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X. — Oceanic Origin of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish Stocks of British Columbia and Fundamental Unity of Same, with Additional Notes on the D4ni. By C11ARLK8 IIiLL-TouT, Duckland College, Vancouver, B.C. (Communicated by Sir J. Rourinot and read May 25th, ISOK.) Tlie dnasitication of the aboriginal tribes of this continent on linguis- tic lines has resulted in giving us, according to Dr. Brinton, some 160, more or less, distinct stocks or families. Fifty-eight of these, according to Major Powell are found north of Mexico, of which no less extraordinary number than 'M are found clustered along the western littoral between Alaska and Lower California. That is to say, that more than two-thiixis of all the linguistic slocks in North America are found in the compara- tively restricted i)ortion of land lying between the Bockies and the Coast. Various theories have been ottered by ethnologists to account for this singular bunching of stocks in this limited territory, the most plausible of which is that put forwaixl bj the late Horatio Hale. This, briefly, sup- poses these isolated idioms to have had their origin in the natural lan- guage-making faculty of young children ; ' that is to say, the author thinks that in former days when the country was less densely populated than at present, and families and settlements were separated by wider intervals from one another, that cases would -occur where two or more young children of dift'crent sexes, left by the death of their parents to grow up secluded from all other society, would be compelled to frame a language of their own, which language would in course of time become the mother-tongue of n, new linguistic stock. But while this view, com- ing as it does from such a veteran as Mr. Hale, deserves the most careful consideration at our hands, and while it may very possibly account for the origin of some of these diverse stocks, it has, I think, been felt by most students of American origins that it docs not adequately account for the origin of all. For while the genial climate and the spontaneous fruitful- nesH of the soil in California render it possible for isolated groups of orphans to gi-ow into strong and extensive stv>cks, a more rigorous cli- mate and a less bountiful nature such as are found north of this favoured region scarcely permit of such origin for the stocks which lie beyond the 40th or 45th parallel of latitude. Ten years' residence in British Columbia leads me to believe that such a solution of the problem is wholl}' inadmis- >" Proceedings" of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1880. 188 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Bible under the olimutal conditions chavacteriBtic of this region. Prior to the advent of the whites scarcity of food and winter faminen were by no iticnns uncommon incidents in the life of the aborigines, as we learn both from theniselvcs and from their traditional histories ; and if adults and experienced foragers found a difficulty in procuring winter supplies small chance would there be for lost or abandoned children of tender yeai*8 to do so. It is true that where these divei-se slocks attain their maximum density the conditions requii-ed by Mr. Hale's theory are found to obtain, but the number of stocks north of thin favoured region is yet sufficiently great to preclude the possibility of their having sprung into existence in this manner. In the comparatively limited area of British Columbia alone wo have, according to the received classification, seven distinct stocks to account for ; that is, twice the number that is found else- whei-e throughout those thousands of broad miles that make up the i-est of British North America, and about the same number as are found scat- tered over that vast region which stretches on the one hand from the eastern slopes of the Rockies to the Atlantic seaboard and on the other from the 30th parallel north to the frozen waters of the Arctic ocean. It remains then to account for the j)resence of these numerous northern stocks by some other hypothesis than that suggested by Mr. JIaie, and the following linguistic notes on some of the stocks of this region are offered in the belief thai the evidence they furnish of the cx SilMirin and the Exile System, p. 4(1), Vol. II. UeorKc Keiinan. 190 ROYAL SOCIFTTY OF CANADA ol'tliiHrot^ion \h Hiiniltir to tlint of lOust Asiatic tri Urn — a i'uct wiiicii wuhoI)- Bcrvwl by U. Virchow, whocxuinincil u iniM)l)(>ror Hilqiilti wlio visitinl Hor- lin in the winter of 1885-86. TIiIh «iiniliirity i« vory iniirkoil iiinoiii; tho TiiiiiritH Ilaidu, Tmmshiun, Kwakiutl and Hilqtila, tu a Iohs oxiont amoiii^ tiioNootkU; while the const SaliHiiuiul tiie SaliHhof tho interior [;^oiion«ily Hpoulviiig] show a dirtoivnt tyiK\" ' Kathor Morico ivriiarkN also in Win notes on "Dent? R(X)t8 " : "The facial .siniihiritics of tlie MongciianM and nomo American natives areso striking tiiat I know of |)ursoth in habitus and speech, I know of no other instance in tho whole lield of etiinology where linguistic and physical data so clearly coincide, as in this case. I shall have occasion in the course of my paper to refer to this again. In oHering the evidence I have gatheivd «»f the fundamental unity of tho stocks hero considered, iieretofore regarded as distinct, and of their re- lationship to the Malayo-Polynesian, I cannot do better than make, in the fii-st place, a few inti-oductory remarks upon what lias, in the course of my studies, appeared to me to be some of the leading causes of the wide diHer- onccs found in tho m(»rphology and still more in tho lexicography of the languages of this region, and which have not always been taken into account l)y investigators when comparing the languages of native slocks among themselves or with those of t'x/rt/- American families. Comparisons of vocabularies i^ua vocabularies furnish little or lu) reli- able proof of a common origin for the terms found in them; they can at best yield but presumptive evidence of attinity ; and that for tho o!)vious reason that the vocables ot our aboriginal tongues are rarely comparable with those of othei* linguistic families. They are very largely polysyn- ihelic in form and unless the investigator is able to resolve these .syntheses into their components and discover the radicals he will invariably be led astray. On tho other hand comparisons instituted on linos strictly mor- phological, as demanded by some of our leading philologists, will in a great number of cases yield but little better results on account of tho repeated admixture of stocks which has taken place in this country and the conse- quent break-up and ivmodelling of language. Cases are not wanting where the vocabulary shows atflnity with one stock and the granmatical structure with another. The Kwakiutl-Nootka is an instance in point. Its vocabulary for the most part is, like the Salish, of Malayo-Polynesian ' Fifth Report of the Committee of the Briti.sli A.ssociation on tlie Northwestera tribes of Canndn, lS8y, pp. 11 and 12. "TrimH. Caiiacliim Institute. Vol. III., p. H7. lf«U. Ihili.-toit] Of'KAMC ORIUIN OK TlIK K\V AKIUTI^NOOTKA 191 ori>;in, but llio |ioHt-|iosition of itn luirtirlos and its ^i-iuM-al Mtmclurc murk its atHnily to tho Dt-m'' of tlio interior on one liai.tl and liast Asian Mtocks on tho other. Tliu same to a leas extent is true of theotlier two nortliern Btoeks, the THiniHhian ant' tho JIaida-Tiingit, whose voojibuhiries contain scores of typical Oceanic terms but wiiohc f^raniniar is umioubicdly East Asian in structure ; the simple forms and .syntax o( tlio Jlaida relating it to the .lai>o-(.,'oreun ; atHnities with which [cojile the strong lacial simi- laritiurt of the llaida show them no less clearly lo iiave. American philology is lurgel}- a law nnto itself. Its languages con- stitii* • a liimily of their own, and rules aiid nietliod.-« that may be advan- tageously ap])lied to classical tongues are often found to be wholly inajt- plicable and useless lo a I'amily like the Auierican who^e genius anil laws are so radically ditl'eront. Much of the linguistic woi k of ou- good mis- sionaries, to whom the philologist is so largely indebted for his knowledge of American tongues, is marred and of less value to us on account of their efforts to force the native gramnmr thi-ough clas.-ical moulds, uniler the mistaken idea that thi.s is 'he correct and only way to treat it. It is neither by a comparison of vocabularies nor of grammais alone that the true relations of American stocks to one another or to those beyond <>;ir shores will ever bo pointed out, but rather by the study of the radical ele- ments which underlie the ponderous syntheses or compounds that consti- tute the speech of our typical American stocks, and the resolution of these, as far as is now possible, into their original constituents. At the bottom of every one of these comp;)und8 there will be found one or more constant prinuiries or roots. It i.s l.y the discovery and comparison 'A' these that we shall best discover tho relations of our numerous tribes to each other and to outside slocks. Th's =s fhe method which Father Morice has so successfully followed in his studies of the D4n6 and which has nuidc it ])o.s>iblo for me to discover striking and far-reaching lexico- graphical and morphological similarities in this highh--complex and typi- cal American language lo the tongues of Kast Asia, some of which I pointed out in a lornicr |m]ier ; and this is the method I have followed in ray comparisons in this paper whtiwer an analysis was possible to me. Tho evidence of aHinity which a single one of these radicals furnishes is worth a score of mere vocabulary reseniblanci's ; ' tor these ialter may jios- sibly bo fortuitous, but the common u.se in dirt'erent languages of the same radicals cannot i)e ; they jioint incontestably, nolwithstanding ditterences of grammar, to a common source and origin. And if in adilition to iden- tity of railical elemcnls emjiloyed in the same way and with tho same sig- nificance in the compared tongues, there be found idenlity of compound I Compare, for uxiimple, the rudiciil Ait iit the various syntht-ses for flnjjor, luiil, toe, hand, etc.. in l)otli Dcuiinic uiid Coluiiiliiiiii stoi-ks as niveii lieiow, or tlie iiin radical in " light " coin pounds, and the vuluc of nidiciil ci)nipiirison will be readily seen. (92 ROYAL SOCIETY OP CANADA forma tuul minilaritioH in structiiiv, so much tlio bettor, tliotiKli to my mind the prt)of of rolationnhip HtandM in no need of tiiiH luiditionai ovidoneo. " I'tdysynlliolicism " or •' incor|)orutioM " in tho fenturu moHt ^onerully regurded uh clianu'turiHtic of American almri/rinal Hpouch. But this is true (mly t<. a very limited extent of many American tongues; and in somo this feature is wholly