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 ': 
 
 
 PAPRR- MAKING 
 
 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 
 
 The Origin, Rise and Progress of 
 
 • 
 
 
 Paper Manufacture. 
 
 
 
 MILLS OF THE 
 
 
 
 CANADA PAPER COY 
 
 
 
 Ol' MOXTKKAT. 
 
 4 
 
 
 THE PROCESS OF PAPER-MAKING 
 
 
 
 FULLY DESCRIBED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ST. PAUL STREET, 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL, Q. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Toronto^ Ont, and Halifax. N. S. 
 
 
 
 I'UINTKJ* 1(Y J, lirmjoVNK. " UKI'Uin-KU A TIMFS" <»KI ICP, IIAI.II \\. 
 
 • 
 
 
PAPER-MAKING 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 The Origin, Rise and Progress of 
 Paper Manufacture. 
 
 MILLS OF THE 
 
 CANADA PAPER COT 
 
 OF :mojs^tizf:a.j 
 
 ^^ ;i < ^ y?. 
 
 THE PROCESS OF PAPER- 
 
 FULLY DESCR I BE D 
 
 Mmd Mice, .^2 to Jj^e 
 
 ST. PAUL STREET, 
 
 MONTREAL, Q. 
 
 fi randies at 
 
 Toronto^ Ont., and Halifax^ N. lb. 
 
PAPER-MAKING IN CANADA. 
 
 Description of the Mills of the Canada Paper Company 
 at Sherbrooke, Windsor, and Port Neuf, Quebec. 
 
 Introductory — Paper and Paper- Making — 
 Rise and Progress. 
 
 The industries of a country are always of interest to its peoi)le. No 
 apology, therefore, is needed for the following account of paper manufacture, 
 an account bearing particularly on its development in Canada. To make the 
 story of general interest and usefiihiess, a brief introductory reference to its 
 salient points is given. Ask a philosopher what ha^ caused the wonderful pro- 
 gression of the human race in tne ])ast three hundred yeais, and he will tell you 
 that it has been the invention of the printing jircss. Ask him again why the 
 most literary nations have ever been the most advanced and piwerful, and he 
 will tell you that 
 
 THE PEN IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD. 
 
 You leave him, satisfied with these sonorons platitudes still sounding in your 
 ears, and never give a thought to the medium which alone has rendered pen 
 and printing press useful to mankind, to the paper which lias transmitted their 
 impression abroad. The active principle, a.s usual, bears away the credit ; the 
 silent, passive agency is taken for granted. But it must still be there ; th. 
 locomotive reciuu-es the rails, the commonwealth its unwritten code, the man a 
 future hope, all silent yet indispensable, just {is our philosopher's pen and jjress 
 require a passive material to i)erfect their usefulness. The material is paj)er, 
 and of paper we are about to write. Three thousand years ago, so far as we 
 know, the human race first attempted to write, and like all beginners went 
 heavily into details, to the destruction of the general eflect. The attempt 
 was to engrave their writing on flat stones, but from this they soon passed to 
 clay tablets, which were impressed while soft and afterwards dried and harden- 
 ed in the sun or in kilns, much as are our bricks. Layard, (now Sir Aiistin, 
 British Ambassador in Turkey) whose researches in the buried cities of the long 
 gone Assyrian empire first made him famous, found among these remnants of 
 time 
 
 HUNDREDS OF CLAY TABLETS 
 
 turned to stone by the lapse of years. Such means of writing alone seem to 
 have been known to the Assyrians, but it is certain that about the same time 
 many other methods were practiseil ; a species of jjaper was ma<le from intes- 
 tines^ another from leaves, a third from skins — human skins sometimes. Stee 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 or ivory plates, scored vrith a graviiig-pen, are still extant. But the Egyptians, 
 whose strange civilization grasped all things, even to the prophecien of the 
 world's end, which, according to sonie, are embodied in the pyramids, could 
 not rest content with such barbarous inventions ; and first produced the papyrus 
 which has given its name to our modem substitute for it. Two thousand four 
 hundred years ago papyrus began its career, to last till the parchment of the 
 later Roman Empire supersedra, and the paper of the European twelfth cen- 
 tury mills destroyed it. The Nile, which made Egypt, made also papyrus. In 
 its waters grew a tall plant, ten to twenty feet m height ; the stem three- 
 cornered, soft, and built of almost imperceptible layers of thin material. Cut- 
 ting down these stems the Egyptians separated the layers by pointed mussel- 
 shells, or by less romantic pins, and spread a series of them upon a table sprink- 
 led with the Nile water. Across this series was laid transversely another row 
 and the double thickness flooded with water again, after which a heavy pressure 
 was put on the sheet. Polished finally by some hard su1)stance, 
 
