sacrament of the fiord's Suppnr in the Church, on the 2nd day of March 1833. i (llavvkins' New Picture of Quebec, 1834 ) The old church still stands, very plain, and externally without any architectural pretension. In 1875, it was mucli improved in the inte- rior, and at |)resent is as comfortable a church as any in the city. The app'^arance has also been greatly imj)roved, by several memorial win- dows, erected by Spence, of Montreal, at the cost of the members of the congregation, as follows, one to : John Wilson Cook. Esq. — by Ur. Cook. "W. Gunn, Esq. — by Mrs W. Herring. Alf'X. Simpson, Esq. {Saviour at the Temple) — by Mrs. Simpson. John Hoss and John Strang, Es^s. — by David A. Ross, Esq. Joseph Morrin, M.D.— by Morrin College. Hon. John Neilsoii (in process of construction) by his sisters. The last a " Christ blessing the children," ofTereil by a Sunday school, proceeds of a bazaar. There are also three very elegant marble 1 "Tho Ror.GporRe Henry, a military chaplain at tho timcof tho cnn lucst, was the first I'rcsliytcrian Slinisti'r who officiated in tho Province. His stiitiul Ministry at Qucliec, CO . mcnci'd so far back as the year 17(ir,, only six years after the cession of the country to the (ioverniiient nf (ireat liritain. He presided in piild e worsliip for the last time, .June 30th, 17!»:i. lie d at the head of Sto. Ursule sln-et. It is certainly one of the finest i)Uildin{,'s of llie liiiid in Quebec, well desi^'ned and surmounted by an elegant spire resting on a tower. It was built by those who cast in their lot with the Free Church of Scotland, of whom the late .lames Gibb, Esi|., of Woodlield, was one of the most active and liberal members. The llrst mini>ler was the Hevd. VV. B. (;iurk, formerly of Maxwelltown, Dumfries, Scotland, who was succeeded in 1875 by the Revd. Peter Wright, the j res«nt minister. Congregational Church. The Congregational Church stands at the corner of Palace and St Helen slreels, and is a substantial cut stone edillco in the gothic style. It was built in 1840, and has a handsome groined ceiling supported by pillars, — is elegantly furnished and accommodates comfortably live hundred persons. The congregation has been ministered to by the following clergymen, in the order named: Hevd. T. Atkinson (who founded the church.) Revd. James Drummond. Revd. A. Giekie. Revd. W- II. Ileu-de Bourck. The present minister, the Revd. H. D. Powis, has presided over the church for nearly twenty years. The Congregation members about "250 persons, and the number of communicants is about 100. The building is entirely free of debt. St. Peter's Church. Was erected in St. Valier street, in 1842, for the convenience of members of the Episcopal Church residing in St. Roch. It is a jilain but neat church, in charge of the Rev. M. M. Fothergill, incumbent, and of the Rev, U. Burgess, curate. Methodist Church. The first Methodist Minister appointed to Quebec, was the Rev. Samuel Mer%vin, in the year 1804. A commissary of the 44lh Regiment, a local preacher, ofliciated for a time in 1780. Church is siluatei'. ai the corner of Si. Stanislas and Daiipliine streets, is built of cut stone in •the gothic style of arcliiteclure, and is an ornament to the city. It w.is ■erected in 1850, cost $56,000, and will seal comfortably 1,250 persons. It jiossesses a well finished interior and a sweet toned orguu. The Itevd. H. F. Bland is the pastor. f 408 CHURCHES. [1875. Church of Notre-Damo des Victoires. !!») 1 1P i This fane is interesting only on account of its antiquity I and being one of the llrst roman catholic church erected in Canada. The Iniilding whicli stands in the lower town square, is plain and massive within and without, and has lost by repeated repairs its anliipie look, though the walls are for the most jiart tho^o ereotod previously to 1 090, since they have not been completely demolished during the various sieges of Quebec. In the year 1690, according to Hawkins, amid the joy caused by the defeat of Sir William Phipps in his attempt to capture the town, the /Vie of Notre- Dame des Victoires was eslalilished, to be annually cele- brated in this church on the 7tli October, that being the day on which the first intelligence of the coming of the fleet was received. After the shipwreck of the cnglish fleet in 1711, which was consi- dered a second victory, a little less than a miraculous interposition in their favor, this church nceived the nanm ol' A'otre-Dame des Victoires, in order to commemorate both occasions. Jt was destroyed by the fire from the Point Levis batteries in I7i>9. It is said that it con- tained at that time a picture representing a city in flames, with an inscription stating that " in the year 1711, when Quebec was menaced with a siege by Admiral Walker and General Hill, one of Llie religieuses prognosticated that the church and lower town would be destroyed by the British in a conflagration before the year 1760. " It also con- tained the flag taken by the Canadians from I'hipps' ship in 1690. There is no regular service in this church for a long time past, nnd it is looked on merely as a chapel under the administration of the upper town church authorities. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND HALLS. The Parliament House. In its present condition, has a front of 276 feet, and is situated at the eastern extremity of Grand Battery, where it stands at an elevation of about 150 feet about the St. Lawrence. It consists, principally, of a central portion, measuring 60 feet in front by 135 in depth, three stories high, and of two wings, each 108 feet in length, 43 in breadth, and two stories high. The building is of english flre-brick. It was constructed in 1859 and I860 for the sum of §01,514, according to a 1 The concoasion of the aitc, under De NouvUle, dates back to 1085. It In la la C'uircli of .Vo^■c' D'lmc-iles-VHoire^, ir,ino juur do juillct 1871. Sous Ic rilfi-np ''o .Sa Majo.'to la Rtiine Vii loria, Sou E.'ti'iill-'iioc le baron liijgar, Oouverneur Oi'ni'ral, L'honijraljlo Sir \ar(»i.«.-'e Fortuiiat Helloau, Chevalier, liiiuitonant-Uijiivfrncui, L'honorablo Uoctur L. Liingovin, C. B., Miuis-tio des Travaiix Publi'^i', Son Ilonneur Pierre tJar-ieau, <''cuy.r, innire do Qu(5bec, J'iorrc Uauvreau, fiiuyer, An'hitcote, Et M.M. .bise|ih et Paul Breton, Kiitreprcnours. Pr^8 do oetto inscription se trouviwit I'inscriptir.n ot la pierre anf;u1aire (^^ I'anoien Bureau de Pu-ste doQu^be«.', ■s'Jinoli dans le laois d'uvril 1871, fF' - 410 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. [1875. Of which the translation 13 : I AM A DOG CNA\VIN(; A IIO.NR While 1 cnaw, I takk my hkst. TuK TIMK SIIAI.I. COME, WHICH HAS NOT COME When I wii.i. niTE him who now ihtks me. Bigot determined on revenge, and Philiberl descending the Lower Town hill, received the sword of a french ofliccr of the garrison through his body. The jierpelralor of this murder left the Province ; the crime was not to be forgiven. The brother of Philiberl come from Bordeaux to settle the estate, with the determination of taking vengeance on the assassin. Having ascertained that the murderer had .gone to the East Indies, he pursued him thither and meeting him in a street of Pondicherry, killed him with his sword. The name of the Golden Dog was given on account of this emblematic dog having always been gdt. On the place of the building having that dog and inscription in front, the present post ollice has been lately erected and opened in the fall of IS?,*] After the Marine Ilosjiital and the Custom House, it is cer tainly the finest edilice in Queb' c. It is built of grey cut-stone, three stories high, and about 80 feet by 40. The exterior is plain, but pleasing, with mouldings above ihii doors and windows The entrance, at the corner of Fort and Buude streets, is between two short columns of the ionic order, A bust of Chaiuplain grdoos the door above the Main entrance. The Custom House. " Is situated on a lot containing 88,000 square feet, south M'ard of the Harbor conunissiuners wharf at the conlluence of the St. Lawrence with the river St. Charies. It was designed by Mr. Tiiomas, ofToronto, and constructed by Mr. Ths. Mctlreevy, who signed the contract on the 15th December, t85G. It is a cut-stone edilice, two storias in height, with a basement, founded on tht^ bed of the river in deep water and protected on all sides by a substantial wharf of crib-work tilled with stone. It is \^>'J fi'ot in length, 49 in breadth, and comprises a portico of 60 i)y 34 feet on its principal facade. This portico, which is of the doric order, consists of a sediment supported by six cut-stone plated columns, four feet six inches diameter at their base, and resting on a cut-slone basement. The roof is crowned by a dome about thirty feet in diameter surmounted by a tlag-stalf. The site was purchased for the sum of 532,000 which, with ?227,?2'; for the building makes $259,227 for the whole. The works were com- 1875.] PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 411 menceil in 1856, suspended in 1857 nnd completed in 1800, when the building was occupied by the Department. The interior portion oCtho buililin;,' was destroyed by fire on the 10th September, 1804, and rebuilt in 1865-0, at a cost of about $27,000. The Custom House is one of the finest buildings of Quebec. The present Collector of Customs is J. W. Dunscomb, Esq." The Jesuit Barracks. (Till' Ji'Siiits C'oUi'Kc.) This famous old seat of learning was fully described at page 46. It will soon disappear for fver as ajipears by the following. The Jesuit College was taken jiossession of in 1705. I3y— His Excellency the Honorable James Murray, Esq., Capt. General and Governor-in-Chief of the province of Cjuebec, Ac, Ac. To (;a|itain James Milcli-lson — Captain William Martin — Lieute- nant Smith, Messieurs Aniiot, Uoisseau and Moore. Whereas it appears to me liuit proper (piarters and barracks are much wanted for the oflicers aid troops in this ^'arrison and il being appreheiideil that the Jesuits College may be tilled up for that Murj'ose. you are hereby authorized and empowered to survey the same ca ling to your assistance such numbers of tradesmen as you may judge nec'srary in which survey, regard is to be had to a siitlicient nmnl er of Fire jilaccs and Chimneys, to ascertain with precision the nuiiibfr of officers and private soldiers, the said College will contain, and t) make an estimate of the exjiense that will attend the repairs thereol, And wherea>< the contractors' provisions, are at present lodged in the. said College, other magazines should be found to receive the same, you are, therefore, further empowered to inspect into and survey thai building known by the nameot the Inlendant's Palace and toaseeriain also the charge that will attend the titling up the same to contain the quantity of six thousand barrels. Reporting to me on the back thereof youi proceedings upon this warrant which shall be to you, and every of you, siilicient authority. Given under my hand at Qu'bec, this 4th day of June, 1765. (Signed), James Mi'iuiay, By His Excellency's Command. "Victoria Hall. Was formerly Ihe church uf the Wesloyan congregation. It was built in 1816, in its present plain form After the consiruclion ol the Tew wesleyan inethodist church, in 1848, it was sold to private parties who transformed it into ^. lecture hall ; last year, it was again sold to enterprisit;^' gentlemen who refiaired and made il a suitable hall for public entertainments. It is situab'd la Ste. Anno .street, nearly opposito the Morrin College. 412 PUCLIC BUILDINGS. The Music Hall. [1875. Next to tlie St. Louis Hotel, St. Lewis street, is certainly one of the finest public halls in the country, and the largest, excepting thi' Bon- secours Market hall, in Montreal. It can accommoilale ovtT l,bOO sitters, and the repairs made this year by the proprietor, Mr. Willis Russell, have made it undoubtedly one of the most jierfect halls for theatricals that can be found in Canada and the United States. It is now provided with all Ihe improvements of the European theatres. Besides the main hall, tlicrn are spacious and splendidly furnished rooms where, during the interactes, gentlemen can read the news- papers, and meet friends, Ac. This Music Hall was built in 1852, by a joint stook company and purchased these last years by Mr. Russell, the enterprising proprietor of the St Louis and Russell hotels. The front is adorned by a rich colonnade which gives a good architectural appearance in the eilifice. The Exchange. Under early French rule, commerce in Quebec was closed to private individuals ; none except the i)Owerful French companies, with very exclusive charters, could buy or sell goods, A-c. Later, on the 11th May 1717, the French Monarch by an arret, permitted the Merchants of Quebec and Montreal to form an Exchange ; the mercantile com- munity hail a representative in the Syndic des Marcliands. No Exchange (Bours"), existed and in order to meet, and discuss trade, it seems, leave had tirsl to be obtained from the Intendaiit. The first Exchange dates from iSiGond held itsiirst meeting in the lower story of tlie old Nejitune Inn— (the buiMing is the same now occupied by the Morning Chronicle). In 1822, it removed to a room in the edilico credited by the Fikk: AsstJUANCE Comi'any, in St, I'eter street. The ground on which the present Exchange is built, was a water Ijt i purchased in June 1828 — continuing ten thousand superficial feet. The honorable Mathew Bell, from whom the site was purchased, gave, as his subscription to the uudeHaking, a fifth part of the jiurchase money — his oonation amounlmg 'o two hur-Jred pounds. The public 1 (From Quhi'r G,iz,'lte nf the I2th D.-ciimher 1811!) " At a moctiiij of tlie Board of (xreeu Cloth liiuil at the Neptune Inn, (^iiel)ec, f.th Deeenilx-r, 1810. .John Wm. AVoolMey in the cliair. — It wi8 unanimously (iecided to estahlisli a Merehau h' Hxrhani»e in the lower par' of the Xept me Inn, ttc, (tlun follow tho reHolution?.) Stihseiiption to he. two i/uine:tH per ;iniiiini. ()!; mot on of.Ino.lom -i, Kaq., it'solved tl'at tlie following Ketitlenirn do form a COMiiiiittee of Miaiiatiement. Thos. Kdward iiiown, Jamos Uoath, George Syraeo, John W. Wuolsey and Kobert Melvm.^' ''I** "^-'-.f^^^m^i^^^ 1875.J PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 418 spirit of the projectors of this iinderlai atwvp n.'irons of tho U.iiik parlour ropreai'iiu'ii ii utron^, rcsjui tiMi- lioani of CX))iT iTici'il hiisini'S.s iiii'ii ; ami the Chirf i-xcrut.v.- ufRi ■ r, I'apt. 1 rci r, wli'i had Bfrvcd witli (listimtioii in tliu iirniy, h.niiiK i frn uikIit arms, viz : at tin' Urconiiaig- saruc at Fort (ii'orjii', .\ia«ara. in AiikmhI IKl.i, at iln' Haiti'- i<( I'liatiiautriiay in lWl:i (for which hi' hail thi' honor of rccpiving a mi'>adin|j[ niom'tary Instit ition of 'hi' Priviiir". Aiciiiint.') wfrr ki |>t in it by Hi8 Kxoi'llcncy, ttio Coinniandor in (Uiii'f. tli'- Ijord Itishop and all tin- most ri'H[>vct- ed men of bnsini'HH in the oity ; it hiid for its l"i — the caiuial 'Sul)-cni)Hd lor, $1,000,001), and a Imaril of direclors eleclcd in April 1800 First hoard : E Clutric U .1. 'iessicr, I. Thibaiideau, Mr 01. Ro'iitaillt', CiriCH Titu, 1*. Vaili't;, and A, .lns<'ph The pn-sont capital is S'',000,000. This Hank's expansion, sr.cjt'ss and ext*>nsiv« husinnss is 'too well-known to repair'' sp"cial nu'iitioti. U has, with Ihei'xct'piioM of A.Joseph, Ks(( , replace I hy H>'nry Atkinson, Ksq ,th('^arne board of d'>eclors it had sixtet'n y'»ars ago. Mr. Joseph l>'fl it 1 1 tak'i the presi- dency of till' Stadacona iJarik Unt energetic of its funnders, ^Fran(;ois Vezina, E.sipiife, was nnanimously chosen os the manager of the new hank, in I860, and has continneil ever since; wiih his successful management, is associateil, its rise, stahilily and |)resent prosperity. By recently purchasing and building on, the lot adjoining, jointly ■with La Caisse d'Kconomie Nolre-Oamo d*^ Qnid)'>c, it has loiiblnd its iocal. Last summer, the new huildiag being lini^hed, it v/ms decid"d to adorn suitably its interior ; the task was confided to able artists ; the results, we timl thus alluded to in the city Press : " The relining inlluences of .irt surroundings cannot he overrated, and they are made afiparent in the mugnilic'nl colU'ction of liaintings, medallions and ornaments which have been plnc-'d un the intt-rior "■amIIs of the Bank )ty Mr. .T Weston, portrait |iaiiil"r aud artist, of Montreal. Upon entering the building and looking upwar Is will be seen on the |iaiiel of the C"iling a lartre painting represeiitiutr the Arms of Quebec, w th the molto, ^/( ird forlis, industrid c escil. f he female figure is that of c beautiful young w unan, classically attired, gazing towards the heights of Qiieb-'C, Itn' broad pellucid w il'^rs of the St. Lawrence inlervc'nmg ; a ))eav"r at her feet is gnawing hi- I'Usy way throu^'h a la'ge trunk of a tree. Around this prominent ceiiinl pic- ture, ttiere ure six medillions containing very picturesijii.