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t' V 
 
Beht Sucar Industry 
 
 m 
 
 lis Ai>Ai'r.\i;iiJ IN TO Ca.\ai»a 
 
 FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS 
 
 ()liS[:RVAII(i%v AlihHISSED \U 
 
 Messrs. MICHEL IJiFKBVRE & CO. 
 
 Proprielois «j tJu' Beet Sn^^tir Factory at /'■■, t/iir;z'i/l,; Q. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBBRX FT. LAWDICR 
 
 MOX'IKl.Vl, : 
 
 IS!),-, 
 
 J 
 
\ 
 
 Gf.ntlkmex, 
 
 Mo>tki;ai., Jaiuiaiy 28, 1S95. 
 
 Ill the following observations on the JJeci Sugar Industry, I have 
 endeavored to show : 
 
 The vast extent ar.d importance to wl;i(h this industry has 
 auained. 
 
 I he great benefits which have resulted ftoni iis operations to the 
 agricultural and commercial interests of the countries in which it 
 has been establislied in Euroi)e. 
 
 The protective policy by whicli this success has been accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The adaptability of ihe soil and climate of Canada to the pro- 
 duction of fair crops of sugar beets of good sacciiarine quality. 
 
 The very promising prospects for the successful establishment of 
 this industry in Canada, as demonstrated by the results of three 
 successive years of cx[)?riments in sugar beet cultivation in the 
 Province of Ontario, and by this season's experience at your beet 
 sugar factory at Berihierville, in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 i'he necessity of obtaining from the Dominion and Provincial 
 Governments a like measure of protection or aid as that under 
 which the success in Europe was rendered possible of accomi)lish- 
 
 ment. 
 
 1 
 
 remam, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Your obedicr.t servant, 
 
 ROJiKRT H. LAWDKK. 
 
 JVIkssrs. Michel Lefelvre & Ci 
 
 Beet Sugar Manufacturers, etc. 
 
 Montreal 
 
THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The rapid development and expansion of the beet sugar industry 
 
 1) 
 
 tlu; world 
 
 remarkable. Not a great many years a_ 
 was entirely dependent upon canc-growing countries for its supply 
 o( sugar. Now, the greater part of the sujiply is obtained in beet- 
 producing countries. According to the London Economist, the 
 world's production of sugar in 1853 was 1,400,000 tons, of which 
 only 200,000 tons, or one-seventh part, was bt.et sugar. The 
 Commercial Rtconi, London, October 26, 1894, gives the following 
 estimate, by M. Litht, of the world's production for the present 
 rtUd three preceding seasons : — 
 
 Cane sugar, tons, 
 Beel sugar, tons. 
 
 1894-95. 1893-94. 1892-93. 1891-92. 
 3,125,000 3.195.436 2,642,327 2,834.302 
 4,675,000 3-895,309 3,416,816 3.501,920 
 
 7,800,000 7,090,745 6,059,143 6,336,222 
 
 In tlic last 40 years, the i)ro(luction of cane sugar increased 
 r. 925, 000 tons (or 160 per cent.) ; the increase in beet sugar was 
 4,475,000 tons (or twenty-lv>-o fold). 
 
 In the statement from which the above figures are taken, t!;e 
 different countries in which beet sugar was produced in 1894-95 
 are not specitied ; but lor 1S93-94 liie i)r()L'uc'Jon was distributed 
 as follows: — German Empire, 1,225,000 tons; Austria-Hungary, 
 800,000 tons; France, 590,000 tons; Russia, 450,000 ions; 
 I5elgium, 180.000 tons; Holland, 70,000 tons; the balance fioni 
 Sweden, etc. 
 
 Later estimates of the production of beet sugar in Luropc for 
 1894-95 are much higher than that given above. Tlie produciitjii 
 for Germany alone is now estimated at fully 1,700,000 tons, or 25 
 per cent, more than the whole production of the W(jrld in 1853. 
 
 During the last 10 years, the skill and experience acquired have 
 resulted in such improvements and economies in the production of 
 botii beets and cane, and in the manuHicture of sugar, that this 
 
•t 
 
 article, which was formerly considered a costly luxury, has now 
 become one of almost universal necessity, and so cheap as to be 
 within the reach of all the industrial classes. The present consump- 
 tion, either in the United States or in Great Britain, is now larger 
 than the whole world's supply was in 1853. A few years ago, the 
 London Economist showed that in (ireai Britain the wholesale 
 value of the sugar consumed there in 18SS was ^16,500,000 ; 
 wherea'^, in iSSi, the British consumers paid between ;^2o,ooc,oco 
 and ^24,000,000 for 25 per cent, less s'.;gar. The consumption 
 had increased 33J j per cent., while the cost of the increased quan- 
 tity had decreased about 25 per cent. This is equivalent to a 
 reduction of 56 per cent, in the cost per pound, in seven years. 
 
 A few facts specially relating lo the history of the beet suLiar 
 industry will exhibit the wonderful ex|)ansion which it has under- 
 gone, and the processes by which this success has been accom- 
 plished. In 1830, very few factories were in operation; in 1846, 
 loofactoiies had been erected ; in 1880, no less than 1,500 beet 
 sugar factories were in operation in Germany, .-\ustria- Hungary, 
 France, Russia, Belgium and Holland. In more recent years, the 
 industry has been established in Denmark, Sweden, Italy and 
 Bosnia in Europe, and in the United States and Canada. Of late 
 years, the tendency has rather been towards the enlargement of 
 capacity than to the increase in the number of factories. 
 
 As Germany is the largest beet sugar-producing country in the 
 world, and as its Government has always collected full and reliable 
 statistics relative to every branch of beet cultivation and sugar 
 manufacture, all the infoimalion necessary to an intelligent under- 
 standing of the industry can be gathered from these records. The 
 cost of the beets delivered at the factories in Germany constitutes 
 fully 70 per cent, of the whole cost of the raw sugar. Hence, the 
 greater part of any reduction in the cost of sugar must be found 
 eiiher in the lower price paid for the beets, or in their im[)roved 
 quality. The statistics show little, if any, reduction in the prices 
 paid for the beets, so that the reduction in cost of the sugar is 
 mainly due to improvement in quality of the beets, although partly 
 to improved methods of sugar manufacture. The Government 
 returns show that in the manufactu re of each pound of raw sugar^ 
 the quantity of beets worked was : in 1830, 20 pounds; in 1845, 
 16 pounds ; in 1850, 15 pounds ; in 1855, ^4 pounds ; in i86o> 
 
 4 
 
I as now 
 as to be 
 )nsumii- 
 vv larger 
 af^o, the 
 hoksale 
 500,000 ; 
 ,00c, oco 
 umption 
 ed qiian- 
 ;nt to a 
 jars, 
 et suuar 
 IS under- 
 1 accom- 
 in 1S46, 
 500 beet 
 lungary, 
 'ears, the 
 taly and 
 Of late 
 snient of 
 
 ry in the 
 
 reliable 
 
 d sugar 
 
 t under- 
 
 s. The 
 
 nstitvitcs 
 
 ence, t'ne 
 
 je found 
 
 mproved 
 
 e prices 
 
 sugar is 
 
 ;h partly 
 
 ernment 
 
 iw sugar ^ 
 
 in 1845, 
 
 in i86o> 
 
 '-'4 pounds; in the six years 1S71-72 to 187677 11. 82 pounds; 
 ill the six years 1S77-7S to 1SS2-S3. 10.96 pounds ; in the six years 
 1S83-84 to 1SS8-89, 8.66 pounds. Tiie largest yield of sugar was 
 in 1887-S8, when only 7.65 pounds of roots were rcfiuired for each 
 jiound <if sugar, in 1892-93, 8.35 pounds of beets were required. 
 Since 1845, the rcononiy accomplished through improved (piality 
 <jf the beets and better mctiiods of extraction of the sugar iias been 
 >o great, that almost double the quantity of sugar is now obtained 
 Iroin the same weight of beets. 
 
 Mr. Julius Muih. I'nitcd .States (Jonsul at Magdebourg, in a 
 rei)ort to his (Jovernment, dated February 17, 1894, f irnishes the 
 following information as to the reduction in the cost and price of 
 s.igar in (lermany, during ten years (the 100 kilos of beets and 
 sugar in his statement are red. ice J to cwts. of iod lbs.). 
 
 1 88 -'-83. 1S92-93. 
 
 -\verage pric:c of sugar, excluding tax. per 100 lbs. $4.10 $^.93 
 Reduction in juice, 28.6 per cent. 
 
 Average price of sugar bjels, \>cv loo lbs 0.238 0.226 
 
 " cost of manulact.iring do. '" o-i>i9 0.079 
 
 Reduction in (i)>t of beets and manufacturin; 18.') per cent. 
 
 In 1882-S3, 1051 lbs. beeis made 100 lbs. raw sugar, 
 making cost of sugar |)er 100 lbs $3.')6 
 
 In 1892-93, S35 lbs. beets made 100 lbs. raw sug.ir, 
 making cost of sugar per 100 lbs 2.55 
 
 It will be observed that, owing to the large number of factories 
 in proportion to the quantity of beets raised, and the (onsequcnt 
 romi)elition, there was no material reduction in the ])ri(e jiaid to 
 farmers for their roots ; but the cost of manufacturing was reduced 
 nearly one-half. This reduction was accomplished mainly by 
 enlargement of the average (•a])acity of the factories, through which 
 means a large saving in operating expenses was effected. It is 
 also seen that at the lower selling price of sugar in 1892-93, a profit 
 of 38 cents per 100 lbs. was realized in comparison widi a profit of 
 14 cents per 100 lbs. on the higher price in 1882-83. 
 
 In confirmation of Mr. Muth's statements as to cost of beets and 
 manufacturing, the following figures are given from the Deutche 
 
G 
 
 Zackerindurtsiti showing the results of the operations of 15 
 standard factories in Germany, for three years : — 
 
 • ■((St I't' 
 
 Tons (.1' 
 
 Heets 
 
 wiirkeil, 
 
 per c;iniii;iit;ii. 
 
 Tost of 
 |ici- ton. 
 
 Cost of 
 
 Coal 
 
 |ifr toil (if 
 
 1 Scots 
 
 Cost ol 
 
 l.!ilior 
 
 |mt ton of 
 
 ll.'CtS. 
 
 litncoiis 
 
 per ton III 
 
 r.e.ls. 
 
 .M:ur,i- 
 liii't ill- 
 ill^ |ii'i' 
 
 toil 0! 
 
 1!. ■.•!-. 
 