absent. In Mritisii Columbia wo have but one truly incorporativo language — the Bine. Of the others we nuiy say that the nearer one ap|)roaclies the coaMt the less is this characteristic discernuble. Next to the iWmJ, though in a much less degree, th- ""nionaqa, theothor interior stock, which borders on tlie Ddne and Algonkin, dis|)lays this fea- ture most. Adjoining these and west of tl . i am the interior tribes of the Saliah ; and it is interesting to note that incorporative forms ai-e much c.unmoner in the speech of these inland tribes than in that of their con- genei-s on the coast. From all of which it would appear that polysynlhe- ticism is not native to the speech of the coast trii)es but luis been acquired in a variable degree by contact with their more eastern neighbours the J)en($ equivalent Fatlier Morice affirms that iho paradigm of this single verb alone would contain over ;^,000 verbs all of which dilier in moaning as well as in material structure ;' and according to the Kev. T. Hurlbut the no less astounding number of verbal forms than 17 millions may be found in the paradigm of a single Algonkin verb.' Many of the early collectors of native words, u])on whose work we luive frequently to rely in our investigations were wholly unaware of the true character of tlie Indian verb and set down against the Knglish but one form as its equivalent. It will easily be seen how misleading vocabu- laries of this kind can be. Another pitfall for the imwary collector is the unsuspected existence of a great number of synonymous terms with which some at least of our Indian languages abound, any one of which may, with almost equal propriety, be employed by the native speaker and thtis recorded by the collector, to the exclusion of all otliera. Time and again I have noticed instances of this kind in going over the ground of earlier investigators, some of which have caused mo no little embarrass- mc'it and trouble in my own studies To this wealth of synonymous expression is due also much of the dia- lectical difference we find in the speech of i-elated tribes. Much, for in- stance, of the lexicographical dissimilarily in tfio Kwakiutl and Salish arises from this cause. Since the separation of the Kwakiutl from the Salish, tlio former luive in numberless instances given the preference to one of these synonymous terms, the latter to another. Like ourselves these stocks have two common forms, for instance, by which they indicate thirst ' Viile " Dene LiinguaKCM," TraiiMictioiis of Canadian Institute. Vol. I., Fnrt II. p. 181. 1801. - Quoted l)y Whitney in his " Life and Growth of LanguuKes," p. fW 194 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA in themselves. They say inditterently " I am thirsty " or " I am dry." Again, I was puzzled onedaj^to find that the vei'b "to give" in two closely related divisions was entirely ditlerent. Upon inquiry I learnt that one was not the verb " to give" at all but a synonymous expression and i-eally meant "hand over" — ''Give me that food," and "hand over that food " is in effect the same. If we take the word for " beaver " we find no less than throe synonymous terms in use among the Salish for this animal. The Ntlakapamuq gave mo the form qkopa which is a ci)mpound of the words qtlukt and ahupa meaning respectively " wide " and " tail." In other vocabularies of this tribe I find the term snooya or sheniiya. Upon inquiry I find this latter term has a variety of meanings. Its primary sense is '• treasure " or " wealth " or " riches." Beavci akins were in old fur-trading days a standard of value, hence beaver-skins are " riches" or " treasure," and hence the application of the terra to the living animal. The third term skelo seems to have been superceded in this tribe bj"^ the other two, and yet skelo is clearly the original term as it is common to most of the Salish divisions and to one, at least, of the Kwakiutl. In- stances of a like kind could be multiplied by scores. But groat as are the changes vrought in the vocabulary in this way, still greater and wider ones spring, as I have said, from the particularizing power of the nouns or name words. In a typical American tongue there are few name words that are simply denotive as most of ours are ; they are generally conno- tive, descriptive or predicative. In the British Columbia tongues with the exception of the Ddn6 nnd to a loss extent the Kutonaqu, this is not a marked feature ; and even in these two it is clearly not an original, na- tive characteristic but one acquired since their advent and seltloiuontin this country for ijy far the greater number of thoir nouns are denotive in character. Even in the D^nc which is second only to the l.ighly-complex Algonkin in its incorporative ]>rocosses, four-fifths of its name words are either monosyllabic in form and of simple import, or are simple compounds of these in juxtaposition. K.\amplos of this descriptive class of nouns may be seen mi the following: "Iron" by s:)me of the 1)4\\6 tribes is called satson meaning literally "beaver-dung"; by othocs it is termed iT:tsi=" beai'-dung." One tribe of the Salish knows it under the com- pound su'«7<;wit^//e//i=" hard thing." "Kavon" is called Ivy some of the l)4n6 ' Xtlakapamuq is the same tcm as that applied to "doer." One division of the DcUfS says for "log" /.■/ie'-fcen= "'feet-handle.'' For "prairie" one tribe .says "gras.s-on," an- other "graas-country. ' "Moon" among many tribes is oxpros<;ed by a synthesis moaning "night-its-sun." The Tliugits express the idea of "yellow" hy kyetUiotleyujuate which literally means " tlog-duiig-color." Lhill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA. 198 Wolf among one tribe of the Siilish is t(ittciolmiq=" pcople-of-lho-woodH " ; other tribes express it by different syntheses; '• Salt " among the llaida is known under the term tan(ja(jaija=^^ dry-sea.' "Island" among the Tsimshiun is called /e/i:sda=" sitting-alone." " Beaver" in one tribe of the D6b6 alone is known under four different names according to its age. There is the generic teim tsa, but when the creature is under two yeai*8 it is called tsa-tsel ; later it is known by the term khoq, each of which is descriptive of some quality or characteristic ; and when it reaches three years its name is changed again to uetqol'il which signifies that it is of raating-age. Among the Algonkin in one tribe the beaver is called by a term which means " feller-of-ti-ees," in another " he-that-pops his-head- out-of the-water," signifying thereby that he is an air-breathing, water animal. The following will serve for examples of the prcdioiive class; " Plough '' in Ddni! is thus rendered pc-yoen-oelqoel, which literally means " with-carth-one-cleaves." "Seat" is u-kicoettsoezta=^' it-on-onc-sits." Horse is known to some ti'ibes as " the-beastwhose-hoofs-are-solid," to others as " the-dog-that-carries," to a third as '• the-beast-that-carries-a- living-burden-on-its-back " ; othei*s know it again under the descriptive forms of "the-wonderful-domestic-animal," the '-elk-dog," "the domestic elk," and so forth. Some of the Algonkin say for '• bed " nibagau=" used- for-sleeping " : and a " hand-saw " they call kishfdbo-}iqan=^' used-for-cnt- ting-crosswise." An extreme instance of these compound forms is seen in the following which was recorded by the Eev. E. Mayhew, preacher for some time among the Indians on Martha's Vineyard : " Xup'jnihk-nuh-tO' pe-pe-naiiwut-chut-ehuh-quo-ka-neh-cha-e niunu-7nun-no nok " and which means in English " Our-well-skilled mirror-makers." It is unnecessary to multiply these examples ; sufficient have been given to make it very clear that words formed on this principle must necessarily give rise to an indefinite number of dissimilar forms and sooa bring about wide lexicographical differentiation in tiie speech of the dif- ferent divisions of a stock, particularly when the fancy of the speaker is allowed such free play as in the formation of some of the examples given above. In a language that has to describe an object in ord-jr to name it there is scope enough lo eH'ect two-thirds at least of all the dissimilarities found to-day in the vocabularies of our 1(!0 stocks, which 1 venture to predict will be reduced to less than half that number when comparisons are instituted on the lines herein suggested. But there is yet another source of lexical difte>"enco to mention which has perhaps played as important a part in the diflercntiation of dialects if not of stocks as those already noted. In hwigutiges like the American where incorporation gives rise to words of from two to twenty or more syllables speech would soon become impossible if fusion and contraction were not perforce resorted to. Syncope steps in and reduces these pon- Sec. II., 1808. 13. ' 196 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 i derous polysyntheses into moro convenient forms. Shortening of words by the elimination of vowels is a common foature in the Ileillsuk* division of the Kwakiutl, indeed it constitutes the chief ditt'erence to be found in the dialects of this stock, as for example qk'iwi from qak'um ; k' ks from kayoks, which again is a contraction from kalo-kish. But elimination is not confined to vowels alone. We find tl'eqsioala contracted into th'sela ; matlmatem mio pat fetii ; ijoakelaioq into qoandlaq. Again, if we take the phrase eki-(/-ki-kame which signifies in English " he is a good chief" and subject it to a close analysis we find that syncope has been severely at work here also. " Ek "=good, •' i " is the remnant of a ])nmitive verb of being whose full form is lost, "g " stands for the demonstrative pronoun "this" whose uncontracted form is " (/((i(/(i=" beaver,'' and numerous other in- stances might be cited if it were necessary. Yet one other source of trouble to the investigator who would insti- tute comparisons between different vocabularies remains to be mentioned. Many of our Indian tongues — the Salish is one — form the plural of many of their intransitive verbs from a totally difteiont stem from that from which the singular is derive^l ; and frequently when u comparison of the singular shows no affinity whatever it is readily discovered in the plural ; but when but one of these has been recorded, as is f'roquontly the case, it is easy to see that the comparative philologist will bo embarrassed and perhaps led astray. It is commonly claimed by classic philologists that the numerals of a tongue are amongst the most constant elements of a language and consti- tute with the pronominal one of the best and surest tests of affinity. This is an idea derived fron\ a comparison of the speech of a group of related tongues like the Aryan family, the members of which had long lived together and unified their language before separation took place. It does does- not hold good even of such closely related stocks as the Malayo- Polynesian