- and ade- gor'Cal subjects taken Iroin the \V"il-known designs to i>e ImuimI on the no'es of various viiu-'s i-^sue.i by the Bank. I'lie sk-tches which ^ook so w d! en the pap-T arc reproduced in a mast"iiy ma rier hy dr. Westo . Giioice, well as-rl d and vigorous colainng give a S|iecial charm tP 'he-'fl tigures ; thf'Pe is lii hmu with ihe sheai ol' c^rii, and '" se looking over his >!i 'iildt r in the e.xpectat'Oii id a niblde ; II graciful i'l-rnale tignr'"^, as rt'apers, with sickles iii th-'ir h mds. A splendid paii tin;; f i hands lu" sailor, is seen on lieir s>4 bills. Th" left hail I panel conta ns a large painting tak-n fro.ii thi' river and lo ks inwards the Cape. embrdcMiig the quay to aud irom which iunumeiable sieaniers and sailing ships are leaving and arriving. It 27 i 418 Banks. [mb is a plorioua sunset, ami from hi'hinil tlio prTOipilous litii,'hls iijion wliii'li a"e somi tli" grim, ^'r.iy (liliiilol walls, irn) (ijial' sci^iil ray^ are sliooliiig liki) a gorgi'ous lialo liiilfil wllli t'very delicalo variuly ol prismatic coloriiif? ; tlio cliaiij^'iiiK li'ics ot Hits rt'll-.-riivi' ri|i)il(; ol' th" Lrt'o/o ; tliu slirri'tl walurs urciilso rt'iiiltrril willi j^rjaliialiiralin'ssaiiil etl'i'cl. Till) companion panel-picliiro on Iho right iiunil siilt) of llif building is historical, and ri'prosenls JacqucH-Cartit-r viewing Qutdjec Ibr llio llrsl limo. U is lilV-liko ; Hit- lironzt'd Ciico of Ihn liardy discovt'rer is lit up willi a glow of anlicipaluig drli^iil ui uav ing, al U'ngtii, found a s\ulaijlo liavfu for iiis frail craft, llo grasjis the tiller that lias guidi;d tlitsm to this salts and m.ignitici'iU harbour, and points out to tilt! surrouQiling crtnv llif unrivalli'il posilmn and accommoila- lion it atlortls. Four medallions art! plaot^d, ontj at each corner o* this work of art, illustrative of the lives of the Indian inhabitants at Ijiat peiioil. Again, upon raising the eyes to the ceiling, imui' diately 0'. or the couaters, the Dominion coat of arms surrounded liy four extpiisite portraits of those heroes — Jacffues-Cartier, Wolfe, Champlain ami Montcalm. Over the walls of the safes, the doors of which an; painted in excellent imitation of ilasi)er marble and surrounded with emb'ossed, gihled ironwork, there are two jiiclures representing the slajilo imports of Canada, showing the bush life and the tields ol golden grain, as well as the kirge vessels through whose ports thou- sands of feet of valuable timber is Jjeing shi]ipeil. Another striking picture is one showing a group of ship-wrecked sailors, silting by a jagged remnant of a spar and earnestly gazing out on to the mad sea waves, which are tumbling in foamy fury on the beach at their feet. Great taste, capability of desii-'u and originality of treatment are distinctive in Mr. Weston's i)roductions ; for instance, the smooth velvety sheen in the alternate jmnels around the walls, imitating green damask or the glittering polish of the marble, are the very dieCs- lidUire of a jiainter's art, and the Bamjue Matiouale can congratulate itself u]ion being an Art Gallery, in addition to a well-founded ami excellent monetary institution. We congratulate tliem on this and thank Mr. Weston for having so tastefully embellished one of our loading Quebec banking houses." Union Bank of Lower Canada. With a view of furnishing increased banking facilities in the city the want of which was felt by the commercial community, this insti- tution was established during the summt^r of 1805 : a very active in- terest in its [u-omolion, being taken by Charles E. Levey, Esq., one of our leading merchants, then about retiring from mercantile life, w ho, with other merchants, undertook the establishing of this institution. 187).] HANKS. ■119 '^"d Vice-President. ""'■ -''^^"••^'°v'y respectively, j,..,,,,;,'; Ounn to resign ,,is oni,;. t ^ ^ ' „ '" '"'""" '"^vi,„ co,«,„, ■, Mr' 8';'. tfH,. n,,nl. not only purc/n J ; n ^""^ '"''^"^- ^J" "'" '^t Miv « a .•««.. or ..0,'?;; ",;-;•:,'; ""»" i-»i .0 „;;:: ::.;;;;;;■: Men „,„| „„, ,,„„ r a„„ „^ „ ,„„j^ ^^_ ^^^^^ ,.„ s -->^ ">'■■■ „™., s.av,,,,v:ivQ:;,r::;::::;::"-'" ""■ "»-.■«» p.. Messrs, ^ym,mUnJs'nr'''"''"■ '"'"'■'"' ^ ':«'-., I,., „ 'nS^XtsreT?' '?'""'"" »"■»'»-'.. 1874,,,, . P.. ■, . , ^'' formerly occupied by ihp r' ' '" ''"' '"'ii'ling cap.;;. ..scH.=a « „...."„„;',;:;?-' - tJ''- ;?-;r- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. ,v^ C<'. m- y. 1.0 I.I IIM IIIII25 IM IIIII2.2 m . •'0 2.0 "1 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -* 6" — ► .^ V] i>-. m. 'a. <9l <^# '>-' ^-> o 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation «- r^ ^ r<^ ♦ o"^ % V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ I .<^' c^ .: Chs Jon'^as, Esq., — Assistant-Treasurer. H.J. .1. B. Chouinard, Esq., — Recording Secretary. Art1!ur\alTee!Es^q.^- } Assistant Recording Secretaries. H. A. Turcotte Esq.,— Corresponding Secretary. Tho^l'^RorE^q!''' ' } Assistant Corresponding Secretaries . Louis P. 'lurcolte, Esq., — Librarian. Victor Belanger. Esq., — Curator of Museum. Board of Directors. The President ; Vice-President ; Treasurer ; Recording Secretary ; Corresponding: Sccretarj ; Librarian ; Curator of Museum ; Mgr. Ca- zeau; M. le Cure de Quebec ; M. I'abbe L. N. Begin; Hon. P. Gar' neau, M. P. P. ; P. B. Casgrain, M. P, ; Ph. J. Jolicoeur ; T. Ledroit ; L. J. C. Fisel ; Jean Blanchet ; U. J. Montambault ; T. E Roy ; Chs. Joncas ; Alexis Garit^py ; J. F. Belleau ; Arthur Valid* ; P, If. A. Genest. 1845.] PRESS. 421 The Quebec Press, 1764—1876. " Quebec Gaselte, llJane 17C4. Courrierde Quebec, 24 Nov. 1788. The Quebec Herald, 24 I ov. 1788. 7/ie Quebec Herald, 26 Nov. 1788. Quebec Daily Mercury, 5 Jny. 1805. Le Canadien, 22 Nov. 1806. Courier de Quebec, 3 Janry. 1807. Le Vrai Canadien, 7 March 1810. The Commercial List, 14 May 1816. Le Teltgraphe, 1820. La Senlinelle, 1822. Gazette Palrio'.ique, 12Juli 1823. La Sentinelle de Quebec, 11 May 1826. LEltcleur, 16 July 18i7. The Star, 5 December 1827. LAbeille Canadienne, 7 Dec. 1833. 77'? Telegraph, 7 March 1837. •■•<.e Morning Herald, 25 April 1837. Li! Liberal, 17 June 1837. Le Fantasque, August 1837. The Literary Transcript, 13 Janry 1838. 77te Quebec Transcript, 16 January 1839. Journal des Etudiants, 1841. L'lnstitul, 7 March 1841. British North American, 10 May 1841. The Quebec Argus, 3 Nov. 1841. L Artisan, 5 (Jclober 1842. The Standard, 29 November 1 842. Le Journal de Qi ebec, 1 Dec 1842. The Quebec Herald, 19 Oct. 1843. Le Castor, 7 November 1843. Quebec Times, 10 February 1844. The Berean, 4 April 1844, Freeman's Journal, 7 June 1844. Le Menestrel, 20 June 1844. Commercial Courrier 23 Jan. 1845. Le Fanlasque, 19 Nov. 1857. The Vindicator, December 1857. Le Gascon, 3 March 1858. L' ObservatehT, 9 March 1858. La Citadelle, 3 April 18')8. The Quebec Herald, 5 May 1858. Le Charivari, 10 May 1858. Le Chicol, 1858. L' Bourru, 1st February 1859. The Gridiron, 23 July 1859. La Rf forme, 9 June 18G0. Liltiraltur Canadien, 26 Sep. 1860. Les Debals, 22 Mardi 1862. Quebec Daily News, May 1862. Le Grognard, 27 September 1862. The Exponent, May 1863. L'Echo des Imbeciles, 26 July 1863. La Tribune, 23 August 1863. La Scie, 29 October 1863. The Dagger, 2 November 1863. La Mascarade, 14 November 1863. La Lime, 18 November 1863. La Semaine, 2 January 1864. The Arrow, 6 April 1864. L' Eclair, September 1864. La Scie lllustrie, 11 Feb. 1865. VOrgane de la Milice, 1 7 Ai)ril 1865 The Stadacona Punch, 10 May 1865. The Sprite, 7 June 1865 Le Progris, 6 September 1865. Gazette du Commerce el de I'ln- dustrie, 12 May 18GG L'Electeur, 19 May 18GG. The Comet, 27 October 18GG. Tfie Telegraph, I si May 1867. L'Evinement, 15 May 1867. L'Echo du Peuple, 1st June 1867. L' Omnibus, 1867. La Sangsue, 14 Septem?ier 1867. 7>ie Quiver, 12 December 1867. 422 rOPULATION. [1875. Ill : It!, ■f I Ihe Guardian, 4 October 18i5. Moriiinij Chronivle, 18 May 18 i7. LWmi lie la fielii/ion el dr la Pa- Irir. 18 n.;ceiiib<-r 1847. T/it Oitvlirr. Spn-talnr, 3 May 1848. The Kmiijiuni, 25 May 1848. LWheilr, OrXoUar 1848. Canaih'cn hidrpendanl. May 1849. La SeiUinelle du J'cuple, 20 March 1850. L'Ordre Social, 28 March 1850. UOiivrier, C, May 1851. la Voir du Veuiilc, 2G Dec. 1851. Our Journal, 24 Scil. 1852. ProleslnnI Tiwv^, 3 Sept. 1853. The Quelur Cidimist, 1853. The Ohmrer, 30 March 1 854. L'lndeiimdanl, IslJuly 1854. Le N'di'innl, 20 Nivembor 1855. Mililanj (inzelle, 1 7, January 1857. ie Coiirrier du Cawidi, Isl Feb. 1857. La CiladcUe, 9 May 1857. Le Charivari Canadien,h Juno 1 808. Salurdai/ tttviav, 14 Nov. 1808. L'Opinion Nationale, 3 May 1870. Jj' Indi'itendant, June 1870. The Salurtlay Ihidget, 12 Nov. 1870. L'Oj.iniondu l'euple,H April 1871. Irish Sentinel, 8 i'Y'bruary 1872. The Irish Citizen, July 1872. L'Enperance, 28 Sepl''mber 1872. UEcho de la Session, Nov. 1872. The Dailij Tlcgraph, May 1874. Le Cultivaliur, 3 Sept. 1874. Le Journal de Si. Koch, 23 Jan 1875. h' Union de St. Rock el de Si. Sau- veur, 12 Juno 1875. The Lance, 14 August 1875. The Dailij Telegraph, 8 Nov. 1875. The Aorlhern Star, 20 Nov. 1875. The Quebec Star, 27 Nov. 1875. Lu \'i)lonte, IstMarcli 1876. Lc Fitjaro, 10 March 187G. Le Uereil, 20 May 1876. Population and Area of Quebec. " The population of Quebec has regularly increased :it numbereil 60 persons in 1G20,— 7,000 in 1720,— !i,000 in 1759,-10,880 in 1810,— 20.3!)0 in 1825,-25,916 in 1H3 1, —40,000 in 1 8 i8,— 42,053 in 1852,— 59,9!)0 in 1801 and 59,099 in 1871. The decrease during this last decade i.'^, in lacl, only a|ij)arent and more than accounted lor by the removal of the imjwrial troops and Government odicials in 1805 and 1870. " According to na/jo«rt/(/i/,vour population is divided as follows: french Canadians 3,974, irish 12,345, scotch 1,861 dutch 8, ilaliiins 09, jews 15, russ-ians 29, Scandinavians 4.S, Spanish 20, welcli 24. swiss 8, germans 334, africans 1.', Indians 2, various origins 13, and origin not giver; 47. According to faiths, it is thus divided: — ronian caliiolics 52,357, anglicuns 4,059, baptists 106, Jewish 81, lutheriiins 29, congregational 130, advenlists 7, methodists 794, |)resbyterians 1,013, protectants of various creeds 373. Of the chunlies in the city there aie: — 1 baptist, 9 ronian catiiolic, 4 anglican, 1 mtlhodisl, 2 prtsbyierian undone fcr c(nt;regaiiunalists. J .1 1875.] roPULATION. 4-23 The benevolent histitulinns are eniimeralivl as follows: — 5 hospitals wilk 4J0 inmates, 4 orphanagi.'s with 27S inmates, 1 general asylum with 64 inmates, besides the Beauiiort Lunatic Asylum willi 830 inmates. Of educnlional institulians, llnTe are six collegfsanil universities fn'- ({uented hy 311 pupils, 6 bainiinK schools for young laJies frequenteii by 875 pupils. The common schools of the city are attended by .10,'J45 chililren. As to ilUlvrate, 6 '283 are unable to reail and 8,821 unable to write. Our jxipulatiou incuides 4"J deaf and dumb and 51 blind i)ersons. In 1870 the number of births was 1,780 and the number of deaths 1,111)." {LaiKjelier's Guide book 1874.) Till! city comprises abdut ten orijiiiial concessions, or siM^^iiidrial do- mains — ^trijis of land ruuiiing giun-rally from fast to wi>l. Until 1854, when the Seigniorial Tenure Act abi)lishe'venu''s, coiniiiniMitingin a tixed sum each si-igiiiur . this indemnity was paid over in 1875. The chief I'icfs are the Fii>f du Snult-au-Male!ot, belonging to llie Quebec Seminary. The Uisulines, the Fabriijue, the heirs Larue, the Hotel- Dieu, the Hecollets. had each their iJoiuains. The Fief of (Jipe Diamond and another belonging to the Fabriiiue Notro-Dame. The Fiefs Bi'caiic(»ur ami Villeiaye are dwned by th<' heirs Larue. Tlirre is also the Fit.'f Sasseville. Tlie Hecollets Fief is now vested in the Crown. "The area comprised within the city limitb is 7,^86 acres. The number o( lioiaes (in 1874), is 8,;5()2, of which 7,0 i I are inhabileil and 361 not inhabiteil, besides lOG building. The inhabitants of theiie houses form 1*2, 264 families. The oiale population is 27,9(32 and the feindle 31,737.-11 must be obs'Tved thai all the above figures on the population, schools, dwellings, Ac, uf Qu^bt'c are compileil from the last census of Canada, taken in April 1870, or over four years ago.' {Langelier's Guide Book, 1874.) MARKETS. Upper Town Market. A very old markf-t place in the city, was that held until 1S44, on the square between the Basilica and the Jesuits Barracks. It dates back to about 1086 In liS4'i, on the site of the.Iesuil Chun-h, Canlen street, were opened the range of stalls still in existence — in a one story wooden buililing It is lik'ly, ihis summer, to be superceded by the nmv market conli acted for oiitsiile of St. Jolin's Cale. ' 424 MARKETS^ [1854 I •«:' vl ! i-.- Finlay Market. At the beginning of the century a wealthy citizen, Mr. Finlay left to his native city a legacy to improve its roads and highways ; it was, we were told, diverted from its object, alter his death and the site of the small Lower Town Market purchased with the proceeds — hence its name of Finlay Market. Previous to that and in fact until recently, the diminutive square in front of the church Nolre-Dame de^t Vicloires, lower town, was the market : the site on which stood pre- viously Champlain's warehouse, was conceded in 1687, by Denonville, for the Church — " it being too narrow to build on it, a King's ware- house." On the 25 Sept. 1708, the French King made an ordnance L' compelling sellers to bring their produce on the Lower Town market for sale, all except " eels," which might be sold, on board the boats, Ac. These two markets having been found totally insuflicient in the requisite accommodation, the City Council decided in 1854, to cover over with wharves the open space heretofore so useful to the river craft and for repairing wrecked vessels, on account of the soft muddy beach— between the King's and the Napoleon wharf. Though this scheme deprived the city of a much valued harbour, the Cul-de-Sac, it presented a splendid site for a vast market, and wharves for the growing steam fleet of the neighboiing localities. Champlain Market. The Parliament Buildings having been destroyed by Are in 1854, and there being incessant bickering in those days, as to where Parlia.. ment was to sit permanently, the Corporation of the city managed to secure for the trifling sum of $100, the cut stone materials, composing the walls of this once gorgeous pile. The stone alone was worth several thousand of pounds ; it was hurried down to the Lowar Town and procured with work for the labot ing class, the largest market Hall iii the city ; it now stands with its stately colonnade facing the Terminus of the Grand Trunk Ferry and numerous stalls, shops and warehouses— the cheapest building in Quebec. Being in ihe vici^ nily of the spot where Champlain had spent twelve of the most event ful years of his life, it was called after him Cuahclain Mamket. St. Paul's Mar&et. The site of this market was acquired from the Ordnance OfQcers in 1831. It is used chiefly as a hay, cattle and wood market; the monthly Fair of horses, cows, etc., is held there in summer. Its hall was. burnt down in 1843 and rebuilt of wood; it has^ no pretention tc. 1 Som IT OUOMKAKCU, Yol. Ill, P. Hi. 1810] OLD JAIL. 42& beauty of design and accomicodates, but a Itnailed number of butchers. It adjoins the jetty built In 1730 by the French Government, to form a harbour for the protection of the small river craft, conveying to the city, wood, htiy, stone, lime and other produce. Of this jetty, the con- struction of the adjoining long wharf and Gas works have left n& trace. The Berthelot Market. A small market hall built about 1840 fbr the accommodation of the residents of the suburbs, on land belonging to the late Amable Ber- thelot d'Artigny, for a long time one of our distinguished city memr bers. The New St. John's Gate Market. This is in process of construction and will be on a grand scale. The Jacques Cartier Market. Near the St. Roch Church, on Crown street, there is largo white brick building, two stories high, dating from 185(] or thereabouts. The lower story is used for butchers stalls an sombre case- mates, materials " to ]ioinl a moral and adorn a tale '" '(• There are with a lock-uj), sinco wo read in aljbtf Faillon's work, cif tho incnrneration thorein of that refractory ablj^"' de Foiicion, a l)rot)ier of tho famous arch- bishop of Cambrai, dotained for trial. In August, 1(574, tho nhh6 was tried for having jjreached a violent sermon at Ea>ter, against the e.Tce.