 THE MAKING OF THE PAPYRUS 
 
 was completed ; and from its native banks it migrated to all ends of the recog- 
 nized world, comparatively not very far distant, any of them. Upon the pro- 
 cess iust described the Romans greatly improved, and under their rule Alexan- 
 dria became the great paper mart of the now enlarged civilized earth. But the 
 use of parchment was never discontinued by the stern rulers of the world. 
 There seems not to have been one single step taken in the march of European 
 progress which was not anticipated by the Egyptians or, still more, by the 
 Chinese. That peculiar people- inventors of gunpowder, of printing, of canals, 
 of steam-engines — were also the first to discover tlie art of paper-making from 
 fibrous matter reduced to a pulp in water. At any rtte, they used such a paper 
 1, 800 years ago ; our British ancestors did not then possess even the rags 
 from which to make such a material. However, the Chinese did not use rngs 
 much, for the chief constituent of their article was the inner bark of the bamboo 
 and mulberry trees, which M'ere put through an elaborate fifteen days' piocess, 
 and did not afford a remarkably good paper after all. The operations of the 
 Japanese hardly resulted more satisfactorily, although they have anticipated the 
 notion.^ of our present manufacturers by turning their jiaper to strange uses, 
 among other things making waterproof clothing from it. Ou tho otlior side of 
 Asia the Arabians 
 
 EARLY BEGAN TO MAKE PAPER, 
 
 obtaining the idea from Cliina ; and shortly after the death of Mahomet, and 
 while his followers were ravaging the world, a manufactory of the substance 
 which was to revolutionize it was started in Samarcand. This date, A. D. 706, 
 is the first in the histoiy of paper ; the second occurs in the eleventh century, 
 when a mill was started in the limits of the Greek Empire. The Arabs early 
 carried the manufacture into Spain, from which it spread over all Europe, and 
 after the invention of printing rose to huge dimensions. The first nii]I was 
 built in England in 1558 ; the first in America in i6qo. Not at all confined to 
 rags and bark have been the experiments upon the making of paper. The 
 most extraordinary substances have been tested and al)andoned, the one after 
 the other. Cotton stalks, cabbage stumps, flax, gutta percha, and honiets' nests j 
 ivory shaving and lime, seaweed and oakum have all had their chance and are 
 but a tithe of the materials tried. But, until lately, little addition was made to 
 the resources of the manufacturers, and the direction in which the only raaterifd 
 
CANADA PAPER CO.*S MILLS. 
 
 advance was effected was in the improvement of the machinery. This, however, 
 was wonderfully rapid ; in les.s than fifty years the hand-mill has been replaced 
 by the vast otablishnionts.and 
 
 PONDEROUS MACHINERY OF THE PRESENT DAY, 
 
 and twenty years ayo the annual product of the world's paper manufactorie.s 
 was over half a million tons. No reliable statistics of later date are rapidly ob- 
 tainable, but the ii.crease must since that have been great. To turn, however, 
 to the manufacture itself, there is in all paper-making one principle — the ren- 
 derin" consistent and homogeneous a thin watery pulp. Yet the manufacture, 
 thuugii of all manufactures the most interesting to witness, is complex and hard 
 to describe without plates ; the veader will understand this when the making is 
 leached. The principle given, however, underlies one general process. A 
 fibrous material is cut, and bruised, and tortured, in water and bleaching fluids, 
 until it is reduced to a fine pulp ; this pulp, or rather fluid, is run over a suc- 
 cession of wire cloths until the superfluous liquid is gradually drained off. The 
 resultant damp sheet then passes under pressure through a drying process, and 
 Ihe original filaments of the fibrous matter are thus so interwoven and knitted 
 tdgether that they cannot be separated, and 
 
 FORM WHAT IS CALLED PAPER. 
 