in which only the lirst five numerals ai-e common to each divi- sion, and the jironominal elements as diverse as they well can be. And in such uncultivated tongues as the American where such la ' :de in name formation is permissible ought we to expect to find nnicli similarity? Even within the same stock the numerals are ol'ten wholly dissimilar in [lULt-TOur] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 197 Ml form and meaning. And the reason of" this is not far to seek ; the ideas are dittbrently oxpi-esscd. Amonj^ some Indians "one" signifies " a small thing " ; among others " a beginning," and with those who count upon the little finger firet, " the little one," " the youngest " ; in another it sig- nifies "undivided" ; in another "alone" ; and yet again in another the word for " thumb " and " one " are identical terms. " Throe " means with some the '• middle finger " ; with othera " the longe.st finger." \c. " Five " = "the hand," *• the closed fist," or "all." "Six" is sometimes " five- one," at others "one more,"' &e. Nino is variously expressed as "one left," " one less than," " one wanting," and so on. I need hainlly remark that lexical sameness is impossible under these circumstances. I have spoken hitherto in the main of the causes which bring about lexicographical discrepancies in our native tongues; it remains to add a few words on the causes of morphological differences, a point on which British Columbia stocks are competent to otter valuable suggestions, dif- fering as most of them do from characteristic eastern stocks. Every year as our knowledge of the speech of the various aboriginal tribes that now people this continent increases, we are learning more and more how faulty and inapplicable was the hasty generalization that the American tongues are morphologically one. There is but one feature that can be said with any approach to truth, to be shared by the most of them and that in a very variable degree, and that is the tendency to jiolysyn- theticism, and in some even this connecting link as I have said is want- ing. Still regarding this as the distinguishing characteristic of American speech, the one element in common that unifies to a certain extent groups of otherwise wholly dissimilar tongues and alone justifies the term " American Family," it is not surprising that this peculiar and wide- spread principle should be the cause of much of the morphological change which has been effected in the language of those stocks whose radicals incotiteatably show them to be of Oceanic or Asian origin. Just as the analytical tendency in the modern representatives of the Aryan f"ainily would undoubtedly infiuence and modify the morphology of any language brought into contact with it so has the opposite tendency of the primordial speech of" America iiiflueiicod and modified all later stocks that have come within the sphere of its influence. As already stated this tendency to polysyntheticism is found in a very variable de- gree in British Columbia tongues. It is truly characteristic of ona only, the D4i\6. This stock is undoubtedly the oldest in the province, and pos- sibly on the whole coast. It has apparently been displaced and driven to its piesent quarters by more recent and more warlike trii)es. Evidence is not wanting in support of this view. First, we have that from their com- plex language which display.-', like their eastern neighbours the Algonkins, a marked preference f"or incorporalive forms, although as Fathers Morice and Petitot have both ]>ointod out there are not wanting traces of an 198 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA earlier and simpler syntax, and the monosyllabic form of their radicals, together with other remarkable similaritiei), stamp it as belonging origi- nally to the monosyllabic family of Jilastern Asia. And secondly there is the evidence from their present peculiar geogra- phical position. This stock is now divided into two great divisions, a north- ern and asouthern, between which are found, at irregular intervals, several smaller intervening groups of the same people. This, it seems to me, ])oints to a time when the D^ne race occupied the whole littoral between Mexico and Alaska. A glance at Major Powell's Linguistic Chart of the native races of North America will show that the other tribes lie like a wedge be- tween the northern and southern division, the smaller Don4 groups being scattered throughout the western portion of this wedge. Our knowledge of the character of the present D^n^ tribes of British Columbia entirely precludes us from entertaining the belief that thisdivision was effected by a volu;itary separation or migration. It is quite certain that no body of D6n6 since they have been known to us possessed the requisite qualities to force their waj- south, to the position occupied by their congenei-s in the United States ; and though it may be urged against this that the Ilupa bands in California held all the neighbouring tribes tributary to them ; and that the Apache have established a record for bravery and fortitude second to none in the country ; j-et these admitted moral ditt'erences in the southern divisions are due not so mn'-.h, I am disposed to think, to an original superiority and valour in the migrants as to the difl'erent condi- l ons of their southern existence ; and in this resjject these southern groups form u most interesting example of the changes which environ- ment can effect in a race or pcojtle. Cut off and separated from tLeir northern brethi-en by the intrusion of alier .. J warlike hoi-des from Oceania, surrounded on all sides by hostile neighbours, it was a case of fight or be exterminated. Life under such conditions could end in but one of two results, extermination or the development and engendering of just those qualities which now characterize the southern Dene and ditter- entiato them so markedly from their pusillanimous northern brethren. And while the advent of the great Shoshonean stock, whether from the west or from the southeast, doubtless completed the separation and pressed the D^iic farther south, the Salish entering by the Fraser jiushed the northern branch still farther north and east and so nuide the separa- tion fiijal and complete. That the separation was forced and of remote date is clear from the fact that neither division has any knowledge of the existence of the other, which would scarcely be the case if the southern Dene had voluntarily migrated from the north ; and that the separation took place from the north and not from the south is eqiially clear from a tradition among some of the eastern l)6ii6 (according to Father Morice) that the days were formerly exceedingly short, so short, indeed, that sewing the edge of a T [hill-tout] oceanic origin OFT; . VAKIUTL-NOOTKA 199 muskrat skin was all that one woman couki do between sunrise and sunset. This tradition undoubtedly points to a former residence in the extreme north, and marks at the same time the line of migration traversed by the race; in which sense it is wholly in keeping with the evidence from their language, which, as I have remarked before, possesses undoubted Asian affinities. Regarding then the gre:it D^nt^ stock as the original occupiei-s of the northwest littoral, we can see that the settlement of this i-egion with Oceanic hoi"des could not have been etl'cctcd witht)ut considerable admix- ture of stocks and consequent corruption of languages. The coast tribes have been slave holders from time immemorial. Many of the D^n^ would have been pressed into servitude by the more warlike and energetic immigrants Just as were the Hritons in I'ngland by the Saxon and Angles. Their women would have been taken for wives, and the residt of this union would be that the ottsjiring would speak a tongue which was neither the father's nor the mother's, but an odd fortuitous mixture of each and nowhere alike in any two centres. From this broken speech theie would grow up in the course of a genera- tion or two just such languages as the Kwakiutl-Nootka and other north- ern stocks where the morphology inclines to one familj' and the lexico- gi-aphy to another. In the case of the wide-spread Salish body they came apparently in greater numbers and with intent to settle, their womankind in all probability accompanying them, for we tind less disorder in their speech, both morphology and lexicography agreeing substantially with that of the Malayo-Polynesian. The advent of other and possibly later bodies of immigrants with, it may be, considerable intervals of time be- tween them — for the islands of the Pacific were not settled in a day— com- ing from different centres and speaking very probably different dialects, would result in a new admixture of blood and a further disruption of speech, which in coureo of time would give rise to just that diversity of language we find prevailing among the native population of this coast. That the sjieech of two stocks on this coast had its origin in this way is certain as I shall show in this paper ; that the speech of their immediate neighbours to the north and south has been much modified by the same cause is equally certain ; and that the speech of many other stocks on this coast will bo found, on further inquiry on the lines I have suggested, to have had a similar origin, I regard, from the evidence I have incident- ally gathered, in my work on the northern stocks, to be more than pro- bable. That admixture of the coast tribes with the Pen<$ has taken place as I have supposed, the following citations from Dr. Franz Boas's report to the British Association on the physical characteristics of the northwest tribes of Canada makes indubitably clear. We learn from him that two distinct physical types are found here, one which he regards as the Coast Indian V 200 ROYAL SOCIETY OK CANADA type and which I would call the Oceanic, and the other, as the h6i\4. He writes thus: "Two maxima of frequency occur, while cases between the two niaxinui are quite rare The primary maximum of tiie Bilqula [tiie nortliernmost division of the Salish] iigrees very closely with that of the Oregonian Tinneh [more properly Dene] while it will be seen that the secondary maximum coincides very nearly with the nutximum of the first grouj) embracing the northern tribes and those of Vancouver Island. The resemhhinec of the two maxima of fnquency to the types of the Coast Indians and of the Tinneh is very far-reachimj The explanation of these phenomena must be sought for in the mixture of the two types of people.