«iS.'i7, General Tholler, Colonel Dodge, and others, wore lodged "tn the Citadel, though not securely. U < IE6I.] OCEAN FERRY. 427 llioso ytit amongst us wlio can n'colli'ct a sliei'p sli'iihT, Dueliarnio, in Ajiril 1827, giving Ijufon' llif inultitiidt! his last liralli strMgt,'li' in the gripe of the exeiMilioniT, for slwoji stt'ali.ng Onr ('riminai I'mit) has nltored sinco thi'n ; at iin'sont, it iniuin'S much inlerosl for a man to 1)0 hung in Quohcc. The New Jail. " Has bf-en constructed from a design iin'imred by Mr Charif? Bail- lairgi', architect, of Quebec, in conformity with the rcfpiin'mt'iits of the Prison Inspectors. U is situated on th" Plains of Abraham, about one mile beyond the walls of the city, on a property measuring Ihirly- Iwo ifcres in extent and purchased from J. Bonner, Charles l''il/jiairick, and Mrs. Widow Codville, at a cdsI of .518,000. The site having been considered objectionable by the military authorities, its construction was deferred until a later jieriod. This dilliculty was afu-rwards si'ttled and the contract for Ihe construction was signed by Messrs. Murjjhy and Quigley, tor a sum of §Gi,000. Ojieratiors were com- mencf'tl in 1861, suspended in 1^04 and completed in 1867, tin' cost of building amounted to §1.37,932.12. on account, of additional works bes'des those mentioned in the contract. The [irison was handed over to the sheriff on the first of Juno 1807. It now consists, an other wing is to be aided, of a central block, 88 by 50 feet, four stories high, an eastern block adjoining this one, of 50 by 48 feel, three stories high ; an east wing, ai. right angles with th') latter, and in which the cells are constructed, meas\iring 47 feet in breadth by 108 in length, and three stories in height ; a wing, with water closeis, of 14 by 20 feet, throri stories, on the east si le of the last wing ; and a south wing, or r 'ar extension of the central block, wherein are located the chapels for the prisoners, measuring GG by 40 feet, and three stories in height. In its present untinished state, this jail contains 138 cells, or one half of the number conteiiiplated when the building is tinisheil by the addition of the wist wing. There are 70 single and 27 double cells; 41 are used for female prisoners. The outside walls are coursed rock masonry. This prison is remarkable for iis healthiness and good ventilation, while the spot on which it stands is one of the most beautiful around Quebec." Our Ocean Ferry. One of the greatest advantages with whicii Quebe: is favon'd during the summer months, is the facility and regularity of communication enjoyed by its people with distant European communities. Willi clock 428 OCEAN FERRY. [1853. i (I like |irocision, at nine a.m. each Saturday, a magniflceut Allan Steamer If-avos our wharves for Liverpool while several other lines, during the week sail for Glasgow, London, Ac. The wonderful developement which Ocean Steam Navigation has attained since 1853, at Quebec and Montreal, is deserving of some mention. If on one hand, the Allan's can thank Canada Tor a mail subsi ly, on the other Quebec and Montreal may consider themselves fortunate in possessing citizens gifte 1 with such enterprizu and indo- mitable spirit. We clip the following from an English paper : " The extensive line of oceanio ateatneri known ai the '■ Allan Line," ii alike one of the most Ir-portant and one of the beet known among those that leave Liverpool. Started aome twenty years ago as only a very small line, it hag since been developed into a fleet of twenty-flvo of the finext and moat improved class of steamers ; and in estimating its importance, it is impossible to overlook its usefulness in the opening up of one of the moat beautiful and most fertile of our British territories. Under the present arrangements a mail steamer leaves Liverpool for Quebec and Montreal every Thursday, calling at Londonderry on Fridays to embark passengers and mails; while other steamers leave for Halifax and Baltimore every alternate Tuesday, calling on the next day at Queeastown. With respect to the firat branch of these arrangementa it may be stated that the route taken ii aupposod to be the most eligible for Canada and the Western States, inasmuch as it com- bines the advantages of the shortest aea paaaago with apeedy inland convey- ance ; and with reapeot to the latter branch, it may alao be mentioned that it ia the moat direct route to the Southern and Central States, and is the mail route for Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Bermuda. The weekly service between Liverpool and Quebec was com- menced in 1859. On the termination of the war our intercourse with distant countries revived, and from 1859 to the present time the service between Liverpool and Canada has been continued, the Mesars Allan receiving a subsidy from the Canadian Qovernment for carrying the mails. The first vessels built for the purpose wore of 1,500 tona grosa measurement, but as the trade increaaed steamera of larger aize and capable of greater speed were added. The pre- sent fleet consists entirely of screw steamera, nearly all of which were built by one of the most experienced shipbuilding firms on the Clyde. The " Allan " apppar, in fact, to have always been favourite ships in the pai- lenger trade. For many yean after the commencement of the anterpriae, emigration to Canada was comparatively trifling, the colony not then being in such a prosperous condition aa now. As we have before stated, the St. Lawrence route to Quebec ia the shortest in mileage from port to port, even by the route vi& Cape Race; and during the summer mouths, when the steamera take the route by the Straita of Belle Isle, the diatance ia still further ebortenad by about twenty hours. It i«, moreover, conaidered to bo I875.J OCEAN FEllRY. 429 the lafer way. in oonieqnenee of there being a much \ttt traffic aion;; that route, and itt the same time lean liability of encountering thoee dence fogi Which interfere so materially with the navigation of Home (lartu of thu North American coast. Another — and a very important advantage of this route by Belle IhIc i« that it ii in reality only a six dayii' journey from tho North of Ireland, whore the Allan boat« call. Tho romaindoi of tho paaxiif^o iii in oompnratively smooth water, and this more erpeeially applios to tho hoiucward journey, bucause during the first few days passengers have time to bocome accustomed to the peculiarities of life on board ship, before they get out into the billowy waters of the Atlantic. The route is daily growing in favour With pa!<8engers bound for the Western States. In addition to tho facilities afforded by the fine chain of lakes, upon which steamers are plying day and night with almost the regularity of those employed on Woodsido Ferry, the Grand Trunk and the Qreat-Western Railway of Canada have their through eommuiiications with the Union PaciGo Railway to San Francisco. The success of the Allan Line, in a commercial point of view, would seem to be Buihciently manifest. The Sardiniau, the latest addition to their fleeti In a vessel of 4,6U0 tons measurement, and as regards construction and fittings fhe is an admirable representative of their ocean steam fleet. The Allan Company, it should be observed, wore the first to adopt the ]ilan of having flush, or covered decks, to their steamers ; a system which has since become almost universally adopted in transatlantic vessels. Many years before this splendid line of steamers was established, the Allan Company held a leading position as owners of a fine sailing fleet, and even at the present time they have about fifteen vessels engaged in the Canadian and other trades. As showing the rapid growth of tlieir business, it may be mentioned that for the past four or five years a weekly line of steamers has been running between Olasgow and Montreal ) that on the Messrs. Inman giving Up the contract fur conveying the mails between England and Halifax, it was taken up by the Messrs. Allan and is being continued ; and that they have recently come to an arrange- ment with the Newfoundland Government to run steamers monthly, direct to Newfoundland — receiving a subsidy for Conveying the mails. Hitherto tho Newfoundland mails have gone round vi& Halifax, but the people of the island wry naturally became dissatisfied with an arrangement so unsatis- factory, and their Government have now given expression to their wishes by making a contract with the Messrs. Allan. At the engine works and general repairing shops of the firm in Liverpool, regular eniploymint is given to between 300 and 400 men. The majority of their recent vessels were built by Messrs. Robert Steele and Co., Greenock, a firm well known as builders, of some of the finest yatchs and China clippers afloat. In the construction of the Allan boats, the same symmetry and elegance which have been introduced into vessels of the class named are apparent, and as ceaworthy, rapid, and/ comfortable passengers steamers, they are unsurpassed. 430 OCEAN FERRY. [1875. The following is a complelo list of tlw fleol of Stoamsliijis and Sailing Vessels ul present l)elonging to the Allan Line. Stkamsiiii'm. NAME. Orosg Tonnage. Sardinian Circassian Polyn(^sian Sarin iitian Moraviiin Poriiviim ScaniliniivlAn Prussian Atiftrian Ne.' ctily coiivifjancns for jui;*- seriRtMS, fr nil Uio city to Levis, when tlm ic briilmi wus not takfii , sni.ill st'^aiii'Ts Mad, ImW'Vi'r, for si'verul yt'urs pnn imis sup'TMili'il llic horse huits ol lli« ancivn ri'ijinie, Uiiniig ili'' huitiin -r iiiuiitlis ; tlnTC was Olio point tthoul iIiims wnmlrous conveyances which jiasscngi-rs in a hurry to reach tMih''r siiit;, had to hear in iniiid. 'I ht; Levis liDat. leaving Harras' or McKen/ie's wliaif, it' the wind was westerly and strong,' and the eld) set in, instead of reaohwiK the lower-town in live minutes as at iirosenl, had a lair chance of drilling' down to ll:^ island of Orleans, and landing Ireight and passen^'ers an hour al'tfr starting- In vain the horse-hoats trii'd to hold their own af.Miiist stfam ; one after another had to succuml) ; the last gave up the ghost about Islf). T'was a mercy to the passengers as well as to the horses. Some times, Ihi ugh selloni, crossing in canoes In winter was at- tended by fatal accidents, tho Quibef Gazelle, contains the Adioviiiig : " Melancholy accident — sixteen live lust — ' Yesterday morning (t2th Feiiruiry 183'J), a canoe, belonging to Mr. Chaliot, in attempting to cross over from I'cint Levis, w Ih iiassengers, was upsei by ihe tloaling ice in the river, by which si.vteen out of the twenty, were drowned. The name of the person who was piloting the canoe is Turgeon, tho same jierson, wo understand, who was conitncteur of the canoe which was ujiset some two or three weeks ago, when two young men were lost. Jean Roberge, Joseph Paipiet, of St. Gervais, Jean Hoi, Michel Uoi, Catherine iloi, P. I'oire, Ciermain L;ibrec(|ue and Jean Lubrecipie, M. Dorval, Chs. Fduclior (son of Major Fauclur, of St. Thomas), Andre Blanchet, of St. Charles; Amos Fanpihar, of St. Sylvestro ; Frunijois Patoino, and his son, aged eight years ; Mr. Cliabot's son, and two brothers of the name of Kirouac. The four saved, were: an American, the two mail carriers, from Ha- lifax and Nicolet, both of whom succeede 1 in saving the mail bags: and Turgeon, the conductenr.' (Queiiec dazette, 1,3th and loth Im b. 1839.) Pierre Turgeon, the co«(/»t7*'i/r, is now (In 187G) the esteemed Captain of the Quebec steamer •' Clyde." A capital steam winter and summer ferry has taken llieir place. The use of steam in winter was pronounced an impossibility for years. To whom are we indebted for a winlir steam ferry ? Mr. E. W. Sewell, of Levis, ship-builder, for several years has pro- minently agitated the question of navigating the St. Lawrencein winter, by powerful and specially built steamers ; his ingenious arguments, at the present moment, form the subject of imjuiry of a parliamentary committee at Ottawa (whose report is not yet submitted.) This gentle- man claims the idea i of having, in 1852, suggested the idea of I wr^ Pi w 482 LEVIS FERRY. [1875. ft winter steam ferry between Quobpc and Lovis. Sir E. P. Tache, Who died in 1865) is stated to liave, whilst in Parliament, urged on the attention of the House of Assembly, miny years back, the pos- Bibility of substituting steanuTS to Uie then primitive conveyances still used — wooden cnnoes in winter In 1852, a nuiAdfousIy attended city meeting, presided by Dunbar RosS) Ilsq., prepared a petition to the House of Assembly. On motion of the Hon. P. Chiibot, C. M., a select committee was named, composed as follows : John O. Clapham, Esq., M. P., Chairman ; G. O'Rill Stuart, Esq., ftf. P., Hypolite Dubord, Esq., M. P. The question of a periodical tee bridge was warmly advocated before this committee — in whose excellent report We find a paragraph assigning to ■ Mr. E. W. Sewell (now one of the Harbor Commissioners), the priority of havintir suggested in 1852, the possibility of constructing a steamer to " navigate across the St. Lawrence during the winter months." 1 The same report of 1853 Contains also, amongst the »M'nufe« of evidence, a remarkable letter of the late Capt. David Vaughan, of Quebec, giving it as his special opinion, that a steamer could be oonstructed for this winter forry. The same report, pages 40 and 41, contains the letter of Mr. Sewell, of 6th March 1852. There is a mass of curious information elicited by the committee, before which were heard, many very practical and some scientific persona vf Quebec. According to this document, the idea of the Levis steam winter ferry would belong to Mr. E. W. Sewell. 1 The question of access In winter from one shore of the St. Lawrence to the other, has tlia thi> idi'.i of iiiiviKatiUK acrosB tlie 8t. Ijawniioe, nt Qiiet)ee, don of the origin of ^S,enm WinUr />,•.„, between Quebec and Levis, and frcm the amount of te.ti.on, adduced. I '.hink that here can be only one opinion as to the ri^ht of ,he Messrs. ..„„,,,„ elai.ning the honor of be.ng the first to practically establish the feaMbiii.y .,f theenter pnze. 11. Sample, jr. planned and built the " Unity,- hi« father furni..hin« he money and taking an interest. But Mr. «amplo-s idea, ath,,' only ' worked-out ,n 1857. had been conceived many years before. In 18 9 he haa come to an understanding with a Mr. Benjamin Tibbits, to build a w.nter boat. ho. Sample, to build and furnish the hull, and Tibbits. the en- gine and bo.ler ;^ the untimely death of the latter, in 18.19. put a stop to the undertak.„g. This gentleman was brother to James Tibbits. w L name w.U aga.n appear. He had a foundry and engine shop at Le;is. and ^as a practical eng,necr and machinist. Ho was the inventor of the com b.nat.on ,n engines which he called the I.igh-I.w pressure, n.w known L Co.,ouna A',,,.,.,. He obtained Letters-Patent f„r his invention bo, Z th.s country and .n England, a year or two bof„re his death. This invent! ^ or Idea is now applied to all sea-going stean,.c led to the building of the " Pi-oyrem ;" thus to an accident, we owe the existence of this most powerful steamur. The Prince Edward, the next in date after the Arctic, and in the main copied after her, was built for Messrs. Couture, Barras & Foisy, in the year 1865-6 for winter service; her length is 95i feet; main breadth, 22 feet; depth of hold, 10 feet; tonnage registered, 111.56^100. She was purchased by the St. Lawrence Steam Navigation Company, 27th December 1873. I have only to add that previous to Mr. Sample's success, very few persons would admit that the vcrew would suit for ice navigation. Mr. Sample however, maintained that it was the right thing, and proved it. Barras, Foisy and Couture loaned to the sido wheel, but after seeing the success of the Unity and Arctic, they built the Prince Edotutrd ; you will perceive that two of these names appear on the ccrtilicate, of which I enclose a copy. H. F. B. We extract the following from a correspondence in the Morning Chro- nicle : " I am also authorised by Mr. Sample to state that prior to 1852, he and the late Mr. Benjamin Tibbits had jointly arranged to build a boat specially for the ivinter service; but for reasons unnecessary to be made public, the scheme was abandoned, although the plans and models were made." Respectfully yours, Quebec, Slst December, 1874. . P. B. 1871 J r>0Mlx\ION FORCE. Our Dominfon Force. 