 As before stated, the first mill mentioned in the annals of the New World 
 was established in 1690. As the Yankee was an unknown species in those days, 
 the mill could rot, of course, be established by one ; and that honor belonged to 
 a Dutchman, William Rittinghuysen. Rittinghuvsen built his mill at Rox- 
 borough, near Philadelphia, upon a little stream wnich is known to this day by 
 the name of "Paper-mill Run," but the Dutchman's mill has long disappeared, 
 and we know now of it and of him only through the frail product which both 
 probably looked on with a certain contempt for its unsubstantiality. But that 
 single mill was the fore-runner of a vast army of factories, and it is believed 
 that the paper now produced in the United btatcs and Canada yearly equals 
 that manufactured tliroughout the rest of the world. Of course Canada claims 
 but a comparatively small portion of this annual out-put, but 
 
 THE YIELD OP HER MILLS 
 
 is still very great. There are many establishments scattered throughout the 
 Dominion wmose appliances and products equal those of any in the world. 
 Among the m»st arlvanced of these in almost every respect, are the mil's of the 
 Canada Paper Company at Windsor and at Sherbrooke, in the Eastern Town- 
 ships, through the courtesy of whose president an .investigation into the pro- 
 cess employed in the manufacture was permitted. As alr^y remarked, the 
 description of these processes is difficult, but it is at the same time both interst- 
 ing and useful. 
 
 The Mills of the Canada Papep Company — 
 Reduction of the Rags— Of the Wood. 
 
 The Windsor Mills are situated about fourteen miles from Sherbrooke, in a 
 triangle formed by the St. Francis river and the Windsor river, a little stream, 
 which comes down from the high land bordering the valley of the St. Francis. 
 This stream refened to tumUes into a ravine opening on the larg« river in a 
 
6 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 series of broken and picture^ciue falls about sixty feet in height. But the term 
 " little " ajtplies to the stream only in the .summer ; in the spring a .lood of 
 black water roars over the clitl' and down the ravine in rugged strength. 
 Behind the mills the high land rises perhaps a hundred feet up to the second 
 terrace of the river valley, and conceals the little village of Windsor from sight. 
 When the mills were established fifteen years ago, in 1864, there was not a 
 house outside of a very small village within three miles, except here and there 
 that of an isolated farmer ; but Windsor now contains between live and six 
 hundred inhabitants, and thei'e are, besides, many cottages scattered over the 
 hills. From the high ground near the village is obtained 
 
 ONE OF THE MOST TICTURESQUE VIEWS 
 
 in the valley of the St. Francis ; and none who have travelled in summer over the 
 railroad east from Richmond, can have helped notichig the quiet beauty of the 
 scenery in this valley. Looking down upon the St. Irancis, the stream 
 emerges close by from behind a ])rojection of the hill upon which you are stand- 
 ing, and winds onward aroimd blutf knolls and through fringes of trees and 
 foliage, varied here and there by green sward, until its glitter is broken by a 
 solitary steeple rising from the lower village of Windsor. Farther on it 
 nanows in its silent course until the last gleam vanishes a league distant among 
 the turns of the hills which eviron its course, and which rise from its banks in a 
 series of bold curves until they threaten to lose themselves among the clouds. 
 Looking upwards the eye travels over the mills and the long bridge opposite 
 them, and rests upt)ii a basin in the amphitheatre of the hiUs into which the 
 liver abruptly expands, after suddenly appearing from oehind a bluff. Im- 
 mediately opposite you the slopes are very thickly wooded as far as the eye can 
 each, and this district supplies the manufactory with the 
 
 THOUSANDS OF CORDS OF WOOD 
 
 nnually required. The company owns on both sides of the river some 4 000 
 cres of land, all of which is forest ; but as a rule, they leave this untouched 
 when practicable, and obtain their wood from the neighboring districts.'' It is 
 in winter that the cutting of the wood is done, and the scene is one not easily 
 forgotten. The proper weather is the bright and cold time of middle and late 
 winter, when the frozen snow admits of teaming. Everything is, for the time, 
 in a whirl of activity, and the high woodlands resound with the blows of axes 
 and the crashing of trees and the shouts of men ;"*there are usually between 
 three hundred and four hundred men, with more than a hundred teams em- 
 l^loyed in the work. From the forest the wood is teamed to the great yards 
 near the river and there piled, "f- The manufactory possesses a saw mill of its 
 own, driven by the water of the stream emptying into the St. Francis. 1F» To 
 seciire the saw mill and upper buildings of the establishment from danger 
 during the spring freshets, the company were compelled to erect a strong btuk- 
 head across the course of the stream ; and just above this bulkhead is the dam 
 necessary in the late summer to collect sulticient 
 
 WATER POWER TO RUN THE MILLS. 
 