^ .... We know that a mixture of these two people has taken place among the Bilqula Among the 13il- qula, in Washington and throughout Oregon we find a type })resent of a stature ranging from 1(16 to 172 cm. with a cejtlialic index of from 84 to 87, and a facial index of from 83 to Sti. Among the Jiilquia and in Ore- gon this is the prevailing type while in Washington it is of secondary importance. In these regions Tinneh are the main mass of the population. They were present in Washington and form a considerable element among the Bilqula. Therefore it must be assumed that this type represents the Tenneh, .... It is worth mentioning that the Tlingit of Alaska, who have intercourse with the Tinneh appear also taller and more brachj'cephalic." •' Given the conditions 1 suppose, a primitive stock already in possession of the soil and successive invasions and .settlements of Oceanic hordes such as we know were navigating the waters of the Pacitic in the early cen- turies I'f our era ; intercourse and admixture of these in marriage, with the consequent and inevitable break-up of the original speech of both peoples in the mouths of their ottspnng; the springing uj) of new and distinct forms in each centre, coupUni with the tendencies to divergence and change which wo have seen characterize American speech ; and wo have a cause more than sufficient to originate the Hit slocks now found on this coast. And as if to contirm this view a modern instance of the birth of a new language under similar conditions has recently been brought to notice. The occupation of Mount Mlanji in Central Africa and the build- ing of Fort Lister which was garrisoneil by Sikh soldiers from India gave rise to "a most extraordinary language, being a mixture of Hindustani, Swahili, Yao and Chinyanja. It is one of the newest languages on earth, it cannot be more than a year old, but it is well understood by the|)eople. The vocabulary is limited and as for the grammar it is yet unformed, but I am confident that shoiild the soldiers remain in this country another five years the philologist will be delighted to stmly Indo-African lan- guages of the future and to trace their origin and the marvellous words ■ The italics are mine. s Vide Seventh Report of the B, A. A. S. on the Northwest Trilies of Canada. 1W)1. T [hiix-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 20 1 composing them." '' The opinion of this writer is fully justified by the development of u si miiiir speech in this part of the world whose origin and history is well known, viz., the Chinook jargon. This speech whit.-h had its rise at the end of the last century in the exigencies of the fur-trade is now the common medium of communication between the ditiercnt stocks themselves as well as between traders and missionaries and Indians. It is a conglomerate of terms taken from half a score or more ditVerent lan- guages imposed on a native Chinook basis with a syntax of simple juxta- position. But just as out of this hodge-podge, this " blind conl'usion " of haphazard terms that con.stitute the Chinook vocabulary, we can trace the origin of most of the words onipioyeil in it, so, I contend, when the syntheses which disguise the origin of the languages of the American In- dians, are i-esolved into their primaries or radicals and due allowance is made for ditVerences of pronunciation, for the difference of sensibility in the eai's of vocabulary collectors, and for the dillerences caused by the permutation of letters, wo can trace the origin of many of these languages themselves. And this 1 unhesitating!}' affirm, from the result of my own investigatiims, is the only way in which the origin of the slocks of this country will ever be discovered. While the genius of American speech incorporates its primitive elements into ponderous syntheses and thus etiectually disguises them, while noun, adjective, adverb, and preposition are subject to (if.njugation and pai-take of the character of the verb, while ever}' word is more or loss a sentence in itself a comparison based on gram- matical likeness alone can only result, as it so often has, in disappointment and waste of labour. I am not alone in thus regarding the study of American tongues. The late 11. Hale, whose wide knowleilge and ripe experience in mattei-s philological entitle his judgments to the highest consideration, held the same opinion ; and Mr. J. II. Trumbull in one of the most profound and suggestive papers ever published on the stiuly of Indian languages has enunciated like views. His extensive and critical knowledgeof one of our most important and typical stocks, the Algonkin, gives his opinions great weight. He writes in this connection thus : '■ To single out and fix the primaiy meanings of the verbal roots should be the ultimate aim in the study of every Indian tongue. ... What excessive synthesis has done searching analj'sis must undo To determine and classify the primary verhs in any one language would Ije to bring a larger contri- bution to linguistic science than has often been made by students of the American tongues ; back of tliese verbs and of the primary demonstra- tives are the ultimate roots. These may not now be, possibly they never will Ih), attainable But if onler is ever to be brought out of this blind confusion — if any satisfactory dassitication of the hunilreds of '•^ ThiH sUitcinent appeared in the London Times about two years ago which paper quoted it from an article in the liritiah Central African Gazette. I I 202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i Ife ! I i' languages ami dialects now so loosely grouped is to l)o established, if the genetic relation of one of these to another is to be demonstrated even in those cases where, on grounds independent of language, the probability of such relation is greatest — analysis must Hi-st do its work, until, at last, it shall have determined and classiHod the earlier traceable constituents of speech, thougl ompolled to stop short of the discovery of ultimate roots." ' And such words as these can bo applied to the study and comparison of . - lerican stocks among themselves, which arc regarded by some authorities as morphologically' one, assuredly such a system ot com- parison will be doubly necessar}' when American stocks are compared with those of other parts of the world. In the comparisons here instituted I have chosen purposely those words only of sim])le import such as are common to all languages the world over. The limitations im|)Osod upon mo in this short jiaper have made it neccssaiy to restrict the number of words or radicals offered ; but sufficient have been given to ])lace the question of an (Jceanic origin for the ancestors of the Salish and Kwakiutl-Nootka beyoiul all doubi. It will be observed that the compound forms are often purer than the inde- pendent forms which are frequently derived from a totally diffei-ent root. It Avill also be seen that where the Kwakiutl-Nootka terms differ from the Salish, cognate or s3'nonymous terms are usually employed, and I doubt not that if our vocabularies were moi-e comprehensive and our knowledge of the languages greater we could find cori-esi^nding forms where they are now lacking. The interchange of lettore is very wide and seems almost to cover the whole alphabet though I do not despair of discovering later some law of permutation at the bottom of this seeming confusion. For the present I must say of our Columbian stocks what Tregear has said of the extra- Polynesian, "no attempt has 3'et been sc^nously made to arrange their multitudinous diversity." There are certain well-marked interchanges aa in the Oceanic groups, but these cover only a comparatively small num- ber of the permutations which take place even within the dialects of the same stock. Before a comprehensive law can be formulated we must have full and com])lete vocabularies from all the divisions of all the stocks, and this at present we do not possess. With regartl to the authorities for the terms herein compared I am indebted for my Oceanic material to Walace's list of Malayan terms as given in the 10th edition of his*' The Malay Archipelago " ; to Fornander's *'The Polynesian Race," and to Tregear's monumental work " The Maori Comparative Dictionary," without which latter my task would have been well-nigh in8ui)erable. For my British Columbian terms I have drawn from Dawson and Tolmie's Comparative Vocabularies; from the Reports of the B. A. A. S. on the Northwest Tribes of Canada ; from Hall's • Vide Essiiy by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, Trans. Am. Phil. Assoc. 1860-70. [HiLL-TOLT] ocp:anic origin of the kwakiutl-xootka 2oa Gmmnmr on tlie Kwakivitl ; from Dawson's voeabnlniy of same ; and from notes and vo(.'al)uliirieH collected with consideval)le care by myself. To bring out the full force of the evidence of aftinily in the stocks com- pared I have considered it well to give a fairlj' comprehensive list of the terms and radicals selected for conipa Ison in both Oceanic and Columbian stocks. In the Columbian I have given all that I have been able to possess myself of With the exception of the Niskwalli dialect i am at pix^sent un- able to otter any Salish terms found in the divisions of this body south of British Columbia. Some thirty ditt'erent tribes are, however, i-epresented. Under '' Sumas,'' the J'raser River tribe I am most familiar with. I have lumped the other twentj' or .so divisions found below Spuzzum. the divid- ing lino of the Fraser tribes. The dialects of those below this line differ but slightl}- one fi-om the other. In the tribes above Spuzzum the dialec- tical differences are so great that they cannot hold con vei-se with those Ijelow ; and in the old day the two divisions were frequently at war with one another. The Oceanic material in my ])osses8ion was too extensive to compare in full ; I have, therefore, confined my selections to concurrent forms only, ]>urposely omitting the divergent ones. This fact must be borne in mind in judging of the affinities; for a large number of the omitted forms diverge from the typical Polynesian more widely than do the Columbian terms themselves. It is necessary to lemember this that the full force of the relationship may bo seen. After the comparison of each terra I add such notes as seem to me necessary to bring out the cor- res]>ondences, but I have made these as brief as possible. OCHANIC. Mata, Moor^. Maka, Ilanaivm Maku, Santa Cruz Muka, Mitlaij Muclia, Tagil Uwaka Morella Mati*l>a, Nicoliar Rae-mata, Mangaremn Mata, Fiji, Yfuhel, Florida, ix., ifr Maf, Rotumu Matinotin, Ttor Ulmmo, Cnjili Wamo, Camarian Kowniea-Jawbone, Afaiigareran 'Auvae =* cliin, Samoan Kouahe =* clieek, Totigan Kouvae =« oliin, M'xrquetan Kauwae " Maori Uwa == face, Lariki Auae = part of lower jaw, Tahitiaii FACE. C0LUMBI.