435 The ,lo,,arturo in the fall of 1871 , on boarj 11. M. Troop .hip Oroutn of the romainder of the British KnrP,> m n . , ' '''^'"'•*' a^i.ie. .e. create, the 11^^ ""Ce^ U^^lr .1^ ta^oron,cers and 8 horses-B Battery, the secon,l. o „ o d I t! 'm,"?' :"" ' P-!-^--t<^ ^tall ^ of omc;rs an.l 8 h 2 I S;:;;:.'""^'""''"* ''^ '^^ «• O- ^""^ Oct. xsn or n U.U.ry, is a, follow, . 4 liLMtrnauts (ono to act as adjutant.) 1 assist itit siirvfc'on. 1 muster gmiiii.r. 1 BatU'ry a,Tji>ant Major. 1 Lalioiiit(iry foremau. 1 Orilu.iiui- armourer, fi Hcrjcazits. 6 corporals. 3 truiiiiK.'t'-rs, 13(J KUiiiicrs. 8 horses , for instructional purposes and .^so for movi"ng ordnance ) L ng and short, but elaborate courses of tnstruZn in military of oh n.,,u,s.tes .n warfare. This general order mad. the or I pi ce^ under the provisions of the Mutiny Act-art,cles of waZ and Queen s Regulations. Our Government deemed it advi able PP y to to War office, in England, for the services of a thor .hiy sc.entihc and eflicent head for the important new organiza.icm tnd school gunnery at Quebec; an oilier, who possessed bo h;"' well as in the field, combining the sterness of military discipline, with '. 1 1% n 1' ;il If 436 DOMINION FOBCE. [1858. the thoughtful humanity of the man. The choice fell on the present Inspector of Dominion Artillery and Commandant of the Citadel, Lt.- Col. T. Bland Strange, i Though comparatively young in years, he was old in llio service — distinguished by his attainments as an artillerist. Whilst the city could feel proud in counting one more gentleman amongst her inmates — one whose sense of duty, morality and sobriety, was a living example to his officers and men — the country at large never has had reason to challenge the selection. Tho suc- cessful candidates at the school of gunnery would be entitled to ar- tillery certificates of first or second cla?s, but instead of the usual gift of $J0, heretofore awarded to the successful candidate, the pay of $1 per diem, with rooms and rations would be allowed to such officers who passed, so long as they formed jiart of the Battery. The shortest period of service for the privates, is twelve months. Up to date, the school has turned out over 600 trained gunners and supplied yearly drafts for North West service. The Force is com|)Osed, as to officers, of several young men of good families of both origins ; both nationalities, happily blend amongst the jirivates. The Battery has more than once been called on by the civic authorities, to quell election or other riots and has dt-alt with such unj)leasanl emergencies with marked success. At first the corps were simply schools of gunnery, made up of officers and non-commis- sionel officers and men of volunleer artillery corps. On the lOlh July 1874, a general order gazotleil them as a distinct corps, and commis- 6ione(i their officers from that date as follows, for the Quebec Battery Col. Strange remainin;,' as before. Commandant Lieut -Col. — T. Bland Strange. Capt. and Brvt. Major — Chs. Montizamberl. 2 Lieutenants — Capt. M. E. J. Duchesnay, Capt. C. Short, 0. Prevosl Adjt. G. A. Larue. Surgoon- -II. N''ilson. 1 On ri>ft>renco to the Royal Artillery rocord of sorvicog, we see that Major, StranKL', K A, who holds iu our militia tlie rank of Lt.-t^il., wan a geiitlornan Cadot on l.')tli S ■\>t , 1847,— 2nd Lt. in IS")!— ui L,t., isri.t— itid Capt. in 18J8— 1st (.'apt., 1866, and M.ijor. 5th July, 1S72. His r«eords show " ervico '' at Gibraltar, 1852 — West Jndii's, 18.">4— Eist Indies, 1857 ; his Kallant conduct d iriiig the Indian .Mutiny, is repeatedly mentioned in general ordiTS by Commanders iu chief, Genl. .Sir T. I'ranks, !Sir Colin Campbell, Sir Hope Grant. Sir A. liorsford. Jlarl's (irmy List for July 1870, mention him th .8 ''Ciptain T. B. Strange, served in India 1857-58 and was present at the actions of Ch:inda ami Sultamiwre, Dhowrava, siege and capt ire of Lucknow, actions of Korsee Xewabgunge, Serag ingo, sffairs of 2.'>th luid 2'Jth July, passage of the Gomtee at .'^ultanpore, including affairs of 26th, 2iith, 27lh, 28th August and Doadpore 2Uth October, (four times ment.oued in dispatches. Medals with Clasp.) I'age !),). a In addition to the knowledge of his profession, acquired in the Quebec School of Onnucry, S\ ajor Montizambert has had the advantage of following at Woolwich and Aldershot, England, the Koyal Artillery field m inceuvres. Major Montizambert is a degcondaut fr jm the venerable Governor of Three Kivers, in 16C3, Pierre llouchor, who received a patent of nobility, from Lo.iig XIV. The name is French (Boucher de Uoat Isuiubert, » towa ia Franue.) [F '( in ¥• \v ■ snirnuiLDiNG. H:.ro Point on the St. t'liarles, where Jaciiucs-Carticr wintered ISS'-O. A shiji on the stocks viewed liy American Tourists. p. 4.'57 1875.] r^^mi V' 437 MILITIA DEPARTMENT. Militia Department, Quebec. 437 Deputy Adjutant Genora:-No. 7, V. Ijis.' Li.mt -Casault Brigade Major— Liout.-Col. Duchusnay Bri^-ale Major-Lieut.-Col E. Limor.tagno District Paymaster— Major W. 11. Forest Provincial Store-keeper-Captain F. Lampson. Shipbuilding at Quebec. Notable changes in the toning, and modol of Queh.c crafts »r« htr wo smaller consorts, the Pelite I/ennine, GO tons Marc Jal, h .nf Three!"' ?^^'""'"^"■ '' ''''' '^-""--' I^^Br^r a ' " tier- eV ;:t '"? '"r^ ""'"'^ °""^^'^^ ^° -'-- jao,u::::,>.. tons, was steaming past into port. ""^'"^ ^'^■"''•"' ''''^°« It has been stated that the i)rogre';sive Inlondnn. t i Helled on .he banks of (l,g si. CImrles in 1703 n T"° "'°' . V e! rTT , """ ^"^ "" '''''°"'='' >'''"''«' """reiia, with « view of helpmg France l„ soocessfullv me-t l,er rival Fn! i' fl™i» on U,„ ocean. „„,„.rt„„l .0 s„.„,a,e sh!, I, "''af,; .l,'^ .h ,„, „s..y ,a, .l,o„ in i., ,nra„cy. A ,,ren,i,,„, of 5,0 „*t.; p.. 1 for evory vessel of nol less ll.an im ions. I,„i„ „ <„,„ . "' :,:t:a;::'::::;:->- :;'■;;•;:::■ -""-■ ■■■- «-.;.>•:»::' J^'^zSf"^* ^"^ -'- °^ '"« l'rec.ain,ro„K.rk, ar.. from ..„„„„... .„«,„.. i,. I 438 QUEBEC SHIPS. [1787-1875. Taiilk showing Iho number and tonnage of Quebec built vessels, from 1787 to 3!st Ue^:einlirr, 1875, i ' N Yuar, 1787 umbor of ships. . 10 Tonnage. .. 933 .. 1425 .. 2363 .. 452 .. 654 .. 674 .. 319 .. 909 .. 1364 .. 1297 .. 1528 .. 1138 .. 6188 .. 3769 .. 3404 .. 3370 .. 3168 .. 2624 .. 1846 .. 2332 Number of Year. ships. 1832 24 Tonnage. ... 4S05 1788 . 19 58 . 10 . 12 . 12 1833 29 1834 35 ... 5598 178a 9010 1790 1«;!5 30 1«;!6 31 ... 81)12 1791 ... 10155 1792 1837 34 1H.;8 35 ... 10179 1793 6 ... 9;i58 1794 . 14 . 19 . 13 . 14 . 13 . 32 . 21 . 24 . 21 . 30 . 25 . 15 . 18 18.;9 46 ... 13929 179,i 1840 64 1811 64 ... 26561 1790 ... 23122 1797 1842 57 ... 12621 1798 1843 42 ... 12736 1799 1844 40 1845 46 ... 14214 1800 ... 21713 1801 1846 39 ... 19714 1802 1817 74 „. 35740 1803 1848 65 ... 22293 1804 1849 73 ... 2S160 1805 1806 1850 74 1851 66 ... 34154 ... 41605 1807 . 15 . 15 . i:i . 35 . 64 . 34 . 18 . 25 . 39 . 39 . 36 . 37 25 . 16 . 22 . 20 . 38 . 38 . 83 . 84 . 61 . 61 . .34 . 25 . 38 —Ships, 3,8 .. 2728 .. 4133 .. 3415 .. 6533 .. 13691 .. 6941 .. 3315 .. 3906 .. 3460 .. 4213 .. 3590 .. 3566 .. 3666 .. 2084 .. 2254 ... 2685 ... 3700 .. 10498 ... 24592 ... 19172 ... 9475 ... 9782 ... 6087 ... 4793 ... 6170 73— Tonna 1862 49 1853 89 ... 26405 1808 ... 541128 1809 1854 78 ... 46554 1810 1855 95 ... 3.')802 1811 1856 90 1857 83 ... 35842 1812 ... 38644 1813 1858 51 ... 20518 1814 1859 41 1860 65 ... 14468 1815 ... 22585 1816 1861 51 ... 25546 1817 1862 68 ... 27213 1818 1863 88 ... 54735 1819 1864 105 ... 59:133 1820 1865 113 ... 45701 1821 1866 103 ... 36764 1822 1867 45 ... 21)015 182.'! 1868 49 ... 23254 1824 1869 50 1S70 26 1871 32 ... 25661 182;') ... 15601 1826 ... 11105 1827 1872 .07 ... 18371 1828 1873 56 ... 18552 1829 1874 58, ... 17710 1830 1875 84 ... 21616 1831 Grand total To 31st December, 1875 ;e, 1,285,842. At the rate of £10 a ton, this wouhi represent §51,433,080. Until 1799, tiie average of a Quebec built sliiji was 50 tons. Nay, our ship- builders did not confaider it ijuito safe to tempi the perils of the sea in \ ' 1875] CEMETERIES. 439 I a shi|) of greater tonnage than iOO tons. The first ship of TiOO tons was Jjuilt in 1799. In 1853, Khiphuildinf,' at Quebec, unilerw'ni (Hiile a revolution. Symmi'lry of design, exquisite lines look the |i'aco of curryinsj; capicily. Tlie age of cli|i|iers began, sharp, Imnd^ome, fleet vessels; several of whom on the Atlantic or in the China trade, by their rapid passages, Itrou^rht our port quite into note. We have merely room ht^ro to mention by name some of lh''se Ocean racers: the " Tmlasler, " drafted by E. W. Scwell ; the " lioouiirany. " by Mr. St. .lean ; the " A' llmr lite (Ireut" and " Shoolinij Star," by an in- genious draftsman, who had learned tlio art in the shipyanis of Mese»rs. Gilmour A Co., at Quebec : Mr Wm. Power, now of Kingston. There were several other vessels equally remarkable, who brought fame lo their designers ; Mr. Powit obtained for his models, prizi'- medals at the Paris Exhibition. Many shijibuildi.'rs here had hastened to build for the United Slates markets, prior to the expiration of the Reciprocity Tn-aty ; a state of things favorable to this valuable in- dustry at our port. The expiration of the treaty ami a sudden demand for iron ships, reduced siiipbuilding here lo its lowest ebb. Iron vessels having been found objectionable for conveying cargoes of sugar, molasses, Ac , in tropical latitudes, a deinan 1 sprung u|) for composite ships — built of wood and iron. We all remember tin' sorrow experienced by all Quebec, on hearing of llie destruction by tire, in tiie month of May 1870, of Mr. Baldwin's two handsome and nnarly finished composite ships. Wooden shijis in 18(JC, being a drug in the English market sought and found purchasers in France, but at ruinous prices. Commercial depression befell the unfortunate ship builders, who had to lower wages : hence the origin of those baneful incidents of late years — the strikes. til P- lin OUR CEMETERIES. Probably, the oldest burying ground in Quebec may have been the one outside Prescott Gate, on ihe adjoining declivity to the south- east, facing Mr. Turcotte's cut-stone builiimgs. In rear, until the construction of the House of Parliament, stood the Roman Catholic Bishop's Palace. In 1870, on excavating th-' soil, a number of human hones, and a whole skeleton were discovered ; Indian relics were since found in the vicinity. But closer to the Parliament House, the pic and shovel struck on the fragment of a wall, having in it, an arched door ; this masonry was doubtless a portion of the foundation wall of a detached l)uiMing beloni^ing to the ancien Efcclie. The Quebecers ."vho died even in Champluin's day may have found hero a resting 440 CEMETEHIES. [!857. place, as well as the Hiirons, localo'l in the little Huron Fort, shown on old plans of Quobec for 1664. Thero were in 1005, i some oiphty Ilurons installed h«ro for some time, after the disftersion of this tribe by the Mohawks, on Lake Simce and in the Manitoulin Island in 1049. In their terror, they asked for and were granted permission, to dwell in this small Kort, under the very guns of Fort St. Louis, (which stood to the north-west ortho,Huron Koi-l) — the front of which faced the Hing — a little distance in advance of the Castle St. Louis. It was only in the spring of 1657, that the new cemetery called St. Joseph Cemetery, adjoining the Roman Catholic Cathedral and between it and the Seminary, was used fur tha tirst time. The springs of water and dampness of the lirsl cemetery rendering it desirable to seek another spot for burials. This St. Jose])!i Cemetery was used until the conquest, by Roman Catholics e.\clusively ; after the surrender of Quebec, we find in the old Quebec Gazette, obituary notices, according to which the remains of Protestants seem to have been committed to the St. Josejih Ceme- tery. In 1775, the gorge of the St. Louis Gale Uaslion was used as a special Pro^'stant cemetery ; the luckless hero of I'res-de-Ville, Bri- gadier-General Montgomery, a proteslant, and the first wile of James Thompson, Wolfe's old sergeant, were deposited there after death ; of which facts, Mr. Thompson's Diary contains special entries — Montgo- mery's remains were removed from thence in 1818. The Belmont Cemetery. On the 30th December, 1857, about fifty-seven superficial arpents of the Caldwell estate, were purchased from J. W. Dunscomb, Esq., for a Cemetery, by the Fabrique Notre Dame dc Quebec, on the north of the St. Foye road, about two miles and a half from the city. It is the burying ground of the Roman Catholic churches: the Basilica and St. John the Baptist, in St. John suburb. It was laid out without much symmetry and contains some monuments ; the most ornate is that of J. B. Renaud, Esq. ; Mr. Abraham Hamel has had a chapel erected over his vault ; Mr. Theop. Hamel, his brother, the well-remembered Quebec painter, has a handsome monument ; in addition to which may be added, those of Hon. Elugone Chinic, Messrs. Ives Tessier, Chas- Sharpies, John Burroughs, J. A. Green, Mis. Wm. Hy. Roy, Augustin Gaulhier, F. Gourdeau, L, Jos. Constanlin, Gaspard Drolet, Widow Edouard Gingras, Mrs. Thos. Pope, H. A. Murphy, Falix Tctu, Jos. Shehyn, 4c. In the centre of the cemetery, is erected a very conspi < I Jliitoire de la Colonio frangaise. (Faillon.) 1848.] CEMETERIES. 441 cuous and costly iron cross, about twonty feot in height, quite «n ornam.nt to the cemetery ; one tomb in j.arti.H.lar. that ore.f.d to the m..mory of F. X. Garr.eau. ti.e cuiebrule.] hislonau of Canada flrTsS! ''""" °°"'"' '"' '''"' '""'^''^ ''' '" '^'' '^f'^Ple Leaved " Under the shade of lofty pines, close to the famed battle-fields of the past, ,n view of his native city, now rests all that n-mains to ui of a noble m.nded, relirmg man of letters. There. lies a true son of Canada though the influence of his writmgs was All far beyond the hm.ts of h.s country. From the muse of history he received bil wUh?.?"' r n' ''"• '■'' "''"^ ^^"' '« '"«'=''''"^" '" 'he temple of fame w Ih those I'rescott, Bancroft, Parkman. Jared Sparks. SarKenl and othepk.ndredsp,ritsofthelan.lorthe West. Like them, ('arneau Wdl continue to light up the ,,ath of literature, teaching love ofoountry' marking out the line of duty to generations still unborn." Mount Hermon Cemetery. Amidst the leafy woods of .Sllery, about two and a half miles from the c.ty. It is intended for prolestants of all denominations and occup.es grounds of thirty-two acres in ex.ent. purchased in Mav 1848 f om the late Judge Ed. Bowen. The first french settler that owned fZ r''""'f''' '^'^'^^^"^ ^'"'^^'^'^ I^angelier. analive of Normandy, near Itouen : a site pictureMjue and beautiful, sloping gontly towards the St. Lawrence, which flows two hundred feet below he rugged cliff. It is shad.d with largo trees: oaks, pines, spruce sdver-bircb, and was admirably lai.l out in 18.',1», by amililarv Pro* fessor of West Point. N. Y., Major Douglas, who designed Greenwood cemetery, near New York and the Albany cemetery. A carriage dnve, upwards of two miles in extent, affords acc.ss to all parts of the grounds and by applying to the keeper, whose oflice and house is ai the entrance, visitors are allow..,! to go in with their carri.ig.s The visitor after driving over the smooth lawn-like surface finds himself suddenly transferred by a turn of the road into a dark avenue of s ately trees, from which he emerg..s to see the broad St. Lawrence a n.ost beneath him with the city of gueb.c, and the beautiful slopes of Point Levis in the distance. From the brow of the cliff, where seats have been placed for that purpose, the view extends as far as gu.bec and on the lumber coves. The village of St. Romuald or New Liverpool, with its large saw mills and stately roman catholie clnircli and conrent. is seen on the opposite side of the river, a little south, wards. In this burying ground, sleep many distinguished citizens and 1 III I h 'H I 442 CEMETERIES. [1875. stranpors; hero rest Iho n'mains of I if. Daniel Wilkie, i one of the abli'sl prcct'jitors or youlli ; Jolin Wilson, tin! celt'tiraloil stollit.li vo- calist ; an only son of Sir Kiimunii Ilfuil, who was di owned in tlm river St. Maurice. William Price, U. D, Younj?, H.