 1890-91. 37,450 
 
 $4.91 
 
 $0.55 
 
 $o.4S 
 
 $0.91 
 
 $1.94 
 
 1891-92. 33.170 
 
 .\.i)i) 
 
 0.51 
 
 C.49 
 
 O.9S 
 
 ..98 
 
 ^ 892 93. 31,567 
 
 ':>--':^ 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.4S 
 
 0.99 
 
 1.97 
 
 The cost of manufaclurino 100 ibs. u\ roots a^ abave is about 9 
 cents as comiiared wiih S cents in Mr. MiUh's statement, and 
 taking 8.35 lb-;, beets per one pound of raw sugar, the cost of loc 
 lbs. sugar is $2.59 as compared with $2.55 I'er Mr Muth's estimate. 
 The average quaiuily of l)ecls manufactured in eoch ':jason in all 
 the factories in Germanv. in above years, was 26,000, 23,000 and 
 24,000 tons per factor} , and the average (piantity worked per day 
 was 26S, 290 and 314 tons; thus indicating a marked tendency 
 towards increase in daily capacit\- of the factories. In the 15 
 standard factories above alluded to, only S27 lbs. beets were 
 required lo make 100 lbs. raw sugar in the season 1S90-91, as 
 compared with average in France for same year, 951 lbs.; and in 
 1891-92,821 ibs, were rccpiired in the 15 factories, as compared 
 with 876 lbs. in France. 
 
 A few figures relating to the imports .nid e\i)orts of sugar into 
 and from (lermany will demonstrate, in some measure, what the beet 
 sugar industry has done for that country. In 1871-72 the imports 
 of raw and refined sugar, syrup and molasses amounted to close 
 upon 60,000 tons : the exports of all kinds of sugar were 14,000 
 tons; the excess of imports over exports being 46,000 tons. The 
 home consuin])tion in 1871-72 was 222,000 tons, and is now 
 estimated at 400,000 ton-, per ann'un. Germany's imports of 
 sugar are now practically *• nil," and its exports for 1894-95 are 
 estimated as likely to reach 1,300,000 tons. The value of the 
 present season's sugar production, at average prices of last few 
 years, would be over 120 million dollars. It is true that this great 
 success has only been rendered possible by a long continued 
 sacrifice of a considerable portion of the public revenue, which has 
 been distributed among the sugar manufacturers, by way of protec- 
 tion against foreign sugar, and by bonus on all the sugar exported. I 
 
[4(000 
 The 
 
 is equally iruo, however, liiit this G")vernm?nf aid his cnihle.l tii .- 
 manufacturers to enl.irp;c their business so g;euly, that tho con <>\ 
 tlie sugar has been largely reduced, an 1 an immense industrv hi> 
 l)een built up in almost every part of tiie Mmpiro, wliich his coUr:- 
 buted, in a greater degree than any other, to its agricultural and 
 eommercial prosperity. The bounty on ex[)orts has been reduced 
 to an insignificant rate, and the sugar nnnuficturers of O'rnnny 
 would be willing iliat it should be ab )lished altoget'ier, if 1'" ranee, 
 Austria. Russia and other countries would consent to a like [jo'iey. 
 
 ADAiM'Ai:ir,rr\ of canadv to thi: RKi:r sijcvr 
 
 INDUS FRY. 
 
 From tlie fvjregoing ubservaiioiis on the re-^ults of tiie operali'jii 
 of this indusUy in (Ijrmany. and from the experience in those por- 
 tions (if ihe Uiiiled States and Canada in which it has been est;il>- 
 lished. it is evideiu that tlie main question for consideration is as 
 to the adaptation of the soil and climate of (..'an ida for the prod :<> 
 tion of sugar beets of sufiicienily good qiality, and at such moder- 
 ate cost, as will enable successful cimpetiiion with other beei- 
 producing countries. 
 
 'I'he Reports of the Departments of Acjriculture at Ottawa and 
 To-()Pto show iliat, during the years iSm;, i8()0 and 1S91, a large 
 number of ex[)eriments were made in the culliv.itioii of sugar beets 
 in different sections of the Province of Ontario. .Average samples 
 of the roots were forwarded to the laboratories at the I'-xperimental 
 Farm at Ottawa, and the Ontario College Farm at Guelph, for ana 
 lysis by the Professors of Chemistry. Among otiier experiments, the 
 Ontario Agricultural Experimental Farm cuUiv.ued one acre of sugar 
 beets in ea* h of these years. In 1SS9, Mr. C. C. James, the Pro- 
 fessor of Ciiemistry, analyzed and reported on 26 samples obtained 
 t^om tin' firm there, and from different parts of the Province; 
 Ml iSoc. he repori'.'d on 117 .samples. In 1891, his suci essor. .Mr. 
 A. v.. Shuttlcworth, analyzed and reported on 32 sam[)le-^. Nearly 
 the whole of the exuense of distributing the seed andcjUecting and 
 analyzing the roots was defrayed from liberal grants of m )iey ob- 
 tained through Hon. Charles Drury and Hon. John Dryden, the 
 preceding and present Ministers of Agriculture for the Province of 
 
 
8 
 
 Oni.irio (.).v,:i,i; to t'le r>.'p(,-al of the <:isioini diUies on siigxrand 
 the coiisjqii.'ni reduciion in price, furth^T efforts,, by way ot experi- 
 inenis in ciihivation, or otii "rwise, tow.ircls tin* eslablislinient of the 
 iinhisiiy in (Jiuario. were MispendcJ. 
 
 Tiij s-veiv.eenth annual report of i.ie Ontario Agricallural Col- 
 li'ue and Jv\periniental Farm contains ;i report by Mr. A. K. Siuit- 
 I'eW'iriii, (iated I)e( ember 31SI, 1891. in whicli (see l>ages 50 to ^^) 
 lie ireats of sugar beets, and gives a su'umary of all tii'^ analyses 
 fur the three years; also, u table showing in detail tiu- results of 
 his analysis of all the samples received liy him in j8(;i. The fol- 
 lowing extracts are taken from this official report : 
 
 ^^ la accordance with a letter dated Ov'tobcr 20, 1891, a number 
 of blank forms were printed and mailed i-i parties who grew sugar 
 lieets this vear. These forms called for information regarding char- 
 actcr of soil, cultivation, yield, etc. Eacii grower filled in a forni 
 •which was returned to us accompanied by hvj average beets. As 
 the samples arrived, the green jiarts on which le.ives grew were 
 carefully trimmed off. the beets were then washed clean and allowed 
 to (by. Afterwards, (;ach sample was accurately weighed, and 
 from t'iic-e weights the average net weight w.ts calculated. Thirty" 
 -i\ samples were received, all in good condiiimi, except two from 
 Walkeiville : these, having been unfortunalclx' overhjoked in the 
 e.\pics> ol'iicc. iiad wilted. 
 
 '' 'J'he seed of this year's growth was distributed in the sjjring by 
 the 1 )epartnicnt of Agriculture, Toronto. It was the same variety 
 as that sent out last year — see Annual Report of 1890, p. 67. The 
 anethod of analysis was the same as in 1 88y and 1 .^90 ; an<l ih ' results 
 are given in the same form. The great value of the analysis of this 
 year is that it confirms the results of previous iinestigation, and 
 enables us to obtain a three years' average. 
 
 '' 'l"he following table gives separately the averages for i.S8(j-qo- 
 9 1, and the average of these three years together. 
 
 N.I. 1)1 
 
 .■■illUllll'!< 
 
 •' Average of results for 1889, 26 
 •' '• '• 1 890, 117 
 
 *' " " iS()i, :,j 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 Averngt' 
 w»'i{»lit. 
 
 Up. OZ. 
 
 .Solidc: ill 
 juici'. 
 
 ill 
 jiiiri-. 
 
 I'lllitV 
 
 of 
 iiiii'C. 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 1S.95 
 
 '4-35 
 
 75-7C 
 
 
 1 4 
 
 17.1J 
 
 JS-.^'"^ 
 
 19-:^- 
 
 
 2 2.8 
 
 I6.7G 
 
 13-53 
 
 «o.35 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 1 13.6 17.61 1 3.8 J 78 46 
 
9 
 
 )-QO- 
 
 'm ilv 
 of 
 nil''*. 
 
 •9-3' 
 50-35 
 
 'S 46 
 
 1 rom 
 1 iIk- 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 ig by 
 
 i 
 
 \riety 
 
 \ 
 
 The 
 
 1 
 
 :'S'ilts 
 
 ■1 
 
 flhis 
 
 1 
 
 , and 
 
 1 
 
 *' Following this table is one giving similar averages of the Ontario 
 Experimental Farm product, comi)aring tluse averages with the 
 Ontario average in whicli the Ontario Experimental I-'arm prcdurl 
 is included. 
 
 "hEETS GKOWN 1!V the ONTARIO EXPERIMENTAL lARM. 
 
 Average for 1SS9, 
 " 1890, 
 " 1S91, 
 
 <( 
 
 No. of 
 sampler 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 Avei'ii^t^ 
 lb, ../. 
 
 Soliils ill 
 ill ice. 
 
 Siiniir 
 ill 
 
 I'nrity 
 1)1 
 
 lllU'f. 
 
 JUnf. 
 
 2 I^ 21.50 18.00 83.70 
 1 0^2 1S.O3 15.08 83.64 
 I 10.7 18. 12 14.94 82.48 
 
 " for 1889, '90, '91, 
 " for Ontario, 1891, 
 
 1 I 2.9 
 
 2 2.8 
 I 10.7 
 I 13.6 
 I 12.9 
 
 19.22 
 16.76 
 18.1 2 
 17,61 
 19.22 
 
 16.01 
 
 13-53 
 14.94 
 
 13.82 
 
 16.01 
 
 83.-^7 
 
 >^o.35 
 
 82.48 
 7S.46 
 83-27 
 
 " for Out. lv\p. Farm, 1891, 
 
 '• for Ontario, 3 years, 
 
 " for Ont. Kx]). Farm, 3 years, 
 
 " Great care to observe the proper methods of cultivation was 
 taken on the Ontario Experimental Farm. As a result, the i)er- 
 centage of sugar in juice and purity of juice are much liigher than 
 the average throughout Ontario. One cause of this marked differ- 
 ence is the pains taken on the Ontario Experimental Farm to grow 
 the roots entirely under ground, and close enough together. 
 
 " Tile analysis of this year's jiroduct sustains the conclusion of 
 forniL-r analysis, that the percentage of sugar in Ontario would, 
 under jiroper cultivation, be as high as in luirope. 
 
 " in suj)])ort of this conclusion, there was a three years' average 
 of 16.01 per cent, sugar in juice, with a purity of 83.27 in the Ont- 
 ario Experimental Farm product, thrown under proper cultivation ; 
 and the Ontario average was 13.53 per cent, in 1S91, airainst 13.58 
 per cent, in 1890, of sugar in juice, with 80.35 '" '891 against 79.32 
 in 1890, purity. 
 
 " In regard to the j-ield per acre, tliLie i^ the same difficulty in 
 obtaining reliable data as previously experienced. Calculations 
 from one or two rows are not satisfactory. The Ontario l^xperi- 
 mental Farm average of 19.9 tons per acre may be ([uoted as a 
 possibility. The lower average for the province is due chiefly to 
 non-compliance with some of the condition.; of cultivation, indicated 
 by large beets and the great amount of green matter on many of 
 the samples received. 
 