 Formerly, the water-power held good all the year round, except, perhaps, 
 durin" a couple of weeks in the hottest part of the year ; but of late, as tne 
 and along the banks of the stream has been cleared and the forests thinned out, 
 the supply of water has gradually failed, and is now insutficient during nearly 
 a thii'd of the time. Steam is consequently used as an auxiliary. The build- 
 ings of the establishment are very numerous, and, as they are built apart as 
 
 h 
 
CANADA PAPER CO. S MILLS. 
 
 much as circum.'«tances Will permit, in case uf fire, cover several acres of ground. 
 They comprise an oHico, storehouaes, saw-mill, furnaces, machine shop, finish- 
 ing house, "recovery house," liquor house," and the manufacturing establish- 
 ment proper. This array of shops is explained by the fact that the company 
 depends entirely on itself for everything connected with the manufacturing 
 processes, y The ominous term 
 
 LIQUOR HOUSE 
 
 is applied to the department in which is made the caustic liquor required in 
 the reduction of tnc wood. Crossing the St. Francis opposite the mills is a 
 long and substantial wooden bridge, erected by the Company for convience of 
 access to one of there wood-yards, but which has also proved very welcome to 
 travellers. This bridge is some 500 feet in len<'th, and cost the bridge company 
 $io,0(X>. For some time the sole return was all in the Paper Company's nusi- 
 ness, but of late the tolls have given a percentage on the capital alter standing 
 all necessary outlay for repairs. The toll is not a verjr heavy oi:e, but has, 
 nevertheless, afforded somt; amusing instances of the parsmiony of the country 
 folk. Teams are charged five cents each ])assage, and foot traveller there 
 cents ; and this distinction caused the following stratagem on the part of a 
 farmer and his wife living on the oi>posite side of the river from Windsor. 
 They were accustomed to drive over to the village every week with butter, 
 eggs, &c., and their toll was accordingly ten cents across and back. 
 
 THIS WAS EXORBITANT, 
 
 and therefore for somo tun<i pa^t tha worthy couple have alighted and hitched 
 their horses at the far end of the bridge, lulen thein^elve^ with the contents of 
 theircart, and trugded across down to Windsor on foot about half a mile. This 
 saves them four cents, as each of them pays three cents for crossing. Still they 
 seem to consider it all right, although curiously enough their m ii'ket days are 
 usually either blazing hot or favored with rain and thunder storms. Another 
 public benefit to ^the neighborhood is a comfortable hotel near the railway 
 station. The erection of this was also directly in the interest of the Company, 
 however, as by agreeing to build it the Company obtained a promise from the 
 district authorities that no other hotel license should be issued. Consequently 
 although the hotel does not pay directly, nevertheless the sale of liquor in the 
 village is prevented, and the Company's employees kept out of temptation, as 
 no liquor is ^owed in the hotel itself. On the opposite side of the road from 
 the hotel, and upon an eminence half hidden by the trees, is 
 
 THE HOUSE OF THE FOREMAN 
 
 or rather manager of the mills, Mr. Macdonald, the oldest and probably best 
 informed paper manufacturer in Canada. He is jocularly termed the father of 
 paper-manufacture, and is a hale old Scotchman likely to be in charge of his 
 ward for some time to come. It is high time, however, to come to the manu- 
 facture itself. vThe paper is made from a pulp composed of certain proportions 7^ 
 of rags and wood. These proportions, and also the kind of wood best fitted for 
 the manufacture, have been obtained by long and patient experiment. The' wood 
 and cloth are each separately brought to a pulp before being mingled in the 
 proper percentage,^ and we shall just describe tne processes through which each -J ■ 
 passes until the st^e is reached in which the amaJgamation takes place, and the 
 composite pulp is ready for paper making proper. 
 