-iiry LnMosuri'T, Win. Gunii, L. T. MclMicrsoii, (ihs. Temple, J G. H. Syines, James and Thos. (lil)b, Capt. Janes, John Thomson, Dr. Wilkie, IJii-hop Mountain, James McKen/ie, John Munn, W. W. Scott, Hammond Gowen, A. J. Muxliiiin have each ha:ids(ime family monuments. Hon. Htnry Black and Jacob I'o/er hail each, a vault iiuill. Up to 31st December 1875, the register show 4813 burials, in Mount Hermon Cemetery. Some of the tomb stones are extremely cliasto and ornamental. White marble— Ohio sandstone — Abenleen and common granite are the cliief materials used; they have b(ien designed by English — Scotch — American and Canadian Artists — some, by Mr. Morgan cf this city, are very creditable to iiis taste. The grounds are laid out in lots of 100 or 200 Hjuare feet, and sold at a uniform ;Tice of TiOci'iilsper foot. There is a conservatory attached to the cemetery, which affords great facilities for sujiphing shrulis and flow»'rs lor the graves: this last abode of the dear dejiarted, overhanging the murmuring waters of the innji'slic flood, redolent of sweet flowers, attract each Sunday, under their whisjiering ])incs, in summer, and esi'ecially in the moi.th of September, numbers of visitors from the city. A neat gothic Lddgo at the entrance of the grounds contains the office and residence of tlie Superintemiint. In the former, a ccmj)lete plan of the grounds is kept ; every separate grave being marked upon it, with its appropriate number, so that at any future tinio, on con- sulting it, the exact spot of interment can be ascertained and the Register which is also kejtt, affords information respecting the places of birth, age, date of death. A large vault perfectly secured with iron-doors, has been constructed for the purpose of receiving bodies during the winter, when immediate interment is not desired. When permission is obtained from the incumbent, service for the dead, according to the rites of the Church of England, is performed in the adjoining handsome church of St. Michael, which has no connection with the cemetery. Conspicuous in this quiet city of the dead, stands the monumen 1 WhilHt panning those linos, wo loam with sorrow of the untimely do.nth of the lato Dr. Wilkie's nephew and successor, Jiimiel W.lkie, JJsq., the resjjected Hector of the HiKh Seliool. 2 Mr. Temjile'g monument is designed from the Knight Templars. 3 MaI'i.e l.KAVKS fur If^O.'i, page r>ii, eiintain the nanus of the contrihutors to tho fund, siinu^ ,^ 1^,1 mi suh^oiihid to lunlil this ornanienlaU luireh of St. Mieliaol, SilhTv, where the Governors Ocnerol of Canada, wheu in Quebec, used t'j attend eacii Sunday. 1866.] CEMETERIES. 443 rai5.(.l by a grateful comm„nily to Lin.t. Haines, R. A. wfio,,anl with l.is l,l«, iho ,,„nally of h.s M.-volion, o„ tl.o mi, Oct.. l«(;(i. ,„ savins property at the St. HocIi (ire. ^ In an .ahor corner, lliero is a slab reoonlitiKlhe ,|,.ath oflli, Kxcel- enry. s.r E,lmun.| Hea^l's only sn„. ag.-l I:, jears. who, on 2:.ll. S,,,t 185,), wan drowne.I at Three Maer,, whilst ballung. •• Who run visit this sylvan abode, sacred to the reposo oflho departed, uUh,.,il notic- ing one toml. In parlieular, in the enclosure of Wm. Price V-n -we allude to that of Sir Edn.und Head's gifted son. The trun'hlnl waters of the SI. Maurice an.! the ,,ui..t grave at S.ll.ry recall. «s in a viMon not only the generous open-h.arled boy. who perishe.l in one' and sleeps .n the other, but they ,HI also of the direct l,ne of a good family cu oll-a good name ,,a.si„g away, or. if pres-rved at all. preserved only on a tomb-stono." {Nolmun's llntU, Amtricans.^ St. Patrick's Cemetery. Th. cemetery of St. Patrick church, on St. Louis road. "- the oldest buryng ground actually used. It wasfo.merly ih.' prop.'rtv of the trustees of the french cathedral and its transfer to the iri.h'church was made when the Helmonl cemeLry was opened. It has few monuments of a nature to attract the visitor. Some however are deserving of notice. Mr. ^V. M. McDonald, owns the Imn Isom-sts ■ Messrs. Alleyn. Sharpies have also monuments, Ac. Il issone'limes calle.l the Cholera bury ing ground, because it was used for inlcrirP' the bodies of those who died from cholera, in ls:r2. A luxuriant phmt- ation of trees on the road side, ja-omises ere long to add much to its i-S()ect. St. Charles Cemetery. On the Lorette road, is picluresfiuely laid out on the banks of the nver St. Charles, near Scotfs bridge. The ground was ,,urchased from the Hon. Mr. Justice P. Panet. for the sum ol J^U.OOO The dark green pines which adorn it. imparl to that cemetery a soft, solemn gloom most congenial to the j.lace and its object. Unfortun.iblv, it is not large and before long the trustees of the Itoman Catholic church of the parish of St. Roch, to which it belongs, will be comi)ellod to enlarge it. There are some costly monuments to bo seen in this cemetery ; amongst others, a neat white marble one of Mr. W. Vennor, of St. Roch ; also less conspicuous ones such as those of S Lelievre' Esq., Narcisse Gingras, Hon. J. Cauchon, Dr. Chs. Fremont, Isaac Donon, Dr. Blanchette, Mr. Baker and Geo. Lemelin. lion J E r JC ";tl m 444 CEMETERIES. [1771. Gingras, has hail a handsome frescoed chapel built over his vault, wherein, mass may be said. Immediately opposite, is the St. Siuveur cemetery, newly laid out ; it will in time, no doubt contain monuments. ! The old Protestant Cemetery. The Cemetery called the " Quebec Protestant Burying Ground " was originally bought by the Government of the Province of Quebec, from the Heirs St. Simon, j)aitly on the 19th December 1771, and partly on the 22nd August 1778. In the year 182.3, Lord Dalliousic made a grant of that ground to " The Trustees of the Quebec Protestant Burying Ground," in whose hands it has remained until the 19lh May I8G0, when the cemetery was declared closed by the 23 Vic, ciiap. 70 ; section 2d of which Act provides that the ground may be converted into a public square by the municipal authorities, but may never be applied to any other purpose. The boilies were removed to Mount Ilermon Cemetery some years back. It contains the remains of many noted persons, some of the Lieut. Governors of the jjrovince were intered there. One of Sir Walter Scott's brothers, Major Thi)mas Scott, i of the 70lh Hcgl., was buried here in 1823, and his tomb discovered this fall ; also Cajit. Cameron, 78th (Fraser's) Highlanders. 2 In Lt.-(Col.) Malcolm Fraser's Diary of lite siege of Quebec, in 1759, the death of this brave highlander is thus recorded, " Monday, 3rd Sept. (1759) This day, died my worthy captain, Ale.xamler Ca- meron, of Dungallon, universally regretted by all those who knew him, as a line gentleman and a good soldi'T. " Tuesday, 4tli Sept Captain Cameron was interred in front of follows, on till' i;^tli Due. 1H17; " IMy dear Tom, I cannot .iciiuii'sco in your jilan nf sottlinpr in fanad-i Slioulil you rpm.iin in ruiuula, you must ooiisiilc: your I'luriily :is sctili'isin that st.iti', and. as I cannot bi'Iipvi' that it will ninuin very lonu -ipaiatcil from Annuica, I should iilmo.-t think this equal to di'])rivinK tlii'm of the ailvantanes of liritish suhjocts " This \v:i-i writin. he it know, l^ut two ye.irs iifte. the cloai' of thi' war hetwren Ca- Injteil States of lMrJ-l.")—wliiili furnished such a satisfaotory record of memory oi iiieir uen)ve(i itroiiier-fimeer v ajit. .Alexander L-arneron, oi loiii^aiioii, Scotland, who died of fever in August IT.IU, serving his King and country, and wan buried in this spot." N. 11— The stouo : a Scotch quart?, or limeBtonc. The lettering is well executetl. 1875] CEMETERIES. 445 our colours, w.th the usual solemnities." This military funeral of Capta.n Cameron, must have takon place at Levis, from whence the rema.„s appear to have been removed by his brother omdrs for in- terment at Quebec, after the capitulation of 18lh Sept. 1759 • (Captain Camion .s an ancestor of Donald Cameron Thomson. E^Z Some of the inscriptions have given rise to much discussion. Small Pox Cemetefy, R. c. strltVa'lofThlir, ?.T'' ^''"'"'"'' ''' ''''°'-) - C°-"-d street, east of the Hotel-D.eu, used before the conquest? This is yet unknown to us. In 1775. the dire scourge decimat^l the Ame can nvaders crowds of whom, died in St. John and St. Hocif su Ts not healthy ? The narratives of eye witnesses of that period mention how, on their dismal march from Quebec, to the New England and other Provinces, the banied warriors died in frightful agonv-loatii- some objects; how. after death, they were thrown by the'terriUed peasants, like dogs in holes dug by the road side, or in th. orchards iVom Quebec to Three Rivers and thence to Sore,, and along e Chambly v^ ley. It has been stated that this cemetery was first used m 17/9. Its name would indicate that like the Cholera burying ground-vvhen an unusual scourge had invaded the city, the vie iuis reauired for resting places, more than the usual spa'e in -.Gods in '[,^!,^"'"';*'^Y"u^''°'^' ^'' ^''''" "P '" '«^^ ■' ^''« ''•''H'^" remains Luilto;er ''' ''"'"^ '''''"' ^^°""^^ -^ the Site partly Gros Pin Cemetery. A little patch of ground was set aside about 1847. at Gros Pin Char eshourg, to receive the remains of the emigrants .siruek dow al the Manne and other hospitals by fever, cholera or oth-r epidemics • It too ,„s us soft memories. The British emigrant, and exile of Erin; here (puetly sleeps the long sleep. Thi.s cemetery lies on the east side of the Charlesbourg road and opens out on it. ^ t: : 1 i '.'1:: 446 INSTITUTIONS. Charitable and National Institutions. [1875. In aiMition to tlie HoIhI Dieu, Marine and General Hospitals, which provide an asylum for the indigenl in cases of sickness, there are several other institutions in this city, from which relief and assistance are liberally extended to such as require their aid. St. George's Society. — bounded in 1835. St. Andrew's Society.— '• in 1835. St. Patrick's Sjciety.— " in 1835. Societe de St. Jean Baptiste. — Founded in 18'»2. Masonic Lodges. Albion Lodge, established 1752. — St. John's Lodge. — Stadacona Chapter, No. 13. II. C.— St. Andrew's Lodge No. 5. Q. R. — Harrington Lodge No. 8. Q. R. — St. George's Lodge. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. |i' I h i'^^ Quebec Auxiliary to the British and Foreign Bible Socity. 1834 Quebec Branch Dominion Evangelical Alliance. 1873 Quebec Women's Christian Association. 1875 The Church Society of the Oioce?e of Quebec. 1842 Quebec Ladies Bible Association. The Auxiliary to the Religious Tract Society. 1840 "Wesleyan Methodist Society. Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. — 1820 Christian Doctrine Society. (St. Patrick's Church ) — 1856 Societe de la Propagation de la Foi. 1850 EDUCATION. The Laval University, the Seminary, the Convents and several private establishments supi)ly Quebec with ample sources of general educatidii. In addition to these the following charitable institutions afford instruction to a large number of children. National School. — No. 2 D'Auleuil street, Esi)lanade. This institu- tion was founded in 1819 and is conducted in connexion with the Male and Female Orphan Asylums. British and Canadian School. — Ste Marguerite Street, St. Roch. Instituted in 1823 — Conducted on the Lancas-terian system. There is a Female Branch attached to this school. Quebec Infant School. — St. John's Suburbs. Instituted in 1831. St. Charles Street Infant School. — Instituted in 1837. 1S!8] INSTITUTlOiXS. 447 Cove Infant School -Diamond Harbour. Openo.i in January 1844 The Christian Brothers, Glacis streets, outs„ie St. John's Gate' This Institution, established at g„ebec in 1843, has charge at present m the c.ty, of the CommPrcial Academy and of five Public Schools giving instruction to 240U bovs. -^i-'ioois, The number of Sunday Sciiools has considerably increased within a few years. Ihe Free Chapel Sunday School ,n St. Joarhim street St John s Suburbs is a very neat building and was erected about 1840 ai the expense of tne late JefTery Hale, Esq. to whose beneficence n.any in th,s city are indebted. .The school was originally commenced in the Free chapel, in St. John street, and since the worthy founders death and in accordance with his last will and testament, an act of incor poration has been obtained and the properly is held in trust for the" purposes which he contemplated. MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES, TRUSTS, Ac Literary and Historical Society, 1824. Institut Canadien, 1848. St. i'atrick's Literary Institute, 1852. Association ol the Quebec Bar, 1849 Chamber of Notaries, I8G8. • Medical Society, 1870. Quebec Board of Trade, 1842. Harbor Trust, 1859. " Trinity House, 1805-76, Turnpike Trust, 1841. Exchange, 1828. Mount Hormon Cemetery Association, 1848. Agricultural Society, 1789. • CLUBS. Quebec Turf Club- Quebec Skating Club Association- Stadacona Club— L'Union Musicale de Quebec— Academie de Musiijue — Club des Chasseurs- Chess Club— Septuor Haydn — Dominion Foot-Ball Club Quebec Poultry Show— 178;> 1850 1858 1869 1866 1870 1870 1871 IS 72 1872 w m ;|ri 1 us INSTITUTIONS. Quebec Dog Club — Societe Ste. Gecile — Champlain Club— Ilibi*rnian Debating Club— St. Peter's Club- Thistle Lacrosse Club — BENEVOLENT. Quebec Benevolent Society. Quebec Friendly Society. Shoi^makers Quebec Benevolent Society—' Quebec Ladies Benevolent Society — Quebec Ladies Compassionate Society- Knights of St. Patrick — Societe de St. Vincent de Paul — Sisters of Charity — Early Closing Society. — Quebec Hibernian B''nevolent Society- Young Men's Christian Association-^ Ouivre du Patronage, Female Orphan Asylum. Male Orphan Asylum. Society of Ama'.eurs of Arts and Trades— Asile des OrpheJins — Soears Crises — Ecole de la Reforme — Union Allel — Union Commerciale de Quebec — Hospiue St. Joseph de la Maternite — Irish Catholic Benevolent Society — Workmen's Benevolent Society — Union St. Joseph — Society for the Prevention of cruelty to animals- [1876 1872 1872 1875 1875 1875 1875 178D 1810 1834 1838 1831 1874 18 59 1849 1850 18G4 1870 1872 1832 1832 1871 1850 1870 1874 1874 1852 1872 1847 1865 1870 1862 Ship Labourers Society— TEMPERANCE. St. Lawrence Division No. 16, Sons of Temperance — 1852 Stadacona Lodge No. 26, Independent Order of Good Templars — 1874 Rough Division, No. 3, Sons of Temperance of Quebec — 1874 Stadacona Band of Hope — 1874 St. Patrick's Total Abstinence Cadets— 1875 ;i875 2 1 "■^ QUEBEC LADIES, 1705. TYPOGnAF>niCAL. L'Union Typographique d.; Quebec No I59_ Quebec Typographical Union No. I GO- BANKS. Montreal Bank- Quebec Bank- Bank British North America— Banque Nationale— Union Bank— Sladacona Bank— Quebec Provident and Savings Dank- Caisse dEconoinie Noln^-Damfv— BUILDING SOCIETIES. Quebec Permanent Building Society— La Societe P-rmanente de Construction Mutueil^ La SocPte Permanente de Construction des Artisan. L Association de Batisses des Artisans- 449 1872 1817 1818 1840 I>58 1865 1874 1847 1848 1856 1874 1875 1876 The Quebec Ladies of 1705. " In the autumn of 1705 «!nvQ Miioc «h„ Hnen a-.d other Fronoh bri w i. ! " H^ '"""'^' ^"^^'"^ ''' the King's Ships on its way ouTZ I c , e^^a 1 thTr ^ 1 °"'^ "' .cargo worth a million francs. ,n consoq, n ' ' eo ef H T ' were put to very great inconvenience living 't "up ,: 'r "' as far as possible by cutlin- ,>n fhnin " ^ ^'^ 'leliciency s«lf by discovering w»vs ollJJhT„T " '""'""'1' S'sn«lis.»l lier- the bark of Iree, l" |° ' w" I ' '° '""■'• "'""«'"« "'I Written by theLvi; o^l; :„i,r:i::ir """• "'"'^"- cour .0 ,h, ,,o.,r i„hai,i,amV ^ '"~""' "'''"'' '" » ^n"" »- very reccnllv gla.Mene,! „„, nv... ,/ , ' """' '""' '•" month, duraiion, Int™; , ^ ;n, t,:,:'^'"''' «''°"^ "^ "-ny sent : tlie handv-worl- „r„ rl ,-, ' ' l^''" <='>"'"nnial, but not .raced to BeauHou TetraL ^ """'"'' ""'""' "" ""■"■ ■"'«'■' "» 29 r 'fi 8H' 450 APPENDIX. The "Royal William." CUSTOM HOUSE RECISTKR. (Note for page SiiO.) [1831. No. Forty two. Port of Queltec, dalfd '22 August 1831 l , , , Name. Hoyal William, I3iirlhen Three hundred and I''""" 'JP"^"' Sixty four shares. si.vty three and 00/01 Tons. J Master , Built at this port this present year 1831, which appears by a cer- tiDdate of Geo. Black the builder, dated 15 July lust. Surveying oflicrr C. G. Stewart. One deck, three masts, length one hunlrei and si.xty feet. Brendth taken above the main waN'S, forty four feet and between the paddle boxes, twenty eigiit feet. Height between decks or depth in the hold, seventeen feet nine inches, and is propelled by st 'am with wheeler or dyers at each side. Schooner rigged with a standing bowsprit, square sterneil, carvel built, quarter badges, a scroll head. Measured aground. SUnSCUIDING OW.NEHS. William I'inlny, William Walker and Jeremiah Leaycraft of Quebec, merchunls, trustees of the Incorporateil " Quebec and Halifax Steam Naviga- tion Company." OTIIKn OWNEHS. Custom House, 14th June, 1832. William Finlay, William Walker and Jeremiah Leaycraft of Que- bec, mei chants, Trustees of the Quebec and HaliTix bteam Naviga- tion Conii»any have assigned by deed of Mortgage dated this day 64, 6ith shares to Sir Jolin Caldwell, Matthew Bell, Jeremiah Leaycraft, Noah Freer, James Bell Forsyth and Henry LeMesurier of same place merchants. J. W. DuNscoMn, , Registrar, Port of Quebec. This steamer was confounded with an other of the same name name which sailed from Liverpool in 1838. {Extract from Reginter of Quebec " Exchange.") QuEiiEc, 23rd August, 1831. "The Royal William steamer was put upon the blocks in the Cul-de-Sac, yesterday morning, to get her bottom examined. She will sail fur Hahfax to-morrow afternoon, on her lirst trip, stopping at Miramichi and Pnnce ndward Island. The faro is £G 5s. QuEEiEG, 25th August, 1831. — The Royal William steamer sailed yesterday evening. She h is about twenty cabin and seventy steerage jiassengers. Besiiles freight, she shipped about 120 tons of coals. August 27th, 1831. — 'the Royal William steanuT passed Lighivessel, in the Traverse, a little after twelve, on Thursday morning, having run these sixty miles in rather less thm six hours. QuEiiEc, Monday, 5th August, 1833. — The Royal William steamer, Captain McDougall, left for London about live o'clock this morning. Un her arrival at London, she was sold to the Spanish Government. F. Johnston, Supt., Quebec Exchange." APPENDIX. Champlain. adventures. I„ 156 ii.