10 
 
 " The following table contains a detailed report of the 32 samples 
 from which the above averages were obtained ; and also less relia- 
 ble data regarding the samples received from Waikcrville, Dimn- 
 ville and Monaglian : 
 
 No. 
 
 Grower. 
 
 © 
 
 G. Strolim, Dunnville ... .] ac. 
 Rathbun Co. , Deseronto. . i8| yd. 
 " " lij ac. 
 
 ,V ac, 
 
 (rt 
 
 ac 
 
 R. G. Hicks, Dunnville . . j ,\ 
 D. McKinnon, Stratford. ,'„ " 
 
 6 jS. Furse, (ioderich ,'q " 
 
 7 A. Uuchanan, Goderich. 
 
 8 jWm. Gould, " 
 
 9 jA. C Huycke, Hastings 
 
 10 |j. Stephenson, «' 
 
 11 |S. Beamish, '* 
 
 12 G. Coleman, Oshawa . . . 
 
 13 |J. Linton, " ... 
 
 14 |\V. IT. Conr.i I, " ... 
 
 15 JD. I'ickel, " ... 
 
 16 iD. Hinkson, "• ... 
 
 17 {L. J. Coryell, 
 
 .; " 
 
 o 
 
 Sandy loam. 
 
 Sandy 
 
 Sandy loam . 
 Black loam . 
 Sandy loam . 
 
 Mucky 
 
 Clay loam... 
 
 i '• 
 
 18 J. Drope, Harwood ( \ 
 
 19 W.J.Wcstington, H'wood! I 
 
 20 J. Kennedy, Harwood. ..; ;', 
 
 21 J. Murney, " .. j . . 
 
 22 "G. Farr, " 
 
 23 W. McKinlay, I'lainville. 
 
 24 Jas. Rus.sell, Cobourg . . . 
 
 i.- " 
 
 .1 i 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 3> 
 32 
 J.I 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 i 
 
 25 !l>. Kennedy, I'eterboro'. . 
 
 26 i '^ " . 
 
 27 Geo. North, Marden ... 
 (). v.. Kami, Guelpli . . . 
 U.F.!'. (SileMan l)eets) ..I .^^ 
 U.i:.l-. (Wliite French)..''' 
 
 O. E. 1' . ((ieiman) 
 
 (). E. 1'". (Vilniorin Iniji.) 
 J. W. Taylor, Walkerville 
 W.J. Louiisbrougli, " 
 \V. Hamilton, Uunnville. 
 \V . Kullierford, S. Mon- 
 
 aghan , ... 
 
 ac. 
 << 
 
 (( 
 
 >c 
 
 Sandy 
 
 Sandy loam . 
 Clay loam... 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ,Cliiy , 
 
 Clay loam , 
 
 
 Loam 
 
 Sandy loam, 
 Sand 
 
 s 
 
 189I 
 1890 
 1891 
 189 1 
 1890 
 189I 
 1891 
 
 
 21 
 
 e 
 
 1890 
 1 1890 
 
 Clay loam.. . .[1890 
 Sandy loam ..;.... 
 
 .11891 
 .1889 
 
 1 189 1 
 
 .11 S90 
 
 I1S90 
 
 1890 
 
 1 1890 
 
 ! 1 890 
 
 [1890 
 
 J1S90 
 
 1890 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 18S9 
 
 May 
 I 
 
 30 
 '3 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 6 
 10 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 22 
 
 3" 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 15 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 «5 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 3" 
 
 
 in. 
 20 
 24 
 30 
 30 
 24 
 33 
 33 
 
 30 
 18 
 
 24 
 18 
 24 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 24 
 19 
 iS 
 iS 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 24 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 30 
 20 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 in. 
 6 
 8 
 S 
 8 
 8 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 08 
 
 P 
 
 June 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 30 
 
 I • ■ • 
 
 30 
 
 » • • • 
 
 22 
 I 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 3" 
 30 
 25 
 
 30 
 30 
 3" 
 3" 
 i,S 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 i 
 
II 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 VI 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 June 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 • a • 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 • • • • 
 
 22 
 
 [2 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 8 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • • • • 
 
 12 
 
 
 / 
 6 
 
 • ■ • • 
 
 S 
 
 . . > • 
 
 9 
 
 • • • • 
 
 9 
 
 3" 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 7 ' 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 . . .• 
 
 I 
 
 3<-' 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 I 
 
 3t» 
 
 I 
 
 3(' 
 
 8 
 
 i.S 
 
 S 
 
 «.S 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 -^ 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 X 
 
 4 5 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 5! X 
 
 Tons. 
 4S 
 
 37-4 
 22.5 
 
 II. o 
 
 21 .0 
 
 '5 
 
 — *■ 
 
 Aualysis <>t' juirr. 
 
 y: 
 
 6.0 
 20.0 
 15.0 
 14.4 
 14.8 
 12.0 
 iS.o 
 
 5-0 
 156 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 
 14.4 
 13.2 
 
 14.0 
 
 i4.,S 
 6.(1 
 19.02 
 20.6 
 l6.qo 
 20.7 
 21.3 
 21.3 
 22.0 
 40.0 
 
 lb. 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 I 
 ] 
 I 
 2 
 I 
 I 
 2 
 I 
 
 o/, 
 
 5 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 II 
 
 I 
 12 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 ,■> 
 
 5 
 12 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 I J. 
 S 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 'I 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 1:1 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 i» 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 14 
 
 In- 
 19, 
 {18. 
 
 ;i3' 
 ,16, 
 
 114. 
 
 Hi 
 
 l'3. 
 ;i6 
 116 
 
 Ii6 
 «7 
 13 
 19, 
 19, 
 
 '5 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 «4 
 16 
 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 
 19 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 '4 
 
 78 
 38 
 56 
 79 
 60 
 60 
 10 
 40 
 20 
 o 
 4 
 4 
 .4 
 5 
 ■7 
 ,8 
 -» 
 
 .2 
 
 ■4 
 .0 
 .2 
 
 •J 
 . I 
 
 •3 
 
 . I 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 (leneial appearnnce, etc. 
 
 88. 
 84. 
 
 91 ■ 
 70. 
 
 77' 
 74. 
 84. 
 71. 
 
 75. 
 74. 
 
 77. 
 82. 
 
 83^ 
 
 63 
 
 81, 
 
 8i 
 
 17.. 
 84 
 
 91 
 I84 
 
 IS2 
 
 84 
 
 70 
 
 83 
 81 
 
 85 
 85 
 80 
 84 
 80 
 So 
 
 o 
 
 6 Sharply taperinjj, regular • 1 
 
 8 Regular, clear, tine 2 
 
 4 Short, irregular in shape 3 
 
 9 Short, large and rough 1 4 
 
 2 Large, regular, littlegrcen top, drouth) 5 
 1 Turnip-stiaped, smooth, no green. . ..: b 
 
 , 5 } Regu la r, a tVected by drouth and grul > . 7 
 
 ,7 Large, irregular, rooty, drouthy 8 
 
 ,0 Varying, short, tapering, ilroutliy .... 9 
 
 , 5 Some very large 10 
 
 o Very large and green lop 1 1 
 
 , 2 Rougli , rooty 12 
 
 , 2 Tapering, clear skinned ' 3 
 
 ,9 Short, rough, very gieen on lop ;i4 
 
 .3 Large, Uirni|)-sliaped '15 
 
 .8 Varied, rooty !i6 
 
 , o Varied 1 1 7 
 
 .7 (jood shape, tough ii8 
 
 . I Small, long, pointed, gootl ,19 
 
 .8 Regular, some green top 20 
 
 . ilMediuni, long, [lointed 21 
 
 . 7iSmall, clean, good 22 
 
 . OiClear, tougli 23 
 
 .6 Short, tough, very green in top |24 
 
 .0 Rough, rooty 2,5 
 
 8 Varied , smootli 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 9 61 
 
 o 79 
 
 2 Si 
 
 o 167 
 
 Dull-skinned, green top . . . 
 
 (iood shape, clear 
 
 .9;Long, even, clear-skinned. 
 .4jSniall, tapering, rooty.,.. 
 
 .9 Varied, irregular 
 
 . 7 Rouj^h, rooty 
 
 .4 Medium, fair, \viltc<l . . . , 
 
 .4 Small, ^horl, wilted 
 
 . 2iSinall, smljliy 
 
 .7|Regular, very green top, . , 
 
 3" 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 N\iTi;. — All of tho above liad been rcftili/.ed v\-illi farinyard inan- 
 tiie with llio Ibllowing exceidions: No. 3 received a mixture of 
 farmyard manure and wood ashes; Nos. 25 and 26 a mi.xturc of 
 farmyard manure, ashes and salt : No. S3 I'viceived Uquid manure; 
 and Nos. 8 and 34 had never been manured, being on new land. 
 
12 
 
 The abuve table shows 29 returns as to yield per acre, showing 
 average yield 1S.23 tons; 36 returns showing average weight of 
 beets 2 1-9 lbs. ; r 7.00 per cent, in solids : 13.55 P^''' cent, in sugar ; 
 80.00 jjcr cent, in purity. In receiving beets at a factory, they are 
 subject to dedut lions for dirt and trimming for i)arts unfit for manu- 
 facturing. In 1889, when the analysis was taken, account was kept 
 of ihe gross weight and the trimmed weight, when the tare was found 
 to be a little less than 10 per rent. 
 