\X. Kn.kumae Kow-komai in synthesis = umae c. f. aumae, umae = cheek iKtrakiutl Iv, Itlhloolli Hitlotl, in sj'n. — ntl=uk c f k(j-k6ma '^ mask-for-face J Salish. Muslia, in syn. osh, Bilqula Mooth, " osh, Thatirul Moos, " osli, Sishiatl 6^moos, " osh, Staktamish Sm(5s ten " osh, Pmtlatch Tsaa-tsus, Sinahomish Sa-tsos, in syn. OS, Squamish St'kosh = side-face, Humat, Ac, &c Sk'-loos, in syn. osh, Okanakan Skt-lush, •' osh, yUakajiamuq Shku-tlos, " osh, Lillooct c. f. Meka-(lqt8atl) = tongue, Sqv/vnish ootka fir 204 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA OCBASIC. FACE. Sausii. Aiiwae = chin, IJnumian Matin «= head, Tnhehulis Kanne = jaw, Fimmotiin ^uama == cheek, Snarwimitq Kane = oliin, Maoriori Snala =~ cheek, bumar, A-c, & Jawai =» jaw, Maori Ko-zopae = cheek, Nthkapan Skot-lush =^ 8i(le-race " Ski-thmha =«= face, Slttumip It will bo noticed ihut two distinct roots are umployod in botli groups. I have no doubt tliat timae in ono form or another is found in all the divi- sions of the Saliali. The wonl is not ono of those commonly recorded. Bnt as it is found in tho Ntlakupamuq it will be also found among its noighboui"s the other interior tribes ; and as it is in the Sumas it will be found with slight moditication in all the Fraser tribes below the Ntlaka- pamuq. The Snanaimuq of Vancouver's Island |)os8e8s it also ; so that it is quite safe to assume that it is a form common to all the Salish. The atHnity of this term to the corresponding forms in Polynesia is direct and clear, v, w, p, m, I being common interchanges in Oceanic and Colum- bian stocks alike. The Mata forms will require a little explanation. Throughout the comparisons it will be seen that the isolated fiilqula have preserved many of their Oceanic words in a purer and less modihed form than the other divisions of the Salish. In this instance we see a case in point, the Jfushaof tho Bilqula corresponding with the Mauri or Hawaiian forms as closely* as does the Taijal or the Nicobar. The other Sulish and the Nootka forms are all variants of this as their synthetic forms plainly show. The protix we find in the interior dialects signifies "side." This is clear from the Sumas group and the Ntlakapamuq. " L " or '• tl " is one of the commonest interchanges of " m," only it is necessary to bear in mind that "tl " is also an interchange of "k." Tho difference between these two " tl '"s is scarcely appreciable to a white man's ears, hence the same symbol for tho two sounds. Father Morice is the only investigator who discriminates between these two sounds but his symbols are not con- venient for use. In the prefix for •' tongue" in Squamish wo probabl}' have tho pure form for " face." Its exact meaning in this compound I have been thus far unable to determine. The employment of this term in both Oceanic and Columbian groups in the same way in the following word is I think very suggestive and convincing. EYE. Oceanic. Mata, Maori Maka, Hiucaiian Mata, Samoan Macha, Formom Maso, Malugatty c. f. Mata-ki = a spy, Tongan Matin, Teor Mateo, Dyak Columbian. k'ks, k'uks Kayaks, kaiukash • KwikitUl Ku88i, Kusai in ayn. •ksutl Salish. Kelo-kish in syn. -ot'akos, Bilf/vla Kaawum, Tliailotl I Nootka [iiilwoutJ oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 203 OCBANIC. EYE. 8aU8H. Matan, AlUiago Mata-uiata = to look at, >Samo, Maori Kiiatch, Multqiii, dr. Kaloni, I'tullutcli Kaliiiu, SiKvmimwi Ktiiiim. Sumaii, A-c, itr., Ar. Kaliim, SniigtK Kahidli, yi^kwdlli Ni-kaloon, " Kono~lii = to resemble, &,^:.^ Mnngarfvan Nu-k'-ili)08ii-ten, Nllakapamuq Karo = to look at, Alin Kana = to stare, Mataculu Kilo =» to look at, Unmiiian Kilo »= to look aslant, Tungtin Ilo-ilo = to look at, Snmoan Kelo-pak-niata = eye-lid, Mahty Kero =* to see dimly, Maori Karo-i-te-mata = imperfei lly visible, Mangarenm Mata-kite = a seer, SUwri Kalo = to evade a blow by watching, Ivnnrun Miv"gnrfvan Kalo-fagi = a hidinji-plure, Tongan 'Alo = to conceal, Sumonn Pu-kana = to . e, tkc, Maori Poha = open, Mamjarenni Po-aha = open, a clear passage, Maori Po = to appear, Mangarevan Bo-gi = to squint, Tongan Puki.no-bi = eye, Maori Mata = to see, Tongan in syn -tlusb, Nooka-tlfK)8h-tin, Lillooet in syn. -aloosh, Lillooet (Senuk) tloosb-len, Sluwrhunp Tetin-niodS, Staktamiiih c.f. Kaiii-tla '. DiVkonla = to see, Kirakiutl Du-kwila ) Natsa =« to see, Mootka Sm.isii. to see, Tlaitl. La-mat = to see. Pent. Kunfim = to ste, SikH. La-mat = to see, Sunn, Kuakt = to see, Sqiuim, Kuatch = to see. Mal/u/ui Kunfit «= to see, Soiigm • Wokem = to see, Xtlak. Wfikem = to see. Shir. Waken to see, Okana. "Eye" like "face" is derived from two dirterent roots. In some groups these ure compounded, in otkers only one is employed. With the exception of the Kwakiutl-Xootku the affinities are self-evident. These are interesting as exami)ies of the fusion and contraction I alluded to in the earlier part of this paper. The Hret form given is syncopated almost bej'ond recognition, but the intermediate forms make its restoration quite simple. The i^ilqula who apjtarenth- borrowed it from the Kwakiutl gives us the key. K'ks is really an abbreviation of the synthesis Kalo- Kisha or more ])ropcrly Kulo-masha ; where the "k" has replaced the "m," a not uncommon interchange in British Columbia or in Polynesia. This Kalo masha has its fellow in the Kari-mata of the Sikayanan form for "eye.' The first of the Niskwaili forms Kdlu'sh is a similar com- pound not quite so severely syncopated. When the syntheses of the inte- rior Saiish are resolved wo tind they employ the .same term alike for " eye " and " face," Just us do the Polynesian groups. Their synthetic forms make this quite clear. While tlieir substantive forms of the verb "to see " is the Polynesian viaka pure and simple, with m interchanged for 206 ROYAL 8(K'IKTY OF CANADA w. Till' Nootltii forms luv siin|)ly variiiiits of tlu' Kwakiiitl Kiislid. Tim syntliotic fonnoflho Milqulii imU-itrly tlu' Mf I'.tlyiiesiii with tlio lust ii'ttor of tho A't'/y, tlakos or tlaks having i-liungftl tlu' in'' for i(» oquivalont "1 " or "tl." UcKAN'ia Ihu, Maori Ibii, Samoan, Rotwui, itc Nlaii, Semkf, Airi Ihu, Tahitian. JIuiimian Ibii, Tongon, Mungiinrnn Ishuda, Dufanre Jnlnndt NOSK t'OLUMUIAN. Hu-nmk in ayn. okiiRnil niHkR,'< llu-niuq c.f. oks-tae = ti|i of nose liHi-nsua Hi-iiUaa kna maks « hridgo uf the nose A'ltsu, Nititu ^ in syn. V"' "* = P"!"'' «'"''• (•| iik8=» smell c.f. IIopa-Hlita » witli round point Anahta-lH ^ with small nose or point (is = small) Saush. Maqsu, nUqxUa iMek-Hun, TkiII. " Pent. " Sifh. " Snan. Kmikiull . Sootka Muk-Bun, '' •■ " <• Haumian " Oibana. in syn- aks c. f* Mata-are = the top or oreat of a wave, Tahitian Mnksel, Sumai, lix., <.'n(lont form hIiow- its aftliiity clemrly to tho coininoii l*olyno.siim term, having pivHxeii an -'n" liko the S/i. Shioos, l\nl. Sheiyis, Snan. Smoos, SqiMtm. Tsasiis, Songen Tsataus, Sumar, itc, Ma-knn, Kuunt. Kaw-ma-kun, KtUl. Mo-kel, Sutnas, dr., &c., &c I have placed the words for " Iiead" and " hair" together because in both Oceanic and Cohimbian groups there is a wide interchange of terms. There is less uniformity in both groups in those terms than in the preced- ing ones. This in> the British Columbia dialects is due to the fact that there are separate words for the different parts of the head. As seen in the Salish, " face " and ••head" are frequently expressed by the same terms when sjjoken of generally. In other divisions the form expressive of the top part of the head has beer given. There are also special forms for the back of the head and the crown. Hesides these there are many synonymous exj)resaions. The same holds good of the Polynesian. In Maori alone there are 2U ditferent forms for head only. Uniformity could scarcely be looked for under these circumstances. .Still there is abundant evidence of affinity. It will be seen that the independent form in the Kwakiutl for " hair " is seen in several of the Salish compounds foi' both "hair" and "head." In the mouths of the Sumas group of the Fraser Salish it signifies the upper or top part of the head. It may pos- sibly connect with the Polynesian tei = high, lofty ; oi' witli hei = a garland for the liair, &c., &c. The .synthetic form of the Kwakiutl would appear to be akin to the keh(( or kea of the Mauii. There is no doubt that somuk = "skull '' common to the greater number if not to all of the Sal- ish tribes is related to the itpoko forms of the Polynesians : just as the uluk radical '.n the synthesis '■ ciown-of-the-head " is to the ulit, uruk, uruka forms. As far as the vocabularies show the Tluitlotl are the only Salish who use the utu radical, but this cannot be really the caso. It 'vill pro- bably be Ibund also in the other dialects as well. The Bilqula is ]>robably a variant of it. The interior Salish forms for " head " are clearly con- tracted as the Lillooet synthetic form -uk shows and are the same as the Somuk of the Sumas group. The synthetic form for "hair" -hapc in Kwakiutl is clearly the -kave of Polynesian. Oceanic. TOOTH. COLUMltlAN. Gi gi, Malay Niho, Maori Nifo, Savwan Neihin. Aveityum Ni, nx;!, '^(Uand Ni-c'lii, Bouton Niki, Liang, etc., &c Nuslii, Savo Nitcho, Sikayana Gigi, kyiky in syn. -hsia Tshi-tshi-sli Tclii-ti;ld-tclii Gi-geis, riiall. Yenas, Snan. Yinis, /'(•))(. >■ KuakiuU ^ Nootka Salish. ■*# $ [hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KW> KlUTL-NOOTKA 209 ^ Nootka Oceanic Nissy, Vaiqwmo Lesin, Wahai Gi gi, Salayer, Baju Ngi"";, Menado Nisi, Wayapo Nisi-nen, Massaratty Isi, Sanguir Nikin, Morella Ing, Tidore Nuhsi, Sam c,f. Ngi == to laugh, Maori TOOTH, Salish. Yinia, Skquam. Tsenes, Song. Yelis, Sumas, Ac, itc, , Shew. Hioli, in plural hi-hi-oh, Ntlak. c.f. Ni-em == to laugh, show the teeth, Pent. Yen-em =« to laugh, show the teeth, Snan. The affinities of the two gi-oups as seen in this word are clear and ob- vious and need no pointing out. It may, however, be interesting to note that "d' = "n" in the Niskwalli ; tlic interchange is quite common in this division. We find the same interchange also in Fiji in some words. In the Lillooet we find "r" taking the place of "n" through "I"; and in the neighbouring Okanahan the initial " a " before the dii)hthong is really a softened "r" or "1." A modified "a" frequently interchanges with " 1 " which is not a fully developed letter in the Columbian stocks any more than it is in Polynesian. An instance in jwint will be seen in the Kaawum = Kolum in the Thatlotl for eye as given above, and in the following term for " ear." The three following terms are very interesting in their far-reaching connections. OCBANIC. EAR. COLUMBIAX. Taringa, Maori Besbaya, Trtlia, Tahiluin Pes-bayio in syu. tola, Taliga, Sum. and Tonq. Pispaio in syn. tlala Taia, Motu c.f. Wha-tlala-uiin = I h Talanlia, Guaham Torina, Liang Papai, Tprena, Sapnriui in s] Aliua, riavt Pulipi Karina, .SVni Cristoral Salish. Telina, Morella Koaana, Thatl. Karin, Teor Skuena, Pmt, Tainga, Tagal Kulana, Sifh. Toll, Snlayer and Sunguir Koiieii, Snan. Telinga. SiUu hi. Kolan, Squam. Tiiri, Mauido Kwolum, Song. nalina, A pi, At., Koa, Ntlakap. Ko, Lill., Nisk. Koa, Shew. Shiwutlk, Okana. c.f. Wap = bridge over water, Squam. Sti-pais = raiu, KiUl. RIVER. Awa, Maori Wai, Maori Ava =* a boat-passaize into a