8 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 i 
 
 THE RAG PROCESS. 
 
 The rags arrive at the mills in huge bales of rather unsiyliLly appaarancp, and 
 are placed in the storehouses until recjuired. From the latter they are taken m 
 needed to the sortiug-room, where they are separated into various grades which 
 are used according to the quality of paper to be made. At one time the sortuig 
 room was an important department, employirg a large number of hands, but 
 since the introduction of wood as the chief constituent of the paper, the glory 
 of the sorting room has departed, much fewer hands being now needed there. 
 The rags pass from it through a series of "dusters " and "cutters." from which 
 they ishue in masses of partially cleaned shreds. In the floor of the dusting 
 room is an aperture through which the shredded masses are shovelled into 
 a huge revolving iron boiler in the chamber below ; and when the boiler is 
 sulHciently full steam is let in by pipes from the engine house, and the boiler 
 caused to revolve for some time at a high temperature. This jtrocess rapidly 
 softens and cleans the rags, and the resulting pulp is placed in the "washing en- 
 gine," and thence goes through the "bleaching engine." These engines, which 
 are almost identical, are oblong l.'!»s about three feet deep. A j)artitiou runs 
 lengthwise up the middle, but does not touch either end, so that the pulp con- 
 tained in the bins can move around them. This it is made to do by the inclin- 
 ation of the bottoms, and by the passage round of a 
 
 i 
 
 CONSTANT STREAM OF FRESH WATER, 
 
 which, after circulating through and cleansing the pulp, is removed in its dirty 
 state b}' an ingenious arrangement of wire screws and buckets. The bin also 
 contains an arrangement of knives, which completes the decomposition of the 
 ra"s. This washing and beating process results in makinf; the finer qualities of 
 piup of a beautiful white color, and soft and velvety to the touch. In appear < 
 ance, indeed, it resembles ice-cream more than anything else, and the bins con- 
 taining the pulp seem to be a wholesale preparation for Sunday-school picnics. 
 Only the very fine rags, however, can be brought to this creamy whiteness, and 
 then only by the free use of chlorine. From the bleaching enfjinea the clean 
 pulp is flooded into the "drainei"s," where it lies for a wliile for the double pur- 
 pose of bleaching and allowing the chlorine liquor to be drained off for use 
 again, after which a second washing makes it ready for addition to the wood 
 pulp, and the final preparatory treatment. To recapitulat'i : from sorting- 
 room through the "du-ters" and "cutters" to the boiler ; thence to the " washiii''" 
 and "beating" engines, and then to the ' drainers." Thus are the rags brought 
 to a fit concUtion for amalgamation with the wood pulp. Dirty, soiled and 
 useless, apparently, these products of the slums and alleys of cities in a few 
 hours come forth from their sharp purgatory as stainless as snow. But the 
 work is a.s yet only half done, for they are still to be merged in far different 
 material, and have si'U to undeigo long torture before the end be reached. 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE WOOD. 
 
 But by far the most important constituent of the cheaper jpaper is wood, 
 and the quantity used in the mills, in one way and another, is almost incredible. 
 On the opposite side of the St. Francis from the mills, and behind the first ter- 
 race rising from the river, is the wood-yard, in itself an impressive sight. From 
 the rising ground a clear view is obtained of the yard, and the eye travels won- 
 derinuly over hill after hill of wood. There are at times 16,000 cords of wood 
 storea there ; the mills annually consume about 10,000 for steam, hot water 
 and paper pulp. The wood required for immediate use is kept in sheds at tho 
 factory, which are filled from time to time as their contents are exhausted. It 
 
 .^^ 
 
 I'f 
 
CANADA PAPER CO. S MILLS. 
 