^ i 7 l' "'"'."^ "*" '" '"" ^•"^' '" ^J"-' «f of, to enjoy at an early ..etCZ^^^ '"?.": ""-'" '""^•' ''""^^' n>en of the time, in Fn.nce t"ud " , '"'''"f °' '"""^ '«-''"« rency. of Vent dour, the Pr': n" ""f^"' "'" ^^'"'^^ "'' '^^-""o- Before the dose of hi. career Z^ ^^IT ] '' ' "' ''"™"'"''- which .he held to the day of h er ";" th 'l '"'' ""^ ''"''"^^ other the sword. His life fu, .,,"'" """ ''""'' """ ""•""*' '" '^e her eventful history! -«-"oaneo, is the true beginning of wH;i:;:^s::^::;r':^,:-:--f;-^. authorities are h,. o.„ West Indies and -Mexico, of J,. Cti '"T"' "' '''' "'''^^^ '<> '^'^ tbo account of his first r^'a! to t .r'f" '^ ''^^""'^' "' ^'-^'""^ in 1604. under the title />, ill f; '::::;: TT "' '^^'^' ventures and explorations, publL^hed t Par " t filS T; "'""' "'■ under the title of V.yuye Je la y.,uvel/ F ' ""'' ^''^^• discoveries, published at Paris.'in 16''0 and'Tfi-' ""7'"° "f still later pendium of all his previ,.us nuhll/! ' ''"'^' ""'*"^' * «"•"- publi.hed in quarto,Vt;i/ „'';""' ;:■:'' "'"^" "^^''''-^' '-tter and interesting Map." ( w",;/ '■ '"" '"r"-'-^'^^ ^^ ^ -^^ -riou, I.n,.ortant docu Jnts c utai i 1 nr 'bT' "''" '""^ be found in the o,u„.. Puu^^::;j^::';^:^';^^^'^ "'''' '''''"'''■'' -"• Wolfe. (Xotr. for |i;i>-e Iro,) James Wolfe, son of Lieut.-Genl. Edward Wolf, •n Kent, on the 2nd January 17^7 A "^^■' ''"' ''"■■" "' ^ostcrham, served during the seven vears war I J" "'^ ^ "^'' ''° ""'""'^ "'^ '^'•'"y. Without being present at t'he e ;:;„ ^Tt" h"* V: '''"' '' '""'*^""^' then a Major in the 3.Srd. he so d.Ci Ll him r ' / ''^'""'' '''""^ field, the public tha-ik.of the MHr "" '^""^'"'"^"'f ''^ ''^ merit on the battle- berland. In Feb.. 143 y w r T"' '" "'"'' "'<' '^•'^'' "f Cu,„ el>.. 174S-y. Wolfe served at Girling, in s„,tland ; io Ap^H ', m li-i '11 ? I' _j1 h 452 APPENDIX. [1759 at Glasgow ; in October, at Perth. March 20th, ho was made Colonel of the regiment which ho had for gomo time so admirably commanded, lie remained in Scotland until 1753. In 175", Lieut.-Col, Wolfe was chosen by Mr. Pitt, to serve as Quartor-Master-Qoneral of tho force sent against Rochofort, under Sir John Mordaunt, the general, and Sir Wm. Hawko, the admiral. On tho 23d January, 1758, .Mr. Pitt made Wolfe, a brigadier Qencral and gave him tho command of s brigade under Amherst, in the expedition against Louisbourg. He was made Colonel of the 17th Foot, On tho 21st April, 1758. In January, 1759, Pitt again selected him for active service; this time, as oomniander in chief, to conduct the expedition against Quebec. Wolfe's features wore sharp, his forehead somewhat receding ; his hair sandy or red; his stature, erect; his constitution delicate from his youth. All his thoughts seemed influenced by a deep religious feeling. Ho was to marry on his return to England, Miss Catherine Lowthor, daughter of Robert Lowther, a previous Governor of Barbadoos ; six years later, she became by marriage Duchess of Bolton, aiid died in 1809. His remains were taken to England, in tho Royal William, 74, Innded at Portsmouth on 17th Nov., 1759, and were honored with a national funeral, accompanied by extraordinary pomp. A monument and inscription was erected in hia honor t'y tho King and House of Commons at Westminster Abbey, and hia body buried in the cemetery of Wosterhara. Wolfe was 32 years of age when he died. On the night preceding tho disembarkation at Sillcry, tho youthful hero repeated, t'is said, a passage of Gray's Elegy then in tho first blush of its famo " On a church-yard " : " Tho bnast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await a ike the inevitable hour : The paths of glory lead but to the grave." adding, that he would prefer being the author of these truthful lines, to the honor of conquering Quebec on the morrow. The Marquis of Montcalm. (Note for iiage 165.) Louis Joseph do St. Voran, JIarquis of Montcalm, was born at Candiac, in 1712. He entered the army at thirteen years of age ; after seventeen years of service, he was named Colonel of the regiment of Auxerrois in 1743. The Italian and German campaigns furnished him opportunities of giving instances of that ability, activity and courage which marked his subsequent career. In 1749, he was made a Brigndior. In 1756, he was named Miir4- ehal Ue campt ; as such, commanded the French Forces in Canada His bril- liant victory at Carillon (Ticonderaga), in 1758, as well as other military ■uooesses, brought him promotion ; he was created Lieutenant General in 1758. Through his plan of defences, the British Forces were held in check all the summer of 1759, and Wolfe, after his repulse, at the battle of Beau- 1620.] APPENDIX. 453 por Flat., 3Ln J« y. .759, caUod a cn„„.i, of .,. and re.olvc. to withdraw for that season and e.tnblish forts at /,;.„„. r.uUre., o,,,,osito liaioSt l-.ul a, wmter qnartor.s for the troops, until r«inforco„,c„ts arrived on the follow- jng ,pr,ng. Ho was 47 years of n^o when he expired, on 1 Uh SepUMnbor. 17. . lie monu,nent to the .nemor, of ilontcalu.. in the Ursulines convent IS duo to Lord Aylmer, in 1S32. Our French Intcndants. Quebec scorns to have been prized at first by the Frenoh merohants a'. . fur tradmj, post, afterwards as a fort again.t Indian a,.rossion, and lastly by Oovormnen as a fortress to uphold French Dominion in the now world It numbered a.non.^st its rulers n.uny men distin^^uishod by birth. mili,„"rv gcnn,s, sc.ent.fic and literary attainments : Chan.plain - Laliarro- Fronte^Ic -lalon-Bogon-Sarrasin-La Ciallissonniere - Montcalm - Levis - Bou- gainv.llo-Charlcvoix-Carhiel-Jolliet. " Amongst the Quebec intendants are to bo found men of great s.u.nntv loarn.ng and administrative talent. Some of , hem 4"ite progressive i; tuJi'r v.ews lalon was far in advance of his age ; hi. mind is taken up with trade manufactures, useful enterprises ; he builds first, a brewery-op' n, up mines; m neral spr.ngs-builds ships-cultivates hemp. Bogon cstal lished st...e botween Quebec and Montreal. Kaudot watohes over several branch '; trade and manufactures. IIoc,uart looks after the wild lands, rogul ates we.ghts and measures, encourages the growth of tobacco, a poi. , , ouncl or Perthuis to establish a trade at Kamouraska. appoinls' 1. nis d la Rond to prepare a Journal of the scientific discoveries of the ,ie,n,.„ For»ter. sends the s.cur Gatien to O'r.nU AV,„,,, Gasp., to iu.prove on the tj f ctor.es. opened there by Sarrasin and Ha.eur, takes in ,/and the forgel f St. Maur.co-has an exact census of the population undertaken. (liib^ud.) Fort St. Louis. (Xoto for i>ajfc' li8.) Fort St Louis dates to 1(520. In Um, Champlain causea a good road to be opened from the •■ habitation " in the lower town to Fort St. Louis. De Montmagny, about 1647. i added important improvements The name of .. Fort .^t. Louis, which fort is well shown on the city plans at the tune of the cession, disappears entirely after the conquest and the first ordonnances published after the Quebec Act (of 1 774.) are dated fro,,, the Cast e, .n the council ..hamher. in the •' Chateau St. Louis, " in the city of Quebec. The LMgl.sh Governors resided there immediately after the oonou'est ■ the leg.slac.f, executive and judiciary council, after the Quebec Act, as well dB E-;«;:iB:^;^:S™'?r -™ "r v- =-" "- ... .i» .,„„ „, .,., ,„^ „, .„. ,,„,j„,„.'.i"';',;::, ;r;':/':Kr k;,',,,;,';;;. ;s pp I'f i 454 APPENDIX. [1875. as tho Executive Council, after tlie constitutional Act of 1791, hoM their sittinK'' there. Ill 180K, a diim of jC7,OflO, was given \>y liotiso of Aspoinhly fcir Lower Canaiin, to ro|'air it. It rucoivoil an additional story and was much enliir;{ud. Four yonrs later, in 1812, an additional .sum of £7,980, 1'.),I71 was voted to " nicot the deficit in tho cxjieiisea of tho said repairs. " Tiie iXnr <'ai,„ni. App. ;iL'G. The derivations given by Potherio, LoHeau and others are j)urely fanciful. Tho circumstance of the word Quebec being found engraved on the ancient seal of Lord Sulfolk (See Hawkins, nature of Qwbec), can only bo regarded as a curious coincidonco. In Cartier's time, tho site of Quebec was occupied by a tribe of the Invjuoig race who called their village Sl„'l„ron,<. The Ilurons called it, says .><,.gard, Atouta-rciuee. In the modern Huron dialect Tintou-Ut-riti meaus the uar- rotet. (Parkman'a I'ioneiri, pago oOl.) Huron Address. Tho following a.ldress was prcfcnted to the Hon. Mr. Justice Caron on the 31st March, 187.3, on his appointment as Lieut. -Oovernor of the Province of Quebec, by a deputation of tho Lorette Huron Indians at tho Hon. Judge's rustic Mam,ir, at Clermont, which stantis on the lands conoedtd to the ancestors of those swarthy savages, two centuries ago. The deputation compose,! of a twenty-threo Ilurons, with plumes, paint, tomahawk, in full Indian costume, made a remarkable figure as they stalked to tho city, alon- Lol-frn }r\' 7-'"^- '^'''^ '"*'^ '^"'"■''^ ""^ '•"'' ^'""-'<--' "■'"' accompaniments, Dclore tlie J.adies, ' ' -ONONTHIO, Alston tioihi nonSa ., tisohon dekba hiatanonstati deeonSaSendio i Thu 8 is pronounced (ui. I''; II '■\ )\ li )i 1 I I 456 APPENDIX. [1865. (Inskomion tesnntarYn'i' dononSa ation datitoSnnene tosanonronkSa nionde, aon8a dcHuiiRitHi'iidio deSa doKnkiitado; nHcti ilosanonrdtikSanion datitoBanons chia ta i,, J the fet. Lawron,.,, .Steam Navi^.ation Cornpai.v ' The la.t of the •• Hed Men " who ho,,i a rJpUar ferry wa, known ,.y th. wa. ., ,i., or what we now oa,l f.fty oen.-. and ,,. ,it„e had ho tie fear'f oon.pet,t.on he ore hi. eye. that he exacted payment before ,andin/hi am :;T ;."""''''"'"'■ ""^ "'"' *"""« """'^'•' «^"- "-".ry am u t. he wou,d return him to the point from which ho .t.r.ed. until the stilted Bum could bo procured. ""i uie I" 1H19 Pierre l],-.«in and Gabriel Chabot eommencod ferrying in row- boa,,, and .n ,820. added a ve.cl of ,„r,e dimensions known a/a bateau Tn wh.ch cattle cou,d be brought across the river. Frequently, however, horse, and oxen might he ,een tied on either aide of the bateau, swwnm.n- across and actually towing' the vo8,-el TheyV.,.,.y service was continued in this stylo until ,S27 when the flr.t Steam Tug wa.bu.,t ; this was the L.uz.n, and l,clonKed to Sir John Cald- we,I. I or nrst (and ,,rob«bly only) captain was (iabriel Chabot. On week days, she was employed in t.,wing rafts, but on Sundays, held the ferry In 1828, Charles Poir«. farmer of Levis, built the (Irst f/.r.e- Il...„ and was followed, a few month, after by Aug. B6,in and Julien Chabot; M.ehel liarras and Pierre Uarras. forminff two f.rms who built two more Horso-Boats. Those three Ilorso-lioats held the forry more or less rc^vHarly from that time to ,840. In this year Julien Chabot „ut a .mall Steam Kngine into his Ilorse-Uoat, thus convertinp her into aSteam- boat, and may thus be said to have been the f.rst to apply Sleam to a boat intended exclusively for the ferry. His success stirred np tho late J. B Beaul.ou who built tho rh,.rU. E.lou.rU, 55 tons, which performed th." ^.p .n ton m.nutes. This in turn stimulated Air. Chabot ; in 1813 ho bu.lt the l>..rche„rr, larger and more powerful than the rharU, Ed- Z 18 3'an'r,/" c-npanuively regular) Steam ferry serv.co dates. from 843. and Horse-Boats disappeared from the scene, altho' one stru^Wed onto ,s4o. Another run between ^^.ebeo and St. xMcholas down to 1,S16. The Horse-Boat ferry did not run straight across the nver, but was carried With the tide ei.her up. or down, as the case might bo and the v„yage was fre<,uen.ly ex-emled far beyond the limits of pleasure, and was not unaccom- panied ,,y danger or seasickness ! Tho Horse Boats Munetimcs u.od to tow vessels in the harb.,ur. Quebec was s./ldom visited, in those days, by vessels larger than 200 to 400 tons. Between I,S4;i and 1857. there was great competition between Steamboat owners : the Chabots. tho PoirOs, the Coutures, the Barras, Ac. but a steady and reliable ferry was only established, when Public indignation could stand bad treatment no longer.-It was quite a common thin- lor a -ferry " boat to leave the landing with a load of passengers on boardrand instead of m ■'[ ■ 111 ■ t: I'f 1^1 1 . n ■ 1 458 APPENDIX. [1874. oro'sing them to the opposite ehoro, procooJ to take a vessel in tow and retain hor passengers on board for perh ips over on hour or two, at the same time keepinsr numbers waiting on eitlier shore. AVlien tlii? treatment had _^//ed /Ae w^o/ture, the Corporatidns of Quebec and Levis took united action and secured powers from Parliament to regulate and lease the ferry. The first contract was awarded to Messrs. Couture, Barras and Foisy, in 1863. Thoy did a little better than had beon done before. On the expiration of their contract, the St. Lawrence Steam Navigation Company became the Contractors in 1874 ; having to complain that the Quebec Cori)oration did not protect them against unlair/iil competition, the company decided to sell out its rights to a new company organized for the purpose, which took over the boats on the 2Sth March, 1876. During the years we have been writing about the winter ferry, was, not only uncertain but dangerous. The Indians had heavy canoes dug-out of one piece, usually small, but exceedingly heavy and unwieldy for their size, and thoy never attempted to cross except at still-water. The first " built " canoe was introduced by the Messrs. Julien andOsbricl Chabot in 1843, and with it crossing was effected at any time of the tide. The canoe was the only means of crossing in winter (when no " bridge " formed) until replaced by the Steamer Unity and her successors. Tho Mr. Julien Chabot mentioned in the foregoing, was the father of the present Mr. Julien Chabot — well known in connection with the steam navigation of the St. Lawrence." Dark days of Canada, 1785. (% //. //. Milci, L.L.D.) (Note for iiiigo :i-'i5.) From the end of September till tho middle of tho second week of October 1785, the state of the weather at Quebec was peculiar and unusual. The chief characteristics were fog, nud a remarkable haziness of the air, diver- sified by frequent rain with only few and brief intervals of sunshine. On the 18th, early in the afternoon, the cloudiness of tho atmosphere increased al- most te darkness, so that outside work was interrupted, and indoors, people could not see to read or write. Presently a thunder-storm broke over the city, and the streets, illuminated by lightning, presented the aspect of water- courses or rivers, owing to the exceedingly heavy rain that fell. But the climax was reached on the Ifith of October, which has since been styled tho " Dark Day of Canada," for the darkness that supervened, extended over tho whole country, from tho Gulf of St Lawrence to the region above Montreal. Through the kindness of Mr. .Tames T. narrower, we are enabled to furnish A few interesting particulars cimcerning that ilay at Quebec, which were placed on record in a diary kejit ke])t by his grandfather, an eye witness — the late .Mr. James Thomjison, Senr. " Sunday, 16th (October, 1785). — Weather hazy and dark in tho morning. i 1875.] APPENDIX. 