 Some of the exjiirements in 1891 were so remarkably successful 
 as to demand special notice, as to suggesting to farmers what ran 
 be accomplished in suitable soil and by proper cultivation. Tables 
 Nos. I, 3, 14, 15, t8, 19, 21, 25, 34 and 35, and the lots grown on 
 the Ontario Experimental Farm, and with an ample supply of such 
 beets, the success (;f any factory would be assured. In many parts 
 of Europe, the greater profit derived from beet cultivaiion has been 
 so much more than from any oil,ercro]>, that too frecjuent ju'oduction 
 of beets- luiS impoverished the soil, so that even with the use of ex- 
 pensive fertilizers, a much loweryield per acre is >/b'.ained than cm 
 be realized in Canadi. In 20 years, the highest average yield in 
 Germany in any one year was 34.4 tons per hectare, ecjual to 1 1.70 
 tons pLM- acre. In 1892-93, the average yield was ii.iGiuis per 
 acre, and the average price paid for ilie beets was $4.97 per ton. 
 TheCrman ton is 2204^2 lb-. Fruni the reports submitted to the 
 Ontario I'^xpctiniental Farm, and from very extensive en(piiries made 
 in numerous stctions of v)ntario on behalf of the Department of 
 Agriciiiture, there seems to be good reasc^n for assuming that from 
 good soil an'.l under projjer cultivation, 15 tons of mercham.able l)eets 
 per acre won d be a moderate estimate of average production. Pro- 
 bably the two s imples in table of analysis of 1891, Xos. 3 and 34, are 
 the most interesting of the whole, as illustrative of two points. 
 They were both cultivated in much the same manner, 30 inches 
 between the rows, S inches between the ])lants ; the average weight 
 of the beets in No. 3, 3 lbs. 8 oz., and in No. 34, i lb. 8 oz. ; the yield 
 per acre in l)olh cases being nearly the same. It is evident that in 
 No. 3, the beets sent for analysis were larger than the average, and 
 in No. 34, smaller; as in the former case, the yield, if no plants 
 missed maturing, would have been about 45 tons, and in the latter 
 case, 20 tons. The peculiarity of both lots is, that beets of such 
 richness in sugar were produced from rows so widely apart is 30 
 
 « 
 
i 
 
 weight 
 lo yield 
 Itliat in 
 le, and 
 
 plants 
 latter 
 
 jf such 
 It IS 30 
 
 ^ 
 
 13 
 
 inches. Lot Xo. 34, ahhou^h riih in sugar, was very deficient in 
 jiurity. which was owing to having been raised on new ground. As 
 to yield i)er acre, a more correct judgment is obtained from the re- 
 sults at the Ontario Experimental Farm. The only other case in 
 which the product of an acre of lieets was ascertained by weighing 
 ^lie entire crop, was in that of Mr. Thomas 1>, Carlaw, Township ot 
 Percy, who, in 1S90, raised an acre of sugar beets from same seed as 
 was distributed in 1S90 and 1S91. The seed was sown on loth May, 
 the roots lifted on 30lh October, the soil, alight clay loam, manured 
 in May with 15 tons barnyard manure; the seed was sown in rows 
 iS inches apart, the ])lanls thinned out to 9 inchfs apart, ihc ground 
 was hoed 4 times, and the roots kept wcii under grouiul. Twenty- 
 five average roots weighed 34) j lb-., and the whole crop weighed 
 26 tons, ]4(;wt. \'ery few of the plants missed. The percentage of 
 sugar was 15.17, purity 83.63. This was a wonderful success, con- 
 sidering thai the land was manured in same season that the seed was 
 hown. Mr. Carlaw is confident that this yield can I)e attained by 
 ])roper cultivation on good soil, and that by manuring ;i. year l)cfore 
 sowing, and proper preparation of the ground, the quality of liie roots 
 can be improved. I'armers may form a reliable estimate of probable 
 yield per acre by the following rule ; take a plot of ons acre S rods 
 by 20 rods. Make the rows 2 feet apart, and thin out tiie plants 
 to 9 inches apart, this would give 29,000 plants per acre, and if 
 average weight of each root ly^ lbs., this would give over 21 'j tons 
 per acre. Allowing for plants that may miss, or be unmerchantable, 
 15 tons per acre appears to be a reliable yield. 
 
 The abo\e table and statements show conclusivel}' that the soil 
 and climate of Ontario are admirably adajjted for the production of 
 sugar beets of superior quality, and that in all the sections of the 
 jirovince, where experiments in cultivation have been made, the suc- 
 cess has been very encouraging. 
 
 COST or CULTIVATING .SUGAR BKKTS. 
 
 Numerous enquiries have ])roduced many estimates. The follow- 
 ing was ol)tained from two of the best farmers in Ontario, who have 
 had extensive experience in root crops : rent and ta.ves per acre, 
 $5.00 ; fall and si)ring ploughing, $5.00 ; harrowing and rolling, 
 $3.00 ; dibbling and ihimiing, $6.00 ; s( uflling, .$2.00 ; manure, 
 
14 
 
 $5.oo; in all, $26.00. Mr. Carlaw, above referred to, kept an ac- 
 count of all the cost on the acre which he cultivated : rent and taxes 
 $3.31 ; manure, $6.00; twice ploughing, $4.00; harrowing 4 times, 
 $2.00 ; rolling, 20c.; hoeing and thinning $4.50 : scuffling 3 times, 
 $1.50; ill all, $21.51. To the above is to be added cost of harvest- 
 ing and topping and teaming to the factory. These estimates do not 
 vary much from one made by the Bureau of Industries for growing 
 and marketing an acre of turnips, $35.48, which includes $9.30 
 for marketing. 
 
 The objection frequently urged against the cultivation of sugar 
 beets in Canada at prices to compete with Europe is the compara- 
 tively high cost of labor here. This, however, is more than counter- 
 balanced by the relative cheapness of land or low rate of rent in 
 Canada. As this is an important point, a comparison with some 
 of the costs in Europe is necessary. Mr. John Wilson, United States 
 Consul at Brussels, in a Report dated February 15. 1884, gives the 
 following estimate of the general cost in the Duchy of Brunswick, 
 which he says is as well adapted to this purpose as any other, 
 in all the conditions of price of land, soil, climate and cost of labor 
 Rent paid to proi»rietor, 150 francs; seed and preparation of the 
 soil, 140 francs ; plowing, harrowing and other cultivation. 183 
 francs ; artificial fertilizers, 150 francs ; total, 623 francs per iiectare 
 (about 2J/J acres). This is equal to $48 per acre. The rent of tae 
 land and the cost of feriili/ers is $23.20 per acre. The average 
 yield per hectare is given as 28 German tons per hectare, or I'ttle 
 over 1 1 Ions per acre. 
 
 In Ware's book on " Beets and Ik'et Sugar," he gives two estimates 
 of the cost of i)roducing beets in France. According to Payen, a 
 recognized authority, although his experience was that of many 
 years ago,, the cost per hectare was : rent, taxes and interest, $23.00 ; 
 manures, $26.00; plowing and harrowing, $17.20; sowing, $3.60 ; 
 weeding and hoeing, $7.00; gathering and transportation, $7.20; 
 total, $84.00, or $34.00 per acre. Mr. Ware visited severalbp.it 
 farms in the north of France, principally in the arrondissement of 
 Canibrai, and found the average cost $27.93 per acre. Mr. Ware 
 shows that the average value of beet land in Belgium is equal to 
 $313.77 per acre. In Bohemia, beet land near the factories is worth 
 $500 to $600 per acre. These statements are sufficient to show 
 that the higher rent of land in liurope used for beet cultivation is 
 
I 
 
 15 
 
 more than an offset to the dearer labor in Canada. In addition to 
 this, the beet growers of Europe have to expend large amounts for 
 artificial fertilizers on their exhausted lands, from whicl^ exi>endi- 
 tures the Canadian farmers will be exempt. 
 
 From all of the above statements, it appears that the yield of beets 
 in Canada has averaged larger than that realized in Europe ; that 
 where proper care has been taken in cultivation, the quality of the 
 beets compares favorably with those of Europe ; and that, all things 
 considered, the cost of production in Canada is less than in Europe. 
 One of the strongest considerations in favor of beet cultivation in 
 Canada is the fact, that if European farmers find this crop the most 
 profitable one which they can raise, with pricer, for grain and cattle 
 there from 30 to 50 per cent, higher than here, then by just so 
 much proportion should Canadian farmers find beet cultivation 
 here more profitable than other crops, if same jjrices obtnined for 
 beets here as in Europe. 
 
 'Ulc 
 
 ir.tes 
 en, a 
 nany 
 .00 ; 
 .60 ; 
 .20; 
 ejt 
 t of 
 Vare 
 al to 
 orth 
 ihow 
 i; IS 
 
 MISTAKEN IDEAS ABOUT BEET SUGAR. 
 
 There is a very general prejudice against beet sugar, owing to tlie 
 impression that it is inferior in (luality and sweetness to cane sugar. 
 The higliest chemical authorities in Kurope, after testing thoroughly 
 refined sugar from cane and beet, pronounce the two descriptions 
 as identical and indistinguishable from each other. Any defect in 
 cither is owing to mistakes or neglect in refining. 
 
 Another mistaken idea is as to the relative perceulagc of sugar 
 contained in the cane or in the beet, and as to t|iiantity of sugar 
 obtained from an acre of cane or an acre of sugar beds. 
 
 The Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue of the 
 United States for the fiscal year ended June 3otli, 1894, shows tlie 
 following comparison between the cane-producing State of Louis- 
 iana and the sugar-beet producing State of California, for that 
 year : — 
 
 Louisiana sugar per ton of cane used p 
 
 California '* " beets used 
 
 Louisiana " per acre of cane 
 
 California " " beets 
 
 Nearly double the weight of cane was required in Louisiana to 
 produce the same quantity of sugar as was re(iuired in California for 
 producing sugar from beets. 
 
 ounds 
 
 '44-5 
 260.0 
 
 
 2914.0 
 2S3S.S 
 
16 
 
 BRET SUGAR OPERATIONS IN THE PROVINCE 
 
 OF QUEBEC. 
 
 In discussing the qicstions of sugar beet culiivation and beet 
 sugar manufacture in Canada, and the prospects of the successful 
 establishment of the industry in this country, it is necessary that 
 reference should be made to the results of the experiments which 
 have been made in the Province of Quebec. It is generally known 
 that, several years ago, beet sugar factories were erected at Farn- 
 ham, Coalicook and Bcrthierville. Tlie buildings were substantial 
 and of ample dimensions; the machinery was of the best type and 
 quality then manufactured, and the promoters of the industry felt 
 sanguine as to success. The history of these factories has, until the 
 ])resent season, proved a continuous record of disappointment and 
 loss. Ill-judged location of the works, mismanagement and lack of 
 experience, absence of sufficient capital to continue operations 
 until early difticullies sliould be overcome, were some of the causes 
 of these failures. The most important cause of all was the premature 
 erection of the works, before a sufficiently extensive range of experi- 
 ments had been made in the cultivation of beets to educate fanners 
 into a state of jircpaiation for growing this crop on the extensive 
 scale and with llie necessary skill to meet the requirements of the 
 factories as to quantity and quality. In fact, all the other difhcul- 
 ties Were such as might have been easily evercome, but the difficulty 
 as to insufficient supply and unsatisfactory (piality of a large pro- 
 portion of the roots appeared to be insuperable, and the prosecu- 
 tion of the industry was generally abandoned. 
 