lagoon, Sam. Ava =- an entrance to a harbour. Tali. Awa = a harbour, etc., Ilawaiiai Ava = strait, narrows, Marqu, Awa = channel or river, Maoriori, Wai = river, Tidore Wailolun = river, Teluli Weyoh = river, Mysol Welo = water, Teluti Tolun = water, Wahai Wayl = water, Batamurah Gam =«= scum, froth, Mangarnvn Qualo = to swim, Fijian Wa, iu all divisions of Kivak. c.f. Wae = uioiitli of river 0|)ening, channel, Kmtk. Tsaak, Xootka Saush. Anaquoni, Bit. Kuten, Thatl. Stolau, I'ent. Stalo, Sitaii. Staolo, .S't;i/i. Stak, Squam, }i [hili^tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOl'KA 213 to follow Kwakiutl i Nootka jtuim. Oceanic. Sol, My ml, Laut, Malay, Wahai, etc., etc Lautau, Lariki Olat, Cajeli, Wayapo Wolat, Gani Belot, Myml Alu, ^= wave, billow, Tahitian Nolo = sea, Tidore Tasok ^ sea, Gah Hoak ='sea, Ttor Ngara=«= wave, Maori Gain = wave, Samoan, Tongan SEA. Saubh; Kou, Ntlakap. Stuwauh, Lill. Setatkua, Shew. Sha titk, Okano Stoluk, Nisk. Solut, Bilq. Kuotl-ko, Thnti. Kuotl.ko, Pent. Kuotl-ko, Sish. Kuatl-koa, Snan. Kuotlk, Squam. Kokoe, Ntlakap. c.f. Falasku = lake, Ntlakap. Ko\\, Lilt. Kulae = wave, Kwak. Nalu = wave, Haw. Wet damp, moist Ziik zuk, Nllak. Su-su, Samoan Sluk, Sutnas, etc., etc Hu liu, I'ongan Tsa-tsum = damp, Sumai, etc Hu ==mud, Maori Tsu-(kua) =- mud, Kmik. Sail = dew, .Samoon T8U-{kiia-kula) = storm, Ktoak. Hau =»= dew, Tahitian Tsu-uk = water Nootka Au = dew, Rarotonyun The corvespomlences in the above group of " water" radicals are very dear and interesting. It vnW be seen that the Salish forms for river dif- fer from the Kwakiutl and Polynesian, affiliating rather with the extra- Polynesian for "water," "sea," &c. It will also be observed that the Kwakiutl synthetic forms for " water " is the same radical as the prefix in the Salish •' river " forms. The eonvspondences between the " sea " forms is very clo.so ; the Eilqula as usual showing the purest form. The ko radical of the Salish is very likely borrowed from the Dene, which has similar forms. Oceanic. Ahi, Maori. Ai, Rarotongan, Saiu, etc Hai, Rotlo Afi, Samoan Apui Kayan Goifi, Guaham Wha, Bouton Hai, (j'aram Kua-ti, Chamon Ilai, Vaiqveno Apoi, Silonij, Mattt, etc., etc., etc Lap, Mysol (coast) Yap, Myml (interior) FIRE, &c Columbian. Hai-(kala) Kwilta c.f. Hi-uuk= "summer-time," literally " hot season " in syn. koa, niha, hwa _, Inik, in syn. hauk c.f. Kupa = warm Sausii. Deoh, Naih, Bilq. AVlioa-uith, Thatl. Haiuk, Snan. ■Kwakiutl • Nootka "il 214 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA OcBANic. FIRE, &c. Saush. Haiuk, Sumas, etc., etc., etc Yaiotl, in syn. tsap, Squam. Tcu-whap, Okana. Thaikb, Kuuntlin Kwei-ib, Thutl. Oiyap, Ntlakafi. Ruiapi Lill, c.f. Shenk'oiya-nk ^= summer-time, Ntlak. V\'haa-kwila =^ embers, Sunuu, etc Wha-tsep = sparks, astiesi Sumaf, etc Tlk-ap = kettle, Sfiew. Tlk-ap =* kettle, Okana. Ilaiaka =^ kettle, Nllakap, , etc At-bai =* nigbt, Kwakiull Lap or aap ^> sonseti evening, NUak^^p. Lap-it ™= evening, Krvakiutl Tup-shitl = evening, Nootka Rap =^ evening, Lill. Rap == evening. Shew. Kye-laup =*' evening, Okana. Zul-koa :^ hot, Kimkiutl KiVboa =» warm, Ktvakiutl Tl'iipa = warm, Nootka Koas = warm, Thatl., Pent. Koa-koas = warm, Snan. Koa-koas = warm, Matsqui Koa-kus = warm, Sumas, etc., etc., etc Kuas = warm, Squam, Koales =^ warm, Songet Kamp = warm, Lill. Skoata = warm, Shew. Kualt = warm, Okana. KuH-itcb-ip = soot, Matsqui Kua-thipa = soot, Ktvakiutl The main points to observe in the comparison of these " fire " terms aVe the use of the two forms alike in both groups, viz., hai and lap ; anil the striking similarity in the method of employing these radicals to signify "evening" or -sunset. This feature must be regarded as furnishing evi- dence of a high order of a psychical character. It is interesting to note the number of syntheses into which the "lap" radical enters. In the Ntlahapamnij term for " fire" we see a transposition of the two radicals in Mysol for ■ smoke.' The same compound is seen in the Lilong, Matu and other dialects for " fire." Api, Solar, etc., etc Yaf, Teor, etc Ai, Brissi \V. Hao, Camarian Uku, Gani, etc c.f. Hi-bi = sunbeams, Maori Hi = to dawn, Maori Pe-hi = fire stick, Maori Yap hoi ^ smoke, Mysol Asap = smoke, Malay Abi-abi = evening, Maori Afi-afi =^ evening, Samoan Ai-ai = evening, Rarotongan Abi-abi = evening, Paumotan, etc. Wha =« nigbt, Salu /«. Horip =« bot, Teor Galap ^" dark, Malay Gilap = to sbine, glitter, Sunda Gelap =^ ashes, Mysol Ap-ai =»= ashes, Wayapa, Cajeli Habu =^ asbes, Malay Orapu =^ ashes, Bouton Abu = ashes, Menado Lavu =K ashes, Amblau Laf tain ^ ashes, Toho, etc [mLL-TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOUTKA 218 OCBANIC. BREAST. COLUMBIA.V. me, Ntlak. etc Mi, etc NtlaLip. Uma, Maori Uma, Tahitian, etc Uma, Marquesan, etc Uma uma, Hawaiian Uma == chest, Samoan Uma, Mavgarevan, etc Uma = shoalders, eta, Tongan Nootka Tsam, taami -i c.f. Uma = infant, i.e., a suck- I KwakitUl ling or breast child J In-uma -. c.f. Ama-shotl = chest |- Umae ^= a nursing mother J Saush. Ums, BUq. e.f. Sk'ma=«=che8t, Bilq. Kumilh, Tthekalig Skubo, Nifk. Skuma, Thatl. Skuma, Songee Sk'ma, Snan. Skuma, Sumas, etc. etc., etc Skeam, Lill. Skaam, Shew. Skaams, Okana, c.f. Kumae = infant, or suckling child, Ntlakap. BELLY, ETC. c.,elc Tiki "= lower part of back, Maori Kona = lower abdomen, Maori Kona := lower abdomen, Tahitian Kona = drunk, abdomen, Tongan 'Ona ^ drunk, abdomen, Samoan Kona =^ drunk, Marquesan 'Ona = drunk, Hawaiian Kona == lower abdomen, Mangarevan Kune kune = to conceive in the womb, Fiji Kaleh = body, Salayer Karoko = bod)', BoxUon Koli =" body, Sulu Is. Tena = body, Malagamy Tina *= body, Maori Anana = body, Lariki Sanawala = body, Awaiya Awah = body, Javan c.f. Opa = a bundle, heap, etc., Maori Opu = belly, Tahitian Poho "= the chest, breast, etc., Maori Poso = heart, Tagal Poso != to pant, Macasmr Puhu = stomach, M€U)ri Pu =-> bunch, etc., Maori Tiki, t'kyae Taikyae in syn. na c.f. Okona = body Taatca in syn..inakae c.f. Body in syn. pa Sausu. Kul, Bilq. Koaoa, Thatl. Kula, Sish. Koala, Snan. Kul, Sqvam. Kula, Songe» Koala, SumaD, etc., etc., etc Skul-tsenenk, Okana. Kuole-t'ki = body, Tshehalis Keihl =-= body, Kull. Wulank, Slifw. Rolain, Lill. Siwonuq == body, Ntlakap. c.f. Opoae ^ chest, Kwakiutl Poa = chest, Kwakiutl Ales = belly in syn., Bilq. Aloa ^= chest in syn., Bilq. J • Kwakiutl Nootka I " 11 216 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Oceanic. BELLY, &0. Salish. Alus = chest, Suma», etc., etc., Alenas = chest, Sish. Anos ' Ano8 Alus ' = Sqam. - cheat, Souges chest, Sheiv. f »= a chief's belly, to be preg- Aloa -j nant, Samoan I the seat of the affections Aro = front, or face of a person, 7'n/ii- Han Alo ^ the abdomen in great person- ages, Tongan Aro = the abdomen in tfreat person- ages, Samoan Alo =» frontier face, breast, belly, etc., Haw, Alo = in the presence of, etc., hotuna Aro »= protection, defence, Malagasy Aro = presence, etc., Mangarexwi Aroga = visage, etc., Paumotan Ao = in front of, Marquenan Aro aro == presence, Rarotongan Alo-fa = love, pity, etc., Samoan Aro-ha == love, affection, etc., Maori Aro-ha = compassion, love, etc., Tahu tian Lo-ha = affection, etc., Haw. Alo-u,d := compassion, Tongan Aka-aroa =^ love, etc., Martfuesan Aro-ha = love, etc., Paumotan, Manga- ian, etc The eovrespondences in this group of terms arc very intorestini; and supply us with valuablo pj^chieal as well as linguistic proof of the cioso relation ol' the two grouits. In lK)th we tiiul the same radical entering alike into ideas of "breast,"' "front," 'love. " "compassion," &c. The purity of the Bilqula and KuUesiielm terms for " love " is very striking. Ales :^ chest, Okana Shotl = chest, Nootka c.f.!al8o, 'Anoaikh = to love, Bilq. Hatl-men = to love, Lill. Anaha-minsh =^ to love, Kull. Yaa-kook = to love, Nootka Hatl = to love, Thatl. Tie = to love, Snan. Atla = to love, Sumag, etc., etc., etc Oceanic. STAR, &C. Columbian. Hoku, Haivaiian Hetu, Marqxufan Etu, Raro-tongan Fetu, Samoan Whetu, Maori Tokun, Teor Toen, Mytol Kohin, Ahtiago Tulin, Cajali c.f. Tahu =K to kindle a light, Maori Tao ™ to kindle a light, Maori Tu'n = to be lighted as a lamp, Tongan Tutu ^ to be lighted as a lamp, Samoan Tohalu '^ a torch, etc., Tongan Tot<">a, tutu in syn. tda Tatus, Nootka • Kivakiutl Salish. Mehme-khtl, Bilq. KuiVsen, Thatl. and Sifh, Kuo-eil, Pent. KcVsen, Squam. Koa-sen, iSnan. Koa-sil, Sumaii, ete., etc., etc Kft-sen, Songet Tsho-sen, N'lk. I hill-tout] OCEANK; ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 217 OCHANIC. Tutu "^ to set on fire, etc., Maori STAR, &C. Saubh. Sku-ko-sont, Shew. Squ-ko-sent, Okana. Koko-shlnat, LiU. Nkoku-shen, Ntlakap. c.f. Sta-tu = light, etc., Sutnat, etc., etc Tutou = light of a lamp, etc., etc., iS'^tiatn, Tatu = light, etc., Snan. Ma-liin = Ma-ban - = moon. Shew. =moon, Shew. For the affinities of the Columbian suf- fix " sen " c.f. the following : Sengi-sengi =*= twi-light, Sam. Senga-vale = to shine dimly, Sam. Sina = white, grey, etc., Tongan Hana-hana = splendour, glory, etc., Tahitian Hana = to glow, Maori Hana =^ brilliant, shining, Mungarevan Hina-po =^ twilight, Mangarevan Thina = torch, lamp, Fiji Sina = white, hoary, Sam. Hina =» moon, glimmering light, Maori Ma-hina = to shine dimly, Maori Ma-hina = the moon, Tongan Ra-hina = day, Javan Sinar = a ray of light, to shine, etc., Malay Sinar-bulau = moonlight, Malay Ina = grey, hoary, Mangaian Ma-sina = the white moon, Samoan Ma-hina = the moon, Hauniian LIGHT, &c. In .some of the ibregoiiig I'olyno.sian terms it will he seen tliat the radi- cul " nia " is a common pretix. We learn from Fornaiuler that •' ma " was the ancient Polynesian word for • moon. ' This radical enters into compounds with the significance of •• light,"' &c., &c., in both Oceanic and Columbian groups. The '• mehme- " of the BHqula is this same radical reduplicated. It occurs frequently in compounds i;i tlie interior Salish. A short com- parison of these will be interesting and profitable. Ma-ra-ma = moon, light, etc., Maori Ma ma =* light, bright, brightly, etc., Ra-ma == a torch, lamp, etc., Maori Ntioiap. Ma-la-ma == moon, lamp, light, Samoan Ma ma =^ light, bright brightly, etc., Ma = clear, pure, etc., Samoan Lill. Ma-ra-ma = moon, Tihitian Ma-qha-ten = moon Ma-la-ma =^ light, Hawaiian literally = instrument of light Ma-hina =»= moon, Hawaiian above, Ntlakap. Ma ma =» fire, to shine, light, etc., Tong. Ma-hin = moon, Sheiv. Ma ama =>= light of day, Marquesan Ma-ma-kun = lighening, Ntiak. Mea-ma =^ moon, Marqttesan Mehme-khtl = star, Bilq. Ma-lana = light, Ne^v Britain Ma-oniunuq = dawn ; literally, light ia Ma-Ia =c light, Kayan coming, Ntlakap. Ma mar =« yellow light, Tagal Ma-mit =* white fish, Shtw. 218 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA OcBANic. LIGHT, d-o. Columbian. Wliaka-ma Ilia => to enlighten, Afaort Ma-ta-wil °» sunrise; literally, light Faka-ina nia =» to lighten, Tongan grows or increases, Suma», etc., etc Ma =* light, Muori La-titl = dawn, Mal»fjui Aina =* anything that gives light, Marq. Mah I onlightan, Ntlakap. Ma-sina =* morn, Sumoan Ma-Ia-ma-Iama => daybreak, Fiji Ma ma-tla =^ white (man), Kivakiutl Ma-ma-tia » white (mam, Nootka Sha-ma=^ white (man), Ntlakap. Sha-ma=«= white (man), LUl. Na sa = day, Nootka Na-la =" day, Ktuakiutl A more intimate knowledge of tho Columbian dialects would, I foel certain, give U8 many more terms in which "ma" enters as a "light" radical. Still the number I have collected makes it perfectly clear that " chance " has no place here. Tho " ma" of British Columbia is as truly Polynesian as the " ma " of Fiji. OCBANIO. Whare, Maori Fale, Samoan Hale, Havmian Are, RaroUmgan Wale, Magindano Vale, Florida, etc HOUSE, Columbian. Lalem, Sunuu, etc., etc., etc Alen, Songes (S)atl, Bilq. Etl in syn., Kwakiutl Lara, Sqvatn. Lalem, Snan. Aya, ThaU. Alal, Nitkwalli SMALL, LITTLE, Etc. Itl-iti =K small, Maori Ma iti iti = a youth, boy, Maori To iti=" little finger, Maori Iti-iti = small, Samoan Iti-iti = small, 7Vi/tt(tan Iki ^= small, Haw. Iti =^ small, Marqu. Iti "= small, Mangar. Tei ti = a child, infant, etc., Mangar. Si si =^ small, Aniwan Kitikia == small, Malag. Iti ki =« small, Eddy Stone b. Chi = small, Malay Ichi ichi =~ small, Temate Ki iti => small. Wahai Ki ki '= small, Fate Kai-kte, BUq. Tei-teia, Thutl. Tlai-thoi, Pent. Kai-qualo, Sish. Ttlai-t8e(mat8), ^Vtan. A kail, Sutnas, etc., etc Atain, Squam, Tei-Teaitl, Songen Kwaiks, Lill. Tci-tca(mat), Okana. ■■ little child ' little children Chi-(mamaet) =- little children, NUakap. c.fthe"mat" formo with the ma aiuk, cancer, etc., Mai —slckntHS, .Stj*/!. and /'oif. Mangurevan Ka-kei = sick, Sima», dc, etc., Emetie — sick, Andtyim Kel-a-kol-am =- weak, Xumas, itc, etc Mait »= ill. Sew Britam DEAD. if v h m = dead, Kita ' die, dead, etc., I'aumol., Motu., Maki Mate etc Pati = death, Java Meci = to die, Lifu Mat ■=- to die, Duke of i'ork h. Mait =- ill, New BriUiin Mat « dead, New lirituin Maclm ^ dead, Fbrmom Ko-mata = dead, Aniimn Maki' =■ dead, liurt, wounded, Hawaiian Mate =™ dead, sick, ill, etc., Maori, Sam., etc Mate •= dead, to lie sick, ill, etc., Mari/a., etc , etc Thlul, KnvkiiUl Tlal, h'nakiatl Tlel, Kmikiutl Kaii, Thatl. Koi, Sith. Kiii, -S'ndti. K'oi, S= to eat, Baliyon. Kamu ^ to taste, Matu Tamu = a guest, Java JAmu = to glut, satiate, Malay Hamu = to eat food of one kind only, Tongan Ama =x to devour, Tahilian Hamu =z gluttonous, Tahitian Amu = to eat, Tahitian Kama ^ food, Maori Kamu >i to eat, Maori In both groups the stem is alike, Ham or its equivalent. Hama = to eat Hama-p-ik =» he eats it Hama-p-dum = dinner hour Haam-ut = crumbs Ham ikul-azi = kitchen Huma-p-un= I eat Ham-iksil-in =^ I cook Hum-ut =x dining companion Kivakiutl [iiiLiyrour] OCEANIC ORKilN OF THK KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 221 OCBANIC. TO COME, Ac. COM'MUIAN. Mari, Malny Mai-ve, limUon Mai-kii, Sdlni/ir Mai, Stilu hi., Oavi, irro La-ik-tsi == to ^o Towliet = to walk Towa = to walk Kasat = to walk latshitl =»= to walk Thakwa =■ come Ya-tsnk = to walk Tla, MkL Kei-sa, Tnhth. Kul. riuttl. Qntl, Sinhiatl Krdem, 0/:nn. = to walk Ku-tsats, SItcir. =«; to leave Kwa-tcliatch. Lill. =^ to leave Kn-sat (pin.), Shev: =» to walk <^ia-sliit, yUiik. =-: to walk KumkitUl [Nootka Mai, .Maori = hither, towards the speaker Mewa, Snan. = to come M&\. Sumonii, Ilaii' = particle denotinu'l'mi , A'jcod/. = to come a'-tion towards the speaker Mai, Nav: = ditto from the speaker Aw he, Maori = to fo round Guawi, Maori =« to go Aiwa, .Ifnori =»= to wander Maeawha, Maori = to wander Kaewa, Maori =« to wander ^lae wa, Maori = to wander Kukewa, Maori = to wander Haere-wai, Maori = to come hither Haere, Maori = verb of motion Aere, Rarotongan == to go or come Ere, Mangari'i'an = to go, etc Aera-uiai, Sikai/ava = "come here" Hele, Haw. =» to move in any way Hele-niai, Han: =» to come or go Mai-ka, f, etc. == to go away Wae, (.V) == foot Nash-awa, yUak. = to go away Waea, ( .V) == weary Tla-litluh, ifiV. = to go away Tsu-ish, Ktdl. = to come Hu-ish, Kull. = to go SaHKh These terms su]i])ly anothov instance of the fundamental unity of the Kwakiut! and Salish. The " kai ' Ibrins of the Kwakiutl are variants 222 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA of the mai of tho Salish and Oceanic groups. But it is in the verb " to walk " that the common forms ai)pear most plainly, kasat, kutsats, kooat- chatch, kusat, quashit are ail variants of the same form. These last four belong to the interior Salish, and are not found in the coast dialects. The interior Salish have from time immemorial been separated from the Kwakiutl by intervening hostile tribes, and could not, therefore, have borrowed the term. Moreover, this is not an isolated instance. Through- out my studies I have perceived that the relations of the two stocks are much more clearly brought out by a comparison with the intei'ior Salish than with the coast Salish who borde*- on them, and with whom they have long been in contact. Br. Boas was himself conscious of this same underlying similarity in lexical forms between the interior Salish and the Kwakiutl, and was puzziHi to account for it, not perceiving its time explication. The mai forms speak for themselves. They arc as nur orous and constant in the Columbian as in the Oceanic groups ; for it must be remembered that under " Suraas, etc., etc.," are included about 20 other '■divisions" or tribes of tl ■ Salish of B. C which, as I have remarked before, speak dialects only slightly differing from its own. NAIL, FINGERS, TOES, HAND, Etc. CrBANlC. Ko-ko-wana, Sulu !»., = finger Limam kokou, Cajeli, == fiuger Leinnati kokoli, Amblaw, =^ flnger Lionawa kuku-alima, fia= big finger Ko-iti, Maori, = little fiuger or toe Ko-roa, Maori, = long linger To, Maoriori = toe, finger Ku ku, Maori, = to nip, grate, etc Ha-kuku, Maori, to scrape Kuku, Savu, = finger-nail Mati-kuku, Mangarevan, =« nai', daw Kuku, Ii^ji, = finger or toe-nail Columbian. Koa-koa-skyanae, = liand, fin- ger Koa-Koa-tsana == hand, finger K(")-na == thumb = big finger Koa-Koa-'sitse = toes Ko-ma-sitse = big toe Tsum-tsum-skyanae = nail Ku-kune = foot In syn. tsana »= hand -Sitae = foot Tshu-tltaha =•= nail Tshu-tetsha = toea Kwi-ku-nikso = iiand In synthesis -nuk =« hand Tsa-tsa-lak-muk-uma = finger Tsa-tsa-tlak-tima "= toes Kho-laka = finger, I.illooet Khu-likoya =» finger Snan. Kho-ankodja =« finger, Pent. Sku-telhsek = finger, BiUiuhi Sku-tlhsetl »= toes, Bilqula Sloakgis = finger, Mutnqvi Lr.hkst = finger, J^tlahtp. Lahlihkst = finger, SIum: Khoa-oa-djisliin = toe.«, Tluitl. Kwakiutl Nootka ScUish [hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIL'TL-NOOTKA 223 Oceanic. NAIL, FINGERS, &c.— Con. Columbian. Kuku, Malay, = claw Kliu-laiko-shin = toes, Pent. Cu(Hi, Pnmpawj, Tugcd, = claw, nail, etc Sku-akst = hand, Lillooet Stu-mkhst = thumb, Okana. Kuku, Tongan, to hold fast in «ie hand, to clench Stu-mqen = toes, Okana. Kuku mo, ror)5ran, = covetous, niggardly Ku-ta-teinodja *= liand, Thall. Ku-teshinoya = hand, Sighiatl Ku ku, Tongan,= to squeeze, tongs, etc Koh-ko-anekat = nail. Shews. Ko-mata-mata, Maori, = toe Kuhk'-ankhst = nail, Okana Go-goli, Javan, = to catdi fish in shal- low water with the hand Kuqk'-anakaa = nail, Lillooet Koa-k'einkst => nail, Ntlakap. 'U 'u, Sumoan, = to grasp, etc Ko-alchis =»= nail, Matsqui Gugu-ba, Motu, = to squeeze with tight fiugers Ko-ku-elchis = nail, claw, etc. Sumas, etc Ko-ku-elithil »= toes, Sumas, etc Kuku-va, Fiji, -= to hold fast Utsu-tlikak = hand, Bilqula Kohi, Tongan, = to claw, etc Sku-tlhsetl = toes, Bilqtda c.f. naka, Maori, = to split, crack Sko-aht = foot, Sliewshivap Aka, Hawaiian, = to he split, knuckle- joints Kho-laikoya = nail. Pent. Ataa, Tahitian, = split, divided, rent Salish asunder Koko-miri, Maori, = to stroke, pat, etc Mai kuku, Maori, =« finger-nails Mai kuku, Paumolan,'^ hoof Mate 'u 'u, Sam., = finger-nails Makiau, Haw., = finger-nails Naku, Maori, = to scratch Naku, Hau:, = to root up Natu, 2\ih., =*= a scratch, etc Ko-niiri, Maori, to rub with the hands Kho-alantsis =« nail, Snav. K'qho-yekoyatch = nail, Sqiutm. Koa-lootsis = nail, Thatl. Ko-ku-elsis == nail, KvKintlin Ko-na = thumb, Bilqula. Ski-laka == thumb, Lillooet Tsku-laka =» thumb, Lillooet Akaa == hand, Lillooet c.f. with Hawiiianand Tahitian, aka, ataa Ko-kae = to divide, separate into parts. Haw. To-toe = to split, divide, etc., Maori Aku, Tong., = to scratch Naku, Marq., = to pinch with the nails Toi = to divide, Mangarevan Kaka, Maori, = to scrape, scratch, etc To-to = foot, Solomon Is. Laka, Macassar, = to divide, separate Laka =^ lines drawn at right angles in a game, Malagatsii Ragap. Aneiti/wi, == divided as fingers and toes Laka laka = dishevelled huir c.f. Koe = to divide oH", to separate, //u- ■iiuiian 224 ROYAL COCIETY OF CANADA It will bo observed that both Oceanic and Columbian stocks alike link the terra for " hand " with the radicals expressive of " fingers " or "nails." In the Columbian dialects the suffixes in these terms, though they dilter so widely, all signify " hand " or " foot," as the case may be ; and it is instructive to study the dialectical ditt'erences here ottered in the ditterent divisions. The correspondences thr-uguj'u are very striking and full of interest. There is no doubt M<..^- -^ -■ o in the -tsana = hand of the Kwakiutl a variant of the Pob -.csiu;. Cftia; the ho-ko-ioana of the Sulu Islands being pi-actically an identical ibrir.. We see the connecting link be- tween the Nootka and Salish in the lak, hika, &c., forms common to both in the syntheses for hand, &c. This lata, would appear to be connected with the corresponding forms in Polynesian which have a i)riuuuy sen.se of division, separation. Below I give the second i)ersonal pronoun " thou.' It can scarcely bo said to be an example of the othei-s, for although correspondences are not wanting throughout, they are not so constant and obvious as in tiie second personal pronoun. Oceanic. Koe, Maori Tau = thy, Maori Ooe = thou, Hawaiian Oi = ti\ou, Motu Kaaw = thou, Main Kg =« thou, Fiji Akoa, Fiji Kowe, Javan Kow, Pelew Kwe, Milk Sla, Sunda 'Oe, Samoan Oe, Tahutan, Haw , Tong. Koe, Mangarman, Paumolah Akoi, Aniivan A koe, Sikayana c.f. Noku = of mw, Maori No>!ua =«= I. me. KimLiu>l Nokua =«= tlion, '^o-'S"" THOU. THY. (^OLVMBIAN. Khso, 8U-ai>' Kusoyeuso Soua, .- wv.'-., K-"'ilbi Tino, inn, L»in. 