 d 
 
 ,.-A 
 
 h 
 
 it siini>le cordwood. Now, cordwood is a stubborn material, and is usually 
 humored with a saw, or soothed by a due regard for its grain ; but it gets littie | 
 petting in the paper mill. Strongly sot upon a revolving shaft is a great 5-ton \/ 
 wheel, with projecting knives running on one side like a spoke from the centre 
 to the circumference. The edge of this knife is parallel to the wheel. The log 
 of wood, placed in an inclined trough, slides down and rests against the side of 
 the revolving wheel until the projecting edge comes round and slashes right 
 across the wood, taking off a clean slice in a moment. Just beneath the knife is 
 a space through which the sliced wood falls into buckets arranged upon an in- 
 clined endless chain, the same in principle as 
 
 TITE BUCKET FRAME OF A LARGE DREDGE— 
 
 not dredges of the stamp at present working in Montreal harbor, but the im- 
 proved deep-water dredges, used in Lake St. Peter. The buckets ascend filled 
 with chips^ and empty themselves into a room above as they come over the top. 
 of the chain. This room is a long one, and under this floor are a number of 
 gigantic upright boilers. These TOileif, beneath which are furnaces, are twenty- 
 one feet in height. The chips from the cordwood are shovelled into these, and 
 a blackish, caustic liquor, which will be afterwards referred to, is poured in on 
 top of them, and fire kindled in the furnaces beneath, until the steam from the 
 liquor causes a pressuse of icx) lbs. to the square inch, or thereabouts, on the 
 boilers. This heat is maintained for a certain time, according to the nature of 
 the wood, and reduces the wood to black, sponge-like, semi-fluid masses, which 
 after being properly cooked, are conducted into large tins, and, after being 
 washed there with weak caustic lic^uor and water, are finally thrown into an 
 agitating stnflf-chest, wliich completes 
 
 THE DISINTEGRATING PROCESS. 
 
 From the stufl'-chcst the pulp is pumped up on to a vil)rating wire-cylinder, 
 and thence goes through a series of "wet press cylinders," which it leaves in 
 the form of fibrous brown sheets resembling paper, but without much consis- 
 tence. This is then placed in a large bleaching engine from which it runs into 
 the "drainers," referred to in the rag process, and afterwards receives the final 
 washing. Such is the preparatory treatment ; from the choppers to the boilers 
 and bins ; then to the stuff chest and wet-press cylinders, and thence to the 
 bleaching engine, and the wood is at last ready for combination with the rag 
 pulp, to which all the above lengthy coui-se has been only preparatory. In- 
 deed, tlie pulp once ready, the making of the paper is a quick and clean pro- 
 cess, and apparently the least important of the many steps taken in the manu- 
 facture. Put the same rule holds good here as everywhere, that in all work 
 which results in important ends there is a turning point at which the road, long, 
 difticult and seemingly pur])0seless, suddenly becomes fair and direct and leads 
 at once to the goal . But each previous and almost aimless exertion must be 
 as careful as though everything depended on it ; a single mistake in the prepar- 
 ation of this paper pulp, a mis-tint, or want of proper bleaching or cleaning, dis- 
 covers itself after this critical point and ruins tne quality of the paper. It may 
 be menticned, before going on to describe the final manufacture, that the caustic 
 liquor in which the wood is boiled, and which loses in the boiling much of its 
 strength, is saved and used over again after being renovated in the "recovery 
 house," which will be referred to later. 
 
10 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 I 
 
 The Making of the Paper -Uses— The Re- 
 covery House— Conclusion. 
 
 Stranger than any fiction is the truth of the history of the sheets which the 
 reader now holds in his hand, composed as they are of the most dissimilar ele- 
 ments, and drawn from strangely aifFerent sources. In the dirtiest and foulest 
 ?urlieus of the cities of two contiuents are gathered the rags — in London, New 
 ork, Montreal ; and, brought by train and steamer perhaps thousands of miles 
 to a quiet Canadian village, this city refuse joins there material which 
 has lived untainted in the pure atmosphere of the adjacent hills, flourishing 
 through scores of years in storm and sunshine. Henceforth, combined invisibly 
 and inextricably, these strange fellow-travellers go forth from their encounter, 
 and journev abroad, bearing possibly, as now, their own history upon their 
 face. But tlie imion has yet to be consummated. The wood and cfcth have, 
 each of them, been brought into a pulpy condition, and are undergoing a final 
 bleaching in the separate "di-ainers." The commingling, takes place in the 
 Gould or beating engine, an upright boiler, externally not unlike an egg in 
 shape, into which the pulps are put in the required proportions, the wood 
 greatly in excess. Revolvmg horizontally in this Gould engine is an apparatus 
 with a peculiar arrangement of knives, which 
 