 The only beet sugar factory now in operation in Canada is located 
 at Berthierville, in the Province of Quebec. This factory was 
 operated in 1893-94 by Messrs. Michel Lefebvre & Co., of Mont- 
 real, and is again being operated by them in 1894-95. In the 
 former year, notwithstanding liberal indurements offered to farmers, 
 the supply of beets obtained was insufficient to keep tlie works 
 em]Vioyed for half of their capacity, and the serious operations 
 resulted in considerable loss. Undeterred by their first year's 
 experience, and encouraged by the increasing disposition of fiirmers 
 to engage more extensively in the cultivation of sugar beets, the pro- 
 prietors of the factory, in the spring of 1S94, renewed their former 
 liberal inducements to farmers, and have succeeded in obtaining 
 
i 
 
 17 
 
 :ated 
 
 was 
 
 [ont- 
 
 the 
 
 lers, 
 
 lorks 
 
 lions 
 
 ear's 
 
 Iners 
 
 Ipro- 
 
 Imer 
 
 ling 
 
 i 
 
 for jampaign of 1894-95, an ample supply of roots for the full 
 capacity of the works. There has also been such improvement in 
 the quality of hect^, that the season's operations are likely to result 
 in a small profit, even tinder present very low jirices for sugar. 
 One •)f llie most serious doubts as to the success of the beei sugar 
 industr} in Canada has been as to the willingness of Canadian 
 farmers to undertake the cultivation of beets on a scale sufficiently 
 extensive for the supply of the large factories which are required 
 for iiie economical manufacture of sugar. The success of this 
 season at lierthierville has conclusively settled this point. Not 
 only are the farmers in that section anxious to continue cultivation 
 on last season's scale, but they are eager to extend their operations. 
 With the assurance of an ample supply of beets, and with a confi- 
 dent reliance upon an annual improvement in their r[uality, Messrs. 
 Michel Lefebvre Cc Co. are pre])ared to undertake new and more 
 e.itensive operations, so soon as Parliament shall afford to the beet 
 sugar industry in Canada a like measure of protection or assis- 
 tance as has Ix.'cn granted to the iron and other manufacturing 
 industries. 'I'hoy claim, that inasmuch as fully 60 jier cent, of the 
 co5.t o\ their (KUjJUt of sugar consists of money paid to farmers for 
 their heels, this industry is, to an exceptional extent, a farmer's 
 industry ; that, owing to the agricultural depression caused by the 
 low prices of grain and almost all other farm products, the beet 
 sugar industry should command the special consideration of Parlia- 
 ment, as being eminently adapted to relieve that depression, and to 
 prOHiOte the prosperity t>f the most numerous and important branch 
 of the community. 
 
 It may be here noted that the present pro[)rietors of the Berihier- 
 ville lactory, by securing an ample supply of beets, have succeeded 
 in doing in two years what United States beet sugar factories have 
 failcfl to accomplish after many years of operation. 
 
 LOC.V'IIOX FOR BEET SUCAR FACTORIES. 
 
 In determining as to the location of factories, a great in;iny con- 
 siderations are to be taken into account. For a factory with a 
 capacity for working 400 to 500 tons of beets per day of 24 hours : 
 
 I. There must be an unfailing supply of suitable water of at least 
 two million gallons in every day of 24 hours. 
 
 rd 
 
18 
 
 2. There sliould be at least 20 acres of land, for erection cf fac- 
 tory and outbuildings, and for yard room for storage of beets and 
 refuse from factory, and for railway sidings. 
 
 3. There must be excellent railway facilities for receiving and 
 shipping all the materials, beets, coal, limestone, coke, etc., and for 
 shipping from the factory all the sugar, pulp, etc., produced there. 
 Convenience for transportation by water would be an additional ad- 
 vantage. As the factory would probably derive its supply of beets 
 from 8 or 10 sections of country, it will be desirable that at least as 
 many railway stations should lie within such moderate distance 
 from the factory as will ensure cheap railway transportation. 
 
 4. There must be good drainage facilities for carrying off the 
 large quantity of waste or used water, etc., from the works. An 
 outlet into a lake or swift flowing large stream would be an advan- 
 tage. 
 
 5. Cheap coal, limestone and coke are also considerations as 
 these three items constitute a large proportion of the cost of manu- 
 facture. 
 
 While all the above considerations are of some importance, the 
 great consideration to be kept in view in the selection of a location 
 for a beet sugar factory is as to the section of the country which 
 affords the best assurance of an ample supply of beets, of good qua- 
 lity, and at moderate prices. 
 
 DKSIRABLE CAPACITY OF FAC rORV. 
 
 All lale experience, both in Europe and in the United States, 
 shows a decided tendency towards the enlargement of the daily 
 capacity of beet sugar factories. The saving in relative cost of 
 construction and operation is very ^reat, so much so, that large 
 factories are found to realize fair profits in seasons where the 
 smaller factories sustain heavy losses, although the conditions as to 
 quality and prices of beets and materials are alike in both in- 
 stances. During the past 25 years, the increase in the number of 
 factories in Germany has been about 30 per cent., while the increase 
 in the production of sugar has been about 500 per cent. In Cali- 
 
ll> 
 
 daily 
 cost of 
 It large 
 re the 
 s as to 
 oth in- 
 nber of 
 ncrease 
 n Cali- 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 fornia, one or two of the factories, originally of 300 tons capacity, 
 have been enlarged to 1,000 tons of daily capacity. All the United 
 .States consuls in Europe who refer to tliis pliase of tlie industry 
 emphasize the desirableness of large fictories. The hirger the 
 better. The only limit is the quantity of beets which the factory 
 can obtain from the section of country upon which it can depend 
 for its supply of roots. As there are numerous localities in Canada 
 possessing all tlie necessary requirements for cultivation of good 
 sugar beets and fcr the manufacture of beet sugar, it will prove 
 poor economy, and will probably entail serious loss to the promo- 
 ters, if they should attempt operations with any factory having j 
 capacity for working less than 400 or 500 tons of beets in :;4 hours. 
 A few figures will conclusively establish the su[>eriority of large fac- 
 tories. 
 
 In a collection of sjjtcial United States Consular Reports on. 
 "The Beet Sugar Industry," published at AV'ashington in 1801. 
 there is found, on pages 40S to 411, an estimate and specification 
 in detail, from a sugar works manufacturing t'lrm in lirunswick. for 
 all the machinery required in a beet sugar factory of 100 ton- 
 daily capacity, total cost $59,590, and for a factor}'. 500 tons daily 
 capacity, $142,000. 
 
 This shows that, bv the additional exoenditure on machinerv of 
 138 per cent., a gain of 400 per cent, is obtained in working capa- 
 city. Although not in as large proportion, there will be a further 
 saving^ of cost in buildings. Taking the interest on cajiital, fire 
 insurance, repairs, wear and tear of buildings and machinery, it is 
 obvious that the annual charges on these items will be vastly larger 
 in proportion to the sugar manufactured in the case oi the smaller 
 factory than in the larger. In both cases, a large amount of skilled 
 labor will be required, and here again the relative proportion of 
 cost to material manufactured tells greatly against the smaller fa<;- 
 tory. An expert's estimate if the working of a 200 and 500 ton 
 factory on the same quality and price of beets, and for the sanii. 
 mmiber of days in the season, shows excess of cost of retnied sugar 
 }4 cent per pound in the small factory over that in the larger. In 
 1874-75, the average quantity of beets manufactured in Germany 
 per factory in each 24 hours was 39.4 tons ; in 1893-94. 168.2 ton-^. 
 or about 4'^ times greater. 
 
20 
 
 EX ri;NT OF MARIvi: T FOR SUGAR IN CANADA. 
 
 The normul consuinption of sugar in Canada may be fairly stated 
 at 150,000 tons, with ilu- prohabiliiies of a steady annual uicrease. 
 To produce this (juantity of sugar, 30 large beet sugar factories 
 would be kept in employment, consuming about 1,500,000 tons of 
 I'Ccts and giving e;ni)loymenl to many thousands of operatives. 
 
 IMPORTANT IJENKFirs TO THE DOMINION IN 
 
 (JENERAL. 
 
 Farmers. — Every factory of 500 tons capacity would require fully 
 3,500 acres of land to be ()rought under beet cultivation. From 
 the sale of tiie cro[j of roots, the farmer would obtain a larger sum 
 per acre, after paying all costs of cultivation, than he can obtain for 
 any other crop including the cost of cultivation. From the culled 
 beets he will obtain a large supoly of food for cattle. From the 
 leaves and necks, he will obtain a great deal of valuable manure. 
 From the purchase of pul[) at the factory, he will secure a supply of 
 nutritious cattle feed of as valuable quality as the general run of 
 root crops, and at a much lower cost tiian he can possibly produce 
 the same. Every acre of land cultivated with beets will be greatly 
 improved in condition, and will produce larger crops and of better 
 quality than formerly. The American consuls in different coun- 
 tries in Europe all testify that in those sections where beet produc- 
 tion has been most extensive and successful, there has been a large 
 increase in the quantity of grain raised and of cattle flitlened. 
 
 Builders, Mechanics, Machinists and .Laborers. — Each such fac- 
 tory will cost about $400,000, the whole of which, except the tech- 
 nical parts of the machinery, will be of Canadian workmanship. In 
 addition to this, every factory will largely increase the population 
 of the town or village where located, and will necessitate the erec- 
 tion of a great many dwelling houses for occu[)ation by the artizans 
 employed at the sugar works. 
 
 Lumbermen and Miners. — The factory buildings and houses of 
 its employees will create a large market for all kinds of lumber and 
 timber. The works will also consume annually about 8, 000 tons of 
 coal, 4,000 tons of limestone, and 500 tons of coke, and will thus 
 contribute materially to the prosperity of these industries. 
 
 i 
 
21 
 
 A. 
 
 y stated 
 ncrcase. 
 actories 
 tons of 
 /es. 
 
 [N 
 
 lire fully 
 , From 
 ■ger sum 
 btain for 
 le called 
 rom the 
 manure, 
 ujiply of 
 il run of 
 produce 
 e greatly 
 3f better 
 t coun- 
 )roduc- 
 a large 
 
 ich fac- 
 ie tech- 
 up. In 
 lulation 
 le erec- 
 artizans 
 
 oases of 
 ber and 
 tons of 
 ivill thus 
 
 Agricultural Implement Makers. — As the projjer system of beet 
 cultivation becomes to be fully understood, a demand will be created 
 for new styles of plows, seeders, cultivators and harvesters specially 
 adapted to this branch of agriculture. 
 
 Railway and Transportation Companies. — Each such factory will 
 require, annually, transportation facilities for fully 60,000 tons of 
 material to and from the works. 
 
 General Commerce — The manufacture of 150,000 tons of sugar 
 from Canadian beets would imply an annual expenditure of about 
 $12,000,000. As this industry would form an additional source of 
 income to the farm, and would rather add to than detract from its 
 other i)roductiveness, and as it would furnish a great deal of new 
 employment to ihoi'-ands of operatives, and much additional work 
 for existing industries, it is difficult to over-estimate the stimulus 
 which it would imi)art to the general commercial and financial 
 prosperity of the Dominion. 
 
 NECESSITY OF PROTECTION OR IJONUS. 
 