459 which increased so that candles were necessary to bo lighted at noon, in church, without which the service coulu not he performed. About one, the rain came on, with thunder and li^'htning. Darivncss increasing, the ],he- nomcnon became wonderful and a strikin- awe, at two o'clock, as dark as could bo witnessed in the silent hour of midni-ht, and no one to be found in the streets. The cows belonging to the town wore frightened, f,uitted their pasture and hasted away home. There was a glymjiso of light now and then between 2 and 4, so that one could see if any person walked in the streets. At 4, there was darkness ng;iin, and a very extraordinary clap of thunder, which shocked our people in the old citadel most sensibly and, (as they say), caused such a stench of sulphur as was like to stifle them. The water in tlieir tubs and under the cave-spouts g.l as black as ink. Water everywhere apjieared black, especially that exposed to the air. In short, every thing appeared dismal, and all that have seen it may, with propriety! say that they passed one night in their lives cjf thirty-nix hours. This is the first time in my life that I eat my dinner at two o'clock in the day, by candle light." Extract from Thompaon'i JJiiiry, Vtj\. 4. Shipping Intelligence. Datfs of Cl(i.sk of Navioatios. The following table, giving the date of last trip each year of the mail steamers from Quebec to Montreal, during the past twenty- two years, will be of interest ! Year. 1854... 1855.., 1856... 1857... 1858... 1859... i8f;o... 18(51 .. 1862... 186.3... 1864... 1S65... 1m:6..., 1867.... 1868... 1869..., 1870.... 1871.... 1872.... ]87;i.... 1N74.... 1875.... Date of last trip. ... Deo. 2 Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Bee. Dec. Dec. Deo. Dec. Deo. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 28 ;iO 5 14 8 1 n O i o 1 2 o •J 22 25 26 28 26 24 18 21 2;j ¥ ■fi V, 1 '" f ■ t 460 APPENDIX. [1853. Cost of Qovf.rnmknt Pikhs, 1853-64. According to a Return made to Parliament, they cost with repairs up to the Slst December, 1859, as follows : — Name. Construction. £ 8. d. Pier at Malbaie 11034 17 do Eboulements 14578 2 9 do Berthior 7791 17 1 do L'Islet 26090 6 11 do Pointe aux Orignaux 62982 3 do Kivitiro-du-Loup 39113 1 9 do Rimoiiski 26611 4 General expenditure at Berthior, L'IsIet, Pointe aux Orignaux and Riviiire-du-Loup 1524 2 Superintendence, Engineering, &o 10145 4 3 £188886 16 11 or $755547.39 To this is be added $70891 for repairs, making the total expense of these works, $836,438. :J- { w Number and Tonnaok of Vessels loaded and cleared at and from the Port of Quebec, from the opening to the close of Navigation, for 1875. (From G. S. Pierce's Annual Circular) FUR OKKAT BRITAIN, SiC, Mopsrs. Vessels. Tons. R. R. Dobell & Co 140 72794 (And part cargoes of 49 steamships.) John sharpies, Sons &. Co 108 John Burstall k Co 91 Allan Oiluiour A Co 60 Ross & Co J. R. i Co. A J. R 55 Roberts, Smith & Co 33 Carbrny .fe Kouth 49 Henry Fry A Co 17 C. W. Wil.-on 18 Janic; C'lnniilly 18 Allans, Rae .t Co., S., Ac 74 W. iM. Maopherson (D. 0. S.S. Co) 21 Haniilton Bros 12 A. F. A. Keith 6 Pemberton iW Co 7 J. McLaren 11 D. 1). Calvin A Co 7 Robertson A Co 3 Price Bros. A Co 6 D. K. -MuLeod 2 J. J. Bow 2 Masters, Ac 39 Total 779 72795 75287 53715 42t)07 21392 38478 13168 89.'!2 11570 105743 37292 8056 3708 2481 10161 7309 1961 2180 2292 2166 24805 615098 j, fl853. up to INDEX TO CHAPTERS, 1st Pjirt. of he CHAPTER I. 1608-1635. THE ERA OF CHAMPLAIN. Foundation of QnKn,.:c, 1608.-Co.nstruction ok the " nAnrxATiov " and WAnKHOtJSES m THK LOWER-TOWN.-CO.NSPIRACV. ANT, InD.AVWARS -AiuuvAL OK THE Recollkt Fathkhs, 1615; OK Madame de Champua.n, 1620; of the Jeshits, 1625. _ Capthhe ok QnKnFr ny THE Encl.sh, 1629. -Its hetcrn to Fra.vce. 1632. -Death of Ghamplai.v, 1635. p. J CHAPTER II. 1636—1663. IROQUOIS AGGRESSIOxV. MoNTMAONT, THE SECOND GOVERNOR OK Qimm:, 16.16. -Th" Jesihts •G0L,,EOE KOU.VOED, 1637. - ARR.VAr. OK T„E Uhs.'U.VKS AN.. IloTEL- DlEUNUNS, 1639.-CONFI.AORAT,ON OK THE PaR.SH ChHRCH, 1640- ROMAN Cathouc Cathedra., com.me.nced, 1647. - The dis..krsed H..RON.SSEEK REK.;,;e ,N gUE.,l.:c, l64'J.-DESTRmn,ON hv k.rkof THE Ursul.nes Convent, 1650. - Inogr;o.s Incuhs.ons. 1656 - Indian Massacres, 1658. -The Great Earthquake, 1 663. p. 43 462 INDEX. [1663-1791. s ' ' ' CHiriER III. 1663-1713. QUEBEC — DEFIANT — AGGRESSIVE. A RoYAi, Government established, 1663. — IIehesy. — Witchcraft. — lM-i.t:ENZA. — The Fihst Bam. at Queuec. — QrEiiEc, a Hishop- Rii:, 1G74. — Piiii'PS HEPtj'i.SED, 1690. — Conflagiiation of the Skmixauy, 1701. — lUins on the New England settlements, 1690. — Death of Bishoi' Laval, 1708. — Dispersion of Sir HovENUEN Walker's Armada, 1711. p. 88 CHAPTER ly. 1713—1759. A LONG PEACE. Arts. — Commerce. — Agriculture. — Manlfagtures. — Bigot, — Frauds. — War! War! — Wolfe. — The fleet. — The fire ships. — The rattle of Bhaipurt flats. — The rattle of the PLAINS OF ArRAHAM. TlIE DEA1 II OF WOLFE. ThE DEATH OF Montcalm. — Capitulation. p. I'i7 CHAPTER V. 1759—1775. THE NEW " REGIME. " QuEDEC, A British City. — The first winter, a season of alaUm. — Want. — Sickness. — Genl. Murray's Defeat at Ste. Foye, 28Tii April, 17C0. — The City desieged. — A Garrison Mutiny, 17G3. — Dissatisfaction. — The Querec Act, 1774. p. 170 CHAPTER VI. 1775-1791. THE BLOCKADE OF QUEBEC. Guy Cari.eton. — Montgomery and Arnold. — Haldimand. — Lord Dorchester. — Annual Dinner in commemoration of Montgomery AND Arnold's repulse in 1775. — Sympathy of English and French TOWARDS England. — Subscriptions to help England against tue French. p. 193 1791-1867.J 463 INDEX. CHAPTER VII. 1701—1815. CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLES. iMPEnuL Act of 1791, niviur.No riiic Puovinck of QvKim:. — Tm: Dlke OF Kent. — Wau with Fh-vnck. — f'uKSs (Ia.ncs. — Slavkuv. — Sm James Ghaig. — Fiust Atlantic Steameh.~Wah with thk United States. „,, ,' p. 2J1 CHAPTER VIII. 1815—1841. TUE DAWN OP PROGRESS. Sir John Cope SHEnnRooKE, 181G. — For.NDATiON of the Qijehec Bank, 1818. —The Duke of Hu;h.monu, |K18. — t-ni Peregiune Maiti and' 1820 — Eari. of DALHorsiE, 1820 —The Liteuary and Histori- cal Society, 1824. — MoNLMENT to Wolfe and Montcalm, 1827. — The Pionei-r of Atlantic Steamkms, 1831. — Choleha', 1832 — Incorporation of THE City. 1833. — Cholera, 1831. L The Inslrection of 1837-38. — Loitu Di-rham, 1831 p 257 CHAPTER IX. 1841—1867. THE BUILDING ERA. The Gmeat Fires ov 1845. — Conflagration of the Theatre. 1840.— Stone heplaci.ng wooden nuiLniNcs. — Ocean Mail Steamkms, 1852. -Grand Tiuink Railway, 1853. — Teli:cii,vi.hs. — City VVmfr' WORK, 1853.-GAS, LSiO.- Loss of Steamkr " Montme.vl, '' 1857. — Altkh.vate Paiu.iaments. — The St. Hoch Fihe, IStil!.— TheQueuegConfere.vcefou Confederatio.v. — Fenian Scame, 1800. p. 28! 464 INDEX. CHAPTER X. 1867—1875. [1867-1875. Wm l! * RESTORED HONORS. Sir N. F. Beli.evu, 1st LT.-GovEUNon, I8G7. — Thk Histoiuan Gahneau. — Depautckk ok the Biutish Lkgions, 1871. — Eakl ok Di;f- FEniN, 2.ilh ifiiNE, 1872. — Genehoi:8 IIospitamtiks exte.sded iiv Loud and Lady Di:fferin to Qiikiiecehs, o.\ the (Jitadkl, 1873. — Hon U. E. Cahon, 2nd Lt -GovEnNOB, 187.! — Secu.nd Ck.nte- NAHY OF EllECTlON Ol'- Bl^HOPlUC AT QlIKIIKC, isf ( )CTOnEK, 1G74. ■ — CeNTENAHY of the REITLSE OF MONTGOMEUY AND Ah.NOI.D, 3 I ST Dece.mheu, 1775. — City imphovkments suggested hy His Excel- lency, THE Eakl of Dufferin, p. 304 '^nd Part. French Governors 343 English Governors 3'i4 Muniiipal Institutions 345 The Citadel and Korlifications of Quebec 348 Laval University. 361 The Seminary of Quebec 367 Morrin College 369 High tr^chool 370 Laval Normal School 370 L'rsiiline Convent 371 Convent of the Congregation ••••.... 374 Bellovue Convent 374 Convent of the Good Shepherd 375 Convent of the Sisters of Charity 375 The Hulel-Dieu 37G The Hosiiital of the Sacred Heart 378 The General Ho? pilai 378 St Bridgets Asylum 379 Finiay Asylum.. 381 Female Orphan Asylum 384 Jellery Hale Hospital 384 Ladies' Protestant Home 3"6 Marine Hospital 387 Quebec Lunatic Asylum 389 Belmont Retreat 390 [1867-1875, N GAnNEAO. tL OK Di;f- XTE.NDED riY AUKL, 1873. OM) Gk.nte- ntKu. IG74. ■N01,D, 3 I ST His Excel- p. 304 ... 343 .. 3 44 .. 345 .. 348 .. 36 [ .. 367 . 369 . 370 . 370 , 371 374 374 375 375 376 378 378 379 381 384 384 3»6 387 389 390 1H75.] INDEX. 4g5 The Basilica Minor English Cathedral............ ^^' Church of the Congregation....! ^*' Church of St. Jean-Bapliste "^^"^ ?L*l:"'r7,,^'"''°''' "•'"■'•'^''''^f'Engiand;:::::;::: ill The Baptist Church ^^* St. Patrick's Church .'.'.'.'. ^ ...[', ■*<" French Protestant Church ..*.'.'.".'.!.. ^^' St. Andrews Church ' '*^^ ' Church of St. Hoch *^* Church of the Conpregalion !...... ''^^ Church of St. Sauveur ',*.*.*. ^^^ Chalm'T's Free Church ...'.'. ^^^ Congregational Church ' *^^ St. Peter's Church ..'.'', ''0" Methodist Church [ ^^"^ Church of Notre.named.^s"victoiri.s"..'." ^^"^ The Parliament House ^^'^ The Post Office '.'.'."."... ''^^ The Custom House ...... *..*. *^'^ The Jesuit B.irracks *'^ Victo.ia Hall *" The Music H.ill ..'...'. ■*" The Kxchang- '"^ The Trinity IIcusc '^'^ The Qu.hec Fire Assunmce Co'.npanv ?'^ The Quebec Bank ' ' '*'^ La Banque Nalionalo ''''^ Union Bank of Lower Canada ..... .". *'** Stadacona Bank *'* The Literary and Historical Society '*'''' Institut Canadien ^^^' The QueI.ec Press ...*.*."..........". ^'^^ Popu'ation and Area of guehec . . . f ^' Upjier Town Market "^2'' Finlay Market [\ [ ^^3 Champlain Market '*^''* St. Paul's Market. . .'.'.......,,[ '*^* TheBerlhHlol Market...'.'. ^^* The New S-. .lohns G.te Ma'rke'lV '.'.".' ". ,^" T he Jaaines-Carlier Market ^^" The Old Jail ^-^ iV, 1 ,»' 1 -, ■' (1 1 l' •'; If ^ , '■ 466 INDEX. [1^71 The Ncjw Jail 427 Our Ocoan I'Vrry 427 The L»»vis StPam Winter Ferry 431 Our Domininn Forco, 435 Militia Di'parlint'nt, Qu"b'^c 437 Shi|)l)uii(Jing at Quebec 437 Our Gemf'teri'^s 439 The Bel nont Cemetery 440 Mount Hermon Cemetery 441 St. Patrick's Cemetery 443 St. Charles Cemetery 443 The old Prot'Stant Cemetery 4'i'» Small Pox Cemetery, R. C 4 if) Gros F'in Cemetery 44.') Charilabie and National Institutions > 446 The Qurbec Lndi»s of 1705 449 The Hoyal William 450 AI'I'BNni.X. Champlain 4.') 1 Wolf.' 4.J| The Marquis of Montcalm 452 Our French Intendants 4.t3 Fort St Louis 663 Origin of the word Quebec 455 Huron Address 455 A few notes on the Quebec and Levis Ferry 456 Dark days of Canada, 1 785 458 Shipijing Intell igence 459 .. 427 .. 427 .. 431 .. 435 .. 437 .. 437 .. 439 .. 440 .. 441 .. 443 .. 443 ., 444 .. 4 if) . 445 ,.. 446 .... 449 .... 450 ... 4:)l . .. 451 . .. 452 ... 453 ... 663 ... 455 ... 455 ... 450 ... 458 ... 459 ! 1 \'"' \ 'I :\ i< -1- E.STAHLISHED IN 1818. CAPIT AL, - - - $m om. AMOUNT PAID UP, $325,000,00 |monnt ^piM ailh i\t |omtm(m |occramcnt, ^l 00,200 00. DIRECTORS: J. G. CLAPHAM, Esq., President. H. S. SCOTT, Esq., Vice-President, WM. WALKER, Esq., Treasurer, VITAL TETU, Esq., GEO. HALL, Esq., WM. WITHALL, Esq., EDWIN JONES, Esq. W. L. FISHER, Esq., Secretary, CHAS. LANGLOIS, Esq., Inspector. Fire Risks taken on Property and Ships in course of construction at Lowest Rates : and all established losses paid promptly. If' ;i -2 — WH ^Mhf[ "^mh Incorporated by Royal Char ter^ A. D. iSi8. Qltfllil Q «b !%%%%%%% % HEAD OFFICE QUEBEC. BOABD OF DntECTOHS. J AS. G. ROSS, Esq., President. WILLIAM WITHALL, Esq., rice-President. Sir N. F. Belleau, Knight. Henry Fry, Esq. R. H. Smith, Esq. T. H. Dunn, Esq. William White, Esq. JAMES STEVEI^SON, Esq., Cashier. Branches and Agencies in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. Montreal, Quebec. Toronto, Ontario, St. Catharines, Ontario. Pembroke, Ontario. Three Rivers, Quebec. Thorold, Ontario. C. Henry, Inspector, Agents in New York. — Messrs. Maitland, Phelps & Co. Agents in London. — The Union Bank of London. Agent in Paris. — Gustave Bossange. f% STADAeOHA OF QUEBEC. Authorized Capital trr^r^r^ Subscribed do $5.ooo.ooo r- * 2,300,000 Government Deposit $ 100,000 ylsse^s, 31st Dec, 1 87s $2^17^^ Revenue to end of 1875 Fire Premiums and Interest, I QUEBEC BOARD OF DIRECTORS S President—]. B. Rena ui>, Ksy. " 1 " ^^^^•-^^^->vV/.v//.~HoN. J. Sharples. I Z i ^- ^"■'^^' Esq- Alkx. I.KMoiNK Esq g ^ p. B. Casgrain, sq.. M. V , C. T£tu, Esq, ^^ * g3 Jo(i\ Lane, Esq. ' g " ^f ; f/f ^'-^^ •• Messrs. Lakolois, Anokrs & Colston. ^ g ChtefMedtcal Adviser :Y^^.nA.K^vy.M.\\,Vxoi<,^^ox ~ ^ of Chemistry, Laval University. roitssor^ 2 E. R. O Brien. Geo. J. Pvkk. ^ ^ Secretary: Crawford Lind.sav ^ Distinguishing Features of the "Stadacona » th J Dom.nt'f °' '''"''■'°" '^^^^^' ^^- -^'^^'■■^h'-^d ^'-oughout Confines its Insurance Business to the Dominion. Ufters Insurance at moderate rates. Its Life Polici^es are issued upon all desirable plans on CondU^ons specially favorable to A.ssurers. ^ ' %^ Life Claims payable 30 days after proof of death. GEO. J. PYKE. Grn... manageh. City AGENTs.-Messrs. DANIEL McGEE & SONS. i I LA BANQUE NATIONALE. '* HEAD OFFICE QIEBEQ, CAPITAL AUTHORISED, $2,000,000 « SUBSCRIBED, 2,000,000 ** PAID-UP, - - - - 1,954,000 DIRECTORS, HON. El GENE CHINIC, Senator, Piesident. - HON. ISIDORE THIBAUDEAU, M. P. and Harbour Commissioner, Vic) Presi'lent. HY. ATKINSON, Esq., OL. ROBITAILLE, Esq., M. D., HON. U. J. TESSIER, C. TETU, Esq., P. VALLEE, Esq. FRS. VEZINA, CASiiiKn. CYR. TESSIER, Bank Notary. HAMEL & TESSIER, Legal Advisers. AGENCY.-SHsniiROOKE, P. Q.— P. G. LAFRANCE. Montreal Branch.— T. B. SAUCIED, Manager. Ottawa Branch — S.VM. BENOIT, Mana;jer. Agents in New York.— NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC. England.— NATIONAL BANK OF SCOTLAND. Other Agencies in all parts of the Dominion. i _6 — FONDl^F. KN 1847. CAPITAL SOUSCRIT. . . .~~ «, „„„ CAPITAL PAYE $ 1,000,000. FONDS DE CHARITpi 250,000. FONDS DE RESERVE. ..v. ,^'°°°- DEPOTS EN cAissE...._.::::v.;;;;.:::::: ,j:::z BunKAi) Chkf — Rue Si. Pierre, Basse-Ville Branchks —Rue St. .)»>an, Ilautc-Ville," Rue St. Joseph, St. Roch, _ Pdroissp N -D. Levis. DinECTEcns.— OL. ROBITAILLE, Presidenl I TniRArmR^rT ^ " »R<>USSEAU, E CHIvIr ^' ^"^ CINQ-MARS, r. VALLf'E. Geba.nt-P. VfiZINA. Pkc; -Trks -F. R. A Vl^ZINA AssiSTANT-^-EcriETAinK-TuK.^oniKu — FRLIX TESSIEH COMPTABLES.-LUDGEH VKZINA. V -X AUDY. C N HAMEL CII8. CLOUTIER. B. PAGfi "AMliL, AnDiTEtiRs.— LS. BILODEAU. LS. LESSARD AvocAT~C Y. DE LAG RAVE. Notaihe.— stadaconabankT CAPITAL AUTKORrSED $1,000,000. , " SUBSCRIBED 1,000,000. PAID-UP, (31st March 1875) 971,330. DIRECTORS: » ^-^PA^^^" ^'resident. Hon. P. CIARNEAU, M. iM> Vice-President. A. P. C.AROx, M. R, foHN Ross, WiM.FAM Drum, g. R. Rkn'krf.w, 1. H. ()r.\nt, Ioski-h Shehvn. i. Lkdroit, WM. R. DEAX, Cashier. Agents in the Dominion—Bank of Montreal. New York— Bell Ov: Smithers. " Chicago — Bank of Montreal. " London, England, National Bank of Scotland. — 6 1876. 1876. THE ST. LAWRENCE STEAM XAVIfiATlOX CO., FOR THE FAR FAMED SAGUENAY. Thi'; Line is composed of the following First-Class Steamers : SAGUENAY, Capt. Lecours. UNION, Capt. Hamond. ST. LAWRENCE, Capt. Barras. From the 20th June to the lOlh September, the abov -named Steamers will run as follows, viz : TUESDAYS and FRIDAYS, at 7 A. M. Ibe SAGLENAY, (or l iiicoutimi ami Ha! Ha! Bay ralli gntRnie St. I'aiil, Ebouleui'^nls, Murray Ray, RiviiTe-du-Loup an^l lailoui.ac. WEDNESDAYS and SATURDAYS, at 7 A. M. The UNiON, It Ua! Ha! Bay, calling at Murray Bay, Riviere-du- Loup and Tadousac. THURSDAYS, at 7 A. M. The ST. LAWnENUE. for Ha! Ha! Bay, calling at Murray Bay, Riviere-du-Loup and Tadousac. A. GABOIJRY, Secretary. ST. LAWRENCE STEAM NAVlGATIOiTco" COMPHISING 19 TOW-BOATS & 5 PASSENGEfiS BOATS. Office : St. Andrew's Wharf, QUEEEC. JIJLIEN CIIABOT, Manager. List of the Company's Tugs, for 1876. 1. Albion Chs. Carrier, Master. l.S. Pownful L. l)esrocherf:,MaBter. "L Banthee 3. Bienvenu . . . Frenetto, 4. (Vyde 6. Conn si Job. Drgrochcrs, 6. Canada H. I^afleiir, 7. Kelipte J. F'Iset, H. Oatinenu — Kd. Dion, 9. Jfero Job. Ijabadip, 10. Helen .Iob. RupI, 11. Mtraey G. liarras. H. (Juehtc. .. 15. Ritnger J. Topping, IH. Rescue 17. Hayiienoy. . .Lecours, IM. SI. L'lwrence. 19. HI. Amlriw. A. Flamanil, 20. Nl. Ch'irles... '21. iScotehman . . . '20. Shanmyix A Unrra^, Zi. Union 21. Voj/afirfur. .. S. Noel, Xi. hrogreit Robt, Dickey, " 'n, Voyarjenr S.Noel, " The Company, havlDg a large and imwerful fleet of ISouts, can at all times undertake any towing service,— Bates Reasonable. -•7- 6. •s: MOND. named nt Bnie lovi^ac. [. lere-flu- y Bay, ary. lTS. leer. faster. I times ALLAN LINE. Under Contract with the Government of Canada for the Conveyance of the Canadian and American Mails. The Lines of this Company are composed of the ander-notcd Full-powered, Ooable- eDgined Clyde built Steamships : — SirHinian . . 