 CHURNS UP THE MATERIALS 
 
 and perfects their combination ; and after remaining in the engine for a certain 
 length of time, the composite pulp is run into huge stuff-chests supplied with 
 agitators, and there diluted with water, and stirred up until ready for the 
 change into paper. Thus treated, the pulp becomes a thin bluish tinted fluid 
 (very little more consistent than average Montreal drinking water), in which 
 very fine fibres and minute pulp are kept suspended by the agitation. Now 
 comes the running this fluid upon the machine (^called the "Fourdrenier," from 
 the inventor of that name), which it will leave m the form of paper. It first 
 flows upon fine screen plates which are kept vibrating veiy rapidly, thus pre- 
 venting much of the fluid from sinking through. From this screen it passes on 
 to the Fourdrenier wire, which vibrates horizontally in a strong frame. This 
 endless wire is fifteen or twenty feet in length, and runs on rubber Deckles ar- 
 ranged at pleasure to widen or narrow the ro(iuired paper. The fluid comes 
 upon the wire in a very thin sheet, and as it flows down, part of the water 
 drips tlffough the screen, so that the fluid sheet continues to become more and 
 more consistent, until finally a suction-box at the lower end removes the last 
 unnecessary liquid, and the sheet passing between the great rollers called the 
 first press, becomes consistent and nomogeneous. It is supported still further, 
 iintil, after moving through a series of smaller rollers upon an endless felt, it 
 comes forth fit to be called paper, although very weak, and as easily torn as 
 saturated blotting paper. It should be remarked that all the fluid which sinks 
 throiigh the wire in its passage is 
 
 COLLECTED IN TANKS BELOW, 
 
 and used over again, so that here as in every stage of the manufacture, from 
 the raw material to the finished product, every loss is provided for and no waste 
 permitted. Such is the simple process which changes a thin liquid into a 
 material from which carwheels nmv be made. The sight of a cascade of bluish 
 water transformed in a few seconas into purity and consistency is one so inter* 
 
CANADA TAPER CO. S MILLS. 
 
 
 esting and so strange that the spectator finds himself contentedly watching it .\ 
 while time rolls on, until he is probably awakened from his day -dream by find- V 
 ing his feet wet from the spray of the screen. As might be inferred, however, 
 one peculiarity of the fluid is that it dries very quickly, and in a few minutes 
 no trace of the soaking remains. From the first press on an endless felt, the 
 paper moves through a succession of huge revolving cylinders heated by steam ; 
 these are called the " drying cylinders," and the paper is kept in close contact 
 with their surfaces for a "drying canvas" which moves with it. A curious eftect 
 is produced by the friction caused by the paper passing between these cylinders. 
 It leaves them to go through a series of chilled iron finishing rollers, called 
 calender rolls between which and the drying cylinders is a space of four or five 
 feet over which, 
 
 NOW STRONG AND COHESIVE. 
 
 the paper passes unsupported. If the hand be placed beneath the passing sheet 
 a somewhat strong thrill or shock is felt, caused by the electricity generated by 
 friction referred to. It might be worth while considering whether the generat- 
 ing power could not be fostered as toifproduce it in quantities sufficient to 
 aJrora a practical result. To letum, however, to the paper : the sheet now 
 winds through a vertical frame of calender rolls, which givi its surface a certain 
 finish ; and the edges ai'e afterwards trimmed and the paper cut the proper 
 width. The sheet usually comes over the wire double width, and slit up the 
 middle in this last stage. After being trimmed it js wound up upon rollers and 
 taken to the fiinishing-rooni. In the finishing-room there is the super-calender 
 roll which gives the finest surface obtainable, and which is only used for the 
 best qualities of paper, such as that supplied to Belford's Monthly and other 
 high-class periodicals. When the paper has received the finish proper to it, it 
 goes through a cutting-machine where the continuous sheet is 
 