 If ill almost every part of Canada there are large sections of coun- 
 try admirably adauted to the successfal cultivation of sugar beets, 
 and if the circumsumces and conditi(jns of Cana lian farmers are 
 such that beet |)roduction should afford tiiem relatively better 
 returns for this crop comi)ared with grain or other crops than is the 
 case in Europe, if iliey should receive European prices for their 
 beets, and if the cost of the beets forms the greater jiart of the cost 
 of the sugar, it may seem strange that protection or a bonus should 
 be necessary to 1 he establishment and extension of the industry. 
 It is frankly admitted that if a large beet sugar factory, well 
 equipped witii the best approved modern machinery, could be 
 located at some snitable point in Canada, where the company could 
 •)urcliase its fall season's supply of beets of a quality ecjual to the 
 choice lots grown on the Guelph farm and in a few other places, at 
 the same prices that are paid in Eurcjpe for like qualities, then, 
 under such circimistances, very little protection would be required, 
 and this only until the same skill in extracting and manufacturing 
 sugar should be attained here as in pLurope. Plausible as this 
 theory may seem, the history of the sugar trade, both in beet and 
 cane, has shown that in the early establishment of both the agricul- 
 
 i 
 
22 
 
 ^ 
 
 lural and manufacturing branches of ihe industry, many difficulties 
 and drawbacks are encountered which were quite unexpected. The 
 experiments wliich have been made in Ontario were generally 
 L^ntrusted to select farmers on good farms. The results, althougii 
 very promising on the whole, show some sorry failures, partly ow- 
 ing to unfavorable soil, and largely owing to neglect of farmers to 
 follow the rules for cultivation which they had been asked to com- 
 ply with. In order to obtain the necessary supply of beets for the 
 season's operations of the factory, Canadian companies will be 
 compelled for the first few seasons to offer farmers special induce- 
 ments for extensive cultivation. One of the usual inducements 
 offered by new factories is an agreement to accept all the beets 
 offered at a staled price per standard for ([uality, with advance or 
 decrease for superior or inferior quality. I'^ven with this graduat- 
 ing scale of prices, the companies find themselves compelled to 
 .iccept many lots of beets at prices f:\r above their respective value. 
 Although. Canadian companies will have the advantage of the les- 
 sons derived from over 40 years of sugar beet cultivation, they will 
 have much to learn as to the adaptation of certain favorite varie- 
 ties of seed to different soils, and the most favorable time for sow- 
 ing ; and they will find here or elsewhere much difficulty in in- 
 ducing farmers to follow the different system required for sugar beet 
 cultivation to that which they have followed for ordinary field beets. 
 It will take some years for Canadian farmers to discover which of 
 their fields is best adapted to this crop, and to get these fields 
 under that deep cultivation which is so essential to the best results. 
 Another important difficulty is in the preservation of the beets from 
 the effects of heating or freezing. At best, the season during which 
 beets can he profitably manufactured is very short, irobably about 
 four months, from October i to January 31, or 100 working days. 
 All beets, however carefully preserved, lose jjart of their saccharine 
 <|ualities ever\- miMUh after harvest. An interesting e\])eriment 
 was made at ihe Cuelph Experimental Farm in 1890 for testing this 
 tendency. The ( rop of that year was pitted immediately after being 
 harvested, and was ;;llowed to remain in the pit until March 12. 
 When then 0|)ened, the roots were found to be generally in a good 
 stale of preservation, but an analysis of their (juality showed 
 a depreciation of 2 per cent, in their sugar proportion since 
 similar analvsis at harvest time. This showed a serious 
 
I 
 I 
 
 23 
 
 reduction of a little over one-seventh part of their original 
 value. The dift'iculties to be overcome are not confined to beet 
 producdon and preservation, but will be met with in the operations 
 at the factory. However excellent the machinery employed may 
 be. it is to be expected that during the first season, at any rate, 
 some stoppages or breakdowns will occur which will cause much 
 delay and expense. So also in the extraction of the juice of the 
 beets and in the different processes of its manutacture into sugar, 
 the very best skill and experience that can be secured will meet 
 with many difficulties owing to peculiarities in the difference of the 
 juice from that with which they have been accustomed to deal. It 
 is a well established fact that United States beet sugar factories are 
 now able to obtain fully i per cent, more sugar from the same 
 quality of beets than tliey were able to obtain five years age The 
 same experience may be expected in Canada. 
 
 No beet sugar industry has ever succeeded anywhere, except by 
 means of Government protection or bonus, and in most countries 
 by both. In Germany, the import duty on foreign sugar is now 30 
 marks per 100 kilos, equal to $3.25 per 100 lbs. Previously, this 
 duty was only for sugars up to No. 19 D.S. ; other raw sugars paid 
 24 marks ($2.60 per 100 lbs.). 
 
 In Austria-Hungary, the im[)ort duty on raw sugar under Holland 
 standard No, 19 is 15 florins per 100 kilos, equal to $2.62 per ico lbs. ; 
 on raw sugar above No. 19, $3.50 per 100 lbs. ; and on refined sugar, 
 
 $3-50- 
 
 In France, in 1S87, the import duty on brown sugar estimated to 
 
 produce when refined 98° or less was equal to $2.00 ]X'r rco lbs., 
 
 and un hi;4her grades of raw and on refined sugars .$2.50 [)er loo lbs. 
 
 In Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, the import duties 
 were higlier than the above rates. 
 
 It is seen that the beet sugar iiidustiy ir. these < ouuiries \\.'\s fos. 
 tered by such high import duties, that it was jjroiecied in the home 
 market from all foreign competition. Thus ensured of the full con- 
 trol of the home market, the industry succeeded so rapidly, that in 
 a very short period, the chief countries of continental i'.urope, instead 
 of rem;iining, as formerly, importers of cane sugar, became large 
 exji .;riers of beet sugiir. The benefits which these countries derived 
 from the expansion of the beet sugar were so numerous and impor- 
 tant, that in order to maintain the rate of production attained, and 
 
 ii:| 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
i'4 
 
 if possible to still further extend it. the different governments granted 
 to the manufacturers bounties or bonuses on all the sugar exported. 
 It was contended in favor of this policy, that it was necessary to the 
 success of the industry, and was really not prejudicial to the other 
 industries of the country, because the larger the factories and the 
 greater the production of sugar, the lower the cost of the article, so 
 that the reduction in the price ])aid by the home consumer was fully 
 equivalent to the amount of bonus or bounty paid to the exporting 
 manufacturer. 
 
 In (iermany, the profits obtained by the sugar manufacturers and 
 refiners in many seasons were so enormous, that public oi)inion 
 demanded a material reduction of the export bounties, and by an Act 
 which came into force on .Vug. i, 1892, these bounties were largely 
 reduced, and fixed for the three succeeding years at c(|ual to 1 3)4 
 cents i>er 100 lbs. for raw and refined sugars from go to 98 purity ; 
 and 21.64 cents per 100 lbs. on refined sugars of at least 99^ per 
 cent purity ; and 1 7.40 cents per 100 lbs. on all other sugars ; an(J for 
 the two succeeding years up to July 31, 1897, the rates were farther 
 reduced to 10.80 cents, 18.94 cents and 1515 cents respectively, on 
 the different grades. The Act further provided that after July 31, 
 1897, bounties on exports should cease altogether, it has been a 
 common argument of those who have no confidence in the success 
 of the beet sugar industry, that the success achieved in Germany, 
 etc., was wholly attributable to what they have termed the enormous 
 and unfair export bounties. It must be dilficult for them to recon- 
 cile this contention with the fact that, since the reduction of the 
 boinnies in Germany to the almost nominal sums above (juoted, 
 the beet sugar industry in tliat country has expanded during the 
 last three years in a much greater [)roportion than in any previous 
 period of its history. To those wiio have iaith in the early success 
 of this nidustry in Canada, the experience of Germany is full of en- 
 couragement. Twenty years ago Germany was a large importer of 
 foreign sugar ; now, although the domestic consumption has doubled 
 ill quantity, that Empire expects to import during 1894-95, about 
 1,300,000 tons of sugar. The capital invested in the beet sugar 
 manufacturing industry is about $80,000.00, and the value of 
 the annual output for this season is estimated at about $125,000.00. 
 Mr. Albert H. Washburn, United States Commercial Agent at 
 Magdebourg, in a report dated December 27, 1890, referring to the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a( 
 
 
 V( 
 
 : 
 
 
25 
 
 success of the industiy ii) Clcimany, says : — ''IVo tilings liavc con- 
 tributed to Cicrmany's i)re sent ascendency in the iiroduction and 
 exjjorlalion of raw beet siinar. 'i"he first is the suiicriorily of soil 
 itnd climate for the growing of the beet root ; the second is th^ 
 jieculi.-ir encouragement given the industry itself by iheCioverninent." 
 
 Equally instructive are the results in Austria- 1 1 ungary. During 
 llie five years i .s_i9 1S5.;, tlie average annual imports of foreign sugar 
 anioiinied ii^ 7S7 47S cwt. (\'ienna cwt. equal 1 -\i. |C> Ib^.) During 
 I lie season i Syj; (j.j, Austria exported yoo,ooo tons of domestic sugars, 
 similar illusiiaiions of the effects of the protective [)olicy on sugar 
 might be given from the results in J-'rance, Russia, etc. It may be 
 that, in nrd jr b. accomplish such results, the governments of these 
 countries have had to sacrifice considerable revenue, and the con- 
 sumers have had lo submit to high jirices for their sugar ; but nowhere 
 is there heard an}' (.:om|)laint that the sacrifice su endured has not 
 been fully compcnsaled by the geneial benetits which have resulted. 
 ()f late years, there has been an agitation for the repeal or reduction 
 of the bounties on exj)orts. arising from the conviction that the 
 bounty system is no longer necessary to the maintenance of the 
 industrv. 
 
 -Ml the ( ondilioiis for llie success of the beet sugar industry in 
 Canada are much more fivorable than they were in any country in 
 K'.irope, wlien the indurilry was first establisiied, so diat the same 
 high protection against t'oreign sugar will not be necessary, nor will 
 there be any necessity for a long continuance of any jirotection. 
 In embarking in this industry, Canada has the advantage of at once 
 deriving the benefit of all tlu experience which Europe has acquired 
 from the many i ostl) experiments of over 50 years, in the improve- 
 ment of seed, cultivation of the crop and methods of manufaiiuring 
 the sugir. Siill, much of the work f )r several years will be largely 
 of an experimental character, and many errors in cultivation and 
 manufacture will unquestionably oreur, which will entail great risk 
 during the early years of the industry. All the manufacturing 
 industries of Canada are protected by heavy inqiort duties on 
 foreign goods, and in the case of iron, that industry is further aided 
 by liberal bonuses from the Dominion {government and that of the 
 Province of Ontario. In the case of sugar, it has been considered 
 advisable, in the interest of the consumers, that this article of uni 
 versal use and necessitv should be admitted free of dutv. Under 
 
2«; 
 
 a contimi.iiicc of this p /licy, capit il canirjt he expected lobe 
 invested in tlie b.'ct sa;ir in:I istry, excei)t by the extension of the 
 same bonus system as has I)jci estahlisheJ for the iron industry. 
 If a bonus on iron is considered necessary an 1 judicious in the 
 general interest of the Dominion, and for th ; benefit of tlie com- 
 paratively feu- wlv) are interested in that i'ldustrv, with what pro- 
 l^riety can a similar b )nus bj refused for the promotion of the 
 beet sugar industry, the a.dv'antages of which will be distributed 
 so generally, and especially among farmers whose present position 
 demands the utmost care and consideration ? 
 