4100 Tons. Lieut. J. E. Datton, B. N. Ptilynenan 4100 " Capt. K. Brown. Sarmatian 4000 " " A. D.Aird. Circassian 4000 " Lieut. W. H. Smith, R. N. R. Moravian 3050 " Capt. J. Graham. Hibernian 34S4 " Lieut. F. Archer, B. N, B. Ptiuvian Mm •' Capt B. S. Watts. Nova-Scotian 3300 ♦• " Kichardion. Caspian 3200 " " Trockl. Scandinavian 3000 " " Barclay. Prussian 3000 « " J. Ritchie. Austrian 2700 " " H. Wylie. Nestorian 2700 " " Urqiihart Canadian 2900 " " Miller. ManiUMn .'Jl.'iO " " Home. Corinthian 2400 " " J.Scott Phanician 2800 " " Meniies. WaJdensian 2600 " " J. (1. Stephen. Acadian 13,50 " " Cabol. Ntu'foundlani 1.500 " " Mylius. The Ste-imers of the Liverpool Lino sail Weekly between Livprpqol and Quebec throughout the season of Summer Navi)^ntion ; and from Liverpool every Thursday, and from Portland every Saturday during the season of Winter N'avigation, tlie Vessels of the Mail Line calling at Moville to receive and Innd I'ansengors and Mails to and from Ireland and Scotland. — '1 he Steamers of the Halifax Line sail foitnightly between Liver]>ool and Quebec or Baltimore via St. Johns. N. F., and Halifax, during the season of Summer Navigation ; ^md between Liverpool and Baltimore twu Halifax during the sea!>on of Winter Navigation. — The Steamers of the Ulisgow Line sail Weekly between Glasgow anil Quebec, during the season of Summer Navigation ; and at intervals between Ulasgow and Portland, during the season of Winter Navigation. RATES OF PASSAGE. Fbom QtraBRC ob Porti.anxi to Livbrpool or LoyDOm^CRBT. — Cabin. $.W.00, $70.00 and $80.00, according to aceummod:itiou. Intcriiiedinte, $40.00. Steerage, $25.00. Children under twelve years of age, $6.00 per year in After Cabin, and |5 00 per year in Forward Bertlis ; under one year, fre>'. In uteerage, over one year and under twelve, half-fare; under one year, free. Servants in cabin, $50.00. .Steerage passengers require to provide their own bed^ and bedding, and eating and drinking untensils. From Quibec ob Portland to rti.ASOOW.— Cabin, $60.00; intermediate, $40 00; steerage, $2.5.00. Children under twelve years of age, $.5.00 per year in cabin; $3.00 per year in intermediate ; and half-fare in steerage. Under one year, fri'O. ■JJi4i^ Intermediate passengers are furnished by the Company with beds, bedding, and other requisites. ,^0- RETURN TICKETS ISSUED AT REDUCED RATES. -^<. For the Arcommodiilinn of Passengers, the undersigned fvill grunt Draitb OK DBMANO oM the Li'verj*"'', (j'lasgou>, or io/u/on Agents of the Company. Liverpool, Mes-rs. ALLAN PliOTltKRStt Co.. Alexandra Buildings, James St; Glasgow, .Messsrs. ./Ai/A'.S* ,\LKX.\M>I-:U ALLA.W. 70, (treat Clyde Str.-et; Ix)n- donderry. Messrs ALL AW liU OrilKHS Jt Co , «.5, Koyle Street; Lnmlon, MONT- OOitKKlK ir URKKSnOkSK, (irui eehurch St; Paris, (i( STAVE IiO.S.'riefor. ^i *^^^ ^ 00. GENERAL DRY GOODS STORE, The Largest and Choicest Stock in Canada, S NEW GOODS WEEKLY BY EVERY MAIL STEAMER Mantli-s, Travkli.kng Cloaks 4 Ulstkhs; Dhesses and Costume Suits, in tho Newest Materials • Trimmed Millinery, Feathers, Ac; Silks, F'oplins and other Drkss Goods; Heal Valknciennes, Point 4 HoNiro.y I^ces ; Real Lace Collars A Baiiiis; Alexandbe-s Paris Kio Cloves A Um.rksskd Kid-1, ?. 3 db 4 Buttorm • Umrrellas. Parasols A Bammu.an IJos.Kav 4c • ''*"^""°"«' Rich Lyons Silk Mantle Velve.-, from f3.60 to $10 per jard. ^ DEKSS MAKING AXdIjaxTLH MAKlNi;. This important (lepartinent is iiti(|.^r nrpfnl mo„,„o GENTLEMEN Will fin.l at all times a Goo,l Stock ol' Kirsi-ca^s (lothin^ in T«r.„H and other Suits. Over Coals at S", ".c ■, ,i t'L i . ^' '° ^^^ed ShirK Collars. Neck Ties. Ho^.i'V:(;itU;^ '''''' "°^^'"^« '° Iw* An experienc'd Tailor o 1 ili > 'iremienc fn »ni.« • i a.a make to measure at the shortest pjrjhirnolici ' 'P'""' ''"^"^ FL'liNI.SlILNi] (iOODS. Brussels. Tapestry. Imperial an-i S<*■■ ^^: J. LOUIS & SONS, j-EATHEP^ yVlERCHANTS, 8, 'Pdcr, Sired, 18-20-23, Sous-le-Fort Street, HARDWARE, •)1, FABEIQUE STREET, ITPEMOWN, AND 15. ST, PWER STREET, LOWER-TOWN, q UEBEC, / f i 1 t. p. [0 ■» ■ >j f / \ — 12 — R, MORGAN, 28, FABRIQUE STREET, gUF.IiRC, Agent and Importer of the C// ickering , S tein way , Ha in cs , AND OTHER (ELEBRATEI) PIANOS. CO b . o * •t xj^ K o a @M O ^ 53 CO -a o C/3 2 c^ m , 5 • 00 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL MERCHANTS lei^if I Slelf Hifiware; J5 ^^/<^ 57, St. Peter Street, •a o E — 18 — PAUL COUSIIV, ARCHITECT and DRAUGHTSMAN, AND AUTHOR OP THE TALASTKAL PLAN OF TUB riTV OK Ql'KHEC, Office ! 74, DVMguillon Street, Quebec. Piano nrnnroii „ „ I'o^t Office : Boi 108. CoMrg" s. L ^'c '"' "'"''^' ^''"''> ^''"^'^ho., Presbylaries. Convents. e4»3r^^2^ ^'-ents. Ornaments and "Joseph HameTo'rEre^ WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, ^' SOUS-LE^FOJiT STREET, QUEBEC. ^^ a^ si;i a^s&aaii^^ , MARCHAND-JMPORTATEUR, D Epicenes, Vins, Liqueurs, Fromages, * Tabacs et Cigares, I)R PREMI^.RE MARQUE, 64, RUE DE LA COURONNE, ST. ROCII. ^.1 h^rnP^ri^^nm'^r'" ^ '■'»f«°'-^'™""t '« Pl»s varie qui se Irouve dans AVIS DU GOU^VERNEMENT^ " Dans le caa oii d.-s vaisseaux ferai-nt naufrage sur la c6le nnni dw la riviere ou du gol/'e St. Lniirpnl, on sur l,i cOte du Labrador, los habitants d.i c".« endroits saires ai.v pr,,,;. . ^ — 'sont pries do .lonner le-s secours neces- na fe pour tT 3. "^^ ''' vais.eaux, et loute reclamation raison sera .,.fr« ^«r\ices, ou pour provisions fournies a ces equipages SKsA Iwhf ;"■""''"'"'?'• °^"^ '^ '^^^ °" "^^^ equipage? seS .,^Sage!^ ' "''''°'"'^'''"* "" '"°"'*"* raisonnabie pour leur WiW. SMITH, iWpu/«.m<»«r* de la Marine et de» Ficheriet. r nil I ■ t ii ! — 14 — G. sp:ifert's 12, FABRIQUE STREET. Gold and Silver Watches, Gold Jewellery, Electro-plated Ware. Whitby Jet, and Fancy Goods. JOHN E. "BURKE, UPPER TOWN MARKET PLACE, QUEBEC. TIas conslnntly on hfind a ^•fn'•^al .issortnipnl of Oniiine nrugR, CliPmicnls, Frindi ami Kd^IisIi rerl'iimfTy, (lomlis, Btiisli< «, Toilet Arliclps. Ac Jniporler oP Ganltni, Field and KIowt Sfcds. THOMAS POSTON, IVines, Liquors, Tobaccos, fyc, &c., UPPER TOWN MARKET. W|fiM_^_^_ Copper, Tin & Sheet Iron Ware Manufacturer, FABRIQUE STREET, QUEBEC, P. Q., DEAIKU IN HAI, I., PARLOR & COOKIM; STOVES (for wood or coal), RANGES, Fl'RNAt'ES, Ac, &«-. House Furnishing Hardware, American Grates, Iron Bedsteads, Mangles, Washing Machines and Wringers, Hofrigerators, Cutlery, El^-c'ro-piated Ware, Wooden Ware, Bird Cages, Baths, Camping Sets, Camp Stoves, Ac. J^^ AGENT FOR THE PNEUMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER. "^S^ — 16 — A. MULHOLLAND, 35rn55 /oiinfipr, |}|iini[ifr nn^ (6ih Vittrr, 21, John Street, Upper Town, Qri:iu:c. li«^- Plumbers and K^neers supplies on hand Steam (lau^res. cS:c :^^??^*:??L^EJ)OMINI^j,UBRiCATOB DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST, 139, St. Joseph Street, St. Roch, AGENT 1nce Company. ASSETTS, 1st JANUARY, 1876 4.'?,494,650.92. T. H. MAIIONY, Agent, No. 78, St. Peter Street, opposite the Banque Natiooale. — 19 — MAROHAND-EPICIER con DK Rji! M MI n k u ,n„, s,„_,„ QUE BEC. DUQUET &~COr Manufacturers of Jewellery, Watches and Clocks ^^> Fabrique f;ireet, Upper.Tm-n QUEBEC. of "xcSa ^^^^^it^,^^^^^^l!l^ STOCK gold and silver Watc c-s [cwdf, rv If ' l-ATEDHARE, Goods, &c., &c., &c ' ■'""'"'•'> °f "-^O- description, Fancy P. E. DUGAL _.___ — ALSO — ' INDIAN CURIOSITIES AND QUEBEC VIEWS 44, FABRIQUE STREET. . _ ^ ^ (OPPOSITE JISUITS' BAHIUCKS. _^_Z.H_E^J_Q^ OE THE T.QE^ J- B. LALTiTElrrlT FASHIONABLE FIRST PRICE ' HATTER AND FURRIER SIGi\ f)F THE DEER. ST, yOSEPH STKEET^r^j^oCFf, QUEBEC. the"^ dioisS' Sinl' S ^r'se^J^^y '"^^^^:,'P^-" manuractured from Lamb, Ermino Ac "''' ^''''''' ^'^'^ "'l''''. Sablo. Persian Oussian and Hudson Bay Skins ahvays on hand. FUR SHOW ROOMS OPE.V ALL THE YEAR ROU.VD. lii, .: t — 20 — F. X. GARANT & CIR, No. 6, RUE LA FABRIQUE, QUEBEC, ?. Q., (Porte voisine du Seminaire) Importent d'Angletorre, de France, d'AlloTiagne et du Continent, divers objets, tels que livrep, Porce!aines, Parfmneries, Ornoments d'EKlis«, Cloch'is, Vin de niesse, Cier},'os, etc. lis s'eng.ig>^nl en nitre, a rempiir avecpoiicluaiiti' toiUes les coinnianilosfiui leiir soront conties. At'ssi : Sherry, Brandy, Jamaii(iie, Vin de Gingembre, Gin, Vin Rouge, Champagne, Saulerne, Liqueurs, lluilo d'Oiive, premiere qualite, etc., etc., etc. De puis : Toujours en mains la collection de tons les ouvrages Canadiens sorlis jusqu'a ce jour, tel que: Maple Leaves; Album du Touriste, etc., par J. M. LeMolnt' ; Hisloire du Canada, traduit de Garneau : Ilistoiro du Canada, pir Ferland : Melanges, par le Ooctenr Larue; Hisloire di-s Ursulines ; le Canada sons I'Uninn, parTurcotte; Oliuvres de rAbb(> (iasj^'rain ; Hepcrloire du Clerpe par Uev. M. Tanguay ; Chants d'Egiise, notes par Rev. Lagace, Gfcluvre de Lemay. 6tC G*C GRAND DISCOMPTE ARGENT COMPTANT. SOUS PRESSE. Arch^ologie du Canada, (sar .1. A. Malouin; 1 volume in 8, do 600 pages. Prix de la souscriplion *1 00 pour les abonnes seulement. CASEY & CO., A UCTIONEERS, eilAlIPLAlX 5I.IP.KET IIAll m ST. MW STREET, (^u EBEC. Keeps on hand furnishing Cioods of every description, Rare and valuable Works of Art. PAINTINGS— MARBLES— STATUARY— CURIOUS OLD VOLUMES— OUT OF PRINT. ¥■ — 21 — Rare )US ^n^hu it* ^itlf louts ^f famshijj (^note the conifirt (jf paNsenjcrs. The ceenery alonff the Hiver and Uiilf of St. I.awren -e is grant and beautiful, and the air is cool and invifjoratinif, even in the warmest months. Tourists and those seekinu relaxation from the toils of business will find the trip by the Steamers most healtliful imd pleasant. I'ersoiis winhing to speml the summer at the sea s do uannot fail to find places to their tasto at some of the ports at which tho Steamers touch. The sportsman and anfjler will find this roMt^ unrivnlled. The rivers, bays, and inlets along tho river and coast swarm with salmon, trout and oth<'r fish. The immense fleet of vessels visiting the ports of yiii'bec and Montreal, from tha stately and inagn ficent Atluuiic steamer to the small fishing craft, pass up and down in view of the traveller. The rates of Fare, ai will be oberved on reference to the Tariffs and Time-Tables, arc exceedingly low — not morn than would be charged at firht-claas IloteU for thu time occupied by the trip. For Frai^ht or PaKRSgo, •pply to any of the undorNignod ifronti: J. A. Dupont, Montre.al ; W. it. ll'iwlanfi, Toron'o; 0'^.^nnor (t W.-Uler, Ottawa; F. D. Corbett A Co., Halifax. N. S. ; Hanford Bros., St. John, N.B.; C. Dwyer, Pictou, N. S. ; CarvtU Bros., Charlottetown, P. K. 1.; Hon. Mr. Muirhead, Chatham, N. B. ; R. R. Call, Newt astle, N. U. (Jeneral ticket oftii es, opposite St. Louia HoM, Quebec, 202 St; James street, Montreal, and Washington street, Boston. NEW YORK AND BERMUDA LINE. Until furthi r not'ce, the fine Stxamship CAS'I^[A or HF.UMVDA will leav(« Now York, every THUKSDAY, for Ilamiltou, Bermuda; returning will leave Bermuda for New York every TllUItSDAY. Cabin Vat', .'ji.So gold ; niuiid trip. Cabin Fare, ^m gnld. This is tho best line for invalids and pleasure travellers wishing to >ihit a soiithitly climate. The sanitary location of the Island ha" been decided by eminent physicians as one much superior to Florida. The scenery is miignilici nt. ;JS• " Guitar 10 00 Laundre.ss 8 00 Hed and bedding $4 50 Fees payable quarterly, in .idvance. The uniform co:isists of a plain black dress. There Is a post office adjoin- ing (Hergerville F. ().), alsoa telegrai)h ofllce in constant connection with the city, available wiion pupils wish t» conimuuicalo with their parents, or vice verxd. |o(irie h |ott§irticii0n leriitnenle h |u%t; (FONDEE EN 185G). Capital souscrit $897,800 Capital pret4 $370,800 ntUECTKvnn. F. VfiZINA, President, OL. ROBITAILLE, M. D., Vice President. Jos. Hame' , L. GouuDEAn, J. D. Brousseao, L. J. C. FiSET, Cy. Tessier. Sceri-fairr-Trraorier. A8Si8t.>Secr£laire«Tri'itorier. Ls. Lessabd. Hambl & TBSsiEn. A. LeMois'e, Inapccteur. Aug. Laberge. G. GouiN, AvocnCs. Notaircs. Alph. C(1t4. A1.LKY.V 4 ClIAUVEAU. Ls. LECLEnc. Dept. dea PrcU. G. GOURDBAU. Aadileiira. F. R. A. Vezima. — 25 — r. ng with all m superior useful atitj MoR. 15'winl ivlPtions of yenr com- as very nio- i." E, jd) has miipb refjiiliir call*, iicli-li pnpi'S iTs (from oln cceiit, at tlio ThP Kiigli>s, (;hnii(ii'lirr>, Cruix i|i' jirocc-sion, Cirurs, lii'liqiuiin'S, Vases j)oiir I'l'au Itaplismal, Hcnitit'rs pour K^rlisi's rl sac^i^li••s, Cuasciu.kh, Etolks, FiiANC.K, Galons kn sou., or el argent, I.iviesdo ) riere Inuirnis et anglais, Livres il'fcoles, Papeleriej-, Ar'ioisi's, StAirKS, Vask.s, Fournituros pour Hears, Cierges. Vi.ns iii.anc, O'I'ohto, Siikiiuy, IJoiiDKArx, Gin, linANiiY, Vi.ns dk .mks.^e analyse, Vi.ns Qlinine, etc. N ! I ^ — 26 — CHAMBERLAIN'S OPHTHALMIC OINTMENT, A ccrtaiii Ciin' for INFLAMMATION, SPECKS, FILMS, and all External Discorders of the EYES and EYELIDS. \sv .Mi;sso\'s sviu I' or ( anada halsa.m, The only Ffliiihlo i-Piiwdy known lur C:i>L:it iiinl tlic first il ly of Dcioyilicr iu each year, in the I'lTiviiiiT ol' (^lU'lirc." '• Nil per 111! sliill tisli for, liitcli. kill, Imy, Sell or liavr in possession any Salmon- Trout. Lake- Tioiit or •■ l,UMt,'i- " h twieii (lie lift' eiitli day of Oetohcr aiij tliK first tluy of Deicinber m I aili yi'ar, iu the I'roviiue of (^ eliee." " No person shall fisli for, eateli, kill, hay, sell or have in |io-3essiou any Spet kled- Tront, lirook or Kiver-Tniiit liclwei-n tlie lift'eiith day of ,Septeiid) r and the first day of .laiiiiiiry in eai-h year, iti the I'roviuei- of i^u.'le' •. " " No jierson shall lisli for, caleli, k 11, buy, si'll or have in possession any Uasa liotwein the fifteenth day id' May and the tift- eiith diiy of .Iiine, in each year, iu tliu I'rovinee lA' (^nehee." " No person shall fish for, caleli. kill, Imy, sidl or have In possession au.v I'iekered (DuKii, or .'\laskiniin-e hetweeii the fifteenth day of Aiir;l and the fifteenth (l,iy of May, in caeli ye.ir, in the I'rovinee of I7i:eliec. " FISIIKJHKS JJ:.\SKS mil/ LICHXSIJS in thv I'rovinrc ./ Qiielitc. " Fisliifi^r liy iiie;iiis of netx or other a|i|>aratiis without l,eases or liici'iisea from tlm Dcjiartinetit of ."Marine atiil Fisli'Ties, is ]Mohil)itiil in all waters situ iteil within the Province cd' (juehe ■. '' CLOSK-SKASOXS Foil FlSlf IX TJIK I'llOVlXCE OF QFFI'.F.C. VIUTI;K1SII.— I'Voin loth November to 1st December. SAI.^ION-l IKirr, I.AIvll-TKDiri' or -hUNfiK" and " WINNi INlCIl i;. "— Fioin I'ltli Octotii r to 1st Ificenibsr. Sl'i:CKLi:ii-Tk(»rT. IJUOOK or J!IVI;K-TKI)1:T,— From l,-,th S.'ptembcr to 1st •laniiary. BASS — l-'roMi I'ltlt Mav to IMIi .Iniie, I'ICKDiJI I. (/'Ill,',' and .MASK 1 Nt iNliF,— From l.ltli Ajiril to ir.tli .May. I,<)USI'|;KS — Kroin 1st .Itily to :;lst Aii!,'ii8t, (fEOROE T. PHILLIFS, BRASS-FOUNDER, COPPERSIVilTH_^LUiyiBER, STEAM AND GASFITTER. Importer and dealer in wrought iron tube and fitting for Steam, Water and Gas Work. T;stim;itos criv.^ti on iiinil ciliuii lor lie.-iiitij; luiililiiifxs hy liol. wiiLoror sl(>iiiu appiirains, ;il-<> I'ltiniliii ;; ninl ( Ins Work. Kvcr.v ilisctiption oi r.ijiss anil ('oppcr woik oti htind fiiid nitiilo to order for I'hitnhi'is, Kii-iincors, ^'<■^•• jiinl Sl(;itiililti'is sii|iplii>, Ac, A-o, Stciiin iitid WMtiM- fjiiiif^i'S, Stcniii '.iaiiy;!' <'ocks, (ioii^'.*, Vtilvi'S, lloil.se and. Ship closets, tins Cliiinileliers, liivicki'ls, ,ship work, Ac, Ac STEAM GAUGES ACCURATELY TESTED. QUEBEC BRASS FOUNDRY, IVo. 11, Ht. .Jolin Htreett 1 ,» — 27 — ^y O R K S I'flil.lSHKl) By J. M. Li: M o I M r. . KXCI.ISII. LEGENDARY LOBE OF THE LOWEE ST. LAWRENCE, (' vol. in-;^) i,S6-> MAPLE LEAVES, (.si Suio) ^, vol. i„.8o) .' . . ..sf,, (-'^<1 •'^^■'■ics) (I vol. in-8„) ,,S5^ (3r(l) .Sfi-irs) (, vol. in-8,;). ,^^(3. THE TOURIST S NOTE BOOK, " „^ (' ^•"'- '"-^'4) I'v Cosmopolite 1X70 SWORD OF BRIGADIER GENERAL MONTGOMERY, ^^„ (-^ .Mfiiioirj (I V(;I. iii-oi) is-o JOTTINGS FROM CANADIAN HISTORY, „ ^'^tL'uart'sf^iiaitcrh) iS-i TRIFLES FROM MY PORT FOLIO, (Xcw l)oiiiiiii,ji] .M,,,^],],^.^ ,X^-> MAPLE LEAVES, (Xcw Suics) ' J\ FRKXCH. L'ORNITHOLOGIE DU CANADA, (. ^ ol. in-So) , S6o LES PUCHERIES DU CANADA, ( , vol. in.So) ,,6^ MEMOIRE DE MONTCALM VENGEE, (. vol. in-5^) „S6c li'ALBUM CANADIEN, ' ,j.,^ L'ALBUM DU TOURISTE, ( i ^ ol. in 80) i S -^ ^ * QUEBEC PAST AND PRESENT, (hy subscnptionV. . ,876 txAMANT & Co., Fabrique Street, Quebec. I ('i I ! -I iii 8. — For Musk-rat. ^ — 28 — ' GAME LAWS. The Game Laws of this jjrovince (;onsisl at jiresont of the Acts 31 v.. c. IC, 3'2 V , c 38 and 39 V., c. 21. Tin! jiroliibilioris of Ihcsn laws ajiply not only to tlio killinf^, hiil to llie linntin^', slmoling at, Iniiipinf,' or takinf,' ot'gamn, or having it, or any |wirl of it, in ori(('s possession ; !ini| in the ialliT caso it may bo si'izi'd by any jxtsoii, brought bi.'fore a justice of the pi'aco, and in certain cases, coiiliscaled. The periods dm iti}.' wiiicli lh(> prehiiiitionsare in force are as follows: 1. — ForKlk, Mooso, Ciirllint, Ilfcr. Fiiwii (irid Ifiiri" i Ilctwccn lit Fob. ami Ist Sept. a. — iMir (IrouHc, l'turiiii(/aii, I'^irlridKi', W