 CUT INTO REGULAR LENGTHS 
 
 of three feet or thereabouts ; then assorted, packed in bales of convenient size 
 and shape and stored away until finally shipped to its consignment. This last 
 step does not give the company much concern. The rain-oad passes >vithin 
 fifty yards of the storehouses, but as if this M-ere not enough, a s\vitch has been 
 cai-ried to the entrance to the yard, and the paper has to ue transported but a 
 few steps before reaching the freight cars in which it is carried, either direct 
 to customers or to the warehouses at headquarters in Montreal. In Sherbrooke 
 the Canada Paper Co'y has another large establishment situated on the Magog, 
 near its junction ^\•ith the St. Francis, but these mihs are chiefly given to the 
 manufacture of heavy felts and wrapping papers and newspaper. Tne Windsor 
 Mills are usually employed in making tne finer kinds of printing, book and ^ 
 writing papers, and supply most of the leading journals and periodicals in ' 
 Canada. A department frequently spoken of during the description of the '^ 
 manufacture was the 
 
 " RECOVERY HOUSE." 
 
 This is too important and interesting a place to be passed over mthout a brief 
 notice, although our space does not admit of a detailed description of any othei-s 
 of the minor processes. It was thought best to refer to this part at this late 
 •stage rather than interrupt the continuous account of the paper-making at an 
 earlier period. The recovery house is a long shed, in wliich there are four 
 furnaces. But, what furnaces ! Thirty-five feet long, twenty feet high in 
 
12 DESCRIPTION OF THE CANADA PAPEK CO.'s MILLS. 
 
 parts and proportionately broad ; these gigantic fire places are themselves almost 
 the size of an ordinary' house. Their use is to renovate the caustic liquor which 
 has expended its strength ui)on the material boiled in it in the great upright 
 boilers referred to in the reduction of the wood. This boiling weakens the 
 caustic liquor and renders it impure. The caustic liquor is manufactured in the 
 iirst place from the mixing ana heating of soda-ash and lime. The object of 
 the recovery process is to get back the soda-ash, and for the tjbtaining of it 
 from the weakened or "black" liquor the furnaces are used. 
 
 INSIDE THE FURNACES 
 
 are a series of shelves or pans, into which the black liquor (which has been care- 
 fully collected after the wood-boiling^ is run. The fires are then started and 
 umed until a heat is attained sufficiently great to burn out the water and silica 
 and resinous matter from the M'ood, and a black soda-ash is left. Tliis is similar 
 to the original ash, except in color, and is used similarly. But the "recovery " 
 i:-> only one sample of the care exercised to prevent waste, and to utilize every 
 possible means of economizing material in the maniifacture. The chlorine usecl 
 in bleaching is similarly saved, as is also the liquid which percolates through 
 the wire in the final stage. It is attention to such comparatively little things 
 wliich not only here T>ut everywhere makes success. Such is the story, told as 
 briefly and concisely as possible, of the manufacture of paper. Its uses we need 
 not dwell upon ; there is none so ignorant a& could not enumerate them. The 
 want of paper, almost as much as the want of printing, it was that kept men in 
 ignorance for centuries, for papyrus and parchment coidd bi\t ill supply its 
 l^lace. Yet, useful as paper has already proved, 
 
 AN EVEN WIDER FUTURE 
 
 seems to open before it. Theve is scan ely a material or metal from wood to 
 i?;on whose place it does not seem able to supply, or whose ends it cannot attain. 
 Already furnishing wings for man's best thought or proudest calculations, bear- 
 ing the visible expression of his sweetest melodies, or itself stamped with his 
 likeness, it seems destined to become his actual personal envelopment, the 
 material of the constructions in which his jounieys are made, or the means by 
 which his wai-s shall be carried on. It is an actual fact that clothes and furni- 
 ture, carriages and vessels have been made from paper ; it is proposed that fire- 
 arms and defensive annor be also manufactured from it. Time-proof it has 
 sliown itself, fire-proof and water-proof it is made ; bullet-proof and burglar- 
 ])roof it may yet be, and prevent crimes which it now only records. The pen 
 may, indeed, be mightier than the sword, but the pen is mighty through the 
 ]iaper. 
 
 Head Ojfic.e, 372 to ,170 
 
 ST. PAUL STREET, 
 
 MOKTRKA.I:., Q. 
 
 BRANCHES AT 
 
 Toronto, Ont., and Halifax, N. S.