 It may be suggested that the bonus to be granted to the beet 
 sugar industry should extend for ten years. For the season 1895-96, 
 it should remain as at present, as the manufacturers have made 
 their arrangements with farmers for the delivery and payment of 
 beets at former prices. .\s the first few years of operation are the 
 • ritical years for beet sugar factories, owing to the initial difticulties 
 n establishing the industry, a very liberal bonus for the first year 
 will be necessary, in order to induce capitalists to invest the sums 
 required for large, well equip[)ed factories, none of which could be 
 ready for operation until the beet crop of 1896 can be secured. In 
 each of the five succeeding years, the bonus established for 1S96-07 
 might be subject to a reduction of 10 per cent., so that in the year 
 1901-1902. the rate of bonus would have been reduced one-half, ai 
 which it might remain for the following four years. 
 
 It may be contended tliat under proposed bunus sy-tem. il-.e 
 demand on the revenue of tb.2 Dominion miglit becijine enormous, 
 if the production of beet sugar in Canada siiould expand >^o rapidly 
 as to constitute any large proportion of its consumption. It is not 
 at all likely that many beet sugar factories will be erected until the 
 results of the operations of the first two or thre:.' lactoiies shall have 
 been ascertained. If these results shouM piovc .>o lavo-able as 10 
 show that the amount of bonus gratUe 1 is largjr liian is ncc}ssary 
 for the extension of the industry, the .\cl can be amended by ru 
 ducing the bonus to be granted to tutiuc faclf)ries by such pro[)orlion 
 as experience m ly have shown to be necessary a;il judicious. If 
 the results should, on the other h md. provt' unfivorable, no more 
 fictories will be built, and tlure will l)e no sjrious drain on tlie 
 country's ieve'ni\ 
 
 ■■:'% 
 
•mous, 
 apidly 
 is noi 
 nil the 
 have- 
 as to 
 ^ssaI•y 
 l)y re- 
 )ortion 
 
 IS. If 
 
 more 
 on the 
 
 
 27 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 UXirED STATES CONSULS SATISFIED AS TO THE AUAPrAlTON OF THK 
 son, AND CLIMATE OF THK NORTHERN STATES FOR SUGAR P.EF.TS. 
 
 They all agree that the soil on which good crops of wheat can be 
 raised, a id soil in which grapes and a|)[)les siicceel, are adapted to 
 sugar beels. Any section in which the maple yields much sugar is 
 likely to produce good beets. As to climate, tlie sugar beet requires 
 warmth and light and a certain amount of moisture during the first 
 period uf vegetation ; warmth and moisture for production of roots 
 and leaves during second period ; and dry, warm weather f u- sac- 
 charifiL-ation during last stage of maturity. 
 
 Commercial Agent Hawes, in a report dated Rcichenberu. Xowir.- 
 ber S. 1S89, says : " Why should one pay out yearly $So, coo. ooo (or 
 an article tliat we can easily produce ourselves? Clearly, our efforts 
 should be directed to the development and protection of such an 
 industry until we may be able to save the enormous sum now paid 
 to foreign countries, if not eventually to supply tho>c countries 
 themselves with sugnr." 
 
 Consul Potter of Stuttgart, in a report dated X()venii)cr i, 1879, 
 says: '' Highly intelligent experts in the beet-root sugar industry of 
 Germany, who liave carefully studied the climati.- and soil of America, 
 do not hesitate to express the opinion that in .1 few decades the 
 United States will supply their own enormous sugar demand, chiefly 
 from the beet. Tailing as a basis of jadgmnt ib.e facts developed 
 by the beet-sugar production of l-airope, tin,' climate of the Xew 
 England Stales, the vicinity of the (Ireat I, ikes, and in the same 
 direction or zone westward, wo.ikl appear \o he the localities most 
 favorable for the i)roduclion and cultuie of ih.' sugar beet. The 
 enormous advantages of sugar-beet planting to the agriculture of .1 
 country having ci domain so extensive as that uf the United -States 
 cannot be estimated too highl\ . Xo industry could jirobably be 
 introduced that would more Kipidly add to the wealth of the 
 country." 
 
 Consul Keifer, of Stettin, in a report d.ited I'dmiary 2. 1SS4, 
 says, after referring to the progress in (lermany : " If I look at these 
 astonishing results, I cannot help thinking that, in the cultivation 
 of this root, a new and large field of enterprise and prosperity would 
 
28 
 
 be given to our Americm people. Climate .incl soil in many States, 
 ;is. fur instance, in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, are 
 particularly fitted for thj culture of sugar beet. The time will come 
 when the heel rot. I will be tor the North what the sugar cane is for 
 the Soulli, and sugar lactories replace within the Northern States 
 the cotton mills ni .qjringing up in the South, and the wealth of 
 the nation will be increased materially, not only i)y adding a new 
 industry to the country, but also by saving lumdreds of thousands 
 of dollars now annually sent abri)nd."' 
 
 Consul Merrill, of Chemnitz, in a report dated ()ctol)er 25, 1890, 
 says : " There are within tlie Tnitcd States, lying between the thirty- 
 <'ighth and foi';, -second degrees of latitude, a great many millions 
 of acres of land which are ;i> thoroughly adapted to the culture of 
 the sugar beet as any land on earth. It does not appear proper or 
 consistent thai an agricultural country like the United States should 
 be de])endenl for any article of ])urely agricultural ciiaracter on 
 foreign countries, especially when the United States has fully one 
 hundred times as nmch land adapted to the production of that arti- 
 cle as is available in the country from whence the article comes." 
 
 All of th: above suggestions api)ly to C'anada as fully as to tlie 
 United States. 
 
 I'XTRACr IROM 'J'HE .^///c/yca^i Economist. NI'.WVORK, 
 
 MAY 3, 1.SS9. 
 
 ''This journal has. from the beginning, been a persistent advo- 
 cate for ample protection for the manufacture of sugar. It believes 
 that the natural resources of this country are adequate for the pro- 
 duction of all the sugar required; that with proper encouragement 
 the production of American suirar would soon be ample for the de- 
 mands of the .American peoi)ie. and thereby the country would be 
 saved an annual payment to foreign nations, for this necessary 
 article of food, amounting to $50,000,000 to $75,000,000. It has 
 been persistently claimed that when the manufacture should be 
 thoroughly introduced and the effect of active competition be felt 
 among producers, the jirices of sugar made at home would reach as 
 low a level as they have ever reached in foreign countries, and by 
 this the consumers of sugar would be saved at least the whole 
 amount of duties now annually paid on the importations of sugar, 
 
 
 
2!t 
 
 amounting to $50,000,000 annually. In support ot' these views, \vo 
 have, from time to time, given such evidence as was afforded by Gov, 
 ernment experimental stations in different parts of the country for 
 the mani:facture of sugar, and such further infoimalicn as ci uld be 
 procured from private sources." 
 
 ■i 
 i 
 
 FARMERS AS PROPRIKTORS OF OR SHAREHOLDERS 
 IN BEET SUGAR FACTORIES. 
 
 In Russia and IJohcniia, most of the beet su!_^ar factories are 
 owned by the large kind owners, who raise iheir own beets. 
 
 In Germany, in 1S92-93, the total quantity of beets nianutacturcd 
 was 9,811,940 tons, of which 1,510,835 tons were grown by th.e 
 owners of the factories, 3,302,740 tons were grown by stockholders 
 in the corn[)anies, under contract, and 4,997,365 tons were grown 
 by outsiders, these last forming 50.94 per cent, of the whole supi)ly. 
 
 The following extracts from reports of United States Consuls 
 in Europe refer to some of the usages in Germany : — 
 
 Consul Millar, report dated Leipsic, July 21, 1887, says : "'The 
 manufacturer of raw sugar is generally a farmer also, and cultivates 
 large areas of ground." 
 
 Consul Bullock, in report dated Cologne, June i, 1891, says : 
 " This industry is becoming more purely agricultural from year to 
 year, — that is, it is no longer the large-landed proprietors and capital- 
 ists who alone erect and operate sugar factories, but the small land- 
 owners and even the peasants unite and build factories for the 
 manufacture of sugar from the beets raised in the neighborhood."' 
 
 Consul Wilson, in report dated Brussels, February 15, 1S84, 
 says : " There is still another feature of thismnnufacture in (Jermany 
 that accrues to the benefit of both cultivalcir and refiner, and worthy 
 of consideration. A very considerable number of the refineries in 
 that country are now organized anel incorporated as co-operative 
 companies. In other words, the large and sniall cultivators of the 
 beet in certain districts have built refineries uyow the following 
 joint-stock plan : — Alter determining ihe probable cost of their 
 contemplated refineries, shares of stock are issued, i>ayal)Ie in in- 
 stalments, to cover the expense incurred, and each stockholder obli- 
 gates himself to furnish to the refinery an annual ([uantity of beets 
 
30 
 
 proportioned to the stock lie has in the concern ; and as every stock 
 holder, whetlier large or small, is dependent upon the product of the 
 refinery for quite a jjortion of the profits of his cultivation, he leaves 
 nothing undone in the way of ctiltivation lol)ring his beet crop up to 
 the highest possible standard of boili quantity and quality. Indeed* 
 there can be but little doubt that this class of sugar mainifactuiing 
 has done more to jjerfi-ct the beet culture in Germany tluin any one 
 other element whatever." 
 
 Consul Kiefer, in reix ri dated .Slctiin, February 2, 1S84, gives 
 the following stattmcnt as 10 the establishment of a factory at that 
 ]ilace : " 'lowards tlie close of last year, the ijrojcct of establishing 
 such a factory near SiLitin svas discussed, and the preliminaries all 
 having been fulfilled, ihe or-.ini/ation of the company, Zucherfabiik 
 Schennc, took jilace un Ja!i;;ary 2> of this year, in this city." 
 
 According to the siaiules. the capital stock will consist of 900 
 shares of 500 marks each (about $120), making a total of 450,000 
 marks ($io?,oco), with power to the board of directors to increase 
 the ra])ital to 750,000 marks ($iSo.ooo). 
 
 The shares are eillier becl root shares, so-called, or cash shares 
 
 There are 614 01" the first kind Marks 307,000 
 
 '•■ '• ::S6 '•' '• second " " 143,000 
 
 All the shares having 1 een subscribed fur, and 10 per cent, as 
 lust i)aymeiit has already been paid in. only ro per cent, more 
 besides the tirsi payment wiil bo asked in cash of the so-called beet 
 shares, liie balance of 80 per cent, will be compensated by a deduc- 
 tion of 20 jifeniiigs i>erce!nMer of the roots to be delivered. Dy this 
 very ingenious plan, liie cwinpaiiy. as wiil be seen at once, secures 
 ai the same limj ca|)ilal and raw m.iterial at a reasonable price, for 
 running t!;e faetoiy. 
 