'n Nu"". i'enl. iNuaela, Sish. Ten-oua, Snait. Tel-oua, Malsqui Nou, Squam. Kokua, tSohgen Suoa, Lillooil Aoi, Nthihaj:. An-i'... f^huit. Haiium',, Okana. Dug"-. ' • • Noua, i\i. >■!. ua = thy, Lill. No - thy, Bil. Nuela =• thy, Sisli. > Kivakiull Salith As I pointed out ;u the iiitroduttnr}- part of this ))apcr, the numerals ill the American tongues do not att'onl, for the reasons given, a true and positive test of relationship throughout, yet tin- corrospondences 'ii some are too striking to be the result of blind cIkuhi'. I give -1 ntid 10 as .spn cimons. [hill-tout] oceanic ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 22S OCBANIC. FOUR. Columbian, Wha, Maori Mo, mu, Kunkiutl Fa, Samoan Mo, Nootka Malta, Tahitian Mos, Bil. Va, Fiji Mosa, TJiath. Pat, Kayan Hoaena, Pentl. Ampal, Lampong Ho senalae, Sish. Fai, Teluli Hathinis, Snan. Ha, Cajeli Hao tsen'oi, Squam. Salish Fut, Mysol Bas, Asbos, Nisk. Hatsi, Bourgainville Nesala, Songes Ampat, Baju Mus, Ntlakap. Pobits, Yengen Hootein, Lill. Opata. Sulu h. Mos, Shew. Foat, Gah Mos. Okana. Kopa, Sian Fet, Toho Wat, York Is- Oceanic. TEN. Columbian. Pulah, Jarnh OponaJle, na«. Mopuru, Bolang Opanalae, Sish. Polo, Wayatw A|jen, .Snan. Ruluh, liisayaii A|>el, Matsqui, etc Hulii, /?o«i Open, OpoiJeu, Sqxiam. Sapuloh, Malay Apen, 5o»ififp« t Talau = to count, Maori Open-akst, Ntlakap. Tekau = ten, Maori Opn-kst, Shew. Painduk = ten, Yengen Open-klist, Okann. Put-usa, Sevang Ape\, Sumas, etc Padiits, Xink. llevo aeuin in the radical for 4 we see the same forms common to the Kwakiutl and the interior Salish ; in Id it is not so, the Kw.ikiutl be- ing a synthetic form difficult of analysis. Oceanic. Ha = breatli, Maori Han = wind, Maori c.f. Hau-wbeiina = land wind I'nbi = to blow, .Vanpicsan Piihi-puhi =^ to breatlie, Paumolan Hapu = asthma, etc.. Ilauaiian Pukii =^ lunj;s, Maori Pii ==»= to blow, Maori WIND, BREATH, &c. Coi.raiUAN. Yu-(ala) = wind Kwak. Yue = wind, Nootka Shu-bom = wind, NisL Naut == wind, Ntlakap. Smuit =«= wind, FAll, Senaut, = wind, Okana. Pii-ham, Thatl. Pii-ham, I'i-nt. Pu-luim, Sinli. Pulii == tu blow away, Tahitian c.f. Pupuiii = to blow the fire, Tahitian Spu-liam, Sipia Pu = trumpet, eti-., Hauaiian S^plui-ala, Songe!> Pu = trumpet, etc., Marqmfan Spehlo, Matsqui Poaliau = snuall, Maoriori Spuhls, Sumas, itc 226 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA OcBANic. MOUNTAIN, HILL, STONE. Columbian. c.f. Taekai = land, Maori Puke, Maori c.f. Fukai =>: a heap, Maori Pukei =>: mountain, Marquetan Fukid =^ mountain, Bimyan Buke =K hillock, Tongan Toko, teko =>= stone, ifaori Koma => atone, Maori Kamaka ^ stone, Jfaon Mauna =* hill, Havxiiian Mouna =^ hill Marqwmn Maka = stone, rock, Tongan Kikat, Kwak. Takut, r/ia«. Nukie, Kwak, c.f. Skumsh ^ ground, land, Kioak. Tukught = stone, Bil. Thutla ^ stone, Nitk. Sman'k, iSnan. Muksi •= stone, Nootka Muk-wiut, Okana. Smant, Sitli. Smanat, Squam. Smant, Snan. Sk'um, Ntlakap, Sknim, Liil. Tsk'um, Shew. Smalet, Mattqui Smnt, Bil. These terms speak for themselves. We see here again that the isolated Bilqula have kept a pui-er form than their congeners, tukught being but a slightly '*iodified form of the Maori toko and both having the significance of "stone." The nuk- muk- of British Columbia find their counterparts in the Oceanic puk- and buk-, " m " " n " " p " and " b " being in all the groups common interchanges. Whatever doubt may arise concerning the affinities between the Oceanic and Columbian stocks none can exist con- cerning the affinities of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish. We are not surprised to see that the Bilqula and Thatlotl closely resemble the Kwakiutl-Nootka forms ; they are neighboui-s and the latter may well have borrowed from the former. But what of the interior Salish tribes between whom and the Kwakiutl-Nootka no intercourHe since their origi- nal separation has taken place. This correspondence is yet another link in the chain of evidence which indubitably marks the fundamental unity of the two groups. Oceanic. LAND, EARTH, GROUND. Columbian. Taekai, Maori Whenua, Maori Enua, Rarotongan Henua, Marqu, Paumol., etc Fenua, Futuna, Tahilian Fanua, Samoan Honua, Hatvaiian c.f. Tanu = to bury, plant, etc., Maori Tshams, skumsh Takya, tiki a, Kvxik. Tsa'-kumts, Nootka Temuq, Squam. Temuq, Ntlakap. Temaq, LilL, Okana. Temuq, Sumas and a score others Tanguq, Songes [HILL.TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 227 OcEAsia YES. Columbian. Laa, KwakivJl Haa, aha, Nootka Oali, oua, Bilqvla A a, Sqiuim. Ae, eh, Ntlakap, Ae, eh, Lill, A ah, Songex Ae, Matsqui Ell, ae, Sumns and Fraaer River tribes as far as Yale Whae, Xitk, Unae, Kull. Eh, Ida. Yale and Fraser River tribes below Yale NO, NOT. ("OLUMBIAN. > Noolka Ae, J/ijon Ai = probably, Samoan E'oe == yes, Samoan Ae, e = yes, Tahitian Ae = yes, Hawaiian Ae = yes, Mai quesan E = yes, Mavgarevan Eh = yes, Mangarevan E = yes, Maoriuri Ae ^^ yes, Mangaian A »= yes, Rarotongan Eh = yes, Pardo, Nia» la == yes, i'Vji le = yes, Malngasse Nja = yes, Sunda Ina == yes, Maori Ana = yes, J/aori Oceanic. Kaua, Maori Kei, Miori Te, Maori Te, Hawaiian Te, Mangarevan Tai, Tongun Ti, Malagasy Tsi, Malagasfe Mai, Hauniian, = do not I-Kai, Tongun Ai-ta, Tahitian Ai-e, Marquesan Aua, Hawaiian, negative particle Aua = do not, Samoan Auaa, Tahitian Aua, J/((ori Auaka, Maori, = do not Aua, Marquesan Aua, Mangaian Compare tlio /ry=not, of the interior Siilish, in the term ky-(ist=,wt good (Lciven tinder " Had "), with the /n/ or A/ of the Kwaliiutl. In speaking of the negative forms in which " i," or "i" modified is found, Fornander says : " I woukl consider all these different forms as merely dialectical variations of a common original negative whose form was probably ' i ' ; some of the dialects having prefixed a ' t ' or a ' k.' '' ' With this statement before us, it is interesting to note that the Rev. Mi'. Kye, i, hi, ki, aui, Kwak. Wek, i, hi, aui, Anaik, Ky in syn., Okana Ta, ytlakap, Taa, Shen: Taa, Kull. Whas, Lill. Ky- in syn., Shew. Aua, Songes Wha, Nisk. Whaa, Thatl. Owa, Snan. Oua, Kwantlin Mail-ta, Tsheh. Oua, Mutsquin Oua, Sumas and all Fraser River tribes below Y'ale, numbering about 20 ' The I'olynesutn liiici'. Vol. II., p. (i. Sec. II., laif'. l.i. 228 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Hall, for many yeai-s missionary among the Kwakiiitl, writes thus on the Kwakiutl negative : " Correctly speaking, ' i ' is the negative, and the consonants are prefixed when euphonic." ' These negative and atHrmative particles are so striking in their cor- respondences, particularly the former, with its threefold forms of " i," " te " and " oua," that he would be a rash man who would say they are merely fortiutous resemblances. It is not too much to sa}' that if the greater portion of the terms herein compared were submitted to a Poly- nesian scholar, and mixed together without reference to the sourcts from which they were drawn, he would bo wholly unable to determine by in- spection which were Oceanic and which were Columbian. It is impossible to explain these marvellous and far-reaching similarities without admit- ting an Oceanic origin for these Columbian stocks. The data here offered in support of this fact constitutes but a fraction of what I have gathered in my investigations, extendini,' over years, and my own conviction of the relationship existing between the Kwakiutl-Nootka-Salish and the Polynesian arises as much from the cumulative force of the thousand and one little correspondences which are scarcely suscejitible of illuslration in a brief paper like this, as from the more obvious and striking ones given. The morphology of the Salish, 1 may add, is nowhere radically difl'erent from that of the typical Oceanic groups, and at times most remarkable correspondences occur. All the Salish dialects, like those of Polynesia, make use of iiarticles and auxiliary verbs in verbal inflection. Prepo- sitional and conjunctive terms with common use, significance and form abound. The articles and demonstratives show close re.>iemblance, being frequently absolutely identical. The position of the adverb and ad- jective is the same. It is my intention to offer later a ])aper on these structural similarities. I will content myself at this time with call- ing attention to a very interesting feature of the Squamish dialect which I but lately discovered. When any member of this division of the Salish is asked to what sept or familj' he belongs, he answers " ti-Squa- mishan," or " ti-Snoqhan," or " ti-Stamishan," and so on, as the case may be, meaning thereby that he is a member of or belongs to the Squamish, Snoq, or Stamis septs. Now. several of the Oceanic groups employ the same, or a slightly modified prefix, in exactly the same sense. Under " nijati" Tregear writes thus in his Maori comparative dictionary : " A prefix to names of tribes, it signifies 'descendants of or 'from.' Ati'xH also used thus." Thi-s prefix has the same significance in Tahitian, Man- garevan, Manijaian and Pnumotan, as, for example, in Mangarevan, aii- Tane = " descendants of Tane.'' It is impos.sible to considei- the common use of a prefix of this kind without regarding it as a strong link in the chain of evidence of common origin and one wholly bej-ond the work of chance. 1 Tran.s. Royui Soc. Cunada, Section II., Vol. VI., IHHS. [HILL-TOUT] OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KWAKIUTL-NOOTKA 229 In bringing my paper to a close I would like to point out that it is premature, in my opinion, at this stage of our investigations, to attempt to say to which of the Oceanic groups the Columbian stocks under con- sideration belong. I believe it would be whollj' misleading to jump to the conclusion that because the Columbian terms approximate more nearly to the speech of the mixed races of Oceania, rather than to that of the pure Polynesians, they have, therefore, sprung from these. The probability is all the other way. In colour the Kwakiutl-Nootka-Salish - correspond very closely to the Polj-nesians. I have seen members of the Squamish tribe whom I could with difficulty distinguish from some of the Samoans who returned from the Chicago fair this way. and camped at the Squamish village here. There is nothing in the ar ^earance of our Salish tribes here, generally speaking, to make their ki-iship with the Polynesians an improbability as far as colour goes. I have seen dark- hued faces among the inland Salish, but, as a rule, they are lighter than the Italians who sometimes co-habit with them. And the anatomical data given by Wallace agrees substantially with that of the coast Indians given by Dr. Boas. I see, rather, in this approach to similar forms among the e.t:^/- enly " and is the same word as their lani or rangi = "sky," "heaven," etc. One has but to compare this "lani" or [HiLL-TOUTl OCEANIC ORIGIN OF THE KVVAKIUTL-NOOTKA 231 "riingi " with the'- luiii" oi shaut-lnni = day of the Haida, where "lani ' has exactly the .name seiirto, to be thoroughly satisfied of the common ori- gin of these terms. I add a few more : Kem-keiii-ala-otla == Name of a minor deity of the Bxlqvla. Kom-k6m-ki-li-kja =« Name of a minor deity of the Bilqula. Tium-ki-li-kya = Name of a minor deity of the Bil