 The business oftlie cornpany is to be managed by a board of 
 d.irectors and a bf).;rd of tnislees and the general meeting of the 
 shareholders. 
 
 h'-acl'i director must hold ai least 30,000 marks in shares, which 
 he has to dcp(.s:t with th.e tru;-tees as surely. 
 
 The total exienses tor putting in rimning order are estimated at 
 7V7'937 iiiarks ($189,500), equalized by an iticome of 750,000 marks 
 on shares, and a mortgage to be given for 200,000 marks, leaving 
 iq?.G6; marks t"or carrvii-c;on the business. 
 
rives 
 
 , whicli 
 
 a ted at 
 
 marks 
 
 (eavinsi 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 
 PLAN RECOMMFA'Dia) FOR AMKRICAN' 1 ARNIKRS. 
 
 Consul Mcriili, in rt.in)it dated Clunmiiz, OetijliL-r 25, 1S90, 
 -ays : " Jt would noi bcdiliicult to enter ujon tliisindustryator.ee. 
 In order that all intcrcsud iniL^iil share in tlic undouhled pros 
 jieiiiy which would follow, ih.e ]>lan liete suhniiiud is modestly 
 offered. A slock ton'.pany, with a capital .-.tock ( f $250,000 i:i 
 25CO shares of $ico each, (ould 'oe t;rganized. 'I hict t'llil.s of the 
 shares could be made ' heel shares,' ai;d iwofifilis cash shares. 
 Ten or iwenl}' per ( ent. of the ln-ct shares eould he paiil in cash, 
 and the halaiu'.e might be gradually deducted from the mone)- due 
 the shareholders for the beets delivered b\- li.em to die factor;. 
 'I'he cash shares could be paid tor in such manner as delermined 
 ipon. The management o( the concern is to be de-ici mined ujjon 
 b}' '.lie shareliolders. 1 his plan has been f.-!i;nd to work with ui> 
 [uahl'icd success in (iermany, where man\- fac'.ories are in opera- 
 lion oil iliis basis." 
 
 Mr. John I'l. llawes, L', S. Commeicial Agent, Reicheiibeig. Aus- 
 iria, lli;ng;iry. in a reiforl dated November S, i 88y, presents some 
 •' Hints 10 Anit.rican Kaimeis," submitted to him by J'rofessor \'eilh, 
 Uiieetor o| the Agricultural College at Reichenberg, in which he 
 -a\ s ; ■• .\ belter plan would be for a number ( f fiimers to form ;in 
 association and eie(i a lac lory tlnm.'-elve.-. We lind such associa- 
 tions in (,}erm:iny. and tliey do very well. In (losing. I would on!y 
 slate that there i.\i-ts a ^reat future for beet rulti.re in the I'niied 
 Slates." 
 
 TRUl'l l.s oh SUGAR r.KK'V CL LllVA IIOX. 
 e('.\ii'.\Ki.so.\ T^iTii (;u.\ix ii.;oi'S'. 
 
 Mr. John \\"il>on, llniled Slates Consul in JJelgium, in ;; rt port 
 dated Jiriissels, h'ebruary 15, iSSi, devotes a ] aragraph illustra- 
 tive of this point, as follows : 
 
 " The following facts siiowing the relative } ielil and vali.e of some 
 of the chief agricultural products of lielgium will. ;.i least, indicate 
 how the matter of profit stands with tlie farmers in this conntrv. 
 'i'he average yield of wheat per hectare (2.47 acres) is 1,675 kilo, 
 grains (about 24 34-6oths bushels per acre) ; of rye, 1.460 kilograms 
 
 la 
 
 bout 21 25-6oths bushels per acre) ; of barley. 1,830 kilo- 
 rams (about 28 42-561)18 bushels per acre); of oats, 1.500 kilograms 
 
 
32 
 
 (about 38 cc-4cllis bushels pur ;,cic) ; of bcels, washed aiul cleaned, 
 ready for the tcfinery, 35,000 kilf)^raiu5 (about 15 856-jocgi1is tons;. 
 The average jirice of wheat is 2S.50 frane,; \ er ico kilograms (eqii, 1 
 to about $1.50 I'er bushel of 6c lbs.) ; of rye, J3 francs (about $i.ci 
 per bushel ( f 60 lbs.) ; of bailey, 21 francs (abc ut $1.03 per bushi I 
 of 56 lbs.) ; (if oats, 19.80 l'r:.nes i about 56 (cnts ] ur br>hoi of 40 
 lbs.) ; ar.d of beets, fiom 20 to 25 !r:.ni s ])vy loii of 2,jc.( lbs. (erju: I 
 to about $3.50 to $4.38 per ton of jcoolbs.). Thu rsiimate will givi , 
 ]er hectare, the following cash values of these rcspLCtivc crrjiis. vi/.-. 
 Wheat, 477 Irai-.cs (ecjual per acre, about .$36.82) ; rye, 433 frai-cs 
 (equal } er ;ure, aboiit $33.43) : barley, 3.'^'4 frar.cs (equal per acrt , 
 about to $29.64) ; fiats, 315 fraiK s (c([ual ]jer ;uie, about $24.32) ; 
 and beets, abrut 800 fiancs (tqual per acre, a!)out .i^(')o.76^ Th' s 
 it will he s(en ihat a hectare f f beets will ji^ld a cash value of 3::2 
 francs more than wheal, 367 mere dian lye, 416 more than l»arle}', 
 and 484 more than oais. 1 am rot able to i^ive the exact propo;- 
 tionate cost cf the cultivation of th.ese crops in this country, but it 
 may be acce])ted as a fact tliat the cultivation of the beet crop doe-; 
 not, by any means, involve an increased expenditure of money 
 equal to the increased value of the crop raised over that of any ol 
 the cereals just named.'' 
 
 Since the date of above report, there has been an enormous decline 
 in the prices of all grains. Wheat, which averaged in llelgium, up to 
 1884, $1.50 per bushel, is now selling under 70 cents, and the decline 
 in rye has been e\en greater. It is not suri^rising thai, throughout 
 all Europe, there is a strong disposition to extend beet cultivation 
 in every direction. 
 
 It appears from the above report cf Mr. Wilson, that the farmers 
 in Belgium fouiul a greater i)ront in raising sugar beets for sale at 
 $3.50 to $4.38 i)er ton than they reab'zed from raising wheat at $1.50, 
 rye at $1.21, l)arley $1.03, and oats at 56 cents per bushel. With 
 wheat selling in Canada at under 60 cents per bushel, barley about 40 
 cents, oats 30 cents, Canadian farmers must see bow greatly it would 
 conduce to their benefit if sugar beet factories were established in 
 several localities, and would thus establish a market for a crop which 
 has done so much for the farmers of many countries in Europe. 
 
 The Popular Science Monthly quoted, from Mr. A. H. .Mmy's 
 book on l]eet Sugar Industry, a statement that the [irofit obtained 
 in Europe from the beet crop was three times greater than from 
 wheat, barley or other grain crop. 
 
Oi) 
 
 UKN/l rCTAL 
 
 KiiEcrs ()]•• jjei:t cultiva'I'iox ox 
 
 AGRIClJI/rURK. 
 
 I farmers 
 
 sale a I 
 
 [t$i.5c, 
 
 With 
 
 |bout 40 
 
 would 
 
 Ishcd in 
 
 which 
 
 Almy's 
 )tained 
 In from 
 
 Mr. George K. J^iillock, United States Ccnsiil at Cologne, in a 
 report dated June i, iSSr, says: — 
 
 " ]5eet loot rullure, as practised in Germany, dors not in the 
 least affect the yi-Jd uf other products, for th.e thorough cuUiv.il.i()n 
 which it requires iiici eases the fertility of ll-e soil and doLS not 
 exiiaust its mineral constituents. 'J'hc sugar is drawn irom the 
 atmosphere, and the richer tlie beet is in sugar, the less miner d suh- 
 s'.ance it contains." 
 
 Mr. John J). Hawcs, United States Commercial Agent at Reiclicn- 
 berg, Austria, in a rejjort dated Xovemher 8, 1SS9, says : " Raising 
 I'Cets improves the land, because the thorough ei:]tivaii<m necessary 
 brings it to a perfection never lo be attained with otli-T crops. 'l"he 
 land will also be cleared of weeds. In raising beets the uhole agri- 
 culture of tlie country must be changed, brought from an extensive 
 culture to an intensive one. In connection with ti'.e im[)rovement 
 of the land, cattle raising is also improved, as the waste furnishes 
 rxccllent fodder for milk as well as for fattening. An increase of 
 Uianure can therefore l;e juoduced." 
 
 Mr. ]\I. S. Rrewer, United States Consul General at IJerlin, in one 
 of liis reports, quotes frcan a book edited by L. Guttenburg — I). 
 Collin : — " It is an established fact that notwithstanding the extensive 
 cultivation of sugar beets, no decrease in the yield of cereals has 
 taken jdace, but lias, on the contrary, augmented by double and treble 
 the amount in the districts where sugar beets are planted, and at 
 these very places the lU'oduciion of meat is steadily increasing. 
 The growth of sugar l)cets requires that the soil be tilled to a greater 
 de])th, thus adding to the thrift also of all other plants to be cidti- 
 vated later on tlie same soil. Eesides, the remnants or waste left in 
 tile manufacture of beet sugar furnishes not only an excellent food 
 for cattle, but also a fertilizing btuff, dispensing to a considerable 
 extent with the use of artificial manure. Dut the ])rofit is also con- 
 siderable which this industry affords people who work in the sugar 
 factories, as they get emi)loyment tliruughout the whole year, — during 
 the spring and summer seasons in the cultivation of the beets, and 
 during the fall and winter in the manuf:xctories." 
 The New York Shipping and Commercial List has the following : 
 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
34 
 
 Mr. J-co I'lssich, who is ihorouglily ;icqa:iintccl wiih the results in 
 luiropc ami ('alifornia, in a ])apcfon '•'Sugar JJeci Culture," says: 
 '• The immediate proliis derived by larmers arc not the only advan- 
 tages ihey derive, hut they oht lin further advantage through the 
 improvement ol' the soil, owing to its tliorough cultivation when 
 under beets." He shows that in the northern part of France, arron- 
 dissemeiU Valenciennes, 35-^,000 hectolitres (about 1,012,000 hush- 
 els) was formerly the average wheat crop. After the beet industry 
 was established, the wheat output increased to 428,000 hectolitres 
 (1,21 5,000 bushels), although the wheat acreage had been reduced 25 
 to 30 per Cent. Still more striking, however, was the increase of 
 feed for stock. Where, previous to the beet growing, only 700 oxen 
 were kept, there was afterwards plenty of food for 11,500 oxen. 
 
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